Papers of Thomas Jefferson. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Volume 17: 1 March 1821 to 30 November 1821 9780691207940

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THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON retirement series

T H E PA P E R S O F

Thomas Jefferson retirement series Volume 17 1 March to 30 November 1821 J. JEFFERSON LOONEY, the daniel p. jordan editor julie l. lautenschlager and robert f. haggard, senior associate editors ellen c. hickman, associate editor andrea r. gray, assistant editor lisa a. francavilla, managing editor kerry dahm and gary sellick, editorial assistants susan spengler, technical specialist paula viterbo, researcher

princeton and oxford princeton university press 2020

Copyright © 2020 by Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission. Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826 The papers of Thomas Jefferson. Retirement series / J. Jefferson Looney, editor . . . [et al.] p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. 4 March to 15 November 1809—[etc.]— v. 17. 1 March to 30 November 1821 ISBN 978-0-691-20793-3 (cloth: v. 17: alk. paper) 1. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826—Archives. 2. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826— Correspondence. 3. Presidents—United States—Archives. 4. Presidents—United States—Correspondence. 5. United States— Politics and government—1809–1817—Sources. 6. United States—Politics and government—1817–1825—Sources. I. Looney, J. Jefferson. II. Title. III. Title: Retirement series. E302.J442 2004b 973.4'6'092—dc22   2004048327 This book has been composed in Monticello Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America

dedicated to the memory of ADOLPH S. OCHS publisher of the new york times 1896–1935

who by the example of a responsible press enlarged and fortified the jeffersonian concept of a free press

ADVISORY COMMITTEE LESLIE GREENE BOWMAN

JAMES P. McCLURE

CHARLES T. CULLEN

JOHN M. MURRIN

CHRISTA DIERKSHEIDE

PETER S. ONUF

ANNETTE GORDON-REED

ANDREW J. O’SHAUGHNESSY

JAMES HORN

DAVID M. SEAMAN

DANIEL P. JORDAN

JOHN C. A. STAGG

JOHN P. KAMINSKI

BRENT TARTER

STANLEY N. KATZ

ALAN TAYLOR

This edition was made possible by a founding grant from The New York Times Company to Princeton University. The Retirement Series is sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., of Charlottesville, Virginia. It was created with a six-year founding grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to the Foundation and to Princeton University, enabling the former to take over responsibility for the volumes associated with Jefferson’s retirement. Initial leadership gifts from Richard Gilder, Mrs. Martin S. Davis, and Thomas A. Saunders III, as well as subsequent generous gifts from Janemarie D. and Donald A. King, Jr., Alice Handy and Peter Stoudt, Harlan Crow, Mr. and Mrs. E. Charles Longley, Jr., and the Abby S. and Howard P. Milstein Foundation have assured the continuation of the Retirement Series. For these essential donations, and for other indispensable aid generously given by librarians, archivists, scholars, and collectors of manuscripts, the Editors record their sincere gratitude. The position of Editor of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello is named in honor of Dr. Daniel P. Jordan, who served as the President of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation and guided Monticello from 1985 to 2008. Dr. Jordan’s vision and leadership led to the establishment in 1999 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, part of Monticello’s Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies, which was also founded during Dr. Jordan’s tenure. A challenge grant, generously provided by the Abby S. and Howard P. Milstein Foundation in 2017, made this recognition possible, with matching support from many donors, including John and Renee Grisham, Roger and Susan Hertog, Mrs. Walter H. Helmerich III, Richard Gilder and Lois Chiles, J.F. and Peggy Bryan, Charles T. Cullen, Grady and Lori Durham, Brent and Lindsay Halsey, Janemarie D. and Donald A. King, Jr., and John L. Nau III.

FOREWORD

T

he 612 documents in this volume cover the period from 1 March to 30 November 1821. Although Jefferson had repeatedly denied interest in penning an account of his life, during this time he finished writing one of the lengthiest documents of his retirement, notes that have historically, but somewhat misleadingly, been referred to as his autobiography. Beginning on 6 January 1821 and, working intermittently, until 29 July, Jefferson described his early involvement in the American revolutionary movement, his role in shaping and revising Virginia’s laws, and his experiences as a United States diplomat during the events leading up to the French Revolution, ending abruptly with his arrival in New York City in 1790 to begin work as the new nation’s first secretary of state. Despite indications that he intended to resume writing, he apparently never continued his narrative. Jefferson displayed a reflective mood in letters as well. When James W. Wallace remarked that death had robbed him of his friends, Jefferson replied that “these are the unavoidable conditions of human life, and render it often doubtful whether existence has been given to us in kindness or in wrath. when I look back over the ranks of those with whom I have lived and loved, it is like looking over a field of battle. all fallen. nor do I feel it as a blessing to be reserved for this afflicting spectacle.” The outside world, also cognizant of Jefferson’s advancing age, was anxious to record his life and accomplishments. In March 1821, as Jefferson neared his seventy-eighth birthday, the Philadelphia artist Thomas Sully arrived at Monticello to paint his portrait for the United States Military Academy at West Point, which had commissioned the work for its library in order to honor the man during whose presidency the school had been founded in 1802. Fiscal concerns and politics captured Jefferson’s attention. His finances were in disarray due to the bank loans he had endorsed for the bankrupt Wilson Cary Nicholas, as well as the overall downturn in profits that resulted from poor growing seasons and the financial panic of 1819. Seeking to secure his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph and Richmond agent Bernard Peyton from loss as endorsers for his own obligations, Jefferson deeded 795 acres near the town of Milton in trust to agents of the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia. In the political realm, Jefferson departed from his usual unwillingness to attract public notice and allowed his recommendation of John Taylor’s book, Construction Construed, to be printed in newspapers, thus insuring a wide circulation of a succinct statement of the ex-president’s  vii 

FOREWORD

views on the balance of state and federal powers. Summing up a related concern as the United States Supreme Court heard the controversial case of Cohens v. Virginia, Jefferson remarked to Spencer Roane that “The great object of my fear is the federal judiciary. that body, like Gravity, ever acting, with noiseless foot, & unalarming advance, gaining ground step by step, and holding what it gains, is ingulphing insidiously the special governments into the jaws of that which feeds them.” He made another foray into national politics when George Ticknor, of Harvard University, asked him to help rally American universities and scholarly societies behind an effort to remove the federal tariff on imported books. Jefferson took the lead in recruiting southern colleges to the cause and penned the University of Virginia’s response, but to no avail. Regarding international affairs, Jefferson went from optimism to despair about the prospects for democratic revolution in Europe, particularly in Italy and the Iberian peninsula. The correspondents and topics discussed in Jefferson’s papers continued to be varied. He received letters from friends in Europe, including Maria Cosway and Lafayette. Anonymous correspondents included “A Republican of 98,” who sought to enlist Jefferson’s support for DeWitt Clinton’s presidential aspirations, and an author who enclosed a printed description of an African American commemoration in Boston of the nation’s 1807 act to ban the importation of slaves. After a 27 February 1821 article in the Richmond Enquirer stated that the University of Virginia would probably open by the beginning of 1822, Jefferson saw an increase in letters from prospective students and their families requesting enrollment information, as well as from scholars seeking employment on the faculty. He generally replied that without further legislative support, the institution’s opening was far from imminent. Construction at the university proceeded, thanks in large measure to the successful negotiation by its Board of Visitors of a $29,100 loan from Virginia’s Literary Fund to be used for “compleating the buildings, and making the necessary preparations for putting the said University into operation.” Late in November Jefferson justified the sizable construction costs attendant on “a scale and style of building believed to be proportioned to the respectability, the means & the wants of our country” by saying that “we owed to it to do, not what was to perish with ourselves, but what would remain, be respected and preserved thro’ other ages.”  viii 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

M

any individuals and institutions provided aid and encouragement during the preparation of this volume. Those who helped us locate and acquire primary and secondary sources and answered our research questions include our colleagues at the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, especially Anna Berkes, Jack Robertson, and Endrina Tay of the Jefferson Library, and Tabitha Corradi, Diane Ehrenpreis, and Emilie Johnson of the Curatorial Department; Marie E. Lamoureux from the American Antiquarian Society; Brenna Holland, Dennis Laurie, Bayard Miller, and Patrick Spero of the American Philosophical Society; Heather Martin at Duke University Libraries; Patrick Lewis at the Filson Historical Society; David Stiver from the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library, Graduate Theological Union; J. P. Johnson at the Lexington Public Library; Mark Dimunation, Jeff Flannery, Eric Frazier, Patrick Kerwin, Bruce Kirby, Julie Miller, and Edith Sandler from the Library of Congress; R. Thomas Crew, Jr., John Deal, Virginia Dunn, Cara Griggs, Marianne Julienne, Dale Neighbors, Brent Tarter, Dawn Tinnell, and Sandra Treadway of the Library of Virginia; Mallory Herberger at the Maryland Historical Society; Sabina Beauchard, Anna Clutterbuck-Cook, and Theresa Mitchell of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Megan BadgleyMalone from Michigan State University Archives & Historical Collections; Elizabeth Chew at James Madison’s Montpelier; Samantha Snyder of The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington, Mount Vernon; Sarah Waitz from the National Archives and Records Administration; Travis McDonald and Gail Pond of the Corporation for Jefferson’s Poplar Forest; Michelle Farias at the Redwood Library and Athenæum; Edward W. Blessing and McKenzie Lemhouse of the South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina; Susan Lintelmann from the United States Military Academy Library, West Point; Jeffrey L. Hantman of the Department of Anthropology and Anne Causey, Heather M. Riser, Regina D. Rush, Penny White, David R. Whitesell, and their colleagues at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia; Susan Holbrook Perdue of Perdue Digital Services LLC; Diane B. Jacob from the Preston Library, Virginia Military Institute; Jay Gaidmore, Carolyn Wilson, and their associates of the College of William and Mary’s Special Collections Research Center; and Christopher Zollo at the Yale Medical History Library. As always, we received advice, assistance, and encouragement from many  ix 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

of our fellow documentary editors, including Gwen Fries, Sara Georgini, and Neal Millikan at the Adams Papers; Robb K. Haberman from the Selected Papers of John Jay; Martha J. King and Bland Whitley of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University; Anne Mandeville Colony and Angela Kreider at the Papers of James Madison; Daniel Preston and Heidi Stello from the Papers of James Monroe; and Chad Allen and Mary Sherrer at The Papers of the Revolutionary Era Pinckney Statesmen. We also thank independent scholars Ed Bradley, Joseph Lasala, and Andrea Wulf for answering research queries. Genevieve Moene and Roland H. Simon transcribed and translated the French letters included in this volume; Coulter George assisted us with passages in Greek; Jonathan T. Hine lent his aid for Italian documents; and John F. Miller provided his expertise for Latin quotations. The maps of Jefferson’s Virginia, Jefferson’s Albemarle, and the University of Virginia were created by Rick Britton. The other illustrations that appear in this volume were assembled with the assistance of Magdalena Hoot and Mary Grace Wahl of the American Philosophical Society; Joe Krenn and Tyler Pickens at the Farmington Country Club; John McKee from the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; Mark H. Danley at the United States Military Academy Library, West Point; and Marlana Cook of the West Point Museum. We thankfully acknowledge the efforts of the capable staff at Princeton University Press, including Carmina Alvarez-Gaffin, Leslie Flis, Meghan Kanabay, Dimitri Karetnikov, and our production editor, Lauren Lepow. The volume’s complex typesetting needs were ably addressed by Bob Bartleson and his colleagues at Integrated Publishing Solutions. Peyton Brown Hastings joined the project as an Editorial Assistant in August 2019 and helped in important ways during the late stages of work on this volume. The Editors deeply regret the recent deaths of three great friends of the Jefferson Papers Retirement Series. Richard Gilder was a valued trustee of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation starting in 1994. During his tenure the Foundation started the Retirement Series, a decision greatly aided by Dick’s enthusiastic support. He was the first trustee to endorse the initial proposal and sketched out the mechanism by which it could be funded. His early, generous financial gift as work got underway was matched by his wise counsel, recognition of the new project’s importance in broadening the Foundation’s scholarly mission, and eager interest in its discoveries. That this was only one of a myriad of historical efforts that Dick supported around the country speaks to his enormous contributions to the nation’s heritage. x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dr. John M. Murrin, longtime professor of history at Princeton University, played a key role in the negotiations during the 1990s in which that institution agreed to entrust the concluding segment of the Jefferson Papers to Monticello. He chaired the Coordinating Board set up to manage the transition and smooth out any potential conflicts between the editing projects in Princeton and Charlottesville, and he was a founding member of the Advisory Committee for the Retirement Series. John’s unparalleled grasp of all aspects of the history of the early American republic, his gracious willingness to share that knowledge, the brilliance of his writing, his kindness and sense of humor, and his mentoring of a generation of American historians made him a beloved figure at this project and throughout the profession. Joshua J. Scott also made essential contributions. Shortly after his arrival as director of development at the Thomas Jefferson Foundation in 2012, he took the lead in securing donations that have assured continued funding of the Retirement Series, and more recently he was instrumental in the successful effort to endow the Daniel P. Jordan editorship. Everyone at the Retirement Series, and indeed throughout the Foundation, will fondly and gratefully remember Josh for his boundless enthusiasm for his work, unfailing support of our efforts, and cheerful and positive outlook. Each in their own sphere, Gilder, Murrin, and Scott were key figures in the creation and continued progress of the Retirement Series. The Editors can only hope to be worthy of their years of trust and devoted support. They will be missed and remembered as we complete the work they made possible.

 xi 

EDITORIAL METHOD AND A P PA R AT U S 1. RENDERING THE TEXT

From its inception The Papers of Thomas Jefferson has insisted on high standards of accuracy in rendering text, but modifications in textual policy and editorial apparatus have been implemented as different approaches have become accepted in the field or as a more faithful rendering has become technically feasible. Prior discussions of textual policy appeared in Vols. 1:xxix–xxxiv, 22:vii–xi, 24:vii–viii, and 30:xiii–xiv of the First Series. The textual method of the Retirement Series will adhere to the more literal approach adopted in Volume 30 of the parent edition. Original spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as written. Such idiosyncrasies as Jefferson’s failure to capitalize the beginnings of most of his sentences and abbreviations like “mr” are preserved, as are his preference for “it’s” to “its” and his characteristic spellings of “knolege,” “paiment,” and “recieve.” Modern usage is adopted in cases where intent is impossible to determine, an issue that arises most often in the context of capitalization. Some so-called slips of the pen are corrected, but the original reading is recorded in a subjoined textual note. Jefferson and others sometimes signaled a change in thought within a paragraph with extra horizontal space, and this is rendered by a three-em space. Blanks left for words and not subsequently filled by the authors are represented by a space approximating the length of the blank. Gaps, doubtful readings of illegible or damaged text, and wording supplied from other versions or by editorial conjecture are explained in the source note or in numbered textual notes. Foreign-language documents, the vast majority of which are in French during the retirement period, are transcribed in full as faithfully as possible and followed by a full translation. Two modifications from past practice bring this series still closer to the original manuscripts. Underscored text is presented as such rather than being converted to italics. Superscripts are also preserved rather than being lowered to the baseline. In most cases of superscripting, the punctuation that is below or next to the superscripted letters is dropped, since it is virtually impossible to determine what is a period or dash as opposed to a flourish under, over, or adjacent to superscripted letters.  xiii 

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Limits to the more literal method are still recognized, however, and readability and consistency with past volumes are prime considerations. In keeping with the basic design implemented in the first volume of the Papers, salutations and signatures continue to display in large and small capitals rather than upper- and lowercase letters. Expansion marks over abbreviations are silently omitted. With very rare exceptions, deleted text and information on which words were added during the process of composition is not displayed within the document transcription. Based on the Editors’ judgment of their significance, such emendations are either described in numbered textual notes or ignored. Datelines for letters are consistently printed at the head of the text, with a comment in the descriptive note when they have been moved. Address information, endorsements, and dockets are quoted or described in the source note rather than reproduced in the document proper, and in most cases line breaks, underscoring, and horizontal lines in such material are not preserved. 2. TEXTUAL DEVICES

The following devices are employed throughout the work to clarify the presentation of the text. [. . .] [ ] [roman] [italic]

Text missing and not conjecturable. The size of gaps longer than a word or two is estimated in annotation. Number or part of number missing or illegible. Conjectural reading for missing or illegible matter. A question mark follows when the reading is doubtful. Editorial comment inserted in the text. Matter deleted in the manuscript but restored in our text. 3. DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

The following symbols are employed throughout the work to describe the various kinds of manuscript originals. When a series of versions is included, the first to be recorded is the one used for the printed text. Dft Dupl MS

draft (usually a composition or rough draft; multiple drafts, when identifiable as such, are designated “2d Dft,” etc.) duplicate manuscript (arbitrarily applied to most documents other than letters)  xiv 

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PoC PrC RC SC Tripl

polygraph copy press copy recipient’s copy stylograph copy triplicate

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. The following types of manuscripts are assumed not to be in the hand of the author, and exceptions will be noted. FC Tr

file copy (applied to all contemporary copies retained by the author or his agents) transcript (applied to all contemporary and later copies except file copies; period of transcription, unless clear by implication, will be given when known) 4. LOCATION SYMBOLS

The locations of documents printed in this edition from originals in private hands and from printed sources are recorded in self-explanatory form in the descriptive note following each document. The locations of documents printed or referenced from originals held by public and private institutions in the United States are recorded by means of the symbols used in the MARC Code List for Organizations (2000) maintained by the Library of Congress. The symbols DLC and MHi by themselves stand for the collections of Jefferson Papers proper in these repositories. When texts are drawn from other collections held by these two institutions, the names of those collections are added. Location symbols for documents held by institutions outside the United States are given in a subjoined list. The lists of symbols are limited to the institutions represented by documents printed or referred to in this volume. A-Ar CBGTU CLjC CSmH CtY

Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California James S. Copley Library, La Jolla, California Huntington Library, San Marino, California  JF Jefferson File  JF-BA Jefferson File, Bixby Acquisition Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  xv 

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DLC

DNA

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.  NPT Nicholas Philip Trist Papers  TJ Papers   Thomas Jefferson Papers (this is assumed if not stated, but also given as indicated to furnish the precise location of an undated, misdated, or otherwise problematic document, thus “DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38071–2” represents volume 213, folios 38071 and 38072 as the collection was arranged at the time the first microfilm edition was made in 1944–45. Access to the microfilm edition of the collection as it was rearranged under the Library’s Presidential Papers Program is provided by the Index to the Thomas Jefferson Papers [1976]) National Archives, Washington, D.C., with identifications of series (preceded by record group number) as follows:  ARACCA Applications for Regular Army Commissions and Civilian Appointments  CCDCMB United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, Minute Book  CD Consular Dispatches  CS Census Schedules  GCMPND General Courts-Martial Proceedings, Navy Department  LAR Letters of Application and Recommendation  LRAG Letters Received by the Adjutant General  LRSW Letters Received by the Secretary of War  LSRAC Letters Sent Relating to Accounts and Claims  MLR Miscellaneous Letters Received  MLRSN Miscellaneous Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy  PA Passport Applications  PMWMC Petitions and Memorials before the Ways and Means Committee  xvi 

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 USCA GU ICN MBAt MBPLi MdBJ MdHi MH MHi MiEM MiU-C MoSHi

MoSW MWA Nc-Ar NcD NcU NHi NjMoHP NjP NN NNC NNGL NNPM NWM PBm PHi PPAmP

United States Citizenship Affidavits University of Georgia, Athens Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois Boston Athenæum, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston Michigan State University, East Lansing Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Missouri History Museum, Saint Louis  TJC-BC Thomas Jefferson Collection, text formerly in Bixby Collection Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts North Carolina Office of Archives and History, Raleigh Duke University, Durham, North Carolina University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill  NPT Southern Historical Collection, Nicholas Philip Trist Papers New-York Historical Society, New York City Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, New Jersey Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey New York Public Library, New York City Columbia University, New York City Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York City Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City United States Military Academy, West Point, New York Bryn Mawr College Library, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  xvii 

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PPL PPRF RNR THer TxDaHCL Vi ViCMRL ViHi ViLxV ViLxW ViU

Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Rosenbach of the Free Library of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Redwood Library and Athenæum, Newport, Rhode Island Ladies’ Hermitage Association, Hermitage, Tennessee Harlan Crow Library, Dallas, Texas Library of Virginia, Richmond Thomas Jefferson Library, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia Virginia Historical Society, Richmond Virginia Military Institute, Lexington Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia University of Virginia, Charlottesville  ER Edgehill-Randolph Papers  JHC John Hartwell Cocke Papers  JRTSN Jefferson, Randolph, Taylor, Smith and Nicholas Papers  PP Papers from the Office of the Proctor and Papers of the Proctor of the University of Virginia  TJP Thomas Jefferson Papers  TJP-AG Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Alexander Garrett Papers  TJP-Co Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Cocke Papers  TJP-ER Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in EdgehillRandolph Papers  TJP-PC Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Philip B. Campbell Deposit  TJP-PP Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Papers of the Proctor of the University of Virginia  TJP-VMJB Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University  xviii 

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ViW

 of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for James Breckinridge  TJP-VMJCC Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for Joseph C. Cabell  TJP-VMJHC Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for John H. Cocke  TJP-VMTJ Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, original manuscript largely in Thomas Jefferson’s hand during the period of his service College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia  TC-JP Jefferson Papers, TuckerColeman Collection  TJP Thomas Jefferson Papers

The following symbols represent repositories located outside of the United States. FrGrBM GyLeU RuSpRNB

Bibliothèques Municipales de Grenoble, Grenoble, France Leipzig University Library, Germany Rossiiskaia Natsional’naia Biblioteka, Saint Petersburg, Russia

5. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are commonly employed in the annotation throughout the work. Lb  Letterbook (used to indicate texts copied or assembled into bound volumes)  xix 

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RG  Record Group (used in designating the location of documents in the Library of Virginia and the National Archives) SJL  Jefferson’s “Summary Journal of Letters” written and received for the period 11 Nov. 1783 to 25 June 1826 (in DLC: TJ Papers). This epistolary record, kept in Jefferson’s hand, has been checked against the TJ Editorial Files. It is to be assumed that all outgoing letters are recorded in SJL unless there is a note to the contrary. When the date of receipt of an incoming letter is recorded in SJL, it is incorporated in the notes. Information and discrepancies revealed in SJL but not found in the letter itself are also noted. Missing letters recorded in SJL are accounted for in the notes to documents mentioning them, in related documents, or in an appendix TJ  Thomas Jefferson TJ Editorial Files  Photoduplicates and other editorial materials in  the office of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Jefferson Library, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., Charlottesville d Penny or denier ƒ Florin or franc £ Pound sterling or livre, depending on context (in doubtful cases, a clarifying note will be given) s Shilling or sou (also expressed as /) ₶ Livre Tournois  Per (occasionally used for pro, pre) „ Old-style guillemet (European quotation mark) 6. SHORT TITLES

The following list includes short titles of works cited frequently in this edition. Since it is impossible to anticipate all the works to be cited in abbreviated form, the list is revised from volume to volume. Acts of Assembly  Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (cited by session; title varies over time) ANB  John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, 1999, 24 vols. Annals  Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States . . . Compiled from Authentic Materials, Washington, D.C., Gales & Seaton, 1834–56, 42 vols. (All editions are undependable and pagina xx 

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tion varies from one printing to another. Citations given below are to the edition mounted on the Library of Congress Digital Collections website and give the date of the debate as well as page numbers.) APS  American Philosophical Society ASP  American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, 1832–61, 38 vols. Axelson, Virginia Postmasters  Edith F. Axelson, Virginia Postmasters and Post Offices, 1789–1832, 1991 BDSCHR  Walter B. Edgar and others, eds., Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives, 1974– , 5 vols. Betts, Farm Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, 1953 (in two separately paginated sections; unless otherwise specified, references are to the second section) Betts, Garden Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766–1824, 1944 Biog. Dir. Cong.  Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–Present, online resource, Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives Biographie universelle  Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, new ed., 1843–65, 45 vols. Black’s Law Dictionary  Bryan A. Garner and others, eds., Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., 1999 Brigham, American Newspapers  Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690–1820, 1947, 2 vols. Bruce, University  Philip Alexander Bruce, History of the University of Virginia 1819–1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man, 1920–22, 5 vols. Bush, Life Portraits  Alfred L. Bush, The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson, rev. ed., 1987 Cabell, University of Virginia  [Nathaniel Francis Cabell], Early History of the University of Virginia, as contained in the letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, 1856 Callahan, U.S. Navy  Edward W. Callahan, List of Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Marine Corps from 1775 to 1900, 1901, repr. 1969 Chambers, Poplar Forest  S. Allen Chambers, Poplar Forest & Thomas Jefferson, 1993 Clay, Papers  James F. Hopkins and others, eds., The Papers of Henry Clay, 1959–92, 11 vols.  xxi 

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CVSP  William P. Palmer and others, eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers . . . Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, 1875–93, 11 vols. DAB  Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, 1928–36, repr. 1968, 20 vols. in 10 DBF  Dictionnaire de biographie française, 1933– , 22 vols. Dexter, Yale Biographies  Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College, 1885–1912, 6 vols. DSB  Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970–80, 16 vols. DVB  John T. Kneebone, Sara B. Bearss, and others, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography, 1998– , 3 vols. EG  Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, eds., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, 1983, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Fairclough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica  Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, trans. H. Rushton Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library, 1926, repr. 2005 Fairclough, Virgil  Virgil, trans. H. Rushton Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library, 1916–18, rev. by G. P. Goold, 1999–2000, repr. 2002–06, 2 vols. Ford  Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition, 1892–99, 10 vols. Harvard Catalogue  Harvard University Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636–1925, 1925 HAW  Henry A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 1853–54, 9 vols. Heitman, Continental Army  Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783, rev. ed., 1914, repr. 1967 Heitman, U.S. Army  Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1903, repr. 1994, 2 vols. Hening  William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809–23, 13 vols.; Sowerby, no. 1863; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 (no. 573) Hortus Third  Liberty Hyde Bailey, Ethel Zoe Bailey, and the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada, 1976  xxii 

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Jackson, Papers  Sam B. Smith, Harold D. Moser, Daniel Feller, and others, eds., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, 1980– , 10 vols. Jefferson Correspondence, Bixby  Worthington C. Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson Correspondence Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, 1916 JEP  Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States JHD  Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia JHR  Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States JS  Journal of the Senate of the United States JSV  Journal of the Senate of Virginia Kimball, Jefferson, Architect  Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916 L & B  Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Library Edition, 1903–04, 20 vols. Lay, Architecture  K. Edward Lay, The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia, 2000 LCB  Douglas L. Wilson, ed., Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book, 1989, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Leavitt, Poplar Forest  Messrs. Leavitt, Catalogue of a Private Library . . . Also, The Remaining Portion of the Library of the Late Thomas Jefferson . . . offered by his grandson, Francis Eppes, of Poplar Forest, Va., 1873 LeCB  David Thomas Konig, Michael P. Zuckert, and others, eds., Jefferson’s Legal Commonplace Book, 2019, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Leitch Daybook  MS daybook of Charlottesville merchant James Leitch, 2 Mar. 1820–8 May 1823, ViCMRL on deposit ViU, bound volume with ruled paper, in a clerk’s hand Leonard, General Assembly  Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619–January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, 1978 List of Patents  A List of Patents granted by the United States from April 10, 1790, to December 31, 1836, 1872 Longworth’s New York Directory  Longworth’s American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory, New York, 1796–1842 (title varies; cited by year of publication) MACH  Magazine of Albemarle County History, 1940–  (title varies; issued until 1951 as Papers of the Albemarle County Historical Society)  xxiii 

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Madison, Papers  William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, John C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, 1962– , 41 vols. Congress. Ser., 17 vols. Pres. Ser., 10 vols. Retirement Ser., 3 vols. Sec. of State Ser., 11 vols. Malone, Jefferson  Dumas Malone, Jefferson and his Time, 1948–81, 6 vols. Marshall, Papers  Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, Charles F. Hobson, and others, eds., The Papers of John Marshall, 1974– 2006, 12 vols. MB  James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton, eds., Jefferson’s Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767–1826, 1997, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Miller, Treaties  Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and other International Acts of the United States of America, 1931–48, 8 vols. Nash, Students of the University of Virginia  Joseph Van Holt Nash, Students of the University of Virginia: A Semi-centennial Catalogue, with Brief Biographical Sketches, 1878 Nichols, Architectural Drawings  Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, 1961; 5th ed., 1984 Notes, ed. Peden  Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, 1955; repr. 1995 OCD  Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2003 ODNB  H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, 60 vols. OED  James A. H. Murray, J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, and others, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1989, 20 vols. Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello  Hamilton W. Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello: The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson, From Entirely New Materials, 1862 Poor, Jefferson’s Library  Nathaniel P. Poor, Catalogue. President Jefferson’s Library, 1829 Princetonians  James McLachlan and others, eds., Princetonians: A Biographical Dictionary, 1976–90, 5 vols. PTJ  Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, James P. McClure, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 44 vols.  xxiv 

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PW  Wilbur S. Howell, ed., Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings, 1988, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Randall, Life  Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 1858, 3 vols. Randolph, Domestic Life  Sarah N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences by His Great-Granddaughter, 1871 RCHS  Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1897–1989 Report and Documents for 1821  Report and Documents respecting the University of Virginia, Richmond, 1821, containing a 29 Nov. 1821 report by the Board of Visitors and supporting documents Shackelford, Descendants  George Green Shackelford, ed., Collected Papers . . . of the Monticello Association of the Descendants of Thomas Jefferson, 1965–84, 2 vols. Sowerby  E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952–59, 5 vols. Sprague, American Pulpit  William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, 1857–69, 9 vols. Stein, Worlds  Susan R. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, 1993 Terr. Papers  Clarence E. Carter and John Porter Bloom, eds., The Territorial Papers of the United States, 1934–75, 28 vols. TJR  Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1829, 4 vols. True, “Agricultural Society”  Rodney H. True, “Minute Book of the Agricultural Society of Albemarle,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918 (1921), 1:261–349 U.S. Reports  Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1790–  (title varies; originally issued in distinct editions of separately numbered volumes with U.S. Reports volume numbers retroactively assigned; original volume numbers here given parenthetically) U.S. Statutes at Large  Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States . . . 1789 to March 3, 1845, 1845–67, 8 vols. Va. Reports  Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 1798–  (title varies; originally issued in distinct editions of separately numbered volumes with Va. Reports volume numbers retroactively assigned; original volume numbers here given parenthetically)  xxv 

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VMHB  Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893–  Washington, Papers  W. W. Abbot and others, eds., The Papers of George Washington, 1983– , 66 vols. Colonial Ser., 10 vols. Confederation Ser., 6 vols. Pres. Ser., 20 vols. Retirement Ser., 4 vols. Rev. War Ser., 26 vols. William and Mary Provisional List  A Provisional List of Alumni, Grammar School Students, Members of the Faculty, and Members of the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary in Virginia. From 1693 to 1888, 1941 WMQ  William and Mary Quarterly, 1892–  Woods, Albemarle  Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. 1991

 xxvi 

CONTENTS Fo r ew o r d Ack no w led g m e n t s E d ito r ia l Me t ho d a n d A p pa rat u s Ma ps I llu st ratio n s Jef f e r so n C h r o n o l o gy

l {1821} l

l l

k

'

From Bernard Peyton, 1 March From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 3 March Transactions with James Leitch, 3 March–24 November From Samuel Wood, 3 March Notes on Account with Martin Dawson, [ca. 4 March] To Bernard Peyton, 4 March To William Barret, 5 March To William J. Coffee, 5 March To John Graves, 5 March To David Hosack, 5 March To David Hosack, 5 March From Thomas P. Jones, 5 March To LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 5 March From Lancelot Minor, 5 March To Craven Peyton, enclosing Account, 5 March Statement of Taxable Property in Albemarle County, 6 March Notes on Capitals for University of Virginia Buildings, [after 6 March] Memorandum from Ann Bacon on Turkeys Raised, 7 March From William Maury, 8 March To Daniel Brent, 9 March To Andrew Cock, 9 March Deposition in Fry v. Bell, 9 March To Samuel Leake, 9 March To Peter Minor, 9 March To Spencer Roane, 9 March From Joseph C. Cabell, 10 March To John H. Cocke, 12 March From Thomas Cooper, 12 March

 xxvii 

vii ix xiii xliii li 2

3 4 4 11 15 15 17 17 18 19 19 19 21 21 22 23 23 25 25 27 27 27 30 30 31 32 34 34

CONTENTS From Bernard Peyton, 12 March From Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 12 March From Joel Yancey, 12 March Joel Yancey’s Letter of Credit for Nace, 12 March From William Barret, 13 March To Thomas P. Jones, 13 March From John Rhea, 13 March From Richard Rush, 14 March To John Taylor, 14 March From John Vaughan, 14 March To Frederick A. Mayo, 16 March To Bernard Peyton, 16 March From Bernard Peyton, 19 March To Joel Yancey, 19 March From John H. Cocke, 20 March From Robert Greenway, 20 March From John H. Cocke, 21 March To Lafayette, 22 March From Peter S. Du Ponceau, 23 March From Claudius Crozet, [ca. 24 March] From Archibald Stuart, 24 March From John Vaughan, 24 March From John Taylor, 25 March From David Bailie Warden, 25 March From DeWitt Clinton, 26 March From Craven Peyton, 26 March To Patrick Gibson, 27 March From Frederick A. Mayo, 27 March To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 March From Robert Mayo, 28 March From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 29 March From Mathew Carey & Son, 30 March Account with David Isaacs, 30 March From Marc Antoine Jullien, 30 March To Bernard Peyton, 30 March From John H. Cocke, 31 March To Claudius Crozet, 31 March To Peter S. Du Ponceau, 31 March To Lancelot Minor, 31 March Notes on D. Mariano, [ca. March] From Joseph C. Cabell, 1 April To John H. Cocke, 1 April

 xxviii 

36 37 39 40 40 41 41 42 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 50 50 51 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 60 60 61 62 64 64 65 67 68 69 69 70 70 70 71

CONTENTS From Louis H. Girardin, 1 April From Thomas M. Hall, 1 April Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs, [ca. 1 April] Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 1 April From James W. Widderfield, 1 April From John Barnes, 2 April From James Clarke, 2 April From Eyriès Frères & Compagnie, 2 April From Frederick A. Mayo, 2 April From Bernard Peyton, 2 April From Giacomo Raggi, 2 April Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 2 April From Henry A. S. Dearborn, 3 April To Bernard Peyton, 3 [April] From Constantine S. Rafinesque, enclosing Recommendations for Constantine S. Rafinesque, 3 April James Breckinridge and Chapman Johnson to John H. Cocke, 5 April To Robert Mayo, 5 April To Thomas Sully, 5 April From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 6 April To DeWitt Clinton, 6 April To William Huntington, 6 April From William Maury, 6 April, enclosing William Latham to William Maury, 25 January From Samuel H. Smith, 6 April From Thomas Sully, 6 April To Thomas Cooper, 7 April From Tarlton Saunders (for James Lyle [1798–1850]), enclosing Statement of Bonds Payable to James Lyle (1798–1850), 7 April To William H. Crawford, 8 April To Francis Eppes, 8 April To Louis H. Girardin, enclosing Catalogue of the Best Classical Editions, 8 April To James Monroe, 8 April To John Vaughan, 8 April To John H. Cocke, 9 April William McClain to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 9 April From Thomas May (for John Ayers & Company), 9 April From Bernard Peyton, 9 April

 xxix 

71 74 75 77 77 78 79 79 80 82 84 84 86 86 87 90 94 94 95 95 95 96 98 99 100

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 109 110

CONTENTS From Tarlton Saunders, 9 April From Christoffel J. Brand, 10 April From Bernard Peyton, 10 April To Bernard Peyton, 11 April To Henry A. S. Dearborn, 12 April To James Gibbon, 12 April To Thomas M. Hall, 12 April To Lafayette, 12 April To Samuel H. Smith, 12 April To John Vaughan, 12 April From John Vaughan, 12 April To Joseph Wilson, 12 April From LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 13 April From George Hay, 14 April From Victoire Laporte, 15 April To Thomas Appleton, 16 April To Thomas Appleton, 16 April From William H. Crawford, 16 April, enclosing John C. Calhoun to William H. Crawford, 14 April, and Peter Hagner to John C. Calhoun, 14 April From John Devereux DeLacy, 16 April From John Griffiths, 16 April To Bernard Peyton, 16 April From Bernard Peyton, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 16 April From Andrew Smith, enclosing Circular on Roman Cement, 16 April To Samuel Williams, 16 April Specifications for Capitals at University of Virginia, [ca. 16 April] To John Ayers & Company, 17 April To Robert Greenway, 17 April To Thomas Sully, 17 April From Mathew Carey, 18 April To John Barnes, 19 April To de Bure Frères, enclosing List of Books to be Acquired, 19 April To Joshua Dodge, 19 April From Peter S. Du Ponceau, 19 April From James Monroe, 19 April To Bernard Peyton, 19 April From Bernard Peyton, 19 April To Tarlton Saunders, enclosing Schedule of Installments to be Paid to James Lyle (1798–1850), 19 April

 xxx 

111 112 112 113 113 114 114 114 115 116 116 117 117 118 119 120 122

123 125 126 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 135 136 136 136 139 140 141 143 144 145

CONTENTS From Elizabeth Trist, 19 April To John Vaughan, 19 April To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 April To George Hay, 20 April To David Hosack, 20 April To Victoire Laporte, 20 April To Hezekiah Niles, 20 April To Andrew Smith, 20 April To John Vaughan, 20 April From James Gibbon, 21 April From Bernard Peyton, 23 April From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 24 April Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph (Trist), 24 April From John A. Wharton, 25 April From Robert R. Glinn & Company, 26 April From Joseph C. Cabell, 28 April From David Hosack, 28 April From James Barbour, 30 April From John Barnes, 30 April From James Monroe, 30 April From John G. Robert (for Patrick Gibson), 30 April From Solomon Southwick, 30 April From John F. Cocke, 1 May From Benjamin de Chastellier, enclosing Notes on His Mistreatment and Napoleon’s Liberation, 2 May From Josiah Meigs, enclosing Josiah Meigs and Robert King, Geometric Meteorological Chart for Washington, D.C., 1820, 3 May From John Patterson, 3 May From Bernard Peyton, 3 May, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 2 May From Frederick A. Mayo, 5 May From Thomas M. Hall, 7 May From Thomas W. Maury, 7 May To Robert R. Glinn & Company, 10 May To Bernard Peyton, 10 May To John Taylor, 10 May To Joseph Wilson, 10 May To James Barbour, 11 May To John F. Cocke, 11 May To David Hosack, 11 May To Frederick A. Mayo, 11 May

 xxxi 

147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 150 151 151 153 153 155 156 156 158 159 159 160 161 161 162 163

166 172 173 174 175 175 176 176 177 177 178 179 180 180

CONTENTS To Bernard Peyton, 11 May To Joel Yancey, 11 May To John Quincy Adams, 12 May To Joseph Gilmore, 12 May To Josiah Meigs, 12 May To Solomon Southwick, 12 May To Archibald Thweatt, 13 May To John A. Wharton, 13 May From Jerman Baker, 14 May From Gilbert J. Hunt, 14 May From Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825), 14 May To John Patterson, 15 May From Thomas B. Robertson, 15 May From Mathew Carey, 16 May From Louis Adrien Gruchet, 16 May From Bernard Peyton, 17 May To Patrick Gibson, 18 May To James P. Patterson, 18 May To Bernard Peyton, 18 May From John Adams, 19 May From Fernagus De Gelone, 19 May From John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 19 May From Henry A. S. Dearborn, 21 May From Bernard Peyton, 21 May From Richard Rush, 22 May, enclosing Invoice of Books from Lackington, Hughes & Company, 14 March From Joel Yancey, 22 May To Louis Adrien Gruchet, 23 May To Bernard Peyton, 23 May To Thomas Appleton, 25 May To Albert Gallatin, 25 May To Bernard Peyton, 25 May To John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 28 May From Bernard Peyton, 28 May From William Beach Lawrence, 30 May To Lewis Cass, 31 May From Alexander Garrett, 31 May To Alexander Garrett, 31 May From John Sessford, [received 31 May] From John Vaughan, 31 May From Joel Yancey, 31 May From Jacob van Lennep and Claude Daniel Crommelin, 1 June

 xxxii 

181 181 182 182 183 183 184 184 185 185 186 186 187 188 188 189 190 190 191 191 193 193 195 195 195 197 198 199 199 200 200 200 202 202 203 204 205 206 206 207 208

CONTENTS From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, [2 June] From Henry H. Sherman, 3 June From Frederick A. Mayo, 4 June From John Taliaferro, 4 June To Bernard Peyton, 5 June From “A Republican of 98,” 6 June From Thomas G. Watkins, 7 June From Joseph Marx and Mr. Brown, [8 June] To Bernard Peyton, with Jefferson’s Note, 8 June To Joel Yancey, with Jefferson’s Note, 8 June To Gilbert J. Hunt, 10 June To Lafayette, 10 June To William Beach Lawrence, 10 June From John Harner, 11 June From Bernard Peyton, 11 June From Samuel Williams, 12 June From William DuVal, 13 June From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 14 June From Bernard Peyton, 14 June, enclosing Account for Tobacco and Flour Sales, 13 June From Jonathan Thompson, 14 June Bond with James Lyle (1798–1850), 16 June From John S. Cogdell, 17 June, enclosing Membership Diploma in the South Carolina Academy of Arts, 29 May To John Harner, 17 June To Henry H. Sherman, 17 June To John Taylor, 17 June To Hore Browse Trist, 17 June From Theodorick Bland, 18 June From Victoire Laporte, 18 June From Joel Yancey, 18 June To Mathew Carey, 19 June To Frederick A. Mayo, 19 June From Spencer Roane, 20 June To James Leitch, 21 June From Louis Adrien Gruchet, 22 June From Thomas F. Andrews, 23 June From Thomas Cooper, 23 June To William H. Anderson, 25 June From Hiram Haines, 25 June To John Hayley Jones, 25 June From John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 25 June

 xxxiii 

208 209 210 210 211 212 217 217 217 218 219 219 219 220 220 222 222 223 223 225 226 227 228 229 229 230 230 231 232 232 233 233 234 234 236 237 238 239 240 241

CONTENTS From Bernard Peyton, 25 June To Jonathan Thompson, 25 June From James W. Wallace, 25 June To Theodorick Bland, 26 June From Lewis Cass, 27 June To Francis Eppes, 27 June To Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 June To Spencer Roane, 27 June Recommendation of John Taylor’s Construction Construed, [ca. 27 June] From Bernard Peyton, 28 June From John Hyder, 29 June From Thomas Cooper, 30 June From Mathew Carey & Sons, 30 June From Gilbert Merritt, 30 June To Spencer Roane, 30 June From Lafayette, 1 July To Louis Adrien Gruchet, 2 July From Bernard Peyton, 2 July From Bernard Peyton, 5 July To Bernard Peyton, 6 July From Charles Pinckney, 6 July From Thomas Appleton, 7 July From Bernard Peyton, 9 July To Thomas F. Andrews, 10 July To John S. Cogdell, 10 July To Hiram Haines, 10 July To John Hyder, 10 July From Marc Antoine Jullien, enclosing Instructions for Contributors to Revue Encyclopédique, 10 July To Gilbert Merritt, 10 July To Bernard Peyton, 10 July To James W. Wallace, 10 July To Joseph Wilson, 10 July Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 11 July From Leonard M. Parker, 11 July From Jonathan Thompson, 11 July To David Hosack, 12 July From Francis C. Whiston, 12 July From Charles Yancey (1770–1857), 12 July From Fernagus De Gelone, [13 July]

 xxxiv 

242 243 244 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 256 256 258 259 259 260 263 264 264 264 265 265 269 269 270 271 271 275 277 277 278 279 280

CONTENTS From James Gibbon, 13 July To Bernard Peyton, [13] July From Maria Cosway, 15 July From James Gibbon, 16 July From Bernard Peyton, 16 July From James Brown (of Charlottesville), 17 July To James Gibbon, 17 July From Patrick Gibson, enclosing Account, 17 July From William H. Crawford, 18 July From William Maury, 18 July From Anonymous, 20 July, enclosing Anonymous Description of “Celebration of Freedom” by African Americans in Boston, 16 July From James Gibbon, 21 July To Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 July Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs, [before 21 July] To Thomas Sumter, 23 July To Charles Yancey (1770–1857), 23 July To Leonard M. Parker, 24 July From John Taylor, 24 July To Francis C. Whiston, 24 July From “The Ghost of Franklin,” 25 July, enclosing Wiley & Halsted’s Circular Soliciting Books for Seamen, [ca. 22 July] To Patrick Gibson, 26 July To Andrew Smith, 26 July From Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 July Notes on Early Career (the so-called “Autobiography”), 6 January–29 July From Nathaniel S. Moorman, 29 July To Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 July From Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 July From Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 July From Andrew Smith, 31 July Account with Absalom H. Brooks, [July] From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 1 August From Spencer Roane, 1 August From Fernagus De Gelone, 3 August Conveyance of Pouncey’s Tract to Charles Everette, 3 August To Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 August To John Taylor, 3 August From John Taylor, 3 August

 xxxv 

281 281 282 284 284 285 285 286 288 288

289 291 292 293 295 296 298 299 300

300 302 303 304 306 380 382 383 384 385 386 386 387 388 388 389 390 390

CONTENTS Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors, 3 August From Louis Adrien Gruchet, 4 August From Joseph C. Cabell, 5 August From Bernard Peyton, 6 August, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 31 July Resolution of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, 6 August From Charles Hammond, 7 August From Hugh Mercer, 7 August From Henry Dearborn, 8 August To John E. Hall, 8 August To John Laval, 8 August To John Patterson, 8 August From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 10 August From Reuben B. Hicks, 10 August From Samuel Maverick, 11 August From John Vaughan, 11 August From Louis H. Girardin, 12 August, enclosing Owen Reynolds to Louis H. Girardin, 10 August To Frederick A. Mayo, with Jefferson’s Note, 12 August To Craven Peyton, 12 August From Craven Peyton, 12 August From John Griffiths, 13 August To James Monroe, 13 August From Bernard Peyton, 13 August To John Brockenbrough and Philip N. Nicholas, 14 August To Louis Adrien Gruchet, 14 August To Richard Rush, 14 August From Thomas Whittemore, [ca. 14 August] Thomas Jefferson and John H. Cocke to James Breckinridge, Joseph C. Cabell, Chapman Johnson, James Madison, and Robert Taylor, 15 August From James Clarke, 15 August To John H. Cocke, 15 August From Patrick Gibson, 15 August To James E. Heath, 15 August From Riègert, 15 August Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 August Request for Warrants for Funds for University of Virginia, [ca. 15 August]

 xxxvi 

391 393 395 396 397 398 400 401 402 403 403 404 404 405 407 408 411 412 413 413 414 416 416 417 417 420

421 423 423 424 425 425 427 428

CONTENTS To Joel Yancey, 15 August To Hugh Chisholm, 16 August To Thomas Eston Randolph, 16 August From William Wallace, 16 August To William Barret, 17 August To Henry Dearborn, 17 August To Louis H. Girardin, 17 August To Charles Hammond, 18 August To John Taylor, 18 August To Joel Yancey, 18 August To Patrick Gibson, 19 August To Reuben B. Hicks, 19 August To Nathaniel Macon, 19 August To Smith Thompson, 19 August To William Wallace, 19 August From John Adams, 20 August From William Barret, 20 August From John Brockenbrough, 20 August From James E. Heath, 20 August From Robert Taylor, 20 August From Theodorus Bailey, 21 August From “Publick Good,” 21 August From John Barnes, 23 August From John Laval, enclosing Account with Nicolas G. Dufief, 23 August From de Bure Frères, enclosing Invoice of Books from de Bure Frères, 24 August From Thomas J. Gantt, 24 August From John E. Hall, 25 August From Chapman Johnson, 25 August From John D. Terrell, 26 August From James Leander Cathcart, 27 August, enclosing Recommendation of James Leander Cathcart, [ca. July 1818], Isaac Chauncey to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 20 July 1818, John Rodgers to James Leander Cathcart, 9 June 1819, John Rodgers to James Leander Cathcart and James Hutton, 6 August 1819, and John Quincy Adams’s Report to Congress on James Leander Cathcart, 14 December 1819 From Patrick Gibson, 27 August From Daniel Sheffey, 30 August From Joseph C. Cabell, 31 August

 xxxvii 

428 429 429 430 430 430 432 433 434 435 435 436 436 437 438 438 439 440 440 440 441 442 443 443 444 448 450 450 451

453 465 466 467

CONTENTS From George Ticknor, 1 September From Thomas G. Watkins, 2 September From Thomas Appleton, 3 September From James Breckinridge, 4 September Albemarle County Court Order in Jefferson v. Gilmore, 4 September From Samuel Taylor, [ca. 4 September] From Daniel Brent, 5 September From James Monroe, 6 September To Theodorus Bailey, 9 September To Thomas J. Gantt, 9 September From Louis Adrien Gruchet, 9 September To James Hamilton (1786–1857), 9 September To Frederick W. Hatch, 9 September To Riègert, 9 September To Thomas Whittemore, 9 September To John Barnes, 10 September To James Leander Cathcart, 10 September From Frederick W. Hatch, [received 10 September] From Craven Peyton, enclosing Account, 10 September To Craven Peyton, 10 September From A. & J. W. Picket, 10 September To Daniel Brent, 11 September To John Adams, 12 September To Thomas Eston Randolph, 12 September From Craven Peyton, 15 September From Tarlton Saunders, 15 September To Thomas Cooper and John Wayles Eppes, 16 September To James Madison, 16 September From James Barbour, 17 September From John Barnes, 18 September From David Isaacs, 19 September From Benjamin L. Lear, 19 September From Daniel Drew, 20 September From Thomas Fairfax, 20 September From James Madison, 20 September From Daniel Brent, 23 September From Thomas Eston Randolph, 23 September From John Adams, 24 September From Joshua Dodge, 24 September From Littell & Henry, 24 September From James Maury, 24 September

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467 472 473 475 475 476 477 477 479 479 480 481 482 484 484 485 485 486 487 488 488 489 489 491 491 492 493 495 496 497 498 498 501 501 502 504 505 505 507 508 509

CONTENTS To John Barnes, 25 September From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, [25] September To Benjamin A. Gould, 25 September To Louis Adrien Gruchet, 25 September To Benjamin L. Lear, 25 September To A. & J. W. Picket, 25 September To Samuel Taylor, 25 September From Thomas Eston Randolph, 26 September From John H. Wood, 26 September From Burwell Bassett, 27 September From James Monroe, 27 September To James Monroe, 27 September Extract of William Lewis to Charles W. Goldsborough, 7 Sept. 1811, with Jefferson’s Notes, [ca. 27 September] To Hutchins G. Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown, 28 September To George Ticknor, 28 September Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, [ca. 28 September] View of the Expenses and Funds of the University of Virginia, [ca. 28 September] To John Laval, 30 September To Robert Taylor, 30 September To University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 30 September From DeWitt Clinton, 1 October From Dodge & Oxnard, 1 October To Littell & Henry, 2 October From Alexander Garrett, 3 October To Bernard Peyton, [3] October To Giacomo Raggi, 3 October From John Barnes, 5 October From Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825), 5 October From Reuben G. Beasley, 8 October From John Laval, enclosing List of Books and Prices, 9 October From Richard Rush, 9 October, enclosing George Blaettermann to Richard Rush, 6 October, and George Blaettermann to Richard Rush, 8 October From René Anacharsis Barba, 11 October From Bernard Peyton, 11 October, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 10 October James C. Steptoe to Joel Yancey, 11 October To John Clark, 12 October

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510 510 512 513 513 514 514 515 515 516 516 517 518 520 522 524 524 526 526 527 529 530 530 531 531 532 533 533 534 535

538 540 542 543 544

CONTENTS From Napoleon Archer, 13 October From Henry Bry, 14 October From Mason L. Weems, 14 October From John Wayles Eppes, 15 October To John Barnes, 16 October To DeWitt Clinton, 16 October To Thomas Fairfax, 16 October From Fernagus De Gelone, 16 October To Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825), 16 October From Bernard Peyton, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 18 October From Nathan Pollard, 18 [October] From Nathaniel Macon, 20 October To Edward Graham, 22 October From Samuel J. Harrison, 22 October To Patrick Henry (of Rockbridge County), [22] October To Napoleon Archer, 23 October To René Anacharsis Barba, 23 October To John Wayles Eppes, 23 October From Richard Rush, 23 October, enclosing Invoice of Books from Lackington, Hughes & Company, 10 October From Oliver Towles, 23 October From Samuel Garland, 24 October To Samuel J. Harrison, 24 October To George Ticknor, 24 October To George Ticknor, 24 October To Samuel Garland, 25 October From Joel Yancey, 25 October From James Dinsmore, 29 October From Frederick A. Mayo, 29 October From Edward Wiatt, 29 October From Theodorus Bailey, 30 October To John D’Wolf, 30 October To James Madison, 30 October To Nathan Pollard, 30 October To Mason L. Weems, [30 October] From William J. Coffee, 1 November From Claudius Crozet, 1 November From Frederick W. Hatch, 1 November To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 November From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 November From James Oldham, 2 November

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545 546 547 547 550 550 550 551 552 552 553 554 555 557 558 559 559 560 562 563 564 565 565 566 566 567 567 568 569 569 570 571 572 573 573 574 574 575 575 576

CONTENTS To James Oldham, 2 November To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 November To Thomas Leiper, 3 November To Bernard Peyton, 3 November From Archibald Thweatt, 6 November From Hutchins G. Burton, 8 November From Edward Graham, 10 November From James Madison, 10 November From Duncan Forbes Robertson, 12 November From William Short, 12 November To Esther Hutson, 14 November To James Bowling, 16 November To Bernard Peyton, 16 November To Archibald Robertson, 16 November To Francis Eppes, 17 November From Theodorus Bailey, 19 November From Joseph Cabell Breckinridge, 19 November From Frederick C. Schaeffer, 19 November From Anthony Dey, 20 November From John Moody, 20 November From Joseph C. Cabell, 21 November Receipt to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 22 November To William J. Coffee, with Jefferson’s Notes, 22 November From Bernard Peyton, 22 November, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 20 November To Edward Wiatt, 22 November To Theodorus Bailey, 23 November To Hutchins G. Burton, 23 November To Claudius Crozet, 23 November To Nathaniel Macon, 23 November To William Short, 24 November From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 25 November From Hiram Haines, 26 November From Thomas Magruder, 26 November From Frederick A. Mayo, 26 November From John Wayles Eppes, 27 November To John Moody, 27 November From Elizabeth Page, 27 November From James Breckinridge, 28 November To Frederick C. Schaeffer, 28 November From Henry A. S. Dearborn, 29 November From John Hemmings, 29 November

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577 578 578 579 580 580 581 582 582 583 587 588 588 589 590 591 591 593 594 595 596 597 597 598 599 599 600 600 601 602 604 604 606 608 608 610 610 611 612 612 612

CONTENTS Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 29–30 November University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 30 November, enclosing I. Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia, 31 March II. Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia, 27 November III. Alexander Garrett’s General Account for the University of Virginia, 27 November IV. Alexander Garrett’s Account of Unappropriated Funds for the University of Virginia, 27 November V. Account of Loans from the Literary Fund to the University of Virginia, 9 November VI. Account of University of Virginia’s Annual Appropriation from the Literary Fund, 9 November VII. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to the University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 26 November VIII. Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of his Drafts on the University of Virginia Bursar, [ca. 26 Nov. 1821] IX. Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of Balances Due for Construction of the University of Virginia, [ca. 26 Nov. 1821] Campaign to Abolish Tariffs on Books I. Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30 November II. University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Virginia’s Senators and Representatives in Congress, 30 November I nd e x

613 614 620 630 642 643 644 646 648 649

651 655 656 660 661

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MAPS

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MAPS

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MAPS

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MAPS

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MAPS

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MAPS

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MAPS

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ILLUSTRATIONS Following page 392 TWO PAGES FROM THOMAS JEFFERSON’S NOTES ON HIS EARLY CAREER (THE SO-CALLED “AUTOBIOGRAPHY”)

Although he had previously disclaimed any desire to write at length about his own life, between January and July 1821 Jefferson composed an extensive description of his early years. While it has long been referred to as his “Autobiography,” the work lacks revealing introspection and was probably intended less as a memoir than as a personal account of the important historical events in which he had been involved during his first forty-seven years. In a little more than 32,000 words, Jefferson touched briefly on his parentage and education but devoted most of his attention to his service as a Virginia colonial and state legislator, member of the Continental and Confederation congresses, and American diplomat in France, omitting details of his difficult stint as governor of Virginia. The narrative ends with his arrival in New York early in 1790 to become the first United States secretary of state. Jefferson left some indications that he hoped to continue the story, and internal evidence suggests that he recopied the manuscript at least once, but in the end he took it no further. Reproduced here is the beginning of the manuscript, one of only three pages with the wide margins typical of his drafts, and a page toward the end in which he concludes the discussion of his years abroad with a testimony to his abiding affection for the people of France. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. THOMAS SULLY’S HALF-LENGTH LIFE PORTRAIT OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

The Philadelphia artist Thomas Sully arrived at Monticello in March 1821, commissioned by the United States Military Academy to paint a life portrait of the nearly seventy-eight-year-old ex-president. Although the two men had corresponded briefly when Jefferson was elected an honorary member of the Society of Artists of the United States in 1811, they had never met. During his approximately twelve days at Monticello, Sully began painting Jefferson, spent time with the family, and viewed the construction underway at the University of Virginia. He left with this half-length study only partially complete. In 1830 William Short engaged Sully to finish the work, after which Short presented the oil-on-canvas painting measuring roughly 38-by-34 inches to the American Philosophical Society (Sully to TJ, 22 Dec. 1811, 6 Jan. 1812, 6 Apr. 1821; TJ to Sully, 8 Jan. 1812; Bush, Life Portraits, 77–8; TJ to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 Mar. 1821; Gaye S. Wilson, Jefferson on Display: Attire, Etiquette, and the Art of Presentation [2018], 204–22). Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.

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I L LU S T R AT I O N S THOMAS SULLY’S FULL-LENGTH PORTRAIT OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

Early in 1821 United States Military Academy professor Jared Mansfield reached out to Jefferson, who as president had signed the 1802 legislation that established the institution at West Point, stating that it had recruited Thomas Sully to paint his portrait so that it could be hung in the Academy’s library. Although Jefferson suggested that Sully’s “fine pencil” would be “illy bestowed” upon himself, he agreed to host a visit by the artist to Monticello to create such a painting. The half-length study described above and a number of copies resulted from that trip. In May 1822 Sully completed the full-length oil-on-canvas portrait depicted here, which measures about 102by-66 inches, and sent it on to West Point (PTJ, 37:120–1; Mansfield to TJ, 26 Jan. 1821; TJ to Mansfield, 13 Feb. 1821; Bush, Life Portraits, 77–8; Wilson, Jefferson on Display, 204–22). Courtesy of the United States Military Academy. WOODEN MODEL OF ASKOS

Before departing for France in 1784, Jefferson drew up preliminary plans for the new Virginia state capitol, which was to be located in Richmond. While in Paris he collaborated with the architect Charles Louis Clérisseau to modify his original idea by incorporating details based on the ancient Roman Maison Carée in Nîmes. Jefferson then sought an appropriate token of gratitude to give to Clérisseau for his contributions to the design, which included arranging for the creation of a plaster model of the capitol. A bronze vessel known as an askos, which Jefferson had seen in the collection of objects unearthed during an excavation at the Maison Carée, inspired him to commission a French craftsman named Souche to create a model from which he could later have a silver copy executed. Although the loss of the original model obliged Jefferson to find a different gift for Clérisseau, he eventually obtained the wooden version depicted here and brought it back with him to the United States in 1789. Early in his presidency, Jefferson sent the wooden original to the Philadelphia silversmiths Anthony Simmons and Samuel Alexander, who copied it in silver. The model was returned to Jefferson, and both it and the silver version came to Monticello when he left office in 1809. When the Philadelphia artist Thomas Sully visited in 1821, Jefferson gave him the wooden model of the askos as a mark of his esteem, and Sully had it inscribed as a present from Jefferson. Its location was unknown until it came up for auction in 1972, and the model was subsequently returned to Monticello, joining the silver version that had arrived there in 1957 (MB, 1:666, 734–5, 2:1046; Stein, Worlds, 328–9; PTJ, 15:xxix–xxxii; Julian P. Boyd, “Thomas Jefferson and the Roman Askos of Nîmes,” Antiques 104 [July 1973]: 116–24). Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. THOMAS JEFFERSON’S DRAFT OF A LETTER TO THOMAS WHITTEMORE

Throughout his retirement Jefferson retained for his own reference copies of his letters, which were created in this period mostly through the use of his polygraph. Over time he adopted the practice of reusing the blank versos of

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I L LU S T R AT I O N S address covers from unrelated incoming letters for these retained copies while continuing to use the polygraph to create them. In the autumn of 1821, however, while still using the polygraph in some instances, for short responses he frequently began to create his retained copies by turning over letters he received and jotting a draft, largely clean copy, or abstract of his answer to that letter in whatever space was available. Jefferson’s change of habit is not known to have been caused by problems with his polygraph. Rather, saving space in his files may have been a motivation. In 1820 Jefferson apologized to Gerard E. Stack when that correspondent requested the return of a letter of introduction, explaining that he had altered the document while it was in his possession by removing the otherwise blank address leaf from Stack’s letter. Jefferson admitted to doing this to all incoming papers “in order to keep their volume within more convenient bounds.” For brief replies to straightforward letters, Jefferson may have decided against adding an additional sheet of paper to the bulk of his files. The draft shown here is a letter from Jefferson to Thomas Whittemore, 9 Sept. 1821, on the verso of Whittemore to Jefferson, [ca. 14 Aug. 1821]. Jefferson generally confined these drafts to the right-hand side of the documents he was reusing, as he has done here. The perpendicular text is the address of the incoming letter to which he was responding, and the three words on the far left are apparently doodles in an unidentified hand (TJ to Stack, [26 Mar. 1820]). Courtesy of the Missouri History Museum, Saint Louis. COURTSHIP LETTERS OF NICHOLAS P. TRIST

During an extended visit to Monticello that began late in 1817, Nicholas P. Trist, a grandson of Jefferson’s old friend Elizabeth Trist, formed an attachment to Jefferson’s granddaughter Virginia J. Randolph. As he prepared to enter the United States Military Academy at West Point in September 1818, Trist asked Martha Jefferson Randolph for permission to make his feelings known to her daughter. Martha refused at that time, saying that they were both too young for an engagement. Trist returned to Monticello in the summer of 1821, and in the 9 July letter pictured here he renewed his request to Virginia’s parents. They apparently relented, as Trist promptly requested an audience with Virginia. Following her initial refusal of an interview, he wrote to Virginia on 12 July (the second letter reproduced) and stated his intention to declare his passion for her. The pair became engaged, but after a family discussion their wedding was postponed, and Trist returned to his family in Louisiana to study law and prepare for a career. Three years later Jefferson’s friend, the Episcopal minister Frederick W. Hatch, married the couple at Monticello, and the Trists moved into its North Pavilion, where they lived for several years (Shackelford, Descendants, 1:102–4; Nicholas P. Trist to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 18 Sept. 1818, Randolph to Trist, [ca. 19 Sept. 1818], Trist to Martha Jefferson Randolph and Thomas Mann Randolph, 9 July 1821, and Trist to Virginia J. Randolph (Trist), [11 July 1821], 12 July 1821, [July 1821] [NcU: NPT]; Richmond Enquirer, 21 Sept. 1824). Courtesy of the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

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I L LU S T R AT I O N S VIRGINIA J. RANDOLPH TRIST BY HARRIET F. RANDOLPH (WILLIS)

Virginia J. Randolph was the sixth child and fifth daughter of Martha Jefferson Randolph and Thomas Mann Randolph. She lived at Monticello throughout Jefferson’s retirement. Following her engagement to Nicholas P. Trist in the summer of 1821 and his departure for Louisiana shortly thereafter, the couple exchanged a number of letters mentioning the possibility of her sending him her portrait. In a letter of 7 Apr. 1822 she enclosed this profile in pencil, drawn by her cousin Harriet F. Randolph (Willis) but jokingly attributed to the famed portrait painter Thomas Sully, who had visited Monticello the previous spring. The sketch is labeled “La belle Ginilla,” a name that Randolph adopted in at least one subsequent letter to Trist. It evidently failed to satisfy Trist, who wrote imploringly to Randolph the following November that “If you could only have an opportunity of sitting for your portrait! as you love me, Virginia, do not let slip any chance; though recollect, I do not want a daub” (Shackelford, Descendants, 1:103–4; Nicholas P. Trist to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 24 Feb., 19 Nov. 1822 [NcU: NPT]; Randolph [Trist] to Trist, 21 Nov. 1821, 7 Apr., 20 Dec. 1822, 21 July 1823 [DLC: NPT]). Courtesy of the Library of Congress. SILHOUETTE OF NICHOLAS P. TRIST

Nicholas P. Trist later became prominent as an American diplomat in Cuba and Mexico. The silhouette pictured was produced at Peale’s Museum in Philadelphia and dates from around 1820, when Trist was about twenty years old. It belonged to Martha Jefferson Randolph and may have been presented to her by Trist during his visit to Monticello in the summer and fall of 1821, when he asked for permission to marry her daughter Virginia J. Randolph. The likeness measures 2¾-by-1½ inches and is on paper embossed with the name “Peale’s Museum.” Many of the silhouettes of Jefferson’s family and friends in the collection at Monticello were labeled later in life by Nicholas and Virginia’s eldest child, Martha J. Trist Burke, who endorsed this one as “Taken at Peale’s Museum Phila. 1825 or thereabouts and sent to my grandmother Mrs. Thomas Mann Randolph” (Stein, Worlds, 208–10; The Monticello Family: Catalogue of an Exhibition Held at the University of Virginia Museum of Fine Arts [(1960)], 9, 15; Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas P. Trist, 21 Mar. 1821 [DLC: NPT]). Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. BERNARD PEYTON

Bernard Peyton, a merchant in Richmond, became Jefferson’s most frequent correspondent during the latter’s retirement. He orchestrated the sale of Jefferson’s flour and tobacco and sometimes risked himself by serving as an endorser on the ex-president’s bank loans and other financial instruments. In 1824 Jefferson was bitterly disappointed when President James Monroe did not heed his personal request that Peyton be named postmaster of Richmond. When he retired from business around 1852, Peyton moved to Albemarle County, where he had purchased the Farmington estate formerly owned

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I L LU S T R AT I O N S by George Divers. Peyton spent two years remodeling the main house, which had been partially designed by Jefferson, only to die shortly after the renovations were complete. This oil-on-canvas portrait, measuring about 35½-by28½ inches, was most likely executed to commemorate Peyton’s 1817 marriage. The artist has not been identified (TJ to Monroe, 20 Feb., 25 Aug. 1824; TJ to Peyton, 3 Sept. 1824; An Exhibition of Portraits owned in Albemarle County, Virginia, painted before the year 1830 [1951], 9–10; Lay, Architecture, 142). Courtesy of the Farmington Country Club, Charlottesville.

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Volume 17 1 March to 30 November 1821

JEFFERSON CHRONOLOGY 1743 • 1826 1743 1760–1762 1762–1767 1769–1774 1772 1775–1776 1776 1776–1779 1779 1779–1781 1782 1783–1784 1784–1789 1790–1793 1797–1801 1801–1809

Born at Shadwell, 13 April (New Style). Studies at the College of William and Mary. Self-education and preparation for law. Albemarle delegate to House of Burgesses. Marries Martha Wayles Skelton, 1 January. In Continental Congress. Drafts Declaration of Independence. In Virginia House of Delegates. Submits Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom. Governor of Virginia. Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson dies, 6 September. In Continental Congress. In France on commission to negotiate commercial treaties and then as minister plenipotentiary at Versailles. Secretary of State of the United States. Vice President of the United States. President of the United States.

RETIREMENT 1809 1810 1811 1812 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1823 1824 1825 1826

Attends James Madison’s inauguration, 4 March. Arrives at Monticello, 15 March. Completes legal brief on New Orleans batture case, 31 July. Batture case dismissed, 5 December. Correspondence with John Adams resumed, 1 January. Batture pamphlet preface completed, 25 February; printed by 21 March. Named a trustee of Albemarle Academy, 25 March. Resigns presidency of American Philosophical Society, 23 November. Sells personal library to Congress. Writes introduction and revises translation of Destutt de Tracy, A Treatise on Political Economy [1818]. Named a visitor of Central College, 18 October. Cornerstone laid for first structure at Central College (later Pavilion VII, University of Virginia), 6 October. Attends Rockfish Gap conference to choose location of proposed University of Virginia, 1–4 August. Visits Warm Springs, 7–27 August. University of Virginia chartered, 25 January; named to Board of Visitors, 13 February; elected rector, 29 March. Debts greatly increased by bankruptcy of Wilson Cary Nicholas. Likens debate over slavery and Missouri statehood to “a fire bell in the night,” 22 April. Writes memoirs, 6 January–29 July. Visits Poplar Forest for last time, 16–25 May. Lafayette visits Monticello, 4–15 November. University of Virginia opens, 7 March. Writes will, 16–17 March. Last recorded letter, 25 June. Dies at Monticello, 4 July.

T H E PA P E R S O F

THOMAS JEFFERSON k

'

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Rich’d 1st March 1821 I have the pleasure to inform you that your note endorsed by Jefferson Randolph and myself for $4.000 was this day discounted at the Farmers Bank, & the nett proceeds thereof, say $3,957.33, is car‑ ried to your credit on my Books subject to your order. I am pleased indeed that you have met with this accomodation, & still more happy that I should have had it in my power to contribute to it. Nothing was said (the President told me) on subject of its continu‑ ance, I hope tho’ it will be renewed from time to time until it is per‑ fectly convenient for you to retire it, either at once, or by agreeable instalments— Your Cask Wine from North Carolina has arrived, not tho’ without considerable loss, if not more serious injury—the Captain reports that he was driven to sea in a Gale, & remained so long, that his water gave out, & he was compelled to use the Wine instead—I hope what is left has not been watered:—it shall be forwarded to you by Johnson or Gilmore the first time they are down, and I have paid the bill of cost & charges say $31₁−⁸₀−⁸− ₀ which is at your debit in a∕c—If the Capt: had bro’t it here who first recd it I should have demanded payt for the 15 Galls: out your Bll:, but he put into Norfolk to repair, & sent the Wine by another Vessel— With great respect Dr sir, Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

Philip N. Nicholas was the president of the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia.

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From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) D. sir Richmd March 3d 1821 r By M Johnsons Boat you will receive 1 Bll: Wine in good order if delivered to you in good order please pay freight as customary Your Mo Ob Bernard Peyton  Cesario Bias RC (MHi); in Bias’s hand; dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Tho: Jefferson Montiselo”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton received 11 Mar. 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL.

Transactions with James Leitch [p. 210, 3 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson      1 Co Orbis Pictus

 Self

  7/6  

   

1.25

   

   

93

[p. 212, 7 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson  D Colclaser      1 M. 10 Oz Tacks 4/6. 6 hanks thread 3cts [p. 216, 17 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Wedgewood Teapot      Merchandise furnished John Hening

12/–

  2 12

      14.—

[p. 218, 21 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson r Order d      20 ℔s. 10 Cut nails

  1s /–  

   

3.34

[p. 218, 23 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson      1 pad lock

  1/6  

   

25

 

 

 E. Bacon

[p. 222, 30 Mar. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Sack Salt @ $7. 15/4 Screw  Augers 9d 1. 3 feet Rule      1 pr Carps Compasses 2/3. 1 Curry  comb 2/3. 1 Horse Brush 3s /9 4

5s /–

9 72 1 38 11.10

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 224, 4 Apr. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson  Order      6 yds 5/4 Brown Domestic Cloth @ 2/3      3 " fine steam loom shirting 3/6      2 Balls Adelphia Cotton 6d cts      1 Skein thread 3 1 doz Ivory Buttons 1/6      4 Yds Manchester Cord 6/9      1 doz Black Buttons 1/6. 1 Skein silk 6d      2 Skeins thread 3cts ½ Cotton Cassimere 3s /–

  2 1     4    

[p. 225, 6 Apr. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson paid carriage of 1 Cheese

  25

[p. 225, 6 Apr. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Sundries      1 M. 1½ In. sprigs 6/– 1 M. 2 In. do.

7/6

2 88 2 25

[p. 226, 10 Apr. 1821:] .   395. Thomas Jefferson  Burrell        2 Yds Manchester Cord 6/9 2      1½ doz Gilt Buttons 3s /– 5 hanks thread  3 cts        1 Stick Twist 6d 2½ Yds Corded  Cassimere 16/6 6      2 Yds domestic Cotton Cloth 1/6   [p. 227, 11 Apr. 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Self      1 Buff Cassimere vest patern      1 Hank silk 6d 2 Skeins thread      2 large Cast steel files @ 6/– 2 Middle  sized do      2 " half round files 6/. 2 Middle do  4/6. 2 Small do      4 Cross cut Saw files 2s /– 2 Handsaw  do. do      1½ Yd fine steam loom Shirting [p. 227, 12 Apr. 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson Dr      Cash paid for carriage of Bag corks 5

  25 75 17 28 50 34 31 9.60

  25 90 96 50 10.61

    $3 3   3cts   14 4/6

3 50

3/–

4 50

1/– 1 .67 3/6   88 13.69     3/.   50

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 232, 23 Apr. 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  J. Hening      10 ℔s 10d Cut nails 1s /. 10 ℔s. 16d do  Brads 1s /. [p. 243, 11 May 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson      1 Bottle Olive Oil

 Order

[p. 245, 14 May 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Self      4 Yds Manchester Cord      2 Hanks Silk 6d 1 Stick Twist      3 Skeins thread 3cts 1 Yd Brown  Holland [p. 246, 15 May 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Keg white lead      6 Yds fine Russia Drill      1 Bottle Olive Oil

 

 

 

 

3.34

  7s /6  

 

1.25

    6/91 4 50 6d   25 3s /–   59 5.34     $6₁−⁵− ₀⁰₀ − 6 50 10/6 10 50 7/6 1 25 18.25

[p. 253, 2 June 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 ℔ Gunpowder 5/3. 4 ℔s Shot

  1s /–  

[p. 254, 4 June 1821:] .   495. Thomas Jefferson Dr      Cash paid Mr Wolfe for whip

    4/6   75

[p. 257, 7 June 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson      2 Bottles Olive Oil

  7/6  

 Order

[p. 258, 8 June 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Order      28 ℔s light Tire Iron      22 ℔s (Plough Plate) do 6

6d 6

   

   

1.54

2.50

    2 34 1 83 4.17

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 260, 16 June 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Sundries  Mrs R      Mdse for 6 p’s Tape 1/6.        "  2 Yds Blue Cotton Cassimere (3/4)      Cash paid him    

    1 50 3/6 1 17 2.67 40   42 67

[p. 264, 25 June 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Keg English white lead      2 ℔s Lamp black

    $6 6   1/6   50 6.50

[p. 268, 10 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Ben. Randolph      3 Sheets sand paper      1¼ Yd Cotton Cloth 1/6. 6 Skeins  thread  D Colclaser

    4½d   19 3cts   49

68

[p. 269, 13 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  J Hennings      1 M. Sprigs ea 3s /9 & 5s /– 2 C. S.  Plane Iron

 

 

2/6  

 

[p. 270, 16 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Sundries  Order      Mdse for 1 pat Pad lock        "  "  ⅓ doz Screws

    7/6 1 25 9d    4

[p. 272, 18 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson      18lb 10d Cut Nails

 Order

  1s /–  

   

3.00

[p. 273, 20 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson      49lbs Iron

 Order

  6d  

   

4.08

7

2.30

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 274, 21 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 large Cast Steel file      10⅞℔s English Blistered Steel [p. 274, 24 July 1821:] . . 494. 48. Cash Dr to Thomas Jefferson      Recd of him [p. 277, 31 July 1821:] . 442. 494. Thomas Jefferson Dr C. P & J H McKenny      McKenny’s for advertising Two Negroes [p. 278, 31 July 1821:] .   494. Thomas Jefferson for Int. on his Acct.2

6/– 1s /–

    1   1 81 2.81   40

   

    1 75 48 82

[p. 284, 6 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Gross 1 In. Wood screws

  7/6  

   

1.25

[p. 286, 10 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1℔ Shoe thread 6/–. 1 Padlock  Self

  3s /–  

   

1.50

[p. 287, 14 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      20℔s 20d Cut Nails

  14cts  

   

2.80

 Order E Bacon   14cts [. . .]3  

   

2.52

[p. 288, 16 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      18℔s 16d Cut Nails

 Order E Bacon

[p. 288, 16 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash      Lent him at Request  Order [p. 288, 16 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      1 Pad lock

 E Bacon 8

  35

   

  3s /–  

   

50

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 290, 22 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      1 Sack Salt

 Order E Bacon

  $6  

   

  9 s— 14cts  

   

 

 

1/1½  

 

75

[p. 298, 8 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Edmund Bacon      8lb 10d Cut Nails 1s /–. 8lb 16d do. do

  14cts  

   

2.46

[p. 298, 8 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      14½lb Cheese

  1s /–  

   

2.42

  15

   

  6d  

   

 

 

6/–  

 

 

 

14cts  

 

[p. 291, 24 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order E Bacon      30lb 10d Cut Nails 1s /– 10lbs 16d Cut do [p. 294, 31 Aug. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Boy      4lb Wrought Nails being the balance  of your order of 27th July last for  1000 Nails

 Order

[p. 299, 11 Sept. 1821:] . .48. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash      Sent him [p. 299, 14 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      48lb Bar Iron

 Order

[p. 302, 19 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Mrs Randolph      9 Yds 5/4 Checks 3/6. 4 yds linen  diaper fine [p. 302, 19 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order E Bacon      30lbs 10d Cut Nails 1s /– . 15lbs 16d do.  do. 9

6—

6.40

4.—

9.25

7.10

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 305, 29 Sept. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      70lbs Bar Iron

 Order

  6d  

   

5.84

[p. 306, 2 Oct. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      3 Wool hats

 Order

  9s /–  

   

4.50

50

 

[p. 306, 2 Oct. 1821:] . 76.   Thomas Jefferson recd his draft on B. Peyton [p. 307, 2 Oct. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Burwell      4 Paint brushes 3s /9. 2 do 3s /–. 2 do      1 Horse Brush [p. 315, 24 Oct. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      10lbs 4d Cut Nails

 Order E Bacon

    1s /6 4   3/9   63 4.63   1s /1½  

   

1.88

[p. 315, 27 Oct. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Mr Bacon lbs d s      5 16 Cut Nails 1 /–. 5lbs 10d do—

  1/–  

   

1.67

[p. 316, 28 Oct. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order      6 Yds fine White Flannel

  6/–  

   

6.—

[p. 317, 1 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      2 yds Oznaburgs

  1/6  

   

50

 Order

[p. 318, 2 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Mrs Randolph      4 yds fine white Flannel      6  "  "  "   "      1½ Yd Black levantine 6/9. 1 hank Silk

 10 

6/– 3/9 6d

    4   3 75 1 77 9.52

3 MARCH 1821

[p. 326, 14 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order E Bacon      15℔s 10d Cut nails      2 Yds Coarse Red flannel        Order Mrs Randph      1 yd domestic  "   " [p. 326, 16 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson      5lb German Steel

 Mr Bacon

[p. 330, 22 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Order      1 Ream letter paper      6 Bed Cords Nine Strands      30 Yds Steam loom Shirting  Mrs R      1 hearth broom [p. 331, 24 Nov. 1821:] .   76. Thomas Jefferson  Self      6 papers Inkpowder      1 Scrubbing brush  Burwell      ¾ doz Glass Tumblers The Leitch Daybook in ViU, Leitch’s bookkeeping methods and frequently used abbreviations, and the methods by which the Editors present the above extracts detailing entries involving TJ are de‑ scribed above at 6 Mar. 1820 in an edito‑ rial note on Extracts from James Leitch’s Daybook. john hening (j. hening, j hen‑ nings): probably John Hemmings. carps

1/–

    2 50

3s /6 1 17 1/6   25 3.92   1/6  

   

1.25

    36s /– 6   4/6 4 50 3s /– 15 — 6/– 1   26.50     1/– 1 00 5/–   84 6/–   75 2.59

compasses: “carpenters’ compasses.” burrell (burwell): Burwell Colbert. mrs r: Martha Jefferson Randolph. c. s. plane iron: “cast‑steel plane‑iron.” 1 Superfluous slash preceding figure ed‑ itorially omitted. 2 Preceding five words written as part of a running head at the top of a column of names including TJ. 3 Word illegible.

From Samuel Wood Fellow Citizen, Thomas Jefferson N York 3 Month 3d 1821 Though we are strangers, never have, & likely never shall, see each other in mutability, yet, considering how far we are advanced in the Journey of Life, I am past 60, & thyself ahead of me, I think it safest,  11 

3 MARCH 1821

no longer to delay, to use my endeavours to pay a debt, I have con‑ ceived due to thee,—I am no party man.— One side will flatter The other Spatter— I am thy friend, an Appellation only due to him, who out of pure & good will, can remind another of his faults—I have often quoted those excellent expressions of thine,—“We cannot form to ourselves an Idea of an Object more ridiculous, than an American Patriot signing declarations of independence with one hand, & with the other bran‑ dishing his whip over his affrighted Slave,,—But I have been rebutted with “Mr Jefferson holds Slaves,,—Is it so, Does that hand that penn’d that memorable Instrument, The Declaration of Independance, sway the Sceptre of authority over Slaves,—Perhaps thou wilt say, the laws of this section of the Union, forbids Manumission,—Do they—What then is the consequence,—Why the “Honest Man,, which Pope says,— “is the noblest Work of God,, will find, as Cowper says, “I would not have a slave to till my Ground, To carry me, to fan me while I sleep, And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth That sinnews bot & sold have ever earn’d. No; dear as freedom is, & in my heart’s Just estimation priz’d above all price I had much rather be my self the slave, And wear the bonds, than fasten them on him,,1 The truly honest man, would proclaim to the world, not only in words but in conduct, since it has been my unhappy lot, to be placed in a State, whose wicked Laws, are in direct opposition, to the pre‑ cepts of my Saviour, To do as I would be done by, I will come as near it as I can, I will hold no authority over my fellow Men, no further, than shall be for their good,—they shall be well fed,—well clothed,—& urged to work no more than is reasonable,—I will educate them as my own children,—I will consider them, as they really are, my equals, & teach them, & all men, that I have no more right to them, than they have to me,  “That mercy which I to others show That mercy show to me,, And I will further so order it, that all their earnings shall be secured to themselves, & that, as soon as the inconsistent Laws of the State shall allow, which doubtless must eventually take place, & they are qualified, they shall go forth as free as Air,—Oh that the last glimmer‑ ing in the socket of thy Taper, which of course, must soon take place, might in this particular, be so bright, as to convince mankind, that no  12 

3 MARCH 1821

human being, was a Slave to thee, but that thro the unreasonable effect of unjust Laws, thou wert com[pelled?] to be a slave to them  I am, & always have been, a Friend to my Country, I am an Ameri‑ can, by birth & by choice,—I glory in it, but am—obliged to hang my head, when I reflect on this dreadful stain, & “foulest blot,, Slavery— I allways lov’d & respected that celebrated & eminent man Washing‑ ton, but I mourn’d & expect to mourn while in time, as a Father over a Son, or one brother over another, for an error that beclouds many virtues,—Some think he fully perform’d his part, In giving his Slaves free at his death,—I think different,—What a General heading an Army, provided by that August body, who dare tell Kings & Tyrants, the truth, “all men are born free & equal,, & “we will not be hewers of wood & drawers of water &c,,—He hold Slaves, How inconsistent,— The moment he grasp’d his sword, in the cause of Liberty, he should have cut the Gordian Knot of Slavery, & severed the Hydra Head of that Monster, justly hateful to God & man Wherever there is a Slave, there must (however we may dislike the term) be a Tyrant, one cant subsist without the other,—& must it be so, after so much blood spilt, & treasure expended (professionally in the cause of Liberty) & even, after so many blessings showered down on an undeserving People, such a lapse of time, such spread of Light, must the clanking of Chains, & the smacking of Whips be heard in our Land, on an unoffending People, & for why,—why they are Black, blush indeed, Oh my Countrymen,—Ah & indeed reflect, “that God is just, & that his Justice cannot always sleep,,—Is not the Signs of the times portentous—See the degrading & to be dreaded Missouri question shaking as it were to the centre our constitution & union,— Slave Holders do you not fear,—You do indeed, else why that patrol‑ ing in your streets,—Why does your muskets & swords hang around your beds,—Why does the fond Mother cling to her lov’d husband, with her darling infant in her arms, at every unusual noise in the night,—The cause is obvious, who can reflect on the Scenes of St Do‑ mingo, & of often occurrences among you, of now one, & then an‑ other, murdered by his Slaves, Houses fired &c “Oppression,, it is said “will make a wise man mad,, if so, is it not as likely to make a poor Negro mad, treated as he is, & when once drove to a state of madness, what may not be feared from such, so educated & abused, especially, when they have so often heard us say “Poor freedom is better than rich slavery,,—“Liberty or Death,, I am a friend to all Men, without respect to color name or nation, I most assuredly am the white Mans friend, & can but hope, they may “undo the heavy burdens, & let the oppressed go free,, do as they  13 

3 MARCH 1821

would be done by, without which they cannot be Christians, Else I greatly fear the awful consequences,—When Justice & Equity walk hand in hand, Mercy & Truth meet together, Righteous & Peace kiss each other, Then & not till then, will every man rest under his own Vine, and Fig Tree, & none shall make them afraid I now close by an affectionate Farewell thy Friend Samuel Wood RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); mutilated at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Mon‑ ticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 5 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Samuel Wood (1760–1844), publisher and author, was born on Long Island, New York. He joined the Society of Friends and was married at the West‑ bury Meeting in 1782. Wood began his career as a teacher before relocating to New York City by 1804 and opening a bookstore. He soon extended his business to publishing, initially specializing in chil‑ dren’s books. By 1817 three of Wood’s sons had joined the firm, which expanded to develop a focus on medical works and traded under the name of Samuel Wood & Sons. Wood retired from publishing in 1836, but his descendants continued the business under variant names until 1932. He was devoted to a number of charitable causes including the Society for the Pre‑ vention of Pauperism, the New York In‑ stitution for the Blind, the Manumission Society, and the Public School Society. Wood died in Brooklyn (DAB; Arnold Wood, John Wood of Aftercliffe, Yorkshire, England, and Falls, Bucks County, Penn‑ sylvania, and His Descendants in the United States [1903], 35–44; New‑York Evening Post, 7 Nov. 1804, 6 May 1844; gravestone inscription in Friends Quaker Cemetery, Brooklyn). The British abolitionist Thomas Day, not TJ, penned a variation on the phrase we cannot form . . . affrighted slave in his Fragment of an original Let‑ ter on the Slavery of the Negroes; Written in the Year 1776 (London, [1784]), 33. honest man . . . noblest work of god comes from line 244 of Alexander

Pope, An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle IV (London, [1734]), 12. William Cowper wrote that i would not have a slave . . . fasten them on him in book 2 of The Task, A Poem, in Six Books (London, 1785), 46–7. to do as i would be done by is a version of the Golden Rule. that mercy which i to others show that mercy show to me comes from Pope’s The Universal Prayer (London, 1738). Cowper referred to slavery as the foulest blot in book 2 of The Task, 46. The phrase all men are born free & equal was used in the 1780 Massa‑ chusetts Constitution. we will not be hewers of wood & drawers of water &c paraphrases the Bible, Joshua 9.23. TJ’s comment that god is just, & that his justice cannot always sleep is in Query XVIII of his Notes on the State of Virginia (Notes, ed. Peden, 163). op‑ pression . . . wise man mad comes from the Bible, Ecclesiastes 7.7. Patrick Henry reportedly said “give me liberty, or give me death!” (liberty or death) in a speech to the Virginia Convention of March 1775 (William Wirt, Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry [Philadelphia, 1817; Poor, Jefferson’s Li‑ brary, 4 (no. 131)], 123). undo the heavy burdens, & let the oppressed go free is a phrase from the Bible, Isaiah 58.6. A variant of mercy & truth meet together, righteous & peace kiss each other, is in Psalms 85.10. The phrase every man rest under his own vine, and fig tree, & none shall make them afraid, comes from Micah 4.4. 1 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied.

 14 

Notes on Account with Martin Dawson [ca. 4 Mar. 1821]

D John Rogers. payable Dec. 31. 20 75 Edmund Meeks payable Jan. 1. 21 18.35 93.35 Int. Jan 1. to Mar. 10. 69. days 1.07 94.421 ⎫ " on $75 fm 5th Sept ⎪ ⎬ st y to 1 Jan 1821 is 3. m. 25 day ⎪ ⎭ 1.46 omited Crs 95.88— By Df t on Richmd 94.42 1.46 Martin Dawson MS (ViU: TJP‑ER); subjoined to Dawson to TJ, 1 Feb. 1821; in TJ’s hand, with continuation by Dawson; undated,

with conjectural date based on TJ to Ber‑ nard Peyton, 4 Mar. 1821. 1 Remainder

in Dawson’s hand.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 4. 21. I have to acknolege your two kind favors of Feb. 12. & 26. and they make it a duty to go into some explanations. age and ill health, and still more the loss of plantation skill and management by an absence of 50. years from such attentions, had for some time rendered me unequal to the proper management of my possessio[ns] insomuch that those in Bedford had been entirely unproductive and those here not so productive as they should have been, an[d] as Jefferson’s man‑ agement has lately made them. I had therefore for some time been falling behind‑hand, a little & a little every year. but still the amount of these arrearages would have given me no difficulty had things con‑ tinued as they were. but the sudden reduction of the circulating me‑ dium, the failure of market from the peace of Europe, and prostration of the price of produce & property fell on me by surprise, and trebled at once in effect the burthen of these debts. indeed the fall of flour alone from 6. & 8. to 2.D. a barrel would have of itself that effect independant of the other causes; and the prospect of change for the better is so indifferent that I give up the reliance on crops for relief, and decide without hesitation to sell property as soon as a fair price  15 

4 MARCH 1821

can be got. to obtain time for this it was necessary to quiet a number of outstanding demands which those having them could illy afford to wait for. this occasioned my wish to obtain a temporary aid from the bank until property sho[uld] come to a fair price, and purchasers be enabled to come into the marke[t.] in addition to this I have commit‑ ted the whole of my estate here and in Bedford to Jefferson to direct as he thinks best, without any interference on my part; and I am sat‑ isfied he will double its produce at once, which even at present prices, will double present income.1 the rules of the Farmer’s bank requiring a town endorser, I was led to look to your friendship for that kind office; and knowing your situation, as being young in business, with a growing family I meant to relieve you from all uneasiness or incon‑ venience by pledging to you property which should place absolute security in your own hands. I recieved information of the discount being admitted last night only, and tomorrow being our court day, I must relieve myself by immediate draughts on you, of which this letter is hastened to advise you; and in the course of the week I will transmit you such a conveyance of property as shall make you entirely secure. the draughts I shall make on you tomorrow will be in favor of the following persons D Martin John Watson 45.41 Twyman  Dawson. for 94.42   Wayt 219.72 James Brown 133.25 David Higgen‑ Craven  botham 159.95  Peyton 700. William Barrett for B. Miller 750.D. in all 2102.75 others will soon follow to nearly the whole amount; for I am im‑ patient to relieve myself from these uneasy demands. I must further request you to make an immediate remittance for me to messrs Leroy & Bayard of N. York, to whom I write this day to notify them that you will do it; and 40. Dollars to mr William J. Coffee of the same place, but recommended to the care of Dr David Hosack; I inclose a letter to Dr Hosack within which you will be so good as to inclose your letter & bill to mr Coffee Two of my grandsons are to go to school on the 12th instant, & have not the necessary books, nor can they be got here—will you be so good as to send me by mail 2. copies of Ruddiman’s Rudiments and 2. copies of the Orbis pictus? I am told they are to be had at Warner’s bookstore. I salute you as ever with affection & respect. T[h: Jeff]erson PoC (MHi); edge trimmed; signature faint; at foot of first page: “Capt Peyton”;

endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to David Hosack, 5 Mar. 1821 (first letter).

 16 

5 MARCH 1821  jefferson’s: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph’s. TJ further described the imme‑ diate draughts listed above in his financial records for 5 Mar. 1821 (MB, 2:1372). For the conveyance of prop‑ erty, see TJ’s Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 11 July 1821, and note. TJ’s

grandsons Benjamin F. Randolph and Meriwether L. Randolph began their stud‑ ies at Frederick W. Hatch’s school in Char‑ lottesville on 13 Mar. 1821 (MB, 2:1373). 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

To William Barret Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21.1 According to promise in mine of Feb. 12. I am now enabled to state specifically the instalments by which I shall be able to discharge my debt to mr Miller. that is to say, I can pay immediately 750.D. and the same sum every 6. months until the whole is discharged, which I hope will be acceptable to you. I am sure you are sensible that the farmer getting less than 2.D. a barrel clear for his flour may ask indulgence without blame, from the known circumstances of the times. I accord‑ ingly inclose you an order on Capt Bernard Peyton for the 1st pay‑ ment of 750.D. which I hope will be satisfactory, and I tender you the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Taylor to TJ, 3 Feb. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr William Barrett”; en‑ dorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

1

Reworked from “20.”

To William J. Coffee Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21. My cistern answers perfectly well but not affording water enough for us, I propose to prepare another. I this day therefore desire Capt Bernard Peyton Commission mercht of Richmond and my correspon‑ dent there to remit you 40.D. which I trespass on your friendship in requesting you to invest in Roman cement, and forward to Capt Pey‑ ton for me. the Proctor of our University will have occasion soon to apply for some. will you be so good as to inform me to whom he must address himself. You were, kind enough when here to give me some remarkably fine penpoints of a yellow hue. if my remittance leaves any thing will you be so kind as to send me a few dozen. if quilted into the size of a letter they will come best by1 mail. not certain of your being in New York  17 

5 MARCH 1821

this as well as the letter of remittance go under cover to Dr Hosack.2 I salute you with constant esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (MHi). RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 25 May 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr William J. Coffee New York,” with “507 Greenwich” added in an unidentified hand; franked; postmarked New York, 13 Mar.; with penciled note in David Ho‑ sack’s hand: “D Hosack wishes to See mr Coffee.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused

address cover of William Davis Robinson to TJ, 28 Dec. 1820; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Hosack, 5 Mar. 1821 (second letter), and Hosack to TJ, 28 Apr. 1821. 1 Manuscript: 2

“my.” Preceding two words not in PoC.

To John Graves Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21. It being as convenient to me to pay my note to you, now as it will be at the end of it’s term, I am ready to do it by an order on Rich‑ mond. I would have sent the order in this letter, but do not know your post office, or how far it might be safe. if you will advise me by letter how I may send the order to you, or to whom I might deliver it for you, it shall be done on the reciept of your letter. Accept the assur‑ ance of my esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViLxW: Thomas Jefferson Collec‑ tion); addressed: “Mr John Graves Lou‑ isa C.H,” with TJ’s additional notation that “mr Graves’s nearest post office not being known, the Postmaster at Louisa C.H. is requested to forward this to the proper post office”; franked; postmarked. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 25 Jan. 1821; endorsed by TJ. John Graves (d. 1843), planter, mar‑ ried Mary Ragland in Louisa County in 1795. At his death he owned numerous tracts of land in Virginia and Kentucky and personal property valued at $11,965, including at least thirty‑nine slaves (Lou‑ isa Co. Marriage Bonds, 24 Aug. 1795; Charles James Ragland, The Raglands: The History of a British‑American Family

[1978–87], 2:291; Louisa Co. Will Book, 11:33–9, 72–4). In his financial records for 6 Nov. 1820, TJ recorded the purchase from Graves for which he had given my note: “Bought of John Graves of Louisa a horse (the Eagle) for 250.D. and gave my note payable the 30th. of Apr. next. The horse is a fine bay, abt. 16. hands high, 6 y. old last spring, a star in his forehead, 2 hind feet white, a scar below his left eye. Got by Diomede on a Spread‑eagle mare of Fearnought blood,” with TJ’s additional notation in left margin: “5 f.—2¾ I. high.” TJ paid Graves with a 22 Mar. 1821 order on Bernard Peyton (MB, 2:1371, 1373). A response of 13 Mar. by Graves, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 20 Mar. 1821 from “Louisa C.H.”

 18 

To David Hosack Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21. At the request of mr Coffee I formerly took the liberty of putting a letter to him under the protection of your cover, having occasion to make him again a remittance of 40.D. for a like object with the for‑ mer, and not knowing certainly that he is at N. York, I take the same liberty again. the remittance being to be made by my correspondent in Richmond I pass this letter thro’ his hands that he may inclose in it the one he addresses to mr Coffee. I embrace with pleasure every occasion of assuring you of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Dr David Ho‑ sack”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Bernard Peyton, 4 Mar. 1821.

To David Hosack Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21. In a letter to you1 of this day’s date, sent viâ Richmond, I took the liberty of desiring my correspondt there to inclose one to mr Coffee containing a remittance to him. that now inclosed is to inform him of it’s application. not knowing certainly that he is in N. York, I am obliged to trespass on your kindness by putting them under your cover, which I pray you to pardon on the score of necessity, and to be assured of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (GyLeU); at foot of text: “Dr Ho‑ sack.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Mantz to TJ, 19

Dec. 1820; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to William J. Coffee, 5 Mar. 1821. 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

From Thomas P. Jones Sir Warrenton (N C) March 5th 1821 Although the writer of this address is not personally known to you, he persuades himself that the warm interest which you are known to take in the affairs of the University of Virginia, will plead his excuse for troubling you on the present occasion. When my friend Judge Cooper passed through this place on his way to Columbia, he mentioned the University as likely to afford at some future period, a situation suiting my habits and pursuits, and  19 

5 MARCH 1821

worthy my acceptance, observing at the same time, that he supposed the institution would not be organized in less than four or five years. The late act of the Legislature of Virginia, rendering it probable that this event will take place at a much earlier date, has induced me to determine to become a candidate for the professorship of Chymistry and Mechanical Philosophy: to these branches of science many years of my life have been devoted, and I have taught them as a public lec‑ turer and professor, with approbation and success. When I am made acquainted with the proper time and channel of communication; such testimonials as may be deemed necessary, shall be forwarded. Judge Cooper, Robt Patterson Esqr director of the Mint, Dr Patterson, Dr Hare, John Vaughan Esqr, and many other gentleman of high standing in Society, it is believed will give a very favourable opinion both as regards talents and integrity of character. A line addressed to Dr Thos P Jones, in this place will be esteemed a favour.   I am Sir With the highest consideration Your Obedient Servant Thos P Jones. RC (CSmH: JF); with Dft of TJ’s 13 Mar. 1821 response subjoined; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Mar. 1821 and so recorded (mistakenly dated 5 Feb.) in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to William J. Coffee, 14 June 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Warrenton, N.C., 5 Mar. 1821. Thomas P. Jones (1774–1848), scien‑ tist, educator, and editor, was born in Herefordshire, England. He trained as a physician before moving to the United States around 1800. Jones began his ca‑ reer as a traveling science lecturer. By 1811 he was living in Philadelphia, where he continued lecturing and teaching. The College of William and Mary named Jones its professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in 1814. Returning to Philadelphia in 1818, he resumed lectur‑ ing, sometimes at the museum of Charles Willson Peale. In 1825 Jones was hired as a professor of mechanics by the newly formed Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, and the following year he became the edi‑ tor of its journal, which subsumed one that he owned, the American Mechanics’ Magazine. He led the Journal of the Frank‑

lin Institute for the rest of his life, and it published lists of current patents that be‑ came an invaluable record after a fire in 1836 destroyed the United States Patent Office in Washington, D.C. Jones suc‑ ceeded William Thornton as patent office superintendent in 1828, but with the change in presidential administrations the following year he was transferred to a  State Department clerkship in charge of consular correspondence. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1831. Although Jones returned to the patent office in 1836 as an examiner, he left federal service two years later to begin his own business as a patent solici‑ tor. By 1832 he held the chemistry chair and was later a trustee of the Columbian College Medical School (later George Washington University Medical School). Jones died in Washington (ANB; DAB; William and Mary Provisional List, 49; APS, Minutes, 21 Jan. 1831 [MS in PPAmP]; Francis Fowler, “Memoir of Dr. Thomas P. Jones,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, 3d ser., 130 [1890]: 1–7; Bruce Sinclair, Philadelphia’s Philos‑ opher Mechanics: A History of the Franklin Institute, 1824–1865 [1974]; Kenneth W. Dobyns, The Patent Office Pony: A His‑ tory of the Early Patent Office [1994];

 20 

5 MARCH 1821 Howard L. Hodgkins, Historical Cata‑ logue of the Officers and Graduates of The Columbian University [1891], 49; Jackson, Papers, 7:207, 265; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 13 Mar., 3 Apr. 1848; gravestone inscription in Congres‑ sional Cemetery, Washington).

The late act of the legislature of virginia, “An act concerning the University of Virginia,” authorized a loan of up to $60,000 to the fledgling institu‑ tion from the Literary Fund (Acts of As‑ sembly [1820–21 sess.], 15–6 [24 Feb. 1821]).

To LeRoy, Bayard & Company Messrs LeRoy and Bayard. Monticello Mar 5. 21. I ask permission to avail myself of your wonted indulgence by re‑ mitting to you the annual interest on my last bond, and witholding the principal at your sufferance in the hope of a change in the times for the better. the farmer recieving less than 2. dollars a barrel for his flour clear of expences has real need of indulgence. I write this day to Capt Bernard Peyton Commission merchant of Richmond and my correspondent there to remit you 125.D. which I hope will be satis‑ factory and get safely to your hands. acc[e]pt the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover to TJ; one word faint; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

TJ’s letter to Bernard Peyton of this day was actually dated 4 Mar. 1821.

From Lancelot Minor Dear Sir Louisa March 5 1821 Inclosed is my Account with Mrs Marks. since the last renderd you I have made several attempts to rent Mrs. Marks land but without effect in consequence of the unimproved state of the land. the Estate of Mr Marks being settled I suppose it proper that the papers I hold should be Sent to you—which I can do by some private Conveyance. I will still attend to the payment of the Taxes on the land if you wish it Accept Sir my b[e]st wishes for your happiness Lancelot Minor RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; addressed in an unidentified hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello” by “Mail”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

 21 

To Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 5. 21. I am now enabled to give you an order on Capt Peyton for 700.D. and to assure you of the balance of my debt in July. which will be 547.16 D with interest from Mar. 10. as you will see by the subjoined statement. I pray you to be assured that it has never been in my power to do more than I have done, and than what I still engage to do; and I have no doubt that your own experience proves to you that a farmer getting only 2.D. a barrel for his flour may be in default without being blameable. Accept the assurance of my great friend‑ ship & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (RNR); with enclosure subjoined. PoC (MHi); with enclosure subjoined; on verso of reused address cover of John R. Cotting to TJ, 20 Jan. 1821; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Peyton Craven.” Other enclosure not found.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Craven Peyton 1817. Feb. 7.

[ca. 5 Mar. 21.]   D   1500 334.36 1834.36

loan Int. to Oct. 26. 1820. 3 Y.–261 D

1818. Dec. 1283. ℔ pork @ 8.50 D 1820. Apr. 15. a sow sold by E. Bacon Oct. 26. order on B. Peyton

D 109.05 5. 500.

1821. Mar. 10. Int. from Oct. 26. to this date 4 M–12 D Order on B. Peyton now inclosed1 Balance remaining due2 [Remainder in Dft only:] 1817. Mar. 18–29. 4046 ℔ fodder @ 6/ = 40.46 ? MS (RNR); entirely in TJ’s hand; sub‑ joined to covering letter. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John R. Cotting to TJ, 20 Jan. 1821; subjoined to covering letter. Dft (MHi); in TJ’s hand;

614.05 1220.31 26.85 1247.16 700. 547.16

on verso of RC of Peyton to TJ, [13] Feb. 1821.

 22 

1 Preceding

2 Preceding

two words not in Dft. three words not in Dft.

Statement of Taxable Property in Albemarle County A list of the taxable property of the subscriber in Albemarle on the 1st day of Feb. 1821. for which he is liable. 4492⅓ acres of land. note that within the last year the subscriber has sold to Dr Chas Everett the tract of 400. as called Pouncey’s and to Abraham Holly the Limestone tract of 4. as which are therefore to be transferred to them in the Commrs books. 56. slaves above 12. years of age. 13. horses and mules 1. four wheeled carriage. Th: Jefferson Mar. 6. 21. MS (MHi); entirely in TJ’s hand. On 24 Feb. 1821 the Virginia General Assembly set property tax rates for that

year (Acts of Assembly [1820–21 sess.], 3–4). abraham holly: Abraham Haw‑ ley.

Notes on Capitals for University of Virginia Buildings No I.

East. Ionic.

III. West. do

4. Capitels. dimd diam. 6.

No II. West. Corinthian 4. IV. East. do 2. capitels & 2 half do say 3. 17.

 I

[after 6 Mar. 1821]

D 

26½ cost 240. 26⅛ 330. 25.₁−²−₀

 f 33.=132

22.72 38.40 60.80

330. 25=1⅞ = 30 1632 151.92 151.92 1783.92 No 1. E 4. boxes1 38.I. sq. 17 high. 14.2 cub. f × 4 = 56.8 cub. f = 1.42 ton @ 16 =   22.72 D 3. W 6. boxes. 40.I. sq. 17. high 16 cub. f. each × 6 = 96. cub. f = 2₁−⁴− ₀=   38.4 D 2 W. 4. boxes 44.I. sq. 34½ high. 38. cub. f each. × 4 = 152 cub. f = 3⅘ =   60.80 D

 23 

20 − ₁⁸− ₀

732.

freight

6 MARCH 1821

4 E. 3. boxes 38 I. sq. 30.I. high 25. cub f each × 3 = 75 cub. f = 1⅞ = 30.D. 9½ ton in all No IV. E. No II. W. Library   I. I Capitel. top 37.2 43.34 55.8 bottom 20.8 25.2 32.4 height 28. 32.67 42. let us suppose the top & bottom which are plain, to cost .30 the sq. foot as at Philada then we shall find the carved surface to cost nearly 21. D 50 c the sq. f. sq. f D No IV. E. 37.2 I. sq + 20.8 I. sq. = 9.6 @ .30 = 2.88 28 I. height × 29. I.  mean circumf. 5.6 @ 21.50 = 120.40 123.28 instead of 110.D.          sq. f DC No II. W. 43.34 I. sq. + 25.2 I. sq. = 17.4 @ .30 = 5.22 32.67 height × 34.27 mean  circumf. 7.77 @ 21.50 = 167. 172.22 instead of 180.D Library. columns calculated on the same principles

freight

55.8 I. sq. + sq. f DC  32.4 I. sq. = 29. @ .30 = 8.70 42. height × 44.  mean circumf. 12.83 @ 21.50 = 275.60 cost each. 284.30 32. 316.30 × 10 = frt 2. tons 32. × 10 = half Capitels 142 × 8= 16 × 8  frt 158 MS (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph Delaplaine to TJ, 15 Jan. 1821; entirely in TJ’s hand; un‑ dated, with conjectural date based on TJ’s receipt on 6 Mar. 1821 of Thomas Appleton to TJ, 10 Oct. 1820.

ton  D 80. f =1= 32.

3,163 320 1136 128

 = 3,483  = 1,264

Pavilions no i. east and iii. west were later renamed pavilions II and V. Pavil‑ ions no ii. west and iv. east were later renamed pavilions III and VIII. 1 Remainder of line interlined in place of “32.I. sq. 14½ high 8₁−⁶−₀ cub. f. each × 4 = 34.4 cub. f. = 86. ton = 13.76 D.”

 24 

Memorandum from Ann Bacon on Turkeys Raised March 7th 1821—

Memorandom of Turkeys raised and sent to the house 1820. 15 Tur‑ keys was sent to the house one half is Mr Jeffersons1 1821. twelve is deliverd and two yet Remains to be sent up when ever requier’d two was cripled in catching them and died of this years raising2 I am yours &c. Ann Bacon MS (MHi); in Bacon’s hand; at foot of text, adjacent to dateline: “Mr Jeffer‑ son”; endorsed by TJ: “Bacon mrs 7.75 D Mar. 7. pd cash.” Ann Simmons Bacon (ca. 1783–1825) was a native of Albemarle County. She married TJ’s overseer Edmund Bacon in 1802 and moved with him to Kentucky in 1823, where she died. In his financial records TJ lists payments to her for weav‑

ing in 1809 and 1810 and for turkeys in 1815 (Edmund Bacon to TJ, [before 1 Aug. 1820]; MB, 2:1248, 1252, 1306; Eurie Pearl Wilford Neel, The Wilford‑Williford Family Treks into America [1959], 434). 1 In right margin adjacent to this line, TJ wrote “7½.” 2 In right margin adjacent to this line, TJ wrote “8.”

From William Maury Dear Sir New Orleans 8 March 1821 I have reproached myself much for not having ere this, thanked you for the letters of introduction you were so good as to give me to Kentucky thro my Cousin Tom Maury.— With Dr Brown I was highly pleased, as every one must be with a polite Gentleman, & tho not of mine I found him an acquaintance of my Fathers as far back as 1795—   he took me to the University & other public Institutions in Lexington, & tho it is, as we should say in England, in the Wild Woods, I think I never saw more public spirit evinced for the encouragement of Science & literature;—with the Society I was also delighted, & with the Hospitality of the State generally, tho their manners were not quite so polished as in the At‑ lantic States— In Frankfort I only remained a couple of days where I handed your other letter to Mr Jno1 Brown who was also very attentive to me— There I attended the first legislative Body I had seen in this Coun‑ try; it was at an unfortunate moment tho, for it being Christmas Day, they had most of them taken their bowl of Egg Knogg—of course  25 

8 MARCH 1821

therefore I shall not insert that in my journal as a specimen of the State Assemblies— At Louisville I found the prospects for pursuing my journey on Horse back so very bad as to Roads & Weather that I took passage on board a Steam Boat; the depth, the navigation & the majestic gran‑ deur of the Mississippi surprized me: of its great Trade I had no idea, that is, as to the variety of articles brought to this market. I cannot say that with the Society of New Orleans I have been much pleased however the reason is I do not speak French tho I understand it as well almost as English The American population is however beginning to predominate, & with that they are commencing the grand work of its improvement; In the fall they commence paving the City, which must greatly con‑ tribute to its health, other improvements following. I think the day is not fa[r] distant when it will vie with all the former opulence & splendor of Alexandria There are now 80 Steam Boats navigating the Western Waters. they have been like most other branches of Trade, overdone, & many would now wish, not to sell, but give out their shares—to give you some idea, a bale of Cotton weighg 400 is brought from Natchez 320 miles for half a dollar! Amongst the Planters the only money is made, they, getting 12 a 18 cents for their Cotton which in Europe will nett 11 a 17!—they nev‑ ertheless complain, tho upon enquiry, they say they would cultivate it for even 8 cents in preference to any thing else,   I think there‑ fore the United States need not on that point feel jealous of the East Indies.— The Owners of Western Produce fare badly—   Flour $2.50 Corn 30 cent, lard 8 & Tobacco 2½ a 4½.— I expect to leave this the beginning of next month & by the month of May to have the pleasure of renewing to you the esteem with which I have the honor to be Your obedient servant William Maury RC (DLC); one word faint; endorsed by TJ as received 4 Apr. 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 16 Aug. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monte Cello Albe‑ marle County Virginia”; stamped; post‑ marked (faint) New Orleans, 1[1] Mar.

Transylvania university was located in Lexington, Kentucky.

 26 

1 Manuscript:

“Jas.”

To Daniel Brent Monticello Mar. 9. 21.

Th Jefferson acknoleges the reciept of mr Brent’s note of Feb. 26. and returns thanks for the repeated favors & attentions to his foreign correspondence. more and more [d]isinclined to the labors of the writ‑ ing table, his intrusions on mr Brent’s kind offices will become less frequent, tho probably not altogether discontinued. he prays him to accept the assurance of his constant friendship & respect. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Peachy R. Gilmer to TJ, 14 Jan. 1821; dateline at foot of text; one word faint; endorsed by TJ.

To Andrew Cock Monticello Mar. 9. 21.

Th Jefferson acknoleges the reciept of mr Cock’s favor of Feb. 14. and, past attention himself to the pursuits to which it relates he makes the best disposition of it in his power by delivering it to the Secre‑ tary of the Agricultural society of this quarter presided by mr Madi‑ son, who will doubtless avail themselves of the communication he has been so kind as to make. [he] prays him to accept his respectful salutations. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 14 Jan. 1821; dateline at foot of text; one word faint; endorsed by TJ.

Peter Minor was the secretary of the Agricultural Society of Albemarle.

Deposition in Fry v. Bell The deposition of Thomas Jefferson taken at his own house in the county of Albemarle and the Commonwealth of Virginia on the 9th day of March 1821. to be read as evidence on the trial of a certain ac‑ tion of Ejectment now depending and undetermined in the Greenup circuit court in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, wherein John Doe, on the demise of John Fry and others is plaintiff & Thomas & Samuel Bell are def s This deponent being of lawful age & first duly sworn, deposeth and saith That he has been acquainted with the family of the Fry’s who lived in this county from his earliest infancy, that he remembers seventy  27 

9 MARCH 1821

years ago Joshua Fry, who had been a Professor of Wm & Mary Col‑ lege was then an elderly man, and resided in this county: that at the commencement of hostilities against the French in the year 1754.1 a regiment was raised for the defence of the frontiers, which the sd Joshua was appointed to command as Colonel: that he accordingly proceeded on the command and died in it the same year, and was suc‑ ceeded by the late President Washington: that he left an eldest son John Fry & other sons & daughters, having made a will of which this deponent’s father was an executor: that John Fry his eldest son suc‑ ceeded to the family seat on Hardware in this county, but whether by inheritance or by the will he knows not, that he continued to live there until his death, the precise epoch of which event he is not able to state, from any circumstance within his recollection: he remem‑ bers to have visited him at that place about the year 1766.2 or a little earlier or later, and he thinks he did not live long after that, and is confident his death was before the beginning of the revolution, and consequently before the change in the course of descents in land which3 was not until after the commencement of the revolution; that he left some family, but what precisely this deponent does not know, having for 18. or 20 years following been very much out of the county & out of the state & some years in Europe: that during his absence the family grew up and removed so that he had no opportunity of knowing them; that he has since been acquainted with one of them, Joshua, now, as he supposes living in Kentucky, but whether he was the only son, or the eldest son, he knows not. that he remembers to have heard of the right of the family or some of them to lands in the Western country, but how much, where or to whom it passed he does not know, but understood it to be founded on the right of their ances‑ tor Colo Joshua Fry aforesaid and the military command in which he died. and further this deponent saith not. Th: Jefferson Virginia. Albemarle county to wit. We the subscribers two of the justices of the peace for the said county hereby certify that the foregoing deposition of Thomas Jef‑ ferson was, in obedience to a Dedimus to us directed, which we here‑ with inclose, duly taken, subscribed and sworn to before us, at his own house at Monticello in the county aforesaid on the 9th day of March 1821. Given under our hands & seals this 9th day of March 1821. John Watson Seal Ths J. Randolph Seal  28 

9 MARCH 1821  MS (M. E. Sparks, Ashland, Ky., 1975); in TJ’s hand, signed by TJ, Wat‑ son, and Randolph. Tr (ViU: TJP); later copy on lined paper. Enclosure not found. John Fry (1737–78), the son of Joshua Fry, served as the coroner and sheriff of Albemarle County, where he died (Ellen Frye Barker, Frye Genealogy [1920], 146; Woods, Albemarle, 197; MB, 1:5; Wil‑ liamsburg Virginia Gazette [Purdie & Dixon], 15 Feb. 1770). Thomas Bell (1789–1862), blacksmith and farmer, was born in Kentucky. He owned three slaves in 1820, four in 1850, and in 1860 his real estate and personal property were valued at $4,840 and $17,722, respectively (DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Greenup Co., 1820, Ohio Co., 1840– 60, 1850 slave schedules; James R. Har‑ din, The David French Patent and The Vancouver Error: Study in Cause and Ef‑ fect [2011], 28–34; gravestone inscrip‑ tion in Old Bell Cemetery, Buford, Ky.). Samuel Bell (1786–1857), farmer, was a native of Virginia. He owned six slaves in 1820, and three decades later he owned eleven slaves and real estate worth $16,000 (DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Greenup Co., 1820, Jefferson Co., 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Hardin, David French Patent, 28–34; gravestone inscription in Bell Cemetery, Louisville, Ky.). Joshua Fry (ca. 1700–54), educator and surveyor, was born in Somersetshire, England, educated at Oxford University, and by 1729 was in Virginia as master of the grammar school at the College of Wil‑ liam and Mary. He was the college’s pro‑ fessor of mathematics and natural history, 1731–37. By 1744 Fry settled in what soon became Albemarle County, and he served as the new county’s first presiding justice and one of its first representatives in the House of Burgesses. As county sur‑ veyor, he worked with TJ’s father, Peter Jefferson, to extend the North Carolina– Virginia boundary line in 1749, and the two collaborated on a 1751 map of Vir‑ ginia that bears their names. Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie appointed Fry a commissioner to negotiate with the Indians in 1752, and two years later he was chosen as colonel in command of

frontier militia, with George Washington as his second in command. Fry died fol‑ lowing an accident while leading his troops at Wills Creek (later Cumber‑ land), Maryland (ANB; DAB; William and Mary Provisional List, 49; Leonard, General Assembly, 78, 81, 83; Woods, Al‑ bemarle, 197). Joshua Fry (ca. 1760–1839), educator, was the son of John Fry and grandson of Joshua Fry. He was born in Albemarle County and served in its militia during the Revolutionary War. Fry represented Albemarle for one term in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1785–86, and opened a school soon thereafter in Danville, Ken‑ tucky. By 1823 he was a classics instruc‑ tor at Centre College in that city (PTJ, 28:302, 41:484–5; Barker, Frye Geneal‑ ogy, 146, 147; Woods, Albemarle, 197–8; James J. Holmberg, ed., Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark [2002], 176–7; Leonard, General Assem‑ bly, 156; The Pension Roll of 1835 [1835; indexed ed., 1992], 3:281; Frankfort Argus of Western America, 1 Oct. 1823). As heir to the elder Joshua Fry, on 15 Dec. 1772 John Fry was awarded patents for two tracts of land, one of 2,034 acres and the other of 1,525 acres, in what was then part of Fincastle County, Virginia, but later became greenup County, Ken‑ tucky (Vi: RG 4, Virginia Land Office Patent Book, 41:90, 91). Joshua Fry named TJ’s father, Peter Jefferson, an executor of his will, which was admit‑ ted to probate on 8 Aug. 1754 and which bequeathed John Fry the family seat on the Hardware River (Albemarle Co. Will Book, 2:15–7). TJ drafted the change in the course of descents in land that eliminated primogeniture for intestate estates (bill no. 20 in a grouping of documents on “The Revisal of the Laws 1776–1786,” PTJ, 2:391–3). A dedimus, or dedimus potestatem, is a “commission issuing from the court before which a case is pend‑ ing,  authorizing a person named in the commission to compel the attendance of certain witnesses, to take their testimony on the written interrogatories and cross‑ interrogatories attached to the commission, to reduce the answers to writing, and to

 29 

9 MARCH 1821 send it sealed to the court issuing the commission” (Black’s Law Dictionary).

 1 Tr: “1756.” 2 Reworked from “1776.” 3 TJ here canceled “he believes.”

To Samuel Leake Sir Monticello Mar. 9. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of Feb. 26. and am sorry it is not in my power to give you the least information on the subject of it’s en‑ quiry. you have justly imagined that a lapse of half a century, filled up with business of various kinds would probably have erased the recollection of the circumstances you mention. they have so com‑ pleatly done it as not to have left a single trace of them in my memory. with my regrets at not bei[ng] able to give you any information of them, I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of portion of a reused address cover from James Monroe to TJ; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Samuel Leake”; endorsed by TJ.

Leake’s favor was actually dated 28 Feb. 1821.

To Peter Minor Monticello Mar. 9. 21.

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to mr Minor and incloses him a letter which being out of the line of his own attentions, he can‑ not better dispose of than by putting it into mr Minor’s hands to decide whether it may not be worthy of communication to the Agricultural society: and salutes him with constant friendship and respect PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ, 14 Jan. 1821; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Andrew Cock to TJ, 14 Feb. 1821.

The enclosed letter was read at a 7 May 1821 meeting of the agricultural so‑ ciety of Albemarle (True, “Agricultural Society,” 293).

 30 

To Spencer Roane Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 9. 21. I am indebted for your favor of Feb. 25. & especially for your friendly indulgence to my excuses for retiring from the polemical world. I should not shrink from the post of duty, had not the decays of nature withdrawn me from the list of combatants. great decline in the energies of the body import naturally a corresponding wane of the mind, and a honing after tranquility as the last and sweetest asy‑ lum of age. it is a law of nature that the generations of men should give way, one to another, and I hope that the one now on the stage will preserve for their sons the political blessings delivered into their hands by their fathers. time indeed changes manners and notions, and so far we must expect institutions to bend to them. but time pro‑ duces also corruption of principles, and against this it is the duty of good citizens to be ever on the watch, and if the gangrene is to prevail at last, let the day be kept off as long as possible. we see already germs of this, as might be expected. but we are not the less bound to press against them. the multiplication of public offices, increase of expence beyond income, growth and entailment of a public debt, are indica‑ tions solliciting the employment of the pruning knife; and I doubt not it will be employed; good principles being as yet prevalent enough for that. The great object of my fear is the federal judiciary. that body, like Gravity, ever acting, with noiseless foot, & unalarming advance, gain‑ ing ground step by step, and holding what it gains, is ingulphing insidiously the special governments into the jaws of that which feeds them. the recent recall to first principles however, by Colo Taylor, by yourself and now by Alexander Smyth will, I hope, be heard, & obeyed, & that a temporary check will be effected. yet be not weary of welldoing. let the eye of vigilance never be closed. Last and most portentous of all is the Missouri question. it is smeared over for the present: but it’s geographical demarcation is indelible. what it is to become I see not; and leave to those who will live to see it. the University will give employment to my remaining years, and quite enough for my senile faculties. it is the last act of usefulness I can render, and could I see it open, I would not ask an hour more of life. to you I hope many will still be given; and, certain they will all be employed for the good of our beloved country, I salute you with sentiments of especial friendship and respect Th: Jefferson  31 

9 MARCH 1821  RC (CLjC, 2002); addressed: “The hon‑ ble Spencer Roane Richmond”; franked; postmarked Milton, 13 Mar. PoC (DLC). Governor Thomas Mann Randolph appointed two Virginia members of the United States House of Representatives, alexander smyth and Philip P. Bar‑ bour, to represent the state in the Su‑ preme Court case of Cohens v. Virginia. Smyth argued for the separation and in‑

dependence of state judicial systems from the federal judiciary (Richmond Enquirer, 3 Mar. 1821). Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Court voided state laws that opposed national statutes and as‑ serted that the Supreme Court’s powers included appellate jurisdiction and ulti‑ mate authority over any case arising in the United States (Marshall, Papers, 9:106– 42, 143–7).

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Richmond 10 March 1821. I have not deemed it necessary to write you in reply to your letter relative to the charter of Wm & Mary College, because the passage of the University Bill rendered it unnecessary. But altho’ I shall see you on the first monday in next month, yet it becomes necessary that I should say a few words to you at this time. The Bill concerning the appropriation of the Literary Fund, by which the Counties were to be authorized to draw the derelict quotas, failed between the two Houses. The Senate insisted on reasonable amendments to prevent waste & misapplication, & the House of Delegates indignantly rejected them. The enemies of the University contrived to create a general impres‑ sion in that House, that this was a breach of faith in the Senate. I need not tell you this was false. Whatever may have been promised in the other House, none of the Senators, as far as my knowledge ex‑ tends, had made an unconditional promise. Genl Breckenridge ap‑ proves our course. But I am assured that many men of respectability who heretofore have voted with us, went away solemnly declaring that they would never again vote one cent to the Institution. I am greatly fearful that the elections will be regulated by this question & our enemies will encrease. All our friends about Richmond entreat me to write to you, to commence no building which cannot be finished, and above all not to come here again for money to erect buildings. The general impression seems to be that the Legislature will do noth‑ ing more for some years: and many think it would be wise policy to abstain from encumbering the annuity to the amount allowed by law, and to reserve as much of it as possible, for the annual support of the Professors. It is thought too, it would have a favorable effect, on the Legislature, if we were to keep a balance unexpended at the end of the year. The popular cry is that there is too much finery & too much  32 

10 MARCH 1821

extravagance. You will be better informed on these points when the board meets. I see no prospect of our being able to get rid of the en‑ cumbrance on the annuity but by some source of revenue other than the Literary Fund: and this will be very difficult. My principal object in writing you at this time, is to apprize you that we are likely to lose our friend Genl Breckenridge, and to ask you to use your influence to prevent it. He told me he could not consent to come again: but at last said he would not commit himself till the meeting of the Board of Visitors. I am told, however, that when he left town he said he should not offer, & could not serve again. He is the only man that can keep the western delegation correct: & is worth more than all the rest of us put together. If he quits us, I shall be in utter despair for years to come. Therefore I beseech you & Mr Madison both to write him ear‑ nestly and without delay. Botetourt Court is on monday & I fear a candidate will be brought forward in his place on that day. I have reasons however to believe that it will be our late speaker Watts, his son in law, who has moved into Botetourt: and if he should be de‑ clared on monday, he may without discredit give way to his Father in law. Broadnax persists in not offering. I saw mr Taylor of Chesterfield yesterday & found he had not consented to offer, as I had supposed. But I hope what I then said to him will induce him to come out. Him‑ self & Genl Breckenridge are the men, above all others, I should be pleased to see in the House of Delegates. Mr Tazewell of Norfolk would be a powerful auxiliary in the early part of the session. I have no influence with him. If you were to invite him, probably he would offer. I submit it to your better judgment, whether you should write him on this subject. He is thought by some to be favorably disposed to such an application, & there is now a vacancy in the Borough, Mr Loyal having determined to withdraw. Tazewell has always been friendly to the University. He is versatile on most subjects, but I be‑ lieve steady on this: and he is without exception the most powerful advocate I ever heard. I am Dr Sir faithfully yours Jos: C: Cabell RC (ViU: TJP‑PC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Peter Minor, 20 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked (faint): Richmond, [1]0 Mar. On 13 Feb. 1821 Burwell Bassett of the Virginia House of Delegates Committee of Schools and Colleges introduced a bill

concerning the appropriation of the literary fund. A day later the Senate turned it over to a committee con‑ sisting of Cabell, Chapman Johnson, and William H. Fitzhugh. As the bill moved between the Senate and the House during the ensuing weeks, each body introduced amendments. With the session coming to a close, negotiations broke down on 6 Mar. and the House refused to accept the measure as amended by the Senate (JHD

 33 

10 MARCH 1821 [1820–21 sess.], 191, 224, 227, 282 [13 Feb., 1, 3, 6 Mar. 1821]; JSV [1820–21 sess.], 92, 94, 143, 155, 159, 160 [14 Feb., 3, 5, 6 Mar. 1821]). In a letter to James Madison of this date, Cabell expressed similar concerns regarding the future of the University of Virginia and the sustainability of Liter‑ ary Fund appropriations; urged Madison to abandon support for Thomas Cooper,

remarking that “You have not an idea how excessively unpopular Doctor Cooper now is in Virginia”; commented that Virgin‑ ia’s Senate and House of Delegates were on “bad terms” as they disagreed over “an unconditional surrender of the back quo‑ tas” of the Literary Fund; and concluded by stressing the need to keep James Breck‑ inridge in the House of Delegates (Madi‑ son, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:273–6).

To John H. Cocke Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 12. 21. Our last mail brought me a letter from mr Rodney and the inclosed seeds of pumpkin and asparagus for you, and as the season for sow‑ ing the latter is at hand, I have thought it better to forward them by mail than to await the 1st day of April when we expect the pleasure of seeing you here. we have been obliged to call a special meeting on that day, that by performing this, the only visitatorial act we are au‑ thorised to do out of session, mr Johnson may avoid the lapse of his commission. but it is well even for the business of the next day, which will be the periodical meeting that we should be together on Sunday to digest what we are to do. I hope therefore to see you here either the overnight or Sunday forenoon, when our colleagues will also attend under the special call signed by all except yourself to whom no op‑ portunity of presenting it has occurred. if you have any sea‑kale seed to spare I will thank you for some to replenish my bed. they had bet‑ ter come by mail for dispatch. I salute you with great friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP‑Co); addressed: “General J. H. Cocke Bremo”; endorsed by Cocke as answered 20 Mar. 1821. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Horace H. Hayden to TJ, 6 Jan. 1821; endorsed by TJ.

From Thomas Cooper Dear sir Columbia 12 March 1821 I am glad to find from Mr Eppes’s information, that the Legislature of Virginia has enabled the Visitors of the University to proceed with their Plan. When I passed by Montecello, it was with a view principally to ascer‑ tain whether any strong probability could be counted upon, as to the  34 

12 MARCH 1821

appointment of Professors; meaning to regulate my conduct here, by the information I could obtain at your house; but finding both from you and from Governor Randolph, as well as from common report, that no reliance could be placed on the good disposition of the Legis‑ lature this year—but that it was just as probable that the buildings would remain useless for seven years to come, as be put into requisi‑ tion this year, I found myself obliged to consult the necessity of im‑ mediate employment, and accept of the Professorship here on the terms offered me. Had I declined accepting the chair of Chemistry here permanently, a gentleman sent for from Yale College for the pur‑ pose (Dr Porter) was ready to take the Situation. Under these circum‑ stances, I could do no otherwise than take the offer, on the understood condition, that I should remain here. since that time, I have been made Professor of Mineralogy with an Additional Salary of 1000$, and President pro temp. of the College, from which I suspect I shall have no occasion to remove, but in conformity to my own wishes. my family, my furniture, my apparatus are all here or at Charleston, and the removal has cost me 800$ at least. I must therefore now consider myself as fixed in this place. You want a Chemist & Mineralogist: I can with perfect confidence, under the fullest conviction, declare that Mr Vanuxem whom you saw with me, is possessed of knowledge of these subjects, beyond that of any person known to me in the United States. I believe in pressing him on your notice, I am doing much more service to your institu‑ tion, than to him. Had I gone to Charlottesville, I should have recom‑ mended him here; as it is, I assert without scruple or hesitation, that you cannot do so well as to take him. Two years incessantly devoted to these pursuits in Philadelphia, and three more years laboriously employed in the same way in Paris, has given him opportunities (fully embraced) of acquiring the knowledge in question, beyond any man in America. For his character at Paris, as an honour to his country there, I am instructed to refer to Mr Gallatin who will most readily confirm my report. No Professor from England has had equal advantages: and Mr Vanuxem is an American by birth. Whoever you get, must be provided with a Laboratory & Lecture room: no apartment in your University will suffice for the purpose. I am desirous of promoting Mr Vanuxem’s interest, but my advice rests on the ground of promoting the Interest of science, & of your Institution. If you do not employ him with you, I shall certainly en‑ deavour to take measures to retain him here.  35 

12 MARCH 1821

 Your Grandson Eppes has talents; he is not deficient in Industry and he will stand at the head of his class. I advise you to let him stay here another year and graduate. For an hour every day, I used to read Horace with him in the intervals of his class, but the duties of Presi‑ dent, have left me now no leisure for that. I have persuaded him to read Lucan’s Pharsalia. I will take him next year into my Laboratory. I greatly like his temper & his talents. Adieu. May God preserve you for the good of yr Country, many years. Thomas Cooper RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer‑ son Esq Montecello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Columbia, 13 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

Also on this date, Cooper sent a similar letter to James Madison, covering most of the same topics and noting that on a return trip to Columbia in the autumn of 1820, he had “staid a week at Monti‑ cello” (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:279–81).

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 12 Mar: 1821 Our Mail from the West due last wednesday did not arrive until thursday night, after the Mail for that direction was closed, conse‑ quently could not acknowledge by it the rect your favor 4th curt, with the one enclosed for Dr Hosack— I lost no time in procuring a check for $40 made payable to W. J. Coffee, & enclosing it in a letter to him, under cover the one to Dr Hosack, as you directed. You1 request in your letter that I will make an immediate remit‑ tance to Messrs: Leroy & Bayard of New York, but do not state the amount—consequently have been unable to comply, but I wrote them stating the fact, & to say, that the remittance would be made so soon as I heard from you again. The Books you wished I have procured, & send them under cover herewith, which I wish safe to hand. Several of the drafts you advise of having drawn, have been presented & paid, & also one to Leitch for $1348₁−⁴₀−⁷₀ − without advice—when the balance appear they shall be honord. The explanation you give of your affairs was quite unnecessary for me, & I beg you will not think that my wish for security for my en‑ dorsations for you proceeded from the slightest doubt of your ability to pay four times the amount of your debts, or from an idea that you would permit an endorser to suffer the slightest loss or inconvenience—  36 

12 MARCH 1821

I assure you nothing was farther from me, but I tho’t it best to guard against any possible circumstance which you could not control, par‑ ticularly as I have lately had some serious lessons on this score, as you know:—my confidence in you is unlimited, & my desire to serve you is not exceeded by any one, as I shall be happy in every occasion of evincing— With sincere regard Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. TJ employed the draft of $1348₁−⁴₀−⁷₀ − to settle his account with James Leitch from

1 Aug. 1819 to 1 Aug. 1820 (MB, 2:1373). For the serious lessons, see Peyton to TJ, 4 Dec. 1820, 2 July 1821, and notes. 1

Manuscript: “Your.”

From Francis Adrian Van der Kemp Dear and respected Sir! Olden barneveld 12 March 1821 I Should need an apologÿ for intruding on your precious moments of leisure, as I have nothing interesting to communicate, had You not bestowed before at different times So many favours upon me—now I consider it needless and consider it becoming after a long Silence, to pay you once more the due tribute of my respect and gratitude as to whom I am indebted the distinguished attentions, which I received in this country from Several of the wise and good—the remembrance of which was vividly renewed by my visit last year at Boston and Quincy—from whence I addressed you with a few lines— I wished, you could have witnessed the pleasure, which a part of your last Letter, with which I was honoured, did give to our venera‑ ble friend—would to god—he was here! He devotes daily a consider‑ able time in reading—walking and even assisting in cultivating and adorning his garden—His mental powers remain undiminished—his trembling hand prevents writing—every day was feast—and he even condescended—to accompany me at Boston—at the Invitation of mutual friends—all rancorous feelings—So much indulged with bit‑ terness against him—are soothed—or rooted out—even former mal‑ ice repents—and makes atonement by voluntary confession—this I witnessed—and do you not, my Dear Sir! enjoy Similar gratifica‑ tions: I trust—you do—and how far more desirable is Such a Situa‑ tion finally—above that in which a weak man is idolised by a host of creeping—Selfish—Sycophants—and Scorned and cursed, when he is divested of the power to glut their insatiable avarice. I at least have the pleasure—that I witnessed the justice done to you in our State—  37 

12 MARCH 1821

 You mentioned—that you would leave little behind you—but even that little must be valuable. It can not be—or there must be among your papers—to encrease yet the value of your notes—and—although—you was too long and too deep engaged in the general State concerns.— the man—who could collect and pen—the valuable materials, with which I was entrusted, must have arranged others—of a Similar price—and why Should these be burried in oblivion? my Service—in this respect—you may command, and every restriction Shall be reli‑ giously kept— I hope—your university exceeds in its infancy your most glowing expectations—and doubt not or posterity Shall gratefully remember the Father of this institution— Perhaps—you might through your friends—inform yourselves if in the Records of your State from 1650–60—perhaps earlier—transac‑ tions are mentioned between the Virginians and the Government of N. Netherland—I do not question of Such ones—principally—relative to trade and mutual intercourse—So too with regard to the Settlement on the Delaware or South‑river—must be mentioned—except these transactions were private arrangements between the governours— Did you—when in Europe—See the map of the united States pub‑ lished in London and Amsterdam—by Mitchel—undertaken with ap‑ probation of the Lord’s‑Commissioners of the plantations and trade? I ask the question, because—in that map the famous Salt‑mountain— there called Salt‑rock—is designated on the Same Spot, where the Indians informed Gen. Miller that it existed—viz on 39 degr. be‑ tween the Akansas and Padouessans— That Being—whom we revere—pour the choice of his blessings upon you—health and contentment till the hour of parting! while you will permit me, to Solicit, while I yet remain—in the enjoyment of this happiness, among the living, that you will be pleased, to continue to honour me with your remembrance—while I am—with high respect and consideration Dear and respected Sir! Your most obed. and obliged Servant Fr. Adr. van der Kemp RC (DLC); dateline adjacent to clos‑ ing; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s additional notation beneath endorse‑ ment: “rancor past away. materials Uni‑ versity   transactions with Nether‑ land Mitchell’s map. & salt mountain.” RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Thomas Ritchie, 6 Aug. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson

LLD at his Seat Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Trenton, N.Y., 13 Mar. On 28 Aug. 1820 Van der Kemp wrote TJ a few lines from John Adams’s home, which Adams playfully called “Montezillo.” TJ indicated in his letter to Van der Kemp of 9 July 1820 that he would leave little behind of value in

 38 

12 MARCH 1821 his own writings. TJ had long been aware of John Mitchell’s 1755 map, which predated the establishment of the united states (PTJ, 40:89–90). During his presidency TJ had been ridiculed for relaying reports that an enormous salt‑mountain existed one thousand miles up the Missouri River (PTJ, 42:54–5; note to TJ to Benjamin Waterhouse, 9 Mar. 1813). The recent newspaper publication of a 2 Sept. 1820 letter by James miller, the governor of Arkansas Territory, describing an exten‑

sive “salt Prairie” located in a part of the territory that later became Oklahoma, pro‑ vided some factual basis for the original claim (W. D. Williams, ed., “1820 Letter from Governor Miller Describing Arkan‑ sas Territory,” Arkansas Historical Quar‑ terly 42 [1983]: 349–54). Paniouassas (padouessans), also called Black Pawnee, were members of the Wichita tribe (Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico [1907–10], 2:947).

From Joel Yancey Dr Sir P. Forest 12th March 1821 Nace sets off this morning for Montcello with 2 beaves and six muttons, the beeves are not as fat I could have wishd, or would have been had they been younger one of the Steers is very bony, and is a much better beef than he appears to be, but I hope you will find them both respectable beef, the sheep are fatt I have recovered the young Steer that broke from us, when I sent the other 2 by Dick, and have broke him, and he now works tolerably well, tho still a little vicious, but Nace is unwilling to undertake to Drive him, and he is not able to render much service this season, I therefore decline sending at this time, but we can do very well without him, The wheat is all in the mill and I expect the flour can be had at any time, Will you have it sent to Richmond? if the price is no better in Richmond, than in Lynchburg, it will take ½ to pay carriage, we are prizing the Tobo and expect to have it all in Lynchburg in this month, as soon as it is down I will let you Know, as you may determine whether you will send it on to Richmond or sell in Lynchburg Joel Yancey As respects our prospects for a crop I refer to Mr. J. Randolp to whom also I have wrote by Nace, I have made evry posible exertion to sell the Hay, but without effect, and I should be extream[ly] glad if it would be convenient to furnish some money to pay some small debts which I have contracted here, and for which I am very much harrassd. about the first of June will do, if not entirely convenient sooner, the People are all well.   with the Highes Respect Im Yrs Joel Yancey RC (MHi); edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “turn over,” for postscript on verso; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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Joel Yancey’s Letter of Credit for Nace The Bearer Nace, the property of Mr Thomas Jefferson, is on his way to Monticello, with Beeves and Muttons for his Master, he will want some provision on the road for his Cattle should he be furnishd by any person, and given (Nace) a bill of it, they will certainly be paid, (if not sooner) by Mr Jefferson when he makes his Visit to Poplar Forest in next Month Joel Yancey 12th March 1821 [On verso in Henry Flood’s hand:] Nace Recd from me fodr & Corn to amt three Shilling Henry Flood Buckingham 14th march 1821 [On verso in John Morris’s hand:] Natt fed his horse beeves and muttons here to the amount of one dol‑ lar & Twenty five cents1 John Morris Buckingham 15th march 1821 MS (MHi); in Yancey’s hand, with notes on verso by Flood and Morris. Nace (b. 1773), laborer and gardener, was one of TJ’s slaves. He was born “Natia” at Elk Hill plantation in Gooch‑ land County where Nace’s parents, Frank and Nan, were slaves of TJ’s father‑ in‑law, John Wayles. Both had died by 1775, and Nace was raised by TJ’s slaves Jame Hubbard and his wife Cate, first at Monticello, and by 1795 at Poplar Forest.

Nace was at Poplar Forest until TJ’s death (Betts, Farm Book, pt. 1, 8, 17, 24, 30; MB, 2:1344, 1375; TJ’s Instructions for Poplar Forest Management, Dec. 1811; TJ to Yancey, 6 Mar. 1817; John Hemmings to TJ, 29 Nov. 1821; Albe‑ marle Co. Will Book, 9:1). 1 Preceding ten words added in an un‑ identified hand. Adjacent and perpendicu‑ lar to paragraph, TJ wrote “Morris John. pd Apr. 22. 21.”

From William Barret Sir Richmond 13th March 1821 th t I am favored with yours of the 5 ins handing me an order on Capt Bernard Peyton for $750 which has been paid and will be placed to your credit on the bond— I am very sensible of the difficulty experienced thro’ out the Coun‑ try in raising money at this time, and feel much obliged by the ar‑ rangement you have made to place me in possession of the balance due on your bond—Nothing I assure you Sir but the urgeancy of the case would have induced me to trouble you at this time with this matter I am with sentiments of great respect Your Obt Hble Servt William Barret  40 

13 MARCH 1821  RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s additional notation above en‑ dorsement: “Miller B.” RC (MHi); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Joshua

Dodge, 19 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; franked; inconsistently postmarked Rich‑ mond, 12 Mar.

To Thomas P. Jones Sir Mar. 13. 21 Your favor of the 5th is recieved. the act of our legislature to which it alludes has by no means the effect of hastening the openg of our University. it authorises it only to run further in debt for the comple‑ tion of the buildings1 by another loan, which as well as a former one is2 to be repd still out of the annuity formerly given to the Univty and if it is ultimately so to be repd, it removes the openg to a very distant day indeed. but we are constantly in the hope that when the finances of the state will afford it the legislature will clear us of the debt. this however is so uncertain that it wd be quite premature at present for the Visitors to come to any resoln on the subject of Professors. accept the assurce of my gr resp. 1

Dft (CSmH: JF); subjoined to RC of Jones to TJ, 5 Mar. 1821.

2

Preceding six words interlined. Preceding eight words interlined.

From John Rhea Sir Washington 13th March 1821 Please, accept the within Copy of a Circular Letter—I have the honor to be Your obt servt John Rhea RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esqr late President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as received 25 Mar. 1821. Enclosure: Rhea to his constituents, Washington, 5 Mar. 1821, reporting on the ratification of the Adams‑Onís Treaty with Spain and its effect on the boundaries of the United States; emphasizing the importance of Florida now being securely under United States control; noting that a resolution has been adopted for Missouri’s admis‑ sion as a state “without any future inter‑ ference of Congress” (p. 1); summarizing the annual report of the secretary of the treasury of 1 Dec. 1820 and detailing na‑

tional revenue and expenditures; analyz‑ ing statistics on manufacturing and pro‑ duce and their effect on imports and exports; asserting that agriculture, man‑ ufacturing, and commerce will all flour‑ ish under the just and wise regulation of Congress; and concluding that, “under the protection of the Almighty,” the United States “are great and powerful, and pro‑ gressing to unknown greatness. Employed in their own agriculture and other pur‑ suits, they desire not to interfere in the affairs of other nations. Let them never exert their power but in vindication of their own rights” (p. 7) (printed circular in DLC: Madison Collection, Rare Book

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13 MARCH 1821 and Special Collections; reprinted in Noble E. Cunningham Jr., ed., Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constitu‑ ents, 1789–1829 [1978], 3:1140–7).

 On this day Rhea sent the same circu‑ lar to John Quincy Adams and James Madison (DNA: RG 59, MLR; Madi‑ son, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:285).

From Richard Rush Dear sir. London March 14. 1821. I have heretofore acknowledged, by a line, your much‑esteemed favor of the 20th of October, since which that of the 27th of December has got to hand. The latter enclosed a letter for Mr Roscoe and one for Mrs Cosway, both of which I was happy to be the means of forwarding. The residence of Mrs Cosway was found out without difficulty. The list of books, I have had great pleasure in procuring, and the ample time allowed has afforded me increased opportunities of fulfiling your wishes in a manner as I would hope satisfactory. Lack‑ ingtons is the house with which I deal myself, having found it, upon the whole, to combine honesty and cheapness with the advantage of a large collection, in a degree greater than any other known to me, and always prompt and obliging. But on this occasion I looked far‑ ther. I had five copies of the list made out, putting them into the hands of as many booksellers of each of whom I had had special rec‑ ommendations. One of them had been the collector for Mr Adams, secretary of state, whilst he was here, and another was named to me by Mr William Vaughan. Of the five lists four were returned to me with a positive declaration that several of the books specified were not to be had in all London, and although each return was defective in wanting at least four of the works, and those the most curious, yet the estimated cost of the remainder exceeded in all the cases the limits of the sum which you had indicated. One of the estimates went as high as sixty pounds. I must mention that the name of a book being in a London catalogue, does not always prove that the book itself is forth‑ coming. This kind of lure is probably among the expedients of the trade, as custom may grow out of it, though the particular book sought cannot be supplied. The return from Mr Vaughan’s man, embraced all the books except one, but no precise estimate of the cost. The ma‑ jority of them being rare, he said that the prices might be capricious, and without an actual order for the purchase he would not undertake to fix them. This determined me not to deal with him. My sixth copy of the list was sent to Lackingtons firm. They first replied, that they had not all the books, but would strive to procure  42 

14 MARCH 1821

them. In a fortnight they informed me that they could get them all, and sent me an estimate of the prices, which, without a single one of the works being omitted, fell within the limit. The only deviation was, that they could procure no edition of Whately on gardening with plates. The person recommended by Mr Vaughan, was Payne, of Pall Mall, who stands well here, and has a very large stock. His prices, as far as he would afford them beforehand, were higher than Lackingtons. I have troubled you with a detail thus particular, only as it may serve to assist in determining the choice of a bookseller, when you may come to import for the University. Having found Lackington in this instance, as I generally do, the best, I have bought of him. The books are already packed up and sent to our consul, Col: Aspinwall, who will have the same pleasure in seeing that they are safely shipped that I have had in purchasing them. A bill and receipt will accom‑ pany them when shipped. There is no vessel up at present for Rich‑ mond or Norfolk, but Colonel Aspinwall thinks it probable that there will be some next month, or at all events in May, and he will be sure to avail himself of the first opportunity. A balance of about five or six pounds, will remain in my hands, which I shall be happy to appro‑ priate in any manner that you will gratify me by pointing out. Suffer me to add, that should the University begin to import during my stay here, and think that my aid could be in any way serviceable, it would yield me pleasure to be called upon. The reflections in your favor of October, bearing upon a momen‑ tous event in our publick affairs, were of great interest and value to me. They constitute indeed “moral facts,” (the most precious parts of history,) and I prize them accordingly. Though at a distance from home whilst the discussions respecting Missouri have been in agita‑ tion, I have not regarded them with the less attention or anxiety. The fathers of our Republick, as I had ever supposed, arranged, wisely and safely, all the fearful questions that belong to those discussions. Deeply then is it to be lamented that we, of this generation, have chosen to open them anew. A long and bloody struggle is probably upon the eve of commencing in Europe between the friends of free government, and those of long established abuse. Should we, at such an epoch, foolishly throw away the boon of our union, and with it the blessings of our prosperity and peace, we shall do more by our ex‑ ample, ten thousand times, to uphold the cause of tyranny in the old world, than can be effected by all the victories which the hirelings of Austria may be able to gain in Italy. But I must conclude for the pres‑ ent with the indulgence of better hopes, and above all that the evening  43 

14 MARCH 1821

of your useful days may never be pained by witnessing such a calam‑ ity to your country and to mankind. The wishes and prayers of a majority of the people of this country, are, I believe, on the side of Naples in the tremendous conflict that has been forced upon her. I cannot say that I think the same of the Ministry, though, for the present, they stand neutral. Permit me to renew to you, dear sir, the assurances of my highest respect and attachment. Richard Rush RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To John Taylor Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 14. 21. Your favor of Feb. 25. was recieved the last night only, having been 16. days on it’s passage. I mention this as an apology for the date of this letter. I have no hesitation in becoming the channel of your kindness to our deceased friend, nor to engage for the secret of the source from which it will flow. my grandson Thomas J. Randolph married a daughter of mr Nicholas, holds the warmest place in the affections and confidence of every member of the family, and his judgment, discretion & zeal for them, would be the surest guide in the applica‑ tion of the money; and nothing need be imparted to him but that it comes (not from myself, but thro’ me only) from a friend of the fam‑ ily, who will not permit his name ever to be known. yet I shall not say this much to him without your leave. but his intimacy with the wants of the family, and his judgment in advising can alone ensure the best application of the donation. I could no otherwise acquire the neces‑ sary and specific knolege of their wants. I would wish the money not to be remitted until I have your permission to advise with him so far & time to inform you of the result. On the subject, dear Sir, of recommending books to the public, I have been obliged stedfastly to decline it. applications of that kind from printers and authors are so numerous, that I should be for ever in scene before the public, exposed to the mordacity of professional Reviewers, and volunteering critics, for the judgments I should give. I should either have to bear their lacerations in silence or be involved in controversies with every one who should wish, from motives old or new, to have the pleasure of a cut at me. I am old, averse to conten‑ tion, and see in tranquility my summum bonum. I acknolege we owe  44 

14 MARCH 1821

to our country much of the active seasons of life, but not the whole life, the whole comforts of existence. there is a time when the weakened powers of nature may claim repose from strife, toil and trouble. With respect to Memoirs, it is too late for me to think of such an1 undertaking, in any useful form. while in public life, my occupations never allowed me the time, & when I retired I was too old, & no lon‑ ger within reach of the public offices where alone authentic docu‑ ments of history can be obtained. a copying machine which I first obtained in Europe, in 1785. has enabled me to keep copies of my letters from that period, but they contain little grain buried in much chaff. the University must there‑ fore be my last public labor, and the welfare of my country, the hap‑ piness of my friends, and your’s sincerely, will be my last wishes. Th: Jefferson RC (Christie’s, New York City, 2003); addressed: “Colo John Taylor Port Royal”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 17 Mar.; endorsed by Taylor. PoC (NHi: Thomas Jefferson Papers); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Taylor’s letter of feb. 25. 1821 was lo‑ cated after print publication of the perti‑ nent chronological volume of this edition

and will appear in the concluding supple‑ ment. mordacity: “mordant or caustic quality in speech or writing; sarcasm, acerbity” (OED). In June 1785 TJ began using his first copying machine, a press patented by James Watt (PTJ, 8:176–7; Silvio A. Bedini, Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines [1984], 10–8). 1

TJ here canceled “enterprise.”

From John Vaughan Dr sir Philad. 14 March 1821 I have learnt with pleasure that the Establishment of West Point is to possess a full length portrait of yourself executed by M Sully I have always esteemed this Institution as a most important one to the permanent Strength of this Country—The objection to & the ex‑ pence of, a large Army will always reduce the regular1 armed force of this Country, So as to make it a Comparatively small School for military education & So divided that the means of instruction will be very confined—Under these Circumstances the advantages of a Mil‑ itary School to lay a foundation on which a Scientific knowledge of the profession may be built when the occasion calls for the service, are incalculable—& I hope the present measure may operate as a Continuance for Years to Come, of that protection which you have So wisely afforded it & will enable it to resist all the attacks of false œconomy—Its destruction would be a great national evil—  45 

14 MARCH 1821

 I am gratified that it has fallen to Mr Sullys lot to be the Artist employed & beg leave to recommend him to that attention which— Talent & modest merits have ever experienced from you— I remain Yours sincerely2 Jn Vaughan RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Mar. 1821 and so recorded (with additional parenthetical notation: “by mr Sully”) in SJL.

The portrait of TJ that Thomas Sully executed for the United States Mil‑ itary Academy at West Point is repro‑ duced elsewhere in this volume. 1 2

Manuscript: “regualar.” Manuscript: “sincely.”

To Frederick A. Mayo Sir Monticello Mar. 16. 21 I send by this mail the last volume of the Register and inclose in this letter the title page and index of the preceding volume which had been mislaid. I shall hope soon to hear that the whole are delivered to Capt Peyton and to recieve your account. I salute you with respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from James Madison to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Mayo”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: unidentified sections of the Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 16. 21. I recieved last night yours of the 12 th and could scarcely believe it possible I should have made such a blunder as the omission to name the sum to be remitted to Messrs Leroy & Bayard. but turning to my letter I found it really so. I am quite ashamed of it. the sum is 125.D. the inclosed letter from mr Maury came to my hands 9. months ago, and having not heard from mr Pickett I have taken for granted the bust mentioned in it never came to hand. will you be so good as to have it shewn to him by way of enquiry merely.   the instrument of security I mean to send you is only waiting for a 3d witness, which will be the first person who shall call on me. this is a measure which my own conscience forces me to, in order that it may not affect your [o]wn credit when it shall be known that you hold security in your own hands. the draught for 1348.47 D in favor of Leitch is correct, and I drew on you on the 13th for 50.D. in favor of mr Hatch. be assured of my constant and affectionate friendship. Th: Jefferson  46 

19 MARCH 1821  PoC (MHi); on verso of address cover of otherwise unlocated letter from Fran‑ cis Eppes to TJ, 1 Jan. 1821 (see note to TJ to Eppes, 19 Jan. 1821); mutilated at seal, with some missing text rewritten by TJ; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; en‑ dorsed by TJ. Enclosure: James Maury to TJ, 26 June 1820. mr pickett: Robert Pollard. the in‑ strument of security was an early version of TJ’s Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 11 July 1821. James leitch sent TJ a receipt dated Charlottesville, 8 Mar. 1821, for the pay‑

ment on his account, in which he “Thank‑ fully Acknowledges the Receipt of Mr Jef‑ ferson’s Draft on Capt Peyton for Thir‑ teen Hundred & Forty Eight Dollars − ₁⁴₀−⁷₀ − in payment of his last Years Account & Solicits when at any time he may require an advance in Cash to Draw on him as formerly” (MS in MHi; in Leitch’s hand; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Mon‑ ticello”; endorsed by TJ, with his addi‑ tional notation: “reciept”). The $50 payment to Frederick W. hatch covered a half year of tuition for TJ’s grandsons Benjamin F. Randolph and Meriwether L. Randolph at Hatch’s Charlottesville school (MB, 2:1373).

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 19 March 1821 I have yours of the 16th: now before me with its enclo‑ sure.—   Mr. Pollard, to whom I have shewn Mr. Maury’s let‑ ter, assures me the Bust was safely recd, & either sent to or by Mr. Thos E. Randolph of your county, who can probably give you some certain information about it. I have this day procured a draft from the Branch Bank of the United States here, on the Branch in New York for $125, which I have en‑ closed Messrs: Leroy Bayard & Co to your credit.—   Your draft favor Hatch for fifty $50 Dollars, together with all the others, of which I am apprised but two small ones, have been presented & paid— Thinking it likely you wished to preserve Mr. Maury’s1 letter, I re‑ turn it under cover herewith—   Your Pots for Sea Cale have been making at the Pottery near this place for a fortneight past, but really our mechanicks are so very indifferent that it is impossible to make any calculations upon them, I am in hopes however they will be ready by this day week, if so, or whenever they are, no time shall be lost in forwarding them by a Boat—they are made by Mr. Wick‑ ham’s pattern which he finds to answer well— With great respect Yours Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 23 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: James Maury to TJ, 26 June 1820.

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1 Manuscript:

“Mauray’s.”

To Joel Yancey Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 19. 20. [1821] Nace arrived here Friday evening with his beeves safe, but not as lucky as to his muttons. one got from him at Chilton’s, another gave out at Warren and the other 4. about 10. miles from here. by sending him back immediately with a cart, these were recovered and brought home, and the other two will not probably be lost. Jefferson will be with you about ten days hence and will advise with you as to the best disposition of the flour, and the payment of the debts which you men‑ tion as pressing on you. I shall also be with you about the 15th or 20th of April, not however to meddle with any thing but to vary the scene a little and chequer the monotony of useless life. I am happy to hear that your family is restored to health, and think it very fortunate that mine has escaped the fever both there and here. some families in this part of the country have lost many by it. I salute you with affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 8 Jan. 1821; misdated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 19 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph.

From John H. Cocke Dear Sir, Bremo March 20th 1821 I thank you for forwarding the Seeds from Mr Rodney.—I recd them safely a few days ago. and hasten to send you herein the few Sea Kale seed I have left.—I am sorry you did not make known your wish to get this seed until I had reduced my stock so low.— I shall make a point of attending the special meeting of the Visitors at the time proposed Yours with high respect & Esteem John H. Cocke RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

From Robert Greenway Dr sir, Dinwiddie March 20. 1821.— I herewith transmit you the Manuscript & Hortus Siccus of my Father; which, I am sorry to say, several unavoidable accidents have prevented my doing at an earlier date. The manuscript was sent early  48 

21 MARCH 1821

in the winter of ’19, but after being taken as far as Richmd & remain‑ ing there for several months, was unexpectedly, owing to some mis‑ understanding, returned to me. After you shall have come to a determination, (as I leave it entirely discretionary with you) I should like to hear what disposition you intend making of it.— Accept, Sir, the acknowledgment of my sincere regret for the delay which has taken place & consider me with sentiments of the greatest esteem & respect— Your Obt Servt Robt Greenway RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos Jef‑ ferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. Robert Greenway (1780–1837), planter, was a son of the botanist James Green‑ way. A native of Dinwiddie County, he

inherited his father’s plantations and mill. At his death Greenway owned personal property valued at $33,864, including sixty‑eight slaves (Dinwiddie Co. Will Book, 2:194–5, 346–51; Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, 5 Dec. 1837; grave‑ stone inscription in Greenway Cemetery, Dinwiddie Co.).

From John H. Cocke Dear Sir, Bremo March 21. 1821 Being pursuaded you wou’d gladly promote the views, of a practi‑ cal agriculturist of Education, who is about to go to Europe, chiefly for the purpose of bringing back to his native State, whatever he may find applicable to our wants in the various branches of rural economy;—I take pleasure in introducing to your acquaintance, Mr Wilson, who will deliver this.—He designs to embark in the course of this Spring, and will thankfully receive any aids you will be so good as to furnish, towards the accomplishment of his objects either in Great Britain or on the Continent— Not knowing of the opportunity presented by Mr W—I forward’d the Sea Kale Seed yesterday by post— Accept, Sir, the assurance of my high respect & Esteem— John H. Cocke RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so re‑ corded (with additional parenthetical no‑ tation: “mr Wilson”) in SJL. RC (DLC);

address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Caesar A. Rodney, 28 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr — Jefferson Monticello” by “Mr Wilson.”

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To Lafayette Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 22. 21. This will be delivered you by mr Wilson a gentleman of this state, well informed, of fine understanding, and of great worth. he goes to Europe in order to see what it is, but more especially to study it’s agriculture for you know we are all agricultural1 here. he asked me [f]or an introduction to some of my friends. I told him that I believed there was not a person living in France who had been personally known to me while there but yourself; and that with you his being an American was a sufficient passport. still as it will be satisfactory2 to you to know that those to whom you shew kindnesses merit them, I give him a letter with that assurance. My health is better, but not good. so weak as not to walk further than my garden. but I ride with little fatigue. may yours be as long as you wish for life, and continue you the index of the orthodox party of your government for us who have no means of knowing the details. affectionately Adieu. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Peter Stephen Chazotte to TJ, 15 Jan. 1821; one word faint; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“agricutural.” “satisfory.”

From Peter S. Du Ponceau Dear Sir Philada 23d March 1821 I had the honor some time ago of introducing to you Mr L. C. Vanuxem, a young American Mineralogist, whom you had the good‑ ness to receive at your House with Dr Cooper. Being a Candidate for the professorship of Chemistry & Mineralogy in the new University at Charlotte ville, his father has requested that I would write to you on his behalf. As you have had an opportunity of Seeing the Young Gen‑ tleman, you have no doubt, formed a Correct opinion of his merits, & where you have been able to judge for yourself, recommendation seems to be of little use; for, if you think him entitled to the station by his merit, he will Surely receive your Vote & influence; Should you think otherwise, I should expect to Solicit them in Vain. Neverthe‑ less, the great interest I feel for this amiable young Man induces me to comply with his father’s request, which will at least recall him to your remembrance. I am not a judge of his acquired knowledge, but  50 

24 MARCH 1821

I have witnessed that uncontrolable bent towards the Course of Stud‑ ies he has pursued, which has distinguished him from his infancy, and which you well know is the stamp of genius which Nature affixes on those whom She means to excel in Some particular Science or Art. I beg leave, therefore, to join my weak recommendation, to the more powerful ones which no doubt you will receive on his behalf. Dr Cooper, I understand, thinks very highly of his talents, & I have no doubt that he will second his application for the honor that he means to Solicit. I shall be much mistaken, if that application should be successful, if the Trustees of the University of Virginia will not have frequent reason to rejoice at the discernment they will have dis‑ played in appointing him. I have the honor to be With the greatest Veneration & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt hume servt Peter S, Du Ponceau RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq Monticello Virginia”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Philadel‑ phia, 23 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as received

28 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s additional notation beneath en‑ dorsement: “Vanuxem.”

From Claudius Crozet Monsieur, [ca. 24 Mar. 1821] Si Je m’adressois à tout autre que Monsieur Jefferson, Je regard‑ erois probablement comme indispensables ces recommandations, au moyen desquelles on S’empare de l’opinion et détermine Souvent le Jugement des personnes à qui elles Sont présentées: auprès de lui de pareils titres Seroient de peu de poids. Je n’éprouve donc point, quoiqu’inconnu, cette timidité que le manque de lettres d’introduction donne ordinairement; mais pénétré du profond respect qu’inspire un nom aussi illustre; Je Sens toute l’étendue de la liberté que je prends et ne fonde l’esperance d’en être Excusé que Sur cette extrême bien‑ veillance dont votre nom, monsieur, est presque le Synonime. Ancien Elevé de l’école Polytechnique, J’ai Servi dix ans en France dans le corps de l’artillerie, Jusqu’à l’époque où les malheurs de ma patrie me déterminerent à me retirer du Service et à venir habiter la terre hospitaliere des états‑unis. J’y ai été Non Seulement accueilli, mais J’y ai obtenu et occupé pendant 5 ans l’emploi de professeur du Genie (Engineering) ici—Sensible à Cette marque de Confiance, J’ai, depuis, employé tout mon Zèle à y répondre et Je crois avoir été assez  51 

24 MARCH 1821

heureux pour rendre quelques Services à L’académie, à la prosperité de laquelle j’étois attaché tant par reconnoissance pour le gouvernement des états‑Unis que par les progrès rapides que je lui voyois faire tous les Jours. Cependant la dernière Séance du Congrès en nous menaçant de changements destructeurs des intérêts de l’institution, a rendu Notre Situation ici très‑précaire et m’a fait Sentir la nécessité de me précau‑ tionner contre un évènement devenu possible, Je dirai presque proba‑ ble qui nuiroit, S’il venoit à me Surprendre, aux intérêts de ma famille. A ces raisons Se joint encore l’effet de la Situation de l’académie Sur ma Santé qui en a beaucoup Souffert. Dans ces circonstances, le plan du Collège Central et le nom de Ses directeurs qui promet une Si belle institution à toute la nation, m’on fait naître le desir ou plutôt l’ambition d’y appartenir: Voilà, Mon‑ sieur, les raisons qui m’ont enhardi à distraire en ma faveur quelques uns de vos précieux moments Le goût et l’habitude du professorât me font desirer de poursuivre la même Carrière. Je puis me charger des branches Suivantes d’in‑ struction; les Mathematiques, la Philosophie l’art militaire dans toutes Ses parties et l’architecture civile et Militaire. Ces deux dernières branches Sont celles que je professe ici. Oserois‑je en Conséquence, monsieur, vous prier, Si mes Services pouvoient être agréables, de me faire Savoir les Conditions requises pour l’admission d’un professeur et pour l’execution de Ses devoirs; et en général les différentes attributions de [. . .] Je m’empresserai (toujours dans la même Supposition) de fournir [les] informations que votre Sagesse vous fera desirer et positives et Satisfaisantes: C’est Surtout à vous, Monsieur, que je desire qu’elles puisse paroître telles, autant pour atténuer ma presomption à vos yeux, que dans l’espérance flatteuse de recevoir une approbation aussi distinguée que la vôtre. être honoré de votre bonne opinion, Monsieur, est un avantage que je ressentirois d’autant plus que c’est avec le respect le plus profond que je la Sollicite et que j’ai l’honneur d’être, Votre très‑humble et très‑obéissant Serviteur Cl. Crozet, professor of Engineering U.S. M. Acm J’ose me flatter que vous voudrez bien me pardonner d’avoir em‑ prunté ma langue natale pour vous écrire. l’impossibilité d’atteindre à aucune perfection dans l’anglois m’a donné la timidité naturelle à quelqu’un qui convaincu de Son immense inferiorité desire cependant  52 

24 MARCH 1821

Se présenter avec le moins de désavantage possible: J’ai dû pour cela eviter une langue qui m’est familière, mais que je ne gouvernerai pro‑ bablement jamais. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, [ca. 24 Mar. 1821] Were I addressing anyone other than Mr. Jefferson, I would probably con‑ sider as indispensable the recommendations with which one captures the be‑ nevolent attention and which often determine the judgment of those to whom they are presented. To Mr. Jefferson, such testimonials would carry little weight. Although I am unknown to you, I do not, therefore, feel the timid‑ ity normally caused by the lack of a letter of introduction. But, being filled with the profound respect that such an illustrious name inspires, I am aware of the extent of the liberty I take, and I base my hope of being forgiven only on the extreme benevolence with which your name, Sir, is almost synonymous. I am formerly a student of the École Polytechnique and served for ten years in France in the artillery corps until my country’s misfortunes induced me to retire from the service and settle in the hospitable land of the United States. Not only was I welcomed here, but I obtained and occupied for five years the position of professor of Engineering. Conscious of this mark of trust, I have used all my zeal ever since to deserve it, and I believe I have been successful enough to be of some service to the United States Military Academy, in the prosperity of which I was interested because I was grateful to the govern‑ ment of the United States, and because I have observed the rapid progress it made every day. The last session of Congress, however, by threatening us with changes destructive to the interests of the institution, made our situation here very precarious. This made me feel the need to take precautions against an out‑ come that had become possible, I would say almost probable, and which, if it took me by surprise, would harm the interests of my family. To these reasons is added the effect that the situation at the Academy is having on my health, which has suffered much because of it. Under these circumstances, the plan of the Central College and the names of its directors, which promise to give the nation such a fine institution, in‑ spired in me the desire or rather the ambition of belonging to it. Here, Sir, are the reasons that emboldened me to divert a few precious moments of your attention in my favor. My inclinations and teaching experience make me wish to pursue this career further. I can take charge of the following branches of instruction: mathematics, philosophy, the military arts in all parts, and civil and military architecture. I am teaching these two last branches here. Dare I, Sir, ask you therefore whether my services could be agreeable, what conditions are requisite for admission as a professor, what is needed in the execution of a professor’s duties; and in general, what are the various preroga‑ tives of [the position?]. I will be eager (still on the same assumption) to furnish you with any information your wisdom will make you desire, and this

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24 MARCH 1821 information will be positive and satisfactory. To you especially, Sir, I wish it to appear so, as much to mitigate my presumption in your eyes, as in the flattering hope of receiving an approval as distinguished as yours. To be honored with your good opinion, Sir, is an advantage that I would feel deeply, and all the more as I solicit it with the most profound respect and have the honor to be, Your very humble and very obedient servant Cl. Crozet, professor of Engineering U.S. M. Acm I dare flatter myself that you will kindly forgive my writing to you in my na‑ tive language. The impossibility of reaching perfection in English has given me the timidity natural to one who, convinced of his immense inferiority, wishes however to present himself to the least possible disadvantage. In order to do this, I had to avoid a language familiar to me, but one that I will probably never master. RC (ViU: TJP); undated; damaged at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 24 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as an undated letter received 28 Mar. 1821 from West Point and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Claudius Crozet (1789–1864), soldier, educator, and engineer, was born Claude Crozet in Villefranche‑sur‑Saône, France. He graduated from the École Polytech‑ nique in 1807 and continued his mili‑ tary education at the École d’application d’artillerie et du génie in Metz until 1809, when he joined a unit of French military engineers. Promoted to captain of artil‑ lery during Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia, Crozet was captured and held as a prisoner of war for two years. At his re‑ lease he returned to France, but in 1816 he resigned from the military and departed for the United States, where he began call‑ ing himself Claudius Crozet. That autumn he was appointed assistant professor of engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and within a year he was promoted to professor. Crozet’s ed‑ ucation and experience helped him shape the young institution’s curriculum and gave it an enduring emphasis on applied mathematics. He published A Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, for the use of the Cadets of the United States Military Acad‑ emy (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 8 [no. 415]). Crozet left West Point in 1823 to become the principal en‑

gineer for the Virginia Board of Public Works, serving until 1832. In this role he worked to advance internal improve‑ ments within the state but was frustrated at his inability to obtain support for an ambitious centralized plan that included roads, canals, and railroads. From 1832– 34 Crozet was state engineer of Louisi‑ ana, again resigning due to failure to at‑ tract legislative support. He was the first president of Jefferson College, a state‑ sponsored preparatory school in Convent, Louisiana, 1834–36, spent a year work‑ ing on drainage problems in New Or‑ leans, and returned to Virginia in his former capacity with the Board of Public Works in 1837. The General Assembly terminated the position in 1843, but on its orders Crozet published an Outline of the Improvements in the State of Virginia (1848). As the first president of the board of directors of the Virginia Military In‑ stitute, 1839–45, he modeled the new school’s curriculum and regulations on those of West Point. Crozet owned five slaves in 1840 and two at the time of his death. He was principal of the Richmond Academy, 1845–49, and chief engineer with the Blue Ridge Railroad, 1849–57. In the latter capacity he ran a line be‑ tween Charlottesville and Staunton that required drilling four tunnels through solid rock in the Blue Ridge Mountains. In 1848 Crozet published another math‑ ematical textbook, An Arithmetic for Col‑ leges and Schools. He worked on aque‑ ducts in Washington, D.C., 1857–59, and

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24 MARCH 1821 as chief engineer of the Virginia and Ken‑ tucky Railroad from 1860 until the Civil War halted construction. Crozet supported the Confederacy but took no active part in the war. He died in Chesterfield County (ANB; DAB; DVB; ViLxV: Crozet Pa‑ pers; William Couper, Claudius Crozet: Soldier‑Scholar‑Educator‑Engineer (1789– 1864) [1936]; Robert F. Hunter and Edwin L. Dooley Jr., Claudius Crozet: French Engineer in America, 1790–1864 [1989]; George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, at West Point, N. Y. [1868], 1:76; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1840; Richmond City Hus‑ tings Court Will Book, 22:550–2, 571–2; Richmond Daily Dispatch, 4 Feb. 1864; gravestone at Virginia Military Institute

Museum, Lexington, following 1942 re‑ interment from Shockoe Cemetery, Rich‑ mond). Both sessions of the Sixteenth United States Congress considered change‑ ments to the United States Military Academy that extended even to abolish‑ ing the institution. A bill “To fix and equalize the pay of the officers in the army of the United States” did not go so far when it passed the House during the latter session on 20 Feb. 1821. The mea‑ sure, which did not become law, fixed the annual salaries for professors, limited the number of cadets admitted, and outlined their manner of selection (JHR, 13:297, 14:241, 243, 246–7, 251 [10 Mar. 1820, 16, 19, 20 Feb. 1821]).

From Archibald Stuart Dear Sir Staunton 24th March 1821— Having been advised by our Townsman Dabney Cosby of his in‑ tention to apply for part of the Brick work to be done at the Univer‑ sity; I have examined some of the work he has done during the last season & find it executed in a very handsome Style—Allowing for the difference of the bricks which are inferior to yours, I think it would bear a comparison with the work done at the University: & I have now no doubt from the late Specimens of his Work should he be employed he will give Satisfaction to the Visitors— I am sorry that the firkin of butter which was made for you in Octr was by mistake sent off with several others to Richmond & one made in the summer left in its place which on examination Mrs Stuart would not agree to send— I am Dr Sir yours very affectionately Arch: Stuart RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 27 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Nathaniel H. Loring,

8 Aug. 1822, on verso; addressed: “The honble Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monti‑ cello” and “favd by Mr Cosby.”

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From John Vaughan D sir Philad. March 24th 1821 Great pains has been taken in our City of late Years, to induce some of our Young men of good Education & promising Talents, to go to Europe after havg finished their Studies here; to qualify themselves in the higher Branches, to bring home an accession of knowledge, & to impart it to their Country in the Station of Professors—Situation too often filled, from the Interest of personal friends, rather than on accot of the personal merit of the Individuals—when particularly they have never1 been out of the Country, they Seldom Know the extent to which Knowledge has been pushed in Europe, & Seldom possess or can inspire their pupils with, that enthusiastic love of Science for its own sake, which more than any thing else elicits Talents & Genius— When such return to this Country I feel warmly interested in see‑ ing them placed to the advantage of themselves & the Country—& am sometimes probably carried away by the Zeal I experience on this subject, to take liberties which I am Scarcely authorised to do—To you my Dear Sir I know that on this subject you require no apology, & that in your retiremt as formrly in public life you wished for every information to guide your conduct from whatever quarter it might come—Amongst the Young men lately return’d who come within the description I have given is Mr Lardner Vanuxem—whose talents Mr DuPonceau had an early2 opportunity of knowing & at whose urgent solicitation his father Sent a few years ago to Paris where he has (under the recommendation of Mr Correa) Sedulously & intelligently followed his Chemical & mineralogical studies with signal Success & with the approbation of the Professors there—Upon his return here I recommended him warmly to attach himself to M Cooper for a Sea‑ son as an assistant, knowing that Mr C would take him as one of his family—The advice was followed, & it has afforded to M Cooper a complete opportunity to ascertain the extent of his knowledge & his talent at communicatg to students what himself possessed—& I learn from him that he merited the favorable opinion formed of him by his friends & well wishers—I take the liberty under these Circumstances of joining my feeble voice to that of Mr Cooper favor of Mr Lardner Vanuxem as a Candidate for the professorship of Chemistry & Min‑ eralogy in Your College which I understand goes into operation next fall—I will add that his manners are modest & amiable, & think his general views are liberal & truely american & I think of a turn to be acceptable & to assimilate with the tone of Character which pervades the enlightened men of your State. I am not acquainted with or would presume to write to, other of the trustees, but I will take the liberty  56 

25 MARCH 1821

thro’ you to request that if you think proper you would communicate the purport of this letter to Mr Madison & Mr Munro, with the men‑ tion of that feeling of respect & attachment arising from an acquain‑ tance of many years Standing—I rejoice to see at hand the happy moment of realizing the truely useful project which has So many Years occupied you—so that Generations to come may have daily oc‑ casion to recollect the Services You have renderd I remain &c Jn Vaughan RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s notation beneath endorse‑ ment: “Vanuxem.” RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to George W. Erving, 10 Sept. 1822, on verso; ad‑

dressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 24 Mar. 1 2

Manuscript: “have never have.” Word interlined.

From John Taylor Dear Sir Port Royal March 25. 1821 Nothing can be better, nor more conformable to my wishes, than the mode you mention of learning the wants of Colo Nicholas’s family, and the application of the small sum destined towards their allevia‑ tion; and I thankfully agree to it. You will therefore be so good as to add to the obligation, by informing me, in which of the banks at Fred‑ ericksburg the money shall be lodged, or whether it shall be lodged in the hands of an individual, subject to your order, or to the order of any person whom you may nominate to receive it. This will be a much speedier mode of remitting it, than to wait for an opportunity which seldom occurs. Accept Sir, the highest respect of, Your mo: obt Sert John Taylor RC (NHi: American Historical Manu‑ script Collection); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 31 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with

PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 12 Aug. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson esqr Monticello”; stamped; post‑ marked Port Royal, 27 Mar. 1821.

From David Bailie Warden Dear Sir, Paris, 25 march. 21. your letter of the 26th of December last reached me through our legation about a fortnight since, and I have the pleasure of sending you the inclosed reply to parts of it from m. Botta, and the Book sell‑ ers De Bure. your Parisian friends regret to hear of the weak state of  57 

25 MARCH 1821

your health, and hope for the prolongation of a life so useful not only to the United States but to Europe— your prediction is already verified. The Spirit of Independence has burst forth in different parts of Italy, and will sooner or later extend itself to other Countries. England afraid of the growing power of Rus‑ sia, and displeased with Austria for the exclusion of English manufac‑ tures from her dominions, now manifests herself1 in favour of the Neapolitans, by advocating principles in direct opposition to those which She has supported during the last twenty years. The Holy Al‑ liance is consequently dissolved, and each Sovereign furnished with new materials, will struggle for independence or for Conquest. I send you a file of the Courrier, the last nos of which will give you some idea of the present situation of France. 2o Tableau Bibli‑ ographique des ouvrages en tous genres qui ont paru en France pen‑ dant l’anneé 1820. 3o Projet pour l’entreprise du Balayage 4o Circu‑ laire pour la Revue Encyclopedique I pray you to present my respects to mr & mrs Randolph. I am glad to find that he is governor of Virginia. I am, dear Sir, with great respect, your ever devoted D. B. Warden RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Honbl Thomas Jefferson, Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 June 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Carlo Botta to Warden, Rouen, 20 Mar. 1821, thanking Warden for forwarding an ex‑ tract of a letter from TJ; stating that the third edition of Botta’s history of the American Revolution has been published in Milan and alerting Warden that he has sent a copy to the American Philosophical Society, of which Botta has been made a member; and adding that a fourth edition of the history is being printed in Milan (Tr in DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39236; en‑ tirely in Warden’s hand; in French; at head of text: “Copy”). (2) De Bure Frères to Warden, Paris, 13 Mar. 1821, thank‑ ing Warden for his letter, noting that they will advise him when they are ready to

send TJ’s order, and stating that they have received no letters from TJ (RC in DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39234; in the hand of a representative of de Bure Frères; in French; dateline adjacent to closing; at head of text in Warden’s hand (misdated): “m. De Bure, 13 mars 1820”; addressed: “A Monsieur Monsieur Warden, Rue du pot de fer No 12. A paris”). (3) “Tableau Bibliographique des Ouvrages en tous Genres qui ont paru en France pendant l’année 1820,” appendix to Bibliogra‑ phie de la France, ou Journal Général de l’Imprimerie et de la Librairie 9 (1820). (4) Projet Adressé au Roi . . . pour L’En‑ treprise du Balayage et Nettoyage des rues de Paris . . . (Paris, 1821). Other enclo‑ sures not found. 1 Manuscript:

“herelf.”

From DeWitt Clinton Sir Albany 26 March 1821. I have the honor to forward the Canal Report of this year and to add the assurance of my profound respect DeWitt Clinton  58 

26 MARCH 1821  RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 29 Aug. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson

Esqr Monticello”; franked; postmarked Albany, 26 Mar. Enclosure: Annual Re‑ port of the Canal Commissioners of the State of New‑York, Presented to the Legis‑ lature, 12th March, 1821 (Albany, 1821).

From Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monteagle March 26th 1821— I was about Answaring Your favour of the 5 Inst. by Your boy, (Covaring a Draft On Capt. Peyton of Richmd for Seven hundred dol‑ lars—) but was informed he had started as soon As he sent in the lettar, in my last I inform,d You there was a ballance due of 1350.$ or about that Sum, My allusion was to the Money transactions, exclusive of that, on othar Accompts there is a ballance due me, of a few dollars, I was not fully informed respecting the Poark recd & some Corn deliv‑ ared, to Your Grandson, with me it does not make the least difference, he being Just as good as the Money, I wrote to Mr Bacon respecting the poark, he replied by note saying I shoud have, it at $8 Neet or 7. gross—the then Currant‑price, for Country pork, the difference, is very trifleing, in the month of march 1817 I delivared to Your Waggons— 4044 lb foddar, at 6/– makeing 40½ Dollars the Accompt rendared to Mr Bacon by the Waggoner with the last load, stateing at the same time I did not want the money & wished it to lay in Your hands Untill I died. There has been dealings between Our selves to a large Amount And I beliave in no instance a mistake made to the amount of One pence yet by passing through several hands mistakes are liable to be made, howevar with respect to the foddar And Corn You Can do as You please, which will be satisfactory, to me, I was surprised to see Mr Bankhead Monday at Court let me beg You to be asshoared, that every endeavaur On my part will be and1 with him for the benefit of all par‑ ties. And which I no will be pleasing to all in no One instance has he evar uttared to me, an unfriendly expression towards eathar Membar of Yous or Any Family connected to You, yet he well Knows I woud not permit it from Any person On earth. Mrs Marks is yet unwell with great Respect & Esteem C. Peyton Augt. 11th 21— RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as a letter of both 26 Mar. and 11 Aug. 1821 re‑ ceived 11 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL, with the March date circled in both endorsement and SJL entry.

your grandson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

 59 

1 Thus

in manuscript.

To Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 27. 21. Not knowing the exact date of my note in the bank of Virginia I inclose a blank supposing the time of renewal must be at hand. sup‑ posing too the curtail to be of 80.D. the sum must be somewhere between 1000. and 1100.D. I have therefore left the odd numbers blank. [on] the 4th of Feb. mr Colclaser informs me he sent you a quarter’s rent of 50. Barrels of flour. another quarter is due within 3. or 4. days which I shall direct him to forward to you. the accident to the mill which I mentioned in my last having suspended her grind‑ ing more than a month has [o]ccasioned such a scramble among the customers to get their flour delivered, as to render it somewhat un‑ punctual in it’s deliveries. I salute you with constant friendship and respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Frederick A. Mayo to TJ; two words faint; at foot of text: “Mr Gibson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 27. March 1821 Agreeable to Order, the three boxes, where delivered1 last week the 22st; Shall forward as directed my Acount in a few Days. and hope sincerely they may arrive to your honours satisfaction, without much delay Your most humble Servant Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); at foot of text: “The Hon: Tho Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 28 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript:

“delvered.”

To Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 28. 21. The bearer mr Sully, a celebrated Portrait painter of Philadelphia calls to see the University, and as he is a judge, and will be ques‑ tioned about it on his return I will request you to shew it to him advantageously. I am endeavoring to make as exact an estimate as possible of our past and future expences, beginning with April last when our previ‑  60 

28 MARCH 1821

ous funds had been used, we were in debt 10,000.D. & had not yet entered on the 60,000.   for this I wish to know what a Tuscan base and cap costs you? what the Doric bases &1 capitels cost?   and what the Ionic & Corinthian bases cost? as nearly as you can estimate them. I should be glad too to know what your exact estimate of the Library is as nearly as you can come, I mean the exact sum, not a round one; because we had better add a round allowance for errors on the whole, than for each article by itself. if you can note these things readily while mr Sully walks about to amuse himself I would be glad to recieve them by him. if not, I will send for it tomorrow. I shall be with you the first quite warm day. friendly salutations Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP‑PP); addressed: “Mr Brockenbrough University”; endorsed by Brockenbrough; with Dft of Brocken‑

brough to TJ, 29 Mar. 1821, on verso. Not recorded in SJL. 1

Preceding two words interlined.

From Robert Mayo Richmond March 28th 1821

I take the liberty of inclosing you a copy of the Rhyming Primer, & Spelling Book, with the view of procuring your concurrence with several other gentlemen in recommending1 them to the Commis‑ sioners of the Primary Schools of Virginia, should they meet your approbation. I am daily expecting a Stereotype edition from New York, in which great improvements have been made, by extending the tables of Spelling and correcting the few literal errors that have occured in this edition. I inclose you the original signitures of Judge Marshall, Govr Randolf, and others, and would be greatly flattered if the list could be closed with your approbation. Yrs very respectfully R. Mayo RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Mayo, The Rhyming Spelling Book, for the use of Sunday Schools, Pri‑ vate Families, &c. calculated to lighten the task, and Accelerate the Progress of Chil‑ dren, in Spelling and Reading (Baltimore, 1819). Other enclosure not found. Robert Mayo (1784–1864), physician and author, was born in Powhatan County

and studied at the College of William and Mary in 1803. After receiving a medical degree from the University of Pennsylva‑ nia in 1808 with a dissertation on “the sensorium,” he spent time in Richmond and later in Philadelphia, where he wrote textbooks and practiced medicine. Re‑ turning to Richmond by 1821, Mayo pub‑ lished a short‑lived newspaper, the Jack‑ son Republican (1826–27). By 1830 he lived in Washington, where he held a

 61 

28 MARCH 1821 postal clerkship and compiled The Pen‑ sion Laws of the United States, including sundry Resolutions of Congress, from 1776 to 1833: Executed at the War Department (1838), and other works related to fed‑ eral departments. Mayo eventually turned against Andrew Jackson, attacking his integrity in Political Sketches of Eight Years in Washington (1839). He died in Washington (Memorial Biographies of the New‑England Historic Genealogical Soci‑

ety [1905], 6:48–52; William and Mary Provisional List, 28; Will J. Maxwell, comp., General Alumni Catalogue of the University of Pennsylvania [1917], 568; Kite’s Philadelphia Directory for 1814 [Philadelphia, 1814]; Jackson, Papers, 8:643–7, 9:283–6; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 17 Oct. 1864). 1 Manuscript:

“recommeding.”

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir University March 29h 1821 In reply to your note of yesterday enquiring the cost of a Tuscan base & cap,—the Doric base & capitol, & the Ionic & Corinthian bases, and also an exact estimate of the cost of the Library as near as I can come—I send you the within calculations which are accurate as I can make them—   

$. cts Cost1 of Tuscan base—for Quarrying 1.60 "  Waggonage .42 "  cuting 6.44  $8.46 " Tuscan Cap— Quarrying 0.84 Waggonage 0.32 Cuting 5.17 6.33 The2 cost of the Doric, bases & caps of Pav: 4 West nearly the same Doric of Pavilion No 1 W. Base for Quarrying 12.80 Waggonage 1.67 Workmanship 31.50 45.973  " Cap   Quarrying 11.20 Waggonage 1.67 Working 26.50 39.37 Ionic Base Quarrying $10.75 Waggonage  1.67 Working 29.06 41.48 Corinthian Base Quarrying 10.50 Waggonage 1.67 Work 27.50 39.674 we have had a considerable number of door sills worked & a quantity of Steps—a 25c the Superficial foot—5  62 

29 MARCH 1821

Estimate of the cost of the Library— 1.050.670 bricks at $11 p M

11.567.37

  

10 Bases, 8. half do—24 Window sills—2 door do—1056 feet of steps runing measure—Pedestal Caping & base & flaging for portico Covering dome & Portico with Tin Carpenters Work & Materials 20 circular Window frames 2 door—4 front Window do—2 floors Joists & the entire external finish of Portico, Entablature, dome roof, attic &c &c  Total for the Walls & external finish Carpenters & Joiners work internally 2 Stories do & materials for terras on each side  do6 Iron railing Painting & Glazing Plastering Iron mongary about

⎫ ⎪

2.884.30

⎬ ⎪

⎭

1840.00 ⎫

⎪ ⎪

⎬ ⎪

9031.19 ⎪ ⎭

25.322.86 7.176.30 2.500.00 1.500.00 1.800  2.000.00 1.000 $41.299.16 the foregoing estimate is agreeable to my best judgement.7 I may 8 have unintentionally omited some of the charges—in what I have put down I have endeavored to com[e] as near as I could to the cost. I submit the whole to your better judgement & am sir most respectfu[ly] your obt sert A. S. Brockenbrough RC (ViU: TJP‑PP); edge trimmed; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Dft (ViU: TJP‑PP); on verso of TJ to Brocken‑ brough, 28 Mar. 1821; incomplete; en‑ dorsed by Brockenbrough: “An Estimate of the cost of Stone work,” with his ad‑ ditional notations on verso: “Cost Caps bases &c sent to Mr Jefferson” and “Perry Ware Dinsmore Spooner.” Pavilion IV West (pav: 4 west) was later renamed pavilion VII. 1 Dft

begins with this word. ditto mark preceding this word editorially omitted.

3 Adjacent to this total in Dft Brocken‑ brough added 180 to 180 to get 360. 4 Dft ends here with Brockenbrough’s additional notation: “11 Front door sills 23 back do 268 p steps 22 cellar window sills.” 5 Recto ends here. 6 To left of this word is a question mark probably added by TJ. 7 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 8 Word interlined.

2 Superfluous

 63 

From Mathew Carey & Son Sir, Philada March 30. 1821 th d Your favour of the 13 was rec on the 18th & on the 26th we for‑ warded the above by the Mail, which we hope you will have recd previous to the arrival of this We have no reason to believe that the French Book you mention has been translated in England. When Baxter’s work arrives, it shall be forwarded by Your obt hble servts M Carey & son [at head of text, in the hand of a representative of Mathew Carey & Son:] T. Jefferson Esq  Bot of M. Carey & Son 2 Nautical Almanacs1 1821 2.50 2 d— d— 1822 2 50 $5.00   Phil. Mar. 26. 1821 RC (MHi); in Mathew Carey’s hand except as indicated; dateline adjacent to signature; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Mathew Carey received 4 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); address cover only; in the hand of a rep‑ resentative of Mathew Carey & Son; with PoC of TJ to Samuel M. McKay, 5 Sept.

1822, on verso; addressed: “Thos Jeffer‑ son Esqr Monticello Va”; franked; post‑ marked Philadelphia, 30 Mar. TJ’s letter to Carey of the 13th, not found, is recorded in SJL. 1 Here

“1819” is canceled.

Account with David Isaacs Mr Thos Jefferson 1821 Bot of D. Isaacs March  30th 7℔ Cheese 20 Cts $1.40 MS (MHi); written in Isaacs’s hand on a small scrap; endorsed by TJ: “Isaacs David pd Mar. 31. 21.”

On 31 Mar. 1821 TJ recorded that he  paid Isaacs “for cheese 1.45” (MB, 2:1373).

 64 

From Marc Antoine Jullien Monsieur, Paris, le 30 mars 1821.1 j’ai reçu avec une vive satisfaction l’obligeante réponse que vous m’avez fait l’honneur de m’écrire de Monticello, en date du 26 décem‑ bre dernier. je l’ai communiquée à mes honorables collègues, qui en ont pris lecture avec beaucoup d’intérêt, et qui se joignent à moi pour vous en remercier. Votre suffrage est un encouragement et une ré‑ compense pour nos difficiles travaux, que nous continuons avec per‑ sévérance, au milieu de beaucoup d’obstacles.2 j’ai aussi fait part de votre lettre à mon respectable compatriote et ami M. de la fayette, qui soutient dignement, dans notre chambre des députés, sa réputation d’intrépide défenseur des libertés publiques. je profite, pour vous écrire, de l’occasion de M. Gallatin fils qui retourne aux Etats‑unis et qui veut bien se charger de ma lettre. j’ai l’honneur de vous adresser quelques exemplaires du troisième prospectus de notre Revue Ency‑ clopédique pour la 3ème année de sa publication, et d’un Coup‑d’œil général sur les deux premières années et sur les huit premiers vo‑ lumes de ce Recueil, qui commence à étendre ses relations et à se consolider par le succès qu’il obtient Sur les différens points du monde civilisé. nous désirons beaucoup établir des relations régu‑ lières et Suivies avec les Etats‑unis d’amérique, afin d’avoir l’occasion d’entretenir Souvent nos lecteurs de tout ce qui caractérise la marche et les progrès de la civilisation et tous les travaux Scientifiques, in‑ dustriels, philosophiques, philologiques, historiques, archéologiques, politiques, littéraires &ca dans ces intéressantes contrées. Mrs Gal‑ latin, Barnet, Warden ont eu la complaisance d’écrire pour nous pro‑ curer un ou plusieurs bons correspondans parmi vos compatriotes. mais leurs démarches ont été jusqu’ici infructueuses. je n’ai pas même reçu la continuation d’un journal de sciences que M. le Docteur Sil‑ liman avait bien voulu nous adresser, et en échange duquel je lui ai toujours fait envoyer régulièrement les livraisons qui ont paru chaque mois de notre Revue Encyclopédique. j’ignore si elles lui sont par‑ venues. je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir communiquer les exem‑ plaires ci‑joints de coup‑d’œil sur la Revue à ceux des membres de vos Sociétés philosophiques et Savantes que vous croirez disposés à correspondre avec nous et à S’intéresser à la propagation de notre Recueil. l’état critique et précaire de la plupart des pays de l’Europe et l’enfantement laborieux des nations qui tendent à obtenir enfin des gouvernemens Constitutionnels et des garanties Sociales et politiques empêchent qu’on donne une grande attention à un recueil plutôt Sci‑ entifique et littéraire que politique; et les grands intérêts du moment,  65 

30 MARCH 1821

les dangers imminens qui menacent sur beaucoup de points différens les libertés publiques, la guerre déclarée entre les prétentions du pouvoir absolu et de l’oligarchie et les réclamations énergiques des hommes libres et indépendans, absorbent aujourdhui toutes les pen‑ sées. nous avons la conviction de Servir utilement la cause générale de l’humanité, Sans entrer dans la carrière des discussions et des que‑ relles politiques, et nous avons besoin d’être secondés par les hommes généreux et éclairés de tous les pays. nous plaçons avec confiance notre Revue Encyclopédique Sous vos auspices, aux Etats‑unis, où elle peut être annoncée et recommandée dans les principaux Recueils périodiques. j’attends des renseignemens qu’on doit me procurer et m’adresser de Varsovie, pour terminer et publier, Sinon une vie de Kosciuszko, du moins une Seconde édition beaucoup plus Complète de ma notice historique Sur ce vénérable patriote. j’y profiterai avec empressement des communications que vous avez bien voulu me faire à ce Sujet. Agréez, je vous prie, Monsieur, l’hommage de ma Considération la plus distinguée Jullien e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Paris, 30 March 1821. I received with great pleasure the kind reply you did me the honor of writ‑ ing from Monticello, dated last 26 December. I have communicated it to my honorable colleagues, who read it with much interest and who join me in thanking you for it. Your approval is an encouragement and a reward for our difficult work, which we will continue to do with perseverance, amid many obstacles. I have also communicated your letter to my respectable fellow citi‑ zen and friend Mr. Lafayette, who is upholding with dignity his reputation as an intrepid defender of public liberty in our Chambre des Députés. In writing to you, I benefit from the opportunity presented by the son of Mr. Gallatin, who is returning to the United States and is willing to take charge of my let‑ ter. I have the honor of sending you a few copies of the third prospectus for our Revue Encyclopédique, now in the third year of publication, as well as a few copies of a general view of the first two years and the first eight volumes of this compilation. It is beginning to increase its circulation and to become well established through its success in various parts of the civilized world. We very much wish to establish regular and ongoing communications with the United States of America, so as to be able to inform our readers frequently of everything that characterizes the course and progress of civilization there, and of all works, scientific, industrial, philosophical, philological, historical, archaeological, political, literary, etc., in those interesting lands. Mr. Galla‑ tin, Mr. Barnet, and Mr. Warden have been kind enough to write seeking to obtain for us one or more correspondents among your fellow citizens, but their efforts thus far have been fruitless. I have not even received the subse‑ quent issues of a scientific journal that Dr. Silliman had been good enough to

 66 

30 MARCH 1821 send us, and in exchange for which I have always sent him regularly the monthly installments of our Revue Encyclopédique. I do not know whether these copies have reached him. Please, Sir, kindly communicate the enclosed copies of a coup d’oeil at the Revue to members of your philosophical and learned societies whom you believe would be disposed to correspond with us and take an interest in the diffusion of our compilation. The critical and pre‑ carious state of most European countries and the laborious birth of nations that yearn to obtain at long last constitutional governments and social and political guarantees diverts much attention from a collection that is rather more scientific and literary than political. The principal interests absorbing all minds today are the imminent dangers threatening many different aspects of public liberty, and the open warfare between those pretending to absolute power and oligarchy and free and independent men making their own vig‑ orous demands. We are convinced that we are usefully serving the general cause of humanity, while refraining from political discussions and quarrels, and we need the support of generous and enlightened men of all countries. We place our Revue Encyclopédique with confidence under your patronage in the United States, where it can be advertised and recommended in the lead‑ ing periodicals. I am waiting for information that is to be obtained and sent to me from Warsaw before finishing and publishing, if not Kosciuszko’s life, at least a second, much more complete edition of my historical note on this venerable patriot. I will eagerly benefit from the information you were kind enough to give me. Please accept, Sir, the homage of my most distinguished consideration Jullien RC (DLC); on printed letterhead of “Le Fondateur‑Directeur de la Revue En‑ cyclopédique”; with partially printed in‑ ternal address beneath that (printed text indicated by boldface letters): “A Mon‑ sieur Thomas Jefferson, ancien président des Etats‑Unis, à Monticello, en Virginie”; printed note to left at head of text: “Le Bureau de direction où doivent être en‑ voyés les ouvrages et les articles destinés à la Revue, est établi, Rue d’Enfer‑Saint‑ Michel, no 18” (“Books and articles in‑ tended for the Revue are to be sent to the directorate established at the Rue d’Enfer‑

Saint‑Michel, no. 18”); endorsed by TJ as received 15 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosure: unspecified quantity of Revue Encyclopédique, ou Analyse Rai‑ sonnée 3 (Jan. 1821), which includes a “Coup d’Oeil Général” on pp. 5–25. Other enclosure not found. 1 Partial dateline printed on letterhead, with date and month in the hand of Jul‑ lien, who also corrected the year from “1820.” 2 Manuscript: “d’ostacles.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Mar. 30. 21. It was not till yesterday that I could get a 3d witness to the inclosed deed. the intenseness of the weather has prevented me from going from home. you will observe it is not recorded. this ceremony is un‑ pleasant, the deed is good without it between the parties & those  67 

30 MARCH 1821

claiming under them, and against creditors where there are other assets. the subsequent purchaser without notice can alone invalidate it, and I trust I am incapable of the fraud of a second sale. Will you be so good as to send me a good Yankee cheese.1 I prefer them to English. it may be lodged at mr Leitch’s. I must draw on you within a day or two for about2 100.D. our mill being now got to work I shall be able to get my flour off. Your’s affectionately Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. A version of the inclosed deed was executed in March 1821 and revised that July (TJ’s Deed of Trust of Milton Lands

to Philip N. Nicholas and William Neker‑ vis, 11 July 1821, and note). 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Word interlined.

From John H. Cocke Dear Sir, Bremo March 31. 1821 By exposure to the late severe weather I have taken cold which has settled in my face, & from which I am suffering so much pain as to make it impracticable for me to undertake a journey to Albemarle today—I have sent up in case the more distant members of the board have failed to attend, to know whether it may be necessary still for me to make the effort to get up—it is probable, I may be able to under‑ take it in a Carriage on Monday, as the swelling & inflammation seems now to have attained its height—I have heard nothing from Genl Taylor and therefore presume he will not attend— Present me to the Gentlemen of the board & accept for yourself the Assurance of high regard & respect John H. Cocke P.S. I send you some Carp which at your suggestion I put into a Pond two years ago—altho they seem to thrive well I have not discover’d that they breed— RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

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To Claudius Crozet Sir Monticello Mar. 31. Your favor from Westpoint has been duly recieved. we are as yet far from the time at which we may think of procuring Professors for our University. the buildings indeed will all be finished in the course of 2. or 3. years, but our funds will be left burthened with a heavy debt, which will absorb them many years, if left to discharge it. whether the legislature at some future day may take it off their hands and enable it to commence it’s operations is quite uncertain. with my regrets therefore that I can say nothing more satisfactory accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViLxV: Crozet Papers); partially dated; addressed: “Mr Crozet West Point N.Y.”; franked; postmarked Charlottes‑ ville, 3 Apr. PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of

a reused address cover from Joseph C. Cabell to TJ; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 31 Mar. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To Peter S. Du Ponceau Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 31. 21. Your favor of the 23d is recieved. the acquaintance I had the plea‑ sure of forming with mr Vanuxem while he favored me with a visit gave me a very high sense of his1 merit and qualifications. in addition to this your recommendations and those of Dr Cooper place him on very high ground but I fear we are as yet far from the time at which we may turn our attention to the choice of Professors. our buildings for the accomodation of Professors and students will indeed be com‑ pleated by the end of the next year. but the annuity of 15,000 D. a year given us by the legislature is burthened with a debt of 120,000.D. borrowed with their approbation to compleat the buildings. till that is paid by us or by the legislature we cannot open the institution, and as yet no disposition is shewn on their part towards paying this debt. the opening the University therefore is as yet altogether uncertain. with my regrets that I can say nothing more satisfactory Accept the assurance of my friendly respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “M. DuPonceau”; endorsed by TJ.

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1 Manuscript:

“heis.”

To Lancelot Minor Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 31. 21. Your favor of the 5th was recieved a few days ago, inclosing your account, balance in your favor 2. D 66 C. I now inclose a 5.D. bill to discharge that balance, and hope you will permit me to consider the surplus 2.34 as a deposit for taxes as far as it will go. mrs Marks is in good health, and joins me in returning many thanks for all the trou‑ ble you have been so kind as to take in winding up her affairs which could not have been done here but with great trouble to the credi‑ tors. permit me to add the particular assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 22 Dec. 1820; at foot of text: “Colo L. Minor”; endorsed by TJ.

In recording this payment, TJ com‑ mented that the taxes on the Louisa County land of his sister Anne Scott Marks “seem to be under 1.D. a year” (MB, 2:1373).

Notes on D. Mariano [ca. Mar. 1821]

Mariana. mr Sully speaks very favorably of him. he understands Fr. Ital. Span. one of the two last is his native tongue. has been in Amer‑ ica 2. or 3. years.1 speaks English fluently & correctly. genteel, good humored, correct. perhaps a little salacious. 40.y. old.2 single. MS (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 4 Jan. 1821; undated, with conjectural date based on Thomas Sully’s visit to Monticello.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Edgewood. 1 April. 1821. I am much concerned not to be able to attend the meeting of the Visitors or the Albemarle election, in consequence of an indisposi‑ tion contracted in travelling thro the late severe weather. I hope my friends will make known the cause of my absence from the election, and make my apology to the people. I shall endeavor to call on you on my way down the country. I profit of the opportunity by Mr Southall  70 

To Lancelot Minor Dear Sir Monticello Mar. 31. 21. Your favor of the 5th was recieved a few days ago, inclosing your account, balance in your favor 2. D 66 C. I now inclose a 5.D. bill to discharge that balance, and hope you will permit me to consider the surplus 2.34 as a deposit for taxes as far as it will go. mrs Marks is in good health, and joins me in returning many thanks for all the trou‑ ble you have been so kind as to take in winding up her affairs which could not have been done here but with great trouble to the credi‑ tors. permit me to add the particular assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 22 Dec. 1820; at foot of text: “Colo L. Minor”; endorsed by TJ.

In recording this payment, TJ com‑ mented that the taxes on the Louisa County land of his sister Anne Scott Marks “seem to be under 1.D. a year” (MB, 2:1373).

Notes on D. Mariano [ca. Mar. 1821]

Mariana. mr Sully speaks very favorably of him. he understands Fr. Ital. Span. one of the two last is his native tongue. has been in Amer‑ ica 2. or 3. years.1 speaks English fluently & correctly. genteel, good humored, correct. perhaps a little salacious. 40.y. old.2 single. MS (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 4 Jan. 1821; undated, with conjectural date based on Thomas Sully’s visit to Monticello.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Edgewood. 1 April. 1821. I am much concerned not to be able to attend the meeting of the Visitors or the Albemarle election, in consequence of an indisposi‑ tion contracted in travelling thro the late severe weather. I hope my friends will make known the cause of my absence from the election, and make my apology to the people. I shall endeavor to call on you on my way down the country. I profit of the opportunity by Mr Southall  70 

1 APRIL 1821

to convey you this note. My respectful compliments & friendly saluta‑ tions attend all the gentlemen of the Board. I am dear Sir, faithfully your friend Jos: C: Cabell RC (ViU: TJP‑PC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To John H. Cocke Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 1. 21. Sunday morn. I dined from home yesterday & did not return till night which has occasioned the detention of your servant till this morning. I am sorry you cannot join us, as we have an important question to decide, but still more regret the cause of your absence. mr Madison is now here, and I count with much confidence on mr Cabell and mr Johnson which will make us a quorum. I think too that Genl Brackenridge will come from his knolege of the importance of the meeting. with you I doubt as to Genl Taylor because he would have come by the stage of yesterday evening. with the degree of probability which we possess of a quorum, there certainly is not such a necessity for your attendance with that view as to urge it, at the risk of your health in it’s present disordered state, and the possibility that it might increase the disorder. I return you many thanks for the carp and for the Kale seed you were so kind as to send and salute you with affectionate esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “General Cocke Bremo”; endorsed by Cocke. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Edward Wiatt to TJ, 4 Dec. 1820; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

From Louis H. Girardin Dear and Respected Sir, Baltimore, Apl 1rst 21. I have postponed returning my thanks to You for your friendly recommendation in my favour to the Trustees of the Balte Col‑ lege, until I saw what aspect the Institution would assume under my management.—Surely, it was prostrate in every point of view, when I arrived here. The genius of mischief was hovering in triumph above its ruins, owing to a previous want of energy, system, harmony, and liberality in the Parties concerned. Much prejudice existed even against  71 

1 APRIL 1821

the revival of the Institution which, I am told, a Judge, one of our Trustees, had denounced from the bench as a public nuisance, mean‑ ing the reckless, licentious acts of insubordination committed by its students, and, in some degree, too, influenced by party‑spirit, I am assured.—I confess that so deplorable a state of things greatly dis‑ couraged me at first. The Trustees, however, manifested towards me great politeness and respect—So soon as the uncommon Severity of the winter would permit, they repaired the building—Where I have now Spacious and neat appartments, commanding, on all Sides, a most delightful prospect, and, which is still better, situated in the most salubrious part of the City. The College was re‑opened Janry 15th, and we have nearly 40 students (not including about as many, who at‑ tend, at the College1 Dr Watkins Lects on modern Literature.) We expect 6 or 8 more to‑morrow, as it is the commencement of a quar‑ ter. In short, seeing all previous disadvantages, I think we are doing very well. Further, professorships of a higher character are in prog‑ ress, while our modest academical basis is daily enlarged. I trust that, within one year or two, the Balte College will have just claims to a respectable station among the eminent institutions of the Country. I can, as far as I am concerned, solemnly assert that all the machina‑ tions heretofore employed to put to flight activity, zeal, modest knowl‑ edge, and unassuming usefulness, shall meet with sufficient energy and steadiness, to frustrate and deride their effect. We contemplate a library. Were I not afraid of giving You too much trouble, I would request the notice of the Editiones optimæ now in your possession, which You were so good as to mention, when I was last at Monticello.—Chance offers here now and then an opportunity of procuring italian books &c—for almost nothing. I lately bought for 25cts a very good editn of the Decamerone di Boccaccio, which, after being bound, is truly2 valuable. Mr Guegan is going to Richmond. He is uncommonly dear.—There are many private Libraries, in the City, extremely well chosen, if not considerable. Their owners, so far as my acquaintance yet extends, are liberal and disposed to accomo‑ date me. This circumstance, and the abundant means of female edu‑ cation which I have found here for my daughters, render my situation far more eligible than it was in Augusta, and I hope to make here a permanent residence. I believe that all the papers relative to the University of Virginia, I mean those of a public nature, have been collected together into a small octavo. If this my impression is correct, allow me to request one copy. I am often questioned on those subjects, and really find myself at a loss on several points.  72 

1 APRIL 1821

 The subject of the Court of Death by Peale, is drawn from the Poem on death of Bishop Porteus. I have not yet discovered in any roman historian &c—a mention of the daughters of Brutus. Erit ut poësis pictura, may be conversely said. Painters, as well as poets, may indulge in fanciful creations, for the sake of effect. Not having yet met with an edition of Cicero accompanied with an index vocabulorum et  nominum3—my wading through the orations in search of those daughters of Brutus, has proved fruitless.—I have, indeed, seen in one No of the Portfolio an engraving from the painting by David, which has furnished those two heads, but the concomitant notice says noth‑ ing of the Young Ladies.—Nay, I have, through Dr Watkins, pro‑ posed the question “who were the Daughters of Brutus, represented in David’s famous picture?”4 to the Delphian club, and the oracle has not yet been able to give a response.—Mrs Randolph and Miss Helen Randolph have, probably, ere this time, been more sucessful in ascer‑ taining the point under doubt. Hoping, Dear and respected Sir, that You continue in the full en‑ joyment of that good health which You possessed, when I had the pleasure to See you last, I salute you with sentiments of deepest es‑ teem and warmest attachment and gratitude.— L. H. Girardin RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with notes on verso of final page in TJ’s hand related to his 8 Apr. 1821 response: “Annals of Tacitus. III.76.    Lipsius’s note in the Varior edn Cicero de Oratore II.55 Carol. Steph. Dict. hist. voce Brutus Cato.

Servilia

M. Junius Brutus Junia. Cassius.

Lepidi uxor

Cassii ux

|

 Porcia × M. Jun. Junia. Brut. Lepidus

of the daurs of Brutus you must first un‑ derstand that they were not daurs of him who killed Caesar, but of his father M. J. Brut. who married Servilia sister of Cato while his son of the same name married Porcia the daur of Cato.” RC (DLC); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Pat‑ rick Gibson, 5 Sept. 1822, on verso; ad‑

dressed: “Ths Jefferson Esqre Monticello near Charlottesville Virga”; stamped; post‑ marked Baltimore, 1 Apr. TJ provided his friendly recom‑ mendation of Girardin in his 28 Sept. 1820 letter to Tobias Watkins. The judge serving as a trustee of Baltimore College was Nicholas Brice, chief judge of the Baltimore City Court (Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 25 Apr. 1820; C. Keenan, The Baltimore Directory, for 1822 & ’23 [Baltimore, 1822], 35). Rem‑ brandt Peale’s painting, the court of death, based on a poem by Beilby Por‑ teus, is described in Charles Willson Peale to TJ, 3 July 1820, and note. erit ut poësis pictura (“a picture will be like a poem”) derives from a pas‑ sage in Horace, Ars Poetica, lines 361–2: “Ut pictura poesis: erit quae, si propius stes, te capiat magis, et quaedam, si lon‑ gius abstes” (“A poem is like a picture: one strikes your fancy more, the nearer you stand; another, the farther away” (Fair‑ clough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, 480–1). index vocabulorum

 73 

1 APRIL 1821 et nominum: “index of terms and names.” The portfolio 1 (1813): 388–9, printed a description and engraving of Jacques Louis David’s 1789 painting of Lucius Junius Brutus now in the Louvre, Les Licteurs Rapportent à Brutus les Corps de Ses Fils (The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons). The delphian club was a Baltimore literary club formed

in 1816 (Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines [1930–38; repr. 1970], 1:293–6). helen randolph: Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge). 1 Preceding

three words interlined. interlined. 3 Preceding two words interlined. 4 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied. 2 Word

From Thomas M. Hall Sir, Philadelphia 1st april 1821 I understand that the appointment of Professors in the Central University of Virginia is about to take place, and I take the liberty of  offering myself as a candidate for the chair of Chemistry in that institution. Aware of the importance of this station, I have not neglected to collect such testimonials in relation to my qualifications as I hope will be satisfactory. I have to request that you will submit them to the con‑ sideration of those gentlemen by whom the selection is to be made. Very respectfully Your obet Sevt Thos M. Hall M.D. RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. Thomas M. Hall, physician, received an honorary degree in physic from the University of Maryland in 1820. He prac‑

ticed medicine that year in Philadelphia and by 1824 was working in Milledge‑ ville, Georgia (American Medical Recorder 3 [1820]: 296; Edward Whitey, The Philadelphia Directory and Register, for 1820 [Philadelphia, (1820)]; Milledge‑ ville Georgia Journal, 25 May 1824).

 74 

1822.

1821.

1821.

1820.

Application of the Funds. D   Apr. 1st loan 40,000  1820. Apr. Debts Oct. do 20.000  1821. Jan. 1. To compleat the 7. pavilions & 31. Dormitories Jan. 1. Annuity 15,000. first built. 1st half of the 3. pavils & 24. Dorms begun 1820.   1st half of the 3. hotels & 25. Dorms E. street begun 1820.   Dr Cooper’s 2d payment   residuary expences of the year 1820.   Interest on the 1st loan for the year 1820. 75,000  d Oct. 1. 2 loan 60,000  1821. Apr. 1. 17. Marble capitels from Italy. cost 1632. D freight 152. D say Jan. 1. Annuity 15,000. 1822. Jan. 1. 2d half of the 3. pavils & 24. Dorms begun in 1820.   2d half of the 3. hotels & 25. Dorms on E. street begun in 1820.

Funds of the University.

Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs

9,500 

9,500  750  3,500  2,000  57,550  17,450   1,800  13,800 

13,800 

Balance on D   hand at the 10,000  close of every year 18,000 

[ca. 1 Apr. 1821]

walls of gardens. backyards, necessaries. 100,000. bricks 1,000    3. Hotels & 25. Dormitories on W. street to be built in 1821. 19,000    Library. walls 1,200,000. bricks 12,000    roof, windows, doors, floors,  stairs. suppose 12,000    residuary expences of the year 1821. 3,500    Interest on 120,000. D for 1821. 7,200  75,000  79,800. 12,650 1823. Jan. 1. Annuity 15,000  1823. Jan. 1. Library. inside suppose 12,000    D D   10. marble Capitels cost 374. freight 46. each 4,200    6. do half do 187. 23. each 1,260.   residuary expences of the year 1822 2,500.   Interest on 120,000.D. for 1822. 7,200. 490.    27,160          165,000          164,510   

 

1 APRIL 1821  MS (ViU: TJP); in TJ’s hand; un‑ dated, with conjectural date based on in‑ ternal reference to ordering capitals on 1 Apr. 1821 (for the actual order, see TJ to

Thomas Appleton, 16 Apr. 1821 [first let‑ ter]); endorsed on verso by Arthur S. Brockenbrough: “Mr Jeffersons estimates of the cost of the buildings &c.”

Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors 1820. [1821] Apr. 1. A special meeting of the Visitors of the Univer‑ sity having been called in the month of February to be held on this day Apr. 1. signed by Th: Jefferson, James Madison, Chapman Johnson,1 Joseph C. Cabell, James Breckenridge & Robert Taylor, and duly notified to John H. Cocke to whom no opportunity had occurred of presenting it for his signature, the sd Th: Jefferson and James Madison attended accordingly,2 but not con‑ stituting a Quorum, no proceedings took place. Th: Jefferson Rector. MS (ViU: TJP‑VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand; misdated. Tr (ViU: TJP‑VMJCC); misdated 1 Apr. 1820. Tr (ViU: TJP‑ VMJHC); similarly misdated. Tr (ViU: TJP‑VMJB); similarly misdated.

1 2

VMJCC Tr: “Johnston.” Word not in VMJCC Tr.

From James W. Widderfield Dear Sir April 1=21 hopeing these lines may not be offensive to you I write to inform you that having been inployed at the University for nearly four years as A Jurnaman and haveing know fullfill my Contrect with Mr John M [Perry] and wishing to do something for my self and family it meat‑ ing the approbation of Mr Dinsmore & Mr Nelson and being advise by my friends to write to you stateing that I wish to have A part of the Carpenter work to be let this year being willing to do it for the same as such work has been don for, should this meat your approbation I should feel myself indetted to you for the same & should execute the work in the very best maner I remain your most obbedient Survent James. W. Widderfield

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1 APRIL 1821  RC (ViU: TJP); dateline at foot of text; torn at seal; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Mountasellow”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. James W. Widderfield (ca. 1789–ca. 1862), carpenter, purchased 17¾ acres of land near the University of Virginia from John M. Perry in 1819, and he helped con‑ struct buildings there from about 1817 until at least 1821. By 1835 Widderfield was working in Staunton. In 1850 his real estate in Albemarle County was worth $5,000, and at his death his personal property there was valued at $470.75

(Albemarle Co. Deed Book, 21:436–7, 513; Alexander Garrett’s Accounts with the University of Virginia, 30 Sept. 1820 and 31 Mar. 1821, printed as enclosures to University of Virginia Board of Visitors Reports to Literary Fund President and Directors, 2 Oct. 1820 and 30 Nov. 1821, respectively; Widderfield to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 27 Mar. [1819] and 3 Apr. 1821 [both in ViU: PP]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Albemarle Co., 1850; Albemarle Co. Will Book, 26:426–7, 448–51; Lay, Architecture, 102, 204; Rivanna Archae‑ ological Consulting, The Foster Family– Venable Land Site: Report of Archaeologi‑ cal Investigations [2003], 13–4, 31–6).

From John Barnes Dear Sir, George Town Coa—2d April 1821. r My Valued friend M Parr, an English Gentn of Science & fortune, passionately fond of this favd country, has induced him to incounter many inconvenings to satisfy his Anxious wishes—a transit View— (of Country—Laws. Men & Manners) has already made a tour thro several of the Western States. principly—on foot—thro’ Choice— passed the late summer thro’ the Eastern—to Montreal—Quebec &ca—and returned a few days since—to Head Quarters—Geo Town & Washington—Having expressed his ardent desire (if not too late) of paying his respects—to you & Mr Madison—previous to his em‑ barking for Liverpool—I could not withhold the liberty I have taken— in thus introducing him to your friendly notice—his pleasing Manners and Acquirements—I trust will warrant the Attempt. and withal—not without the long wished for—flattering Hope! of receving on the Re‑ turn of my friend—the gratifying pleasure, of a few lines—Assuring me—of yr Accustomed Health—and families injoyments—Except my Earing, in part—I have every Reason to be,—and am most assuredly. truly thankfull—for the Many—very many. unmerited Blessings— bestowed—upon so Unworthy an Object.— as Your Obedeint Humbe servt John Barnes, RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello—favr of Mr Parr whose seat of Residence is Near Boston— Lincolnshire”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Apr. 1821 and so recorded (with addi‑ tional bracketed notation: “by mr Parr”) in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only;

with PoC of TJ to William Barret, 5 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello—Virginia” and “Honored—Mr Parr.” On the day that this letter arrived, Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) described

 78 

2 APRIL 1821 Monticello’s current occupants, includ‑ ing but not naming Mr. Parr, the en‑ glish gentn: “the house has been so full of company as to render it difficult for me to find a moment’s leisure. The meet‑ ing of the Visiters of the University, you know takes place the beginning of this month; they have just left us, & we have but one guest remaining, an English gen‑ tleman who has travelled all over the Northern and Western States, on foot. a pedestrian tour of about 2000 miles, and this from choice, merely to gratify his own

curiosity and love of information. he found it, he says, easier to obtain an accurate knowledge of the country and it’s inhabi‑ tants, travelling on foot, than in any other way. he just stepped a little out of his course and walked from Washington here, to pay his respects to Grandpapa and means to trip it back again as lightly as he came with a change of clothes hung upon his arm” (Randolph [Coolidge] to Francis Eppes, 5 Apr. 1821 [RC in ViU: Eppes Papers]).

From James Clarke Venerable Friend— Bellnemus April 2d 1821— Through some neglect in the post offices your letters of the 19 Jany and 22d Feby both came to hand the first of last week only—or I should sooner have had the pleasure of supplying the part lost from your Odometer I now send herewith, a case containing the rod with the wheels (from the same moulds) already fixed, and have directed it to the care of the postmaster in Milton If the rod should prove not to be precisely of the right length, your Smith with a little of your instructions can very easily adjust it— please Sir, accept the highest respect & esteem of Your Obedt and huml Servt James Clarke RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 4 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

TJ’s missing letter to Clarke of 22 Mar. 1821 (not 22d feby) is recorded in SJL with the notation: “dupl. of Jan. 19.”

From Eyriès Frères & Compagnie Monsieur Havre 2 avril 1821. nous avons l’honneur de Vous donner avis que nous avons embarqué Sur Le navire americain Cadmus Cape Witklok une petite Caisse de graines, qui vous est adressée par messieurs les administrateurs Di‑ recteurs du jardin du Roi a Paris1 nous avons mis cette caisse ainsi que d’autres pour plusieurs per‑ sonnes des Etats unis, a L’adresse de Monsieur Hosack Directeur du jardin de Botanique de l’Etat de New‑york Correspondants En Ce port, de messieurs les administrateurs du mu‑ seum & du jardin du Roi, nous prenons La liberté de vous offrir nos  79 

2 APRIL 1821

Services, pour vos relations avec Cette administration, ou pour toute autre chose qui pourrait vous interesser en france. nous avons l’honneur d’etre, avec La plus parfaite Consideration, Monsieur, Vos tres humbles & obeissant Serviteurs Eyries freres & Cie e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir Havre 2 April 1821. We have the honor of informing you that on the American ship Cadmus, Captain Whitlock, we have shipped a small box of seeds, which is sent to you by the managing directors of the Jardin du Roi in Paris We have sent this box, as well as some others intended for several people in the United States, to the address of Mr. Hosack, director of the botanical garden of the state of New York As agents in this port for the administrators of the royal museum and garden, we take the liberty of offering you our services for your communications with this administration, or for anything else that might interest you in France. We have the honor to be, with the most perfect consideration, Sir, your very humble and obedient servants Eyriès Frères & Compagnie RC (MHi); in an unidentified hand; at head of text: “à L’Honorable monsieur Thomas jefferson à montaillo”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Esyrier freres et co.” received 3 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Eyriès Frères & Compagnie was a mercantile firm in Le Havre the partners of which were Prosper Alexandre Eyriès (1773–1853) and his brother Alexandre Joseph Eyriès (1778–1862). It was active between at least 1815 and 1831 (Hervé Chabannes, “Les Passeurs de la Mémoire havraise: Histoire, mémoire et identité au Havre du XVIe au XIXe siècle” [Ph.D. diss., Université du Havre, 2013]; Jean

de La Tynna, Almanach du Commerce de Paris [1815]: 817, 818; Correspondance Inédite de Victor Jacquemont avec sa fam‑ ille et ses amis, 1824–1832 [1867], 2:143, 156). The jardin du roi a paris was the Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle. The ship Cadmus reached New York City from Le Havre on 26 May 1821 (New‑York Evening Post, 26 May 1821). Eyriès Frères & Compagnie sent James Madison a similar letter on this date (Mad‑ ison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:292–3). 1 Recto ends here with notation: “T.S.V.P.” (“Tournez S’il Vous Plait”) (“Please Turn Over”).

From Frederick A. Mayo Honorable Sir Springhill near Richmond the 2 April 1821 I hereby forward my Acounts, and whatever your honour should find wrong or not reasonable pleas to make the deduction, and I shall be perfectly satisfied—The last Vol of the Weekly Register is also for‑ ward by mail, and scharged within—I wish verry much indeed that  80 

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the Work forwarded may corrospond with the directions given for executing the same, as we have not1 spared to be particular from the commencement, but notwithstanting there may be some not to your honours wish, Should that be the case I shall be glad to do such over without any sharge—Haveing as your honour had been informd, fealt meself bound in consequence of various misfortune in buisness to give up my Book & Stationer Store, and in fact all my property (ac‑ cepting my Bindry Establishment, and a few acers ground) for the benefit of my Creditors in general, which circumstance naturaly presst me down in life verry much indeed; the kind Notice your honour had taken of my Situation has still strengtent me in my resolution not any more to regret the considerable loosses, which the times, and sup‑ posed frinds like a Stream has swept away: but to look forward, and to use better management combined with insdustry, by which I hope still I shall make a good liveing for me and my family—The quarto Vol, in one of your largest boxes forward Seybert’s2 Statistical An‑ nals, I took the liberty to send, beeing I hope a suitable Work, for your honours libry, it is bound in American calf, and beeing done in a Virginia Bindry You will pleas not to reject it. I attent to that depart‑ ment now closly meself, without the former interuptions, to which profession I was brougth up in Germany, and workt at the3 same in different parts of Europe, and also in England, untill my impress‑ ment into the Navy, in which Service I was compelled to act the part of a Sailer for nearly four years, I then came by chance, about twelve years ago, fortunatly to the U. States, but in the most miserable Situ‑ ation I suppose a person could come without means of any kind, and then not in health, besides haveing a verry serious wound to content with, which I received not fare from Loango, on the Coast of Africa haveing been also up Congo River in prusuit of Spanish and French Vessells—Some time after my arrivel I workt for a considerable time in different City of America, I therefore have no reason to be discon‑ tented, as it respets may haveing been unfortuned like many others have been in buisness, particular when I reflect on the Situation which I was in, when I first placed my feet on American Soil; I then feel not only thankfull for the present but also for the past, particular more so, when I over look the various miserable & dangeres Scenes I have been placed in through Life, either by my own folly or by the direction of providence—I hope your Honour will parten me for haveing men‑ tioned some circumstances concerning meself, the high Respect I feel toawrds yourself, produced a wish, that your honour should know, where from, and in what manner I came to this happy Land.—I now have in a measure made a new start in buisness, and it is my ambition  81 

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to execute work, at least not in a common Style—I have therefore taken the liberty of presenting your honour with a Speciment of my new commencement as a Mackanic, but beeing not clear of various inperfections, I hope you will parten what ever your Judgement will find not suitable, as it respects the taste & Workmanship of the Vol forwarded, be pleased to accept this token of Respect, which I indeav‑ ourd to show through the Medium of my profession; and should this Speciment meet your honours approbation, is all I ask, and wish for, as such greatly would be in favour of my receiveing more encourge‑ ment in the line of my profession—My Bindry I have since nearly two years ago, about one mile below Richmond, which I buildet for that particular porpus of considerable extent, have a few acers ground around it, and live here with my family and shop4 hands free of [. . .] and content, notwithstanting all the Shipwreck & loosses of my for‑ mer buisness, still I am perfectly satisfied, as I feel like returned to a harbour after a Severe Sturm, attenting to my home concern and pro‑ fession, and now shall depend on the most [. . .] ancker of following and working at my Mackinical branch—Have no complain as I re‑ ceive incouragement in the Bindry, so that I can make out, by useing industry and œconomy as exertions shall not be wanting in Order to do work to satisfaction, and with more expedition as formerly—I am fearfull that I may have made meself disagreeable by my long, and no doubt improperly written letter, Should that been the case, I hope sinerly your honour will forgive me, as my intentions are not bad, be‑ side haveing never received any instruction in the english Language— May the Blessings of your labour of Old continue through the U. States, to be that firm foundation, and may your honour long injoy the same in peace health and comfort, This wishes— Your most humble Servant Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); two words illegible; at foot of text: “The Hono. Tho. Jefferson”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 4 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

1 Word

interlined. “Slyberd’s.” 3 Manuscript: “the the.” 4 Word interlined. 2 Manuscript:

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Rich’d 2d April 1821 th I have your esteemed favor 30 ulto: covering Deed of Trust, which is perfectly satisfactory to me; as to the recording, it is of no sort of consequence, and what I never wished or intended—In fact it was of no consequence to have such a deed at all, but it can do no  82 

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harm, & gives me authority to demand a similar security when it is of real consequence. I have, agreeable to your request, procured, & this day forward by a steady Waggoner, a Yankee Chese, the best I could find, to be left with Jas Leitch Charlottesville, which I wish safe to hand, & that you may be pleased with it. I paid last Week a draft of yours without advice for $250, favor Jno Craven, which I presume was correct, all the rest you have informed me of are presented & paid, as shall also be the one for $100, of which you advise in the letter now before me. I have the promise of your1 Pots from the Pottery on Wednesday of this Week, should I not be disappointed in this, they shall go by the first Milton Boat. I beg you will not believe that I shall devote less of my time to my commercial persuits by the acceptance of the office of Adjt General.— The duties of that officer are really little or nothing, & will not serve to fill up the idle hours left heavily on my hands from my private persuits during these times of low prices, when so little can be done in the Commission way:—The inconsiderable duties to be performed in the office in question are all transacted in my own counting House, where the office is now kept, & makes it now less inconvenient than it would be;—for these services I receve $500 pr annum, which is of  some consequence in times like the present, to a young begin‑ ner.—   You may rest assured I will pay the most assiduous at‑ tention to whatever you may have to do with me in the Commercial way, & will promptly abandon any other persuit I may find likely to conflict with my duty’s to that— With sincere regard Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViU: TJP); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Quincy Adams, 5 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 2 Apr.

Virginia governor Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph appointed Peyton to the office of adjt general on 26 Mar. 1821. He held the position until his resignation on 15 Mar. 1841 (Randolph to John H. Cocke, 29 Mar. 1821 [ViU: JHC]; JHD [1821– 22 sess.], 22; [1840–41 sess.], 201). 1 Manuscript:

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“you.”

From Giacomo Raggi Coleggio del universitta li 2 aprile 1821

Signor Jefferson qesta e la Soma del denaro, che lei fara pagare ha mia moglie fara pagare al arivo delle letera ha livorno due cento toleri e po inseguito fara pagare 25 toleri il mese per un anno la Somma totale Sono toleri 500 Si saro molto obligato Giacomo Raggi e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

College of the university 2 April 1821 Mr. Jefferson this is the amount of money, that you will make payment to my wife on the arrival of the letters in Leghorn: two hundred talers, and later you will make payment of 25 talers a month for one year, the total sum is 500 talers I will be much obliged to you Giacomo Raggi RC (ViU: TJP); dateline above signature; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Jonathan T. Hine.

Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors At a meeting of Visitors of the University of Virginia at the said University on Monday the 2d of April 1821. present Th: Jefferson Rector, James Breckenridge, Chapman Johnson & James Madison. A1 letter having been recieved by the Rector from Thomas Appleton of Leghorn stating the prices at which the Ionic & Corinthian capi‑ tels wanting for the Pavilions of the University may be furnished2 there in marble, and these prices appearing to be much lower than they would cost if made here in stone, Resolved that it be an instruc‑ tion to the Committee of superintendance to procure the sd Capitels in marble3 from Italy.4 Resolved as the opinion of this board, that it is expedient to pro‑ cure the loan of 60,000.D. or so much thereof as may be necessary,5 as authorised by the late act of the General Assembly concerning the University of Virginia, and that the Committee of superintendance be instructed to negociate the same with the President & Directors [of]6 the literary fund of preference,7 or if not to be obtained from them, then with others according to the authorities of the sd act. Resolved8 that it is9 expedient to proceed with the building of the Library on the plan submitted to the board: provided the funds of  84 

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the University be adequate to the completion of the buildings already begun, and to the building the Western range of hotels & dormitories, & be also adequate to the completion of the Library so far as to render the building secure & fit for use: & that it be an instruction to the Commee of superintendance to ascertain as accurately as may be the state of accounts under the contracts already made, the expences10 of compleating the buildings begun & contemplated, and not to enter into any contracts for the Library until they are fully satisfied that, without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions, hotels & dormitories, begun and to be begun, they have funds sufficient to put the library in the condition above described.11 And the board adjourns without day. Th: Jefferson. rector.  [Apl.]12 2. 182[1].13 MS (ViU: TJP‑VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand; inconsistently dated. Dft (ViU: TJP); in the hands of James Breckin‑ ridge and Chapman Johnson, with emen‑ dations by TJ; significant variations noted below. Tr (ViU: TJP‑Co); extract in TJ’s hand; at head of text: “1821. Apr. 2.”; enclosed in TJ to John H. Cocke, 9 Apr. 1821. Tr (ViU: TJP‑VMJCC); written on a separate sheet and attached with red sealing wax at its correct chronological place. Tr (ViU: TJP‑VMJHC). Tr (ViU: TJP‑VMJB). The letter from Thomas Appleton was dated 10 Oct. 1820. The committee of superintendance consisted of TJ and John H. Cocke. The late act of the general assembly, passed 24 Feb. 1821, was “An act concerning the University of Virginia.” It authorized the President and Directors of the Literary Fund to advance the University of Vir‑ ginia Board of Visitors a sum not exceed‑ ing $60,000 (Acts of Assembly [1820–21 sess.], 15–6). without day: “sine die.” Writing to her grandson Nicholas P. Trist from Farmington on 5 Apr. 1821, Elizabeth Trist reported that on 31 Mar. TJ visited without “ceremony . . . and took dinner with us, it began to rain about 5 Oclock tho not hard but he cou’d not be prevaild on to stay all night as he ex‑ pected some of the visitors of the Univer‑ sity that evening or next day but it seems but four assembled two of the members

were too unwell to leave home Mr Jeffer‑ son I never saw look better I was afraid that he wou’d take cold that evening he left here for he wou’d not take an umber‑ ella fortunately it did not rain hard and by the time he got to Charlottesville it ceased raining.” Later in the letter, Trist summarized an otherwise unknown 30 Mar. letter to herself from Virginia J. Ran‑ dolph (Trist), writing that “Mr Jefferson will pay his Spring visit to Bedford this month Cornelia is going certainly, but they had not decided which of the remain‑ ing three will accompany her, as each puts in her claim, She shou’d not be surprised if her Mama was to go up, indeed if her Aunt Eppses Harpsicord is sent she will be obliged to go to put it in tune” (RC in DLC: NPT). 1 Dft, in Breckinridge’s hand, begins with this word, as does TJP‑Co Tr. 2 Dft: “obtained.” 3 Preceding two words not in TJP‑Co Tr. 4 TJP‑Co Tr ends here, with following paragraph replaced by his bracketed note: “then follows a resolution instruct‑ ing us to borrow the 60..D. authorised by the late law.” 5 Text from “of 60,000.D.” to this point interlined in Dft by TJ. 6 Word, not in MS, supplied from Dft. 7 Instead of remainder of paragraph, Dft reads “or otherwise according to the authorities of the sd act .” 8 TJP‑Co Tr resumes with this word. Beginning with this paragraph, Dft is in Johnson’s hand. 9 VMJCC and VMJB Trs: “be.”

 10 TJP‑Co Tr: “expence.” 11 Dft and TJP‑Co Tr end here. 12 MS and VMJCC Tr: “Oct.” VMJHC and VMJB Trs: “Apl.” 13 Dateline added in a different ink. All texts give the year as “1820.”

From Henry A. S. Dearborn Much respected Sir, Custom House Boston Apl. 3d. 1821.— By the ship Cadmus, I received three cases of wine, for you, which was shipped by J. Dodge Esqr U. S. Consul at Marseilles. Enclosed is a letter from him & the invoice. Not knowing your agent, I have sent the wine, in the Huntress, as per the bill of lading, to James Gibbons Esqr, the Collector at Rich‑ mond, with a request, that he would take charge of it, & await your instructions. The charges at this port were, Duties &c. 8.80 Freight 8 25  Dollars = 17.05 I hope I have acted in conformity to your wishes, in thus forwarding the cases, and shall ever be most happy to attend to any commands, you may be pleased to confer upon me. With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, your most obt. St. H, A, S, Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Th. Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Joshua Dodge to TJ, 1 Jan. 1821. Other enclosure not found.

To Bernard Peyton Sir Monticello Mar. [Apr.] 3. 21 Jefferson’s absence in Bedford has rendered it impossible to send you the inclosed till this moment for want of his endorsemt. I hope they will still get to your hands in time for renewal. ever & affec‑ tionately yours. Th Jefferson PoC (MHi); misdated; on verso of left half of reused address cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 22 Dec. 1820; endorsed by TJ as a letter of “3 Apr.” 1821.

Recorded in SJL as a letter of 3 Apr. 1821. Enclosures not found. TJ was hampered by the absence of his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

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From Constantine S. Rafinesque Respected Sir! Lexington Ky 3d April 1821. I have lately done myself the pleasure to forward you a Copy of my Ichthyologia Ohiensis, and of the Catalogue of our University. I have Since Seen in the Richmond Enquirer that the Legislature of Virginia have provided for the complement of the buildings of the University of Virginia, and it is expected that the Institution will go into operation on the 1st January next. If this is really the case, the ap‑ pointments of Professors cannot be delayed much longer, and it might be proper for me to renew the application which I formerly made. As I conceive that in Such a circumstance, it might be well to give to the Trustees of the Institution a slight knowledge of my qualifi‑ cations; as they are probably not acquainted with the extent & vari‑ ety of my labours; I take the liberty to hand you a Catalogue of my Works, which is the best evidence1 I can produce of my labours, in my behalf—I add also a Sketch of the honors conferred on me, by Several learned Societies, the names of Some of my Scientific Cor‑ respondents, Some Short testimonials of theirs in my favor, and an Account of my Library & Collections.— I hope you will lay the whole before the board of Trustees, together with my former application & offer, which I expect may be joined to your kind Recomendation.— If any thing else is to be done, I wish I was aprized of it, in order to comply in time Allow me to conclude that if my application is attended to, I trust to Shed Some Slight fame on the University of Virginia, by my fu‑ ture Works, and Discoveries, as I mean to employ part of my Salary in publishing the numerous manuscripts & Drawings, which I have by me.— If I knew whether I have any competitor and who they are, I might perhaps Show by a comparison of their labours with mine, who may be the most deserving of notice. And at any rate I trust that none could ever exceed me in zeal and industrious researches. Believe me, Dear & Respected Sir truly Your Obedt St & Wellwisher Prof. C. S. Rafinesque RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Spencer Roane, 30 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Honble Thomas Jeffer‑ son Monticello Near Charloteville Vir‑ ginia”; stamped; postmarked Lexington,

4 Apr. Enclosure: “Enumeration of the Works and Tracts, published by C. S. Ra‑ finesque Prof. of Botany & Natural hist. in Transylv. Univy” (MS in DLC: Peter Force Papers; entirely in Rafinesque’s hand; partially dated Lexington, Apr. 1821), consisting of a numbered list of

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3 APRIL 1821 fifty works on natural history written in English, French, and Italian and pub‑ lished between 1803 and 1821 in various American and European cities as mono‑ graphs and pamphlets and in articles in such periodicals as the American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review and the Western Review and Miscellaneous Mag‑ azine; projecting several additional works to be printed later in 1821; and conclud‑ ing with a list of manuscript works to “be published gradually,” including “Trav‑ els in the States of Newyork, Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware—Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, In‑ diana, Illinois and Kentucky, in 1802–4 and 1815.21.—The Copyright of this is Sold to Cramer & Spear of Pittsburg,” “A physical Map of the River Ohio, in 6 large Sheets—Copyright Sold to Cramer & Spear,” “The Selected Miscellaneous Works of C. S. Rafinesque, on Philosophy, Ethics, Political Economy, Archeology,

Literature, Travels &c. To be published by Subscription in 1824 in 5 Volumes 12mo with plates,” “The Natural Classi‑ fication of all Vegetables,” a “Criticism of Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature,” and “Several hundred drawings of Amer‑ ican Animals, mostly new or undescribed.” Other enclosure printed below. For the catalogue of our univer‑ sity, see TJ to Joseph C. Cabell, 22 Jan. 1820, and note. The richmond en‑ quirer of 27 Feb. 1821 announced the passage three days previously of “An act concerning the University of Virginia” and noted that “the buildings of this great institution will be completed, and it will probably be put into operation by the 1st of January next.” 1 Word interlined in place of “testi‑ monial.”

e n c l o s u r e

Recommendations for Constantine S. Rafinesque Testimonials In favor of Prof r C. S. Rafinesque           Prof r C. S. Rafinesque was elected Member of the Royal Institute of Naples in 1814. Of the Italian Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1815. Of the Literary & Philosophical Society of New york, in 1816. Of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1816. Of the Historical Society of Newyork in 1817. Of the Lyceum of Natural history of Newyork in 1817. Being one of the Founders & framers of this Institution Of the Medical Societies of Lexington and Cincinnati in 1819. Of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820.           C. S. Rafinesque reckons in the number of his friends and Correspondents— In Europe. Chevalier Cuvier of Paris— Mr Bory St. Vincent of the french Academy. Mess. Blainville, Noel, Geoffroy &c of Paris Prof. Decandolle of Geneva, the first Botanist of the Contint Prof. Delille of Montpellier.— Mess Vanmons & Drapiez of Bruxelles. Mess. Swainson of Liverpool.

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3 APRIL 1821  Dr. Leach of the British Museum the best naturalist in England Prof. Gravenhorst of Breslaw— Prof. Shultze of Bavaria— Prof. Romer of Zurich— Mr. Moricand of Geneva. Prof. Savi of Pisa. Prof rs Jacquin & Schreber of Vienna. &c &c In America Prof. S. L. Mitchill of Newyork Dr. John Torrey of Newyork. Viceprest of the Lyceum Governor Dewitt Clinton Zaccheus Collins Esqr Viceprest of the Academy. Mess. Haines, Ord, Dr. Mease &c; of Philadelphia Prof. Hall & Mr Hayden of Baltimore Stephen Elliot Esqr Prest of the philosophical Society of Charleston &c &c           Extracts from a Testimonial Letter of the Lyceum of Newyork— „It is our opinion that the said C. S. Rafinesque is a learned and distin‑ guished Naturalist. His zeal & Science are of a very high order. His manners are modest and unassuming. We entertain a well grounded expectation that this Gentleman will greatly enlarge our knowledge in Natural Sciences. &c„ Newyork 6th April 1818.           Extract of a Letter from Dr. Leach to C. S. R. „I was utterly unacquainted with your excellent little Work (Precis des Découvertes) when I Saw it at Cuvier’s (when I was last in Paris) with your other works—I Send you Some of my Works—I detest as well as you the imperfect and artificial System of the great Linneus, you deserve credit for introducing the natural methods in America &c„ London 15th Septr 1818—           Extract of a Letter from Cuvier (translation) „I have been much pleased to find in your Works, many new Animals, and some which I thought new, although you had detected them before me. I have also found that you have noticed before me many generic and subgen‑ eric Differences—I shall not fail to avail myself of this & the Accounts you give me &c„ Paris 28 April 1818.           Extract of a Letter from Decandolle (translation[)] „You will See in my Species plantarum that I have rendered due justice to your discoveries whenever they were known to me—Acquaint me with your new discoveries & I will avail myself of them. &c„ Geneva 6th May 1818.—           Extract of a Letter from W. Swainson „I like your Annals of Nature exceedingly, I approve much of the plan and execution.—I Send you many plants fossils, Shells &c—and Prof. Hooker of Glasgow has Sent me a fine collection of plants for you—&c„ Liverpool June 1820.—

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3 APRIL 1821 Extract of a Letter from St. Elliot. „It will give me great Satisfaction to maintain with you not a casual cor‑ respondence, but a steady & friendly intercourse, from which I hope to derive much pleasure & knowledge.1 I feel duly Sensible for the favorable opinion you have expressed of my Botany of the Southern States. I am anxious to See your Annals of Nature, Set me down as a Subscriber to it and every other work which you may publish. I shall be much obliged to you for hints, notes & any assistance, that Shall make my work more correct & valuable &c„ Charleston 11 July 1817.           Sketch of Prof. Rafinesque’s Collections— His Library consists in about 1000 Select Volumes on Physics, Chemistry, Natural history, Botany, Mineralogy, Philosophy, Travels & Miscellaneous Works, in Latin, English, french, Italian &c2 His Herbarium Contains already about 12000 Specimens, belonging to about 2000 American species & 1000 European or exotic Species, and is in‑ creasing every year. His Natural Collection consists in about 2000 Specimens of Shells, fos‑ sil  remains, Minerals, Insects Polyps & other zoological Subjects, mostly American.—           Lexington [ca. 3] April 1821. C. S. R.  MS (MHi); entirely in Rafinesque’s hand; edge trimmed; partially dated.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Preceding six words added in margin and interlined.

James Breckinridge and Chapman Johnson to John H. Cocke Dear Sir, Staunton 5th April 1821. We returned yesterday from the University, where we regreted your absence very much, and were the more concerned to hear that indisposition had prevented your attendance— We had a bare quorum, Mr Cabell and Genl Taylor being also ab‑ sent—the latter had not been heard from,—the former like yourself was prevented from attending, by sickness— Want of information of the state of our finances, left us very much at a loss how to proceed, in relation to our buildings—The first thing to be attained, in relation to them, was the completion of the build‑ ings commenced, and the erection of the Western range of hotels and dormitories,—the next the erection of the large rotunda for the library &c—We considered it an object of primary importance not to  90 

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contract engagements, which our present resources, without further legislative aid, would not certainly meet;—for we believed it to be very clearly the expectation of the Legislature that no further applica‑ tion was to be made to them, for aid in erecting the buildings,—and we thought it more than doubtful, whether any application for mate‑ rial aid for that object would be successful—We therefore wished esti‑ mates to enable us to ascertain how far we could safely go—They were laid before us, and they indicated our ability to do all we wished— But we were by no means satisfied with these estimates—They dealt in generals, avoiding all the details necessary to give confidence in their accuracy—. The accounts of the proctor never having been set‑ tled, and the accounts of the undertakers never having been liquidated, and not a single building being entirely finished, it was found wholly impracticable to give us those details which would have been neces‑ sary to satisfy us, of the true state of our funds— In this state of things, the question occurred, whether we should postpone all contracts for the library till our next meeting, and, in the mean time, require the settlements and details necessary to correct information,—or, relying on the correctness of the estimates submit‑ ted to us, authorise contracts immediately,—or, taking the middle course, devolve the duty of procuring the settlements and details, upon the committee of superintendance, and refer the contracts to their discretion under certain limitations—Mr Jefferson felt great confidence in the correctness of the estimates, and he and Mr Madi‑ son were willing to act immediately upon their faith—We were un‑ willing to act upon their faith and differed only as to the prudence of deferring the contracts till the next meeting or referring the subject to the committee—The majority of the board, acting under the old prudential maxim ibis in medio tutissimus, concurred in a resolution, by which it is made the duty of the committee of superintendance to ascertain, as accurately as may be, the true state of our resources, and by which, they are authorised, to enter into contracts for the building of the library on the plan submitted, provided they are fully satisfied, that the funds of the University are adequate, to the completion of the buildings already begun, to the building of the western range, and to the building of the library, so far at least, as to put up the walls cover it in, & render it secure and fit for use—in which security and fitness for use, are contemplated at least doors, windows, floors, and stair cases— On leaving Monticello, we at the suggestion of Mr Jefferson called at the University to converse with the proctor, and to stimulate him to prepare for a settlement of the accounts and for the immediate  91 

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exhibition of such statements and estimates in detail, as will be a safe guide, in ascertaining our resources, & the demands upon us, and in deciding on the propriety of entering into the proposed contracts— We saw the proctor, and endeavoured to impress him with the ne‑ cessity of making the preparations above indicated as speedily1 and accurately as possible—we suggested to him particularly the propriety of, at once, settling all his accounts with the workmen, for the work already done, of ascertaining as accurately as possible, what would yet become due for the work contracted for, and of receiving propo‑ sitions for the work to be undertaken, especially for the work, on the library so as to enable him with some degree of accuracy to estimate the costs of the building not yet contracted for—We hope that noth‑ ing will be wanting on his part to prepare such information, as will enable you to survey accurately the ground on which we are—But our conversations with him lead us to fear, that he had not been very particular in that department of his duty which relates to the ac‑ counts, and that his information in relation to the actual cost of the work done and contracted for is too imperfect, to justify2 much reli‑ ance on the estimates which have been submitted to us—Our enqui‑ ries too, and some rough calculations made by ourselves induce us to fear, that after completing the four ranges of buildings, making the garden walls, privies &c—necessary to the plan exclusive of the li‑ brary, there will be scarcely a dollar left, for the library— We sincerely hope that the result of your investigations will prove these fears to be groundless;—but we think them so well founded, and we think it so vitally important that no material error should be made in the estimates, & that we should not again be brought before the legislature, with contracts unfulfilled, with foundations not built upon, with naked walls or useless hulls, demanding to be protected or threatening to perish, or be a monument of our want of foresight and our unprofitable expenditure of public money,—that we have con‑ sidered it our duty to communicate to you, what we have done, and3 what we think most desirable to be done on the occasion—We are sure you will excuse us the liberty— We know Mr Jefferson’s great zeal in the prosecution of the interest‑ ing plan which has been committed to our care—We have heard him already express his confidence in our ability to do what we wish upon this subject—and we fear he will be too easily satisfied of this ability, too difficult to persuade4 that there is any danger in proceeding— Having been ourselves members of several past Legislatures and hav‑ ing seen much of the temper manifested towards the university in that body, we wish you to be fully persuaded5 of the ill effect it is likely to  92 

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have upon our interests, if we commit any material blunder, in the work now to be engaged in—and we cannot hesitate to say that we think it much better to lose a season, in the building of the Library, than to encounter any Serious risk, of entering into contracts for it, which we may be unable to fulfil— We think it of very great importance, that the proctor should be required immediately to settle all accounts with the undertakers, and that too before any new engagements are entered into, as in for the western range—The undertakers will be more easily brought to set‑ tlements while they are expecting new contracts, than after they have been made—These settlements will not only guide you in judging of the estimates of work to be done hereafter, but will enable us prob‑ ably, at the fall meeting, or at the end of 6 the year to make such an exhibit,—as will Shew accurately, the whole extent of what will be required for the completion of the buildings—and we think that the proctors department should hereafter be conducted, as it should in‑ deed have been heretofore7 conducted, with a view to such exhibit whenever it should be required— These suggestions will probably suffice to explain the reasons which induce a wish on our part to impress you with the necessity, of requir‑ ing full and clear evidence of our ability to meet our engagements be‑ fore you suffer contracts to be entered into for other buildings—and of enjoining it on the proctor so to keep his accounts in future, as to render them at all times, easy of settlement— We would suggest an enquiry, how far, it is prudent for the proctor to supply the lumber for the buildings, and whether it would not be better that the undertakers should themselves supply it, and be, there‑ fore, interested in its careful preservation and use, and in its judicious purchase— There is one other subject only we will trouble you with—We are decidedly of opinion that the hotels ought to be two storied buildings, instead of one—Single stories will furnish very inadequate accomo‑ dation for genteel families, who would be desirous of occupying8 these buildings as boarding houses, often for the convenience of educating their children—And whenever familes occupied them who could spare any of the rooms they would furnish very desirable accomodations to such students, as might desire to be alone, and retired—If the institu‑ tion flourishes there must be many rooms of this kind wanting—and they surely cannot be built so œconomically, any where else, as in the second story of these hotels—As to symmetry of plan and beauty of appearance, we think nothing will be lost by making the hotels in the western range two storied buildings—For ourselves we prefer them  93 

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not only for oeconomy and convenience but for beauty—We there‑ fore strongly recommend that they should be so built— with great respect & regard—yours Truly— James Breckinridge C Johnson RC (ViU: JHC); in Johnson’s hand, signed by Breckinridge and Johnson. The University of Virginia’s commit‑ tee of superintendance consisted of TJ and Cocke. ibis in medio tutissi‑ mus is a slight variant of “medio tutis‑ simus ibis” (“in the middle is the safest path”) in Ovid, Metamorphoses, 2.137 (Ovid, trans. Grant Showerman, Frank Justus Miller, and others, Loeb Classical

Library [1914–29; rev. George P. Goold, 1977–79], 3:68–9). 1

Manuscript: “spedily.” Here “any” is canceled. 3 Preceding five words interlined in place of “on.” 4 Manuscript: “persaude.” 5 Manuscript: “persauded.” 6 Manuscript: “the end of the end of.” 7 Manuscript: “herefore.” 8 Manuscript: “occuping.” 2

To Robert Mayo Sir Monticello Apr. 5. 21. Your favor of Mar. 28. has been recieved with the Primer and Spelling book for which I thank you. I have had so little to do with the instruction of children that I am a very incompetent judge1 of the best processes with them. however the applications to me to give my opinion of books and to recommend them have been so numerous as to oblige me to decline doing it in any case. with my regrets therefore that I cannot do it in this case accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of right half of reused address cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 22 Dec. 1820; at foot of text: “Dr

Robert Mayo”; endorsed by TJ. Not re‑ corded in SJL. 1 Manuscript:

“judges.”

To Thomas Sully Monticello Apr. 5. 21.

Th: Jefferson forwards to mr Sully three letters which came under cover to him yesterday evening and salutes him with friendly respect RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; with Robert Gilmor’s signed notation on verso: “Note from Ex‑President Jefferson to Mr Sully the Artist, sent me by the lat‑

ter in 1830,” and his additional notation: “Signer of the Declaration of Indepen‑ dance.” Not recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found.

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From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) Dr sir Richmd: April 6th 1821 r By M Brice Harlows Boat you will receive 1 Hhd: Stone Ware which has been delivered to him in good order, if so delivered to you please pay freight as customary. Your Mo: Ob Bernard Peyton By Cesario Bias 1 Hhd. RC (MHi); in Bias’s hand; postscript adjacent to closing; addressed: “Mr Tho: Jefferson Montisello. Va”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton received 11 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To DeWitt Clinton Monticello Apr. 6. 21.

Th Jefferson returns his thanks to Governor Clinton for the Canal Report he has been so kind as to send him and congratulates him on the prospect of a succesful accomplishment of this most splendid undertaking. it will be an example & lesson to mankind how much better it is to spend their spare money on canals, roads & other such works ameliorating the condition of man, than in wars which bow him to the earth with misery, devastation & death. he salutes him with friendship and respect. RC (NNC: Clinton Papers); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “His Excellency Governor Clinton New York”; franked; postmarked Milton, 6 Apr.; endorsed in

an unidentified hand, in part: “Thanking my father for the Canal Report.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

To William Huntington Apr. 6. 21.

Th: Jefferson asks the favor of mr Huntington to dine with him on Sunday the 8th RC (Heritage Auctions, auction 6080, Dallas, 11 Apr. 2012, lot 34094); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Huntington.” Not recorded in SJL.

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From William Maury Dear Sir New Orleans 6 April 1821 Some weeks since I took the liberty of addressing you from this place, & of thanking you for letters of introduction, which, as well as promoting my object as to information are likely to do so commer‑ cially as Dr Brown talked of shipping his Crop of Alabama Cotton to my Father— I now submit for your inspection & opinion the annexed copy of a letter which I have received from my Fathers partner, Mr Latham.— Upon this subject I should not have presumed to consult you, had it not been for the strong friendship you have always manifested to‑ wards my Father & his Sons; pardon me therefore for his sake this liberty As Mr Monroe will most probably be in your neighbourhood about this time, would you do me the favor to consult him, how far under the circumstances an application from my Father, in the event of his resignation, would be proper for one of his Sons to succeed him in his office as Consul, Under these circumstances alone could he be induced to make an application, or indeed myself—viz—that for the first 20 years it has cost him from 1 a $400  annum, & now that it is becoming profitable, his Family will from the usual course of Na‑ ture with persons in his advanced stage of life be deprived of any reimbursement.— My particular motive tho, is the standing which it gives to a Mer‑ cantile house— Indeed my Dear Sir tis from these considerations alone that I thus trespass upon you—& again I pray you pardon the liberty— The Weather here is becoming exceedingly warm & as the ther‑ mometer is above 80 I shall take the warning as a Stranger to this climate & in the hope that I may once more partake of your Hospital‑ ity in May I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedient servant William Maury RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 7 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CSmH: JF); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 June [1821], on verso; ad‑ dressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monte‑cello Albemarle County Virginia,” with “Wash‑ ington City” added in lower left corner

in  an unidentified hand; stamped; post‑ marked New Orleans, 8 Apr. On this date Maury sent a similar letter and the same enclosure to James Madi‑ son (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:296–7).

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e n c l o s u r e

William Latham to William Maury Dear William Liverpool 25 Jany 1821 Your Father & Mother are going to Buxton tomorrow—the former has had a very bad cold for the last 3 weeks, but is now better & goes to Buxton to reestablish himself—   I have had some conversation to day with your Mother & I have promised to write to you on the subject,—it is this.— Your Father never appears to have looked to the possibility of one of his Sons succeeding him in his situation as Consul, altho a matter that would be very desirable for his family as the situation is now becoming valuable & ought from this time to nett £700 a £800  annum—at least to any one who would succeed him, as your Father is at an expense for Clerks &c which cer‑ tainly might be considerably lessened—   he appears to dislike taking it into consideration & therefore your Mother is unwilling to say any thing of it to him—but she authorizes me to tell you that in the event of anything happening to your Father, & which at his time of life ought to be taken into view;—for the sake of his family, she would be most anxious that you should succeed him, provided that there was any prospect of an application being successful—   The point is—to ascertain that prospect—& if it is to be done at all, it can only be by sounding the proper authorities when you are at Washington in July next—   your Mother is most earnest in her wishes that, you should take proper steps for that purpose & I promised that I would write to you accordingly— If the situation is a valuable one & the claims of applicants to be discussed, I should presume that your Fathers services for so many years—the consider‑ ation that for a long period it was no remuneration to him & that several years it was absolute loss—that he leaves a family & of which are 4 Sons to whom a limited Commission business is no fortune in these times—certainly these are claims that are quite as strong as can be urged by any other Candidate.— Your Mothers opinion & mine is, that if with the assistance of your Fathers strong friends in Virginia & your Uncle at Washington you could discover the feelings of the Executive towards you as a successor to your Father, & that there was a reasonable prospect of success, it would be an easy matter to induce your Father to look very favorably upon the object that is proposed & to pave the way for it by a proper representation from himself— signed William Latham Tr (DLC); entirely in Maury’s hand. William Latham, merchant, was in part‑ nership with James Maury in Liverpool by 1812. Latham left the Maury firm in 1837 and worked on his own as a mer‑ chant and broker in Liverpool until at least 1843. By 1847 his business was lo‑ cated in London. Latham moved by 1848

to Neston, ten miles south of Liverpool, where he remained until he returned to London in 1856 (James Maury to TJ, 16 July 1812; Gore’s Liverpool Directory [Liverpool, 1821], 210; London Gazette 1 [1837]: 46; Gore’s Directory of Liverpool and Its Environs [(1843)], 301; Liverpool Mercury, 19 Feb. 1847 supplement, 15 Feb. 1848, 4, 25 Jan. 1856).

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From Samuel H. Smith Dear Sir Sidney, April 6. 1821. Mr Pennant Barton, son and only surviving child of Dr B. S. Bar‑ ton, so well known to you, I believe, personally, as well as by his liter‑ ary researches, is on the eve of embarking for Europe, through the greater part of wch. he means to travel. Being ambitious of having letters from you to some of your distinguished friends, and especially to M. La Fayette, I am emboldened, from my friendship to the father and a knowledge of your kindness, to ask the favor of a letter of intro‑ duction to that illustrious man, whose rare virtues have placed him among the first of mortals. Could the favor be extended, by letters to Count Lacepede, the Abbe Gregoire (old correspondents of Dr Bar‑ ton) or any others, I am sure Mr Barton will feel grateful. I have my‑ self but recently become acquainted with him; but the letters of my friends in Philada give every assurance of his merit, and his manners are those of a gentleman accustomed to good society. As he thinks of embarking in about a fortnight, he wod wish to receive any letters you may give him at an early day, and which, if sent to me, I will take care to transmit to him. Although it is long since we have heard direct from you, we have very often thought of you, and sketched, in our imaginations, the pic‑ ture of that felicity, which, I trust, you continue to enjoy with the least alloy that is incident to human life. I have rejoiced to learn that your health is restored, without wch. the proudest intellectual gifts are so insufficient to insure happiness. It is now twelve years since, ceasing to be an actor, you have been a spectator of the active scenes of life; and have been thence the better able to test the accuracy of those great principles which divide our species, and of the best means for their accomplishment. In attempt‑ ing myself to make this estimate, I have often said to myself what is the award of Mr Jefferson’s judgement on this or that particular point. Not that I have any diffidence in those respects in my own opinions, which, on the whole, are those of my youth; but because I know no one whose experience better qualifies him to sit in judgement on these great points. The cause of liberty and happiness is beyond all ques‑ tion generally advancing: but is it progressing in this country, and will not its final purity and prevalence depend greatly, if not altogether, on us? Is the state of public opinion sound, or is there not a dangerous security founded on specious coallitions that cannot endure; in other words, can a free country maintain its distinctive character without strong lines of party, springing, not from the hostilities of ins and, outs,  98 

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but from the difference that eternally must subsist between virtue and vice, between luxury and simplicity, between patronage and patrio‑ tism, between—government that is the servant, and one that is the master of the people? These are momentous topics, [. . .] I fear, upon them, although our government [and?] people are the best in the world, we have fallen into some errors. But these are endless topics, and I will not further intrude upon your time. Mrs Smith unites with me in tendering her most cordial and re‑ spectful remembrances. I am with great respect Yo. obt. st. Sa. H. Smith RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello Virga”; franked; postmarked Washing‑ ton, 7 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 5 Apr. received 11 Apr. 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Thomas Pennant Barton (ca. 1803–69), diplomat and bibliophile, was the son of TJ’s correspondent Benjamin Smith Barton. Educated in Philadelphia, the younger Barton spent some years in France after his father’s death in 1815. He married the sole surviving child and heir of Edward Livingston in 1833. Shortly thereafter President Andrew Jackson appointed Livingston minister plenipo‑ tentiary to France. Barton went with him as secretary of legation and remained in

France until 1836, when he returned to New York and took up residence at Mont‑ gomery Place, the Livingston family es‑ tate in the Hudson River Valley. During his time in Europe, Barton began assem‑ bling one of the first important American collections of works by William Shake‑ speare as well as other rare items. After his death Barton’s widow sold his books to the Boston Public Library (DAB; NjP: Livingston Papers; JEP, 4:344, 362 [21 Jan., 28 Feb. 1834]; Catalogue of the Barton Collection, Boston Public Library, in Two Parts [1888]; Boston Public Li‑ brary, Bulletin, 4th ser., 3 [1921]: 173–7; John Alden, “America’s First Shakespeare Collection,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 58 [1964]: 169–73; New York Herald, 8 Apr. 1869).

From Thomas Sully Dear Sir Baltimore April 6th 1821. I have not yet succeeded in finding either of the works I mentioned to you. but in Philadelphia perhaps I may be more fortunate. I shall not be there until next July, but in the meantime will cause enquiry to be made. The Architectural work is “Recueil et paralléle des Edifices de tout genre, anciens et moderns—Par J. N. L. Durand, à l’Ecole Poly‑ technique.”1 I trust by this time, the leather Cups have reached you. I have taken the liberty of inclosing to your care for Miss Ellen Randolph, a work on Landscape painting, the which I hope may sup‑ ply the place of a teacher to her & her Sister. I beg your permission to send from time to time such hints as will assist them to acquire a  99 

6 APRIL 1821

knowledge of the art; for which I think they have an admirable disposition. With deep feelings of respect and regard Yr Obliged & Obt St Thos Sully. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 5 Apr. received 12 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Jonathan Thompson, 25 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Montecello. Albemarle Virginia”; franked; postmarked. On 30 Mar. 1821 TJ paid Sully $1 for leather cups (MB, 2:1373). The sis‑ ter was probably Cornelia J. Randolph, whose drawings of Poplar Forest furni‑ ture are reproduced above in Vol. 15. In a 5 Apr. 1821 letter to her cousin Francis Eppes, Ellen W. Randolph (Coo‑ lidge) reviewed Sully’s recent portrait of TJ: the “day before the arrival of the Visiters, Sully, the great portrait painter, left us. He was commissioned by the West‑Point Academy to take a likeness of Grandpapa, & has succeeded admirably. the upper part of the face is perfect, the eye is so full of life that you almost expect to see it roll. He is the first painter who has ever succeeded in catching the expres‑ sion of Grandpapa’s countenance, and rendering that mixture of dignity & be‑ nevolence which prevails in it. If the copy is as good as the original (for a full length portrait is required, and Sully carried away with him simply the head & neck

on a small bit of Canvas) it will probably be the best representation existing of one to whom future ages must—look back with gratitude and admiration. This por‑ trait is defective about the mouth & chin, but the painter seems to be aware of the defect, and will endeavour to correct it.” She also sent Eppes “what at first sight you will take for a ragged scrap of paper, but if you will put it between the leaves of a sheet of paper and hold it to the light of a candle, or simply hold it up for the shadow to fall upon the wall, you will dis‑ tinguish the dark and agitated counte‑ nance, the matted beard and hair of a man under the influence of some terrific pas‑ sion. The original from which this was taken was cut with a pair of scissors, in the space of a moment, by Mr Sully, who appears to be as amiable a man as he is a great painter, and willing & able to con‑ tribute to the pleasures & amusements of any society in which he happens to be thrown. We think that the hand of the master is discernible even in this rude head, which has a powerful expression, for the time & materials with which it was executed; there is also a female head, pretty, & modest‑looking as a lady should be” (RC in ViU: Eppes Papers). 1

Manuscript: “Polytechinque.”

To Thomas Cooper Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 7. 21. your favor of Mar. 12. was recieved on the 22. but as our Visitors were to meet within a few days, I postponed writing to you until they had determined on the operations of the campaign. our legislature have authorised us to borrow another 60..D. and it is confidently understood that if we can accomplish our buildings with that sum, they will spunge the debt, and place us in a condition to open with clear funds, perhaps too with some enlargement. our buildings of accomodation for the Professors, Students and Boardinghouse‑keep‑  100 

7 APRIL 1821

ers will be finished this year, that is to say 10. Pavilions, 100. Dormi‑ tories & 6. Hotels. we have the strongest belief that our funds will enable us also to build the Library, which will cost about 45..D. but we dare not undertake it until a liquidation of the other expences assures us that we may safely count on effecting it. we are now em‑ ployed in this examination and if it results as we expect, the Library will be begun immediately and we allow three summers to compleat it. we hope to say to the legislature at their meeting in December next that all the buildings of accomodation are done and paid for, that we have begun the Library and have money enough left to finish it. if immediatel[y] on this they spunge the debt (120..D.) we shall take all the year 1822. to Provide our Professors, and to bring them into place by the 1st of Jan. 1823. but we are not certain that they will be ready to spunge at once. it may be a session or two more before they will be rip[e] for this act of liberality. whenever they pronounce the word we shall require still a twelvemonth before we open. this is our present sta[te] and prospect. With respect to engagements where you are, we conside[r]1 these as entirely right and prudent. but altho’ we relinquish claim, we are not without all hope. your engagements being indefinite in time may perhaps be satisfied by the interval still to accrue before we shall open. all are well disposed towards mr Vanuxem. and the two branches of Natural Philosophy & Nat. history (comprehending the mineral kingdom) constituting two professorships with us may be so distrib‑ uted in their parts, as to suit yourself & mr Vanuxem, and to have the duties of both satisfactorily disposed of. to yourself we should further propose the chair of law, giving to a Professor filling two chairs the full salary of one (2000.D) and a half   salary (1000.D.) for the other. the tuition fees will be liberal, and the law school is probably that which will be soonest filled. so far we hang on hope. I am full of gratitude for your kind attentions to my grandson. o[ur pr]esent prospect offers nothing for the next year better2 than his staying [. . .], say to the end of 1822. I wish his studies during that p[. . .] be confined to Mathematics, Nat. philosophy, Nat. history and Rhetoric. every other branch he will be able to pursue by himself after that term. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on a reused address cover from Joseph C. Cabell to TJ; edge trimmed; damaged at seal; endorsed by TJ.

my grandson: Francis Eppes. 1 Word

2 Word

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faint. interlined.

From Tarlton Saunders (for James Lyle [1798–1850]) Dear Sir Richmond 7th April 1821. On my return to Richmond I found your esteem’d favor of the 3rd January, which would have been answered long ago, but for the delay which occured in Mr.1 Lyles getting possession of the Books and papers of his Grandfathers Estate from an agent of the former Execu‑ tor, on an examination of them I found your Bonds as enumerated in your Letter, and I now hand you a Statement of them, which please examine, and I trust you will find it correct, (it is so intended to be) I have included a Small Bond of Mrs Jeffersons assigned by one alli‑ gree, Mr Lyle left a memo., that this Bond had never been presented to you, and that it might be charged to you, which is submitted for your approbation.   I have Communicated to mr Lyle your wish as to the time of payment, he is perfectly friendly disposed, and will‑ ing to extend to you indulgence but not to so long a period; pray would it not be agreeable to you to make the payments in instalments, say from 1 to 5 years or 2. 3. 4 & 5 years, to which I am pretty sure Mr Lyle will acquiese, if you will write me in what way you wish to make the instalments, I will use my influence with mr Lyle in your behalf; my apology for handing you the incorrect statement in De‑ cemr last is, that I copied it from one handed to Mr Lyle by the agent of the former Executor, who then had possession of the Books & pa‑ pers; You will please do me the favor to give the statement now ren‑ dered a close examination, and if any error please communicate the same, which shall be corrected, I am persuaded you will find it cor‑ rectly stated, and the result found to be as annexed, and I remain with much regard and respect Dear Sir Your Mo Ob Sevt Tarlton Saunders Agent for J. Lyles admr RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as a letter from Saunders for Lyle received 10 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with enclo‑ sure subjoined. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James Monroe, 5

Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 7 Apr. 1 Manuscript:

 102 

“in Mr. in Mr.”

e n c l o s u r e

Statement of Bonds Payable to James Lyle (1798–1850) 1806 Nov. 23 To amo due on Bonds 5 & 6. at this date principal To Interest on ditto till paid To Balance of Interest due on ditto at this date 1792 July 30 To Bond for Mrs Jefferson bearing Intr from 1 Sept 1771 To Intr on ditto till 19th April 1775 To Intr on ditto from 19th April 1783 till paid To Mrs Jeffersons Bond assigned by Alligree due 6. Jany 1768 for £5.11.3 off Exchange of £17.9 is To Interest on ditto till 6 Jany 1775. To Intr on £4.3.6 from 6 Jany 1783 till paid 1811 July 6 To Balance due on your Bond assigned by Harvie To Interest on ditto from July 6 1811 till paid due in Sterling

Sterling £410.17.8 179.13.6 94. 7.1½ 17. 2.3 4. 3.6 1. 8.0

94.12.4        £      Errors Excepted Richmond 7th April 1821 Tarlton Saunders Agent for James Lyles admr

PS you will observe that the interest for 8 years during the war is not charged MS (MHi); entirely in Saunders’s hand; subjoined to covering letter.

To William H. Crawford Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 8. 21. As Rector of the University of Virginia, it becomes my duty to sol‑ licit a kind office from you to that institution. our legislature some time ago constituted the debt then due to them from the US. into a Literary fund for the purposes of education, and on that fund estab‑ lished their system of primary schools & an University. at their last session they authorised the Literary board to advance to the Univer‑ sity 60,000 D. of the money still to be recieved from the US. I am told that the liquidation of those accounts has advanced so far as to establish acknoleged rights which will admit the safe payment of that amount to our Literary board. the object of this letter therefore is to sollicit as speedy a payment of that much as circumstances permit. the fact is that we are at the bottom of our building funds and unless we can soon recieve a supply from this resource we shall be obliged to dismiss our workmen immediately, who could not be collected again  103 

8 APRIL 1821

this season. the disappointment in compleating our buildings this year would have a most inauspicious effect on the fortune of the insti‑ tution. as our sollicitation therefore is only to expedite what in itself is just, permit me to interest your zeal for the advancement of Ameri‑ can science so far as to facilitate the forms necessary to bring us this relief. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and consideration Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “The honble William H. Crawford Secretary of the Treasury Washington”; franked; postmarked; endorsed by Crawford. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

To Francis Eppes Dear Francis Monticello Apr. 8. 21. Yours of Mar. 27. has been duly recieved. the effect of what our legislature did for us at their last session is not exactly what you sup‑ pose. they authorised us to borrow another 60,000.D. pledging how‑ ever our own funds for repayment. this loan enables us to finish all our buildings of accomodation this year, and to begin the Library, which will take 3. years to be compleated. without waiting for that, it is believed that when the buildings of accomodation are finished, the legislature will cancel the debt of 120,000.D. and leave our funds free to open the institution. we shall then require a year to get our Professors into place. whether the legislature will relinquish the debt the next session, or at some future one is not certain. in the mean time you cannot do better than to stay where you are until the end of 1822 confining your studies to Mathematics, Natl Philosophy, Natl History & Rhetoric. all other branches you can pursue by yourself, should we not open here by that date. I note what you say of the late disturbances in your College. these dissensions are a great affliction on the American schools, and a prin‑ cipal impediment to education in this country. the source of discon‑ tent arising from dieting the students, we shall avoid here, by having nothing to do with it, and by leaving every one to board where he pleases. nor do I see why this remedy might not have been resorted to in your late case, rather than that of making it a ground of difference with the Professors. there may have been reasons however of which I am uninformed. The family here is all well, always remember you with affection, and recieve your letters with gratification. to theirs I add the assur‑ ance of my affectionate love. Th: Jefferson  104 

8 APRIL 1821  RC (DLC); addressed: “Mr Francis Eppes Columbia. S.C.”; franked; post‑ marked Charlottesville, 10 Apr. PoC (CSmH: JF); on verso of left half of re‑ used address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 20 Dec. 1820; edge trimmed; en‑ dorsed by TJ. Eppes’s letter of mar. 27, of which only the address cover has been found (RC in MHi; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 4 Sept. 1822, on verso; ad‑

dressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti‑ cello nr Milton Virginia”; stamped; post‑ marked Columbia, 27 Mar.) is recorded in SJL as received 4 Apr. 1821 from Co‑ lumbia. the institution was the Uni‑ versity of Virginia. your college: South Carolina College (later the University of South Carolina), at which the students had recently gone on strike to show their dissatisfaction with the food being served (Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 3 Mar. 1821).

To Louis H. Girardin Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 8. 21. Your favor of the 1st is recieved and I am happy to learn that you are settled so much to your satisfaction, and I hope that your institu‑ tion will feel the good effects of your superintendance. I know of no collection of papers relative to our University in 8vo as you describe. some years ago there was a small pamphlet of some early projects on that subject. a few of these only were published for the use of the members, and are hardly to be got now. Of daughters left by Lucius Junius Brutus I think history makes no mention. you know, it is made a question in Plutarch whether he had any issue other than the two sons whom he executed. and conse‑ quently whether the claim was not spurious by the latter Bruti of a descent from him. the father of him who killed Caesar had two daugh‑ ters. one of these, Junia, married Cassius and is mentioned Tac. Ann. III.76. & Cicero de Oratore II.55. the figures therefore introduced by David into his painting of L. J. Brutus are fictions probably of the painter to strengthen the effects of his piece. I will place on the next page the catalogue of the optima editions within my knolege, and here add my friendly & respectf l salutns. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP: Thomas Jefferson Pa‑ pers); with MS of enclosure on verso; addressed: “Mr L. H. Girardin Principal of the College of Baltimore”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 10 Apr. PoC (MHi); on right half of address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 20 Dec. 1820; with PoC of enclosure on verso; endorsed by TJ. The small pamphlet was probably the Proceedings and Report of the Commis‑

sioners for the University of Virginia. Pre‑ sented December 8, 1818 (Richmond, 1818; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 233]). plutarch described the lineage of Lucius Junius Brutus in his chapter on Marcus Junius Brutus (the Younger): “as to the lineage of Brutus by his father’s side, those who display great hatred and malevolence towards him because of the murder of Caesar deny that it goes back to that Brutus who expelled the Tarquins,

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8 APRIL 1821 since no offspring was left to him when he had slain his sons” (Plutarch, Brutus, 1.6, in Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library [1914–26;

undated reprint], 6:129). The father of him who killed caesar was Mar‑ cus Junius Brutus (the Elder).

e n c l o s u r e

Catalogue of the Best Classical Editions [ca. 8 Apr. 1821] Herodotus. Gr. Lat. Schweighauseri. 6. v. 8vo Argentorati et Parisiis 1816. Thucydides Wasse et Dukeri. 6. v. 8vo Biponti 1788. Xenophontis op. omn. Gr. Lat. Wells. 4. v. 8vo Lipsiae. 1763. Diodorus Siculus Wesselingii Etc Gr. Lat. not. var. Biponti 1793. 11. vol. 8vo Dionysius Halicarnasseus. not. var. Gr. Lat. Reiske 6. v. 8vo Lipsiae 1774. Livy. Lat. Fr. La Malle. 15. v. 8vo Paris 1810. Plutarchi vitae. Gr. Koraÿ. 6 v. 8vo Paris 1809. Tacitus Oberlini. not. var. 4. v. 8vo Tacitus Lat. Fr. La Malle 6. v. 8vo Paris 1818. Dion Cassius. Gr. Lat. Sturtz. 8vo Lipsiae. Homeri Ilias. Gr. Lat. scholiis Heyne. 8. v. 8vo Lipsiae 1802. Virgil Heynii 4. v. 8vo Lipsiae. 1803. Aeschylus Gr. Lat. Bothe. Lips. 1805. 8vo Sophocles Gr. Lat. cum scholiis. Johnson. 2. v. 8vo Etoniae 1788. Euripides. Barnes. Gr. Lat. schol. 3. v. 4to Lipsiae 1778. Aristophanes. Gr. Lat. Brunckii. Argentorati. 1783. 6. v. 8vo Juvenal Ruperti. 2. v. 8vo Lips. 1801. Luciani opera. Gr. Lat. Hempsterhusii et Rheitzii. 10. v. 8vo Biponti. 1789. Dictionnaire Gr. Fr. par Planche 8vo a most excellent one. MS (PPAmP: Thomas Jefferson Pa‑ pers); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; on verso of RC of covering letter. PoC (MHi); on verso of PoC of covering letter, and on right half of address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 20 Dec. 1820.

With only a few exceptions, the edi‑ tions named here were also recommended by TJ in a longer list printed above at 7  July 1819. For unfamiliar words and phrases, see note to that document.

To James Monroe Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 8. 21. Our University asks a kind attention from you. you doubtless know that our legislature constituted the debt due to them from the US. into a Literary fund, for the purposes of education, & that on this fund the University is established, and dependant. at their late session they authorised the Literary board to advance to the University 60,000.D. of the monies still to be recieved from the US.   I am told that the liquidation of that account has proceeded so far as to shew that  106 

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that amount may be safely paid as admitted to be due. our request is for as speedy a payment of that sum to our Literary board as circum‑ stances and forms admit. we are now at the end of our building funds, and unless we can recieve this money very speedily, we must dis‑ charge all our workmen, who having come from different parts of the Union, could not be re‑assembled this season. that sum exactly en‑ ables us to compleat the whole of the buildings. it is therefore to expedite only what is in itself just that we ask your friendly attention to this important interest of our institution to whom a delay would be as ruinous as a denial. Accept the assurance of my constant affection and consideration. Th: Jefferson RC (NjMoHP: Lloyd W. Smith Collec‑ tion); addressed: “James Monroe Presi‑ dent of the US. Washington”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 10 Apr.; en‑

dorsed by Monroe. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of John Wayles Baker to TJ, 8 Dec. 1820; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ.

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 8. 21. Your favor of Mar. 24. was recieved on the 31st. the acquaintance I had the pleasure of forming with mr Vanuxem while he favored me with a visit gave me a high sense of his merit and qualifications. in addition to this your recommendation, that of mr Duponceau & of Dr Cooper place1 him on high ground. but I fear we are yet far from the time at which we may think of special professors. our buildings for their accomodation and that of the Students will indeed be com‑ pleated in no great time. but our annuity2 of 15,000.D. will then stand burthened with a debt of 120,000.D. borrowed with the approbation of the legislature. we have a hope they will relieve us from the debt; but that is too uncertain to act on with confidence. I have had from mr Appleton an acknolegement of the reciept of the last year’s remittance, but not a word from mr Dodge altho’ more than 8 months have elapsed. there were circumstances too in his case of less firm confidence than in that of his predecessor Cathalan. if you have any information of the actual payment of the bill in his favor, you will relieve me by a communication of it. ever & affectionately your’s Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP: Vaughan Papers); ad‑ dressed: “John Vaughan esquire Philadel‑ phia”; franked; postmarked Charlottes‑ ville, 10 Apr. PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso

of a reused address cover from George Alexander Otis to TJ; endorsed by TJ. 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

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“plac.” “annuty.”

To John H. Cocke Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 9. 21. Our meeting on the 2d consisted of mr Madison, Genl Brecken‑ ridge mr Johnson and myself. I send you a copy of our proceedings by which you will percieve important discretions confided to us. I have already spoken to mr Garrett to prepare a remittance to mr Appleton for the capitels of the Pavilions and will immediately write to mr Appleton so that we may have them in and up by Autumn. With respect to the Library we were all anxious to begin it this year, but equally agreed not to begin it until we have so clear a view of our funds as to be sure they will suffice to finish it so as to be in no danger of asking more money for the buildings. mr Brockenbrough has kept only a general account with each Undertaker which does not enable us to know what each distinct building has cost, nor conse‑ quently what sum they will cost so as that when they shall be finished we may know exactly what sum will remain for the Library, which we estimate at about 43. Dollars. he is now engaged in settling the accounts in such form as will give us the necessary information, and let us see exactly the ground on which we stand: so that proceeding no longer on conjectural estimates, we may have the actual expences and payments to guide us. he does not know whether this will take him a fortnight, or a month, or 6. months. but as soon as it is accom‑ plished I will write to you, because our immediate meeting will be necessary. it is wished that the walls of the Library of a million of bricks may be got up this season. I am in the daily hope of mr Cabell’s calling on me. I salute you with affectionate & respectful friendship. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP‑Co); addressed: “Genl John H. Cocke Bremo. to the care of W. M. Carey esq. near Wilmington. Flu‑ vanna”; franked; postmarked Charlottes‑ ville, 10 Apr.; endorsed by Cocke. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover

of John H. Rice to TJ, 30 Oct. 1820; with two words lost at right margin due to polygraph misalignment rewritten by TJ; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: extract in TJ’s hand of Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 2 Apr. 1821.

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William McClain to University of Virginia Board of Visitors Gentlemen Fort Monroe H R Apl 9th 1821 I beg leave to make the Inquiry of you. To Know if there are any Marble Mantle Pieces wanted for your New colage, If so I believe I can furnish them on better terms than any other person, As I have had ninteen from Philadelphia For Sale at Norfolk, Six of which I have disposed of at this place to Col Gratiot for Head quarters, with which he appears much pleased, The Thirteen remaining on Hand are very Superb (except Two which are plain) Two years ago such mantles would sell for 120$ pr piece They can Now be deliverd to your colage for Ninty Dollars complete with Hearths And if Backs & Jambs should be wanted they can be furnished for Ten dollars pr Sett, If you should want any, or all, of them I can furnish them on better Terms than you can get them else where, I Refer you to Mr Campbell for my Character as a workman, If you should conclude to take any of them. Please let me Know the nearest water Carriage to the place of deposit With Respect I Remain Yr Obt St Wm McClain  N.B direct to me to the care of Mr A Bartle Hampton Va RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (NHi: Thomas Jefferson Papers); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Tay‑ lor, 17 June 1821, on verso; addressed:

“For The President & Directors of the New College at Charlottesville Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Hampton, 9 Apr. H R: Hampton Roads.

From Thomas May (for John Ayers & Company) Sir Richmond 9th April 1821 r We have placed under charge of M Bernard Peyton of this City a Barrel of Corn to be forwarded to you at the request of Mr Jechonias Thayer of Boston, State of Massachusetts, from which place we lately received it. Mr Thayer states to us, that the Corn is considered valuable, as being very prolific and may do well in this climate, but requires a longer Season to mature it, than that of Massachusetts. We have with pleasure complied with the request of Mr Thayer, under the certainty that the corn goes to proper hands to ensure its  109 

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general cultivation in this state, if on trial, it be found worthy of par‑ ticular1 attention. Respectfully Your most Obdt Svts Jno Ayers & Co   Thos May RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Hayley Jones, 25 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Montecello Virginia”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 9 Apr. John Ayers & Company, Richmond mercantile firm, was a partnership be‑ tween John Ayers, Henry Ayers, and Thomas May. Active by 1819, the firm was insolvent in 1822. May wrapped up its affairs and continued as a commission merchant under his own name. He was an agent for the Ætna Insurance Com‑ pany in 1824 (The Richmond Directory, Register and Almanac, for the Year 1819 [Richmond, 1819], 34; Virginia Patriot, and Richmond Mercantile Advertiser, 3 Aug. 1819; Richmond Enquirer, 25 June, 5 July 1822, 9 Mar., 17 Sept. 1824). Jechonias Thayer (ca. 1786–1876), merchant, was a native of Braintree, Mas‑ sachusetts. By 1809 he was a partner in the firm of Austin & Thayer in Boston. During the War of 1812 Thayer served

as a paymaster and quartermaster in the Massachusetts volunteer militia. He had his own grocery business in Boston in 1818, and he traded under the name of J.  Thayer & Company in New Orleans from about 1836 to 1840. Thayer was a member of the Massachusetts Peace So‑ ciety and the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. He died in Bos‑ ton (Thayer’s passport application, 29 May 1857 [DNA: RG 59, PA]; Boston Gazette, 11 Sept. 1809; Gardner W. Pear‑ son, Records of the Massachusetts Volun‑ teer Militia [1913], 68; Massachusetts Register and United States Calendar; For the Year of our Lord 1813 [Boston, (1813)], 174; Boston Daily Advertiser, 21 Dec. 1818, 30 Oct. 1876; Catalogue of the Officers and Members of the Massachusetts Peace Society [Cambridge, Mass., 1819], 4; Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and Journal 7 [1822]: 208; New Orleans Commercial Bulletin, 1 Jan. 1836; New Orleans Daily Picayune, 21 Oct. 1840). 1

Manuscript: “paticular.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Rich’d 9 April 1821 I have been duely favor’d with your two letters of the 3d & 6th: of this Inst:—the first covering blank notes for the renewal of yours at the two Banks, which were in full time— On Friday last I recd your stone Ware & forwarded the Hh’d con‑ taining it immediately by Brice Harlow’s Boat for Milton, & hope it will reach you safely:—the maker represents the Ware as excellent, & informs me he put in several over the 50 ordered, as well as two handsome Water Pitchers, which he offers to you as a complement, charging nothing for them. I forwarded on Wednesday last by Gilmore’s Boat a Box to your ad‑ dress received a few days before from Petersburg: and also send this day by a careful Waggoner, six Gross the best Velvet Corks I could  110 

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find in the place, to be left with James Leitch Esqe Charlottesville— all of which I wish safe to hand. Mr Johnson has just arrived with twenty one Barrels your Flour from shadwell Mills, which shall be sold as soon as possible after the snow & rain has ceased to fall, of which you shall be duely advised with a∕c sales: present price of super fine Flour $3.50. Very respectfully Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

TJ’s letter of the 6th: of this inst:, not found, is recorded in SJL with the additional notation: “for corks.”

From Tarlton Saunders Dear Sir Richmond 9th April 1821 I omitted to inform you in my Letter of the 7th, that the Bond of Colo John Bolling decs’d for £52.19.8 bearing Interest from the 6th march 1790 which you left with Mr Lyle for Collection is still unpaid, the Bond was not assigned to Mr Lyle, all the payments made by Mr Edwd Bolling as Executor of his Father have been applied to the Credit of Colo Bollings 6 Bonds to Kippen & Co on which there is still a Balance due of £489.,,10.,,6 with interest from the 9th Septem 1807, Mr Lyle never instituted suit upon either the Bond to you or those to Kippen & Co; I shall call on Mr Edward Bolling on my way up the Country and know the prospect of payment, and shall not omit reminding him of the Bond due to you, I very much fear from what I heard Mr Lyle say in his life time, that the Estate has been Exceed‑ ingly injudiciously managed, how far the Securities may be responsible I have yet to learn, any information you may have of their situation will be thankfully received, the Securities for Edward the Executor, are Robert Bolling & Archd Bolling.— Flour readily brings $3½ pbbl Tobacco $5 to $10 as in quality, Bills on London 6½ to 7 pCent premium, with much regard and respect I remain   Dear Sir Your Mo Ob Sert Tarlton Saunders RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with additional notation by TJ above en‑ dorsement: “Lyle James.” RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James Gibbon, 17 July 1821, on verso; ad‑

dressed: “Thomas Jefferson esquire Mon‑ ticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 9 Apr.

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pbbl: “per barrel.”

From Christoffel J. Brand Sir, London April 10th 1821. I have the honor to offer to you a copy of a treatise on the Rights of Colonies, which I beg you will condescend to accept as a mark of the highest respect and esteem, which I entertain for the Honorable Col‑ league of the ever memorable Washington.—Believe me Sir that in offering the said copy, I am only actuated by a sense of admiration for a Country, which from a colony elevated itself to the rank of a free and independant Nation, and which was the native Country, of a man, whose memory Shall be always dear to me, who has the honor to be a colonist,/: for I feel it a honor since Washington was such:/ and who, when returned to his dear Country, the Cape of Good Hope, shall never cease to look up to Washington, as a guide in my future life, and consecrate in my own heart the Memory of that great civil Reformist.— Allow me Sir, to wish you all happiness and prosperity, and inde‑ pendence to the American Nation, and to subscribe myself, with the highest consideration and regard; Sir, Your most Obedt humble and devoted Servant. C. J. Brand. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 21 June 1821 but recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived a day earlier. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 10 July 1821, on recto and verso; addressed: “The Honorable Thomas Jef‑ ferson Late President &c &c &c of the United States of America.” Enclosure: Brand, Dissertatio Politico‑Juridica de Jure Coloniarum (Leiden, 1820; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library 11 [no. 642]). Christoffel Joseph Brand (1797–1875), attorney and public official, was born in Cape Colony, South Africa, the son of a Dutch colonial official. He read law in Cape Town before earning doctorates in

law and letters at the University of Leiden. In 1821 Brand returned to Cape Colony, where he practiced law and in 1854 was elected to the colony’s first British parlia‑ ment. He was immediately chosen its Speaker and held that position until his resignation due to illness in 1874 (Ralph Kilpin, The Old Cape House: Being pages from the History of a Legislative Assembly [(1918)], 97–112; Robert Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners [1999], 49–50). On this day Brand addressed a simi‑ lar  letter and enclosure to James Madi‑ son (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:300–1).

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir 10 Apl 1821 By Mr. Johnson’s Boat you will receve 1 Bll Seed Corn left with me by Jno Ayres & Co of this City— Very respectfully B. Peyton  112 

12 APRIL 1821  RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Apr. 1821 from Richmond and so recorded in SJL.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 11. 21. I have just recieved from Mr Dearborne Collector of Boston infor‑ mation that he had recieved from Marseilles 3. cases of wine for me1 which he had forwarded to the Collector of Richmond, and that the freight and duties amounted to 17.05 D. I have informed him that I would desire you to remit him that sum immediately which I now request you to do, and recieve the boxes & pay the additional charges. I have written to Majr Gibbon desiring him to deliver them to you. Gilmore has no boat at present, but Johnson’s is running, by whom they may be forwarded or by any other whom you know to be trusty. the Kale pots arrived at the mill yesterday[.] affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Alexander Garrett to TJ, [8 Oct. 1820]; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 12 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

TJ’s letter to James Gibbon was writ‑ ten 12 Apr. 1821. 1

Preceding two words interlined.

To Henry A. S. Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. Our mail of yesterday evening brought me your favor of the 3d and I this day write to Majr Gibbons to have the cases of wine delivered to Capt Bernard Peyton my correspondent there, and I write to Capt Peyton to remit you immediately the 17.05 D as noted for duties & Expence[s] which you have been so kind as to advance for me. for this act of kindness as well as for your other attentions to this busi‑ ness accept my grateful thanks and the assurances of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Henry A. S. Dearborn esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

 113 

To James Gibbon Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. I have just recieved a letter from mr Dearborn[e] Collector of Bos‑ ton informing me he had forwarded to your office 3. boxes of wine from Marseilles, noting the amount of duties & freight at 17. D 05 c. this sum I have requested Capt Peyton to remit to him immediately and to pay any additional expences incurr[ed] and the object of the present letter is to ask the favor of you to have the boxes delivered to him, and to accept the assurances of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of Alexander Garrett to TJ, [8 Oct. 1820]; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Majr Gibbons”; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 12 May 1821, but correctly recorded in SJL.

To Thomas M. Hall Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of the 1st and shall place that with those which it covered for the future attentio[n] of the Visitors of the University. but we are far, very far as yet from the appointment of professors. our buildings may be finished within two or three years, but our funds will then be left burthened with a debt which they will not discharge in many years. the Legislature may perhaps relieve them, but this is more to be desired than counted on. Accept the as‑ surance of my great respect Th[:] Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Frances Wright to TJ, 27 July 1820; edge trimmed; damaged at seal; at foot of text: “Dr Thos M. Hall”; endorsed by TJ.

To Lafayette Monticello Apr. 12. 21.

I know the kindness, my dear friend, with which you recieve all Americans, and I think it therefore a kindness to you to mark those to you who are worthy of your notice. the bearer of this letter mr Pennant Barton is the son of Dr Benjamin S. Barton decd an intimate acquaintance of mine and who, in a visit to Europe some years ago had letters to you. with the son I am not personally acquainted, but I  114 

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am assured of his merit by those who know him and in whom I have confidence. his visit to you will be a necessary credential on his return as no American is supposed to have been in France who has not paid you the homage of a visit. ever & affectionately Yours Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM); addressed: “M. le Gen‑ eral Marquis de la Fayette à Paris” by “mr Barton”; with “Rue d’Anjou St Hon‑ oré No 35” penciled in an unidentified hand. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑

dress cover of otherwise unlocated letter from Victoire Laporte to TJ, 28 Oct. 1820 (see note to Laporte to TJ, 15 Apr. [1821]); endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Samuel H. Smith, 12 Apr. 1821.

To Samuel H. Smith Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. I recieved yesterday your favor of the 5th and now inclose for mr Barton a letter of introduction to M. de la Fayette, the only personal acquaintance I have, now living in France. On politics I can say little to you, having withdrawn all attention to them from the day of my retirement. my confidence in both my suc‑ cessors has been so entire, that assured that all was going on for the best under their care I have not enquired what was going on. I am sorry to see our expences greater than our income. debt & revolution are inseparable as cause and effect. it is the point of peculiar sensibility in our people, and one which they will not long endure. parties will be arrayed on the principle of reformation, and there can be no doubt which will be the strongest. it would do some good if it could obliter‑ ate the geographical division which threatened and still threatens our separation. this last is the most fatal of all divisions as no minority will submit to be governed by a majority acting merely on a geo‑ graphical principle. it has ever been my creed that the continuance of our union depends entirely on Pensylva & Virginia. if they hold to‑ gether nothing North or South will fly off.   I firmly believe all the governments of Europe will become representative. the very troops sent to quell the spirit of reformn in Naples will catch the fever & carry it back to their own country. we owe to all mankind the sacrifice of those morbid passions which would break our confederacy, the only anchor to which the hopes of the world are moored.   our thoughts and conversations are often turned to mrs Smith & yourself, and always affectionately. in these sentiments the family now joins me, and in tendering to you our affectionate souvenirs. Th: Jefferson  115 

12 APRIL 1821  RC (PHi: Society Small Collection); addressed: “Mr Samuel H. Smith Sidney near Washington”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 14 Apr.; endorsed by Smith, with his additional notation read‑ ing, in part, “file away.” PoC (DLC); on

verso of a reused address cover from Ber‑ nard Peyton to TJ; endorsed by TJ. En‑ closure: TJ to Lafayette, 12 Apr. 1821. Smith’s favor of the 5th was actually dated 6 Apr. 1821.

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. I have just recieved a letter from mr Dodge which will save you the trouble of answering the paragraph in mine of the 8th respecting him. affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MiU‑C: Thomas Jefferson Col‑ lection); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Vaughan”; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

TJ received Joshua Dodge’s letter of 1 Jan. 1821 on 11 Apr. 1821.

From John Vaughan Dear Sir Philad: 12 April 1821 Two days since I recd a letter from Joshua Dodge under date 17 Nov. 1820 advising that he had received the 1060 F. & passed same to your credit & given you advice thereof.1 I am in hopes that his let‑ ter will come safe to hand, & give you all the information you want— I regret that your Legislature does not seize on the opportunity afforded them of having the advantage of your advice & Counte‑ nance in the arrangemts of the University—So that you might be the means of perfecting, what you have taken unwearied pains to have established I have sent 6 Vol. the comencement of a work in the form of a Dictionary of Nat. History—I also miss 20, 21 Dict. Medicale a set I imported for my Brother— I have no belief that I sent either to you But as you are the only person to whom I have sent any Books from France besides B.V. I take the liberty of asking whether I have made such a mistake. I remain sincerly Yours Jn Vaughan  PS M Correa had crept over to Paris & was expected at London in Feby RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC

(MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Frederick A. Mayo, 19 June 1821,

 116 

13 APRIL 1821 on verso; addressed in a clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson Montecello Virginia”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 13 Apr.

 my brother: Benjamin Vaughan. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

To Joseph Wilson Sir Monticello Apr. 12. 21. By a letter of Jan. 1. from mr Joshua Dodge our Consu[l] at Mar‑ seilles he informs me that sometime before that date he had shipped for me some wines and other articles on board the brig Union of Marblehead. he does not say that she was bound to Marblehead or to what port. but as she has been long out and I have heard nothing of her I have hoped you would do me the kindness to inform me whether any thing and what may be known of her in that place. a line of information on that subject will be very thankfully recieved and I pray you to accept the assurance of my esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas B. Parker to TJ, 16 Jan. 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Wilson”; endorsed by TJ. Joseph Wilson (ca. 1757–1821) was ap‑ pointed collector and revenue inspector at

Marblehead, Massachusetts, by TJ in 1802. He held that position until his death (PTJ, vols. 38–9; JEP, 1:432, 440, 3:239, 245 [11, 21 Jan. 1803, 1, 19 Feb. 1821]; Salem Gazette, 3 Aug. 1821).

From LeRoy, Bayard & Company Sir Newyork April 13th 1821 We had the honor to receive your much esteem’d letter of the 5th Mch and have now to advise you that on the 23d the remittance of $125 came to hand from Mr Bernard Peyton. We beg leave to offer to you, Sir, the assurance of our unfeigned respect & regard: & Subscribe Your Obedt Sets LeRoy Bayard & C RC (DLC); in the hand of a represen‑ tative of LeRoy, Bayard & Company; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 19 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Louis

Adrien Gruchet, 2 July 1821, on verso; addressed in the same hand: “Thos Jef‑ ferson Esqre Monticello Va”; franked; postmarked.

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From George Hay Sir, Washington. April 14. 1821. I yesterday received a note from Mr Thompson Secretary of the navy, containing the inclosed extract from a New York paper. The object of this note is to ascertain, thro’ me, whether you “made the declaration attributed to you” and to obtain “your answer in Such a shape, that it may be made public in order to counteract the effect it was intended to have in the State of N. Y.” To excuse the trespass which I am now Committing, I ought to explain to you the circumstances which led to it. I yesterday met Mr Thompson and Mr Calhoun, as they were descending the Steps of the President’s house. The former immediately exhibited the inclosed, & asked me whether I thought it possible, that you could have uttered the opinion imputed to you. I affirmed at once that it was impossible; being persuaded that you had never taken the trouble to go thro’ the report of the joint Committee, a work of Seventy printed pages, now forwarded to you, and that if you had, your Conclusion would have been directly opposite to that ascribed to you. Mr Thompson said that not having the honor of a personal acquaintance with you, he could not take the liberty of troubling you on this Subject: and asked me, whether the relation in which I stood towards you would authorise me to—interfere. I told him that I thought, that I might ask the question, and that I was very Sure you would answer it, without hesitation. Soon afterwards I received the note and extract above mentioned— As the election in N. Y takes place on the last tuesday in this month, an answer, if it shall be your pleasure to give one, Should be given without delay. I took the liberty to Suggest, by way of accounting for the Error now in Circulation, that the opinion which both you and Gov. Ran‑ dolph had expressed, if any you had expressed, probably1 related to State rights generally, and not to the Specific charge exhibited by Gov. Clinton against the genl government, and constituting the Subject of the report of the joint Committee. As I am about to return to Virginia, and Shall probably, leave Washington, before the arrival of your letter, I shall leave instructions with the P.Mr here, to deliver to Mr Thompson any letter from you, addressed to me, reaching the post office within2 the next ten days. I am, Sir, with the highest respect Yr mo: ob. Se Geo: Hay— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC

(DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Mathew Carey, 19 June 1821, on

 118 

15 APRIL 1821 verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson. Late President U.S. Monticello Albemarle Coty Virginia”; franked; postmarked Wash‑ ington, 14 Apr. The inclosed extract was a clip‑ ping from the Washington Gazette of 12 Apr. 1821, which in turn was extracted from the New‑York Columbian, 7 Apr. 1821 (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39272; at‑ tached with red sealing wax to PoC of TJ to Hay, 20 Apr. 1821). It reads (opening double quotation mark editorially altered to single; omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied): “The following state‑ ment is made in the New York Columbian of Saturday evening last. The part which relates to Mr. Jefferson is particularly in‑ teresting; it has not, we must presume, or ought not to have been hazarded, without a certainty of its correctness. ‘Every great politician in the United States, speaks in terms of unequivocal approbation of the conduct of Governor Clinton in coming out boldly as the champion of state rights, and in warning his fellow citizens of the dangerous and alarming conduct of officers of the gen‑ eral government in interfering with our State elections. The venerable Thomas Jefferson, a name very dear to the republicans of the north, has very recently expressed his cordial and warm approbation of the con‑ duct of Mr. Clinton in the whole of this affair, and has also expressed his convic‑ tion that the case was fully made out by the documents. Mr. Randolph, the late Governor of Virginia, has also expressed his decided approbation of the conduct of Mr. Clinton, and says it is an example which ought to be followed by every Gov‑ ernor in the Union.

Other gentlemen of the old republican school of ’98 and 1800, and of the highest respectability, have also warmly and de‑ cidedly approved of the Governor of our State.’” Thomas Mann Randolph soon denied this report about his and TJ’s ex‑ pressed support for DeWitt Clinton’s conduct as “wholly without foundation,” although “I concur with Mr Jefferson very heartily in admiring Governor Clintons talents and learning” (Randolph to Nich‑ olas P. Trist, 6 May 1821 [NcU: NPT]). The report of the joint commit‑ tee also now forwarded was the Re‑ port of the Joint Committee of the Senate and Assembly, In relation to the Message of the Governor of the 18th of January last, implicating the conduct of sundry indi‑ viduals holding offices under the General Government. With the Documents Accom‑ panying The Same (Albany, 1821). The specific charge exhibited by gov. clinton against the genl govern‑ ment was an assertion by DeWitt Clin‑ ton that members of James Monroe’s ad‑ ministration and other high‑level political leaders, including United States senator Martin Van Buren, had used federal pa‑ tronage to influence the outcome of a re‑ cent election in New York and thereby violated the sovereignty of that state’s gov‑ ernment. The joint legislative committee concluded that “the accusation made by his excellency the governor, against the officers of the general government, charg‑ ing them with interfering, as an ‘organized and disciplined corps,’ in our elections, and of violating the ‘purity and independence of our local government,’ has not been substantiated, and is wholly unfounded” (p. 24). 1 Word

interlined. “with.”

2 Manuscript:

From Victoire Laporte Honored Sir April 151 Louiasa county Prices Tavern As I Know that you are in a habit of intercource with Mr Monoro I take the liberty to addess myself to you to imform you that I have not heard from my houesband sence he went to washinton to obtain  119 

15 APRIL 1821

pattant write for several inventions but I have hird that Mr Monoro had seen him at washinton, and I have thaught perhaps he might have sed somthing to you on the subject for I am very uneasy as this letters have never come to hand if you can gait imformation be so good as to give me all the pirticlers you can wat his prospact war and war he was going, if you thinck proper to make me answar be so good as to do it by the returning mail by so doing you will oblige your very unesy but hum‑ ble sirvent I suscribe myself [wih?] much respect Yours Victoire Laporte RC (MHi); partially dated at foot of text; one word illegible; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 15 Apr. 1821 received four days later and so recorded (without date of composition) in SJL. Victoire Laporte, boardinghouse keeper, came to Charlottesville from Augusta County in 1819 with her husband, Peter Laporte, to run a French‑language board‑ inghouse for students of Gerard E. Stack’s Charlottesville Academy. When the school closed in 1820, Peter Laporte left Char‑ lottesville to obtain patents for his inven‑ tions in Washington, D.C. During her husband’s absence TJ supplied Victoire Laporte with one hundred dollars to buy groceries and other necessities for herself and her family. By 1830 Peter Laporte was living alone in Georgetown, D.C.,

and Victoire Laporte had moved to Cin‑ cinnati, Ohio. From at least 1836 until 1846 she operated a boardinghouse there (MB, 2:1355, 1370, 1375; DNA: RG 29,  CS, D.C., Georgetown, 1830, Ohio, Cincinnati, 1830, 1840; J. H. Woodruff, The Cincinnati Directory Advertiser for the years 1836–7 [1836], 101; Robinson & Jones’ Cincinnati Directory, for 1846 [1846], 240). A letter from Laporte to TJ of 28 Oct. 1820, the address cover only of which has been found, is recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived from Charlottesville the day it was written (RC in DLC; with PoC of TJ to Lafayette, 12 Apr. 1821, on verso; ad‑ dressed: “Thomas Gafferson eqr Monn‑ taello Albamorl Va.” 1

Manuscript: “April th 15.”

To Thomas Appleton Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 16. 21. Your favor of Oct. 10. did not come to hand until Mar. 6. I com‑ municated to the Visitors of the University your statement of the prices at which you could have our Ionic and Corinthian capitels of Marble of Carrara delivered at Leghorn, and they determined on the expediency of getting them from you. I am now therefore to request you to furnish us with 10. Ionic capitels, 6. Corinthian do and 2. Co‑ rinthian half capitals according to the specification inclosed with this letter: and I this day desire my correspondent in Richmond captn Bernard Peyton to procure a bill of Exchange on London for 1200.D. payable on your account to your correspondent Samuel Williams of  120 

16 APRIL 1821

London, as desired in your letter. of this you are request[ed] to pay 200.D. to the wife of Giacomo Raggi on reciept of this, and 25.D. a month afterwards until otherwise advised. the balance to be applied towards the cost of the capitels. on the reciept of this letter I will pray your acknolegement of it and your statement of the exact sum addi‑ tional to make up the full cost of the capitels; and on reciept of that statement I will have the balance immediately remitted to you thro’ the same channels. this, by duplicates thro’ London and directly, may be effected within the 5. months within which you engage to have them delivered from the date of the reciept of this, so that they may be fully paid for on delivery. and we hope you will not fail to deliver them within that term, that they may be here in time to be put up this fall. let them be executed very exactly according to the directions ac‑ companying this. these are stated in English measures, not doubting that you possess them. I wrote to you formerly on the subject of Michael Raggi who left us. I recieved a letter from him on his arrival at Gibralter Dec. 4. claiming 200.D. for having made drawings of a Corinthian and an Ionic capi‑ tel. this is very idle. he was for some months without stone to work on, and employed a part of that idle time in preparing his drawings to be in readiness on recieving the stone. for that time, his stipulated wages, which we paid him, were certainly full compensation. and the whole work we got from him was one Corinthian capitel, and one Ionic, both unfinished, and which we shall never use. he wishes to be employed at Carrara on our capitals; but this must be as you please. if it should suit you, I shall be glad of it, because he is a good man and a good workman, but very hypocondriac. We shall have occasion the next year for 10. Corinthian capitels for columns of 32₁−⁴− ₀ I. diminished diam. and 8. do half capitels of the same diameter for pilasters of 30. minutes projection from the wall, to be copied from those of the Rotunda or Pantheon of Rome, as represented in Palladio. be so good as to inform me what will be their exact cost, and to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU: TJP); edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “Mr Appleton”; en‑ dorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional notation: “for the University.” Enclosures: (1) TJ’s Specifications for

Capitals at University of Virginia, [ca. 16 Apr. 1821]. (2) TJ to Appleton, 16 Apr. 1821 (second letter). Enclosed in TJ to Bernard Peyton and TJ to Samuel Wil‑ liams, both 16 Apr. 1821.

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To Thomas Appleton Dear Sir Monticello. Apr. 16. 21. My other letter of this date acknoleges yours of Oct. 10. and that of Nov. 2. & 24. is this moment recieved. this letter being on subjects particular between ourselves, I write it separately from that respect‑ ing the University and it’s Visitors, which of course must be submit‑ ted to their inspection and be placed on their files. I am glad that a remittance thro’ London is more convenient to you than thro’ Paris. it is much more so to me, because a choice of bills on the former place can always be had, which is difficult on Paris. I now desire my correspondent in Richmond, capt Bernard Peyton commis‑ sion merchant there, to remit to you for M. and Made Pini 444.D. either in the same bill with the 1200.D. of the University or a sepa‑ rate one, as he finds convenient. particular circumstances enable me to do this, this year, a little earlier than common. I expect from your last letter, that all Italy is at this time under the lawless ravages of an armed souldiery; nor will it’s convulsions cease until every government there is revolutionised. it will be a comfort to me should the retention of a part of Made Pini’s capital in a safe de‑ posit in this peaceful region, ensure it’s salvation in the end for her. the chances of transmission indeed subject it to the inconvenience that it’s interest cannot be remitted exactly to a day: yet it is certain with small variations of time, and more profitable in the end, as our lawful1 interest is higher I presume than with you. I shall add little as to Michael Raggi. from his discontented and querulous temper, I imagine he is full of complaints. I assure you they are entirely without foundation. he was treated here with liberality and indulgence, and every dollar we paid him was so much sunk, as we do not profit of a single thing he did. I believe that the next year I shall have to apply to you for some marble faces for chimnies for myself, entirely plain like slabs, and shall be glad if you will inform me what they will cost by the square foot. I shall not be nice as to the quality of the marble. I salute you ever with friendship & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on reused address cover of Andrew Smith to TJ, 24 Oct. 1820; at foot of first page: “Mr Appleton”; en‑ dorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with ad‑ ditional notation designed to contrast with preceding document: “myself.” Enclosed

in TJ to Appleton (first letter), TJ to Ber‑ nard Peyton, and TJ to Samuel Williams, all 16 Apr. 1821. 1 Word

 122 

interlined.

From William H. Crawford My dear Sir Washington 16th Apl 1821 th your letter of the 8 inst. was received by due course of mail. As the appropriation for satisfying the states for advances made by them during the late war, is subject to the controul of the war department, I immediately placed your letter in the hands of Mr Calhoun, with a  request that he would enable me to furnish the information you requested. From the View presented in the inclosed note, from him, which was recd this morning, it appears that the amount to which the state of Virginia, will be entitled to receive cannot at this time be ascertained. As it is probable that the delay which has occurred in presenting the accounts and vouchers of the state, has been the result of the in‑ formation communicated to him by Mr Hagner, I have addressed to him a note this morning, stating the propriety of immediately pre‑ senting the accounts and vouchers with which he has been charged. Perhaps he will be prompted to greater exertion, if the interest, which you take in the matter should be made known to him. It will afford me great pleasure to be useful upon this occasion, to the cause of education, in which you so properly, & meritoriously devote your time and attention. Accept my dear Sir my best wishes for the continuance of your health, and for the Success of the undertaking in which you are en‑ gaged, & believe me to be Your most obt Sert Wm H Crawford RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, late President of the United States Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 18 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e s

I John C. Calhoun to William H. Crawford sir, Department of War 14th April 1820. [1821.]1 In reply to the letter of Mr Jefferson which you transmitted to this Depart‑ ment, I enclose a report of the 3d Auditor who is charged with that branch of business, on the account of the State of Virginia. By reference to this report you will see that the whole amount, of the claims of Virginia on file and un‑ adjusted is $11,498₁−⁷− ₀−, ₀ and that the residue of her claims is in the hands of her agent, not having been yet exhibited for examination.

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16 APRIL 1821  should they be presented, the course Suggested by the Auditor will be persued; that is, they will pass a general examination, and whatever amount may be Safely advanced on them, will be made on Such examination. Even with these additional claims which were not anticipated when the appropria‑ tion was made, I do not think there will be a deficit in the appropriation, and consequently do not apprehend any difficulty on that account. As to the amount which may finally be due to the State, or that may be advanced on the examination which I propose, I can form no opinion till the Agent of the State has exhibited her claims. I return Mr Jeffersons letter. I have the honor to be Your Obedt servt J. C. Calhoun RC (ViU); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Calhoun; at foot of text: “Honble Wm H. Crawford Secy of the Treasury.” Tr (ViU); at head of text: “Copy.”

ginia’s agent for claims against the United States government was Cary Selden. 1

the letter from TJ to Crawford en‑ closed here was that of 8 Apr. 1821. Vir‑

RC: “1820.” Tr: “1821.”

II Peter Hagner to John C. Calhoun sir Treasury Department 3rd Auditor’s Office April 14. 1821 I have the honour to state in relation to the letter of the Honble Tho. Jef‑ ferson addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury and by you refered to this office that the suspended items in the account of the State of Virginia on the last settlement amount to $11.498₁−⁷− ₀− ₀ for which further vouchers were re‑ quired, but which have not yet been rendered. No other accounts of the State have yet been forwarded to this office beyond those already settled & paid—I learnt however within a few days from Mr Selden who called at this office for the purpose that he had been appointed as Agent of the State in the place of Mr Chew, & had in his possession a number of additional claims of the State against the United States, which he would shortly exhibit; whether they are of a description to be admitted can only be known after investigation I informed Mr Selden that they could not be immediately taken up for set‑ tlement because the Clerk who examined the former accounts was at this time occupied but that as soon as practicable they should be taken up after they were lodged in this office. The object of the present application however may in part be effected if you should so decide by making an advance on ac‑ count after such investigation of the charges is made (and which can be soon done after the accounts are received) as may establish the probable amount of admissible Claims—The only obstacle to this course which presents itself to my mind is the want of a specifick appropriation The existing balance of unexpended money for balances due to certain States does not include any for Virginia, none having been asked of Con‑ gress, but I do not think that the Claims of the other States will absorb the whole balance & it will consequently depend upon your decision whether under the circumstances any part may be applied as requested With great respect Your obed t ser t Peter Hagner Aud

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16 APRIL 1821  RC (ViU); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Hagner; at foot of text: “The Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War.” Tr (ViU); at head of text: “(Copy).” FC (Lb in DNA: RG 217, LSRAC). Peter Hagner (1772–1850), civil servant, was born in Philadelphia. He attended the University of the State of Pennsylva‑ nia (later the University of Pennsylvania) in 1786 but did not graduate. Hagner was apprenticed two years later to a Phil‑ adelphia merchant. During an outbreak of yellow fever in 1793, when some fed‑ eral departments moved to Trenton, New Jersey, he became a clerk in the office of the accountant of war, and he remained in that post later that year when the agency returned to Philadelphia and in 1799 when the government moved to Washing‑ ton, D.C. In 1816 Hagner was promoted

to additional accountant in the Depart‑ ment of War. A year later President James Monroe appointed him third auditor of the Treasury, a position newly created to oversee military expenditures, which he held until 1849 and in which he acquired a reputation for his strict scrutiny of gov‑ ernment accounts. Hagner owned six slaves in 1820 and three in 1840. He died in Washington (DAB; NcU: Hagner Pa‑ pers; Alexander B. Hagner, A Personal Narrative of the Acquaintance of My Fa‑ ther and Myself with Each of the Presi‑ dents of the United States [1915], 8–10; JEP, 3:52, 53, 92, 93, 8:219 [30 Apr. 1816, 6 Mar. 1817, 27 Aug. 1850]; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washington, 1820–40; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 17 July 1850; gravestone inscription in Saint Anne’s Cemetery, Annapolis).

From John Devereux DeLacy sir Raleigh April the 16th 1821 emboldened by the notice you have heretofore taken of some efforts of mine to promote the national interest, and flattering myself that my name, and character are not altogether unknown to you I am embold‑ ened (tho I confess I dread at the same time that you may deem me impertinent) to solicit your patronage (sir) in obtaining the appoint‑ ment of Attorney General for East Florida, an appointment that at the instance and by the advice of some freinds I have this day concluded to become a candidate for, and do most freely confess that having been honored when a Boy with the notice of your illustrious freind General Washington, it would be one of the most consolotory cir‑ cumstances of my life, that I should in some degree owe this appoint‑ ment to your kind interposition the man whom of all others now liv‑ ing I consider as the great father of our republic, and the touchstone as well of its beauties as its defects. You will sir I dare say remember my being a long time imprisoned during your administration by the Spanish Colonial authorities with‑ out cause, and dismissed without trial by which many citizens whose business I then managed greatly suffered, as I did myself in health from the rigor of my imprisonment since that period I again deeply injured my constitution and of course impaired my health in the exami‑ nation of the southern waters for an inland navigation at the beginning  125 

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Messrs

of the late war, for Livingston & Fulton for which I have never been paid tho the importance of the services have been by them and the world admitted—owing to the great exposure, and many priva‑ tions I underwent at that time in prosecuting that examination, my health is so seriously impaired as to make a residence in a more south‑ ern climate desireable and necessary to me. which is my principal reason for soliciting the appointment, as my professional practise here is now good and increasing— In support of my humble pretensions I must in Justice to myself say that from my extensive family connections among the Spaniards, and its being known to them that my family are Catholics, and from my knowledge of the spanish laws manners and customs, and an acquaintance with some of the principal inhabitants, I may proba‑ bly  be as acceptable to that people, and as generally useful to the public in discharging the duties incident to the office as any of my numerous and respectable competitors many of whom no doubt pos‑ sess more genius and talents than I can lay claim to, but I pledge myself to make up in zeal and industry what I may want in brilliance of genius—   Having the Honor of being personally known to the President I have this day submitted myself a candidate for his favor if you sir would be so good as to patronise me by supporting the application in such limitted degree as you shall feel warranted in doing under the circumstances of the case, You will indeed confer an obli‑ gation of the most lasting kind on him who is with the greatest re‑ spect and deference, and with best wishes for your health and welfare sir, Your Most obedt Humble Servant John Devx DeLacy RC (DLC); between dateline and salu‑ tation: “Thomas Jefferson esqr”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

DeLacy’s letter of this date to presi‑ dent James Monroe is in DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25.

From John Griffiths sir King’s Head, Ludgate Hill, London, April 16. 1821. It will certainly appear rather singular that one, like myself, an obscure individual should attempt to address a person of your rank and talents, especially as I have no knowledge of you, and being in so distant a part of the Globe.—But I am buoyed up with the hopes that the cause will serve to plead my excuse: Principally as I have heard with great pleasure of the interest you have invariably shewn in promoting Literature in general, and every other circumstance  126 

16 APRIL 1821

that may tend to improve, or enlighten the human mind, which alone, is, chiefly, the cause of Submitting the following statements to your consideration. The motive which actuates me to submit the enclosed is, princi‑ pally, to enquire whether a race, which has been described as exist‑ ing, or does exist, in any part of America, for the further improvement and general information of the literary part of every country and the promoting of an object so desireable to all.—Under this impression and having made enquiries, I have found that a Vessel, called the “Prince Madoc” of Charleston had arrived in this port.—I, in conse‑ quence communicated with some literary gentlemen, one of whom had an interview with the Captain of the Ship, and made particular enquiries respecting the name and the cause, or reason of his Ship being so named; he replied that it was the name of an Ancient Prince of Britain, who had discovered America before Columbus.—There appears something of importance in this statement for about the middle of the seventeenth century, a clergyman of the name of Jones preached to them at Tuscarora, in their native language and which was repeated three times in each week. Dr Morse in his “American Gazetteer” states that there are the remains of an old fortification at the same place. I am aware that an account exists of the Danes having discovered America previous to Madoc, I am, however, of opinion that Madoc obtained his information from the Danes, being, most probably lin‑ eally descended from that race, as will appear1 from the following pedigree.—Madoc was himself an offspring of that union, in conse‑ quence of that friendly union which the Britons held with others, and which produced intermarriage. His great grand‑father Cynan having married Rannillt Raenil Racuel, the daughter of Huleod the Scandi‑ navian Chief, who, as well as his ancestors, had settled near the spot where Dublin is now situated, and which place they call Port Larg.— The first wife of Owen Gwyneed, the father of Madoc, was also the daughter of a northern chief, then Settled in Ireland, but Madoc was his son by a subsequent wife. Having on this occasion referred to some [. . .] authors, I feel my‑ self authorized to lay this Statemen[t] for your consideration, being confident that your Superior judgment & kindly aid to literary pur‑ suits will not be forborne in this instance. As there are many other publications on the Same Subject, by the Rev. Mr Williams, the Rev. Mr Burder, and others, which are not in general circulation, the enclosed may meet with your approbation and should you have any wish for others to be transmitted to you the first  127 

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opportunity will be seized for that purpose, & be assured that noth‑ ing will be more pleasing to sir Yours with great respect John Griffiths RC (DLC); damaged at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Charltesville Vir‑ ginia U. States”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 30 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: John Williams, An En‑ quiry into the Truth of the Tradition, con‑ cerning the Discovery of America, By Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd, about the year, 1170 (London, 1791; probably Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 5 [no. 166]; TJ’s copy in PPL). The ship prince madoc was captained by James Watson (Charleston City Ga‑ zette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 4 May 1820). Rev. Morgan jones reported that in 1660 he spent four months as a captive of Tuscarora Indians in Virginia, during which time he “had the opportunity of conversing with them familiarly in the British Language, and did preach to them

three times a Week in the same Lan‑ guage” (Williams, An Enquiry into the Truth of the Tradition, 21–3; reprinted in George Burder, The Welch Indians; or, A Collection of Papers, respecting a people whose ancestors emigrated from Wales to America, in the year 1170, with Prince Madoc [London, (1797)], 29–30). Je‑ didiah Morse described “Vestiges of an‑ cient fortifications” visible near Queens‑ town in Upper Canada (The American Gazetteer [Boston, 1797; Sowerby, no. 3964], see “Tuscarora Villages”). Madog ab Owain Gwynedd (madoc) was reputedly a great‑grandson of cynan and his wife Ragnhildr (rannillt rae‑ nil racuel), daughter of Olaf (Amlaíb) Sihtricson (huleod). His father was said to be Owain Gwynedd (owen gwyneed) (ODNB). 1

Manuscript: “appears.”

To Bernard Peyton [De]ar Sir [Mo]ntic[el]l[o] Apr. 16. 21. The Visitors of the University have occasion to remit to Thomas Appleton, our Consul at Leghorn the sum of 1200.D. which he has desired may be placed in the hands of Samuel Williams No 13. Fins‑ bury square London subject to the order of Thomas Appleton. I have also occasion to remit to mr Appleton the sum of 444.D. on my pri‑ vate account. I therefore inclose to you mr Garrett’s check on the bank of Virginia for the 1200.D. for the University, and his two checks on the same bank on my own account for 500.D. and 81. D 51 C out of which two last be pleased to add 444.D. to the 1200. of the Univer‑ sity, and procure a good bill on London for 1644.D. payable to Sam‑ uel Williams, and to be held by him subject to the order of mr Apple‑ ton. this bill you will be so good as to forward to mr Williams with the inclosed letter which covers one for mr Appleton to be forwarded to him by mr Williams. as we wish to place the nett sum of 1644.D. in London clear of the premium of exchange, be so good as to ad‑ vance the premium whatever it is, and charge it in just proportions to the Bursar and myself.  128 

16 APRIL 1821

 You will of course forward a duplicate of the bill to mr Williams by some other conveyance, and I will request you to send me a triplicate which I may inclose to mr Appleton himself in a duplicate of my letter to him which I shall send viâ New York. & send me at the same time my quarterly account to March 31. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of left half of re‑ used address cover of Peyton to TJ, 26 Oct. 1820; salutation and dateline faint; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed

by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Samuel Wil‑ liams, 16 Apr. 1821, and enclosures. Other enclosures not found.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 16 April 1821 Yours of the 11 Inst: is now before me. I have by this days Mail, agreeable to your request, remitted Genl H. A. S. Dearborn Collector of Boston, a Bank Check for Seventeen dollars five Cents $17₁−⁰₀−⁵₀ −: & will receive & forward the Wine on its delivery here, by the first trusty Boatman—as well as defray the ad‑ ditional charges from Boston. Your draft favor Wolf & Raphael for One hundred dollars has been presented & paid. With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton P. S. I hand on next page a∕c sales your 21 Blls: Flour mentioned in my last. RC (MHi); dateline beneath signature; with enclosure on verso of address leaf; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Mon‑ ticello near Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. TJ gave an order on the Charlottesville firm of wolf & raphael on 3 Apr. 1821

“in favr. Chapman Johnson for 100.D. one half for himself, the other half for John Hooe Peyton as my counsel against the Rivanna co.” The following day TJ gave the firm an order on Bernard Peyton “for 100.D. to replace that sum furnished by them as above” (MB, 2:1373, 1374).

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e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 21 Barrels Fine Flour by B. Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd ⎫ 16 Apl To Lewis Ludlum for Cash in store ⎬ $68.25 ⎭ 21 Blls: fine Flour at $3.25 Charges Canal Toll $2.20, Drayage $0.44 $2.64 Storage $1.68—Inspection 42¢ 2.10 Comssn at 2½ pr Ct on $68.25 is 1.71  " 6.45 Nett prcds at Cr T. J.    $61.80 E.E. MS (MHi); on verso of address leaf of covering letter; in Peyton’s hand; en‑ dorsed by TJ on verso as concerning: “21. Bar. flour F.”

B. P.

e.e.: “Errors Excepted.”

From Andrew Smith Sir Richmond 16th April 1821 th r On the 24 of Oct I had the honor to address you, acknowledging receipt of the amount of your Draft on Bernard Peyton Esqr, &c. I think I already took the liberty of informing you that I had re‑ sumed the Agency of the “Boston Glass Compy,” and Should be gratified to receive your future orders— Presuming that the “Central College” will now progress rapidly to completion, and that it is your desire it should be composed of the best materials, I beg permission to state, as a well ascertained fact, that for Strength and brilliancy the “Boston Crown Glass” far excells any other in the World, and, altho’ it may cost rather more at first, it eventually proves by far the most economical. I trust therefor, Sir, you may see the propriety of recommending the use of this Glass in preference to any other, and that I may in due time be favor’d with orders from the contractors, for Such as may be wanted, under an assurance of my being able to deliver it to them, at the landing in Richmond, on as good terms as if they were to send the money to purchase it at the Manufactory in Boston—and then pay freight and charges besides; I ask permission also, to hand for your perusal two printed papers relative to the “Roman Cement” made in London, and lately intro‑  130 

16 APRIL 1821

duced into the U, States; an article getting much in repute at the North, and may be found important about the College, as well as in your Individual Improvments—for Sales of this article I have lately received an Agency, and shall be pleased to furnish yourself, or the Contractors for the College, on as low terms as it can be imported, I pray you, Sir, to excuse this liberty I am Respectfully Sir Your obedt Servt Andw Smith RC (ViU: TJP‑PP); mistakenly en‑ dorsed by TJ as a letter of 10 Apr. 1821 received nine days later and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed with correct date of composition by Arthur S. Brocken‑ brough. RC (DLC); address cover only;

with PoC of TJ to John Harner, 17 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “The Honble Thos Jefferson Monticello Albemarle County”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 16 Apr. Enclosed in TJ to Brocken‑ brough, 20 Apr. 1821.

e n c l o s u r e

Circular on Roman Cement [before 16 Apr. 1821] For keeping Cellars free from Water, by the use of ROMAN CEMENT.      TO keep water out of the cellars is a common use to which Roman Cement is applied; indeed there are many instances where persons have been accus‑ tomed to have four or five feet water in their kitchens and cellars, which, by the proper application of the cement, have been made as tight as a bottle. In a place of difficulty where the water forces its way from the tides or strong land springs, the floor would require to be laid with bricks edgewise set in cement, and so formed as to have the effect of an arch—by abutment against the footings of all the external walls of the building; that is to say, like an inverted coach top, and after the brick floor is laid, then the hollow might be brought straight with pieces of brick, cement, &c. and when so done should be floated over with a good coat of cement—so much as to the bottom—then as regards the sides, these to be made effectual, should have the joint of the bricks or stones raked out, and the cement then floated in the same way as for the bottom—in all cases however for such purposes not less than an inch thick, being careful that the sand to be used while it is clean, sharp River sand— much indeed depends on good sand in the use of cement.—Again it becomes very necessary for the workmen to follow by the eye, wherever the water is likely to make its way in, as for instance, at or under the door cills, or behind the door jams leading from one kitchen to another, or from any other opening in the respective walls, which happen to be below the level of where the water is likely to rise to; all these places must be carefully watched, otherwise as fast as it is stopped out at one place, it will make its way in at another. [Note in Andrew Smith’s hand at foot of text:] For Sale by Andw Smith—Agent for the Proprr

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16 APRIL 1821  Broadside (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); trimmed or clipped at top, with possible loss of some text; undated. This broadside was apparently com‑ posed by the English manufacturer of this

product. Smith subsequently described it as “a printed direction by the Manufac‑ turer for mixing and using the Cement” (Smith to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, Richmond, 30 May 1821 [RC in ViU: PP]).

To Samuel Williams Sir Monticello Apr. 16. 21. The Visitors of the University of Virginia engage mr Thomas Ap‑ pleton, our Consul at Leghorn to furnish some marble capitels for the buildings they are erecting, and he has desired that the monies to be remitted to him on that account may be placed in your hands subject to his order. I have accordingly requested my correspondent in Rich‑ mond, Capt Bernard Peyton, to procure a bill of exchange on London for 1644. Dollars payabl[e] to you, and subject to the order of mr Appleton. with the bill he will forward this letter, and I have to ask the favor of you to transmit to mr Appleton the letter inclosed & ad‑ dressed to him which explains to him the objects of this remittance. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of right half of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 26 Oct. 1820; some text lost at right margin due to polygraph misalign‑ ment, with one word rewritten by TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Williams”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Thomas Appleton, 16 Apr. 1821 (first letter), and enclosures. Enclosed in TJ to Peyton, 16 Apr. 1821. Samuel Williams (ca. 1759–1841), mer‑ chant, diplomat, and banker, was born in  Salem, Massachusetts. A nephew of TJ correspondent Timothy Pickering, he graduated from Harvard University in 1780. President George Washington ap‑ pointed Williams consul at the port of Hamburg in 1796, and in 1797 President John Adams moved him to the consul‑ ship at London. TJ removed him from office in 1801 due to his failure to render

accounts to the State Department as in‑ structed. Williams remained in London thereafter and concentrated on building his banking business. He became a lead‑ ing creditor for American merchants en‑ gaged in business abroad, acquired stock in the Bank of Scotland in 1818, and was a director of the Provincial Bank of Ire‑ land in 1825. Williams went bankrupt in the latter year and subsequently returned to the United States. He died in Boston (Harvard Catalogue, 172; JEP, 1:217, 253 [21, 22 Dec. 1796, 4, 5 Dec. 1797]; PTJ, 33:673; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 1:357–8; London Morning Post, 2 Oct. 1818; London Examiner, 30 Jan. 1825; Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 31 Oct. 1825; Stephen W. Williams, The Geneal‑ ogy and History of the Family of Williams [1847], 329; Haverhill [Mass.] Gazette, 30 Jan. 1841).

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Specifications for Capitals at University of Virginia [ca. 16 Apr. 1821]

⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

for Pavilion No II. West ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

⎩ ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

for Pavilion No IV. East ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

⎩ ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

for Pavilion No I. East ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

⎪ ⎩

Specification of the Corinthian & Ionic capitels wanting for the University. 4. Corinthian capitels for columns whose inferior di‑ ameter is 28.I. English, & it’s diminishd diam. 25₁−²−₀ I: to be copied exactly from the Corinthian capitel of Palladio, as given in his Ist Book wherein he treats of the orders in general and it’s 17th chapter in which he describes the Corinthian cap‑ itel particularly, the drawing of which is in plate XXVI. Leoni’s edition publd in London 1721. 2. Corinthian capitels for columns whose inferior diam. is 24.I. & diminished diameter 20₁−⁸− ₀ I. to be copied from those of the Thermae of Diocletian at Rome. this is not in Palladio, but is given by other authors, and particularly by Errard and Cham‑ bray in their Parallele de l’Architecture antique et moderne. Paris 1766. pa. 79. plate 33. I should prefer however to have only the ovolo of the Aba‑ cus carved, and it’s cavetto plain, as may be seen in Scamozz[i] Chambray’s edition B. II. chapt. V. Article 8. pa. 150. plate 36. nor would I require it’s volutes or caulicoles to be so much carved, as those of Diocletian’s Baths, finding the simplicity of those in Palladio preferable. 2. Corinthian half capitels, for half columns of the same model as the 2. columns last mentioned, being for the same range. 4. Ionic capitels for columns whose lower diam. is 30 I. & dimind diam. 26½ to be copied from those of the temple of Fortuna virilis in Palladio. ob‑ serving that the two middle capitels shew volutes in front and back and ballusters in their flanks1 and the two corner capitels are what he calls an‑ gular; that is to say presenting Volutes in their front & outer flank, and ballusters in their back and inner flank. see Palladio. B. IV. Ch. 13. pa. 65. plate 37. Leoni’s London edition.  133 

16 APRIL 1821

for Pavilion No III. West

6. Ionic capitels for columns whose inferior diam. is 30.I. and dimind diam. 26⅛ to be copied from the ⎪ ⎪ capitel of Palladio as given in his Ist Book wherein ⎪ ⎪ he treats of the orders in general, and it’s 16th ⎪ ⎪ chapt. in which he describes the Ionic capitel par‑ ⎪ ⎪ ticularly, the drawings of which are in plates 20. ⎪ ⎪ 22. pa. 28. Leoni’s London edition, presenting ⎪ ⎩ volutes in front & back & ballusters in their flanks. In all these cases the Astragal of the upper end of the shaft must be subjoined to the corinthian2 capitel in the same block, because our columns being of brick, stuccoed, it cannot be carved on them: and to the Ionic capitels must be subjoined not only the Astra‑ gal, but a bit of the shaft itself as low as the bottom of the Volutes. ⎪

⎧

⎪

MS (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand; edge trimmed. Enclosed in TJ to Thomas Appleton, 16 Apr. 1821 (first letter). Pavilions no ii. west and no iv. east were later renamed pavilions III and VIII. caulicoles: “The eight lesser branches or stalks in the Corinthian capital spring‑

ing out from the four greater or principal caules or stalks” (OED). Pavilions no i. east and no iii. west were later renum‑ bered pavilions II and V. 1 Preceding 2 Word

five words interlined. interlined.

To John Ayers & Company Messrs John Ayers & co. Monticello Apr. 17. 21. I have recieved the corn announced in your letter of the 9th. consid‑ ering it as a confidence on the part of mr Thayer for the benefit of the public, I shall feel it a duty to distribute it’s proceeds to all who shall be disposed to profit by it: and requesting permission to return my thanks to mr Thayer thro’ the same channel by which I recieved his favor, and to yourselves for your care of it, I tender you the assurance of my esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from John Wayles Eppes to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

 134 

To Robert Greenway Sir Monticello Apr. 17. 21. I did not recieve until two days ago your favor of Mar. 20. with it came safely the MS. volume and the two rolls accompanying it. these rolls I have not opened lest the specimens of plants inclosed in them should suffer. the MS. volume I have looked over with sufficient at‑ tention to satisfy myself of it’s merit and that it’s matter should not be lost to the world. I propose to take care of them until our University opens, and then to deposit them in it’s library. the probability is that the University will find the MS. volume well worth publication for the use of their Botanical school, which may be done with care and understanding by their Professor of Botany. I shall be happy if this disposition shall meet your approbation, and if not, that you will be so kind as to say what other you would prefer. Accept my acknolege‑ ments for this mark of your confidence, and for the Donation to the University, if you chuse to have it so appropriated, with the assurance of my great respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Tobias Watkins to TJ, 19 Oct. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Robert Greenway”; endorsed by TJ.

To Thomas Sully Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 17. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of the 5th & also the half dozen cups which you have been so kind as to have forwarded to me, for which accept my thanks. Ellen will express to you herself her obligations for what was addressed to her. I am this day writing to Paris for some books and gladly place among them the Recueil of M. Durand, which I presume was published there. for the Pompeiana I shall depend on our own bookstores. accept my sincere wishes for your happiness and success in all your undertakings and the assurance of my friendly esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NWM). RC (Heritage Auctions, auction 682, Dallas, 21 Feb. 2008, lot 56114); address cover only; addressed: “Mr Thomas Sully Baltimore”; franked; postmark torn. PoC (DLC); on verso

of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Sully’s favor of the 5th to TJ was actually dated 6 Apr. 1821.

 135 

From Mathew Carey Sir, Philada April 18. 1821 r M Daniel Drew, who will probably deliver you this, has applied to me for a letter of introduction, as a candidate for a situation, which, I understand, is at your disposal. He has taught in my family for some months, & has conducted him‑ self with the most perfect propriety. His deportment & manners are wholly unexceptionable. In a word, my impressions of him are highly favourable. You will, I hope, excuse this liberty, & believe me, Very respectfully, Your obt hble servt Mathew Carey RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr ”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. 1823 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Daniel Drew to TJ, 18 Aug. 1823.

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 19. 21. I was happy to recieve your letter of the 2d by mr Parr and by such attentions as I could render to him to prove my respec[t] for your recommendation as well as for his merit. he staid a day and night with us & then pursued his journey. I am told that the busts of mr Madison and mr Monroe as made by mr Cardelli an Italian sculptor, are to be had in Washington at rea‑ sonable prices. will you be so good as to inform me if it be true that they can be had there of the size of the life and at what prices? I was happy to hear of your good health. mine is much improved & is improving. I salute you affectiona[tely] Th: Jeffer[son] PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Craven Peyton to TJ; edge trimmed; damaged at seal; at foot of text: “Mr Barnes”; endorsed by TJ.

To de Bure Frères Messrs de Bure1 freres Monticello. Apr. 19. 21. The packet of books you were so kind as to send me the last year, came safely to hand, and I duly note the balance of 38–40 ƒ to my debet. I now engage my friend John Vaughan of Philadelphia to place 100. Dollars in Paris at your order, and request you to send me the books2 on the back hereof, or so many of them as the remittance  136 

19 APRIL 1821

will pay for, curtailing the catalogue at the end, so as to bring it within the limit of the remittance. it is arranged with a view of omitting those which I am the least anxious to possess. but retain in your hands the sum necessary to procure the Dion Cassius from Germany if not to be had nearer. Villers in his Etat de la literature en Allemagne in 1807. pa. 33. says ‘le sçavant M. Fr. Guill. Sturtz a publié en 1807. un Dion. Cassius.’ and a ‘catalogue de la librairie Grec, Latine, Allemande’ which I possess, announces it in these words. ‘Dionis Cassii Historia Romana. ed. Sturtz. Leips. in 8vo (sous presse)’ the title page of this Catalogue being lost, I know not it’s date of time &3 place: but I suspect it to be German, and of the date of 1818. as I see articles of tha[t]4 date in it and none later. I must request your 5 endeavors to procure6 this edition. let the bindings be all solid and handsome. I have seen announced a ‘Recueil et parallele des edifices de tout genre, anciens7 et modernes par J. N. Durand à l’ecole Polytech‑ nique.’ books of this kind are so often at extravagant prices, that one is afraid to ask them without knowing their price. if it does not cost more than 40. or 50.ƒ. send it; if more I pray you to write me the cost, that I may judge whether to put it into my next invoice, as I wish to get it if within reasonable bounds. Be so good as to dispatch these books with as little delay as pos‑ sible, that they may arrive before the storms of autumn or winter, and accept the assurance of my esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson Dupl (NNC); at head of text: “Dupli‑ cate”; Dupl of enclosure on verso; ad‑ dressed: “Messrs De Bure freres Librai‑ res à Paris,” with “Rue Serpente” added in an unidentified hand; endorsed in an unidentified hand: “Reçue le 24 juillet— la 1ere n’est point arrivée” (“Received 24 July—the first has never arrived”). PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; torn at seal, with two words rewrit‑ ten by TJ; PoC of Dupl of enclosure on verso; endorsed by TJ. RC (RuSpRNB); MS of enclosure on verso; addressed: “Messrs De Bure freres Libraires à Paris”; stamped; postmarked as forwarded 17

Sept. 1821 “par Le Havre.” Enclosed in TJ to John Vaughan, 19 Apr. 1821, and TJ to Albert Gallatin, 25 May 1821. sous presse: “in press.” 1 Remainder of salutation in RC: “et frere.” 2 RC here adds “noted.” 3 RC: “or.” 4 Edge trimmed in Dupl and PoC; end‑ ing supplied from RC. 5 RC here adds “best.” 6 RC here adds “me.” 7 RC: “anciennes.”

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e n c l o s u r e

List of Books to be Acquired by de Bure Frères [ca. 19 Apr. 1821] Dionis Cassii Historia Romana. ed. Sturtz. Lips 8vo1 Quintus Calaber. Gr. Lat. 8vo Pauw. Lug. Bat. 1734. Theocritus. Gr. Lat. cum scholiis Graecis. 8vo Oxon. 1699. & Lond. 1729.2 Ammianus Marcellinus 8vo Ernesti. Lipsiae 1773. Haüy Traité elementaire de Physique. 2. v. 8vo Dumeril. Traité elementaire d’Histoire naturelle. 2. v. 8vo3 Biot. Astronomie physique. 3. v. 8vo ⎫ Las Eroticas y Boecio de Villegas. 2. v. 8vo4 ⎪ Obras Poeticas de De la Huerta. 2. v 8vo ⎪ I think there were good ⎪ Ocios del Conde de Rebolleda. 4.5 v. 8vo in ⎬ editions published Parnaso Española. 9. v. 8vo ⎪ Paris in petit 8vo of all vo La Araucana de De Ercilla et Zunigo. 2. v. 8 ⎪ or most of these La Poetica de Aristoteles por das Saijas. Gr. Lat. ⎪ ⎭ Span. 8vo Oeuvres de Demosthene et d’Aeschyne. Fr. par Auger. 5. v. 8vo Isocrate d’Auger Fr. 3. v. 8vo Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocyde Etc par Auger. Fr. 8vo ⎫ all in 8vo distinct and Voltaire. Louis XIV ⎪ Louis XV. ⎪ independent of each ⎬ other, & not lettered Charles XII. ⎪ Pierre le grand. ⎪ as consecutive 7 Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit de nations. ⎭ volumes.6 Minellius’s editions of Ovid’s metamorphoses, Ovid’s epistles, Virgil Horace and Terence. Theatre d’Agriculture de De Serres 4. v. 8vo suite des moralistes français.8 Dupl (NNC); in TJ’s hand; on verso of covering letter; with slashes in an unidentified hand through each title, ex‑ cept as indicated below, with titles so marked corresponding to those sent to TJ by de Bure Frères on 24 Aug. 1821. PoC (MHi); on verso of covering letter; with check marks adjacent to titles simi‑ larly distinguishing those sent to TJ on 24 Aug. 1821; at foot of text in TJ’s hand: “original thro J. Vaughan Dupli‑ cate thro’ office of state & mr Gallatin.” MS (RuSpRNB); in TJ’s hand; on verso of RC of covering letter. Also enclosed in TJ to John Vaughan, 19 Apr. 1821, and TJ to Albert Gallatin, 25 May 1821. The majority of the above books were in TJ’s library at Monticello at the time of his death and are listed in Poor, Jeffer‑

son’s Library. In most cases they are read‑ ily identifiable in the Editors’ index under author, editor, translator, or title. Excep‑ tions are listed below, as are the titles for which the current whereabouts of TJ’s copy is known. For explanations of book‑ binding terms and abbreviations, see note to Invoice of Books for TJ Purchased from de Bure Frères, 30 May 1816, en‑ closed in David Bailie Warden to TJ, 12 July 1816. August Wilhelm ernesti, ed., Ammi‑ ani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt (Leipzig, 1773; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 3 [no. 53]; another copy of same ed. owned earlier by TJ is in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections, bound into 3 vols.; see Sowerby, no. 93). Athanase auger, trans., Oeuvres com‑ plettes de Démosthène et d’Eschine, 6 vols.

 138 

19 APRIL 1821 (Angers, 1804; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 822]; TJ’s copy in MoSW; another ed., Sowerby, no. 4664, TJ’s copy in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections). isocrate d’auger: Athanase Auger, trans., Œuvres complettes d’Isocrate, 3 vols. (Paris, 1781; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 824]; another copy of same ed. owned earlier by TJ is in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections; see Sowerby, no. 4668). TJ received Voltaire’s works on louis xiv and louis xv as a three‑volume set, the first two volumes of which were Siècle de Louis XIV and the third of which was Précis du Siècle de Louis XV (Paris, 1818; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 4 [no. 78]). Olivier de serres, Le Théâtre d’Agri‑ culture et Mesnage des Champs, 2 vols. (Paris, 1804–05; Poor, Jefferson’s Li‑ brary, 6 [no. 252]; TJ’s copy in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections; for a

copy he owned earlier, see Sowerby, no. 693). 1 No slash or check mark related to this title in Dupl or PoC. 2 No slash or check mark related to this title in Dupl or PoC. 3 No slash or check mark related to this title in Dupl or PoC. 4 No slash or check mark related to this title in Dupl or PoC. 5 RC: “2.” No slashes or check marks related to this and following title in Dupl or PoC. 6 Instead of preceding phrase, RC reads “all in 8vo not numbered as consecutive volumes but as distinct & independant works.” 7 No slash or check mark related to this title in Dupl or PoC. RC: “des.” 8 Title added in an unidentified hand to Dupl, and not in PoC or RC.

To Joshua Dodge Dear Sir Monticello. Apr. 19. 21. Your favor of Jan. 1. came to hand on the 10th inst. with informa‑ tion from the Collector of Boston of the arrival at that port of the Cadmus capt Jones, with the Ledanon wine, & it’s invoice. of the letter you mention of preceding date, and the articles by the brig Union of Marblehead, I have as yet heard nothing; and as she has been out long enough to excite apprehensions, I wrote immediately to Marblehead to enquire if any thing was known of her there. I shall not recieve my answer under a fortnight. the want of the invoice of the articles sent by her leaves me without any guide other than I had the last year for proportioning my remittance to my demands. I there‑ fore now desire my friend mr Vaughan of Philadelphia; to have the same sum of 200.D. placed in Paris subject to your order, & ask you for the same articles as the last year, except that instead of the 30. galls of Vin sec1 de Rivesalte of M. Durand, I now ask the same quan‑ tity of Vin muscat de Rivesalte of M. Chevalier, exactly of the quality of that sent me in 1819.2 by mr Oliver, according to the particulars which will be specified at the foot of this letter. In making out your invoice of these wines, attention is necessary to call none of them Claret, because, by that name, our custom houses understand the red wines of Bordeaux, which are charged with a much  139 

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heavier duty. I am in hopes you will be able to ship these articles in time to arrive before the end of November. indeed wines destined for America are most advantageously shipped always about the 1st week of September. because they then avoid the heats of a summer passage & storages and the storms of the winter. you are sensible how danger‑ ous is the approach of our coast in winter; and should the Union be lost, an early supply will be the more necessary for me. should my present or former remittance fall short of the articles demanded, you may either curtail these, or let the balance lie till my remittance of the next year, which shall cover all deficiencies.—after my letter of July 13. 20. having heard nothing from you till the 10th inst (9. months) I had become quite uneasy, which induces me to request you to drop a line always on reciept of my remittances that I may be under no suspence of their safe passage. I salute you with sentiments of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson  1. gross (say 12. doz. bottles) of Bergasse’s Claret. 150. bottles of Ledanon 150. bottles of vin clairette de Limoux from mr Chevalier.  30. gallons of Vin Muscat de Rivesalte de M. Chevalier.  24. bottles virgin oil of Aix  50. ℔ Maccaroni. [those of Naples preferred if to be had]  6. bottles of anchovies. P.S. to the duplicate: Before sending this duplicate I learn that the brig Union is arrived at Marblehead with my wines. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of David McClure to TJ, 19 Oct. 1820; torn at seal, with missing text re‑ written by TJ; brackets in original; at foot of first page: “Mr Joshua Dodge”; at foot of text: “original thro’ J. Vaughan. dupl. thro’ office of State & mr Gallatin”; en‑

dorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Bernard Peyton and TJ to John Vaughan, both 19 Apr. 1821, and TJ to Albert Gallatin, 25 May 1821. 1 Word

interlined. “1719.”

2 Manuscript:

From Peter S. Du Ponceau Dear Sir Philadelphia 19th April 1821. Your polite & ready answer to the letter I had the honor of writing to you on the Subject of Mr Vanuxem calls for the expression of my gratitude. The young Gentleman will regret exceedingly that it will not be in his power to commence his useful labours in your imme‑ diate view & under your immediate protection. It would have been  140 

19 APRIL 1821

Such an advantage as he Surely will not meet with elsewhere. Your condescension in answering his application So much in detail will be highly flattering to him; the expression of your good will towards him is an honor of which he will be proud thro’ life. Permit me, Sir, as a mark of my high respect to present you with a Copy of an Address which I have delivered at the opening of a Law Institution which I am endeavouring to establish in this City, in which I am greatly encouraged by the Zeal of the Students. I have resided in this Country near 44 Years & have been treated with kind‑ ness as a Child of the family. It will be a Source of pride of happiness to me, if in return I can employ my very limited abilities to the advan‑ tage of a Country to which I owe So much. I am Supported in the undertaking by my brethren of the profession, & have the Satisfac‑ tion to find that the necessity of Such an establishment is generally admitted. If, however, it Should not Succeed in my hands, like many other useful things, which have been Completed by others than those who began them, it may be taken up by abler men, & the object ulti‑ mately attained. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble servant Peter S, Du Ponceau RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Du Ponceau, “An Ad‑ dress delivered at the opening of the Law Academy of Philadelphia, before the Trustees and Members of the Society for the promotion of legal knowledge, in the Hall of the Supreme Court, on Wednes‑ day, the 21st of February 1821,” Journal of Jurisprudence: A New Series of the American Law Journal 1 (1821): 211–24. Du Ponceau also sent John Adams and James Madison the enclosed address (Du Ponceau to Adams, 19 Apr. 1821

[MHi: Adams Papers]; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:312–3, Madison’s copy in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collec‑ tions, Madison Collection). Through an unidentified mode of trans‑ mission, Du Ponceau later sent TJ a copy of his work entitled A Discourse on the Early History of Pennsylvania; being an annual oration delivered before the Ameri‑ can Philosophical Society . . . on Wednes‑ day, the 6th of June, 1821 (Philadelphia, 1821; probably Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 5 [no. 166]; TJ’s copy in PPL, inscribed by Du Ponceau: “Respectfully presented to Thomas Jefferson, Esqr By the Author”).

From James Monroe Dear Sir Washington April 19. 1821 My absence from this city on a visit to my farm in Loudoun, pre‑ vented an earlier attention to your letter of the 8th, respecting the fund appropriated by the genl assembly at its last Session, for the use of the university, expected to be deriv’d from the settlement of the claims  141 

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of the State, on the general government. I now enclose you a report on that subject, from the Secretary of war, & beg you to be assur’d, that I shall, with great interest & pleasure, do every thing in my power, which you could desire, to promote your object, & with the greatest despatch. From Naples we have no recent intelligence. A strong hope is en‑ tertaind, that the armies sent against her, will rally under her Stan‑ dard. Spain has written a circular, to her ministers with foreign govts, protesting against the doctrines containd in that from Troppau, in which she appears to make common cause with Naples. England would probably take the other side, if the paralizing effect, producd by the contest with the French, did not make it too hazardous an enterprise for the govt to under take. The reigning family in France finds itself in the same State, arising from causes less equivocal. Knowing that it does not possess the confidence of the nation, it will attempt nothing bold, externally and internally, it pursues a course, which daily weakens its real power, & hastens, according to my view of the Subject, a crisis, which promises to be more fatal to it, than the late one. The liberties of Europe, depend, at this moment, on very nice contingencies. The people generally Seem to be ripe for revolt, & to have acquird, in many parts, sufficient intelligence for self gov‑ ernment. Should the attack on Naples succeed, it may put back a change for many years. But should it fail, whether by the repulse of the Austrian force, or its association with the neapolitan, & especially the latter, I should not be surprised to see the revolution extend to other countries, and at length become general. A negotiation is depending with the minister of France here, for the regulation of our commerce with her European dominions, but there is no probability of a treaty being form’d, other than for the mo‑ ment, & merely by way of experiment, for each party to see its effect, & no certainty, even of that. The French govt rejects the principle of equality in tonage duties, & will not give up the monopoly of the ar‑ ticle of tobo, and is not accomodating on other points. It insists on a reduction of our duties on French silks, wines, & brandies, so as to give a preference to those articles from France, over like articles from other countries, while it is willing to place our produce, only on the footing of that of other countries, retaining to itself the right of im‑ posing on each article, whatever duty it may deem expedient. Respecting the fund for the university, I will write you again, as soon as it assumes a shape, to meet your object, to which I shall give all the aid in my power. In the mean time, I wish no answer, to this or any other letter of mine, seizing as I shall do with pleasure every  142 

19 APRIL 1821

opportunity which may offer, in which I may be useful or otherwise promote your views, and communicating occasionally such informa‑ tion respecting our affairs as may be interesting to you, without im‑ posing the slightest tax on the tranquility of your retirment in return. with great respect & esteem I am your friend & servant James Monroe RC (NNGL); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. The enclosed report by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun was most likely a copy of the report and covering letter en‑ closed in William H. Crawford to TJ, 16 Apr. 1821. A military uprising in July 1820 forced the ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Si‑ cilies, Ferdinand I, to establish a consti‑ tutional monarchy in Naples. However, within a few months of the signing in No‑ vember 1820 of the troppau Protocol by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which aimed

at quelling democratic revolutions in Eu‑ rope, Austrian forces invaded the king‑ dom, captured Naples, and restored Fer‑ dinand to authoritarian rule (F. R. Bridge and Roger Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System, 1814–1914 [2d ed., 2005], 44–8; George Holmes, ed., The Oxford History of Italy [1997], 186). France’s minister to the United States, Jean Guillaume Hyde de Neuville, was in Washington, D.C., to negotiate a treaty of navigation and commerce with Secre‑ tary of State John Quincy Adams (ASP, Foreign Relations, 5:149–213; Miller, Treaties, 3:77–90).

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello. Apr. 19. 21. I shall set out to Poplar Forest within a day or two, to be back within about 3. weeks. I do not know how much of my flour has been sent to you, but when all is down it will be about 370. or 80. barrels. I remitted you lately 581.51 with a request to make a particular ap‑ plication of 444.D. of it, & to hold the balance 137.51. to my credit, and Jefferson will recieve for me within a few days & remit to you 353.49. whenever of these or any other monies of mine you shall have as much as 300.D. in hand I mu[st] request you to remit that sum for me to John Vaughan of Philada sending at the same time the inclosed letter which explains the object of the remittance. In your letter of Feb. 12. you said you had nailrods [. . .] 7.D. the bundle of 56. ℔. I think this must have been a mistake for 7.D. the long hundred. because when I kept a Nailery, my rods cost me at Philada regularly 123.D. the ton; sometime ago I think I saw them quoted at about 137. but in the latest price current I have which is of N.Y. 1818. they are from 105. to 120.D. the ton.   I suppose it an error for this further1 reason that while the rod is 14. cents a pound, nails are said to be 10. cents   will you be so good as to set me to  143 

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rights on this subject, and to say whether I could depend on always getting a supply at Richmond. affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Arthur S. Brocken‑ brough to TJ; edge trimmed; damaged at seal, with six words rewritten by TJ; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to John Vaughan, 19 Apr. 1821, and enclosures.

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph. A long hundred weighed 120 pounds (OED, see “hundred”). 1 Word

interlined.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Richd 19 April 1821 Yours of the 16th: reached me last evening, with its several en‑ closures. The three checks on the Va Bank from the Bursar of the University were duely paid, amounting to $1781.57, & I will forthwith proceed to execute your wishes by purchasing a bill on London for the nett sum of $1644, the first of which, together with your letter to Mr Wil‑ liams,1 shall go by the next ship to London or Liverpool, the dupli‑ cate by the succeeding one, & the triplicate sent to you.   I am sorry either you or the University are obliged to remit at this mo‑ ment, when the rate of Exchange2 is so very high, say 6½ @ 7 Pr Ct & in the Northern Cities 73 @ 7½.—I will purchase a good bill, & on the lowest terms, of which you shall be advised, & the premium & Commission charged in just proportions to yourself & the Bursar of the University as directed. I have some time since had Mr Rush’s acknowledgement of the rect & acceptance of the bill fordd him last fall by your direction. In further compliance with your wishes hand herewith statement your a∕c current to date, which I believe will be found correct. With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello near Charlottes‑ ville”; stamped; postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

1 Preceding

seven words interlined. “Ecchange.” “$7.”

2 Manuscript: 3 Manuscript:

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To Tarlton Saunders Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 19. 21. Your favor of the 9th was duly recieved, and, having taken time to examine your statements of my debt, I find them correct and satis‑ factory: so that there is nothing to be agreed now between us but the times of payment. I have before stated to you my determination to sell property, and to relieve myself in that way as soon as business shall resume a settled course and a regular intercourse of buying and selling shall indicate the level at which the money value of property is hereafter to settle itself. there being no buyers at present sale and sacrifice are synonimous terms. but as I could not expect mr Lyle to leave the payment to so indefinite a term as this, I have considered what payments I may be able to make from annual crops. I shall pay, the next spring, the last instalment of a debt which I am now in the course of discharging. the spring after that, to wit, of 1823. I can begin a regular course of annual instalments of 1200.D. or 270. £ sterling each, and continue them until the debt is compleatly discharged, which, by a calculation on the next page, I find will be on the last day of the year 1827. a term of 6 years 8. months from this time. I fix the annual day at July 1. because crops so distant as mine cannot be got to market, and sold advantageously earlier than that. altho’ I trust that a return of the intercourse of buying & selling will enable me by a sale to discharge the whole debt at an earlier day, yet I shall be happy if the payments I propose should be acceptable to mr Lyle. as an ultimate term, within my power, and beyond which the indul‑ gence would not be expected to extend. this letter & your signification that it’s propositions are accepted, may be considered as a conclusive arrangement, and with the assurance of a fulfilment on my part I pray you to accept that of my perfect esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); enclosure on verso; at foot of text: “Mr Tarleton Saunders”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Saunders Tarleton for Lyle James.”

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e n c l o s u r e

Schedule of Installments to be Paid to James Lyle (1798–1850) [ca. 19 Apr. 1821]

No

bonds 5. & 6. do for mrs Jefferson her bond to Allgre my bond to Harvie.

Principal sterl. £ 410– 17–8 94– 7–1½ 4– 3–6 94– 12–4 604– 0–7½

1806. Nov. 23. 1783 Apr. 19 1783. Apr. 19 1811. July 6.

y m D 1823. July 1. Int. on  410– 17–8    16– 17–8 94– 7–1½ 40– 2–12 4– 3–6 40– 2–12 94– 12–4 11– 11–25  amount of the debt this day 604– 0–7½ Payment to be made this day 1824. July. 1. 1. year’s int. to this day on 604–0–7½ Payment to be made 1825. July 1. 1. year’s int. on 604–0–7½ Payment to be made 1826 July 1. 1. year’s int. on 604–0–7½ Payment to be made of principal leaves due of principal 1827. July 1. 1. year’s int. on 396–11–4½ payment to be made Dec. 31. int. on 146–14–4. 6: months Payment to be made this day

Int. sterl. £ +  179– 13–6 17– 2–3 1– 8–6 198– 4–3

328– 14–1 189– 13–1 9– 4–0 56– 3–4 +  781– 18–9 270– 0–0 511– 18–9 30– 4–0 542 2–9 270– 0–0 272– 2–9 30– 4–0 302– 6–9 270– 0–0 32– 6–9 30– 4–0 62– 10–9 207– 9–3  and interest  62– 10–9 396– 11–4½ ✳ 19– 16–11 416– 14–4 270– 0–0 146– 14–4 3– 16–4 150– 10–8 150– 10–8 ✳

P.S. as to J. Bolling’s bond of 52 £–19 s–8 d with int. from 1793. Dec. 1. & which I thought had been regularly assigned to mr Lyle, I must pray you to send it to me for assignment and then to have it proceeded on as mr Lyle’s, it’s ultimate warranty resting on me. this will be a relief to me. PoC (MHi); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; on verso of covering letter.

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From Elizabeth Trist My Dear Sir Farmington April the 19th 21 In a letter I recd last evening from Nicholas he sent the enclosed extract from some french work on Chimistry which reminded him of a want he thought he heard you express, of some good lining for your Cisterns, and also a work which he supposes you and Mr Randolph will take pleasure in reading, It was with my letters commited to the care of Mr A, P, Maury a relation of Mr Thos Maury who intended to visit Albemarle but I presume changed his intention by the Book and letters being sent by mail the Book was directed to the care of Mr Leitch I presume, as he took it from the Post Office I hope you dont mean to risk your health by seting out on your journey to Poplar For‑ est while the wind is so furious and the weather so cold, Mr Divers is unwell today with his old complaint, with love to the family I am Your affectionate and Obliged Friend E, Trist RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Apr. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. The large French‑language book that Nicholas P. Trist thought that TJ and Thomas Mann Randolph would take

pleasure in reading has not been identified. Its delivery to Monticello was delayed for several weeks due to a dis‑ pute over its initial postal charge of $26, which was later waived (Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas P. Trist, 25 Apr. 1821 [DLC: NPT], 25 May 1821 [NcU: NPT]).

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 19. 21. The revolving year brings with it my annual tax on your goodness. I write this day to capt Bernard Peyton, my correspondent in Rich‑ mond to remit to you 300 Dollars, which I pray you to place in Paris, 100.D. to the order of Messrs DeBures freres libraires there, and 200.D. to the order of mr Joshua Dodge our Consul at Marseilles, sending the inclosed letters at the same time to them. mr Girard’s bills are so certain, that if he can repeat his [fav]or for this sum I shall rest secure of my books & my wines. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Arthur S. Brocken‑ brough to TJ; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “J. Vaughan esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional nota‑ tion (brackets in original): “[thro’ B.P. for DeBures & Dodge] duplicates thro

office of state & mr Gallatin. May 25.” Enclosures: (1) TJ to de Bure Frères, 19 Apr. 1821, and enclosure. (2) TJ to Joshua Dodge, 19 Apr. 1821. Enclosed in TJ to Bernard Peyton, 19 Apr. 1821. libraires: “booksellers.”

 147 

To Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 20. 21. It is near 2. months since I made a remittance for some Roman ce‑ ment to mr Coffee, supposing him to be in N.Y. but recieving no an‑ swer I presume he has left it on a very long journey he intended to take. we cannot therefore look to that place. I recieved last night the inclosed letter from mr Andrew Smith on the subject of this cement. as his is imported from England, we have as good a chance of getting it genuine from him as from any one. I would therefore recommend your application to him. I think too it is not right for us to use English window glass when as good, if not better is made in our own country; and I question whether your glazier does not take such a profit on the English glass he uses as to make it as dear as that of Boston. as it is frequent for the employer to find the glass, I leave to yourself, either to go on as we have done, or to procure glass of our own manufactory from mr Smith. I set out for Bedford tomorrow or next day and salute you with friendly respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); chipped at crease, with missing letter supplied from PoC; endorsed by Brockenbrough, in part, as “on Roman cement & Boston Glass.” PoC

(DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: An‑ drew Smith to TJ, 16 Apr. 1821.

To George Hay Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 20. 21 I recieved yesterday your favor of the 14th inclosing a paragraph cut from a newspaper, imputing to me expressions of opinion in the difference existing between the high authorities of the state of New York. be assured, Sir, that I have never uttered such expressions, nor even presumed to form an opinion on the case. I have the highest regard for all the parties: I have considered theirs as a family differ‑ ence, and duly respected the honesty of their conflicting opinions. but I have read nothing on the subject, neither the report of the joint committee which you mention, nor th[e do]cuments on either side. indeed I withdraw so entir[ely] from what is passing generally, that I read but a single newspaper, & that of my own state, and whenever in that anything on this particular subject, or polemical of any other kind, meets my eye, I pass it over, unread, as not within my concern.  148 

20 APRIL 1821

 I thank you for the occasion given of correcting an unkind attempt to compromit me in a case into which I never presumed to intrude an opinion, & I salute you with great friendship & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; with newspaper clipping at‑ tached with red sealing wax (see note to Hay to TJ, 14 Apr. 1821); damaged at seal; at foot of text: “George Hay esquire”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 20 Apr. 1821.

To David Hosack Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 20. 21. I am truly ashamed of being so troublesome to you as the inter‑ mediate of my correspondence with mr Coffee, and can only plead in excuse his desire that I should do so. on the 5th of March, not know‑ ing whether he was in New York I took the liberty of putting under the protection of your cover a letter to him asking a supply of 4. casks of Roman cement, and at the same time desired my correspondent in Richmond to remit him 40.D. under the same cover. recieving no an‑ swer from him, I conclude he is not in N. York, and being informed I can get the same cement in Richmond which is much more conve‑ nient to me, should the cement not have been already forwarded from New York I should prefer a return of my remittance & to employ it in Richmond. if you can be so good as to have this effected it will close this business, and add to my obligations to you. and I pray you to ac‑ cept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Heritage Auctions, auction 658, Dallas, 16 Apr. 2007, lot 25126). PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 2 Nov. 1820; endorsed by TJ.

To Victoire Laporte Dear Madam Monticello Apr. 20. 21. Your letter of the 15th finds me in the moment of departure on a journey of considerable absence from home. I am sorry it is not in my power to give you any information as to mr Laporte. the last time I saw him he told me he should go to Washington for a patent for a particular invention. I think it probable he has heard there of some suitable situation, in pursuit of which he has gone on. that he may find  149 

20 APRIL 1821

a comfortable one for yourself and family is my sincere wish which I tender you with the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Made Laporte”; endorsed by TJ.

To Hezekiah Niles [Ed. Note: A missing letter to Niles of 20 Apr. 1821 is recorded in SJL with the bracketed notation: “5.D.” In his financial records for that date TJ noted sending Hezekiah Niles “5.D. for a year’s Regis‑ ter” (MB, 2:1374). Niles presumably acknowledged this payment for his journal, the Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register, in a letter to TJ of 27 Apr. 1821 from that city, also not found but recorded in SJL as written by “Henry” Niles and received 7 May 1821.]

To Andrew Smith Sir Monticello Apr. 20. 21. I recieved yesterday your favor of the 10th and being on my depar‑ ture on a journey I inclosed it to the Proctor of the University, who superintends our works (mr A. S. Brockenbrough) recommending to him to apply to you for both cement and glass. I wish I had sooner known that you could furnish the cement. I wrote 2. months ago to N.Y. inclosing a remittance for 4. casks for myself. having recieved no answer, I write this day for a return of my remittance if the cement has not been sent off, and in that case shall make my application to you. Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 5 Oct. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Andrew Smith”; endorsed by TJ.

Smith’s favor of the 10th was actu‑ ally dated 16 Apr. 1821.

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 20. 21. I wrote you two letters yesterday, the one direct, the other thro’ Capt Peyton. after sending them to the post office the messenger brought me in return yours of the 12th. I never recieved from you  150 

23 APRIL 1821

either the 6. vols of the Dictionnaire of Nat. history, nor the two miss‑ ing of the Dictionnaire medicale. to this information I add my friendly and respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Jesse Wharton to TJ, 25 Sept. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Vaughan”; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

TJ’s direct letter of 19 Apr. 1821 to Vaughan, not found, was recorded in SJL with the additional bracketed notation: “covering lre to T. Appleton.”

From James Gibbon Dear Sir Richmond Apl 21. 1821 Saturday Having only this morning1 returnd from the City of Washington, I found yr letter of the 12t Inst covering2 a bill of loading for three boxes of wine, which have came safe to hand & will be forwarded by Capt Peyton on monday— my suffering only publick letters to be open’d by my Clerks in my absence will be a sufficient3 excuse for my not attending to yr com‑ mands promptly— I beg you to be assur’d, that I shall at all times take pleasure in ex‑ ecuting your commands—at the same time of the perfect respect & esteem of Dr Sir Yo Mo Ob. J Gibbon RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Lafayette, 10 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqe Monte

Cello Albermarle Cty Virga”; franked; postmarked. 1

Manuscript: “moring.” Manuscript: “coving.” 3 Manuscript: “sufficent.” 2

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 23d April 1821 I have procured R. & T. Gwathmey’s bill on London for £369.18; (of which the enclosed is a triplicate) & remitted to New York, to be forwarded by different Vessels, letters to Mr Williams1 enclosing the duplicate, & first of these bills, together with your letter to Mr W., there being no vessel to sail from this place either to London or Liv‑ erpool: this bill will place in the hands of Mr Williams the nett sum of $1644, to credit of Mr Appleton, & for which I had to pay seven pr Ct premium, which was the lowest I could procure a good & un‑ doubtd bill at:—of course its cost here was $1759.08.—your propor‑ tion of which comes to $475.08. & to which is to be added 1 pr Ct  151 

23 APRIL 1821

Comssn

(say $4.75) & makes the whole of your proportion of the bill & charges2 amount to $479.83.—The advance charged to the Col‑ lege, as well as the Comssn,3 over & above the $1200 recd, amounts to $96.84, a statement of which I have this day sent A. Garrett the Bursar, all of which hope will be satisfactory I recd last evening yours of the 19th Int: enclosing one to Jno Vaughan of Philadelphia.   Since the a∕c sales of 21 Blls: your flour rendered some days ago, have recd only 80 Blls: more, which is unsold, but which shall be disposed of as soon as a favorable oppor‑ tunity offers. Of the amt of $581.51 remitted by you, $479.83 is laid out in pur‑ chase the bill on London as above stated, which leaves $101.68 only, instead of $137.51 as calculated on by you—& from Mr Randolph have not yet recd a remittance.—Whenever I have the amount of $300 in hand of yours, will, as you direct, immediately forward, with your letter to Mr Vaughan, a check for that sum on Philadelphia, & if it is a matter of much consequence to you, would remit the amount4 at once, in advance. The Nail Rods I have are very superior, & invoiced to me at $7 by the single Bundle of 56 ℔, but by the Ton, I can supply you regu‑ larly, & with any quantity at $130, to which will be added all charges from the factory at Balto: & for smaller quantities, other than by the single Bundle, at $3.50 pr Bundle of 56 ℔, with the addition of charges from Balto: these rods are so far superior to the English, that they will not sell in this market at all, & a supply made here could not be calculated on regularly. With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton Flour $3½ @ 3⅝ I have this day paid, without advice, your draft favor Wolf & Raphael for $51.24 B.P. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Gilbert J. Hunt, 10 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; post‑ marked (faint) Richmond [2]3 Apr. En‑ closure not found.

firm of Wolfe & Raphael (wolf & ra‑ phael) an order on Peyton for $51.24 for “groceries to this date” (MB, 2:1374). 1 Manuscript:

“Willliams.” two words interlined. 3 Manuscript: “Cossn.” 4 Manuscript: “amout.” 2 Preceding

In his financial records for 20 Apr. 1821, TJ listed giving the Charlottesville

 152 

From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) Dr sir Richmd April 24th 1821 r By M Kirbys Boat you will receive 3 Boxes Wine Sent from the Custom House which have been delivered in good order if so deliv‑ ered to you please pay fght: as customary. Your Mo Ob B. Peyton By C. Bias 3 Boxes RC (MHi); in Bias’s hand; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson monticello”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton received 6 May 1821.

Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) Poplar Forest April 24 1821

We are arriv’d here fatigue’d to death as usual my dear Virginia, after the most tedious journey that ever was made, I am sure I almost died on the road from impatience. we got to Warren in the height of the rain that fell the day we left you, & were detain’d there all night, in consequence of which & the roads being in the most detestable order, we could not get to Hunters the next day as we intended, and spent the night at horrid Old Flood’s, between the sheets that Dr & Mrs Flood had been sleeping in for a month I am sure, not between them exactly for finding the counterpane was clean we pinn’d the top sheet down close all round and laid upon that after rolling ourselves up hand foot and face in our cloths so that our skins at least should not be defiled by touching pitch & cover’d with the counterpane next us. strange to tell, every thing else in the house had the appearance of having been clean not more than a week before, and we did not feel ourselves polluted by breathing the air of this den usually of filth, we had very comfortable breakfasts both days, first at Warren where Kent, who the servant maid told us was mighty fond of Mr Jefferson, gave us breakfast while we were waiting for Gill & Israel to trifle away a few hours which was in part the cause of our being oblig’d to spend the night at Flood’s; and then at Hunters whose tavern keeping seems to have improved since the death of his wife. The roads for the greater part of the way were so bad that Gill more than once stopp’d and said he thought if he ventur’d any farther we should certainly be upset, & once Burwell was oblig’d to dismount & hold up the carriage to  153 

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prevent it from going over. when we arriv’d here we foun[d] Mr Yancy gone to Liberty court, (16 miles off) and the keys of the house could not be obtain’d untill his return; Burwell had shaken open the front door so that we could enter & get into several of the rooms of the house but our chamber door in which room all the bedding was was lock’d[.] besides that, nothing either to eat or drink could be obtain’d, & to make the matter worse the hard winter had kill’d almost every thing in the garden. we satisfied our hunger with the wrecks of our travelling provisions, & whatever old Hannah & Burwell could find, after dilligently searching house & garden for several hours to collect the little that had been overlook’d when the house was shut up last year, on the one hand, & on the other, what the cold had spar’d. we were more hungry & tir’d than nice though, you may suppose, & at night were very contentedly about to stretch off upon the outside of the beds which had a single blanket laid over the mattress, when the keys arriv’d, & in a moment we had tea & wine, & comfortable beds. I have been writing you, I wont say entertaining you with, an account of our journey & arrival here, which I suppose was all you expected to hear unless in addition to it the scraps of neighbourhood news the servants have given us, & an account of the health of our party, this is as good as usual, grandpapa says he is very well, sister Ellen that she is tired to death, & so am I, but we hope to recover soon & make the most of our time while we are here. I have heard who the blue ey’d flaxen hair’d youth, whom you admir’d so much, is, he is a young man of this neighbourhood, of the name of Irving or Ervine, I do not know how to spell the name; the kentuckian or tennesean who was with him we cannot hear the name of. All our neighbours are in status quo, except that young Mrs Watts has lost her child. Col. Watts is at home, so I suppose we shall not have the honour of Mrs Watts’ & Miss Betsey’s company here. Adieu my dear Virginia I must if possible write a line to Mrs Trist, or I shall not answer her letter at all, since I suppose she will come to Monti‑ cello as soon as we get home.   We heard as usual of a murder just committed in Buckingham as we past through that county, a negro man & woman murder’d another negro, they were on trial, and perhaps as they are negroes may stand some chance of meeting with the punishment they deserve.   kiss my dear Geordie for me & believe me ever yours C.J.R. RC (NcU: NPT); edge trimmed. defiled by touching pitch comes from the apocryphal biblical Book of Si‑ rach (also known as Ecclesiaticus), 13.1:

“He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith.” Shortly after arriving again at Poplar Forest later in the year, Cornelia J. Ran‑ dolph alluded a second time to the fre‑

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25 APRIL 1821 quency of murder in buckingham County, advising her sister Virginia around 6 Oct.

1821 that, “wonderful to say, we heard of no murder in Buckingham” (NcU: NPT).  geordie: George Wythe Randolph.

From John A. Wharton Sir, Nashville Tenn. April 25th ’21 Relying on your generosity, I take the liberty of addressing you, not having the honor of a personal acquaintance with you. I am con‑ vinced that no man in these United States beholds with more heart‑ felt satisfaction, the advancement of the cause of literature in this your native country, than yourself; I am, therefore, encouraged to write you on a subject of infinite importance to myself, as well as to youth in general. I have seen, through the medium of the public prints, that the leg‑ islature of Virginia have made considerable appropriations to the University established at Charlottesville: in consequence of which the institution will be opened on the first day January next. The object of the present communication is to solicit from you any information which you can give, relative to the prices of tuition and boarding, and the previous qualifications necessary to an entrance into each of the classes. Any information which you can communicate (not being called for in this letter) will be thankfully received. You will, I hope, pardon my being thus particular in my enquiries concerning the Uni‑ versity as economy in my financial calculations is absolutely necessary. I have now only to request you will direct your answer to Davis’ store, Bedford Virginia, the place of my residence: and to pray you1 to ac‑ cept the assurance of my profound respect and unfeigned veneration. J, A, Wharton RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); at foot of text: “Mr Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Wm” Wharton received 13 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. John Austin Wharton (1803–88), at‑ torney, public official, and clergyman was a native of Bedford County. He was mayor of Liberty (later Bedford) from its incorporation in 1840 until 1849. Whar‑ ton sat on the executive committee of the town’s Tippecanoe Club supporting Wil‑ liam Henry Harrison in 1840, and he was cashier for a time of the Bedford Savings Bank. Ordained a deacon in the Protes‑

tant Episcopal Church in 1847, Wharton was later rector of Saint John’s Church in Liberty until at least 1868. In 1860 his real estate was valued at $15,000 and his personal property was worth $10,000. Wharton was the judge of the Bedford County Court from 1870 until 1880 (Mary Denham Ackerly and Lula Eastman Jeter Parker, “Our Kin”: The Genealogies of Some of the Early Families who Made History in the Founding and Development of Bedford County Virginia [1930], 124, 180, 221–2; W. Harrison Daniel, Bedford County, Virginia, 1840–1860: The History of an Upper Piedmont County in the Late

 155 

25 APRIL 1821 Antebellum Era [1985], 3, 48, 92–3, 143; DNA: RG 29, CS, Bedford Co., 1840–80; Joanne Spiers Moche, Families of Grace through 1900: Remembering Radford [2008], 1:142; Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church [1847]: 269; [1869]: 544; JSV [1869–70 sess.], 323–4 [13 May 1870]; [1879–80 sess.], 90 [9 Jan. 1880]; Bedford Co. Will Book,

26:438–9, 444–9; gravestone inscription in Longwood Cemetery, Bedford). Wharton also wrote twice to James Madison this year requesting information about the University of Virginia (Madi‑ son, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:251–2, 440). 1 Manuscript:

“your.”

From Robert R. Glinn & Company Sir Richmond 26 April 1821 We sold to Mr Laporte some time past, Groceries &c amounting to $150. and recd from him as security your obligation to see the amount of One Hundred Dollars paid in 90 days which time has elapsed Govr Randolph also became security for the additional sum of Fifty Dollars on the same Paper. We have this day called on him and he says he will pay it in a few days Govr Randolph advised us that it was only necessary for us to in‑ form you of the circumstance and you would do the needful—Will you have the goodness to remit the amount to us by an early mail, or to some of your Friends here, and take up the Paper We are with the greatest respect your ob. Servts Ro R Glinn & Co RC (MHi); in the hand of a represen‑ tative of Robert R. Glinn & Company; endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CSmH); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to William Beach Lawrence, 10 June 1821, on verso; addressed in the same hand: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello Albe‑ marle County Va”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 26 Apr.

Robert R. Glinn (d. 1830), merchant, was the proprietor from at least 1819 of Robert R. Glinn & Company, a Rich‑ mond firm. At his death his personal property was valued at $4,692, including fourteen slaves (The Richmond Directory, Register and Almanac, for the Year 1819 [Richmond, 1819], 48; Daily Richmond Whig, 18 Sept. 1830; Henrico Co. Will Book, 7:456–7, 459–61).

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Judge Coalter’s—Henrico. 28th April. 1821. th It was not untill the 25 inst that I found my health sufficiently restored to enable me to set out for the lower country. By travelling slowly & lying down some hours in the day I was enabled to get down from my Brother’s in three days, but not without being compelled to  156 

28 APRIL 1821

go to bed with a high fever at Powhatan Court House, which contin‑ ued half a day & one night. I arrived here much indisposed yesterday, but am better to‑day, and hope that my journey to the northern neck, whither I am now going will entirely restore my strength. The cold which I took in travelling up the country, greatly affected my muscu‑ lar & nervous systems, and frequently shewed a determination to my breast & bowels. After frequent bleedings, & several doses of medi‑ cine, I made very free use of warm teas: & the loss of strength, to‑ gether with the opening of the pores, & heated chambers, threw me into so delicate a state, that I could not move out of the House with‑ out taking fresh cold, that would bring back in an aggravated form all my complaints. The extraordinary prevalence of winds and the sud‑ den & frequent changes in March & April prolonged my confinement. Knowing how little would overset me, I determined to rely on the lib‑ erality of the people, and confine myself to the House. Mrs Cabell had come up to this place, and was very uneasy about me. I was not in a situation to visit you with the tranquility and strength that were req‑ uisite for the objects of my call. The heats of summer were advancing apace, & a full month is necessary to make my journey to Corrotto‑ man, where the state of my affairs demands my immediate presence. I therefore determined to postpone my visit to the University till my return in June, when I hope to be entirely well, and will come down at leisure, to converse with you fully on the affairs of the University. Since I last wrote you by Mr Southall, I have learnt from Genl Cocke that he also was prevented by ill health from attending the last meet‑ ing. I am entirely ignorant of what passed at the meeting, and feel very anxious for information. I regret to find that Genl Breckenridge will not be in the next Assembly; as also to discover in Genl Black‑ burn’s speech on the University, some remarks, which I did not know it contained, till I saw it in the Enquirer, not having been present at its delivery. I regret that Mr Maury was not returned from Bucking‑ ham. Both the Delegates from that county will probably be in the op‑ position. Amherst & Nelson will go with D S Garland. My friend Col: Shelton was shut out by his own son in law Harris.1 The elections— as far as I have heard from them, are as favorable as I could expect. It is reported that the University has lost ground considerably of late among the mass of the people. Some efforts ought to be made in the course of the season to regain & strengthen the public confidence. We have every thing to hope from the importance & singleness of the object, & the progress of information. But I fear the results will be too slow. I did not like the manner in which the business was conducted last winter. The whole of the Literary Fund being now disposed of,  157 

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we are driven upon a difficult & thorny path. We must look for a sink‑ ing fund to pay the interest & principal of the debt—or strive to get it remitted. Rest assured, my dear Sir, that a call must be made upon all the friends of literature & Science to unite their influence on this great occasion—a call such as made by myself & others on the ques‑ tion of location. But the minds of leading men over the state should be drawn early to this subject. Much may be done by yourself & Mr Madison. I have not time to go more fully into the subject at this time: but will come to see you as soon as I return. In the interim I remain Dr Sir, very sincerely your Joseph C. Cabell. RC (ViU: TJP‑PC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Joel Yancey, 8 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello” by “Mail”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Richmond, 29 Apr. A determination is a “tendency or flow of the bodily fluids . . . to a particu‑ lar part” (OED). On 23 Feb. 1821 Samuel Blackburn gave a lengthy speech in the House of Delegates that was largely supportive of the University of Virginia. Although he admitted that he might personally have preferred to start with the same ambi‑ tious plan but execute it gradually based on available funds, he argued that curtail‑ ing the work at this point would waste‑ fully sacrifice a great deal of construction

already underway. Blackburn also op‑ posed proposals to divert public funds to  colleges and academies, commended the wisdom and experience of the current rector and visitors, and emphasized the value of educating Virginians and south‑ erners locally rather than sending them to northern or European institutions. The Richmond enquirer did not print the speech until 24 Apr. 1821. The buckingham County representa‑ tives to the Virginia House of Delegates for 1820–21 were Walter L. Fontaine and Charles Yancey. In the following session Lenaeus Bolling and Reuben B. Patteson succeeded them (Leonard, General As‑ sembly, 303, 308). 1 Cabell here canceled what appears to be “a most contemptible fellow.”

From David Hosack Dear Sir new york april 28th 1821 I duly received your letters for mr Coffee and have been in daily expectation of seeing him when I intended writing to you—I now find he is in So Carolina—I return you the letters you addressed to him as they were received by me—I hope you will find all correct—they were lodged by me in the Post office from whence I took them this morning—I shall be obliged by a line informing me if they are re‑ turned to you as they were sent— I accompany this letter by a copy of my Second Edition of a volume on nosology—under the heads of Croup i e Trechitis—and of aneu‑ rism you will find that americans have contributed to the stock of medical knowledge particularly in Surgery—I know you take an ac‑  158 

30 APRIL 1821

tive interest in this as well other departments of knowledge and theref[o]re beg to place this volume on your Table—in the arrange‑ ment which I have adopted you will perceive I have kept steadily in view those associations of disease that are best calculated to elucidate their nature and to direct their treatment—at ye same time that the pupil will I believe find it profitable in leading him to a knowledge of those essentiel Symptoms which distinguish diseases having an affinity to each other pardon the haste with which I address you—I am Dr Sir very respectfully yours David Hosack P.S I beg to say that I will be happy to attend to any commands you may have in new york— RC (MHi); edge trimmed, with two word endings on verso of address cover; endorsed by TJ as received 7 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Lewis Cass, 31 May 1821, on verso; ad‑ dressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr Monti‑ cello Virginia with a volume”; franked;

postmarked New York, 28 Apr. Enclo‑ sures: (1) TJ to William J. Coffee, 5 Mar. 1821, and unlocated covering letter from Bernard Peyton to Coffee (see TJ to Pey‑ ton, 4 Mar. 1821). (2) Hosack, A System of Practical Nosology (2d ed., New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 5 [no. 182]).

From James Barbour Dear Sir Barboursville April 30th 21 Some years past I recollect to have drunk some ale at Monticello which I understood was of your own brewing—The manner of doing which you had obtained by a recipe from some intelligent Briton— Being desirous to introduce that kind of drink and having a facility in preparing the materials of which it is made you will oblige me much by furnishing me with a copy of the recipe as soon as your convenience will permit. I present you my respects James Barbour RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

The intelligent briton was Jo‑ seph Miller.

From John Barnes Dear Sir— George Town Coa 30th April 1821, Many thanks, for your very Acceptable favr of the 19th. my friend Mr Parr, left us, 10 day since for Liverpool via Philada much pleased with his reception at Montpelier Monticello & Harpers ferry.—strict  159 

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inquiry have been made After Mr Cardelli, and his Busts, but cannot trace either, presume a speculation of distinguish’d Names, to induce purchasers—plaster Busts—& Various Horses &c &c were Vended thro. washington & Geo Town last summer probaly of his Manufacture— but none worthy of particular1 Notice—Shd any, Worthy of Notice Offer I shall not fail of advising you— most Respectfully—to you Sir, and the good family—I am ever— Your Obed humle servt John Barnes, RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 May 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL.

1

Manuscript: “parcular.”

From James Monroe Dear Sir Washington April 30th 1821. The whole amount of claims of the state of Virga, against the U States, which has been presented, is not more than 50.000 dolrs, of which 11.000 have been suspended a long time, for the want of satis‑ factory explanation, which it is apprehended cannot be given. The residue of the claims, that is, of the claims exceeding that sum, have been presented by the agent of the State, Mr C. Selden, since the re‑ ceit of your letter, and of these, 30.000. dolrs may be paid as soon as the Treasurer of the State gives to any person the requisite authority, of which the agent has been inform’d. The account of all the claims will be audited & closed, as soon as possible, & the balance if any paid without delay. This view furnishes a result different I fear from what you had expected, but will I hope produce no unfavorable effect on the university, the early commencment of whose duties, is so impor‑ tant to the State & indeed to our system of government. Nothing in‑ teresting has occurrd here, or intelligence of that kind been recievd from Europe since my last letter to you. with great respect & regard dear sir yours James Monroe RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 7 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Alexander Garrett, 31 May 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas

Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 30 Apr. Jerman Baker was the Virginia state treasurer.

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From John G. Robert (for Patrick Gibson) Sir Richmond 30th april 1821 Your note for $1125.—in the Va B. is due on the 22d May and ’ere that period it may be necessary that you find another name to it, as my own name, or that of mine as Exr of Jno Mutter may be before then protested—it is wished that this [s]hod not be known except to yourself—I have sold all your flour which is now down—Since writ‑ ing you last vizt on the 27th Feby 49 bls Sfine, 13th april 2 bls Sf & 9 bls fine at 3⅜ & 3⅛$, on the 16th 13 bls Sfine at 3½$, on the 21st, 15 bls Sf at 3½ & this day 10 bls fine at 3½$.—the demand is now steady at 3¾$—The writer is sorry to have to inform Mr J— that Mr G— has been confined to his bed by severe illness for a length of time, and is still— Respectfy Yours— Patrick Gibson r John. G. Robert RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 30 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s nota‑ tion at foot of text:

“Feb. 27.  49. B. Apr. 13. 2. B. 9. 16. 13. 21 15. 30. 10. 98

S.F S.F F SF. SF. F.

3⅜ 3⅛ 3½ 3½ 3½

D 165.37½ 6.75 28.12½ 45.50 52.50 35. 333.25.”

va b.: Bank of Virginia.

From Solomon Southwick Dear Sir, Albany, April 30h ’21. Retired as you are from the bustle of the great world, in which you have acted so conspicuous & so useful a part, it may perhaps afford you a moments’ gratification to contemplate the subject of the Ad‑ dress, which I herewith take the liberty of forwarding. Personally I have no other claim to your notice than that of having in early life, with great zeal & sincerity, exerted myself effectually in this State to place you at the head of the Republic; nor can I perhaps justly say, that this gives me any claim to your personal consideration, since the public prosperity, & not your personal aggrandisement, was the ob‑ ject of my solicitude & exertions. I trust, however, that the subject of my Address cannot fail to at‑ tract the attention of so sincere a Philanthropist as I believe you, sir,  161 

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to be—& that if any hints suggest themselves to your mind which may enable us to improve upon our Infant Institution, you will have no hesitation in communicating them to me for the benefit of the ris‑ ing generation. That you may long live to behold &1 enjoy the fruits of your arduous labours in past times, in the Liberty & Prosperity of your Country, is the ardent wish & prayer of Your sincere Friend & very obed’t Serv’t S Southwick RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Ex President of the United States Monticello”; franked; postmarked Albany, 1 May; endorsed by TJ as received 10 May 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosure: Southwick, Address, delivered by appointment, in the Episcopal Church, at the opening of the Apprentices’ Library, in the City of Al‑ bany, January 1, 1821 (Albany, 1821). Solomon Southwick (1773–1839), jour‑ nalist and public official, was born in Newport, Rhode Island. The son of a newspaper publisher, he began his own career in this field as an apprentice printer in New York City. By 1791 Southwick was a journeyman with the Albany Regis‑ ter, an anti‑Federalist newspaper of which he was a partner, 1792–1800. He soon formed political alliances that helped him win positions, first as clerk of the New York state assembly, then as clerk of the state senate, and finally as sheriff of Al‑ bany city and county. In 1808 Southwick was named state printer, returned to jour‑ nalism as sole proprietor of the Albany Register, and wrote columns supporting the DeWitt Clinton faction of Jefferso‑ nian Republicans. Starting in 1812 his in‑ fluence declined when his support for a controversial banking measure led to ac‑

cusations of bribery. Southwick was re‑ moved as state printer in 1814 and fell into debt due to failed attempts at land speculation. He shifted his political alle‑ giance from Clinton to James Monroe and held the Albany postmastership, 1815–22. In 1817 Southwick ceased publication of the Albany Register. He also edited three other Albany periodicals, the Christian Visitant, 1815–16, the Plough Boy, 1819– 23, and the National Democrat, 1823–26. Southwick failed in bids for the governor‑ ship of New York in 1822 as an indepen‑ dent and in 1828 on behalf of the Anti‑ Masonic party. He spent his final years as a traveling lecturer espousing temperance, Christianity, and self‑improvement. South‑ wick’s many publications included The Pleasures of Poverty (Albany, 1823) and Five Lessons for Young Men. By a Man of Sixty (1837). He died in Albany (ANB; DAB; Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:539; PTJ, 33:572–3; Craig Hanyan and Mary L. Hanyan, De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People’s Men [1996]; Pittsfield [Mass.] Sun, 21 Nov. 1839). On 12 Apr. 1821 Southwick sent James Madison the same enclosure (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:301). 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

From John F. Cocke Dr sir, Powhatan May 1st 1821— some years ago you had a mortgage on an estate in Goochland known by the name of B. Dam, it was sold for your Benefit and pur‑ chased by Wm Bentley for the representatives of Wm Ronald late of this County—the object of this Communication, is to be informed if  162 

30 APRIL 1821

to be—& that if any hints suggest themselves to your mind which may enable us to improve upon our Infant Institution, you will have no hesitation in communicating them to me for the benefit of the ris‑ ing generation. That you may long live to behold &1 enjoy the fruits of your arduous labours in past times, in the Liberty & Prosperity of your Country, is the ardent wish & prayer of Your sincere Friend & very obed’t Serv’t S Southwick RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Ex President of the United States Monticello”; franked; postmarked Albany, 1 May; endorsed by TJ as received 10 May 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosure: Southwick, Address, delivered by appointment, in the Episcopal Church, at the opening of the Apprentices’ Library, in the City of Al‑ bany, January 1, 1821 (Albany, 1821). Solomon Southwick (1773–1839), jour‑ nalist and public official, was born in Newport, Rhode Island. The son of a newspaper publisher, he began his own career in this field as an apprentice printer in New York City. By 1791 Southwick was a journeyman with the Albany Regis‑ ter, an anti‑Federalist newspaper of which he was a partner, 1792–1800. He soon formed political alliances that helped him win positions, first as clerk of the New York state assembly, then as clerk of the state senate, and finally as sheriff of Al‑ bany city and county. In 1808 Southwick was named state printer, returned to jour‑ nalism as sole proprietor of the Albany Register, and wrote columns supporting the DeWitt Clinton faction of Jefferso‑ nian Republicans. Starting in 1812 his in‑ fluence declined when his support for a controversial banking measure led to ac‑

cusations of bribery. Southwick was re‑ moved as state printer in 1814 and fell into debt due to failed attempts at land speculation. He shifted his political alle‑ giance from Clinton to James Monroe and held the Albany postmastership, 1815–22. In 1817 Southwick ceased publication of the Albany Register. He also edited three other Albany periodicals, the Christian Visitant, 1815–16, the Plough Boy, 1819– 23, and the National Democrat, 1823–26. Southwick failed in bids for the governor‑ ship of New York in 1822 as an indepen‑ dent and in 1828 on behalf of the Anti‑ Masonic party. He spent his final years as a traveling lecturer espousing temperance, Christianity, and self‑improvement. South‑ wick’s many publications included The Pleasures of Poverty (Albany, 1823) and Five Lessons for Young Men. By a Man of Sixty (1837). He died in Albany (ANB; DAB; Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:539; PTJ, 33:572–3; Craig Hanyan and Mary L. Hanyan, De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People’s Men [1996]; Pittsfield [Mass.] Sun, 21 Nov. 1839). On 12 Apr. 1821 Southwick sent James Madison the same enclosure (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:301). 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

From John F. Cocke Dr sir, Powhatan May 1st 1821— some years ago you had a mortgage on an estate in Goochland known by the name of B. Dam, it was sold for your Benefit and pur‑ chased by Wm Bentley for the representatives of Wm Ronald late of this County—the object of this Communication, is to be informed if  162 

2 M AY 1 8 2 1

you have receiv’d from Bentley the money due you from the sale, If so be so good as to give me the most speedy information, as your acknowledgement is necessary to the perfection of my rights;— notwithstanding the open and avowed intention of Colo Bentley that he was making the purchase for the legatees of Wm Ronald, he use’d it for his own purposes and gave Mr Wickham a mortgage on the plantation in question, Suit was instituted, and the orphans of Said Ronald recoverd the land By a Chancery Decision and that Mr James Pleasants should Convey to them if Satisfactory evidence is produced to him, of the money being paid, for which the land was sold. Your immediate attention to this will add a personal favour, to the Many I  feel and gratefully acknowledge in common with the rest of yr Countrymen John F. Cocke PS. Direct to Goochland Ct. House RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with unrelated calculation by TJ on verso. John Field Cocke (1784–1856), farmer, was a native of Powhatan County who married Anne Waller Ronald. He served as a captain of militia cavalry during the War of 1812 and supported Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign in 1836. In 1850 Cocke owned fifteen slaves and real estate valued at $5,000 (William Ron‑ ald Cocke’s 1968 membership application

in Sons of the American Revolution ar‑ chive, Louisville, Ky.; “The Cocke Family of Virginia,” VMHB 4 [1897]: 434; Stu‑ art Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Mili‑ tia Units in the War of 1812 [1988], 172, 250, 269; Richmond Enquirer, 20 Feb. 1836; DNA: RG 29, CS, Powhatan Co., 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Powhatan Co. Will Book, 15:9; Petersburg Daily Express, 9 Feb. 1856). b. dam: Beaverdam. For TJ’s earlier in‑ volvement in this land sale, see TJ to James Pleasants, 26 Jan. 1810, and enclosure.

From Benjamin de Chastellier To Thomas Jefferson  The friend of the American  people!

New Orleans 2d day of May 1821.

I had the pleasure Sir to pay You a Visit Some time last Summer, Under the humble garb of a ☞pilgrim, I have now finished my Tour and am about to retire to my native Country. I am in great distress, destitute of Cloathing and of means to pay my passage! Be it remembered that I am the person Who Sometime in the Year 1814 gave certain information to Mr James Munroe then Secretary of State, respecting the Character of a Certain ☞General Willot, then residing in Baltimore employed in the dissemination of Seduc‑ tive means of Corruption, to enslave the American people!  163 

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☞It was through his agency that Moreau was Seduced. ☞It was him who established “the Federal Republican”1 in Balti‑ more, Whose Seditious productions excited the unhappy riot which produced a change in the politicks of Maryland! The penetration with which I discovered the general plot, my dis‑ position as an American Citizen to make it Known drew on me the general wrath of that infernal assotiation of Villains! I have by their persecutions become totally ruined! in reputation and in purse! yet I beg leave to assure You, that I am peculiarly at‑ tached to the Well thinking portion of the Citizens of the United States of America. I beg leave to request of you Sir, as a favor, to preserve these papers. And to believe me your obt Servt Benja de Chastellier RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 30 May 1821, with his additional notation: “insane,” and so recorded in SJL. Benjamin de Chastellier, a native of Saint Domingue, was a merchant and broker in Baltimore from 1805 until 1812. He was both imprisoned for debt and re‑ leased in the latter year, when he was also expelled from his local Masonic lodge and tried and acquitted in Annapolis on a charge of murder. Chastellier was later imprisoned in a penitentiary for fraud. By 1820 he was running a school for young men in the Tidewater region of Virginia. After spending some time in New Or‑ leans, Chastellier moved to Lexington, Kentucky (Baltimore American and Com‑ mercial Daily Advertiser, 20 Feb., 7 May 1805, 13 June, 14 Oct. 1812; Fry’s Balti‑ more Directory, for the year 1812 [Balti‑

more, 1812], 17; Baltimore Patriot, 19 Feb. 1813; Early Records of the Grand Lodge of the State of Vermont, F. & A. M., from 1794 to 1846 inclusive [1879], 152; American Beacon and Norfolk & Ports‑ mouth Daily Advertiser, 29 Mar. 1820; Lexington Kentucky Gazette, 11 Mar. 1824). Alexander Contee Hanson, one of the founding proprietors of the Baltimore federal republican and Commercial Gazette, moved the publication from Bal‑ timore to Georgetown in 1812 after a mob destroyed its offices in response to the newspaper’s attacks against President James Madison and the War of 1812 (ANB; Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:235). 1 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied.

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Notes by Benjamin de Chastellier on His Mistreatment and Napoleon’s Liberation [ca. 2 May 1821] Charité pour faciliter la Liberation de Napoleon!

    

☞ Vos bienfaits Seront reçu avec la plus Vive reconnaissance par Votre tres humble Serviteur Benja de Chastellier {Militaire, Creol du Cap français. Isle de St Domingue1

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2 M AY 1 8 2 1 ☞ Such is the Suspicious and Corrupt State of human nature that I have not received a Solitary cent, nor made any application on principles of Charity! for which I have a peculiar aversion!2 ☞ The Sword! La Vie ou La Mort (☞ a bas les préjugés) Aux Coeurs Sensibles! Aux Ames bien neés!

    

Après avoir éprouvé pendant plus de Sept ans, des Soufrances les plus Crueles, les plus injustes et les plus barbares que l’humanité oprimeé aie pu Supporter de la main des Chiens affamés de Sang! des Monstres inferneaux qui,3 Sous la forme humaine, Se Sont arrogés le pouvoir des Loix Sans droit et Sans titre mais par la Subtilité et L’infamie la plus atroce! Je déclare mes intentions determinées, en dépit des préjugés produit d’un Jugement feau et infame! obtenu par le Crimé d’aller fixer ma résidence dans mon paye natal (Isle de St Domingue) pour y attendre paisiblement le dével‑ opement des Événements Interessantes à la Classe de l’humanité la plus opri‑ mée par le préjugé, et par4 des Crueautées innouies! Benja de Chastellier Créol du Cap français Isle de St Domingue

    

(To my “honest Judges„) ☞ The Eternal LAW.

    

The Benevolent and Glorious Creator appeared in the Body of his Son and endured your Cruelties to maintain and Support the grand maximum of the eternal LAW! the next Messiah! Shall Execute5 ☞ Judgement! according to ☞ Law. Blood for Blood. ☞ No Mercy!

    

B.C.

I give a general invitation to all the Learned and profound Law Doctors, and reasoners in Theology! ☞ à Baltimore Convict! Prophecy! Napoleon shall be delivered! downfall of Tyre, destruction of Tyrants! freedome to the world!6

    

☞ I have been ensnared in Baltimore Judged and Condemned by perjury! Thrown into Prisons at Several times for the Space of nearly Seven Years! I Supplicated for mercy! but in vain. The Laws and regulations for the prisons were trampled upon with impunity! My back has been Several times most Cruely Lacerated on frivolous pretences. poisons have been often adminis‑ tered with design to murder me, but to no effect; I have in fact endured Such Cruelties Such Sufferings as almost beyond the conceptive powers of the human intellect!

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2 M AY 1 8 2 1  MS (ViU: JRTSN); written entirely in Chastellier’s hand on two sheets folded together and bound with ribbon; undated. charité pour faciliter . . . ser‑ viteur: “Charity to facilitate the libera‑ tion of Napoleon! Your blessings will be received with the deepest gratitude by your very humble servant.” The Natchez Mississippi State Gazette of 19 May 1821 reprinted from an un‑ specified issue of the New Orleans Loui‑ siana Advertiser, with the heading: “Mad‑ ness,” an English version of the text above from the sword! la vie ou la mort to des crueautées innouies! (two words editorially corrected):    “The Sword of Judgement,  Life!   or   Death!    DOWN WITH PREJUDICE.    To the feeling bosom,    To the well born soul, After having experienced for upwards of seven years, the most unjust, the most cruel and barbarous treatment which a human being could possibly endure from the hands of sanguinary Dogs! infamous monsters, in human shape! who have by subtility and villainy arrogated unto them‑ selves prerogatives of the execution of Laws: which they themselves daily trans‑ gress with impunity; destitute of right, justice, or equity! I hereby declare my de‑ termined intentions to fix my residence in my native country (Island of St Do‑ mingo.)—Thither peaceably to await the developement of events the most inter‑ esting to humanity, groaning under pres‑ sures the most cruel and in[i]quitous.”

 The Mississippi State Gazette article continued: “There shalt soon commence a war the most terrible and sanguinary that has ever existed since the creation of the world. Napoleon shall be delivered in spite of all the measures of those machivlian dogs of iniquity! who conduct the affairs of a government the most despicable in the uni‑ verse! whose baneful and subtile influence has unhappily extended itself almost in all governments of the earth. ☞ Woe be unto them who by perjured villainy! and all who have in any manner contributed to my sufferings. St. Domingo shall become the rallying point. the general concentration of all ge‑ niuses and spritis [i.e., spirits] the most determined to maintain the rights of man! to the extinction of prejudices and of slavery! From thence shall emanate Shiloe, the law giver who shall rule the whole earth with a rod of iron!” Chastellier closed the newspaper version of his notes with a parenthetical notation beneath his signa‑ ture and an indication that he was “For‑ merly of Baltimore”: “My ‘honest friends’ of the North are at perfect liberty to give publicity to the above.” 1

Recto of first sheet ends here. Verso of first sheet ends here. 3 Recto of second sheet ends here. 4 Verso of second sheet ends here. 5 Recto of third sheet ends here. 6 Verso of third sheet ends here below the rule, with text on recto of fourth sheet oriented perpendicular to preceding text and verso blank. 2

From Josiah Meigs Sir, General Land‑Office, Washington City, May 3, 1821. You will receve, with this, a tin case inclosing a Geometric Exemplification of Temperature, Winds, and Weather, in this City for 1820. The graphic part is by Robert King, Draughtsman in this Office. Anderson—Humboldt &c. have given us specimens of Geometric pictures. To you, no Explanation is necessary. I pray you to accept  166 

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my gift as a proof, however trifling, of the sincerity of my esteem, and the truth of my respect. Josiah Meigs RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

anderson: possibly Adam Anderson, a prominent Scottish scientist (ODNB). In 1817 Alexander von humboldt had published a pioneering isothermal map, the Carte des lignes Isothermes.

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Josiah Meigs and Robert King, Geometric Meteorological Chart for Washington, D.C., 1820 [by 3 May 1821] Geometric Exemplification of Temperature Wind and Weather for 1820. at Washington City. Lat. 38°–53′–30.″ North. Long. 0. General Land‑Office, Josiah Meigs

Washington City. 1820 Mean Altitude for each Month

Mean of 1820.

3 M AY 1 8 2 1 Winds. W. City. 1820. 9. North 54. South 3. East 115. West, N. West 145. S. West. 174. 92. N. East 28. S. East,

Weather. W. City. 1820

Could he, whose Rules the rapid Comet bind. Describe or fix one movement of the Mind? Who saw its fires here rise, and there descend Explain his own beginning, or his end? Alas! what wonder! Man’s superior part, Uncheck’d may rise, and climb from Art to Art; But, when his own great work is but begun, What Reason weaves by Passion is undone. Trace Science then, with MODESTY thy Guide.   Pope—Essay on Man. MS (PPAmP: APS Archives); in Meigs’s hand, with graphic sections drawn by King; undated; endorsed by John Vaughan, librarian of the American Philosophical Society: “Presented Oct. 19. 1821.”

Robert King (1775–1831), surveyor and draftsman, was born in Yorkshire, England. He came with his family to the United States in 1797, when his father, also named Robert King, began working in the city surveyor’s office in Washington,

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3 M AY 1 8 2 1 D.C. King served in the same office, 1800–01, 1812–13, and 1815–17, and he was the principal draftsman in the Gen‑ eral Land Office from 1813 until his death. In 1818 he compiled and published a single‑sheet map of Washington. Only the second such map to be printed, King’s work led to an important early copyright‑ infringement case, with King as plaintiff. He died in Washington (Ralph E. Ehren‑ berg, “Mapping the Nation’s Capital: The Surveyor’s Office, 1791–1818,” Library of Congress, Quarterly Journal 36 [1979]: 309–16; Ehrenberg, “Nicholas King: First Surveyor of the City of Washing‑ ton, 1803–1812,” RCHS 69/70 [1971]: 44–5, 46; PTJ, 34:198–200, 37:544–6, 41:418–21; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 2, 7 Feb. 1831; gravestone inscription in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington). The copy of the chart sent to TJ has not been found. Meigs tramsmitted the above version to Vaughan on 6 Sept. 1821, and Vaughan presented it to the Ameri‑ can Philosophical Society on 19 Oct. 1821 (Meigs to Vaughan, 6 Sept. 1821 [PPAmP: APS Archives]; APS, Minutes [MS in PPAmP]). In each of the monthly sections repro‑ duced above, the bar graph at foot repre‑ sents daily temperatures; the horizontal

lines above that show the proportion of calm, clear, cloudy, and rainy or snowy days; and the top drawing shows wind direction. The concluding sections then provide annual averages for each of these categories. This document has the prime meridian of zero degrees longitude (long. 0.) run‑ ning through Washington rather than Greenwich, England. This nationalistic effort was championed by TJ and achieved some initial success before the United States joined other nations in accepting Greenwich as the universal prime merid‑ ian in 1884 (Silvio A. Bedini, The Jefferson Stone: Demarcation of the First Meridian of the United States [1999]; William Lam‑ bert to TJ, 13 June, 23 July 1809; TJ to Lambert, 10 Sept. 1809). could he, whose rules the rapid comet bind . . . what reason weaves by passion is undone quotes from Al‑ exander Pope, An Essay on Man. In Epis‑ tles to a Friend. Epistle II (London, [1733]), 7. A stanza later added by Pope, beginning trace science then, with modesty thy guide, was published posthumously (Pope, An Essay on Man. Enlarged and Improved by the Author. With Notes by William Warburton, M.A. [London, 1745], 17).

From John Patterson Dear sir Balto 3d May 1821. I enclose you a check on the Branch of the U.S Bank at Richmond for the balance due by me, on acct of my subscription to the Central College I should have added the intrest for that instalment which ought to have been paid in April 1820, but that I have a sett off of 10 or 15 dollars which I paid for inserting an advertisement, in the news‑ papers of this City in 1819—I shall take the liberty, in a few days, of sending you a copy of a report made by the Legislature of this State, on the subject of claming a proportion of the public lands of the United States, for the purposes of education, on the ground that, the old States & Kentucky are rightfully entitled to such provision, as has been made for the States admitted into the Union Since the adoption of the Constitution. This would afford abuntant means for the educa‑ tion of every class of people in the U.S. & I am sure that a more useful  172 

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application could not be made of the property in question—The re‑ port, was I believe Sent to the Executive of Va & acted on by the Legislature but my absence in Georgia last winter deprived of the means of learning what was the result, & I am still ignorant of it I am Dear sir with great respect & esteem Your’s Jno Patterson RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); endorsed by TJ as received 10 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 23 May 1821, on verso; addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr Milton Virginia”; stamp canceled; postmarked Baltimore, 3 May. Enclosure not found. As of 25 July 1819 the University of Virginia owed Patterson $10 (the sett off) for placing an advertisement in the Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser (Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia, 30 Sept. 1819, en‑ closure no. 4 to the University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 4 Oct. 1819). This was presumably Nelson Barksdale and TJ’s Advertisement for Workmen for the University of Virginia, [by 3 Mar. 1819]. Patterson planned to send to TJ in a few days the Report with Sundry Reso‑ lutions relative to Appropriations of Public Land for the Purposes of Education, to the Senate of Maryland. January 30, 1821 ([Annapolis], 1821), which successfully urged the Maryland legislature to adopt resolutions arguing, in response to con‑ gressional appropriations for public edu‑ cation in states originating from the Lou‑ isiana Purchase, that each state has “an equal right to participate in the benefit of

the Public Lands, the common property of the Union,” and that states for which “Congress have not made appropriations of land for the purposes of education, are entitled to such appropriations as will cor‑ respond, in a just proportion, with those heretofore made in favour of the other states”; and ordering that these resolu‑ tions be circulated to the other states with a request that the governors “will commu‑ nicate the same to the Legislatures thereof respectively, and solicit their co‑operation” (pp. 22–3). Virginia governor Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph accordingly presented this Report on 23 Feb. 1821 to the House of Dele‑ gates. On 2 Mar. 1821 its Committee on Schools and Colleges requested the gov‑ ernor to resubmit it at the beginning of the following legislative session, and it was again referred to this committee on 5 Dec. 1821. On 18 Dec. of that year Ran‑ dolph presented a letter from Vermont governor Richard Skinner along with res‑ olutions in support of Maryland’s claims, and these were also referred to the com‑ mittee. Finally, on 29 Jan. 1822 the committee recommended that the House disagree with “the resolutions of the Leg‑ islatures of Maryland and Vermont rela‑ tive to the appropriations, by Congress, of public lands, for the purposes of educa‑ tion” (JHD [1820–21 sess.], 213, 226; [1821–22 sess.], 15, 50–1, 156).

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 3d May 1821 a Above I hand you ∕c sales 80 Blls: Flour at $3.75 Cash, which is all I have on hand of yours, & disposed of on the best terms it was in my power to make, which I hope will be satisfactory to you. With great respect Your mo: obd: Servt: Bernard Peyton  173 

3 M AY 1 8 2 1  RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosure; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 7 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 80 Barrels Super fine flour by B. Peyton For a∕c Mr Thos Jefferson 1821 Richd ⎫ 2d May To Cap: Reynolds for Cash in store ⎬ $300.00 ⎭ 80 Blls: Super fine flour at $3.75 Charges Cash paid freight at 2/6 is $33.34 Canal Toll $8.34, Drayage $1.63 9.97 Storage $6.40—Inspection $1.60 8.00 Commission at 2½ pr Ct 7.50 " 58.81 Nett proceeds at Cr T. J.  241.19 E.E. MS (MHi); in Peyton’s hand; with covering letter subjoined; notation by TJ between text and covering letter:

B.P.

3.75 price “80 241.19 3.15 clear 119  .60 expences. 390.”

❨

e.e.: “Errors Excepted.”

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 5 May 1821— About a month ago, I forwarded a letter to your honour, incloseing the same time my Acount, but never hearing of it I am fearfull of its not being Rec: particular more so, as I see the mail that rout has been robbt—I should th[e]refore be thankfull to be informd Your most Obedient Servant Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 7 May 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James P. Patter‑ son, 18 May 1821, on verso; addressed: “The Hono: Tho: Jefferson Mounticello V.A.”; franked; inconsistently postmarked Richmond, 4 May.

The carrier of the mail between Charlottesville and Lynchburg had re‑ cently been arrested on suspicion of de‑ stroying letters after stealing anything of value therein (Richmond Enquirer, 1 May 1821).

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From Thomas M. Hall Sir, Philada May 7th 1821 I feel it my duty to apologise for my procrastination in acknowledg‑ ing the receipt of your favour of the 12th Apr. respecting the appoint‑ ment of Chemical Professor in the new University.1 I hope, Sir, that this apparent neglect will not be construed into disrespect towards a Patron of Science. I was not a little disappointed at the account with which you hon‑ ored me, of the present state of your Institution, differing as it does, from those which I had previously heard, in such material points. As I believe that your plan is admirably calculated for the purposes of education as well as the improvement of Science and the support of its dignity, I must always feel interested in its concerns, indepen‑ dently of my hope of becoming connected with i[t.] Please to accept my thanks for your promised attention to the doc‑ uments which I have taken the liberty of entrusting to your care— Should their object be ultimately attained, I will consider no exertions as too arduous, that may have a tendency to promote the interests or respectability of the Institution—Meanwhile Believe me Sir Very respecfully Your obet Sert Thos M Hall M.D[.] RC (ViU: TJP); edge trimmed; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 18 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); ad‑ dress cover only; with Dft of TJ and John H. Cocke to James Breckinridge, Joseph C. Cabell, Chapman Johnson, James Madison, and Robert Taylor, 15

Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello Va”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 9 May. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

From Thomas W. Maury Dear Sir. 7th May 1821. Enclosed you will receive a paper enclosed to me by Mr James Maury of Liverpool, containing some seed of the melon of Valencia, and addressed to you. My wish & intention were to have presented them in person, but something has always occurred to prevent. He says they are remarkable for combining the properties of the musk & water melon, and are a very delicious fruit. respectfully yr mo: obt Th: W. Maury RC (DLC); dateline at foot of text; adjacent to signature: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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To Robert R. Glinn & Company Messrs Glinn & co. Monticello May 10. 21. The acknolegement of your favor of Apr. 26. has been delayed by an absence of some time from home, to which I am but just returned. my note to mrs Laporte was given on the assurance she meant to set up a grocery store in Charlottesville and this was to assist her begin‑ ning. having removed from the neighborhood I had not supposed she had made use of my note, and recieving no information about it, I had not known the date of the credit, or I should have prepared to meet it in time. this however will occasion little delay. I only await the return of the boats of our river, now all down, to send by them a deposit of flour to my corresponden[t] [in] [Ri]chmond, Capt Bernard Peyton, and I will send you at [the] same time an order for the money. with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Henry Clark to TJ, 4 Oct. 1820; edge trimmed; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 10. 21. I am just returned from Bedford and have several little things of detail to write about, but time permits me at this moment to mention one only which presses. hearing that mr Coffee was in Charleston I wrote to Dr Hosack to pray him to return me my letter & yours to mr Coffee. he did so, and I now inclose yours with the 40.D. check it covered and which was not used. this enables me to request you to remit that sum, or more exactly 40. D 91 C to mr Joseph Wilson col‑ lector of Marblehead who has recd for me a shipment of wines Etc. from Marseilles the duties & charges of which amount to that sum to wit 40.91.1 I have written to desire him on reciept of that to ship the articles to Richmond to your address, & that you will pay expences of transportation Etc from Marblehead. when they are recieve[d] I must pray you to forward them to me by Johnson of preference or if he should not be down, then by any other faithful boatman. I inclose you a bill of lading and am ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Peter S. Du Ponceau to TJ, 9 Oct. 1820; edge trimmed; at foot of text:

“Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Enclo‑ sures not found. 1 Preceding

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three words interlined.

To John Taylor Dear Sir Monticello May 10. 21. I am just returned from my other home in Bedford where I pass much of my time. on consulting with my grandson he informs me that the elder daughter of mrs Nicholas, living with her, from her extraordinary good sense & discretion has the whole affairs of the family under her care, and that it is only on consultation with her that the best application of your favor can be decided on, and that she may be confided on to make the application without the family’s knowing of it. this consultation can only be on his first visit to Warren, which will be ere long. but his idea is that the money will not be wanting until the fall. as to the mode of remittance the best I think will be by a check of the bank of Fredsbg on any bank in Richmond. this would be inscrutable. the check may be payable to me, I will lodge it in the proper bank & give him an order on the bank. From the bottom of my soul I congratulate you on the revolution of Italy. it secures Spain & Portugal, and will extend representative gov‑ ernment to the whole continent of Europe except Russia. the head of Francis will I hope be sent on a pole to the fool of France as a warning of what awaits him. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson RC (MHi: Washburn Autograph Col‑ lection); addressed: “Colo John Taylor Portroyal”; franked; postmarked Char‑ lottesville, 12 May; endorsed by Taylor. PoC (NHi: Thomas Jefferson Papers); on verso of reused address cover of John Wayles Eppes to TJ, 7 Oct. 1820; edge trimmed; mutilated at seal, with some

missing text rewritten by TJ; endorsed by TJ. TJ’s grandson was Thomas Jefferson Randolph. The elder daughter of Margaret Smith Nicholas was Sarah E. Nicholas. The fool of france was Louis XVIII.

To Joseph Wilson Sir Monticello May 10. 21. Your favor of Apr. 23. is just now recieved, and I am first to apolo‑ gise for the liberty taken of having the articles which are the subject of it consigned to you. I recieve every year my supplies of wine from Marseilles, and of books from Paris by the way of Havre, and Amer‑ ican vessels being rare in those ports, I am obliged to request their being sent by such vessel as may be in port, and consigned to the Collector of whatever port of the US. she is bound to, and these gen‑ tlemen have hitherto indulged me so far as to recieve them, pay the freight, and notify me, as you have now been so kind as to do, and I  177 

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have ever immediately remitted the duties and charges. I have ac‑ cordingly this day desired my correspondent in Richmond Captn Bernard Peyton to remit you the sum of 40. D 91 C on reciept of which I will ask the further favor of you to ship them by any safe hand bound from your port to Richmond. besides other articles of commerce, I presume that of coal must furnish frequent opportunities. if consigned to Captain Peyton he will pay freight & all other charges & forward the articles to me. be pleased to accept my thanks for your kind attentions and the assurance of my great respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from John Vaughan to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Joseph Wilson Marble‑ head”; endorsed by TJ. Wilson’s letter to TJ of apr. 23, the address cover only of which has been

found, is recorded in SJL as received 7 May 1821 from Marblehead (RC in MHi; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 5 June 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Marblehead, 24 Apr.).

To James Barbour Dear Sir Monticello May 11. 21. On my return from Bedford I find here your favor of Apr. 30. I have no reciept for brewing, & I much doubt if the operations of malting & brewing could be succesfull[y] performed from a reciept. if it could, Combrune’s book on th[e] subject would teach the best processes: and perhaps might guide to ultimate success with the sac‑ rifice of 2. or 3. trials[.] a capt Miller now of Norfolk, but who passes much of his time with Charles Bankhead in Spotsylva, was during the late war, confined by th[e] Executive to our neighborhood, per‑ haps indeed by yourself. I took him to my house. he had been a brewer in London, and undertook to teach both processes to a servt of mine, which during his stay here & on one or two visits afterwards in the brewing season, he did with entire success. I happened to have a servant of great intelligence and diligence both of which are neces‑ sary. we brew 100. galls of ale in the fall & [2?]00.1 galls in the spring, taking 8. galls only from the bushel of wheat.2 the public breweries take 15. which makes their liquor meagre and often vapid. we are now finishing our spring brewing. if you have a capable servt and he were to attend our fall brewing, so as to get an idea of the manual operation, Combrune’s book with a little of your own attention in the beginning might qualify him.  178 

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 With my congratulations on the revolution of Italy, & it’s conse‑ quence of representative government to the whole of the continent of Europe I salute you with friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Michele Raggi to TJ, 6 Oct. 1820; edge trimmed; mutilated; at foot of text: “James Barbour esq.”; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

Peter Hemmings was the servt of mine whom TJ praised for his great intelligence and diligence. 1 First

digit illegible. Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2

To John F. Cocke Sir Monticello May 11. 21. On my return home after an absence of some time, I found here your favor of the 1st. as it related to transactions of antient date, I took time to look into my papers to repossess my mind of the present state of the case. I have done so and copied for your information such of them as will place it before you in a clear and satisfactory view; and I am ready now, as I always have been, on payment of what remains due with int. to sign any proper instrument of release which you will be pleased to propose, and to authorise mr Pleasants to make a con‑ veyance clear of all future demands on my part. if the wish which I expressed to mr Bentley that this matter could be settled without delay was justifiable from the consideration of my advanced years at that time, it is strengthened now by many additional years; and I think it cannot but be better for the purchaser while mr Pleasants is living. if any accident were to happen to him, a recurrence to the court of Chancery would be again necessary. a payment to Capt Ber‑ nard Peyton, my present correspondent in Richmond will be the same as if made to myself. Accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr John F. Cocke Powhatan”; endorsed by TJ. Enclo‑ sures not found.

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To David Hosack Dear Sir Monticello May 11. 21. Your favor of Apr. 28. is recieved, and the letters and papers it covered are all exact and right, and I have to thank you for the trouble you have submitted to in the care of them. I owe you also my acknol‑ egements for the copy of your Synopsis of Nosology which you have been so kind as to send me. being but a mere amateur in that depart‑ ment of knolege, it is only such general views which I am able to take of the subject, and I shall read it with pleasure, and I am sure with edification. I congratulate you on the interesting news from Naples. it secures the efforts of Spain & Portugal, and must cheer the mind of every man of Philanthropy with the prospect it holds up of the extension of representative government to the whole continent of Europe except Russia which too in the end will become capable of it. in what a glo‑ rious station does it place us at the head of the world in a revolution from the despotism under which they have been held through all time, or a maniac licentiousness to a state of well regulated liberty of which we have furnished the example. I salute you with great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NNGL); addressed: “Doctr David Hosack New York”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 12 May. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ, 12 Oct. 1820; endorsed by TJ.

To Frederick A. Mayo Sir Monticello May 11. 21. I am just returned home after an absence of some time and find here your letter of the 5th. your former favors had also come to hand and the books safely arrived, and their execution entirely approved. the remittance of the amount of your account only awaits my being able to get to Richmond a parcel of flour which will be ready in about 10. days and will be immediately forwarded to Capt Bernard Peyton, and I will at the same time inclose to you an1 order on him for the money. with this assurance accept that of my great esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of José Corrêa da Serra to TJ, 11 Oct. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Mayo”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Manuscript:

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“and.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 11. 21. I know I have no right to draw on you, and the Miller tells me it will be 10. days before he can send off a cargo of my flour. in the mean time my gr‑daughter Ellen pays a visit of a week or 10. days to Rich‑ mond, and her occasions there will not wait the sending off my flour. I have therefore given her an order on you for 100.D. which will certainly be replaced within a week or 10. days after the advance. Y[o]ur’s affectionately Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Fernagus De Gelone to TJ, 5 Oct. 1820; one word faint; at foot of text (faint): “[C]apt B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

The miller was probably Daniel Col‑ claser. TJ’s granddaughter (gr‑daugh‑ ter) was Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge).

To Joel Yancey Dear Sir Monticello May 11. 21. Jefferson will not be able to go to Bedford for some time. he set off this day to Richmond to see his own tobo look[ed] at and sold. he advises that that of Pop. For. be sent off immediately to Richmond. I had on the road a conversation with a gentleman of knolege on the subject, and he assures me that the Lynchbg purchaser, besides de‑ ducting the carriag[e,] witholds a dollar in the hundred for his own profit; indeed we know that every hand thro’ which a commodity passes must retain his profit: I would therefore recommend the send‑ ing off our tobo immediately, addressed to Capt Peyton. You mentioned that the bank of Lynchburg would accomodate me with some money should I need it. I think it possible I may have oc‑ casion for 7. or 800.D. some time hence. but in the mean time I will request you to inform what is their rule as to endorsement. if a town endorser be required, it would be a disagreeable circumstance to me. I salute you with affection & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Donald Fraser to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Yancey”; endorsed by TJ.

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph.

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To John Quincy Adams Monticello May 12. 21.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Adams for the copy he has been so kind as to send him of his very able and profound Report on Weights and measures. from the general view, the only one he has yet had time to take of it, it seems really to present every thing which is useful on the subject. he shall read it seriously, with the interest he takes in the subject and with an earnest desire to wish success to any metrical system which may be hoped to obtain a general adoption. he salutes mr Adams with high consideration and esteem. RC (MHi: Adams Papers); dateline at foot of text. PoC (NN: Lee Kohns Me‑ morial Collection); on verso of a reused address cover from Arthur S. Brocken‑ brough to TJ; endorsed by TJ. The report was Adams, Report upon Weights and Measures (Washington, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 12 [no. 714]; TJ’s copy in MBAt, with a small scrap

containing a possibly related brief nota‑ tion in TJ’s hand affixed to top of first page of Appendix; inscribed by Adams: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr From John Quincy Adams”). Adams sent the same enclosure to John Adams and James Madison (John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 10 May 1821 [MHi: Adams Pa‑ pers]; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:324).

To Joseph Gilmore Sir Monticello May 12. 21. Mr Colclaser delivered me the note you left with him. I should not have occasion for constant employment of a person in your line at present however I should be glad to employ you in putting up a wooden wall at the West end of my large mill instead of the stone one which must be taken down, and in building my sawmill on this side of the river, where also I propose to erect a geered gristmill; but whether immediately or not must depend on my prospects of pay‑ ment. I should be willing to employ you by the month at the rate you propose, and to pay monthly as we go along, but could not make ad‑ vances. as the want of my sawmill is so urging that I cannot put off engaging somebody immediately, I shall be glad if you will write me by mail whether you will undertake & execute it without delay. accept the assurance of my esteem Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Cooper to TJ, 1 Oct. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Joseph Gil‑ more”; endorsed by TJ.

Gilmore’s note has not been found.

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To Josiah Meigs Monticello May 12. 21.

I return you thanks, dear Sir, for your very ingenious meteorological diagram for the year just elapsed. the idea is luminous, and the rep‑ resentation to the eye much [more] palpable and satisfactory than the common tables of detail, and the execution is truly splendid. it sub‑ mits to the cognisance of sight, what is generally estimated by the sense of feeling only. but I am still more thankful for the kind senti‑ ments expressed in the letter accompanying it, and can assure you with truth they are sincerely reciprocated by sentiments of the high‑ est esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 9 Oct. 1820; one word faint; at foot of text: “Josiah Meigs esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

To Solomon Southwick Sir Monticello May 12. 21. I have read with great pleasure your eloquent and moral address to the members of the Apprentices library, and believe it calculated to have excellent effect on that valuable description of young men. a guide as well as exhortation to the best employment of their hours of leisure, it indicates to them the sources of instruction in the duties of men & citizens and in the philosophy of the particular art to which they apply. the fine examples furnished by our own, as well as other countries, and particularly the British, of what may be attained by giving vacant time to instruction, rather than dissipation should en‑ corage the endeavors of all to raise themselves to the consideration & respectability to which their usefulness entitles them. with my thanks for the pamphlet accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPRF); at foot of text: “Mr Southwic.” PoC (CSmH); on verso of a reused address cover from Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Southwick Solomon.”

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To Archibald Thweatt Dear Sir Monticello May 13. 20. [1821] The inclosed letter is from a son of the late mrs Harris of Indian camp in Cumberland, a near connection of mr Wayles’s family. from the time of my going to the old Congress all mr Wayles’s papers and affairs were turned over to mr Eppes, who had the sole transaction of what respected them. mr Harris says I had the suit brought against Hanbury. but not a [ves]tige of it remains in my memory. if you can find any information on the subject among mr Wayles’s papers and will be so good as to communicate it to me, it may be a service to the family. there is no trace of such a suit among my law papers, which1 induces me to presume it connected with mr Wayles’s affairs. I congratulate you on the insurrection of Italy. it secures the revolu‑ tion of the world, at the head of which we a[re] placed. affectionate salutations to mrs Thweatt & yourself. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC: TJ Papers, 217:38804); on verso of reused address cover of Sam‑ uel Walkup to TJ, 25 Sept. 1820; mis‑ dated; at foot of text: “A. Thweatt esq.” Recorded in SJL as a letter of 13 May 1821. The inclosed letter, not found, was Richard Harris to TJ, 10 Jan. 1821,

recorded in SJL as received 13 May 1821 from Madison County, Alabama. For the litigation between the executors of John Hanbury & Company and the executors of John Wayles, including TJ, see PTJ, 30:467–70. 1 TJ

here canceled “proves.”

To John A. Wharton Monticello May 13. 21.

Your favor of Apr. 25. came to hand last night: but it is not in my power to answer it’s enquiries. the legislature [at] it’s last session permitted the University to borrow 60.. Dol. as it had a like sum before, pledging it’s annuity of 15..D. for repayment. the necessary buildings will be finished this winter, but if it is left to the University to pay the debt, it cannot be opened for many years. if the legislature should at any time remit the debt and liberate our funds, we may open the institution within a year from the date of the remission. Ac‑ cept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Newton to TJ, 16 Sept. 1820; portions of text along left margin rewritten by TJ due to polygraph misalignment; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr W. Wharton”; endorsed by TJ.

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From Jerman Baker Dr Sir, Treasury Office Richmond 14th May 1821 As I know that you feel considerable interest on every subject relat‑ ing to the University of Virginia, I take the earliest opportunity of informing you that I have this morning received from the Treasurer of the United States a draft for Thirty thousand Dollars on the Branch of the Bank of the United States in this place;—which has been put to the credit of the President & Directors of the Lity Fund And will I presume enable them forthwith to comply in part with the provisions of the Act of Assembly authorising a Loan to the Pre: & Visitors of the University. Be pleased Sir, to present my affectionate regards to Mrs R. & family & accept the assurance of my Very great respect & esteem Jerman Baker RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 17 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John H. Cocke, 15 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson es‑

quire Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 14 May. mrs r.: Martha Jefferson Randolph.

From Gilbert J. Hunt Respected Sir, New York, May 14, 1821.— Adulation is so much above a noble mind, that, in addressing you, I must restrain my feelings and observations regarding one whose virtues are proverbial. I have now the honor of inclosing you the prospectus of another new work, Similar to the last I sent you, which forms the 1st Vol. the Late War, the 2d completing the History of our Country in that style. It is intended to be finished in the same manner as the other, which you was pleased to patronize. By putting your name to one or both of the proposals, and inclosing them to me, you will confer a particula[r] obligation, as your signature to each is worth more than 200 Sub‑ scribers to the work.— The late War sold very well; the whole of 3 large editions being disposed of.—When this work is done I shall send you on a copy, handsomely bound, to match the other; (& more if you say so.)— Yours very Respectfully G. J. Hunt     N York Care of G. & R. Waite,    M. Lane  185 

1 4 M AY 1 8 2 1  RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 27 May 1821 but re‑ corded in SJL as received a day earlier. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Laval, 8 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “Hon. Thos. Jef‑ ferson late President of U.S. Monticello St V.”; franked; postmarked. Enclosure: Proposals for publishing by subscription, the History of America, From its discovery

by Christopher Columbus, to the year 1812. To be comprised in one volume, Written in the Ancient Historical style ([New York], 1821; copy in DLC: Rare Book and Spe‑ cial Collections, Madison Collection). m. lane: Maiden Lane. On 1 May 1821 Hunt sent James Madison the same enclosure (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:315).

From Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825) Dear Sir. Yanceys Mills Va 14th May 1821 m the Bearer hereof W C. Yates Esqr being On his way to Rich‑ mond is desirous of Seeing You, & Your Residence, Any attention paid to him will be to Your Old friend a favor, who Gladly embraces the Opportunity of Renewing to You his unfeigned Regard & esteem for You as a man, & an Old faithfull public Servant I am Dear Sir, Your friend & Most Obedient Humble Servant Charles Yancey RC (MHi); addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Albemarle Va” by “Capt Yates”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

William C. Yates (d. ca. 1827) was listed alone in Staunton in the 1820 cen‑ sus (DNA: RG 29, CS, Augusta Co., Staunton; bond for Yancey estate admin‑ istration, 26 Feb. 1827, Augusta Co. Ex‑ ecutors’ and Administrators’ Bonds).

To John Patterson Dear Sir Monticello May 15. 21. Your favor of the 3d has been duly recieved with the check which it covered for 500.D. your subscription for the Central College. this has been delivered to the Bursar and I inclose his reciept. it might seem primâ facie an act of mendicity to recieve any thing from you since your removal. but the value of institutions like these is not lim‑ ited by geogr[a]phical lines, and it’s benefits belong as much to the student of Montgomery or Prince George, as of Fairfax or Stafford, and are more accessible to the counties of Baltimore & Ann‑Arund[el] than of Lee in Virginia. our buildings are going on with great spirit, and all those of accomodation will be finishe[d] this year, and the Library will be begun soon. [. . .] have foun[d] it best to send to Italy for our Corinthian and Ionic capitels, finding they would cost in mar‑  186 

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ble there not a third of what they would in stone here. our buildings will leave us with a debt of 120,000.D. but being due to a public fund, we count on it[’s] remission by the legislature. when that is pronounced we sha[ll] require one year to open the institution. we look too fo[r] other aid, with great confidence, to the result of the proposition from Maryland to claim from the General government an appropriation of lands for science in the East, equal to that made for the West. it is impossible to produce a reason again[st] it, and we shall join you in insisting on it. I congratulate you on the insurrection of Italy, which ensures a revolution in the condition of man thro’ the civilised world, and places us at the head of it. come and see our uni‑ versity and chuse a lot in time for yourself to live on. Affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Peter Poinsot to TJ, 24 June 1820; edge trimmed; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “John Patterson esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

From Thomas B. Robertson Dear Sir New Orleans 15 May 1821 I beg leave to introduce to you Mr Henry Bry—He is an old inhab‑ itant of Louisiana—you will find him an intelligent and agreeable man Be pleased to accept the assurances of my highest respect Th B Robertson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr Jeffer‑ son”; endorsed by TJ as received 28 June 1821 “by mr Bry” and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “Bry”) in SJL. Henry Bry (1781–1858), farmer and public official, was born in Geneva, Swit‑ zerland. By 1807 he had established him‑ self in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, where he was a parish judge. In 1810 Bry was one of ten persons nominated but was not chosen to sit on the five‑member territo‑ rial council. He was receiver of public moneys for the Ouachita district from at least 1821 until his removal in 1830. Bry was interested in experimental agricul‑ ture, promoted sericulture in the region, and authored a geographical and cultural sketch of Ouachita published in 1847. In 1850 Bry owned twenty‑nine slaves in

addition to real estate valued at $59,450 (Bry to James Madison, 1 Sept. 1807 [DNA: RG 107, LRSW]; Dunbar Row‑ land, ed., Official Letter Books of W. C. C. Claiborne, 1801–1816 [1917], 4:221, 327, 6:4; DNA: RG 29, CS, La., Ouachita Parish, 1810, 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Madison, Papers, Pres. Ser., 2:260–2; Terr. Papers, 9:896; JEP, 3:251, 253, 437, 443, 4:9, 130 [28 Feb., 2 Mar. 1821, 5, 7 Mar. 1825, 9 Mar. 1829, 16 Dec. 1830]; Washington Daily National Intel‑ ligencer, 12 July 1827; Journal of the Rev. Timothy Flint, from the Red River, to the Ouachitta or Washita, in Louisiana, in 1835 [1835], 21–2; Bry, “The Louisiana Ouachita Region,” Commercial Review of the South and West 3 [1847]: 225–30, 324–5, 407–11; gravestone inscription in Bry Cemetery, Monroe, Ouachita Parish).

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From Mathew Carey Sir, Philada May 16. 1821. By this day’s Mail, I forward you a set of papers on the subject of the pernicious tendency of our present policy on the best interests of the agriculturists generally. Hoping it may meet with your appro‑ bation, I remain, respectfully Your obt hble servt Mathew Carey RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 27 May 1821 but recorded in SJL as received a day earlier. Enclosure: Carey, Address to the Farmers of the United States, on the Ruin‑ ous consequences to their vital Interests, of

the existing Policy of This Country (Phila‑ delphia, 1821). Carey sent the same enclosure to John Adams and James Madison (Adams to Carey, 24 May 1821 [NNGL]; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:325–6, 331–2).

From Louis Adrien Gruchet Monsieur Le Président, Philadelphie Le 16 mai 1821. J’ai L’honneur de Vous Supplier d’accepter un ouvrage que j’apporte de Londres tout récemment. Il n’est pas du même genre, que Les deux Pamphlets1 que j’eus Le plaisir de Vous faire parvenir L’année dernière presque à cette Epoque. mais Je crois qu’il Vous interressera encore plus. Il me fait bien peine Mr Le Président de vous l’envoyer dans, l’état, où il Se trouve. Ma Situation en est cause. Voudriez Vous bien me faire L’honneur de me faire Savoir Si Vous Voudriez me Permettre d’aller Vous presenter L’hommage de mon Profond Respect, ce bonheur Serait pour moi extrême, depuis Long‑ tems Je L’Envie, et avant tout je Sais que je dois en Solliciter La Permission Daignez, Monsieur Le Président, & Respectable Vieillard; ne pas me refuser cette Consolation & agreer L’assurance de tout mon Profond Respect. Vôtre très humble & très obeissant Serviteur  Gruchet officier français membre de La Légion d’honneur. Mon adresse est à Mr Gruchet South 2 Str[eet] No 241 à Phila‑ delphie

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17 M AY 1 8 2 1 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mr. President, Philadelphia 16 May 1821. I have the honor to entreat you to accept a work that I have just brought from London. It is not of the same genre as the two pamphlets I had the pleasure of sending you last year at about this time, but I believe that it will interest you even more. It gives me great pain, Mr. President, to send it to you in its present condi‑ tion. My situation is the reason. Would you do me the honor of informing me if you would allow me to come and present you the homage of my profound respect? This would make me extremely happy. I have been wanting to do so for a long time, but first I know that I must solicit your permission Please deign, Mr. President and respectable old man, not to refuse me this consolation, and to accept the assurance of my deep respect. Your very humble and very obedient servant  Gruchet French officer and member of the Légion d’honneur. My address is: to Mr. Gruchet South 2 Street No 241 in Philadelphia RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 20 May 1821 and so recorded (with additional notation: “or Buchet. see May 11 20,” referencing Gruchet’s letter of 4 May 1820 received on the earlier date) in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene.

The enclosed ouvrage was Dominique Dufour, baron de Pradt, De la Révolution Actuelle de l’Espagne, et de ses suites (Paris, 1820; probably Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 5 [no. 166]; TJ’s copy in PPL, signed by Gruchet). 1

Manuscript: “Pamphets.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 17 May 1821 Your two esteemed favor’s of the 10th & 11th: current reached me by last mail, together with the enclosures in that of the 10th:. I have credited you with the $40 check returned, & charged you with $40.91 remitted several days ago in check to Joseph Wilson collector of the port of Marblehead; agreeable to your request. when the wines you speak of are recd, I will be careful to send them on by a hand on whom I can rely.   I am this morning advised of the Shipment 15½ Galls: of the purest scuppernong Wine by Col Burton of N. Carolina for you, at $1 pr Gallon, which he desires I will charge to your a∕c, for the benefit of Clark Cox & Co of Plymouth,—shall I do so?   This wine is sent by a trusty Captain, & in consequence of the last being robd & injured: it is also without brandy: when it is recd, will forward it on as heretofore.  189 

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 I will with great cheerfulness pay your dft: of $100 favor Miss Randolph when presented. The news of the cessation of hostilities in Europe has caused a decline in Flour from $4¼ to $3¾—Tobacco $4½ @ 7 general sales, occasionally a fine Hh’d $9 @ 12— With great respect sir Your Mo Obd: Bernd Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Monticello May 18. 21. According to the request of your letter of Apr. 30. I have this day inclosed to Capt Peyton my note to him for 1125.D. payable in the bank of Virginia to replace that for the same sum which you have hitherto been so kind as to endorse for me. the last account I have recieved from you was of Sep. 12. balance against me 262.72 which I hope has been paid up by the flour since consigned to you. I shall be glad however to recieve my account with you down to the present day. I learn with great concern that at the [date?] of your last letter you were seriously indisposed, and ver[y] [s]in[c]erely hope this may find you restored. I salute y[ou with cons]tant friendship and respect. Th: J[ef]ferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of otherwise unlocated letter from Francis Eppes to TJ, 28 Sept. 1820 (see note to TJ to Eppes, 6 Oct. 1820);

mutilated at seal, with several words re‑ written by TJ; signature faint; at foot of text: “Mr Gibson”; endorsed by TJ.

To James P. Patterson Sir Monticello May 18. 21. The morning that I left your house, my servants left within your bar, where the other baggage had been deposited, a Latin book, Cor‑ nelius Nepos, which I trust you found there, and request you to keep until I call for it. When I told you the distances of the road, as indicated [by?] my odometer, it escaped me that it needed a small correction from the circumstance that my wheel is not so large by about an Inch as that for which the Odometer is calculated. I subjoin the correct distances of your road as far as I have travelled them, the result of several ad‑ measurement, & salute you with respect. Th: Jefferson  190 

1 9 M AY 1 8 2 1  PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Frederick A. Mayo to TJ, 5 May 1821; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Patterson”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as a letter to “Patter‑ son   tavern.” Enclosure not found.

 James P. Patterson kept an ordinary in Buckingham County (MB, 2:1375, 1381, 1396; Vi: RG 48, Personal Property Tax Returns, Buckingham Co., 1822).

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 18. 21. I wrote about a week ago to mr Yancey to hurry down my tobo from Bedford. it was lying at Lynchbg so I presume will be with you in the course of a week. I expect too that the mill here is now ready to begin to deliver my flour. our river being swoln by the rains I have been unable to go there to inform myself of a certainty. I have a note in the Virginia bank for 1125.D. renewable on the 22d inst. hitherto indorsed by mr Gibson. he informs me that his situa‑ tion renders it necessary that I should find another name to it. but I have no one in Richmond with whom I have any money transactions but yourself, and am th[eref]ore obliged to ask that favor of you. I accordingly inclose you a note with which I pray you to take up the one in that bank. the last account I have recd from mr Gibson was in Sep. [la]st, balance against me 262.[72] since which I have sent him 98. B[a]rrels of flour which I presume has overpaid that balance. I salute with friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Jerman Baker to TJ, 26 Sept. 1820; some words faint; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

From John Adams My dear Friend Montezillo May 19. 1821 Must We, before We take our departure from this grand and beau‑ tiful World, Surrender all our pleasing hopes of the progres of So‑ ciety? Of improvement of the intellectual and moral condition of the World? of the reformation of mankind? The Piemontese1 Revolution Scarcely assumed a form; and the Ne‑ apolitain bubble is burst. And what Should hinder the Spanish and Portuguese Constitutions from rushing2 to the Same ruin? The Cor‑ tes is in one Assembly, vested with the legislative power.—The King and his Priests Armies Navies and all other Officers are vested with  191 

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the Execcutive Authority of Government. Are not here two Authori‑ ties Up, neither Supream? Are they not necessarily Rivals constantly contending like Law Physick and Divinity for Superiority? Are they not two Armies drawn up in battle Array3 just ready for civil War? Can a free Government possibly exist with a Roman Catholic Re‑ ligion? The Art of Lawgiving is not So easy as that of Architecture or Painting. New York and Rhode Island are Struggleing for Conven‑ tions to reform their Constitutions and I am told there is danger of making them worse. Massachusetts has had her Convention: but our Sovereign Lords The People think themselves wiser than their Rep‑ resentatives, and in Several Articles I agree with their Lordships. Yet there never was a cooler, a more patient candid, or a wiser delibera‑ tive Body than that Convention. I may refine too much. I may be an Enthusiast. But I think a free Government is necessarily a complicated Piece of Machinery, the nice and exact Adjustment of whose Springs Wheels and Weights are not yet well comprehended by the Artists of the Age and Still less by the People. I began this letter principally to enquire after your health and to repeat Assurances of the Affection of your Friend John Adams RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 31 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViU: TJP); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Brockenbrough and Philip N. Nicholas, 14 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed in Louisa C. Smith’s hand: “Honble Thomas Jefferson late Pres‑ ident of the United States. Monticello”; franked; postmarked Boston, 21 May. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). In 1821 new york held a convention and adopted a new state constitution, while rhode island voted against calling a convention to write one. The previous year massachusetts convened its own constitutional assembly, which Adams at‑ tended. Of fourteen amendments pro‑

posed, nine were ultimately adopted (Con‑ stitution of the State of New‑York [Albany, 1821]; Rhode‑Island Republican, 9 May 1821; Amendments of the Constitution of Massachusetts proposed by the Convention of Delegates [Boston, 1821]; Journal of Debates and Proceedings in the Conven‑ tion of Delegates, chosen to revise the Con‑ stitution of Massachusetts, Begun and holden at Boston, November 15, 1820, and continued by Adjournment to January 9, 1821 [Boston, 1821]; Samuel Eliot Mori‑ son, A History of the Constitution of Mas‑ sachusetts [1917], 28–41). 1 FC:

“Piedmontese.” “running.” 3 Preceding ten words not in FC. 2 FC:

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From Fernagus De Gelone Sir. New York 19. May 1821 I frankly confess that my property has been Seized for rent, but pro‑ visionally. I will in time redeem my books. Most of them would be valuable in any Country. I have bought already to the amount of $150.=they go of course to a tierce person—for Sometime. But I have no bread now. I expect that You will have the Kindness to Send me Some money, on my promise that I will repay you in cash or in books at your choice. Major General Berthier who once Served in this Country, was a near relation to my mother. I have right to recover money now from france, from the Havannah and from Canandaigua— Wishing you a perfect health Most respected Sir. I am Your very humble and obedient Servant fernagus De Gelone RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 27 May 1821, but recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived a day earlier. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Pat‑

terson, 8 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticelo. Mil‑ ton Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 19 May.

From John F. Oliveira Fernandes Sir! Norfolk—May 19th 1821 The favours and kindness, with which, I have been treated by you, Since the Year 1803, are too deeply impressed in my mind, to permit me, to leave this Country, without addressing you few Lines. Persecuted by a dispotical Minister I did Seek for Shelter, in these Ud States, where I have lived, for eighteen years: the King however, had the goodness by his Decree of the 15th April–1820, to render justice to my Services; Ordering that, all my property, as well as its arrears, Should be rendered to me. This, compells me to go to Ma‑ deira, to proceed afterwards to Court; whence, it is my intention, to return to these Ud States. Should it please you to employ my Services I beg of you to be assured of my Sincere wishes and acknowledgement of duty, to‑ wards you. When my respectable Country‑man Joseph Corrêa de Serra was with me, Last, he mentioned, your great Stablishment; (the everlast‑ ing monument of your heroic patriotism), the University of Virginia; this, I had resolved to visit some time, this Summer; was it not, for  193 

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my present voyage, to Madeira, Brasil or Lisbon: as I cannot fulfill my intention, Sanguine as I am for the progresses of Science in this State, I hope you will excuse me, (or at Least, you will take it, as a mark of zeal), if I take the Liberty to recomend to you, for one of the Teachers of Anathomy, Physiology; Pathology, Nosology—Surgery, & obstetric Arts, Doctor Thomas Francis Andrews, Graduated in Edinburgh— This rare genius, is native of Norfolk; Studied all the Medical branches with me for Several years; went to Europe, where he fre‑ quented1 & attended assiduously (& always with aplause) the most eminent Professors in Medicine & natural phylosophy, at Paris, Ed‑ inburgh; London; Berlin & Vienne of Austria—for five years: he has just returned—and—my perfect conviction, that he will be a very valuable acquisition to the University, is the only cause of the Liberty I take, by recomending him to your attention and protection. I presume I will Leave this, to the 10th of the next Month, and Shall be happy to recive your Commands As Sir! Your most obedt Servant John F. Oliveira Fernandes— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 27 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Craven Peyton, 12 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Es‑ quire Monticello Virginia” by “mail”; franked; postmarked Norfolk, 21 May. Thomas Francis Andrews (1797–1886), physician, was born in Norfolk. He stud‑ ied medicine with John F. Oliveira Fer‑ nandes before continuing his education in Europe and obtaining a medical de‑ gree from the University of Edinburgh in 1819 with a thesis entitled “De Vasis Absorptioni servientibus.” Andrews was elected a fellow of London’s Royal Medi‑ cal and Chirurgical Society the following year. Shortly thereafter he returned to Norfolk, where he took over the practice of Oliveira Fernandes and in 1850 owned

real estate worth $28,700 and eleven slaves. Andrews retired the following year and settled permanently in Baltimore after a lengthy sojourn abroad (Solemni‑ ties of the Dedication and Opening of the Catholic University of America. November 13th, 1889 [1890], 86–8; List of the Grad‑ uates in Medicine in the University of Ed‑ inburgh [1867], 57; William H. Stewart, History of Norfolk County, Virginia, and Representative Citizens [1902], 288; Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of Lon‑ don, Medico‑Chirurgical Transactions 24 [1841]: v; DNA: RG 29, CS, Norfolk, 1850, 1850 slave schedules, D.C., Wash‑ ington, 1860, Baltimore, 1880; gravestone inscription in Saint Mary’s Cemetery, Norfolk). 1 Manuscript:

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“frequentd.”

From Henry A. S. Dearborn Much respected Sir, Custom House Boston May 21. 1821.— I have procured your picture from Mr. Stewart, at last, & shipd it on board the Brig Richmond, S. Webb master, for Richmond, to the care of Capt. B. Payton; The amount of the bill for the wine I have received from Capt. Payton. I have the honor to be, Sir, your most Obt. St. H, A, S, Dearborn RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 31 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Louis Adrien Gruchet, 14 Aug. 1821, on verso; addressed: “To

Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Vir‑ ginia”; franked; postmarked Boston, 22 May. mr. stewart: Gilbert Stuart.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 21 May 1821 I have yours covering a note for $1125 negotiable at the Virga Bank, which I have endorsed, & deposited for discount, as well as $12 interest upon it for 64 days. Your Tobacco is not yet to hand, nor is any more your Flour, when they are, will dispose of them on the best possible terms for your a∕c, of which you shall be advised. With great respect Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton Flour $ 3¾ Tobacco " 4 @ 12¼ RC (MHi); dateline beneath signature; endorsed by TJ as received 27 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Fred‑ erick A. Mayo, 12 Aug. 1821, with Jef‑

ferson’s Note, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottes‑ ville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 21 May.

From Richard Rush Dear sir. London May 22. 1821. I wrote on the 14th of March, mentioning the circumstances under which I had purchased the books, and now it gives me pleasure to say, that they have been shipped on board the ship Henry Clay, Thomas Potts master, which sailed from this port a few days ago, for Richmond. By the accidental omission of our consul to inform me of  195 

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the sailing of the ship, until after she had gone, this letter does not go by her, as I had intended. I took the liberty of deviating so far from the directions contained in your favor of the 20th of October, as to have the books put up in a packing case, lined with tin, instead of a trunk. This the Lackington’s recommended, as their usual mode of sending books across the water, when the order was not too large, and the only certain mode of guarding them against injury. The whole cost of the books, including packing, has been £32.12 sterling, for which Lackington’s bill and receipt are enclosed. A further expense of fourteen shillings for shipping, duties, and dock charges, has been incurred, which covers every thing. A balance of £6.14 remains in my hands, which, I beg to repeat, I shall be most happy to appropriate in whatever manner you may be pleased to point out. Allow me, dear sir, to tender to you the assurances of my great and sincere attachment and respect. Richard Rush RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr Jeffer‑ son”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 July 1821 and so recorded (with additional notation: “1st by the Nestor”) in SJL. On the same day he received the RC above, TJ also received a Dupl of this letter, not found, but recorded in SJL with additional notation: “by Atlantic Matlock.”

our consul: Thomas Aspinwall. The firm of Lackington, Hughes & Company sent Rush the enclosed receipt, dated London, 16 Mar. 1821, and noting pay‑ ment by Rush of “Thirty Two Pounds 12/—for Books as per Account for which this is a Duplicate receipt” (MS in MHi; in the hand of a representative of Lack‑ ington, Hughes & Company). Other en‑ closure printed below.

e n c l o s u r e

Invoice of Books from Lackington, Hughes & Company R[.] Rush Esqr London. Mar. 14. 1821. To Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Lepard. Grammatica Anglo Saxonica ex Hickesiano Thesauro excerpta 8o } 7.6 Institutiones Grammaticæ Anglo‑Saxonicæ et Mœso‑Gothica ⎬⎫ 1.16. ⎭ Hickesii 4to 1. 8. Benson’s Saxon Vocabulary 8o br. calf Thwaites Saxon Heptateuch 8o do 1. 7. Marshall’s Saxon Gospels 4to   1.16. Parker’s edition of Walsingham’s History with the Ælfredi ⎬⎫ 4. 4. ⎭ Annales de 1574 fol Bede Ecc. Histy Anglo Saxon by Wheeloc 2. 2. 1. 1. ____ in English by Stapleton 8o br calf Gibson’s Saxon Chronicle 4to 2. 2. Spelman’s life of Alfred Saxon fol. 1. 7. Elstobs Saxon Homily 8o 1. 1. Alfred’s Anglo‑Saxon Boetius 8o 1.10.

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2 2 M AY 1 8 2 1 Wilkin’s Leges Anglo Saxonicæ fol Wotton’s View of Hickes’s Thesaurus 4to Cooperi Thesaurus fol. Ancient Universal History 20 V. bds Clarke’s Bib. Legum bds Owen’s Geoponics 2 Vol do Bass’s Greek Lexicon do Wheatley on Gardening 8o do Hone’s Apocl New Testament bds Spelman’s Saxon Psalter 4to Packing Case lined with tin MS (MHi); in the hand of a represen‑ tative of Lackington, Hughes & Com‑ pany, with printed text from its letter‑ head rendered above in italics; damaged at seal; internal running totals at foot of recto and head of verso editorially omit‑ ted. Also enclosed in TJ to James Gib‑ bon, 17 July 1821, and Gibbon to TJ, 21 July 1821. Lackington, Hughes & Company grew out of a London bookshop opened by James Lackington (1746–1815) in 1774. Lackington sold remaindered books cheaply, and by 1794 his Temple of the Muses in Finsbury Square was said to

2. 4. 1. 4. 1. 7. 3.10. 8. 15. 3.6 8.6 5.6 1. 7. .18. £32.12.

stock a million volumes. When he retired in 1798 the firm’s management shifted to  his third cousin George Lackington (1777–1844). Under the younger Lack‑ ington’s leadership, the business also pub‑ lished books and went through several partnerships and changes of name before his own retirement, after which it traded as Harding & Lepard. TJ made his first purchase from the firm during his visit to London in 1786, acquired books from its catalogues thereafter, and recommended it to Francis W. Gilmer as late as 1824 (ODNB; MB, 1:620; Sowerby; TJ to Richard Rush, 26 Apr. 1824).

From Joel Yancey Dear Sir Lynchburg 22nd May ,21 th t d Your letter of 11 Ins I did not rec till Saturday last, I have been endeavo[r]ing to day to get a boat, to send your Tobo to Richmond, but have not been able to Succeed, tho. I think there is but little doubt, but that I shall get it off this week, I will get it sent down as soon as possible to Capt Peyton, and write you as soon as it is on board— I have also made enqurry of the Directors of the Banks, respecting the money that you may probably want in short time The Farmers, Say that you can have that sum, but that they have not extended their loans lately longer than Six months they do not require a Town en‑ dorser but an agent in Town, to whom notices can be given, The Virginia bank have given 10 months, I am well asured there will be no sort of difficulty of your being accomodated by either of the Banks upon as liberal terms, as they are able. we are generally well, we fin‑ ishd making our Tobo hills at Tomahawk, on the 15th plenty of plants,  197 

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but they are rather late, there is 137000 hills, they will finishd at B. Creek to morrow, and will have fully as many hills, The fly will injure our wheat but hope no great deal, Billy is still out, and have joind a gang of Runaways, and they are doing great mischief to the neigboring stock, considerable exertions have been made to take them, but without Success, I shall be glad that Mr Randolp would come up as soon as he can make it convenient. with highest respect I am Yrs Joel Yancey RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 4 June 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Patrick Gibson, 26 July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr

Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Lynchburg, 25 May. b. creek: Bear Creek.

To Louis Adrien Gruchet Monticello May 23. 21.

Nothing, Monsr le Marechal,1 can be more welcome to me than the prospect with which I am flattered, by your favor of the 16th of seeing you at Monticello. we can esteem the good and the great at a distance both of time and space, but we love more to see them in person, and to give body to our ideas by an acquaintance with the living subject. this will be my gratification in seeing the worth I have long before learnt to esteem. come then, since you permit me to say so, at your own convenience, at any time before July, when I am to visit a distant residence, and you will find me at home, ready to recieve you with cordiality with the respect your character inspires, and the desire to possess you here as long as your convenience will admit. you will see here a country not unfavored by nature, which will better reward the labors of your journey than the senile individual whom you are pleased to name as it’s object. with my thanks for this honor, and for the ac‑ ceptable pamphlet of M. de Pradt, accept the assurance of my high consideration and esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (FrGrBM); addressed: “Mareschal Gruchet South 2d street No 241. Philadel‑ phia,” with first word reworked to “Mon‑ sieur,” possibly by Gruchet; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 24 May. PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Marshall Gruchet.” Recorded in SJL as a letter to “Gruchet Marshall,” with

additional notation: “or Buchet. see May 11. 20,” referencing Gruchet’s letter to TJ of 4 May 1820 received 11 May of that year. 1 Reworked by Gruchet to “Colonel” in RC.

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To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 23. 21. Our river has been up so that I could not ford it to visit the Shadwell mills till yesterday. I found that there was not a single boat up, but that some are expected to‑day and the miller promised he would send off 2. boatloads of flour tomorrow, and that the rest should follow within a few days. there are between 250. & 300 Barrels still to go. as soon as I know that the 2. boat loads are gone I shall make 2. or 3.  draughts on you, particularly one in favor of Glinn and co. and another of mr Mayo, book‑binder. I [a]m very glad to hear that I am to get a sample of pure Scup‑ pernon without brandy. I pray you to make the payment Colo Burton desires to Messrs Clark Cox & co. when trusted by strangers at such a distance, the confidence makes it a debt of honor, and to have a preferen[c]e in time to all others. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of John Patterson to TJ, 3 May 1821; two words faint; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

Daniel Colclaser was likely the mil‑ ler.

To Thomas Appleton Th Jefferson to Mr Appleton Monticello. May 25. 21. This is merely to convey to you a triplicate of Gwathmey’s bill on James Hagarty of Liverpool for 369 £–10. s sterling, the 1st & 2d of which were sent to mr Williams, of which 444.D. are to be paid on my account to M. & Mde Pini, and 1200.D. to be credited by you to the University of Virginia for the purposes explained to you in my letter of Apr. 16. I salute you with affectionate respect. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; dateline beneath closing; at  foot of text: “original thro’ mr Wil‑ liams. this thro office of state & mr Gal‑ latin”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL

with additional notation (brackets in orig‑ inal): “[bill 1644.D.] Sec. of sta. & mr Gallatin.” Enclosure not found. Enclosed in TJ to Albert Gallatin, 25 May 1821.

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To Albert Gallatin Monticello May 25. 21.

Th: Jefferson requests mr Gallatin to give a safe passage to the inclosed letters, and salutes him with constant friendship RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “His Excellency Albert Gallatin Minister Plenipotentiary of the US. of America at Paris”; endorsed by Gallatin. Not re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) TJ to de

Bure Frères, 19 Apr. 1821, and enclosure. (2) TJ to Joshua Dodge, 19 Apr. 1821. (3) TJ to Thomas Appleton, 25 May 1821.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 25. 21. I inclose you 350.D. of which I pray you to remit 300.D. to John Vaughan of Philadelphia sending with it at the same time the letter I inclosed to you for him in mine of April 19. with the remainder be pleased to send me 3. boxes of tin, to be bought from Daniel W. & C. Warwick, exactly of the quality of what they furnish to mr Brocken‑ brough for covering the houses at the University. he pays them 13.D. a box. this may come by water or by waggons. I wrote you on the 23. it has been raining ever since, and our river out of fording. as soon as I know that 2. boatloads of flour have actually started I shall draw on you in favor of Glinn & Mayo. Affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of TJ to William J. Coffee, 5 Mar. 1821; at foot of text: “Capt Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

To John F. Oliveira Fernandes Dear Sir Monticello May 28. 21. Your favor of the 19th is this moment recieved, and I hasten by it’s acknolegement, to anticipate your departure. I learn [with]1 great pleasure that justice is at length done you in your native country2 by the restoration of your property. you will arrive there in an interest‑ ing time, and will no doubt benefit it by the obs[erva]tions3 you have been able to make on the organisation, the principles and the march of our new government, in which however there is still room for amendment. in Italy the success of the alliance of tyrants, blasphe‑ mously calling themselves the holy alliance, is discoraging but not  200 

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desperate. the mind of the civilised world, roused from it[’s] torpor, is now got into action, and can never be retrograde. a first effort may fail, but a 2d a 3d or some other will succeed, and all mankind will at length obtain representative government. I rejoic[e] [that]4 the pen‑ insular situation of Spain & Portugal, with the barrier of the Pyran‑ nees & France secure them from the irruption of the Northern Van‑ dals. I hope the Cort˜es of your own country will do their work well. a representative branch, freedom of the press, and education of the low as well as of the high, are the three essential machines, which will assure & improve their present work. Mr Correa’s approbation of the plan & principles of our University flatters me more than that of all it’s other eulogists; because no other could be put in a line with him in science and comprehensive scope of mind. it’s buildings will be finished in the present year; but the institution will remain encumbered with a heavy debt, which, unless relieved by the legislature, will keep it shut for many years. in this state of uncertainty it’s Visitors dare not make engagements with professors. the many good things you say of Doctr Andrews would weig[h] much with them, were they arrived at this stage of their du‑ ties. it would have given me great pleasure could you have visited the University before your departure. it’s plan, entirely original, would, I am persuaded be seen with approbation by good judges of Europe. your return to this country from Europe, which I am happy to learn is intended, will enable you to visit it at another day, and in a more advanced state. in the mean time you carry with you my best wishes for a safe voyage, for a happy reunion with the friends you had left, a sucesful recovery of your fortune; and the delightful spasms of a pa‑ triot heart [in]5 finding your native country awakened to light, re‑ stored to the rights of man, and entering on the career of prosperity & glory with the regenerated nations of the world. with these my prayers accept the assurance of my friendly esteem & high respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on a reused address cover from Arthur S. Brockenbrough to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “Dr Fernandes”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Word

faint.

2 Manuscript: 3 Word

faint. 4 Word faint. 5 Word faint.

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“cotry.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 28 May 1821 I am favor’d with yours of the 23rd: & 25th inst: this morning, the latter covering $350, which is at your credit, and I have this day for‑ warded to Mr John Vaughan of Philadelphia a check from Farmers Bank for $300, as you directed, which is accompanied by your letter to him recd some time ago. Before recg yours, had charged you, & given Messrs: Clark Cox & Co  credit for the ½ Bll: scuppernon Wine ($15.50) shipd by order of  Col Burton of N. Carolina, of which I immediately apprised them.   The Cask has arrived in good order, & shall be for‑ warded by Johnson’s Boat the first time he is down. I will also procure from Messrs: D. W & C Warwick, & forward by the first Boat, 3 Boxes Tin, such as were sent by those Gentlemen to the University, at $13 each. None of your Flour is yet to hand, when it arrives, will dispose of it to the best advantage & render you a∕c sales by succeeding mail, any drafts you may draw in consequence, will be promptly honor’d.   I am still without any information of the shipt your Tobacco from Lynchburg. Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton Flour $3.62½ Tobacco 4½ @ 9–

⎬

⎫ ⎭

RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

From William Beach Lawrence Sir, New York May 30th 1821. th Intending to embark for Europe on 12 of next month, I take the liberty to offer my services to execute any commission, while abroad, with which you may honour me. I fear that the knowledge which you have of me is too slight to authorise my requesting introductions to your acquaintances in England and on the continent, but should you feel disposed so far to favour me, as to make me the bearer of any communications to them, I shall ever feel grateful. Since I had the happiness to spend a short time, last winter, at Monticello, my plan of travelling has been changed, as, instead of going with the gentle‑ man who was then with me, I shall be accompanied by Mrs. Law‑ rence. Please to present my best respects to Govr & Mrs. Randolph &  202 

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the young ladies. With sentiments of the highest consideration, I re‑ main, Your obedient Servant, Wm Beach Lawrence. RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); endorsed by TJ as received 7 June 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Leonard M. Parker, 24 July 1821, on verso; ad‑ dressed: “Thomas Jefferson—Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 30 May.

John Q. Jones was the gentleman. On 19 May 1821 Lawrence married Es‑ ther R. Gracie, who accordingly accom‑ panied him (The Biographical Cyclope‑ dia of Representative Men of Rhode Island [1881], 288).

To Lewis Cass Dear Sir Monticello May 31. 21. Mr Alexander Garrett of Charlottesville, my neighbor a[nd par]ticu‑ lar1 friend, informs me that he has a sister, mrs Davenport, living in Detroit, and lately become a widow by the death of her husband m[r] Samuel T. Davenport. apprehensive she may need assistance, but n[ot] knowing to what amount, nor thro’ what channel he can administe[r] it, he has requested me to avail him of any acquaintance I might2 hav[e] to convey relief to mrs Davenport. I do not however recollect any personal acquaintance of mine living there, nor have I that honor wit[h] yourself. but there is, I trust, between us an acquaintance of character which may perhaps be made instrumental in doing a kind thing. on th[is] ground I take the liberty of requesting you to assure, on the faith of th[is] letter, any merchant or other person, who may have occasion to place money in either of the seaport towns of Rich‑ mond, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia or New York, that mrs Davenport’s bill on mr Garrett, for any sum within her necessities, payable in either of the places above named on so many days notice as may suffice for the remittance by mail from this place to that of payment, will be punctually honored: and if my name would add to confidence in the bill, it may be drawn on me equally as on mr Gar‑ rett, and I pledge myself for it’s punctual payment. while the bill is going to the person in whose favor it is draw[n] it would be well to address a letter of advice and notice to mr Garrett or myself at this place, countersigned by mrs Davenport or yourself to guard against imposition by the interception of this letter in it’s passage to you. con‑ fident that the object will excuse me with you, I salute you with assu‑ rances of high consideration and esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of David Hosack to TJ, 28

Apr. 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “H. E. Governor Cass”; endorsed by TJ.

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 1 Enclosed in TJ to Alexander Garrett, 31 May 1821. Lewis Cass (1782–1866), soldier and public official, was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, and attended the Phillips Ex‑ eter Academy. He read law in Zanesville, Ohio, and in 1806 was elected to the Ohio state legislature. TJ appointed him federal marshal for Ohio in 1807. Cass served in the United States Army during the War of 1812, seeing active duty on the northern frontier and attaining the rank of brigadier general. In 1813 President James Madison appointed him governor of Michigan Territory. Cass became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826. He gave up his guber‑ natorial position when President Andrew Jackson appointed him secretary of war in 1831. In that role Cass also supervised Indian affairs and internal improvements. He left the cabinet to become United States envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France, serving from 1836 until his strident Anglophobia con‑ tributed to his resignation in 1842. On his return to Detroit, Cass entered Demo‑

cratic party politics as a strong advocate of expansionism. Failing in attempts to secure the party’s presidential nomina‑ tion in 1844 and 1852, as its unsuccessful nominee in 1848 he supported national‑ ism, popular sovereignty, limited federal government, and compromises over slav‑ ery. Cass was a United States senator from Michigan, 1845–48 and 1849–57. His final public office was secretary of state under James Buchanan from 1857 until he resigned late in 1860 over the presi‑ dent’s failure to reinforce federal forts after secession. Cass died in Detroit (ANB; DAB; Willard Carl Klunder, Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation [1996]; JEP, 2:54, 464, 472, 4:565, 566, 6:175, 10:224, 11:239 [2 Mar. 1807, 31 Jan., 11 Feb. 1814, 29 June 1836, 27 Feb. 1843, 6  Mar. 1857, 17 Dec. 1860]; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:289; APS, Minutes, 20 Oct. 1826 [MS in PPAmP]; JS, 21:494, 501 [7, 30 Dec. 1831]; New York Herald, 18 June 1866). 1 2

Preceding two words faint. Manuscript: “migh.”

From Alexander Garrett Dear Sir Charlottesville 31st May 1821 By a letter recieved last night from Detroit, Michigan Territory, I learn that Samuel T. Davenport an attorney of that place, died on the 26th April last leaveing my sister his widow with three small children in dependant circumstancies, without any relation nearer than Ken‑ tucky to administer to their comfort and wishing to relieve her from difficulties, untill provision can be made to remove her & her little family, and haveing no acquaintance in or near Detroit to whom I could write with any confidence on the subject I feel at a loss what course to take. presumeing it likely in your extensive acquaintance that you may have some in Detroit to whom under such circum‑ stancies, you might not feel unwilling to write in my behalf. I take the liberty of troubling you with the subject, Governor Cass I learn re‑ sides in the City, who I suppose have money transactions with the U.S. Government at Washington, and through1 that channel reim‑ bursements might be made him for any advancies he might make my  204 

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sister, untill her removeal.2 this, he or any other might not feel will‑ ing to do without some assureance of reimbursment, & this I could not give not being known to any one there, thus situated may I asks the favour of a letter of introduction from you to the Governor or any acquaintance you may have there, giveing them confidence in my punctuality in reimbursing any necessary advancies they may make to my sister untill arrangements can be made for her removal, I trust sir you will pardon the liberty I take in makeing this request as I am left without any other to which I can resort with confident hope to contribute to the comfort of a distressed sister Very sincerely & Respectfully Your Mo. Obt Alex Garrett RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 May 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Samuel T. Davenport (ca. 1790–1821), attorney, was practicing by 1811 in Lex‑ ington, Kentucky. He established himself in Detroit by 1818 (Lexington Reporter, 24 Aug. 1811; Albany Gazette & Daily Advertiser, 22 Aug. 1818; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mich., Oakland, 1820; Lexington

Kentucky Reporter, 14 May 1821; letter of administration of Davenport’s estate, 21 May 1821, Wayne Co., Mich., Wills and Probate Records). Davenport’s widow was Garrett’s sis‑ ter Susan Garrett Davenport. 1

Manuscript: “though.” Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2

To Alexander Garrett Dear Sir Monticello May 31. 21. I did not answer your letter in the moment of it’s reciept but took time to recollect whether I had any acquaintance in Detroit but hav‑ ing none, nor any personal acquaintance with Govr Cass I have writ‑ ten the inclosed as the only means by which I can be1 useful to you. you will of course address a letter to him yourself which perhaps you had better put into mine, as my name on it’s back may produce some attention in the Post offices thro’ which it may pass. ever & affec‑ tionately yours. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP‑AG); addressed: “Mr Garrett”; endorsed by Garrett. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of James Monroe to TJ, 30 Apr. 1821;

endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Lewis Cass, 31 May 1821. 1 Manuscript:

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“be be.”

From John Sessford [Ed. Note: An undated letter from John Sessford to TJ is recorded in SJL as received 31 May 1821 from Washington, D.C. The letter, not found, presumably covered Sessford, A Statistical Table of Washing‑ ton City, and District of Columbia (broadside [Washington?, 1821]; TJ’s copy in DLC: TJ Papers, 218:39048–9, endorsed by TJ with‑ out date of receipt but with his additional notation: “Washington. Census. Sessford’s 1821”). Sessford’s statistics included an enumer‑ ation of dwellings and other buildings within each ward of the city as of 1 Jan. 1821; a tabulation of houses built between 1810 and 1820; census data for Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria from 1800 to 1820; and summaries of exports, duties, drawbacks, revenue, and taxes, 1800–20.] John Sessford (ca. 1776–1862), clerk, was a native of England who settled in Philadelphia by 1797 and was naturalized in 1802 in Washington, D.C. He was trained as a printer and worked initially for the Washington National Intelligencer. From at least 1808 until his death, the Treasury Department employed Sessford as a clerk. He became known as the “Fa‑ ther of the City” due to his extensive vol‑ untary work compiling annual statistics related to Washington’s growth and de‑ velopment. Sessford’s statistical tables first appeared in the Washington Daily Na‑ tional Intelligencer in 1822 and continued until 1860 (Sessford’s naturalization rec‑

ord [DNA: RG 21, CCDCMB, 14 Aug. 1802]; Record of Pennsylvania Marriages Prior to 1810 [1968; repr. from Pennsyl‑ vania Archives, vols. 8–9 (1880–90)], 1:768; Edmund F. Brown, comp., The Reference Book of the United States [1841], 35; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washing‑ ton, 1820–50; Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan, A History of the National Capital: From its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act [1914–16], 2:12–3; “The Sessford Annals,” RCHS 11 [1908]: 271–388; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 27 Feb. 1822, 25 Feb. 1862).

From John Vaughan D sir Philad: 31 May. 1821 Your favor of 19 April only reached me this day at, same time with a remittance of 300$ from Mr Bernard Peyton—I have Sent to Mr Girard to request the Dfts & when procured & forwarded—you shall be advised thereof   I remain sincerly Yours Jn Vaughan RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 7 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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From Joel Yancey Dr sir P. Forest 31th May 21 o Your Tob was put on board a Boat and left Lynchburg on last Friday, 7 Hhds, and directed to Capt Peyton, I should have informd you immediately, but you know, the mail to charlotteville leaves Lynchburg on friday morning, and the Tobo was not a float, till after the mail had started, this will be put in the P. offeice to day, and will I hope get to hand by the 2 or 3rd June, the boat could carry only 7 Hhds, there is 1 inferior Hhd left, and 500lb also very indifferent, with which and a parcel of my own, I shall make out a Hhd and send it to Lynchburg within a few days. this is all of the most indifferent kind of Tob: and had I think better be sold in Lynchbirg Should you intend to get any fish for the negroes this Summer, I think it would be best for them, could they get them during Harvest, as I believe their Stock of meat has been consumed long Since, and fresh meat does not agree with Labourers in very warm weather so well as salt provisions, I have received 100 dollars in part for the wheat, there is 43. dollrs and __ cents due which I expect to get in a few days, which will nearly pay all my old debts that have been press‑ ing, but there are others due to morrow, which will be equally press‑ ing, I mean my assumsetts for Bishop, and the Horses1 which I in‑ formd mr Randolp of, and he was good enough to promise2 to provide the means to enable me to meet them, as these People live in the west‑ ern Country & a desappointment would be a serious injury to them, we have planted Some Tobo and shall plant the next season more than ½  our crop, our plants have grown rapidly for few days past I am Satisfied now, that we shall have the greatest plenty in good time, we are all well, except some old complaints, Billy is still out, he and his comraids, takes a shoat or a Lamb every day or two from us.   yrs with the Highest Respect Joel Yancey RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 4 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Thomas Sumter, 23 July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson

Monticello”; franked; postmarked Lynch‑ burg, 1 June. 1 TJ

here interlined “3. horses 135.D.” two words interlined.

2 Preceding

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From Jacob van Lennep and Claude Daniel Crommelin Charlottesville, June 1st 1821.

Mr Van Lennep & Mr Crommelin beg to present their respects to Thos Jefferson Esqr & to express their regrets at having been obliged to forego the honor of waiting on him to day, the thunderstorm hav‑ ing caught them on their way to Monticello & compelled them to re‑ turn to Charlottesville.—It has been the more a matter of great disap‑ pointment to them, as in consequence of previous arrangements they are leaving to morrow for Richmond.— RC (MHi); in an unidentified hand; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 6 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Saturday evening—[2 June 1821]

A. S. Brockenbrough presents his respects to Mr Jefferson & begs leave to introduce to his acquaintance Mr Whiston of Fredericksburg he has been up viewing the University and has a particular wish of seeing your establishment, as it will probably be the only opportunity he will ever have of seeing it, it being his intention to leave Virginia for the North in a short time RC (CSmH: JF); partially dated at foot of text; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello” by “Mr Whiston”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 2 June 1821 delivered the following day “by mr Whiston,” but recorded in SJL as a letter of 2 Apr. 1821 received 3 June 1821. Francis C. Whiston (ca. 1799–1878), merchant and real‑estate broker, was a na‑ tive of Boston. During a brief residence in Fredericksburg he owned two slaves, but by 1821 he was back in Boston conduct‑ ing a commission business. From 1823– 24 Whiston attended medical lectures there, and in 1826 he joined the Boylston Medical Society. He was superintendent of the Boston reformatory in 1837 and a  city assessor in 1847. Whiston’s avo‑ cations included Freemasonry, in which context he was present with Lafayette at

the 1825 cornerstone laying for the city’s Bunker Hill monument, and membership in its Handel and Haydn Society. In 1870 he owned real estate valued at $12,000 and personal property worth $10,000 (DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Boston, 1810, 1830–70, Va., Fredericksburg, 1820; Bos‑ ton Columbian Centinel, 19 Dec. 1821; Some Account of the Medical School in Boston, and of the Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston, 1824], 16; Catalogue of the Boylston Medical Society of Harvard University [1907], 43, 103; Board of Man‑ agers of the Prison Discipline Society, Annual Report 12 [1837]: 69; Municipal Register, containing Rules and Orders of The City Council, and a List of the Officers of the City of Boston for 1847 [1847], 76; Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of Co‑ lumbia for the year 1875 [1876], 128–9;

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3 JUNE 1821 Charles C. Perkins and John S. Dwight, History of the Handel and Haydn Society, of Boston, Massachusetts [1883–93], 1:12,

94; Boston Daily Advertister, 18 Mar. 1878).

From Henry H. Sherman Sir Baltimore 3d June 1821 Perhaps you will be somewhat surprised at what I am about to write, but Sir I have a particular reason for doing it—you may Sir recollect of receiveing a 4to Vol. entitled Statisicl Annals of the U. States, from Mr Frederic A. Mayo. there is annother 4to Vol. entitled Drydens Fables—Those 2 Vols. were bound in a superor style, the reason of my writing to you on this subject is Mr Mayo has exhibited them all‑over Richmond and the general supposition was that they were his own work I Bound both Vols. my self, I drew the Plan, I selected the tools, in short I done the whole—it is better than one year since I bound them1 I can bring forward a number to prove that they were my own work,=the Principle reason of my writing is, that I think I ought to have a little of the Creadit as well as Mr M. to have all.2 it is true I did work for Mr M. at the time=I am sir an American born & my Father & Grand Father before me—I was left alone without father or Mother at nine years of age—the Man that I was bound to for the purpose of learning the trade did not know his business & I was oblige to shurk for myself—I am oblige to work as a journyman for I am not able to purchase tools for myself—as I have a family to support—but I am in hope that kind providence will turn to me some time or other=I am at work for Mr J. Botner in Calvert St. I have ben told lately that you did not receve the books till a few weeks since theey must be verry much defece’d for Mr M. has shewe[d] them to evry person that he was acquainted with—that you cannot be mistaken in the books— they had Collumns on the sides & Silk inside the board[s.] I hope that you will not take any offince at this, Sir—from your verry hum‑ ble Servent. Henry H. Sherman RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 15 June 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to David Hosack, 12 July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Esq. Montecelo Va.”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Bal‑ timore, 5 June.

Shirk (shurk) here means “to shift or fend for oneself” (OED). 1 Sherman

here canceled “which.” period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Omitted

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From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond June the 4—1821. Your honour would greatly oblige me, Should it be convenient to direct my Acount to be payt, as my present Situation is such that I am much in want indeed— I am not cartain if I have charged your honour with Munford’s In‑ dext $6., which I (purchased for that porpus,) if I have not, & your honour has received the same; I shall [be v]ery thankfull to receive it with the rest—Pleas to parten my request necessety was the cause of my taken this liberty Your most humble Servant Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); torn at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 7 June 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Thomas Mann

Randolph, 30 July 1821, on recto and verso; addressed: “The Hono: Tho: Jef‑ ferson Mounticello V.A.”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 4 June.

From John Taliaferro Dear Sir, Hagley, near Fredericksburg, 4th of June 1821— You will receive this from Mr Ridgeley a young gentleman of my acquaintance of great respectability & merit from Lexington in the State of Kentucky, who proposes to pass thro’ your neighborhood in his way home, & has expressed an earnest desire to avail himself of the only opportunity which he may have to see you—He calculates on his way to receive a letter of introduction to you from his relative Mr Short, whom you have long known—This is intended to obviate any embarrassment which the failure to receive the letter of Mr Short might produce—With the sincere wish that you may enjoy good health, & that your useful life may be long spared to us, I am dear Sir most respectfully & truly Your friend & Servt John Taliaferro RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received “by mr Ridgeley” on 10 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViU: TJP); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson esqr Monticello” by “Mr Ridgeley.” John Taliaferro (ca. 1768–1853), at‑ torney and public official, was a native of King George County. He attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton

University) in 1786. Taliaferro repre‑ sented King George County in the Vir‑ ginia House of Delegates for one session, 1800–01. He then served in the United States House of Representatives for nine terms between 1801 and 1843, first as a Republican and later as a Whig. Talia‑ ferro sat in the Senate of Virginia for four terms between 1817 and 1821, and he was elected to the state constitutional conven‑ tion of 1829–30 but resigned before it completed its deliberations. He died at his

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5 JUNE 1821 home in King George County (Princeto‑ nians, 1784–90, pp. 292–5; Leonard, Gen‑ eral Assembly; Jackson, Papers, 6:453–5; King George Co. Will Book, 4:83–4; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 20 Aug. 1853). Greenbury William Ridgely (1798– 1883), Episcopal clergyman, was a nephew of TJ’s friend William Short. Born in Lexington, Kentucky, he graduated in 1815 from Transylvania University in that city, and he studied law the following year under Tapping Reeve and James Gould in Litchfield, Connecticut. Ridgely was an unsuccessful candidate for territorial secretary of Arkansas in 1819. He sub‑ sequently trained at the Princeton Theo‑ logical Seminary, 1823–24, and entered the ministry. Ridgely then spent some time as a chaplain in the United States

Navy, officiated at churches in Pennsylva‑ nia, and edited the Philadelphia Episco‑ pal Recorder from 1844–47 before moving to Maryland, where he died (Joseph H. Dulles, comp., Princeton Theological Sem‑ inary Biographical Catalogue, 1909 [1909], 55; MdBJ: Ridgely Family Papers; The Litchfield Law School, 1784–1833 [1900], 17; George Green Shackelford, ed., “To Practice Law: Aspects of the Era of Good Feelings Reflected in the Short‑Ridgely Correspondence, 1816–1821,” Maryland Historical Magazine 64 [1969]: 342–95; Clay, Papers, 2:418, 3:14, 6:660–2, sup‑ plement, p. 72; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25; Callahan, U.S. Navy, 462; A Checklist of Pennsylvania Newspapers [1944], 50; gravestone inscription in Saint Paul’s Cemetery, Hillsboro, Md.).

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello June 5. 21. I recieved yesterday a letter from mr Yancey informing me that on the 25th of May he sent off 7. hhds of tobo for me, and I learnt at the Shadwell mills that they had sent off 89. barrels of flour. both articles I trust are with you by this time. I therefore put under your cover two letters for Glinn & co. and Fr. Mayo, covering orders on you the for‑ mer for 100.D. the latter for 127.12½ D which be so good as to deliver and pay as soon as you have the funds in hand. I observe you advertize fish for sale. I will pray you to send 6. Barr[els] of Herrings by a Lynchbg boat addressed to mr A. Robertson, and 4. barrels to this place of herrings, and 1. of shad. Johnson does not run his boat constantly since the price has been raised, and Gilmore has left us. there is a mr Kirby who I am told is faithful and ma[y] be trusted with my things. a reason for my former preference of Gilmore & Johnson was that both were my tenants, and it secured my rents. Be so good as to send me Wettenhall’s Greek Grammar made En‑ glish by Farrand, a copy of the Orbis pictus, and 2 copies of Ains‑ worth’s Dictionary abridged; and if they are to be had divide[d] into 2. volumes each they will be preferred. affectionately yours. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of otherwise unlocated letter from Joseph Wilson to TJ, 23 Apr. 1821

(see note to TJ to Wilson, 10 May 1821); edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Capt Pey‑ ton”; endorsed by TJ.

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5 JUNE 1821  TJ retained abstracts of the enclosed letters for glinn & co. and fr. mayo, both dated 5 June 1821. For the payment to Robert R. Glinn & Company he noted that he “inclosed an order on B. Peyton for 100.D. on acct of my note in favor of mrs Laporte of which they in‑ form me they are the holders” (FC in MHi; written in TJ’s hand on a small scrap). In his financial records for that date, he added that the note was given “as security for Mrs. Laporte ante Nov. 2”

(MB, 2:1375). At 2 Nov. 1820 TJ re‑ corded that he “Gave my note for securi‑ tyship for Mrs. Laporte for the purchase of groceries or other goods to the amt. of 100.D. payable 90.D. [i.e., days] from date of credit” (MB, 2:1370). For the payment to Frederick A. Mayo TJ noted that he “Inclosed him ord. on Capt B. Peyton for 127. D 12½ C amt of his acct for book binding & thanks for Seybert’s Statistical Annals” (FC in MHi; written in TJ’s hand on a small scrap).

From “A Republican of 98” Dear sir In the State of Nyork 6 June 1821 Altho you are advanced in life—yet your Vision is clear—& Judg‑ ment sound—therefore justice must be felt—& patriotism yet upper‑ most in your Consideration,—an old personal friend—has made up his mind—to say a few words—on the Subject of our next president— Altho’ Strange as it may appear—the present one has just entered on the last term—but such is the State of man—such his activity in the pursuits of [. . .]—that already Combinations & preliminary opera‑ tions are on foot to give this man & that man—an impetus—a push forward in the publick View—So that in some degree—to have fore‑ stalled publick opinion & taking thereby undue advantages—it is for this Reason—as it cannot be avoided—I obtrude myself on your at‑ tention, without a name—If what is Said, is not sound, a name would be of no service—to the observations—altho the time was, when it would have not Sounded unpleasantly in your ears—Mrs Crawford, Calhoun, Adams Clinton & Clay—are prominent men—& doubtless— the most So—& to whom the nation look to—to select the next Prest—your influence—among the Gent—who have been Prests— alone Seems to have been preserved—to a great extent over the whole nation—the residue—Messs Adams, Madison & Munro—seem to have little—Mr Munro—undoubtedly as he is president—has a degree of it—So far as present patronage extends—I will begin by remarking— that some Symptoms—have been indicated—that Mr Munro—Mr Calhoun & their personal friends—with those of Madisons are Cau‑ tiously working in favor of Jno Q Adams—as the next Chief—while others—are pushing Crawford—and those mainly are the present rulers of Virginia—Is this right—does it Comport—with justice— with Safety to this nation—& with the Example—& lasting Solidity  212 

6 JUNE 1821

& equalized Justice—which you would desire to have in some degree realized from your influence—and as Conducive & Conformative to the high Character which you may desire—that your fame Should go down to posterity—taking it for granted that the next Prest will be the friend of Jefferson & one who would sustain the reputation & preserve the order & Safety of the Republick—would that be pro‑ moted by the Election of Mr Adams—I Say not—Virginia had her 4 out 5 Presidents of course its not expected She will Still have fur‑ ther pretentions at present—Massachusetts—had a Prest of Congress in Hancock—She has been honored in Jno Adams during his whole life time—& finally by being1 Prest—besides others of her Citizens Knox2—Gerry—Eustis—Dearborn & many others—& young Jno Adams his lifetime who at one period did all, man could do, to oppose Jefferson & his Supporters—is this right, for a man who never la‑ bored for Republicanism, which only put Jefferson in power—Should now after having reaped—Money & honor—since his boyish mis‑ sion to Prussia—be pushed into the Presl Chair by Jefferson or his friends—I say—Massachusetts has for the present—had attention enough paid to her—I do say—that Mr Adams has had honor & countenance—more than others—who merrited more than he, those Considerations—how would it appear to posterity—that Virginia Should to an irrational & unjust extent—retain by Clanship the power to herself of this nation—then to join her influence to a State already full of favor—having had the like honor and advantage—I say it would go far to take away the charm of our Republican Success in Govt—& in a measure tarnish the remembrance of the illustrious Virtues of a Jefferson—whose Consequence—will be effected—by the results of his memorable Career—It reminds me so much of the Clanships—the triumvirs of Greece & Rome—that it almost sickens me with the high notions of Republican fairness—& reminds me of the old proverb that the Horse that earns the oates—Seldom eat them— would you then Support mr Crawford—no I say—he is a native of Virginia—is from the south—has derived all his influence from her disposition & no merrit—or Exertion of his own—possess no extray Gifts from nature—art—& his appointment would [sire?] Such an unextinguishable hatred in this nation—to have at this period—a Slave holding president—as to come nigh—Severing this Empire—& wd be forever attributed to Virginia or Jeffersonian3 egotistical repub‑ licanism produced by negro unfair representation & the sole effects of patronage—& ill gotten power—Mr Clay—tho very respectable— has nearly all the same objections agst him at present—& besides has not pretentions equal to it—Mr Calhoun also is too recently on the  213 

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Stage—and is from a Slave state—& there is time enough for him— we come next to him—on Mr Clinton—This State has never had the honor—of a president—her Vice presidents have been merely pacify‑ ing machines—Geo Clintons Services during our Revolution—entitled him to very high honor—you outstripped him—tho his influence then powerful gave you the Presidency—aided by his nephew & Supported it—till you retired in Glory—you gave yr influence to Madison—& so it has Contd—you forgave Munro—& cannot you forgive DeWit Clinton—for merely being a Candidate when your friend Madison— was a Candidate the Second time—who always supported you & is warmly your admirer at this moment—I think you Can—you ob‑ served that George Clinton estranged himself from you—if he did— that is a reason why you Should4 from DWitt Clinton—indeed—I honestly think—it would be the brightest link to the chain of your Constellations—for you to make an effort—& do an act to the nephew— to do away—something of a neglect of a great man—whose name & fame as a Revolutionary5 worthy was Certainly greater than any then before the publick excepting Yourself—& which has always injured the present Gov. Clinton eversince—it has Created in Co:operation— with the policy of Madison & Munro a prejudice unwarranted—to a great extent—agst a man who was powerful in getting you elected & fighting your battles till you triumphantly Conquered—he who now reckons you a benefactor—you Could reconcile to the great Republi‑ can [. . .] & Shed a never fading lustre on your fame for honor, & disinterestedness—The Consequences to the nation—in Consolidat‑ ing the safety of the Constitution—would probably be incalculable— to have a man as it were anew—from a new Section—from a State famous for Revolutionary Struggles—& for great men—populous6— enterprizing—& neglected—all that is done—is to raise a little man like Tompkins—or smith Thompson—and other little men—in order to destroy the influence of a very powerful & most Capable man—a man pure in morals has Wife & Children—Domestic—industrious— filled with Knowledge—a man that really loves to do good things— think on these things—& see whether—it is not Compatable with your Glory & honor—prudently to act—& to have done with Mr Clinton—those things which you could do—with Mr munro when it Suited your Views—is it needful for yr fame—for Madison or Munro that a political Dwarf—a Coldhearted excentric man like Jno Q Adams Should be elevated above such a man as DW Clinton—to Shut out of the [. . .] of the nation New York—or Mr Clinton—or is there a league between Virginia & massachusetts?—The talents & experi‑ ence of Clinton wd reconcile the south with the North & East—but  214 

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the Support of Adams or Crawford—would Shake the foundations of the edefice—let liberality & honor & a remembrance of former days have some place in yr bosom—an old friend hopes & believes—from the high Character of the Venerable Jefferson—that he will once more—in his own way—do one more great act—& prevent the per‑ petuation of a narrow misguided policy—Contrary to the best feel‑ ings of all your old best friends— A Republican of 98  since7 the foregoing—I have learnt—that some person has writ‑ ten  to mr Jefferson to asscertain, whether the Observations attrib‑ uted to mr J—were true—that he expressed a high approbation of the Conduct—or admn of Gov Clinton—his policy—in favor of Canals— agriculture—& the arts generally—It is possible the representations— from party feelings here might have been enlarged—as they generally are—when made by distinguished men—but If they were express’d highly approbatory—I presume they wd have been true—but report Says—the letter of Mr Jefferson8 denies having expressed himself favorably—I am Sorry to hear of it—for reasons already indicated—I am Still of the belief—that it would be one of the most honorable and Glorious acts of Mr Jefferson—that before he quits this life—to take Such a Course—as he Knows better how to do it, than most men I ever Knew—in reconciling—& harmonizing Mr Clinton—publickly— with the nation—through his name—Thereby producing effects— to  Strengthen the Union—more than any other act that Could be devised—indicating a liberality & a magnanimity—whose influence would Shed a never fading renown on the author of the Declaration of our Independance—as to the little bickerings of a few hot heads— any movement of that nature might produce—Compared to the love and Veneration it would excite in an immense portion of the nation, it would be as mere dust in the balance—you publickly have with‑ drawn9 from Politicks—that is no reason why a noble & generous act (—made necessary by the Course pursued—of which you have partaken)—Should not be performed by a great Phylosopher & Phylanthropist—to a man of the most distinguished talents and pub‑ lick usefulness—a man10 who has the disposition—the ability—& the boldness—to guard the fame of Jefferson11 more than any other man in this Union—a letter on the improvements of the nation—its prog‑ ress &c—wherein a decided favorable mention could be made for the great publick benefit rendered by Mr Clinton—would be decent, true—& not out of the way—would answer all the purposes desired With the learning of Clinton—his capacity—his promotion of Canals & internal improvements—of Colledges & publick Schools—of the  215 

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agricultural board—& his System of admn—every way enlarged— & bottomed on a nations renown—it cannot well be conceived, that a Jefferson can disapprove—It Cannot be believed—that if Mr Jefferson—Should ever have been displeased—because Clinton was a Candidate for the Presidency—years ago—& which might have been inexpedient—tho’ honorable—& fair—equally so—as that he Should—or Munro—or any other man—but which has long passed away—I say its presumed—that this Cannot have place in the mind of a great man—at this day—If he thinks Mr Clinton ought to have fought the enemy recently—it can be Said—that every effort was used for him to get a Commissn but it was meanly prevented—his example in addressing the people to deeds of patriotism in raising money—even personally laboring in the defence of this State—in mak‑ ing its forts &c—proves he did more efficient Service than any man here—I will not Speak of that small man Tompkins—he is a child— the mere floating machine of party—is guilty of frequent inebriety— has Converted the publicks Money to his own use—& is the tool of Munro & Crawford & Adams to keep down Clinton—you Know all these things—the writer of this—is moved by himself—as a duty— without the Knowledge of any human being—to lay these things be‑ fore a man who he has beloved—in times past more   than words Can express—& who has no other motive but Justice & the fame of Jefferson & the Safety & honor of the nation— a man of 1798 RC (DLC); four words illegible; en‑ dorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter (with bracketed notation that it concerned “next Presidt”) received 22 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. young jno adams: John Quincy Adams. In a letter to James Monroe of 18 Feb. 1808 that was widely published in such newspapers as the New York American Citizen of 2 Nov. 1808, TJ observed that “I already percieve my old friend Clinton estranging himself from me,” and that the relationship between Monroe and James Madison was being strained by their candidacies for the presidency (DLC: Monroe Papers).

For the observations attributed to mr j see George Hay to TJ, 14 Apr. 1821, and note, and TJ to Hay, 20 Apr. 1821. 1

Manuscript: “beig.” Word interlined. 3 Manuscript: “Jeffrsonian.” 4 Here “not” is canceled. 5 Manuscript: “Revoutionary.” 6 Manuscript: “popupous.” 7 A fifth page begins with this word, with “no 5” at head. 8 Manuscript: “Jeffreson.” 9 Manuscript: “witthdrawn.” 10 Manuscript: “mand.” 11 Manuscript: “Jeffrson.” 2

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From Thomas G. Watkins Dear Sir, Glenmore June 7. 1821 Inclosed agreeably to your desire I send you my acct. Some com‑ bining circumstances have induced me to decline the practice of Physic. If my humble efforts, however, have been so fortunate as to reach your approbation, insomuch as to induce a belief that I might on any future occasion be of service to you, it will add to my happi‑ ness, to be permitted to make you an exception to my general rule. I am with the sincerest affectn And respect yr Obdt Servt T. G Watkins RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 15 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. The enclosed acct. was probably TJ’s Account with Watkins, [after 20 Jan.

1821]. On 28 July 1821 TJ paid Watkins $12 to settle his “acct. to Jan. 20” (MB, 2:1377). TJ’s response of 25 June 1821, not found, is recorded in SJL.

From Joseph Marx and Mr. Brown Friday morning [8 June 1821]

Mr Marx unites with Mr Brown in presenting their Respects to Mr Jefferson, their attendance at Court being required this morn‑ ing, and their anxiety to return so soon as dismissed, will prevent their accepting Mr Jefferson’s Invitation of which they will be happy to avail themselves at some future Period, RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 217:38830–1); in Marx’s hand; partially dated at foot of text; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 8 June 1821 from “Marx & Brown.”

To Bernard Peyton, with Jefferson’s Note Dear Sir Monticello June 8. 21. I have two calls in Bedford so pressing that they do not permit my getting more flour down before I1 deliver the orders, the one to Jona‑ than Bishop for 136.48 D the other to Joel Yancey for 135.D. but as they will go circuitously by Bedford, before [th]ey get to you, you will recieve a boat load which will start the day after tomorrow. another load will go on the return of the boat. that will bring the close of the month when you will send me my quarterly account from which I may know how I stand. accept assurances of affection & respect. Th: Jefferson  217 

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[Note by TJ at foot of text:] June 25. wrote to him for Adams’s Roman antiquities & Valpy’s Gr. grammar. to come by mail. PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ; with two numbers recopied by TJ above the line for clarity; damaged at crease; adjacent to signature: “Capt Pey‑ ton”; endorsed by TJ.

TJ’s letter of june 25. 1821 to Peyton, not found, is recorded in SJL. 1 TJ

here canceled “make.”

To Joel Yancey, with Jefferson’s Note Dear Sir Monticello June 8. 21. Your two favors of May 22. and 31. came together on the 4th inst and our first mail for Lynchburg starts on the 10th. by that therefore you will recieve two orders on Capt Peyton, the one in favor of Bishop for 136.48 D the other of yourself for 135.D. which Jefferson tells me is the sum due for the horses. I had mentioned to mr Bishop that I should remit his money as soon as his1 crop was at Richmond, which I suppose it to be altho’ I have not recd the information from Capt Peyton. I wrote to him on the 5th to send to the care of mr Robertson 6. barrels of herrings. I shall be at Poplar Forest the 1st week of next month if my horses are recovered from a complaint prevalent here of imposthumes under the jaw. two of them have it very badly. accept assurances of my friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. I think I understood that mr Miller was now the teacher at the academy of N. London. I have a thought of placing one of my grand‑ sons there. will you be so good as to inform me by return of the 1st mail what is the tuition fee, and what the cost of board? [Note by TJ at foot of text:] June 9. wrote a 2d letter advising to sell the residue of tobo & pay debts with it PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 28 Apr. 1821; adjacent to signature: “Mr Yancey”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional notation: “136.48 + 135.”

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph. TJ’s letter to Yancey of june 9. 1821 is recorded in SJL but has not been found. 1 Thus in manuscript, with “my” pos‑ sibly intended.

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To Gilbert J. Hunt Monticello June 10. 21.

Th: Jefferson with his respects to mr Hunt returns him his pro‑ spectus with his subscription to it. it’s arrival here during his absence on a journey must apologise for this late acknolegement of it. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 23  Apr. 1821; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with

additional bracketed notation: “sbscrp‑ tion to a book.” Enclosure: enclosure to Hunt to TJ, 14 May 1821.

To Lafayette Monticello June 10. 21.

I know, my dear friend, that the title of American alone is a passport to your attentions and good offices. to inform you therefore who of them merit those kindnesses must be an act of charity to you as of justice to them. on the bearer mr Laurence they will be worthily placed. he is a citizen of distinction of the state of New York, correct and enlightened, and well qualified to put you into possession of the state of things in our confederacy. our political winters are boister‑ ous, but our summers calm. I suppose he will find it much the case with you. I shall be your debtor, as well as himself for any kind atten‑ tions you may shew him; and I bear this testimony to his merit with the greater pleasure as it furnishes me new occasion of renewing to you the expressions of my constant and affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM); addressed: “Monsr le General Marquis de la Fayette Lagrange pres Paris.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of James Gibbon to TJ, 21 Apr. 1821; edge trimmed; en‑

dorsed by TJ with additional notation: “by mr Lauren[ce]” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in TJ to William Beach Lawrence, 10 June 1821.

To William Beach Lawrence Monticello June 10. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for your kind offer of services in Europe but time has nearly dissolved all my connections with that hemisphere.1 10. years of the Guillotine, 20. of war, and 32 of the sweepings of the scythe of death have left not a human being alive in France with whom I was acquainted, the Marquis Fayette excepted. the title of  219 

10 JUNE 1821

American is always an introduction to his attentions. yet I chearfully add my testimony to him, as a proof and assurance to you of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (CSmH); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Robert R. Glinn & Com‑ pany to TJ, 26 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr Wm Beach Lawrence”; endorsed by

TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Lafayette, 10 June 1821. 1 Manuscript:

“hemissphere.”

From John Harner Augusty County South River Harners mill 3 miles Blow Waynsboroug June 11th 1821

Mr thomas Jefferson I have Sent A Pare of Bucks Horns to you as a poore mans prasend I hope it Will not afend you to Send you as tri‑ feling a prasend as this is I have heard of your haveing all kinds of Bucks horns and I alowed thiese Would be the Grateist curosety of all you had ther has Been a Grate many People at me for thiese horns but I Would not let them have them I Wantit you to Se them Sir from A poore frend of yours &C John Harner N B if Any purson Wants to know Whare this Buck wos killet I kild him in the pasters about 6 or 8 miles this Side of the cowpaster River nier the rode lieding to the wormsprings from Stantoun Sir I Would be Glad if you Would Send me a few lines back Whether you have Ever Seene any like them ther has ben a good many old Hunters to Se thiese and the never had Saw any like them John Harner RC (ViU: TJP‑ER); dateline between body of postscript and its signature; with unrelated and mostly canceled notes in Harner’s hand at foot and on verso; ad‑ dressed: “To Mr thomas Jefferson Alber‑

marl County va”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 15 June 1821 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “with a pr bucks horns”) in SJL.

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 11 June 1821 Your two esteemed favor’s of the 5th: & 8th: Inst: reached me this morning. I have delivered your letters to Mayo and Glinn, & have paid the drafts contained in each.  220 

11 JUNE 1821

 Your Tobacco from Lynchburg, say 7 Hhds, reached me some days ago, but such is the pressure of business at the Warehouses here, that it was not until saturday last that it came to my turn (for its like bags in a Mill) to be served, when they were inspected & sold, & a∕c sales would now be rendered, but this is a holiday and the In‑ spectors not at the Ware Houses to make out the notes: by next mail you may expect to receive it.   I regret to say that the order, cull‑ ing, & management generally, of the Tobacco was most infamous, entirely too high, insomuch, that every Hhd: had already acquired a bad funcky smell:—4 of the Hhds: were refused, and 2 passed—the highest price $7.30, for two Hhds; which, with care & good manage‑ ment would have been $10 Tobacco, as would also one other.—the lowest price, for the Lug Hhd: $2.80, which was really scarcely worth having— I have procured the Books you wrote for & will forward them by the first opportunity. I could not find Ainsworth’s Dictionary in two volumes.   The Herrings you wish forwarded to Lynchburg & Monticello, will purchase (I have sold out) & send by the first Boats; Shad are not to be had in the City. I have sold all the Nail rods I had, & have looked thro’ Town with‑ out finding such as you order, if you wish it, & they will be in time, will order them from the manufactory at Balto: where there are al‑ ways a plenty on hand:—there is so little demand for them here that they are scarcely worth keeping, but if you are likely to want a con‑ stant supply, would order them round regularly for you. Some days ago recd from Genl H. A. S. Dearborn of Boston a paint‑ ing of you, which I forwarded immediately by Johnson’s Boat & hope it is safe to hand. When your drafts from Bedford appear they shall be honor’d. With great respect sir Your Mo. Obd: Bernd Peyton RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 14 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); ad‑ dress cover only; with PoC of TJ to Pey‑ ton, [13] July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Char‑ lottesville”; franked; postmarked Rich‑ mond, 11 June.

lug: a term used to describe either the lower leaves of a tobacco plant or the low‑ est grade or quality of harvested tobacco (OED).

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From Samuel Williams Sir, London 12 June 1821 I have received your letter of the 16th of April enclosing one for Mr Appleton of Leghorn, forwarded this day, & from Mr Bernard Peyton of Richmond a Bill for three hundred sixty nine Pounds 18/, subject to the order of Mr Appleton. I have the honor to be Sir, Your Obed. Servt s. Williams. RC (CSmH: JF); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Bernard Peyton to TJ, 6 Aug. 1821.

From William DuVal Dear Sir Buckingham June 13th 1821 I return you a Thousand thanks for obtaining for my Son John P DuVal by your friendly Letter to Mr Madison an Appointment in 1812 of Lieutenant in the Army. He continued in the Army during1 the last War with G Britain, & was soon promoted to a Captaincy. After Peace was made He married an amiable Lady and has Three Children He lives in the County of Fauquier After He finished his Studies at the College of William & Mary, He obtained Licence to practise the Law & has pursued it. He is fond of reading is acquainted with Clas‑ sical Learning and several Branches of the Mathematics, particularly Surveying, after the most correct and approved Methods. He is desirous with a growing Family to reside in the Western Country, and requests it, as a great favour for you to write to the President as soon as convenient; that whenever a vacancy happens to be appointed a terratorial Judge, a Surveyor or Register of the Land Office, in any of the new Terratories—He has a natural Genius for drawing Landscapes—I saw a drawing of his representing the Natu‑ ral Bridge, which was said to have been a good Representation. I mention this, because if He should be appointed Surveyor, He could make neat and correct drawings of Rivers the range of Mountains &c, or if in either of the Florida’s he could draw the Sea Coast with all its Shoals to the Mouth of Saint Mary’s River if required & with accuracy. I think his capacity is above Mediocrity, that from his virtuous and moral habits, and his attachment to Republican Principles, If through  222 

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your kind interposition He should obtain either of the appointments from Mr Monroe, he would discharge either of the Offices with Credit and Fidility. I do assure you Sir, I would not desire a Son of mine to fill any Of‑ fice, unless the public good was in Unison with his private Interest. I know that to you a consciousness of doing g[o]od is a Luxury, You have enjoyed already beyond most persons, and that you may long enjoy it, and to bless your Country and Friends, is the sincere wish of him who with every possible Sentiment of Esteem and Respect Dear Sir, Your most obedient an[d] humble Servant William DuVal RC (MHi); edge trimmed, with ending of one word on verso of address cover; closing torn at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 25 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to George Hadfield, 10 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monte Cello” and “By

Mail”; franked; postmarked Flood’s, 18 June 1821. TJ recommended john p duval to Secretary of War William Eustis on 25 Jan. 1812. 1

Manuscript: “duing.”

From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) sir Richd June 14th By Thom Wood you will receive 4 Blls: Herrings & 1 Bll Shad which have been delivered to him in good order if so delivered to you please pay fght: as Customary Your Mo Ob B. Peyton By C. Bias 5 Blls: RC (MHi); in Bias’s hand; partially dated; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson Mon‑ tisllo”; endorsed by TJ: “Peyton Bernard June 14. 21.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 14 June 1821 a I hand herewith ∕c sales your 7 Hhds: Tobacco & the balance your Flour on hand, say 98 Blls:, all of which hope will be satisfactory. I send by Woods Thom 4 Blls: Herrings 1 Bll: best family Shad, & the 6 Blls: Herrings for Lynchburg are also on the way.  223 

14 JUNE 1821

 These are Fresh Herrings & Shad just arrived & inspected this morning. The Books mentioned in my last will be forwarded to=day either to Shadwell Mills or Jas Leitch at Charlottesville. With great respect Dr sir Your Mo: Obd: Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); on one sheet folded to form four pages, with enclosure on p. 1, letter on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “Mr Th: Jefferson Monticello Charlottes‑

ville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 14 June; endorsed by TJ as received 17 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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Account with Bernard Peyton for Tobacco and Flour Sales Sales Seven Hhds: Leaf Tobacco by B. Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd 9 June To sundry persons for Cash (viz) No 1 = 1760 −1 150 = 1610 ⎬⎫ 3080 ℔s nett  at $7.30 $224.84 2 = 1620 − 150 = 1470 ⎭    3 = 1545 − 145 = 1400 ℔s nett "  "6.30 88.20 ⎫ ⎧ 4 = 1535 − 140 = 1390 ℔s nett  at $5.55 150.96 ⎬ 2720 ⎪ Refused– ⎨ 5 = 1470 − 140 = 1330 ⎭ ⎪⎩    6 = 1580 − 140 = 1440 ℔s nett at "4.70 67.68 7 = 1400 − 142 = 1258 ℔s nett "  "2.80 35.22 Lugs–     $566.902 Charges Cash paid for Notes at 3/– each $3.50 Canal Toll at 2/6 & Drayage at 22¢ 4.46 Commission at 2½ pr Ct 14.17 22.13 Nett proceeds at Cr T. J.  $544.77                    Sales fifty Barrels super & 48 fine flour by B Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd 13 June To John Ayers & Co for Cash in store 50 Blls: super fine flour at $3.75 $187.50 48 "  fine   do "   3.50 168.00 98 $355.50 Charges Cash paid freight at 2/6 pr bll: $40.84 Canal Toll 38 Blls: $3.96 3.96 ⎫ Drayage 60 Blls: from break in Canal at 4/– ⎬ 7.42  for 6 Blls: & Drayage 38 Blls: from Basin at 9d ⎭ Storage 98 Blls: at 8¢ $7.84—Inspection $1.96 9.80 8.89 $70.91 Commission at 2½ pr Ct Nett proceeds— $284.59

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14 JUNE 1821  MS (MHi); conjoined with covering letter; in Peyton’s hand. lugs are either the lower leaves of a tobacco plant or the lowest grade or qual‑ ity of harvested tobacco (OED).

 1 Equal signs in this column editorially corrected to minus signs. 2 To the left of this total, TJ wrote “|9898| 566.9 | 5.72 pr Cwt.”

From Jonathan Thompson Custom house New York Collectors Office

Sir June 14. 1821 There is in the Public Store of this Port a small Box directed to you, said to contain garden seeds from the Royal garden near Paris, rec’d per the Ship Cadmus from Havre—Please direct how it shall be forwarded to you— I am with the greatest respect your most Obt Servt Jonathan Thompson  Collector RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Joseph Wilson, 10 July 1821, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the U States Monticello”; franked; postmarked New York, 15 June. Recorded in SJL as received 22 June 1821. Jonathan Thompson (1773–1846), mer‑ chant and public official, was born at Sagtikos Manor in Suffolk County, New York. Having relocated permanently to New York City, he was a partner in the firm of Gardiner & Thompson from 1795 until it dissolved in 1800. Thompson con‑ tinued business thereafter under his own name and became prominent in local Re‑ publican politics. In 1813 President James Madison appointed him collector of taxes and internal duties for New York, and in 1820 President James Monroe named him collector for the port of New York. Thompson remained in the latter posi‑ tion until President Andrew Jackson re‑

moved him in 1829. He returned to his mercantile activities and served as presi‑ dent of the Manhattan Company from 1840 until his death (Frederick Diodati‑ Thompson, “The Family of Thompson, of the County of Suffolk, New York,” New York Genealogical and Biographical Re‑ cord 22 [1891]: 41–3; New York Daily Advertiser, 9 Sept. 1795; New York Com‑ mercial Advertiser, 22 July 1800; A Cir‑ cular Letter, from the General Republican Committee, of the City and County of New York, to their Republican Fellow Citizens throughout the state [New York, 1809], xii; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1809–25; JEP, 2:455, 465, 3:218, 220 [18, 31 Jan. 1814, 27, 29 Nov. 1820]; Jackson, Papers, 7:176–9, 207; Bankers’ Magazine, and State Financial Register 3 [1848]: 142; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 2 Jan. 1847). Thompson wrote a similar letter to James Madison on this date (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:338–9).

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Bond with James Lyle (1798–1850) KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I Thomas Jefferson of Albemarle County am held and firmly bound unto James Lyle admr of James Lyle Senr deceased in the just and full sum of Two Thousand four [hu]ndred [do]llars to be paid unto the said James Lyle admr as aforesaid his certain attorney, his heirs, executors, ad‑ ministrators or assigns, to which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myself my heirs, executors and administrators, firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal and dated this 16th day of June one thousand eight hundred and Twenty one The condition of the above obligation is such, That if the above bound Thomas Jefferson his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, do and shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid unto the said James Lyle admr as aforesaid his certain attorney, his execu‑ tors, administrators or assigns, the just sum of Twelve hundred Dollars on or before the first day of July in the year Eighteen hundred and Twenty three—/1823/. then the above obligation to be void, or else to remain in full force and virtue. Signed and sealed ⎬⎫  in the presence of ⎭ James M Randolph Th: Jefferson (SEAL.) Tarlton Saunders (SEAL.) MS (CSmH: JF); printed form, with blanks filled in by Saunders rendered above in boldface, signed by Randolph, Saunders, and TJ; mutilated at fold; dock‑ eted on verso in an unidentified hand, with third line interlined by Alexander Garrett (latter two canceled phrases being abbre‑ viations for Henderson, McCaul & Com‑ pany, and George Kippen & Company): “Bond No 1. Th, Jefferson Esqre to James Lyle

£201. 4.5

70.19.0

87.16.7 £360. 0.0 due 1st July 1823”; with Tr of receipt in Garrett’s hand and attested by him: “Recieved this 15th of January 1827. of Thomas J Randolph executor of Thomas Jefferson deceased fifteen hundred and Twenty seven dol‑ lars being the principal & Interest of the within bond—John Lyle for James Lyle.”

On the same date two similar bonds from TJ to James Lyle, each also for $2,400, were executed, with the first one due 1 July 1824 (MS in ViU: TJP‑ER; printed form with blanks filled in by Saunders, signed by TJ, James M. Ran‑ dolph, and Saunders; docketed on verso in an unidentified hand: “Bond No 2 Th Jefferson Esqre G K & Co £200.0.0 H McC & Co 160.0.0 £360.0.0 due 1st July 1824”; with Trs of two statements by “John Lyle for James Lyle,” each in Garrett’s hand and separately attested by him, with the first indicating that “The within bond is entitled to a credit of five hundred & three dollars to be applied on the 15th day of January 1828 as per reciept given Tho J Randolph the executor this 15th of Janu‑ ary 1827,” and the other noting that “The within bond is entitled to a further credit

 226 

17 JUNE 1821 of thirteen dollars to be applied on the 15th of July 1827. as per reciept”). The third bond of this date was due in 1825 (MS in ViU: TJP‑ER; printed form with blanks filled in by Saunders, signed by TJ, James M. Randolph, and Saun‑ ders; docketed on verso in an unidentified hand: “Bond No 3 Th Jefferson Esqre G K & Co £200.0.0 H McC & Co 160.0.0 £360.0.0 due 1st July 1825”; with additional notations, one in Garrett’s hand canceled in pencil: “The within bond is entitled to a  credit of One hun‑ dred and seventy five dollars sixty seven cents to be applied the  first of January 1830”; another in an  unidentified hand: “20th February 1835 There is due at this date upon this bond about $358₁−⁴₀−⁰₀ − as will appear per statements exchanged this day between Mr T J Randolph & myself”; and a third in James Lyle’s hand and signed by him as estate administrator: “20th February 1835 This Bond has been paid

as per Statement furnished Mr T J Ran‑ dolph this day”). James Madison Randolph (1806–34), farmer, was the first person known to have been born at the President’s House in Washington, D.C., and the eighth child and second son of Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph and TJ’s daughter Martha Jeffer‑ son Randolph. Educated at Monticello and in local schools conducted by Frank Carr and Gerard E. Stack, Randolph at‑ tended the first session of classes at the University of Virginia in 1825. There‑ after he farmed a piece of family land in Albemarle County rent‑free until its sale shortly before his death. The 1830 census listed Randolph with twelve slaves and three free blacks. He died at Tufton, the home of his brother Thomas Jefferson Randolph, and was buried at Monticello (Shackelford, Descendants, 1:148; TJ to Francis Eppes, 6 Feb. 1818; MB, 2:1360, 1410; Nash, Students of the University of Virginia; DNA: RG 29, CS, Albemarle Co., 1830; Martha Jefferson Randolph to Ann C. Morris, 16 Feb. 1834 [PPAmP: Smith‑Houston‑Morris‑Ogden Family Pa‑ pers]; Richmond Enquirer, 6 Feb. 1834).

From John S. Cogdell My dear sir. So Carolina Charleston 17th June 1821. I have the honour of being one among a small number of our Com‑ munity—who have endeavoured to form an Academy of Arts—in the City of Charleston, our Building after the Grecian Temple is nearly finished, a Portico—12 feet wide by 30: & Columns—a front Room for Statuary 30 by 20: & the main room lighted by a Dome 45 by 35: It has been made my very delightful duty to inform you by convey‑ ing the enclosed Certificate that you have been elected unanimously an Honorary Member of our Young Society. with Sentiments of very great consideration and Respect. Dear Sir. I remain very Humbly Your obt Sert John S. Cogdell  Secy & Treasurer  “So Ca Academy of Arts.” RC (DLC); at foot of text: “To the Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello Vir‑

ginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 28 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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17 JUNE 1821  The South Carolina Academy of Arts was founded in Charleston in February 1821 to encourage and promote fine arts such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and engraving through meetings and events that included an annual exhibi‑ tion. Artists who qualified when academy directors approved of a submitted work

were joined by dues‑paying and honorary members. The academy ceased to exist in 1833 (Charleston City Gazette and Com‑ mercial Daily Advertiser, 19 Feb. 1821; Maurie D. McInnis, The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston [2005], 135–41, 146–7).

e n c l o s u r e

Membership Diploma in the South Carolina Academy of Arts South Carolina Academy of Arts.

Charleston 29th May 1821. Be it known that The Honorable Thomas Jefferson was this day unani‑ mously elected an Honorary Member of the Academy of Arts—And entitled to all the Rights and privileges thereof. Given under the Signature of the President, and countersigned by the Secretary. J. R. Poinsett

 President.

John S. Cogdell

 Secretary. MS (MHi); in an unidentified hand, signed by Joel R. Poinsett and Cogdell.

To John Harner Sir Monticello June 17. 21. I recieved yesterday your letter of the 11th with the remarkable Buck’s horns you have been so good as to send me. they are indeed extraordinary, such as I have never seen, and such as I presume have not been seen before, because not a regular production of the species, but a sport of nature. they are a real curiosity, well worthy a place among those I have, and with them will hereafter have a place in our university when ready to recieve them. I am much obliged by your kind attention in sending them to me and I pray you to recieve the assurance of my thankfulness and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Andrew Smith to TJ, 16 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr John Harner”; endorsed by TJ.

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To Henry H. Sherman Sir Monticello June 17. 21. Your’s of the 3d is just now at hand. I recieved some weeks ago from mr Mayo the copy of Seybert’s Statistical tables to which your letter relates. it is indeed bound in a very superior style, and such as I have not seen before; and I am safe in saying that the binder is equal to any one of his profession here or in Europe. I was much in‑ debted to mr Mayo for this specimen of the art, and readily make my acknolegements to you for the part you had in the execution with the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Henry H. Sherman”; endorsed by TJ.

To John Taylor Dear Sir Monticello June 17. 21. My grandson lately returned from Warren where he had explana‑ tions on the subject of your letters, with Sarah Nicholas the eldest daughter and Mentor of the family. she acknoleged the distresses of the family, and agreed to accept what was proposed on two condi‑ tions. 1. that the money comes not from myself. 2. that they should be permitted to repay it, if ever in their power. as to the 1st I had autho‑ rised my grandson to give the most positive assurances. as to the 2d there was no danger of it’s occurrence. while living on the estate, which will be till the fall when it will be sold, they have for their table what is raised on that, but she said they had not wherewithal to buy groceries. I presume therefore your 1st donation will be immediately acceptable, and if you will inclose me a check of a bank in Fredericks‑ burg on a bank of Richmond I can pass it thro’ my grandson to their use and perfectly covered. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson RC (Pierce W. Gaines, Fairfield, Conn., 1965). PoC (NHi: Thomas Jefferson Pa‑ pers); on verso of reused address cover of William McClain to University of Vir‑ ginia Board of Visitors, 9 Apr. 1821; en‑ dorsed by TJ as a letter to “Taylor John.”

my grandson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

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To Hore Browse Trist Dear Sir Monticello June 17. 21. I have a small commission or two for Philadelphia and I know no one to whose kindness I am more willing to be indebted for them than to yours.1 the Vanilla bean, a productio[n] of S. America, much used in seasoning ice‑creams, was general[ly] to be had in Philadelphia when I lived there. the beans were packed in small flat tin‑boxes, of a size and shape, which if covered first with coarse linen, and then in paper might well be addressed as a letter thro’ the mail. the cost I do not exactly remember, but I think it was about a guinea. I inclose a 10.D. bill and ask the favor of you to endeavor to find & send me a box thro’ the mail. I am anxious to get Planche’s Greek & French dicti[o]nary, for my grandson James2 and suppose it may be found at one of the foreign Bookstores of Philadelphia. I deal occasionally at mr Dufief[’s] Fer‑ nagus’s and Belair’s. should either of them have it, they will readily send it to me with a note of the price which I shall immediately remit them as heretofore. Your friend Eppes is well, & doing well at Columbia particularly favored by Dr Cooper. he attends chiefly to Mathematics. all the build‑ ings of our University, except the libra[ry] will be compleated this year, to wit 10. pavilions, 6. Hotels, and 100. dormitories. but the time of opening will depend on the legislature. our family here is well and always speak of you with affection. mrs Trist is also well at mr Divers’s. accep[t] the assurance of my friendship and best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Alexander Garrett to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Phila. S. 5th str. 175.” and “Mr Trist”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Trist Browse.” At this time Francis Eppes was a student at South Carolina College (later

the University of South Carolina) in columbia. A missing letter of 19 Apr. 1821 from Lewis D. Belair to TJ is recorded in SJL as received 6 May 1821 from Phila‑ delphia. 1 Manuscript: 2 Preceding

“thantyours.” four words interlined.

From Theodorick Bland Dear Sir Baltimore 18th June 1821 I understand that you are one of the most active promoters of that valuable institution, expected ere long to be established in your neigh‑ borhood, the Virginia University—I have a Son, who is now fifteen  230 

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years of age, and is pretty well advanced in the Greek, Latin, and French languages; and is very ambitious of becoming a good Scholar; in which I have resolved to gratify him as far as I can scrape together the means—I think he will be prepared to enter the University next Summer—Will you be kind enough to inform me, to what degree of the elementary branches of learning it will be expected a boy should have advanced before he enters the institution; when it will be opened; what will be taught in it from the commencement; whether it will be necessary now to engage a place; and if you can say; what will be the price of tuition, board &c, or the sum total of expense— Your goodness will excuse my troubling you Accept Sir my very Sincere regard Theodorick Bland RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 25 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Theodorick Bland (1776–1846), attor‑ ney, diplomat, and judge, was born in Virginia. He read law in Tennessee and practiced in that state as well as in Vir‑ ginia and Maryland, settling around 1801 in Baltimore. Bland served in the Mary‑ land House of Delegates, 1808–10, and in the state senate in 1811. A year later he was chosen as associate judge in Mary‑ land’s Sixth Judicial District. President James Monroe appointed Bland a com‑ missioner to investigate conditions in South America in 1817, and he duly vis‑ ited and reported on Argentina and Chile. Monroe subsequently named him a fed‑ eral judge for the Maryland district in 1820. Bland resigned in 1824 to become chancellor of Maryland, a position he held until his death. He moved to Annapolis

and owned seven slaves in both 1830 and 1840 (MdHi: Bland Papers; James W. Ely Jr. and Theodore Brown, Legal Papers of Andrew Jackson [1987], 358–9; TJ’s Notes on Appointments, [ca. Nov. 1805] [DLC: TJ Papers, 155:27116]; TJ to Bland, 24 Feb. 1806 [DLC]; Edward C. Papenfuse and others, eds., An Histori‑ cal  List of Public Officials of Maryland [1990– ], 1:384; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25; JEP, 3:187, 188, 399 [3, 5 Jan. 1820, 28 Dec. 1824]; Bland, Reports of Cases Decided in the High Court of Chan‑ cery of Maryland, 3 vols. [1836–41]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Md., Annapolis, 1830, 1840; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 19 Nov. 1846; gravestone inscription in Saint Anne’s Cemetery, Anne Arundel Co., Md.; John Johnson, Reports of Cases Decided in the High Court of Chancery of Maryland [1851–54], 4:103–19).

From Victoire Laporte Sir Louisa county june the 18 1821 Prices tavern oence more I take the liberty of importuneing you with my letters but I trust in your goodness to be excused, this is sir to inform you that my husband is not yeat returd but I suppose you are not ignorent of his sucksess in is inventions as it has bin mentioned in the nored papers which I suppose you take; when he started he promis[t] to send ous money a thing which he has done but the letter being1 mis‑ carrey I expect for we never receve it; and we cannot apli for more for the want of kowing ware to direct my letters as he is not stationary in  231 

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any place; I stand in need of 10 or 12 dollars for our prasent wants for as we are strangers wea can jat nonething without money this sir I take the liberty to ask of you bcaus I am in grate hopes of repaing all that you have bin good enough to advance for ous by so doing sir you will oblige your very humble and respectfull sirvent Victoire Laporte RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as received 25 June 1821. In an advertisement that ran in the New York National Advocate from 11 May until at least 27 June 1821, Peter Laporte stated of an “Improved Bridle,” one of his inventions, “that any person inclined

to purchase his right for this state, may apply at the City Hotel, Broadway,” where he would be “for a few days.” An undated letter from Victoire La‑ porte, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 3 June 1821 from “Price’s tavern Louisa.” 1

Manuscript: “be ing.”

From Joel Yancey Dr Sir Lynchburg 18th June 1821 th Your 2 letters of 8 and 9 Inst. I received a few days past with two Dfts in favour of Bishop and myself on Capt Peyton, for which I thank you, as they will answer all the Debts that are now pressing on me I have enquired of Mr Miller the price of board and tuition, which is thirty dollars tuition fee, and one hundred dollars board for two ses‑ sions one half paid in advance Respecfully Yrs Joel Yancey RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 25 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Thomas Eston Randolph, 10 Sept. 1822, on recto and verso; ad‑ dressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti‑

cello”; franked; postmarked Lynchburg, 22 June. For TJ’s letter of the 9th inst., see TJ to Yancey, 8 June 1821, with Jefferson’s Note.

To Mathew Carey Dear Sir Monticello June. 19. 21. I have been longer inattentive to my little account with you than I ought perhaps to have been expecting the arrival of Baxter’s history & the publication of the American edn of Sinclair’s code, formerly desired. I correct the omission by now inclosing you 10. Dollars on account. looking over your letters & mine they mention only the Nau‑ tical Almanacs 5.D. & Conversations in Chemistry1 (price not named)  232 

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furnished since my last remittance. whatever balance this may make either way, may remain in account between us. I salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PHi: Lea & Febiger Records); signature, clipped, supplied from PoC; addressed: “Mr Matthew Carey Phila‑ delphia”; franked; postmarked Milton, 23 June; endorsed by Carey: “Recd about 26th Ansd June 30th”; with Carey’s addi‑ tional note at foot of text: “End Cr $10.”

PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of George Hay to TJ, 14 Apr. 1821; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional notation “10.D.” 1 Adjacent to this title, in margin of PoC TJ added “2.50 D.”

To Frederick A. Mayo Sir Monticello June 19. 21. Your letter of the 4th has been recieved, and on examining your ac‑ count I find that Munford’s Index is omitted. it’s price 6.D. will there‑ fore be paid to you by the kindness of Capt Peyton on presenting him this letter.1 Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of John Vaughan to TJ, 12 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr Frederic A Mayo”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

From Spencer Roane Dear Sir. Richmond, June 20th 1821. The enclosed numbers, on a most important subject, were written by me, and published in the Enquirer.—Mr Ritchie promised me to strike a few Copies, in a more eligible form, to be sent to my most particular, and most distinguished, friends: but his indisposition, and the negligence of his foreman prevented it.—I now doubt whether I ought to venture to send them to you, as taken from the Columns of a newspaper. Yet the subject is worthy of your attention. I was par‑ ticularly desirous, too, of placing them before the Eyes of that illustri‑ ous citizen, whom power could not seduce, nor dangers appal, in the great object of his life,—which has been to secure the liberty, and advance the happiness of his native Country. With great consideration, respect, and Esteem, I am, Dear Sir, Your friend & servant Spencer Roane  233 

20 JUNE 1821  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 28 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. The enclosed numbers, which were critical of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Cohens v. Virginia, were written by Roane under the pseudonym “Algernon Sidney” and

published in the Richmond Enquirer on 25, 29 May, 1, 5, and 8 June 1821. They were reprinted as a whole in the John P. Branch Historical Papers of Randolph‑ Macon College 2 (1906): 78–183. On this day Roane also sent James Madison and James Monroe similar let‑ ters with the same enclosures (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:339–40; NN: Monroe Papers).

To James Leitch 16. yds Cotton Casimir of a fustian colour & stout. lining & trimmings for 2. suits. they are for servants. RC (ViU: TJP); on verso of portion of reused address cover, with “Monticello” in an unidentified hand; dateline beneath signature; at foot of text: “Mr James Leitch.” Not recorded in SJL. Leitch’s records indicate that on this date TJ purchased by order: “15 Yds (¾) Blue Cotton Cassimere 3s /9 9 38

June 21. 21.

Th:J.

4 doz button Moulds 9   50 2 Sticks Twist 6d. 8 hanks cts thread 3   41 3 Yds Domestic Cloth 1/6   75 ” for a total of $11.04 (Leitch Daybook, p. 262). fustian: a type of coarse cotton cloth “usually dyed of an olive, leaden, or other dark colour” (OED).

From Louis Adrien Gruchet Monsieur Le Président Baltimore Le 22 Juin 1821. J’ai reçu le 28 du mois dernier la lettre que Vous m’avez fait L’honneur de m’écrire en date du 23. une forte indisposition m’empêcha dabord d’y répondre, et m’étant mis en chemin le 16 du courant pour aller jouir de la permission que vous avez bien voulu m’accorder j’avais jugé de ne pas Vous importuner par une Lettre. mais mon mal m’ayant Repris et me retenant depuis 5 jours, je dois malgré moi différer mon Voyage et me voir privé du bonheur de Vous presenter mes hom‑ mages aussitot que Je l’avais désiré. Je partirai cependant pour charlotte Ville des que je Serai mieux et J’attendrai La Vôtre Retour, ne voulant vous donner aucun em‑ barras et Vous Suppliant en grace de ne faire aucun appret pour me recevoir Je Suis Loin, Monsieur Le Président, d’être Le Mare[chal] de Grouchy, Le certificat ci joint Vous prouvera la Difference de grade  234 

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et de Nom existante entre moi & mr Le marechal, qui par une négli‑ gence qui n’à pas de nom à perdu en 1815 la france, L’armée et L’Empereu[r] Cette pièce vous prouvera dis‑je que je n’étais que Sim‑ ple Officier Subalterne dans larmée, daignez la lire et avoir la bonté de la retenir près de Vous Jusqu’à ce que j’ai l’honneur de Vous Voir. Je vous prie Mr Le President d’accepter les feuilles ci jointes, qui Seront je pense les premières que Vous aurez vu en ce genre; deux d’entrelles retracent assez fidèlement les traits de deux Grands hom‑ mes vos contemporains & Vos amis; Je desire quelles vous Soient agréables. Ainsi donc mr Le Président, J’irai Comme J’ai L’honneur de vous le mander attendre Vôtre retour à Charlotte Ville, Je Serai honnoré d’y apprendre Vôtre départ, et de Savoir que ma lettre Vous Sera parvenue a tems. Je Vous Souhaite un heureux Voyage et un retour Semblable Si vous daignez me faire L’honneur de m’accuser Réception de cette Lettre, daignez me L’addresser Poste Restante à la cité de Washington. mon adresse est: a Mr Gruchet Lieutt Colonel poste Restante a Washington. Je vous Supplie mr Le President de Vouloir bien agrèer L’expression Sincère de mon profond Respect J’ai L’honneur d’être Votre très Humble & très Obeissant Serviteur Gruchet e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mr. President Baltimore 22 June 1821. I received on the 28th of last month the letter you did me the honor of writ‑ ing to me dated the 23rd. A serious indisposition at first kept me from reply‑ ing and, having set out on the 16th of this month to enjoy the permission you had been so kind as to grant me, I had decided not to trouble you with a letter. But my sickness having returned and detained me for five days, I must defer my trip, in spite of myself, and I find myself deprived of the happiness of presenting my respects to you as early as I had wished. I will leave for Charlottesville, however, as soon as I am better and will await your return there, not wanting to bother you in any way, and begging you please to make no preparation to receive me I am far, Mr. President, from being Marshal Grouchy. The enclosed cer‑ tificate will prove to you the difference in rank and name existing between me and the marshal, who in 1815, through an unspeakable negligence, lost France, the army, and the emperor. This document will prove to you, as I was saying, that I was just a simple subaltern in the army. Please deign to read it and be kind enough to keep it with you until I have the pleasure of seeing you. Please, Mr. President, accept the enclosed documents, which will be, I think, the first ones you will see of their kind; two of them draw rather faithfully the

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22 JUNE 1821 features of two great men, your contemporaries and friends. I hope that they will please you. Mr. President, I will, as I have the honor of informing you, thus await your return in Charlottesville. I will be honored to learn of your departure and to know that my letter has reached you in time. I wish you a pleasant trip and a similar return If you deign to honor me with word that you have received this letter, send it to me poste restante in the city of Washington. My address is: to Mr. Gruchet Lieutenant Colonel poste restante in Washington. I beg you, Mr. President, to accept the sincere expression of my profound respect I have the honor to be your very humble and very obedient servant Gruchet RC (DLC); edge chipped and trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 28 June 1821 and so recorded (with additional brack‑ eted notation: “see May 20,” referencing

Gruchet’s 16 May 1821 letter received on that date) in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosures not found.

From Thomas F. Andrews Sir Norfolk—June 23d 1821 r By the advice of my excellent Friend D J. F. O. Fernandes I have the honour of addressing you a few lines respecting the nomination of Professors to the medical chairs of the Central University—Dr F (my former teacher) has honoured me highly in his recommendation to you & made me extremely anxious to obtain one of the chairs, not‑ withstanding I have learned that none of them can be filled for a considerable time hence. I ought not and do not desire to promote my wishes upon any other ground than that of individual merit & ability to fulfil the duties of a professorship, therefore I shall be most happy to furnish you with ample & satisfactory documents, of my qualifi‑ cations, from my late Professors in Paris, Berlin Edinburgh and Lon‑ don, if you can give me any hopes of receiving the appointment; in which case I shall lose no time in writing to Europe. I have understood a few days since, that only one medical professor‑ ship is contemplated; if this be correct the Professor will necessarily have a laborious task, to perform, which however may be rendered highly useful by proper arrangement.1 Three courses annually of 3 or 4 months each would be sufficient to give a class a just idea of medical science & practice. These courses might embrace the follow‑ ing branches viz. Anatomy, Surgery, Physiology, Pathology Nosol‑ ogy, Therapeutics, Midwifery & Medical Jurisprudence. To these it would be advisable to add Clinical Medicine, if the establishing a public & gratuitous dispensary were practicable.  236 

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I will use all my exertions to promote the interests & reputation of the University, if you should confer on me the honour & dignity of a professorship in an Institution which promises to shed lustre on my native state. I have the honour to be Sir With sentiments of respect Your most Obet Ser t Thomas. F. Andrews RC (DLC); between dateline and sal‑ utation: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 2 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in John F. Oliveira Fernandes to TJ, 25 June 1821.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

From Thomas Cooper Dear sir Columbia S. Carolina. June 23. 1821 I send you the account of our collegiate Studies, which the Trust‑ ees have directed to be published. It does not meet my full concur‑ rence, but under all circumstances, it is very well. I much doubt if there is a better appointed Institution in the United States than this. Our mathematical professor, with great modesty, and great industry in teaching, ranks with Bowditch, Audraine & Nulty; far above the common professors of the same Studies. Our other departments are respectably filled. The Professor of Logic and Ethics, is a man of con‑ siderable learning, upon the European Scale, having spent 13 years on his education in England, & at Edinburgh, with very good effect. You will see too, that the terms of tuition including a very tolerable Library, of which I will send you a Catalogue, is extremely low. I shall endeavour to get it raised to 50$ per annum, & there stop. It is mani‑ fest, that unless your legislature shall have wisdom and liberality enough, to enable your Virginia youth to be as1 well instructed at as light an expence, you can never enter into competition either with the northern Colleges or with this. In no country whatever, have the mass of mankind, sense or liberality enough to provide for the expences of a good education: it must be a system maintained every where, in Europe as well as here, by public liberality. Your Grandson Eppes is studious & exemplary. The place I believe to be very healthy, & it certainly is very pleasant. The discipline here, is as good as I can make it as yet; but I hope still to improve it. At present, it is better than at any of the northern colleges. Since I have been President, no Professor has omitted a single recitation, myself excepted, when I injured my eyes & was confined to my bed. I lecture at 8 & at 11 in Chemistry & Mineralogy and at 2 in Criticism & Belles  237 

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Lettres. Each student attends 3 recitations daily. I long to hear of yr Institution doing as well. I remain with all kind wishes Dr sir Yr friend Thomas Cooper. RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Montecello Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Columbia, 26 June; endorsed by TJ as received 6 July 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosure not found. On 2 Dec. 1820 James Wallace was elected mathematical professor at South Carolina College (later the Univer‑ sity of South Carolina). audraine: prob‑ ably Robert Adrain. Robert Henry, who

became the college’s president much later, was professor of moral philosophy and ethics from 1818 (Maximilian LaBorde, History of the South Carolina College [1859], 187, 436; John Wayles Baker to TJ, 8 Dec. 1820). 1 Text from “It is manifest” to this point leaves wide margins on both sides to ac‑ count for placement of seal.

To William H. Anderson Sir Monticello June 25 21. A long absence from home has been the principal cause of my delay in answering your letter. I now inclose your prospectus with my name to it and 3. dollars, the price of the copy subscribed for; and with my wishes for the success of your work I tender you the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Wm H. Anderson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found. William H. Anderson (b. ca. 1785), sailor and adventurer, was a native of Winchester. By his own account, he de‑ parted from Virginia in 1802, traveling with his partner, George Johnson, from Pittsburgh down the Ohio and Missis‑ sippi rivers to New Orleans. In that city, the pair purportedly purchased a brig, sailed for Brazil, and traveled widely until they were captured and sold to an Arab pirate who traded them to a neighboring prince. They allegedly rose to high rank and found themselves engaged in battles with the British East India Company. After Johnson’s reputed death in action, Anderson claimed to have escaped from

India on a British vessel and arrived in the autumn of 1820 in London, making his passage back to Norfolk in 1821. By early the following year newspapers were re‑ printing reports that he was in fact a swindler obtaining loans and subscrip‑ tions by inflating or inventing accounts of his travels (DNA: RG 36, USCA, New Orleans, 7 Aug. 1806, Philadelphia, 22 May 1807; Curtis Carroll Davis, “‘An‑ derson’s Narrative!’—A Lost American Travel Book,” VMHB 69 [1961]: 80–2; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 18 Jan. 1821; New‑York Evening Post, 26 May 1821; Salem, Mass., Essex Register, 10 Jan. 1822). No letter from Anderson is recorded in SJL, and none has been found. On this day TJ recorded sending “Wm. H. Ander‑ son of Balt. 3.D. sbscrptn. to his Travels” (MB, 2:1376). Anderson’s intended pub‑ lication seems never to have appeared.

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From Hiram Haines Slate Mills, Culpeper County, Virginia,

Much Respected Sir, June 25th 1821 As a prelude to my business I must commence my letter by offering an apology for the Liberty I have taken in addressing you, conscious that (from your nobleness and Generosity of heart which you have always displayed, thro’ a long and arduous life in the Service of your Country and fellow Citizens,) I shall be forgiven. To obtain a correct knowledge of our own Country in General and our native State in particular, I have always considered as the imperative duty of every American Youth, who wishes to shine as an ornament to Society, or who is emulous of being Serviceable to his Country. Ambitious to excell in these particulars, I have long Sought, but as yet have sought in vain to obtain a Book Entitled “Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia” which emanating from So noble and So learned a Gentleman as your‑ self, I have been naturally led to conclude, contains a Valuable store of Usefull and Interesting knowledge, worthy to be sought after and acquired by all. anxious to attain this, I have Addressed you for the purpose of enquiring if you have now any of the above named books, and if not, where can I obtain one?—If you have any, and sell them, whatever may be the price, I am willing to pay it,—but If you do not sell them & Should think me worthy of So valuable a present, the Gift will be received with pleasure and ever remembered with grati‑ tude and respect. As your life has been devoted to the service of your Country and the Improvement of your fellow Citizens, may you—[w]hilst living receive their undivided homage, and when the [t]ime shall come (which is drawing nigh) when it shall be Said, “That Jefferson one of the fathers of this Country is Gone”—! may you still live in their hearts as a pattern of all that is Good, Wise and Great. For a youth of Eighteen perhaps I have been too familiar, if so I ask forgiveness.— But my dear Sir, the Pillars of Strength and Beauty which have long Supported and adorned the Temple of American Liberty, have now grown infirm thro’ Service, and ere long must Sink to Silent Repose!— may those who fill their places equeal those who have gone before them—Excell them they never can!— May the Supreme Grand Architect of the Universe make your lat‑ ter days peaceful and happy, and when you Shall be Summoned to the narrow dwelling place of Man, may you meet death with fortitude and Resignation, may the Cassia Sprig—bud & blossom on Your tomb! and may You finally be raised to a Glorious Immortality! So prays  239 

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him who has trod the darksome and mystic path’s, who has passed thro’ Scenes of Difficulty and danger, but who thro’ the protection of Divine Providence, has outlived them all!— I am with Great Esteem one, who, whilst you are living will re‑ spect and admire you, and when you are dead will Reverence Your Memory Hiram Haines PS. If you conclude to send me the book, or directions where I may obtain it—Direct, to Hiram Haines Slate Mills Culpeper Cty Va, and it will reach me in Safety. RC (DLC); edge torn; endorsed by TJ as received 2 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Peter Derieux, 25 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “His Excel‑ lency Thomas Jefferson Ex. President of the US—Monticello Albemarle County Virga”; franked; postmarked Slate Mills, Culpeper Co., 26 June. Hiram Haines (1802–1841), journalist, poet, and coffeehouse proprietor, was born in Culpeper County. He settled in Petersburg by 1825, when he published a book of poems there entitled Mountain Buds and Blossoms, wove in a Rustic Garland. Haines edited three Petersburg newspapers: the American Constellation, 1834–38, the Peep o’Day, 1839, and the Virginia Star, 1840–41. He was an out‑ spoken supporter of the Democrat Mar‑ tin Van Buren during the latter’s election campaign and presidency. Haines was also a friend and correspondent of his fellow poet Edgar Allen Poe. He owned

four slaves in 1830 and two in 1840. Haines died in Prince George County (Oscar F. Northington Jr., “The Taverns of Old Petersburg, Virginia,” WMQ, 2d ser., 16 [1936]: 346; Lester J. Cappon, Virginia Newspapers, 1821–1935 [1936], 148, 151; Winifred Gregory, ed., Ameri‑ can Newspapers, 1821–1936: A Union List of Files Available in the United States and Canada [1937], 704, 705; John Ward Ostrom, “Two Unpublished Poe Letters,” Americana 36 [1942]: 67–71; Jeffrey Abugel, Edgar Allan Poe’s Petersburg: The Untold Story of the Raven in the Cockade City [2013]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Peters‑ burg, 1830, 1840; DLC and NcD: Haines Papers; Raleigh Register and North Caro‑ lina Gazette, 21 Feb. 1840; Richmond Enquirer, 19 Jan. 1841). Freemasons placed the sprig of the acacia, sometimes mistakenly conflated with the cassia plant, on graves to sym‑ bolize immortality (Albert G. Mackey, The Symbolism of Freemasonry [1869], 247–62).

To John Hayley Jones Sir Monticello June 25. 21. In answer to the enquiries of your letter of May 24. I can give you facts only. the buildings for the accomodation of the Professors & students of the University will all be finished the ensuing winter. but we have borrowed, under the authority of the legislature, 120..D. from the literary fund, for the paymen[t] of which our annuity of 15..D. a year is pledged. if the debt is to be paid out of that, it will require many years, and the institution cannot be opened till it is re‑  240 

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deemed. if on the other hand the legislature should be of opinion that the monies advanced by that fund have been properly applied to their legitimate object, that it has not therefore constituted a debt, but merely an appropriation, we can open the University one year after they shall make that declaration; that time being necessary to bring our professors into place. accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Thomas May (for John Ayers & Company) to TJ, 9 Apr. 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr J. H. Jones”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Jones John Hayley.”

Jones’s letter of may 24, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 22 June 1821 from “Clarksville K. & Q.” (i.e., King and Queen County).

From John F. Oliveira Fernandes Dear, & very respectd Sir! Norfolk June 25t 1821 The Letter you honoured me with on the 28th ultimo, was received on the 3d instant; I do highly appreciate both your Sincere wishes, for my native Country’s, as well as my own prosperity; I am much obliged to your goodness and phylantropy.   I would not trouble you again, was it not for the interest I realy feel for the State‑University; as well as for my friend Doct. Andrews having a Chair in it—thoroughly convinced he will confer both, Credit to the Stablishment, and hon‑ our to him Self.   I, therefore, beg Leave to inform you, that I took the liberty, to acquaint him, of the Steps I have taken, by writ‑ ting to you, on the Subject;—and persuaded him to address you few Lines—which I request of your permission to enclose herewith, to gether with a Copy of his Teses or inaugural dissertation. I am extremely Sorry for the retard, that Such a valuable Institu‑ tion will suffer; indeed very short must be the Sight of those, who will deny, the pecuniary aid, you Speak of—which in paralell with the Glory, honour, & utility reflecting therefrom, is but a Zero, for a State, of So great resources and magnitude as Virginia.   Without en‑ tering into the examen of the Superiority of the Plans adopted in the Several Universities, I should think that of Portugal, at Coimbra Suitable to the present Circumstances of that in Virginia—   the Students of each of the Six Faculties pay, every year (besides a fee for the Secretary) $8—in his first Matriculation or inlistment at the commencement of every Academical Year—Say from 27t Sept. to 15t October—and an equal quantity on the Second Matriculation—from  241 

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15t

30t

to the May—this or a Larger Sum together with a Law for‑ biding, that no Pastor, Physician Magistrate, Lawyer or public func‑ tionary be elected or admitted the exercise of his Science, without being graduated, by the University1 of the State, either as Bachelor2 or Doctor—would produce a tolerably‑good income— Every public Stablishment out to be Supported with taxis—and these Must be Levied by the rich—   I do Sincerely wish for the Erection of the University of Virginia—and the result of that Stab‑ lishment, as I consider it ought to be, will give Animation & Life (beside incalculable progresses of every discription),3 to that Section of the Country. May it please God to preserve your Valuable Life, for, at Least, two Lustros; to See a prosperous Commencement, in an Stablishment So essencial to the Glory & independence of our State.   I will Sail tomorrow (wind permiting) for Madeira; there, or at any other place my residence may be hereafter, I beg you to be assured of the Sen‑ timents of the high Concideration, respect & Sincere esteem with which I am Dr Sir Your Most Obt Sevt John F. d’Oliveira Fernandes RC (ViU: TJP); at foot of text: “Thoma Jefferson Esq Monticello”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 2 July 1821 and  so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s ad‑ ditional notation beneath endorsement: “Andrews Doctr to be Professor.” Enclo‑ sures: (1) Thomas F. Andrews to TJ, 23 June 1821. (2) Andrews, Dissertatio Med‑ ica inauguralis, de Vasis Absorptioni Ser‑ vientibus (Edinburgh, 1819).

teses is Portuguese for “theses.” The Spanish word “lustro” (the plural being lustros) denotes a five‑year period. 1

Manuscript: “Universty.” Manuscript: “Bachelo.” 3 Omitted closing parenthesis editori‑ ally added. 2

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 25 June 1821 I am without a Blank for the renewal of your note of $2,250, due at the United States Bank tomorrow; & will be compelled to put in my own in its sted, to avoid a protest. In order to obviate this difficulty in future, would you be willing to trust me with a power of Att y to sign for you in the several Banks here, according to the enclosed form, & which is almost universally practiced by those who live at a distance, & have business of this sort to transact, in order to avoid the inconvenience of an omission, & the risk of transmitting & preserving blanks.   I only mention this  242 

25 JUNE 1821

for your sake, & hope you will not adopt it if you have the slightest scruples, as at any rate, (either in holding blanks or signing by atty,) the responsibility & risk I am exposed to, is about equal, & one I feel very sensibly. I already have a power of Atty from Jefferson, for the U. States & Farmers Banks, which are duely filed there— With great respect sir Your Mo: Obd: Bernard Peyton P.S. The enclosed powers must be acknowledged before a Magis‑ trate, & two witnesses to your signature beside

  

N.B. Your Wine from Marblehead is this moment to hand, & shall be forwarded by the first trusty Boat— B.P. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 2 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Beriman B. Breedin, 25 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottes‑

ville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 25 June. Enclosure not found. jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph.

To Jonathan Thompson Sir Monticello June 25. 21. I am thankful to you for your notice of the 14th respecting a box of seeds. this comes from the king’s garden at Paris. they send me a box annually, depending on my applying it for the public benefit. I have generally had them delivered for a public garden at Philadelphia or to Dr Hosack for the Botanical garden of N. York. I am inclined to believe that he now recieves such an one from the same place. if he does not, be so good as to deliver it to him. but if of no use to him let it come to Richmond to the care of Capt Bernard Peyton my corre‑ spondent there, and your note of any expence attending it will be immediately replaced either by him or myself. I recieve annually books from Paris, & wines from Marseilles and they are addressed generally to the Collector of the port where the vessel is to arrive. should any such come at any time to your port you will greatly oblige me by notifying it to me with a note of the duties and other expences which shall always be remitted by return of mail. the articles will be always to be forwarded to the above place & ad‑ dress. this indulgence your predecessor & the Collectors of the other ports have been so kind as to extend to me, and I make a point to remit all costs immediately. [be] pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson  243 

25 JUNE 1821  PoC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Sully to TJ, 6 Apr. 1821; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Jonathan Thompson”; endorsed by TJ.

From James W. Wallace dear sir, Fauquier June 25. 21 Mr Rodes affords me an opportunity of sending to you a few arti‑ cles which I hope will arrive safe and be acceptable: their labels will give all necessary information. Since I saw you three years ago, great changes have been effected in my more immediate feelings: death has devoured all of my friends: circulating blood warms not a breast which affords a pleasant and safe anchorage for my friendship: bereft of the heavenly pleasure of friendships formed in youth before the soul becomes deformed by conflicting emotions, and being overloaded by political and religious persecutions, I am anxious to seek a new abode. tis my wish to obtain a little appointment from Mr Monroe, but, being naked of friends, and unwilling to receive recommendation from character of no great weight, I shall approach him awkwardly since I am a stranger to adu‑ lation and the fashionable low, but winning arts of the times.   my respects to Mrs Randolph & family god bless you Mr Jefferson James W. Wallace RC (DLC); between dateline and salutation: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To Theodorick Bland Dear Sir Monticello June 26. 21. Your favor of the 18th was recieved yesterday. the state of our Uni‑ versity is such that we cannot say when it will be opened. the build‑ ings for the professors and students will all be finished the ensuing winter. but their erection will have left us very largely indebted, and if to be paid out of the annuity settled on it, it will be many years before it will be free. it is believed however that the legislature will remit the debt. if they do, the institution will be opened one year after the remission, as that time will be necessary to collect our professors from both sides of the Atlantic, as we shall recieve none but of the first order of science in their several lines. every branch of science, at present thought useful will be taught; for which purpose 10. pro‑ fessors will be allowed. every person who can read, write and cypher  244 

27 JUNE 1821

will be free to learn what he chuses & what he can, without tramel‑ ling him with any prescribed course. but we shall not teach elemen‑ tary classics. in that line we shall give only the last critical finishing to those who have been of the highest class of the ordinary academies. board in the neighboring village of Charlottesville is at present about 125.D. tuition fees will be about 40. or 50.D. should the next session of our legislature remit our debt, the institution will open immedi‑ ately after the Christmas of the next year 1822. which I am in hopes would be in time for your son, whom we should be very happy to recieve, and I shall with pleasure render him any service I can. I sa‑ lute you with great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); at foot of text: “Judge Bland.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

From Lewis Cass Dear sir, Detroit June 27th 1821 st o your letter of the 31 ult reached me by last mail, and I have lost no time in attending to your request. I have seen Mrs Davinport, and stated to her the interest, which you take in her situation, and the truly fraternal solicitude, displayed by her brother. Arrangements have been and will be made to meliorate her circumstances, and to render her as comfortable as possible, during the remainder of her residence in this place. I trust, that the object can be effected, by a draft upon her brother, without troubling you with any personal interference. your letter upon this subject required no apology. Cold indeed must that American be; who would not receive with pride and execute with pleasure any commission, with which you might honour him. And while one trace of the history of our Country, during the eventful period, in which you have lived, shall remain, your name shall live in the grateful rec‑ ollection of succeeding generations, as the foremost among those, who established our independence, and who contributed by the adoption of sound principles to the permanent foundation of our government. While memory holds her seat, I shall never cease to venerate and es‑ teem him, who is second to none of the patriots and statesmen of our Country. With sentiments of respect and reverence I am, Dear sir, Ever your obt servt Lew Cass. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 26 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC

(DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James Cutbush, 9 Oct. 1822, on

 245 

27 JUNE 1821 verso; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jeffer‑ son Monticello Near Charlottesville Vir‑ ginia”; franked; postmarked Detroit, 30 June.

 Susan Garrett Davenport’s brother was Alexander Garrett.

To Francis Eppes Dear Francis Monticello June 27. 21. Your letter of May 7. was recieved in due time, and in it you ask my opinion as to the utility of pursuing metaphysical studies. no well educated person should be entirely igno[r]a[n]t of the operations of the human mind, to which the name of metaphysics has been given. there are three books on this subject, Locke’s essay on the human understanding, Tracey’s element[s]1 of Idiology, & Stewart’s Philos‑ ophy of the human mind, any one of which will communicate as much on the subject as is worth attention. I consider Tracy as the most correct Metaphysicia[n]2 living; and I inclose you a small tract of his worth reading [be]cause it is short, profound, and treats an interest‑ ing question, to wit that on the certainty of human knolege. he pros‑ trates the visions of Malebranche & Barclay and other Sceptics, by resting the question on the single basis of ‘we feel.’ with him who denies this basis, there can be no ground of reasoning at all. to pursue the science further is following a Will of the wisp, and a very useless waste of time much better given to sciences more palpable, and more useful in the businesses of life. Tracy’s Review or Commentaries on Montesquieu is the best ele‑ mentary book on government which has ever been published. being afraid to publish it in France, he sent his manuscript to me in 1809. and I got it translated and published in Philadelphia in 1811. it will be the text‑book of the Political lectures of the University.—the build‑ ings of the University (except the library) will all be finished the en‑ suing winter. towards this object the Legislature permitted an advance of 120..D. from the literary fund, but under the name of a loan, tak‑ ing in pledge our annuity of 15,000 D. if it is to be really r[e]deemed by this, many years will be necessary to clear that fu[n]d. b[ut]3 it is hoped they will consider it as an approp[riation] and discharge the annuity. within one year after that discharge we may open the institu‑ tion, as it will require that time to bring our professors into place. mr Watts, when here, asked me for a copy of the Report containing the plan of that institution. I did not know then that I had a spare copy. I have since found one, which I inclose for his acceptance with the tender of my great respect.  246 

27 JUNE 1821

 Our family is all well; remember you always with affection and join me in hoping you will be able to visit us during your next vacation, as they do in assuring you of our constant attachment. Th: Jefferson PoC (CSmH: JF); some words faint; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Proceedings and Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. Presented Decem‑ ber 8, 1818 (Richmond, 1818; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 6 [no. 233]). The small tract was probably a copy of Destutt de Tracy’s Principes Logiques, ou Recueil de Faits relatifs a l’Intelligence Humaine (Paris, 1817; manuscript and printed volume listed in Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 8 [no. 455]; see Destutt de Tracy

to TJ, 24 Dec. 1816, and TJ to Robert Walsh, 9 Jan. 1818). Eppes’s letter of may 7, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 19 May 1821 from Columbia “by mr Watts.” An earlier letter of 1 May 1821 from Eppes to TJ, also missing, is recorded in SJL as received 18 May 1821 from Columbia. 1

Edge trimmed. Edge trimmed. 3 Edge trimmed. 2

To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello June 27. 29. [1821] The letter of Colo Taylor to Judge Roane recieved from you thro’ Martha, I now return in a letter to the judge, which I leave open for your perusal, after which be so good as to stick a wafer in it and de‑ liver it to him. We have had a tremendous hail. it extended from about half down this mountain to Mechunk, tore corn to peices, beat off the heads of wheat & destroyed the rye. I suffered by it much, Jefferson and your‑ self in a single field each, Rogers & Gilmer torn to pieces. Jefferson begins his harvest this day. it is a midling one. my journey to Bedford will be delayed two or three weeks by the necessity of taking down the whole gable end of my mill and rebuilding it with wood. James will accompany me to New London. in the mean time he has begun his Greek grammar with me & French with the girls. I am delaying to call for the 30,000.D. for the University, in the hope that our Proc‑ tor may get compleatly thro’ his account of all the monies previously expended, that we may see exactly where we stand before we begin the library; but should the Literary board think themselves bound to require our calling for it more speedily I will do it on knowing their pleasure. The family is all well, except Martha who is just recovering from a cold and head‑ach with some fever. Anne is with us, with her chil‑ dren except John, and Wm Bankhead is here also. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson  247 

27 JUNE 1821  RC (ViU: TJP‑ER); misdated; ad‑ dressed: “His Excellency Governor Ran‑ dolph Richmond”; franked; postmarked Milton, 3 July 1821; endorsed by Ran‑ dolph as received 6 July 1821. PoC (CSmH: JF); on verso of reused address cover of William Maury to TJ, 6 Apr. 1821; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 27 June 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Tr

(ViU: ER); dated 27 June 1829 and year corrected to 1821. Enclosure: TJ to Spen‑ cer Roane, 27 June 1821, and enclosures. jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph. gilmer: probably Joseph Gilmore. james and anne: James M. Randolph and Ann C. Bankhead.

To Spencer Roane Dear Sir Monticello June 27. 21. I have recieved through the hands of the Governor Colo Taylor’s letter to you. it is with extreme reluctance that I permit myself to usurp the office of an adviser of the public what books they should read and what not. I yield however on this occasion to your wish and that of Colo Taylor, and do (what, with a single exception only) I never did before, on the many similar applications made to me. on reviewing my letters to Colo Taylor and to mr Thweatt, neither ap‑ peared exactly proper. each contained matter which might give offence to the judges, without adding strength to the opinion. I have there‑ fore, out of the two cooked up what may be called ‘an extract of a letter from Th:J. to —’ but without saying it is published with my consent. that would for ever deprive me of the ground of declining the office of a Reviewer of books in future cases. I sincerely wish the attention of the public may be drawn to the doctrines of the book; and if this self‑styled Extract may contribute to it, I shall be gratified. I salute you with constant friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP: Sol Feinstone Collection, David Library of the American Revolu‑ tion); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on p. 1, MS of enclosure on p.  3, and Roane’s endorsement of letter on p. 4; mutilated at folds, with missing text supplied from PoC; at foot of text: “Judge Roane.” PoC (DLC); with PoC of enclosure on verso. Enclosures: (1) TJ’s Recommendation of John Taylor’s Con‑

struction Construed, [ca. 27 June 1821]. (2) Unidentified letter from Taylor to Roane (see TJ to Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph, 27 June [1821]). Enclosed in TJ to Randolph, 27 June [1821]. Randolph was the governor of Vir‑ ginia. TJ’s letters to Taylor and Archi‑ bald Thweatt were dated 14 Feb. and 19 Jan. 1821, respectively.

 248 

Recommendation of John Taylor’s Construction Construed [ca. 27 June 1821]

Extract of a letter from Th Jefferson1 to ———2 I have read3 Colo Taylor’s book of ‘Constructions construed’4 with great satisfaction, and, I will say, with edification; for I acknolege it has corrected some errors of opinion into which I had slidden, with‑ out sufficient examination. it is the most logical retraction of our gov‑ ernments to the original and true principles of the constitution creat‑ ing them which has appeared since the adoption of that instrument.5 I may not perhaps concur in all it’s opinions, great & small; for no two men ever thought alike on so many points. but on all it’s important questions, it contains the true political faith, to which every catholic republican should stedfastly hold. it should be put into the hands of all our functionaries, authoritatively, as a standing instruction, & true exposition of our constitution, as understood at the time we agreed to it. it is a fatal heresy to suppose that either our state‑governments are superior to the federal, or the federal to the states. the people, to whom all authority belongs, have divided the powers of government into two distinct departments, the leading characters of which are foreign and domestic, & they have appointed for each a distinct set of functionaries. these they have made co‑ordinate, checking & balanc‑ ing each other, like the three cardinal departments, in the individual states: each equally supreme as to the powers delegated to itself, and neither authorised ultimately to decide what belongs to itself, or to it’s Coparcenor in government. as independant in fact as different na‑ tions. a spirit of forbearance and compromise therefore, & not of en‑ croachment & usurpation, is the healing balm of such a constitution: and each party should prudently shrink from all approach to the line of demarcation, instead of rashly overleaping it, or throwing grapples ahead to haul to hereafter. but finally the peculiar happiness of our blessed system is that in differences of opinion between these different sets of servants, the appeal is to neither, but to their employers peace‑ ably assembled by their representatives in Convention. this is more rational than the jus fortioris, or the Cannon’s mouth, the ultima et sola ratio regum.— MS (PPAmP: Sol Feinstone Collection, David Library of the American Revolu‑ tion); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with covering letter to Spencer Roane on p. 1, this document on p. 3, and

Roane’s endorsement of covering letter on p. 4; mutilated at folds, with missing text supplied from PoC; some text loss due to polygraph misalignment, with one word ending rewritten by TJ; undated.

 249 

27 JUNE 1821 PoC (DLC); on verso of PoC of covering letter. Tr (ViU: TJP); extracts in Nicho‑ las P. Trist’s hand; dated 27 June 1821. Enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Ran‑ dolph, 27 June [1821], and TJ to Roane, 27 June 1821. Printed in Richmond En‑ quirer, 17 July 1821, Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 20 July 1821, and elsewhere. jus fortioris: “the law of the stron‑ ger.” ultima et sola ratio regum (“final and only argument of kings”) is a variation on “Ratio ultima Regum” (“the

final argument of kings”), a phrase that Louis XIV placed on French royal can‑ nons (Louis Pierre Anquetil, Louis XIV, Sa Cour, et Le Régent [Paris, 1789], 2:132). 1 Name, clipped in RC, supplied from PoC. 2 Text to this point in Tr reads: “ To ____.” 3 Instead of preceding three words, Tr reads “Speaking of.” 4 Tr ends here. 5 Tr resumes here.

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 28 June 1821 I send herewith, agreeable to your request, Adams’s Roaman An‑ tiquities & Valpy’s Greek Grammar, both of which I wish safe to hand— Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Th: Jefferson Monti‑ cello”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Alexander Adam, Roman Antiquities: or, an Account of the Manners and Cus‑ toms of the Romans, ed. Peter Wilson

(New York, 1819; Poor, Jefferson’s Li‑ brary, 3 [no. 60]; TJ’s copy in ViU). (2) Richard Valpy, The Elements of Greek Grammar, With Notes. First American from the Last London Edition, With correc‑ tions and additions (Boston, 1814; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 838]).

From John Hyder sir, Post Office, Union Town Md June 29th 1821. Will you please to inform me whether you recd my letter under date of 14th July 1820. Accept my best wishes for your happy welfare, and permit me to subscribe myself most respectfully your very obt Humbl Servt. Jno Hyder RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excy: Th: Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 250 

From Thomas Cooper Dr sir S. Car. College. June 30 1821 I have the pleasure to inform you that Mr Eppes passed his examina‑ tion with credit to himself, and satisfaction to the faculty, & to the Trustees who were present. I have no doubt that his next year will be spent profitably, as I clearly perceive a spirit of literary emulation among the young men here of all Classes. His talents are certainly above par, and his industry induces me to hope & expect much from him. I remain as ever Your friend and servant. Thomas Cooper RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Montecello Vir‑ ginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

From Mathew Carey & Sons Sir, Philada June 30th 1821 An apology is due for the delay of an answer to your favour of the 19th inst. (post marked 23d)1 covering ten Dollars, which was recd on the 26th— The new2 American Edition of Sinclair’s code is not yet, we be‑ lieve, published. At all events, we have not recd any information of its appearance. As soon as it appears, it shall be forwarded. Baxter’s his‑ tory cannot be procured. The price of the Conversations on Chemistry is $2₁−⁵₀−⁰₀ − We remain, very respectfully, Your obt hble serv ts M. Carey & sons. RC (MHi); in Mathew Carey’s hand; dateline at foot of text; at head of text: “Hon Thos Jefferson, Esqr”; endorsed by  TJ as a letter from “Carey Matthew &  son” received 9 July 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Mathew Carey & Son became Mathew Carey & Sons after Carey’s son‑in‑law Isaac Lea (1792–1886), later a promi‑

nent naturalist, joined the firm in 1821 (ANB, 13:320–1; Association of Cente‑ nary Firms and Corporations of the United States [1916], 77; Earl L. Bradsher, Mathew Carey: Editor, Author and Pub‑ lisher [1912], vii–viii; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 10 Mar. 1821). 1 Parenthetical 2 Word

 251 

phrase interlined. interlined.

From Gilbert Merritt Sir New York 30th June 1821— I have taken the liberty (By this days mail) to transmit to You the fourth number of a True American paper, which we have verry re‑ cently establish in this City, and which Shall be dedicated to the sup‑ port of our Republican institutions, and the Union of the American States—Fully persuaded that,1 it will meat Your approbation— Be assured Sir, that Your name is held by myself, as well as all other americans in Greatfull rememberance, most Respecfully Your Frind and Humble Servt Gilbert Merritt RC (CSmH: JF); at head of text: “The Hon Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Gilbert Merritt was an agent for the New York Republican Sentinel. In 1824 he served as secretary of the Jefferson In‑ surance Company, and by 1826 he was its “Ass’t. Pres’t.” under TJ correspondent Clarkson Crolius. Merritt lived in New York City until at least 1832 (Longworth’s New York Directory [1822]: 316; [1832]: 479; New‑York Evening Post, 4 Nov.

1822; New York National Advocate, 14 Apr. 1824, 15 Nov. 1826). The true american paper was the short‑lived New York Republican Senti‑ nel, which began publication in June 1821 and ceased in December 1822 (Wini‑ fred Gregory, ed., American Newspapers, 1821–1936: A Union List of Files Avail‑ able in the United States and Canada [1937], 475). 1 Unmatched opening parenthesis pre‑ ceding this word editorially omitted.

To Spencer Roane Dear Sir Monticello June 30. 21. To the letter of Colo Taylor to yourself, recieved thro’ the Gover‑ nor, I returned an answer on the 27th addressed to you, & put under cover to him. I have now to thank you for the papers of Algernon Sydne[y]1 which I had before read with great approbation successively as they came out. I had hoped mr Ritchie would publish them in pamphlet form, in which case I would have taken half a dozen, or a dozen my self, and inclosed them to some of my old friends in the different states, in the hope of exciting others to attend to this case, whose stepping forward in opposition would be more auspicious than for Virginia to do it. I shoul[d] expect that New York, Ohio, & perhaps Maryland might [a]gree to bring it forward, & the two former being Anti‑Missou[r]ians might recommend it to that party. the 2d No of Fletcher concentrates the points of alarm very strongly. ever affec‑ tionately and respectfully yo[urs.] Th: Jefferso[n]  252 

1 J U LY 1 8 2 1  PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Constantine S. Rafinesque to TJ, 3 Apr. 1821; some words faint; at foot of text: “Judge Roane”; endorsed by TJ.  The 2d no of fletcher, written under the pseudonym “Fletcher of Saltoun,”

was published in the Richmond Enquirer, 26 June 1821 (see TJ to John E. Hall, 8 Aug. 1821, and note). 1 Edge

trimmed.

From Lafayette La grange July 1st 1821

Your Last Letter, my dear Excellent friend, is dated Xber 26th: I Had Been Long deprived of your So much Valued Correspondence. the motives of Health, and stifness in the wrist Unluckily dislocated and Very ill mended, form an Apology But too forcible, But Very pain‑ full. I would not put You to inconvenience, But when You Can Well Bear writing, think of Your oldest and Best friend, to Whom Some lines from You are a Great Comfort. the Work of infamy which You alluded to, as it then threatened italy, Has Been Consummated By three of the powers of the Sainte alliance. the english and french Governments Have kept their dis‑ tance But did Sympathise With the principles, and opposed no Re‑ straint to the Acts of the Leyback Gang. the Neapolitans Spoke well and Behaved ill on the field. they Gave not to upper italy the time to Rise in Arms, and those Who Broke out, the piemontese, were Half betray’d, Half beaten into a State of Submission. Yet it is to Be Hoped the Scandal of Austrian dominion over italy Cannot Last Long. Spain and portugal are Constitutionally Governed. Great intrigues However are Carried on in those Countries, particularly Spain, Under the patronage of all the European Counter Revolutionary party. and in Case france preserves the direction now pursued By all the powers of Government, I am affraïd interior disturbances in Spain Will be‑ come Very Serious. Great efforts Have been Lately made by the Greecks for their Emancipation from the ottoman Yoke. they Have Been productive of Bloody disorders on Both Sides; But the most Horrid Cruelties are daily perpetrated By the turks. the triumvirate of Leyback Have, in Common, asserted the Legitimacy of Sultan Mamouth; altho’ it is probable Alexander Will be obliged By Russian politiks, and Reli‑ gious propriety, to Give His own Ambition a turn More favorable, at least, to the protection of the christians Against infidels. the Best We Can Hope is the Erection of Some Grecian Republics where liberty and information May obtain a degree of Security.  253 

1 J U LY 1 8 2 1  PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Constantine S. Rafinesque to TJ, 3 Apr. 1821; some words faint; at foot of text: “Judge Roane”; endorsed by TJ.  The 2d no of fletcher, written under the pseudonym “Fletcher of Saltoun,”

was published in the Richmond Enquirer, 26 June 1821 (see TJ to John E. Hall, 8 Aug. 1821, and note). 1 Edge

trimmed.

From Lafayette La grange July 1st 1821

Your Last Letter, my dear Excellent friend, is dated Xber 26th: I Had Been Long deprived of your So much Valued Correspondence. the motives of Health, and stifness in the wrist Unluckily dislocated and Very ill mended, form an Apology But too forcible, But Very pain‑ full. I would not put You to inconvenience, But when You Can Well Bear writing, think of Your oldest and Best friend, to Whom Some lines from You are a Great Comfort. the Work of infamy which You alluded to, as it then threatened italy, Has Been Consummated By three of the powers of the Sainte alliance. the english and french Governments Have kept their dis‑ tance But did Sympathise With the principles, and opposed no Re‑ straint to the Acts of the Leyback Gang. the Neapolitans Spoke well and Behaved ill on the field. they Gave not to upper italy the time to Rise in Arms, and those Who Broke out, the piemontese, were Half betray’d, Half beaten into a State of Submission. Yet it is to Be Hoped the Scandal of Austrian dominion over italy Cannot Last Long. Spain and portugal are Constitutionally Governed. Great intrigues However are Carried on in those Countries, particularly Spain, Under the patronage of all the European Counter Revolutionary party. and in Case france preserves the direction now pursued By all the powers of Government, I am affraïd interior disturbances in Spain Will be‑ come Very Serious. Great efforts Have been Lately made by the Greecks for their Emancipation from the ottoman Yoke. they Have Been productive of Bloody disorders on Both Sides; But the most Horrid Cruelties are daily perpetrated By the turks. the triumvirate of Leyback Have, in Common, asserted the Legitimacy of Sultan Mamouth; altho’ it is probable Alexander Will be obliged By Russian politiks, and Reli‑ gious propriety, to Give His own Ambition a turn More favorable, at least, to the protection of the christians Against infidels. the Best We Can Hope is the Erection of Some Grecian Republics where liberty and information May obtain a degree of Security.  253 

1 J U LY 1 8 2 1

 The North of Germany is, more or less, in a liberal ferment. But it is Now Agreed on all Sides that on the freedom of france depends the Emancipation of Europe. Never Were the friends of liberty, in the Several Countries, So Sincerely United By a Continental link of Sympathy. Here Counter Revolution is the order of the day. it Sits on the throne, more oppenly So, next to the throne, it is Unanimous at Court, and in a great Majority in the Constitutional powers, particu‑ larly in the House of deputies, Because most of those who are affraïd of its Excesses are forced by White Jacobiners to go along With them. a Net of Government1 Agents, place men, millionaries, informers, is extended over the People. party intriguers, Bonapartists,2 Orleanists, orangists &c. Appear on the Surface. But Under that Compounded Crust, the produce of many Years Very ill employ’d, there is a Sound population, and particularly admirable Youthfull Generations. the old military Now Returned to their families Have Reassumed Civic Habits; the New army are better disposed than might Have been Ex‑ pected. it is true the Benefits of the Revolution, By Bettering the Condition of the People, Have made them more quiete and less Sen‑ sible of their danger. there are However in almost all the departments a Set of patriots, namely among the Young men, who are jealous of their Rights, determined to be free, and quite clear of party Combina‑ tions or preferences. our debates in the House Have no other Use but to be the only means of publication that Have Been Left to my friends and myself. But they are Eagerly Received out of doors. what I Said four Weeks Ago, and Has been Since printed, may Give You Some idea of our present Situation. My family are all well. the eldest grand daughter, Celestine Mau‑ bourg Has married one of My Colleagues, and is on the point of in‑ creasing the number of my children. two Sisters of Hers, three girls and one boy belonging to my daughter Virginia, three girls more and two boys by George are now on the Colony of La grange where I Came for a few days on a Visit to them, on farming business, and to Rid myself of a Slight touch of the Gout. The tracy famïly are gone to their Country Seat in the department de L’allier. Are You Sure, my dear friend, that Extending the principle of Slav‑ ery to the new Raised states is a method to facilitate the Means of Getting Rid of it? I Would Have thought that By Spreading the prej‑ udices, Habits, and Calculations of planters over a larger Surface You Rather encrease the difficulties of final liberation. Was it Not for that deplorable Circumstance of Negroe Slavery in the Southern States, not a Word Could be objected, when We present American doctrines  254 

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and Constitutions as an Exemple to old Europe. my Accounts from the Commonwealth of Hayti are Very promising. Present my affectionate Respects to mrs Randolph; Remember Your old friend When You adress the relations about You; George, His Wife, and Sisters desire to be most Respectfully mentioned. this Letter goes By Doctor Barba, Son to a Celebrated Book Seller and printer in paris, who goes to the U.S. With a View to fix Himself on that Happy Land and to Exercise His profession as a phisician. He Has Been particularly Recommended to me By Colleagues on the coté gauche, and by meritorious litterati. permit me to introduce Him to Your benevolent Attention. Most thankfully does m. poirey Aknowledge Your kindness to Him. I join in the Grateful feelings. adieu, my Very dear friend, think of me when You Cannot Conveniently write. Never Was Brotherly Affection more tender, and durable to the Last Breath than that of Your friend Lafayette  Here is a pretty little publication just Come out that will amuse you. it is probable they will Seise it as they Have done the pamphlet the prosecution of which Has given Rise to the gay Complaint. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 27 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. sainte alliance: Holy Alliance. In November 1820, just before the close of the Congress of Troppau, the three Holy Alliance powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia signed the Troppau Protocol, an agreement to suppress democratic revolu‑ tions in Europe. Great Britain and France sent no plenipotentiary representatives to the meeting, and neither nation agreed with the propositions in the protocol. Members of the Holy Alliance continued their discussions at Laibach (leyback; later Ljubljana, Slovenia) early in 1821 (Paul W. Schroeder, Metternich’s Diplo‑ macy at Its Zenith, 1820–1823 [1962], 60, 80–1, 84–6, 93–6, 104). Mahmud II (mamouth) was sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Lafayette’s enclosed speech of four weeks ago (4 June 1821) to the Cham‑ bre des Députés regarding the French budget was printed the next day in Le Moniteur Universel. In a missing letter to James Madison of 1 July 1821, Lafayette evidently sent Madison a similar enclo‑

sure, which the latter commended in his reply, stating that “I have read with great pleasure your opinion occasioned by the Budget. Sentiments so noble, in language so piercing, can not be without effect. The deafness to them within doors, will not prevent their being heard & felt with‑ out, and the present atmosphere of Eu‑ rope, is favorable to an echo of them ev‑ erywhere” (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:405). Lafayette’s eldest grand daughter, Célestine de La Tour‑Maubourg, mar‑ ried Romain Joseph, baron de Brigode, on 13 June 1820 (Le Bulletin Héraldique de France, ou Revue Historique de la No‑ blesse 6 [1893]: 502). Lafayette’s daugh‑ ter virginia was Virginie, marquise de Lasteyrie du Saillant. coté gauche: “left‑hand side”; the political left. The enclosed pretty little publication may have been Paul Louis Courier, Sim‑ ple Discours (Paris, 1821; possibly Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 11 [no. 682]). 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

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“Govenment.” “Bonapartits.”

To Louis Adrien Gruchet Sir Monticello July 2. 21. Your favor of June 22. is recieved, and in it the leaves so curiously exhibiting diagrams, and in a way I had never before seen, for which be pleased to recieve my thanks. Particular circumstances have postponed my journey Southwardly, nor can I fix with certainty the day of my departure, but it will not be within less than a fortnight from this time. as my absence will be of two months, perhaps it might be more convenient to you to visit us before I go, rather than to await in Charlottesville. in this I pray you to consult your own convenience only and to accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. the certificate of Marshall1 Grouchy shall be held in safety RC (FrGrBM); top left corner torn away, with missing text supplied from PoC; postscript added separately to RC and PoC; adjacent to signature: “M. Gruchet.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address

cover of LeRoy, Bayard & Company to TJ, 13 Apr. 1821; endorsed by TJ. 1 PoC:

“Marshal.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 2d July 1821 Agreeable to your request hand herewith your a∕c current to date, which I hope will be found correct.   Another your notes falls due this week, & I am still without a blank or a note of yours at=all, I hope by Wednesday’s mail to receive a supply, which will be one day too late, but I hope to arrange1 it either by putting in my own note as heretofore, or in some other way. You have no doubt observed by the Enquirer that the Court of Appeals have reversed the opinion of the Genl Court favorable to the securities of Preston; this is universally considered here the most, illegal, unjust & arbitrary decision that was ever made, insomuch, that the whole town cry out shame, the case is palpable to every mind but one predetermined to decide it in favor the Commonwealth, & that you may see the facts, I take the liberty to enclose the record, in the hope you will find time to read it, & also the opinion of the Court, which you will find in the Enquirer, & if you have leisure, & deem it not improper, I should be gratified to have your opinion confiden‑ tially, for I assure you it shall not be used, & is for my own individual satisfaction—Judges, Lawyers & Citizens of all ranks here publicly  256 

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pronounce the decision crying oppression & injustice on the sure‑ ties.   I do not know yet what effect it will have on me, I hope tho’ my business will be unimpaired, as in the worst event possible, the property, funds &c: of my friends, in my hands, would be held sacred, which is entirely in my power by well [settld?] principles of law,2 & surely I have every inducement to preserve it, & equally strong ones to pay as little into the Treasy as possible.—on my own a∕c, am perfectly free from all embarressment, indebted to no person, Bank, or in any other way, & have not a note out in the world, consequently there can be no3 danger in entrusting business to me as heretofore, & should hope my friends would, in misfortune, (not my own) adhere to me more ardently than heretofore, as upon them I rely for a subsistence for my family hereafter if a judgt should go against me next fall. If it falls in the way, I would thank you to mention this to Jefferson, & such others as you may please, & if any would wish security, that their effects would not be misapplied in my hands, I can readily give $100,000, or even more if necessary. I find my friends here more firm [&] decided than before, and prepared to go any length for me, which is very gratifying indeed I beg you will destroy this letter after it is read, as I have spoken perhaps too freely of the highest Court in our Land, & hoping to hear from you on this subject in the same confidence, remain, With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); damaged at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 6 July 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosure: Peyton’s ac‑ count with TJ, not found. After taking office early in 1820 as state treasurer, Jerman Baker brought suit in the Virginia General Court against his predecessor, John Preston, alleging that he had embezzled public funds. In the trial that resulted, a jury found Preston liable for only one cent of damages and excluded altogether his sureties, William Ross, William P. Smith, Robert Gamble, James P. Preston, William G. Pendleton, Francis Preston, Francis B. Powell, and Peyton. In June 1821, however, Baker appealed the case to a “Special Court” (court of appeals) led by Spencer Roane, a judge of the Court of Appeals, Virginia’s highest tribunal, and also in‑ cluding Robert White, Hugh Holmes, Peter Johnson, William Daniel, and George Parker, all members of the Gen‑

eral Court but new to this case. A Special Court was needed because “there were not a sufficient number of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, who thought them‑ selves qualified to sit in the case.” These judges concluded that the earlier ruling had erroneously excluded from consider‑ ation a deed made by Preston to his sure‑ ties. They reversed the previous judgment and remanded the case to the General Court. The enclosed record has not been identified, but Va. Reports, 21 (1 Gilmer), 235–305, gives the appeals case report. The Richmond Enquirer announced the new decision on 29 June and printed Roane’s opinion of the court on 3 July 1821. jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph. 1 Manuscript: 2 Preceding

“araange.” six words interlined, with

one illegible. 3 Word interlined.

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From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 5 July 1821 I am still without any blanks from you, or notes, to renew yours at the different Banks in this City, I to day was put to my trumps com‑ pletely as to the $4,000 at the Farmers Bank, the directors not being willing to take any other note but yours for its renewal, as it would relieve the security you have given me as an endorser on it; I was therefore obliged to give bond to the Bank as indemnity for my name, if a protest should be suspended, & the note suffered to lie over, which is done, until I can hear from you, which I trust will be by tomorrow’s mail.   The Directors have also directed, (since the recent deci‑ sion in the Court of appeals) that the deed for my benefit1 should be admitted to record immediately, with the addition you will find in the deed on a slip of paper, all of which are enclosed herewith, to request that you will make the addition, & take the trouble to reacknowledge the same, & deposit it for record in your court, with directions to the clerk, as soon as it is recorded, to send the original to me, to be filed in the Bank, which they also require— I regret this circumstance very much, as it may not be agreeable to you, but under existing circumstances it cannot be avoided, & I hope it will not be a matter of much moment or feeling with you: for myself, should not have deemed it at all necessary, but Banks must be humor’d in all their whims. Since my last, have paid a dft: of yours, favor Johnathan Bishop for $136.48 without advise, & hope it is correct. With great respect sir Your Mo: Obd: B. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 10 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John H. Peyton, 14 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 5 July. Enclosure: TJ’s Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 11 July 1821. Other enclosure not found.

For the recent decision in the court of appeals, see Peyton to TJ, 2 July 1821, and note. On 8 June 1821 TJ recorded that he had enclosed to Joel Yancey “an order on B. Peyton for 136.48 D. in favor of” jonathan bishop for wages he was due (MB, 2:1375). 1 Preceding

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three words interlined.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello July 6. 21. I cannot account for my inattention to furni[sh you] my notes for renewal in the banks. I now send a compleat set of the 5. notes, and will make it a point hereafter to send renewals on the 1st day of every other month. by adopting a fixed day, I shall not forget. but in case it should escape me, I send you the powers of Attorney to supply it. I hope to recieve immediately my quarterly account from you, to June 30. that I may know where I stand. my mill‑tenants lead me into false expectations about sending down my flour, by promising for certain days which they do not observe. hence I give you false expectations as to the time when you will recieve it. I have now between 50 & 100 Bar. in the mill, and which cannot go off until the harvest is over because the boatmen are all en[g]aged in that. this is the 7th day of our harvest, and 5. of them have been of constant rain, of which 5. inches have fallen, which is producing a great flood in our river, and keeps me from getting to my mill to try to get off my flour. eve[r &] affectionately yours Th: Jeffers[on] PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Appleton to TJ, 2 Nov. 1820; mutilated at seal, with missing text rewritten by TJ; five words and signa‑ ture faint; at foot of text (faint): “Colo Pey[ton]”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures not found.

In his financial records for this date TJ recorded that he had “Inclosed to B. Pey‑ ton for renewal in banks my notes to US. bank 3000. and 2250 ⎬⎫ indorsed by Farmer’s 4000 and 2500 ⎭  Th:J.R. Virginia to be endorsed by  B. Peyton” (MB, 2:1377).

From Charles Pinckney Dear Sir Charleston July 6–1821 Captan Archibald W Hamilton Son of a very respectable gentle‑ man of New York wishing to see & have the honour of your acquain‑ tance I have taken the liberty of giving him this letter to you—He was an officer in the British army & on the declaration of the late war offered his resignation declaring he would not fight against his native country on which he was detained as a prisoner & for trial until the peace when he was permitted to return to his country His Conduct has Been very highly approved by persons of all par‑ ties & many of them have recommended him to our government for a public situation & given him very strong recommendations—any  259 

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services which you may please to render this deserving gentleman will be thankfully recieved by him & gratefully acknowledged by dear sir Your sincere Friend Charles Pinckney RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Mar. 1822 “by A. W. Hamilton” and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Eliza C. Rankin, 9 Aug. 1824, on verso; addressed: “The Honourable Thomas Jefferson at Monticello Honoured by Captain Hamil‑ ton”; docketed in an unidentified hand: “No 5 Thomas Pinckney to Thos Jefferson.” Archibald Wade Hamilton (ca. 1792– 1842), soldier and public official, was a native of New York. He entered the Brit‑ ish army around 1810 and was stationed in Jamaica. Hamilton was a lieutenant when his regiment was ordered to engage the American forces during the War of 1812. When he refused, he was held as a prisoner of war until the end of hostilities. In 1818 Hamilton received a commission

in the United States Army and served as an assistant deputy quartermaster gen‑ eral with the rank of captain until his dis‑ charge in 1821. President James Monroe appointed him surveyor and revenue in‑ spector at Pensacola in 1823 and elevated him the following year to collector for that port, but President John Quincy Adams removed him from office in 1826. Hamil‑ ton died in New York City (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1809–17; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:493; JEP, 3:120, 123, 340, 354, 361, 364, 503 [5, 13 Feb. 1818, 3 Mar. 1823, 8 Jan., 9, 26 Feb. 1824, 17 Feb. 1826]; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:504– 5; New York Evening Post, 7 Feb. 1842). A missing letter from Hamilton to TJ of 23 Mar. 1822, which likely covered this letter, is recorded in SJL as received 31 Mar. 1822 from Washington, D.C.

From Thomas Appleton dear Sir Leghorn 7. July 1821— Your duplicate letters of 16. April, both reach’d my hands on the 1st of the present month, by Gibr & London; & by a singular combina‑ tion, on the same day—I have also rec’d one from Mr Saml Williams of London, inclosing a bill on Leghorn for the proceeds of an ex‑ change, remitted to him, by Mr Bernard Peyton. this bill discounted here, has produced net, one thousand Six hundred & eighty three Spanish dollars.1—the present letter will inform you, en abrègè, all that may be requisite; but not so detail’d, as I wish’d, for I must avail myself of a vessel which departs to‑day for Boston, only having obtain’d this morning, the information from the contractor, to reply to your letter.—In the course of the week, I shall pay Mde Pini 444– Doll—& by the first succeeding opportunity, I shall forward you, her receipt.—On writing to a friend at Carrara, to inform Madme Raggi, of the money destin’d for her use, I was greatly Surpris’d to learn, that she died about three months since; the painful task of commu‑ nicating this distressing information to her husband, must devolve, of course, on yourself; for it seems, the relatives, had determin’d to conceal it, from him; thus the Sum destin’d for her use, must remain  260 

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in my hands, for your future disposal.—agreeably to my letter of 10r of October last. Doll Sp: Doll. 4 cor: cap: of 25₁−²−₀ english in: dim: diam. of Column.— 180  720.— 2 idem 20₁−⁸− ₀  id   id " " 110 220 2 Mezzo id id  id    " " " 70 140— 4 Ionic id 26½  id    " " 60 240 6. id id 26⅛  id    " " 55 330  1650 ⎫ The expences of cases are invariably to the ⎬ Say about 50 ⎭ charge of 2 the purchaser   Spanish dollars—    1700.— To comply with the last Sentence of your instructions, as there must be additional marble, & Some considerable3 extra work to adapt them, agreeably to your request, to the brick columns & which were not anticipated by me,4 I find the lowest price requir’d by the contractor, will be on the 18 columns5 say   200.— Sp: Dollars—    1900— You will observe, Sir, in my letter of 10r Octr it is express’d, that the capitels are to be deliver’d here in 5 months after the reception of your order, & this is the shortest possible period; thus they will be in Leghorn in December—it may then require, all that month to find a proper conveyance to the U. S. So I should judge, they may be at monticello in all march.—Be assur’d, Sir, that every attention will be paid that your explanatory instructions may be fulfill’d, though your last Sentence, adds much to the labour & expence6—I have translated them faithfully into italian, & they will be, under the eyes of the contractor.—I have only, this morning rec’d the estimate of the cost of 10 cor: cap. & 8 mezzo. cap. of 32₁−⁴− ₀ in: dim: diameter—they are indeed of a great Size, & will require nine months to compleat7—the increase of marble & labour is inconceivable to one8 not vers’d in Similar objects;9 thus they cannot be deliver’d here, at less than10 five hundred & thirty dollars each, for the whole capitels, & Two hundred & eighty dollars each for the mezzo capitels.—It may not be, perhaps, necessary to inform you, Sir, that the value of a block of marble, in‑ creases11 in the ratio of 12 diamonds.—13 Thus then 10 capitels cost 530– Doll– each 5300.— 8 mezzo. id 280–   "   " 2240  7540.— 18 cases probably Say 60  Spanish— 7600.— Dollars—  261 

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Recapitulation for the capitels already order’d say   for those you may require say

1900— 7600— 9.500—    Deduct Say receiv’d 1000  Sp: Dollars—  8500— Should you then remit this sum say 8500 Dollars to Saml Williams of London, whom I judge as Safe, as any man in Engd should there be found after, a fraction of balce due me, on the close of this com‑ mission I can, to save you the trouble of a 2nd remittance request you to pay it to a friend of mine in the U: S. & this will terminate the business. As in your inquiry of marble chimney pieces, you may have occasion, for your own use, is describ’d only to be “plain facings”—. without the dimensions I can only generally say, that plain ones, of common marble, may cost from 15 to 30 Dolls each, consisting of 4 members. the mantle, the frontispiece, & the two Side‑columns14— in a word, Sir, when you shall inform me the dimensions, quality, & the price you will go to, I can only add, that the best possible, shall be Sent, for the price you may limit.—20 of similar work can be compleated in 3 months, or even less.15—If there should be requir’d any ornamentary vases, or emblematical Statues for the Summits, or nitches of your edifices,16 they can be furnish’d at moderate17 prices, as the quality of the marble, & the distance from18 which they are Seen, require only an ordinary quality & a Second order of workmen. Marble Squares for paving of vestibules or Arcades, of Say 12 inches Square, will cost here   Dolls the hundred Squares.—The Cap‑ tain has now call’d for his papers, & compels me to close, with the renew’d expressions of my great respect & esteem Th: Appleton RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Dupl (DLC); varies from RC, with only the most significant differences noted below; endorsed by TJ as received 27 Oct. 1821. Dupl (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to James Monroe, 29 Mar. 1823, on verso; addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson, esq—Monticelli U:S: America”; stamped “SHIP”; franked; postmarked. Dft (Lb in NNGL); varies from RC and Dupl, with only the most significant differences noted below; at foot of text: “Sent by Roseway Capn Dill for Boston. 10 July—Sail’d direct for Boston Dupte by Schn Ranger Capt Hedge July 14—

Sail’d via Cagliari & arriv’d in america 1st October.” en abrègè: “in brief.” 1 Dupl here adds “say 1683. which Still leaves you a Small benefit, although the charges in London, for discounting post‑ age &c were £8 Stg.” Similar addition in Dft. 2 Dupl and Dft: “cases, it is invariably customary to charge.” 3 Word interlined. Dupl: “a very con‑ siderable.” Dft follows RC. 4 Instead of preceding two words, Dupl reads “in my letter of 10r of Octr.”

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9 J U LY 1 8 2 1  5 Dupl:

“capitels.” from “though” to this point in‑ terlined in Dft. Dupl: “labour, & hin‑ drance of the workmen.” 7 Dupl and Dft here add “from the re‑ ception of your order.” In Dft canceled phrase follows: “each capitel will require 240 Palms of 10 inches of marble, & which at the Quarry of Carrara, will cost abut 150 Dollars & the labour of 2 master workmen 4 months on each capitel.” 8 Manuscript: “to one to one.” 9 Preceding fifteen words not in Dupl or Dft. 10 Reworked in Dft from “can be deliv‑ ered at.” 11 Sentence to this point in Dft reads “The price of a block of marble, increases in value.” Dupl follows Dft, omitting “a block of.” 6 Text

 12 Preceding four words interlined in Dft in place of “like.” 13 Dupl here adds “and without being conversant, with the block requir’d for certain dimensions, it is difficult to con‑ ceive the measure of one requisite for so large a Size as 32₁−⁴−₀ inches diminish’d di‑ ameter of the column.” Similar addition in Dft. 14 Instead of text from “each” to this point, Dupl reads “according to the kind you may require.” Dft ends sentence with “each.” 15 Preceding three words not in Dupl or Dft. 16 Dupl here adds “as you will have observ’d, are in almost all the Edifices of Palladio, both public & private.” Similar addition in Dft. 17 Dupl and Dft: “very moderate.” 18 RC: “form.” Dupl and Dft: “from.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 9 July 1821 From my not recg a letter from you by yesterday’s Mail, enclosing notes for the renewal of yours at the several Banks, am led to fear you are either indisposed, or from home; I have determined however to send this by a private hand, to ensure its reaching you, & pray you to dispatch a parcel notes forthwith, by a special messenger, if the mail is not coming immediately, as I am every moment exposed to protest, & ruin, as well as yourself & Jefferson:—the $4,000 being to take up, & also the $2250 due on Wednesday, which I put in, in my own name, a fortnight ago, as I wrote you the same day, or previous, having no note of yours by me for its renewal.—This is a serious busi‑ ness, & I pray your early attention to it.—should you determine to execute the powers of Atty sent, I have to say, that the Va Bk: will not discount notes signed by Atty, so that for your note there, blanks, as heretofore, must be sent—at the Farmer’s & U.S. Banks power of Atty will answer—in great haste   Yours Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 13 July 1821 but recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived two days earlier; with additional notation by TJ beneath endorsement (one redundant “recd” editorially omitted):

“June 25. recd July 2. indord notes July 6. July 2. recd July 6. July 5. recd July 10.” jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph.

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To Thomas F. Andrews Sir Monticello July 10. 21 Your favor of June 23. has been duly recieved, and I am sorry it is not in my power to say a word on the appointmen[t] of Professors to our University. I explained in my letter to Dr Fernandes the cir‑ cumstances on which the opening of the instituti[on] would depend. these make it uncertain whether it may be soon or many years hence. during this uncertainty the Visitors form no decisions as to Profes‑ sors. the applications are numerous, and more so in the Medical than any other line. they of course lie over, awaiting the measures of the legislature. I pray you to accept the assurances of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of right half of a reused address cover from Ann C. Morris to TJ, the other half of which was reused for TJ to James W. Wallace, 10 July 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Doctr Andrews”; endorsed by TJ.

To John S. Cogdell Sir Monticello July 10. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of June 17. covering a notification that the South Carolina academy of Arts has done me the honor of appointing me an Honorary member of their society. too old and too distant to aid in promoting their objects, I can only express the grati‑ fication furnished by every institution formed for advancing the prog‑ ress of our country in the arts or sciences, and more especially that of their considering me as worthy of being associated with their views. permit me to request you to be the organ of my thankfulness to the society for this mark of their attention, and to accept yourself assu‑ rances of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “John S. Cogdell esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

To Hiram Haines Sir Monticello July 10. 21. I duly recieved your favor of June 25. and have to express my thankfulness for the kind sentiments towards myself and my regrets that it is not in my power to offer you a copy of the Notes on Virginia. I have but a single copy, and this I am obliged to reserve for necessary recurrence. but I fear it would not fulfill the partial expectations which  264 

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you may entertain respecting it. books giving the present state of a country, varying like our shadows from hour to hour, lose their like‑ ness as the sun advances. the book is sometimes to be met with in the bookstores, but rather accidentally, as it is some time since an edition of it has been printe[d.] I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jeffer[son] PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; torn at seal; at foot of text: “Mr Hiram Haines”; endorsed by TJ.

To John Hyder Sir Monticello July 10. 21. I recieved in due time the letter of July 14. 20. mentioned in yours of the 29th of June now at hand. not being in circumstances enabling me to comply with the numerous applications of the same kind which I recieve from all parts of the United States, and explanations being painful, I have been under the necessity uniformly of hoping that silence would be considered as an answer. I must request you there‑ fore to accept my regrets for what I cannot do, and assurances of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “mr John Hyder”; endorsed by TJ.

From Marc Antoine Jullien Monsieur, Paris, le 10 juillet 18211 j’ai eu l’honneur de vous écrire, au mois de mars dernier, pour vous remercier de la réponse obligeante que vous m’aviez adressée et que j’ai communiquée à mes honorables collégues, et à votre digne ami et notre respectable compatriote M. de la fayette. Aujourdhui, je profite de l’occasion que m’offre Madame frétageot, connue et estimée de M. Maclure, qui prend un vif intérêt à elle, et qui m’a procuré l’avantage d’entrer avec elle en relation. cette dame vous remettra elle même ou vous fera parvenir sûrement ma lettre, à laquelle je joins 1o. un extrait de notre Revue (Esquisse d’un Cours d’histoire, rapporté à l’influence des femmes) 2o. le prospectus de la Revue; 3o. un nouveau Coup‑d’œil sur ses huit premiers volumes, dans le cas où vous n’auriez pas reçu le 1er exemplaire que je vous en ai adressé; 4o. quelques tables des matières des derniers volumes, qui vous feront connaître, par l’indication du contenu de ces volumes, de  265 

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quelle manière nous exécutons notre plan; 5o. un extrait de l’abeille, journal littéraire français, qui rend compte de notre Revue. je vous prie, monsieur, de contribuer à faire connaître la Revue En‑ cyclopédique dans votre pays, à la faire annoncer dans vos principaux ouvrages périodiques, à la désigner aux Sociétés Savantes et philoso‑ phiques les plus estimées, à nous procurer de bons Correspondans parmi quelques‑uns de vos Compatriotes, afin que nous puissions tenir la france et l’Europe au courant des travaux les plus importans faits aux Etats‑Unis d’Amérique dans les Sciences, dans les arts in‑ dustriels, dans la littérature et dans les beaux‑arts. j’ai l’honneur de vous renouveller, monsieur, l’hommage de ma re‑ spectueuse Considération Jullien p. s. Les communications destinées à la Revue pourront être envoyées, Soit directement en france, par l’intermédiaire de votre Consul au havre, M. Beasley, ou de votre Consul général à paris, M. Barnet, ou de votre ambassadeur, M. gallatin, Soit à londres, chez Mrs treuttell et Wurtz, libraires, Soho Square, avec recommandation de les transmettre de Suite au bureau central de la Revue à paris. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Paris, 10 July 1821 I had the honor to write to you last March to thank you for the obliging reply you sent me, which I communicated to my honorable colleagues and to your worthy friend and our respectable fellow citizen Mr. Lafayette. Today I take advantage of the opportunity given me by Madame Freta‑ geot, known and esteemed by Mr. Maclure, who takes a great interest in her and afforded me the opportunity to enter into correspondence with her. This lady will hand to you herself, or will surely cause to be handed to you, my letter, enclosing 1. An excerpt from our Revue (the outline of a history course on the influence of women). 2. The prospectus of the Revue. 3. Another coup d’oeil of the first eight volumes, in case you had not received the first copy I sent you. 4. Some tables of contents from the most recent volumes, which will show you, by indicating what they contain, how we are executing our project. 5. An excerpt from L’Abeille, a French literary journal, which de‑ scribes our Revue. Please, Sir, I ask you to help make the Revue Encyclopédique known in your country. Have it advertised in your principal periodical publications, recommend it to the most valued scholarly and philosophical societies, and provide us with good correspondents from among your fellow citizens, so that we can keep France and Europe au courant with the most important works appearing in the United States of America in the sciences, industrial arts, lit‑ erature, and the fine arts. I have the honor to renew to you, Sir, the homage of my respects Jullien

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1 0 J U LY 1 8 2 1 P.S. Communications intended for the Revue can be sent directly to France through your consul Mr. Beasley in Le Havre, your consul general Mr. Barnet in Paris, or Mr. Gallatin your ambassador. Via London, they should go care of Messrs. Treuttel & Würtz, booksellers, Soho Square, with the recommendation that they be forwarded immediately to the central office of the Revue in Paris. RC (DLC); on printed letterhead of “Le Fondateur‑Directeur de la Revue En‑ cyclopédique”; with partially printed in‑ ternal address beneath that (printed text indicated by boldface letters): “A Monsieur jefferson, ancien président des Etats‑unis, à Monticello”; printed note to left at head of text: “Le Bureau de direction où doi‑ vent être envoyés les ouvrages et les ar‑ ticles destinés à la Revue, est établi, Rue d’Enfer‑Saint‑Michel, no 18” (“Books and articles intended for the Revue are to be sent to the directorate established at the Rue d’Enfer‑Saint‑Michel, no. 18”); en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 22 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosures: (1) “Es‑ quisse d’un Cours d’Histoire, ou d’un Plan de Lectures Historiques, rapporté spéci‑ alement à l’Influence des Femmes, consi‑ dérée dans les différens siècles et chez les différentes nations,” Revue Encyclopédique, ou Analyse Raisonnée 3 (Apr. 1821): 8–34.

(2) Enclosure no. 3 to Jullien to TJ, 18 Mar. 1819. (3) Enclosure described at Jullien to TJ, 30 Mar. 1821. (4) Tables of contents of unidentified issues of the Revue Encyclopédique. (5) Review of the Revue Encyclopédique from L’Abeille, 30 June 1821 (Tr in DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39311–3, in French; in an uniden‑ tified hand, with final attestation and sig‑ nature by Jullien), describing the Revue Encyclopédique, its publication history, and subscription details; lauding its mission to create and circulate a univer‑ sal record of works useful to humanity; highlighting the four sections that com‑ prise every issue; and listing significant contributors. Other enclosure printed below. 1 Dateline printed on letterhead, with date and month in the hand of Jullien, who also corrected the year from “1820.”

e n c l o s u r e

Instructions for Contributors to Revue Encyclopédique [before 10 July 1821] Les Collaborateurs et les Correspondans de la Revue Encyclopédique et tous les Savans et Littérateurs qui voudront le devenir, sont priés d’envoyer, par des occasions Sûres, à des intervalles plus ou moins rapprochés, au Di‑ recteur de ce Recueil, chez MM. Baudouin frères, Imprimeurs‑Libraires, rue de Vaugirard, no 36, à Paris, I. Quelques analyses raisonnées d’ouvrages remarquables, publiés dans chaque pays, Sur les Sciences physiques et naturelles, Sur les Sciences morales et politiques, Sur l’histoire, la Géographie et les Voyages, Sur la Littérature et les Beaux‑arts, etc. II. Des mémoires et des notices d’un intérêt général, Sur la Littérature, l’instruction publique, l’administration publique, etc. et Sur les différens objets qui peuvent caractériser, dans les divers Etats, la marche et les progrès de la civilisation, et fixer l’attention des amis de l’humanité.

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1 0 J U LY 1 8 2 1 III. Un Bulletin Scientifique et Littéraire, indiquant:   1o. les Sociétés Savantes et Littéraires, d’agriculture, d’éducation, d’encouragement pour l’industrie et les arts, etc. et un résumé de leurs travaux. 2o. les journaux et les recueils Scientifiques et littéraires, et quelques indications Sur leur plan, leur esprit, leur but; 3o. un aperçu des principales inventions et découvertes dans les Sci‑ ences et dans les arts; 4o. Quelques notices biographiques ou nécrologiques Sur les hommes qui Se Sont distingués par des vertus, des talens ou des Services rendus à leur pays et à l’humanité. IV. Un Bulletin Bibliographique, ou catalogue choisi des principaux ou‑ vrages qui Seront Successivement publiés, avec de courtes notices Sur cha‑ cun d’eux, pour en faire apprécier le degré de mérite et d’utilité. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

[before 10 July 1821] The collaborators and correspondents of the Revue Encyclopédique, and all the scholars and authors who wish to become such, are asked to send, by secure means, at more or less regular intervals, to the director of this compi‑ lation, at the firm of Messrs. Baudouin frères, printers and booksellers, Rue de Vaugirard, no. 36, in Paris, I. Some methodical analyses of notable works published in every country, On the physical and natural sciences, On the moral and political sciences, On history, geography, and travel, On literature and the fine arts, etc. II. Memoranda and announcements of general interest on literature, public education, public administration, etc., and on the various objects that can characterize, in the various states, the course and progress of civili‑ zation, and attract the attention of the friends of humanity. III. A literary and scientific bulletin, indicating:   1. Scholarly and literary societies, societies of agriculture, of educa‑ tion, for the encouragement of industry and the arts, etc., and a summary of their works. 2. Journals and scientific and literary compilations, and a few indica‑ tions of their plan, spirit, and goals; 3. An overview of the principal inventions and discoveries in science and the arts; 4. Some biographical sketches or obituaries of men who have distin‑ guished themselves by their virtues, talents, or services rendered to their countries and to humanity. IV. A bibliographical bulletin, or selected catalogue of the principal works that are published successively, with short notices of each, in order to make the extent of their worthiness and utility appreciated. Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39313); undated. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene.

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To Gilbert Merritt Monticello July 10. 21.

I thank you, Sir, for the No of the Republican Sentinel which you have been so kind as to send me. I duly honor every effort to cherish the republican principles of our government and to counteract every machination to sever the Union of our state[s.] that union is second in my wishes to no principle but that of living under a republican government. as to these things however I repose myself willingly on those who are charged with their care, and withdrawing from all attention or intermedling with what is going on, I read but a single newspaper, that is of my own state, and cheifly for the advertise‑ ments. accept the assurance of my respect Th: Jefferson PoC (CSmH: JF); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Gilbert Merritt”; endorsed by TJ.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello July 10. 21. Yours of the 2d came to hand last night, and I learn with great concern the final judgment in the case of Preston. the rules of the law are framed for the promotion of justice, and I am always sorry when in any particular case they produce the contrary. but you ask my opinion on the correctness of the decision. but, dear Sir[,] I am not competent to judge of it. nearly 40. years since I left the ba[r,] closely employed during that time in lines which rarely recalled my attention to legal subjects, not possessing a law book; and my memory gone. it would be great presumption in me to decide on a case wherein two sets of judges have been of contrary opinions. nor could such an act of presumption avail you any thing; because it could n[ot] undo what is done. the business now is to look forward and see if the[re] [b]e1 any remedy. I should suppose it possible that the jury next to act on it might refuse a verdict against their consciences, or might find a special one stating the2 truth of the fact that the ma[l]versation in question did not take place within the period of your respo[n]sibility and leaving the judgment on the court. this second finding of t[he] truth to be in your favor would have great weight with those who alone can ultimately relieve you, that is, the legislature to whom a petition stating strongly the truth of the case could not be ineffectual; here are strong circumstances to be pressed on their consideration. 1. the negligence of their own committees reporting time after time  269 

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that there was no default so far is3 chiefly chargeable with the undis‑ turbed course of these long malversations, and the last repo[rt] by them declaring that all was well, when you undertook for Preston de‑ coyed you into the error on the ground of which you are now charged. 2. a jury have sworn that the malversations were not within the pe‑ riod for which you undertook to answer. 3. a court of 10. judges have decided against another court of 6. judges that you are not liable. 4. Nor are these 6. judges those who are supposed of superior kno‑ lege and therefore made a court of ultimate revisal, but 5 of them are the minority of the very court which by 10. of it’s members acquitted you, and only a single one out of the 5. composing the revising court has concurred in the reversal of the judgment. I cannot believe that the legislature will permit a judgmen[t] which is a mere inference of law against truth to ruin innocent individu[als.] God bless you & send you a safe deliverance. Th: Jefferson P. S. be assured you will find no diminution of confidence in your friends in this quarter. PoC (MHi); on reused address cover of Christoffel J. Brand to TJ, 10 Apr. 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “Colo Bernard Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Peyton undertook for John Preston as one of the sureties to his 1819 bond of office as state treasurer, which made Pey‑ ton and his seven associates liable for Preston’s defalcation that year. For the composition of the Special Court, see note

to Peyton to TJ, 2 July 1821. That tribu‑ nal’s judges agreed unanimously on the reversal of the judgment, although Robert White dissented “as to the point of conclusiveness of the Treasury Books” (Richmond Enquirer, 29 June 1821). 1

Word faint. TJ here canceled “whole.” 3 Preceding twelve words interlined in place of “are.” 2

To James W. Wallace Dear Doctor Monticello July 10. 21. Your favor of June 25. is just now recieved, and with it the articles of curiosity which you are so kind as to add to my little collection. these with all your former kindnesses are thankfull[y]1 placed on their shelves. I learn with great sympathy that you have causes of unhap‑ piness under the losses of friends of your affection.2 these are the unavoidable conditions of human life, and render it often doubtful whether existence has been given to us in kindness or in wrath. when I look back over the ranks of those with whom I have lived and loved, it is like looking over a field of battle. all fallen. nor do I feel it as a blessing to be reserved for this afflicting spectacle.3 I can feelingly  270 

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therefore suffer with friends who are suffering in the same way. you express a wish to obtain some appointment from the President, but do not intimate in what line. altho’ I uniformly decline these solicita‑ tions, which are often pressed on me, yet I shall with willingness and pleasure render you any service I [can] on any indication pointing to the object of your wishes, and assure you of my affectionate attach‑ ment and respect. Th: Jeff[erson] PoC (DLC); on verso of left half of a reused address cover from Ann C. Morris to TJ, the other half of which was reused for TJ to Thomas F. Andrews, 10 July 1821; one word faint; at foot of text (faint): “Doctr Wal[lace]”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Edge

trimmed. Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 3 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2

To Joseph Wilson Sir Monticello July 10. 21. I have safely recieved the articles from Marseilles addressed to you, which you have been so kind as to forward to me. I pray you to accept my thanks for your attention to this and hope you recieved the duties and disbursements from Colo Peyto[n] my correspondent in Rich‑ mond. mr Dodge of Marseilles informed me he had sent you an In‑ voice of these things. not having recieve[d] one myself, if that for‑ warded to you is no longer necessary for your office, you would do me a favor in letting me have it, as necessary in adjusting my accounts with mr Dodge. Accept my apologies for this trouble with the assur‑ ance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Jonathan Thompson to TJ, 14 June 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Wilson”; endorsed by TJ. Entry in SJL deleted.

Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis This indenture made on the 11th day of July1 one thousand eight hundred and twenty one, between Thomas Jefferson of Albemarle on the one part and Philip Norborne Nicholas and William Neker‑ vis2 both3 of the city of Richmond on the other part witnesseth that whereas Thomas J. Randolph of the same county of Albemarle4 and Bernard Peyton of the sd city of Richmond5 have made themselves  271 

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responsible to the Farmer’s bank of Virginia for one sum of 2500.D. and one other6 sum of four thousand Dollars paid by the sd bank on the Notes7 of the sd Thomas, endorsed by the sd Thomas J. and Ber‑ nard and may hereafter continue their responsibility by endorsing renewed Notes for the sd sums or parts thereof;8 or may make them‑ selves responsible by endorsing other & future notes of the sd Thomas to the sd bank9 and the sd Thomas being desirous to indemnify the sd Thomas J. and Bernard against all loss & inconvenience by the payment of the sd sums or any part of them,10 hath executed this trust deed. Now this indenture witnesseth that the sd Thomas, in consid‑ eration of the premisses, and of the sum of one Dollar to him in hand paid by the sd Philip Norborne and William, hath granted bargained and sold unto the sd Philip Norborne and William their heirs and assigns for ever, and to the survivor of them, the heirs and assigns of such survivor, certain parcels of land in the sd county of Albemarle adjacent to the town of Milton and the Rivanna river, one parcel whereof Begins at the Northwestern11 corner of the sd town, which is a corner also on the backline of the Dower lands of Elizabeth Hender‑ son, thence along the sd backlines Southwestwardly & Westwardly12 to the sd river, and up the same to an antient Chesnut on it’s South‑ ern bank former corner to Bennet Henderson decd and the sd Thomas, thence along the antient dividing lines between the sd Bennet & Thomas to the line of [Eli Alexander,] thence along the lines of the sd Eli, of John Watson, & Martin [Dawson to the b]oundary of the sd town, and thence Westwardly & Northwardly [along the bound]aries of the sd town to it’s Northwest corner aforesd at the Beginning [which parcel co]ntains by estimation seven hundred and eighty one acres: also all the lots of land between the sd town and river, seven in num‑ ber, now held by the sd Thomas, to wit, the lots distinguished by the numbers 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. which last No 10. corners also at the North West corner of the town at the beginning of the former par‑ cel,13 and which seven lots contain fourteen acres, comprehending the Warehouses of the Milton inspection and making with the other par‑ cel 795. acres. To have and to hold the sd several parcels of 795. acres of land with their improvements and appurtenances to the sd Philip Norborne and William, their heirs and assigns, & to the survivor of them, the heirs & assigns of such survivor for ever. In trust nevertheless, and for the sole use and purpose that if the sd Thomas his heirs, exrs or admrs shall fail to pay to the sd Farmer’s bank of Virginia, whenever required by the sd bank, the sd sums of 14 2500 and15 four thousand Dollars or any part thereof due or to become due16 on the Notes17 aforesd, or on any future note or notes18 which  272 

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may be given by the sd Thomas19 to the sd bank either20 in renewal or continuation of 21 the sd original notes,22 or for any other purpose23 endorsed by the sd Thomas J. and Bernard, or either of them24 that then it shall be lawful for the sd Philip Norborne & William, or either of them, or the survivor of them, or the heirs, exrs or admrs of either, or25 of such survivor (having first advertised the time & place of sale for two months in some newspaper published in Richmond) to sell the aforesd parcels of land for ready money to the highest bidder, and out of the proceeds thereof to pay the aforesd debts interest and all charges of sale, and the overplus, if any, return to the sd Thomas, or his legal representative.26 And the sd Thomas,27 his heirs, exrs & admrs, to the sd Philip Norborne and William their heirs, exrs, or admrs,28 &29 to the survivor and his heirs, exrs and admrs,30 the sd several parcels of land, with their appurtenances31 will for ever war‑ rant and defend. In Witness whereof the sd Thomas32 hath hereto set his hand & seal on the day & year before33 written. ⎫ Th: Je[fferson] in presence of ⎪⎪   William Bankhead 34 ⎪   Nicholas P. Trist ⎭   James M. Randolph FC (MHi); written in TJ’s hand on in‑ dented paper and consisting of original MS of March 1821, subsequently adapted by TJ to serve as FC of document as re‑ vised and executed 11 July 1821; clipped to remove TJ’s signature and seal, with text missing on recto supplied from Dft; original witness signatures in the hands of Edmund Meeks, Edmund Bacon, and Samuel Carr canceled, with final witness signatures in TJ’s hand; endorsed by TJ: “Peyton Bernard Th:J. to Nicholas et al. Trust for Peyton amended & executed July 14. 21.” Dft (MHi); on a reused ad‑ dress cover from Joseph C. Cabell to TJ; entirely in TJ’s hand, including witness‑ ing signatures of Meeks, Bacon, and Carr; dated Mar. 1821; endorsed by TJ: “Jefferson T. to N. Nicholas & Nekervis } Deed of Trust. exact copy.” MS (MHi); docket sheet in TJ’s hand for one of the preceding texts; on verso of PoC of TJ to William J. Coffee, 26 Sept. 1822; reading “Th: Jefferson to Nicholas & Nekervis } Trust Deed 795 Acres.” Tr (Albemarle Co. Deed Book, 22:379–80); follows FC;

in Alexander Garrett’s hand, with his attestation: “In Albemarle County Court Clerks Office the 12th day of July 1821 This Deed of Trust was presented to me  in said office and acknowledged by Thomas Jefferson party thereto & or‑ dered to be recorded.” March version en‑ closed in TJ to Bernard Peyton, 30 Mar. 1821. July version enclosed in Peyton to TJ, 5 July 1821, and TJ to Peyton, [13] July 1821. Philip Norborne Nicholas (ca. 1776– 1849), attorney and public official, was the youngest brother of TJ’s friend Wil‑ son Cary Nicholas. Educated at the Col‑ lege of William and Mary, he went on to study law. Governor James Monroe ap‑ pointed Nicholas attorney general of Vir‑ ginia and he served from 1800 until he gave up the post in 1819 to become presi‑ dent of the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia. In 1823 he was named to the state’s General Court, a judgeship he held for the rest of his life. Nicholas successively supported the presidential aspirations of William H.

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1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 1 Crawford in 1824 and Andrew Jackson in 1828, and he was a Jacksonian Demo‑ crat thereafter. He was a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829–30 and supported the new consti‑ tution that resulted. At his death in Rich‑ mond, Nicholas owned personal property valued at $8,492, including at least six‑ teen slaves (DAB; William and Mary Pro‑ visional List, 30; PTJ, 31:204–5; Daniel Preston and others, eds., The Papers of James Monroe [2003– ], 4:353–4; Rich‑ mond Enquirer, 14 Jan. 1819, 21 Aug., 4 Sept. 1849; Leonard, General Assembly, 353; Proceedings and Debates of the Vir‑ ginia State Convention, of 1829–30 [1830], 882; Hugh Blair Grigsby, “Sketches of Members of the Constitutional Conven‑ tion of 1829–30,” VMHB 61 [1953]: 324; Richmond City Hustings Court Will Book, 12:453–60, 13:80–2; gravestone inscription in Shockoe Hill Cemetery, Richmond). William Nekervis (d. 1837), banker, may have come to Virginia from Philadel‑ phia. He was a bookkeeper at the Bank of Virginia in Norfolk in 1804, and in 1812 he became cashier of the Farmers’ Bank in Richmond, a position he held until 1836. At his death Nekervis freed his one slave, Henry Patterson, and left him $400 out of a total estate valued in excess of $2,600 (Hazard’s Register of Pennsyl‑ vania 10 [1832]: 70; Norfolk Gazette and Public Ledger, 4 Sept. 1804; Richmond Virginia Patriot, 20 Oct. 1812; Richmond Enquirer, 12 Aug. 1836; Richmond City Hustings Court Will Book, 7:396–8, 533– 41; Lynchburg Virginian, 7 Sept. 1837). William Bankhead (1795–1873), phy‑ sician, was the son of TJ’s friend John Bankhead and brother of Charles L. Bank‑ head, the latter of whom married TJ’s el‑ dest grandchild, Ann C. Randolph. Bank‑ head inherited Spring Grove, his father’s estate in Caroline County. In 1840 he was living in that county and owned seventy‑ six slaves. Expressing a desire to move to Missouri, between 1839 and 1851 Bank‑ head tried several times to sell Spring Grove and adjacent lands totaling ap‑ proximately 2,500 acres. By 1850 he had relocated to Fredericksburg, where he owned fifty slaves and real estate valued at $25,000. Bankhead moved to Stafford

County by 1860, when his personal estate there was valued at $28,000. Three years before his death at Aquia in Stafford County, he owned property there valued at $10,000 (Sarah Travers Lewis Ander‑ son, Lewises, Meriwethers and their Kin [1938], 42; Richmond Enquirer, 21 Mar. 1839, 4 Sept. 1846, 30 May 1851; DNA: RG 29, CS, Caroline Co., 1840, Spot‑ sylvania Co., 1850, 1850 slave schedules, Stafford Co., 1860, 1870; gravestone inscription in Aquia Episcopal Church Cemetery). Filed with TJ’s papers is an additional memorandum concerning this deed, which reads: “To remove all doubt as to the meaning of the foregoing Deed, I hereby declare that it is meant to extend not only to the note for 4000 dollars for which the said Thomas J. & Bernard are endorsers at the Farmers Bank of Va but to a note of 2500 at said Bank drawn by me endorsed by them, or any which may hereafter be given for a renewal or continuance thereof; and I do agree that this be taken & con‑ sidered part of the foregoing Deed & de‑ liver it accordingly witness my hand & Seal this  day of    1821” (Dft in ViU: TJP‑ER; in an unidentified hand; partially dated; with a written represen‑ tation of a seal at foot of text; endorsed by TJ: “Peyton Bernard”; with TJ’s addi‑ tional notations beneath endorsement: “Th: Jefferson to Phil. N. Nicholas & William Neckervis” and “July 11. 21. exd deed in trust for Th:J.R. & Bernard Pey‑ ton for 781. as + 14 as being the lands bot of Henderson’s heirs to secure them as endorsers of my notes of 2500 + 4000.D. and any further ones they may endorse for me to the Farmer’s bank of Virginia”). This statement was presumably prepared after TJ executed the original version of the above deed in March 1821 and before he decided to incorporate its substance into the revised 11 July 1821 deed rather than execute it separately. 1 Reworked from “the  day of March,” with Dft retaining original wording. 2 Preceding six words interlined in Dft in place of “Thomas J. Randolph of the same county & Bernard Peyton.” 3 Word not in Dft. 4 Preceding six words interlined in Dft.

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1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 1  5 Preceding

six words interlined in Dft. from “one sum” to this point in‑ terlined in place of “the.” Dft: “the.” 7 Dft: “note.” 8 Text from “and may hereafter” to this point interlined in Dft and cleanly incor‑ porated in FC, where ending is reworked from “sum or a part thereof.” 9 Text from “or may make” to this point omitted in Dft and interlined in FC. 10 Reworked from “sum or any part of it,” with Dft retaining original wording. 11 Reworked in Dft from “South Eastern.” 12 Reworked in Dft from “Northwardly & Eastwardly” to “Southwardly & West‑ wardly.” 13 In Dft TJ here canceled “of 781 acres.” 14 Reworked from “sum of.” Dft: “sum of.” 15 Preceding two words interlined. 16 Preceding four words interlined in Dft. 17 Reworked from “Note.” Dft: “Note.” 18 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 19 Preceding four words interlined in Dft. 20 Word omitted in Dft and interlined in FC. 6 Text

 21 Reworked in Dft from “in exchange for, or renewal of.” 22 Reworked from “note.” Dft: “note.” 23 Preceding five words interlined in place of an interlined “or of any other his note to the sd bank,” with original word‑ ing interlined and retained in Dft. The earlier interlineation was made before the original execution of the deed in March, because at foot of text of FC, TJ canceled “the words ‘or of any other his note to the sd bank’ interlined before execution.” 24 Preceding twelve words interlined in Dft. 25 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 26 Tr: “representatives.” 27 In Dft TJ here canceled “for him‑ self.” 28 Preceding three words interlined in Dft, with “&” instead of “or.” 29 Reworked from “or.” Dft: “or.” 30 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 31 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 32 Preceding three words interlined in Dft in place of “he.” 33 Word interlined in Dft in place of “above.” 34 FC: “J.” Tr: “P.”

From Leonard M. Parker Sir, Charlestown Mass. July 11. 1821. I take the liberty to enclose you an oration delivered in this Town, on the late “great Anniversary Festival,” together with an address introductory to the reading of the Declaration of Independence—I take this liberty, although it has never been my good fortune to be favoured with a personal acquaintance—But on the bright page of our Country’s history, on the great theatre of publick life, and from the lips of a father‑in‑law, the late Judge Lincoln of Worcester, who was proud to consider you as a friend; I have learned a character, which I honour and revere—I beg to be pardoned for feeling more than an ordinary interest in the enclosed performances—inasmuch as both of the young men were my pupils in the study of the law—Mr. Willard admitted to practice as an Attorney within a few months, and Mr.  275 

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Loring is now a student in my office—Should the perusal impart to you the slightest gratification, it will be to me a source of lasting joy— With sentiments of the greatest respect, I am, Sir, your Obt. Servt. Leonard M. Parker. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Th: Jefferson—late Prest U. States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 22 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: An Oration, Pronounced at Charlestown, on the 4th July, 1821, at the request of the Re‑ publican citizens of that town, in Com‑ memoration of the Anniversary of National Independence. By Paul Willard Esq. To which is added, Remarks, Introductory to the Reading of the Declaration of Indepen‑ dence, on the same occasion, by Nathaniel Hall Loring (Boston, 1821), opening with Willard lauding self‑government as a human right; recollecting American colo‑ nial history and noting that “the revolu‑ tion was deeply founded in the hearts and minds of the colonists” (p. 6) and a “con‑ test between arbitrary power on the one hand, and rational liberty on the other” (p. 7); highlighting the Declaration of Independence as a “harbinger of univer‑ sal emancipation” (p. 8); blaming recent failed attempts at constitutional govern‑ ment in Europe on “want of intelligence and purity in the people” (p. 9); assert‑ ing that the “salvation of this people de‑ pends upon the indissoluble union of the states” (p. 11); describing the “Missouri question” as an attack on the Union and claiming that “Our feelings and princi‑ ples, as freemen and christians, were ap‑ pealed to, and thousands of honest hearts were deluded by this insidious cant and hypocricy” (p. 13); predicting that “sub‑ lime destinies” await the nation (p. 13); and concluding with Loring’s introduc‑ tion to the reading of the Declaration of  Independence, which focused on TJ’s character as “an illustrious and almost soli‑ tary example of a pure and verdant mind, retaining all its excellencies through every variety of fortune; whether in obscurity, or on a seat far above the highest” (p. 16).

Leonard Moody Parker (1789–1854), attorney and public official, was born in Shirley, Massachusetts. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1808 and read law with TJ correspondent Levi Lincoln. Ad‑ mitted to the bar in 1811, Parker began practice in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He served as a judge advocate in the United States Army, 1814–15. Parker rep‑ resented Charlestown in the state House of Representatives in 1816, sat in the state Senate, 1818–21, 1826–27, 1836–38, and 1840, returned to the House, 1825, 1828, 1829, and represented Shirley there in 1851. Transitioning from the Republi‑ can to the Democratic party, during his long legislative service he chaired com‑ mittees that encouraged construction and state investment in railroads. In 1820 Parker served in a state constitutional convention, and five years later he sat on a commission to settle the boundary be‑ tween Massachusetts and Connecticut. President Andrew Jackson appointed him naval officer for the district of Boston and Charlestown in 1830, and he served until his term expired in 1834. Parker’s real estate in 1850 was valued at $8,700, and at his death in Shirley he bequeathed $4,000 to endow a high school there (Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society [1881], 2:223– 33; MWA: Parker Papers; George T. Chapman, Sketches of the Alumni of Dart‑ mouth College [1867], 140; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:770; JEP, 4:128, 134, 452 [14, 17 Dec. 1830, 30 Dec. 1834]; Seth Chandler, History of the Town of Shir‑ ley  [1883], 70, 194; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Shirley, 1850; Middlesex, Mass., Wills and Probate Records, case number 38897; New York Evening Post, 30 Aug. 1854; gravestone inscription in Worces‑ ter Rural Cemetery, Worcester, Mass.).

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From Jonathan Thompson  Custom House New York

Sir Collectors Office July 11, 1821.— I rec’d your letter of the 25th ult. in answer to mine of the 14th rela‑ tive to a box of seeds—agreeably to your request, I offered the Box to Dr Hosack, who declined receiving it, as he had rec’d a Box by the same vessel.—I have therefore, by your direction, forwarded the same to the care of Capt Bernard Peyton, Richmond Va as per the enclosed Bill of Lading. no charge has been made to me for the Box—Should any thing arrive at this Port to your address I will attend to the trans‑ mission of it, as requested, with pleasure.—Permit me to congratu‑ late you on the recent glorious revolution of Politicks in this State, as manifested by the people at the recent elections, we indulge the hope that much public good will be the result.— with the greatest respect & esteem am. Your Obt Servt Jonathan Thompson  Collector.— RC (MHi); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Thompson; at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson, late President Monticello”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 18 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

While the recent elections for New York’s state legislature resulted in a continued lower‑house majority for the Bucktails, a faction of the Republican party opposed to Governor DeWitt Clin‑ ton, the governor’s supporters gained a narrow majority in the Senate (New‑York Columbian, 19 May 1821).

To David Hosack Monticello July 12. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for the 2d edition of the biography of Dr Wil‑ liamson. I suppose we have now the full information as to the letters of Hutchinson Etc Sr John Temple’s knolege of the offices, and their character might be necessary to suggest to Dr Williamson, a stranger, the means of accomplishing his bold enterprise.   I recieved a letter lately from mr Thompson, Collector of New York, informing me of a box of seeds from the king’s gardens at Paris addressed to me. I rather suppose you recieve one annually from the same place for your botanical garden, but was not certain. I desired him therefore to present it to you if acceptable for your garden. my letter to him was of the 25th ult.   I salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson  277 

1 2 J U LY 1 8 2 1  RC (PBm: Letters and Documents Collection); addressed: “Doctr David Ho‑ sack New York”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 12 July. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Henry H. Sherman to TJ, 3 June 1821; endorsed by TJ. By an unidentified mode of transmis‑ sion, Hosack had sent TJ a copy of the second edition of his work entitled A Bio‑ graphical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D. LL.D. (New York, 1821; probably Poor, Jefferson’s Library 5 [no. 166]; TJ’s copy in PPL, inscribed by Hosack [edge trimmed]: “Thomas Jefferson. L.L.[D.] with the respectful regards of the Au‑ thor”). In this work Hosack asserted that, while in London in 1774, Williamson followed up on a suspicion that colonial officials had corresponded secretly with the British government by gaining access to a government office and purloining

a cache of incendiary letters written late in the 1760s by Massachusetts governor Thomas hutchinson and colonial secre‑ tary Andrew Oliver to Thomas Whately, an assistant to Prime Minister George Grenville. Hosack claimed that William‑ son subsequently delivered the letters to Benjamin Franklin. They triggered an up‑ roar when they were published in Boston after Franklin sent them to an associate there. The documents suggested possible government responses to colonial protests against parliamentary rule. John tem‑ ple, a British customs official friendly toward the colonies, was suspected at the time of complicity in the theft of this cor‑ respondence. No extant sources support Hosack’s claims about Williamson’s role, and the mode of conveyance to Franklin remains unclear (Hosack, Biographical Memoir, 50–1; Leonard W. Labaree and others, eds., The Papers of Benjamin Frank‑ lin [1959– ], 19:404–7n, 20:509n).

From Francis C. Whiston Dear sir Fredericksburg 12th July 1821 I am unable to decide whether it is a trait of catholic superstition, or something more laudable, that has produced in my mind a strong admiration of those great and important events, which appear like promontories in the history of the world, and a sacred veneration for those who have been conspicuous instruments in their accomplish‑ ment; but whatever may be the source of this principle the operation of it is So powerful as to be extended to the minutest circumstance or vestage that bears the most distant connexion to the object of its regard, Under the influence of such a propensity you will not think it strange that I have collected a number of mementoes, of ancient, and modern greatness; nor will you be so much surprised at the liberty I have taken in addressing you, since it is to solicit an addition to my little cabinet of curiosities, I had no doubt but what you had in your possession a great num‑ ber of letters written by Washington, Franklin, Adams, La Fayette, and others of your illustrious friends with whom you were associated during the memorable revolution which procured for us (your politi‑ cal Sons,) the liberty and happiness with which we are now blessed.  278 

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 If you should not consider it a waste of these precious reliques to intrust a few of them to the care of a private individual, you would by forwarding them to me confer a favour that would always be had in grateful remembrance. I Should have made this request a few weeks Since when I had the pleasure of a short interview with you, had I not been prevented by the fear that I was about to ask too much, and Should experience the mortification of a denial. With my ardent wishes that your declining days may be soothed by the benevolent hand of an almighty friend, and that your “end may be peace”   I have the honour to subscribe myself most respectfully Your Obt hbl servt Francis C. Whiston RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); at foot of text: “Th: Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

end may be peace probably derives from the biblical Psalm 37.37: “Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for the end of that man is peace.”

From Charles Yancey (1770–1857) My dear Sir, Buckingham July 12th 1821— The Court of this County have ordered the building of a new Court house, and appointed myself & others to draft a plan of the house and let the building of it; I am fully impressed with the importance of a good plan, & Very Sensible of my incompetency to draft one; and believing that you have devoted much of your Valuable time & re‑ flection to Subjects of Architecture, I have taken the liberty to tres‑ pass upon your time & talents (a Common Stock) which we all seem to have a right to draw upon, growing out of a long & useful life devoted both to publick & private good; to draft for us a plan of our Court house; as much in detail as will Comport with your Conve‑ nience which will be thankfully recived and I have no doubt will be adopted by all the Commissioners, and myself & many other of your freinds be afforded the opportunity of Saying we have built upon a plan presented by Mr Jefferson—It will be propper that I possess you of Some of our Veiws upon this Subject—the Size of the house we talk of from 48 to 52 feet Sqr the Walls of brick, two brick thick to the Water table & 1½ above, Covered with Slate, altitude of the walls 20 feet—a second floor in front of the Justices bench extending so far as will afford room on that floor for three Jury rooms, from the termi‑ nation of Which to have a gallery on each sid[e] wall extending on to about the lawyers bar—some think the Jury rooms ought to be under  279 

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the Justices bench, (to which I see an objection) the facility of Com‑ munication through the Windows with persons from without—some think the wall entire ought to be two brick thick, and that the founda‑ tion ought to be of Rock, some want the lower floor of plank others of 9 inch tile—I believe a majority are in favor of a Piazzar of 10 or 12 feet supported by Colums arched between—our population is about 20,000 souls & the immediate neighborhood around the Court house unusually populous & in the habit of attending Court which makes it necessary to have a Spacious Court house—please to direct to me War‑ minster P. office, and of as early date as may suit your Convenience— with Sentiments of high regard y r mo obt Charles Yancey RC (DLC); chipped at fold; with un‑ related calculations by TJ on address cover; addressed: “The honorable Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; endorsed by TJ as received 16 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Charles Yancey (1770–1857), planter and public official, was born in Louisa County and later moved to Buckingham County. He represented the latter county in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1796– 1801, 1810–13, and 1816–38, and he sat for Buckingham, Albemarle, Amherst,

and Fluvanna counties in the Senate of Virginia, 1801–05. During his lifetime Yancey was known as “the wheel‑horse of Democracy.” He was an active Free‑ mason and in 1850 owned real estate val‑ ued at $55,000 and ninety‑eight slaves (Alexander Brown, The Cabells and their Kin, 2d ed., rev. [1939; repr. 1994], 327–8; ViU: Yancey Papers; Leonard, General As‑ sembly; Marshall, Papers, 2:156–7; DNA: RG 29, CS, Buckingham Co., 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Charleston [S.C.] Mer‑ cury, 24 Apr. 1857).

From Fernagus De Gelone Sir. N. York Ju[l]y 1[3. 1821] I wish you a good health, and I expect that You have been well Since I had the honour to receive your last letter. Please to excuse me for my bad writing: I cut my right thumb through, in gardening. A Book of which You will find the title inside, arrived lately from England, I mean five or six days ago. I looked at it. There is but one copy in boards, fine paper, Celestial planisphere, tables of Loga‑ rithms. The volume is of from 500 to 600 pages. price $.7.= deduc‑ tion to a book‑seller, 20 per centum. As I always desire to please and to Serve you, even without any profit, You May have the book by writing directly to Mr Blunt Water Street, who will forwa[rd] it to you at once. however, he would charge you the full price. If you, Sir, desire to have the book, I will have the honour to Send it to you, the deduction taken off.1 the price on the back is 18 Shillings Sterling.  280 

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 Please to Send me your orders for any thing. Most Devoutedly Sir. Your most humble & obedient Servant fernagus De Gelone RC (MHi); dateline partially torn away; edge trimmed; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 13 July 1821 received five days later and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

A letter of 14 July 1821 from Gelone to TJ, not found, is recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived 22 July 1821 from New York. 1 Preceding two words interlined above an uncanceled “included.”

From James Gibbon Dr Sir Custom House Richmond July 13. 1821 I yesterday recd a letter of the 17t May covering a bill of loading to me, for a box of Books on board the Sh. Henry Clay from London, which Ship, tho arriv’d has not yet reported— The letter is from our Consul at London & requests I wou’d write you, for your directions1 This I find woud have been unecssary as Capt Peyton has been with me on the subject had2 the Consull transmitted an invoice at the same time, which it is not unlikely may have been enclos’d to you Shou’d this be the fact Sir, be pleas’d to send it to me by mail, as it will forbid the necssity of opening the package— Capt Peyton will forward it when it arrives—   Im Sir Mo respy Yr Ob. Sert J Gibbon Coll If the invoice shoud not be with you, it is quite probable we may find it in the top of the case—this you know Sir is an essentiall to the as‑ certaing the duty— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 27 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Albermarle County—Va”; franked; postmarked.

our consul: Thomas Aspinwall. The invoice Richard Rush transmitted to TJ is printed above as an enclosure to Rush’s letter of 22 May 1821. 1 Manuscript: 2 Gibbon

“diections.” here canceled: “Mr Rush.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello July 15. [13] 21. Your favor of the 5th covering the deed of trust came to hand on the 10th. instead of adding the paragraph to it, I thought it better to write the deed over again, to incorporate the substance [of]1 the paragraph  281 

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into it, and execute it anew. I did so, acknoleged it in our clerk’s of‑ fice, and now inclose it with a certificate that it is recorded. I have been exceedingly distressed by the unfortunate delay of my notes and the inconvenience you have been put to from that circum‑ stance. your letter of June 25. reminding me to send blanks, was not recd till July 2. (delayed I believe by the high waters) I wrote to you on Wednesday2 the 6th our next mail day inclosing a set of notes and power of attorney. this you ought [to] have recieved on Friday the 8th yet yours of the 9th informs me it was not at hand. but I trust you got it the day follo[w]ing when a 2d mail would be due. and I hope that short laps[e] was put to rights. I will hereafter send a set the 1st day of 3 every other month, and a month before hand, beginning the 1st of August. We have had a most unfortun[a]te4 harvest, 8. or 9.I. of rain hav‑ ing fallen in 12. days of the wheat harvest so that between fly rust and rain the loss will be great. ever & affectly yours. Th: J[efferson] PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Peyton to TJ, 11 June 1821; mis‑ dated; mutilated at seal; edge trimmed; signature faint; at foot of text: “Col. Pey‑ ton”; initially endorsed by TJ as a letter of 15 June 1821, then corrected first to 13 June and finally to 15 July 1821. Re‑ corded in SJL as a letter of 13 July 1821, with additional bracketed notation:

“deed.” Enclosure: TJ’s Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 11 July 1821. Other enclosure not found. 1

Word faint. Word interlined. 3 Preceding four words interlined. 4 Word faint. 2

From Maria Cosway My dear & most esteem’d friend London 15 July 1821 The Appearance of this letter will inform you I have been left a widow. Poor Mr Cosway was Suddenly taken by an Apopletic fit— And being the third proved his last. at the time we had hopes he would enjoy a few years—for he never had been So well & So happy— the change of Air was recond necessary for his health; I took a very Charming house & fitted it up handsome & Comfortable, with those pictures & things he liked most—all my thoughts & actions were for him—He had neglected his affairs very much and when I was obliged to take them in my hands was astonished, I took every means to am‑ melliorate them & had Succeded, at least for his Comforts. And my Consolation was his constantly repeating how well & how happy he was. We had an Auction of all his effects & house, in Stratford place,  282 

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which lasted two months, my fatigue has been excessive—the Sale did not produce as much as we expected, but enough to make him Com‑ fortable & free from embarassement, as he might have been if I had not acted accordingly—every body thought he was very rich, & I was astonished when put to the real knowledge of his Situation.—He made his will two years Ago & left me Sole executrice & Mistress of every thing. After having Settled every thing here & provided for three Cusins of Mr C. I shall retire from this bustling & insignificant world, to My favorite College at Lodi, as I always intended, where I can employ myself So happily in doing good.—I wish Monticello was not So farr! I would pay you a visit if it was ever So Much out of my way, but it is impossible— I long to hear from you—the remembrance of a person I so highly esteem & venerate, affords me the happiest Consolation & your Patriarcal Situation delights me—Such as I expected from you.— notwithstanding your indiference for a World you make one of the most distinguished members & ornament, I wish you may still enjoy many years & feel the happiness of a Nation which produces Such Caracters. I will write again before I leave this Country at this Moment in So boisterous an occupation as you must be inform’d of—& I will Send you my direction, I shall pass thro’ Paris & taulk of you with Madme de Corny, believe me ever your most aff te & obliged Maria Cosway P.S. I hope you will forgive the liberty I take of enclosing a letter for my Brother as I think it will be the more Safely deliverd to him— RC (MHi); addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqre Washington”; with Daniel Brent’s signed notation of 14 Sept. 1821 above address: “Recd at the Dept of State en‑ closed in a Letter from mr Rush,—& for‑ warded by your respectful, obedt servt”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. poor mr cosway: Richard Cosway died of a seizure on 4 July 1821 (ODNB).

England was probably unusually bois‑ terous as it prepared for the 19 July 1821 coronation of King George IV (ODNB; London Morning Post, 20 July 1821). On 26 Sept. 1821 TJ wrote George Hadfield (Maria Cosway’s brother) a letter, not found, recorded in SJL with the bracketed notation: “inclosg one from mrs Cosway.”

 283 

From James Gibbon Sir Richmond July 16. 1821 Mr Nolti, the genn who will present this is well introduc’d with the society of this place—being a forrigner he is1 anxious of paying his respects to Mr Jefferson on his way to the Springs— I do not know Sir that I ought to presume thus far—If I trespass on your known urbanity I must hope to be excus’d— Mr Nolti appears to be an intellgent Gentleman and his object, flattering to our country. tho not less to those who respect the char‑ acter of Mr Jefferson among whom permite me to subscribe myself most truly & respy Yr Obt Sert J Gibbon RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter from James “Gibbons” received 19 July 1821 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “Nolti”) in SJL.

1 Manuscript:

“forrigner his.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Richd 16 July 1821 Yours of the 15th Inst: reached me last evening covering the Deed of Trust, recorded as required by the Bank, & I have this morning carried it to the Presdt, to be laid before the Board, & filed in the Bank for their satisfaction, for myself, was as perfectly satisfied be‑ fore as now, but institutions of this sort must be indulged in their whims when one is in their power. I trust you know me better than to immagine for a moment I wished this course taken, or that I believed1 it could possibly be of any advantage to me, more than I enjoyed be‑ fore, I assure you such is not the case. Yours by the mail before the last, covering Blanks for the renewal of your notes at Bank, & Powers of Atty for each, was duely recd, & all has since been put to rights.—I regret that you should have been put to any inconvenience about it, & I should not have written you so often on the subject had I not feared my letters were detained on the way, or lost—   The plan you have adopted to prevent omissions for the future, I think is very well, as it places me in an awkward predicament I am very thankful for your views as to the mode of extricating myself, as far as possible, from the situation in which I am bro’t as security for Preston, or at all events, of moderating its rigour.   It  284 

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is a painful thing to have ones property jeopardised in an affair of this sort, but particularly so, when it is so illegally & unjustly done: I have letters from the first legal characters in every section of the common‑ wealth, pronouncing this the most unprecedented opinion that was ever pronounced in any country; but as you properly remark, the decision is made, & I have only to make the best of it, which I shall set about doing, & in the mode you suggest, which I am sure is the best. I feel flattered by the sympathy you and my friends generally ex‑ press, & hope still to merit, & receive the support & confidence of you all.—In the worst possible event, I do not despair of getting on in life, with youth, Health & a moderate degree of industry & perseverance on my side—   In haste, with sincere regard D. sir Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Patrick Gibson, 27 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 16 July.

TJ’s misdated letter to Peyton of the 15th inst: is printed above at 13 July 1821. 1

Preceding two words interlined.

From James Brown (of Charlottesville) D. sir Charlottesville July 17. 1821. Enclosed you have your Bond to F. Lewis, for which I received Payment in a drft Some time Since, the Bond would have been for‑ warded to you ere this, but it was not perfectly understood by Mr. J. Leitch what paper you wanted when your Servant applied to him for a paper. Yr. Obt Servt James Brown RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ; with ad‑ ditional notation by TJ beneath endorse‑ ment: “returng my note to Fieldg Lewis.” RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC

of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 7 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr. Thomas Jefferson Monticello.” Enclosure not found.

To James Gibbon Monticello July 17. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for your kindness in recieving the consign‑ ment and notifying the arrival of my books. the invoice had come to my hands a few days before in a letter from mr Rush our Minister at London. this I now inclose with the request to deliver the box to Colo  285 

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Peyton, who will be so kind as to pay the duty & other expences and forward them to me by waggon or boat whichever first occurs. with my thanks be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Tarlton Saunders to TJ, 9 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “Colo Gibbons”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Invoice of

Books from Lackington, Hughes & Com‑ pany, 14 Mar. 1821, printed above as en‑ closure to Richard Rush to TJ, 22 May 1821.

From Patrick Gibson Richmond 17th July 1821

18th

Yours of the May came to hand in due time, I replied to it a few days after & had a copy of your account made out; but found this morning to my surprize that owing to the negligence of my Clerk it had not been sent.1 Inclosed is a transcript of the Account balanced by $39.67 in your favor which is now subject to your order.—The Flour Market is at present brisk at $4 & I think when we consider the Shortness of the Crop of Wheat & the Injury it has sustained through‑ out the whole country we may fairly calculate that good flour will maintain this price, although from the large Supplies & limited de‑ mand in foreign Ports we cannot reasonably expect any considerable Rise.—I feel grateful to you for the Solicitude2 you express on account of my health; & am happy to inform you that I think myself now in a fair way of Recovery I am Yours with Esteem & Respect Patrick Gibson RC (DLC); entirely in a clerk’s hand; with enclosure on verso; endorsed by TJ as received 24 July 1821. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 9 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed in same clerk’s hand: “Mr Thos

Jefferson Monticello”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 19 July. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “Solicittude.”

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Patrick Gibson [ca. 17 July 1821] Account Sales of 160 Bbls Flour on acct of Mr T. Jefferson 1821 Feby 27 To Lewis Webb " " Lucke & Sizer March 1 " Ch. Palmer

15 Bbls @ $ 3⅜ S. f  62  "   "  " "  " 34  "   "  " "  "

 286 

$ 50.62 " 209.25 " 114.75

1 7 J U LY 1 8 2 1 April

13 " 19 23 30

" " " " "

Cash  do James Fisher Edmund Anderson A Sweeny

2  "   "  " 9  "   "  " 13  "   "  " 15  "   "  " 10  "   "  " 160

"  " 3⅜ Fine 3½ " "  " "  "

" " " " "

6.75 28.12 45.50 52.50 35.— $ 542.49

Charges Toll on 160 Bbls flour $16.67 Insp. on do $3.20 $ 19.87 Cooperage 1:60 Storage $20 " 21.60 Commn @ 2½ pr Ct on $542.49 " 13.56 55.03 Nt prds $ 487.46 1820 Septr 12 Novr

14

Jany

16

" March 20 " Octr

12

Decr

20

May

29

Dr Mr Thos Jefferson in Acct Current with Patrick Gibson Cr   1821 To Balance pr act Rend. May 29 By Nt Prds 160 bbls $262.72 Flour $487.46 " Cash pd disct on h/n $1240 " 13.23 "   " curtl on h/N 1240 $60   "   " disct do do 12.59 " 72.59 "   " Curt on do $1180 $55   "   " disct on do do 12 " 67.— "   " draye 25¢ frt 50cts Comn 50¢ " 1.25 "   " J. Wood frt on 62 Bbls @ 3/ " 31.— "   " Balance " 39.67 $487.46 $487.46 By balance   in h/favor $39.67 Errors Excepted  Patrick Gibson   pr George S Gibson

MS (DLC); written in George S. Gib‑ son’s hand on verso of covering letter; un‑ dated; endorsed by TJ: “Gibson Patrick Acct 1820. Sep. 12.–1820. [i.e. 1821] May 29.”

s. f: “superfine.” nt prds: “net pro‑ ceeds.” h/n: “his note.”

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From William H. Crawford Dear Sir. Washington. 18th July 1821 o os My friend Col Th F. Foster, intends to take Montecello in his way from this place to Georgia. Like the great body of American Citi‑ zens he is desirous of Paying his respects, to the man, who more than any one now living, has contributed to raise the Character of the American Republic. Any attentions which you may be able to shew him, will add to the many obligations conferred upon Dr Sir Your friend & most obt Servt Wm H Crawford RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 21 July 1821 “by mr Foster” and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James F. Dana, 9 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thos. Jefferson late President of the US Mon‑ tecello Albemarle Cty Virginia.” Thomas Flournoy Foster (1796–1848), attorney and public official, was born in Greensboro, Georgia, and studied at an academy there before attending Franklin College (later the University of Georgia), from which he graduated in 1812. He then studied law, first in Greensboro and then in 1816 under Tapping Reeve and James Gould in Litchfield, Connecticut. Foster was admitted to the bar that same year and established a practice in Greens‑ boro. In 1821 he visited TJ at Monticello. After serving in the Georgia House of

Representatives, 1822–25, Foster sat in the United States House of Represen‑ tatives, 1829–35. He moved permanently in 1835 to Columbus, Georgia, where he continued practicing law and was elected as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1841 to 1843. Foster was a trustee of Franklin College, 1836–45. He owned forty‑one slaves in 1840 (Stephen F. Miller, The Bench and Bar of Georgia: Memoirs and Sketches [1858], 2:51–62; The Litchfield Law School, 1784–1833 [1900], 17; Cata‑ logue of the Trustees, Officers, Alumni and Matriculates of the University of Geor‑ gia, at Athens, Georgia, from 1785 to 1906 [1906], 5, 18; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ga., Muscogee Co., Columbus, 1840; Wash‑ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 25 Sept. 1848; gravestone inscription in Lin‑ wood Cemetery, Columbus).

From William Maury Dear Sir Washington City 18 July 1821 Since I had the pleasure of seeing you, I have received from my Father letters, upon the subject of my letter to you from New Orleans in which he approves of the course I there adopted— But desires me to avoid any expression leading to an idea of his resigning “for, he adds, such an idea might possibly give birth to another: Viz that, from the Wear & Tear of years I ought to do so—”1 Now this idea I did give to you (his resignation) & for that I now trouble you with this letter— He will write to you on the subject—  288 

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 With great esteem I have the Honor to be Your most obedient servant William Maury RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Patrick Gibson, 30 Sept. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson &c. &c. &c. Monte‑cello Albemarle C y”;

franked; postmarked Washington, 19 July. 1 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied.

From Anonymous Sir Boston July 20th 1821 Excuse me of taking the liberty to send you one of the papers in‑ closed within concerning the African Abolition of Slave Trade RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter from “a person of col‑ our” concerning “toasts” received 29 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with unrelated calculations by TJ on verso.

James Madison received a similar let‑ ter in the same hand also dated 20 July 1821 and with an identical enclosure (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:366).

e n c l o s u r e

Anonymous Description of “Celebration of Freedom” by African Americans in Boston

ON Monday the Africans, and descendants of Africans, in this town, held their annual commemoration of the commencement of measures for the abo‑ lition of the Slave Trade. A respectable procession passed through many streets, (which were nearly as much thronged as they are on Election and Independent days, or as when President Monroe, and some of our Naval Worthies passed them in procession) to the African meeting‑house. The Rev. Hosea Ballou delivered the discourse this year. A dinner was served up in the African school‑house. The blessing was craved by the Rev. Thomas Paul and thanks returned by Mr. Samuel Snowden. Every thing was conducted with decency and order, and the company retired to their homes two hours before sunset. The following Toasts were given:—1 Wilberforce, Pitt, Fox, Clarkson, Grenville, Benezet, Woolman, Dickson, Marquis de la Fayette, Brissot, Claviere, Washington, Franklin, Adams, Hancock, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe—Names in the old and new world,

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2 0 J U LY 1 8 2 1 which Africans and descendants of Africans will long have reason to remember. The ever memorable vote for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807. which was carried in the House of Lords in the affirmative, 100 to 16 and in the Com‑ mons 286 to 16. The deed is registered in Heaven—the mandate is gone forth—Africa must and shall be free. Africa.—She is free—when a nation of Africans can vindicate their claims to mental equality in the community of civilized man. The late report of the Legislature of Massachusetts on the subject of “Free Blacks.” We wish the Gentlemen Committee a better acquaintance with us.—For our characters, we refer to the merchants of Long, Central, and India wharves, and to those citizens, in whose families many of us have lived a great number of years, and from all whom we derive support for ourselves, our wives and our little ones. The Orator of the day.—He has discoursed to us upon the principles of our Independence. May we at all times be found acting in accordance with them. The memory of Abiel Smith—Through his munificence, aided by the School Committee of the town of Boston, ample provision is made for our African Free School. His Excellency Gov. Brooks.—Long may he live to enjoy the gratitude of the people of this great State. His Honor Lt. Gov. Phillips—The charity meetings held in our African Church have witnessed, that his high station does not prevent him from worshiping at the same altar, and casting in of his abundance to the same box with Africans. The Christian Religion—It is shewn in its true spirit when Ministers of every denomination cheerfully take their turns to discourse to us upon the great events which terminated in breaking the fetters of slavery. Our Procession this day.—A proof of the good order of the inhabitants of the Head Quarters of correct principles. The Municipal Authorities of this ancient metropolis.—Able administrators of wise and wholesome regulations—may we never be found deficient in a due observance of them. The Laws of the Land.—As good subjects, may Africans strive to live peaceably with all men—render unto Cæsar the things which are Caesar’s and unto God the things which are God’s. The Report of the Committee on “Free Blacks.”—Africans may securely rest under their own vine and their own fig tree, when their cause is in the hands of that elegant, spirited, and Christian, “L’Ami des Noirs.” Boston, July 16th, 1821. Broadside (DLC: TJ Papers, 220: 39337). On 14 June 1821 a committee of the Massachusetts House of Representatives made a report to that body “concerning the admission into and residence in this state of Negroes and Mulattoes.” The re‑ port detailed legislation enacted in other states with regard to free blacks; articu‑

lated concern at the rapidly increasing free‑black population in Massachusetts; expressed fear that this increase in num‑ bers would result in more paupers and convicts, the collection in cities of “an indolent, disorderly and corrupt popula‑ tion,” and fewer jobs for white residents; and called for legislation in the ensuing session of the Massachusetts General Court to “protect this State from the bur‑

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2 1 J U LY 1 8 2 1 then of an expensive and injurious popu‑ lation” (Boston Daily Advertiser, 16 June 1821). The command by Jesus to render unto cæsar the things which are caesar’s and unto god the things which are god’s is in the Bible, Mat‑ thew 22.21, Mark 12.17, and Luke 20.25. The biblical reference to resting under their own vine and their own fig tree is from Micah 4.4. Under the signature of l’ami des noirs (“The Friend of the Blacks”), an anonymous writer rebutted the report of

the Massachusetts House of Representa‑ tives described above by criticizing the historic treatment of blacks in Massachu‑ setts, opposing the report’s assertions regarding the potential threat posed by a growing population of free blacks, and warning that if Massachusetts refused them entry, other nonslaveholding states might follow suit (Boston Daily Adver‑ tiser, 21, 22, 25 June 1821). 1 Remainder of text is in two columns separated by a vertical rule.

From James Gibbon Sir Colls office Richmond July 21. 1821 Having recd the invoice of the books, in examing which, and refer‑ ring to the law I am inducd, from the character of them as therein describ’d, to belive they are imported for the use of the university & if so, are exemted from duty   “specially imported for a seminary of learning,”1 is the language of the law— Shoud they not be for this object as Capt Peyton is not here, the moment they come up from the Ship, the package shall be safely for‑ warded—any expence in either case he will pay on his return— Im Very respt The invoice return’d RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter from James “Gibbons” received 26 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with addi‑ tional notation by TJ on verso: “5.75.” RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to J. F. Daniel Lobstein, 10 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Tho Jefferson Esqe Monticello Albemarle Cy Virga”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 21 July. Enclo‑ sure: enclosure to TJ to Gibbon, 17 July 1821.

“An Act to regulate the duties on im‑ ports and tonnage,” 27 Apr. 1816, placed a duty of 15 percent on all items not spe‑ cifically enumerated. Printed books were accordingly subjected to the tax, with the  exception that those specially im‑ ported for a seminary of learning were exempted (U.S. Statutes at Large, 3:310, 313). 1 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied.

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To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello July 21st1 21. The Visitors of the University of Virginia proposing to avail the institution of the authorisation of the act of the late General Assem‑ bly concerning the University, to borrow a further sum of 60..D. and preferring to obtain it from the President & Directors of the Literary fund, have directed me to make application to them accord‑ ingly. and understanding that there is at present a sum of thirty thou‑ sand Dollars at their disposal, I tender to them a bond for that sum which I request them to lend to the university. the bond is drawn as nearly conformable with those formerly given as the difference of the two cases would admit. the law permitting a postponement of the in‑ stalments of the former debts of 40.. and 20..D. without limiting the time, and leaving indefinite also the term of the present loan. the condition of the bond does the same; because, at this moment we are not able to say exactly when the annuity will have cleared itself of the expence of the buildings. our Proctor is now engaged in bringing up the settlement of disbursements & debts and we count with confidence that this will be effected in time to enable us to ascertain the epoch at which we shall be able to commence instalments, before the meeting of the next legislature. I pray you to tender to the board, & to accept yourself the assurance of my great respect & consideration Th: Jefferson RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excellency Governor Randolph Richmond”; franked; endorsed by Randolph as received 7 July 1821, probably a mistake for 27 July. PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of John Taliaferro to TJ, 4 June 1821; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as a letter of “July 21. 21.”

1821, with date and figures following those of the extant 2d Dft of that docu‑ ment before TJ reworked them in re‑ sponse to the refusal of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund to loan the University of Virginia more than $29,100 at this time (Randolph to TJ, 31 July 1821).

The bond enclosed here was likely a missing text of the Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors of 3 Aug.

1 Reworked separately from “14” in RC and PoC, with superscripted “st” omitted in PoC.

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Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs [before 21 July 1821]

   Application of the funds.

Funds of the University 1820. D Apr. 1. 1st loan 40,000 Apr. Debts 10,000. Oct. do 20,000 Dec. 31. To compleat the 7. Pavilions & 31. Domitories first built 18,000. Caps & bases of 60 Tuscan & 6. Doric columns 766. the 1st half for the 3. pavilions & 24. Dormitors begun this year. 13,800. the 1st half for the 3. Hotels & 25. Dormits begun this year. 9,500. d 2 Payment to Dr Cooper 750. Residuary exps of this year, Bursar, Proctor, laborers, contingencies 3,500. Interest on the 1st loan 2,000.  Balance remaining on hand 1,684. 60,000 60,000. 1821. 1821. Jan. 1. Balance 1,684 Apr.  1. 17. Marble capitels from Italy. cost Annuity 15,000 1632 D freight 152 D 1,784. Oct. 1. 2d loan 60,000 Dec. 31. 2d half of the 3. Pavils & 24. Dorms begun last year 13,800. 2d half of the 3. Hotels & 25. Dorms begun last year 9,500. Caps & Bases of 60. Tuscan columns 697. Caps & Bases of 21. Doric do & Bases of 17. Ion. & Corinthn do 1218 ⎪⎫ 291 ⎪⎪ 1,701. 192 ⎭ 3. Hotels & 25 Dorms on West street to be built this year 19,000. Library. walls & terrasses 1,050,000.1 bricks & stone work 14,452. Residuary expences of this year 3,500.  293 

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Interest on 120,000.D. Balance remaining on hand

4,500. 7,750. 76,684.

76,684. 1822. 1822. Jan. 1. Balance 7,750 Jan.   1. Library. 10 Marble D Annuity 15,000  capitels. cost 316.302 freight 32 each. 4,876. Arrears 3,897  8. half do 158.15 16 Dec. 31. roof, windows, doors,  floors, stairs, bases 10,871. Walls of backyards, Necessaries, gardens. 100,000. bricks 1,200. Residuary expences of this year 2,500. Interest on 120,000. D 7,200. 26,647 26,647. 1823. 1823. Jan. 1. Annuity 15,000 Jan.   1. Balance in arrear. 3,897. 1824. Dec. 31. Library. Interior 13,476. Jan. 1. Annuity 15,000 Residuary expences of this year 2,500. Interest on 120,000 7,200. leaves surplus 2.927 +  30,000. 27,073. Subscriptions due Oct. 2. 1820. 24,877. MS (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated, with conjectural date based in part on TJ’s apparently revised plan to request a $30,000 loan from the Literary Fund on 21 July 1821, rather than the $60,000 loan budgeted here for receipt on 1 Oct. 1821. On this document’s verso TJ detailed a schedule for repayment of $120,000 in loans from the Literary Fund to the Uni‑ versity of Virginia at 6 percent interest, calculating that with annual payments of $12,500 beginning on 1 Jan. 1825, the debt could be extinguished with a final payment of $9,138 on 1 Jan. 1839 (MS

in ViU: TJP; entirely in TJ’s hand; un‑ dated). 1 Above this number TJ erased an il‑ legible number followed by “bricks.” 2 Reflecting new estimates for the cost of stone carving in Italy that TJ received on 1 Oct. 1821 in a 7 July 1821 letter from Thomas Appleton, above this number TJ added “530.” He similarly revised the total in the final column to “(8048),” and in the line below he inserted “280” above “158.15.”

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To Thomas Sumter Dear Sir Monticello. July 23. 21. Your favor of the 4th of July loitered long on the road, which has delayed till now it’s acknolegement. I sincerely congratulate you on your safe return to your own country, and that you have escaped the dangers to health which great changes of climate sometimes pro‑ duc[e.] I think it possible too that dangers of another character may threaten Rio Janeiro for awhile: for I suppose the departure of the king may become the signal for those scenes of violence which con‑ stitute the commencement and course of revolution in countries not prepared [for] self‑government.   I thank you for the box of the minerals of that country, which I accept for our University. the build‑ ings of this institution will be compleated in the course of this sum‑ mer and winter; and it will be opened as soon after as the liberality of our legislature shall authorize. with the box of specimens I will trans‑ fer to that institution the duty of a return in kind, to which mr Olfers is justly entitled. if mr Adams will have the goodness to have the box delivered to my friend John Barnes of George town, he will forward it to me. By a gentleman from S. Carolina I lately learned with great [. . .] that your father’s health and activity continue wonderfully firm for his age.1 be so good as to assure him of my constant and affectionate friend‑ ship and continued sense of the valued services, in peace as in war which he has rendered to our country, and my prayers that his life may be prolonged in health to as late a term as he shall wish.   I should have been happy to have recieved yourself and family at Mon‑ ticello. but I have travelled too much myself not to know the inconve‑ nience of deviations on a long journey, and the exchange of a level for a hilly road. I pray you to be assured of my great esteem and high consideration. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 31 May 1821; portions faint; at foot of text: “Thomas Sumpter esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Thomas Sumter (1768–1840), planter and public official, was the son of TJ’s ac‑ quaintance, the Revolutionary War mili‑ tia general Thomas Sumter (1734–1832). Born in Stateburg, South Carolina, he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives, 1794–95. In 1801 TJ ap‑ pointed Sumter secretary to the United States legation in Paris, a position he held

until resigning the following year. He then worked as James Monroe’s secretary in London in the latter part of 1803 before returning home to South Carolina. Sum‑ ter was lieutenant governor of that state for one two‑year term starting late in 1804. TJ appointed him a lieutenant col‑ onel of light artillery early in 1809, and later that year President James Madison named Sumter the United States min‑ ister plenipotentiary to the Portuguese court, then based in Rio de Janeiro. He remained in that position until 1819, after which he retired from public life. In 1840

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2 3 J U LY 1 8 2 1 Sumter owned seventy‑six slaves. He died in Stateburg (BDSCHR, 4:546–7; PTJ, 33:440–1, 624–5; JEP, 1:401, 405, 2:93, 94, 119 [6 Jan., 1 Feb. 1802, 7, 9 Jan., 6, 7 Mar. 1809]; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 3:228–9, 590–3, 5:231, 564; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:66–7; DNA: RG 29, CS, S.C., Sumter Co., 1830, 1840; Robert L. Meriwether, W. Edwin Hemphill, Clyde N. Wilson, and others, eds., The Papers of John C. Calhoun [1959–2003], 12:169, 183–5, 188; Wash‑ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 23 June 1840; Sumter Co. Will Book, D2:7–8; gravestone inscription in Thomas Sumter Memorial Park, Sumter Co.). Sumter’s favor of 4 July 1821 is re‑ corded in SJL as received 14 July from Washington, D.C. While the letter is otherwise unlocated, its address cover (addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr

Monticello State of Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 10 July) was reused for the PoC of TJ to Thomas Eston Randolph, 26 Sept. 1822, which is on verso. The departure of John VI and his court from Rio de Janeiro to Portugal in 1821 marked the end of thirteen years that they were based in Brazil (Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles: Empire, Mon‑ archy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821 [2001]). Ignaz von olfers became the secretary of lega‑ tion and physician at the Prussian mis‑ sion in Rio de Janeiro in 1818 (Walther Killy and Rudolf Vierhaus, eds., Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie [1995–2003], 7:487). 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

To Charles Yancey (1770–1857) Dear Sir Monticello July 23. 21. I duly recieved your favor of the 12th and chearfully undertook a compliance with your request. I now inclose the drawings you de‑ sired. every thing proposed in them is in the plainest style, and will be cheap altho’ requiring skill in the workmanship. without this it will be rendered barbarous in the execution. of one truth I have had great experience that ignorant workmen are always dearest. I can‑ not therefore but recommend to you to get the work undertaken by some of the workmen of our University: better work, or more faith‑ ful, in brick or wood, was never seen any where and our prices are reduced as low as they can live by. considering the Philadelphia printed price‑book as the result of long competitions between work‑ men and employers, we notified, after the 1st year of our work, that these were the prices we should be governed by. our own workm[en] refused at first to undertake for less than from 15. to 40. percent on the Phi[ladelp]hia prices, because they had always had that extrava‑ gant set of prices. we therefor[e] procured workmen from Philadel‑ phia, who undertook readily at the printed prices: and all our work, since the 1st year has been executed according to them, by which we have certainly saved 25. percent. for brickwork of the very best kind we give 10.D. the  out and out, not allowing a sammel brick or a  296 

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ba[t] but where necessary, to be used, and grouting every course. these people will do your work understandingly, faithfully and quickly, and give you no trouble. indeed I would wish you to take a ride here; and I will with pleasure go with you to the University, and have every thing laid open to your information. there you may see and judge for yourself of these workmen & their work, and get valuable insight as to the work you are to contract for, and make your contrac[t] in a word by reference to the book for all prices, without higling or [a]lterca‑ tion1 either at the time of bargaining, or settling. you will see an establishmen[t] than which no country can shew a more beautiful one, nor one more economically executed. it’s whole expence when compleat may go to 200, or 220..D. I have heard that the Rich‑ mond court house has cost that sum. theirs is a single house; our’s is a town. You will see that my plan of your Court house goes a little beyond the dimensions you proposed, but that not a single foot can be taken from it without injuring the convenience. if a good foundation can be got at the depth of 2.f. then the height from the bottom of that to the watertable will be 5.f. and making it so far 2. bricks thick, and a brick and a half upwards, the whole building, columns & all, will take 140,212. bricks accurately calculated and deducting openings. the walls then will cost 1402.D. and the rest of the work finished in the best manner, will according to the common rule of estimating cost the double of that, making a whole cost of 4206.D. out and out, or 42. cents a tythe i[n the?] county levy, supposing you have 10.. tythes. Yo[u will?] want 4. pr. of stone caps & bases for your columns. if you have good stone con[venient?] you can get a stone cutter here. if no stone convenient, they can be cut h[ere and?] [s]ent round by water to your nearest landing. the whole 4. pair will weigh about 7200 ℔, or one boat load. I would advise you to cover with tin in‑ stead of shingles. it is the lightest, & most durable cover in the world. we know that it will last 100. years, & how much more we do not know. the tin & putting on costs 15.D. a square, and we were asked here 10.D. a square for heart pine shingling. all our buildings except one are covered with tin. your roof will be about 37. or 38. squares. I shall go to Bedford about the 8th of August, and wish you could come before that: if a later visit will be more convenient, my absence will be of a fortnight only, but my return will be to stay but a few days at home. I could write you notice from Lynchburg of my return and stay, but the surest would be for you to come before my departure. it  297 

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is but a morning’s ride from Warminster to Monticello, where I will hope to see you. I salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; torn at seal, with some missing text rewritten by TJ; at foot of first page: “Colo Charles Yancey”; endorsed by TJ. The drawings that TJ drafted at Yancey’s request for the Buckingham County courthouse were subsequently shared by Yancey with Henry Carrington and used in the construction of the Char‑ lotte County courthouse. While this plan has not been found, it probably was based in whole or in part on an extant drawing by TJ to which the Charlotte County structure shows striking similarities. In 1869 a fire destroyed the Buckingham County courthouse largely built accord‑ ing to TJ’s design (TJ’s undated plan for a courthouse [MS in MHi; Nichols, Ar‑ chitectural Drawings, 34 (nos. 23–4)]; William H. Cabell to TJ, 28 Dec. 1821; Delos Hughes, “The Charlotte County Courthouse: Attribution and Misattribu‑ tion in Jefferson Studies,” Arris: Journal of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians 4 [1993]: 8–18; Craig A. Reynolds, “‘Presenting to Them

Models for Their Imitation’: Thomas Jef‑ ferson’s Reform of American Architec‑ ture,” in Robert M. S. McDonald, ed., Light and Liberty: Thomas Jefferson and the Power of Knowledge [2012], 158–86). The philadelphia printed price‑ book used to set wages for workmen constructing the University of Virginia was The House Carpenters’ Book of Prices, and Rules for measuring and valuing all their different kinds of work (Philadelphia, 1812; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 243]). Nelson Barksdale, the university’s former proctor, and TJ notified the public that this publication would be used to value work in their Advertisement for Workmen for the University of Virginia, [by 3 Mar. 1819]. sammel (also samel, sammen, or salmon) bricks are soft due to underheat‑ ing in the kiln. A bat (brickbat) is a brick fragment “occasionally inserted into walls as closers or as makeups” (Carl R. Lounsbury, ed., An Illustrated Glossary of Early Southern Architecture and Land‑ scape [1994; repr. 1999], 48, 49; OED). 1

Word faint.

To Leonard M. Parker Sir Monticello July 24. 21. I thank you for the oration of mr Willard, which you have been so kind as to send me, and I recieve it with particular sensibility from the hand of a connection of the late judge Lincoln whom I loved in life, and honor after death. I have read the oration with great satisfac‑ tion: and it is a comfort to me when I find the sound principles of the revolution cherished and avowed by the rising generation. while those prevail which are expressed by mr Willard1 we have nothing to fear for our happy institutions. I am particularly sensible of the partial sentiments which mr Loring has been so kind as to express towards myself. I cannot flatter myself however that they harmonised with all those of a mixed audience. it was my fortune or fate to be placed at the head of the column which first entered the breach in the walls of  298 

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federalism, and I have perhaps no right to expect an entire ob[liv]ion of past feelings. I hope they will lessen with time, and in the mean while I am particularly thankful for the app[rob]ation of those who view my conduct more favorably. accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of William Beach Lawrence to TJ, 30 May 1821; mutilated; at foot of text: “Mr Leonard M. Parker”; endorsed by TJ. Printed in Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot, 4 Aug. 1821, and else‑ where, with introductory note stating that “We have through the politeness of Hon.

Leonard M. Parker, been enabled to present our readers with the following copy of a letter addressed to him from the distinguished patriot and republican, THOMAS JEFFERSON.” 1

Manuscript: “Willart.”

From John Taylor Dear Sir Caroline July 24. 1821 When I first wrote to you on the private subject, I supposed that Colo Nicholas had left at least one young son, and that it would be better to pay $125 annually towards his education, than a larger sum at once. Upon learning from you the state of the family, it now seems to me that $500 contributed at once, will probably do them more good than the four annual advances. In a former letter you intimated that the money would not be wanted before the fall, wherefore some little time has been lost in collecting it, and sending to Fredericks‑ burg for the inclosed check, for five hundred dollars. Be pleased to inform me of its safe arrival, that I may save myself the trouble of taking such measures as an ignorance of this would soon suggest. Accept Sir my thanks for the trouble you have been so good as to take in this business, and believe me to be with the highest senti‑ ments of respect and esteem, Sir, Your mo: obt St John Taylor RC (NHi: American Historical Man‑ uscript Collection); endorsed by TJ as received 29 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Benjamin Water‑

house, 15 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson esqr Monticello Albe‑ marle”; stamped; postmarked Port Royal, 24 July 1821. Enclosure not found.

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To Francis C. Whiston Sir Monticello July 24. 21. Your favor of the 12th is just now come to hand. my written corre‑ spondence with Genl Washington, Dr Franklin, mr Adams while as‑ sociated in public service, was very inconsiderable; because, acting mostly together, our communications were verbal and rarely written. independant of this, I am sure you will excuse me for candidly ex‑ pressing a scruple which I should feel in a compliance with your re‑ quest. I consider a letter as a trust from one friend to another, and that it is a breach of that trust to communicate it without the consent of the writer. in writing letters commonly, in the confidence and care‑ lessness of friendship we are not on our guard, as if writing for the public, or for any other than our friend. we hazard therefore expres‑ sions and observations, with which we trust him in confidence they will go no further. I have been often made to feel painfully by the breaches of confidence as to my own letters; and what I have thought wrong towards myself, I ought not to do in the case of another. these considerations will I hope justify me for excusing myself on this oc‑ casion, the less important to you, as what I possess of that kind is less considerable. I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Joseph Rubinfine, West Palm Beach, Fla., 2006); at foot of text: “Mr Whis‑ ton.” PoC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ.

From “The Ghost of Franklin” New York. July. 25th 1821

Mr Jefferson—will be happy to learn that great progress is making here in gettg suitable (not Tracts and Bibles) books for each Ship & Vessel.— we are patronized by the wise and patriotic,—we are gettg up an extensive Library for the Forecastle of the Franklin (74) which Ship is getting ready for a 4 Years cruise—how delighted we should be to [have]1 a single Volume from ‘Monticello’—it will reach here in time & would be the means of getting us here hundreds of Books— most respecty Your obt Sert the “Ghost of Franklin” P.S. Your Young Friend.—the Son of your true Friend2 James Maury, left here for Boston this morng—3  300 

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The writer who has known that man of Ross your real Friend James Maury+ is deeply interested in turning our monkeys (Seamen) into men.—he prays for 1. Volm in your Name & then he will offer prayers daily that the Virga Legislature may vote a suitable donation to com‑ pleat4 your ‘last but greatest glory.’—the University.—our Young Men are waiting to enter it. ‘Franklins Ghost.’ *

Mr Adams Mr. Jefferson Mr Maddison and Mr. Munroe—are written to upon this Subject—we hope to get a Cabin & Fore Castle Library for each Ship in the Navy (+for 23 Years) RC (DLC); conjoined with enclosure; addressed: “To His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 26 July; endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter “of the Navy” dated 25 July 1821 and received 3 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. After the “Committee for the distribu‑ tion of books to seamen” gave them “One hundred and fifty volumes of Voyages, Travels, History, Geography and Navi‑ gation,” the crew of the seventy‑four gun USS franklin requested that a dollar from the pay of each sailor be devoted to the further improvement of their ship’s library (New‑York Evening Post, 2 Aug. 1821).

In his writings Alexander Pope de‑ scribed John Kyrle (1637–1724), also known as the man of ross, as a model of philanthropy (ODNB). John adams was sent the same enclo‑ sure in a 22 July covering letter in the same hand as this but signed by “Nep‑ tune” (MHi: Adams Papers). Adams di‑ rected his response of 30 July 1821 to “‘Neptune’ at Wiley & Halsteads” (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). 1 Word editorially supplied in place of redundant “a.” 2 Manuscript: “Frind.” 3 Remainder on verso of address cover. 4 Manuscript: “compteat.”

e n c l o s u r e

Wiley & Halsted’s Circular Soliciting Books for Seamen sIr, [ca. 22 July 1821] a GEntlEman who has done as much as you have in the cause of humanity, need only be informed that an exertion is making to better the condition of Seamen; to effect which purpose, it is intended to furnish each Ship on going to Sea, with 10 to 25 volumes of History, Voyages, Travels, Geography, Naviga‑ tion, and Moral and Religious works. They shall be distributed faithfully, and each Captain will give his receipt that they shall be kept in safety, and for the sole use of the Crews. The smallest volumes, either Old or New, received with thanks, at WILEY & HALSTEAD’S,

 No. 3 Wall‑Street.  301 

2 5 J U LY 1 8 2 1  Printed circular (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39344); conjoined with covering let‑ ter; undated; underscoring added by hand. Wiley & Halsted was a bookselling firm in New York City that commenced opera‑ tion in 1819 and dissolved three years later. It consisted of partners Charles Wiley (ca. 1782–1826) and Oliver Hal‑ sted (1786–1857). A native of New York City, Wiley was employed as a printer there by 1807. He worked both alone and in partnerships as a printer and book‑ seller, including participation in the Frank‑ lin Company in 1810, Van Winkle & Wiley, 1814–17, and Charles Wiley & Company, 1818–19. Early in the 1820s Wiley published five of James Fenimore Cooper’s novels. Halsted was born in New Jersey. Soon after the dissolution of Wiley & Halsted he was imprisoned for debt in Newark, New Jersey. Halsted continued operating bookstores in New York City until the final year of his life, specializing in works on law. Between about 1834 and 1841 he was a partner in the bookselling firm of Halsted & Voor‑ hies. Despite his apparent lack of formal medical training, Halsted also published his personal treatment for dyspepsia in 1830 and treated patients seeking a cure for the condition. In 1844 he received a patent for “a machine for giving Exercise to Dyspeptics and other Invalids.” Six years later Halsted listed his profession as “physician.” He moved permanently in about 1853 to Morristown, New Jersey (Longworth’s New York Directory [1807]: 468; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., Flatbush, 1810, New York, 1820, 1850; John Ham‑

mond Moore, Wiley: One Hundred and Seventy Five Years of Publishing [1982]; George L. McKay, comp., A Register of Artists, Engravers, Booksellers, Bookbind‑ ers, Printers & Publishers in New York City, 1633–1820 [1942], 33, 74, 77; Sid‑ ney F. Huttner and Elizabeth Stege Huttner, comps., A Register of Artists, En‑ gravers, Booksellers, Bookbinders, Printers & Publishers in New York City, 1821–42 [1993], 105, 245; Descendants of Rebecca Ogden, 1729–1806, and Caleb Halsted, 1721–1784 [(1907)], 3, 12–3; New York Commercial Advertiser, 16 Sept. 1817; New‑York Evening Post, 19 Apr. 1820; New York National Advocate, 2 Aug. 1822; Newark Centinel of Freedom, 1 Oct. 1822; New‑York American, 10 Jan., 24 Mar. 1826; Halsted, A Full and Accu‑ rate Account of the New Method of Curing Dyspepsia, Discovered and Practised by O. Halsted [1830]; Journal of the Frank‑ lin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and American Repertory, 3d ser., 8 [1844]: 303; Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 32 [1845]: 258–9; The New‑York City Directory, for 1853–1854 [(1853)], 281; H. Wilson, comp., Trow’s New‑York City Directory for 1854–55 [(1854)], 317; Wilson, comp., Trow’s New York City Di‑ rectory. For the Year Ending May 1, 1857 [(1856)], 348; New York Evening Post, 25 July 1857). Wiley & Halsted had recently an‑ nounced that “Donations from the opulent continue to be received in Books or Cash” at their store for the benefit of “Sailor’s Floating Libraries” (New‑York Evening Post, 24 July 1821).

To Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Monticello July 26. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of the 17th and the account stating a balance in my favor of 39.67 and am glad to learn the rise in the price of flour. this is the more important as the quantity will be less & the quality worse. there will not be half a crop made in this part of the country. I mentioned to you in a former letter that I had commit‑ ted all my plantations to the management of my grandson, finding  302 

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myse[lf] quite unequal to that business. Capt Peyton had always been his correspondent and he finds it more convenient to do all his busi‑ ness thro’ a single hand. I mention this to shew that the change has not proceeded from any change of confidence or of friendship to your‑ self. these are undiminished: but that I have no longer any business of that kind to do. I write by this mail to mr Andrew Smith for some Roman cement, which will amount to about the balance abovemen‑ tioned, which I will therefore request you to pay to him, and I have desired him to apply for it.1 I learn with great pleasure that your health is improving. I hope it will continue to do so, and beg you to be assured of my friendly and continued attachment and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 22 May 1821; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Gibson”; endorsed by TJ.

my grandson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

To Andrew Smith Dear Sir Monticello July 26. 21. Mr Brockenbrough informs me you have just recieved a supply of Roman cement from London. be so good as to deliver 4. barrels of it to Colo Peyton, who will forward it to me by the Milton boats. mr Gibson has in his hands a balance of 39.67 D which I have by this day’s mail requested him to pay to you on your calling for i[t] which I pray you to do. whatever this may be more or less than the cost of the cement may stand in account betwee[n] us, as I shall probably have other calls for glass & cement. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad‑ dress cover to TJ; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Andrew Smith”; endorsed by TJ.

In a letter dated 17 July 1821, Smith had informed Arthur S. Brockenbrough, the proctor of the University of Virginia, that he had recieved a supply of fifty casks of Roman cement from the manu‑ facturers in London (RC in ViU: PP).

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From Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir, Richmond July 27. 1821 When I arrived in Richmond one of the three Directors of the Lit‑ erary Fund, Mr Pendleton the Senior Councillor, was absent. He ar‑ rived on Tuesday night, and on Wednesday morning early, another of them, Mr Daniel, went away. As soon as he returns a Board shall be convened, and the fullfillment of the intention of the Legislature with regard to the loan to the University will take place, as far as present circumstances will admit, without any doubt. The tale of an old Woman about a plot of the Slaves in this place, which occupied the Council in my absence, is so contemptibly absurd that I could not take serious notice of it. An old Woman and her son, a young Man, were in a covered Market Cart, at the Market‑House, waiting for morning. The former made affidavit that she overheard a White man and a Negroe who were talking in secret about a Con‑ spiracy of the slaves to recover their Freedom; which the White man said, not that they ought to have, but that they had a right to. The Negro talked of the number of his company, and something was said about a signal by blowing a Horn &c. The young man, in the morn‑ ing, after the Negro had been pointed out to him by his Mother, who thought she knew him allthough the night had been dark, overheard a remark that such a White Man was a good General. He acknowl‑ edged that he was sound asleep all night, in the Cart with his Mother, whose alarm did not, in many hours, prompt her to wake him. she very plainly swore to her dreams. such stuff, and the little passions which sway most of the Body I have to act with render the duties I have to perform as disgusting as they are insignificant. That there should be little business, and that trifling in itself, is perhaps not a bad sign for the state; but such an occupation cannot have more dig‑ nity in it than that of a farmer. Wheat is bought here eagerly at 80 Cents for 60 lbs; the Win‑ chester bushel weighs from 51 to 56 lbs only, this year. yet the Flour made is wholesome and not too dark coloured. As any of our farms, with 10 hands, might yield 3000 bushels on an average, and one thousand pounds of Tobacco each hand, with good management, 300$ clear for each hand might still be made in albemarle. From the Forest and the Pastures much might be annually drawn at the same time, to defray expences of cultivation distinct from labour. My opin‑ ion is unchanged that agriculture is the best employment for young men. The Bar is a scene of perpetual rivalry, and engenders the ha‑ bitual desire of obtaining advantages over others, of gaining petty  304 

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triumphs; which too often render the mind malignant and disingenu‑ ous. The vanity allways engendered by publick speaking gives a satis‑ fied Air, which looks like happiness, and may be in fact, if secured by real ignorance. But continually increasing knowledge is indispensible both for the happiness and dignity of Man. Those who believe it to consist in the ready use of forms, and in fluency of speech, as most Lawyers do, have never had a sound view on the subject. My aver‑ sion to have either of my Sons brought up to the Bar increases upon better acquaintance with the Profession and Practitioners. I should prefer their being Mechanics. There is no possibility of divesting Medicine of Charlatanism and living by it nevertheless. Before James comes of age I hope to be able to sell out in Henrico. I should then buy back from Jefferson the share he has in Edgehill and give it to James. But in the mean time I am full of anxiety about him. Living in the midst of idle slaves the social instinct is the whole of life. Soli‑ tude without labour might give birth to curiosity; and the disposition to pry into the secrets of Nature, to peep into the immoral temple of Human Knowledge, would soon become a fixed habit, to last through life. To have the Doors opened, one after another, and be conducted by able Guides through all the various apartments, is undoubtedly far better. And that the university would give, at once. But will the Legislature give the University? They have given the “Materiel” in a very niggardly manner. The “Personnel” is yet to be provided. ava‑ rice, which contemplates with pleasure a useless hoard even when belonging to the Publick, sways no small number; an eager desire to have the Funds destined to promote Learning thrown out to be scram‑ bled for, govern all concerned in the Seminaries of middle Grade; local jealousy prevails with great numbers; an interest in perpetuating ignorance to secure the benefits derived from cherishing Supersti‑ tion; a desire in those who have not been educated, and yet have be‑ come conspicuous to keep learning out of their walks in life, and out of repute in their circles. Against such a Host of Influences what have we to oppose. Reason can scarcely ever be brought up in any contest untill the day is decided. Sentiments of Rivalry of New England, which has so far outstriped us as to ridicule our laggard situation, seems to be the strongest motive we have on our side. No time should be lost in propagating, diffusing, strengthening it, and applauding the manifestations of it under every appearance they may assume. with most sincere attachment Th M. Randolph RC (ViU: TJP‑ER); addressed: “Thom‑ as Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 29 July 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 When it met on 20 July 1821, the Vir‑ ginia Council of State discussed the affi‑ davits of Frances McDougle and her son

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2 7 J U LY 1 8 2 1 Edmund McDougle concerning an al‑ leged plot of the slaves in Richmond led by a slave thought to be named Dan‑ dridge Gilbert. It advised Lieutenant Governor Peter V. Daniel to take what‑ ever measures he thought necessary to obtain the assistance of the Richmond police in investigating the supposed in‑

surrection and stipulated that agents re‑ cruited by the police could expect reason‑ able compensation from the state (Vi: RG 75, Journals of the Council of State). The standards of winchester measure were originally deposited in the English city of that name (OED). jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

Notes on Early Career (the so‑called “Autobiography”) E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

Between 6 Jan. and 29 July 1821, Jefferson overcame his oft‑expressed aversion to writing about himself and produced his longest description of his life. In just over 32,000 words, he covered the period from his birth in 1743 until his arrival in New York in 1790 to take up his duties as secretary of state. Following brief accounts of his parentage, education, and marriage, Jefferson devoted most of his attention to his public life—especially his role in the revolutionary movement, his time in the Continental Congress, his legislative contributions while sitting in the Virginia House of Delegates, and his years in France. He based it largely on, and in some cases copied liberally from, notes and letters he had written at the time of the incidents described. For example, in his detailed portrayal of the early days of the French Revolution, Jefferson made extensive use of letters he wrote to Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay during the summer of 1789. Although historians have mined the work for specific statements of fact and portrayals of events, they have often been disappointed by its lack of introspection and personally revealing anecdotes. This negative reaction is somewhat unfair, as it was never Jefferson’s intention to bare his soul, but simply to create “some memoranda . . . for my own more ready reference & for the informn of my family.” This disclaimer notwithstanding, what he did produce is both interesting and valuable. Jefferson’s reminiscences detail his activities during and reflections on the years leading up to and immediately following American independence and contain flashes of insightful eloquence, shrewd word portraits of his contemporaries, and penetrating discussions of the important issues of his day. Jefferson’s memoir has been published in each of the four previous edi‑ tions of his papers, starting with that produced by his grandson Thomas Jef‑ ferson Randolph in 1829, in innumerable selections of his writings, and in a few stand‑alone editions. Full or partial translations have also appeared in Chinese, Hungarian, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and other languages. Despite the proliferation of versions, none are fully reliable and a number of critical questions remain unanswered. As Jefferson himself gave it no title, what should it be called? His grand‑ son described it as a “Memoir.” In the 1850s Henry A. Washington became the first to refer to it as the “Autobiography,” and subsequent editors have

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EDITORIAL NOTE generally followed his lead. The use of that word, however, promises too much and has influenced the way people think about the work. Calling it Jefferson’s notes on his early career is more accurate and less open to misconstruction. Why did Jefferson set aside his scruples about writing about himself and take up the project in 1821? He had long proclaimed his disinterest in doing so. In 1809, for example, Jefferson wrote Skelton Jones that “nothing could be more repugnant to my feelings” than “writing the history of my whole life,” and he told Joseph Delaplaine in 1816 that “to become my own biogra‑ pher is the last thing in the world I would undertake.” By contrast, during his retirement Jefferson had willingly supplied other writers with biograph‑ ical material about people he had known and with whom he had worked. Over the preceding decade he wrote to Walter Jones about President George Washington; Paul Allen about the explorer Meriwether Lewis; William Wirt about the famed orator Patrick Henry; Peyton Randolph (d. 1828) about his uncle, the Virginia revolutionary of the same name; and John Sanderson about Jefferson’s mentor, friend, and colleague George Wythe. Perhaps these activities lessened Jefferson’s resistance to writing about himself. In addi‑ tion, he had tried and failed to get someone to write an American history to counter what he regarded as the Federalist bias in John Marshall’s biogra‑ phy of Washington. Jefferson might have concluded that only by taking up the pen himself could the record finally be set straight. A related question is why Jefferson ended his reminiscences so abruptly at 1790 and did not go on to discuss his time as secretary of state, vice presi‑ dent, president, and presidential retiree? He certainly seems to have intended to do so. In the entry for 7 Feb. 1821, Jefferson indicated that he would “recur again” to his many attempts to promote education “towards the close of my story,” a likely reference to his ongoing efforts to found the University of Virginia during his retirement. The gloss for his final entry, which reads “so far July 29. 21,” also holds out the prospect of a continuation. The resolution to continue past 1790 subsided, perhaps in part because Jefferson doubted that he could do justice to the period after that point with the sources at his disposal. Later in 1821 he explained to his son‑in‑law John Wayles Eppes that, “in parting with my library to Congress, I parted with my whole collection of newspapers, journals, state‑papers, documents E tc. without the aid of which I have been afraid to trust my memory.” When Eppes dutifully offered to provide him with such resources, Jefferson replied early in 1822 that “the information I need is generally from 1789. to 1809. and nothing at all after 1809.” Though the ex‑president’s interest in obtain‑ ing additional documentation suggests that he did hope someday to return to the project, that aspiration ultimately proved illusory. When he made a final effort to recruit a Republican historian in 1823, he informed United States Supreme Court justice William Johnson that his own letters “(all preserved) will furnish the daily occurrences and views from my return from Europe in 1790. till I retired finally from office.” Lastly, did Jefferson expect his memoir to be published? The manuscript itself provides some clues that he did. Jefferson almost certainly copied it out fair at least once, and certain anomalies suggest that he returned to it more often than that, possibly after the final inscribed date. With three exceptions, the ninety sheets on which it is written all have blank versos. Most of the

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N O T E S O N E A R LY C A R E E R pages are quite clean, with only a handful of the cancellations and interlinea‑ tions usually found in his drafts. Jefferson habitually wrote his drafts with wide margins in order to allow plenty of room for emendations. Yet only two pages are in this typical draft format. The rest have narrow margins, with the text generally filling the entire page. At certain points, moreover, Jefferson let a page run short and explicitly indicated that a specific document was to follow. Jefferson also numbered the pages, with a change in the pattern that could reflect two different rounds of copying. The first set of pages is numbered from 1 to 71, with only every fourth page assigned a number and with the blank versos included in the count, so that pages 2, 4, etc. are blank. But then the page that should have been numbered 77 by this method is actually num‑ bered 69. From that point Jefferson numbered every written page through to the end, as 71, 73, 74 (the only full page on a verso), 75, 77, etc. Later in the manuscript Jefferson began using marginal glosses to reference specific documents as evidence, and during a discussion of one phase of the French Revolution he suddenly shifted into the present tense. The two instances in which he placed notes on versos may be cases where he added these com‑ ments during a later review of the manuscript, and he probably left the ver‑ sos blank to allow for this possibility. At some point after he numbered the pages, Jefferson evidently decided to interfile his 1776 Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, at which time he may have revised that docu‑ ment and replaced a page with a shorter version that made the congressional proceedings fit better at their intended point of insertion. Finally, Jefferson’s reference to “the example of 4. Presidents voluntarily retiring at the end of their 8th year” would appear to point to that section, at least, having been revised well after 1821, unless Jefferson simply assumed or was already aware that James Monroe would not seek a third term. Taken as a whole, these variations point to an ongoing process of reflection and revision by Jefferson with an eye to eventual, though possibly posthumous, publication (TJR, 1:1–89; HAW, 1:1–110; Ford, 1:1–153; L & B, 1:1–164; J. Jefferson Looney, “‘Merely Personal or Private, with Which We Have Nothing to Do’: Thomas Jefferson’s Autobiographical Writings,” in Thomas Jefferson’s Lives: Biogra‑ phers and the Battle for History, ed. Robert M. S. McDonald [2019], 25–46; PTJ, 1:299–329; TJ to Skelton Jones, 28 July 1809; TJ to Joel Barlow, 8 Oct. 1809; TJ’s Notes on Patrick Henry, [before 12 Apr. 1812], enclosed in TJ to Wirt, 12 Apr. 1812; TJ to Allen, 18 Aug. 1813; TJ to Walter Jones, 2 Jan. 1814; TJ to Delaplaine, 9 Feb. 1816; TJ’s Biography of Peyton Ran‑ dolph (ca. 1723–75), [ca. 26 July 1816], enclosed in TJ to Peyton Randolph (d. 1828), 26 July 1816; TJ’s Explanations of the Three Volumes Bound in Marbled Paper (the so‑called ‘Anas’), 4 Feb. 1818; TJ’s Notes for a Biogra‑ phy of George Wythe, [ca. 31 Aug. 1820]; TJ to Sanderson, 31 Aug. 1820; Eppes to TJ, 15 Oct., 27 Nov. 1821; TJ to Eppes, 23 Oct. 1821, [by 17] Jan. 1822; TJ to William Johnson, 27 Oct. 1822, 4 Mar. 1823; Johnson to TJ, 10 Dec. 1822, 11 Apr. 1823; except as noted, letters to and from TJ and his legislative papers referenced below can be found in PTJ).

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Notes on Early Career (the so‑called “Autobiography”) 1821. Jan. 6. at the age of 77. I begin to make some memoranda and state some recollections of dates & facts1 concerning myself, for my own more ready reference & for the informn of my family. The tradition in my father’s family was that their ancestor came to this country from Wales, and from near the mountain of Snowden, the highest in Gr. Br. I noted once a case from Wales2 in the law re‑ ports where a person of our name was either pl. or def. and one of the same name was Secretary to the Virginia company. these are the only instances in which I have met with the name in that country. I have found it in our early records, but the first particular information I have of any ancestor was my grandfather who lived at the place in Chesterfield called Ozborne’s and ownd the lands afterwards the glebe of the parish. he had 3. sons, Thomas who died young, Field who settled on the waters of Roanoke and left numerous descendants3 & Peter my father, who settled on the lands I still own Called Shadwell adjoining my present residence.4 he was born Feb. 29. 1707/8 and intermarried in 1739. with Jane Randolph of the age of 195 daur of Isham Randolph one of the seven sons of that name &6 family settled at Dungeoness in Goochld. they trace their pedigree far back in En‑ gland & Scotland, to which let every one ascribe the faith & merit he chuses7 My father’s education had been quite neglected, but being of a strong mind, sound judgment and eager after information, he read much and improved himself insomuch that he was chosen with Joshua Fry professor of Mathem. in W. & M. college to continue the bound‑ ary line between Virginia & N. Carolina which had been begun by Colo Byrd, and was afterwards employed with the same mr Fry to make the 1st Map of Virginia which had ever been made, that of Capt Smith being merely a conjectural sketch. they possessed excellent materials for so much of the country as is below the blue ridge; little being then known beyond that ridge. he was the 3d or 4th settler of the part of the country in which I live, which was about 1737. he died Aug. 17. 1757. leaving my mother a widow who lived till 1776. with 6 daurs & 2. sons, myself the elder. to my younger brother he left his estate on James river called Snowden after the supposed birth‑place of the family. to myself 8 the lands on which I was born & live. he placed me at the English school at 5. years of age and at the Latin at  309 

N O T E S O N E A R LY C A R E E R

9. where I continued until his death. my teacher mr Douglas a cler‑ gyman from Scotland was but a superficial Latinist, less instructed in Greek, but with the rudiments of these languages he taught me French, and on the death of my father I went to the revd mr Maury a correct classical scholar, with whom I continued two years, and then went to Wm & Mary college to wit in the spring of 1760 where I con‑ tinued 2. years. it was my great good fortune, and what probably fixed the destinies of my life that Dr Wm Small of Scotland was then professor of Mathematics, a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communicn correct & gentlemanly manners, & an enlarged & liberal mind. he, most hap‑ pily for me, became soon attached to me & made me his daily com‑ panion when not engaged in the school; and from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science & of the system of things in which we are placed. fortunately the Philosophical chair became vacant soon after my arrival at College, and he was appointed to fill it per interim: and he was the first who ever gave in that col‑ lege regular lectures in Ethics, Rhetoric & Belles lettres. he returned to Europe in 1762. having previously filled up the measure of his goodness to me, by procuring for me, from his most intimate friend G. Wythe, a reception as a student of law, under his direction, and introduced me to the acquaintance and familiar table of Governor Fauquier, the ablest man who had ever filled that office. with him, and at his table, Dr Small & mr Wythe, his amici omnium horarum, & myself, formed a parti quarré, & to the habitual conversations on these occasions I owed much instruction. mr Wythe continued to be my faithful and beloved Mentor in youth, and my most affectionate friend through life. in 1767. he led me into the practice of the law at the bar of the General court, at which I continued until the revolution shut up the courts of justice. [for a sketch of the life & character of mr Wythe see my letter of Aug. 31. 20. to mr John Saunderson] In 1769. I became a member of the legislature by the choice of the county in which I live, & continued in that until it was closed by the revolution. I made one effort in that body for the permission of the emancipation of slaves, which was rejected: and indeed, during the regal government, nothing liberal could expect success. our minds were circumscribed within narrow limits by an habitual belief that it was our duty to be subordinate to the mother country in all matters of government, to direct all our labors in subservience to her inter‑ ests, and even to observe a bigotted intolerance for all religions but hers. the difficulties with our representatives were of habit and de‑ spair, not of reflection & conviction. experience soon proved that they  310 

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could bring their minds to rights on the first summons of their atten‑ tion. but the king’s council, which acted as another house of legisla‑ ture, held their places at will & were in most humble obedience to that will: the Governor too, who had a negative on our laws held by the same tenure, & with still greater devotedness to it: and last of all the Royal negative closed the last door to every hope of amelioration. On the 1st of January 1772. I was married to Martha Skelton widow of Bathurst Skelton, & daughter of John Wayles, then 23. years old. mr Wayles was a lawyer of much practice, to which he was intro‑ duced more by his great industry, punctuality & practical readiness, than to eminence in the science of his profession. he was a most agreeable companion, full of pleasantry & good humor, and welcomed in every society. he acquired a handsome fortune, died in May. 1773. leaving three daughters, and the portion which came on that event to mrs Jefferson, after the debts should be paid, which were very con‑ siderable, was about equal to my own patrimony, and consequently doubled the ease of our circumstances. When the famous Resolutions of 1765. against the Stamp‑act were proposed, I was yet a student of law in Wmsbg. I attended the de‑ bate however at the door of the lobby of the H. of Burgesses, & heard the splendid display of mr Henry’s talents as a popular orator. they were great indeed; such as I have never heard from any other man. he appeared to me to speak as Homer wrote. mr Johnson, a member & lawyer from the Northern neck, seconded the resolns. & by him the learning & logic of the case were chiefly maintained. my recollections of these transactions may be seen pa. 60. of Wirt’s life of P.H. to whom I furnished them. In May 1769. a meeting of the General assembly was called by the Govr Ld Botetourt.9 I had then become a member; and to that meeting became known the joint resolutions & address of the Lords & Commons of 1768.9. on the proceedings in Massachusets. Counter‑resolutions, & an Address to the king, by the H. of Burgesses were agreed to with little opposition, & a spirit manifestly displayed of considering the cause of Massachusets as a common one. the Governor dissolved us: but we met the next day in the Apollo of the Raleigh tavern, formed ourselves into a voluntary Convention, drew up articles of association against the use of any merchandise imported from Gr. Britain, signed & recommended them to the people, repaired to our several coun‑ ties, & were reelected without any other exception than of the very few who had declined assent to our proceedings. Nothing of particular excitement occurring for a considerable time.10 our countrymen seemed to fall into a state of insensibility to  311 

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our situation. the duty on tea not yet repealed & the Declaratory act of a right in the British parl. to bind us by their laws in all cases whatsoever, still suspended over us. but a court of enquiry held in R. Island in 1772.11 with a power to send persons to England to be tried for offences committed here was considered at our session of the spring of 1773. as demanding attention. not thinking our old & lead‑ ing members up to the point of forwardness & zeal which the times required, mr Henry, R. H. Lee, Francis L. Lee, mr Carr & myself agreed to meet in the evening in a private room of the Raleigh to consult on the state of things. there may have been a member or two more whom I do not recollect. we were all sensible that the most urgent of all measures was that of coming to an understanding with all the other colonies to consider the British claims as a common cause to all, & to produce an unity of action: and for this purpose that a commee of correspdce in each colony would be the best instrument for intercommunication: and that their first measure would probably be to12 propose a meeting of deputies from every colony at some cen‑ tral place, who should be charged with the direction of the measures which should be taken by all. we therefore drew up the resolutions which may be seen in Wirt pa. 87. the consulting members proposed to me to move them, but I urged that it should be done by mr Carr, my friend & brother in law, then a new member to whom I wished an opportunity should be given of making known to the house his great worth & talents. it was so agreed; he moved them, they were agreed to nem. con. and a commee of correspondence13 appointed of whom Peyton Randolph the Speaker was chairman. the Govr (then Ld Dun‑ more) dissolved us, but the Commee met the next day, prepared a circular letter to the Speakers of the other colonies, inclosing to each a copy of the resolns and left it in charge with their chairman to for‑ ward them by expresses. The origination of these commees of correspdce between the colo‑ nies has been since claimed for Massachusets, and Marshal II. 151. has given into this error, altho’ the very Note X. of his Appendix to which he refers, shews that their establmt was confined to their own towns. this matter will be seen clearly stated in a letter of Samuel Adams Wells to me of Apr. 2. 1819. and my answer of May 12. I was corrected by the letter of mr Wells in the information I had given mr Wirt, as stated in his Note pa. 87. that the messengers of Massach. & Virga crossed each other in the way bearing similar propositions, for mr Wells shews that Mass. did not adopt the measure but on the reciept of our proposn delivered at their next session. their message therefore which passed ours, must have related to something else, for  312 

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I well remember P. Randolph’s informing me of the crossing of our messengers. The next event which excited our sympathies for Massachusets was the Boston port bill, by which that port was to be shut up on the 1st of June 1774. this arrived while we were in session in the spring of that year. the lead in the house on these subjects being no longer left to the old members, mr Henry, R. H. Lee, Fr. L. Lee, 3. or 4. other members, whom I do not recollect, and myself, agreeing that we must boldly take an unequivocal stand in the line with Massachu‑ sets, determined to meet and consult on the proper measures in the Council chamber, for the benefit of the library in that room. we were under conviction of the necessity of arrousing our people from the lethargy into which they had fallen as to passing events; and thought that the appointment of a day of general fasting & prayer would be most likely to call up & alarm their attention. no example of such a solemnity had existed since the days of our distresses in the war of 55. since which a new generation had grown up. with the help there‑ fore of Rushworth, whom we rummaged over for the revolutionary precedents & forms of the Puritans of that day, preserved by him, we cooked up a resolution, somewhat modernising their phrases, for ap‑ pointing the 1st day of June, on which the Port bill was to commence, for a day of fasting, humiliation & prayer, to implore heaven to avert from us the evils of civil war, to inspire us with firmness in support of our rights, and to turn the hearts of the king & parliament to modera‑ tion & justice. to give greater emphasis to our proposition, we agreed to wait the next morning on mr Nicholas, whose grave & religious character was more in unison with the tone of our resolution14 and to sollicit him to move it. we accordingly went to him in the morning15 he moved it the same day the 1st of June was proposed16 and it passed without opposition. the Governor dissolved us as usual. we retired to the Apollo as before, agreed to an association, and instructed the Commee of correspdce to propose to the corresponding commees of the other colonies to appoint deputies to meet in Congress at such place, annually, as should be convenient to direct, from time to time, the measures required by the general interest: and we declared that an attack on any one colony should be considered as an attack on the whole. this was in May, we further recommended to the several coun‑ ties to elect deputies to meet at Wms bg the 1st of Aug. ensuing, to consider the state of the colony, & particularly to appoint delegates to a general Congress, should that measure be acceded to by the com‑ mees of correspdce generally. it was acceded to, Philada was ap‑ pointed for the place, and the 5th of Sep. for the time of meeting. we  313 

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returned home, and in our several counties invited the clergy to meet assemblies of the people on the 1st of June, to perform the ceremonies of the day, & to address to them discourses suited to the occasion. the people met generally, with anxiety & alarm in their countenances, and the effect of the day thro’ the whole colony was like a shock of electricity, arrousing every man & placing him erect & solidly on his center. they chose universally delegates for the Convention. being elected one for my own county I prepared a draught of instructions to be given to the delegates whom we should send to the Congress, and which I meant to propose at our meeting. in this I took the ground which, from the beginning I had thought the only one orthodox or tenable, which was that the relation between Gr. Br. and these colo‑ nies was exactly the same as that of England & Scotland after the accession of James & until the Union, and the same as her present relations with Hanover, having the same Executive chief but no other necessary political connection; and that our emigration from England to this country gave her no more rights over us, than the emigrations of the Danes and Saxons gave to the present authorities of the mother country over England. in this doctrine however I had never been able to get any one to agree with me but mr Wythe. he concurred in it from the first dawn of the question What was the political relation between us & England? our other patriots Randolph, the Lees, Nich‑ olas, Pendleton stopped at the half‑way house of John Dickinson who admitted that England had a right to regulate our commerce, and to lay duties on it for the purposes of regulation, but not of raising rev‑ enue. but for this ground there was no foundation in compact, in any acknoleged principles of colonisation, nor in reason: expatriation being a natural right, and acted on as such, by all nations, in all ages. I sat out for Wms bg some days before that appointed for our meeting, but was taken ill of a dysentery on the road, & unable to proceed. I sent on therefore to Wmsbg two copies of my draught, the one under cover to Peyton Randolph, who I knew would be in the chair of the conven‑ tion, the other to Patrick Henry. whether mr Henry disapproved the ground taken, or was too lazy to read it (for he was the laziest man in reading I ever knew) I never learnt. but he communicated it to nobody. Peyton Randolph informed the Convention he had recieved such a paper from a member prevented by sickness from offering it in his place, and he laid it on the table for perusal. it was read generally by the members, approved by many, but thought too bold for the pres‑ ent state of things; but they printed it in pamphlet form under the title of ‘A Summary view of the rights of British America.’ it found it’s way to England, was taken up by the opposition, interpolated a  314 

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little by mr Burke so as to make it answer opposition purposes, and in that form run rapidly thro’ several editions. this information I had from Parson Hurt, who happened at the time to be in London, whither he had gone to recieve clerical orders. and I was informed afterwards by Peyton Randolph that it had procured me the honor of having my name inscribed in a long list of proscriptions enrolled in a bill of at‑ tainder commenced in one of the houses of parliament, but suppressed in embryo by the hasty step of events which warned them to be a little cautious. Montague, agent of the H. of Burgesses in England made extracts from the bill, copied the names, and sent them to Peyton Randolph. the names I think were about 20. which he repeated to me, but I recollect those only of Hancock, the two Adamses, Peyton Ran‑ dolph himself, Patrick Henry & myself. [see Girardin’s Hist. Virga Append. No 12. note.] the Convention met on the 1st of Aug. renewed their association,17 appointed delegates to the Congress, gave them instructions very temperately & properly expressed both as to style & matter; and they repaired to Philadelphia at the time appointed. the splendid proceedings of that Congress at their 1st session belong to general history, are known to every one, and need not therefore to be  noted here. they terminated their session on the 26th of Octob. to meet again on the 10th May ensuing. the Convention at their ensu‑ ing session of Mar. 75. approved of the proceedings of Congress, thanked their delegates and reappointed the same persons to18 repre‑ sent the colony at the meeting to be held in May: and foreseeing the probability that Peyton Randolph their President and Speaker also of the H. of B. might be called off, they added me, in that event to the delegation. Mr Randolph was according to expectation obliged to leave the chair of Congress to attend the Gen. assembly summoned by Ld Dun‑ more to meet on the 1st day of June 1775. Ld North’s conciliatory propositions, as they were called, had been recieved by the Governor and furnished the subject for which this assembly was convened. mr Randolph accordingly attended, and the tenor of these propositions being generally known, as having been addressed to all the gover‑ nors, he was anxious that the answer of our assembly, likely to be the first, should harmonise with what he knew to be the sentiments and wishes of the body he had recently left. he feared that mr Nicholas would undertake the answer, whose mind was not yet up to the mark of the times, & therefore pressed me to prepare an answer. I did so, and with his aid carried it through the house with long and doubtful scruples from mr Nicholas and James Mercer, and a dash of cold water on it here & there, enfeebling it somewhat, but finally with  315 

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unanimity or a vote approaching it. this being passed, I repaired im‑ mediately to Philadelphia, and conveyed to Congress the first notice they had of it. it was entirely approved there. I took my seat with them on the 21st of June. on the 24th19 a commee which had been appointed to prepare a declaration of the causes of taking up arms, brought in their report (drawn I believe by J. Rutledge) which not being liked they recommitted it on the 26th and added mr Dickinson and myself to the committee. on the rising of the house, the commee having not yet met, I happened to find myself near Govr W. Living‑ ston, and proposed to him to draw the paper. he excused himself and proposed that I should draw it. on my pressing him with urgency, ‘we are as yet but new acquaintances, Sir, said he, why are you so earnest for my doing it?’ ‘because, said I, I have been informed that you drew the Address to the people of Gr. Britain, a production cer‑ tainly of the finest pen in America.’ ‘on that, says he, perhaps Sir you may not have been correctly informed.’ I had recieved that informa‑ tion in Virginia from Colo Harrison on his return from that Congress. Lee, Livingston & Jay had been the commee for that draught. the first, prepared by Lee, had been disapproved & recommitted. the sec‑ ond was drawn by Jay, but being presented by Govr Livingston, had led Colo Harrison into the error. the next morning, walking in the hall of Congress, many members being assembled but the house not yet formed, I observed mr Jay, speaking to R. H. Lee, and leading him by the button of his coat,20 to me. ‘I understand, Sir, said he to me, that this gentleman informed you that Govr Livingston drew the Ad‑ dress to the people of Gr. Britain.’ I assured him at once that I had not recieved that information from mr Lee & that not a word had ever passed on the subject between mr Lee & myself; and after some expla‑ nations the subject21 was dropt.22 these gentlemen had had some spar‑ rings in debate before, and continued ever very hostile to each other. I prepared a draught of the Declarn committed to us. it was too strong for mr Dickinson. he still retained the hope of reconciliation with the mother country, and was unwilling it should be lessened by offensive statements. he was so honest a man, & so able a one that he was greatly indulged even by those who could not feel his scruples. we therefore requested him to take the paper and put it into a form he could approve. he did so, preparing an entire new statement, and preserving of the former one only the last 4. paragraphs & half of the preceding one. we approved & reported it to Congress who accepted it. Congress gave a signal proof of their indulgence to mr Dickinson, and of their great desire not to go too fast for any respectable part of our body, in permitting him to draw their second petition to the king  316 

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Jan. 10.

1821 Jan 11.

according to his own ideas,23 and passing it with scarcely any amend‑ ment. the disgust against it’s humility was general; and mr Dickin‑ son’s delight at it’s passage was the only circumstance which recon‑ ciled them to it. the vote being past, altho’ further observn on it was out of order, he could not refrain from rising and expressing his satis‑ faction and concluding by saying ‘there is but one word, mr President, in the paper which I disapprove, & that is the word Congress.’ on which Ben Harrison rose and said ‘there is but one word in the paper, mr President, of which I approve, and that is the word Congress’ On the 22d of July Dr Franklin, mr Adams, R. H. Lee & myself were appointed24 a commee to consider and report on Ld North’s con‑ ciliatory resolution. the answer of the Virginia assembly on that sub‑ ject having been approved I was requested by the Commee to prepare this report, which will account for the similarity of feature in the two instruments. On the 15th of May 1776. the Convention of Virginia instructed their delegates in Congress to propose to that body to declare the colonies independent of Gr. Britain, and appointed a commee to prepare a dec‑ laration of rights and plan of government. [At some point after TJ had paginated this document, he interleaved the manuscript of his Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, [7 June to 1 Aug. 1776] (DLC: TJ Papers, 219:39071–80), which he presumably intended to go here, although the pages were possibly in‑ serted one page before (see textual note 22). This document, which ends with debates on the Articles of Confederation, has more recently been filed in DLC at 7 June 1776 and is printed in PTJ, 1:299–329.] These articles reported July 12. 7625 were debated from day to day, & time to time for two years, were ratified July 9. 78. by 10. states, by N. Jersey on the 26th of Nov. of the same year, and by Delaware on the 23d of Feb. following.26 Maryland alone held off 2. years more, acceding to them Mar. 1. 81. and thus closing their obligation. Our delegation had been renewed for the ensuing year commenc‑ ing Aug. 11. but the new government was now organised, a meeting of the legislature was to be held in Oct. and I had been elected a member by my county. I knew that our legislation under the regal government had many very vicious points which urgently required reformation, and I thought I could be of more use in forwarding that work. I therefore retired from my seat in Congress on the 2d of Sep.27 resigned it, and took my place in the legislature of my state, on the 7th of October. On the 11th I moved for leave to bring in a bill for the establmt of courts of justice, the organisation of which was of importance; I drew  317 

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bill.28

Jan. 12.

the it was approved by the commee, reported and passed after going thro’ it’s due course. On the 12th I obtained leave to bring a bill declaring tenants in tail to hold29 their lands in feesimple. in the earlier times of the colony when lands were to be obtained for little or nothing,30 some provident individuals procured large grants, and, desirous of founding great families for themselves, settled them on their descendants in fee‑tail.31 the transmission of this property from generation to generation in the same name raised up a distinct set of families who, being privileged by law in the perpetuation of their wealth were thus formed into a Patrician order, distinguished by the splendor and luxury of their establishments. from this order too the king habitually selected his Counsellors of state, the hope of which distinction devoted the whole corps to the interests & will of the crown. to annul this privilege, and instead of an Aristocracy of wealth, of more harm and danger, than benefit, to society, to make an opening for the aristocrasy of virtue and talent, which nature has wisely provided for the direction of the interests of society, & scattered with equal hand thro’ all it’s condi‑ tions, was deemed essential to a well ordered republic. to effect it no violence was necessary, no deprivation of natural right, but rather an enlargement of it by a repeal of the law. for this would authorise the present holder to divide the property among his children equally, as his affections were divided; and would place them, by natural genera‑ tion on the level of their fellow citizens. but this repeal was strongly opposed by mr Pendleton, who was zealously attached to antient es‑ tablishments; and who, taken all in all, was the ablest man in debate I have ever met with. he had not indeed the poetical fancy of mr Henry, his sublime imagination, his lofty and overwhelming diction; but he was cool, smooth and persuasive; his language flowing, chaste, & embellished, his conceptions quick, acute and full of resource; never vanquished; for if he lost the main battle, he returned upon you, and regained so much of it as to make it a drawn one, by dexterous ma‑ neuvres, skirmishes in detail, and the recovery of small advantages which, little singly, were important all together. you never knew when you were clear of him, but were harrassed by his perseverance until the patience was worn down of all who had less of it than himself. add to this that he was one of the most virtuous & benevolent of men, the kindest friend, the most amiable & pleasant of companions, which ensured a favorable reception to whatever came from him. finding that the general principle of entails could not be maintained, he took his stand on an amendment which he proposed, instead of an abso‑ lute abolition, to permit the tenant in tail to convey in feesimple, if he  318 

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Jan. 16.

chose it: and he was within a few votes of saving so much of the old law. but the bill past finally for entire abolition. In that one of the bills for organising our judiciary system which proposed a court of chancery, I had provided for a trial by jury of all matters of fact in that as well as in the courts of law. he defeated it by the introduction of 4. words only, ‘if either party chuse.’ the conse‑ quence has been that as no suitor will say to his judge ‘Sir, I distrust you, give me a jury’ juries are rarely, I might say perhaps never seen in that court, but when called for by the Chancellor of his own accord. The first establishment in Virginia which became permanent was made in 1607. I have found no mention of Negroes in the colony until about 1650. the first brought here as slaves were by a Dutch ship; after which the English commenced the trade and continued it until the revolutionary war. that suspended, ipso facto, their further im‑ portation for the present, and the business of the war pressing con‑ stantly on the legislature, this subject was not acted on finally until the year 78. when I brought in a bill to prevent their further importa‑ tion. this passed without opposition, and stopped the increase of the evil by importation, leaving to future efforts it’s final eradication32 The first settlers of this colony were Englishmen, loyal subjects to their king and church, and the grant to Sr Walter Raleigh contained an express Proviso that their laws ‘should not be against the true Christian faith, now professed in the church of England.’ as soon as the state of the colony admitted, it was divided into parishes, in each of which was established a minister of the Anglican church, endowed with a fixed salary, in tobacco, a glebe house and land with the other necessary appendages. to meet these expences all the inhabitants of the parishes were assessed, whether they were or not, members of the established church. towards Quakers who came here they were most cruelly intolerant, driving them from the colony by the severest pen‑ alties. in process of time however, other sectarisms were introduced, chiefly of the Presbyterian family; and the established clergy, secure for life in their glebes and salaries, adding to these generally the emol‑ uments of a classical school, found employment enough, in their farms and school rooms for the rest of the week, and devoted Sunday only to the edification of their flock, by service, and a sermon at their parish church. their other pastoral functions were little attended to. against this inactivity the zeal and industry of sectarian preachers had an open and undisputed field; and by the time of the revolution, a ma‑ jority of the inhabitants had become dissenters from the established church, but still obliged to pay contributions to support the Pastors of the minority. this unrighteous compulsion to maintain teachers of  319 

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what they deemed religious errors was grievously felt during the regal government, and without a hope of relief. but the first republican legislature which met in 76. was crouded with petitions to abolish this spiritual tyranny. these brought on the severest contests in which I have ever been engaged. our great opponents were mr Pendleton & Robert Carter Nicholas, honest men, but zealous churchmen. the pe‑ titions were referred to the Commee of the whole house on the state of the country; and after desperate contests in that Committee, almost daily from the 11th of Octob. to the 5th of December, we prevailed so far only as to repeal the laws which rendered criminal the mainte‑ nance of any religious opinions, the forbearance of repairing to church, or the exercise of any mode of worship: and further, to exempt dis‑ senters from contributions to the support of the established church; and to suspend, only until the next session levies on the members of that church for the salaries of their own incumbents. for altho’ the majority of our citizens were dissenters, as has been observed, a ma‑ jority of the legislature were churchmen. among these however were some reasonable and liberal men, who enabled us, on some points, to obtain feeble majorities. but our opponents carried in the general res‑ olutions of the Commee of Nov. 19. a declaration that religious as‑ semblies ought to be regulated, and that provision ought to be made for continuing the succession of the clergy, and superintending their conduct. and in the bill now passed was inserted an express reserva‑ tion of the question Whether a general assesment should not be es‑ tablished by law, on every one, to the support of the pastor of his choice; or whether all should be left to voluntary contributions: and on this question, debated at every session from 76. to 79. (some of our dissenting allies, having now secured their particular object, going over to the advocates of a general assesment) we could only obtain a suspension from session to session until 79. when the question against a general assesment was finally carried, and the establishment of the Anglican church entirely put down. in justice to the two honest but zealous opponents, who have been named I must add that altho’, from their natural temperaments, they were more disposed generally to acquiesce in things as they are, than to risk innovations, yet when‑ ever the public will had once decided, none were more faithful or exact in their obedience to it. The seat of our government had been originally fixed in the penin‑ sula of James town, the first settlement of the colonists; and had been afterwards removed a few miles inland to Williamsburg. but this was at a time when our settlements had not extended beyond the tide waters. now they had crossed the Alleganey; and the center of popu‑  320 

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Jan. 17.

lation was very far removed from what it had been. yet Williamsburg was still the depository of our archives, the habitual residence of the Governor & many other of the public functionaries, the established place for the sessions of the legislature, and the magazine of our mili‑ tary stores: and it’s situation was so exposed that it might be taken at any time in war, and, at this time particularly, an enemy might in the night run up either of the rivers between which it lies, land a force above, and take possession of the place, without the possibility of sav‑ ing either persons or things. I had proposed it’s removal so early as Octob. 76. but it did not prevail until the session of May. 79. Early in the session of May 79. I prepared, and obtained leave to bring in a bill declaring who should be deemed citizens, asserting the natural right of expatriation, and prescribing the mode of exercising it. this, when I withdrew from the house on the 1st of June following, I left in the hands of George Mason and it was passed on the 26th of that month. In giving this account of the laws of which I was myself the mover & draughtsman, I by no means mean to claim to myself the merit of obtaining their passage. I had many occasional and strenuous coad‑ jutors in debate, and one most stedfast, able, and zealous; who was himself a host. this was George Mason, a man of the first order of wisdom among those who acted on the theatre of the revolution. of expansive mind, profound judgment, cogent in argument, learned in the lore of our former constitution, and earnest for the republican change on democratic principles. his elocution was neither flowing nor smooth, but his language was strong, his manner most impres‑ sive, and strengthened by a dash of biting cynicism when provocation made it seasonable. Mr Wythe, while Speaker in the two sessions of 1777. between his return from Congress and his appointment to the Chancery, was an able and constant associate in whatever was before a committee of the whole. his pure integrity, judgment, and reasoning powers gave him great weight. of him see more in some notes inclosed in my letter of Aug. 31. 182033 to mr John Saunderson. Mr Madison came into the House in 1776. a new member and young; which circumstances, concurring with his extreme modesty, prevented his venturing himself in debate before his removal to the Council of state in Nov. 77. from thence he went to Congress, then consisting of few members. trained in these successive schools, he acquired a habit of self‑possession which placed at ready command the rich resources of his luminous and discriminating mind, & of his extensive information, and rendered him the first of every assembly  321 

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afterwards of which he became a member. never wandering from his subject into vain declamation, but pursuing it closely in language pure, classical, and copious, soothing always the feelings of his adver‑ saries by civilities and softness of expression, he rose to the eminent station which he held in the great National convention of 1787. and in that of Virginia which followed, he sustained the new constitution in all it’s parts, bearing off the palm against the logic of George Mason and the fervid declamation of mr Henry. with these consummate powers were united a pure and spotless virtue which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. of the powers and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in the highest office of the nation, I need say nothing. they have spoken, and will for ever speak for themselves:34 So far we were proceeding in the details of reformation only; select‑ ing points of legislation prominent in character & principle, urgent, and indicative of the strength of the general pulse of reformation. when I left Congress in 76. it was in the persuasion that our whole code must be reviewed, adapted to our republican form of govern‑ ment, and, now that we had no negatives of Councils, Governors & Kings to restrain us from doing right, that it should be corrected, in all it’s parts, with a single eye to reason, & the good of those for whose government it was framed. early therefore in the session of 76. to which I returned, I moved and presented a bill for the revision of the laws; which was past on the 24th of October, and on the 5th of November mr Pendleton, mr Wythe, George Mason, Thomas L. Lee and myself were appointed a Committee to execute the work. we agreed to meet at Fredericksburg to settle the plan of operation and to dis‑ tribute the work. we met there accordingly on the 13th of January 1777. the first question was Whether we should propose to abolish the whole existing system of laws, and prepare a new and complete Institute, or preserve the general system, and only modify it to the present state of things. mr Pendleton, contrary to his usual dispo‑ sition in favor of antient things, was for the former proposition, in which he was joined by mr Lee. to this it was objected that to abro‑ gate our whole system would be a bold measure, and probably far beyond the views of the legislature; that they had been in the practice of revising from time to time the laws of the colony, omitting the ex‑ pired, the repealed and the obsolete, amending only those retained, and probably meant we should now do the same, only including the British statutes as well as our own: that to compose a new Institute like those of Justinian or Bracton, or that of Blackstone, which was the model proposed by mr Pendleton, would be an arduous under‑  322 

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taking, of vast research, of great consideration & judgment; and when reduced to a text, every word of that text, from the imperfection of human language, and it’s incompetence to express distinctly every shade of idea, would become a subject of question & chicanery until settled by repeated adjudications; that this would involve us for ages in litigation, and render property uncertain until, like the statutes of old, every word had been tried, and settled by numerous decisions, and by new volumes of reports & commentaries; and that no one of us probably would undertake such a work, which, to be systematical, must be the work of one hand. this last was the opinion of mr Wythe, mr Mason & myself. when we proceeded to the distribution of the work, mr Mason excused himself as, being no lawyer, he felt himself unqualified for the work, and he resigned soon after. mr Lee excused himself on the same ground, and died indeed in a short time. the other two gentlemen therefore and myself divided the work among us, the Common law and statutes to the 4. James I. (when our sepa‑ rate legislature was established) was assigned to me; the British stat‑ utes from that period to the present day to mr Wythe, and the Vir‑ ginia laws to mr Pendleton. as the law of Descents, & the Criminal law fell of course within my portion, I wished the Commee to settle the leading principles of these, as a guide for me in framing them. and with respect to the first, I proposed to abolish the law35 of primo‑ geniture, and to make real estate descendible in parcenary to the next of kin, as personal property is by the statute of distribution. mr Pen‑ dleton wished to preserve the right of primogeniture, but seeing at once that that could not prevail, he proposed we should adopt the Hebrew principle, and give a double portion to the elder son. I ob‑ served that if the elder son could eat twice as much, or do double work, it might36 be a natural evidence of his right to a double por‑ tion; but being on a par in his powers & wants, with his brothers and sisters, he should be on a par also in the partition of the patrimony. and such was the decision of the other members. On the subject of the Criminal law, all were agreed that the punish‑ ment of death should be abolished, except for treason and murder, and that, for other felonies should be substituted hard labor in the public works, and in some cases, the Lex talionis. how this last re‑ volting principle came to obtain our approbation, I do not remember. there remained indeed in our laws a vestige of it in a single case of a slave. it was the English law in the time of the Anglo‑Saxons, copied probably from the Hebrew law of ‘an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,’ and it was the law of several antient people. but the modern mind had left it far in the rear of it’s advances. these points however  323 

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Feb. 6.

being settled, we repaired to our respective homes for the preparation of the work. In the execution of my part I thought it material not to vary the diction of the antient statutes by modernising it, nor to give rise to new questions by new expressions. the text of these statutes had been so fully explained and defined by numerous adjudications, as scarcely ever now to produce a question in our courts. I thought it would be useful also, in all new draughts, to reform the style of the later British statutes, and of our own acts of assembly, which from their verbosity, their endless tautologies, their involutions of case within case, and parenthesis within parenthesis, and their multiplied efforts at cer‑ tainty by saids and aforesaids, by ors and by ands, to make them more plain, do really render them more perplexed and37 incomprehensible, not only to common readers, but to the lawyers themselves. we were employed in this work from that time to Feb. 1779. when we met in Williamsburg, that is to say, mr Pendleton, mr Wythe & myself, and meeting day by day, we examined critically our several parts, sentence by sentence, scrutinizing and amending until we had agreed on the whole. we then returned home, had fair copies made of our several parts, which were reported to the General assembly June 18. 1779. by mr Wythe and myself, mr Pendleton’s residence being distant, and he having authorised us by letter to declare his approbation. we had in this work brought so much of the Common law as it was thought necessary to alter, all the British statutes from Magna charta to the present day, and all the laws of Virginia, from the establishment of our legislature, in the 4th Jac. 1. to the present time, which we thought should be retained, within the compass of 126. bills, making a printed folio of 90. pages only. some bills were taken out occasionally, from time to time, and past; but the main body of the work was not entered on by the legislature, until, after the general peace, in 1785. when by the unwearied exertions of mr Madison, in opposition to the endless quibbles, chicaneries, perversions, vexations and delays of lawyers and demi‑lawyers, most of the bills were past by the legislature, with little alteration. The bill for establishing religious freedom, the principles of which had, to a certain degree, been enacted before, I had drawn in all the latitude of reason & right. it still met with opposition; but, with some mutilations in the preamble, it was finally past; and a singular propo‑ sition proved that it’s protection of opinion was meant to be univer‑ sal. where the preamble declares that coercion is a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, an amendment was proposed, by inserting the words ‘Jesus Christ’ so that it should read ‘a depar‑  324 

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ture from the plan of Jesus Christ, the holy author of our religion’ the insertion was rejected by a great majority, in proof that they meant to comprehend, within the mantle of it’s protection, the Jew and the Gentile, the Christian and Mahometan, the Hindoo and infidel of every denomination.38 Beccaria and other writers on crimes and punishments had satisfied the reasonable world of the unrightfulness and inefficacy of the pun‑ ishment of crimes by death; and hard labor on roads, canals and other public works had been suggested as a proper substitute. the Revisors had adopted these opinions; but the general idea of our country had not yet advanced to that point. the bill therefore for proportioning crimes and punishments was lost in the House of Delegates by a ma‑ jority of a single vote. I learnt afterwards that the substitute of hard labor in public was tried (I believe it was in Pensylvania) without success. exhibited as a public spectacle, with shaved heads and mean clothing, working on the high roads produced in the criminals such a prostration of character, such an abandonment of self‑respect, as, instead of reforming, plunged them into the most desperate & hard‑ ened depravity of morals and character.—to pursue the subject of this law.—I was written to in 1785. (being then in Paris) by Directors appointed to superintend the building of a Capitol in Richmond, to advise them as to a plan, and to add to it one of a prison. thinking it a favorable opportunity of introducing into the state an example of architecture in the classic style of antiquity, and the Maison quarreé of Nismes, an antient Roman temple, being considered as the most perfect model existing of what may be called Cubic architecture, I applied to M. Clerissault, who had published drawings of the Antiq‑ uities of Nismes, to have me a model of the building made in Stucco, only changing the order from Corinthian to Ionic, on account of the difficulty of the Corinthian capitels. I yielded with reluctance to the taste of Clerissault in his preference of the modern capitel of Scamozzi to the more noble capitel of Antiquity.39 this was executed by the art‑ ist whom Choiseul‑Gouffier had carried with him to Constantinople, and employed while Ambassador there, in making those beautiful models of the remains of Graecian architecture which are to be seen at Paris. to adapt the exterior to our use, I drew a plan for the interior, with the apartments necessary for legislative executive & judiciary purposes, and accomodated in their size and distribution to the form and dimensions of the building. these were forwarded to the Direc‑ tors in 1786. and were carried into execution, with some variations not for the better, the most important of which however admit of fu‑ ture correction. with respect to the plan of a Prison, requested at the  325 

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Feb. 7.

same time, I had heard of a benevolent society in England which had been indulged by the government in an experiment of the effect of labor in solitary confinement on some of their criminals, which ex‑ periment had succeeded beyond expectation. the same idea had been suggested in France, and an Architect of Lyons had proposed a plan of a well contrived edifice on the principle of solitary confinement. I procured a copy, and as it was too large for our purposes, I drew one on a scale, less extensive, but susceptible of additions as they should be wanting. this I sent to the Directors instead of a plan of a common prison, in the hope that it would suggest the idea of labor in solitary confinement instead of that on the public works, which we had ad‑ opted in our Revised Code. it’s principle accordingly, but not it’s exact form, was adopted by Latrobe in carrying the plan into execution, by the erection of what is now called the Penitentiary, built under his direction. in the mean while the public opinion was ripening by time, by reflection, and by the example of Pensylva,40 where labor on the highways had been tried without approbation from 1786 to 89. & had been followed by their Penitentiary system on the principle of con‑ finement and labor, which was proceeding auspiciously. in 1796. our legislature resumed the subject and passed the law for amending the Penal laws of the commonwealth. they adopted solitary, instead of public labor, established a gradation in the duration of the confinement, approximated the style of the law more to the modern usage, and in‑ stead of the settled distinctions of murder & manslaughter, preserved in my bill, they introduced the new terms of Murder in the 1st & 2d degree. whether these have produced more or fewer questions of definition I am not sufficiently informed of our judiciary transactions to say. I will here however insert the text of my bill, with the notes I made in the course of my researches into the subject. [TJ here alludes to his Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital, printed with his extensive notes in PTJ, 2:492–507. There is no evidence that he transcribed or inserted here his retained MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 232:42052–8).] The acts of assembly concerning41 the College of Wm & Mary, were properly within mr Pendleton’s portion of our work. but these related chiefly to it’s revenue, while it’s constitution, organization and scope of science were derived from it’s charter. we thought that on this sub‑ ject a systematical plan of general education should be proposed, and I was requested to undertake it. I accordingly prepared three bills for the Revisal, proposing three distinct grades of education, reaching all classes. 1. Elementary schools for all children generally, rich and poor. 2. Colleges for a middle degree of instruction, calculated for the com‑  326 

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Feb. 8.

mon purposes of life, and such as would be desirable for all who were in easy circumstances. and 3. an ultimate grade for teaching the sci‑ ences generally, & in their highest degree. the first bill proposed to lay off every county into Hundreds or Wards, of a proper size and population for a school, in which reading, writing and common arith‑ metic should be taught; and that the whole state should be divided into 24. districts, in each of which should be a school for classical learning, grammar, geography, and the higher branches of numerical arithmetic. the second bill proposed to amend the constitution of Wm & Mary college, to enlarge it’s sphere of science, and to make it in fact an University. the third was for the establishment of a library. these bills were not acted on until the same year ’96. and then only so much of the first as provided for elementary schools. the College of Wm & Mary was an establishment purely of the Church of England, the Visitors were required to be all of that church; the Professors to sub‑ scribe it’s 39. articles, it’s Students to learn it’s Catechism, and one of it’s fundamental objects was declared to be to raise up Ministers for that church.42 the religious jealousies therefore of all the dissenters took alarm lest this might give an ascendancy to the Anglican sect and refused acting on that bill. it’s local eccentricity too and unhealthy autumnal climate lessened the general inclination towards it.43 and in the Elementary bill they inserted a provision which compleatly de‑ feated it. for they left it to the court of each county to determine for itself when this act should be carried into execution, within their county. one provision of the bill was that the expences of these schools should be borne by the inhabitants of the county, every one in propor‑ tion to his general tax‑rate. this would throw on wealth the education of the poor; and the justices, being generally of the more wealthy class, were unwilling to incur that burthen, and I believe it was not suffered to commence in a single county.   I shall recur again to this subject towards the close of my story, if I should have life and resolution enough to reach that term; for I am already tired of talking about myself. The bill on the subject of slaves was a mere digest of the existing laws respecting them, without any intimation of a plan for a future & general emancipation. it was thought better that this should be kept back, and attempted only by way of amendment whenever the bill should be brought on. the principles of the amendment however were agreed on, that is to say, the freedom of all born after a certain day, and deportation at a proper age. but it was found that the public mind would not yet bear the proposition, nor will it bear it even at this day. yet the day is not distant when it must bear and adopt it, or worse will  327 

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follow. nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free. nor is it less certain that the two races, equally free, cannot live in the same government. nature, habit, opin‑ ion has drawn indelible lines of distinction between them. it is still in our power to direct the process of emancipation and deportation peaceably and in such slow degree as that the evil will wear off insen‑ sibly, and their place be pari passu filled up by free white laborers. if on the contrary it is left to force itself on, human nature must shudder at the prospect held up. we should in vain look for an example in the Spanish deportation or deletion of the Moors. this precedent would fall far short of our case. I considered 4. of these bills, past or reported, as forming a system by which every fibre would be eradicated of antient or future aristoc‑ racy; and a foundation laid for a government truly republican. the repeal of the laws of entail would prevent the accumulation and per‑ petuation of wealth in select families, and preserve the soil of the country from being daily more & more absorbed in Mortmain. the abolition of primogeniture, and equal partition of inheritances re‑ moved the feudal and44 unnatural distinctions which made one mem‑ ber of every family rich and all the rest poor, substituting equal par‑ tition, the best of all Agrarian laws. the restoration of the rights of conscience relieved the people from taxation for the support of a reli‑ gion not theirs; for the establishment was truly of the religion of the rich, the dissenting sects being entirely composed of the less wealthy people; and these, by the bill for a general education, would be qualified to understand their rights, to maintain them, and to exercise with intelligence their parts in self‑government:45 and all this would be effected without the violation of a single natural right of any one individual citizen. to these too might be added, as a further security, the introduction of the trial by jury, into the Chancery courts, which have already ingulphed and continue to ingulph so great a proportion of the jurisdiction over our property. On the 1st of June 1779. I was appointed Governor of the Common‑ wealth and retired from the legislature. being elected also one of the Visitors of Wm & Mary college, a self‑electing body, I effected, during my residence in Williamsburg that year, a change in the organisation of that institution by abolishing the Grammar school, and the two professorships of Divinity & Oriental languages, and substituting a professorship of Law & Police, one of Anatomy Medecine and Chem‑ istry, and one of Modern languages; and the Charter confining us to six professorships, we added the Law of nature & nations, & the Fine  328 

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Feb. 9.

arts to the duties of the Moral professor, and Natural history to those of the Professor of Mathematics and Natural philosophy. Being now, as it were, identified with the Commonwealth itself, to write my own history during the two years of my administration, would be to write the public history of that portion of the revolution within this state. this has been done by others, and particularly by mr Girardin, who wrote his Continuation of Burke’s history of Virginia while at Milton in this neighborhood, had free access to all my papers while composing it, and has given as faithful an account as I could myself. for this portion therefore of my own life, I refer altogether to his history. from a belief that under the pressure of the invasion under which we were then laboring the public would have more confidence in a Military chief, and that the Military commander, being invested with the Civil power also, both might be wielded with more energy promptitude and effect for the defence of the state, I resigned the administration at the end of my 2d year, and General Nelson was ap‑ pointed to succeed me. Soon after my leaving Congress in Sep. ’76, to wit on the last day of that month, I had been appointed, with Dr Franklin, to go to France as a Commissioner to negociate treaties of alliance and commerce with that government. Silas Deane, then in France, acting as *Agent for procuring military stores, was joined with us in commission. but such was the state of my family that I could not leave it, nor could I46 expose it to the dangers of the sea, and of capture by the British ships, then covering the ocean. I saw too that the laboring oar was really at home, where much was to be done of the most permanent interest in new modelling our governments, and much to defend our fanes and fire‑sides from the desolations of an invading enemy press‑ ing on our country in every point. I declined therefore and Dr Lee was appointed in my place.   on the 15th of June 1781. I had been appointed with mr Adams Dr Franklin, mr Jay, and mr Laurens a minister plenipotentiary for negociating peace, then expected to be effected thro’ the mediation of the Empress of Russia. the same rea‑ sons obliged me still to decline; and the negociation was in fact never entered on. but, in the autumn of the next year 1782. Congress re‑ cieving assurances that a general peace would be concluded in the winter and spring, they renewed my appointment on the 13th of Nov.  * his ostensible character was to be that of a merchant, his real one that of agent for military supplies, and also to sound the dispositions of the government of France, and see how far they would favor us either secretly or openly. his appointment had been by the Commee of foreign correspondence Mar. 1776.47

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Feb. 10.

of that year. I had two months before that lost the cherished compan‑ ion of my life, in whose affections, unabated on both sides, I had lived the last ten years in unchequered happiness. with the public interests, the state of my mind concurred in recommending the change of scene proposed; and I accepted the appointment, and left Monticello on the 19th of Dec. 1782. for Philadelphia, where I arrived on the 27th. the Minister of France, Luzerne, offered me a passage in the Romulus frigate, which I accepted. but she was then lying a few miles below Baltimore blocked up in the ice. I remained therefore a month in Philadelphia looking over the papers in the office of State in order to possess myself of the general state of our foreign relations, and then went to Baltimore to await the liberation of the frigate from the ice. after waiting there nearly a month, we recieved information that a Provisional treaty of peace had been signed by our Commissioners on the 3d of Sep. 1782. to become absolute on the conclusion of peace between France and Great Britain. considering my proceeding to Europe as now of no utility to the public, I returned immediately to Philadelphia to take the orders of Congress, and was excused by them from further proceeding. I therefore returned home, where I arrived on the 15th of May 1783. On the 6th of the following month I was appointed by the legisla‑ ture a delegate to Congress, the appointment to take place on the 1st of Nov. ensuing, when that of the existing delegation would expire. I accordingly left home on the 16th of Oct. arrived at Trenton, where Congress was sitting, on the 3d of Nov. and took my seat on the 4th, on which day Congress adjourned to meet at Annapolis on the 26th Congress had now become a very small body, and the members very remiss in their attendance on it’s duties. insomuch that a majority of the states, necessary by the Confederation to constitute a house even for minor business did not assemble until the 13th of December. They as early as Jan. 7. 1782. had turned their attention to the monies current in the several states, and had directed the Financier, Robert Morris, to report to them a table of rates at which the foreign coins should be recieved at the treasury. that officer, or rather his as‑ sistant, Gouverneur Morris, answered them on the 15th in an able and elaborate statement of the denominations of money current in the several states, and of the comparative value of the foreign coins chiefly in circulation with us. he went into the consideration of the necessity of establishing a standard of value with us, and of the adoption of a money‑Unit. he proposed for that Unit such a fraction of pure silver as would be a common measure of the penny of every state, without leaving a fraction. this common divisor he found to be − ₁− ₄¹− ₄− ₀ of a dollar,  330 

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or − ₁− ₆¹− ₀− ₀ of the crown sterling. the value of a dollar was therefore to be expressed by 1440. units, and of a crown by 1600. each Unit contain‑ ing a quarter of a grain of fine silver. Congress turning again their attention to this subject the following year, the financier, by a letter of Apr. 30. 1783. further explained and urged the Unit he had pro‑ posed: but nothing more was done on it until the ensuing year, when it was again taken up, and referred to a commee of which I was a member. the general views of the financier were sound, and the prin‑ ciple was ingenious on which he proposed to found his Unit. but it was too minute for ordinary use, too laborious for computation either by the head or in figures. the price of a loaf of bread − ₂¹−₀ of a dollar would be 72. Units a pound of butter ⅕ of a dollar 288. Units a horse or bullock of 80.D. value would require a nota‑ tion of 48 6. figures, to wit 115,200, and the public debt, suppose of 80. Millions, would require 12. figures, to wit 115,200,000,000. Units. such a system of money‑arithmetic would be entirely unmanageable for the common purposes of society. I proposed therefore, instead of this, to adopt the Dollar as our Unit of account and payment, and that it’s divisions and subdivisions should be in the decimal ratio. I wrote49 some Notes on the subject, which I submitted to the consideration of the financier. I recieved his answer and adherence to his general system, only agreeing to take for his Unit 100. of those he first proposed, so that a Dollar should be 14.₁−⁴− ₀⁰₀ − and a crown 16. units. I replied to this and printed my notes and reply on a flying sheet which I put into the hands of the members of Congress for consideration, and the Committee agreed to report on my principle. this was adopted the ensuing year and50 is the system which now prevails. I insert here the Notes and Reply, as shewing the different views on which the adoption of our money system hung. the division into dismes, cents & mills is now so well understood, that it would be easy of introduction into the kindred branches of weights & measures. I use, when I travel, an Odometer of Clarke’s invention which divides the mile into cents, and I find every one comprehend a distance readily when stated to them in miles & cents; so they would in feet and cents, pounds & cents Etc. Notes on the establishment of a Money Unit, and of a Coinage for the US. In fixing the Unit of money, these circumstances Etc.* [TJ left blank space from this point to the foot of the page, but he did not here transcribe or file a copy of his Notes on Coinage, [Mar.–May 1784]. It is printed in PTJ, 7:175–88.]  331 

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 the51

remisness of Congress, and their permanent52 session began to be a subject of uneasiness and even some of the legislatures had recommended to them intermissions, and periodical sessions. as the Confederation had made no provision for a visible head of the govern‑ ment during vacations of Congress, and such a one was necessary to superintend the executive business, to recieve and communicate with foreign Ministers & nations, and to assemble Congress on sudden and extraordinary emergencies, I proposed early in April the appoint‑ ment of a commee to be called the Committee of the states, to consist of a member from each state, who should remain in session during the recess of Congress: that the functions of Congress should be di‑ vided into Executive and Legislative, the latter to be reserved, and the former, by a general resolution to be delegated to that Committee. this proposition was afterwards agreed to, a Committee appointed, who entered on duty on the subsequent adjournment of Congress, quarelled very soon, split into two parties, abandoned their post, and left the government without any visible head until the next meeting of Congress. we have since seen the same thing take place in the Directory of France; and I believe it will for ever take place in any Executive consisting of a plurality. our plan best I believe, combines wisdom and practicability, by providing a plurality of Counsellors, but a single Arbiter for ultimate decision. I was in France when we heard of this schism, and separation of our Committee, and speaking with Dr Franklin on this singular disposition of men to quarrel and divide into parties, he gave his sentiments as usual by way of Apo‑ logue. he mentioned the Eddystone lighthouse in the British channel as being built on a rock in the mid‑channel, totally inaccessible in winter, from the boisterous character of that sea, in that season. that therefore, for the two keepers employed to keep up the lights, all pro‑ visions for the winter were necessarily carried to them in autumn, as they could never be visited again until the return of the milder sea‑ son. that on the first practicable day in the spring a boat put off to them with fresh supplies. the boatmen met at the door one of the Keepers and accosted him with a ‘How goes it friend?—very well.— how is your companion?—I do not know—Don’t know? is not he here?—I can’t tell. have not you seen him to‑day?—No—when did you see him?—not since last fall.—you have killed him?—not I.’53 indeed—they were about to lay hold of him, as having certainly mur‑ dered his companion: but he desired them to go upstairs & examine for themselves. they went up, and there found the other keeper. they had quarelled it seems soon after being left there, had divided into  332 

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two parties, assigned the cares below to one, and those above to the other, and had never spoken to or seen one another since. But to return to our Congress at Annapolis, the definitive treaty of peace which had been signed at Paris on the 3d of Sep. 1783. and recieved here, could not be ratified without a House of 9. states. on the 23d of Dec. therefore we addressed letters to the several governors, stating the reciept of the definitive treaty, that 7. states only were in attendance, while 9. were necessary to it’s ratification, and urging them to press on their delegates the necessity of their immediate at‑ tendance. and on the 26th to save time I moved that the Agent of Marine (Robert Morris) should be instructed to have ready a vessel at this place, at N. York, & at some Eastern port, to carry over the ratification of the treaty when agreed to. it met the general sense of the house, but was opposed by Dr Lee on the ground of expence which it would authorise the agent to incur for us; and he said it would be better to ratify at once & send on the ratification. some members had before suggested that 7. states were competent to the ratification. my motion was therefore postponed and another brought forward by mr Reade of S.C. for an immediate ratification. this was debated the 26th and 27th. Reade, Lee, Williamson & Jeremiah Chace urged that rati‑ fication was a mere matter of form, that the treaty was conclusive from the moment it was signed by the ministers; that although the Confederation requires the assent of 9. states to enter into a treaty, yet that it’s conclusion could not be called the entrance into it; that sup‑ posing 9. states requisite, it would be in the power of 5. states to keep us always at war; that 9. states had virtually authorised the ratificn having ratified the provisional treaty, and instructed their ministers to agree to a definitive one in the same terms, and the present one was in fact substantially and almost verbatim the same; that there now re‑ main but 67. days for the ratification, for it’s passage across the At‑ lantic, and it’s exchange; that there was no hope of our soon having 9. states present; in fact that this was the ultimate point of time to which we could venture to wait; that if the ratification was not in Paris by the time stipulated, the treaty would become void; that if ratified by 7 states, it would go under our seal without it’s being known to Gr. Britain that only 7. had concurred; that it was a question of which they had no right to take cognisance, and we were only answerable for it to our constituents; that it was like the ratification which Gr. Britain had recieved from the Dutch by the negociations of Sr Wm Temple. On the contrary it was argued by Monroe, Gerry, Howel, Ellery &  myself that by the modern usage of Europe the ratification was  333 

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considered as the act which gave validity to a treaty, until which it was not obligatory. Vattel L. 2. §. 156. L. 4. §. 77. 1. Mably Droit d’Europe. 86. that the commission to the ministers reserved the rati‑ fication to Congress; that the treaty itself stipulated that it should be ratified; that it became a 2d question who were competent to the ratification? that the Confederation expressly required 9 states to enter into any treaty; that, by this, that instrument must have in‑ tended that the assent of 9. states should be necessary as well to the completion as to the commencement of the treaty, it’s object having been to guard the rights of the Union in all those important cases where 9. states are called for; that, by the contrary construction, 7 states, containing less than one third of our whole citizens, might rivet on us a treaty, commenced indeed under commission and instructions from 9. states, but formed by the minister in express contradiction to such instructions, and in direct sacrifice of the interests of so great a majority; that the definitive treaty was admitted not to be a verbal copy of the provisional one, and whether the departures from it were of substance, or not, was a question on which 9. states alone were competent to decide; that the circumstances of the ratification of the provisional articles by 9. states the instructions to our ministers to form a definitive one by them, and their actual agreement in sub‑ stance, do not render us competent to ratify in the present instance; if these circumstances are in themselves a ratification, nothing further is requisite than to give attested copies of them, in exchange for the British ratification; if they are not, we remain where we were, with‑ out a ratification by 9. states, and incompetent ourselves to ratify; that it was but 4. days since the seven states now present unanimously concurred in a resolution to be forwarded to the governors of the absent states, in which they stated as a cause for urging on their del‑ egates, that 9. states were necessary to ratify the treaty; that in the case of the Dutch ratification, Gr. Britain had courted it, and there‑ fore was glad to accept it as it was; that they knew our constitution, and would object to a ratification by 7. that if that circumstance was kept back, it would be known hereafter, & would give them ground to deny the validity of a ratification into which they should have been surprised and cheated, and it would be a dishonorable prostitution of our seal; that there is a hope of 9. states; that if the treaty would be‑ come null if not ratified in time, it would not be saved by an imperfect ratification; but that in fact it would not be null, and would be placed on better ground, going in unexceptionable form, tho’ a few days too late, and rested on the small importance of this circumstance, and the physical impossibilities which had prevented a punctual compliance in  334 

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point of time; that this would be approved by all nations, & by Great Britain herself, if not determined to renew the war, and if so deter‑ mined, she would never want excuses, were this out of the way. mr Reade gave notice he should call for the yeas & nays; whereon those in opposition prepared a resolution expressing pointedly the reasons of their dissent to his motion. it appearing however that his proposi‑ tion could not be carried, it was thought better to make no entry at all. Massachusets alone would have been for it; Rhode island, Pen‑ sylvania and Virginia against it, Delaware, Maryland & N. Carolina would have been divided. Our body was little numerous, but very contentious. day after day was wasted on the most unimportant questions. my colleague Mercer was one of those afflicted with the morbid rage of debate. of an ardent mind, prompt imagination, and copious flow of words, he heard with impatience any logic which was not his own. sitting near me on some occasion of a trifling but wordy debate, he asked how I could sit in silence hearing so much false reasoning which a word should refute? I observed to him that to refute indeed was easy, but to silence im‑ possible. that in measures brought forward by myself, I took the la‑ boring oar, as was incumbent on me; but that in general I was willing to listen. if every sound argument or objection was used by some one or other of the numerous debaters, it was enough: if not, I thought it sufficient to suggest the omission, without going into a repetition of what had been already said by others. that this was a waste and abuse of the time and patience of the house which could not be justi‑ fied. And I believe that if the members of deliberative bodies were to observe this course generally, they would do in a day what takes them a week. and it is really more questionable, than may at first be thought, whether Bonaparte’s dumb legislature which said nothing and did much, may not be preferable to one which talks much and does nothing. I served with General Washington in the legislature of Virginia before the revolution, and, during it, with Dr Franklin in Congress. I never heard either of them speak ten minutes at a time, nor to any but the main point which was to decide the question. they laid their shoulders to the great points, knowing that the little ones would follow of themselves. if the present Congress errs in too much talking, how can it be otherwise in a body to which the people send 150. lawyers, whose trade it is to question every thing, yield nothing, & talk by the hour? that 150. lawyers should do business together ought not to be expected.—but to return again to our subject. Those who thought 7. states competent to the ratification being very restless under the loss of their motion, I proposed, on the 3d of January  335 

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to meet them on middle ground, and therefore moved a resolution which premising that there were but 7. states present who were unan‑ imous for the ratification, but54 that they differed in opinion on the question of competency, that those however in the negative were un‑ willing that any powers which it might be supposed they possessed should remain unexercised for the restoration of peace, provided it could be done saving their good faith, and without importing any opinion of Congress that 7. states were competent, and resolving that the treaty be ratified so far as they had power; that it should be trans‑ mitted to our ministers with instructions to keep it uncommunicated; to endeavor to obtain 3. months longer for exchange of ratifications; that they should be informed that so soon as 9. states shall be present a ratification by 9. shall be sent them; if this should get to them be‑ fore the ultimate point of time for exchange, they were to use it, and not the other; if not, they were to offer the act of the 7. states in ex‑ change, informing them the treaty had come to hand while Congress was not in session, that but 7. states were as yet assembled, and these had unanimously concurred in the ratification. this was debated on the 3d & 4th and on the 5th a vessel being to sail for England from this port (Annapolis) the House directed the President to write to our ministers accordingly. Jan. 14. Delegates from Connecticut having attended yesterday, and another from S. Carolina coming in this day, the treaty was ratified without a dissenting voice, and three instruments of ratification were ordered to be made out, one of which was sent by Colo Harmer, an‑ other by Colo Franks and the 3d transmitted to the Agent of marine to be forwarded by any good opportunity. Congress soon took up the consideration of their foreign relations. they deemed it necessary to get their commerce placed with every na‑ tion on a footing as favorable as that of other nations; and for this purpose to propose to each a distinct treaty of commerce. this act too would amount to an acknolegement by each of our independance, and of our reception into the fraternity of nations; which altho’, as pos‑ sessing our station of right and in fact, we would not condescend to ask, we were not unwilling to furnish55 opportunities for recieving their friendly salutations & welcome.   with France the United Netherlands and Sweden we had already treaties of Commerce, but commissions were given for those countries also, should any amend‑ ments be thought necessary. the other states to which treaties were to be proposed were England, Hamburg, Saxony, Prussia, Denmark, Russia, Austria, Venice,56 Rome, Naples, Tuscany, Sardinia, Genoa, Spain, Portugal, the Porte, Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis & Marocco.  336 

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7th

 On the of May Congress resolved that a Minister Plenipoten‑ tiary should be appointed in addition to mr Adams & Doctr Franklin for negociating treaties of commerce with foreign nations, and I was elected to that duty. I accordingly left Annapolis57 on the 11th took with me my elder daughter then at Philadelphia (the two others being too young for the voyage) & proceeded to Boston in quest of a passage. while passing thro’ the different states, I made a point of in‑ forming myself of the state of the commerce of each, went on to New Hampshire with the same view and returned to Boston. from thence I sailed on the 5th of July in the Ceres a merchant ship of mr Nathan‑ iel Tracey, bound to Cowes. he was himself a passenger, and, after a pleasant voyage of 19. days from land to land, we arrived at Cowes on the 26th. I was detained there a few days by the indisposition of my daughter. on the 30th we embarked for Havre, arrived there on the 31st left it the 3d of August, and arrived at Paris on the 6th. I called immediately on Doctr Franklin at Passy, communicated to him our charge, and we wrote to mr Adams, then at the Hague to join us at Paris. Before I had left America, that is to say in the year 1781. I had re‑ cieved a letter from M. de Marbois, of the French legation in Phila‑ delphia,58 informing me he had been instructed by his government to obtain such statistical accounts of the different states of our Union, as might be useful for their information; and addressing to me a num‑ ber of queries relative to the state of Virginia. I had always made it a practice whenever an opportunity occurred of obtaining any informa‑ tion of our country, which might be of use to me in any station public or private, to commit it to writing. these memoranda were on loose papers, bundled up without order, and difficult of recurrence when I had occasion for a particular one. I thought this a good occasion to embody their substance, which I did in the order of mr Marbois’ queries, so as to answer his wish and to arrange them for my own use. some friends to whom they were occasionally communicated wished for copies; but their volume rendering this too laborious by hand, I proposed to get a few printed for their gratification. I was asked such a price however as exceeded the importance of the object. on my ar‑ rival at Paris I found it could be done for a fourth of what I had been asked here. I therefore corrected and enlarged them, and had 200. copies printed, under the title of Notes on Virginia. I gave a very few copies to some particular persons in Europe, and sent the rest to my friends in America. an European copy, by the death of the owner, got into the hands of a bookseller, who engaged it’s translation, & when ready for the press, communicated his intentions & Manuscript to me,  337 

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without any other permission than that of suggesting corrections. I never had seen so wretched an attempt at translation. interverted, abridged, mutilated, and often reversing the sense of the original, I found it a blotch of errors from beginning to end. I corrected some of the most material, and in that form it was printed in French. a Lon‑ don bookseller, on seeing the translation, requested me to permit him to print the English original. I thought it best to do so to let the world see that it was not really so bad as the French translation had made it appear. and this is the true history of that publication. Mr Adams soon joined us at Paris, & our first employment was to prepare a general form to be proposed to such nations as were dis‑ posed to treat with us. during the negociations for peace with the British Commissioner David Hartley, our Commissioners had pro‑ posed, on the suggestion of Doctr Franklin, to insert an article ex‑ empting from capture by the public or private armed ships of either belligerent, when at war, all merchant vessels and their cargoes, em‑ ployed merely in carrying on the commerce between nations. it was refused by England, and unwisely, in my opinion. for in the case of a war with us, their superior commerce places infinitely more at hazard on the ocean than ours; and as hawks abound in proportion to game, so our privateers would swarm in proportion to the wealth exposed to their prise, while theirs would be few for wants of subjects of capture. we inserted this article in our form, with a provision against the mo‑ lestation of fishermen, husbandmen, citizens unarmed and following their occupations in unfortified places, for the humane treatment of prisoners of war, the abolition of contraband of war, which exposes merchants vessels to such vexatious & ruinous detentions and abuses; and for the principle of free bottoms, free goods. In a conference with the Count de Vergennes, it was thought better to leave to legislative regulation on both sides such modifications of our commercial intercourse as would voluntarily flow from amicable dispositions. without urging, we sounded the ministers of the several European nations at the court of Versailles, on their dispositions to‑ wards mutual commerce, and the expediency of encouraging it by the protection of a treaty. old Frederic of Prussia met us cordially and without hesitation, and appointing the Baron de Thulemeyer, his minister at the Hague, to negociate with us, we communicated to him our Project, which with little alteration by the king, was soon con‑ cluded. Denmark and Tuscany entered also into negociations with us. other powers appearing indifferent we did not think it proper to press them. they seemed in fact to know little about us, but as rebels who had been succesful in throwing off the yoke of the mother coun‑  338 

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try. they were ignorant of our commerce, which had been always mo‑ nopolised by England, and of the exchange of articles it might offer advantageously to both parties. they were inclined therefore to stand aloof until they could see better what relations might be usefully in‑ stituted with us. the negotiations therefore begun with Denmark & Tuscany we protracted designedly until our powers had expired; and abstained from making new propositions to others having no colonies; because our commerce being an exchange of raw for wrought mate‑ rials, is a competent price for admission into the colonies of those pos‑ sessing them: but were we to give it, without price, to others, all would claim it without price on the ordinary ground of gentis amicissimae. Mr Adams being appointed Min. Pleny of the US. to London, left us in June, and in July 1785. Dr Franklin returned to America, and I was appointed his successor at Paris. in Feb. 1786. mr Adams wrote to me pressingly to join him in London immediately, as he thought he discovered there some symptoms of better disposition towards us. Colo Smith, his Secretary of legation, was the bearer of his urgencies for my immediate attendance. I accordingly left Paris on the 1st of March, and on my arrival in London we agreed on a very summary form of treaty, proposing an exchange of citizenship for our citizens, our ships, and productions generally, except as to office. on my pre‑ sentation as usual to the King and Queen, at their leveés, it was im‑ possible for any thing to be more ungracious than their notice of mr Adams & myself. I saw at once that the ulcerations in the narrow mind of that mulish being left nothing to be expected on the subject of my attendance; and on the first conference with the Marquis of Caermarthen, his Minister for foreign affairs, the distance and disin‑ clination which he betrayed in his conversation, the vagueness & eva‑ sions of his answers to us, confirmed me in the belief of their aversion to have any thing to do with us. we delivered him however our Projet, mr Adams not despairing so much as I did of it’s effect. we afterwards, by one or more notes, requested his appointment of an interview and conference, which, without directly declining, he evaded by pretences of other pressing occupations for the moment. after staying there seven weeks, till within a few days of the expiration of our commis‑ sion,59 I informed the Minister by note that my duties at Paris re‑ quired my return to that place, and that I should with pleasure be the bearer of any commands to his Ambassador there. he answered that he had none, and wishing me a pleasant journey, I left London on the 26th & arrived at Paris the 30th of April. While in London we entered into negociations with the Chevalier Pinto Ambassador of Portugal at that place. the only article of difficulty  339 

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between us was a stipulation that our bread stuff should be recieved in Portugal in the form of flour as well as of grain. he approved of it himself, but observed that several Nobles of great influence at their court were the owners of windmills in the neighborhood of Lisbon which depended much for their profits on manufacturing our wheat, and that this stipulation would endanger the whole treaty. he signed it however, & it’s fate was what he had candidly portended. My duties at Paris were confined to a few objects; the reciept of our whale‑oils, salted fish, and salted meats on favorable terms, the admission of our rice on equal terms with that of Piedmont, Egypt & the Levant, a mitigation of the monopolies of our tobacco by the Farmers‑general, and a free admission of our productions into their islands were the principal commercial objects which required atten‑ tion; and on these occasions I was powerfully aided by all the influence and the energies of the Marquis de la Fayette, who proved himself equally zealous for the friendship and welfare of both nations; and in justice I must also say that I found the government entirely disposed to befriend us on all occasions, and to yield us every indulgence not absolutely injurious to themselves. the Count de Vergennes had the reputation with our diplomatic corps of being wary & slippery in his diplomatic intercourse; and so he might be with those whom he knew to be slippery and double faced themselves. as he saw that I had no indirect views, practised no subtleties, meddled in no intrigues, pur‑ sued no concealed object, I found him as frank, as honorable, as easy of access to reason as any man with whom I had ever done business; and I must say the same for his successor Montmorin, one of the most honest and worthy of human beings. Our commerce in the Mediterranean was placed under early alarm by the capture of two of our vessels and crews by the Barbary cruisers. I was very unwilling that we should acquiesce in the European hu‑ miliation of paying a tribute to those lawless pirates, and endeavored to form an association of the powers subject to habitual depredations from them. I accordingly prepared and proposed to their ministers at Paris, for consultation with their governments, articles of a special confederation in the following form. [TJ’s Proposed Convention against the Barbary States, [before 4 July 1786], is printed in PTJ, 10:566–8. The text of that document that TJ included here is accordingly omitted.] Spain had just concluded a treaty with Algiers at the expence of 3. millions of Dollars, and did not like to relinquish the benefit of that until the other party should fail in their observance of it. Portugal, Naples, the two Sicilies, Venice, Malta,60 Denmark and Sweden were  340 

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May 17.

favorably disposed to such an association; but their representatives at Paris expressed apprehensions that France would interfere, and either openly or secretly support the Barbary powers; and they required that I should ascertain the dispositions of the Count de Vergennes on the subject. I had before taken occasion to inform him of what we were proposing, and therefore did not think it proper to insinuate any doubt of the fair conduct of his government; but stating our proposi‑ tions, I mentioned the apprehensions entertained by us that England would interfere in behalf of those pyratical governments. ‘she dares not do it’ said he. I pressed it no further. the other Agents were sat‑ isfied with this indication of his sentiments, and nothing was now wanting to bring it into direct and formal consideration, but the as‑ sent of our government, and their authority to make the formal prop‑ osition. I communicated to them the favorable prospect of protecting our commerce from the Barbary depredations, and for such a con‑ tinuance of time as, by an exclusion of them from the sea, to change their habits & characters from a predatory to an agricultural people: towards which however it was expected they would contribute a frigate, and it’s expences to be in constant cruize. but they were in no condition to make any such engagement. their recommendatory powers for obtaining contributions were so openly neglected by the several states that they declined an engagement which they were con‑ scious they could not fulfill with punctuality; and so it fell through. In 1786. while at Paris I became acquainted with John Ledyard of Connecticut, a man of genius, of some science, and of fearless cour‑ age, & enterprize. he had accompanied Capt Cook in his voyage to the Pacific, had distinguished himself on several occasions by an un‑ rivalled intrepidity, and published an account of that voyage with details unfavorable to Cook’s deportment towards the savages, and lessening our regrets at his fate. Ledyard had come to Paris in the hope of forming a company to engage in the fur trade of the Western coast of America. he was disappointed in this, and being out of busi‑ ness, and of a roaming, restless character, I suggested to him the en‑ terprize of exploring the Western part of our continent, by passing thro’ St Petersburg to Kamschatka, and procuring a passage thence in some of the Russian vessels to Nootka sound, whence he might make his way across the Continent to America; and I undertook to have the permission of the Empress of Russia solicited. he eagerly embraced the proposition, and M. de Simoulin, the Russian Ambassador, and more particularly Baron Grimm the special correspondent of the Em‑ press, solicited her permission for him to pass thro’ her dominions to the Western coast of America. and here I must correct a material error  341 

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May. 18.

which I have committed in another place to the prejudice of the Em‑ press. in writing some Notes of the life of Capt Lewis, prefixed to his expedition to the Pacific, I stated that the Empress gave the permis‑ sion asked, & afterwards retracted it. this Idea, after a lapse of 26. years, had so insinuated itself into my mind, that I committed it to paper without the least suspicion of error. yet I find, on recurring to my letters of that date that the Empress refused permission at once, considering the enterprise as entirely chimerical. but Ledyard would not relinquish it, persuading himself that by proceeding to St Peters‑ burg he could satisfy the Empress of it’s practicability and obtain her permission. he went accordingly, but she was absent on a visit to some distant part of her dominions,* and he pursued his course to within 200. miles of Kamschatka, where he was overtaken by an arrest from the Empress, brought back to Poland, and there dismissed. I must therefore in justice, acquit the Empress of ever having for a moment countenanced, even by the indulgence of an innocent passage thro’ her territories this61 interesting enterprize. The pecuniary distresses of France produced this year a measure of which there had been no example for near two centuries, & the consequences of which, good and evil, are not yet calculable. for it’s remote causes we must go a little back. Celebrated writers of France and England had already sketched good principles on the subject of government. yet the American revo‑ lution62 seems first to have awakened the thinking part of the French nation in general from the sleep of despotism in which they were sunk. the officers too who had been to America, were mostly young men, less shackled by habit and prejudice, and more ready to assent to the suggestions of common sense, & feeling of common rights. they came back with new ideas & impressions. the press, notwithstanding it’s shackles, began to disseminate them. conversation assumed new freedoms. politics became the theme of all societies, male and female, and a very extensive & zealous party was formed which acquired the appellation of the Patriotic party, who, sensible of the abusive gov‑ ernment under which they lived, sighed for occasions of reforming it. this party comprehended all the honesty of the kingdom sufficiently at it’s leisure to think, the men of letters, the easy Bourgeois, the young nobility partly from reflection, partly from mode, for these sentiments became a matter of mode, and as such united most of the young women to the party. happily for the Nation, it happened at the same63 moment that the dissipations of the Queen and court, the abuses of  * the Crimea.64

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the pension‑list, and delapidations in the administration of every branch of the finances, had exhausted the treasures and credit of the nation, insomuch that it’s most necessary functions were paralysed. to reform these abuses would have overset the minister; to impose new taxes by the authority of the King was known to be impossible from the determined opposition of the parliament to their enregistry. no resource remained then but to appeal to the nation. he advised therefore the call of an assembly of the most distinguished characters of the nation, in the hope that by promises of various and valuable improvements in the organisation and regimen of the government, they would be induced to authorise new taxes, to controul the op‑ position of the parliament, and to raise the annual revenue to the level of expenditures. an Assembly of Notables therefore, about 150. in number named by the king, convened on the 22d of Feb. the minister (Calonne) stated to them that the annual excess of expences beyond the revenue, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, was 37. millions of livres; that 440. Millns had been borrowed to reestablish the navy, that the American war had cost them 1440. Millns (25665 Mils of Dol‑ lars) and that the interest of these sums, with other increased ex‑ pences had added 40. Millns more to the annual deficit. (but a subseqt and more candid estimate made it 56. Millns)66 he proffered them an universal redress of grievances, laid open those grievances fully, pointed out sound remedies, and covering his canvas with objects of this magnitude, the deficit dwindled to a little accessory, scarcely attracting attention. the persons chosen were the most able & inde‑ pendant characters in the kingdom, and their support, if it could be obtained, would be enough for him. they improved the occasion of redressing their grievances, and agreed that the public wants should be relieved; but went into an examination of the causes of them. it was supposed that Calonne67 was conscious that his accounts could not bear examination; and it was said and believed that he asked of the king to send 4. members to the Bastille,68 of whom the M. de la Fayette was one, to banish 20. others, & 2. of his ministers. the king found it shorter to banish him. his successor went on in full concert with the assembly. the result was an augmentation of the revenue a promise of economies in it’s expenditure, of an annual settlement of the public accounts before a council, which the Comptroller, having been heretofore obliged to settle only with the king in person, of course never settled at all; an acknolegement that the king could not lay a new tax, a reformation of the criminal laws,69 abolition of torture, suppression of Corvées, reformation of the Gabelles, removal of the interior custom houses, free commerce of grain internal & external,  343 

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May. 24.

and the establishment of Provincial assemblies; which all together constituted a great mass of improvement in the condition of the na‑ tion. the establishment of the Provincial assemblies was in itself a fundamental improvement. they would be of the choice of the people, one third renewed every year, in those provinces where there are no states, that is to say over about three fourths of the kingdom. they would be partly an Executive themselves, & partly an Executive coun‑ cil to the Intendant, to whom the Executive power, in his province had been heretofore entirely delegated. chosen by the people, they would soften the execution of hard laws, & having a right of representation to the king, they would censure bad laws, suggest good ones, expose abuses, and their representations,70 when united, would command re‑ spect. to the other advantages might be added the precedent itself of calling the Assembleé des Notables, which would perhaps grow into habit. the hope was that the improvements thus promised would be carried into effect, that they would be maintained during the present reign, & that that would be long enough for them to take some root in the constitution, so that they might come to be considered as a part of that, and be protected by time, and the attachment of the Nation. The Count de Vergennes had died a few days before the meeting of the Assembly, & the Count de Montmorin had been named Min‑ ister of foreign affairs in his place. Villedeuil succeeded Calonne as Comptroller general, & Lomenie de Bryenne, Archbishop of Tou‑ louse,71 afterwards of Sens, & ultimately Cardinal Lomenie, was named Minister principal, with whom the other ministers were to transact the business of their departments, heretofore done with the king in person, and the Duke de Nivernois, and M. de Malesherbes were called to the council. on the nomination of the Minister princi‑ pal the Marshals de Segur & de Castries retired from the depart‑ ments of War & Marine, unwilling to act subordinately, or to share the blame of proceedings taken out of their direction. they were suc‑ ceeded by the Count de Brienne, brother of the Prime minister, and the Marquis de la Luzerne, brother to him who had been Minister in the United States. A dislocated wrist, unsuccesfully set, occasioned advice from my Surgeon to try the mineral waters of Aix in Provence as a corrobo‑ rant. I left Paris for that place therefore on the 28th of Feb. and pro‑ ceeded up the Seine, thro’ Champagne & Burgundy, and down the Rhone thro’ the Beaujolais by Lyons, Avignon, Nismes to Aix. where finding on trial no benefit from the waters, I concluded to visit the rice country of Piedmont, to see if any thing might be learnt there to benefit the rivalship of our Carolina rice with that, and thence to  344 

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May. 25.

make a tour of the seaport towns of France, along it’s Southern and Western coast, to inform myself if any thing could be done to favor our commerce with them. from Aix therefore I took my route by Mar‑ seilles, Toulon, Hieres, Nice, across the Col de Tende, by Coni, Turin, Vercelli, Novara, Milan, Pavia, Novi, Genoa. thence returning along the coast by Savona, Noli, Albenga, Oneglia, Monaco, Nice, Antibes, Frejus, Aix, Marseilles, Avignon, Nismes, Montpellier, Frontignan, Cette, Agde, and along the canal of Languedoc by Bezieres, Nar‑ bonne, Carcassonne, Castelnaudari, thro’ the souterrain of St Feriol and back by Castelnaudari, to Toulouse, thence to Montauban & down the Garronne by Langon to Bordeaux. thence to Rochefort, la Rochelle, Nantes, L’Orient, then back by Rennes to Nantes, and up the Loire by Angers, Tours, Amboise, Blois to Orleans, thence di‑ rect to Paris where I arrived on the 10th of June. soon after my return from this journey to wit, about the latter part of July, I recieved my younger daughter Maria from Virginia by the way of London, the youngest having died some time before. The treasonable perfidy of the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder & Captain General of the United Netherlands, in the war which England waged against them for entering into a treaty of commerce with the US. is known to all. as their Executive officer, charged with the con‑ duct of the war, he contrived to baffle all the measures of the States General, to dislocate all their military plans, & played false into the hands of England and against his own country72 on every possible occasion, confident in her protection, and in that of the King of Prus‑ sia, brother to his Princess. the States General indignant at this pat‑ ricidal conduct applied to France for aid, according to the stipula‑ tions of the treaty concluded with her in 85. it was assured to them, readily, and in cordial terms, in a letter from the Ct de Vergennes to the Marquis de Verac, Ambassador of France at the Hague, of which the following is an extract. [The French‑language excerpt of the 15 Mar. 1786 letter that TJ in‑ cluded at this point is printed in PTJ, 12:675–6. The Editors’ transla‑ tion of the text reads as follows:] ‘Extract from the Comte de Vergennes’s dispatch to the Marquis de Vérac, French ambassador at the Hague, of 1573 March 1786. The king will contribute as much as is in his power to the success of the thing, and you, in his name, will invite the Patriots to commu‑ nicate to him their views, plan, and wishes. You will assure them that the king is truly interested in their persons as well as their cause, and that they may rely on his protection. They may count on it all the more, Sir, as we do not conceal that, if the stadholder regains his  345 

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former influence, before long the English system will prevail, and our alliance will become illusory. The Patriots will readily perceive that such a situation would be incompatible with the dignity, as well as the consideration, of His Majesty. But, Sir, should the leaders of the Patriots fear a schism, they would still have [in their possession]74 enough time to reclaim those of their friends whom the Anglomani‑ acs have misled, and arrange matters so that, when the question is considered again, it will be decided agreeably to their wishes. On this presumption, the king authorizes you to act in concert with them, follow the directions they decide to give you, and employ every means to increase the number of partisans of the good cause. It remains for me, Sir, to speak to you about the Patriots’ personal security. You will assure them that whatever happens the king places them under his direct protection, and you will make it known wherever you deem it necessary that His Majesty will consider any attempt against their liberty to be a personal affront. This language, vigorously spoken, will presumably obtrude on the Anglomaniacs’ audacity and convince the prince of Nassau that he will run some risk by provoking His Maj‑ esty’s resentment.’ This letter was communicated by the Patriots to me when at Am‑ sterdam in 1788. and a copy sent by me to mr Jay in my letter to him of Mar. 16. 178875 The object of the Patriots was to establish a representative and republican government. the majority of the States general were with them, but the majority of the populace of the towns was with the Prince of Orange; and that populace was plaid off with great effect by the triumvirate of   Harris the English Ambassador afterwards Ld Malmesbury, the Prince of Orange,76 a stupid man, and the Prin‑ cess as much a man as either of her colleagues, in audaciousness, in enterprise, & in the thirst of domination. by these the mobs of the Hague were excited against the members of the States general, their persons were insulted & endangered in the streets, the sanctuary of their houses was violated, and the Prince whose function & duty it was to repress and punish these violations of order, took no steps for that purpose. the States General, for their own protection were there‑ fore obliged to place their militia under the command of a Commit‑ tee. the Prince filled the courts of London and Berlin with complaints at this usurpation of his prerogatives, and forgetting that he was but the first servant of a republic, marched his regular troops against the city of Utrecht, where the States were in session. they were repulsed by the militia. his interests now became marshalled with those of the  public enemy & against his own country. the States therefore,  346 

2 9 J U LY 1 8 2 1 lre to Jay Aug. 6. 87.

my lre Sep. 22. 87.

lre to J. Jay Sep. 24.

lre to Carm. Dec. 15.

exercising their rights of sovereignty, deprived him of all his pow‑ ers.   The great Frederic had died in August 86. he had never intended to break with France in support of the Prince of Orange. during the illness of which he died, he had thro’ the Duke of Bruns‑ wick declared to the Marquis de la Fayette, who was then at Berlin, that he meant not to support the English interest in Holland: that he might assure the government of France his only wish was that some honorable place in the Constitution should be reserved for the Stadt‑ holder and his children, and that he would take no part in the quarrel unless an entire abolition of the Stadthoulderate should be attempted. but his place was now occupied by Frederic William, his great nephew, a man of little understanding, much caprice, & very inconsiderate: and the Princess his sister, altho’ her husband was in arms against the legitimate authorities of the country, attempting to go to Amsterdam for the purpose of exciting the mobs of that place, and being refused permission to pass a military post on the way, he put the Duke of Brunswick at the head of 20,000 men, and made demonstrations of marching on Holland. the King of France hereupon declared, by his Chargé des affaires in Holland that if the Prussian troops continued to menace Holland with an invasion, his majesty, in quality of Ally, was determined to succour that province. in answer to this Eden gave official information to Count Montmorin, that England must con‑ sider as at an end, it’s convention with France relative to giving no‑ tice of it’s naval armaments and that she was arming generally. war being now imminent, Eden questioned me on the effect of our treaty with France in the case of war, & what might be our dispositions? I told him frankly and without hesitation that our dispositions would be neutral, and that I thought it would be the interest of both these powers that we should be so; because it would relieve both from all anxiety as to feeding their W. India islands. that England too, by suffering us to remain so, would avoid a heavy land‑war on our con‑ tinent, which might very much cripple her proceedings elsewhere: that our treaty indeed obliged us to recieve into our ports the armed vessels of France, with their prizes, and to refuse admission to the prizes made on her by her enemies: that there was a clause also by which we guarantied to France her American possessions, which might perhaps force us into the war, if these are attacked.77 ‘then it will be war, said he, for they will assuredly be attacked.’ Liston, at Madrid, about the same time, made the same enquiries of Carmichael. the government of France then declared a determination to form a camp of observation at Givet, commenced arming her marine, and named the Bailli de Suffrein their Generalissimo on the Ocean. she  347 

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my lre to Jay Nov. 3.

lre to J. Adams Nov. 13

secretly engaged also in negociations with Russia, Austria, & Spain to form a quadruple alliance. the Duke of Brunswick having advanced to the confines of Holland, sent some of his officers to Givet to recon‑ noitre the state of things there, and report them to him. he said after‑ wards that ‘if there had been only a few tents at that place, he should have not advanced further, for that the king would not merely for the interest of his sister, engage in a war with France.’ but finding that there was not a single company there, he78 boldly entered the country took their towns as fast as he presented himself before them, and advanced on Utrecht. the States had appointed the Rhingrave of Salm their Commander in chief, a prince without talents, without courage, and without principle. he might have held out in Utrecht for a con‑ siderable time, but he surrendered the place without firing a gun, literally run away & hid himself so that for months it was not known what was become of him. Amsterdam was then attacked and capitu‑ lated. in the mean time the negociations for the quadruple alliance were proceeding favorably. but the secrecy with which they were attempted to be conducted, was penetrated by Fraser, Chargé des affaires of England at St Petersburg, who instantly notified his court, and gave the alarm to Prussia. the king saw at once what would be his situation between the jaws of France, Austria and Russia. in great dismay he besought the court of London not to abandon him, sent Alvensleben to Paris to explain and soothe, and England thro’ the D. of Dorset and Eden, renewed her conferences for accomodation. the Archbishop, who shuddered at the idea of war, and preferred a peace‑ ful surrender of right to an armed vindication of it, recieved them with open arms, entered into cordial conferences, and a declaration, and counterdeclaration were cooked up at Versailles and sent to London for approbation. they were approved there, reached Paris at 1. aclock of the 27th and were signed that night at Versailles. it was said and believed at Paris that M. de Montmorin, literally, ‘pleuroit comme un enfant,’ when obliged to sign this Counterdeclaration; so distressed was he by the dishonor of sacrificing the Patriots after79 assurances so80 solemn of protection, and absolute encouragement to proceed. the Prince of Orange was reinstated in all his powers, now become regal. a great emigration of the Patriots took place, all were deprived of office, many exiled, and their property confiscated. they were recieved in France, and subsisted for some time on her bounty. thus fell Hol‑ land, by the treachery of her chief, from her honorable independance to become a province of England, and so also her Stadthoulder from the high station of the first citizen of a free republic, to be the servile  348 

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Viceroy of a foreign sovereign. and this was effected by a mere scene of bullying & demonstration, not one of the parties, France England or Prussia having ever really meant to encounter actual war for the interests of the Prince of Orange. but it had all the effect of a real and decisive war. Our first essay in America to establish a federative government had fallen, on trial, very short of it’s object. during the war of Indepen‑ dance, while the pressure of an external enemy hooped us together, and their enterprises kept us necessarily on the alert, the spirit of the people, excited by danger, was a supplement to the Confederation, and urged them to zealous exertions, whether claimed by that instru‑ ment, or not. but when peace and safety were restored, and every man became engaged in useful and profitable occupation, less attention was paid to the calls of Congress. the fundamental defect of the Con‑ federation was that Congress was not authorised to act immediately on the people, & by it’s own officers. their power was only requisitory, and these requisitions were addressed to the several legislatures, to be by them carried into execution, without other coercion than the moral principle of duty. this allowed in fact a negative to every legis‑ lature, on every measure proposed by Congress, a negative so fre‑ quently exercised in practice as to benumb the action of the federal government and to render it inefficient in it’s general objects, & more especially in pecuniary and foreign concerns. the want too of a sepa‑ ration of the legislative, executive & judiciary functions worked dis‑ advantageously in practice. yet this state of things afforded a happy augury of the future march of our confederacy, when it was seen that the good sense and good dispositions of the people, as soon as they percieved the incompetence of their first compact, instead of leaving it’s correction to insurrection and civil war, agreed with one voice to elect deputies to a general convention, who should peaceably meet and agree on such a constitution as ‘would ensure peace, justice, liberty, the common defence & general welfare.’ This Convention met at Philadelphia on the 25th of May ’87. it sate with closed doors, and kept all it’s proceedings secret, until it’s dis‑ solution on the 17th of September, when the results of their labors were published all together. I recieved a copy early in November, and read and contemplated it’s provisions with great satisfaction. as not a member of the Convention however, nor probably a single citizen of the Union, had approved it in all it’s parts, so I too found articles which I thought objectionable. the absence of express declarations ensuring freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom of the  349 

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person under the uninterrupted protection of the Habeas corpus, & trial by jury in civil, as well as in criminal cases excited my jealousy; and the re‑eligibility of the President for life, I quite disapproved. I expressed freely in letters to my friends, and most particularly to mr Madison & Genl Washington, my approbations and objections. how the good should be secured, and the ill brought to rights was the dif‑ ficulty. to refer it back to a new Convention might endanger the loss of the whole. my first idea was that the 9. states first acting should accept it unconditionally, and thus secure what in it was good, and that the 4. last should accept on the previous condition that certain amendments should be agreed to. but a better course was devised of accepting the whole and trusting that the good sense, & honest in‑ tentions of our citizens would make the alterations which should be deemed necessary. accordingly all accepted, 6. without objection, and 7. with recommendations of specified amendments. those respecting the press, religion, & juries, with several others, of great value, were accordingly made; but the Habeas corpus was left to the discretion of Congress, and the amendment against the reeligibility of the Presi‑ dent was not proposed by that body. my fears of that feature were founded on the importance of the office, on the fierce contentions it might excite among ourselves, if continuable for life, and the dan‑ gers of interference either with money or arms, by foreign nations, to whom the choice of an American President might become interest‑ ing. examples of this abounded in history; in the case of the Roman emperors for instance, of the Popes while of any significance, of the German emperors, the kings of Poland, & the Deys of Barbary. I had observed too in the feudal History, and in the recent instance particu‑ larly of the Stadtholder of Holland, how easily offices or tenures for life slid into inheritances. my wish therefore was that the President should be elected for 7. years & be ineligible afterwards. this term I thought sufficient to enable him, with the concurrence of the legisla‑ ture, to carry thro’ & establish any system of improvement he should propose for the general good. but the practice adopted I think is bet‑ ter allowing his continuance for 8. years with a liability to be dropped at halfway of the term, making that a period of probation. that his continuance should be restrained to 7. years was the opinion of the Convention at an early stage of it’s session, when it voted that term by a majority of 8. against 2. and by a simple majority that he should be ineligible a second time. this opinion was confirmed by the house so late as July 26. referred to the committee of detail, reported favor‑ ably by them, and changed to the present form by final vote on the last day but one only of their session. of this change three states expressed  350 

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their disapprobation, N. York by recommending an amendment that the President should not be eligible a third time, and Virginia and N. Carolina that he should not be capable of serving more than 8. in any term of 16. years.81 and altho’ this amendment has not been made in form, yet practice seems to have established it. the example of 4. Presidents voluntarily retiring at the end of their 8th year, & the prog‑ ress of public opinion that the principle is salutary, have given it in practice the force of precedent & usage; insomuch that should a Pres‑ ident consent to be a candidate for a 3d election, I trust he would be rejected on this demonstration of ambitious views. But there was another amendment of which none of us thought at the time and in the omission of which lurks the germ which is to de‑ stroy this happy combination of National powers in the General gov‑ ernment for matters of National concern, and independant powers in the states for what concerns the states severally. in England it was a great point gained at the Revolution, that the commissions of the judges, which had hitherto been during pleasure, should thenceforth be made during good behavior. a judiciary dependant on the will of the king had proved itself the most oppressive of all tools in the hands of that magistrate. nothing then could be more salutary than a change there to the tenure of good behavior; and the question of good behav‑ ior left to the vote of a simple majority in the two houses of parlia‑ ment. before the revolution we were all good English whigs, cordial in their free principles, and in their jealousies of their executive mag‑ istrate. these jealousies are very apparent in all our state constitutions; and, in the general government in this instance, we have gone even beyond the English caution, by requiring a vote of two thirds in one of the Houses for removing82 a judge; a vote so impossible where* any defence is made, before men of ordinary prejudices & passions, that our judges are effectually independant of the nation. but this ought not to be. I would not indeed make them dependant on the Executive authority, as they formerly were in England; but I deem it indispensable to the continuance of this government that they should be submitted to some practical & impartial controul: and that this, to be impartial, must be compounded of a mixture of state and federal authorities. it is not enough that honest men are appointed judges. all know the influence of interest on the mind of man, and how uncon‑ sciously his judgment is warped by that influence. to this bias add that of the esprit de corps, of their peculiar maxim and creed that ‘it is the * in the impeachment of judge Pickering of New Hampshire, a habitual & Maniac drunkard, no defence was made. had there been, the party vote of more than one third of the Senate would have acquitted him.83

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office of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction,’ and the absence of responsibility, and how can we expect impartial decision between the General government, of which they are themselves so eminent a part, and an individual state from which they have nothing to hope or fear. we have seen too that, contrary to all correct example, they are in the habit of going out of the question before them, to throw an anchor ahead and grapple further hold for future advances of power. they are then in fact the corps of sappers & miners, steadily working to under‑ mine the independant rights of the states, & to consolidate all power in the hands of that government in which they have so important a freehold estate. but it is not by the consolidation, or concentration of powers, but by their distribution, that good government is effected. were not this great country already divided into states, that division must be made, that each might do for itself what concerns itself di‑ rectly, and what it can so much better do than a distant authority. every state again is divided into counties, each to take care of what lies within it’s local bounds; each county again into townships or wards, to manage minuter details; and every ward into farms, to be governed each by it’s individual proprietor. were we directed from Washington when to sow, & when to reap, we should soon want bread. it is by this partition of cares, descending in gradation from general to particular that the mass of human affairs may be best man‑ aged for the good and prosperity of all. I repeat that I do not charge the judges with wilful and ill‑intentioned error; but honest error must be arrested where it’s toleration leads to public ruin. as, for the safety of society, we commit honest Maniacs to Bedlam, so judges should be withdrawn from their bench, whose erroneous biasses are leading us to dissolution. it may indeed injure them in fame or in fortune; but it saves the republic, which is the first and supreme law.84 Among the debilities of the government of the Confederation, no one was more distinguished or more distressing than the utter impos‑ sibility of obtaining, from the states, the monies necessary for pay‑ ment of debts, or even for the ordinary expences of the government. some contributed a little, some less, & some nothing, and the last fur‑ nished at length an excuse for the first to do nothing also. mr Adams, while residing at the Hague, had a general authority to borrow what sums might be requisite for ordinary & necessary expences. interest on the public debt, and the maintenance of the diplomatic establish‑ ment in Europe, had been habitually provided in this way. he was now elected Vicepresident of the US. was soon to return to America, and had referred our bankers to me for future council on our affairs  352 

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in their hands. but I had no powers, no instructions, no means, and no familiarity with the subject. it had always been exclusively under his management, except as to occasional and partial deposits in the hands of mr Grand, banker in Paris, for special and local purposes. these last had been exhausted for some time, and I had fervently pressed the Treasury board to replenish this particular deposit; as mr Grand now refused to make further advances. they answered candidly that no funds could be obtained until the new government should get into action, and have time to make it’s arrangements. mr Adams had recieved his appointment to the court of London while engaged at Paris, with Dr Franklin and myself, in the negociations under our joint commissions. he had repaired thence to London, without re‑ turning to the Hague to take leave of that government. he thought it necessary however to do so now, before he should leave Europe, and accordingly went there. I learned his departure from London85 by a letter from mrs Adams recieved on the very day on which he would arrive at the Hague. a consultation with him, & some provision for the future was indispensable, while we could yet be availed of his powers. for when they would be gone, we should be without resource. I was daily dunned by a company who had formerly made a small loan to the US. the principal of which was now become due; and our bankers in Amsterdam had notified me that the interest on our gen‑ eral debt would be expected in June; that if we failed to pay it, it would be deemed an act of bankruptcy and would effectually destroy the credit of the US. and all future prospect of obtaining money there; that the loan they had been authorised to open, of which a third only was filled, had now ceased to get forward, and rendered desperate that hope of resource. I saw that there was not a moment to lose, and set out for the Hague on the 2d morning after recieving the information of mr Adams’s journey. I went the direct road by Louvres, Senlis, Roye, Pont St Maxence, Bois le duc, Gournay Perronne, Cambray, Bouchain, Valenciennes, Mons, Bruxelles, Malines, Antwerp, Mor‑ dick, and Rotterdam, to the Hague, where I happily found mr Adams. he concurred with me at once in opinion that something must be done, and that we ought to risk ourselves on doing it without instruc‑ tions, to save the credit of the US. we foresaw that before the new government could be adopted, assembled, establish it’s financial sys‑ tem, get the money into the treasury, and place it in Europe, con‑ siderable time would elapse; that therefore we had better provide at once for the years 88. 89. & 90. in order to place our government at it’s ease, and our credit in security, during that trying interval. we set  353 

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out therefore by the way of Leyden for Amsterdam, where we arrived on the 10th. I had prepared an estimate shewing that florins there would be necessary for the year 88. 531,937–10 89. 538,540 90    473,540    Total 1,544,017–10  flor.   to meet this the bankers had in hand 79,268–2.8 & the unsold bonds would yield 542,800– 622,068– 2–8 leaving a deficit of 921,949– 7–4 we proposed then to borrow a million yield 920,000     which would leave a small deficiency of 1,949– 7–4 Mr Adams accordingly executed 1000. bonds for 1000. florins each, and deposited them in the hands of our bankers, with instructions however not to issue them until Congress should ratify the measure. this done, he returned to London, and I set out for Paris; and as noth‑ ing urgent forbade it, I determined to return along the banks of the Rhine to Strasburg, and thence strike off to Paris. I accordingly left Amsterdam on the 30th of March, and proceeded by Utrecht, Nimeg‑ uen, Cleves, Duysberg, Dusseldorff, Cologne, Bonne, Coblentz, Nas‑ sau, Hocheim, Frankfort & an excursion to Hanau, then to Mayence and an excursion to Rudesheim, & Johansberg; then by Oppenheim, Worms and Manheim and an excursion to Heidelberg, then by Spire, Carlsruh, Rastadt & Kelh to Strasburg, where I arrived Apr. 16. and proceeded again on the 18th by Phalsbourg, Fenestrange, Dieuze, Moyenvic, Nancy, Toul, Ligny, Barleduc, St Diziers, Vitry, Chalons sur Marne, Epernay, Chateau Thierri, Meaux, to Paris where I ar‑ rived on the 23d of April; and I had the satisfaction to reflect that by this journey, our credit was secured, the new government was placed at ease for two years to come, and that as well as myself were relieved from the torment of incessant duns, whose just complaints could not be silenced by any means within our power. A Consular Convention had been agreed on in 84. between Dr Franklin and the French government containing several articles so entirely inconsistent with the laws of the several states, and the gen‑ eral spirit of our citizens, that Congress withheld their ratification, and sent it back to me with instructions to get those articles expunged or modified so as to render them compatible with our laws. the min‑ ister retired unwillingly from these concessions, which indeed autho‑  354 

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rised the exercise of powers very offensive in a free state. after much discussion it was reformed in a considerable degree, and the Conven‑ tion was signed by the Count Montmorin and myself, on the 14th of Nov. 88 not indeed such as I would have wished; but such as could be obtained with good humor & friendship. On my return from Holland, I had found Paris in high fermenta‑ tion still as I had left it. had the Archbishop, on the close of the as‑ sembly of Notables, immediately carried into operation the measures contemplated, it was believed they would all have been registered by the parliament. but he was slow, presented his edicts, one after an‑ other, & at considerable intervals of time, which gave time for the feelings excited by the proceedings of the Notables to cool off, new claims to be advanced, and a pressure to arise for a fixed constitution, not subject to changes at the will of the king. nor should we wonder at this pressure when we consider the monstrous abuses of power under which this people were ground to powder, when we pass in review the weight of their taxes, and inequality of their distribution; the oppressions of the tythes, of the tailles, the corvées, the gabelles, the farms & barriers; the shackles on Commerce86 by Monopolies; on Industry by gilds & corporations; on the freedom of conscience, of thought, and of speech; of the Press by the Censure; and of person by letters de Cachet. the cruelty of the criminal code generally, the atrocities of the Rack, venality of judges, and their partialities to the rich; the Monopoly of Military honors by the Noblesse; the enormous expences of the Queen, the princes & the Court; the prodigalities of pensions; & the riches, luxury, indolence & immorality of the clergy. surely under such a mass of misrule and oppression, a people might justly press for thoro’ reformation, and might even dismount their roughshod riders, & leave them to walk on their own legs. the edicts relative to the Corvées & free circulation of grain, were first presented to the parliament and registered. but those for the impôt territorial, & stamp tax, offered some time after, were refused by the parliament, which proposed a call of the States General as alone competent to their authorisation. their refusal produced a Bed of justice, and their exile to Troyes. the Advocates however refusing to attend them, a suspension in the administration of justice took place. the Parliament  355 

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held out for awhile, but the ennui of their exile and absence from Paris begun at length to be felt, and some dispositions for compromise to appear. on their consent therefore to prolong some of the former taxes, they were recalled from exile, the King met them in session Nov. 19. 87. promised to call the States General in the year 92. and a majority expressed their assent to register an edict for successive and annual loans from 1788. to 92. but a protest being entered by the Duke of Orleans and this encoraging others in a disposition to re‑ tract, the King ordered peremptorily the registry of the edict, and left the assembly abruptly. the parliament immediately protested that the votes for the enregistry had not been legally taken, and that they gave no sanction to the loans proposed. this was enough to discredit and defeat them. hereupon issues another edict for the establishment of a cours pleniere, and the suspension of all the parliaments in the king‑ dom. this being opposed as might be expected by reclamations from all the parliaments & provinces, the King gave way and by an edict of July 5. 8887 renounced his Cour pleniere, & promised the States Gen‑ eral for the 1st of May of the ensuing year: and the Archbishop finding the times beyond his faculties, accepted the promise of a Cardinal’s hat, was removed [Sep. 88] from the ministry, and mr Neckar was called to the department of finance. the innocent rejoicings of the peo‑ ple of Paris on this change provoked the interference of an officer of the city guards, whose order for their dispersion not being obeyed, he charged them with fixed bayonets, killed two or three, and wounded many. this dispersed them for the moment; but they collected the next day in great numbers, burnt 10. or 12. guard houses, killed two or three of the guards, & lost 6. or 8. more of their own number. the city was hereupon put under martial law, and after awhile the tumult subsided. the effect of this change of ministers, and the promise of the States General at an early day, tranquilised the nation. but two great questions now occurred. 1. What proportion shall the number of deputies of the tiers etat bear to those of the Nobles and Clergy? and 2. shall they sit in the same, or in distinct apartments? Mr Necker, desirous of avoiding himself these knotty questions, proposed a sec‑ ond call of the same Notables, and that their advice should be asked on the subject. they met Nov. 9. 88. and, by five bureaux against one, they recommended the forms of the States General of 1614. wherein the houses were separate, and voted by orders, not by persons. but the whole nation declaring at once against this, and that the tiers etat should be, in numbers, equal to both the other orders, and the Parlia‑ ment deciding for the same proportion, it was determined so to be, by a declaration of Dec. 27. 88. a Report of mr Necker to the King,  356 

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of about the same date, contained other very important concessions. 1. that the King could neither lay a new tax, nor prolong an old one. 2. it expressed a readiness to agree on the periodical meeting of the States. 3. to consult on the necessary restrictions on letters de Cachet. and 4. how far the Press might be made free. 5. it admits that the States are to appropriate the public money; and 6. that Ministers shall be responsible for public expenditures. and these concessions came from the very heart of the king. he had not a wish but for the good of the nation, and for that object no personal sacrifice would ever have cost him a moment’s regret. but his mind was weakness it‑ self, his constitution timid, his judgment88 null, and without sufficient firmness even to stand by the faith of his word. his queen too, haughty and bearing no contradiction, had an absolute ascendancy over him; and around her were rallied the king’s brother d’Artois, the court gen‑ erally, and the aristocratic part of his ministers, particularly Breteuil, Broglio, Vauguyon, Foulon, Luzerne, men whose principles of gov‑ ernment were those of the age of Louis XIV. against this host the good counsels of Necker, Montmorin, St Priest, altho’ in unison with the wishes of the king himself, were of little avail. the resolutions of the morning formed under their advice, would be reversed in the eve‑ ning by the influence of the Queen & court. but the hand of heaven weighed heavily indeed on the machinations of this junto; produc‑ ing  collateral incidents, not arising out of the case, yet powerfully co‑exciting the nation to force a regeneration of it’s government, and overwhelming with accumulated difficulties this liberticide resistance. for, while laboring under the want of money for even ordinary pur‑ poses, in a government which required a million of livres aday, and driven to the last ditch by the universal call for liberty, there came on a winter of such severe cold, as was without example in the memory of man, or in the written records of history. the Mercury was at times 50.° below the freezing point of Farenheit, and 22.° below that of Reaumur. all out‑door labor was suspended, and the poor, without the wages of labor, were of course without either bread or fuel. the government found it’s necessities aggravated by that of procuring immense quantities of fire‑wood, and of keeping great fires at all the cross‑streets, around which the people gathered in crouds to avoid perishing with cold. bread too was to be bought, and distributed daily gratis, until a relaxation of the season should enable the people to work: and the slender stock of bread‑stuff had for some time threat‑ ened famine, and had raised that article to an enormous price. so great indeed was the scarcity of bread that from the highest to the lowest citizen, the bakers were permitted to deal but a scanty allowance per  357 

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head, even to those who paid for it; and in cards of invitation to dine in the richest houses, the guest was notified to bring his own89 bread. to eke out the existence of the people, every person who had the means, was called on for a weekly subscription, which the Curés col‑ lected and employed in providing messes for the nourishment of the poor, and vied with each other in devising such economical composi‑ tions of food as would subsist the greatest number with the smallest means. this want of bread had been foreseen for some time past and M. de Montmorin had desired me to notify it in America, and that, in addition to the market price, a premium should be given on what should be brought from the US. notice was accordingly given and produced considerable supplies. subsequent information made the importations from America, during the months of March, April & May, into the Atlantic ports of France, amount to about 21,000 bar‑ rels of flour, besides what went to other ports, and in other months, while our supplies to their West‑Indian islands relieved them also from that drain. this distress for bread continued till July. Hitherto no acts of popular violence had been produced by the struggle for political reformation. little riots, on ordinary incidents, had taken place, as at other times, in different parts of the kingdom, in which some lives, perhaps a dozen or twenty had been lost. but in the month of April a more serious one occurred in Paris, unconnected indeed with the revolutionary principle, but making part of the history of the day. the Fauxbourg St Antoine is a quarter of the city inhabited entirely by the class of day‑laborers and journeymen in every line. a rumor was spread among them that a great paper‑manufacturer, of the name of Reveillon, had proposed, on some occasion, that their wages should be lowered to 15. sous aday. inflamed at once into rage, & without enquiry into it’s truth, they flew to his house in vast num‑ bers, destroyed every thing in it, and in his magazines & workshops, without secreting however a pin’s worth to themselves, and were con‑ tinuing this work of devastation, when the regular troops were called in. admonitions being disregarded, they were of necessity fired on, and a regular action ensued, in which about 100. of them were killed, before [the]90 rest would disperse. there had rarely passed a year without such a riot in some part or other of the kingdom; and this is distinguished only as cotemporary with the revolution, altho’ not produced by it. The States General were opened on the 5th of May 89. by speeches from the king, the Garde des sceaux Lamoignon, and mr Neckar. the last was thought to trip too lightly over the constitutional reforma‑ tions which were expected. his notices of them in this speech were  358 

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not as full as in his previous Rapport au roi. this was observed to his disadvantage. but much allowance should have been made for the situation in which he was placed between his own counsels, and those of the ministers and party of the court. overruled in his own opin‑ ions, compelled to deliver, and to gloss over those of his opponents, and even to keep their secrets, he could not come forward in his own attitude. The composition of the assembly, altho’ equivalent on the whole to what had been expected, was something different in it’s elements. it had been supposed that a superior education would carry into the scale of the Commons a respectable portion of the Noblesse. it did so as to those of Paris, of it’s vicinity and of the other considerable cities, whose greater intercourse with enlightened society had liberalised their minds, and prepared them to advance up to the measure of the times. but the Noblesse of the country, which constituted two thirds of that body, were far in their rear. residing constantly on their patri‑ monial feuds, and familiarised by daily habit with seigneurial powers and practices, they had not yet learned to suspect their inconsistence with reason and right. they were willing to submit to equality of taxa‑ tion, but not to descend from their rank and prerogatives to be incor‑ porated in session with the tiers etat. among the clergy, on the other hand, it had been apprehended that the higher orders of the hierar‑ chy, by their wealth and connections, would have carried the elections generally. but it proved that in most cases the lower clergy had ob‑ tained the popular majorities. these consisted of the Curés, sons of the peasantry who had been employed to do all the drudgery of parochial services for 10. 20. or 30 Louis a year; while their superiors were consuming their princely revenues in palaces of luxury & indolence. The objects for which this body was convened being of the first order of importance, I felt it very interesting to understand the views of the parties of which it was composed, and especially the ideas prev‑ alent as to the organisation contemplated for their government. I went therefore daily from Paris to Versailles, and attended their debates, generally till the hour of adjournment. those of the Noblesse were impassioned and tempestuous. they had some able men on both sides, and actuated by equal zeal. the debates of the Commons were temper‑ ate, rational and inflexibly firm. as preliminary to all other business, the awful questions came on, Shall the states sit91 in one, or in distinct apartments? and shall they vote by heads or houses? the opposition was soon found to consist of the Episcopal order among the clergy, and two thirds of the Noblesse; while the tiers etat were, to a man, united and determined. after various propositions of compromise had  359 

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failed, the Commons undertook to cut the Gordian knot. the Abbé Sieyes, the most logical head of the nation, (author of the pamphlet ‘Qu’est ce que le tiers etat?’92 which had electrified that country, as Paine’s Common sense did us) after an impressive speech on the 10th of June, moved that a last invitation should be sent to the Nobles and Clergy, to attend in the Hall of the States, collectively or indi‑ vidually for the verification of powers, to which the commons would proceed immediately, either in their presence or absence. this verifi‑ cation being finished, a motion was made, on the 15th that they should constitute themselves a National assembly; which was decided on the 17th by a majority of four fifths. during the debates on this question, about twenty of the Curés had joined them, and a proposition was made in the chamber of the clergy that their whole body should join. this was rejected at first by a small majority only; but, being after‑ wards somewhat modified, it was decided affirmatively, by a majority of eleven.   While this was under debate and unknown to the court, towit, on the 19th a council was held in the afternoon at Marly, wherein it was proposed that the King should interpose by a decla‑ ration of his sentiments, in a seance royale. a form of declaration was proposed by Necker, which, while it censured in general the proceed‑ ings both of the Nobles and Commons, announced the king’s views, such as substantially to coincide with the Commons. it was agreed to in council, the seance was fixed for the 22d, the meetings of the States were till then to be suspended, and every thing, in the mean time, kept secret. the members the next morning [20th] repairing to their house as usual, found the doors shut and guarded, a proclamation posted up for a seance royale on the 22d and a suspension of their meetings in the mean time. concluding that their dissolution was now to take place, they repaired to a building called the Jeu de paume (or Ten‑ nis court) and there bound themselves by oath to each other, never to separate of their own accord, till they had settled a constitution for the nation, on a solid basis, and if separated by force, that they would reassemble in some other place.   the next day they met in the church of St Louis, and were joined by a majority of the clergy. the heads of the Aristocracy saw that all was lost without some bold exer‑ tion. the king was still at Marly. no body was permitted to approach him but their friends. he was assailed by falsehoods in all shapes. he was made to believe that the Commons were about to absolve the army from their oath of fidelity to him, and to raise their pay. the court party were now all rage and desperate. they procured a commit‑ tee to be held consisting of the king and his ministers, to which Mon‑  360 

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sieur & the Count d’Artois should be admitted. at this committee the latter attacked mr Necker personally, arraigned his declaration, and proposed one which some of his prompters had put into his hands. mr Necker was brow‑beaten and intimidated, and the king shaken. he determined that the two plans should be deliberated on the next day and the seance royale put off a day longer. this encoraged a fiercer attack on mr Neckar the next day. his draught of a declaration was entirely broken up, & that of the Count d’Artois inserted into it. him‑ self and Montmorin93 offered their resignation, which was refused, the Count d’Artois saying to mr Necker ‘No, sir, you must be kept as the hostage; we hold you responsible for all the ill which shall hap‑ pen.’ this change of plan was immediately whispered without doors. the Noblesse were in triumph; the people in consternation. I was quite alarmed at this state of things. the94 soldiery had not yet indi‑ cated which side they should take, and that which they should sup‑ port would be sure to prevail. I considered a succesful reformation of government in France, as ensuring a general reformation thro Eu‑ rope, and the resurrection, to a new life, of their people, now ground to dust by the abuses of the governing powers. I was much acquainted with the leading patriots of the assembly. being from a country which had succesfully passed thro’ a similar reformation, they were disposed to my acquaintance, and had some confidence in me. I urged most strenuously an immediate compromise; to secure what the govern‑ ment was now ready to yield, and trust to future occasions for what might still be wanting. it was well understood that the King would grant at this time 1. freedom of the person by Habeas corpus. 2. free‑ dom of conscience. 3. freedom of the press. 4. trial by jury. 5. a repre‑ sentative legislature. 6. annual meetings. 7. the origination of laws. 8. the exclusive right of taxation and appropriation. and 9. the re‑ sponsibility95 of ministers: and with the exercise of these powers they would obtain in future whatever might be further necessary to im‑ prove and preserve their constitution. they thought otherwise how‑ ever, and events have proved their lamentable error. for after 30. years of war, foreign and domestic, the loss of millions of lives, the prostra‑ tion of private happiness, and foreign subjugation of their own coun‑ try for a time, they have obtained no more, nor even that securely. they were unconscious of, (for who could foresee?) the melancholy sequel of their well‑meant perseverance; that their physical force would be usurped by a first tyrant to trample on the independance, and even the existence, of other nations; that this would afford fatal example for the atrocious conspiracy of kings against their people;  361 

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would generate their unholy and homicide alliance to make common cause among themselves, and to crush, by the power of the whole, the efforts of any part, to moderate their abuses and oppressions. When the king passed, the next day thro’ the lane formed from the Chateau to the Hotel des etats, there was a dead silence. he was about an hour in the House delivering his speech & declaration. on his com‑ ing out a feeble cry of ‘vive le roy’ was raised by some children, but the people remained silent & sullen. in the close of his speech he had ordered that the members should follow him, & resume their delibera‑ tions the next day. the Noblesse followed him, and so did the clergy, except about thirty, who, with the tiers, remained in the room, and entered into deliberation. they protested against what the king had done, adhered to all their former proceedings, and resolved the invio‑ lability of their own persons. an officer came to order them out of the room in the king’s name. ‘tell those who sent you,96 said Mirabeau, that we shall not move hence but at our own will, or the point of the bayonet.’   in the afternoon the people, uneasy, began to assemble in great numbers in the courts and vicinities of the palace. this pro‑ duced alarm. the Queen sent for Mr Neckar. he was conducted amidst the shouts and acclamations of the multitude who filled all97 the apart‑ ments of the palace. he was a few minutes only with the queen, and what passed between them did not transpire. the king went out to ride. he passed thro’ the croud to his carriage and into it, without being in the least noticed. as mr Neckar followed him universal ac‑ clamations were raised of ‘vive Monsr Neckar, vive le sauveur de la France opprimée.’ he was conducted back to his house with the same demonstrations of affection and anxiety. about 200. deputies of the Tiers, catching the enthusiasm of the moment, went to his house, and extorted from him a promise that he would not resign. on the 25th 48. of the Nobles joined the tiers, & among them the D. of Orleans. there were then with them 164. members of the clergy, altho’ the minority of that body still sat apart & called themselves the chamber of the clergy. on the 26th the Archbp of Paris joined the tiers, as did some others of the clergy and of the Noblesse. These proceedings had thrown the people into violent ferment. it gained the souldiery, first of the French guards, extended to those of every other denomination, except the Swiss, and even to the body guards of the king. they began to quit their barracks, to assemble in squads, to declare they would defend the life of the king, but would not be the murderers of their fellow‑citizens. they called themselves the souldiers of the nation, and left now no doubt on which side they would be in case of a rupture. similar accounts came in from the troops  362 

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in other parts of the kingdom, giving good reason to believe they would side with their fathers and brothers rather than with their officers. the operation of this medecine at Versailles was as sudden as it was powerful. the alarm there was so compleat that in the afternoon of the 27th the king wrote with his own hand98 letters to the Presidents of the clergy and Nobles, engaging them immediately to join the Tiers. these two bodies were debating & hesitating when Notes from the Ct d’Artois decided their compliance. they went in a body and took their seats with the tiers, and thus rendered the union of the orders in one chamber compleat. The Assembly now entered on the business of their mission, and first proceeded to arrange the order in which they would take up the heads of their constitution, as follows. first, and as Preliminary to the whole a general Declaration of the Rights of man. then specifically the Principles of the Monarchy; rights of the Nation; rights of the King; rights of the citizens; organisation & rights of the National assembly; forms necessary for the enactment of laws; organisation & functions of the provincial & mu‑ nicipal assemblies; duties and limits of the Judiciary power; functions & duties of the military power. a declaration of the rights of man, as the preliminary of their work, was accordingly prepared and proposed by the Marquis de la Fayette. But the quiet of their march was soon disturbed by information that troops, and particularly the foreign troops, were advancing on Paris from various quarters. the king had been probably advised to this on the pretext of preserving peace in Paris. but his advisers were believed to have other things in contemplation. the Marshall de Bro‑ glio was appointed to their command, a high flying aristocrat, cool and capable of every thing. some of the French guards were soon arrested, under other pretexts, but really on account of their disposi‑ tions in favor of the National cause. the people of Paris forced their prison, liberated them, and sent a deputation to the Assembly to solicit a pardon. the Assembly recommended peace and order to the people of Paris, the prisoners to the king, and asked from him the removal of the troops. his answer was negative and dry, saying they might re‑ move themselves, if they pleased, to Noyons, or Soissons. in the mean time these troops, to the number of twenty or thirty thousand, had  363 

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arrived and were posted in, and between Paris and Versailles. the bridges and passes were guarded. at three aclock in the afternoon of the 11th July the Count de la Luzerne was sent to notify Mr Neckar of his dismission, and to enjoin him to retire instantly without saying a word of it to any body. he went home, dined, and proposed to his wife a visit to a friend, but went in fact to his country house at St Ouen, and at midnight set out for Brussels. this was not known till the next day, 12th when the whole ministry was changed, except Villedeuil of the Domestic department, and Barenton, Garde des sceaux. the changes were as follows. the Baron de Breteuil, president of the council of finance; de la Galaisiere, Comptroller general in the room of mr Neckar; the Marshal de Broglio, minister of war, & Foulon under him in the room of Puy‑Segur; the Duke de la Vauguyon, minister of foreign affairs instead of the Ct de Montmorin;99 de la Porte, minister of Marine in place of the Ct de la Luzerne; St Priest was also removed from the council. Luzerne and Puy‑Segur had been strongly of the Aristocratic party in the Council, but they were not considered as equal to the work now to be done. the king was now compleatly in the hands of men, the principal among whom had been noted thro’ their lives for the Turkish despotism of their characters, and who were associated around the king as proper in‑ struments for what was to be executed. the news of this change began to be known at Paris about 1. or 2. aclock. in the afternoon a body of about 100. German cavalry were advanced and drawn up in the Place Louis XV. and about 200. Swiss posted at a little distance in their rear. this drew people to the spot, who thus accidentally found them‑ selves in front of the troops, merely at first as spectators; but as their numbers increased their indignation rose. they retired a few steps, and posted themselves on and behind large piles of stone, large and small, collected in that Place for a bridge which was to be built adja‑ cent to it. in this position, happening to be in my carriage on a visit, I passed thro’ the lane they had formed, without interruption. but the moment after I had passed, the people attacked the cavalry with stones. they charged, but the advantageous position of the people, and the showers of stones obliged the horse to retire, and quit the field altogether, leaving one of their number on the ground, & the Swiss in their rear not moving to their aid. this was the signal for universal insurrection, and this body of cavalry, to avoid being mas‑ sacred, retired towards Versailles. the people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armorer’s shops and private  364 

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houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night thro’ all parts of the city, without any decided object. the next day (13th) the assem‑ bly pressed on the king to send away the troops, to permit the Bour‑ geoisie of Paris to arm for the preservation of order in the city, and offered to send a deputation from their body to tranquilise them: but their propositions are refused. a committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed by those bodies to take upon them it’s gov‑ ernment. the people, now openly joined by the French guards, force the prison of St Lazare, release all the prisoners, and take a great store of corn, which they carry to the Corn‑market. here they get some arms, and the French guards begin to form & train them. the City‑committee determine to raise 48,000. Bourgeois, or rather to restrain their numbers to 48,000. on the 14th they send one of their members (Monsr de Corny) to the Hotel des Invalides, to ask arms for their Garde‑Bourgeoise. he was followed by, or he found there a great collection of people. the Governor of the Invalids came out and represented the impossibility of his delivering arms without the or‑ ders of those from whom he recieved them. De Corny advised the people then to retire, and retired himself: but the people took posses‑ sion of the arms. it was remarkable that not only the Invalids them‑ selves made no opposition, but that a body of 5000. foreign troops, within 400. yards, never stirred. M. de Corny and five others were then sent to ask arms of M. de Launay, governor of the Bastille. they found a great collection of people already before the place, and they immediately planted a flag of truce, which was answered by a like flag hoisted on the Parapet. the deputation prevailed on the people to fall back a little, advanced themselves to make their demand of the Gov‑ ernor, and in that instant a discharge from the Bastille killed four persons, of those nearest to the deputies. the deputies retired. I hap‑ pened to be at the house of M. de Corny when he returned to it, and recieved from him a narrative of these transactions. on the retirement of the deputies, the people rushed forward, & almost in an instant were in possession of a fortification, defended by 100. men, of infinite strength, which in other times had stood several regular sieges, and had never been taken. how they forced their entrance has never been explained. they took all the arms, discharged the prisoners, and such of the garrison as were not killed in the first moment of fury, carried the Governor and Lt Governor to the Place de Grève (the place of public execution) cut off their heads, and sent them thro’ the city in triumph to the Palais royal. about the same instant a treacherous cor‑ respondence having been discovered in M. de Flesselles, prevot des marchands, they siezed him in the Hotel de ville where he was in the  365 

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execution of his office, and cut off his head. these events carried im‑ perfectly to Versailles were the subject of two successive deputations from the assembly to the king, to both of which he gave dry and hard answers for nobody had as yet been permitted to inform him truly and fully of what had passed at Paris. but at night the Duke de Lian‑ court forced his way into the king’s bedchamber, and obliged him to hear a full and animated detail of the disasters of the day in Paris. he went to bed fearfully impressed. the decapitation of de Launai worked powerfully thro’ the night on the whole aristocratical party, insomuch that, in the morning, those of the greatest influence on the Count d’Artois represented to him the absolute necessity that the king should give up every thing to the Assembly. this according with the disposi‑ tions of the king, he went about 11. aclock, accompanied only by his brothers, to the Assembly, & there read to them a speech, in which he asked their interposition to re‑establish order. altho’ couched in terms of some caution, yet the manner in which it was delivered made it evi‑ dent that it was meant as a surrender at discretion. he returned to the Chateau afoot, accompanied by the assembly. they sent off a deputa‑ tion, to quiet Paris, at the head of which was the Marquis de la Fayette who had, the same morning, been named Commandant en chef of the milice Bourgeoise, and Monsr Bailly, former President of the States General, was called for as Prevost des marchands. the demolition of the Bastille was now ordered and begun. a body of the Swiss guards of the regiment of Ventimille, and the city horse guards joined the people. the alarm at Versailles increased. the foreign troops were or‑ dered off instantly. every minister resigned. the king confirmed Bailly as Prevost des Marchands, wrote to mr Neckar to recall him, sent his letter open to the assembly, to be forwarded by them, and invited them to go with him to Paris the next day, to satisfy the city of his disposi‑ tions; and that night, and the next morning the Count d’Artois and M. de Montesson a deputy connected with him, Madame de Polig‑ nac, Madame de Guiche, and the Count de Vaudreuil, favorites of the queen, the Abbé de Vermont her confessor, the Prince of Condé and Duke of Bourbon fled. the king came to Paris, leaving the queen in consternation for his return. omitting the less important figures of the procession, the king’s carriage was in the center, on each side of it the assembly, in two ranks, afoot, at their head the M. de la Fayette, as Commander in chief, on horse‑back, and Bourgeois guards before and behind. about 60,000 citizens of all forms and conditions, armed with the muskets of the Bastille and Invalids, as far as they would go, the rest with pistols, swords, pikes, pruning hooks, scythes Etc. lined all the streets thro’ which the procession passed, and with the crouds  366 

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of people in the streets, doors & windows, saluted them every where with cries of ‘vive la nation,’ but not a single ‘vive le roy’ was heard. the king landed at the Hotel de Ville. there M. Bailly presented and put into his hat the popular cockade, and addressed him. the king being unprepared, and unable to answer, Bailly went to him, gathered from him some scraps of sentences, and made out an answer, which he delivered to the audience as from the king. on their return the popular cries were ‘vive le roy et la nation.’ he was conducted by a garde bour‑ geoise to his palace at Versailles, & thus concluded such an Amende honorable as no sovereign ever made, and no people ever recieved. And here again was lost another precious occasion of sparing to France the crimes and cruelties thro’ which she has since past, and to Europe, & finally America the evils which flowed on them also from this mortal source. the king was now become a passive machine in the hands of the National assembly, and had he been left to himself, he would have willingly acquiesced in whatever they should devise as best for the nation. a wise constitution would have been formed, he‑ reditary in his line, himself placed at it’s head, with powers so large as to enable him to do all the good of his station, and so limited as to restrain him from it’s abuse. this he would have faithfully adminis‑ tered, and more than this I do not believe he ever wished. but he had a Queen of absolute sway over his weak mind, and timid virtue, and of a character the reverse of his in all points. this angel, so gaudily painted in the rapsodies of the Rhetor Burke, with some smartness of fancy, but no sound sense was proud, disdainful of restraint, indig‑ nant at all obstacle to her will, eager in the pursuit of pleasure, and firm enough to hold to her desires, or perish in their wreck. her inor‑ dinate gambling and dissipations, with those of the Count d’Artois, and others of her clique, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the nation; and her opposition to it,100 her inflexible perverseness, and dauntless spirit, led herself to the Guillotine, drew the king on with her, and plunged the world into crimes & calamities which will for ever stain the pages of modern history. I have ever believed that had there been no queen, there would have been no revolution. no force would have been provoked nor exercised. the king would have gone hand in hand with the wisdom of his sounder Counsellors, who, guided by the in‑ creased lights of the age, wished only, with the same pace, to advance the principles of their social institution. the deed which closed the mor‑ tal course of these sovereigns, I shall neither approve nor condemn. I am not prepared to say that the first magistrate of a nation cannot com‑ mit treason against his country, or is unamenable to it’s punishment:  367 

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nor yet that where there is no written law, no regulated tribunal, there is not a law in our hearts, and a power in our hands, given for righ‑ teous employment in maintaining right, and redressing wrong. of those who judged the king, many thought him wilfully criminal, many that his existence would keep the nation in perpetual conflict with the horde of kings, who would war against a regeneration which might come home to themselves, and that it were better that one should die than all. I should not have voted with this portion of the legislature. I should have shut up the Queen in a Convent, putting harm out of her power, and placed the king in his station, investing him with lim‑ ited powers, which I verily believe he would have honestly exercised, according to the measure of his understanding. in this way no void would have been created, courting the usurpation of a military adven‑ turer, nor occasion given for those enormities which demoralised the nations of the world, and destroyed, and is yet to destroy millions and millions of it’s inhabitants. there are three epochs in history signalised by the total extinction of National morality. the first was of the suc‑ cessors of Alexander, not omitting himself. the next the successors of the first Caesar, the third our own age. this was begun by the partition of Poland, followed by that of the treaty of Pilnitz101 next the con‑ flagration of Copenhagen; then the enormities of Bonaparte, parti‑ tioning the earth at his will, and devastating it with fire and sword; now the conspiracy of kings, the successors of Bonaparte, blasphe‑ mously calling themselves the Holy alliance, and treading in the foot‑ steps of their incarcerated leader, not yet indeed usurping the govern‑ ment of other nations avowedly and102 in detail, but controuling by their armies the forms in which they will permit them to be governed; and reserving in petto the order and extent of the usurpations fur‑ ther meditated.—but I will return from a digression, anticipated too in time, into which I have been led by reflection on the criminal pas‑ sions which refused to the world a favorable occasion of saving it from the afflictions it has since suffered. Mr Necker had reached Basle before he was overtaken by the letter of the king, inviting him back to resume the office he had so recently left. he returned immediately, and all the other ministers having re‑ signed, a new administration was named, to wit St Priest & Montmorin were restored; the Archbishop of Bordeaux was appointed Garde des sceaux; La Tour du Pin Minister of War; La Luzerne Minister of Marine; this last was believed to have been effected by the friendship of Montmorin; for altho’ differing in poli‑  368 

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 tics, they continued firm in friendship, & Luzerne, altho’ not an able man was thought an honest one. and the prince of Bauvau was taken into the Council. Seven princes of the blood royal, six ex‑ministers, and many of the high Noblesse having fled, and the present ministers, except Luzerne, being all of the popular party, all the functionaries of government moved for the present in perfect harmony. In the evening of Aug. 4. and on the motion of the Viscount de Noailles brother in law of La Fayette, the assembly abolished all titles of rank, all the abusive privileges of feudalism, the tythes and casuals of the clergy, all provincial privileges, and, in fine, the Feudal regi‑ men generally. to the suppression of tythes the Abbé Sieyes was ve‑ hemently opposed; but his learned and logical arguments were un‑ heeded, and his estimation lessened by a contrast of his egoism (for he was beneficed on them) with the generous abandonment of rights by the other members of the assembly. many days were employed in putting into the form of laws the numerous demolitions of antient abuses; which done, they proceeded to the preliminary work of a Declaration of rights. there being much concord of sentiment on the elements of this instrument, it was liberally framed, and passed with a very general approbation. they then appointed a Committee for the redaction of a projet of a Constitution, at the head of which was the Archbishop of Bordeaux. I recieved from him, as Chairman of the Com‑ mittee a letter of July 20. requesting me to attend and assist at their deliberations. but I excused myself on the obvious considerations that my mission was to the king as Chief magistrate of the nation, that my duties were limited to the concerns of my own country, and forbade me to intermeddle with the internal transactions of that in which I had been recieved under a specific character only. their plan of a con‑ stitution was discussed in sections, and so reported from time to time, as agreed to by the Committee. the first respected the general frame of the government; and that this should be formed into three depart‑ ments, Executive, Legislative and Judiciary was generally agreed. but when they proceeded to subordinate developements, many and vari‑ ous shades of opinion came into conflict, and schisms, strongly marked, broke the Patriots into fragments of very discordant principles. the first question Whether there should be a king, met with no open op‑ position, and it was readily agreed that the government of France should be monarchical & hereditary. Shall the king have a negative on the laws? shall that negative be absolute, or suspensive only? shall there be two chambers of legislation? or one only? if two, shall one of  369 

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them be hereditary? or for life? or for a fixed term? and named by the king? or elected by the people? these questions found strong differ‑ ences of opinion, and produced repulsive combinations among the Patriots. the Aristocracy was cemented by a common principle of pre‑ serving the ancient regime, or whatever should be nearest to it. mak‑ ing this their Polar star, they moved in phalanx, gave preponderance on every question to the minorities of the Patriots, and always to those who advocated the least change. the features of the new constitution were thus assuming a fearful aspect, and great alarm was produced among the honest patriots by these dissensions in their ranks. in this uneasy state of things, I recieved one day a note from the Marquis de la Fayette, informing me he should bring a party of six or eight friends to ask a dinner of me the next day. I assured him of their welcome. when they arrived, they were La Fayette himself, Duport, Barnave, Alexander La Meth, Blacon, Mounier, Maubourg, and Dagout. these were leading patriots, of honest but differing opinions,103 sensible of the necessity of effecting a coalition by mutual sacrifices, knowing each other, and not afraid therefore to unbosom themselves mutually. this last was a material principle in the selection. with this view the Marquis had invited the conference, and had fixed the time & place inadvertently as to the embarrasment under which it might place me. the cloth being removed and wine set on the table, after the American manner, the Marquis introduced the objects of the conference by summarily reminding them of the state of things in the assembly, the course which the principles of the constitution was taking, and the inevitable result, unless checked by more concord among the patriots themselves. he observed that altho’ he also had his opinion, he was ready to sacrifice it to that of his brethren of the same cause: but that a common opinion must now be formed, or the Aristocracy would carry every thing, and that whatever they should now agree on, he, at the head of the National force, would maintain. the discussions began at the hour of four, and were continued till ten aclock in the evening; during which time I was a silent witness to a coolness and candor of argument unusual in the conflicts of political opinion; to a logical rea‑ soning, and chaste eloquence, disfigured by no gaudy tinsel of rheto‑ ric or declamation, and truly worthy of being placed in parallel with the finest dialogues of antiquity, as handed to us by Xenophon, by Plato, and Cicero. the result was an agreement that the king should have a suspensive veto on the laws, that the legislature should be com‑ posed of a single body only, & that to be chosen by the people. this Concordate decided the fate of the constitution. the Patriots all rallied to the principles thus settled, carried every question agreeably to them,  370 

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and reduced the Aristocracy to insignificance and impotence. but duties of exculpation were now incumbent on me. I waited on Count Montmorin the next morning, and explained to him with truth and candor how it had happened that my house had been made the scene of conferences of such a character. he told me he already knew every thing which had passed, that, so far from taking umbrage at the use made of my house on that occasion, he earnestly wished I would habitually assist at such conferences, being sure I should be useful in moderating the warmer spirits, and promoting a wholesome and practicable reformation only. I told him I knew too well the duties I owed to the king, to the nation, and to my own country to take any part in councils concerning their internal government, and that I should persevere with care in the character of a neutral and passive spectator, with wishes only and very sincere ones, that those mea‑ sures might prevail which would be for the greatest good of the na‑ tion. I have no doubt indeed that this conference was previously known and approved by this honest minister, who was in confidence and communication with the patriots, and wished for a reasonable reform of the Constitution. Here I discontinue my relation of the French revolution. the mi‑ nuteness with which I have so far given it’s details is disproportioned to the general scale of my narrative. but I have thought it justified by the interest which the whole world must take in this revolution. as yet we are but in the first chapter of it’s history. the appeal to the rights of man, which had been made in the US. was taken up by France, first of the European nations. from her the spirit has spread over those of the South. the tyrants of the North have allied indeed against it. but it is irresistable. their opposition will only multiply it’s millions of human victims; their own satellites will catch it, and the condition of man thro’ the civilized world will be finally and greatly ameliorated. this is a wonderful instance of great events from small causes. so in‑ scrutable is the arrangement of causes & consequences in this world that a two‑penny duty on tea, unjustly imposed in a sequestered part of it, changes the condition of all it’s inhabitants.   I have been more minute in relating the early transactions of this regeneration because I was in circumstances peculiarly favorable for a knolege of the truth. possessing the confidence and intimacy of the leading pa‑ triots, & more than all of the Marquis Fayette, their head and Atlas, who had no secrets for me, I learnt with correctness the views & pro‑ ceedings of that party; while my intercourse with the diplomatic mis‑ sionaries of Europe at Paris, all of them with the court, and eager in prying into it’s councils and proceedings, gave me a knolege of these  371 

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also. my information was always and immediately committed to writ‑ ing, in letters to mr Jay, and often to my friends, and a recurrence to these letters now ensures me against errors of memory. These opportunities of information ceased at this period, with my retirement from this interesting scene of action. I had been more than a year solliciting leave to go home with a view to place my daughters in the society & care of their friends, and to return for a short time to my station at Paris. but the metamorphosis thro’ which our govern‑ ment was then passing from it’s Chrysalid to it’s Organic form, sus‑ pended it’s104 action in a great degree; and it was not till the last of August that I recieved the permission I had asked.—And here I can‑ not leave this great and good country without expressing my sense of it’s preeminence of character among the nations of the earth. a more benevolent people, I have never known, nor greater warmth & devot‑ edness in their select friendships. their kindness and accomodation to strangers105 is unparalleled, and the hospitality of Paris is beyond any thing I had concieved to be practicable in a large city. their eminence too in science, the communicative dispositions of their scientific men, the politeness of the general manners,106 the ease and vivacity of their conversation, give a charm to their society to be found no where else. in a comparison of this with other countries we have the proof of primacy, which was given to Themistocles after the battle of Salamis. every general voted to himself the first reward of valor, and the sec‑ ond to Themistocles. so ask the traveled inhabitant of any nation, In what country on earth would you rather live?—certainly in my own, where are all my friends, my relations, and the earliest & sweetest affections and recollections of my life.—Which would be your second choice?—France. On the 26th of Sep. I left Paris for Havre, where I was detained by contrary winds until the 8th of Oct. on that day and the 9th I crossed over to Cowes, where I had engaged the Clermont, capt Colley, to touch for me. she did so, but here again we were detained by contrary winds until the 22d when we embarked and landed at Norfolk on the 23d of November. on my way home I passed some days at Eppington in Chesterfield, the residence of my friend and connection, mr Eppes, and, while there, I recieved a letter from the President, Genl Wash‑ ington, by express, covering an appointment to be Secretary of State. I recieved it with real regret. my wish had been to return to Paris, where I had left my houshold establishment, as if there myself, and to see the end of the revolution, which, I then thought would be cer‑ tainly and happily closed in less than a year. I then meant to return home, to withdraw from Political life, into which I had been impressed  372 

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by the circumstances of the times, to sink into the bosom of my family and friends, and devote myself to studies more congenial to my mind. in my answer of Dec. 15. I expressed these dispositions candidly to the President, and my preference of a return to Paris; but assured him that if it was believed I could be more useful in the administra‑ tion of the government, I would sacrifice my own inclinations without hesitation, and repair to that destination. this I left to his decision.107 I arrived at Monticello on the 23d of Dec. where I recieved108 a 2d letter from the President, expressing his continued wish that I should take my station there, but leaving me still at liberty to continue in my former office, if I could not reconcile myself to that now proposed. this silenced my reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment. In the interval of my stay at home, my eldest daughter had been happily married to the eldest son of the Tuckahoe branch of Ran‑ dolphs, a young gentleman of genius, science and honorable mind, who afterwards filled a dignified station in the general government, & the most dignified in his own state. I left Monticello on the 1st of March 1790. for new York. at Philadelphia I called on the venerable and beloved Franklin. he was then on the bed of sickness from which he never rose. my recent return from a country in which he had left so many friends, and the perilous convulsions to which they had been exposed, revived all his anxieties to know what part they had taken, what had been their course, and what their fate. he went over all in succession, with a rapidity and animation almost too much for his strength. when all his enquiries were satisfied, and a pause took place, I told him I had learnt with much pleasure that, since his return to America, he had been occupied in preparing for the world the history of his own life. I cannot say much of that, said he; but I will give you a sample of what I shall leave: and he directed his little grandson (William Bache) who was standing by the bedside, to hand him a paper from the table to which he pointed. he did so; and the Doctr putting it into my hands, desired me to take it, and read it at my lei‑ sure. it was about a quire of folio paper, written in a large and run‑ ning hand very like his own. I looked into it slightly, then shut it and said I would accept his permission to read it, and would carefully re‑ turn it. he said ‘no, keep it.’ not certain of his meaning, I again looked into it, folded it for my pocket, and said again, I would certainly re‑ turn it. ‘no,’ said he ‘keep it.’ I put it into my pocket, and shortly after took leave of him. he died on the 17th of the ensuing month of April; and as I understood that he had bequeathed all his papers109 to his grandson William Temple Franklin, I immediately wrote to mr Frank‑ lin to inform him I possessed this paper, which I should consider as  373 

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so far July 29. 21.

his property, and would deliver to his order. he came on immediately to New York, called on me for it, and I delivered it to him. as he put it into his pocket, he said, carelessly110 he had either the original, or another copy of it, I do not recollect which. this last expression struck my attention forcibly, and for the first time suggested to me the thought that Dr Franklin had meant it as a confidential deposit in my hands, and that I had done wrong in parting from it. I have not yet seen the collection he published of Doctor Franklin’s works, and therefore know not if this is among them. I have been told it is not. it contained a narrative of the negociations between Dr Franklin and the British ministry, when he was endeavoring to prevent the contest of arms which followed. the negociation was brought about by the inter‑ vention, of Ld Howe and his sister, who, I believe, was called Lady Howe, but I may misremember her title. Ld Howe seems to have been friendly to America, and exceedingly anxious to prevent a rupture. his intimacy with Dr Franklin, and his position with the ministry induced him to undertake a mediation between them; in which his sister seemed to have been associated. they carried from the one to the other, backwards and forwards, the several propositions and an‑ swers which past, and seconded with their own intercessions the im‑ portance of mutual sacrifices to preserve the peace & connection of the two countries. I remember that Ld North’s answers were dry, unyielding, in the spirit of unconditional submission, and betrayed an absolute indifference to the occurrence of a rupture; and he said to the mediators distinctly at last that ‘a rebellion was not to be depre‑ cated on the part of Great Britain; that the confiscations it would produce would provide for many of their friends.’ this expression was reported by the mediators to Dr Franklin, and indicated so cool and calculated a purpose in the ministry, as to render compromise hope‑ less, and the negociation was discontinued. if this is not among the papers published, we ask what is become of it? I delivered it with my own hands into those of Temple Franklin. it certainly established views so atrocious in the British government as that it’s suppression would to them be worth a great price. but could the grandson of Dr Franklin be111 in such degree an accomplice in the parricide of the memory of his immortal grandfather? the suspension for more than 20. years of the general publication bequeathed and confided to him, produced for a while hard suspicions against him: and if at last all are not published, a part of these suspicions may remain with some. I arrived at New York on the 21st of Mar. where Congress was in session.112  374 

2 9 J U LY 1 8 2 1  MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 219:39061–70, 39081–160); entirely in TJ’s hand and paginated by him; brackets in original. The mountain of snowden (Snow‑ don) is the highest in Wales, not Great Britain. While a John Jefferson was in‑ deed involved with the virginia com‑ pany of London, he never seems to have served as its secretary (Susan Myra Kings‑ bury, ed., The Records of The Virginia Company of London [1906–35], 1:109). William Small was actually appointed to the philosophical chair at the College of William and Mary in 1758, and he re‑ turned to Europe not in 1762, but a few years later (Susan H. Godson and others, The College of William & Mary: A His‑ tory [1993], 1:94, 100; William and Mary Provisional List, 50). amici omnium horarum: “friends for all hours.” This phrase is found in the dedication John Dryden prefaced to his play King Arthur: or, the British Worthy (The Dramatick Works of John Dryden, Esq. [London, 1762, and other eds.; Sow‑ erby, no. 4543], 6:331). A partie carrée (parti quarré) is a party of four per‑ sons. The admittedly sparse records of the Virginia House of Burgesses do not con‑ firm that TJ sought to facilitate the pri‑ vate emancipation of slaves. However, earlier in his retirement he recalled his participation in a failed effort to provide them “certain moderate extensions of the protection of the laws” (TJ to Edward Coles, 25 Aug. 1814). The main banquet‑ ing space at Williamsburg’s Raleigh Tav‑ ern was known as the apollo Room. marshal ii. 151: John Marshall, The Life of George Washington (Philadelphia, 1804–07; Sowerby, no. 496; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 4 [no. 133]), 2:151. The letter from Samuel Adams Wells to TJ was dated 14 Apr., not apr. 2. 1819. war of 55: the French and Indian War. The work by John rushworth was his His‑ torical Collections, 5 pts. in 8 vols. (Lon‑ don, 1659–1701, and other eds.; Sow‑ erby, no. 2723). At some point after his receipt late in the summer of 1810 of Carlo Botta’s Sto‑ ria della Guerra dell’ Independenza degli Stati Uniti d’America, 4 vols. (Paris, 1809; Sowerby, no. 509; Poor, Jefferson’s Li‑

brary, 4 [no. 134]), TJ drew up another account of the composition and publica‑ tion of his 1774 draught of instruc‑ tions to Virginia’s delegation to the Con‑ tinental Congress, which is better known as A Summary View of the Rights of Brit‑ ish America. This two‑page memorandum concerning that document is filed in DLC: TJ Papers, 1:111, and printed in its en‑ tirety in PTJ, 1:670–1. The assertion that the British parlia‑ ment compiled a long list of pro‑ scriptions at this time has not been cor‑ roborated. The two adamses were John Adams and Samuel Adams. For John Jay’s address to the people of gr. britain, which accused the British gov‑ ernment of attempting to establish a “system of slavery” and insisted “that no power on earth has a right to take our property from us without our consent,” see Elizabeth M. Nuxoll and others, eds., The Selected Papers of John Jay (2010– ), 1:95–107. The earliest documented ar‑ rival of negroes in Virginia came in 1619 (Engel Sluiter, “New Light on the ‘20. and Odd Negroes’ Arriving in Vir‑ ginia, August 1619,” WMQ, 3d ser., 54 [1997]: 395–8). The clause ensuring the primacy of the Church of England included in the 1584 royal grant to sr walter raleigh (Ralegh) was also present in the patent given six years earlier to his half‑brother, the explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert (James H. Hutson, Church and State in America: The First Two Centuries [2008], 12; ODNB). 4. james i. (given later as “4th Jac. 1.”) refers to the fourth year of  the reign of James I of England, or 1606–07. TJ certainly knew that Virginia’s Gen‑ eral Assembly first met in 1619. His assertation that the colony’s separate legislature dates to 1607 reflects his belief that Virginia’s power to legislate began with the arrival of settlers and that British statutes enacted after that were less authoritative as precedents there. The hebrew principle that first‑ born sons are entitled to inherit a double portion appears in the Bible (Deuteron‑ omy 21.17). lex talionis: “law of retali‑ ation” (OED). The penalties using this revolting principle in the “Bill for

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N O T E S O N E A R LY C A R E E R Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital” drafted by TJ included mutilation, castration, poi‑ soning, and gibbeting (PTJ, 2:492–507). The vestige of it in a single case of a slave probably references the 1769 “Act to amend the Act, intituled an Act to amend the Act for the better government of Servants and Slaves,” which prohib‑ ited the castration of slaves generally, but allowed it for those convicted “of an at‑ tempt to ravish a white woman” (Hening, 8:358). The biblical tenet of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth appears in Exodus 21.24, Leviticus 24.20, and Deuteronomy 19.21. The printed folio was the Report of  the Committee of Revisors appointed by  the General Assembly of Virginia. In MDCCLXXVI (Richmond, 1784; Sow‑ erby, no. 1864). Virginia’s 1776 Declara‑ tion of Rights, enacted before the 1786 Act for establishing Religious Free‑ dom, mandated toleration for all Chris‑ tian sects without ending governmental support of religion (Thomas E. Buckley, Church and State in Revolutionary Vir‑ ginia, 1776–1787 [1977], 17–9). The di‑ rectors appointed to superintend the building of a capitol in rich‑ mond were James Buchanan and Wil‑ liam Hay. The artist who made the model of the Virginia Capitol for TJ was Jean Pierre Fouquet, while Pierre Gabriel Bugniet was the architect of lyons who designed a penitentiary. Under TJ’s Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, Virginia was to be divided into twenty, not 24. districts (PTJ, 2:526–35). The 39. articles of 1571 laid out the basic tenets and beliefs of the Church of England (John Bowker, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of World Reli‑ gions [1997], 971). deletion: “destruc‑ tion, annihilation, abolition, extinction” (OED). By the professorship of orien‑ tal languages at the College of Wil‑ liam and Mary, TJ meant the chair “for teaching the Hebrew tongue,” with the chair in Latin and Greek expanded dur‑ ing his service as a visitor to include “the ancient languages, oriental and northern” (PTJ, 2:538, 540; Godson, College of Wil‑ liam & Mary, 1:131–3). commee of foreign correspon‑ dence: Committee of Secret Correspon‑

dence. The laboring oar is “the most difficult or demanding part of an enter‑ prise” (OED). The minister of france, luzerne, was Anne César, chevalier de La Luzerne. The provisional treaty of peace with Great Britain was signed on 30 Nov., not 3 Sept. 1782. The Con‑ federation Congress sat in Princeton, New Jersey, not trenton, in the autumn of 1783. TJ reached Trenton on 3 Nov. and arrived at Princeton the following day (MB, 1:538). The letter of apr. 30. 1783 was actually written by Gouverneur Morris to William Hemsley (PTJ, 7:169– 73). A flying sheet is “a leaflet printed for distribution broadcast” (OED). TJ most likely proposed the creation of a committee of the states in January 1784, not April (PTJ, 6:516–22n). The English diplomat Sir wm temple recorded in the second chapter of his Ob‑ servations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands (2d ed., London, 1673; see also Sowerby, no. 366) that in 1668 he had prevailed on the Dutch “States General to conclude three Treaties, and upon them draw up and sign the several Instruments, in the space of Five days; Without passing the essential forms of their Government by any recourse to the Provinces . . . ’Tis true, that in conclud‑ ing these Alliances without Commission from their Principals, The Deputies of the States‑General ventur’d their Heads if they had been disowned by their Prov‑ inces; but being all unanimous, and led by the clear evidence of so direct and so important an Interest (which must have been lost by the usual delays), They all agreed to run the hazard” (pp. 115–6). vattel l. 2. §. 156. l. 4. §. 77: Em‑ merich von Vattel, Le Droit des Gens. ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle, Appliqués à la conduite & aux affaires des Nations & des Souverains (London, 1758, and other eds.; Sowerby, nos. 1411–2), with the “L.” in the above citation meaning “Livre” (“Book”). 1. mably droit d’europe. 86: the correct citation is Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, Le Droit Public de l’Europe (Geneva, 1776; Sowerby, no. 2398), 1:96. Under the French Constitution of the Year VIII, which was adopted 24 Dec. 1799, Napoleon’s dumb legislature, the Corps Législatif, was allowed to vote on bills, but not discuss them (D. M. G.

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2 9 J U LY 1 8 2 1 Sutherland, The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for Civic Order [2003], 303). Thomas Mifflin was president of the Confederation Congress when it instructed him to write to our ministers con‑ cerning ratification of the Treaty of Paris. TJ’s elder daughter was Martha Jefferson (Randolph), while the two others then surviving were Maria Jeffer‑ son (Eppes) and Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (1782–84). TJ received a request for in‑ formation from François marbois (later comte de Barbé Marbois) late in 1780, not 1781 (PTJ, 4:166–7). A copy of TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia fell into the hands of the Parisian bookseller Louis François Barrois following the death of the owner, Charles Williamos (PTJ, 9:265). interverted: “To divert another way, or put to a use other than that intended; to alienate, misapply, misuse” (OED). The london bookseller was John Stock‑ dale. gentis amicissimae: “the most favored nation.” John Adams left France to take up his position as min. pleny of the us. to london not in May but in June 1785. TJ set out for London on 6 Mar. 1786, not the 1st of march (MB, 1:613). The proposed Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Portugal failed due to shifting political and economic priorities within that Ibe‑ rian nation, not because of an American insistence to be allowed to ship bread‑ stuffs in the form of flour as well as of grain (PTJ, 9:410–2, 10:241–2). In ancien régime France, the fermiers généraux (farmers‑general) collected indirect taxes for the king (Owen Con‑ nelly and Fred Hembree, The French Revolution [1993], 15). For TJ’s notes of the life of capt lewis, see his let‑ ter of 18 Aug. 1813 to Paul Allen. Prior to 1789 France was made up of pays d’état and pays d’élection. The for‑ mer possessed états provinciaux, assem‑ blies composed of representatives from the three French estates, while the latter (provinces where there are no states) did not. Anne César, marquis de la luzerne, was the former French minister to the United States. It was his elder brother, César Henri, comte de

La Luzerne, who served as minister of marine. hieres: Hyères, France. oneglia later became part of the Italian city of Imperia. On 19 May 1787 TJ visited the souter‑ rain of st feriol (Saint Ferréol), a “subterranean valve chamber ninety feet below the crest of the dam” there (MB, 1:667n). Wilhelmina, the wife of Wil‑ liam V, prince of orange, stadt‑ holder & captain general of the united netherlands, was a niece of King Frederick II (“the Great”) of Prus‑ sia and sister of his successor, Frederick William II. TJ records no dates of composition be‑ tween may. 25 and 29 July 1821, but he probably did not draft the forty inter‑ vening manuscript pages only on those two days. rhingrave of salm: Frederick III, prince of Salm‑Kyrburg, with a “rhine‑ grave” being a German count ruling “the area north of a bend in the Rhine to the east of Wiesbaden” (OED). pleuroit comme un enfant: “cried like a baby.” requisitory: in this sense, “capable of making a requisition,” with TJ’s use here the earliest instance cited by OED. The phrase would ensure peace, justice, liberty, the common de‑ fence & general welfare is TJ’s summary of the preamble to the United States Constitution. The Philadelphia Constitutional Convention set presiden‑ tial terms at four years on 6 Sept. 1787, not the last day but one of its delib‑ erations (James Madison, Notes of De‑ bates in the Federal Convention of 1787 [1966; repr. 1987], 590, 593). Prior to James Madison’s death in 1836, the only people besides family members and sec‑ retaries known to have seen his notes on the Constitutional Convention were TJ and John Wayles Eppes, with the latter having been allowed to make a duplicate copy of the text for the former early in the 1790s (Madison, Papers, Congress. Ser., 10:7; PTJ, 19:544–51). The legal maxim “boni judicis est am‑ pliare jurisdictionem” (it is the office of a good judge to enlarge his ju‑ risdiction) can also be translated as “good justice is broad jurisdiction.” John Adams was elected vicepresident of the us. well after his return from Europe.

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N O T E S O N E A R LY C A R E E R mordick is Moerdijk, Netherlands, and duysberg is the German city of Duisberg. The impôt territorial was a tax on land. A lit de justice (bed of justice) was a formal session of the Parlement de Paris held to register royal edicts (Con‑ nelly and Hembree, French Revolution, 14). Louis XVI expected that a cour plé‑ nière (cours pleniere), or plenary court, would more submissively bow to the royal will. Étienne Charles de Lomé‑ nie de Brienne left office in August, not sep. 88. The tiers etat (“third estate”) con‑ sisted of everyone not in the nobility or clergy. The second Assembly of Notables convened not nov. 9, but 6 Nov. 1788. liberticide: “destructive of liberty” (OED). garde des sceaux: “keeper of the seals.” rapport au roi: “report to  the king.” seance royale: “royal session.” In ancien régime France, the brother of the king next in the line of succession was referred to as monsieur. In 1789 that person was Louis, comte de Provence (later Louis XVIII). By first tyrant and, later, “military adventurer,” TJ is referencing Napoleon. vive le roy (roi): “long live the king.” vive monsr neckar, vive le sauveur de la france oppri‑ mée: “long live Mr. Necker, the savior of oppressed France.” Antoine Éléonor Léon Leclerc de Juigné was the archbp of paris, 1782– 1802. Jacques Necker’s successor as comptroller general was Joseph François Foulon (Foullon) de Doué, not de la galaisiere. In the context of such loca‑ tions as the place louis xv (later the Place de la Concorde) in Paris, the French word “place” means “public square.” The governor of the invalids (Hôtel des Invalides) was Charles François de Virot, marquis de Sombreuil. prevot des mar‑ chands: “provost of merchants; mayor.” duke de liancourt: François Alexan‑ dre, duc de La Rochefoucauld‑Liancourt. milice: “militia.” An amende honor‑ able is a public apology meant to rees‑ tablish “the injured or offended honour of one who has been wronged” (OED). Edmund Burke (rhetor burke) fa‑ mously wrote of Marie Antoinette in his

Reflections on the Revolution in France (London, 1790): “It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the ele‑ vated sphere she just began to move in,— glittering like the morning‑star, full of life, and splendor, and joy. Oh! what a revolu‑ tion! and what an heart must I have, to contemplate without emotion that eleva‑ tion and that fall!” (p. 112). Jérôme Marie Champion de Cicé was the archbishop of bordeaux, 1781– 1801. prince of bauvau: Charles Juste, prince de Beauvau. casuals: in this sense, “a casual revenue or income,” with TJ’s use here the only instance cited by OED. A polar star is “something that serves for guidance” (OED). maubourg: Marie Charles César de Fay, comte de Latour‑Maubourg, or one of his brothers. dagout: Louis Annibal, comte d’Agoult. The story of Themistocles and the awarding of “the prize of excellence” fol‑ lowing the Greek victory at the battle of salamis is from Herodotus, 8.123 (Herodotus, trans. Alfred D. Godley, Loeb Classical Library [1920–25; repr. 1969], 4:125, 127). The specific copy of the account of the diplomatic attempts in 1774 and 1775 to reconcile Great Britain and its American colonies that Benjamin Franklin gave to TJ does not seem to have survived, but, despite the latter’s fears, William Temple Franklin’s edition of doctor franklin’s works did include it using a different text (Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. F.R.S. &c. [London, 1817–18], 1:223–81; Leonard W. Labaree and others, eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin [1959– ], 21:540–99; PTJ, 18:86–97; William Duane to TJ, 17 Aug. 1810, and note; TJ to Duane, 16 Sept. 1810). 1 Preceding

four words interlined. two words interlined. 3 Preceding four words interlined. 4 Preceding four words interlined. 5 Preceding five words interlined. 6 Preceding two words interlined. 2 Preceding

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2 9 J U LY 1 8 2 1  7 First

page, with the wide margins typical of TJ’s drafts, ends here. Subse‑ quent pages, with one exception noted below, have the narrower margins he more commonly used for completed work. 8 TJ here canceled “he gave.” 9 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 10 Omitted period at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 11 Manuscript: “1762.” A Rhode Island court of enquiry investigated the destruc‑ tion of HMS Gaspee in 1772, not 1762. 12 TJ here canceled “invite a.” 13 Preceding two words interlined. 14 Page to this point written with very narrow margins, with TJ then shifting to a wider left margin. 15 TJ here canceled “and.” 16 Preceding six words interlined, with last word reworked from “appointed.” 17 Preceding three words interlined. 18 TJ here canceled “attend.” 19 Reworked from “26th.” 20 Manuscript: “coast.” 21 Word interlined in place of “matter.” 22 TJ repeated this word at the foot of a page and the beginning of the next, a prac‑ tice unusual with him, and possibly con‑ nected to the filing here of the MS of his Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, [7 June to 1 Aug. 1776], which he prepared much earlier and which the‑ matically should have been placed one page further down, as indicated by the Editors. 23 TJ here canceled “scarcely I believe altering one.” 24 Manuscript: “appoiinted.” 25 Preceding four words interlined. 26 Word interlined, with period editori‑ ally supplied. 27 Preceding five words interlined. 28 Omitted period at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 29 Reworked from “a bill enabling ten‑ ants in tail to convey.” 30 Text from “These articles” to this point comprises a page with the wide margins TJ usually left in his drafts. The succeeding pages revert to the narrower margins typical of his fair copies. 31 Omitted period at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 32 Page ends short here, with roughly 2½ inches left blank at bottom.

 33 Manuscript: “1821.” 34 Page ends short here, with roughly 2 inches left blank at bottom. 35 Word interlined in place of “right.” 36 Word interlined in place of “would.” 37 TJ here canceled “embarrassing.” 38 Page ends short here, with roughly 1¾ inches left blank at bottom. 39 Sentence interlined. 40 Remainder of sentence interlined in place of “where the Penitentiary system had been commenced about   and with good prospects.” 41 Manuscript: “concening.” 42 Sentence interlined in place of “the College of Wm & Mary had heretofore confined the appointment of it’s profes‑ sors strictly to members of the church of England.” 43 Sentence interlined. 44 Preceding two words interlined. 45 Manuscript: “self‑goverment.” 46 TJ here canceled “venture.” 47 Note written on otherwise blank verso of preceding sheet. 48 Preceding three words interlined. 49 TJ here canceled “and printed.” 50 Reworked from “was not immedi‑ ately carried into operation, but [. . .] was adopted and.” 51 Preceding this word TJ canceled heavily what appears to be “It was not till the 14th of Jan. that a house of 9 of the states, necessary for major business, could be convened.” 52 Manuscript: “permanents.” 53 Omitted closing quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied. 54 Preceding seven words interlined in place of “&.” 55 Word interlined in place of “give.” 56 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 57 Manuscript: “Annopolis.” 58 Manuscript: “Phidelphia.” 59 Text from “it might offer advanta‑ geously” to the second syllable of this word is on a verso. 60 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 61 Reworked from “the slightest indul‑ gence this.” 62 Word interlined in place of “war.” 63 TJ here canceled “time.” 64 Note written at foot of page.

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N O T E S O N E A R LY C A R E E R  65 Number

rewritten by TJ above the line for clarity. 66 Reworked from (one number illegi‑ ble) “(but more candid estimates have made it from 56. to [140]. Millns).” 67 Manuscript: “Calonnes,” here and below. 68 Manuscript: “Bastile.” 69 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 70 Reworked from “representatives.” 71 Manuscript: “Thoulouse.” 72 Preceding five words interlined. 73 Manuscript: “1.” PrC of Tr (DNA: Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 87, ii): “15.” 74 TJ here left a blank space, with brack‑ eted translation of missing phrase (“par devers eux”) supplied from PrC of Tr. 75 Manuscript: “1778.” 76 Remainder of sentence excised by TJ and then replaced via a pasted on slip of paper. First seven words on slip canceled and then interlined by TJ, who noted in the margin: “this was cut out by acci‑ dent. the interlineation reinstates the text literatim.” 77 Unmatched closing single quotation mark here editorially omitted. 78 TJ here canceled “therefore.” 79 Manuscript: “afte.” 80 Manuscript: “so so.” 81 Preceding two sentences added by TJ, with “this opinion Etc.” interlined on recto and remainder of text written on otherwise blank verso of preceding sheet. 82 Preceding seven words interlined in place of “of each house to remove,” inad‑ vertently left uncanceled. 83 Note at foot of page, beneath a hori‑ zontal rule.

 84 Page ends short here, with text from “were not this great country” to this point written in a different ink and roughly 2 inches left blank at bottom. 85 Preceding two words interlined. 86 Manuscript: “Commerse.” 87 Preceding eight words interlined. 88 Manuscript: “judment.” 89 Word interlined. 90 Omitted word editorially supplied. 91 Reworked from “vote.” 92 Omitted opening quotation mark edi‑ torially supplied and closing quotation mark moved after question mark. 93 Manuscript: “Monmorin.” 94 TJ here canceled “army.” 95 Manuscript: “responsibitity.” 96 Preceding four words interlined in place of “your master.” 97 Word interlined. 98 Preceding four words interlined. 99 Manuscript: “Monmorin.” 100 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 101 Word interlined in place of “Tilsit.” 102 Preceding two words interlined. 103 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 104 Manuscript: “it’.” 105 Manuscript: “stranges.” 106 Omitted comma at right margin edi‑ torially supplied. 107 Sentence interlined. 108 Manuscript: “recived.” 109 Manuscript: “paper’s.” 110 Word interlined. 111 TJ here canceled “guilty.” 112 Page ends short here, with roughly 6¾ inches left blank at bottom.

From Nathaniel S. Moorman Sir Charlottesville July 29th 1821 Nothing but imperious necessity could induce me to trouble you with my misfortunes, and the present unhappy situation, in which I  am placed. It may not be improper, to give a brief recital, of the causes which compel me, to resort to the disagreeable alternative, four years ago I left this my native state, for Louisville Ky, and with the assistance of some acquaintances, procured an eligible situation,  380 

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in a mercantile house, of some importance (Messrs Prather & Jacob) after continueing in this situation, twelve months: I concluded to enter in buisiness on my own account, which I effected with the little money I possessed, together with the credit of my father, who had gone thither dureing my infancy and married a second wife. I vended my small stock of goods at a handsome proffit, and received in pay‑ ment the produce of the country (Pork) with1 which I loaded a boat And on the eighth day of Jany 1819 I started to N. Orleans at which placed I arrived on the 2nd of Feby, the immence quanty of that article taken to that place renders the article extremely low, unless there be a foreign demand, this was not the case, consequently the prices given would not justify my selling. it was thought advisable by Gentlemen in the mercantile line, at least several with whoom I transacted some buisiness, that I could do better by shiping it to Charleston S.C., this I did and arrived there on the 4th apl and found the article as dull as in N. Orleans, I had been at considerable expence and determined to sell, I was advised to store with I. C. Moses & co Jews commision merchants & Auctioneers, these Gentlemen advised me to wait a while as there was a probability of the price becoming better, this, I dis‑ coverd after some time to be extremely improbable and urged them to make sale, they always told me it was impossible to effect sales to any amt but would use evry exertion to dispose of it, finally the firm failed for a very considerable amount, we came to a settlement, when I discovered that the most of my Pork had been disposed of, and no possibility of getting my money, the remnant of the cargo I disposed of and determined to go home, but was taken ill and remained so a considerable length of time, so soon as I recovered I purchaced a pony, and set out I had the misfortune to loose my horse at Augusta Geor‑ gia, and was attacted by the Autumnal fever prevalent in that coun‑ try, which nearly terminated my existence, when I had recovered I found my funds so nearly exausted, as to be unable to purchace a horse, I then started on foot, I met with some Virginians on the way, who informed that a Gentleman of my acquaintance who is oweing me some 2 or 3 hundred dollars, was in Richmond, in my situation such a sum would be very excepable I came on there but was unable to find him or hear of him. I there recd information that my father in my absence had moved down the river to the chickasaw bluffs Jack‑ sons purchace where himself wife and two children died leaveing two little girls of a very tender age completely issolated from any human being who feels interested in their welfare and myself their natural protector unable to go to them. I am here on foot with out a cent of money without friends without trade or profession I cannot I will not  381 

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beg neither will I resort to any dishonnorable method to extricate myself from this disagreeable dilemma. now sir under these2 circum‑ stances I appeal to your generosity to advance me a sufficiency to en‑ able me to get on to where I can get a water passage a small sum will be sufficient perhaps you have some Idea, I do not ask it as a gift no sir any sum your goodness may prompt you to advance me I pledge the word of a gentleman shall at no distant period be refunded in the name of humanity do not refuse me and add despair to my wretched‑ ness. I will not submit this to an insulting multitude whose feelings are callous or where at least I should only receive the cold pitty of some if a tale of truth and misery have any claim on your generosity you can address a note to me at Davenports or the swan Tavern I am an unfortunate being Nal S. Moorman P.S I shall wait your commands. I am the young man who called on you the other day N.S.M. RC (MHi); at head of text: “Mr Jeffer‑ son”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Nathaniel S. Moorman, merchant, was a native of Virginia. He may have been the student of that name from Campbell County who attended Hampden‑Sydney College in 1815 (A. J. Morrison, College

of Hampden Sidney Dictionary of Biogra‑ phy, 1776–1825 [(1921)], 199, 313). The following day TJ recorded giving $10 to Moorman “in charity” (MB, 2:1377). 1 2

Manuscript: “with with.” Manuscript: “thesese.”

To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello July 30. 21. Your favor of the 27th came to hand yesterday. I have ever consid‑ ered the organisation of our Executive as the crudest part of our constitution, a mere mungrel kind of Directory. yet I see no hope of amending this or still worse things in it.   I thank you for friend Kersey. I find Briggs’s quakerism very different from the vulgar, and that this, as to it’s follies is much on a par with it’s kindred sects, wiser only in sparing themselves the farce of reasoning. With respect to the boys I never till lately doubted but that I should be able to give them a competence as comfortable farmers, and no station is more honorable or happy than that. but my own debts, by long succession of miserable crops and worse prices, are become not inconsiderable, and if the calamitous engagement for Colo Nicholas should come upon me, we cannot foresee the issue; because at pres‑ ent prices of property & produce we do not know how much must be  382 

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sacrificed to pay how little. in any event however it is important to give the boys a good education. for if we are able to give them an in‑ dependant competence, science will make them happier men, and more useful and respected citizens. should we not be able to do for them what we might wish, we shall place it in their power to resort to professions, if that should be their choice. to that choice they have a natural title, and it seems a natural duty on us to qualify them for it. your reflections are very just on the habits of idleness they may contract at home, of the vices1 with which they might be infected by the society they fall into there, and of the true remedy, by opening to them the doors of science, to give them an entrance into the temple of human knolege. this will entice them, by delightful occupations of the mind and at the same time give them habits of application & in‑ dustry. the school and the University therefore form a refuge from vice, as well as an asylum for morals and application. I think it fortu‑ nate that so good a school as Maury’s is placed at this moment so near us. James is attending it, and the other boys, at the end of their 6 months with mr Hatch, would be better with Maury. this is accord‑ ingly what I should propose to do with them; and I will gladly take their education on myself, giving you no other trouble than to express your wishes freely always as to the course you would wish them to pursue. Our visit to Bedford is put off to a day or two after court. Martha will be of the party and proposes it to Cornelia for her health. mrs Trist goes also. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excel‑ lency Governor Randolph Richmond”; franked; postmarked Milton, 31 July; en‑ dorsed by Randolph. PoC (DLC); on re‑ used address cover of Frederick A. Mayo to TJ, 4 June 1821; edge trimmed; muti‑ lated; endorsed by TJ.

Randolph had evidently conveyed to TJ a copy of Jesse kersey, A Treatise on Fundamental Doctrines of the Christian Religion: in which are illustrated the pro‑ fession, ministry, worship, and faith of the Society of Friends (Philadelphia, 1815; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 9 [no. 526]). 1 Word

interlined in place of “views.”

From Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir, Richmond 5½ P.M. July 30. 1821. The absent member of the Literary Board arrived yesterday, and the one who had been in town since Wednesday morning last is now absent. What the result may be I cannot divine. I was at Varina yes‑ terday, but returned last night, and shall take care to be in the way  383 

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constantly myself. But this last spring I was here 3 weeks trying & failing every day to have a Council. with very sincere attachment I am your &c Th M Randolph RC (ViU: TJP‑ER); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. 1821 and so recorded (mistakenly dated 31 July 1821) in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to David Bailie Warden, 30

Oct. 1822, on recto and verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello near Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 1 Aug.

From Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir, Richmond July 31. 1821 Mr William F. Pendleton Senior Member of the Council, and one of the Directors of the Literary Fund, will return you the Bond exe‑ cuted by the Visitors of the University for the loan of 30.000$. which I could not give up, as the Board refused to pay more than 29.100$ upon it. Mr Pendleton has sufferred himself to be overruled unfortu‑ nately, on this occasion, for he is well disposed, and [just?], not grave only, as is so often the case. The compensation to the agent of the Executive who collected the money+ had been paid out of the general Fund: the 30.000$ was untouched, and certainly was fairly appropri‑ ated1 by the Law, in toto, to the University. There were 10.000 $++ by the statement of the Accountant, (who was called upon during the discussion to say,) at that moment, in the Fund. To the remark that the schools were constantly drawing, I observed that the receipts were as constantly coming in.2 And most certainly the Accountant did en‑ quire whether the Board would purchase any James River shares, immediately after the defeat of the Loan; to which the Gentleman who was so hostile to it, replied easely3 by expressing a desire to get all of that stock4 possible, and enquiring the price of them. This fact proves hostility to the University to be at the bottom of the whole transaction. It is absurd for men who could vote such an enormous compensation as 900 $, for what was done, in fact, by an officer sent to Washington from Richmond at publick expence, and not by Mr Selden, to affect such scruples about the part of the Fund from which the extravagant compensation was to come, all being in fact mingled so completely that the one could not be concealed by the other. I con‑ fess I voted for the compensation but I understood at the time that the Loan would be made with certainty, and I was disposed to run *

**

+for the Literary Board ++more than the 30.000$.

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some little risk on the side of liberality, to encourage good feelings in my colleagues. I was sorry to find the Accountant of the Literary fund had gone completely5 into the party opposed to the University. with very sincere attachment Th M Randolph RC (MHi); one word illegible; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Stackelberg, 23 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello By favor of Wm F. Pendleton Esqr Councillor of State and Director of the Literary Fund.” The accountant of the Literary Fund was James Brown (1780–1859). At their 4 June 1821 meeting the directors of the Literary Fund ordered that $900 be paid to Cary selden, Virginia’s agent of claims. The directors had previously agreed that Selden should be awarded a 3 percent

commission on any debts to Virginia re‑ trieved from the United States govern‑ ment, and Selden claimed this commission on the $30,000 received by the Literary Fund even though he had not done the actual work of collecting that sum (Vi: RG 27, Virginia Literary Fund Minute Book). 1

Manuscript: “appropiated.” Preceding four words interlined in place of an illegible phrase, with duplicate uncanceled period editorially omitted and “comin” corrected to “coming.” 3 Word interlined. 4 Preceding three words interlined. 5 Manuscript: “compleletely.” 2

From Andrew Smith Sir Richmond 31st July 1821 th In compliance with your favor of the 26 Inst I have delivered to Col. Peyton the four Casks of Roman Cement—at foot you have a bill of the Same, amount $36—at your debit. I have received of Mr Gibson on your account $39–67—at your Credit—   I shall be happy to receive your farther Commands Mo Respectfully Andw Smith  Thomas Jefferson Esqr 1821 To Andrew Smith Dr th July 30  4 Casks Roman Cement @ 9$—$36 RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Henry Dearborn, 31 Oct. 1822, on

recto and verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esqr Monticello”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 2 Aug.

 385 

Account with Absalom H. Brooks 1821 Thomas Jefferson Esqr In a∕c July with A H Brooks To Cuting and machening 4 boxes and 55 Sheets of tin a $1 pr box To Covering 5 Square 75 feet   a $5 pr Square By 1 Straw nife By Boarding

$ 4.25 28.75 $33.00 3.

Recd Payment A H Brooks

MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39351); in Brooks’s hand; partially dated; endorsed by TJ (with Brooks’s given name ren‑ dered so as to mimic his signature: ); with calculations by TJ on verso: “5.75 33.00 5.74 28 75 4 250 4 025 2250 2300.”

❨

Absalom H. Brooks (1786–1845), tin‑ smith, learned his trade in Baltimore. By 1810 he was a resident of Augusta County, and he lived the majority of his life in Staunton. Brooks was first employed at the University of Virginia in the summer of 1819 and continued to work there until 1822, applying tin roofing to multiple pavilions, hotels, and dormitory build‑ ings. Between 28 and 31 July 1821 TJ paid him a total of $42 for putting a tin roof on the North Pavilion at Monticello, but eventually he found his fees too high. In 1826, however, Brooks was TJ’s first

choice to repair the leaking dome of the university’s Rotunda. He also constructed gutters for Western State Hospital in Staunton in 1830 and covered a domed roof with zinc at that facility in around 1833. Brooks owned no slaves in 1810 and 1820 and one in 1830 and 1840 (Joseph A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia [1886], 258; DNA: RG 29, CS, Augusta Co., 1810, Staunton, 1820–40; James Dinsmore’s Report on Tin to Central College Board of Visitors, 10 Nov. 1818; Dinsmore to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 July 1819, and Proc‑ tor’s Ledgers [both in ViU: PP]; MB, 2:1377; TJ to John Patterson, 8 Aug. 1821; TJ to Charles Yancey [1770–1857], 12 July 1822; Brooks to TJ, 25 July, 1 Aug. 1822; TJ to Brooks, 28 July 1822; TJ to John H. Cocke, 20 May 1826; Brooks to Brockenbrough, [received 13 June 1826], 19 June 1826 [ViU: PP]; JHD [1830–31 sess.], appendix, document 34, p. 5; [1833–34 sess.], appendix, doc‑ ument 40, p. 2; Augusta Co. Will Book, 26:410–1, 27:63; gravestone inscription in Thornrose Cemetery, Staunton).

From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) Dr sir Richmond 1st Augst 1821 By Mr Johnston you will receive 1 Box Books which has been de‑ livered to him in good order If so delivered to you please pay fght: as customary With great respect Your Mo: Obd: Bernard Peyton By Cesario Bias 1 Box  386 

Account with Absalom H. Brooks 1821 Thomas Jefferson Esqr In a∕c July with A H Brooks To Cuting and machening 4 boxes and 55 Sheets of tin a $1 pr box To Covering 5 Square 75 feet   a $5 pr Square By 1 Straw nife By Boarding

$ 4.25 28.75 $33.00 3.

Recd Payment A H Brooks

MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39351); in Brooks’s hand; partially dated; endorsed by TJ (with Brooks’s given name ren‑ dered so as to mimic his signature: ); with calculations by TJ on verso: “5.75 33.00 5.74 28 75 4 250 4 025 2250 2300.”

❨

Absalom H. Brooks (1786–1845), tin‑ smith, learned his trade in Baltimore. By 1810 he was a resident of Augusta County, and he lived the majority of his life in Staunton. Brooks was first employed at the University of Virginia in the summer of 1819 and continued to work there until 1822, applying tin roofing to multiple pavilions, hotels, and dormitory build‑ ings. Between 28 and 31 July 1821 TJ paid him a total of $42 for putting a tin roof on the North Pavilion at Monticello, but eventually he found his fees too high. In 1826, however, Brooks was TJ’s first

choice to repair the leaking dome of the university’s Rotunda. He also constructed gutters for Western State Hospital in Staunton in 1830 and covered a domed roof with zinc at that facility in around 1833. Brooks owned no slaves in 1810 and 1820 and one in 1830 and 1840 (Joseph A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia [1886], 258; DNA: RG 29, CS, Augusta Co., 1810, Staunton, 1820–40; James Dinsmore’s Report on Tin to Central College Board of Visitors, 10 Nov. 1818; Dinsmore to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 July 1819, and Proc‑ tor’s Ledgers [both in ViU: PP]; MB, 2:1377; TJ to John Patterson, 8 Aug. 1821; TJ to Charles Yancey [1770–1857], 12 July 1822; Brooks to TJ, 25 July, 1 Aug. 1822; TJ to Brooks, 28 July 1822; TJ to John H. Cocke, 20 May 1826; Brooks to Brockenbrough, [received 13 June 1826], 19 June 1826 [ViU: PP]; JHD [1830–31 sess.], appendix, document 34, p. 5; [1833–34 sess.], appendix, doc‑ ument 40, p. 2; Augusta Co. Will Book, 26:410–1, 27:63; gravestone inscription in Thornrose Cemetery, Staunton).

From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) Dr sir Richmond 1st Augst 1821 By Mr Johnston you will receive 1 Box Books which has been de‑ livered to him in good order If so delivered to you please pay fght: as customary With great respect Your Mo: Obd: Bernard Peyton By Cesario Bias 1 Box  386 

1 AUGUST 1821  RC (MHi); in Bias’s hand; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson Monticello”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton re‑

ceived 9 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. mr johnston: Mr. Johnson.

From Spencer Roane Dear Sir. Richmond, Aug. 1st 1821. r my young friend and neighbour M George W: Bassett, of Han‑ over, going to the springs, and passing through your neighbourhood, is desirous of being presented to you. I have encouraged this desire in him, and I introduce him to you with pleasure.—The repose which you have so well merited, and which, perhaps, you so much need, must be subject to occasional interruptions. They are the natural con‑ sequences resulting from the illustrious part you have acted in life:— and I am sure you will readily excuse the desire, in one of the ris‑ ing generation. That desire, alone, is no small proof of merit: and I take the liberty to add, that Mr Bassett, though young, is every how respectable. with the greatest respect & Esteem, I am, Dear sir, your friend & obt Servant, Spencer Roane RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sept. 1821 (with bracketed notation: “Geo. W. Bassett”) and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 12 Dec. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esquire Monticello” and “favd by Mr Bassett.” George Washington Bassett (1800– 78), attorney and planter, was born at Farmington, his family’s estate in Han‑ over County, and attended the College of William and Mary, 1818–19. Late in the 1820s he was living in Spotsylvania County at the Landsdowne estate near Fredericks‑ burg and kept a law office at his home, from which he appeared at the courts in the surrounding counties. Bassett and his family returned to Hanover County in 1844 and moved into Clover Lea, a newly completed structure. Bassett chaired the committee that in 1833 supervised the cornerstone laying for an intended monu‑ ment to Mary Ball Washington in Fred‑ ericksburg, and he was a manager of the Fredericksburg Colonization Society. He

also helped to strengthen the Episcopal Church in the vicinity of Hanover County. In 1860 Bassett owned real estate and per‑ sonal property worth nearly $230,000, including 107 slaves. A decade later his property was valued at $7,200. Bassett died at Clover Lea (S. Bassett French Biographical Sketches [Vi: Personal Pa‑ pers Collection]; Merrow Egerton Sorley, Lewis of Warner Hall: The History of a Family [1935; repr. 1991], 236–47; Wil‑ liam and Mary Provisional List, 7; Fred‑ ericksburg Virginia Herald, 7 Mar. 1829; Richmond Enquirer, 8 May 1829, 20 May 1831, 17 Aug. 1832, 2 Apr. 1833, 8 Aug., 8 Sept. 1848; DNA: RG 29, CS, Spotsyl‑ vania Co., 1830, Hanover Co., 1850–70, 1850 and 1860 slave schedules; Wash‑ ington National Journal, 27 May 1831; Bassett to James Madison, 25 Apr. 1833, and Madison to Bassett, 30 Apr. 1833 [both in DLC: Madison Papers]; African Repository, and Colonial Journal 11 [1835]: 184; Calder Loth, ed., The Virginia Land‑ marks Register [1999], 216; gravestone inscription in Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery, Hanover Co.).

 387 

From Fernagus De Gelone Sir. New York 3. August 1821. having not found any encouragement for my new institution in this place, and as I am promised to receive $30,000. in Martinico, in order to establish a School on general principles, according to the rules of Lancaster, which were those of The Military School of Paris in the time of Louis the 15th I am on the point of Starting. I like America, but I have lost 24000. dollars in it. I am Sorry to leave a country in which I have been living for 17. years.— If I do not remain in Martinico, I Shall go to join my old friend Mr Bonpland, the Collaborator of My friend Mr Humboldt, up the Plata, on the Uraguay. My idea is now to form a normal school on the plan of the Poly‑ technical School, in South America, not from any Sense of interest, Just to make my fellow‑Comrades useful to Society. If You are fond of plants, Sir, I will now and then Send you Some‑ thing fine, through Richmond.— I have a beautiful little garden.1 I am very Sorry to leave it. I will also Send to you Some Shells and Minerals. I expect to remain in town five or Six days more. Doctor Mitchill or Mr Gahn, the Swedish Consul, would take care of my letters. Most respectfully. Sir. Your humble obedient Servant fernagus De Gelone  Allié du Major‑General Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel et Wagram. RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqre”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 12 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. In 1821 the French botanist Aimé bon‑ pland attempted to establish a settle‑ ment for the production of maté on for‑ mer Jesuit lands at Santa Ana, Argentina,

but he was detained later that year and imprisoned for almost a decade in Para‑ guay (Stephen Bell, A Life in Shadow: Aimé Bonpland in Southern South Amer‑ ica, 1817–1858 [2010], 60, 62, 64). allié du: “Relation by marriage of.” 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied.

Conveyance of Pouncey’s Tract to Charles Everette This indenture made on the third1 day of August2 one thousand eight hundred and twenty one between Thomas Jefferson of the one part, and Charles Everett of the other, both of the county of Albe‑  388 

3 AUGUST 1821

marle witnesseth that the said Thomas, in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to him in hand paid by the said Charles, hath given granted bargained and sold unto the said Charles a certain tract or parcel of land on the threenotched road, adjacent to the lands of the sd Charles, and granted to Peter Jefferson father of the sd Thomas by patent bearing date the 16th of August 1756. and bounded by the following lines expressed in the sd patent, to wit, beginning at point‑ ers and running S. 75 degrees W. 218. poles to a red oak, N. 28.° W. 127. po. to pointers, N. 11.° E. 155. po. to a pine S. 15.° E. 280. po. to the beginning: containing according to the said patent four hundred acres, and lying in the said county of Albemarle. To have and to hold the said parcel of land with it’s appurtenances to him the said Charles and his heirs. and the said Thomas, his heirs executors and adminis‑ trators the said parcel of land and it’s appurtenances to the sd Charles and his heirs will for ever warrant and defend. In witness whereof the sd Thomas hath hereto set his hand and seal on the day and year first above written. Sealed & delivered in presence of Th J Randolph Th: Jefferson Nichs P Trist James M Randolph MS (MHi: James Schouler Autograph Collection); on indented paper; in TJ’s hand except as noted below; signed by TJ, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Nicho‑ las P. Trist, and James M. Randolph; with seal affixed adjacent to TJ’s signature and with attestation on verso by Albemarle County clerk Alexander Garrett bearing his signature but entirely in a different hand: “At a Court held for Albemarle County the 6th day of August 1821 This Indenture was produced into Court & ac‑ knowledged by Thomas Jefferson party thereto & ordered to be recorded”; dock‑

eted in an undentified hand: “Jefferson to Everette } Deed  6 Aug 1821 ackd & Ordered to be recorded”; additional nota‑ tion in Garrett’s hand: “Recorded Page 389.” Tr (Albemarle Co. Deed Book, 22:389); including Garrett’s attestation; with additional marginal notation in an unidentified hand: “Delivered to C Ever‑ ette the 1t Apl 1842.” 1 Space left blank and word added later by TJ in a different ink. 2 Space left blank and word added later by TJ in a different ink.

To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 3. 21. Mr Pendleton found me this morning at my mill as he past it, and delivered me your favor of the 31st explaining at the same time the importance of sending a new bond by tomorrow’s mail. this with the inclosed bond will go with tomorrow’s mail. I am to call on him to‑ morrow morning to accompany him to the University, and he will return and dine with us, and I have no doubt that what he will see &  389 

3 AUGUST 1821

hear there & here will confirm him in the candor of his dispositions. the reduction of this loan by the sum of 900.D. will not sensibly affect the convenience of the University. Mr Pendleton says you will not leave Richmond till Tuesday. this will be in time for our journey, as I think it will be the last of next week before I can leave the mill contentedly. all here are well and I salute you with affection and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC); addressed: “Governor Randolph Richmond”; franked; postmarked Mil‑ ton, 4 Aug.; endorsed by Randolph. Enclosure: Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors, 3 Aug. 1821.

To John Taylor Dear Sir, Monticello Aug 3. 21 Your favor of the 24h came to hand on the 29th1 inst, but I have not been able to See my grandson till this day. I now enclose you his re‑ ceipt for the Fredericksberg Check on the bk of Virginia for 500 D. he says it will render very signal service at this time to the family. the quarter from which it came will be unknown to him2 till my death when his possession3 of my papers will of course disclose it to him. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect 4 Th Jefferson5 Tr (NHi: American Historical Manu‑ script Collection); in pencil; subjoined to RC of Taylor to TJ, 3 Aug. 1821; adja‑ cent to signature: “Col Taylor”; with note at foot of text in same hand as letter: “Original once mine, given to Mr s An‑ drews (Shrwin daghter).” Enclosure not found.

1

Manuscript: “19th.” Word added in margin in place of “the family.” 3 Manuscript: “possesson.” 4 Manuscript: “respet.” 5 Manuscript: “Jeffeson.” 2

From John Taylor Dear Sir Caroline August 3d 1821 I am constrained to write you this letter, by having Seen in the news papers an extract of a letter, said to be written by you, approv‑ ing of construction construed;1 to assure you that I had never seen nor heard of your letter, if it is genuine, before I saw it in a news paper. Recently I inclosed you a draft on the bank of Virginia at Richmond to be applied at your discretion as before advised. It was for $500, as  390 

3 AUGUST 1821

upon reflection I thought it would do more good, and give less trou‑ ble to you, to remit the whole sum at once, than2 at four instalments. Not having received advice of your having gotten the letter, I mention it again. If it has been intercepted, perhaps it would be well for you to write a note to the Richmond Virginia bank, forbidding the pay‑ ment of the Draft. It is from the Fredericksburg branch. I am with the highest esteem and respect. Sir your mo: obt St John Taylor RC (NHi: American Historical Man‑ uscript Collection); with Tr of TJ to Taylor, 3 Aug. 1821, subjoined; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript: “construction construc‑ tion.” 2 Manuscript: “that.”

Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors Know all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson, rector and James Breckenridge, James Madison, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke, Chapman Johnson and Robert B. Taylor, visitors of the Uni‑ versity of Virginia, are held & firmly bound to the President & Di‑ rectors of the Literary fund in the sum of 58,200,1 to the payment whereof well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves and our succes‑ sors to the sd President & Directors and their successors firmly by these presents, sealed with the common seal of the sd Rector & Visi‑ tors and dated this 3d day of Aug.2 in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty one.3 The Condition of this obligation is such that, Whereas the Presi‑ dent and Directors of the [Literary fund],4 under authority of the act of the General assembly of the 24th day of February5 last past, inti‑ tuled ‘An act concerning the University of Virginia,’ have this day loaned to the Rector and Visitors of the sd University the sum of 29. thousand 100 Dollars,6 for the purpose of compleating the7 buildings, and making the necessary preparations for putting the said Univer‑ sity into operation, on the conditions that the lawful interest on the sd sum of 29,100 Dollars8 shall be annually paid, and the principal be redeemed according to the provisions of the sd act,9 and that the annual appropriation made by law to the sd University be legally pledged to the sd President and Directors for the punctual payment  391 

3 AUGUST 1821

of the annual interest and redemption of the principal as aforesaid: Now therefore, if the sd Rector & Visitors & their successors shall faithfully pay to the sd President and Directors of the Literary fund and their successors annually on the   day of   the lawful interest on the sd sum of 29,100. Dollars,10 or on so much of the sd sums as shall be bearing interest, until the whole of the principal shall have been paid and shall also faithfully pay the sd principal sum of 29,100 Dollars11 according to the provisions of the sd act of assem‑ bly, applying for that purpose the sums of money appropriated annu‑ ally by law to the use, or for the benefit of the sd University, or so much thereof as may be requisite, which sums of money so appropri‑ ated in each year, so far as requisite for the purpose, are hereby pledged and set apart by the sd Rector & Visitors to be applied by the President and Directors of the Literary fund to the payment of the sd interest & principal sum of 29,100 Dollars,12 borrowed as aforesaid, and to no other uses or objects until the sd payment shall have been made, then the above obligation shall be void, otherwise shall remain in full force and virtue.13 signed sealed and delivered in presence of Th: J[efferso]n    Nichs P Trist    William Bankhead 1822. Jan.   gave a bond for 30,900.D. verbatim as this except as to the sum. 2d Dft (ViU: TJP); in TJ’s hand, signed by Trist and Bankhead; sealed; mutilated to cancel TJ’s signature; en‑ dorsed by TJ: “Copy of bond of Aug. 3. 21. for 29,100.” 1st Dft (ViU: TJP); on reused address cover to TJ; entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; at head of text: “rough draught of Condn of bond of July 1821.” The 2d Dft began as the finalized origi‑ nal bond of 21 July 1821 enclosed by TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph on that date. TJ then altered it to match the missing revised bond that he sent to Randolph on 3 Aug. 1821. 1 Number interlined in place of “sixty thousand Dollars.” 2 Reworked from “twenty first day of July.”

3

1st Dft begins here. Mutilated. 1st Dft: “Lity fund.” 1st Dft: “the day of   .” 6 Reworked from “thirty thousand Dol‑ lars.” 1st Dft: “30,000.D.” 7 In 1st Dft TJ here canceled “neces‑ sary.” 8 Reworked from “30,000. Dollars.” 1st Dft: “30.M.D.” 9 Text from this point to colon inter‑ lined in 1st Dft. 10 Reworked from “30,000. Dollars.” 1st Dft: “30,000.D.” 11 Reworked from “30,000. Dollars.” 1st Dft: “30.M.D.” 12 Reworked from “30,000. Dollars.” 1st Dft: “30.M.D.” 13 1st Dft ends here. 4 5

 392 

Two Pages from Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on His Early Career (the so-called “Autobiography”)

Thomas Sully’s Half-Length Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Sully’s Full-Length Portrait of Thomas Jefferson

Wooden Model of Askos

Thomas Jefferson’s Draft of a Letter to Thomas Whittemore

Courtship Letters of Nicholas P. Trist

Virginia J. Randolph Trist by Harriet F. Randolph (Willis)

Silhouette of Nicholas P. Trist

Bernard Peyton

From Louis Adrien Gruchet Monsieur Le Président Baltimore Le 4. aout 1821. J’ai L’honneur de vous accuser, réception de La lettre que vous voulûtes bien m’ecrire en date du 2 du mois dernier.—ne l’ayant reçu que le 13, Je vous aurais manqué puisque vous devez être parti le 15  et J’ai faít une marche rétrograde Sur mon pauvre azile de Philadelphie. J’ai lu dans une gazette de cette ville il y à trois jours un article abominable, contre vous et qui m’à beaucoup peiné; Si jeusse été américain, Jaurais Sur le champ vu le rédacteur mr Schaeffer et je me Serais expliqué d’une manière précise à ce Sujet avec lui. Je Suis malheureusement étranger à l’amérique, à vous même & pour ainsi dire Orphelin depuis que Napoléon est prisonnier. car Je Suis proscript par les Bourbons et leurs infâmes agens Diplomates depuis 1815, tout cela ne m’empêche d’être Indigné, en voyant des misérables, attaquer publiquement; Lhonneur, Sans tache et les Ver‑ tus personnifiées; un des pères de Sa patrie et enfin le Septuagénaire dont le nom est réveré dans les deux mondes. Je comprends assez l’anglais pour, Le Sentir, et Selon mon faible jugement c’est une atrocité Commise à vôtre egard, par des gens mé‑ prisables qui n’ont probablement pas bien Saisi le Sens de vos deux lettres à mr Callender en 1799—& qui ne Regardant qu’en courrant les lignes que Vous ecrivites voudraient les tourner en ridicule dans l’espoir de nuire au bon Lycurge du nouveau monde et ternir Sa bril‑ lante, haute, mais bien vraie réputation. Comme chaque mortel à Ses Ennemis plus où moins puissans; comme aussi nous Sommes Sujets au bien & au Mal, J’ai eù mes Ennemis & je Suis malheureux. mon but en allant à monticello etait de voir Si je ne pourrais pas y vivre paisiblement, en y établissant une peti[t]e école française pour les Enfans des deux Sèxes après Surtout m’être Soumis à Vôtre Examen et vous avoir mis à même de juger Si mes faibles moyens pourrait remplir mes vues. J’ai réflechi qu’appuyé de Vôtre protection je pourrais peut être obtenir les moyens de Vivre du fruit de mon peu de Savoir, de n’être par la à la charge de per‑ sonne et de me suffir à moi même. Jose donc vous prier mr Le Président, [me?] faire connoitre Si mon plan pourraít réussir; c’est [. . .] ressource. J’ai L’honneur d’être mr Le Pr[ésident] & avec le plus profond respect Vôtre très humble & tr[ès] [. . .] Serviteur Gruche[t]  Philadelphia  393 

4 AUGUST 1821

 P.S—au moment où j’allais fermer ma lettre je trouve cette Infâmie dont Je vous entretiens; et prends la liberté de vous L’adresser.— Réponse S’il Vous plait—à Philadel où je me rends e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mr. President Baltimore 4. August 1821. I have the honor to inform you of the receipt of the letter you were kind enough to write to me, dated the 2d of last month, having only received it on the 13th. I would have missed you, since you must have left on the 15th, and I have made my way back to my poor refuge in Philadelphia. Three days ago, I read in a gazette of this city an abominable article against you, which gave me much pain. Had I been an American, I would have im‑ mediately sought out the editor, Mr. Schaeffer, and very pointedly confronted him on this subject. Unfortunately, I am a stranger to America, as well as to you, and in a man‑ ner of speaking I am an orphan since Napoleon was taken prisoner, because I have been proscribed by the Bourbons and their infamous diplomatic agents since 1815. None of this keeps me from being indignant when I see pitiful people publicly attacking the stainless honor, the personified virtue of a father of his country and a septuagenarian whose name is revered in both worlds. I understand English well enough to have a feel for it, and according to my feeble judgment, an atrocious act has been committed toward you by despi‑ cable people who probably did not quite understand the meaning of your two letters to Mr. Callender in 1799 and who, having only skimmed the lines you wrote, would like to make a mockery of them in the hope of harming the good Lycurgus of the New World and tarnishing your brilliant, lofty, and quite genuine reputation. Just as every mortal has enemies, more or less powerful, and as we are all subject to good and evil, I also have had my foes and am unfortunate. In going to Monticello I hoped to see if I could not live there peacefully by es‑ tablishing a little French school for children of both sexes, especially after submitting myself to your examination and enabling you to judge whether my plans could be realized with my limited means. I thought that, leaning on your protection, I could perhaps support myself by the fruit of my little knowledge and thus be dependent on no one and able to support myself. I therefore dare to ask you, Mr. President, to inform me if my plan could succeed, it is [. . .] resource. I have the honor to be, Mr. President, and with the deepest respect, your very humble and very [. . .] servant Gruchet  Philadelphia  P.S—As I was about to close my letter, I found the calumny about which I am telling you; I take the liberty of sending it to you.—  Answer, please, to Philadelphia, whither I am going RC (DLC); dateline in a different ink; edge torn and chipped; addressed: “Mon‑ sieur Monsieur Thomas Jefferson Ex Prés‑

ident of the United States Monticello or Bedford Virginie”; stamped; postmarked Baltimore, 4 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as re‑

 394 

5 AUGUST 1821 ceived 12 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in  SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Frederick G. schaeffer was at this time editor of the Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, an article from which, not found, Gruchet enclosed here. The paper had provoked an outcry for revisit‑

ing TJ’s letters to James T. callender of 6 Sept. and 6 Oct. 1799, which Cal‑ lender had previously cited as evidence that TJ had paid him to slander his po‑ litical rivals (PTJ, 31:179–82, 200–2; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 21 Aug., 12 Sept. 1821; Annapolis Mary‑ land Gazette and Political Intelligencer, 30 Aug., 6 Sept. 1821).

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Edgewood. 5 August. 1821. My servant comes down to Mr Minor’s on business relative to my farm, and I profit of the opportunity to drop you a line, and to assure you that I should have been at Monticello a month ago, but for a re‑ turn of bad health. I arrived here on 2d June: was employed four or five weeks in necessary attention to my affairs, when I had an attack of the prevailing dyssentery, from the effects of which I have not yet entirely recovered. I anxiously wished to come down about this time, but could not ride so far at this season, without excessive pain, and imminent danger of a bilious fever. Mrs Cabell is also in bad health. If we do not get better we shall spend the first fortnight of Septr at some of the Springs. I count confidently on being at the next meeting of the board. I shall husband my health, so as to meet our friends in the next Assembly, and do any thing in my power to promote the Interests of the University. In the meantime, permit me to recommend a complete liquidation and lucid statement of all accounts: and, should it be requisite, the employment of a skillful accountant, to state all the ac‑ counts in a regular set of books: and to have the books ready to be sent down to the Assembly. You, doubtless, observe the movements of the Presbyterians at Hampden sydney, and the Episcopalians at Wm & Mary. I am informed that the former sect, or rather the Clergy of that sect, in their synods & presbyteries, talk much of the Univer‑ sity. They believe, or affect to believe, as I am informed, that the So‑ cinians are to be installed at the University for the purpose of over‑ throwing the prevailing religious opinions of the country. They are drawing off, & endeavoring to set up establishments of their own, subject to their own controul. Hence the great efforts now making at Hampden Sydney, and the call on all the counties on the South Side of James River to unite in support of that College. They calculate on Robinson’s Estate at Washington College. And are opposed to any substantial change in the old charters.  395 

5 AUGUST 1821

 I hope your health continues good. Should you write to Mr Madi‑ son, be pleased to remember me with great respect and regard to him. I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully your friend, Joseph C. Cabell RC (ViU: TJP‑PC); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Quincy Adams, 23 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello By Archer.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 6 Augt 1821 a d Above I hand you ∕c sales 34 Blls: Flour rec on your a∕c, & sold on the Basin Bank. Thirty five Barrels were shipd, but the Oaner of the Boat (Mr Wood) used one Bll:, which I charged him $4 for, & placed the same at your credit. I recd this morning your favor covering Blanks for the renewal your several notes at Bank.   Your package by the Henry Clay from Liverpool was forwarded some days ago, & I hope has reached you safely. I send under cover a letter recd enclosed to me from S. Williams of London: he informs me of the acceptance of the Bill purchased & remitted him on your a∕c— Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosed ac‑ count; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Peyton, 30 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Th: Jefferson Monti‑ cello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 6 Aug. Enclosure: Samuel Williams to TJ, 12 June 1821. Other en‑ closure printed below.

TJ’s favor covering blanks for re‑ newal has not been found and is not re‑ corded in SJL. It was likely dated 3 Aug. 1821, when TJ recorded that he had “Inclosed Notes for renewal” in the same configuration of those he enclosed to Pey‑ ton on 6 July 1821 (MB, 2:1377).

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 6 Blls: fine & 28 Blls: X midlings Flour by B. Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd ⎪⎫ 31 July To D & Allen for Cash on the Basin ⎬  6 Blls: fine Flour  at $3.87½ ⎪⎭  28 " X midlings do "  " 3.37½ $117.75

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6 AUGUST 1821 Charges Cash paid fght at 2/6 is $14.17 Canal Toll $3.54—Inspection 68¢ 4.22 Comssn at 2½ pr Ct 2.94  Nett prcds: at credit T.J. MS (MHi); entirely in Peyton’s hand; with covering letter subjoined.

21.33 $96.42

x midlings: “cross middlings.” d & allen: Davenport & Allen.

Resolution of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund At a meeting of the President & Directors of the Literary Fund on Monday the 6th August 1821. 1 Ordered that the Auditor of Publick Accounts issue a warrant on the Treasury in favor of Thomas Jefferson Esquire Rector of the Univer‑ sity of Virginia for the Sum of Twenty nine thousand one hundred dollars loaned to that institution under authority of an act of the Gen‑ eral Assembly passed the 24th day of February last entitled “An Act concerning the University of Virginia”. Attest  J Brown Jr: Accountant ⎬⎫ Th: M: Randolph ⎭ to the Literary Fund  President MS (Vi: RG 12, Literary Fund Dis‑ bursements); in James Brown’s hand, signed by Thomas Mann Randolph and Brown; with TJ’s Request for Warrants for Money for University of Virginia, [ca. 15 Aug. 1821], on verso. MS (Vi: RG 27, Virginia Literary Fund Minute Book); in Brown’s hand, signed by Randolph. En‑ closed in TJ to James E. Heath, 15 Aug. 1821. James Brown (1780–1859), merchant and public official, was a native of Virginia who often signed himself as “Junior” al‑ though the first name of his father, who was clerk of the Virginia Court of Ap‑ peals, was John. Brown began his career by 1802 as a Richmond shopkeeper and auctioneer. He was appointed accountant of the Literary Fund by its directors in 1821, and eight years later he became the fund’s superintendent. In 1823 the Vir‑ ginia General Assembly elected Brown sec‑ ond auditor, a newly created position that

oversaw the state’s investments in pub‑ lic  works. He simultaneously served as secretary of the Board of Public Works, 1823–51. Brown retired from public office the following year. He owned six slaves in 1820 and five in 1830 and 1840. Brown died in Richmond after a train ran over his ankle and foot (DVB; Richmond Vir‑ ginia Argus, 16 Oct. 1802; JHD [1821– 22 sess.], 67 [21 Dec. 1821]; [1822–23 sess.], 28, 216 [11 Dec. 1822, 25 Feb. 1823]; [1823–24 sess.], 65 [19 Dec. 1823]; [1852–53 sess.], 113 [23 Dec. 1852]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1820– 50; Richmond Daily Dispatch, 4 Jan. 1859; gravestone inscription in Shockoe Hill Cemetery, Richmond). This document was likely returned to Randolph in a letter of 7 Aug. 1821 from Anthony Robinson, the teller of the Bank of Virginia, which relayed the opinion of William Dandridge, that bank’s cash‑ ier, that “there is no authority lodged with him to justify his obtaining from the

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6 AUGUST 1821 Auditor a warrant on the enclosed order” and that “It must therefore be enclosed to Mr Jefferson for his endorsation—In the mean time If checks should be presented at this Bank from the Bursar of the Col‑ lege, I am directed to pay them” (RC in ViU; addressed: “Thom: M. Randolph Esqr Governor”; with unrelated calcula‑ tion by TJ on address leaf). 1 Paragraph in Minute Book MS begins “Present The Governor and The Lieuten‑ ant Governor The president delivered to the Board a bond tendered by the Rec‑

tor and Visitors of the University of Vir‑ ginia for the Sum of Twenty nine thou‑ sand one hundred dollars (that being the amount of a payment lately made by the United States to the State of Virginia) after deducting the agents Commission (& remaining unappropriated by the Board) which bond appearing to be in confor‑ mity with the act of the last Session of the General Assembly entitled ‘An Act con‑ cerning the University of Virginia’ was approved by the Board; Whereupon it was Resolved that the said bond be ac‑ cepted, and.”

From Charles Hammond Dear Sir. St. Clairsville Ohio. August 7th 1821 You have, no doubt, noticed the manner in which a letter from you, originally published in the Richmond Enquirer, is introduced into the national Intelligencer of the 21st of July. It seems clear to me, that the interpretation, which the Editors of the Intelligencer have given to a part of that letter, is not the natural meaning of the language you have used. I cannot but hope that the proceedings of our State, in her controversy with the Bank of the United States, are not regarded by You as anticonstitutional, deserving rebuke or reprehension. The respect and reverence with which the people of ohio look to your Sentiments give great weight to any opinion you may express; and it is therefore very desirable that you should not be misunder‑ stood upon any subject more especially upon one so vitally important as that of the relative rights and duties of the national, and State governments. The turn given to your opinions, by the Editors of the Intelligencer, is calculated to make a Strong impression, in ohio, un‑ favourable to the proceedings of the State authorities of the use that is, and that will be made of your name, the enclosed, cut out from the Muskingum Messenger, printed at Zaneville ohio, 31st July may Serve as a Specimen. May I ask of you a distinct expression of your opinion, or of the Sense, in which the letter quoted, ought to be un‑ derstood I am sensible that my request is in some measure obtrusive, and I beg of you to allow me an apology in the public nature and great importance of the Subject, upon which, I Suppose, you are made to Speak a language, not in accordance with your Sentiments. With great respect and consideration, I am D sir your! &c C. Hammond  398 

7 AUGUST 1821

PS. Should you write, address to “St Clairsville Belmont County ohio. way of washington1 City” RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of  TJ to Nicholas Herbemont, [3] Nov. [1822], on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esqr Monticello Virginia Way of Washington city”; franked; postmarked Wheeling, 7 Aug. Charles Hammond (1779–1840), attor‑ ney, journalist, and court reporter, was born near Baltimore. His family left Mary‑ land in 1785, ultimately settling near Wellsburg (later in West Virginia). Ham‑ mond was first educated by a private tutor and then studied law. He joined the office of Philip Doddridge in 1800 and was ad‑ mitted to practice in Virginia courts in 1801 before moving to the Northwest Territory in what later became Ohio, where the territorial court appointed him prosecuting attorney for Belmont County. Hammond moved to Wheeling (later in West Virginia) in about 1804. Returning to Ohio in 1810, he lived first in Belmont County and then moved to Cincinnati in around the beginning of 1823. Ham‑ mond emerged as a leader of Ohio’s Fed‑ eralist party, serving in the state senate, 1813–15, and the state house of represen‑ tatives, 1817–19 and 1820–21. Starting in 1823, he became the first reporter of the Ohio Supreme Court, producing nine vo‑ lumes of Ohio Reports covering sessions through 1839. Hammond had a parallel career in journalism, as a contributing writer to numerous newspapers, including the Chillicothe Scioto Gazette in around 1801, as publisher of the Saint Clairsville Ohio Federalist, 1813–17, as a writer for the Cincinnati Gazette beginning in 1823, and as its editor from 1825 until his death. He actively backed Henry Clay’s political ambitions and used his publications to support Clay and attack Andrew Jackson, going so far as to author a pamphlet on the irregularities of the latter’s marriage. Hammond died in Cincinnati (DAB; Francis Phelps Weisenburger, “A Life of  Charles Hammond: The First Great Journalist of the Old Northwest,” Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly 43

[1934]: 338–427; George Irving Reed and others, eds., Bench and Bar of Ohio: A Compendium of History and Biogra‑ phy  [1897], 2:43–5; Brigham, Ameri‑ can  Newspapers, 2:814; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ohio, Belmont Co., Richland, 1820, Cincinnati, 1830; Clay, Papers; Jackson, Papers, 6:314–5; Columbus Ohio State Journal, 8 Apr. 1840; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 9 Apr. 1840). On 20 July 1821 (not the 21st) the editors of the Washington Daily National Intelligencer republished TJ’s Recommen‑ dation of John Taylor’s Construction Con‑ strued, [ca. 27 June 1821], stating in their introduction that “We are glad to see this letter from the Republican Patriarch, and we place it before our readers, as a just but gentle rebuke of the anticonstitutional doctrines of the State of Ohio, &c.” Ohio’s attempt to tax the Second Bank of the United States involved it in a con‑ troversy with the bank. After the state adopted a law mandating such a tax, its auditor, Ralph Osborn, seized funds from the Chillicothe branch of the bank in 1819. When the bank sued Osborn and other state officials, Hammond acted as their counsel in the circuit court trial and the eventual appeal to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled against them in 1824 in Osborn v. Bank of the United States (Marshall, Papers, 10:36–41). An editorial commentary on TJ’s Rec‑ ommendation of Construction Construed, published in an unlocated issue of the Zanesville (zaneville) Ohio Muskingum Messenger, and Democratic Republican, and subsequently quoted in the Washing‑ ton Daily National Intelligencer, 8 Aug. 1821, directed “the serious attention of our readers to an extract of a letter in a sub‑ sequent column, by the revered Thomas Jefferson, on the subject of the powers vested in the federal and state govern‑ ments. With what irresistible force does his mild and conciliatory language apply to the conduct of the state of Ohio in seiz‑ ing on the U. S. money in the Branch Bank at Chillicothe—wherein he says each party should prudently shrink from all re‑ proach to the line of demarcation, instead

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7 AUGUST 1821 of rashly overleaping it, or throwing grap‑ ples ahead to haul to hereafter. It is to be hoped that our future legislators will profit by this sage politician’s admonition— and no longer suffer the state of Ohio to disgrace itself, or get farther involved into difficulties through the machinations and management of such infamously corrupt and factious politicians as ———.” When another Ohio newspaper repub‑ lished TJ’s review of Taylor’s work, it included a further editorial statement that “we learn from a source to which every man in the community would attach credit,

but which we are not at liberty to divulge, that Mr. Jefferson approves of the course that the state of Ohio has taken, in relation to the United States’ Bank—and that he has expressed himself in the highest terms of the report made to the last general as‑ sembly upon this subject, commonly called Hammond’s report. He considers it one of the ablest state papers that has been promulged, since the formation of our government” (Western Herald & Steuben‑ ville Gazette, 11 Aug. 1821). 1

Manuscript: “washinton.”

From Hugh Mercer Dear Sir, Fredericksbg Augt 7th 1821— I beg the privilege of introducing to you, Dr John Cullen, who will have the pleasure of handing you this Letter— Dr Cullen has been in our Country about six years, residing chiefly in Philadelphia; & has been here several weeks, delivering in part a course of Lectures on Chymistry, to be completed on his return from a visit to the Springs—He is desirous to pay his respects to you on his return, & I have particular pleasure in making you acquainted with him— I am Sir, most respectfully, Yr ob St, Hugh Mercer RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 10 Aug. 1821 and so recorded (with ad‑ ditional bracketed notation: “by Dr Cul‑ len”) in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Albert Gallatin, 29 Oct. 1822, on recto and verso; ad‑ dressed: “His Excy Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello—Doctor Cullen.” Hugh Mercer (1776–1853), banker and public official, was born in Fredericks‑ burg, the son of Revolutionary War gen‑ eral Hugh Mercer (ca. 1725–1777). Fol‑ lowing his father’s death in battle, the United States government paid for Mer‑ cer’s education, with the first installment authorized in 1784 by a Confederation Congress committee of which TJ was a member. Congress continued to subsidize his education into the 1790s, and Mercer ultimately studied at the College of Wil‑

liam and Mary in 1795. Two years later he was introduced to TJ with the request, apparently unfulfilled, that TJ help him attain “general Knowledge” in exchange for Mercer’s service as personal secre‑ tary. He became a magistrate, represented Spotsylvania County in the House of Del‑ egates from 1804–08, was appointed a juror in Aaron Burr’s 1807 treason trial, and served as a longtime director of the Fredericksburg branch of the Bank of Virginia starting in 1808. Mercer rose to colonel in the Spotsylvania County militia, and in 1812 James Madison appointed him a lieutenant colonel of infantry. In 1840 he owned seven slaves, and a de‑ cade later the census described him as a bank president with real estate valued at $8,250. Mercer died at Sentry Box, his Fredericksburg home (Fillmore Norfleet, Saint‑Mémin in Virginia: Portraits and Bi‑

 400 

8 AUGUST 1821 ographies [1942], 191; PTJ, 7:132, 29:353; Worthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 [1904–37], 26:309, 28:441, 30:240, 32:288, 34:199; JS, 1:489, 496, 500, 503 [18, 27 Feb., 1, 2 Mar. 1793]; JHR, 1:720, 725, 731, 734 [27 Feb., 1, 2 Mar. 1793]; William and Mary Provi‑ sional List, 28; Leonard, General Assem‑ bly, 237, 241, 245, 249; Richmond Vir‑ ginia Argus, 8 Jan. 1808; DNA: RG 29,  CS, Fredericksburg, 1810–50; JEP, 2:240, 241 [24, 26 Mar. 1812]; Balti‑ more Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 10 Jan. 1824; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 3:578–9; Baltimore Sun, 3 Dec. 1853; Fredericksburg Hustings Court Will Book, E:401–2; gravestone inscription in Fredericksburg City Cemetery). John Cullen (1797–1849), physician and educator, was a native of Dublin. He studied anatomy and surgery in Paris in about 1814, returned to Ireland the fol‑ lowing year, and moved to New York soon thereafter. Following a brief period as a chemist in New York City, Cullen earned a medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1819 and then prac‑ ticed briefly in a Philadelphia almshouse. By early in 1821 he was in Virginia lec‑ turing on chemistry in Fredericksburg, Petersburg, and Richmond, and he soon

opened a medical practice in the last city. In 1832 Cullen was appointed to the Rich‑ mond board of health, and five years later he was in a group of physicians that per‑ suaded Hampden‑Sydney College to cre‑ ate a medical department in Richmond. Cullen held its chair in the theory and practice of medicine from the beginning until illness forced him to retire in 1848. After his death the institution became the Medical College of Virginia. In 1846 Cul‑ len attended a New York City meeting that considered founding the American Medical Association. At its organizational meeting the following year he served on a committee that called for state medical‑ licencing boards. Cullen owned four slaves in 1830. At his death in Richmond, his real estate and personal property com‑ bined were valued at roughly $34,000 (DVB; Atlantic Journal of Medicine 1 [1883]: 191–9; Virginia Medical Monthly 54 [1927]: 356–8; Will J. Maxwell, comp., General Alumni Catalogue of the Univer‑ sity of Pennsylvania [1917], 580; Rich‑ mond Enquirer, 23 Jan., 27 Nov. 1821, 28 Dec. 1849, 8 Jan. 1850; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1830; Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, 28 Dec. 1849; Rich‑ mond City Hustings Court Will Book, 12:487–97; gravestone inscription in Hol‑ lywood Cemetery, Richmond).

From Henry Dearborn Dear Sir, Boston August 8th 1821— Knowing the fatigue you are subjected to by newmerous corre‑ spondents (and too many of them from mere selfish motives) I have refrain’d from writing to you as often as I should otherwise have wished, I have frequently had the pleasure of hearing from you by persons who had visited you, and of hearing that you continued to enjoy good health, and I have had the pleasure of seing several letters from you published in the newspapers, whether by your consent or not I do not know. we have at length acquired the peaceable posses‑ sion of the Territory for which you so early concerted measures for effecting. your original great project has now been fully completed with the exception of the extent of the western limits, it affords your old friends great pleasure to behold the completion of your immensely  401 

8 AUGUST 1821

important views, in your life time, and I trust there is at present no one who is not disposed to give you full credit as the original projec‑ tor and efficient agent in procuring such an important and invaluable addition to our National Territory.— Mrs Dearborn & myself continue to enjoy good health, I have pass’d the line of seventy after which the downhill of lif[e] is gener‑ ally steep & short, but Mr Adams and yourself are strong exceptions, Mr Adams is six or seven years ahead of you and is yet very much himself, baring accidents, I have no doubt but you will hold on your course with little or no alteration until you shall have passed ninety.— I hope that before this reaches you you will have recd your Portrait from Stewart. while I was absent in Maine my Son had it forwarded to Richmond, I hope it arrived safe.— Mrs Dearborn unites with me in the most respectfull and sincere wishes for your health & happiness, and in the most kind regards to Mrs & Mr Randolph and their Children. H, Dearborn RC (DLC); mutilated; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James Rawlings, 20 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Honbl

Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Boston, 8 Aug. stewart: Gilbert Stuart.

To John E. Hall Sir Monticello Aug. 8. 21. I recieved lately the 2d & 3d Nos of the American Law journal of the present year. as I have long since [ceas]ed to read in that line, I in‑ close you 5.D. the price of the whole volume, and would wish to de‑ cline any future volumes. if indeed you should publish the case of Cohens v. Virginia with the able answers to that of Algernon Sidney, Somers, & Fletcher which appeared in the Enquirer, I should be glad of a copy. a more important case I presume you have never pub‑ lished[.]1 I salute you with esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr John E. Hall”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “5.D.” TJ had received the second and third numbers of a new series of the american

law journal edited by Hall and enti‑ tled the Journal of Jurisprudence. For the responses to Cohens v. Virginia written by Spencer Roane under the pseudonym of algernon sidney, see Roane to TJ, 20 June 1821. Those written by Peyton Randolph (d. 1828) under the name of somers were printed in the Richmond

 402 

8 AUGUST 1821 Enquirer, 15, 22 May, 1, 12, 19, 29 June, 13 July 1821 (W. Ray Luce, Cohens v. Virginia (1821): The Supreme Court and State Rights, a Reevaluation of Influences and Impacts [1990], 166–9). A series of

articles signed as by fletcher of Sal‑ toun was published in the Richmond En‑ quirer, 22, 26 June, 3, 6 July 1821. 1 Edge

trimmed.

To John Laval Sir Monticello Aug. 8. 21. I do not know the state of our account but I think I have had some‑ thing of you since my last remittance, & to which I ought to have adverted sooner. be so good as [to] favor me with a statement of it, and I shall immediately attend to it. if you have Planche’s Greek & French dictionary I should be glad of it. I salute you with esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Gilbert J. Hunt to TJ, 14 May 1821; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Laval”; endorsed by TJ.

To John Patterson Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 8. 21. We cover our buildings at the University with tin, and there is but one person in the state who does it. he charges us for his work 5.75 D a square which he does in a day. we think this unconscionable and would be glad to be relieved by employing another workman. he learnt the trade in Baltimore, and therefore I presume it can be known what is charged by the square there for putting on. I should be glad to know also the price of tin. we pay in Richmond 13.D. the box of 220. or 230. [she?]ets. I make no apology for putting this trouble on you, becau[se]1 I [a]m sure the interest you take in our University will induce you [to] render it that service. your friends in our neighbor‑ hood are well, and I salute you with affection & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Fernagus De Gelone to TJ, 19 May 1821; three words faint; at foot of text: “J. Patterson esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

The person who had been doing tin‑ work at the University of Virginia was Absalom H. Brooks. 1 Edge

 403 

trimmed.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, Friday 10t Augt ’21 I am informed you wish a tuscan Cornice put up within the arcade at Hotel B—with a view to œconomise, I directed the interior of the Hotels to be finished without cornices, and intended to bring down the ceiling of the arcade of Hotel B & finish it without a cornice, but if you prefer the cornice I will direct it to be done you will please let me know soon in what way it shall be done—   respectfully your Obt sevt A. S. Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monti‑ cello”; endorsed by TJ, with his appar‑ ently unrelated note beneath endorsement: “4.67.”

The building at the University of Vir‑ ginia here called hotel b was later re‑ named Hotel D.

From Reuben B. Hicks Sir Darvills 10 Augt 1821 Having a nephew now prepared for College and wishing him to graduate at the Central College of Virginia unless he would loose too much time in waiting for the operations of that institution, I deem it expedient to request of you information respecting when you suppose it will be ready for the reception of students—My particular desire to have my own children and those under my care educated in their native State is the only apology I have to offer as a stranger for trou‑ bleing you on this occasion I am Dr Sir Respectfully Yr Obt Sevt R B Hicks RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 18 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to George Runnels, 3 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jeffer‑ son Charlottesville Va.”; franked; post‑ marked Darvills, 10 Aug. 1821. Reuben Booth Hicks (ca. 1787–1850), planter, was the postmaster at Darvills in Dinwiddie County from 1820 to 1822. In 1828 he was proposed as a commissioner of elections for Brunswick County on be‑ half of Virginia’s Anti‑Jackson Commit‑ tee. Hicks later served as a school com‑ missioner for that county. He died of

cholera in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, while returning from his plantation in Florida where he spent winters. Hicks owned fifty‑eight slaves in 1830, thirty‑four a decade later, and at least five at the time of his death (National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Lineage Book 17 [1904]: 350; Axelson, Vir‑ ginia Postmasters, 52; Henry H. Worthing‑ ton to Hicks, 5 July 1826 [ViU]; Wash‑ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 9 Sept. 1828; DNA: RG 29, CS, Brunswick Co., 1830, 1840; Washington United States Telegraph, 16 Sept. 1835; Articles of Agreement between Hicks and Robert S. Hardaway, 5 Dec. 1848 [Columbus Mu‑

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11 AUGUST 1821 seum, Georgia]; Richmond Enquirer, 7 Aug. 1849; Governor’s Message and An‑ nual Reports of the Public Officers of the State . . . of Virginia [1851], 45; Rich‑

mond Whig and Public Advertiser, 7 May 1850; Brunswick Co. Will Book, 15:320– 2; 545–7).

From Samuel Maverick Montpelier Pendleton Dist:

Worthy Sir So: Carolina Augt 11. 1821— for many years past I have been in the habit of Cultivating the Grape Vine & with various Sucess, owing to some cause or other they verry generally Rotted, and which has allmost allways happened Just at the moment as it were when they have attained their full Size, they then take a drab Coloured spot on One side which spreads in a few days over the Grape & has the appearance of being scalded & in that state they readiley part from the Vine, that is they are easiley shook of—, this phenonimon is most comon to the Large Dark purple or Black Grape, the White Chasilas & several other Kinds of Grape are infested with the same Brown spot, drys a way flatning on One side & the Bunches fall off—I have a Valuable Grape now in Bearing, which is said to have been Procured from you some years past it has made its appearance in this part of the Country, or Ruther I have Procured it, in two ways One from Col: Hawkins from the Creek Na‑ tion & in another from a Mr Booth   from Virginia, this has rip‑ ened well and is a good Bearer, I now have Inclosed two Leaves from that Vine in order that you may be better inabled to give me Informa‑ tion what Grape it is, and where Imported from, for several reasons One of which is to compair the similarity of Effect in perhaps differant Latitudes & for a further Importation of Vines, the Bunches on this Vine contain generally from 20 to 40 Grapes, and after attaining from ½ to ¾ Inch in Diameter, they turn Light Coloured, then gradually assume the Colour of Madarah wine or Light brick Colour, the Grape is nearly round—flattened a Little at the ends & ruther most at the Stem, the fruit is Verry Excelent, but Leaves a verry slight astringent tast in the skin I am in Latitude 34.20 the Land Lays pleasantley Rolling, perhaps one of the Best watered Countrys in America, about 30 miles below the Table Mountain which forms part of the Great Chain running threw this Continant our soil is Various & in my perticular neigh‑ bourhood & farm we have a mixture of sand & Black Loom from 4 to 12 Inches on a Greasy Red Retentive Clay, on which I have tryed  405 

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Various methods to Cultivate the Vine, on Arbours Aspilliers & frames 2½ foot high training them Horisontally, but I find to train them on Poles about 10 foot high, running them up in Single stems & Expos‑ ing them to the Sun & Air, Answers best with me & occasionally pulling off the Leaves, on a Gradual South Exposiour, I have Laid of Horisontal Beds 5 foot wide, with 10 foot space Between from which I have taken off all the Soil, I carted on Top Soil, Cow menure & sand on the Beds & Incorperated them with a portion of the Clay & soil from 2½ to 3 foot deep, & planted One Row of Vines about 6. to 8 foot apart on Each Bed, in this way alone I have been inabled to rase the Large Black Grape, which has allmost invariably rotted in every other way, the Only appology I have to offer for this Paper to you, is the Emence Importance to this Country in the Introduction of a New and Valuable Article of Comerce, as well as a most delisious and Agreable fruit, the Introduction of which may Perhaps Amelirate, the Awfull effects of Spiritual Liquor—I have in my Colection a Small Grape in Tolerable size Bunches say ¼ to ½lb in weight which Ripens well, verry sweet & delisious flavour,—Wild Grapes are plenty & Consist of the Large Black Muscadine Small thin Leaf groes on Rich Bot‑ tom Lands—Fox Grape Black, Red & White—the Summer Grape on high Land the Small winter Grape on Water Coarses & a New Kind I have Just discovered, but some what similar to the Summer Grape & I supose of that Kind, tho Bunches & Berrys Larger ripens well, if there is any thing in this way, which strikes your fancy, you will please to Order me to whom & where I shall send them by way of Charleston to you, to which place I will forward them by a waggon— I shall Consider it a great favour for any Information Relitive to the Grape Vine as to Soil, Menure Climate Exposier Prooning Kinds or any thing else, I once had the pleasure of speaking to you, on the Road, my Uncle Wm Turpin & myself met you in Passing threw Vir‑ ginia on our way to Carolina about 13 years ago, since when he has settled himself at New Rotchell New York are they not Various other plants that might be Introduced for the great Convenience & Cumfort of the Inhabitance of this wide Ex‑ tended Country, even Tea & other Luxerys, to Sasiate the avorice of Comerce, or at Least to spair the Nessety of the Millions Yearly Ex‑ pended in Protecting the Introduction of scarce articls which we might have in great Profusion at home, it appears to me that there is no Excuse Except to Keep up a nursery of seaman & follow the old plan of those nations of Europe differantly situated from us, they from Nessety have become Amphibious, but we are Land Animals,  406 

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& will perhaps indanger our political Existance by following them too far into the water— and am with much Respect Saml Maverick RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Virginia”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 9 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Maver‑ ick to TJ, 4 Mar. 1822. Samuel Maverick (1772–1852), mer‑ chant and planter, was born in Charles‑ ton, South Carolina. After his father died, he became an apprentice in the mer‑ cantile firm of his uncle William Turpin, eventually joining him in the firm of Wadsworth, Turpin, & Maverick before commencing trade under his own name. At his plantations near Charleston, Mav‑ erick tried growing cotton, and he pur‑ chased an estate in South Carolina’s Pen‑ dleton District where he and his family first spent their summers and then moved permanently following his retirement from trade. Maverick experimented extensively with viticulture at his estate called Mont‑ pelier, and in 1828 he sought the assis‑ tance of President John Quincy Adams in obtaining grapevines and advice from abroad. He speculated in land in South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, and in 1850 he owned at least thirty‑seven slaves and real estate valued at $50,000. In poli‑

tics, he opposed Nullification. Following several years of poor health, Maverick died at Montpelier (Rena Maverick Green, ed., Samuel Maverick, Texan: 1803–1870. A Collection of Letters, Journals and Mem‑ oirs [1952]; Frederick C. Chabot, With the Makers of San Antonio [1937], 278– 81; The Encyclopedia of the New West [1881], 235–6; Thomas Pinney, A His‑ tory of Wine in America: From the Begin‑ nings to Prohibition [1989], 151; DNA: RG 29, CS, S.C., Charleston, 1800, 1830, Pendleton District, 1810, 1820, Sumter District, 1830, Anderson District, 1840, 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 11 Nov. 1806, 23 June 1807; Charleston Strength of the People, 19 Apr. 1810; American Farmer 7 [1825]: 188; Maverick to Adams, 22 Jan. 1828 [MHi: Adams Pa‑ pers]; Greenville [S.C.] Mountaineer, 22 Sept. 1832, 18 Jan. 1850; gravestone in‑ scription in Maverick Family Cemetery, Anderson Co.). In 1796 TJ had proposed sending Ben‑ jamin hawkins an Italian grape in his possession that he described as being “of a brick dust colour” and which he thought could be a Chasselas Doré (PTJ, 29:43).

From John Vaughan D sir Philad. Aug 11. 1821 I begin to send by Mail Wardens Etats Unis—to my surprise I found this day that they had not been Sent—which I had directed to be done on their arrival Vol. 1. 2 go this Day. I remain Yours sincerly Jn Vaughan RC (MHi); written on a half sheet; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

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From Louis H. Girardin Dear and Respected Sir, Baltimore, August 12th, 1821. I do not know precisely how matters stand at the University with respect to the Mathematical Department—whether You are to have two Professors, or only one—and whether You have Yet made a choice. At any rate, I am sure You will easily excuse me for introducing to Your notice Mr O. Reynolds, who is now Professor of Mathematics in this College, where the present state of things compels him to de‑ scend to teaching reading, English grammar, and other Branches quite below his level. Mr R. is certainly a very profound mathematician— very prompt, comprehensive, and luminous—well acquainted with the french language, and the french Mathematicians, whose works are often in his hands.—When he came here, he was highly recom‑ mended by Adrain, and others; but such talents as his can be appre‑ ciated only by connoisseurs. He is a mild, inoffensive, correct, sober man, about 35 years of age, I conceive.—I enclose some of his solu‑ tions in an old Irish Diary, and in detached parts of the Portico. I really pity Mr Reynolds for thus being deprived of a proper field of action, and, although I should lose by it, I would be extremely pleased to see his superior talents utilized and remunerated1 at the University of Virginia, or any other suitable theatre. If there be no opening for him, I request You, Dear Sir, to let the matter be confined to Your breast, because of his situation here. Our College revives with tolerable rapidity. I have Just drawn up a system of instruction, discipline &c which the Trustees have adopted, and which, together with other measures, will, I trust, have a good effect. But, good heavens! what an intellectual atmosphere! Religious toleration is the basis of our charter—and, would you believe it? I have to eulogize such a basis—to struggle for its maintenance! The necessity and expediency of a Sectarian Institution, at last, are con‑ tended2 for by many—Ubi gentium sumus?—I hope that the good Sense, liberal principles, and patriotic sentiments of the majority of the Trustees will continue to prevail—and, although my interest will greatly suffer by it, the college shall, if I live, remain attuned to the leading tenets of our political faith, and of genuine religion. With re‑ ligionism, I will have nothing to do. Excuse me, Dear and respected Sir. I forget myself, when upon this subject. I flatter myself that You continue to enjoy good health, and, of course, good spirits, although that even bodily pain can scarcely affect  408 

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the serenity of your mind.—I hope too that Your great and good work, the University, is rapidly drawing near its completion. I recollect some curious, I believe, hindu figures in your collection of natl and artl curiosities—They are grotesque representations of Deities, I think. Would You be so good, as to tell me whence they came?—Perhaps, they are from S. or N. America.—Indeed, I have but a very confuse recollection of them—but they have been mentioned by a Gentleman who is fond of antiquarian &c Knowledge, and I wish I Knew their origin. I have likewise met with something relative to the Baroness De Reidesel, once Your Neighbour, and whose letters evince so much gratitude to You. Is she dead? and, if alive, where is she? Forgive, Dear and respected Sir, so much obtrusive inquisitiveness.— With ardent wishes for a continuance of health and other blessings, to Yourself, and Your amiable family, I salute You with affectionate respect and friendship— L. H. Girardin RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, [20 Oct. 1822], on verso; addressed: “Ths Jefferson Esqr Monticello near Charlottesville Va”; franked; postmarked. Enclosures: uniden‑ tified selections from mathematical solu‑ tions by Owen Reynolds in Portico 3 (1817): 73, 74–5, 153–4, 244–5, 317–8, 405–6. Other solutions not found. En‑ closed letter printed below. this college: Baltimore College. ubi gentium sumus (“Where in the world are we?”) is adapted from one of Cicero’s speeches against Catiline, In Ca‑ tilinam, 1.9 (Cicero, In Catilinam I–IV, Pro Murena, Pro Sulla, Pro Flacco, trans.

Coll Macdonald, Loeb Classical Library [1977], 40–1). Baroness Frederika Charlotte Louise von Riedesel (baroness de reidesel) lived in 1779 with her family at Colle, an Albemarle County estate neighboring Monticello, when her husband, a general of German mercenary forces, was paroled to the area along with other soldiers cap‑ tured at the Battle of Saratoga. She died in 1808 (MB, 1:477; Marvin L. Brown Jr., ed. and trans., Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution: Journal and Correspondence of a Tour of Duty, 1776– 1783 [1965], xxxiii–xxxvi). 1

Manuscript: “renumerated.” “contented.”

2 Manuscript:

e n c l o s u r e

Owen Reynolds to Louis H. Girardin Dear Sir, August 10th 1821— Having once mentioned to me, that, you thought, there would be an eli‑ gible situation open shortly for a mathematician, in the new university of Virginia.—As, I have devoted the greater part of my time to the study of those abstruse and difficult sciences, the Mathematicks, and have been em‑ ployed in teaching them in Ireland, for many years, and also, since my arrival

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12 AUGUST 1821 in this country with a great degree of success; I presume my qualifications to fill that situation, perhaps, may be as strong as those of any other who will apply.   I had always filled the first place in the Mathl correspondance carried on in the Irish diaries, before I left that country, and will send you a specimen of my Mathl talents by enclosing you some of the questions I pro‑ posed, and others that I have Answered in the Portico, taken from some of the numbers of that work, which, with difficulty I procured.—I have been very industrious in studying, and investigating the intricacies of the higher branches of the Mathematicks, both, in the English And the French lan‑ guages, such as Fluxions or the Differential calculus, with its applications to  Mechanicks, And Astronomy, particularly to the Mecanique Celeste of Laplace, and the astronomy of Delambre.—Spherics, with its applications to the lunar observations, nautical astronomy, construction of Maps; and to the Methods of constructing sun dials to tell the hours of the day on planes situated in any position whatsoever.—Algebra, with its applications to plane geometry, spherics, and the geometry of high curves, conicsections &c.— Geometry, according to the mode of Analysis used by the Ancients; or ac‑ cording to the synthetical Method used by the Moderns, with A method which is not very generally Known, of solving a geometrical1 problem, first, algebraically, and from the final equation of the algebraical solution, to draw a geometrical construction; and from thence to demonstrate the problem purely geometrically.—Surveying theoretically and practically—Mensuration with its applications to Measurements of all Kinds.—I think, Huttons Math‑ ematics with some additions where it is necessary would be a tolerably good course for an institution of that Kind.— It may be well to make it Known that I have been narrowly acquainted with all the celebrated Mathl works that have been written in the French, As well as the English languages; Also if they think well of appointing me, if the situation be still vacant, that I can procure the most satisfactory testimonials, as to good character, sobriety and industry: and from our best Mathns here a verification of every thing I have stated above to be correct.   Dear Sir your forwarding my views on this Occasion will very much oblige your Sin‑ cere friend and humble Servant Owen Reynolds RC (ViU: TJP); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “L, H, Girardin Esqre Principal of the Balt. College”; endorsed by TJ: “Reynolds Owen to mr Girar‑ din,” with additional notation by TJ be‑ neath endorsement: “to be Professor of Mathematics.” Owen Reynolds (b. ca. 1786), mathe‑ matician and educator, kept a mathemati‑ cal school in County Leitrim, Ireland, be‑ fore moving by 1817 to Baltimore, where he wrote on mathematics and taught at Baltimore College. He continued there until a dispute caused him to resign and start his own institution in 1823. Reyn‑ olds operated schools teaching mathe‑ matics and accounting and offered night

courses in Baltimore until at least 1833. An incorporator of the Maryland Acad‑ emy of Science and Literature in 1826, he donated to the Irish Emancipation So‑ ciety and was involved with the Balti‑ more Hibernian Society (Portico 3 [1817]: 73; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Ad‑ vertiser, 26 Mar., 10 May 1819, 25 Aug. 1820, 29 Jan. 1821, 13 Aug., 13 Oct. 1823, 31 Aug. 1824, 6 Feb. 1829, 27 Mar. 1830; Matchett’s Baltimore Directory, for 1824 [Baltimore, 1824], 254; Laws Made and Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland At the Session begun and held at the City of Annapolis, on Mon‑ day the Twenty‑sixth Day of December, 1825 [Annapolis, (1826)], 95–6; Balti‑ more Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 13

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12 AUGUST 1821 Nov. 1826, 19 Feb. 1827, 19 Aug., 1 Nov. 1828; Washington United States’ Tele‑ graph, 23 Nov. 1829; Matchett’s Balti‑ more Director, Corrected up to June 1831

[1831], 309; Charles Varle, A Complete View of Baltimore [1833], 29). 1 Manuscript:

“geometrial.”

To Frederick A. Mayo, with Jefferson’s Note Sir Monticello Aug. 12. 21. The Governor returning to Richmond in a [carriage], takes charge of a box of books which I request you to bind for me. in the box I have put a volume [Bede’s Ecclesiastical history]1 as a model for all the bindings, only that the backs may be a little richer gilt. I wish you to do them for me as speedily as you can and deliver them when done to Colo Peyton, sending me a bill of the cost which shall be promptly attended to. there is a volume separately wrapt up, becaus[e]2 it could not be got into the box. I salute you with esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson  Universal history. 20. v. 8vo Grammatica Anglo‑Saxonica. Owen’s Geoponics. 2. vols to be bound together in 1. Manual Gr. Eng. Apocryphal New testament. Wheatley’s Gardening.  [Co]llection plantarum. Greenway. separately packed. [Note by TJ at foot of text:] Sep. 16. sent him by mr Randolph 20th vol of Weekly register + 19th as model. Saxon gospels. LXX Prolegomena & 1st vol. as model 4. vols of LXX for mr Hatch. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 21 May 1821; two words faint; adjacent to signa‑ ture: “Mr Mayo”; endorsed by TJ. manual gr. eng.: J. H. Bass, A Greek and English Manual Lexicon to the New Testament (London, 1820; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 9 [no. 504]). wheatley’s gardening: Thomas Whately, Observa‑

tions on Modern Gardening (2d ed., Lon‑ don, 1770; Sowerby, no. 4227; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 12 [no. 727]). saxon gospels: Franciscus Junius, Quatuor D.  N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versio‑ nes perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et Anglo‑ Saxonica, ed. Thomas Marshall (Dor‑ drecht, 1655; Sowerby, no. 4864; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 14 [no. 898]; TJ’s copy in PPAmP). lxx: the Septuagint,

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12 AUGUST 1821 with TJ probably referring to volumes from the edition by John Ernest Grabe. On 16 Aug. 1821 Mayo issued a receipt that he had “Recd of Phillip Evins Black man belonging to Govoner Randolph one Box of Books & package to be Bound which he Said belonged to Thos Jeffer‑ son” (MS in MHi; written on a small slip in the hand of H. Chubb and signed by  him on behalf of Mayo; endorsed by

Thomas Mann Randolph: “F. A. Mayo rect for Books of Th: Jefferson Aug. 1821”). A missing letter of 10 Sept. 1821 from TJ to Mayo is recorded in SJL, with TJ’s additional bracketed notation: “inclosing LXX.” 1 Brackets 2 Edge

in original. trimmed.

To Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 12. 21. Instead of answering your letter yesterday, I desired the bearer to tell you I should see you at Monteagle to‑day, being anxious also to see my sister, before I set out to Bedford, whom you mention to be still unwell. I accordingly mounted my horse just now to visit you, but found him so lame I was obliged to turn back. with respect to the fodder I had, on mr Bacon’s suggestion, searched for and found the account of it which he had given me at the time & I had forgotten. that therefore is right and there can be no difficulty between us. I have not yet learned from mr Eston Randolph when he will be able to make me payment; the moment he does I will transmit it to you. I have not yet urged him, because I know he is a most anxious man always to pay a debt, and that he will soon inform me. with respect to Bankhead if ever he becomes a sober man, there will be no difficulty of reconciliation on Anne’s account. but as long as he is subject to drink, his society is dangerous & we shall reject it. I shall be glad to know the exact state of my sister’s health: and pray, if she needs it, that Dr Watkins may be requested to attend to her, and to place it in my account. I shall not stay more than a week in Bedford. affectionately Your’s Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Craven Peyton esquire Monteagle.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John F. Oliveira Fernandes to TJ, 19 May 1821; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ.

Peyton’s letter is printed above at 26 Mar. 1821. It was dated both 26 Mar. and 11 Aug. 1821 and received by TJ on the latter date. A missing letter of 7 Aug. 1821 from Charles L. bankhead to TJ, not found, is recorded in SJL as received three days later from Charlottesville.

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From Craven Peyton Dear Sir. Monteagle Augt. 12. 21. I am Just favoured with yours of to day, by Your Servant My Son informed me yestarday that You woud a ride down to day. & Calcula‑ teing On the pleasure of Your Dineing, with us, prepared Accord‑ ingly & am very sorry You was disappointed, Mrs Marks I am very Sorry to say Continues weak but in no Kind of danger. Doctr Wat‑ kins has attended her for two weeks & in his absence Doct Bramham; the disease is flattering at times being well & returning again. (a Bowell Complaint) she is Now On the Mend. & I hope in a few days will be well she has Nevar been confined to her Room with great Respt. & Esteem C. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

From John Griffiths sir King’s Head Ludgate Hill, London August 13. 1821. On the 16th of last April I took the liberty to write to you respecting the remains of a Welch colony in America. I am aware that it was presumption in me to trouble one of your rank in Society, but I hope and trust I have not given offence. As I have not had the good fortune to hear any news of my Letter, I must conclude either that it has not reached you, or that you have not deemed it worth while to notice it, I cannot take the liberty to press the matter, but, should you have the kindness to take any notice of it, nothing that I could write would express how gratefully it would be acknowledged by sir Yours most respectfully John Griffiths RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 2 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC: top half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to Peter Perpig‑ nan, 9 Mar. 1823, on verso; bottom half of address cover only (CSmH: JF‑BA),

with Dft of TJ to Sidney E. Morse, 9 Mar. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Monticello near Charlottes‑ ville Virginia”; stamped “SHIP”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked New York, 24 Oct.

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To James Monroe Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 13. 21. You have seen announced in several of our papers an intention of the Polonese nation to erect a monument near Cracow to the memory of Genl Koscuzko, and their wish that England and the US. by join‑ ing in contributions, might give a proof of the interest they take in his character; that for this purpose, they had addressed a letter to Ld Holland in Engld and to myself in the US. I recieved in fact such a letter some weeks ago from the President of the Senate of Cracow, with an indication that it should be communicated to you also. much at a loss to devise in what way I could set about the execution of this proposition, I have held the subject for some time unde[r] consider‑ ation. retired, as I am, among the mountains of our interior country, I see nobody but the farmers of my neighborhood who would con‑ sider contributions to public monuments in other countries as very foreign to the condition and business of their live[s.] I have been so long withdrawn too from intercourse with the world that I no longer know who of Kosciuzko’s fellow souldiers are now livin[g,] as from them we might expect the most zealous cooperation in rende[r]ing this last testimony of respect to him; and above all other consider‑ ations, the heavy hand of age, paralysing the faculties both of body and mind, have rendered me quite unequal to the correspondence it might require, and unfit to become the center of such an operati[on.] independant of the express intimation to communicate the paper to you, I should of my self have turned my views first to you, as the friend of his fame, and aid of my age; and because should any com‑ munications with Ld Holland be expedient, your acquai[n]tance with him would open the door to them. notwithstanding therefore the bur‑ thens of business which your office imposes on y[ou,] I have hoped that in your position you could put the thing into an organised course with little trouble. you know who remain of his former companions in arms, and where to be found, you could probably think too of some person in each state and great city, who would undertake with zeal the necessary sollicitations, and you could command attentions which would not be yielded to me. the trouble of drawing a circular, which the scribes by whom you are surrounded would multiply would, I hope, be the principal labor imposed on you, for I presume the con‑ tributions should be deposited in convenient banks from whence they could be easily brought together for remittance, or (which is very pos‑ sible under present distresses) should their amount fall short of what might be deemed worthy of acceptance, they could be readily restored  414 

13 AUGUST 1821

to the contributors, and an apology to the Senate of Cracow be given on reasonable ground; I suggest this course by way of example only, for you may probably devise some other more practicable and prom‑ ising. I inclose you the papers sent to me, and knowing the labors of reading to which you are subjected, I would point out to you the let‑ ter of the President, and the Proclamation of the Senate No 1. as the material papers for explaining to you their wishes & expectations. I hope you will excuse this trespass of age leaning on younger shoul‑ ders, to relieve itself from a burthen to which it is unequal. from such an one I never shrunk while I had force to encounter it. in all events be assured of my constant & affectionate friendship & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “President Monroe”; endorsed by TJ. Printed in Milledgeville Georgia Journal, 18 Mar. 1845, as a letter from TJ to William H. Crawford, Monroe’s sec‑ retary of the treasury, reprinted “from the washington, (wilkes co.) cou‑ rant”; with introduction reading: “We are again indebted to the Rev. Mr. Craw‑ ford for another letter (which follows) from Mr. Jefferson, to his father. The one published a few weeks since, was written in Feb. 1815. That manuscript is full, smooth, and even—showing that age had as yet affected his writing but little. This of 1821, exhibits in a considerable degree, the tremulousness of increasing years, and the reasonableness of the desire to place upon the shoulders of his younger friend the performance of the duties re‑ ferred to in the letter. It can but be grati‑ fying to Georgians in particular, to see exhibited the affectionate confidence and regard which was reposed by Mr. Jeffer‑ son in the favorite son of Georgia. The interest taken in the Polish General and patriot Kosciuszko, was amply merited by the services rendered to his unfortunate country, and to our own in its struggles for independence. He received the highest manifestations of regard from our Con‑ gress for his services, and an elegant monument to his memory has been erected by the Cadets at West Point, within the works, which were there raised by his skill, and under his superin‑

tendance.” The letter is recorded in SJL only as a letter to Monroe, there is no other evidence that TJ sent a copy to Crawford, and it was most likely passed by Monroe to Crawford and mistaken as a letter from TJ to the latter when his de‑ scendants found it among his papers. En‑ closures: Stanisłas Wodzicki to TJ, 2 Jan. 1821, and enclosures, recorded in SJL as received 22 June 1821, but not found. A widely reprinted 30 Jan. 1821 ac‑ count from Poland of the planned monu‑ ment in Kraków to Tadeusz Kosciuszko reported that 17,000 Polish florins had been subscribed toward the construction of the memorial now known as the Ko´s‑ ciuszko Mound. The article stated that, rather than TJ and ld holland, the subscription committee had resolved to write to TJ, Lafayette, and Charles, 2d Earl Grey, to request their assistance in collecting subscriptions for the monument in their respective countries (Richmond Enquirer and Washington Daily National Intelligencer, both 6 Apr. 1821). Wodzicki was president of the senate that governed the Free City of Kraków (Cracow) after the city‑state’s creation in 1815 under one of the treaties concluded at the Congress of Vienna (Ed‑ ward H. Lewinski‑Corwin, The Political History of Poland [1917], 400; Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series [1969–81], 64:159–69).

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From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 13 Augt ”21 I hand under cover a paper from the collector of the customs, which it is necessary you shall be qualified to before a magistrate & return— I have paid the Collector his charges on the Books, amounting to $24.42, which is at your debit. I hope to see you at your own House in a few days, & in the mean time remain, in haste, Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; ad‑ dressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti‑ cello Charlottesville”; franked; postmark torn; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug.

1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. James Gibbon was collector of the customs in Richmond.

To John Brockenbrough and Philip N. Nicholas Sir Monticello Aug. 14. 21. In virtue of an order from the President & Directors of the Literary board, I have this day desired the Auditor to deliver to you a warrant for fourteen thousand five hundred and fifty Dollars, which be pleased to recieve and place in the bank of Virginia1 to the credit of the Rec‑ tor & visitors of the University of Virginia, to be drawn for occasion‑ ally by orders from the Bursar of the University approved by Genl John H. Cocke or by myself. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Vi: RG 12, Literary Fund Dis‑ bursements); addressed: “Dr John Brockenbrough President of the bank of Virginia Richmond”; franked; post‑ marked Charlottesville, 18 Aug.; dock‑ eted in James E. Heath’s hand: “20 Aug 1821 Rector and Visitors of the Univer‑ sity of Virginia. $14.550 Bk Va 14550 Fas Bk of V 29.100 Literary Fund On account of the loan to the University of Virginia made by the P. & Ds Lity fund pursuant to law passed 24 feb 1821.” PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of John Adams to TJ, 19 May 1821; at foot of text: “a copy verbatim ad‑

dressed to the President of the Farmer’s bank of Virginia. Philip N. Nicholas”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as a letter to the presidents of the Bank of Virginia and the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia and so recorded (as a letter of 15 Aug. 1821) in SJL. TJ wrote to Virginia state auditor Heath requesting warrants on 15 Aug. 1821. 1 The text to Nicholas presumably re‑ placed preceding three words with “Farmer’s bank of Virginia.”

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To Louis Adrien Gruchet Sir Monticello Aug. 14. 21. Your favor of the 4th is recieved and in it, the libel of the Baltimore telegraph. the abuses of a free press cannot be separated from their wholsome uses. they carry their own remedy by the absolute con‑ tempt they excite. I have never noticed them nor otherwise answered them than by the tenor of my life. this is a mere electioneering pas‑ quinade. the world has learned to estimate justly the claims of the Hartford Convention men to be the exclusive disciples and friends of Washington, and apply to them the scriptural text ‘not every one that crieth unto me, Lord, Lord shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he that doth the will of my father which is in heaven.’ I doubt much, indeed I should despair of your getting a French school in this neighborhood. our people are generally farmers who bring up their sons to their own industrious occupations and the 2. little villages near us, 6 miles apart would not furnish half a dozen scholars. I should suppose Richmond a much more promising place. there is a mr Stack there a respectable classical teacher who, I am told wishes to associate a French teacher to his school.   my journey has been delayed till the day after tomorrow when I shall set out for my place 90. miles S.W. where I shall be occasionally and mostly till December. I have therefore thought it a duty to return the certificate of Marshal Grouchy which you had inclosed me. I salute you with my best wishes for your success and with the assurances of my great respect. Th: Jefferson RC (FrGrBM); edge chipped, with missing text supplied from PoC; ad‑ dressed: “Monsr Gruchet Philadelphia S. 2d street No 241”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 16 Aug. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Henry A. S. Dearborn to TJ, 21 May 1821; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: cer‑

tificate of Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, not found, enclosed in Gruchet to TJ, 22 June 1821. The scriptural text about entrance into heaven is from the Bible, Matthew 7.21.

To Richard Rush Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 14. 21. I have deferred acknoleging your favor of May 22. until the reciept of my books should enable me to add that information to the thanks I owe you for your kind agency in procuring them. I recieve them just now in good order. I certainly did not intend you should take half the  417 

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trouble you have been so kind as to give yourself in the execution of this commission; yet I feel too sensibly it’s benefit not to express to you my great obligations. the finding for me a bookseller who will act for me as disinterestedly as if I were present, is of itself a great boon. for altho’ I shall not have great occasion to call on him for myself, yet whenever our University gets to the stage in which a library is to be commenced, it will be important to know to whom we may with con‑ fidence address our demands from England. I was acquainted with mr Lackington’s father in London and dealt much with him. he sent me regularly his catalogues to Paris, and I as regularly called on him for what it contained to my liking.   You mention a balance of £6–14 unexpended of my former remittance, and I accordingly in‑ close a note of some books which I shall be glad mr Lackington will send me, but only so far as that balance will hold out. they may be sent to any port of the US. not South of the Chesapeak to which a vessel may be coming, & consigned to the Collector of the port. Nor‑ folk & Richmond are most convenient to me; but as vessels to these ports may be rare, I would not have the books much delayed for an occasion to those ports, as the winter will be advancing. We have little new to communicate to you from our peaceable plain sailing country. the distresses produced by the sudden diminution of our paper medium continue, and have produced great revolutions in the fortunes of individuals, greater, I think, than was1 produced by the Revolutionary war. the Missouri question is, I hope, lulled by the acceptance and execution by that state of the condition required by Congress.   Of Spanish America we learn few things in detail which can be relied on. but the general fact is unquestionable that they will be as independant as they chuse. perhaps some of them may think it advantageous to adopt the Executive head of the mother country, as a link of union, establishing a representative government among themselves, perhaps also a federal one, and leaving to their king only power enough to keep them at peace with one another, until more practice and preparation for self government may qualify them to dissolve that link also. Our University is fast advancing in it’s buildings, & will exhibit a body of chaste architecture which Greece, in her classical days, would have viewed with approbation.2 it will yet be some year or two before the institution3 can be opened; and until then we defer engaging any professor. we had an offer from London of one for modern languages4 which, among the many offering, would obtain the unanimous pref‑ erence of our Visitors. but until we are ready to open, we cannot say so formally. yet it might be useful for him as well as for us to know  418 

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that he stands foremost in our view, and will be applied to, at matu‑ rity, to use the mercantile phrase. it is a mr George Blatterman, 33. Castle street Holborn, a German who was acquainted with our coun‑ trymen Ticknor & Preston, & highly recommended by them. your friendship to science authorises me not to hesitate a5 request that you will find out this gentleman and communicate to him the dispositions and views we entertain towards him, and that it would be acceptable to us to know that he still retains his former inclinations to come to us. what fixed salary we shall give is not yet decided; but it will be a reasonable one, with liberal tuition fees from the pupils, and a sepa‑ rate, convenient and handsome house for his accomodation. I salute you with great6 & affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson Thomas’s Coke Littleton. a new & digested edn. Brooke. 33. Pater‑ noster row. Baxter’s history of England. he was one of the 20. prosecuted with Horne Tooke, & published his history about that time. if there be an 8vo edition, I should prefer it, if not, the original 4to may be sent. Rapin’s history of England to the revolution in 1688 in 15. v. 8vo 1728. the particular copy designated in mr Lackington’s7 catal. 19382. £2–12–6 Henshall’s Comparison between the Saxon & Eng. languages. Lack. Catal. 17032 5/ Fortescue in commendation of the Laws of England. bl. letter. ib. No 9435. 9/ RC (PPAmP: Sol Feinstone Collection, David Library of the American Revolu‑ tion); with note by Rush at foot of text: “Oct. 1. Called at 33 Castle st; but found that Mr B. had removed, as  was sup‑ posed to No 54 or 67 Grace church st. Oct. 2. Addressed a note to both those places inviting him to an interview with me on the 4th, at 12 Oclock. Oct 4. He calls—(his residence 69 Grace church St)”; endorsed by Rush, with his sub‑ joined notation: “Advantages to him of a trustworthy bookseller in London. The diminution of our ‘paper medium’ pro‑ ducing greater revolutions in the fortunes of individuals, he thinks, than was pro‑ duced by the Revolutionary War. The Missouri question ‘lulled’ by the accep‑ tance by that state of the condition re‑ quired by congress. His noticeable re‑ marks on the new communities in Spanish

America. Chaste architecture of the Uni‑ versity of Virginia. Subjoins a list of books wanted.” PoC of Dupl (DLC); at head of text: “ 1st thro’ Theod. Bailey N.Y. Dupl. thro’ office of state”; endorsed by TJ. FC (ViU: TJP); en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand; consisting of book list only. Tr (ViU: TJP); extract, consisting of dateline and portion of letter concerning University of Virginia and George Blaet‑ termann as noted below; lacking book list; notation at head of text: “Mr Jefferson to Mr Rush,” with earlier photocopy of this text in TJ Editorial Files reading “Extract of a letter from” above this notation. A letter of this date from TJ to The‑ odorus Bailey, recorded in SJL but not found, covered a text of this letter. TJ also apparently sent a copy to Rush through the United States Department of State,

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14 AUGUST 1821 but no covering letter has been found, nor is one recorded in SJL. TJ had previously conducted business with George lackington’s cousin James Lackington, not the former’s father (ODNB). bl. letter: “black letter.” 1 PoC 2 Tr

of Dupl: “were.” begins here.

 3 Tr here adds, in brackets: “the Uni‑ versity of Virginia.” 4 RC: “languges.” PoC of Dupl: “lan‑ guages.” 5 Sentence to this point in Tr reads “Permit me to.” 6 Tr ends here with “&c &c” followed by TJ’s name. 7 RC: “Lackington’.” PoC of Dupl and FC: “Lackington’s.”

From Thomas Whittemore Hon. Sir,— [ca. 14 Aug. 1821] We are in this town (Milford) a body of coarse farmers, but true Republicans. The Oration I send you I delivered at the earnest re‑ quest of my townsmen. Had I had more than 24 hours to prepare it, I could have bestowed more labour for elegance of composition. But such as it is, agreeably to the warm solicitations of those who heard it, I have presented to the world, and this copy, Hon. Sir, to you. If you derive any satisfaction from the reading of it, I shall be amply rewarded Yours, with respect, Thomas Whittemore. RC (MoSHi: TJC‑BC); undated; with Dft of TJ to Whittemore, 9 Sept. 1821, on address leaf; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Va.,” with an addi‑ tional “Monticello Virgine” added in an unidentified hand; franked; postmarked Milford, Massachusetts, 14 Aug.; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 from “Milford, Ms,” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Whittemore, An Oration, pronounced on the Fourth of July, 1821, (by request,) before the Republican Citizens of Milford, Mass. and the adjacent towns (Boston, 1821), celebrating the Fourth of July as the anniversary of the day that the United States “emerged from a state of slavery to the rank of a free, sovereign and independent nation” (p. 3); praising Samuel Chase, of Maryland, as “that man who started the cry of independence in the ears of his countrymen, who fanned the sparks of patriotism into a flame, which on this day, exalted and proclaimed the character of our country” (p. 5); stressing the importance of national unity dur‑ ing the American Revolution and for the

preservation of American prosperity and strength; arguing that the War of 1812 “was a necessary consequence growing out of the conduct of Great Britain” (p. 8); condemning the Hartford Convention; listing American naval successes against Britain; and calling on his audience to “remember that faction is the sure precur‑ sor of war, devastation and death” (p. 13). Thomas Whittemore (1800–61), cler‑ gyman, editor, and public official, was a native of Boston who moved with his fam‑ ily in 1805 to Charlestown, Massachu‑ setts. He began several apprenticeships before settling into a seven‑year term with a shoemaker. After completing this train‑ ing he spent a year preparing for a career in the Unitarian church. Whittemore was ordained in Milford on 13 June 1821 and moved the following year to lead a con‑ gregation in Cambridgeport (later part of Cambridge). With a partner he purchased the Universalist Magazine in 1828 and converted it into a weekly publication en‑ titled the Trumpet and Universalist Mag‑

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15 AUGUST 1821 azine. Whittemore soon bought out his partner and continued as owner and edi‑ tor of the magazine for thirty‑three years. He also authored numerous books and pamphlets on religious subjects, includ‑ ing hymnals and The Modern History of Universalism (1830). Whittemore re‑ signed his congregation in Cambridge‑ port in 1831 due to the demands of his publishing work, but he continued to preach thereafter. He served as a town selectman and as a member of the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature, 1831–33 and again in 1836. Beginning in 1840 Whittemore served as a director and later as president of a bank in Cam‑ bridge. He improved the condition of both that institution and of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, becoming president of the latter in 1849. Whitte‑ more was active in the founding of Tufts

College (later Tufts University). As vice president of the institution’s board of trustees, he oversaw the laying of the school’s cornerstone in 1853. In 1860 the combined value of Whittemore’s assets was $95,000. He died in Cambridge (DAB; Whittemore, The Early Days of Thomas Whittemore. An Autobiography: extend‑ ing from A. D. 1800 to A. D. 1825 [1859]; John G. Adams, Memoir of Thomas Whittemore, D.D. [1878]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Cambridge, 1830–60; Rules and Orders to be observed in the House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts [1831]: 23; [1832]: 24; [1833]: 25; [1836]: 25; Boston Daily Ad‑ vertiser, 23 Mar. 1861; New York Chris‑ tian Inquirer, 30 Mar. 1861; gravestone inscription in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge).

Thomas Jefferson and John H. Cocke to James Breckinridge, Joseph C. Cabell, Chapman Johnson, James Madison, and Robert Taylor Dear Sir Monticello—Aug. 15. 21. In obedience to the resolution of the visitors of the university at their last session, the Proctor has been constantly employed in ‘ascer‑ taining the state of accounts under contracts already made, and the expence of compleating the buildings begun and contemplated’:1 and we have consequently suspended, according to instructions, ‘the en‑ tering into any contracts for the Library until we see that it may be done without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions, hotels & dormitories begun & to be begun.’ the Proctor will require yet a considerable time to compleat his settlements; in so much that it is very doubtful whether there will be any thing ready for us to act on at our stated meeting in October, should that take place. but by defer‑ ring our meeting to the approach of that of the Genl. Assembly, it is believed2 we shall be able to report to them that nearly the whole of the buildings of accomodation are finished & the sum they will have cost; that the few remaining will be finished by the spring, & what their probable cost will be, as ascertained by experience, & further to  421 

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shew the balance of the funds still at our command, & how far they will be competent to the erection of the Library. On this view of the unreadiness of matter for our next stated meeting, & the prospect that a deferred one will enable us to make a clear & satisfactory re‑ port, I venture to propose the omission of our october meeting and the special call of an occasional one on the Thursday preceding the meeting of the legislature. that day is fixed on for the convenience of the gentlemen who are members of the legislature; as it brings them so far on their way to Richmond, with time to get to the 1st day of the session. Not having an opportunity of personal consultation with my colleague of the committee of advice, I pass the letters thro his hands. if he approves the proposition he will subjoin his approbation and forward them to their several addresses; otherwise not. if approved it will be proper you should subscribe the enclosed notice & return it to me to be placed among our records. I have just received an order of the Literary board for 29,100 D. in part of the loan of 60,000 D. lately authorised; and, following the practice of the legislature, I have thought it just & safest to have the deposit made by moieties in the Virginia & Farmers banks. I salute you with great friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson3 approved   John. H. Cocke RC (ViU: TJP); in the hand of Francis Eppes, signed by TJ and Cocke; at head of text in Eppes’s hand: “Circular”; ad‑ dressed by TJ: “Joseph C. Cabell esquire Warminster”; franked; postmarked Scotts‑ ville, 25 Aug.; endorsement by Cabell reading, in part: “Proposing to defer the regular autumnal meeting, and to call a special meeting on the wednesday pre‑ ceding the meeting of the Assembly.” RC (DLC: Madison Papers); in Nicholas P. Trist’s hand, signed by TJ and Cocke; at head of text in Trist’s hand: “Circular”; at foot of text in TJ’s hand: “James Mad‑ ison”; endorsed by Madison. RC (Forbes Magazine Collection, New York City, 2003); in Eppes’s hand, signed by TJ and Cocke; damaged along right margin; at head of text in Eppes’s hand: “Circu‑

lar”; at foot of text in TJ’s hand: “Genl James Breckenridge”; endorsed by Breck‑ inridge. Dft (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas M. Hall to TJ, 7 May 1821; in TJ’s hand, unsigned; at head of text: “Circular”; endorsed by TJ: “Visitors.” Recorded separately in SJL as letters to Madison, Taylor, Breckin‑ ridge, Johnson, and Cabell. Enclosure: Call for Meeting of University of Vir‑ ginia Board of Visitors, 15 Aug. 1821. Enclosed in TJ to Cocke, 15 Aug. 1821. 1 Here and below, quotation marks in all texts added in a different ink, possibly by TJ. 2 RC to Cabell: “beleived.” All other texts: “believed.” 3 Remainder in Cocke’s hand.

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From James Clarke Dear Sir powhatan Augt 15th 1821 Inclosed, I send you a small sample of the cotton, and the coffee, which grows Spontaneously on that part of the coast of Africa now colonising with the free people of Colour from America. It was sent to Richmond by one of the first adventurers from Virginia He writes, the country is remarkably healthy and the soil extremely fertile—It gives me a pleasing hope, that we shall, in time, get rid of that unfortunate discription of people, and they be placed in a much happier situation than they are here—and that it will open a door to many Slave holders1 who wish to emancipate their Slaves— I am extremely glad to learn that your health has very much im‑ proved since I had the pleasure of seing last— Be pleased to accept the highest respt of Your Obedt Servt James Clarke RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 18 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 12 Dec. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 11 Sept. Lott Cary, Collin Teage, and Richmond Sampson were among the free people of colour who sailed from Norfolk in

January 1821 to establish a colony in Af‑ rica. They had recently sent positive re‑ ports to friends in the United States (DVB, 3:109–11; Latter Day Luminary 2 [1821]: 397–400; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 3 June 1821; Wash‑ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 16 June 1821). 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

To John H. Cocke Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 15. 21. The inclosed letters will so fully explain their object that I need not trouble you with a repetition of their contents. I will therefore re‑ quest you to take the subject into consideration, and to decide freely on it, and should you not concur with me, to return the papers. should you approve, you will be so good as to subscribe your approbation to each letter, sign each copy of the call, and then forward them by mail to their respective addresses. I shall set out on Friday for Bedford, to return within a fortnight; but, after a very short stay at home, to go again to Bedford. I very sincerely congratulate you on the late change of your condition, and wish you all the happiness which I have no doubt it ensures to you. accept assurances of my affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson  423 

15 AUGUST 1821  RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Genl John H. Cocke Bremo”; endorsed by Cocke. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Jerman Baker to TJ, 14  May 1821; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures: TJ and Cocke to James Breckinridge, Joseph C. Cabell, Chap‑

man Johnson, James Madison, and Rob‑ ert Taylor, 15 Aug. 1821, and enclosure. Cocke’s late change of condition was his marriage on 19 July 1821 to his sec‑ ond wife, Louisa Maxwell Holmes Cocke (DVB; Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald, 20 July 1821).

From Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Richmond 15th Augt 1821— If in the request I am about to make, there is the smallest impropri‑ ety, I trust in your goodness to excuse it—I am extremely desirous of procuring for one of my boys a midshipman’s warrant, and should feel myself much indebted to you if you would afford me your in‑ fluence in obtaining it—the lad is in his fourteenth year, very active and robust, and anxious to go to sea—and altho in time of peace it holds out nothing very promising, the prospect of promotion being distant—yet as I find it now very difficult to maintain a family of eight children, or to procure employment for those capable of it, I know nothing better that I can do, than to obtain for him a situation in which he may have an opportunity of serving his Country with honor With much respect I am Your obt Serv t Patrick Gibson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 18 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Quincy Adams, 3 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 16 Aug. Alexander Gibson (1808–1872), naval officer, was a son of Patrick Gibson, TJ’s business agent in Richmond and frequent correspondent. He had a long career in the United States Navy, beginning as a mid‑ shipman in July 1822. Court‑martialed for drunkenness and misconduct in 1829, Gibson returned to naval service by 1838, when he was made a lieutenant. Twenty years later he was made a commander, and he was promoted to captain at his

retirement in 1867. Gibson was living in Pensacola by 1870, when he owned per‑ sonal property and real estate valued at a total of $4,000 (Callahan, U.S. Navy, 216; Jackson, Papers, 8:759, 9:895; DNA: RG 125, GCMPND, case no. 497; JEP, 5:82, 88, 10:25, 11:26, 29, 16:368 [1, 7  Mar. 1838, 16 Jan. 1856, 21, 22 Dec. 1858, 8 Mar. 1867]; Herbert Weaver and others, eds., Correspondence of James K. Polk [1969– ], 9:510, 544; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., Brooklyn, 1850, 1860, Fla., Pensacola, 1870; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Invalid Pensions, 46th Cong. 2d sess., 21 May 1880, H. Rep. 1553; New York Herald, 16 Aug. 1872; gravestone inscription in Barrancas Na‑ tional Cemetery, Pensacola).

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To James E. Heath Sir Monticello Aug. 15. 21. I inclose you an order from the President & Directors of the Liter‑ ary fund for the sum of 29,100 D. for the use of the Rector and visi‑ tors of the University of Virginia, for which I have to request you to issue two warrants of the tenor described in the endorsement on the order, and I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Law to TJ, 23 Jan. 1821; at foot of text: “The Auditor of Virginia. James E. Heath”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures: (1) Resolution of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, 6 Aug. 1821. (2) TJ’s Request for Warrants for Money for University of Virginia, [ca. 15 Aug. 1821]. James Ewell Heath (1792–1862), pub‑ lic official and author, was a native of Vir‑ ginia most likely born in Northumberland County. He represented Prince William County in the House of Delegates from 1814 until his election to the Council of State late in 1816. Heath became state au‑ ditor in 1819 and held the position until 1849. The following year President Mil‑ lard Fillmore appointed him commissioner of pensions, and he served until 1853. The census described Heath as an editor in 1850 and a clerk a decade later. He wrote a novel and a play both set in Vir‑ ginia. In 1831 Heath was a founder and

the first recording secretary of the Vir‑ ginia Historical and Philosophical Soci‑ ety (later the Virginia Historical Society), and he served as a vice president, 1848– 50. When Thomas W. White founded the Southern Literary Messenger in 1834, Heath was an unpaid author and editor for the magazine until the following year. He owned eight slaves in 1840, and ten years later his real estate was valued at $2,000 (ANB; DAB; Valentine Museum, Richmond Portraits . . . 1737–1860 [1949], 87; Leonard, General Assembly, 279, 283, 287; JHD [1816–17 sess.], 75 [9 Dec. 1816]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1830–60; Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines [1930–38; repr. 1970], 1:631–4; Richmond Enquirer, 5 Jan. 1832; Virginia Historical Register, and Literary Advertiser 1 [1848]: 47; 2 [1849]: 53; 3 [1850]: 51; JEP, 8:274, 276, 311, 327 [16 Dec. 1850, 5, 10 Mar. 1851]; Richmond City Hustings Court Will Book, 22:8–9; gravestone inscription in Shockoe Hill Cemetery, Richmond).

From Riègert Monsieur le Président, Washington City ce 15 Août 1821. Obligé d’abandonné ma Patrie, depuis quatre ans j’habite la terre hospitalière de l’heureuse Amérique; mon intention à toujours été de  me fixer en Virginie, et jamais il ne m’a1 été possible de mettre mon projet a éxécution. Je vous prie de m’excuser Monsieur le Président, si je prends la liberté de vous entretenir; vos talens et vos vertus, me sont un sur garant que vous ne vous offenserez pas de ma licence, et qu’a un Philanthrope comme vous, un éxilé peut dire! Je suis sans patrie, sans moyens, et souffre encore de mes blessures! Dans l’excès du  425 

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malheur dont je suis la victime, je n’ai jamais eu le courage d’ouvrir mon cœur à mon semblable, mais connoissant vos Sentimens pour de pareilles infortunes, je ne balance pas a demander votre protection, et j’ose croire que jamais vous en aurez le moindre repentir. J’ai l’honneur de vous prévenir Monsieur le Président, que je suis porteur des papiers suivant; Mon admission à l’école impériale Mili‑ taire, mes brevets de sous‑lieutenant, de lieutenant, de Capitaine aide‑ de‑camp d’un Général de la garde (ce qui me donnait rang de lieut t Colonel) et de plusieurs certificats. Je desire trouver un emploi, soit pour l’instruction de la jeunesse, où autre chose. Ayant toujours habité la Louisiane (chez Monsieur le Gouverneur Villeré) que le funeste climat m’a forcé de quitter; je dois vous prévenir que je parle peu anglais. Daignez je vous prie Monsieur le Président, jeter vos regards sur un proscrit, qui dit comme Mr de Maubreil, reste de santé, reste de for‑ tune, repos, patrie, tout a disparu pour moi sur la terre.— J’ai l’honneur d’être avec le plus profond respect, Monsieur le Président Votre très humble et très obéissant Serviteur. Riègert P.S. Si vous daignez m’honorer d’une reponse, veuillez je vous prie y mettre le moins de retard possible.—Post office Washington City e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mr. President, Washington City 15 August 1821. Obliged to abandon my home country, I have lived for four years in the hos‑ pitable land of fortunate America. I have always intended to settle in Vir‑ ginia, but I have never been able to realize my plan. Please excuse me, Mr. President, for taking the liberty of conversing with you. Your talents and virtues are a certain guarantee to me that you will not be offended by the liberty I am taking, and to a philanthropist like you, an exile can say that “I am without a homeland, without means, and am still suffering from my wounds!” In this excess of adversity of which I am the victim, I have never had the courage to open my heart to anyone, but know‑ ing your sentiments toward such misfortunes, I do not hesitate in asking for your protection, and I dare believe that you will never regret it. I have the honor to inform you, Mr. President, that I am carrying the follow‑ ing documents: my admission into the École Spéciale Impériale Militaire, my brevets as second lieutenant, lieutenant, captain aide‑de‑camp of a general of the guard (which gave me the rank of a lieutenant colonel), and several certificates. I wish to find a position, either educating young people or something else. Having always lived in Louisiana (at the home of Governor Villeré), which I was forced to leave because of its deadly climate, I must warn you that I speak little English.

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15 AUGUST 1821 Please deign, Mr. President, to turn your attention to a proscribed man, who says, like Mr. de Maubreuil, “the remains of health, the remains of fortune, repose, homeland, everything for me has disappeared from the earth.”— I have the honor to be, with the most profound respect, Mr. President, your very humble and very obedient servant. Riègert P.S. If you condescend to honor me with a reply, please do so without delay.— Post office Washington City RC (MHi); dateline between signature and postscript; with Dft of TJ to Riègert, 9 Sept. 1821, adjacent to closing and sig‑ nature; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Trans‑ lation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Gabriel Valentin Philippe Riègert (1794–1850), soldier, was born in Jal‑ lieu, Isère, France. He graduated from the École Spéciale Impériale Militaire in 1811 and entered the French army, be‑ coming a first lieutenant in 1813 before his proscription following the Bourbon restoration in 1815. Riègert arrived in the United States about 1817 and joined other Bonapartists in the short‑lived Champ d’Asile under Charles François Antoine Lallemand, which attempted late in 1817 and early in 1818 to establish a post on Galveston Island from which to attack Spanish Florida. He lived in Louisiana for about four years before traveling in 1821 to Washington, D.C. Riègert re‑

turned to France by 1825 and rejoined the army with his former rank of first lieutenant. By 1838 he was captain of a company of fusiliers garrisoned at Chau‑ mont, Haute‑Marne. Riègert retained this position until his retirement, one year be‑ fore his death in Chaumont (Rafe Blaufarb, Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Exiles and Refugees on the Gulf Coast, 1815–1835 [2005], 220; Annuaire de l’État Militaire de France [1828]: 622; Journal Militaire. Officiel [1831]: 94; Al‑ manach Royal et National [1838]: 666; Bulletin des Lois de la République Fran‑ çaise, 10th ser., supplement, 3 [1849]: 970–1; 9 [1852]: 586–7). Marie Armand de Guerry de Maubreuil, marquis d’Orvault (de maubreil), la‑ mented his losses in his Adresse au Con‑ grès, à Toutes les Puissances de l’Europe (London, 1818), 57. 1

Manuscript: “m a.”

Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors We the subscribers visitors of the University of Virginia being of opinion that it will be to the interest of that institution to have an oc‑ casional meeting of the visitors by special call on the thursday pre‑ ceding the next meeting of the General assembly do therefore ap‑ point that day for such meeting, and request the attendance of the sd visitors accordingly. Witness our hands on the several days affixed to our respective Signatures. Th: Jefferson Aug. 15. 21. John H. Cocke Aug: 20— MS (ViU: TJP‑Co); in the hand of Nicholas P. Trist, separately signed and

dated by TJ and Cocke. MS (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, separately signed and

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15 AUGUST 1821 dated as above by TJ and Cocke, with ad‑ ditional signature by Chapman Johnson dated 25 Aug. 1821. MS (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, separately signed and dated as above by TJ and Cocke, with addi‑ tional signature by James Madison dated 29 Aug. MS (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, separately signed and dated as above by TJ and Cocke, with additional signature by Joseph C. Cabell dated 30 Aug. MS (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, separately signed and dated as above by TJ and Cocke, with additional signature by James

Breckinridge dated 4 Sept. 1821; endorsed by TJ: “Call of Visitors for Nov. 29. 21.” Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39366); en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand, unsigned; undated; on verso of portion of reused address cover; with note by TJ at head of text: “5. copies.” Enclosed in TJ and Cocke to Breckinridge, Cabell, Johnson, Madison, and Taylor, 15 Aug. 1821, TJ to Cocke, 15 Aug. 1821, Johnson to TJ, 25 Aug. 1821, Breckinridge to TJ, 4 Sept. 1821, and probably Cabell to TJ, 31 Aug. 1821.

Request for Warrants for Funds for University of Virginia [ca. 15 Aug. 1821]

The Auditor is requested to issue two warrants for moieties each of the within sum of 29,100.D. the one for one moiety in favor of the bank of Virginia to be deposited there to the credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, the other for the other moiety in favor of the Farmer’s bank of Virginia to be deposited there to the same credit. Th: Jefferson Rector. MS (Vi: RG 12, Literary Fund Dis‑ bursements); undated; with Resolution of the President and Directors of the Liter‑ ary Fund, 6 Aug. 1821, on verso, and both items docketed in an unidentified hand: “20 Aug. 1821  Rectors & Visitors of the University of Virginia $14.550 Lit Fund  ½ of Loan made by the Liter‑ ary fund—see law passed 24 Feb: 1821”; with attestation in a clerk’s hand beneath signature, dated Auditor’s Office, 20

Aug. 1821, and signed by Thomas Clarke on behalf of the Bank of Virginia ac‑ knowledging receipt of a warrant for $14,550; followed by attestation in James E. Heath’s hand and signed by him, that a warrant for $14,550 was “presented at the Treasury by Mr Mayo & the amount deposited in the Farmers Bank of Vir‑ ginia to the Credit of the Rector and Visi‑ tors of the University of Virginia.” En‑ closed in TJ to Heath, 15 Aug. 1821.

To Joel Yancey Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 15. 21. My visit to Bedford has been delayed by a serious accident to my mill. the workman on whom I relied, went on a journey, then re‑ turned and died, so that I have had to attend to it day by day myself. it will be finished and agoing tomorrow, and we shall set out for the Forest the next morning (Friday) the waggon starts this morning1  428 

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with a Harpsichord and some necessaries & baggage and will arrive at Poplar Forest Saturday. we shall breakfast there from Hunter’s Sunday morning. in the mean time he will give notice to Hanah & Maria to have the house Etc. in order for us. the harpsichord may be laid down in the center room till we arrive. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad‑ dress cover from Alexander Garrett to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Yancey”; en‑ dorsed by TJ.

ter TJ recorded paying Samuel Campbell $35 for “stone work at the mill” (MB, 2:1378). 1

The deceased workman was Joseph Gilmore. The day after he wrote this let‑

Word interlined.

To Hugh Chisholm [Monticello, 16 Aug. 1821. SJL entry reads, in brackets, “pavilion. cistern Sep. 3.” Letter not found, but in his financial records for 29 Sept. 1821 TJ indicated that he had paid “Chisolm’s Lewis gratuity for cistern 1.D.” (MB, 2:1379).]

To Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 16. 21. Being on my departure for Bedford I will take the liberty to men‑ tion that I have some debts which press me sorely and that it will be a great relief to me to recieve your balance as soon as convenient. the gable of the mill will be compleatly up to‑day & weather boarded to‑ morrow, and the hands will commence cleaning the canal to‑day, so as that every thing will be in readin[ess] [by?] the time any wheat comes in. ever & affectionatel[y yours] Th: Jefferson RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; addressed: “Thomas E. Randolph esq. Ashton”; text and signature canceled by TJ, with his note at foot of text: “the above was not sent”; Dft of TJ to Randolph, 12 Sept. 1821, subjoined. SJL entry canceled.

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From William Wallace sir Richmond Augt 16th 1821 d Having on hand several Hh of sound and fine flavour’d claret wine, which I sell to famelies at two and one half dollors  Doz. or at Seventy five cents  Galln by the Hhd the bottles are to be found by the purchaser, or charged at nine Dollors  groce, as claret wine in general sells from six to twelve dollors  Doz. some doubts might be entertained as to the soundness of quality, of what I offer at such a reduced price However should you not have a plentifull suply on hand, try some of what I offer, which on trial will prove equal to that sold at the high prices I remain Sir yours most Respectfully Wm Wallace RC (DLC); dateline adjacent to clos‑ ing; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with calcu‑ lation by TJ at foot of text that at $9 per gross, a single bottle of claret would cost

6¼ cents. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Daniel Brent, 31 Oct. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esqr Monticello”; franked; post‑ marked Richmond, 16 Aug.

To William Barret Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 21. I inclose you Alexander Garrett’s order on Messrs Eustace and McNamara in favr of V. W. Southall for 500.D. which be pleased to recieve in part of the 750.D. I ought soon to pay to the credit of my bond to mr B. Miller. the balance shall follow as promptly as in my power. Accept the assurances of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joel K. Mead to TJ, 25 Sept. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Wm Barrett”; endorsed by TJ.

On this date TJ recorded receiving the enclosed order, not found, on account from Charles Everette (MB, 2:1378).

To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 21. your favor of the 8th came to hand yesterday evening. I hope you will never suppose your letters to be among those which are trouble‑ some to me. they are always welcome, and it is among my great com‑ forts to hear from my antient colleagues, & to know that they are well.  430 

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the affectionate recollection of mrs Dearborne, cherished by our fam‑ ily, will ever render her health and happiness interesting to them. you are so far astern1 of mr Adams & myself that you must not yet talk of old age. I am happy to hear of his good health. I think he will outlive us all, I mean the Declaration‑men, altho’ our senior since the death of Colo Floyd. it is a race in which I have no ambition to win. man, like the fruit he eats, has his period of ripeness. like that too, if he continues longer hanging to the stem, it is but as an useless and un‑ sightly appendage.2 I rejoice with you that the state of Missouri is at length a member of our union. whether the question it excited is dead, or only sleepeth, I do not know. I see only that it has given resurrec‑ tion to the Hartford convention men. they have had the address, by playing on the honest feelings of our former friends, to seduce them from their kindred spirits, and to borrow their weight into the Fed‑ eral scale. desperate of regaining power under political distinctions, they have adroitly wriggled into it’s seat under the auspices of moral‑ ity, and are again in the ascendancy from which their sins had hurled them. it is indeed of little consequence who govern us, if they sincerely & zealously cherish the principles of Union & republicanism. I still believe that the Western extension of our confederacy will ensure it’s duration, by overruling local factions, which might shake a smaller association.3 but whatever may be the merit or demerit of that acquisition, I divide it with my colleagues to whose councils I was indebted for a course of administration which, notwithstanding this late coalition of clay & brass will, I hope, continue to recieve the approbation of our country. The portrait by Stewart was recieved in due time & good order, and claims, for this difficult acquisition, the thanks of the family, who join me in affectionate souvenirs of mrs Dearborne and yourself. my particular salutations to both4 flow, as ever, from the heart, continual & warm. Th: Jefferson RC (TxDaHCL); edge trimmed, with end of one word supplied from PoC; at foot of first page: “General Dearborne.” PoC (DLC). Tr (ViU: TJP); extract in Nicholas P. Trist’s hand. William floyd, a signer of the Decla‑ ration of Independence, died 4 Aug. 1821 in Western, New York (ANB). In the Bible, the prophet Daniel describes a statue made of gold, silver, iron, clay &

brass, with the mixture of iron and clay symbolizing a kingdom at once strong and brittle, which would not stay united (Daniel 2.31–43). 1 Word interlined in place of “in the rear.” 2 Tr begins here. 3 Tr ends here. 4 Preceding two words interlined.

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To Louis H. Girardin Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 21. Your favor of Aug. 12. is duly recieved, covering the letter of mr Reynolds and some printed sheets containing solutions of Mathe‑ matical questions by him. these last I re‑inclose presuming he would wish to keep possession of them. on the subject of Professors we are unable to say a word. the University has contracted a great debt, by permission of the legislature, for the repayment of which it’s annual funds are hypothecated. it will require these for many years to pay the debt, and so long the buildings must be shut up, unless the public take the debt off their hands. The figures you speak of in my collection, cannot be Hindoo as you suppose. they must be Indian of our own continent as I possess no others.   I am not able to answer your enquiries as to Made De Riedesel. she was our near neighbor & very intimat[e] in our family; but we never had any correspondence after she left us; nor have I ever been informed of any letters written by her after she left us. in pass‑ ing thro’ Hesse myself about the year 1786. I heard that herself & the Baron were both then living. I thank you for your kind enquiries about my health. I consider it as quite reestablished, and as good as I have a right to expect at the age of 78. I am glad to learn that your College goes on well. the general possession of science in America is the interest of every American.   I salute you with best wishes for your health and assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP: Thomas Jefferson Pa‑ pers); with ending of one word lost due to polygraph misalignment; at foot of text: “Mr Girardin.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of James Breckin‑ ridge to TJ, 28 Sept. 1820; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: mathematical solutions en‑ closed in Girardin to TJ, 12 Aug. 1821. On this day a Lynchburg newspaper published an article discussing the con‑ troversial issuance of a 3 Apr. 1821 patent to the heirs of Anthony Rucker for his much‑earlier “invention of the James River Batteaux,” small boats which had come

into widespread use on that river carrying tobacco hogsheads to market, and stated that “Mr. Jefferson we understand is pre‑ pared to give his testimony in favor of the ancestor of the Patentees, and it is said was a spectator of the launch of the first boat of the kind ever used on James River, and which occurred somewhere in Albe‑ marle.” TJ had in fact noted on 29 Apr. 1775 that “Rucker’s battoe is 50.f. long. 4.f. wide in the bottom & 6.f. at top. She carries 11. hhds. & draws 13½ I. water” (Lynchburg Press, 17 Aug. 1821; MB, 1:394; List of Patents, 225).

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To Charles Hammond Sir1 Monticello Aug. 18. 21. Your favor of the 7th is just now recieved. the letter to which it refers was written by me with the sole view of recommending to the study of my fellow citizens a book which I considered as containing more genuine doctrines on the subject of our government and carrying us back more truly to it’s fundamental principles than any one which had been written since the adoption of our constitution. as confined to this object, I thought, and still think it’s language as plain and in‑ telligible as I can make it. but when we see inspired writings made to speak whatever opposite controversialists wish them to say, we can‑ not ourselves expect to find language incapable of similar distortion. my expressions were general; their perversion is in their misapplica‑ tion to a particular case. to test them truly, they should turn to the book with whose opinions they profess to coincide. if the book establishes that a state has no right to tax the monied property within it’s limits, or that it can be called, as a party, to the bar of the Federal judiciary, then they may infer that these are my opinions. if no such doctrines are there, my letter does not authorise their imputation to me. It has long however been my opinion, and I have never shrunk from it’s expression, (altho’ I do not chuse to put it into a newspaper, nor, like a Priam in armour, offer myself it’s champion) that the germ of dissolution of our federal government is in the constitution of the federal judiciary; an irresponsible body, (for impeachment is scarcely a scare‑crow) working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little to‑day & a little tomorrow, and advancing it’s noiseless step, like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped from the states, & the government of all be consolidated into one. to this I am opposed; because whenev[er] all government, domestic and for‑ eign, in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the center of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another, and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated. it will be, as in Europe where every man must be either pike or gudgeon,2 hammer or anvil. our functionaries and theirs are wares from the same work‑shop; made of the same materials, & by the same hand. if the states look with apa‑ thy on this silent3 descent of their government into the gulph which is to swallow all, we have only to weep over the human character formed uncontrolable but by a rod of iron; and the blasphemers of man, as incapable of self government, become his true historians.   But let me beseech you, Sir, not to let this letter get into a newspaper.  433 

18 AUGUST 1821

tranquility, at my age, is the supreme good of life. I think it a duty, and it is my earnest wish, to take no further part in public affairs; to leave them to the existing generation to whose turn they have fallen, and to resign the remains of a decaying body and mind to their pro‑ tection. the abuse of confidence by publishing my letters has cost me more than all other pains, and make4 me afraid to put pen to paper in a letter of sentiment. if I have done it frankly in answer to your letter, it is in full trust that I shall not be thrown by you into the Arena of a newspaper. I salute you with great respect Th: Jefferson RC (ICN: Thomas Jefferson Letters); edge trimmed, with end of one word sup‑ plied from Trs. RC (facsimile in R & R Enterprises auction catalogue 312, Am‑ herst, N.H., Aug. 2006, item 79); address cover only; addressed: “Mr C. Hammond St Clairsville, viâ Washington”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 21 Aug. PoC (DLC); edge trimmed. Tr (MHi: Wash‑ burn Autograph Collection); in an un‑ identified hand, with salutation and sig‑ nature in TJ’s hand. Tr (ICN: Thomas Jefferson Letters); in same unidentified hand, with salutation and signature by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to John Taylor, 18

Aug. 1821, and TJ to Nathaniel Macon, 19 Aug. 1821. In Virgil’s Aeneid, 2.518, the elderly King priam donned “the armour of his youth” as Troy fell (Fairclough, Virgil, 1:350–1). 1

Word, trimmed, supplied from PoC. Word interlined separately in RC and PoC, reworking phrase from “either pike or roach, either the hammer or the anvil,” with same revision made by TJ to both Trs. 3 Word not in MHi Tr. 4 Trs: “makes.” 2

To John Taylor Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 18. 21. Yours of the 3d came to hand duly. soon after that you would re‑ cieve mine of the same date, relieving all doubt. the letter of mine which you mention as having seen in the newspapers was placed there by my consent. I am pelted for it in that vehicle and in private letters complaining of the use made of it by the Natl Intelligencer and the federal papers, I inclose you a copy of my answer to one of these, and place it in your hands as my profession of faith. I wish you every earthly & future happiness Th: Jefferson RC (MHi: Washburn Autograph Col‑ lection); addressed: “Colo John Taylor near Portroyal”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 21 Aug.; endorsed by Tay‑

lor: “Thomas Jefferson 1821 His po‑ litical creed inclosed.” PoC (CtY: Franklin Collection); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Charles Hammond, 18 Aug. 1821.

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To Joel Yancey Dear Sir Monticello. Aug. 18. 21. On the very day the waggon left us, my daughter, wh[o] was to accompany me to Bedford was taken sick. she is better and thinks that by tomorrow or next day she will be strong enou[gh] for the road. I do not think so; but still count from day to day on departing either with her or without her as her convalescence may admit. ever & affec‑ tionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of David Gelston to TJ, 15 Sept. 1820; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Yancey”; endorsed by TJ. TJ did not leave for Poplar Forest until 21 Aug. 1821 and arrived two days later, traveling with both his daughter Mar‑ tha Jefferson Randolph and his grand‑ daughter Cornelia J. Randolph. Accord‑ ing to the latter, the group encountered a rainstorm in crossing the James River between Albemarle and Buckingham counties, decided against staying at the Nicholas family estate, Warren, after ar‑

riving there just before dinnertime, and split up for their first night’s lodging, with Martha and Cornelia staying at Mrs. Gibson’s ordinary and TJ staying at the home of Gibson’s father, David Patteson. Cornelia also reported that Martha’s fever improved by the second day of their journey. The family was apparently joined by TJ’s grandson Thomas Jefferson Ran‑ dolph and by Elizabeth Trist, the latter of whom Cornelia and Martha escorted to Liberty shortly thereafter to visit the Gilmer family (MB, 2:1378; Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 28 Aug. 1821 [RC in NcU: NPT]).

To Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 19. Your [f]avor of the 15th came to hand last evening, an[d]1 I avail myself with pleasure of the opportunity of being useful to you afforded by the request it contains on behalf of your son. with the Secretary of the Navy I have not a personal acquaintance, and therefore can expect no other effect from my intercession, than an increased confi‑ dence, on his part, in the grounds on which your son may claim his just attentions. with sincere wishes for your gratification I pray you to accept assurances of my continued friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39376); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Ewell to TJ, 6 Sept. 1820; par‑ tially dated; mutilated; at foot of text: “Mr Gibson”; endorsed by TJ as a letter

of 19 Aug. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: TJ to Smith Thompson, 19 Aug. 1821. 1 Word

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faint.

To Reuben B. Hicks Sir Monticello Aug. 19. 21. In answer to your letter of the 10th I am to state that the buildings necessary for opening the University will all be compleat1 by April next. for their completion the legislature authorised the Literary fund to lend 120,000 D. on the pledge of the annuity of 15,000.D. granted to the University. it would require many years of this annuity to re‑ imburse the debt, until which the institution cannot be opened. but should the legislature consider the money advanced as a grant, & not a loan, it would be opened within one year from that declaration. Ac‑ cept the assurance of my respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr R. B. Hicks”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Manuscript:

“complat.”

To Nathaniel Macon Dear Sir Monticello Aug 19. 21. You have probably seen in the newspapers a letter of mine recom‑ mending Colo Taylor’s book to the notice of our fellow‑citizens. I am pelted for it in print, and in letters, also, complaining of the unfair use made of it by certain commentators. for this misuse I cannot be re‑ sponsible. but I inclose to you my answer to one of these letters and place it in your hands as the Depository of old & sound principles and as a record of my protest against this parricide tribunal.1 there are two measures which if not taken, we are undone. 1st to check these unconstitutional invasions of state rights by the federal judiciary. how? not by impeachment in the first instance, but by a strong pro‑ testation of both houses of Congress that such and such doctrines, advanced by the supreme court, are contrary to the constitution: and if afterwards they relapse into the same heresies, impeach and set the whole adrift. for what was the government divided into three branches, but that each should watch over the others, and oppose their usurpa‑ tions.   2. to cease borrowing money & to pay off the National debt. if this cannot be done without dismissing the army & putting the ships out of commission, haul them up high and dry, and reduce the army to the lowest point at which it was ever established. there does not exist an engine so corruptive of the government and so de‑ moralising of the nation as a public debt. it will bring on us more ruin at home than all the enemies from abroad against whom this  436 

19 AUGUST 1821

army and navy are to protect us.2 what interest have we in keeping ships in service in the Pacific Ocean? to protect a few speculative adventurers in a commerce dealing in nothing in which we have an interest. as if the Atlantic & Mediterranean were not large enough for American capital! as if commerce and not agriculture was the prin‑ ciple of our association! God bless you & long continue your whole‑ some influence in the public councils. Th: Jefferson RC (Nc‑Ar: Macon Papers); addressed: “The honorable Nathaniel Macon War‑ renton N.C.”; franked; postmarked Mil‑ ton, 25 Aug. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Tobias Watkins to TJ, 16 Sept. 1820; edge trimmed; en‑

dorsed by TJ. Tr (ViU: TJP); extract in Nicholas P. Trist’s hand. Enclosure: TJ to Charles Hammond, 18 Aug. 1821. 1 2

Tr begins here. Tr ends here with “&c.”

To Smith Thompson Sir Monticello Aug. 19. 21. A friend of mine, mr Gibson of Richmond is desirous of obtaining a Midshipman’s warrant for his son, a youth of about 14. years of age of a robust constitution, and a predilection for that line of life which may give hopes of a zealous pursuit of it. with the son I am not per‑ sonally acquainted, but have no doubt that satisfactory vouchers may be exhibited of his character and qualification.   with mr Gibson himself I have had an intimate intercourse of 30. years and bear wit‑ ness with pleasure to his excellent character. he is indeed one of the most esteemed persons of Richmond, and will carry with him all the good will and friendly wishes of that place for the success of his ap‑ plication. to my friendship for him it would be a great personal grati‑ fication if my testimony to his merit should contribute any thing to‑ wards obtaining for him that share of your favor which you think you may with justice bestow. I pray you to accept assurances of my high esteem & consideration. Th: Jefferson RC (Joseph Rubinfine, West Palm Beach, Fla., 2014). PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of David Gelston to TJ, 2 Sept. 1820; mutilated at seal; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Thomp‑ son Secy Navy” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in TJ to Patrick Gibson, 19 Aug. [1821]. Smith Thompson (1768–1843), jurist and public official, was born in Dutchess County, New York. He graduated from

the College of New Jersey (later Prince‑ ton University) in 1788 and taught for a year in Troy, New York, before moving to Poughkeepsie. Thompson continued to teach there while he studied law. After qualifying for the bar in 1792 he began to practice law, first briefly in Troy and then from 1793 in Poughkeepsie. Thompson’s marriage into New York’s powerful Liv‑ ingston family benefitted him politically. He served a term in the New York State Assembly, 1800 to 1801, was a delegate

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19 AUGUST 1821 to a state constitutional convention in the latter year, and was appointed an associ‑ ate justice to the state supreme court early in 1802, becoming chief justice in 1814. In 1818 President James Monroe appointed Thompson secretary of the navy, a posi‑ tion he held until Monroe appointed him an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1823. Although Thomp‑ son initially delayed while he assessed his chances of running for president, he accepted and sat on the court from 1823 until his death. He wrote eighty‑five ma‑ jority opinions for the Supreme Court, five concurring opinions, and eleven dissents, sometimes differing from John Marshall by supporting state authority in economic matters in the absence of congressional directives. Beginning in 1813 Thompson

was a regent of the University of the State of New York. He served as a vice president of the American Bible Society, 1816–27, and he ran unsuccessfully against fellow Republican Martin Van Buren for gover‑ nor of New York in 1828. Thompson died in Poughkeepsie (ANB; DAB; Princeto‑ nians, 1784–90, pp. 296–303; Donald Malcolm Roper, Mr. Justice Thompson and the Constitution [1987]; DLC: Thomp‑ son Papers; NHi: Thompson Papers; JEP, 3:142, 150, 343, 344 [27, 30 Nov. 1818, 8, 9 Dec. 1823]; New York Eve‑ ning Post, 20 Dec. 1843; Peleg W. Chan‑ dler and Stephen H. Phillips, eds., The Law Reporter [1839–48], 6:432; grave‑ stone inscription in Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery).

To William Wallace Sir Monticello Aug. 19. 21. I thank you for your attention in offering me a supply of claret, & if I were in want I should be induced by it’s ch[e]a[p]ness to try it’s quality. but importing my wines myself, I am sufficiently in stock at present, and expect in autumn a year’s supply written for some time ago. I salute you with respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Daniel Humphreys to TJ, 30 Aug. 1820; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Wm Wallace”; endorsed by TJ.

From John Adams Dear Sir Montezillo August 20 1821 There are on the Journals of Congress Some early resolutions for establishing a Nursery for the education of young men in military Science discipline and tactics: but paper money was So Scarce that they never could afford to carry them into execution. When the idea was revived I do not remember;1 but it has been cherished under Jefferson Madison and Monroe and is now brought to a considerable degree of perfection. The late Visits of the Cadets to Several States Seem to have made the institution popular. Would not a Similar establishment2 for the education of naval offi‑ cers be equally Usefull. The public opinion of the nation Seems now  438 

20 AUGUST 1821

to be favourable to a Navy as the cheapest and Safest Arm for our national defence. Is not this a favourable moment for proposing a naval Accademy? Floyd is gone! You and Jay and Carrol are all who remain. We shall all be asterised3 very soon. Sic transit Gloriola (Is there Such a latin Word?) mundi. John Adams RC (DLC); at foot of text: “President Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). On 1 Oct. 1776 the Continental con‑ gress named Adams to a five‑member committee tasked with planning a military academy. Eight days later that duty was referred to the Board of War (Worthing‑ ton C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of  the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 [1904–37], 5:838, 6:860). The idea of establishing an American educational in‑ stitution to teach military science was revived during TJ’s administration and passed into law on 16 Mar. 1802 by “An Act fixing the military peace establish‑ ment of the United States,” which pro‑ vided for the creation of the United States Military Academy at West Point (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:137). The academy’s

cadets left West Point on 20 July 1821 and visited Albany; Boston; Providence, Rhode Island; and New London and New Haven, Connecticut, returning to the school in September (John Crane and James F. Kieley, West Point: “The Key to America” [1947], 116). Adams delivered them “an address of several minutes” in Quincy on 14 Aug. 1821 (MS in NWM; Boston Columbian Centinel, 15 Aug. 1821). By asterised Adams presumably meant something like “made into stars” or “raised to the heavens.” He modified the conventional expression, sic tran‑ sit gloria mundi (“so passes away the glory of the world”), with gloriola (“the little glory”). 1

RC: “rememember.” FC: “remember.” FC: “institution.” Blank space left in place of this word in FC. 2 3

From William Barret Sir Richmond 20th August 1821 I am favored with your letter of the 17th inst inclosing Alexander Garretts order on Messrs Eustace & McNamara in favor of V W. Southall for $500—The draft was paid on presentation, and the amount is placed to the credit of your bond to A. Robertson & Co as‑ signed to B. Miller— I am Sir with great respect Your Obt Hble Servt William Barret RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s additional notation above endorsement: “Miller. B.” RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to

John H. Huffman, 10 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Mon‑ ticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 20 Aug.

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From John Brockenbrough Sir, Bank of Virginia 20 Aug t 1821 I have received from the auditor a warrant for fourteen thousand five hundred & fifty 1 dollars, $14.5502 & placed that sum, as directed in your letter of the 17th inst, to the credit of the Rector & visitors of the University, in this bank. Allow me to add, that it will, on all occasions, afford me pleasure to give every facility in my power to the operations of the University, & I beg you to accept assurances of my high respect & consideration— John Brockenbrough RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Preceding

two words interlined. added at foot of text and keyed to this point with an “x.” 2 Number

TJ’s letter of the 17th inst was actually that to Brockenbrough and Philip N. Nicholas of 14 Aug. 1821.

From James E. Heath Sir, Auditors Office 20 august 1821 I have received your favor of the 15 inst, covering an order of the President & Directors of the Literary Fund in favor of the University of Virginia for $29.100—one moiety of which has been this day drawn on my warrant, by the President of the Bank of Virginia, and the other deposited in the Farmers Bank to the Credit of the Rector and Visitors in compliance with your wishes.— I am sir with very sincere respect your obedt Servant Js E: Heath Audr RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

From Robert Taylor Dear Sir, Norfolk, August 20th 1821. At the last session of the Legislature, a new arrangement was made, in the terms of the Courts in this part of the State; which pre‑ vented my attending the Spring meeting of the Visitors. I did not then foresee, that a similar interference would occur in the Fall. On  440 

21 AUGUST 1821

examination, however, I find that, the meeting of the Visitors in Oc‑ tober will take place, at a time, when my professional engagement require my attendance. If only my personal interest & convenience had been concerned, I should not have hesitated in the choice, be‑ tween these interfering claims. But I do not think myself at liberty to disregard the claims, which others have in my professional diligence; I have to day, very reluctantly sent my resignation to the Executive. I beg you to believe, Sir, that the termination of the semi–annual intercourse, which this appointment afforded me, with you & the other gentlemen associated with you in the visitation, is not the small‑ est source of my regret. I shall long, & often remember my visits to Monticello; & never, without a grateful recollection of [the] elegant hospitality, and instructive converse, which I have experienced, under its roof. I have the honor to be1 Very Respectfully Yr Obt St Robert Taylor RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, with por‑ tion of closing and signature in Taylor’s hand; Dft of TJ to Taylor, 30 Sept. 1821, at foot of text; one word faint; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so re‑ corded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Vaughan, 10 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed in same clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esq: Monticello”; franked; postmarked Norfolk, 23 Aug.

The court schedules codified at the last session of the Virginia General Assembly set the dates of the circuit court for the County of Norfolk to be the sec‑ ond Monday in April and the second Mon‑ day in September, with the surrounding county courts to meet in the weeks on ei‑ ther side of those dates (Acts of Assembly [1820–21 sess.], 26 [7 Feb. 1821]). 1

Remainder in Taylor’s hand.

From Theodorus Bailey Dear sir, Newyork 21. Augt 1821. I have been duly favored with your note under date of the 14th in‑ stant: In obedience to your wishes I have given your letter to Mr Rush the earliest conveyance, by the Ship Braganza, bound to Liverpool, which is to sail this day. I was unwilling to detain it for the British Packet, as she will not depart till about the tenth of next month.— I pray you to accept of a Copy, of Mr Arden’s translation of the first book of Ovid’s Tristia, in heroic english verse, with the original Text; which I send herewith.—The Translator was born & educated in this city. I embrace this occasion to renew to you the Assurance of my sin‑ cere respect and regard, Theodorus Bailey.  441 

21 AUGUST 1821  RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 6 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Es‑ quire Monticello Virg a”; franked; post‑ marked New York, 21 Aug. Enclosure: Francis Arden, A Translation of the First

Book of Ovid’s Tristia, in Heroic English Verse; with the Original Text (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library 12 [no. 784]). For TJ’s letter to Bailey under date of the 14th Aug. 1821, see note to TJ to Richard Rush, 14 Aug. 1821.

From “Publick Good” Sir— B[al]timore August 21st 1821 Probably you are not aprised of the unparalleled conduct of certain men in this city in traducing, in a new way, men of honorable stand‑ ing to overthrow the Godly fabrick of philanthopy—: That God cre‑ ated all men at least politically equal, is a principle for which they labor day and night. Aristocracy never was more alive and allert than it is at this time, in this part of the country; the enclosed is some evi‑ dence of this assertion—and all this cannot be compared with the verbal abuse of truth: extortions and falcifications are continually made use of, and too often seduces the unwary. Good God is there no remedy? There are yet a few surviving friends of the Holy revolu‑ tion of seventy six, who were they to deem it, as many good and wise men do, useful for the instruction of the rising and future genera‑ tions, to bequeath them a Joint1 farewell address, as did the immor‑ tal Washington—the enemies of mankind would not delude so many good meaning men as these. Blessings, ever intended by our Heav‑ enly Father, migh[t] flow from such an undertaking. Continue to live happy, thou good [ole?]2 man. Publick Good RC (DLC); dateline torn; edge trimmed; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jefferson Mon‑ ticello Virginia”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Baltimore, 22 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter “(of no acct)” received 6 Sept. 1821 and so re‑

corded in SJL, with variant bracketed notation that it pertained to “nothing.” Enclosure not found. 1 Word

2 Word

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interlined. illegible.

From John Barnes Dear Sir— George Town Coa 23d Augst 1821, Lest you may not be Apprized—I inclose the within Notice—as probably I may be called upon, for information relative thereto, In which Case I can only refer them to you—being a perfect stranger to what has already passed— I presume it Necessary I should have—your advice and directions— in order to meet any unforeseen Occurance—that might Otherwise— take place—injurious—to those whose claims—in equity ought to be protected— with great Esteem & most fervent respect I am Sir—Your mst Obedt & very humbl servt John Barnes, PS. may I flatter myself? you continue to injoy your Usual health and family Comforts, to whom I pray you Sir, to be most respectfully remembered— RC (DLC); adjacent to closing: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Vir‑ ginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Barnes, 10 Sept. 1821, be‑ neath endorsement.

Beginning with the 16 Aug. 1821 issue of the Washington Daily National Intel‑ ligencer, Benjamin L. Lear gave notice (likely enclosed here) that he had obtained letters of administration for settling the estate of Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

From John Laval Sir, Philadelphia August 23d 1821 I have not Planche’s Greek & French Dictionary, &, notwithstand‑ ing all my researches, I could not procure it for you in any Store of the City. I inclose your Account, the balance of which is $13–97/100, after deducting 28/100, due to you on your last remittance. I am with the highest consideration & respect, Sir,   Your most humble Servant John Laval RC (DLC); with FC of TJ to Laval, 30 Sept. 1821, on verso; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded (mistakenly dated 22 Aug. 1821) in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC

of TJ to Frederick A. Mayo, 6 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Ths Jefferson, Esq. Monticello—Va”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 23 Aug.

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e n c l o s u r e

Account with Nicolas G. Dufief Philadelphia, Aug. 23, 1821. T. Jefferson Esq. 1820 To N. G. Dufief March 31. Potter’s Aeschylus, 1 vol. 8vo bds.   $2.50. May 17 Aeschylus Gr. & Lat. 18o cf. bd. 1.75 June 19 Potter’s Euripides, 2 vols. 8o Russia bg 10.00 $1425 Cr. By Balance on the last remittance −28 $13.97 MS (DLC); in a clerk’s hand.

bds: “boards.” cf. bd: “calf bound.” bg: “binding.”

From de Bure Frères Monsieur paris ce 24 aoust 1821. nous n’avons reçu que le 24 juillet dernier le duplicata de la lettre que vous nous avez fait l’honneur de nous ecrire le 19 avril, la premiere lettre ne nous est point parvenue. nous nous sommes occuppés, Monsieur, aussitot de votre commission, et nous avons l’honneur de vous annoncer que nous avons adressé aujourdhui a M Beaslie consul americain au havre une caisse bien emballée, qui contient les livres dont nous vous donnons ici le detail. nous nous sommes depechés pour cette expedition, afin qu’elle puisse partir encore dans la bonne saison, nous esperons qu’elle vous parvi‑ endra en aussi bon etat que les precedentes. nous n’avons pas encore pu vous mettre cette année le Dion Cassius de Sturz, ce livre ne paroit point nous avons reçu encore tout recem‑ ment un envoi de Leipsick, ou nous l’avions demandé, et notre cor‑ respondant nous dit qu’on ne sait point quand il sera publié. vous pouvez compter, Monsieur, que nous mettrons le plus grand Soin a vous L’avoir des qu’il paroitra. le Recueil des Edifices par Durand, que vous demandez, se compose de 90 planches forme d’atlas qui se vendent 180 francs, vous verrez si vous desirez cet ouvrage l’année prochaine. nous n’avons pas pu trouver les articles1 suivants. theocritus 1699, nous n’en trouvons ici qu’un Exemplaire au quel il manquait les notes, nous le trouverons dans le courant de l’hyver et nous le garderons pour le 1er envoi.  444 

24 AUGUST 1821

Dumeril traité elem. d’histoire Naturelle, est entierement epuisé, on n’en peut plus trouver ⎫ ces livres manquent ici pour le moment, on las Eroticas de Boecio, ⎪⎪ n’en a point fait d’editions en france, il faut ocios de Rebolledos ⎬ avoir les editions de madrid, dont on ne ⎪ parnasso Español. ⎪ trouve que rarement, et qui sont assez ⎭ cheres. Voltaire, essai sur l’esprit des Nations, on n’en a trouvé que dans les editions de voltaire, et tomé, nous n’avons pas voulu vous L’envoyer ainsi. les autres ouvrages de voltaire, sont imprimés, sans faire suite a aucune edition. nous vous avons mis le theatre d’agriculture d’olivier de Serres, de L’edition in 4o, qui est la meilleure, celle in 8o n’est pas du tout estimée. nous avons eu toutes les editions des auteurs avec les notes de Min‑ Ellius. il y a un seul volume qui est de la reimpression de venise, nous ne l’avons point trouvé autrement. nous n’avons pas encore eu aucune nouvelle de M Vaughan, lorsque sa Lettre de change nous parviendra nous vous en crediterons, et si notre Lettre par Duplicata n’est pas encore partie, nous vous en don‑ nerons avis. Nous avons l’honneur d’etre, Monsieur Vos tres humbles et tres obeissants Serviteurs de Bure freres Libraires du Roi, et de la Bibliotheque du Roi. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir Paris 24 August 1821. We did not receive until 24 July the duplicate of the letter you did us the honor of writing to us on 19 April. The original letter did not reach us. We immediately took charge of your commission, Sir, and we have the honor of informing you that today we have sent to Mr. Beasley, American consul at Le Havre, a well‑wrapped box containing the books we describe here. We expedited this shipment so that it could leave during the good season. We hope that it will reach you in as good a state as the previous ones. This year we were still unable to send you the Cassius Dio of Sturz; this book has not yet appeared. We received very recently a shipment from Leipzig, where we had requested it, and our correspondent tells us that it is not known when it will be published. As soon as it appears you can rely on us, Sir, to take the greatest care in getting it for you. The Recueil des Edifices by Durand, which you request, consists of ninety plates in the form of an atlas and sells for 180 francs. You can decide if you wish to acquire this book next year.

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24 AUGUST 1821  We were unable to find the following items: Theocritus, 1699, the only copy of it that we have found here is missing the notes. We will find a complete one during the winter and keep it for the first shipment. Duméril, Traité élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle, is entirely sold out; it can no longer be found ⎫ These books are not to be found here. ⎪ Las Eroticas y Traduccion de Boecio, ⎪ At present no edition of them has ⎬ been printed in France. One must get Ocios by Rebolledo ⎪ the Madrid editions, which can rarely Parnaso Español. ⎪ ⎭ be found and are rather expensive. Voltaire, Essai sur l’Esprit des Nations, we could only find this book as a part of multivolume editions of Voltaire’s works. We did not want to send it to you like that. Voltaire’s other publications are printed individually, not as part of an edition. We sent you Le Théâtre d’Agriculture by Olivier de Serres in quarto, which is the best version. The octavo edition is not at all esteemed. We were able to obtain all the editions of authors with notes by Minellius. One volume is a reprint from Venice. We could not find it otherwise. We have received no news as yet from Mr. Vaughan. When his bill of ex‑ change reaches us, we will credit your account with it, and if the duplicate of our letter has not yet been sent, we will let you know therein. We have the honor to be, Sir, your very humble and very obedient servants de Bure Frères Booksellers to the king, and to the royal library. RC (MHi); on a single sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on pp. 1–2, enclosure on p. 3, and address on p. 4; in the hand of a representative of de Bure Frères; addressed: “A Monsieur Mon‑ sieur th. jefferson a Monticello, en Vir‑ ginie. Etats unis D’Amerique”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Dupl (MHi); in the hand of a different representative of the firm, with signature and dateline (adja‑ cent to closing) in same hand as RC; at head of text: “Duplicata”; addressed as above in same hand as RC, with “Milton Virginia” added in an unidentified hand; notation on address cover signed by Rich‑ ard Forrest as TJ’s “very humble Ser.”

and dated Department of State, 8 Dec. 1821, indicating that he had forwarded the letter; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Tripl (MHi); in the hand of same representa‑ tive as Dupl, with signature and dateline (adjacent to closing) in same hand as RC; at head of text: “Triplicata”; addressed as above in same hand as RC; stamped “SHIP” and “P. PAYE PARIS” (“Paris postage paid”); other stamp canceled; postmarked New York, 24 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Jan. 1822. Transla‑ tion by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosed in Reuben G. Beasley to TJ, 8 Oct. 1821. 1 Dupl and Tripl: “ouvrages” (“works”).

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e n c l o s u r e

Invoice of Books from de Bure Frères facture des Livres Remis en une Caisse cordée et emballée en toile grasse et maigre, marquée Libri. 6. M.T.J. plombée a la Douane, et accompagnée d’un acquit a Caution, expediée le 24 Aout 1821. q. Calaber, gr. et lat. cum not. var. cur. Corn. de Paw. Lugd. Bat. 1734, 8o vel. ammianus marcellinus, edente Ernesti. Lipsiæ, 1773, in—8o dem. rel hauy, traité elementaire de physique. paris, 1821, 2 vol. in—8o v. m. Biot, traité d’astronomie physique. Paris, 1810, 3 vol. in—8o v. rac Obras poeticas de huerta. en Madrid, 1778, 2 vol. in—8o v. j. la Araucana, por D. Alonso de Ercilla. en madrid, 1776. 2 vol. in—12. v. rac la Poetica de Aristoteles, por D. alonso florez. en Madrid, 1778, in—8o rel1 Demosthene, trad. par Auger. Angers, 1804, 6 vol. in—8o v. porph. Isocrate, trad. par le meme. Paris, 1781. 3 vol. in—8o v. j. Discours de Lycurgue, trad. par le meme. Paris, 1783, in—8o bas. Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV et de Louis XV, Paris, 1818. 3 vol. in—8o v. m ______ histoire de Charles XII. Paris, 1816. in—8o v. m ______ histoire de Pierre le grand. Paris, 1809, in—8o v. m Ovidii metamorphoses, cum annot. Min‑Ellii. Roterod. 1686,2 in—12. v. porph. ______ ejusdem epistolæ, cum not. ejusdem. Roterod. 1698, in—12. v. porph. Virgilius, cum notis ejusdem. amst. 1730, in—12. v. porph horatius, cum notis ejusdem. Lugd. Bat. 1744, in—12. v. porph. Terentius, cum notis ejusdem. venetiis, 1769, in—12. v. porph. le theatre d’Agriculture, par Olivier de Serres. Paris, 1804, 2 vol. 4o v. j. Moralistes françois, par Amaury Duval. in—8o Tomes 3. 7 et 8, faisant le Tome 3 de Montaigne, et les Tomes 1 et 2 de Charron frais de Caisse, de Douane, d’Emballage, &c

ƒ

c

26.

"

9.

"

19. 80 32. 20 18. 80 20. 50 8.

"

44. 40 22. 20 6. 50 23. 70 7. 90 7. 90 4. 50 3. " 4. 50 6. 50 4. 50 45.

"

15. " 15. " 344.ƒ 90.c [Remainder, in TJ’s hand, added to Tripl:]   former debit    38. 40 383. 30 remittance of May—Sep. 21. 100.D. @ 5₶.25 525. balance overpaid       141. 70

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24 AUGUST 1821  MS (MHi); conjoined with RC of cov‑ ering letter; in the hand of a representa‑ tive of de Bure Frères; with certification at foot of text signed by Jonathan Thompson as New York City “Collector”: “I Certify this Invoice has been presented me on Entry,” and with the additional signa‑ tures of Charles Duryee and Edward Sea‑ bury (employed in New York as weigher and customs clerk, respectively). Dupl (MHi); on verso of address cover of Dupl of covering letter; in the hand of the same representative of de Bure Frères; lacking certification and signatures; endorsed by TJ at head of text: “1821. Aug.” Tripl (MHi); on verso of address cover of Tripl of covering letter; in the hand of the same representative of de Bure Frères; lacking certification and signatures; with num‑ bers penciled in left margin by TJ, pos‑ sibly corresponding to page numbers of a book catalogue; additional notations by TJ at foot of text as shown above. Also enclosed in Reuben G. Beasley to TJ, 8 Oct. 1821, TJ to Thompson, 23 Dec. 1821, and Thompson to TJ, 4 Jan. 1822. facture des livres . . . le 24 aout 1821: “invoice of books sent in a crate tied with rope, wrapped in a thin oilcloth, marked Libri. 6. M.T.J., sealed at customs, and accompanied with a custom‑ house bond, shipped 24 August 1821.”

TJ received the 1778 Madrid edition of La Poetica de Aristoteles, which was based on a translation into Spanish by alonso Ordoñez das Seijas y Tobar with later corrections by Casimiro florez Canseco. ejusdem: “same.” As they were being printed, de Bure Frères was sending TJ volumes of Collec‑ tion de Moralistes Français, (Montaigne,— Charron,—Pascal,—La Rouchefoucauld,— La Bruyère,—Vauvenargues,—Duclos); publiée avec des commentaires et de nou‑ velles notices biographiques, a series ed‑ ited by amaury duval. With this ship‑ ment TJ received tomes 3. 7 et 8, faisant le tome 3 de montaigne, et les tomes 1 et 2 de charron (“vo‑ lumes 3, 7, and 8, consisting of volume 3 of Montaigne, and volumes 1 and 2 of Charron”), which represented the third of six volumes of Michel de Montaigne, Essais de Montaigne (Paris, 1820; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 9 [no. 483]), and the first two of the three volumes of Pierre Charron, De la Sagesse (Paris, 1820–21; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 9 [no. 463]; TJ’s copy of vol. 2 in MoSW). frais de caisse, de douane, d’emballage, &c: “cost of the crate, customs, packing, etc.” 1 2

Dupl and Tripl: “vel.” MS: “1688.” Dupl and Tripl: “1686.”

From Thomas J. Gantt Dear Sir Charleston 24th August 1821 By a resolve of the 76 association made in consequence of their high regard for the purity of those principles expressed in the Decla‑ ration of Independence, and their gratitude for the many Services you have rendered the nation independant of that master piece of com‑ position I send you a copy of Mr Elliotts & Mr Ramsays orations—I am Sir with Sentiments of the most profound respect your obt Hule Servt. Thomas J. Gantt Chairman of the committee of arrangements— RC (MHi); with Dft of TJ to Gantt, 9 Sept. 1821, on verso; endorsed by TJ. RC: left half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to Arthur S. Brocken‑

brough, 21 Nov. [1822], on verso; right half of address cover only (MHi), with FC of TJ to Peter Maverick, 20 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed in an uniden‑

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24 AUGUST 1821 tified hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Mon‑ ticello Virginia”; with additional notation above address and in same hand (one word editorially corrected): “1. pamp[h]let”; stamped; postmarked Charleston, 25 Aug. Recorded in SJL as received 7 Sept. 1821. Enclosures: (1) Thomas Odingsell Elliott, An Oration, delivered in St. Philip’s Church, Charleston, South‑Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1821; before the ’76 Asso‑ ciation (Charleston, 1821; possibly Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 818]), calling the Fourth of July the “sabbath of our country” (p. 6); celebrating liberty as per‑ vading United States history and laws; characterizing British rule of the Ameri‑ can colonies as “a dominion universally presided over by a spirit which proscribed all respect for human rights” (p. 9); lik‑ ening Americans during the Revolution‑ ary War to “holy martyrs” (p. 14); sug‑ gesting that the privileges and benefits conveyed by the American Revolution will eventually spread to all people; reviewing the career of Napoleon Bonaparte; argu‑ ing that during the War of 1812 Ameri‑ cans had “emulated the devotedness, and eclipsed the valor that had made us free and independent” (p. 29); praising the officers of that conflict; and ending with the hope that the nation’s institutions and political happiness will inspire and guide other nations in the cause of human lib‑ erty. (2) David Ramsay, An Address de‑ livered on the Fourth of July, 1820, by appointment of the ’76 Association, and Published at their Request (Charleston, 1820; possibly Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 818]), asserting that “The inde‑ pendence of our country was certain and necessary in the course of events” (p. 3); stating that a review of American history causes people to ponder the “sage of Monticello” and invoke a “blessing on his head” (p. 4); praising John Adams and Patrick Henry and celebrating the roles of Virginia and Massachusetts in the American Revolution; lauding the spread of representation and dismissing the con‑ cept of a compact between rulers and the people as a “trick of kings and aristo‑ crats” (p. 9); arguing that the American Revolution resulted from the progress of the human mind; claiming that the British

government frequently suspends habeas corpus; grounding national happiness, honor, and liberty in the events of 4 July 1776; listing and hailing officers from the American Revolution and War of 1812; and concluding with the belief that “The family of freemen will extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific” (p. 32). Thomas John Gantt (1795–1861), at‑ torney, qualifed at the bar in Charleston in 1818 and three years later joined David Ramsay as a partner in a practice of law and equity. By 1820 he was a member of the Charleston Hussars, resigning six years later with the rank of captain. Gantt ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for a seat in the South Carolina House of Repre‑ sentatives in 1820, 1823, and 1824. Late in 1825 he was made register in equity for the Charleston District, and he held this post for almost forty years, with a final reelection to the position by the South Carolina General Assembly shortly before his death. In 1850 Gantt owned seven slaves. He supported states’ rights, Nullifi‑ cation, and secession (Robert deTreville Lawrence, ed., “Family Bibles of Law‑ rence Brothers of Charleston,” South Car‑ olina Historical Magazine 53 [1952]: 79; John Belton O’Neall, Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina [1859], 2:601; Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 22 Sept., 16 Oct. 1820, 20 July 1821, 25 Oct. 1823, 27 Sept. 1824, 11 May 1826; Charleston Courier, 2 Sept. 1820, 31 July 1822, 19 Nov. 1823, 18 Oct. 1824, 6 Dec. 1825; DNA: RG 29, CS, Charleston, 1830, 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Charles‑ ton Tri‑Weekly Courier, 14 Dec. 1861; gravestone inscription in Magnolia Cem‑ etery, Charleston). On 23 Aug. 1821 Gantt sent the same two pamphlets to John Adams and James Madison, observing to both men that Ramsay’s oration should have been sent long ago, but that Gantt had not then been on the committee. Two days later he sent Elliott’s pamphlet to Andrew Jack‑ son (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Pa‑ pers, Retirement Ser., 2:377; DLC: Jack‑ son Papers).

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From John E. Hall Sir Philadelphia 25th Aug. 1821 On my return from an excursion to the eastward I received your letter of the 8th inst. inclosing 5 Drs. the price of the Jour. of Juris. Vol 1. I have to thank you for the reference to the case of Cohen with the strictures in the Richmond papers. The case comes within the bounds of mr Wheaton’s valuable work. The latter escaped my atten‑ tion, as they were published during my absence. I shall, however, endeavour to find a file in the city. It is contemplated to give a translation of Hubner on Neutral Rights in the fourth Number of the Journal,1 which will probably terminate the work, as the publisher (Carey) does not receive enough to defray the expense of paper, I am, Sir very respectfully Yr obt Servant J. E. Hall RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Henry A. S. Dearborn, [6] Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef‑ ferson Esquire Milton Va”; stamp can‑ celed; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 25 Aug. Henry Wheaton published the case of Cohens v. Virginia in U.S. Reports, 19 (6 Wheaton): 264–448. Martin Hübner’s work on neutral rights was De la Saisie des Batimens Neutres, ou Du Droit qu’ont les Nations Belligérantes d’arréter les Navires des

Peuples Amis, 2 vols. (The Hague, 1759). No translation of this work followed the third number of Hall’s journal, which ended this publication with an unnum‑ bered issue entitled “An Analytical Di‑ gest of the Reports of Cases Decided in the English Courts of Common Law, and Equity, of Appeal, and Nisi Prius, in the year 1820” (Journal of Jurisprudence 1 [1821]: 417–537). Mathew Carey & Son was the pub‑ lisher of Hall’s Journal of Juris‑ prudence. 1 Preceding

three words interlined.

From Chapman Johnson Dear Sir, Staunton 25. August 1821. I received your circular of the 15th inst: approved by Genl Cocke, and enclosing a summons1 for an extra meeting of the visitors— I entirely approve the reasons assigned for deferring the regular meeting of the board, and holding the extra session, shortly before the commencement of the next General assembly;—and have therefore signed the summons, which I now return enclosed—But I lament very much, that the business of the proctors department has fallen so in arrear, as to render the settlement of the accounts so very difficult and tedious—I regard it, as a matter of so much interest to the Uni‑  450 

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versity, that these accounts should be completely adjusted, so that the whole costs of the buildings contracted for, should be ascertained with precision, and the costs of the respective buildings known with tolerable accuracy,—that, if there be the least doubt of the proctors ability to go through with it in good time, and in a satisfactory man‑ ner, I would beg leave to recommend the appointment of a temporary accountant, to aid the proctor in this part of his duties— with very great respect Your very obt Svt C Johnson RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded (as a letter of 20 Aug. 1821) in SJL. Enclo‑

sure: Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 Aug. 1821. 1

Manuscript: “summon.”

From John D. Terrell Sir Alabama. Marion County 26th August 1821 In the act of Congress which authorized a Convention in the State of Alabama you will have noticed a donation of Seventy‑two Sections of land to this government. for literary purposes Specifialy, Those lands were Selected under the immediate Superintendance of the late Govr Bibb and are not inferior neither in quality or Situation to any lands in the State, to lease—or to Sell those lands—how best to husband their proceeds and the establishment of a State university upon the best principles, are the questions This Subject was agitated at the last fall Session and many leading members were disposed to have addressed Mr Jefferson through the Executive by Joint resolution.1 the Legislature however adjourned Sooner than was expected, which, together with the press of business incident on the close of a Session, prevented this Course The days may come when the financial Concerns of this Country may want a prop when folly or turpitude may prevent2 a ready Support in the funds of this institution—what is the best mode of Security—As chairman on the part of Senate, on School & College lands and the establishment of a State university, I have ventured on this resort, feeling as I do—a great desire to be in possession of your free and enlarged views on the questions Submitted, So as to be enabled to lay them before the Genl Assembly, which Convenes at the temporary Seat of government (Cahaba) on the first monday in Novr next to which time & place you will please to address me, You will want no evidence of my Sensations—I Know that I have made an innovation—on the private hours of a man, who from his  451 

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own choice has retired from public life—but Sir tis his experience we want and for this, we are emboldened to look from the firm Convic‑ tion, that your Services always Stand upon the threshold of the wants of your Country. Accept Sir the assurance of the great Consideration with which I remain your Obnt &C. Jno D Terrell RC (CSmH: JF‑BA); addressed: “Mr Jefferson of Monticello, Albermarle County, Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Russellville, Ala., 31 Aug. 1821; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Terrell George D” received 19 Sept. 1821 and so recorded (as a letter from “Terril George D.”) in SJL. John Dabney Terrell (ca. 1773–1850), surveyor, farmer, and public official, was born in North Carolina. He lived in Geor‑ gia by 1806, when the state legislature elected him to be a district surveyor. The following year Terrell was appointed a Tugalo River commissioner, and in 1811 he represented Franklin County in the Georgia House of Representatives. He moved to Alabama Territory by 1818. Terrell sat in the convention that wrote Alabama’s first constitution the following year. He represented Marion County in the Alabama State Senate, 1819–21, was elected its president in 1821, served in the state’s House of Representatives, 1822– 23, and was appointed a justice of the Marion County Court late in 1820. By about 1826 Terrell had been appointed a special commissioner to the Chickasaw Indians, and he was involved in the nego‑ tiations that led to the 1832 Treaty of Pontotoc Creek, which ceded all Chicka‑ saw land east of the Mississippi River to the United States. He resided in Marion County at the time of his death (Thomas McAdory Owen, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography [1921], 4:1656; A‑Ar: Terrell Family Papers; Stephen F. Miller, The Bench and Bar of

Georgia: Memoirs and Sketches [1858], 1:362–3; Augustin Smith Clayton, A Compilation of the Laws of the State of Georgia, Passed by the Legislature Since the Political Year 1800, to the Year 1810, Inclusive [Augusta, 1812], 383; Georgia House of Representatives, Journal [1811 sess.]; Terr. Papers, 18:388–9, 668–9; Al‑ abama Senate, Journal [1819 sess.]; [1820 sess.]; [June 1821 sess.]; [Nov.–Dec. 1821 sess.]; Alabama House of Represen‑ tatives, Journal [1822 sess.]; Alabama Historical Quarterly 6 [1944]: 129, 135; Jackson, Papers, 6:192, 10:743; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ala., Marion Co., 1830, 1840, 1850 mortality schedules [place of birth]). The 2 Mar. 1819 act of congress that authorized Alabama to write a con‑ stitution and form a state government allocated two townships or seventy‑ two sections of land for the support of a seminary of learning (U.S. Statutes at Large, 3:491). On 18 Dec. 1821, during a legislative session that began the first monday in novr (5 Nov.), the Alabama General Assembly passed “An Act sup‑ plementary to an Act to Establish a State University.” This measure vested the con‑ gressional land grant in the trustees of the University of Alabama and stipulated that it was not to be sold for less than sev‑ enteen dollars per acre (Harry Toulmin, comp., A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama [Cahaba, 1823], 554–5). 1 Omitted period at right margin edito‑ rially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “present.”

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From James Leander Cathcart Venerable and respected Sir Washington 27th Augt 1821 After a lapse of more than fourteen years, permit me most respect­ fully to enquire, how do you enjoy your health? and to hope that it may be long preserved in as perfect a state as I have ever wish’d it to be in— Vicissitude my good Sir marks all human events! and how many of them have I experienced since I first had the honor of your personal acquaintance in 1796: then just return’d from a cruel state of captivity of eleven years continuance, in which I arrived at the highest station a christian could attain, which enabled me to be of essential service to my country in laying the basis of our first Treaty with Algiers, at the risk of my life, and on very favorable terms, considering that at that period we had more than one hundred of our fellow citizens in chains, & not one vessel of war a float to protect our commerce, and that Portugal at the same time offer’d through the mediation of Spain as­ sisted by Great Britain, a larger sum than was promised by the United States for peace, which by my influence and Agency was rejected, al­ though that power had a squadron station’d at Gibraltar sufficient to confine the whole navy of Algiers in their ports; and it is well known to Captn Richard OBrien who is the only survivor of all those who were in anyway connected with our first negotiation with that Re­ gency, that I was offer’d by those powers a gratuity and employment which would have render’d me independent for life, if I would use my influence with the Dey & Minist[r]y so as to effect a peace for Por­ tugal on the same terms that I procured peace for the United States, which before our Treaty was sign’d, I rejected with disdain; it is likewise establish’d by document on file in the Dept of State, in addi­ tion to the preceding, that I procured a Truce with Tunis for eight months, by my own personal influence, without instructions, & with­ out puting the United States to any expense whatever, that my life was for many months in jeopardy, in consequence of my exertions to re­ press the Deys impatience under the unavoidable delays which took place in fulfilling the stipulations of the Treaty after it was enter’d into, & that to prevent a rupture, which besides the capture of our vessels, & the enslaving of our fellow citizens, would have envolved in its consequence the loss of all the presents which had already been made to that Regency, to a very considerable amount, I purchased a Polacca at Algiers, man’d her with Moors & navigated her at my own expense, with despatches to Alicant, Lisbon, & Philadelphia, and a letter from the Dey to General Washington then President of  453 

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the United States, which insured a further respite of nine months & enabled the United States to comply with their agreements, & saved the peace of the nation; and let it be remember’d, that services ren­ der’d in 1794.5.6 were of importance in proportion to our total want of the means to repel insult & indignity offer’d to us by the States of Barbary, and ought not to be forgotten in 1821 when we have a fleet of sufficient force to annihilate the whole naval force of the Ottoman empire—My conduct while one of the Commissioners to effect an al­ teration in our treaty with Tunis, and the arrangement which I made with the Bashaw of Tripoli without instructions in 1799, was highly approved, and was of much importance, for in lieu of a vessel of war of fourteen guns, & a cargo of maratime and military stores, worth at least 60,000 dollars, besides the risk of taking them out during the disturbance with France, which had been promised as the price of peace, and which I was authorized by my instructions to assure the Bashaw should be sent out as soon as possible; notwithstanding his great impatience, two years having elaps’d since our Treaty was con­ cluded with him, I prevaild upon him to receive 18,000 dollars in cash & bills, and received his receipt under the Seal of the Regency in full of all demands from the United States for ever; & altho’ this perfidious Chief in little more than two years afterwards, declared war against us, I temporized with him a sufficient length of time to alarm our commerce, and a thing unprecedented in the annals of Barbary, not one of our vessels* were captured by his Cruisers, although the Mediterranean was crowded with them, but on the contrary, his Ad­ miral, and Vice Admiral were blockaded by our Squadron in the bay of Gibraltar; & had Commodore Dale arrived only four days sooner, he would have captured the whole of the Tripolitan Squadron— The appointments which I receiv’d afterwards for Tunis, & Algiers, only subjected me to trouble, vexation, & expense; the price of my acceptance at Tunis was a promise, that I would use my influence to induce the government to present the Bashaw of Tunis with the Adams, or another Frigate of equal force, this I peremptorily refused to do, & destroy’d his expectation of ever receiving a Frigate from us; had I temporized in order to promote my own interest, a promise to recommend the measure, at some future period would have been con­ strued by the Bashaw to have been a promise of the Frigate, & would have subjected me to the merited censure of my own government, to * The Franklin, the only vessel captured during the war was taken many months after  the arrival of our Squadron

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which I prefer’d the enmity of the Bashaw, great personal inconve­ nience & expense, & the ruin of all my prospects; besides it was known that before I had left the United States, that I had recommended to our government to prohibit their Consuls in the Barbary States from every description of commerce, & that I had acted upon that princi­ ple when the Bashaw of Tripoli offer’d, indeed he requested me, to take the choice of fourteen Sweedish prizes, or all of them, which were then in his Port, on credit, and on very advantageous terms, which I politely declined, and that during the whole time I was Con­ sul in Barbary, that I kept myself independent of the Jews & their colleagues, by having no commercial dealings with them whatever; this produced a coalition between the Jew brokers in the three Bar­ bary States, and those concern’d with them in trade, who were de­ pendent on them for loans, who represented me as a person inimical to the interests of those States, which was certainly true, so far as they operated against our own, & prevented me from being received, be­ cause they knew that I would neither trade with them, nor employ them to transact the business of the United States, which I was com­ petent to transact myself, without paying them, heavy brokerage for their imaginary influence, which would only subject me to their im­ positions, a proof of this was evidenced by the release of the Brig Catharine of Newyork, which was brought into Tripoli with a cargo worth 50,000 dollars which I procured, without puting the United States to any expense whatever; a reference to the accounts of our Con­ suls at Algiers who were always dependent on the Jews, will prove, that hardly any vessel that was sent in by the Cruisers of that Re­ gency, was ever released without a considerable expense, indeed my accounts speaks a very plain language, their whole amount from 1797 to 1805 including my compensation, & every other expense, does not amount to the value of the vessel of war, & maratime & military stores which I was authorized to promise to that Regency by my instruc­ tions, or rather to confirm the promise already made when Peace was concluded; to which may be added the imbecility of our commanding officer, for which he was dismiss’d the service immediately after his return to the United States; These Sir are the true causes of my re­ turning home in 1805 in much worse circumstances than when I went out, while others who neither possess’d the knowledge of the man­ ners, customs, or language of the Country, or had the same opportu­ nity that I had, return’d home in independent circumstances, & al­ though I do not assert, that they were enrich’d by the spoils of their country, I do not hesitate to say without fear of contradiction, that the  455 

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priviledges which they enjoy’d, could not be obtain’d by any Consul, without sacrificing the interests, & in some instances the honor of the nation they represented— My next tour of duty was to Madeira for more than eight years, during which period it was found necessary to resort to restrictive measures, & war, which destroy’d all my prospects of a commercial nature, & I suffer’d severely; except the duties of the Consulate, & the procuring flags of truce for four Cartels, in which I restored a great number of my fellow citizens to their country, I had it not in my power to be of any great service, & I return’d to the United States to make some commercial arrangements, some months after the peace in 1815—On my arrival I found that our late President the worthy & respected Mr Madison before his departure from the seat of govern­ ment during the recess, had order’d a commission to be made out for me as Consul at Cadiz, as this was unsolicited on my part, & evidently given to me as a reward for former services, it was too flattering a mark of approbation for me to refuse accepting, although the state of commerce was such, as not to authorize very flattering expectations; I therefore left a certainty of small importance indeed, for an uncer­ tainty, which might, or might not meliorate my situation; I went to Cadiz in the winter season without my family, & took possession of the Consulate, return’d in the same, & in the spring took my family to Spain, where we remain’d until the summer of 1817 when I was obliged to return home, to prevent myself from being involved in debt, as the trade between the United States and Cadiz was so inconsider­ able, & had so many competitors, that it did not furnish means suffi­ cient to pay house rent, much less to maintain a large family, & to pay the impositions of the officers of the Spanish govt levied annually under the title of presents, without the payment of which, it was im­ possible to transact business in any of the public offices, & we would be subjected daily to the most vexatious acts of injustice! Thus what was intended as a reward for my former services only precipitated my ruin, & by circumstances which was not under the control of any human being; Four years have since elaps’d during which, except for some months in which I was employ’d on an Agency in Louisiana, & the territory now State of Alabama, exposed a great part of the time to the inclemency of the weather in an open boat on the Gulf of Mex­ ico, the lakes, Mississippi, Tombegbe, & Alabama rivers, I have been soliciting employment from government without success; the money which I received from Congress in 1820 arrears of old accounts, is all expended in paying the debts contracted for the maintenance & edu­ cation of my family before I received it, and I am now in the fifty fifth  456 

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year of my age, after so many years faithful service in difficult, respon­ sible, expensive, & unproductive situations, in which my conduct has met the approbation of every successive administration of our gov­ ernment since it commenced, reduced to indigence, afflicted with the rheumatism, which renders great bodily exertion impossible, & with a family of ten children to maintain and to educate, the eldest of six of whom is only fourteen years, & the youngest fourteen months old, whose chief dependence is on the precarious hire of a carriage & horses for support— Until 1818 I had not the most distant idea that it was necessary for a person who had been so long in public service as I have been, to solicit recommendations from any one, but my friends inform’d me that it is customary, & procured for me those of which the inclosed are copies, and are from influential characters, the appointment then solicited has not been made, others which I have applied for, have been given to more fortunate candidates, & I find myself neglected & my services and recommendations forgotten; while the very circum­ stance of my having been employ’d abroad for so many years, renders me less capable to provide for my family, than those who have been stationary, & have taken advantage of circumstances, & made connec­ tions, either political, or commercial, which have insured them perma­ nent employ. Under these distressing & mortifying circumstances, knowing the goodness of your heart, I have ventured, most respectfully to solicit your kind aid, and patronage, a letter of recommendation from you my good Sir would have more weight than all I have, or may be able to procure, and would induce the President to take my situation into consideration, & grant my request, but should any unsurmountable impediment prevent the success of my application in so direct a man­ ner, may I flatter myself that you will have the goodness to express your opinion (either to me, or in any other way most eligible to you) of my former services, and how far you think they merit, & give me a claim for future employment in common with my fellow citizens— I am very sensible both of the nature & magnitude of the request, & fear that I may be accused of presuming too much on your Phi­ lanthropy in making it, but when I look around me, & see my little children in danger of being in want of food, & what is worse, educa­ tion, for I would sooner attend them to their graves, than see them grow up in ignorance, a secret monitor emboldens me to make the request, & tells me that you are a father yourself, & that when you (on reflection) perceive that a few lines from you will raise the droop­ ing spirits, & form the fortunes of a large family & their descendants,  457 

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that strong must be the reasons indeed which will induce you to with hold them I have conversed with many of the Senators, who have express’d some surprize that amongst the many appointments which have been made in the last four years that I have not been able to procure a situ­ ation, they would recommend me themselves, but say, as it is their duty to confirm, or to reject, it would have the appearance of inter­ fering with the executive authority, & several of them have assured me, that any appointment which the President would confer on me,— would be confirm’d by the Senate My necessities are of such a nature, that I would accept of any ap­ pointment either at home, or abroad, which would furnish me with the means to educate my children, to this (to me) all important point, all my energies are directed, to sacrifice my own ease & comfort for their benefit is a duty to which I would submit most cheerfully, but as I never intend to remove my family from the United States again, having already expended a small fortune in passages & the loss on sales of furniture, I would certainly prefer a situation of less impor­ tance at home to any abroad which would be offer’d to me; yet I would gladly have accepted the appointment to Buenos Ayres which was confer’d on a person who had not a large family born in public service, in Barbary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, & the United States to support as I have, whose services have not been so important as mine, & with whose talents & knowledge of the Spanish language, I have the ambi­ tion to think, that mine (poor as they may be supposed to be) might have been held in competition—  Should I be so fortunate as to succeed in this my appeal to your philanthropy, gratitude & the prayers of a large family is the only tribute we have to offer, which with the consciousness of having done a generous act, I am persuaded is to a noble mind the most accept­ able, & inspires feelings the most enviable; should disappointment & misfortune still be our portion, I respectfully request you, not to lessen the personal esteem I have experienced on so many occasions, nor the good opinion which you formerly express’d of my conduct & abilities to the Senate in 1802 for I am not conscious to have merited it, but to attribute my presumption to the great anxiety which I feel for the wel­ fare of an almost helpless family who are generally esteem’d amiable, & whatever may be their fate, you may be assured, that as they ever have implored, they will still continue to implore the Omnipotent ruler of the Universe to prolong your valuable life, & to bless you with tem­ poral & eternal happiness—  458 

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 With the highest respect & veneration, and with the most cordial esteem, permit me the honor to subscribe myself Good & respected Sir Your often Obliged & most devoted Obedi­ ent Serv t James Leander Cathcart  Yet! notwithstanding my services have been approved, & I have been told that the administration is well disposed towards me, I am neglected, & left with my wandering tribe of Africans, Italians Span­ iards, Portuguese, and Americans, to pine away, in anxious expecta­ tion and want, without any provision being made for me, while fre­ quently I have the additional mortification of seeing others preferred to me; this unfortunate circumstance brings to my recollection an an­ ecdote of James the 2nd of England, who in conversation with a Mr Floyd who had render’d some service to his country, and was gentle­ man in waiting for the day, observed, “That he never knew a modest man get forward in a Court,” To which Mr Floyd laconically replied, “Whose fault is that Sire”? The Monarch stood corrected, and Mr Floyd was provided for!!!— RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38033–8, 215:38447); dateline adjacent to closing and signature; mutilated; enclosures sub­ joined; with postscript in Cathcart’s hand following all enclosures; beneath signa­ ture: “To the Venerable & much Re­ spected Thomas Jefferson of Virginia”; endorsed by TJ on final page of post­ script as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so re­ corded in SJL. more than fourteen years had elapsed since the last letter between Cath­ cart and TJ, which was one from the for­ mer dated 19 Dec. 1806 (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1801–09). While he was a slave in Algiers, Cath­ cart attained the station of chief Chris­ tian secretary to the Dey and Regency, a post that he claimed enabled him to advo­ cate for the reception of an American ne­ gotiator for the 1795 United States Treaty of Peace and Amity with Algiers. He also assisted in the negotations, especially in regard to the sum paid for the treaty and the ransoming of other American hostages (DAB; Miller, Treaties, 2:313). Late in 1795 Cathcart helped to obtain a truce with tunis guaranteed by Ali Hassan, dey of Algiers (Miller, Treaties, 2:426). A polacre (polacca) is a ship with two

or three masts each formed from a single spar (OED). The 5 May 1796 letter from the dey of Algiers, Ali Hassan, delivered by Cathcart to George Washington, requested that the United States comply with the terms of the 1795 treaty (DNA: RG 59, CD, Algiers). As special diplomatic agent to Tunis, Cathcart helped William Eaton secure the alteration in 1799 of the 1797 Treaty of Peace and Friendship that had been negotiated by Joseph E. Famin (Miller, Treaties, 2:386, 414–5). Cathcart also used $1,500 in bribes to facilitate the 1799 arrangement with Yusuf Qara­ manli, pasha and bey of Tripoli. When further demands went unmet Tripoli de­ clared war on the United States in May 1801 (DAB). In June 1802 Tripolitan corsairs cap­ tured the brig franklin, an American merchant vessel from Philadelphia (Gard­ ner W. Allen, Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs [1905; repr. 2005], 111–2). Com­ modore Richard dale arrived at Gibral­ tar at the helm of an American squad­ ron  on 1 July 1801 and blockaded two of Tripoli’s ships under the command of Murad Reis (Allen, Our Navy, 91, 94). The brig catharine had been captured and detained by Tripoli in September

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27 AUGUST 1821 1800 before the commencement of the First Barbary War, with Cathcart for­ mally protesting the detention and plun­ dering of the ship in his capacity as United States consul at Tripoli (Allen, Our Navy, 90). In 1802 Richard V. Morris was made commanding officer of the United States naval squadron dispatched to Trip­ oli. He was also charged with overseeing negotiations with Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco. Morris was relieved of duty the following year due to his lack of suc­ cess (DAB). cartels were ships used to exchange prisoners or proposals between hostile parties in times of war (OED). The United States Congress passed on 15 May 1820 “An act for the relief of James Leander Cathcart,” according to which he received from congress $4,691 as reimbursement for funds he had spent as consul (JS, 9:417, 425; JHR, 13:539, 542–3). James Robinett was ap­ pointed United States consul at buenos ayres around May 1821 and held the po­ sition until the end of the year (Harold F. Peterson, Argentina and the United States, 1810–1960 [1964], 67).

 On 1 Feb. 1802 TJ nominated Cath­ cart as consul at Algiers in a letter to the senate. In response to a query re­ garding this nomination, nine days later TJ advised Senator Abraham Baldwin that Cathcart was “pretty well known” to him and described him as “the honestest & ablest consul we have with the Barbary powers: a man of very sound judgment & fearless” (PTJ, 36:487, 557). The anecdote of James II and David Floyd seems to have originated in a 1711 letter from George Granville (later Baron Lansdowne) to his younger cousin Wil­ liam Henry Granville, 3d Earl of Bath. It was widely reprinted without attribution thereafter. In George Granville’s telling of the story, the monarch merely “stood cor­ rected, and was silent” (ODNB, 23:359, 361; Mr. Pope’s Literary Correspondence [London, 1735–37], 3:105). Cathcart sent a similar letter and enclo­ sures to James Madison on 18 Sept. 1821 and to John Adams on 12 Mar. 1822 (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:384– 91; MHi: Adams Papers).

e n c l o s u r e s

I Recommendation of James Leander Cathcart [ca. July 1818] We the undersign’d having a satisfactory knowledge of James Leander Cath­ cart Esqr either personally, or by character from Gentlemen in whom we place confidence, & from his public character, do recommend him to the President of the United States, & to the heads of Departments, & especially to the Sec­ retary of the Navy, as a fit candidate for the office of Purser or Paymaster of the naval depôt under contemplation of being soon establish’d— We are induced to this measure from Mr Cathcarts long, & as we have reason to believe, his faithful services & the privations experienced by him during eleven years captivity in Algiers, & upwards of twenty one years in public service since, mostly in unprofitable situations, in which we under­ stand that he has given satisfaction to the several administrations under whom he has had the honor to act: to which we may add, that he has arrived at an age, which as we conceive after his long services abroad, entitles him to a settlement at home, especially as he has a family of nine1 children to provide for— Further from the present state of Commerce and from what may be conjec­ tured of its future state at Cadiz, we are inform’d that it does not afford suffi­

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27 AUGUST 1821

Philadelphia

cient to defray the expense of Clerk hire, much less for the support of a nu­ merous family,2 where from his office he must inevitably be exposed to a greater expense than if in a private station— As Mr Cathcart’s talents must be well known to government, it is only necessary to add, that as he has received a nautical education, & being well acquainted with maratime affairs in general, we are led from this consider­ ation, as well as the foregoing, to recommend him as a candidate for the ap­ pointment he solicits, or any other which his long services may seem in the opinion of the President to merit— Sign’d by ⎫ Wm Jones late Secretary of the Navy ⎪ ⎪ A. Murray; Commodore ⎪ Geo Latimer late Collector, now Prest of an Insurance Compy ⎪⎪ ⎪ Rd Dale late Commodore ⎪ Thos Leiper Merchant                 ⎪ ⎪ Hugh Calhoun do ⎪ ⎪ Chandr Price do ⎪ ⎪ Saml Carswell do ⎪ m Will Lynch do ⎬ Saml Hayes do ⎪ ⎪ L Clapier do ⎪ ⎪ J. Carey do ⎪ ⎪ Robt Waln Prest of an Insurance Company ⎪ ⎪ Joseph S Lewis   Merchant— ⎪ Matthew Lawler late Mayor of the City ⎪ ⎪ John Leamy Prest of an Insurance Company ⎪ ⎪ Isaac Worrell   Merchant ⎪ ⎭ John Connelly   do J. Bloomfield General, late Governor, and now one of the Representatives from the State of New Jersey— ⎧ Robt Gilmore Merchant ⎪ ⎪ R. Smith late Secretary of the Navy & of State— ⎪ Wm Patterson  Merchant ⎪ ⎨ J A Buchannan do ⎪ ⎪ Chas & Peter Wirgman do ⎪ John Hollins Prest of an Insurance Company ⎪ t ⎩ Rob Oliver Merchant Saml Smith Genl Member of Congress from Maryland Gentlemen of the Navy3 on a separate copy of the above ⎫ I Chauncey ⎪ ⎪ Laurce Evans To the preceding was added the verbal, & very ⎪ ⎪ strong recommendations of the three Navy Commis­ S Angus ⎪ Ed Trenchard4 ⎪ sioners, Commodores Rodgers, Decatur, and Porter, ⎬ & had the concurrence of the Secretary of the Navy, J. Renshaw ⎪ but as the grand naval depôt on the waters of the A J Dallas ⎪ ⎪ Chesapeake has not been establish’d, the appointt B T Hoffman ⎪ James A Hamilton ⎪⎪ has not been made—5 ⎭ Rd Smith6 Baltimore

These recommendations, with all the others hereafter mention’d are depos­ ited in the Navy department

 461 

27 AUGUST 1821  Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38039–40); entirely in Cathcart’s hand and subjoined to covering letter, with subsequent enclo­ sures conjoined; undated; at head of text: “Copy”; at foot of text: “PTO” (“Please Turn Over”). Tr (DLC: Madison Pa­ pers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MHi: Adams Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cathcart Papers); in an unidentified hand. j a buchannan was James A. Bu­ chanan, while b t hoffman was likely Beekman V. Hoffman. 1 Number corrected by Cathcart in DLC Trs to “Ten,” with a note keyed to this point in text with an asterisk.

 2 Trs in Madison Papers, MHi, and MiEM here add “abroad.” 3 Line ends here in Trs in Madison Pa­ pers, MHi, and MiEM. 4 Trs in Madison Papers, MHi, and MiEM: “Trenchaw.” 5 Instead of this and final sentence of document, Madison Papers Tr reads “The three Navy Commissioners Commodore Rodgers, Decatur, and Porter, recom­ mended me in person, the President de­ sired me to deposit my recommendations in the Navy Department, the Secretary of the Navy promised his influence, but the appointment has not been made.” Trs in MHi and MiEM closely follow Madison Papers text. 6 Trs in Madison Papers, MHi, and MiEM here add “Henry Echsner.”

II Isaac Chauncey to Benjamin W. Crowninshield Sir US Ship Washington New York 20th July 1818— Understanding that James Leander Cathcart Esqr late Consul at Cadiz &a is an applicant for the appointment of Navy Store keeper or Purser of the contemplated Navy depot, I have great pleasure in recommending this gen­ tleman to your notice—Mr Cathcart has been personally known to me about fifteen years, during that period he has filled several important public situa­ tions, and I believe always discharged his duty to the satisfaction of the gov­ ernment.1 I know him to be a most zealous public officer, and I have no doubt of his fitness for the situation he asks for, which I sincerely hope he may obtain— I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your most Obedt Hble Servt (Signd) I. Chauncey— Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38040); en­ tirely in Cathcart’s hand; subjoined to covering letter and preceding enclosure, with subsequent enclosures conjoined; at foot of text: “To The Honble B W Crown­ inshield Secretary of the Navy Washing­ ton.” Tr (DLC: Madison Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MHi: Adams Pa­ pers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cathcart Papers); in an unidentified hand. Isaac Chauncey (1772–1840), naval of­ ficer, was a native of Black Rock, Con­ necticut, who began in the merchant ma­ rine before joining the United States Navy, where he was a lieutenant by 1800. He served in the West Indies during the

Quasi­War with France and in the Med­ iterranean during conflict between the United States and the Barbary pirates, winning promotion to master comman­ dant in 1804. Chauncey was appointed a  captain in 1807 and oversaw the New York navy yard from that year until he was given command of the United States naval forces on Lake Erie and Lake On­ tario at the start of the War of 1812. His successful building campaign increased the American fleet on the Great Lakes and won him the honorary title of commo­ dore. Following the war Chauncey served as commander of the navy yard at Ports­ mouth, New Hampshire, before taking charge of the United States squadron in the Mediterranean in 1816. After two years

 462 

27 AUGUST 1821 in this role, during which he assisted in the conclusion of a peace treaty with Al­ giers, he sat on the Board of Navy Com­ missioners, 1821–24 and 1833–40, serving as its president from 1837 until his death. In between these assignments, Chauncey again led the New York navy yard for seven years beginning in 1825. He died in Washington, D.C. (ANB; DAB; Cal­ lahan, U.S. Navy, 2, 108; JEP, 1:334, 336, 472, 474, 2:47, 3:218, 220, 400, 4:335, 339 [8, 15 Jan. 1800, 12, 20 Nov.

1804, 7 Jan. 1807, 27, 30 Nov. 1820, 28 Dec. 1824, 11, 31 Dec. 1833]; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., Brooklyn, United States Navy Yard, 1830; Washington Daily Na‑ tional Intelligencer, 28 Jan. 1840; New‑ York Spectator, 30 Jan. 1840; gravestone inscription in Congressional Cemetery, Washington). 1 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied.

III John Rodgers to James Leander Cathcart Sir Navy Commissioners Office June 9th 1819— Your letter of the 28th Ulto accompanied by a Journal of the proceedings of the Agents sent under the instructions of the Board of the 13th of Nov r 1818 has been received—On a cursory perusal of the Journal, the Board discover much information respecting the object of your mission which it would be desirable for them to possess; and they return it to you in order that such extracts from it may accompany your report & plots of the grounds re­ served, as you may consider relevant to the subject: and on the business being closed, they will willingly bear testimony to the manner in which the duty has been perform’d, which from present appearances, they have no doubt will be satisfactory Respectfully &ca (sign’d) Jno Rodgers Prest of the Ny Board Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 215:38446); en­ tirely in Cathcart’s hand; subjoined to cov­ ering letter and preceding enclosures, with subsequent enclosures conjoined; adjacent to signature: “Jas Lear Cathcart Esqre”; with note by Cathcart following text (one repeated word editorially omitted): “Charts & Journals of the Survey were deposited in the office of the Secretary of the Navy—duplicates of the Charts & plots, & a summary of the Journal were pre­ sented to the Navy Board, which pro­ duced the following acknowledgment.” Tr (DLC: Madison Papers); in an un­ identified hand. Tr (MHi: Adams Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cathcart Papers); in an unidentified hand. John Rodgers (1773–1838), naval offi­ cer, was a native of Maryland, where he studied at a local school before being ap­ prenticed at an early age to a Baltimore shipmaster. After eleven years in the mer­

chant marine, he was made a second lieu­ tenant in the United States Navy on board the USS Constellation in 1798 and rose to the rank of captain about a year later. On the close of the Quasi­War with France, Rodgers returned briefly to the merchant service, but in 1802 he was re­ instated in the navy and spent four years in the Mediterranean, where he com­ manded the American squadron three times. In 1807 he led the New York flotilla and naval station, and the follow­ ing year he was tasked with enforcing the Embargo Act of 1807. In 1810 Rodgers took command of the USS President, with oversight of the northern division of United States coastal protection. He served twice as president of the newly formed Board of Navy Commissioners, 1815–24 and 1827–37, with an intervening tour of duty commanding the American squadron in the Mediterranean. Rodgers died in Phil­ adelphia (ANB; DAB; Callahan, U.S. Navy, 2, 469; JEP, 1:264, 265, 333, 336

 463 

27 AUGUST 1821 [8, 9 Mar. 1798, 8, 15 Jan. 1800]; Rodg­ ers to TJ, 30 July 1806 [MHi]; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washington, 1820, 1830; Philadelphia Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier, 3 Aug. 1838; Wash­ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 4, 6 Aug. 1838; gravestone inscription in Con­ gressional Cemetery, Washington).

 The journal of the proceedings of Cathcart and James Hutton described their work as timber agents between the Mermentau and Mobile rivers in Louisi­ ana, Mississippi, and Alabama between November 1818 and May 1819 (DNA: RG 45, Report of Timber Agents Cath­ cart and Hutton).

IV John Rodgers to James Leander Cathcart and James Hutton Gentlemen Navy Coms Office 6th Augt 1819— The Commissioners of the Navy have received your communication with a summary recapitulation of, & reference to a Journal deliver’d at the office of the honorable the Secretary of the Navy— The Commissioners of the Navy have derived much valuable information from the perusal of your summary—It is entirely satisfactory to them upon all the points of which it treats— I am very respectfully—gentlemen Your most Obedt Servt (Signd) Jno Rodgers, President of the Ny Board Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 215:38446); en­ tirely in Cathcart’s hand; subjoined to covering letter and preceding enclosures, with subsequent enclosure conjoined; at foot of text: “James Leander Cathcart & James Hutton} Esqrs.” Tr (DLC: Madi­ son Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MHi: Adams Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cath­ cart Papers); in an unidentified hand. James Hutton (d. 1843), clerk, was a native of Pennsylvania. In 1818 and 1819 he worked with Cathcart as a timber agent for the Navy Department in Loui­ siana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Hutton was married to Cathcart’s daughter Eliza Woodside Cathcart from 1821 until her death two years later. In 1822 he was ap­ pointed a clerk in the Navy Department

and worked in that capacity for about twenty years in Washington, D.C. Hut­ ton owned three slaves in 1830. He died in Washington (Register of the Commis‑ sioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States, including Officers of the Marine Corps, for the year 1842 [1842]; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 26 July 1821, 14 Aug. 1823, 30 Aug. 1843; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washing­ ton, 1830, 1840; Philadelphia North Amer‑ ican and Daily Advertiser, 31 Aug. 1843). The manuscript journal of Cathcart and Hutton described in the preceding enclosure includes an appended reca­ pitulation (DNA: RG 45, Report of Timber Agents Cathcart and Hutton). The secretary of the navy was Smith Thompson.

V John Quincy Adams’s Report to Congress on James Leander Cathcart Mr Cathcart having been included among the prisoners ransom’d by the United States, at the conclusion of the first treaty with Algiers, it is not per­ ceived, upon what just principle his claim can be supported to be paid by them

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27 AUGUST 1821 1

for his ransom; it ought however in justice to Mr Cathcart, to be added, that if long, faithful, & important services, acknowledged by every successive ad­ ministration of the government of the United States; if the most active years of life devoted to the public service, & if circumstances reduced by the scanti­ ness of compensation, annexed to all the subordinate consulates on the Bar­ bary coast can entitle his claims to the liberal indulgence of the legislature, they cannot be too strongly recommended to their favorable consideration— All which is respectfully submited (signd) John Quincy Adams Dept of State Decr 14th 1819 Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 215:38446–7); entirely in Cathcart’s hand and subjoined to covering letter and preceding enclo­ sures, with Cathcart’s postscript to cover­ ing letter conjoined; note by Cathcart be­ tween preceding enclosure and this one: “Since the duties of the aforesaid Agency were concluded, I have not been employ’d in public service, those duties were per­ form’d to the satisfaction, & met the ap­ probation of the Department to which I was accountable, and as a further proof of the opinion which the present adminis­ tration entertains of my former services, permit me to add, an extract from the Sec­

retary of States Report to Congress of the 14th of Decr 1819 Viz.” Tr (DLC: Mad­ ison Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MHi: Adams Papers); in an unidentified hand. Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cath­ cart Papers); in an unidentified hand. Adams’s report was submitted to the United States House of Representatives on 15 Dec. 1819 and referred along with Cathcart’s petition to the Committee of Claims (JHR, 13:45). 1

MHi and MiEM Trs begin here.

From Patrick Gibson Dear Sir, Richmond 27th Augt 1821 th I have received your favor of the 19 Inst and pray you to accept my thankful acknowledgements for your assurances of friendship, and for the very flattering sentiments expressed in your letter to Mr Thompson, which I shall forward to him so soon as I shall have pro­ cured the necessary vouchers relative to my son’s qualifications— With sentiments of respect and esteem I am Your ob Serv t Patrick Gibson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 7 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC: top half of address cover only (MoSHi: TJC­BC), with Dft of TJ to Virgil Maxcy, 20 Nov. 1822, on verso;

bottom half of address cover only (DLC), with FC of TJ to William Annesley, 20 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello”; franked; post­ marked Richmond, 28 Aug.

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From Daniel Sheffey Sir Stanton August 30 1821 Dr Horwitz whom I beg leave to introduce to you intends to Visit your part of the country. His object is to obtain a Situation in the Uni­ versity should it be thought expedient, (when that institution goes into operation) to establish a professorship of the oriental Languages Dr Horwitz has been engaged here for some time as a teacher of the Hebrew Language. He has given great satisfaction to every one of his pupils, several of whom are men of considerable learning. So far as I am capable to Judge, I consider his course of Instruction very excel­ lent. It tends to render the Subject Simple; and produces results which I would Scarcely have believed. I am very respectfully Y& D Sheffey RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Sept. 1821 and so recorded (with ad­ ditional notation: “by Dr Horwitz” [Jonas Horwitz]) in SJL. Daniel Sheffey (1770–1830), attorney and public official, was born in Freder­ icktown (later Frederick), Maryland, and trained under his father as a shoemaker. Sheffey practiced this trade first in Win­ chester and then in Wythe County. In the latter place he studied law under Al­ exander Smyth and began his own prac­ tice as an attorney. Sheffey became a prominent local Freemason, represented Wythe County in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1800–04 and 1808–09, was a member of the Senate of Virginia, 1804– 08, and served in the United States House of Representatives, 1809–17, where he was among the most prominent and out­ spoken Virginia Federalists. As a congress­ man, Sheffey opposed the War of 1812 and supported rechartering the Bank of the United States. He relocated to Staunton around 1817, and he was likely the au­

thor, in his role as legal counsel, of the Answer of the President and Directors of  the Rivanna Company to TJ’s Bill of Complaint, 7 Apr. 1818. Sheffey returned to the House of Delegates, 1822–23, this time representing Augusta County. He owned ten slaves in 1810 and eight in 1830. Sheffey died suddenly at McClung’s Tavern in Bath County while on his way home from court (Harry K. Smith, “Dan­ iel Sheffey,” John P. Branch Historical Pa‑ pers of Randolph‑Macon College 4 [1916]: 364–71; DNA: RG 29, CS, Wythe Co., 1810, Staunton, 1820, 1830; Leonard, General Assembly; Noble E. Cunning­ ham Jr., ed., Circular Letters of Congress‑ men to Their Constituents, 1789–1829 [1978], 2:769–76, 816–28; Augusta Co. Will Book, 19:459–64; Staunton City Will Book, 1:252–7, 257–9, 2:2–3; Lynchburg Virginian, 13, 16 Dec. 1830; Lexington Intelligencer, 18 Dec. 1830; Southern Lit‑ erary Messenger 4 [1838]: 346–7; grave­ stone inscription in Trinity Episcopal Churchyard, Staunton).

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From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Edgewood 31 August. 1821. By the last mail I received the Circular of Genl Cocke & yourself proposing to the Visitors to omit the regular autumnal meeting, and in lieu thereof to hold a special meeting on the wednesday preceding the meeting of the Assembly. The reasons stated in the circular in support of this proposition are entirely satisfactory to my mind. I shall accordingly decline carrying Mrs Cabell with me to Corrottoman, as I wished & intended, in order that I may return on horseback, travel quickly, & be certain to attend. I shall shift my overseer here on 1st Nov r depart immediately, leave my wife with her parents in Wil­ liamsburg, hasten on horseback across the lower ferries, spend a fort­ night on my estate below, and return by Tappahannock & the upper ferries. Nothing but death or illness shall prevent my coming. The time is extremely inconvenient to me, & mars some favorite & long projected arrangements for the autumn. But what of that? If I can but retain the little stock of health it has been my good fortune to reacquire, I will come to Monticello with a heart warm with zeal in the holy cause. I have devoted myself to some favourite improvements on my farm this summer; have kept out of the sun; & walked from 4 to 5 miles each day; & tho’ I have had a severe attack of illness in the summer, I am pretty well again, & feel nothing of the affection of my side except in cloudy weather. Had I kept up my practice of walking in the winter mornings, I should probably have avoided the severe illness I suffered in the spring. It gives me great pleasure to hear that your good health continues uninterrupted. I am going to next Albe­ marle Court, & shall commit this to the post office at Charlottesville. I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully yours Joseph C. Cabell RC (ViU: TJP­PC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

This letter likely enclosed Cabell’s signed copy of Call for Meeting of Uni­ versity of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 Aug. 1821.

From George Ticknor Dear Sir, Boston Sep. 1. 1821. It is so long since I have had the pleasure of hearing directly from yourself, that I should hardly venture now to address you, unless I had business of some consequence, as an apology for my intrusion. The present occasion, however, and the instances of some of my friends  467 

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Edgewood 31 August. 1821. By the last mail I received the Circular of Genl Cocke & yourself proposing to the Visitors to omit the regular autumnal meeting, and in lieu thereof to hold a special meeting on the wednesday preceding the meeting of the Assembly. The reasons stated in the circular in support of this proposition are entirely satisfactory to my mind. I shall accordingly decline carrying Mrs Cabell with me to Corrottoman, as I wished & intended, in order that I may return on horseback, travel quickly, & be certain to attend. I shall shift my overseer here on 1st Nov r depart immediately, leave my wife with her parents in Wil­ liamsburg, hasten on horseback across the lower ferries, spend a fort­ night on my estate below, and return by Tappahannock & the upper ferries. Nothing but death or illness shall prevent my coming. The time is extremely inconvenient to me, & mars some favorite & long projected arrangements for the autumn. But what of that? If I can but retain the little stock of health it has been my good fortune to reacquire, I will come to Monticello with a heart warm with zeal in the holy cause. I have devoted myself to some favourite improvements on my farm this summer; have kept out of the sun; & walked from 4 to 5 miles each day; & tho’ I have had a severe attack of illness in the summer, I am pretty well again, & feel nothing of the affection of my side except in cloudy weather. Had I kept up my practice of walking in the winter mornings, I should probably have avoided the severe illness I suffered in the spring. It gives me great pleasure to hear that your good health continues uninterrupted. I am going to next Albe­ marle Court, & shall commit this to the post office at Charlottesville. I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully yours Joseph C. Cabell RC (ViU: TJP­PC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

This letter likely enclosed Cabell’s signed copy of Call for Meeting of Uni­ versity of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 Aug. 1821.

From George Ticknor Dear Sir, Boston Sep. 1. 1821. It is so long since I have had the pleasure of hearing directly from yourself, that I should hardly venture now to address you, unless I had business of some consequence, as an apology for my intrusion. The present occasion, however, and the instances of some of my friends  467 

1 SEPTEMBER 1821

seem to justify me in again coming before you; and, I trust, I need not say, that I am happy in having an opportunity that will recall me to your recollection.—1 The best Scholars among us are become anxious about the pressure of some portions of the Revenue Laws on the progress of Knowledge. Fifteen per cent ad valorem is the duty charged on all foreign books but, besides this, the customary 10 per cent. are added to the foot of the invoice before the calculation is made and a few slight charges fall in afterwards, so that, on the whole, by the time you have passed $100 prime cost of books through the custom­house, you will have paid the Government about $18 in duties. This is, of course, a very large pro­ portion, even supposing the country to be so filled with books and the books themselves to be such a mere Luxury, that we ought to have few more or none;—but, it is enormous and unreasonable, when it is considered, that we are really much in want of them, and that, under a free Government like our’s, where Knowledge is power, they must always be among the first necessities of the Commonwealth. The case may be put in a strong light by a comparison of our policy and its effects with that of other countries. In Germany it is always mentioned among the considerable causes of their late rapid advance­ ment in knowledge, that none of its Protestant Governments, where alone knowledge has much advanced, lays any duty on the importa­ tion of foreign books; but, that, on the contrary, they all favour and facilitate it by giving the Booksellers the temptation of easy & ready conveyances for them, at a cheaper rate than any thing else is con­ veyed, in the publick post wagons;—while, at the same time, one of the great reasons, why in England Knowledge has been kept, if I may use the phrase, so much more local & one­sided, is, that the impor­ tation of it from foreign countries has been made so difficult.—Now we have ten times the motives of Germany for liberality and not the hundredth part of England’s excuses for our severity;—since we want Knowledge vastly more than the first and have not, in any compa­ rable degree, the means of acquiring it possessed by the last in her immense publick & private libraries. This argument might be again much strengthened by an examination of the policy of France, Spain & Russia;2—[. . .],3 it must be perfectly apparent, I should think, to any one, that it is the duty of our Government to be as kind and in­ dulgent as possible, to those who are disposed4 to import what we so much need, and what we are so continually vexed and mortified and reproached for not possessing. There is, I know, an answer to be made to all this. Domestick manu­ factures are to be encouraged. This, I will admit; and I will admit,  468 

1 SEPTEMBER 1821

too, propter ignorantiam, that they are to be encouraged by what, I believe are called high protecting duties. But books are not among ye domestick manufactures, which need protection and Encouragement. They can protect themselves. Our Booksellers are always able to un­ dersell the foreign publishers, whenever they can feel satisfied that 200 copies of a work in English will be demanded, or a large number, if it be accompanied with plates or other expensive5 additions. They can always sell for half and often for less than half the cost of the work, from which they reprint;—and our most discreet and most extensive publishers in this quarter of the country, say, they would rather6 the duties even on7 English Books were removed altogether, because, in that case, more new works8 would be imported & greater number of each, so that the pulse of the community might be better felt on every new publication, and they would less frequently be betrayed into re­ printing, what, at last, proves not to have been wanted;—while, at the same time, sure they could always undersell foreign publishers, they would go on more9 boldly & extensively with what they do under­ take.10 I think, therefore, the argument for continuing the duty on books, as a protecting duty entirely fails.— But, in another and most important point of view, it is still worse. It operates as a grinding tax on books in the dead languages of which we do not pretend to reprint the good editions and on books in for­ eign living languages of which we reprint no editions at all. The only argument, therefore, fails here, and yet the duties on this class of Books are almost sufficient entirely to prevent their importation and, of course, while they do no good at all to printers and publishers, and almost none to the Government, which gets but a few hundred11 dol­ lars a year out of this branch of its revenue, which is annually dimin­ ishing, they do great mischief to the progress of Knowledge, which is, among us, much in want of continental books and ancient classicks. Again—on whom do these duties fall?—who pay them? Not, as in England, the rich; for books among us are not12 fashionable luxuries— they have not overflowed from the library into the drawing Room and begun to serve as an elegant tapestry for the walls of the Parlour;— nor can we hope, that they will for a long period yet to come.—Not, the mass of the people, for they are and always will be, supplied by our own publishers whether the government continues its duties or not— and, finally, Not, on Colleges, and publick Libraries and Learned societies, who have permanent funds, that might, perhaps, bear such taxation; for these are all wisely exempted.—But, they are paid, al­ most exclusively, by our scholars—a small13 class of men who can ill afford to incur any expences but those of the first necessity and whose  469 

1 SEPTEMBER 1821

very pursuits diminish, at once, the power and desire of accumulating property—who, being in advance of the rest of the community in knowledge, want books which must be imported; because they can­ not be published here—and who, therefore, are now compelled by this unprofitable rigour of the Government, to pursue their studies in an irksome and inefficient manner, with only a part of the requisite books in their respective departments of learning & science. And finally, this duty on Books is contrary to the general spirit of the Revenue Laws, which permit a person arriving in the country to bring with him the tools, models14 & instruments needful for the pursuit of his trade, duty­free, though he can buy them here; while they not only refuse this favour to scholars who cannot buy their tools & models of domestick manufacture; but lay on them such high du­ ties, that they can hardly hope to get them at all.— It seems to me, therefore, that, from the very theory and genius of our Government—from the present and pressing wants of the country— from its uselessness as a protecting duty on a domestick manufacture, which is not affected by it—from its injustice, as falling almost exclu­ sively on our scholars, who are already few and feeble enough—and from its opposition to the general spirit and purpose of the Revenue laws, the duty on Books ought to be abolished. On this subject, I speak with entire disinterestedness. I have bo’t my library & paid my duties for it; and shall not much increase it, so that I have nothing to gain or lose by the change of the law or by its continuance. But, I am satisfied, it is very important to the country. We have, in the last twenty or thirty years, made great progress in Knowledge; but, we are now, I think, arrived at the point, where we must have a large increase of our means or be much embarassed, per­ haps quite stopped, in our course, for want of them;—we have done nearly all we can with our present very imperfect apparatus of books15 and must now have more, or give up, perhaps, something16 even of the little we have gained. Certainly we are in a situation, in which we ought to be no longer discouraged & embarassed17 and the first ap­ propriate and obvious relief18 must come from the relaxation by the General Government of their present very illiberal system. Those of us, therefore, who consider the matter of such serious im­ portance have determined to do something, if we can with a prospect of success, to relieve the scholars19 of the country from this burthen. The mode we propose to take is; to have a petition sent next winter to Congress by the Colleges and learned societies among us, beseech­ ing for the removal of the duties on foreign books, or at least, for some modification of them. As these bodies are exempted from all such du­  470 

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ties, they would speak disinterestedly and as they are20 the promi­ nent, natural guardians of knowledge for us, they would have a fair hearing. So far we have gone; but, the colleges generally have not been advised of our purpose;21 and, we do not wish to proceed further until we have consulted you. I have, therefore, been desired to write to you, and ask of your Kindness to answer the following questions.— In the first place, whether you approve the general purpose? In the second place, if you do, how far you think the request should be extended?—to all books?—or to all books not in the English Language?—or to all books in the learned and foreign Languages whether reprinted in this country or not, and all works in the English Language, which shall not have been reprinted here within the term of eighteen months from the time of their original publication?—The proposition may be made in either of these three forms, as may be deemed most expedient. In the third place, whether your University will cooperate with us? and whether there be any college or learned Society in your common­ wealth, or to the South and West of you, that it would be advisable to ask to assist us?— In the last place—What course it will be best to pursue at Wash­ ington to insure our success and what persons from the S. & W. will be most likely to be interested in our project?— I am not aware, that any person now engaged in promoting this plan is less disinterested than myself. We have all few or no more books to import; and speak only because we see with great regret, the severe pressure of the revenue laws on the science & knowledge of the country—because we see the booksellers’ shops among us gradually growing emptier and emptier of foreign publications—and because we find this branch of trade, which is to connect us with the intellectual advantages of the old world and make us their partakers and heirs is gradually disappearing while the other and grosser branches of mere speculation & profit are gradually reviving and growing strong.22 Please to present my best respects to Gov. Randolph to Mrs. Ran­ dolph and the rest of your23 family, whose kindness & hospitality, I shall never forget. When you write to me, which I hope will be soon, as this business, if it is to be undertaken at all,24 should be under­ taken soon, I beg you would speak to me of your own health and whether you continue to live as you did, when I had the pleasure of seeing you at Monticello. How does your new University advance? When will its lecture rooms be opened? all that concerns it, interests me very much.— Yrs. with great respect, Geo: Ticknor  471 

1 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sept. 1821 and so re­ corded in SJL. Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38114–5); undated extract in the hand of Francis Eppes. Extract enclosed in TJ to James Madison, 16 Sept. 1821, and possibly in Madison to TJ, 20 Sept. 1821. propter ignorantiam: “out of ig­ norance.” 1

Tr begins here. Tr: “Prussia.” 3 Word illegible. Tr: “and.” 4 Tr: “destined.” 5 Tr: “or with extensive.” 6 An “x” is added in an unidentified hand in left margin beside line beginning with this word. 7 Preceding two words interlined in place of “from.” 8 Tr: “books.” 2

 9 An “x” is added in an unidentified hand in left margin beside line beginning with this word. 10 Preceding seven words interlined, with duplicate period editorially omitted. 11 Word interlined. 12 Ticknor here canceled “yet become.” 13 Word interlined. 14 Manuscript: “moodels.” 15 Preceding eight words not in Tr. 16 Manuscript: “somethg.” 17 Preceding five words interlined in place of “assisted.” 18 Word interlined in place of “assis­ tance.” 19 Word interlined in place of “liter­ ature.” 20 Ticknor here canceled “among.” 21 Manuscript: “purpoe.” 22 Tr ends here with “stronger.” 23 Manuscript: “you.” 24 Preceding two words interlined.

From Thomas G. Watkins Dear Sir, Glenmore Sepr 2. 1821 d t The Rev Rob Tisdale who bears this letter has been introduced to me by letter from Docr James Minor & Major Watson of Louisa— who both concur in recommending him as a man of worth and un­ blemished character—he applied to me last year, for relief, under an inveterate disease of the stomach &c—for which after remedies used I advised him to travel through a limestone Country—The Gentle­ men who introduced Mr Tisdale to me, state that his disease & other misfortunes have reduced his circumstances, but not the confidence & respect of his acquaintance—His misfortunes, however, and conse­ quent slenderer means, must increase his dependence upon the kind­ ness of strangers, for the facility of pursuing his journey of health— This circumstance has induced him to solicit an introduction to you for the purpose of requesting, a statement of your opinion of the char­ acters who recommend him, from the Baptist church—Knowing myself how much your time and attention is taxed by one application or another for various objects—I cou’d not give Mr Tisdale much encouragement on this subject—but from his character from every quarter to me—and the evidences he bears with him from charac­ ters, perhaps, known to you—if it is not incompatible with your usual  472 

3 SEPTEMBER 1821

course; his affliction and misfortunes considered it will I think be serving the cause of humanity to make such expression in his favour, as from his recommendations may be deemed by you proper most respectfully & sincerely yrs T G Watkins RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 30 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Robert Tisdale (1778–1856), Baptist minister, was born near Louisa. Baptized in 1806, he was licensed as a Baptist min­ ister in Charles City County six years later, and ordained in Caroline County in 1814. Tisdale traveled extensively in the western part of Virginia in an attempt to improve his health. In 1819 he moved his family to Monroe County, Virginia (later West Virginia). Tisdale worked as an itin­ erant missionary for the Baptist General Association of Virginia, later moving to a farm in Harrison County (later West Vir­ ginia), from which he traveled as an agent of the American Bible Society. He joined a son in Ohio in 1831 before settling five years later in Adams County, Indiana. Tis­ dale preached and helped establish Bap­ tist churches throughout northeastern In­ diana and northwestern Ohio. He was also a promoter and board member of Frank­ lin College, and in 1841–42 he served one term in the Indiana House of Representa­

tives. Tisdale owned real estate valued at $1,100 in 1850. During the last few years of his life he lived in New Corydon, In­ diana. Tisdale died on a visit to Montpe­ lier, Indiana (Virginia Baptist Register 6 [1967]: 275, 281; Garnett Ryland, The Baptists of Virginia, 1699–1926 [1955], 205, 207–9, 211, 214; Jeremiah Bell Jeter, The Recollections of a Long Life [1891], 107, 114–5; Tisdale to Archibald Stuart, 8 Dec. 1826 [ViU: Papers of the Stuart­ Baldwin Families]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Va., Harrison Co., 1830, Ind., Adams Co., 1840, 1850; Lynchburg Virginian, 24 June 1833; Journal of the House of Repre‑ sentatives, of the State of Indiana [1841– 42 sess.]; M. W. Montgomery, History of Jay County, Indiana [1864], 144, 161; Richmond Religious Herald, 25 Dec. 1856; Adams Co., Ind., Will Book, A:181–5). TJ recorded in SJL that at Monticello on 30 Sept. 1821 he also received a letter from Tisdale, not found, dated 18 Sept. 1821 from Poplar Forest, which may have covered the above communication.

From Thomas Appleton 25th

Leghorn 3d Septr 1821—

Your Short note, Sir, of the of May, reach’d me on the 8th of the d last month, covering the 3 of exchange; the amount of which, had already been remitted to me, by Mr Saml Williams of London, agree­ ably to my duplicate letters to you, under date of the 7th of July; and which, fully replied to the object of the capitels order’d, and to your question of the prices of those, you contemplate: to wit, the ten capi­ tels of 32₁−⁴− ₀ inches diminish’d diameter.—the intire capitels cannot be deliver’d here, at less than 530– Dollars; and the mezzo capitels at 280– Dollars.—It is difficult to conceive the immense blocks of mar­ ble, they require, and which are no less than five feet Square, & four and a half high, which will form, about 230 cubic palms square of ten inches, for each capitel; add to which, the great labour to move them continually to the workmen’s convenience—those order’d, are  473 

3 SEPTEMBER 1821

progressing to my Satisfaction.—I calculate to receive your reply, in the early part of December; and this would be greatly convenient, should you determine on giving the order, as the same workmen, on Compleating the former, in this case, might, without interruption, commence the latter.—I now inclose you M. & Mad. Pini’s receipt for the Sum of 444. Dollars.—.—The magnanimity, and firmness of the Greeks of the Morea, would have been honorable in the most heroic & enlightened ages of their ancestors; the Morea is now free, except two or three fortresses, which cannot long resist.—they have a naval force of about 150 Vessels from 15 to 30 guns; and, by the intelli­ gence of yesterday, we have the confirmation of a Second victory over the turkish Squadron, near to Samos.—The distracted State of Con­ stantinople, owing to the turbulence of the Jannissaries, & to the barbarian asiatics, who have come to defend the cause of mahometa­ nism, would counteract the best purposes, of the best of Sovereigns— but he is far otherwise, and is worthy of being a member of the holy alliance.—many letters yesterday, from Odessa, mention the depar­ ture of the russian minister from Constantinople; and we are hourly in the expectation of open hostilities.—The war of the greeks & turks is novel in later times, for it is one of extermination,—Alexander will, I am persuaded, consult only, the object nearest his heart; Austria will Second his views, as a grateful return for the proffer’d Services, in her late conquest of Italy; The government of the Bourbons may menace an intervention, but they will not dare to put an army in mo­ tion, for their Single Safety lies in their Swiss­guards, and the dis­ semination of their own troops in their numerous fortresses; they well know, that had the revolution of Piedmont, continued another month, the whole of the Southern provinces of france, would have join’d their cause; and had not the conspiracy in their Squadron before Naples, been discover’d one day too Soon, the tri­colour’d flag would have been again hoisted.—England may too late perceive, that whether Lord Castlereagh has been the dupe or the agent, he has suffer’d the two great powers of the Continent to acquire an ascendancy which may be immensely increas’d by acquisitions in the Ottoman empire. there remains little doubt in my mind, that Alexandre will not let slip away this most favorable occasion, to accomplish, what the policy of Russia has aim’d at for half a century.— believe me, Sir, with invariable respect & esteem—Your obedt Servant Th: Appleton RC (DLC); addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson, esq. Monticelli U:S: America”; with additional note in an unidentified

hand: “pr the Edward, D, Douglass capt Thomas Morgan via Philada”; stamped “SHIP”; franked; postmarked Philadel­

 474 

4 SEPTEMBER 1821 phia, 21 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with additional notation by TJ beneath endorsement: “my last. Apr. 16. May 25 “his July 7. 21. recd Oct. 1. Sep. 3. recd Dec. 30. capitels not recd remittce G. Raggi Rotunda Pini.” Enclosure: receipt from Elisabetta Mazzei Pini and Andrea Pini to TJ, Leg­ horn, 17 July 1821, indicating that from TJ through Appleton they had received 444 Spanish pesos duros, “un Anno di frutti sopra il Capitale che ritiene a Cam­ bio il sudetto Sigr Jefferson” (“the inter­ est for one year on the capital held by the aforesaid Mr. Jefferson”), and that the sum was received in cash (MS in DLC; in an unidentified hand, signed by Elisa­ betta Mazzei Pini and Andrea Pini; trans­ lation by Dr. Jonathan T. Hine). In 1821 the Greek independence move­ ment achieved early successes against the

Turks in the Peloponnese (the morea). The resulting turbulence in Constan­ tinople (later Istanbul) took the form of retaliatory attacks on Greeks and Greek Orthodox churches and the execution of the Orthodox patriarch, Gregorios V, in April of that year (Charles A. Frazee, The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece, 1821–1852 [1969], 26, 30, 33). Appleton regarded Mahmud II, sultan of the Otto­ man Empire, as far from the best of sovereigns. Following the execution of the patriarch, the russian minister, Baron Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov, was tasked with delivering a note from Alexander I of Russia to the Ottoman Empire requesting better treatment of the Orthodox faithful in its territory, repairs to damaged churches, and reparations for the killing. Stroganov left Constantinople without a written response from the Turks (Frazee, Orthodox Church, 36–9). Russia and Austria were the two great pow­ ers of the continent whose designs on the Ottoman Empire Appleton feared.

From James Breckinridge Dear Sir Fincastle Sep. 4th 1821 I return to you the notice for a special meeting of the Visitors of the University with my signature and am glad that our stated meeting is dispensed with for the reasons you assign. I am your Fd & Sert James Breckinridge RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 Aug. 1821.

Albemarle County Court Order in Jefferson v. Gilmore Thomas Jefferson         Plaintiff against    } Upon an Attachment Joseph Gilmer Defendant The Plaintiff having obtained an attachment against the Defen­ dant for the sum of Ten pounds and the Sheriff haveing returned the  475 

4 SEPTEMBER 1821

attachment executed on one negro girl Cornelia of the estate of the said Defendant; the Defendant was solemnly called, but came not; Therefore it is considered by the Court that the Plaintiff recover against the said Defendant the said sum of Ten pounds & five dollars & twenty five Cents the Costs by him in this behalf expended. And it is ordered that the Sheriff make sale of said attached effects according to Law, and out of the money arrising from such sale, pay and Satisfy this Judgment to the Plaintiff and restore the overplus (if any) to the Defendant, and return an account of the sale to the Court. MS (Albemarle Co. Order Book [1821– 22], 119); in an unidentified hand; dated 4 Sept. 1821 at head of day’s proceed­ ings; in left margin: “Plts Costs $5:25”; at foot of day’s proceedings: “Ordered that the Court be adjourned until Court in course. Signed John Watson.” TJ was en route from Poplar Forest to Monticello on this date and was appar­ ently represented in court by attorney Valentine W. Southall, to whom TJ paid $5 for his work on the case. On 16 Sept.

1821 Albemarle County deputy sheriff William Wertenbaker paid TJ £10 for “1.y.’s rent” and $4.67 in costs, for a total of $38. On 2 Oct. 1821 he paid TJ an additional $68.20, the remaining rent he was due from the estate of the recently deceased Gilmore, most of whose property had previously been conveyed to other creditors by deeds of trust. Following the payments to TJ, Wertenbaker returned the $6.97 overplus from the sale of Cor­ nelia to Gilmore’s estate (MB, 2:1378–9; Albemarle Co. Will Book, 7:172–3).

From Samuel Taylor Dr Sir Jefferson C[ty] V—a near Battle Town [ca. 4 Sept. 1821] I have a son whom I intend to send to college this fall or next spring, & I have no little desire that he should commence at our university—I therefore deem it expedient to address you (as provost of the institu­ tion) on the subject, whether the edifice will be open for the reception of youths this Autumn, & whether the institution will go into opera­ tion now, or next spring, or when? or any other information con­ nected with the object of this letter that you may think proper to impart, will be most thankfully received and duly appreciated—your advise whether I should detain my son for a while to Send him on to our Seminary, or not, will have its weight in determining me, as to the measures I may pursue—   Will a youth possess the Same or equal advantages in a Seminary newly organised, as he would in one long established?—I allude particularly to the Virginia University accept venerable Sir, the homage of my profound respects Samuel Taylor RC (CSmH: JF); undated; top edge chipped; endorsed by TJ as received 15

Sept. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John Barnes, 30 Nov.

 476 

6 SEPTEMBER 1821 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef­ ferson Esqr V=a near Charlottesville”; stamped; postmarked Battletown, 4 Sept. Recorded in SJL as an undated letter re­ ceived 15 Sept. 1821. Samuel Taylor (1775–1857), physician and planter, was born near Dover, Dela­ ware, studied medicine under James Craik in Alexandria, and finished his education in Philadelphia. He settled in 1797 in the vicinity of Battletown (later Berryville) in what later became Clarke County. Taylor served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. He was made a director of the Berryville and Charlestown turnpike in 1847. At the time of his death at his home in Berry­ ville, Taylor owned real estate and prop­ erty valued at $66,687.50, including forty­

three slaves (Thomas Condit Miller and Hu Maxwell, West Virginia and Its Peo‑ ple [1913], 3:1206; Robert A. Brock and Virgil A. Lewis, Virginia and Virginians [1888], 1:248; Hugh Milton McIlhany, Some Virginia Families [1903], 108; Wyndham B. Blanton, Medicine in Vir‑ ginia in the Eighteenth Century [1931], 79–80, 390; Alexandria Expositor, and the Columbian Advertiser, 28 Sept. 1803; DNA: RG 29, CS, Frederick Co., 1810, 1830, Jefferson Co., 1820, Clarke Co., 1840, 1850, 1850 slave schedules; Acts of Assembly [1846–47 sess.], 117 [22 Mar. 1847]; Washington Daily National Intel‑ ligencer, 12 Mar. 1857; gravestone inscrip­ tion in Grace Episcopal Church Ceme­ tery, Berryville; Clarke Co. Will Book, D:110–1, 122–4).

From Daniel Brent Dear Sir, Washington, 5 September 1821. A Box was left at this office (Department of State) by mr Sumter, our first Minister at Rio de Janeiro, upon his late arrival in the United States, for you, “to be delivered to your order,” which contains, I understand, samples of ores from the Brazils. I know not whether you are apprized of this Circumstance, or not—If you are not, I am happy in making you acquainted with it.   I have the Honor to be, with perfect Respect and Esteem, Dear Sir, your obedt & very hu: servant, Daniel Brent. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 10 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Brent, 11 Sept. 1821, on verso. RC: top half of address cover only (DLC), with FC of TJ to Samuel Craw­ ford, 29 Dec. 1822, on verso; bottom half

of address cover only (MHi), with Dft of TJ to William Short, 29 Dec. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson, Monti­ cello”; franked; postmarked Washington, 6 Sept.

From James Monroe Dear Sir Oak hill Sepr 6 1821 o Your letter of the 13. ult found me at the Shannon dale spring, to which I had carried1 my family on account of the indisposition of mrs Monroe & of our little gd child the daughter of mr Gouverneur.2 The duties which I had to perform,3 in this distressing occurrence, which  477 

6 SEPTEMBER 1821

terminated the day before yesterday, in the death of the infant, super­ added to those of the office I hold, prevented my giving an earlier answer to your letter. I undertake with great pleasure the trust you have committed to me, as well from my earnest desire to relieve you from every burden to which I may be in any degree equal, as to evince my profound respect for the character of General Kosciusko, to whose memory the Senate of Cracow propose to erect a statue, as a testimo­ nial of their sense of his exalted merit—of the prospect of success it is impossible for me to speak, with any confidence at this time. It was natural for the Senate of Cracow, & for the Polish nation, to look to the U States for support in such an undertaking, from the known devotion of our fellow citizens to the cause of liberty, & his important services to that cause in our country. But the great demand which has been & is still made on them, in various ways, in support of institu­ tions &4 measures, on which their highest interests depend, has been so sensibly felt, that a like attempt, in honor of the memory of Gen­ eral Washington, has recently failed in this state. nor has a statue, yet been erected, to his memory, by the nation. I will move in the affair with all the caution which you suggest, taking no step in it, without having previously communicated with the members of the adminis­ tration, availing myself of their council & aid informally. Abortive attempts should be avoided, although slight discouragments should not be yielded to. As soon as I have had communication, with the members of the administration, I will apprize you, of their sentiments on the subject. We returnd here yesterday from the Spring, & it is my intention to visit Albemarle as soon as some arrangments to be made here, of a private, & others at Washington of a public nature, will permit, where I shall be very happy to see you in good health, should your allotment for the summer not have taken you to Bedford.5 with great respect & sincere regard I am your friend & servant James Monroe RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William Radford, 30 Nov. 1822, on recto and verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; post­ marked. Dft (DLC: Monroe Papers); unsigned; endorsed by Monroe. Monroe’s granddaughter Hester Gou­ verneur, the daughter of Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur and Samuel L. Gou­

verneur, had recently died at the age of five months (Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 11 Mar. 1820, 11 Sept. 1821). The Virginia General Assembly passed resolutions on 16 Feb. 1816 and 22 Feb. 1817 to promote the creation of a monu­ ment in Virginia in honor of George washington. The resolutions called for the governor to ask Bushrod Washington to allow the state to move the remains of George Washington and his wife, Mar­ tha Dandridge Custis Washington, from

 478 

9 SEPTEMBER 1821 Mount Vernon to the proposed memorial, which was to be located in Richmond and funded by private subscription (Acts of Assembly [1815–16 sess.], 263; [1816–17 sess.], 201). As this project was being promoted, the architect Maximilian Gode­ froy exhibited in Richmond his designs for a monument to Washington in Balti­ more. Both the state’s efforts and those of Godefroy failed at this time. A large statue honoring the first president was eventually constructed on the grounds of the Virginia capitol between 1850 and

1869, but his body remained at Mount Vernon (Robert L. Alexander, The Archi‑ tecture of Maximilian Godefroy [1974], 132). 1 Dft:

“taken.” Dft Monroe here canceled “on whose acct more particularly, we were ad­ vised, to cross the mountain for exercise & change of air.” 3 Dft here adds “to my family.” 4 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 5 Dft ends here. 2 In

To Theodorus Bailey Monticello Sep. 9. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for your attention to my letter to mr Rush. it heightens the pleasure to recieve a kindness [fro]m those we most esteem. I must thank you too for mr [A]rden’s translation of the Tris­ tia of Ovid. altho’ past the age of poetic enthusiasm, I am yet happy to see the muses cultivated in my own country, and it’s native sons emulating the beauties of Roman song. believe me to be ever and affec­ tionately yours. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of William Charles Jarvis to TJ, 8 Sept. 1820; damaged at seal; at foot of text: “Mr Bailey”; endorsed by TJ.

To Thomas J. Gantt Sep. 9. 21.

Th:J. returns his thanks to mr Gantt and the 76. associan for the cop­ ies they have been so good as to send him of the orations of mr Elliott and mr Ramsay, & especially for the kindness of their expressions towds himself. if the times in which his lot happd to be cast have put some oppties in his way1 of bearing testimony to good principles he is abundantly rewarded by the zeal with which they are cherished by those to whom they are now commd. inculcated with the animn & eloquence of mr E. & mr R. they cannot fail to make deep & just im­ pression on the minds of their hearers, he prays mr Gantt & the 76. assocn to accept the assurance of his high respect Dft (MHi); dateline at foot of text; on verso of RC of Gantt to TJ, 24 Aug. 1821.

1 Reworked from “have given him the oppty.”

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From Louis Adrien Gruchet Monsieur Le Président, Philadelphie Le 9 7bre 1821. J’ai reçu la dernière lettre que vous m’avez fait l’honneur de m’écrire dans laquelle Se trouvait intercalée,1 le certificat que m’à donné un de mes anciens chefs; et J’ai à vous en remercier très humblement. A mon arrivée en cette ville, J’appris malheureusement, la mort de l’illustre Captif; Cette mort, m’a fait prendre la détermination, de me fixer aux Etats Unis pour jamais. Ayant exercé l’art militaire pendant les plus belles années de ma vie, et etant encore tout entier à cet art; ne pourrai­je pas être utile dans un arsenal. Il m’à été dit que Si j’étais protégé & appuyé Je par­ viendrais facilement à obtenir une place de garde d’artillerie à Phila­ delphie; place qui me convient d’autant plus, que c’est ma Sphère et que rien au monde ne peut mieux me convenir que ce poste la en ces contrées. Si vous voulez avoir la bonté Mr Le Président de me recommander à Mr J— Monroe a cet effet, Je vous en aurai un million d’obligations; peut être qu’à vôtre prière il aura des egards pour un étranger, Pau­ vre & malheureux, pour un homme enfin, Victimé pour prix2 de Sa fidélité, au plus malheureux des Conquérans que la terre ait Jamais produit. Daignez S’il vous plait monsieur, le Président, voir Si vous pouvez prendre Sur vous de me recommander; Je vous assure d’avance que vous n’aurez jamais à Vous plaindre du malheureux auquel Vous aurez accordé Vôtre protection, ni à vous repentir de m’avoir été utile. J’ai L’honneur d’être Monsieur Le Président & avec le plus pro­ fond respect Votre très humble & très obéissant Serviteur. Gruchet P.S les auteurs du libele Sont mr Wagner—& Mr Robertson de Richemond e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mr. President, Philadelphia 9 September 1821. I have received the last letter you did me the honor of writing, which en­ closed the certificate that my former superior had given to me. I have to thank you very humbly for it. On arriving in this city I unfortunately learned of the death of the illustri­ ous prisoner. This death made me decide to settle in the United States forever. Having practiced the military art during the best years of my life, and still being entirely devoted to it, could I not be useful in an arsenal? I was told

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9 SEPTEMBER 1821 that if I were protected and supported, I could easily obtain a position as an artillery guard in Philadelphia. Such an appointment would suit me all the better because it is in my field, and nothing on earth would suit me better than this post, located in this region. If you would have the goodness, Mr. President, to recommend me to Mr. J. Monroe for this purpose, I would be much obliged. Perhaps on your re­ quest he would show some consideration for a poor and unfortunate for­ eigner, a man, in short, victimized as the reward for his faithfulness to the most unfortunate conqueror that the world has ever produced. Please, Mr. President, deign to see if you could take it on yourself to rec­ ommend me. I assure you in advance that you will never have any reason to complain about the unfortunate man to whom you will have granted your protection, nor to regret having been useful to me. I have the honor to be, Mr. President, and with the deepest respect, your very humble and very obedient servant. Gruchet P.S. The authors of the libel are Mr. Wagner and Mr. Robertson of Richmond. RC (MHi); addressed: “Monsieur Monsieur thomas Jefferson ancien Prési­ dent des Et: U—a Monticello—Virginie”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 9 Sept.; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene.

l’illustre captif and plus mal­ heureux des conquérans both refer to Napoleon Bonaparte. 1 2

Manuscript: “intercallé.” Preceding two words added in margin.

To James Hamilton (1786–1857) Sep. 9. 21.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Hamilton for the copy of his oration on the 4th of July which he has been so kind as to send him, & especially for the kind sentiments towards himself expressed in the note accompanying it, he is happy to see in the oration of mr Hamil­ ton a warm adhesion to the genuine principles of the revolution, and trusts they will [be]1 handed down in all their purity from father to son thro’ ages to come, he salutes mr H. with great respect & esteem. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad­ dress cover of Thomas Cooper to TJ, 31 Aug. 1820; dateline at foot of text; en­ dorsed by TJ. Not recorded in SJL. James Hamilton (1786–1857), planter, entrepreneur, and public official, was born at Rice Hope plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. He studied in Newport, Rhode Island, and Dedham, Massachu­ setts, before returning to Charleston to

read law. Hamilton qualified as a lawyer in 1810 and began a practice, but he soon gave it up to become the secretary of Gov­ ernor Henry Middleton. Following the outbreak of the War of 1812, he served in the United States Army, 1812–15, leaving the service as a major. Hamilton again practiced law between 1819 and 1823 and embarked on a political career, winning a  special election to the South Carolina House of Representatives and serving from

 481 

9 SEPTEMBER 1821 1819 until 1822. In the latter year, when he was also intendant (analogous to mayor) of Charleston, Hamilton was a major figure in the prosecution of Denmark Vesey and others for an alleged slave conspiracy. He resigned from the South Carolina legisla­ ture following his election to fill a va­ cancy in the United States House of Rep­ resentatives, serving from 1822 until 1829 and chairing the Committee on Mili­ tary Affairs for his last three terms. Ham­ ilton’s growing support for Nullification while in Congress helped propel him to the governorship of South Carolina in 1830. He convened the South Carolina state convention on this subject and served as president of the body when it passed the Ordinance of Nullification in 1832. Eventually, however, Hamilton backed a compromise that lost him support with both Unionists and Nullifiers. He ended his second and final term as governor in 1832 and served as a state senator, 1834– 38. Hamilton engaged in numerous busi­ ness activities that often left his finances perilously overextended. He operated a mercantile firm, several plantations, a brickyard, and a rice mill, and he was a founder of the Bank of Charleston and its president, 1835–38. Hamilton also be­ came a prominent advocate for Texas, raising money and enlisting support for that fledgling nation and spending several years in Europe as its commissioner of loans. He took up residence on his Texas lands in 1855 but died when a ship he was on sank in the Gulf of Mexico (ANB; DAB; N. Louise Bailey and others, eds., Biographical Directory of the South Caro‑ lina Senate, 1776–1985 [1986], 1:641–5; NcU: Hamilton Papers; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:493; JEP, 2:250, 252 [13, 14 Apr. 1812]; Robert L. Meriwether, W.  Edwin Hemphill, Clyde N. Wilson, and others, eds., The Papers of John C.

Calhoun [1959–2003]; Jackson, Papers; New York Herald, 19 Nov. 1857; Wash­ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 28 Nov. 1857). TJ was extending his thanks for An Oration, delivered on the Fourth of July, 1821, before the Cincinnati and Revolu‑ tion Societies. by James Hamilton, Jun. a member of the Cincinnati. and published at their joint request (Charleston, 1821), which opines that European settlers in America were characterized by “toleration of peculiar and various forms of religious worship, and by a fervid attachment to all those branches of the Constitution of the mother­country, which wore even the semblance of freedom” (p. 5); praises the colonists for progressing to a population of two million individuals, “well educated, pious, resolute and discreet, fearing God, loving liberty” (p. 7); celebrates the “gal­ lant yeomanry” that fought in the Revolu­ tionary War (p. 8); argues that, following the Revolution, American political institu­ tions and liberties had evolved so far that they required only formal recognition; la­ ments the deaths of Oliver Hazard Perry and Stephen Decatur; suggests that the War of 1812 was necessary to improve the relationship between the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution; observes that partisan di­ vides in the United States are lessening, thanks in part to the presidency of James Monroe; lauds the Society of the Cincin­ nati for “a patriotism too lofty for the influence of party” (p. 19); and calls upon his young listeners to emulate renowned South Carolinians of previous generations. The note accompanying the oration is not recorded in SJL and has not been found. 1 Omitted

word editorially supplied.

To Frederick W. Hatch Monticello Sep. 9. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for the volume of the LXX sent me. the Pro­ legomena is the only part wanting in my copy. the Psalterion shall therefore be returned. but as I shall send the former to Richmond to  482 

9 SEPTEMBER 1821

be bound, I will take the liberty of sending the latter part also, and will return it to you bound[.] this being but the 2d vol. of the Prole­ gomena, I have still to seek for the 1st.   The last time I had the pleasure of s[e]eing1 you you mentioned that your future plan, as to your school, would be to take half a dozen boys, and board them. as it is more convenient for us to board ours at home, & their half year will be out on Thursday next, we will then withdraw them with our thanks for your past cares. their joining their elder brother at the same school will be a circumstance of some satisfaction to their parents. I understand that mr Horwitz is with you in Charlottesvill[e.] you will do me an acceptable favor in bringing him to dine at Monticello, with the assurance of my respect and request. any day of the week which suits your convenience will be equal to me[.] after that I shall be returning to Bedford for the rest of the autumn. ever & respect­ fully yours. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad­ dress cover of Cesario Bias to TJ, 21 Sept. 1820; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Revd mr Hatch”; endorsed by TJ. Frederick Winslow Hatch (1789–1860), clergyman and educator, was born in Blandford, Hampshire County (later Hampden County), Massachusetts. He studied under Bishop Thomas John Claggett in Baltimore and was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1811. Hatch embarked on his career in Edenton, North Carolina, where he was employed at a church and school, leading the latter from 1811 to 1812 and the for­ mer from 1811 until 1815. He returned to Baltimore before moving to Charlottes­ ville as rector of Fredericksville Parish in 1820. During his tenure there, Hatch conducted a small school and led a suc­ cessful campaign to raise funds for the construction of the first Episcopal church in Charlottesville. He also played an im­ portant role in TJ’s family, teaching his grandsons Benjamin F. Randolph, Meri­ wether Lewis Randolph, and James M. Randolph, and officiating at the weddings of his granddaughters Virginia J. Ran­ dolph Trist in 1824 and Ellen W. Ran­ dolph Coolidge the following year and at TJ’s funeral in 1826. Hatch moved in 1830 to Washington, D.C., where he was rector of Christ Church, Washington Par­ ish, 1830–35, and elected chaplain of the

United States Senate in 1833 and 1834. He subsequently served churches in Pough­ keepsie, New York; Southport (later Kenosha), Wisconsin; Saint Louis, Mis­ souri; and Marysville and Folsom, Cali­ fornia, where he officiated until his death (MS Hatch sermons and typescript biog­ raphy in CBGTU; Sketches of Church His‑ tory in North Carolina [1892], 256; Ethan Allen, Clergy in Maryland of the Protestant Episcopal Church Since the Independence of 1783 [1860], 32; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland [1882; repr. 2003], 1:507, 508; William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Vir‑ ginia [1857], 2:51–3; Richmond Enquirer, 21 Sept. 1824, 24 June 1825; Anne E. Burder, “Evangelical Episcopalian Archi­ tecture: Christ Church, Charlottesville,” MACH 55 [1997]: 17–37; Jennie Thorn­ ley Grayson, “Old Christ Church, Char­ lottesville, Virginia, 1826–1895,” MACH 8 [1947/48]: 27–53; JS, 23:37, 38 [10 Dec. 1833]; 24:44, 47 [16 Dec. 1834]; MB, vol. 2, esp. pp. 1362, 1373, 1392; Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Epis‑ copal Church [1820]: 94; [1832]: 147; [1838]: 152; [1845]: 275; [1851]: 266; gravestone inscription in Sacramento City Cemetery). lxx: the Septuagint, with TJ probably referring to volumes from the edition by John Ernest Grabe. psalterion: Psal­ ter (OED). Benjamin F. Randolph and

 483 

9 SEPTEMBER 1821 Meriwether Lewis Randolph were en­ rolled in Hatch’s school on 13 Feb. 1821. They joined their elder brother, James M. Randolph, at the school of Thomas W. Maury on 17 Sept. 1821. All

three returned to Hatch’s school in Febru­ ary 1823 (MB, 2:1373, 1377, 1379, 1392). 1 Word

faint.

To Riègert Sir Sep. 9. 21. on my return after an absence of some weeks from home I find here your favor of Aug. 15. which must be my apology for this late acknolmt of it. I sincerely sympathise with the sufferings it so forcibly states, & wish it were in my power to alleviate them. but really I do not see that I can be useful to you in any way. entirely retired from the world, unmedling in it’s affairs & unconnected with it’s authori­ ties I am still1 further disqualified by the circumstance that I shall2 leave home again within 4. or 5. days to be absent during the rest of the autumn. I can only offer therefore my unavailing wishes that you may be able thro’ other channels to find the relief which I do not see within the limits of my competence. with my regrets for this circum­ stance accept the assurance of my great respect. Dft (MHi); on final page of RC of Riègert to TJ, 15 Aug. 1821; dateline at foot of text. 1

Word interlined.

2 Sentence to this point written below, after “therefore my,” and keyed to this place in text with a letter “a” in place of “and the less as I.”

To Thomas Whittemore Sep. 9. 21.

Th:J. returns his thanks to mr Whittemore for the copy of his oration on the 4th of July which he has been so kind as to send him.1 it is al­ ways matter of great gratifn2 to him to see the principles of the revoln avowed & cherished by those now charged with their preservn, & hopes they will be handed down3 in all their purity from genern to genern he salutes mr W. with great respect. Dft (MoSHi: TJC­BC); on address leaf of Whittemore to TJ, [ca. 14 Aug. 1821]; dateline at foot of text. Printed in Univer‑ salist Magazine 3 (1821): 62.

1 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 2 Universalist Magazine: “satisfaction.” 3 TJ here canceled “from father to son from.”

 484 

To John Barnes Dr Sir Monto Sep. 10. 21. On my late return from Bedford I found here your favor of Aug. 23.   in my lre to you of June 12. 19. I inclosed one to mr Politika which I requested you to read before delivery for your informn. it was too long for me to copy. the fact it explained was that the trust com­ mitted to me by Genl Kosciuzko’s will would take a much longer time to execute than I had to live: that moreover the claim from Poland espoused by himself, that from Switzerland & others rendering the property litigious, I had, as well to avoid implication in lawsuits my­ self, as to place the subject more convenient for the claimants trans­ ferred the administration on the will to Washington & cleared myself of it entirely. mr Wirt recd the papers from me & undertook to have an admr appointed, & I suppose the person subscribing the adver­ tisement you inclosed me, is that admr. with him therefore all claims on Kosciuzko’s property, & all accounts respecting it are to be settled. in the settlement of yours should my certificate of any facts be want­ ing I will cheerfully furnish it to you. my health is quite reestablished, and I hope yours continues good. our family joins in their respects to you, and I am as ever affectly yours. P.S. after writing the above I recieve a letter from mr Danl Brent of the off. of State, informing me mr Sumpter left there for me a box of minerals from Brazil. will you be so good as to have it put on board some vessel bound to Richmd addressing it to Capt Peyton my pres­ ent correspdt there & referring the master to him for all exps FC (DLC: TJ Papers, 220:39382); on verso of RC of Barnes to TJ, 23 Aug. 1821; in TJ’s hand.

To James Leander Cathcart Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 10. 21. On my return after an absence of some weeks from home, I find here your favor of Aug. 27. and learn from it, with great1 regret, the difficulties of your present situation. I can say with truth, and justice therefore requires me to say,2 that I considered your administration of our affairs, while Consul on the Barbary coast, as one of the most rigorous integrity; and that too in a situation wherein you might have appropriated what part you pleased of the funds confided to you, with­ out the possibility of detection. it is such a comfort to the government  485 

10 SEPTEMBER 1821

to know where they may 3 find an honest man to execute trusts for the public, that I was much pleased, after I left Washington, to hear that you were continued in the public service; and I am sorry that this has proved so little advantageous to you. I trust you will not be long left in your present situation. the applications for office are very numer­ ous, & press hardly on those who have the disposal of them. but there cannot fail to arise4 occasions whereon they will5 be glad to avail the public of your integrity and experience in business. and that this may come in time to relieve your wants I sincerely wish with assurances of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (DNA: RG 45, MLRSN); ad­ dressed (stained): “James L[ea]nder Cathcart esq. Washington”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 13 Sept. Dft (DLC); on verso of portion of a reused address cover from William J. Coffee to TJ. Tr (THer); in Cathcart’s hand; edge trimmed; docket by Cathcart reading, in part: “The original of those letters are in the public offices & can be procured if required.” Tr (MHi: Adams Papers): in Cathcart’s hand; at head of text: “Copy.” Tr (DLC: Madison Papers); in Cath­ cart’s hand; at head of text: “Copy.” Tr (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25); in an un­

identified hand; at head of text: “(Copy).” Tr (DNA: RG 107, ARACCA); in same unidentified hand; on verso of Tr of TJ to Abraham Baldwin, 10 Feb. 1802 (PTJ, 36:557); at head of text: “Copy.” Tr (MiEM: Charles William Cathcart Pa­ pers); in same unidentified hand. 1

Word not in DNA and MiEM Trs. Preceding seven words interlined in Dft, with “I should” in place of “me to.” 3 Instead of preceding two words, THer and DNA Trs read “to.” 4 THer Tr: “arrive.” 5 DNA and MiEM Trs: “would.” 2

From Frederick W. Hatch Dear Sir— [received 10 Sept. 1821] Dr Horwitz & myself will do ourselves the pleasure to wait on you tomorrow.— I send you by Lewis another Vol. of the 70—in which you will find more of the Art. wh you want, & to which you are very welcome.— The boys are good boys, & I feel attach’d to them, but the arrange­ ment you propose, will conduce not only to their satisfaction but to their greater improvement—especially as I am situated at present.— For your friendly sentiments & good wishes, I thank you, & I shall ever remain Affectionately Yours F W Hatch. RC (MHi); undated; addressed: “Thom­ as Jefferson Esquire Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Hatch revd mr” received 10 Sept. Recorded in SJL as re­ ceived 10 Sept. 1821.

lewis: TJ’s grandson Meriwether Lewis Randolph.

 486 

From Craven Peyton D. Sir. Monteagle Sept. 10th 1821. On the othar Side is a statement of Our Accompts leaveing a bal­ lance of Six hundred & Seven Dollars 86Cts exclusive of the Corn Accompt which I hope You will find Correct. shoud there be Any mistake pliase make the Correction. Your Draft On Thomas E. Ran­ dolph at sight will answar as I presume he will Draft On B. Peyton for the Amt who I no will, with pleasure pay eathar Yours or his Ordar for that or Any othar Amount You might think propar to draw for. with great Respect & Estem C. Peyton RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on p. 1, TJ’s en­ dorsement on p. 2, enclosure on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “Thomas

Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Craven Peyton Thomas Jefferson esq. To C. Peyton 1817. Feby. 7. To loan To 4044 lb1 Foddar at 6/– Interest to Octr 26. 1820— Cr 1818. Dcr. 10— By 1283 lb Pork at $8½ 1820— Apl 15. By a Sow Octr 26. By B. Peyton 1821— Mch 10.

[ca. 10 Sept. 1821] $1500 40– 50Cts. 1540. 50Cts 3. Y 261 D 334. 36 1874. 86 $109 5. 5.  500.   

Int. from Octr 26 to this date 4. M. 12. D By Ordar On B. Peyton this day

1821— Sept. 10—Int. from Mch 10—

7. M

T. J. Randolph esq. To C. Peyton 1820. Jany 7. To 28. B. Corn at 5$  $140. By Sundry Credits 76.33 63.67 MS (MHi); in Peyton’s hand; con­ joined with covering letter. 1 Manuscript,

here and below: “l.”

614. 5Cts 1260. 81 26– 85 1287. 66 700    587. 66 20. 20 $607. 862

2 Following this sum TJ added a note dated “ Sep. 22,” which gave the interest to that date as $1 and re­ corded payment to Peyton “By order this day on Thos E. Randolph for 608–86.”

 487 

To Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monto Sep. 10. 21. I have not seen mr T. E. Randolph but the moment I can see him, I will endeavor to get him to furnish me at least what will pay your balance. within a few days therefore I shall be able to write more definitely. I shall be glad to send for my sister Marks as soon as I know her readiness to return. affectionately yours Th: Jefferson RC (Don Wartella, Woodstock, N.Y., 2018); addressed: “Craven Peyton esq. Mon­ teagle”; endorsed by Peyton: “Sept 10. 1821. $607.86.” Recorded in SJL with TJ’s additional bracketed notation: “will write him definitively soon.”

From A. & J. W. Picket Honoured sir, Baltimore, m.d. Sept 10, 1821 We address you on a Subject of vital importance; we mean the Subject of Female Education, which in our opinion has not received that attention which its intrinsic value merits.—To benefit, & place it on a more permanent basis, as far as our capabilities will allow, we intend to apply to the Legislature of mary land, at its next session, for means to erect a Female College. The importance of such an In­ stitution is universally seen & felt. It would, if properly conducted, tend greatly to the advantage of Female education, &, perhaps, be a means of bringing into existence in the various states, more of a Simi­ lar nature. Deeming it useless to remark on a Subject, to which you must have given much attention, we close with the request, that you will honour us with your opinion, of Such an establishment, as soon as convenient. With the highest regard, Yr. Mst Obt Servts A. & J. W. Picket. RC (MHi); in an unidentified hand, with closing and signature in a different unidentified hand; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 16 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Benjamin King, 12 Dec. 1822, on verso; addressed in a third un­ identified hand: “To The Honourable Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Baltimore, 10 Sept. An apparently unsuccessful petition pre­ sented to the legislature of mary land on 5 Dec. 1821 by “Albert Picket

and others, of the City of Baltimore,” re­ quested permission for a lottery “for the Establishment of a Female Academy” (Votes and Proceedings of the General As‑ sembly of the State of Maryland, at Decem‑ ber Session, 1821 [Annapolis, (1822)], 7). A letter of this date on the same subject was written to James Madison and signed by Albert Picket Sr., John W. Picket, and Albert Picket Jr. A similar letter to John Adams dated Baltimore, 8 Oct. 1821, was signed “A. & J. W. Picket” (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:380–1; MHi: Adams Papers).

 488 

To Daniel Brent Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 11. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of Sep. 5. and now request of mr Barnes to call on you for the box of ores Etc from Brazil, and to for­ ward them by water to Richmond. Having my pen in my hand, and a little subject of enquiry in Wash­ ington I trespass on your kindness1 to make it for me. the busts of messrs Madison & Monroe were made in plaister & of full size by a mr Cardelli an Italian artist who did some work at the Capitol. I am told they are to be had at Washington. will you be so good as to en­ quire & inform me whether they are to be had, and at what price? pardon this trouble and accept assurances of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP). FC (DLC); on verso of RC of Brent to TJ, 5 Sept. 1821; in TJ’s hand; unsigned. Not recorded in SJL.

1 Preceding two words reworked from “you” in FC.

To John Adams Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 12. 21. I am just returned from my other home, and shall within a week go back to it for the rest of the autumn. I find here your favor of Aug. 20. and was before in arrear for that of May 19. I cannot answer, but join in, your question, of May 19. Are we to surrender the pleasing hopes of seeing improvement in the moral and intellectual condition of Man? the events of Naples & Piedmont cast a gloomy cloud over that hope: and Spain & Portugal are not beyond jeopardy. and what are we to think of this Northern triumvirate, arming their nations to dictate despotisms to the rest of world? and the evident connivance of En­ gland, as the price of secret stipulations for continental armies, if her own should take side with her malcontent and pulverised people? and what of the poor Greeks, and their small chance of amelioration even if the hypocritical Autocrat should take them under the iron cover of his Ukazes. would this be lighter or safer than that of the Turk? these, my dear friend, are speculations for the new generation, as, before they will be resolved, you and I must join our deceased brother Floyd. yet I will not believe our labors are lost. I shall not die without a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance. we have seen indeed once1 within the records of history a compleat eclipse of the human mind continuing for centuries. and this too by swarms of the same  489 

12 SEPTEMBER 1821

Northern barbarians, conquering and taking possession of the coun­ tries & governments of the civilized world. should this be again at­ tempted, should the same Northern hordes, allured again by the corn,2 wine, and oil of the South, be able again to settle their swarms in the countries of their growth, the art of printing alone, and the vast dis­ semination of books, will maintain the mind where it is, and raise the conquering ruffians to the level of the conquered, instead of degrading those to that of their conquerors. and even should the cloud of barba­ rism and despotism again obscure the science and liberties of Eu­ rope, this country remains to preserve and restore light and liberty to them. in short, the flames kindled on the 4th of July 1776. have spread over too much of the globe to be extinguished by the feeble engines of despotism. on the contrary they will consume those engines, and all who work them. I think with you that there should be a school of instruction for our navy as well as artillery; and I do not see why the same establishment might not suffice for both. both require the same basis of general mathematics, adding projectiles & fortification for the artillery exclu­ sively, and Astronomy & the theory of navigation exclusively for the Naval students. Bezout conducted both schools in France, and has left us the best book extant for their joint & separate instruction. it ought not to require a separate professor. A 4th of July oration delivered in the town of Milford in your state gives to Samuel Chase the credit of having ‘first started the cry of independance in the ears of his countrymen.’ do you remember any thing of this? I do not. I have no doubt it was uttered in Massachusets even before it was by Thomas Paine. but certainly I never considered Samuel Chase as foremost, or even forward in that hallowed cry. I know that Maryland hung heavily on our backs, & that Chase, altho’ first named, was not most in unison with us of that delegation, either in politics or morals. et c’est ainsi que l’on ecrit l’histoire!   Your doubt of the legitimacy of the word gloriola is resolved by Cicero, who in his letter to Lucceius expresses a wish ‘ut nosmetipsi vivi gloriola nostra perfruamur.’ affectly Adieu Th: Jeff[erson] RC (MHi: Adams Papers); signature, clipped, supplied from PoC, where it is faint; endorsed by Adams. PoC (DLC); trimmed; several words rewritten by TJ to supply text lost due to polygraph misalignment. The northern triumvirate was the Holy Alliance of Austria, Prussia, and

Russia. The hypocritical autocrat was Alexander I of Russia. et c’est ainsi que l’on ecrit l’histoire: “and thus is history written.” ut nosmetipsi vivi gloriola nos­ tra perfruamur: “to enjoy my modi­ cum of glory myself before I die.” Quo­ tation, with a minor variation, is from Cicero to Lucius Lucceius, letter 22 (V.12)

 490 

15 SEPTEMBER 1821 in Cicero, Letters to Friends, ed. and trans. David R. Shackleton Bailey, Loeb Classi­ cal Library (2001), 1:164–5.

 1 Word interlined. 2 Omitted comma at right margin edi­ torially supplied.

To Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Monto Sep. 12. 21. I have some debts here which press very sorely on me;1 for the paymt of which my only resource is my cash balance at ye mill. and my return to Bedford moreover depending on their payment I am obliged to trouble you with the subject.   mr C. Peyton to whom I have abt 600.D to pay wrote me 2. days ago that you would accept my ord. in his favor which would suit him. I did not chuse however to give it without knowing that it would suit you also. I have there­ fore not yet answered him definitively. ever & aff ly your’s Th:J. Dft (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos E. Randolph esq.”; subjoined to unsent RC of TJ to Randolph, 16 Aug. 1821; en­ dorsed by TJ.

A missing letter of 10 Sept. 1821 from Randolph to TJ is recorded in SJL as re­ ceived 15 Sept. 1821 from Ashton. 1

Remainder of sentence interlined.

From Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monteagle Sept 15th 1821 I have asked M. Dauzn in my absence to receave the money or Draft agreeable to the Undarstanding Yestarday, I do asshear, You, nothing but my necessity induces me to call, You expressed a wish for Mrs Marks to return before You, went to Bedford, She has had every kind attention paid her possible & appears fond of my Daughters very suitly remarking we lived retired & at times very lonesome, haveing no neighbours, for nothing woud induce me, to make neighbours of those I aught not. She has furthar repeatedly said in my presants she wished much to see her Brothar & all the family, I have invariably replied, we nevar shoud be tired of her Company, Yet at Any time she woud say my Carriage was at her service, She replied by saying you & the Family, was always with company and She woud stay a week or two longer, I was One day very much alarmed whilst You was at Bedford, her being So unwell, & shoud of sent for Your Grandson had he of been at home, On the subject of her will on nameing that  491 

15 SEPTEMBER 1821

subject to her, she was of the opinion her will was made & you had it this was all I wished to no well knowing it was a subject only between You & her, my Idea is Our retirement is pleasing to her, for Certainly no Family nevar was more doted on, then Yours is by her, during our acquaintance & transacting buisiness togethar for twenty odd years & during that time no variatin in, me, in any way whatevar, has suffi­ ciently proved to You, My being incapable of any Conduct that You woud1 not highly approve, & shoud I be the longest liver, My fealing of gratitude for, you is such, that I shoud take great delight, in pro­ moting the Interest of Any persons Connected, to You, Yet I no some who are enjoying your Confidence & favours who nevar felt gratitude Most Sincerely C. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. A missing letter of 13 Sept. 1821 to TJ from Martin Dawson (m. dauzn) is re­

corded in SJL as received the same day from Milton. your grandson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph. 1

Word interlined.

From Tarlton Saunders Dear Sir Lynchburg 15th Septemr 1821. I have seen Mr Edward Bolling on the Subject of Colo John Bol­ lings debt to Mr Lyle, and the Bond assigned by you, he is not dis­ posed to come to any liquidation of these claims, I have therefore directed a Suit to be brought against him in the Superior Court of Chancery for a Settlement of his administration account, on his Fa­ thers Estate, who made ample provision in his will, for the payment of all his debts. I have directed that the Bond to you shall be claimed by the Bill of the administrator, as assignee, if this course meets your approbation be pleased to write me to Newbern, montgomery County Va, should you not approve of the steps to be taken, from thence I will direct your claim to be omitted, I assure you Sir, I think this is the only mode by which the debt can be recovered, with much esteem and respect I remain Dear Sir Your Mo ob Servt Tarlton Saunders PS I trouble you with this Communication, as it will be some time in novemr before I can get around to Charlottesville and I wish the subpoenas served in time for the Jany Term. novr 6th, finding this Letter still at Charlottesville, please write me to Richmond, your wishes & oblige [. . .] Saunders  492 

16 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); with Dft of TJ to James Madison, 24 Feb. 1823, on verso; contains 6 Nov. postscript and top half of address cover; mutilated at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire.” TJ and Saunders met on 16 June 1821 to arrange the settlement of TJ’s debt to James Lyle (1798–1850). At that time TJ signed over to Saunders a bond, dated 4 June 1794, to himself from his brother­ in­law John Bolling for the sum of £52– 19–8 in current money of Virginia “for value recieved,” with interest to accrue from 6 Mar. 1790. The original agreement stipulated that unless payment was made

before 1 June 1795, “the penal sum” of £106 would become due (MB, 2:1376; bond filed with Administrator of James Lyle (1726–1812) v. Executor of John Bol‑ ling et al. [Vi: Petersburg Chancery Causes, case 1842­037; in TJ’s hand, signed and sealed by Bolling and wit­ nessed by John Wayles Eppes; with TJ’s signed declaration on verso that “I assign the within to James Lyle”; docketed in a clerk’s hand]). In his capacity as adminis­ trator of James Lyle (1726–1812), Saun­ ders included the bond with his support­ ing materials when he filed suit in August 1822 against Edward Bolling as executor of John Bolling. The case was not de­ cided in TJ’s lifetime (Petersburg Chan­ cery Causes, case 1842­037).

To Thomas Cooper and John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 16. 21. The shortness of the time now left to Francis1 for the pursuit of Academical studies, calls for extreme parcimony in the employment of the portion of it which still remains to him: and I am rendered more anxious for the economy of this remnant by information re­ cieved from him, of which I was not before apprised. it seems2 there is a distinction in the College of Columbia between what are called regular, and irregular students: that the former are held to a system­ atic course of studies, embracing all the branches of science taught in that college; and that they recieve a Diploma as the crown of their attainments; while the latter are at liberty to devote their time to those sciences only which will be useful in the particular line of life they expect to pursue; but recieve no Diploma. unaware of this distinction, he has hitherto been arrayed in the rank of regular students, which has economised his time less rigorously than it’s scantiness required. the sciences useful for him may be divided into those which require the aid of an Academical apparatus and instruction, and those which he may acquire himself by a judicious course of reading after quitting college. the former comprise Mathematics, astronomy, Natural phi­ losophy, and the several branches of chemistry: to which I should add Botany & Anatomy if taught at Columbia. the self­acquirable are Zoology, geography, history, politics, Law natural and municipal,  493 

16 SEPTEMBER 1821

ethics, ideology, belles lettres generally, & Rhetoric particularly. in the exercises of this last I know the value of the judicious criticisms of a qualified judge of style and composition. but time being wanting, this is one of the desirable things for which he must trust to himself here­ after. the ensuing year therefore I think he should3 employ exclu­ sively on Algebra & Fluxions, the geometry of strait lines and of the Cone, astronomy, physics, & chemistry: and, should these be too much for the year, as I fear they may, fluxions & the Conic sections may be omitted, as least likely to be called for in the probable pursuits of his life. this relinquishes the honorary distinction of a Diploma, a good enough thing to excite the ambition of youth to study, but, in modern estimation, no longer worth tacking, by it’s initials even, to one’s name; and certainly not worth the sacrifice of a single useful science. he tells me that Cavallo’s Natural Philosophy is that used at College. I advise him therefore, in his leisure hours, to carry on the same sub­ jects in Haüy’s4 Physique elementaire, an abler and more recent work than Cavallo’s. I expect in autumn, a copy of Haüy,5 of Biot’s astron­ omy, & Dumeril’s Natural history, which I wrote for, to Paris, for him, knowing he could not get them in America. in the mean time I ob­ serve there is a copy of Haüy6 in the7 College library. When he enters on the study of the law (if that be8 his choice) as no human mind can apply itself with advantage to the same subject constantly, the sciences omitted at College may be carried on con­ comitantly with that of the Law. from 4. to 6. hours aday are enough for the Law.9 Anatomy, zoology, geography, history, politics, belles lettres, rhetoric and ethics, may each have their allotted hours. botany may amuse his rambles for exercise: and all may be attained within the period necessary for such a course of law­reading as will make a man respectable in that profession, and in the Senates of his country.10 [Remainder in PoC to Cooper only:] On the subject of our University, F. Eppes will be able to inform you of the progress of our buildings. all of them will be compleated by the spring, except the one intended for a Library. but when the institu­ tion will be opened will depend on our legislature. after they shall liberate our annuity by a remission of the loan they made us on the hypothecation of that, we shall still require a year to get professors into place. Accept assurances of my constant esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); dateline and closing added in a different ink; with unrelated notations in an unidentified hand on sec­

ond page. PoC of RC to Cooper (DLC); mutilated; at foot of first page: “Dr Coo­ per”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded sepa­

 494 

16 SEPTEMBER 1821 rately in SJL as letters to Cooper and Eppes. 1 Instead of preceding five words, PoC to Cooper reads “term left to my grand­ son Francis Eppes.” 2 Instead of preceding two words, PoC to Cooper reads “he tells me.”  3 Instead of preceding four words, PoC to Cooper reads “we would wish him to.”

4 RC: “Hauÿ’s.” PoC to Cooper: “Haüy’s.” 5 RC: “Hauÿ.” PoC to Cooper: “Haüy.” 6 RC: “Hauÿ.” PoC to Cooper: “Haüy.” 7 PoC to Cooper: “your.” 8 Instead of preceding three words, PoC to Cooper reads “which I believe is.” 9 Sentence not in PoC to Cooper. 10 RC to Eppes ends here with “ever and affectionately yours” and signature.

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 16. 21. I have no doubt you have occasionally been led to reflect on the character of the duty imposed by Congress on the importation of books. some few years ago, when the tariff was before Congress, I engaged some of our members of Congress to endeavor to get the duty repealed, and wrote on the subject to some other acquaintances in Congress, and pressingly to the Secretary of the treasury. the effort was made by some members with zeal and earnestness, but it failed. the Northern colleges are now proposing to make a combined effort for that purpose, as you will see by the inclosed extract of a letter from mr Ticknor, asking the cooperation of the Southern and West­ ern institutions, & of our university particularly. mr Ticknor goes so ably into all the considerations justifying this step, that nothing need be added here, & especially to you: and we have only to answer his questions, Whether we think with them on the subject of the tax? what should be the extent of the relaxation sollicited? what mode of proceeding we think best? and whether we will cooperate in our visi­ tatorial character? I must earnestly request your thoughts on these questions, fearful of answering them unadvisedly, and on my own opinions alone. I think that another measure, auxiliary to that of petitioning might be employed with great effect. that is for the several institutions, in their corporate capacities, to address letters to their representatives in both houses of Congress, recommending the proposition to their advocation. such a recommendation would certainly be respected, and might excite to activity those who might otherwise be indifferent and inactive. and in this way a great vote, perhaps a majority might be obtained. there is a consideration going to the injustice of the tax which might be added to those noticed by mr Ticknor. books constitute  495 

16 SEPTEMBER 1821

capital. a library book lasts as long as a house, for hundreds of years. it is not then an article of mere consumption, but fairly of capital, and often in the case of professional men, setting out in life, it is their only capital. now there is no other form of capital which is first taxed 18. per cent on the gross, and the proprietor then left to pay the same taxes in detail with others whose capital has paid no tax on the gross. nor is there a description of men less proper to be singled out for extra­taxation. mr Ticknor, you observe asks a prompt answer; and I must ask it from you for the additional reason that within about a week I set out for Bedford to remain there till the approach of winter. be so good as to return me also the inclosed extract and to be assured of my constant & affectionate friendship. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers); at foot of first page: “Mr Madison.” PoC (DLC); on otherwise blank sheet with a wax seal; damaged at seal; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: extract of George Tick­ nor to TJ, 1 Sept. 1821. For TJ’s previous efforts to encourage Virginia’s members of congress to re­

peal tariff duties on books and wines and the successful reduction of the wine tariff, see William A. Burwell to TJ, 28 Nov. 1818, and note. TJ also wrote about tariffs on wine to secretary of the trea­ sury William H. Crawford on 10 Nov. 1818.

From James Barbour Dear Sir Barboursville Septr 17th 21 r This will be presented you by M Lewis who is desirous of obtain­ ing a Situation in the university—I have not the pleasure of any ac­ quaintance with Mr Lewis—but he is strongly recommended to me by a much esteemed friend for his moral qualities—his capacity for the situation, to which he aspires will be for yourself to decide—I Suggested to him that I was apprehensive the university was scarcely in Sufficient forwardness—he hopes otherwise and wishes to be at least in time, lest he should be anticipated I tender you my respects James Barbour RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sept. 1821, with additional bracketed notation: “by mr Lewis,” and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address

cover only; with PoC of TJ to Robert Greenway, 12 Dec. 1822, on verso; ad­ dressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello” by “Mr Lewis.”

 496 

From John Barnes My Dear Sir— Geo Town Coa 18th Sepr 1821. r th Your Esteemed fav 10 gave me great pleasure—it Assured me— your restablished health confirmed, by your late return from Bedford, as usually—for mine—early in April, I experienced a serious indis­ position by the timely Assistance of Doctr Worthington & son—Mrs Redcliff & trusty Abigail—in course of 3 weeks. (tho not as family)1— able, to walk to the Capital for Amusemt—to the Bank of Columbia fatigues me, Otherwise—save my imperfect hearing I have great—very great reason indeed!—and Am, most Assuredly—truly thankfull—for the Numberless Mercies—and Blessings—Undeservedly—I have and still daily injoy—reading—one of my greatest comforts—together with those about me—for business—&a &a—Obliging and contented—makes mine, Under all my infirmities—as much so as can be expected— with referance to the unsettled Claims from our departed friend— whenever the Authorized Agent Applies—I shall meet him, with all due respect and frankness. explain to him—the Appeart State of his Accots of which, doubtless they’re already Apprized (not, that—I hold my self—accountable altogether2 to them) but to you and—as such—I shall—with pleasure render to them—as I would—and should—do— Unto your self I sent yesterday and received from Mr Brent the Box of Menerils Mr Sumpter—brought from Brazils and shall reship for Richmond to the Care of Capn Peyton per 1st favorable Vessel—there is one expected to leave this—in abt 3 days— most Respectfully, be Assured—I am ever Sir—your Obedt servant, John Barnes, RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 16 Sept. 1821 received three days later and so recorded in SJL, but referred to by TJ in his response of 25 Sept. 1821 as a letter of 18 Sept. 1821 received 25 Sept. 1821. RC: top half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to Elbridge Gerry (1793–1867), 23 Nov. 1822, on verso; bot­ tom half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 24 Nov. 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr—Monticello—Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Georgetown, 19 Sept.

doctr worthington & son were the physicians Charles Worthington and his son Nicholas W. Worthington (RCHS 33/34 [1932]: 147–8). mrs redcliff: Mrs. Ratcliff (Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 21 Feb. 1825). our de­ parted friend: Tadeusz Kosciuszko. The authorized agent for settling Kos­ ciuszko’s estate was Benjamin L. Lear. 1 Thus in manuscript, with “formerly” probably intended. Omitted closing pa­ renthesis editorially supplied. 2 Word interlined.

 497 

From David Isaacs Sir 19th Septr 1821 I am sorry you get disapointed in the Beef this morning, the morn­ ing was Cool and the Costomers tooke largely of the hind qurs so that there is none fit to sent you—to morrow evening there will another one be Killed you my if you Please sent Friday morning and a hind qur Shall be put aside for you  

I sent you the Tallow in the Stand 59½℔ Gross the stand weighs 15℔—so there is 44½℔ Nett Tallow 15 you can have the stand returned when Empty 44½ yours Respectfully David Isaacs NB I sent you a Peice of the fore qur Perhaps it may be of Service till Friday D. Isaacs1 ℔ d   Tallow 44½ 9 5.56½ Beef 32℔ 4½2 2. Sep. 21.29 4½ 7.56½ 1.82 44½ 9.38½ 9 400½ 33.4½ 5.56 RC (MHi); dateline beneath first sig­ nature; with ending of postscript in TJ’s hand; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson Montecelloe”; endorsed by TJ, with his additional notation: “7.56½.” A stand is an “open tub” or “a barrel set on end” (OED).

On 28 Sept. 1821 TJ recorded paying Isaacs & Lee $11.95 for tallow and beef (MB, 2:1379). 1 Beneath signature TJ here wrote “.56.”

2 Final column of numbers and all text below this are in TJ’s hand.

From Benjamin L. Lear Sir, Washington 19 Sept 1821. Mr Wirt has probably informed you that he had transfered to me the papers wh: you sent him relative to the Estate of Genl Kosciuszko, and requested me to administer upon it, as you had desired him to  498 

19 SEPTEMBER 1821

transfer it to Some other person, if he could not himself conveniently undertake it.— I have now the honor to inform you; Sir, that I have received Let­ ters of administration with the will annexed, after having given Bond with the most Satisfactory Security for the faithful performance of the trust. my object therefore in troubling you with this letter, Sir, is to request that you will be so good as to furnish me with the certificates of the Stock held by Genl K. both in the Public funds & the Bank of Columbia, that I may lay them before the appraizers appointed by the Orphan’s Court, to ascertain the value of the personal Estate left by Genl K. As this is a trust of considerable importance, & one in wh: you, Sir, must feel Some interest, I will avail myself of this occasion, (altho’ I may obtrude a longer letter upon you than I ought,) to mention the manner in wh: I intend to proceed. As I am sensible that nothing so much embarrasses the faithful execution of such trusts, as the con­ verting property into money & then suffering the funds to mingle indiscriminately with others, & become liable to be divested to other uses, until they are at length irretrievable, I have resolved, upon re­ ceiving the Certificates of Stock, & after an appraizment of it, to de­ posit them in the hands of one of my sureties in the Bond & there let them remain till the Court shall order a sale of some of the Stock. I shall thus place the funds far enough out of my own reach, to avoid the embarrassment above mentioned, and what is scarcely less dan­ gerous, in these peculiar days of immoral influences, the temptation wh: no one ought to encounter unnecessarily, since we have seen how many strong men have yielded.— In addition to the public notice in the newspapers of my adminis­ tration, I have, already written to Genl Armstrong & he has appointed Counsel to prosecute his claim in the Orphan’s Court here.—I shall notify Mr Politica, on his return to this place, to take a similar step in behalf of Major Estuo, the nephew of Genl K.—& shall write by the first opportunity to Mr Zeltner, to prosecute his claim.—For I am resolved to decide nothing myself in relation to the several claims but let them interplead & contest them in the Orphan’s Court, taking ap­ peals if they please, to a superior tribunal, & not to pay one Dollar to any one, without the authority & order of the Court, that I may exon­ erate myself & sureties1 from all future responsibility not only legal but moral.— If none of the claims shd be allowed by the Court, then a question may arise how far the will can be executed compatibly with the Laws of Virginia & Maryland,—wh: regard with jealousy the education of  499 

19 SEPTEMBER 1821

that description of persons, to the extent provided for by the Will. If the will shd be defeated on such ground, the funds would probably be subject to a Law of Maryland wh: provides, that all funds remaining in the hands of Executors or administrators & wh: cannot be appro­ priated legally to any other purpose, shall go into the fund for the sup­ port of schools.—In any event I shall always avail myself of the Counsel of my good friend Mr Wirt, and your own, if you will permit me, Sir, to do so, not only in this particular, but in any other emergency wh: may arise in the progress of the business.— I called to day upon the worthy Mr Barnes. He offers me Every facility in his power & promises me an account of his transactions, in the business, as soon as I shall receive the Certificates of Stock. He speaks with enthusiasm of Genl Kosciuszko, and gave me as kind a  reception as if I had been his relation, instead of his mere legal representative.— With the highest respect & esteem, I am,   Sir, Your faithful & most ob: St: Benjamin L. Lear. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jef­ ferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s calculations adjacent to signature computing the total value of Tadeusz Kos­ ciuszko’s investments, related to his 25 Sept. 1821 response. Benjamin Lincoln Lear (1791–1832), attorney, was born in Philadelphia while his father, Tobias Lear, was serving there as George Washington’s aide. Following the death of his mother and his father’s departure for Europe, he resided with relatives in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Lear reunited briefly with his father as a child, first in Washington, D.C., and later in Saint Domingue, before enrolling in 1803 at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Three years later he en­ tered Harvard University, but he was dis­ missed and finished his degree at Bow­ doin College, graduating in 1810. Lear read law with Prentiss Mellen in Portland in the district (later state) of Maine before joining his father in Algiers in 1812. The family relocated to Washington, D.C., where Lear was practicing law by 1815. He became secretary of the Columbian In­ stitute three years later and a director of the Bank of the Metropolis in 1821. That same year Lear was named administrator

of Tadeusz Kosciuszko’s estate and corre­ sponded briefly with TJ on the subject. In 1823 he visited Monticello, where TJ reportedly approved of his ultimately un­ successful plan to use Kosciuszko’s funds to emancipate and educate slaves and re­ locate them to Africa. At the time of his death in Washington, Lear owned mul­ tiple houses and two lots there, as well as property in Portsmouth (Ray Brighton, The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear [1985]; Washington, Papers, Pres. Ser., 8:20; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 6:327; Biographical Catalogue of the Trustees, Teachers and Students of Phillips Academy Andover, 1778–1830 [1903], 49; General Catalogue of Bowdoin College and the Medical School of Maine: A Biographi‑ cal Record of Alumni and Officers, 1794– 1950 [1950], 46; Washington Daily Na‑ tional Intelligencer, 24 Jan. 1815, 7 Nov. 1818, 2 Oct. 1832; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washington, 1820, 1830; Washing‑ ton Gazette, 6 July 1821; William Wirt to TJ, 20 July 1823; Lear to Thomas Jef­ ferson Randolph, 15 Sept. 1826 [ViU: Randolph Family Papers]; Wesley E. Pippenger, comp., District of Columbia Probate Records: Will Books 1 through 6, 1801–1852, and Estate Files, 1801–1852 [2003], 178–9; gravestone inscription in Congressional Cemetery, Washington).

 500 

20 SEPTEMBER 1821  For the public notice of Lear’s ad­ ministration of Kosciuszko’s estate, see John Barnes to TJ, 23 Aug. 1821, and note. major estuo: Stanislaw Estko.

that description of persons: Afri­ can Americans. 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

From Daniel Drew Right honourable sir Lake Landing Septemr 20th 1821 having been informed in Philadelphia that there was a College built under your Auspices & patronage in Virginia, I take the liberty of applying to you as a Candidate of Professor of langauges in that institution. I have in my possession introductory letters to you from Mathy Carey esq Philadelphia with other testimonials of capacity & conduct, but i shall leave it to your better judgement to decide of my qualifications. if you should encourage me to go on to Virginia; i left Philadelphia last April with a private family for North Carolina where i now re­ side. I was educated in the College of Dublin Ireland, you would oblige me very much as being a stranger & i hope of some merit if you would give me a situation in that or some other literary institution. I am with the greatest respect your humble and obedient servant Daniel Drew Ps If you should condescend to write to me, you will direct your letter to me to Lake Landing North Carolina— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 9 Sept. 1821 received 23 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Daniel Drew, educator, studied in Dublin, Ireland, before becoming a pri­ vate tutor in Philadelphia. He then moved to New Bern, North Carolina, where he taught classics at the New Bern Academy

and took private students from Septem­ ber 1821 until at least the end of 1824 (Mathew Carey to TJ, 18 Apr. 1821; New Bern Carolina Sentinel 24 Jan., 23 Oct. 1824; Mary Ellen Gadski, The History of the New Bern Academy [1986], 76, 78–9; Stephen F. Miller, “Recollections of New­ bern Fifty Years Ago,” Our Living and Our Dead 1 [1874]: 339).

From Thomas Fairfax Sir— Near Prospect Hill Fairfax Co Sepr 20th 1821.— Having been long desirous of knowing the progress of the Univer­ sity of Virginia, and whether it will be ready for the reception of students this Autumn and having in vain sought for information else­ where, I am at length induced, though with reluctance, to trouble you  501 

20 SEPTEMBER 1821

with this, to request the favour of a line from your Amanuensis on the subject.— I have three sons who are waiting to hear whether there is any prospect of admission with suitable accommodations in the course of a few months, as otherwise they will have to turn their views to some northern Seminary— I am Sir very respectfully Tho: Fairfax RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Fairfax, 16 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. Thomas Fairfax (1762–1846), land­ owner, was a native of Virginia who in­ herited large tracts of land in the north­ ern part of the state and lived the majority of his life in Fairfax County and Alexan­ dria. In 1802 he became 9th Baron Fair­ fax of Cameron, but he evidently did not use the Scottish title. Fairfax built a house called Ash Grove in Fairfax County in about 1790, and he later moved to another property in the county called Vaucluse, giving Ash Grove to a son. In religion he was a Swedenborgian. Fairfax supported the American Colonization Society and emancipated several slaves during his life­ time. In 1840 five slaves, possibly rented, lived in his household. Fairfax died at Vaucluse. He left an extensive estate, in­ cluding a house and lot in Alexandria, stock, and bank shares (Kenton Kilmer and Donald Sweig, The Fairfax Family in

Fairfax County [1975], 43, 46, 48; Louise Pecquet du Bellet, Some Prominent Vir‑ ginia Families [1907], 2:177–8; WMQ, 1st ser., 18 [1910]: 283–6; 2d ser., 7 [1927]: 87, 89, 90; Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Wash‑ ington [1976–79], 5:17; Washington, Pa‑ pers, Pres. Ser., 12:442; Fairfax, Journey from Virginia to Salem, Massachusetts, 1799 [1936]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Fairfax Co., 1810, 1820, 1840, Alexandria, 1830; American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States [later the American Colonization Soci­ ety], Annual Report 14 [1831]: unnum­ bered page following p. 32; Alexandria Gazette, 23 Apr. 1846; Fairfax Co. Will Book, U:382–5, X:205–22, Z:208–9; gravestone inscription in Ivy Hill Ceme­ tery, Alexandria). Fairfax’s three sons, Orlando Fair­ fax, Henry Fairfax, and Albert Fairfax, were among the earliest students at the University of Virginia (Nash, Students of the University of Virginia).

From James Madison Dear Sir Montpellier Sepr 20. 1821. d th I rec yesterday yours of the 16 inclosing the paper from Mr Tick­ nor, on the tax imposed on Books imported. He has taken a very comprehensive and judicious1 view of the subject. The remark you add to it is a proper one also; that books being a permanent property ought not to be taxed whilst other permanent property is exempt, both in the acquisition and possession. I have always considered the tax in question as an impolitic and disreputable measure; as of little account in point of revenue, and as a sacrifice of intellectual improvement to mechanical profits. These two considerations however produced the tax and will be the obsta­  502 

20 SEPTEMBER 1821

cles to its removal. of the precise2 amount it yields to the revenue I have no knowlege. It cannot I presume be such as to weigh, even in the present difficulties of the Treasury, against the arguments for its discontinuance. If the fiscal consideration is to prevail, a better course would be to substitute an equivalent advance on some other articles imported. As to the encouragement of the Book printers their interest might be saved3 in the mode suggested by Mr T. by a continuance of the tax on Books republished within a specified time. And perhaps the encouragement is recommended by the interests of literature4 as well as by the advantage5 of conciliating an active & valuable profes­ sion; reprinted books being likely to obtain a greater number of pur­ chasers & readers, especially when founded on previous subscriptions, than would seek for or purchase imported originals. As I approve therefore the general object of the Northern Literati, I should prefer at the same time a modification of it in favor of Republishers.6 I see no adequate reason for distinguishing between English & other books whether in modern or ancient languages. If it were possible to define such as would fall under the head of luxurious or demoralizing7 amuse­ ments, there might be a specious8 plea for their exception from the repeal; but besides the impracticability of the discrimination, it would involve a principle of Censorship which puts at once a veto on it. The proposed Concert among the Learned Institutions in present­ ing the grievance to Congress would seem to afford the best hope of success in drawing their favorable attention to it. A captious or fas­ tidious adversary may perhaps, insinuate9 that the proper petitioners for redress are those who feel the grievance, not those who are ex­ empt from it; that the latter assume the office of Counsellors, under the name of petitioners; and that from Corporate bodies, above all a combination of them, the precedent ought to be regarded with a jeal­ ous eye. The motives & modesty which would doubtless be stamped on the face of10 the interposition in this case, will be the best answer to such objections: or if there should be any serious apprehension of danger from them; the auxiliary expedient you suggest of addressing the respective representatives, instead of Congress, might be made a substitute instead of an auxiliary. I should suppose that our University would not withold their concurrence in either or both modes. In that of addressing to the particular representatives in Congress, there could be no room for hesitation. Mr Ticknors wishes for information as to the other Institutions in Virga & to the South & West proper to be in­ vited into the plan, you can satisfy as well without as with my attempt to enumerate them. The members of Congress most proper to be en­ gaged in the cause could be best selected on the spot, where I presume  503 

20 SEPTEMBER 1821

some well chosen agent or agents, none better than Mr T. himself,11 will be provided in the quarter giving birth to the experiment. These are hasty thoughts, but I send them in compliance with your request of an immediate answer. Take them for what they are worth only. Affectionately yours James Madison RC (DLC: Madison Papers); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Dft (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Collection); on a reused address cover to Madison; heavily reworked, with only the most significant emendations noted below. The extract from George Ticknor’s let­ ter to TJ of 1 Sept. 1821 enclosed in TJ to Madison, 16 Sept. 1821, may have been returned here. 1

Preceding two words interlined in Dft. Word interlined in Dft. 3 Preceding three words interlined in Dft in place of “would be provided for.” 2

4 Sentence to this point in Dft reads “And perhaps this encouragement to re­ publications is recommended by public considerations.” 5 Word interlined in Dft in place of “expediency.” 6 Word interlined in Dft in place of “the reprinting undertakers.” 7 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 8 Preceding four words interlined in Dft in place of “wd be a plausible.” 9 Word interlined in Dft in place of “suggest.” 10 Preceding nine words interlined in place of “of.” 11 Preceding six words interlined in Dft.

From Daniel Brent Dear Sir, Washington, 23 September 1821. I had the Pleasure of receiving your favor of the 11th Instant, and to deliver to mr Barnes the Box of ores, agreeably to your Request. Cardelli, the Italian Artist, left this City about twelve months ago, and I cannot learn where he is now settled; nor have I yet been able to execute your Commission concerning the busts of Messrs Madi­ son and Monroe, none that I can hear being for sale here. It is pos­ sible, however, that I may accidentally meet with some, at second Hand, to be disposed of—In that case I will lose no time in inform­ ing you of the Circumstance, and of the other particular which you wished.   I remain, Dear Sir, with perfect Esteem and Respect, your Obedt & very humble servant, Daniel Brent. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 504 

From Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Ashton 23d Septr 1821 Soon after seeing you yesterday at the Mill, I recollected there was an error in the acceptance of your order on Randolph & Colclaser. Our object in requesting the order might be drawn at 10 days sight was, that we might have advantage of that time after Mr Peyton’s return home—whereas the acceptance is evidence of its being pre­ sented—and is consequently due at 10 days from its date—If you will have the goodness to destroy that order—and will take the trouble to draw another on us, I promise you it shall be accepted so soon as it is presented My Son having rode out this morning prevents my sending you the $50—which I promised—but you shall certainly receive it tomorrow— I pray you to accept assurance of my esteem and affectionate regards— Thos Eston Randolph RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; ad­ dressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqe Monti­ cello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. TJ recorded drawing an order on Randolph for $608.86 one day previ­

ously. This sum constituted rent payment by Randolph for TJ’s Shadwell manufac­ turing mill. TJ used it to repay Craven Peyton the balance of the latter’s 7 Feb. 1817 loan of $1,500 (MB, 2:1330, 1379).

From John Adams Dear Sir. Montizello 24 Septr 1821. I thank you for your favour of the 12 instt. Hope springs eternal. Eight millions of Jews hope for a Messiah more powerful & glorious than Moses, David, or Solomon who is to make them as powerful as he pleases. Some hundreds of millions of Musslemen expect another Prophet more powerful than Mahomet who is to spread Islamism over the whole earth—Hundreds of millions of Christians expect and hope for a millenium in which Jesus is to reign for a thousand years over the whole world before it is burnt up—The Hindoos expect an­ other and a final incarnation of Vishnu who is to do great and won­ derful things, I know not what.—All these hopes are founded on real or pretended revelation. The modern Greeks too it seems hope for a deliverer who is to produce them the1 Themistoclese’s and Demos­ theneses. The Plato’s and Aristotle’s The Solon’s and Lycurgus’. On what prophecies they found their belief I know not.—You and I hope for splendid improvements in human society and vast ameliorations  505 

24 SEPTEMBER 1821

in the condition of mankind.—Our faith may be supported by more rational2 arguments than any of the former—I own that I am very sanguine in the belief of them as I hope and believe you are and your reasoning in your Letter confirmed me in them.—As Brother Floyd has gone I am now the oldest of the little3 Congressional group that remain. I may therefore rationally hope to be the first to depart; and as you are the youngest and the most energetic in mind and body, you may therefore rationally hope to be the last to take your flight and to rake up the fire as father Sherman who always staid to the last and commonly two days afterwards used to say. “that it was his office to sit up and rake the ashes over the coals” and much satisfaction may you have in your office. The Cholera Morbus has done wonders in St Helena and in Lon­ don. We shall soon hear of a Negociation for a second Wife. Whether in the body or out of the body I shall always be your friend. The anecdote of Mr Chase contained in the Oration delivered at Milford must be an idle rumour for neither the State of Maryland nor of their Delegates were very early in their conviction of the necessity of Independence, nor very forward in promoting it—The old Speaker Tilghman, Johnson, Chase, and Paca, were steady in promoting re­ sistance but after some of them Maryland sent one at least of the most turbulent Tory’s that ever came to Congress— John Adams. RC (DLC); in Louisa Catherine John­ son Adams’s hand, signed by John Adams; at foot of text in his hand: “President Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers); in two different unidentified hands. hope springs eternal comes from line 95 of the first epistle of Alexander Pope, Essay on Man (The Works of Alexan‑ der Pope, Esq. [Edinburgh, 1764; Adams’s copy in MBPLi], 2:12). Apparent gas­ trointestinal illnesses had recently caused the deaths on the island of st helena of Napoleon and in london of Queen Car­ oline, wife of George IV of England

(Boston Repertory, 21 Aug. 1821; Boston Columbian Centinel, 19 Sept. 1821). The turbulent Tory from Maryland was most likely Robert Alexander, who first protested British measures and was ap­ pointed to the Continental Congress late in 1775, but then fled, settled in London, and was judged a traitor by the state of Maryland (Biog. Dir. Cong.; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day [1879], 2:297–8). 1 RC:

“them.—The.” FC: “them the.” here adds “natural &.” 3 The word “band” is here canceled in an unidentified hand. 2 FC

 506 

From Joshua Dodge Respected Sir, Marseilles 24. september 1821 I was favoured on the 31t July with the duplicate of your esteemed letter of the 19th April, the original of which reached me on the 21. instt. I regret the long passage of the Union caused you any appre­ hension respecting the safety of the Shipment by her. My firm has duly executed the new commissions you give me & has Shipped them on board the Brigantine Packet of Newburyport1 Captn Campbell (which is the first vessel that has cleared out for the U. States, since the receipt of the duplicate of your letter of 19 April) consigned to the Collector of the Port of Boston who has orders to forward the same to you. You have annexed the Invoice amounting to F 1136.67.2 which my firm has passed to your debit. I received on the 21st inst the remit­ tance you had directed Mr Vaughan3 to make me & I have negociated it as noted at foot of this letter. The net produce of F 1043.05. has been passed to your credit by my firm to which I shall also transfer the small balance of your funds in my hands of F.119.27. It may be necessary to observe to you that the oil generally shipped from this place to America is received from the Riviera of Genoa & does not stand in more than about F.13. per Basket or Case of 12 Bottles, whilst the oil I have always Shipped for you is the Superfine Oil of Provence, which costs nearly double the price, owing to its very Su­ perior quality & flavour.—I have recommended to the care of Captn Campbell a medal of Bishop Belzunce who So much distinguished himself in this place by his patriotism & humanity during the plague of 1720. He will deliver it to the Collector at Boston to be forwarded to you & I hope it will prove acceptable. I wish the Packet may have a quick passage & that your provisions may reach you safe & in good condition. I need not assure you of the pleasure I shall ever feel when you afford me opportunities of being of use to you & I remain, Dear sir your most obedt humble servt JoshA Dodge d o at 60 − s− i− g− ht of S. Girard on Laffite & C Paris. ⎧ 16.95. ⎨ 15.90. Agio a 1½%. ⎩ 1.05. Brokerage. 1043.054 nett proceeds of remittance old balance my favr 119.27 1162.32 1136.67 cost of present invoice present balce my favor 35.65

F.1060.

 507 

24 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (MHi); with ending of postscript in TJ’s hand and his additional calcula­ tion beneath signature that the figure 1,043.05 divided by 200 is 5.21½; ad­ dressed in a clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr Monticello Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Dupl (MHi); in the same clerk’s hand; with RC of Dodge & Oxnard to TJ, 1 Oct. 1821, subjoined. Enclosed in Dodge & Oxnard to TJ, 1 Oct. 1821, and Henry A. S. Dearborn to TJ, 12 Dec. 1821.

 agio is the percentage charged when exchanging a currency for a more valu­ able one (OED). 1 Preceding

two words not in Dupl. Dupl beneath this figure, TJ sub­ tracted the sum 119.27 for a total of 1,017.40. 3 RC: “Vaugham.” Dupl: “Vaughan.” 4 Dupl ends here. In RC, remainder of text is in TJ’s hand. 2 In

From Littell & Henry Sir Philadelphia 24 September 1821 The enclosed prospectus of an edition of Blackstone’s Commentar­ ies, is respectfully submitted to your examination by the publishers. As it is of much importance to attract to it as early as possible the attention of the public, and as nothing would so certainly secure this as an expression of the favourable opinion of those who are most competent to judge of its utility, we have been induced to trouble you with this letter, and to take the further liberty of requesting from you an answer containing your opinion of the plan which is proposed. We are aware, Sir, that the time of men who are distinguished in public life, is often unwarrantably encroached upon by the eagerness of publishers to procure recommendations that will guide the public opinion, but we beg leave to assure you, that we should not have ventured thus to intrude ourselves upon you for the purpose of pro­ moting our own interest, had we not believed that it is in this in­ stance connected with the public good. With the highest respect, We are Sir, Your most obedt servts Littell & Henry. RC (DLC); in Eliakim Littell’s hand; endorsed by TJ as received 1 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Littell & Henry, 2 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Oliver Parsons and James Cooley, 14 Feb. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jeffer­ son Monticello Va.”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 25 Sept. Enclosure: Proposals, by Littell & Henry, 74 South Second Street, Philadel‑

phia, for Publishing by Subscription, a new edition of Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England; with Notes and Ad‑ ditions, specifying that the additional ma­ terial provided by Philadelphia attorneys Thomas Dunlap and William M. Mere­ dith will show the differences between the laws of England and those of the United States; acknowledging that, while the English common law is the “Sun” of the American legal system, the colonies and later the states have introduced many

 508 

24 SEPTEMBER 1821 changes; adding that the laws of Spain and France have been incorporated into the legal systems of the states formerly under their control; proposing to refer­ ence recent English cases and American decisions in notes in order to make the edition useful to American students and attorneys; and stating that the work will be printed in four royal octavo volumes and priced at $5 a volume for subscribers, or $4 prepaid, with publication of the first volume tentatively expected by the end of

1821 (broadside dated July 1821 in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections, Mad­ ison Pamphlet Collection; TJ’s copy in MHi, left half only, with FC of TJ to Es­ ther Hutson, 14 Nov. 1821, on verso). On this day Littell & Henry sent the en­ closure in similar letters to Madison, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams (Madi­ son, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:394–5; MHi: Adams Papers).

From James Maury Dear Sir, Liverpool 24th Sepr 1821 My son William returned about a fortnight ago; & this is the third son who has been treated by my antient friend with such flattering marks of kindness, for which we all present you our particular thanks. This young man, as well as the two, who went before him in their visit to the land of their father, are so attached to it that I think it highly probable they will return at some future period; &, not a dis­ tant one, to live and die in it. I see a letter from my partner to William has been communicated to you: it was written under the impulse of alarm for my health: and, however ill founded, from the kindest & best of motives; but the in­ terest you so obligingly take in these matters has my most grateful acknowlegments; and, should any thing occur I will avail of your kindness. In the interim it may be proper to say I have no intention of resigning so long as it may please the president to continue me & so long as I feel adequate to the duties of the office. It is gratifying to have a continuation of the reports I so long have been accustomed to have of your strong health: my sons tell me of a rule you have of varying your dress by the variations of the Ther­ mometer: but I wanted to know of them how many degrees of rise or fall you deemed necessary for thinner or lighter cloathing: they could not tell me: will you be so good as give me this information:—as we merchants say, for my government? I also have uncommon reason to be thankful for the health I enjoy at this advanced period: and especially, as I think I have not been as vigilant in attending to it as you have been: For twelve Months past I have changed my plan of cold bathing: &, in place of three times a week as heretofore, I now plunge into cold water daily, be it summer  509 

24 SEPTEMBER 1821

or winter, unless prevented by indisposition & altho it suits me as well as it did half a century ago, yet I will not recommend it to you to make the experiment. Mrs Maury & my Sons join me in best wishes to you & yours. your old obliged friend James Maury RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 25. 21. I recieve this day your favor of the 18th which gives me the wel­ come information of the continuance of your good health. I have re­ cieved a letter from mr Lear, admr of Genl Kosciuzko, requesting me to transmit to him the original certificates of stock which constitute the property of the General which was in our hands. I do so in the letter now inclosed, which I leave open for your perusal in the hope you will have the goodness to compare the originals with the descrip­ tion in the letter, to see that it is right, and to ask a reciept for them of mr Lear, and transmit it to me for my security. I feel happy in getting this business off my hands. I am become too sluggish and age­worn for any business. I love you as ever and pray for your happiness. Th: Jefferson RC (NjP: Thomas Jefferson Collection); addressed: “Mr John Barnes George­ town Col.”; franked; postmarked Milton, 29 Sept. 1821; endorsed by Barnes in part as “covering Certificates of 6 pt & Bank Stock” and “Ansd 5th Octr.” PoC

(MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ. Not recorded in SJL. Enclosure: TJ to Benjamin L. Lear, 25 Sept. 1821, and enclosures.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, University Va Sept 2 [25 Sept. 1821] r M Antrim informs me his situation is such that he will not be able to carry on the plastering here unless he can get some money—from the nature of our contract I can’t ascertain precisely the amount due him, but suppose a thousand or twelve hundred dollars will fall short of the actual1 sum due, and which may be paid him with2 perfect safety—from the numerous claims against the institution, he was not able to get what he wanted out of the last money deposited to the  510 

25 SEPTEMBER 1821

credit of the bursar—he has been paid a little upwards of $3000 & amt of work at present will amt to between 5 & $6000—his wish is to obtain a check in his favor to the bursar for the above $1000. or $1200—that he may get it without delay—the price of plastering here is governed by the price of3 the same kind of work in Philadel­ phia at the time the contract was made, we have writen on to get the price at that time but as yet have not been able to obtain it— I fear if you postpone your trip to Bedford untill Mr Oldhams work is measured it will be some days delayed—I twice applied to him last week to go on with the measurement of it, his excuse was indisposi­ tion not able to attend to it—I can furnish in a few days an estimate of the cost of Pav: 3 & 7 the buildings first undertaken and of the Pavil­ ions 5, 9, 2 & 4 from the average of which we can form a tolerably accurate estimate of the other four Pavilions—I have measured Hotel B and can give you the cost of that, which I consider the most expen­ cive one of all—an estimate of the dormitories also will be furnished— Mr Oldham has just informed me he can proceed with the Measure­ ment to day—the settlement of his bill will take at least a week, if I proceed in the measurement of his work it will delay the report on the other buildings much longer perhaps than you would wish to be detained—I shall therefore go on & make out the cost of those actu­ ally measure[d] & Bills settled, taking the average cost of four of them for the other four   I am Sir   respectfully your Obt sevt A. S. Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); misdated; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as a letter (brackets in original) of “Sep. 2 [i.e. Sep. 25. 21]” received 25 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Joseph antrim and Brockenbrough signed a contract on 22 Mar. 1820 stip­ ulating that Antrim was “to do all the plastering, rough casting &c.” for the Uni­ versity of Virginia “in a masterly manner & as fast as may be reasonably required”; that the rate of his pay was “to be asser­ tained by what two of the most respect­ able members of the Master plasterers society of Philadelphia shall say is the cus­ tomary & a fair price at this time in that place”; and that the work was to be mea­

sured as specified in “the Master plaster­ ers price book of Phila:” (FC in ViU: PP; entirely in Brockenbrough’s hand). On 26 Sept. 1821 Antrim received $1,500 from Alexander Garrett, the Uni­ versity of Virginia’s bursar (Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia, 27 Nov. 1821, printed below as enclosure no. 2 of University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund Presi­ dent and Directors, 30 Nov. 1821). The university building that Brockenbrough describes here as hotel b was later re­ designated as Hotel D.

 511 

1 Manuscript:

“accual.” “with with.” 3 Manuscript: “if.” 2 Manuscript:

To Benjamin A. Gould Monticello Sep. 25.

Th: Jefferson returns thanks to mr Gould for the two numbers of  his prizebook, which he has been so kind as to send him, and which he has read with great satisfaction. he is, with mr Gould, a zealous advocate for classical education, as a foundation for science and taste.   he thinks the essays of the prize­book, the effect of learning and [e]xperience, will convey useful advice to parents [and] tutors. the specimens of composition do honor to his school, and es­ pecially to the gentlemen who composed them. he salutes mr Gould with respect. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad­ dress cover of Samuel Smith (of Mary­ land) to TJ, 26 Aug. 1820; partially dated, at foot of text; two words faint; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 25 Sept. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Benjamin Apthorp Gould (1787–1859), educator and merchant, was born in Lan­ caster, Massachusetts, and moved with his family to Newburyport as a boy. There he attended Dummer Academy and worked as a teacher before attending Harvard University, earning an A.B. degree in 1814. Even before graduating, Gould be­ came master of the struggling Boston Public Latin School on the recommen­ dation of Harvard University president John T. Kirkland. Gould proved to be an innovative and popular instructor and led the school until ill health caused him to resign in 1828. His students included Charles Francis Adams, Henry Ward Beecher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Charles Sumner. Between 1826 and 1828 Gould also published annotated school editions of Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. After a period of travel and recuperation in Eu­ rope, he returned to Boston, traded with Calcutta as a merchant, and owned $7,000

worth of real estate in 1850. Gould served on the Boston School Committee, sat on the Boston Common Council, 1834–37, was the first president of the Latin School Association when it was organized in 1844, and was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856. He visited TJ at Monticello in April 1825 and afterwards presented him with a plaster bust of John Adams. Gould died in Boston (ANB; DAB; Ward W. Briggs Jr., ed., Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists [1994], 229; Henry F. Jenks, Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School [1886], pt. 1, pp. 51–2, pt. 2, p. 8; Harvard Catalogue, 191; Stein, Worlds, 229; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Boston, 1850; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Book of Members, 1780– 2005 [2006], 159; Boston Daily Adver‑ tiser, 26 Oct. 1859; gravestone inscription in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass.). Gould had been so kind as to send TJ the Prize Book of the Publick Latin School in Boston, nos. 1–2 (1820–21; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 226]; TJ’s copy in DLC: Rare Book and Special Collections).

 512 

To Louis Adrien Gruchet Sir Monticello Sep. 25. 21. I have to acknolege your favor of the 9th. being entirely retired from the business of the world, and all correspondence with it’s authori­ ties, I have been obliged rigorously to decline all sollicitations for office on behalf of others. I sincerely commiserate your case. the Pres­ ident is at this time at his seat adjoining this place, and I am to be with him tomorrow. I will mention your situation to him, so that if you should apply your name and case will be known to him, but my constant course in other similar cases will oblige me to decline any sollicitation in this. I sincerely wish you success in your application and salute you with sentiments of sympathy and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (FrGrBM); addressed: “Monsr Gruchet S. 2d str. 241. Philadelphia”; franked; postmarked Milton, 29 Sept. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Tench Coxe to TJ; endorsed

by TJ. Tr (DNA: RG 94, LRAG); filed with Gruchet to James Monroe, 15 Dec. 1821; docketed “Gruchet. 1821 A French officer for an appt.”

To Benjamin L. Lear Sir Monticello Sep. 25. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of the 19th informing me that ad­ ministration with the will annexed of Genl Koscuzko’s affairs has been granted you, and I now inclose the certificates of his stock deposited with me as follows. Bank of Columbia 46 shares, 4,600 D. 1817. Jan. 10. No 1314 Treasury of the US. 11,363.D. loan of May 2. 1814. No 90. int. from 1817. Jan. 1. do 1,136.₁−³₀−⁶₀ − same loan No 37. int. from same date amounting in the whole1 to 17,099.36 D   I approve much of the course you propose for the safety of the funds, for indeed such are the examples of infidelity in these trusts, that one knows not who may be trusted. should the foreign claims be rejected, as I think they must be, there will be no difficulty of carrying the trust into execution in this state, nor consequently any danger of any public claim on the money. I tender you the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson  513 

25 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (DLC: J. Henley Smith Papers); addressed: “Mr Benjamin L. Lear Wash­ ington”; endorsed by Lear as received 4 Oct. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused ad­ dress cover of Thomas Cooper to TJ, 1

Sept. 1820; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures not found. Enclosed in TJ to John Barnes, 25 Sept. 1821. 1 RC:

“whol.” PoC: “whole.”

To A. & J. W. Picket Messrs A. & J. W. Picket. Monticello Sep. 25. 21. I duly recieved your favor of the 10th asking an opinion from me on the subject of female education. it is one to which nothing has happened to draw my attention particularly, & therefore I am really not qualified to give an opinion worthy of your acceptance, and still less of being used for any public purpose. approaching the entrance into my 80th year, repose & tranquilit[y] are with me the summum bonum of life. yet it is not the mere labor of the writing table, how­ ever irksome that is become to me, which would prevent my hazard­ ing such an opinion as I might make up with some reflection, but that I can write nothing however indifferent, which, if it gets before the public, is not siesed upon by political enmity, as ground of obloquy. and altho I fear no reproach, I see no usefulness in rekindling malice, and reviving hostile feelings in those who, as to my self ought long ago to have forgotten them. trusting therefore to your indulgence I salute you with great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViW: TC­JP); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; en­ dorsed by TJ.

To Samuel Taylor Sir Monticello Sep. 25. 21. I duly recieved your favor of the 15th but have it not in my power to inform you when the University will be opened. all the buildings for the accomodation of the Professors & Students will be ready the en­ suing winter. but in order to effect this the legislature authorised the literary board to advance from that fund 120,000.D. on the hypothe­ cation of our annuity for it’s reimbursement. this would require 16. or 17. years to effect, during which the buildings must be locked up. but if they should consider that, not as a loan, but a proper appropriation of so much of 1 the literary fund the institution may be opened soon after such a declaration. you will observe then that the epoch of open­  514 

26 SEPTEMBER 1821

ing it depends on the legislature, who I have no doubt will do what is best for the public. Accept the assurance of my great esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Mr Sam­ uel Taylor near Battle­town Jefferson county Virginia”; franked; postmarked Milton, 29 Sept. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Stephen Cathalan to John Quincy Adams; en­ dorsed by TJ.

TJ received Taylor’s undated favor on 15 Sept. 1821, but it is printed above at 4 Sept. 1821, the date of its postmark. 1 Preceding

three words interlined.

From Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Ashton 26th Septr 1821 I take the liberty to enclose your acct: made up to the 22nd of the present month—it is rather a sketch of an account—as the two charges of N H Lewis—and Alfred Wren for plank, cannot be ascertain’d exactly for want of their accounts—I believe however they are undercharg’d—a large portion of th[e] midlings had been charg’d in the Mill books [to?] Danl Colclaser, who had exchang’d with Mr Bacon for corn for his own use, but your corn failing—it is transfer’d to your acct—I merely mention it to explain why it did not appear in the acct transmitted the 21st July last—I enclose $35—which is all I have been able to procure—I am with very great esteem Yrs &— Thos Eston Randolph RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; damaged at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqe Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

The acct transmitted the 21st july last has not been found and its mode of delivery has not been identified. On 26 Sept. 1821 TJ credited the $35 enclosed here to the firm of Randolph & Colclaser (MB, 2:1379).

From John H. Wood Sir 26th Sepr 1821 Agreable to appointment I applyed for your 60 Barrels flour to have been delivered at Shadwell, provided Barrels cou’d be had. From application repeated to day, the Same reason Seems to obtain. I shall be ready to carry for you any day this week and have therefore thought it proper to say thus much on the subject. The water has a little risen since I saw you, of course it wou’d be an opportune time to get it now—very respectfully yr ob:t S:t Jno, H, Wood  515 

26 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; ad­ dressed: “Thos Jefferson Esquire Ex pres­ ident &c”; endorsed by TJ. John Henry Wood (b. 1776), boatman, was born in Goochland County, the nephew of Patrick Henry (1736–99) and brother of TJ’s correspondent William Wood. He later lived in Albemarle County, where he apparently moved goods by water both on his own and with the aid of

enslaved persons. In 1820 Wood owned eleven slaves. Between that year and 1822 he was paid for transporting building materials for the University of Virginia (Woods, Albemarle, 347; WMQ, 1st ser., 15 [1906]: 120; VMHB 5 [1898]: 79; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:182–3, 200; DNA: RG 29, CS, Albemarle Co., 1820; Arthur S. Brockenbrough to Wood, 28 May 1820, and Proctor’s Ledgers [both in ViU: PP]).

From Burwell Bassett Dear Sir Tinsley Ville Sep. 27th 1821. Our friend Judge Roane passed here yesterday and delivered me your friendly invitation to Visit Montecello. I regret that previous to that I had made an engagement for this day which left not a sufficiency of time before you would be lieving home. I beg you to be assured that your politeness is1 highly appreciated and that I would have availed myself of it had time permited Accept the assurance of highest respect and esteem from your obt. Ser Burwell Bassett— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

1

Manuscript: “is is.”

From James Monroe Dear Sir. Highland Sepr 27. 1821 I send you the papers which I mentiond to you yesterday, that is, the letter of L’t Lewis, & the opinion of the court of Enquiry, on the charges alledged against Commodore Barron, which, after perrusing, be so kind as to return to me. A letter from Mr Thompson is also enclosed.1 I shall set out to morrow, it appearing necessary, by the communi­ cations from Washington, that I should either be there shortly, or within daily reach of it. Wherever I may be, I beg you to be assurd, that nothing will be more gratifying to me, than to be useful to you, in any way, in which you may command me, & that I shall always take a deep interest, in what relates to your welfare reputation & happi­ ness. your affectionate friend. James Monroe  516 

27 SEPTEMBER 1821  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) William Lewis to Charles W. Goldsborough, Pernambuco, 7 Sept. 1811, for which see TJ’s extract and notes, [ca. 27 Sept. 1821]. (2) Opin­ ion of a court of enquiry on the actions of James Barron, 14 July 1821, stating that the conversation alleged in enclosure no. 1 to have taken place between Barron and Mr. Lyon, the British consul at Pernam­ buco, “has not been proved,” but finding that Barron’s prolonged absence from the United States without government per­ mission was “contrary to his duty as an officer in the Navy of the United States” (printed in Proceedings of a Court of En‑ quiry, held at the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York, upon Captain James Barron of the United States’ Navy, in May, 1821 [Washington, 1822], 99; signed by Charles Stewart as president of the court and Henry Wheaton as judge advocate). The enclosed letter from Secretary of the Navy Smith thompson was possibly his letter to Monroe from Washington, 15 Sept. 1821, which included a promise to send the proceedings of the court against Barron and stated that “Gentlemen who undertake to represent him as a perse­ cuted and ill treated man, are either much prejudiced or are ignorant of the circum­ stances attending his case” (RC in DLC: Monroe Papers). An alternative is that Monroe actually meant a letter to rather than from Thompson and enclosed a 4 Mar. 1819 letter from Thomas P. Good­ win in Baltimore to Thompson confirm­

ing that in 1811 the British consul at Per­ nambuco, Mr. Lyon, repeated Barron’s claim that he had known British deserters were on board the USS Chesapeake and had notified the government of this; that before going to sea he also advised his superiors that the British would attempt to search his ship and that he would be unable to prevent them; and that Barron had convinced Lyon “that Mr. Jefferson caused him to go out in a defenceless state, for the express purpose of having his ship attacked and disgraced; and thus attain his favourite object of involving the United States in a war with Great Brit­ ain” (Proceedings of a Court of Enquiry, 6–8, 15–6). During the same visit late in Septem­ ber 1821 to his Albemarle County estate of Highland, Monroe also discussed the University of Virginia with TJ. In a 9 Oct. 1821 letter updating John H. Cocke on the affairs of the university, its bur­ sar, Alexander Garrett, reported that “Mr Jefferson finding (from the settlements made of part of the work done) that the funds will be inadequite to the entire ac­ complishment of his wishes, yet does not dispare, to you I may say (without impro­ priety), that him and the President have been puting their heads together on the subject, and have projected new schemes, say an application to the V. Legislature to grant the University the claim they set up agt the Genl Government for interest on the debt due from it to the State” (RC in ViU: JHC). 1

Sentence interlined.

To James Monroe Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 27. 21. I recieved your letter at dusk, when no candle was lighted, & not suspecting your so sudden departure told the servant not to wait for an answer, & that I would send it. I hope I shall be able to send the papers in the morning before you will have departed. The letter of Lewis shews that Barron is a most unprincipled man,1 and the sentence of the court shews him unworthy of any military trust. there is no sympathy for him in the public at this time, & if ever  517 

27 SEPTEMBER 1821

a true statement is laid before the public he will be consigned to gen­ eral indignation. we can readily understand how such a man got up the application from members of the legislature. I feel with great sensibility the kind expressions of your friendship to me, and reciprocate them with warmth & sincerity. if there be a balm for the human soul it is in the affections of others. ours has stood the test of time, of youth & of age, and I feel with fervor that your fame & fortune interest me as strongly as my own. with the wish of every blessing to you I remain ever & affectionately yours. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “James Monroe President of the US. at the High­ lands”; endorsed by Monroe as relating

to “Com: Barron.” Recorded in SJL with bracketed note: “inclosing papers.” 1

Manuscript: “men.”

Extract of William Lewis to Charles W. Goldsborough, with Jefferson’s Notes [ca. 27 Sept. 1821]

Extract of a lre from Lt W.1 Lewis of the navy to Chas W. Goulds­ borough. dated Pernambuco Sep. 7. 1811.     ‘I think it is proper to communicate to you for the information of the Secy of the Navy that Capt James Barron while in this place, in a merchant brig from Norfolk, did say to a mr Lyon, British Consul at that time, and now residing here that even if the Chesapeak had been prepared for action, he would not have resisted the attack of the Leopard, assigning as a reason that he knew (as did also our govmt) there were deserters on board his ship. he said to mr Lyon farther that the Pres. of the US. knew there were deserters on board, & of the intention of the British ships to take them, & that his ship was or­ dered out under these circumstances with the view to bringing about a contest which might embroil the two nations, in a war. he told mr Lyon that he had private letters in his possn from officers high in the govmt approving his conduct in the affair with the Leopard. I ob­ tained this informn from mr Thos Goodwin of Baltimore (brother of Lt Ridgeley) who recd it from mr Lyon himself, not in confidence, but in company where a number of Americans were present’      518 

27 SEPTEMBER 1821

the govmt applied to Goodwin who wrote them a letter assuring them that what Lt Lewis said in his letter was every word true, and that he believed the fact to be true. Barron was advised by mr Smith Thom­ son Sec y of the navy to see mr Goodwin and obtain explanations. Barron past thro Baltimore and did not call on Goodwin, and Good­ win died before Barron’s trial. or he would have been summoned as a  witness. the court gave an opinion that the above fact ‘was not proved.’ Lewis had been dead some time. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 194:34442); written entirely in TJ’s hand on a narrow slip; undated, but presumably composed after the receipt of James Monroe to TJ, 27 Sept. 1821, and its enclosures; en­ dorsed by TJ: “Barron James. a fact.” William Lewis (ca. 1781–1815), naval officer, was a resident of Fredericksburg when he studied at the College of Wil­ liam and Mary in around 1798. He briefly studied medicine in Fauquier Court House (later Warrenton), then read law before entering the United States Navy as a mid­ shipman in 1802. Lewis was posted first on the USS New York under James Bar­ ron and ultimately served for five years in the Mediterranean aboard several differ­ ent ships. In 1807 he carried diplomatic dispatches to Paris and London on TJ’s orders. For four years beginning in 1811 he was furloughed from the navy to cap­ tain a merchant ship to China. Lewis re­ turned to military service at the rank of master commandant in 1815, and later that year was lost at sea while returning home from the Mediterranean on leave as a passenger on board the USS Epervier (Frederick C. Leiner, The End of Barbary Terror: America’s 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa [2006], esp. 70–1; Mary Lewis Cooke and Charles Lee Lewis, “An American Naval Officer in the Mediterranean, 1802–7,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 67 [1941]: 1533–9; WMQ, 2d ser., 11 [1931]: 345–6; 13 [1933]: 254–5; ViW: Conway Whit­

tle Papers; William and Mary Provisional List, 25; Callahan, U.S. Navy, 332; Gardner W. Allen, Our Navy and the Bar‑ bary Corsairs [1905; repr. 2005], 224, 281, 289; JEP, 2:627 [2, 3 Mar. 1815]). The letter from Lewis to chief naval clerk Charles W. Goldsborough begins with his offer to man and equip “a fast sailing schooner” at the Brazilian port of Pernambuco (now known as Recife) to attack British shipping if war breaks out. In the portion of the letter following the extract by TJ, Lewis adds that “I al­ ways knew that Barron was a man of the most vindictive heart. He has no doubt, said these things with a view to revenge himself. I am now convinced that he is not only a coward but a traitor, for I can call by no other name a man who would talk in this way to an Englishman,—and an Englishman in office.” The letter con­ cludes with Lewis’s regret that he left the American frigate United States and took command of a merchant vessel at a time when war might be imminent (printed in Proceedings of a Court of Enquiry, held at the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York, upon Captain James Barron of the United States’ Navy, in May, 1821 [Washington, 1822], 5–6). Paul Hamilton was the secy of the navy in 1811. 1 Manuscript: “N.” Signature of this letter in Proceedings of a Court of En‑ quiry: “W.” 

 519 

To Hutchins G. Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown Sir Monticello. Sep. 28. 1821. The government of the U.S. at a very early period, when establish­ ing it’s tariff on foreign importations, were very much guided in their selection of objects, by a desire to encourage manufactures within ourselves. Among other articles then selected were books, on the im­ portation of which a duty of 15. per cent was imposed, which, by or­ dinary custom­house charges, amount to about 18 per cent,1 and add­ ing the importing bookseller’s profit on this, becomes about 27 per cent. This was useful at first perhaps towards exciting our printers to make a beginning in that business here. but it is found in experience that the home demand is not sufficient to justify the re­printing any but the most popular English works, and cheap editions of a few of the classics for schools. for the editions of value, enriched by notes, com­ mentaries &c and for books in foreign living languages the demand here is too small and sparse to reimburse the expense of re­printing them. none of these therefore are printed here and the duty on them becomes consequently not a protecting, but really a prohibitory one. it makes a very serious addition to the price of the book, and falls chiefly on a description of persons little able to meet it. Students who are destined for professional callings, as most of our scholars are, are barely able for the most part to meet the expenses of tuition. The ad­ dition of 18. or 27 2 per cent on the books necessary for their instruc­ tion amounts often to a prohibition, as to them. For want of these aids, which are open to the students of all other nations but our own, they enter on their course on a very unequal footing with those of the same professions in foreign countries: and our citizens at large too, who employ them, do not derive from that employment all the benefit which higher qualifications would give them. it is true that no duty is required on books imported for seminaries of learning. but these,3 locked up in libraries, can be of no avail to the practical man when he wishes a recurrence to them for the uses of life. of many important books of reference there is not perhaps a single copy in the United States. of others but a few, and these too distant often to be accessible to scholars generally. it is believed therefore that if the attention of Congress could be drawn to this article, they would, in their wisdom, see it’s impolicy. Science is more important in a republican than in any other government, and in an infant country like ours we must much depend for improvement on the science of other countries, longer  520 

28 SEPTEMBER 1821

established, possessing better means, and more advanced than we are. To prohibit us from the benefit of foreign light, is to consign us to long darkness. The Northern seminaries, following with parental solicitude, the interests of their elèves in the course for which they have prepared them,4 propose to petition Congress on this subject, and wish for the co­operation of those of the South and West, and I have been re­ quested5 as more convenient in position than they are, to sollicit that cooperation. having no personal acquaintance with those who are charged with the direction of the college of Chapel Hill—6 I do not know how more effectually to communicate these views to them than by availing myself of the knolege I have of your zeal for the happiness and improvement of our country. I take the liberty therefore of re­ questing you to place the subject before the proper authorities of that institution, and, if they approve the measure, to sollicit a concurrent proceeding on their part to carry it into effect. besides petitioning Congress, I would propose that they address, in their corporate ca­ pacity, a letter to their delegates and Senators in Congress, solliciting their best endeavors to obtain the repeal of the duty on imported7 books. I cannot but suppose that such an application will be respected by them, and will engage their votes and endeavors to effect an object so reasonable. A conviction that Science is important8 to the preser­ vation of our republican government, and that it is also essential9 to it’s protection against foreign power, induces me on this occasion to step beyond the limits of that retirement to which age and inclina­ tion equally dispose me: and I am without a doubt that the same considerations will induce you to excuse the trouble I propose to you, and that you will kindly accept the assurance of my high respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (NcU: University of North Caro­ lina Papers); in the hand of Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) except where noted below, signed by TJ; addressed by TJ: “Hutchins G. Burton esquire Halifax N.C.”; franked; postmarked; docketed in an unidentified hand as “Referd to Messrs Yancy. Murphey & Devoreux,” and in another unidentified hand as “Honbl Thos Jefferson’s Communication upon the Sub­ ject of Duties on Foreign Books &c. Dated 28th Sept. 1821.” RC (Meredith Worthington, Gaithersburg, Md., 1990); in the hand of Nicholas P. Trist except where noted below, signed by TJ; ad­ dressed by TJ: “Doctr Samuel Brown Pro­

fessor of the theory & practice of Physic in the Transylvania University Lexing­ ton Kentucky”; franked; postmarked. Dft (DLC); entirely in TJ’s hand. Recorded separately in SJL as letters to Burton, Cooper, and Brown. Enclosed in TJ to George Ticknor, 28 Sept. 1821, and TJ to John Clark, 12 Oct. 1821. When it became law on 4 July 1789, the earliest United States tariff, “An Act for laying a Duty on Goods, Wares, and Merchandises imported into the United States,” set the import duty on unenu­ merated items, including printed books, at 5 percent (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:26).

 521 

28 SEPTEMBER 1821 The duty on printed books had been 15. per cent since the 27 Apr. 1816 enact­ ment of treasury secretary Alexander J. Dallas’s tariff, “An Act to regulate the du­ ties on imports and tonnage” (U.S. Stat‑ utes at Large, 3:310). elèves: “students.” 1 Remainder of sentence interlined in Dft. 2 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 3 Omitted comma supplied from Dft. 4 Sentence from “following” to this point interlined in Dft.

 5 Reworked in Dft from “and they have requested us.” 6 Preceding two words and dash added by TJ to fill a blank. In RC to Brown, TJ filled in the blank with “Transylvania—.” Blank retained in Dft. 7 Word interlined in Dft. 8 Word reworked by Ellen Randolph from an illegible deletion. In RC to Brown, TJ interlined this word in place of what appears to be “necessary.” 9 Word reworked by Ellen Randolph from an illegible deletion. In RC to Brown, TJ interlined this word in place of what appears to be “necessary.”

To George Ticknor Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 28. 21. Your letter of the 1st instant came to hand on the 13th and came with cordial welcome, as does every thing from you. it’s subject made it the more so, as one which I had long had in mind. and which, when the tariff was last before Congress, I had made an effort to effect thro’ the delegates of our state, and by letters to the Secretary of the Trea­ sury. I coupled with it an endeavor to lessen the evil of ardent spirits, which are desolating our country, by encouraging by an abatement of duty, the importation of cheap wines from Europe. I knew that sound and well­bodied wines could be bought there for 2. cents the quart, by the cask, on which (instead of 11. or 12. cen[ts] the bottle then imposed) an ad valorem of 15. per cent would raise the[m] to less than 3. cents here, and thus afford, even to our laboring citize[ns] a pleas­ anter and cheaper beverage than the grog which brutalizes the[m,] and the taste once established by habit, would soon lead to the making th[is] ourselves. the latter proposition succeeded so far as to obtain a redu[c]tion of duty to 6. cents: but this enlarges but little the circle of those wh[o] may indulge themselves in this salutary change in their habits, and inde[ed] nothing but the ad valorem is just, or can be effectual.   the former[,] the abolition, or lowering the duty on books, failed entirely; and the Tariff proposed lately contained the Vandal attempt to raise it to 30. p.c. I repeat these rates from mem­ ory, and believe they are not materially mis­remembered. I am glad therefore to see a proposition to r[e]move this barbarism under aus­ pices more promising, and shall cooperate cordially by whatever I can do. my colleagues, the Visitors of the Uni[ver]sity of Virginia, living  522 

28 SEPTEMBER 1821

some of them at the opposite extremities of the state cannot be well consulted until they meet in November. but I have no doubt they will concur, and that they will join in another measure which I refer to your consideration; that of addressing a letter, in our corporate ca­ pacity, to our delegates and senators in Congress. I have no doubt it will be respected, and engage their vote and efforts: and if this should be generally done, it will ensure a strong vote, and in addition to the sound thinkers of those bodies, may procure a majority in each house. I think much might be hoped from this, as auxiliary to the petitions. Of the Southern and Western institutions, I can undertake to in­ terest in this operation the College of Chapel hill in N. Carolina, that of Columbia in S. Carolina, perhaps that of Athens in Georgia (where however I have less means) and that of Transylvania in Kentucky, which are the principal institutions of those states. and, understand­ ing from your letter that the measure is decided on with you, I have written to particular [c]haracters1 in those states, who I trust will be able to engage their insti[t]utions2 in the concurrence you desire. I inclose a copy of my let[ter]3 to them that you may understand the course in which we propose to move, and suggest any changes neces­ sary to harmonise it with yours.   I suppose it will be thought prudent to keep these proceedings out of the public papers, lest an application in apparent combined array might excite jealousy & have ill effect. I salute you ever with affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on reused address cover to TJ; text along right margin lost due to polygraph misalignment, with four words rewritten by TJ; at foot of first page: “Mr Ticknor”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Hutchins G. Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown, 28 Sept. 1821. For TJ’s 1818 effort to modify the tariffs on books and wine, see note to his 16 Sept. 1821 letter to James Madison. The tariff proposed lately was an 1820 attempt in the United States House

of Representatives to raise tariffs, which would have set the duty on imported books at 35 percent. The House of Rep­ resentatives approved the bill on 4 May 1820, but the following day the Senate postponed it until the next legislative ses­ sion (Annals, 16th Cong., 1st sess., 1913; JHR, 13:485, 487, 488). 1 Damaged

at seal. at seal. 3 Damaged at seal. 2 Damaged

 523 

Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses Pavilion  

No 3. (1818) No 7. (1817) No 2 4. 5. 9. B.B.

Hotel   Dormitories. 16. on the lawn 4. 6. 9. on E. street.

11,946.30 7,203.51

[ca. 28 Sept. 1821]

8 347.28 9 096.32 8 768.92 7 360.63 4 609.58 13,898.34 2,682.16 3,804.84 4,596.63

MS (ViU: TJP); on a reused address cover from Arthur S. Brockenbrough to TJ, with FC of TJ’s View of the Ex­ penses and Funds of the University of Virginia, [ca. 28 Sept. 1821], on recto and verso; in TJ’s hand; undated, with conjectural date of composition based on the date assigned to that document. The figures given here likely came from Brockenbrough, who, as stated by TJ in

his letter of 30 Sept. 1821 to the Univer­ sity of Virginia Board of Visitors, had re­ cently calculated the costs of the buildings then completed at the university, consist­ ing of six pavilions, one hotel, and thirty­ five dormitories. A missing letter from Brockenbrough to TJ of 28 Sept. 1821, recorded in SJL as received from the Uni­ versity of Virginia the day it was written, may have enclosed this information. Hotel b.b. was later renamed Hotel C.

View of the Expenses and Funds of the University of Virginia [ca. 28 Sept. 1821]

A view of the whole expences & of the Funds of the University   Pavilions. No 3. & 7. undertaken in 1817.18.   No 2.4.5.9.    17. marble capitels  for No 2.3.5.8. from Italy  

Actual cost estimated do Averages D

D

D

19,149.81 33,563.15

   

1,784. 

 

 524 

9,574.90 8,390.78

28 SEPTEMBER 1821 o

N  1.6.8.10. not finished   Hotel. B.B.   − ⁵₆. other Hotels not finished   Dormitories. 16. undertaken in 1817.   19.   74. not finished, but contracted for1   109.   Lands, wages, and contingencies2 (suppose for round numbers)    

  4,609.58  

33,563.15   20,000.  4,000.

13,898.34 11,083.63    

    38,462.60  

   18,885.74 84,088.51 110,911.49 195, 000  

Funds. Glebe lands 3,104.09 Annuities of 1819.20.21. 45,000.  loan of 1820. 60,000.  loan of 1821. 60,000.  Subscriptions recieved to Sep. 1821. about 25,000.     balance to be  carried forward 1,895.91 Expences still to be incurred.   Walls of backyards, gardens Etc about 100,000. bricks   wages and contingencies for 1822.23.3   Library Hull 30,200. D + Interior 13,476 D4   Interest for 1821.22.23.     Funds. Balance brought forward 1,895.91 Subscriptions. 19,133.33 of which are Sperate 18,000.  Annuities of 1822.23.24. 45,000.   525 

 

 

     

     

 

 

  195, 000.  

   

 

1,500. 

 

6,000. 

     

43,675.  13,700  64,875. 

 

 

 

 

 

64,895.915

868.64 583.34 519.76   

  

28 SEPTEMBER 1821

A more summary view of the cost of the 4. rows of buildings & Library. 10. Pavilions     88,060.11 6. Hotels 24,609.58 109. Dormitories 63.445.57 Library. 43,675.  219,790.26 MS (DLC: Madison Papers); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated, with date of com­ position conjectured from TJ’s statement in his letter to Robert Taylor of 30 Sept. 1821 that this document had been com­ pleted two days earlier; James Madison’s copy. MS (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; Joseph C. Cabell’s copy. MS (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; John H. Cocke’s copy, with a calculation by Cocke at foot of first page. FC (ViU: TJP); on a reused address cover from Arthur S. Brockenbrough to TJ, with MS of TJ’s Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, [ca. 28 Sept. 1821], on verso; in TJ’s hand; un­ dated. Enclosed in TJ to University of

Virginia Board of Visitors and TJ to Tay­ lor, both 30 Sept. 1821. Hotel b.b. was later renamed Hotel C. A sperate debt has some likelihood of being repaid (OED). 1 Preceding three words not in Cabell’s or Cocke’s copies. 2 FC: “contingent expences.” 3 Cabell’s copy: “1823.24.” 4 In FC TJ here added in a different ink: “whole correct but instead of the cost of capitels 4876. Appleton say 7600 + 448. fr s.” He presumably added this note after receiving on 1 Oct. 1821 the RC of Thomas Appleton to TJ, 7 July 1821. 5 Recto ends here.

To John Laval Dr Sir Monto Sep. 30. 21. Your favor of Aug. 23. was recd on the 6th inst, and I have thus long waited to remit my balance, of 13.97 endeavoring to get bills of the US. bank. it was not till the day before yesterday I could get them, for they are rarely seen in circulation in our country situation. I now inclose 15.D in that currency. should you meet with one of Planche’s lexicons Gr. & Fr. remember me. I salute you with est. & resp. FC (DLC); on verso of RC of Laval to TJ, 23 Aug. 1821; dateline at foot of text.

To Robert Taylor Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 30. 21. Your favor of Aug. 20. was recieved in due time, and I have de­ layed it’s acknolegement until I could furnish you with a statement of the affairs of the University which was compleated only two days ago.  526 

30 SEPTEMBER 1821

I have inclosed a copy of1 it to our Colleagues with an explanatory letter of which a copy accompanies this.   you recieved from me some time ago a proposition to postpone our next meeting to 3. days before that of our legislature. this having been approved by all the other visitors, will I hope have removed the cause [offered?] for your withdrawing from us. and that you will change your mind on that subject. the Govr has held up your lre of resignation without com­ municating it to the council until I could write to you and ask a recon­ sideration. it is of great consequence that there should be no change in the councils of the University until it is compleated, that those who began should go through with it. every change in it’s directors2 en­ dangers vacillation and change of3 plan. I earnestly hope and intreat therefore that you will continue with us until the work is compleated. your letter will in the mean time be considered as if never written, and we shall hope the pleasure of meeting you in November. I salute you with4 assurances of affectionate esteem & respect. Dft (DLC); one word illegible; on verso of RC of Taylor to TJ, 20 Aug. 1821. Enclosures: TJ to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 30 Sept. 1821, and enclosure. 1

Preceding three words interlined.

2 Word interlined in place of “coun­ sellors.” 3 Preceding three words interlined in place of “in the.” 4 Preceding four words interlined in place of “Accept.”

To University of Virginia Board of Visitors Dear Sir Monticello1 Sep. 30. 21. r M Brockenbrough has been closely engaged, since our last meet­ ing in settling the cost of the buildings finished at the University, that we might obtain a more correct view of the state of our funds, and see whether a competency will remain for the Library. he has settled for 6. Pavilions, 1. Hotel, and 35. Dormitories, and will proceed with the rest; so that I hope, by our next meeting, the whole of the 4. rows will be nearly settled. from what is done he has formed an estimate of the cost of what is yet to be done; & guided in it by actual experience, it is probably nearly correct. the result is that our actual reciepts here­ tofore, with what is still to be recieved of the loan of this year, after paying for the lands and all incidental & current expences, will ex­ actly compleat the 4­rows of buildings for the accomodation of the Professors and students, amounting in the whole to 195,000. Dollars, and leave us without either debt or contract.  527 

30 SEPTEMBER 1821

 In the conjectural estimate laid before the Visitors at their last meet­ ing it was supposed that the 3. annuities of 1822. 23. & 24. would suffice for the Library and current charges, without the aid of the unpaid subscriptions, which were reserved therefore as a contingent fund. by this more actual2 estimate it appears that the unpaid sub­ scriptions, valued at 18,000.D. will be necessary to compleat that building. so that that conjectural estimate fell short by 18,000.D. of the real cost of the 4. rows; which in a total of 195,000.D. is perhaps not over­considerable. I call it the real cost because that of the unfin­ ished buildings is reckoned by the real cost of those finished. the sea­ son being now too far advanced to begin the Library, and the afflicting sickness in Genl Cocke’s3 family having deprived me of the benefit of consultation with him,4 I think it a duty to leave that undertaking entirely open and undecided, for the opinion of the Visitors at their meeting in November, when it is believed the actual settlements will have reached every thing, except 1. pavilion, and 3. Hotels, which alone will be unfinished until the spring. The considerations which urge the building the hull, at least, of the Library, seemed to impress the board strongly at their last meet­ ing; and it is put in our power to undertake it with perfect safety, by the indefinite suspension by the legislature, of the commencement of our instalments. this leaves us free to take another year’s annuity, to wit that of 25. before we begin instalments, should the funds fall short which are here counted on for that building. the Undertakers are disposed to accept and collect themselves the outstanding sub­ scriptions in part of payment. You will distinguish, in this statement, by their enormous cost the Pavilions No 3. and 7. and 16. Dormitories, contracted for in 1817. & 18. at the inflated prices prevailing then while we acted as a Central College only. in 1819. & the following years, prices were reduced from 25. to 50. per cent. the enlarged cost of the latter Dormitories has been occasioned by the unevenness of the ground, which required cellars under many of them. I shall hope to have the pleasure of recieving you at Monticello a day, at least before that of our meeting, as we can prepare our busi­ ness here so much more at leisure than at the University.5 I salute you with great friendship and respect Th: Jefferson FC (DLC); entirely in TJ’s hand; at foot of first page: “mr Madison, mr Cab­ ell, mr Johnson, Generals Breckenridge, Taylor and Cocke”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to these individuals and recorded as six separate letters in SJL. RC (DLC:

Madison Papers); in the hand of Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), signed by TJ; with entire internal address from FC mistak­ enly copied by Randolph at foot of first page and corrected to Madison’s name alone; addressed by TJ: “James Madison

 528 

1 OCTOBER 1821 Montpellier near Orange C.H.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 4 Oct. RC (ViU: TJP); in the hand of Nicholas P. Trist, signed by TJ; with entire internal address from FC mistakenly copied by Trist at foot of first page and corrected to Cabell’s name alone; addressed by TJ: “Joseph C. Cabell esquire Warminster”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 7 Oct.; endorsed by Cabell as a circular let­ ter from TJ. RC (NNGL); in the hand of Martha Jefferson Randolph, signed by TJ; with entire internal address from FC mistakenly copied by Randolph at foot of first page and corrected to Breckinridge’s name alone; mutilated at seal; addressed by TJ: “General James Breckenridge Fin­ castle”; franked; postmarked Charlottes­ ville, 4 Oct.; endorsed by Breckinridge. RC (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, signed

by TJ; at foot of first page in TJ’s hand: “Genl Cocke”; addressed by TJ: “Gen­ eral John H. Cocke Bremo”; franked; en­ dorsed by Cocke. Enclosure: TJ’s View of the Expenses and Funds of the Univer­ sity of Virginia, [ca. 28 Sept. 1821]. En­ closed in TJ to Robert Taylor, 30 Sept. 1821. 1 Remainder of dateline added by TJ to all RCs. 2 Word replaced by TJ with “accurate” in Cabell’s copy. 3 Instead of preceding two words, Cocke’s copy reads “your.” 4 Cocke’s copy: “you.” 5 Remainder added by TJ to all RCs, with “great friendship” replaced with “constant friendship” in Madison’s copy and “affectionate esteem” in Cocke’s copy.

From DeWitt Clinton Sir Albany 1 October 1821 It is with great pleasure that I transmit to you by this mail a book relative to the Canals of this State. I gladly avail myself of this occasion to express my sincere venera­ tion for your exalted character and distinguished public services Dewitt Clinton I have taken the liberty to transmit a similar book for the board of Public Works of Virginia, of which Govr Randolph is, I believe, President. RC (MHi); between signature and postscript: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Clinton, 16 Oct. 1821, beneath endorse­ ment. Dft (Lb in NNC: Clinton Papers); lacking signature.

The book that Clinton sent was Public Documents, relating to the New‑York Ca‑ nals, which are to connect the Western and Northern Lakes, with the Atlantic Ocean; with an Introduction (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 235]). On 2 Oct. 1821 Clinton sent the same work to Andrew Jackson (Jackson, Pa‑ pers, 5:509).

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1 OCTOBER 1821 Montpellier near Orange C.H.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 4 Oct. RC (ViU: TJP); in the hand of Nicholas P. Trist, signed by TJ; with entire internal address from FC mistakenly copied by Trist at foot of first page and corrected to Cabell’s name alone; addressed by TJ: “Joseph C. Cabell esquire Warminster”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 7 Oct.; endorsed by Cabell as a circular let­ ter from TJ. RC (NNGL); in the hand of Martha Jefferson Randolph, signed by TJ; with entire internal address from FC mistakenly copied by Randolph at foot of first page and corrected to Breckinridge’s name alone; mutilated at seal; addressed by TJ: “General James Breckenridge Fin­ castle”; franked; postmarked Charlottes­ ville, 4 Oct.; endorsed by Breckinridge. RC (ViU: TJP); in Trist’s hand, signed

by TJ; at foot of first page in TJ’s hand: “Genl Cocke”; addressed by TJ: “Gen­ eral John H. Cocke Bremo”; franked; en­ dorsed by Cocke. Enclosure: TJ’s View of the Expenses and Funds of the Univer­ sity of Virginia, [ca. 28 Sept. 1821]. En­ closed in TJ to Robert Taylor, 30 Sept. 1821. 1 Remainder of dateline added by TJ to all RCs. 2 Word replaced by TJ with “accurate” in Cabell’s copy. 3 Instead of preceding two words, Cocke’s copy reads “your.” 4 Cocke’s copy: “you.” 5 Remainder added by TJ to all RCs, with “great friendship” replaced with “constant friendship” in Madison’s copy and “affectionate esteem” in Cocke’s copy.

From DeWitt Clinton Sir Albany 1 October 1821 It is with great pleasure that I transmit to you by this mail a book relative to the Canals of this State. I gladly avail myself of this occasion to express my sincere venera­ tion for your exalted character and distinguished public services Dewitt Clinton I have taken the liberty to transmit a similar book for the board of Public Works of Virginia, of which Govr Randolph is, I believe, President. RC (MHi); between signature and postscript: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Clinton, 16 Oct. 1821, beneath endorse­ ment. Dft (Lb in NNC: Clinton Papers); lacking signature.

The book that Clinton sent was Public Documents, relating to the New‑York Ca‑ nals, which are to connect the Western and Northern Lakes, with the Atlantic Ocean; with an Introduction (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 235]). On 2 Oct. 1821 Clinton sent the same work to Andrew Jackson (Jackson, Pa‑ pers, 5:509).

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From Dodge & Oxnard Esteemed Sir Marseilles 1st October 1821 We have the honor to annex a Copy of the letter our Joshua Dodge addressed to you on the 24th Ultimo & to inclose a Duplicate Bill of lading of the articles shipped for your account & risk per Brig Packet. We remain respectfully Sir   Your most ob. Servts Dodge & Oxnard RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with first enclosure on pp. 1–2, letter on p. 3, and address on p. 4; in a clerk’s hand, signed in a second un­ identified hand; addressed: “Thos Jeffer­ son Esq Monticello Virginia”; stamped “SHIP”; franked; postmarked New York, 29 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with possibly unrelated calculations by TJ on address leaf. Enclosures: (1) Dupl of Joshua Dodge to TJ, 24 Sept. 1821. (2)  Bill of lading, Marseille, 27 Sept. 1821, according to which Dodge & Ox­ nard had shipped to TJ, bound for Boston aboard the brigantine Packet of New­ buryport, commanded by George Camp­ bell, twenty­five cases of wine, olive oil, macaroni, and anchovies (corresponding to the list in TJ to Dodge, 19 Apr. 1821) via Henry A. S. Dearborn, customs col­ lector for Boston, who was to pay the freight of “fourteen Dollars per ton with ten pr % Primage and Average” (printed form in  DLC; with blanks, filled by a clerk, rendered above in boldface; signed by Campbell).

Dodge & Oxnard was a Marseille mer­ cantile partnership between Joshua Dodge and Thomas Oxnard (1775–1840). It an­ nounced its formation early in 1821 and lasted until at least 1827. TJ ordered wine and food from the firm between 1821 and the end of his life. Oxnard was a native of Portland, Maine. During the War of 1812 he commanded the privateer True Blooded Yankee. Oxnard married in Marseille in 1810 and ultimately settled there, engaging in mercantile business in that city and Gibraltar. He applied un­ successfully in 1829 to replace Dodge as United States consul at Marseille and eventually died there (MB; P. P. F. De­ grand, comp., Revenue Laws and Custom‑ house Regulations [2d ed.; Boston, 1821], 139; Boston Daily Advertiser, 18 Feb. 1823; Portland Gazette of Maine, 1 May 1827; Oxnard to Andrew Jackson, 13 Mar. 1829 [DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1829–37]; George Henry Preble, Genealogical Sketch of the First Three Generations of Prebles in  America [1868], 145–6, 148; Salem, Mass., Essex Register, 12 Mar. 1814; Bos­ ton Daily Atlas, 11 Dec. 1834; New‑York Spectator, 22 Aug. 1840).

To Littell & Henry Gentlemen, Monticello Oct. 2. 21 I recd yesterday your favor of Sep. 24. & am sorry that I must de­ cline the request you are pleased to make of giving for publicn an opinion on the edn of Blackstone you propose to edit.1 I hav[e] on two, or at most 3. occns done this under circumstances of peculiar urgency, and letters from me of common compliment to authors who had sent me their books have been sometimes published without my  530 

3 OCTOBER 1821

consent. but I am not qualified to be a Reviewer of books, nor autho­ rised to give opns on them to the public. age too and a desire of tran­ quility and retirement indispose me to place myself before the public on any occasion, or to go into the way of contest or criticism. I ask therefore to be excused from this office, and pray you to accept the assurance of my respect. FC (DLC); on verso of RC of Littell & Henry to TJ, 24 Sept. 1821; in TJ’s hand; edge trimmed. Not recorded in SJL.

1 Word

interlined in place of “publish.”

From Alexander Garrett Dear Sir Charlottesville 3d October 1821. I send you herewith a list of drafts furnished me this evening by Mr. Brockenbrough which he states will be wanting before you re­ turn from Bedford. by his note he wishes a check for $3000. to meet those drafts and to pay for a waggon purchased for the University, I have therefore drawn a check for the $3000. for your approval if you deem it proper. otherwise the check can be returned, I also send you two other checks to meet the drafts to Perry & Co. Johnson herewith also sent for your inspection, I would have come up myself to have seen you on this business but cannot leave home and If I understood you aright you set out to Bed­ ford tomorrow. Very Respectfully Your mo. Obt Servant Alex: Garrett RC (CSmH: JF); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Oct. [3]. 21. On the morning of the 1st inst. Wood’s boats started from the Shadwell mills, with 45. barrels of flour for me, and he has promised on his return to take immediately 60. barrels more which I have had got in readiness for him at the mill. Messrs Randolph & Colclaser also promise me they will immediately send down 50. barrels on my ac­ count now due. I yesterday drew on you in favor of James Lietch for 50.D. Wolfe and Raphael for 70.D. and the sheriff of Albemarle for 145.44 D for taxes. I shall set out for Bedford tomorrow morning where I shall be  531 

3 OCTOBER 1821

until some time in November. immediately after my arrival there I shall have to draw on you for my taxes there, which will be followed by som[e] other draughts which I shall endeavor to hold back until I know that the flour is in hand, which Jefferson promises to attend to diligently. I inclose you a set of Notes for renewal, and salute you with constant affection & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Cooper to TJ, 21 Aug. 1820; dateline faint; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Colo B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 3 Oct. 1821 and so recorded (with TJ’s additional bracketed notation: “notes”) in SJL. Enclosures not found. The draft on Peyton that TJ gave to James Leitch (lietch) repaid $35 bor­ rowed on 16 Aug. and $15 borrowed on

11 Sept. 1821. In addition to $137.44 for taxes, TJ’s payment to William Werten­ baker, the deputy sheriff of albe­ marle County, included $8 for Edmund “Meeks’s order.” On 22 Oct. 1821 TJ drew on Peyton for $139.54 to pay his bedford County taxes (MB, 2:1378, 1379, 1380). A missing letter of 5 Oct. 1821 from TJ’s grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph (jefferson) is recorded in SJL as re­ ceived 11 Oct. 1821 at Poplar Forest.

To Giacomo Raggi Sir Monticello. Oct. 3. 21. I have just recieved a letter from mr Appleton dated Leghorn July 7. informing me he had recieved the money remitted him on your ac­ count for Madame Raggi, and I have the painful office of announcing to you his further information that on writing to a friend at Carrara he found that she had died three months before that. some of her friends applied for the money, but considering it as yours he thought it his duty to refuse it, until he recieves your further orders. I sin­ cerely condole with you on this affliction, but it is from the hand of providence, to which we must all bow with resignation. I shall set out early tomorrow morning for Bedford1 where my stay is somewhat uncertain. when I return I shall be ready to transmit any orders you may wish to send to Carrara. in the mean time I salute you with my best wishes. Th: Jefferson P.S. Mr Appleton says not a word of Michael Raggi. PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of a reused address cover from William W. Hening to TJ; adjacent to signature: “Mr Giacomo Raggi”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Preceding

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two words interlined.

From John Barnes Dear Sir— George Town Coa 5th Octr 1821. r th o Your Esteemed fav 25 Ult with letter and original Certificates of the late Genl Kosciuskos funds examined & found Conformable thereto. as per, inclosed Receipt of Mr Lears, of yesterday—duplicate I reserve in Case of Accident.—At Mr Lears better leisure (having to Attend County Court) I proposed, to Accompany him—if Necessary— to Bank of Columbia1 and Treasury, in Order to his Receiving the Dividends & Quarterly Interest, due & unpaid—thus far—I sincerely congratulate you, Respecting your late, Trust—of inconceivable trou­ ble and dissatisfactory2—however Honorably & equitably discharged— Still I presume, difficulties may Arise from European Claimants, and even from the present, however Just, have yet to pass thro—a Course of Law & Equity— whatever may be required of me—thro you—will be Attended to, am much pleased with Mr Lears—Manners and Correct deportmt— Accept Sir, I pray you,—my unfeign’d thanks—for the many favors heaped—on the Devoted head—of your Obliged—most Obedt & very humble servant, John Barnes, RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Barnes, 16 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. RC: top half of ad­ dress cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to Joseph C. Cabell, 13 Jan. 1823, on recto and verso; bottom half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to William C. Rives, 13 Jan. 1823, on recto; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre at Poplar for­ est  Bedford County.” Enclosure: receipt from Benjamin L. Lear to TJ, 4 Oct. 1821, acknowledging that he had received

from TJ through Barnes the stock certif­ icates belonging to the estate of Tadeusz Kosciuszko as described in TJ to Lear, 25 Sept. 1821, with a total value of $17,099.99, for which “I am authorized to receive and to acct” (MS in DLC; in Lear’s hand and signed by him; endorsed by TJ: “Kosciuzko. Thaddeus Lear’s rect for his original certificates. 17.099. D”). 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“Columia.” “disfactory.”

From Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825) Dear Sir Yanceys Mills Alb. Va 5th octo 1821 my Brother Joel Yancey of Kentucky, often writes me, & often Mentions you, in a late letter he says “pray dont forget to present me in Respectfull terms to our good Republican Father, friend, & bene­ facter Mr Jefferson,” I avail myself of this opportunity to assure You My dear sir that I have Never lost sight of the obligation the people are under to you, for the Many years hard Labor You have spent in  533 

5 OCTOBER 1821

Maintaining, & supporting, our Republican institutions. accept Sir, of my best wishes for Your health & happiness. with assurances of regard & esteem I am Dear Sir Your friend & Mo ob. St Charles Yancey RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Yancey, 16 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. Joel Yancey (1773–1838), public offi­ cial, was a native of Albemarle County. As deputy sheriff, he collected TJ’s taxes early in the 1800s and also occasionally loaned him money. In 1804 Yancey un­ successfully sought an appointment in the Louisiana Territory. He represented Albemarle County in the House of Dele­ gates for the 1805–06 term. Yancey had moved by 1809 to Barren County, Ken­ tucky, when he began a two­year term in that state’s House of Representatives. Later he served in the Senate of Ken­ tucky, 1816–20 and 1824–27. Yancey was appointed federal collector at Key West late in 1822, but soon after arriving in Florida the following year he returned to Kentucky to see to his own affairs, and he resigned early in 1824. That year he again failed in a bid for a government ap­ pointment, either as a surveyor in Florida or Arkansas or as a marshal in Kentucky. Yancey was elected twice to the United

States House of Representatives as a Jack­ sonian, serving from 1827 until 1831 but then losing a run for a third term. Four years later he was back in Florida as as­ sistant agent at a Seminole agency near Fort King. Within a few months Yancey petitioned to be made the main agent fol­ lowing the death of his superior, but he was apparently unsuccessful, and in 1836 his position was eliminated. Later that year he was in Calhoun, Tennessee, as clerk in a Cherokee agency. In 1820 Yancey owned nineteen slaves, and ten years later he had eight. By 1835 he was complaining that his years of public service had ruined him financially (PTJ, 42:413; Biog. Dir. Cong.; Woods, Albemarle, 358, 388; MB; Leonard, General Assembly, 239; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Barren Co.,  1810–30; JEP, 3:312, 313 [10, 12 Dec. 1822]; Terr. Papers, 22:615, 686–7, 715–6, 723–4, 728, 23:10; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25; Herbert Weaver and others, eds., Correspondence of James K. Polk [1969–2019], 2:227–8, 3:255–7, 418, 4:240; ASP, Military Affairs, 6:527, 540, 566–7, 571).

From Reuben G. Beasley Dear Sir, Havre, October 8, 1821. The books mentioned in the letter herewith from your booksellers have been shipped on board the American ship Imperial bound to New York and addressed to the Collector at that port with request to follow your directions relative to them. I am, with great regard & esteem Dear Sir Your Obedient Servant. R G Beasley RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as received 22 Dec. 1821. Enclosure: de Bure Frères to TJ, 24 Aug. 1821, and enclosure.

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From John Laval Sir, Philadelphia October 9th 1821 I have placed to your Credit the $15= inclosed in your letter of the 30th ulto, leaving a balance in your favor of $1–3/100 if I receive, or Can procure for you, Planche’s Lexicon Fr. & Gr., I will forward it to you immediately You will find, herein, a list of a few Books of our last importations, which may deserve your attention I am with the highest Consideration & respect Sir,   your most humble Servt John Laval RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 218:38982); at foot of text: “Ths Jefferson—Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

John Laval’s List of Books and Prices [ca. 9 Oct. 1821] Appien, traduite du texte Grec. par J. Combes‑Donous—3 vols. 8vo sewed $7. 50 Appian’s History, translated by Davis, folio. bound 10. 00 R. Stephani Thesaurus. Latinæ Linguæ, 4 vols. folio. bound 50. 00 Sir Wm Young’s History of Athens, large 8vo bds 4. 50 ⎪⎫ Lawrence’s Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural ⎬ 10. 00 History of Man, 8vo bds. (suppressed in England) but ⎪⎭ clandestinely sold there at five guineas. Williams’s History of Inventions & Discoveries. 2 vols. 8vo. bds 8. 00 Philostratus’s life of Apollonius of Tyana, translated by Berwick, 8vo bds 4. 00 Collinson’s Life of Thuanus (President De Thou) 8vo. bds 3. 50 Malebranche’s Search after Truth. translated by Taylor. folio bd. 10. 00 Wallace on the Numbers of Mankind—2d Ed[. . .]1 8vo bds 3. 25 Lamb’s Catullus, 2 vols. Small 8vo—bds 4. 00 [Spur]zheim’s Principles of Education. 12o bds 2. 25 Pe[s]talozzi’s Mother’s Book by Pullen 12o bds. 2. 25 [L]aurentii Vallæ de linguæ Latinæ Elegantia 12o bd 2. 00 [Wa]tson on the Instruction of the Deaf & Dumb—1 vol. texte 1 vol. plates 8vo bds. 6. [ ]0 [Vo]yage de Pythagore in Egypte, dans la Chaldée, dans l’Inde, ⎪⎫ en Crète, a Sparte, a Rome, a Marseille, et dans les Gaules, 6 ⎬ 26. 00 ⎪⎭ vols. 8vo bd Bucke on the Beauties, Harmonies & Sublimities of Nature, 4 vols. 8vo. bds. 18. 00 Dalzell’s Lectures on the character & Literature of the Greeks ⎬⎫ 8. 00 ⎭ 2 vols. 8o bds. 1821.

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9 OCTOBER 1821 Newton’s Chronology 4to bd 2d [Ed?]2 Hobb’s life & Tracts 8vo bd 2d [Ed?]3 Taylor’s Sallust on the Gods & the world, and the Pythagorean ⎬⎫ ⎭ Sentences of Demophilus &c. &c. 8vo bd. Pompeius Festus with Jos. Scaliger’s &c. 2 vols. 12o parchment bg Lord John Russell on the English Government & Constitution ⎬⎫ ⎭ Small 8vo. Herodotus 3 vols 16o Leipsic Ed. Gr. Sewed Euripides 4 d d d    do  d Dio Cassius 4 do d    d  d Plato 5 do d    d  d Polybius 4 do d    d  d Plutarch 6 d d    d  d Pausanias 3 Thucydides 2 Xenophon 5 Théorie des Signes—Abbé Sicard—2 Vols 8vo Sewed —Mémoires & Correspondance de Made D’Epinay 3e Ed. 3 Vols do Vanegas’s History of California, 2 vols. 8vo. bds. Du Pradtz’s History of Louisiana, 8vo. bd Herrera Gen. History of the W. Indies &c. by Stevens. 6 vols. 8vo. bd. Charlevoix’s Canada 1 vol. 8vo Historia de la Florida 4 vols. 18o bd. title cut out. Herder’s Philosophy of Man 2 vols. 8vo bd. Walter Moyle’s Works—1. vol. 8vo. bd Elton’s Hesiod—1 vol. 12o bd Littlebury’s Herodotus 1 vol. 8vo. bd. maps Kant’s Critical Philosophy 8vo bd Kant’s Logic—8vo bds.  Do Prologomena 8vo bds Oeuvres d’Archimède 2 vols. 8vo broché Map of the Discoveries of Capt. Parry in the Polar regions, colored —Lettres de Madame du Deffand 4 vols. 12o clf bd. The Music or Melody & Rythmus of language 8vo. bd. Jackson’s Illustrations of Shakspeare 8vo bds Jamison’s Hermes 8vo bd. Watkin’s Universal Biog. Dictionary 8vo bds. (1821) Port Royal latin Grammar 2 vols. 8vo bds. Port Royal Greek do—1 vol. 8vo—bds.  Do Greek Primitives 8vo bds Memoirs of the Carbonari plates—8vo. bds. (1821) Wilke’s Persecutions of the protestants in the South of France ⎬⎫ ⎭ during the years 1814–15–16–&c. 8vo bds (1821) Rowe’s Legislatorial Trial of the Queen of England. 8vo bds. Scott’s Sketches of France, Switzerland & Italy—8vo bds. 1821. Table Talk or Original Essays by Wm Hazlett. 8vo bds. 1821 Memoirs of Jas. 2d of England—2 vols. 12o—bds. 1821

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6. 00 2. 00 2. 50 4. 00 4. 00 4. 50 6. 6 7 50 6 9 4. 50 2 50 7. 50 $5. "64 7. 00 4. 00 18. 4. 8. 8. 2. 2. 5. 3. 3. 3. 7.

00 00 00 00 00 50 50 2[5] 2[ ] [ ] [ ]

1. [ ] 10–[ ] 5. 00 5. 00. 5. 00 10– 00 7. 00 4. 50 3. 50 4. 00 7. 00 3. 4 5, 5

00 00 00 50

9 OCTOBER 1821 Lord Russell on the English Government & constit. 1821. Narrative of the Persecution of Da Costa by the Inquisition 2 vols. 8vo [½]5 bd [D]avy’s Elements of Agricultural Chemistry—1 vol. 8v bds— 1821 MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39494); in  a clerk’s hand, with several lines in Laval’s hand as indicated below; undated; damaged along edge; corner torn. Robert Estienne (r. stephani) first published his Latin thesaurus as Dic‑ tionarium, seu Latinæ linguæ Thesaurus (Paris, 1531; for a different edition owned by TJ, see Sowerby, no. 4793). William (later Sir William) lawrence’s work, Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man (London, 1819), was suppressed by its author when it was denounced as blasphemous and de­ nied copyright protection due to a con­ troversy over its materialistic explanation of the human mind and dismissal of the scriptural account of creation (ODNB). The edition of herodotus offered here and ultimately ordered by TJ was Hero‑ doti Halicarnassei Historiarum, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1815; Leavitt, Poplar Forest, 37 [no. 624]; vols. 2 and 3 of TJ’s copy in ViCMRL). That of plutarch was Gott­ fried Heinrich Schaefer, ed., Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae, 9 vols. (Leipzig, 1812– 14; Leavitt, Poplar Forest, 37 [no. 624]; TJ’s copy in ViCMRL). Other editions offered by Laval that TJ acquired were those of thucydides (Schaefer, ed., Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco, 2 vols. [Leipzig, 1815; Leavitt, Poplar Forest, 37 (no. 624); TJ’s copy in ViCMRL]), and xenophon (Schaefer, ed., Xenophontis Opera, 5 vols. [Leipzig, 1811–18; Leavitt, Poplar Forest, 37 (no. 624); TJ’s copy in ViCMRL). historia de la florida was likely an edition of Garcilaso de la Vega, La

⎬ ⎭

⎫

3. 50 6. 00 6

Florida del Ynca (Lisbon, 1605, and other eds.; Sowerby, no. 4084), which was also published subsequently as Historia de la Florida, 4 vols. (Madrid, 1803). broché: stitched, when used to describe an un­ bound book (OED). jackson’s illus­ trations of shakspeare: probably Zachariah Jackson, Shakspeare’s Genius Justified: being Restorations and Illustra‑ tions of Seven Hundred Passages in Shak‑ speare’s Plays (London, 1819). The port royal grammars, translated by Thomas Nugent from the original French of Antoine Arnauld, Claude Lance­ lot, and Pierre Nicole, were first published in English as A New Method Of learning with Facility the Latin Tongue, 2 vols. (London, 1758; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 857]), and A New Method Of learning with greater Facility the Greek Tongue, 2 vols. (London, 1746; Poor, Jef‑ ferson’s Library, 13 [no. 837]). Nugent translated the greek primitives from a work by the same scholars and published it as The Primitives of the Greek Tongue (London, 1748; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 842]). memoirs of the carbonari: Mem‑ oirs of the Secret Societies of the South of Italy, particularly the Carbonari (London, 1821). 1 Word

illegible. illegible. 3 Word illegible. 4 Text from “Herodotus” to this point in Laval’s hand. 5 Word illegible. 2 Word

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From Richard Rush Dear sir. London October 9. 1821. I received on the 26th of last month your favor of the 14th of August, and have had great pleasure in attending to the commissions which it entrusted to me. Law books being very costly, Thomas’s edition of Coke Littleton is set down at £4.4, though but three volumes. Rapins history, in fifteen, may be had for £2.12. It is therefore my intention to send you for the present, only these two works, which will about call for the unexpended balance in my hands, it appearing to be your wish, that I should not at this time go farther. I have requested Col: Aspinwall to ship them off for Norfolk, or Richmond, or Baltimore, should a vessel be likely to offer for either of these ports within two or three weeks from this date; but otherwise to let them go by the first ship for New York, as the winter will be advancing fast. They will be in a box, addressed to you as before, and consigned to the col­ lector of the port. Mr Blatterman had left his former residence, but I had no difficulty in tracing him to the house to which he had removed. I addressed a note to him, and it appeared to me that it would be best to enclose him an extract of that part of your letter which had relation to his engagement for the University, and this I ventured upon doing. A copy of his reply is enclosed herewith, which I hope may prove satis­ factory to the visitors. I have, in addition, had a personal interview with him, in the course of which he manifested the same zeal in the object proposed to him, that his note bespeaks. Permit me to repeat, that as long as I remain here, I shall be gratified in being at the call of the visitors, if I can prove useful to them in any way in this quarter. I sincerely rejoice to find that the Missouri question is lulled, and trust that it is never again to be agitated in any shape. When we look at our “peaceable and plain­sailing country” (one of its best eulogi­ ums) through the vista of this distance, perhaps we see but the more strikingly all the good which hangs upon our union, and all the evil which awaits our separation. Europe has entered upon the work of constitution­making, and it will probably cost her ages of blood to learn as much as we know about it. How lamentable, should we throw away our experience. By the last advices from the continent, it would seem that the ques­ tion between Russia and the Turks is not yet considered as finally settled. Here the prevailing opinion, as far as I can gather it, contin­ ues to be, that the peace of the world will not at present, or first, be disturbed in that quarter.  538 

9 OCTOBER 1821

 I beg to renew to you, dear sir, the strongest assurances of respect and attachment. Richard Rush. Since finishing my letter, I have received a second note from Mr Blat­ terman, dated yesterday, a copy of which is also enclosed. R. R.— RC (DLC); between signature and postscript: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e s

I George Blaettermann to Richard Rush Sir October 6. 1821. 69. Grace church Street. I have received this morning your polite note with an extract from a letter addressed to you by the late venerated President of the United States, and hasten to observe in reply, that I think myself highly honored by the prefer­ ence shown to my application for a Professorship in the new College, and feel deeply impressed with a sense of gratitude for being thus early made acquainted with the favorable dispositions entertained towards me, as this knowledge will prevent my forming any engagement I otherwise might have entered into, perhaps less analogous to the nature of my studies or less con­ genial to my inclination. It will be in the highest degree grateful to me to be enabled by my talents for teaching to communicate to the young Citizens of Virginia a knowledge of the languages of the most civilized nations of Eu­ rope, and thus to open to them the rich treasures of modern litterature, espe­ cially that of my native country which now holds so preeminent a rank; and I shall think myself fully authorized, by what Mr Jefferson writes respecting me, to take such steps in the arrangement of my affairs as if I were formally engaged. I have the honor to be, Sir very respectfully Your most obedient Servant George Blatterman. Tr (ViU: TJP); at head of text: “Copy of a letter from Mr George Blatterman to R. Rush”; at foot of text: “Mr R Rush”; endorsed by TJ.

II George Blaettermann to Richard Rush Sir, October 8th 1821. 69 Grace church Street. In my note to you, written and sent off in haste, I omitted, though foremost in my mind, to beg you to return my sincere thanks to Mr Jefferson as the chief means in the hands of Providence of opening before me a prospect of increased happiness and usefulness and to assure him that, when I consider the importance of the trust likely to be reposed in me, I can safely promise

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9 OCTOBER 1821 not to fail in the fulfilment of it through want of zeal and industry; the dis­ penser of all good has, I flatter myself conferred on me my full share of ardor and activity. The communication of my acquirements to others has, at all times, been to me a delightful task and now rendered more so as my duty will call me to instruct the rising Citizens of a Country whose government, founded on the rights of man, and the eternal principle of justice, aims only at the good of the community, and whose ministers, distinguished by sim­ plicity and grandeur of character, hold forth a noble example to direct and animate even distant nations in their march to knowledge, to virtue, to free­ dom, and to happiness. I shall in the mean time direct my attention to points connected with my future destination and prepare myself for leaving at no distant period, my present sphere of utility. With every sentiment of respect, I have the honor to be Sir Your most humble Servt G. Blatterman. Tr (ViU: TJP); at head of text: “Copy of a letter from Mr George Blatterman to R Rush”; beneath signature: “Mr R. Rush”; endorsed by TJ; with unrelated calcula­ tions in pencil, possibly by TJ, at foot of text.

From René Anacharsis Barba Monsieur, New­york, le 11 8bre 1821. Ayant été chargé par monsieur le général de lafayette de vous ap­ porter de france une lettre, j’espérais pouvoir vous la remettre moi même; prévoyant que mes occupations ici pourraient apporter trop de retard au plaisir que vous devez éprouver en recevant des lettres d’un de vos ancients amis, j’ai pris la liberté de vous l’envoyer par la poste; mais une plus grande, et pour laquelle je réclame votre indul­ gence, c’est de recourir à la même voie, n’en ayant point d’autre, pour vous adresser une prière. Monsieur de la fayette m’avait fait espérer que, Si je me rendais dans le lieu que vous habitez, je Serais reçu avec bienveillance et que vous daigneriez me donner les conseils les plus avantageux relative­ ment à l’exercice de ma profession dans les états de l’union, ce qu’une Connaissance parfaite du local vous permettait de faire mieux que tout autre. attiré dans votre patrie par des rapports trompeurs, je vois trop tard qu’un jeune médecin étranger et Sans fortune n’y a que peu de chances de succès. trop avancé pour rétrograder, voyant main­ tenant combien j’ai été abusé et ne pouvant que dans un temps plus ou moins long, vû l’éloignement où je Suis de ma famille, être mis à même par mon père d’aller chercher dans d’autres contrées un en­ droit plus propice à la pratique de la médecine, la position embaras­ sante, dans laquelle je me trouve, ma force à tirer quelque parti de l’éducation que j’ai reçue, et c’est pour Solliciter votre protection,  540 

11 OCTOBER 1821

votre appui auprès de quelqu’un de vos compatriotes que je m’adresse à vous. je désirerais trouver une famille qui daignât me confier l’éducation d’un ou de deux enfants: je pourrais leur enseigner les langues fran­ çaise, latine et grecque et chercherais à me montrer digne de Son choix et de votre recommandation. quoique Connaissant la langue an­ glaise, je n’ai encore que peu de facilités pour la parler, mais un temps très court me sera nécessaire pour en acquérir l’habitude. je [ne croyais] pas, monsieur, en Sollicitant auprès [de?] vous la re­ commandation de monsieur lafayette, qu[e] je dûsse sitôt recourir à votre bonté si généralem[ent] reconnue, mais le peu de réflexion que mon père et moi avons apporté à mettre à execution un projet qui en demandait davantage, la précipitation avec laquelle j’ai quitté ma famille pour venir dans ces contrées, croyant, Sur la foi de personnes qui Se disaient bien instruites, pouvoir y retirer de grands avantages de ma profession, m’ont placé dans une position assez difficile, je vous aurais, monsieur, une vive reconnaissance Si vous daigniez vous intéresser en ma faveur et me procurer dans vos nombreuses relations la place que je vous demande avec instance. Veuillez, monsieur, excuser mon importunité et me croire votre très humble et très obéissant Serviteur Barba Médecin, No 13. Murray­Street. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, New­york, 11 October 1821. Having been charged by General de Lafayette with bringing you a letter from France, I hoped to be able to deliver it myself. But anticipating that my business here might delay too much the pleasure you must feel on receiving letters from one of your old friends, I took the liberty of forwarding it by the post. I am taking an even greater liberty, for which I beg your indulgence, in resorting to the same method, having no other, to ask something of you. Mr. de Lafayette had given me to hope that, if I went to your residence, I would be received with kindness and that you would condescend to give me the most advantageous advice regarding the exercise of my profession in the states of the Union, which a perfect knowledge of the region would allow you to do better than anyone else. Attracted to your homeland by misleading re­ ports, I see, too late, that a young foreign physician without fortune has little chance of success here. I see now how I have been misled, but I am too far advanced to reverse course. Considering my distance from my family, it would take my father a long time to provide me the wherewithal to look in other countries for a place more propitious to the practice of medicine. My embar­ rassing situation forces me to take some advantage of my education, and I approach you to solicit your protection and your support with one of your fellow citizens.

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11 OCTOBER 1821  I would like to find a family that would deign to entrust me with the educa­ tion of one or two children. I could teach them French, Latin, and Greek, and would strive to prove myself worthy of its choice and your recommendation. Although I know the English language, I speak it with little ease so far, but I will acquire the habit very soon. I did not think, Sir, that in acting on the recommendation of Mr. Lafayette I would need to resort so soon to your well­known kindness. But I have been placed in a rather difficult position due to the little consideration my father and I brought to the execution of a project that required more thought, and the haste with which I left my family to come to these parts, believing, on the testimony of persons who claimed to be knowledgeable, that I could profit greatly from my profession, Sir, I would be most grateful if you would deign to interest yourself in my case and obtain for me among your numerous connections the position for which I am begging you. Please, Sir, kindly excuse my importunity and believe me to be your very humble and very obedient servant Barba Physician, No 13. Murray­Street. RC (DLC); dateline at foot of text; top of third page torn; addressed: “to Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello State of Vir­ ginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 11 Oct.; endorsement by TJ torn; with Dft of TJ to Barba, 23 Oct. [1821], on address leaf. Recorded in SJL as received 23 Oct. 1821. Translation by Dr. Gene­ vieve Moene. René Anacharsis Barba (1795–1828), physician, was a native of France. He sub­ mitted his medical thesis in 1818 to the Faculté de Médecine de Paris. By Sep­

tember 1821 Barba was in New York seeking work as a doctor, but he appar­ ently gave up there and sailed for Marti­ nique and Guadeloupe in November of that year. He married in 1824 in Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe (Généalogie et His‑ toire de la Caraïbe 192 [2006]: 4864; Bulletins de la Faculté de Médecine de Paris [1817]: 546; [1818]: 263; Barba, De l’Influence de l’Air sur l’Origine, la Marche et le Traitement des Maladies [Paris, 1818]; New‑York Evening Post, 8 Nov. 1821).

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 11 Octr 1821 d t I was duly favor’d with yours of the 3 cur covering notes for the renewal of yours at the different Banks, which shall be attended to.   On the sixth inst recd the above 45 Blls: Flour from Shadwell Mills on your a∕c, which was sold yesterday, as pr a∕c sales above, which was the best that could be done with it—nett proceeds at your credit, say $212.42; I have recd as yet, no other Flour for you.   None of the draf ts you apprise me of having drawn, are yet presented, when they are, will discharge them promptly, as well as those you expect to draw from Bedford. Agreeable to your request have procured from the Land Office a Patent for the 18 Acres of Land mentioned, which you will find under  542 

11 OCTOBER 1821

cover.—   As you did not return the rect sent you, which is cus­ tomary, the Register requests you will destroy it With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosure printed below; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

For the enclosed patent, see note to Matthew Pate’s Survey of Eighteen­Acre Tract Adjacent to Poplar Forest, 30 Apr. 1818. The register of the Virginia Land Office was William G. Pendleton.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 45 Barrels super fine Flour by B. Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd 10 Octr To Capt Owens for Cash in store 45 Blls: super ⎬⎫ $247.50 ⎭ fine flour at $5.50 Charges Cash paid freight at 2/6 pr Bll: is $18.75 Canal Toll $4.70, Drayage 94¢ 5.64 Inspection 90¢, storage $3.60 4.50 Comssn at 2½ pr cent 6.19 35.08 At credit Th: Jefferson  $212.42 MS (MHi); in Peyton’s hand; with covering letter subjoined.

James C. Steptoe to Joel Yancey Dear Sir Oct, 11 1821 I am now solely interested in a Claim of Wm Mitchells upon Mr Jefferson for something like $100—I am told you have the managemt of his affairs & that he is now in the Forest—I am very desirous of adjusting & bringing to a close all Mr Mitchells business—& Have to ask the favor of you to attend to the matter for me—if necessary speak to Mr J. concerning the Claim & let me know the prospects— very respecty Your Mo Ob J C Steptoe RC (ViU: TJP­ER); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Joel Yancey Forest.”

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To John Clark Sir Oct. 12. 21 I have been applied to in behalf of the Northern seminaries in the US to solicit the cooperation of those in the South & West1 in an ap­ plication to the ensuing session of Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books, which is believed to be a considerable obstruction to the progress of science among us. I have accordingly addressed letters (of which the inclosed is a copy) to such personal acquaintances as I happened to have among the Pro­ fessors trustees or visitors of the Colleges of Chapel­hill in N.C. of Columbia in S.C. & of Transylvania in Kentucky, asking the coopera­ tion of those instns. but not knowing whether among my personal2 acquaintances3 in the State of Georgia4 any happen to be either Pro­ fessor, trustee or visitor of the University of Athens in that state, I take the liberty of inclosing a similar letter5 to your excellency, with a request that you will do me the favor of addressg6 it to whatever per­ son you may think most likely to promote it’s views and that he will consider it as addressed to him by myself, and will be so good as to do on it whatsoever he thinks right. I pray Y. E. to accept the assur­ ance of my high esteem7 & considn Th:J. Dft (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “H. E. The Governor of Georgia”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to the “Governor of Georgia” and so recorded (with bracketed notation: “inclosing Sep. 28. for Athens”) in SJL. Enclosure: TJ to Hutchins G. Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown, 28 Sept. 1821. John Clark (1766–1832), public offi­ cial, was born in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, and moved with his fam­ ily to Wilkes County in the Georgia back­ country in 1774. At age fourteen he briefly attended school in Wake County, North Carolina, but left school to fight under his father in the Revolutionary War and con­ tinued in the Georgia militia after the war, eventually attaining the rank of major general. Clark entered politics and be­ came a leader of the frontier faction in a long­standing Georgia divide between coastal and upland planters and back­ country farmers. He represented Wilkes County in the Georgia House of Repre­ sentatives, 1801–03, and in the state sen­

ate the following year. In a duel in 1806 Clark wounded William H. Crawford, one of the leaders of the opposing faction. Andrew Jackson later sought out Clark as an ally against Crawford, their mutual enemy. After failed efforts in 1813 and 1817, Clark was elected governor of Geor­ gia in 1819 by the state legislature and reelected two years later. In that office he championed free public education and democratic political reforms, efforts that were mostly unsuccessful. Clark lost a bid for the governorship in 1825, the first such contest determined by a popular vote, after which he retired from politics. Late in the 1820s he moved to Florida, where he was appointed to a position protecting public forests. In 1830 Clark owned twenty­three slaves. He died at his home on Saint Andrew Bay in Florida (ANB; DAB; Robert Sobel and John Raimo, eds., Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978 [1978], 1:287; Georgia State Senate, Jour‑ nal [May 1804 sess.]; [Nov.–Dec. 1804 sess.]; Jackson, Papers, 4:286–7, 323–5, 349–51; DNA: RG 29, CS, Fla., Wash­

 544 

13 OCTOBER 1821 ington Co., 1830; Tallahassee Floridian, 30 Oct. 1832; gravestone inscription in Marietta National Cemetery, Marietta, Georgia). TJ’s enclosed circular letter was pre­ sented to the Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia (university of athens) on 12 Nov. 1821 by Moses Wad­ del, the school’s president. The following day the committee charged with consid­ ering it reported that they agreed entirely with TJ and recommended that the trust­ ees petition Congress on the subject and

seek support from Georgia’s congressio­ nal delegation (GU: Trustees’ Minutes, University of Georgia). 1 Preceding

two words interlined. two words interlined in place of “the.” 3 Manuscript: “acquaintan­.” 4 Preceding five words interlined. 5 Preceding three words interlined in place of “one of those.” 6 Reworked from “will address.” 7 Word interlined in place of “respect.” 2 Preceding

From Napoleon Archer Sir October 13th 1821 Mount Pleasant near Petersburg Va Excuse the liberty I Take in addressing you respecting Central col­ leg, of which I wish To become a member immediately if it is in opperation—I have lately left the junior class of Union colleg in Schenectady of which Dr Eliphalit Nott is president, and from whom I can produce a regular and honourable dismission, as well as letters of recommendation from every officer of that litterary institution—If the above mentioned Central college is in opperation, you will please let know immediately— I am with sentiments of respect and esteem, your most obed Servant Napoleon Archer RC (MHi); between dateline and salu­ tation and repeated at foot of text: “Mr Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Archer, 23 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. Napoleon B. Archer (ca. 1802–61) was born in Chesterfield County. He studied at Union College in Schenectady, New York, before attending Hampden­Sydney College for a year beginning in 1821. Ar­ cher served as a delegate from Petersburg to a Whig state convention in 1856. Four years later he was still living in Peters­ burg, had a personal estate valued at $500, and was described in the census as

a “gentleman” (John Frederick Dorman, comp., Claiborne of Virginia: Descendants of Colonel William Claiborne, The First Eight Generations [1995], 214; A General Catalogue of the Officers, Graduates and Students of Union College, from 1795 to 1854 [1854], 34; A. J. Morrison, College of Hampden Sidney Dictionary of Biogra‑ phy, 1776–1825 [(1921)], 224; Catalogue of the Members of the Philanthropic Soci‑ ety of Hampden Sydney College, from its foundation to the year 1850 [1850], 7; Richmond Enquirer, 18 July 1856; DNA: RG 29, CS, Petersburg, 1860; Blandford Cemetery, Petersburg, Interment Records [Vi]; Petersburg Hustings Court Will Book, 5:92).

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From Henry Bry Sir! Ouachita 14th Octbr 1821– I can hardly presume that you can remember my visit at Monticello on the 28th of June last which I shall never forget. Since I left your hospitable mansion I travelled through the Northern & Eastern States, went in Canada viewed the falls of Niagara; by far the grandest Sight I have beheld in the Union; I crossed lake Erie to Portland and the State of Ohio diagonally where I Saw a wilder and newer Country than even this remote part of the State of Louisiana. As far as Colum­ bus, it is quite in the Cradle and a rough and poor one it is: My ob­ servations through these States would afford you nothing new; you are better informed than myself about the countries I visited. I Shall only mention that after Seeing our most renown’d Colleges, I found but one Institution of that kind which pleased me—That is West Point Academy, and there I intend to place my Son in one or two years If I can get him admitted. While I was with you; you expressed a wish to get Some cuttings of a kind of Rose which I represented as a valuable plant to make a very handsome and excellent hedge: We looked on Some of your Botanical Books to Identify the Species—We could not: Since my arrival here having the plant before me, I have been able to ascertain it—It is “The Rosa Sinica, germinibus Subglobosis, glabris; pedun­ culis aculeatis, hispidis; caule petiolisque aculeatis; calicinis foliolis lanceolatis, Subpetiolatis. Lin. Syst. Veget. 394.”—“The Rosier fleuri. Rosa Semperflo[rens”] of Lamarck—I mention this that you may As­ certain if it is already cultivated in your neighbourhoo[d.] I Shall at all events (unless you Should direct me otherwise) for­ ward the cuttings I promised you in January or 1 begg of February—I Should be very glad (I would almost Say very proud) If our country can afford any thing you would wish, I would procure it with pleasure— With the highest Esteem & Consideration I am Your obt Servt Sir H. Bry RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 1 Dec. 1821 and so re­ corded in SJL. RC (MHi); left half of address cover only; with TJ’s Account with Youen Carden, [ca. 14 June 1824], on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jeffe[rson] [. . .] Mon[ticello] Charlottesville [. . .]”; postmarked. Bry’s son, Henry M. Bry, was admitted to the United States Military Academy at

West Point in 1823. Two years later the elder Bry petitioned for his son’s rein­ statement as a cadet after he had been dismissed for inattention to his studies (Patrick G. Wardell, Genealogical Data from United States Military Academy Application Papers, 1805–1866 [2002], 1:102, 123). The description of the rosa sinica comes from the section on rosier fleuri in Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet

 546 

15 OCTOBER 1821 de Lamarck and Jean Louis Marie Poiret, Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique (Paris, 1783–1808; for this work as a whole, published 1782–1832, see Sowerby, no. 4889), 6:283. TJ received the seeds of this plant, the Cherokee rose (rosa laevi‑

gata), from John Milledge late in 1803 and had it planted at Monticello the fol­ lowing spring (PTJ, 42:30; Betts, Gar‑ den Book, 291, 293). 1 Manuscript:

“of.”

From Mason L. Weems Very Honord Sir— Dumfries Octob. 14. —21 I have a favor to ask of you— The great success I have had in my Amn Biographies has tempted me to add another great man to the list, i.e Wm Penn. I have been told that a piece of the Maple, immortalizd by his treaty with the Dela­ ware Indians, converted into a Cup was sent to you—with some ap­ propriate lines. Have you any objection to do my Book the honor to give those lines a place in it? If you have not, please get one of Your family to transcribe them in a letter to me, at Philadelphia to care of Mathew Carey & Sons. Yours, with a good will that shall last long as the Sun & moon give light. M. L. Weems. I set out for Philada tomorrow, & may be there 10 or 12 days. The widow of yr old Schoolmate & early friend Colo Jesse Ewell has the fever of the Season. RC (NNPM); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; franked; post­ marked Dumfries, 16 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 27 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Weems, [30 Oct. 1821], beneath endorsement.

From John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir, Mill Brook. october 15. 1821. Uncertain where a letter might find you I have delayed until the present time returning an answer to yours of the 16. of September by Francis. I have directed him on his return to Columbia to pursue the course marked out for him by you and to become an irregular instead of a regular student at the University— Your opinion as to the value of a Deploma corresponds with my own—My only reason for wishing Francis to graduate was that being at a distance from his friends and at liberty either to read or not by becoming a regular student, he would be compelled by the feelings  547 

15 OCTOBER 1821

natural to his period of life, to make himself master at least of the subjects which belong to the regular course of the University—If by becoming an irregular Student he does not relax any portion of his exertions in consequence of the removal of a stimulus so powerful at his period of life, he will undoubtedly derive benefit from a judicious selection of the subjects requiring the aid of a scientific instructor and leaving the others to be prosecuted hereafter—I have no particular reason for apprehending that this will not be his course—Still as a Parent I have my fears—I was much disappointed in not finding you in Bedford either in going or1 returning from the Springs—I passed up before your first trip & on my return they were expecting you daily—I need not say how much pleasure I should have felt in seeing you—As I advance in life I find daily some of its former pleasures no longer interesting—It is perhaps a wise provision of providence as he who no longer enjoys will ultimately quit life without regret—It has often however been to me a matter of surprise that the feelings of the heart remain in full vigour while the rest of natures work is a mere wreck—I am sensible as yet of no Torpor about my heart which still clings to the objects so long dear to it and to none with more affection than yourself—It would have been a great gratification to me to have had some conversation with you on the present State of parties and principles in the United States. Withdrawn from the great Theatre of political events perhaps I indulge apprehensions entirely chimerical— I do however seriously fear that we are destined to loose all the ad­ vantages derived from the great revolution in 1801. & as we fondly hoped rendered permanent by eight years of your administration— This attempt at a union of parties will I fear terminate in a destruc­ tion of all the principles considered fundamental in good republican times—Something more moderate than the mad Federalism of 1798 and 1799 may be adopted in their place but far short of the great Revo­ lution accomplished by the republican party and sanctioned by the people—It appears to me that wherever the mind of man is left free differences of opinion must take place—Our former division founded on principle is the only rational one—The construction placed on the constitution in latter times has swept away the former landmarks. we have only to pass an alien & sedition bill and then shake hands with the old Federalists. On the subject of the army & Navy we have adopted their Theory & in practice gone beyond them—The renewal of the bank charter is a surrender by Congress of the construction placed on it by the Republican party—The Bankrupt law will pass at the next Session of Congress & trial by Jury here as in England receive its first stab under that System—The decision of the Supreme Court  548 

15 OCTOBER 1821

on the Bank question & in the case of Chohens against the State of Virginia surpasses any thing in the worst Federal times—I under­ stand that Colo. Monroe claims the glory of being President of the Nation and not of a party—If such be the fact he owes to the Repub­ lican party clear & manifest proof that the Federalists have renounced their former opinions and principles, and that we shall not be called on to abandon ours after having triumphed over them in peace and in war & having on our side the great body of the American people— Pardon this trespass—knowing how much you are worried on politi­ cal subjects I seldom intrude them on you—Nor should I have on this occasion violated a rule to which I have adhered but for the misfor­ tune of not2 meeting you—My mind however has been so much oc­ cupied on this subject that it has often occurred to me that the present would be a most excellent time for some man of Talents to give to the world a view of your administration—I have all the materials neces­ sary for executing such a work—viz 1. a complete set of the papers laid before Congress during the period of my being in public life— 2. The state papers published by the Government—3. a Complete3 file of the National Intelligencer while Edited by Smith—This paper of Smiths contains all the Debates of Congress during a very interest­ ing period of our history—Such a work written by yourself would be the most valuable legacy you could bestow on posterity—Such a work written by any man of Talents would at the present moment be most valuable. I have gone fairly to the end of my paper & bid you adieu. Yours sincerely Jno. W. Eppes RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 21 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. A bill to establish a bankrupt law in­ stituting federal provisions for handling bankruptcies was introduced in the next session of Congress but had not passed at term’s end. A proposed constitutional amendment to allow individual states to implement their own bankruptcy laws in the absence of federal regulations also failed to gain approval (JHR, 15:41, 340–1, 355 [11 Dec. 1821, 12, 14 Mar. 1822]). Debate on the bill included assurances that, despite its provision for commis­ sioners of bankruptcy, interested parties

could still opt for a trial by jury (Wash­ ington Daily National Intelligencer, 19 Feb. 1822). The United States Supreme Court ruled on the bank question in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which reinforced fed­ eral over state power by upholding Con­ gress’s chartering of the Second Bank of the United States and denying the state of Maryland the right to tax it (Marshall, Papers, 8:254–9). the case of chohens was Cohens v. Virginia. 1 Manuscript:

“on.” interlined. 3 Manuscript: “Comple.” 2 Word

 549 

To John Barnes P. F. Oct. 16. 21

I this moment and at this place recieve your favor of the 5th with mr Lear’s reciept for the original certificates of Genl Kosciusko of which I think it a duty to give you immediate notice to place you at ease, & to assure you as ever of my constant and1 affte frdshp & respect Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Barnes to TJ, 5 Oct. 1821.

1 Preceding

two words interlined.

To DeWitt Clinton Dear Sir Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Oct. 16. 21 I this moment, and at a distant possession at which I am on a visit, recieve your favor of the 1st inst. the book1 on the subject of the2 canal is doubtless reserved at Monticello until my return. accept my thanks for it, and my congratulations on the progress of the most splendid and useful work ever undertaken in America, which, while it enriches the state, will immortalize it’s conductors, to no one of whom it is more indebted than yourself.3 I salute you with the assurance of my continued and high respect and esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (NNC: Clinton Papers); addressed: “His Excellency Dewitt Clinton Govr of New York Albany” and redirected to New York City in an unidentified hand; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked; endorsed by Clinton, in part: “about our Canals.” Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Clinton to

TJ, 1 Oct. 1821; lacking salutation and signature. 1 Word interlined in place of “work” in Dft. 2 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 3 Omitted period supplied from Dft.

To Thomas Fairfax P. F. Oct. 16. 21.

I this moment recieve, and at an occasional resdce very distant from Monto your favor of Sep. 20. which with a like delay in the transmis­ sion of this answer must acct for your late reciept of it.1 the buildings for the accomodn of the Professors and students of the Univy will all be ready in the course of this winter. to effect this we borrowed by authority2 of the legisl. 120,000.D. from the literary fund3 pledging for it’s reimbursemt our annuity of 15.M.D. a year charged on that fund.4 should the legisl. at any time5 consider this advance from a  550 

16 OCTOBER 1821

approprd

fund to educn as fairly applicable to the erection of the Uni­ vty6 & release the University from the oblign to replace7 it. the instn may open within a yr. after such a decln. if on the contrary they insist on reimbursemt, the present youths of our country will be old men before it is accomplished. you will judge Sir from these circumstances that it is not in my power to inform you when the instn will be opened, and do me the favor8 to accept with my regrets9 the assurce of my great esteem & resp. Dft (DLC); on verso of RC of Fairfax to TJ, 20 Sept. 1821. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 2 Word interlined in place of “per­ mission.” 3 Preceding four words interlined. 4 Preceding four words interlined.

5 Preceding three words interlined in place of “think.” 6 Preceding five words interlined in place of “that purpose.” 7 Reworked from “repay.” 8 Preceding four words interlined in place of “be pleased.” 9 Preceding three words interlined.

From Fernagus De Gelone Venerated Sir. New York. Octob. 16. 1821— I am on the point of leaving this Country, and I cannot do it without offering you my tribute of devoutedness and of gratitude. from your personal politeness towards me, and from the respect Your name commands, I will take the liberty to recall me to your dear memory.— My object is to Join Mr. Bonpland, the Collaborator of Humboldt, at the foot of the Andes.—I likely will be here a few days more. Should You please to honour me with a letter, It might go to me through Mr Gahn, the Swedish Consul, here, or thro’ the American Consuls in Dominica, Martinico or Buenos Aïres.— I Sincerely Send you my most respectful vows for the continuation of your good health.—from honour, Sir, I lost in part my property. Having been educated in Europe, I imagined that I could turn useful to my Second Countrymen.—I even offered to teach the great rules of Science (practical—no books). No Success. I wanted to inculcate the plain & beautiful plans of the Royal Military School of Louis the XVth, which were followed by the Normal and by the Polytechnic Schools, in Paris, and which are most completely imitated now in London, Paris and Dresden. Your most respectful Servant fernagus De Gelone Allié du Major General Prince de Neufchatel & Wagram.  551 

16 OCTOBER 1821  RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson”; with unrelated calculations in Fernagus De Gelone’s hand on recto; en­ dorsed by TJ as a letter of 16 Oct. 1821 received 27 Oct. 1821 and so recorded (as a letter of 15 Oct.) in SJL.

 allié du: “Relation by marriage of.” Louis Alexandre Berthier was the prince de neufchatel (Neuchâtel).

To Charles Yancey (1766–ca. 1825) P.F. Oct. 16. 21.

I recieve1 at this place your favor of the 5th conveyin[g] to me the kind remembrance of your brother 2 mr Joel Yancey for which I pray you to return him the assurances of my continued esteem. the expressions of the favor with which you are so good as to view my public services are truly grateful to me, and I pray to accept my thanks for them & the assurance of my high respect Dft (DLC); edge trimmed; on verso of RC of Yancey to TJ, 5 Oct. 1821.

1 2

Manuscript: “reieve.” Word interlined in place of “relation.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 18 Octr 1821 a d Above I hand you ∕c sales 41 Barrels Flour rec this morning from Shadwell Mills for your a∕c, which I sold on the Basin Bank: nett pro­ ceeds as above, say $197.69. at your credit. I have this day forwarded to Monticello a Box from Philada, & a Box & Bundle from F. A. Mayo of this City to your address, which I hope will be safely received. With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely Bernard Peyton RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosure; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. In Richmond on this date Cesario Bias wrote a letter on Peyton’s behalf to Thomas Eston Randolph and Daniel Col­ claser informing them that “Mr Woods Boat” would deliver two boxes of books

and one bundle to them for TJ, all of which Bias had received in good order, and directing them to pay freight on the items (RC in MHi; entirely in Bias’s hand; addressed [with apparent mistaken place of address]: “Messes: R & Colcla­ ser Staunton”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton received 29 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL).

 552 

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 41 Blls: super fine Flour by Bernd Peyton for a∕c Mr Th: Jefferson 1821 Richd 18 Octor  To Luke & Sizer for Cash on the Basin 41 ⎬⎫   $225.50 ⎭ Barrels super fine flour at $5.50 Charges Cash pd fght: at 2/6, & Toll at 7½ d $21.35 Inspection at 2¢ & Comssn at 2½ pr Ct 6.46  " 27.81 Nett prcds: at Ct Th: Jefferson $197.69 E.E.    B.P. MS (MHi); entirely in Peyton’s hand; covering letter subjoined; undated; with calculations by TJ at foot of text dividing

$197.69 by 41 and arriving at a net price of $4.82 per barrel of flour. e.e.: “Errors Excepted.”

From Nathan Pollard Richmond 18th [Oct.] 1821 Franklin P. Office

Nathan Pollard Presents with respect to Thomas Jefferson Esq. a copy of the Vir­ ginia Reports, made in conformity to an Act of the General Assembly, by Francis W. Gilmer Esq. and printed at the Franklin P. Office— The design of the establishment of this office is to advance the art of Printing in Virginia, and to render the state less dependant on other states for this important means of improvement. This work is sent for the purpose of affording to Mr Jefferson a specimen of the style of printing in this City Very Respectfully Yours RC (MHi); partially dated adjacent to closing; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 18 Oct. 1821 received 27 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Pol­ lard, 30 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement. Enclosure: Va. Reports, 21 (1 Gilmer) (Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 584]). Nathan Pollard (d. 1836), educator and publisher, was in Richmond by 1817, when he advertised his school at Masons’ Hall. Later that year he and William A. Chapin added an evening school. Pollard took up printing by 1820 at the Frank­

lin  Press of the Presbyterian clergyman John  H. Rice. He eventually became its proprietor, publishing under his own name and later in the partnerships of Pollard & Goddard and Pollard & Converse. From 1820 to about 1828 Pollard published Rice’s Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine. He also published Rice’s news­ paper, the Richmond Family Visitor, be­ ginning in 1822. Pollard purchased the paper about 1827 and combined it with the Fayetteville North Carolina Telegraph, continuing publication in Richmond under the new title of Visitor and Telegraph

 553 

18 OCTOBER 1821 until he sold his share in 1828. He owned three slaves in 1830. Pollard had resumed teaching by 1831, when he operated a classical school (Margaret Meagher, His‑ tory of Education in Richmond [1939], 57; Richmond Commercial Compiler, 25 Aug., 25 Nov. 1817, 18 Sept. 1818; The Rich‑ mond Directory, Register and Almanac, for the Year 1819 [Richmond, 1819], 63; James A. Bear Jr. and Mary Caperton Bear, A Checklist of Virginia Almanacs,

1732–1850 [1962]; Lester J. Cappon, Vir‑ ginia Newspapers, 1821–1935 [1936], 175, 185; A. J. Morrison, “Presbyterian Peri­ odicals of Richmond, 1815–1860,” Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine 1 [1920]: 174–6; Richmond En‑ quirer, 28 Oct. 1828, 6 Jan. 1831; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1830; Richmond Courier and Daily Compiler, 15 Dec. 1836).

From Nathaniel Macon Sir Buck Spring 20 Octr 1821 I did not receive your letter of the 19–ultimo, untill yesterday, it had no doubt been at Warrenton some time; but I live twelve miles from it & seldom go there The letter with the copy of one enclosed, will not be seen by any person during my life, without your direction, though I incline to the opinion, that much good might be done, by a few well tried friends reading them; If I should live longer than you, am I to understand that after your death, you now have no objection to their publication then, this is my impression, and without being advised to the contrary, will be done; They will be immediately put under cover & sealed, directed to a friend, remain, in my possession, to be delivered after my death, and not to be opened during your life Will you pardon, my stating to you, that I have long thought, many of the letters written to you, were written by persons who either knew or had heard of your candor & frankness, and calculated that the an­ swer might possibly be made useful to them or their friends in their private affairs, & often mentioned to some of our Virginia friends, that I wished, they would communicate the opinion to you, in the most easy and friendly manner; Nothing prevented my doing it, but the great aversion, I knew you had to being plagued with letters, beside I thought it rather too froward to write to you, about your private concerns, and it seemed not unlike, the frog trying to equal the ox No one thinks higher, of the two books, written by Col Taylor than I do, I however almost fear, it is too late for them to do the great ma­ jority of the people any good; too many persons have lived so long & so well on the public debt & Bank stock & by bank & other swin­ dling, that it will be almost impossible for the honesty & the industry of the nation to get clear of them; The news papers are generally on  554 

22 OCTOBER 1821

the paper & idle side, and they are generally as much depreciated as the bank bills I mentioned to you in a letter some years past, that the principles which turned the federalists out of1 power, were not fashionable at Washington, nor is there much probability of their being shortly; for two years past, the U­S, have borrowed money in time of peace, to keep their vessels cruising on every sea, & to pay an army; but G­Britain does the same; and if we continue to follow her example, debt, taxes & grinding the poor are the certain consequences After it was known; that President Madison, one of our best & most worthy men would sign the act, to establish the present bank of the US­; all who were tired of the principles, which put them into power; immediately laid them aside, and went farther into construc­ tive and implied powers, than had been done at any time before; new converts always go beyond those who held the opinions before them; believe me I have not mentioned Mr Madison, with an intent to injure him; and if I was desirous to do so, I could not calculate to succeed with you, no man respects him more than I do; but the errors of a great & good man often do much mischief I am almost ashamed of the length of this letter, & yet it requires some exertion to stop, whenever one of the few, who maintain the old & safe principles, writes to me; I fear that I am apt to make the an­ swer too long & perhaps tedious; that the evening of your life may be as happy as the morning has been useful to your country is the sincere wish of your friend Nathl Macon RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Macon, 23 Nov. 1821, beneath endorsement. RC: top half of address cover only (DLC), with FC of TJ to Thomas Magruder, 26 Feb. 1823, on verso; bottom half of address cover only (MHi), with FC of TJ to William Rad­ ford, 27 Feb. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello near

Milton Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Monroe, N.C., 29 Oct. 1821. TJ’s letter to Macon was dated 19 Aug. 1821, not 19–ultimo. In a fable attrib­ uted to Aesop, a frog trying to equal the ox in size inflates itself until it bursts. 1 Manuscript:

“off.”

To Edward Graham Sir Poplar Forest Oct. 22. 21. Ill health has hitherto prevented my proceeding to the Natural bridge to have my lines there ascertained, but I have now hopes of being able shortly to be there. I judge from your field notes that it will not be difficult to establish the three corners a. b. and c. in th[e]  555 

22 OCTOBER 1821

diagram below. our great object will be therefore to find the corner m. in Berkley’s line; for between c. and m the chain and compass will guide us on the zig­zag line to the North, the two ends of it being fixed. on my arrival at the bridge I will send a person express to ask your assistance as promptly as possible. I do not now fix the day be­ cause bad weather or ill health may delay it. I inclose a letter to Patrick Henry, open for your perusal after which I will pray you to forward1 it to him by such opportunity as occurs, and I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect Th Jefferson

PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; edge frayed; with drawing in lower left corner presumably added after removal from polygraph; at foot of text: “Mr Edward Graham”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Patrick Henry (of Rock­ bridge County), [22] Oct. 1821.

For the field notes, see Graham’s Survey of the Natural Bridge Tract, 7 Nov. 1817. berkley’s line: the bound­ ary of property formerly owned by Hugh Barclay. 1 Manuscript:

 556 

“forrward.”

From Samuel J. Harrison Dear Sir Lynchburg Oct 22. 1821 This will be handed to you by my son Jesse B. Harrison; who I intend Sending to Cambridge, about the first of next month—He is now in his 17th year, and Graduated at Hampden Sydney, a few weeks ago. I have for Some time anticipated with much Satisfaction, the Idea of his finishing his Education at our own University; and Still hope it will be in operation in good time for that purpose. As he is going a great way from home, I feel Very desirous of pro­ curing him the best Introductions in my Power—for which purpose he now waits on you—Should you be good enough to furnish him with a Letter, the favor will be forever remembered—He is a most dutyfull & moral boy—and if it was proper for me to Speak of his Ad­ vancement; I might add, that he obtained the first honors at College. I am aware of the frequency of these applications to you, and there­ fore trouble you with great Reluctance; but Such is the Value that we put upon a word from you; that I cannot forbeare the Trespass: which be pleased to have the goodness to pardon. with great Esteem, I am yr friend & Servt S J Harrison RC (MHi); with Dft of TJ to Harrison, 24 Oct. 1821, on verso; at foot of text: “Ths Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Jesse Burton Harrison (1805–41), at­ torney, was born in Lynchburg, the son of TJ’s acquaintance, the merchant Sam­ uel J. Harrison. He received a B.A. from Hampden­Sydney College in 1821 and then attended Harvard University the next two years with the support of George Tick­ nor, following TJ’s introduction. Har­ rison received a law degree from Harvard in 1825, continued his law studies in Rich­ mond, was admitted to the Virginia bar in March 1825, and practiced in Lynchburg for four years. Despite a recommendation from TJ, his application for a professorship of French and Spanish at the University of North Carolina in 1826 was unsuccess­ ful, and two years later his bid to become the professor of ancient languages at the University of Virginia also failed. Be­ tween 1829 and 1831 Harrison traveled extensively in Europe, and he spent sev­ eral months studying classics and philos­

ophy in Göttingen, Germany. He returned to Lynchburg but soon thereafter moved to New Orleans, where he was admitted to the Louisiana bar in January 1832. Har­ rison served as secretary at meetings of the bar association in New Orleans and edited a condensed edition of Louisiana law reports. He joined the American Col­ onization Society and argued that slavery was detrimental to the economy of slave­ owning states. Harrison corresponded with Henry Clay, was active in Whig politics, and edited the party’s local organ, the New Orleans Louisiana Advertiser. He also lec­ tured at Jefferson College there and helped to found the Louisiana Historical Society. Harrison visited TJ at both Poplar Forest and Monticello, was friendly with the ex­ tended Randolph and Eppes families, and was a longtime friend of TJ’s grandson­ in­law Nicholas P. Trist, who supported his efforts to join the University of Vir­ ginia’s faculty and fruitlessly encouraged him to write a biography of TJ. Harri­ son died of yellow fever in New Orleans (Francis Burton Harrison, comp., and Fairfax Harrison, ed., Aris Sonis Focisque: being the memoir of an American family,

 557 

22 OCTOBER 1821 the Harrisons of Skimino, and particularly of Jesse Burton Harrison and Burton Nor‑ vell Harrison [1910]; ViU: Francis B. Harrison Papers; General Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Hampden‑Sidney College. Virginia. 1776–1906 [1908], 57; Harvard Catalogue, 813; Clay, Papers, esp. 8:11, 116; Mary Elizabeth Randolph Eppes to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 18 Aug. 1824 [NcU: NPT]; Eppes to Jane H. Nicholas Randolph, 2 Jan. 1825 [Corporation for Jefferson’s Poplar For­ est: Moss Collection of Eppes Letters]; TJ’s Recommendation of Harrison, 5 May 1826; Bruce, University, 2:151–2; George Tucker to James Madison, 27 Nov. 1827

[ViU: JHC]; Harrison to Madison, 3 July 1828, and Madison to Harrison, 15 Aug. 1828 [DLC: Madison Papers]; Nicholas P. Trist to Harrison, [ca. 7 Sept. 1828], 21 Sept. 1828, and 23 Apr. 1832 [DLC: Burton Norvell Harrison Family Collection]; Hore Browse Trist to Nicho­ las P. Trist, 23 Apr., 21 June 1832 [NcU: NPT]; [Harrison], Review of the Slave Question [1833]; Harrison, ed., Condensed Reports of Cases in the Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans, and in the Su‑ preme Court of Louisiana, 4 vols. [1839– 40]; Richmond Whig and Public Adver‑ tiser, 23 Feb. 1841; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 27 Feb. 1841).

To Patrick Henry (of Rockbridge County) Sir Poplar Forest. Oct. [22]. 21. I should long ago have been at the Natural bridg[e] to have my lines there ascertained, but that during the years 19. and 20. I was in a state of low health which rendered it impossible. I am now as well as usual, altho not absolutely well. but if no change occurs I shall try to go to the bridge. I shall set out for Albemarle in 3 days; where however I shall stay not more than a week and endeavor to be back here about the 6th or 7th of November, and on the 11th I will be at mr Greenlee’s perhap[s] in time to go on to the bridge and take measures for sendi[ng] to ask mr Graham’s attendance with as little delay as possible for my stay will be short. these dates may be varied a little by bad weather. If the dam below the bridge has not been opened so as to let off the stagnant water and clear the bridge of it below, I shall ask your aid in procuring what laborers you think necessary to do it while I am there. I salute you with my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused ad­ dress cover from Charles Willson Peale to TJ; dateline faint; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mr Patrick Henry”; endorsed by

TJ as a letter of 22 Oct. 1821 and so re­ corded in SJL. Enclosed in TJ to Ed­ ward Graham, 22 Oct. 1821.

 558 

To Napoleon Archer P.F. Oct. 23. 21.

Your letter of the 13th finds me at a distance from home. the build­ ings for the Univty will all be ready for occupn in the ensuing spring. but when the instn. will open is a very uncertain question. not soon as is believed. it will depend entirely on the proceedings of the leg­ islature of which, whenever any thing is done on the subject1 by that body, you will be apprised thro’ the ordinary channel of the public papers. with my regrets that I can give you no more definite informn accept the assur ce of my respect Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Archer to TJ, 13 Oct. 1821.

1 Preceding

three words interlined.

To René Anacharsis Barba P.F. Oct. 23.

I recieve at an occnal residence very distant from Monticello your favor of the 11th and shall recieve that of my friend Lafayette when it comes to hand, with the pleasure which every thing from him gives me. No country on earth perhaps is so overstocked with Physicians as that which you have happened to chuse for the exercise of 1 your pro­ fession. in Medecine too there is a great deal of fashion, & it is as different in different countries as their other fashions. Your other object of becoming teacher in a private family admits a better chance of employment. I do not however know at this moment of any particular position which offers itself, should such an one come to my knolege I shall inform you of it with pleasure. in most of our great cities the teaching the Fr. language to private pupils by occa­ sional attendance2 on them at their own houses is often a tolerable re­ source. with an assurance of my attention to your request accept that of my best wishes for your success & of my great respect Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39429); on address leaf of RC of Barba to TJ, 11 Oct. 1821; partially dated. Recorded in SJL as written 23 Oct. 1821.

TJ had in fact already received on 27 Sept. the 1 July 1821 letter from his friend lafayette. 1 Preceding 2 Word

 559 

three words interlined. interlined in place of “calls.”

To John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir Poplar Forest Oct. 23[. 21.] I receive here your favor of the 15th and am gl[ad] you approve of the course proposed for Francis to confine his pur[s]uits to the im­ portant sciences exclusively. he may in the present year make such progress in them as to be able to pursue them to ad[v]antage [th]ere­ after by himself. and if he can, for 2. or 3. years avoid the common error of premature marriage, he has s[t]ill time to make himself emi­ nent in the course of life he may chuse.1 I have no[t] your fear that he needs the stimulus of a diploma to excite him to industry. I have at all times, as well while with Stack, as on his visits to Monticello, found him very assiduou[s]2 [in] his studies, and sensible he has no time to lose. I regrette[d]3 equally with y[ou]rself that we missed the plea­ sure of seeing yo[u]4 as you past this place in going to & returning from the springs. Martha was with me and would have participated si[nc]erely in the gratification: for I join you in sentiment that the decays5 of the body do not reach the affections of the mind. on [the con]trary the oldest of these are the sweetest. ours towards [y]o[u] began with your birth and have been strengthened through life by endearing incidents. political condolances however had little share in the motives of regret for the loss of your visit. I am weaned from Poli­ tics, and know so little of what passes in that field, as to be incapable of judging whether matt[ers] there are going on soundly or sorely. I hear indeed from others of things I did [not expect:] of the adoption by republicans of the federal [doctrine]6 that the powers [of Con]gress go to every thing which [is for the general welfare]7 of the states and that all the special li[mitations] meant nothing, of bank and bankrupt laws, of a navy roaming over the ocean to pick quar[re]ls and engen­ der wars, of ordinary expences exceeding the ordinary revenue, and of the prospect of a perpetuation of the public debt. errors however which proceed from Congresses or President[s] do not alarm me much. because subject to election at short periods, when they get far enough wrong to arrouse the people, the floors of the Capitol and Government house will be swept as in 1800. and repeopled with other tenants, of correcter principles. it is the Judiciary I fear. independant as they feel themselves of the nation and all it’s authorities they al­ ready openly avow the daring and impudent principle of consolidation & arrogate to themselves the authority of ultimately construing the constitution for all the other departments and for the nation itself. it is that body which is to sap8 the independance of the states, to gener­ alize first and then to monarchise the federal authority. the Cohens  560 

23 OCTOBER 1821

decision, that insult to human reason, goes fully to Consolidation.9 let them be appointed for the Senatorial term of 6 years reappointable by the President with the approbation of both houses. their official doc­ trines will then be reviewed every six years their conduct undergo the ordeal of debate[,] and if they pass examination they will have heard strictures and criticisms warning them to keep straight. but who are w[e] to have next? if these things have grown up under the adminis­ tration of Presidents whose every fibre was honor & republicanism, what are we to expect from the selfish morals and pliant politics of the East? for the exclusion of all South of the Patomak and Ohio was sealed by the Missouri confederacy of which this was the real object. it was a project of federalism, which finding it’s resurrection, with the same body, desperate, devised this decoy to draw off the weak and the wicked from the republican ranks. they have succeeded. the East is replaced in the saddle of government, and the middle states are to be the cattle yoked to their car. these important states, who hold the bal­ ance of the Union, from being the head of an honest majority make themselves the tail of a government of Egoism, of which place and plunder will be the ruling principle. my hope and confidence how­ ever is that the good sense of their people will soon percieve that they have been duped to become the catspaws of cunninger associates, and that they will retrace their steps back to their honester brethren of the South and West. I am too old to begin any serious work. it had always been my in­ tention to commit to writing some notes and explanations of particu­ lar and leading transactions which history should know. but, in part­ ing with my library to Congress, I parted with my whole collection of newspapers, journals, state­papers, documents Etc. without the aid of which I have been afraid to trust my memory. if you can lend me the collection mentioned in your letter for a winter or two, I will imme­ diately proceed to do what I think most material. if you can spare them, I will send a cart for them and return them in the same way, but with an injunction that the knolege of this shall remain with you and myself only, not willing to be understood as writing any thing. I tender sincere prayers for your health & happiness. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); faint; at foot of first page: “John W. Eppes esq”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 22 Oct., but recorded in SJL as written 23 Oct. 1821. TJ had in fact recently prepared some notes and explanations of partic­

ular and leading transactions, printed above at 29 July 1821 as Notes on Early Career. 1 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 2 Edge trimmed.

 561 

23 OCTOBER 1821  3 Edge

trimmed. trimmed. 5 Edge trimmed, with word ending re­ written by TJ. 6 Word, faint, supplied from partial tran­ scription of missing RC in Stan. V. Hen­ kels auction catalogue no. 1049, Extraor‑ 4 Edge

dinary Collection of Autograph Letters, Historical Documents, and Literary Man‑ uscripts (26 Feb. 1912), lot 149, pp. 18–9. 7 Phrase, faint, supplied from Henkels catalogue. 8 Word interlined in place of “destroy.” 9 Sentence interlined.

From Richard Rush Dear sir. London October 23. 1821. My last to you was on the 9th of this month in reply to your favor of the 14th of August, and enclosed copies of two notes from Mr Blatterman. I have now the pleasure to mention, that the books, as by the en­ closed bill and receipt from Mess. Lackingtons, have been forwarded from this port to Baltimore, in the Mandarin, (there being no ship for Norfolk or Richmond) in a box to your address, consigned to the col­ lector, and I hope may arrive safely. The vessel was to have sailed the day before yesterday. Permit me to offer to you, dear sir, the continued assurances of my great respect and attachment. Richard Rush. Tripl (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr Jef­ ferson”; endorsed by TJ as a “3plicate” received 6 Jan. Dupl (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Bernard Pey­ ton, 16 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson. Monticello Virginia”; with “2.” added by Rush, presumably to indi­ cate a Dupl; stamped “SHIP”; franked; postmarked New York, 11 Dec.; with additional note in James Maury’s hand and signed by him: “Am Consulate Liv­ erpool 30th Oct 1821.  James Monroe for Newyork.” An unlocated text of this letter is recorded in SJL as received 22 Dec. 1821. Enclosed in TJ to James H. McCulloch, 23 Dec. 1821. The firm of Lackington, Hughes & Company sent Rush the enclosed re­

ceipt. Dated 18 Oct. 1821, it noted pay­ ment by Rush of “Six Pounds Ten Shil­ lings for Books as per Acct” (MS in MHi; in the hand of a representative of the firm). Rush likely also enclosed here a customs receipt from Jeremiah Le Souef, the United States vice consul at London, dated London, 19 Oct. 1821, and noting payment by Rush of “Twelve shillings & sixpence for charges on a box of books ad­ dressed to Mr Jefferson,—shipped in the Mandarin, F. W. Moores for Baltimore,” with itemization at foot of text of charges for duty, entry, shipping, porterage, and dock dues (MS in MHi; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Le Souef; with “Original” in parentheses adjacent to signature).

 562 

e n c l o s u r e

Invoice of Books from Lackington, Hughes & Company London.—1821.

[R.] Rush Esqr

To Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Lepard. Oct 10. 1821— Rapin’s Histy of England 15 Vol 8o neat } 2.12.6 Coke’s Institutes by Thomas 3 Vol royl 8o boards } 4. 4.– Henshall on the Saxon & English Languages 4to sewd } – 5.– £7. 1.6 Disct 10 per Ct    –14.– £6. 7.6 Box – 2.6 £6.10.–

MS (MHi); in the hand of a repre­ sentative of Lackington, Hughes & Com­ pany, with printed text from its letter­ head rendered above in italics; damaged at seal. Also enclosed in TJ to James H. McCulloch, 23 Dec. 1821.

A royal (royl) sheet of paper for print­ ing measured twenty­five by twenty inches before being folded to form pages (OED).

From Oliver Towles Dr Sir Lynchburg 23th Octr 1821— Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance my Son William Bev­ erley Towles, who Visits you for the Purpose of Paying his respects to you and also for the Purpose of obtaining from you an introduc­ tion to some friend of yours in the Vicinity of Boston[.] My Son & Master Harrison who now accompanies him are about to Set out1 for Cambridge University. they being total strangers in that Country your introduction will be of Service to them & lay me under Particu­ lar obligations to you.   yr Obt & very Hble servt O. Towles Jr RC (MHi); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Oliver Towles (1771–1823) was born in Fredericksburg and lived at Middle­ brook, his family’s Spotsylvania County estate near that city, for several years fol­ lowing his marriage. He represented Spot­ sylvania County in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1797–98. Towles then moved

with his family to what later became West Virginia, living first in Greenbrier County and then in Union, Monroe County, be­ fore settling in Lynchburg in about 1811. He was a major in the War of 1812. Towles purchased property by 1814 in Lynchburg, where he kept a tavern from at least 1815, operated a livery stable, and sat on the Lynchburg Common Council in 1816. Later he moved to Missouri and died there (Margaret Anthony Cabell,

 563 

23 OCTOBER 1821 Sketches and Recollections of Lynchburg by the Oldest Inhabitant (Mrs. Cabell) 1858 [1858; repr. with additional material by Louise A. Blunt, 1974], 314, suppl., 110–1; Margaret Rives King, A Memento of Ancestors and Ancestral Homes, written for Her Nieces and Nephews [1890], 85, 87–8; Charles W. Dabney, ed., The John Blair Dabney Manuscript, 1795–1868, “Written with his own hand for his chil‑ dren,” A.D. 1850 [1942], 50; VMHB 9 [1901]: 199; William Armstrong Crozier, ed., Virginia County Records: Spotsylva‑ nia County, 1721–1800 [1905], 431–2, 455, 481, 484–6, 499; Leonard, General As‑ sembly, 209; S. Allen Chambers Jr., Lynch‑ burg: An Architectural History [1981], 517; MB, 2:1335; DNA: RG 29, CS, Lynchburg, 1820, Campbell Co., 1820; Lynchburg Hustings and Corporation Court Will Book, F:358–63; Campbell Co. Will Book, 4:518–9, 7:18–20). William Beverley Towles (b. ca. 1804), physician, was the son of Oliver Towles. He traveled about 1821 to Harvard Uni­ versity to study, but stayed only briefly and did not obtain a degree. In 1830 Towles was enrolled at the Medical Col­ lege of Ohio in Cincinnati, having pre­ viously studied under his brother­in­law Landon C. Rives, and in 1832 he earned a medical degree from the college. He re­

turned to the Lynchburg area and by 1846 resided at Columbia in Fluvanna County, where he served as an Episcopal vestry­ man and a trustee of the Columbia Acad­ emy. About 1854 Towles moved to Cum­ berland County, where in 1860 he owned real estate and personal property valued at a total of $22,405, including eighteen slaves. A decade later he lived in the same county in his son’s household, with no real estate of his own and personal property valued at $300 (VMHB 1 [1894]: 339; 9 [1902]: 435; George Ticknor to TJ, 16 June 1823; Medical College of Ohio, An‑ nual Catalogue and Circular [1830–31 sess.]: 8; Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences 5 [1832]: unpagi­ nated backmatter; Alexander Brown, The Cabells and their Kin, 2d ed., rev. [1939; repr. 1994], 438; Lynchburg Virginian, 11 July 1833; Towles to John H. Cocke, 29 June 1846, 26 Dec. 1847, and Towles to Cary Charles Cocke, 11 Dec. 1853 [all in ViU: JHC]; Acts of Assembly [1846– 47 sess.], 161 [22 Mar. 1847]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Fluvanna Co., 1850, Cumberland Co., 1860, 1860 slave schedules, 1870; Cabell, Sketches and Recollections, 315). cambridge university: Harvard University. 1

Manuscript: “out out.”

From Samuel Garland Sir Lynchburg Oct 24. 1821 A client put into my hands a bond against Mr Hawkins for collec­ tion, who to avoid the expence of a suit, gave in exchange your and Mr Yancys bond for $231. at interest from the 12th day of October last The money is much needed by my client, and I now send my agent1 with the bond, under the full confidence that the money will be paid—or if it shall be more conveniant to you a draft upon your agent in Richmond at 60 days will be satisfactory— I am Sir Most Respectfully Yr. obt. St. S. Garland Bond. 12 Oct. 1820 $ 231 Int. 25 —. 1821  14 37 $ 245.37  564 

24 OCTOBER 1821  RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Garland, 25 Oct. 1821, beneath endorsement.

 1 Word interlined in place of “brother.”

To Samuel J. Harrison P. F. Oct. 24. 21.

I have but a single acquaintance at the University of Cambridge. he is the Professor of Belles lettres there, and with him my intimacy is such that I am sure my1 recommndn will engage his friendly2 atten­ tions. I inclose you a letter to him and am happy in the oppy of being useful to you. as mr Towles is to go with your son I thot it best to name both in the same letter3 which be so good as to mentn to mr. T. the father. accept the assurance of my esteem & respect Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Harri­ son to TJ, 22 Oct. 1821. Enclosure: TJ to George Ticknor, 24 Oct. 1821 (first letter).

1 Reworked from an illegible word, with “he” preceding it left uncanceled. 2 Word interlined. 3 Remainder of sentence interlined.

university of cambridge: Harvard University.

To George Ticknor Dear Sir Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Oct. 24. 21. I write this from an occasional residence very distant from Monti­ cello. it will be handed you by mr Jesse B. Harrison, and mr William Beverley Towles, two young gentlemen of this neighborhood who are going on to Cambridge to finish there the education begun here. with them I am not personally acquainted, but much so with their fathers, residents here, and worthy of entire respect. they assure me that I may safely vouch to you the correct and moral deportment of these young gentlemen, and the diligence with which they will pur­ sue their studies; and my confidence in the fathers is a sufficient rec­ ommendation of the sons. distant as they will be from their home, and without a friend or acquaintance at Cambridge, they naturally wish for an adviser and patron to whom they may look up for coun­ sel1 & protection in whatever is right. permit me to ask for them that good office from you and be assured of my thankfulness and2 my con­ stant friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson  565 

24 OCTOBER 1821  RC (MH: Autograph File); addressed: “Mr George Tickner Professor of Belles Lettres University of Cambridge.” Dft (MHi); on verso of Dft of other letter from TJ to Ticknor of this date and reused ad­ dress cover to TJ; unsigned; endorsed by

TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Samuel J. Harri­ son, 24 Oct. 1821. 1 Word interlined in Dft in place of “advice.” 2 Preceding two words interlined in Dft, with following word omitted.

To George Ticknor Dear Sir Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Oct. 24. 21. I have written a letter to you of this date & from this place which will be handed you by mr Harrison & mr Towles two youths of this vicinity who go on to your Univty to finish their educn. what I say in that letter is truth, but an addnal truth which could not be put into an open letter, it is my duty to add for your own inspection only & to forward it by mail. mr Harrison the father has been a merchant of extensive business & great credit here. but he is also1 a great sufferer in the late commercial catastrophes and is believed desperate altho’ not yet declared so. it is probable he will find means to answer the pecuniary necessities of his son there, but lest he should fail and you might be induced into any responsibilities for either of the youths, from a respect to my recommdn it is my duty to guard you against it. of mr Towles’s circumstances I know nothing2 I repeat here my aff te & respectful salutns Dft (MHi); on reused address cover to TJ, with Dft of TJ’s other letter to Tick­ nor of this date on verso; at foot of text: “Mr George Tickner.” Recorded in SJL as sent “by mail.”

1 2

Word interlined. Sentence interlined.

To Samuel Garland P.F. Oct. 25. 21

The bond to Hawkins presented to me yesterday1 had been given by mr Yancey on my acct for the purchase of horses; he expected to have pd it from the plantn & had not given me notice of it. it is good, and shall be paid as soon as the state of our river will enable me to send down flour on which I can draw. this season being generally dry, it is impossible to fix a time; probably however during the next month.  566 

29 OCTOBER 1821

but the moment I can place funds in Richmd I will inclose you an order by mail without giving you further trouble. I salute you with respect FC (MHi); on verso of RC of Garland to TJ, 24 Oct. 1821; in TJ’s hand.

our river: the Rivanna River. 1 Word

interlined.

From Joel Yancey Dr Sir Lynchburg 25 octr 1821.1 2 I have this moment effected sale of Your wheat at P. F. at 5/– cer­ tain and the rise until the first January next the money to be paid when the wheat is delivered at five Shillings, if You think proper to draw it then—otherwise if the money is retained to be Subject to the rise till the first day January, then the Contract is at end I have memo3 of the Contract in writing in the presence Mr Robertson, you are at liberty to draw at any time after the delivery of wheat till first day, Jany: In haste Yrs Sincerely Joel Yancey P. S. I am allowed all the month of november to delivr the wheat J Y. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); top half of address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William J. Coffee, 22 Mar. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Mr

Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Lynchburg, 26 Oct. 1

Yancey here repeated “oct.” Word interlined. 3 Manuscript: “momo.” 2

From James Dinsmore Sir Octr 29. 1821 hearing of your return from poplar Forrest I take the liberty of troubling you on a Subject which is very interesting to me & the more So as I have been confined to the house indeed I may Say to my bed for the last three weeks—owing to a difficulty between the Proc­ tor & mr Perry in Settleing Some Part of the work of Pavillion No 3 West we have been prevented from closeing the a∕c. which might oth­ erwise have been done two months ago—& Consequently of drawing the money which would have been due on the Bill—I am So Situated that I am obliged to have money at Court what I would therefore beg of you is that you would favour me with an order for one thousand  567 

29 OCTOBER 1821

Dollars which will relive my distresses—I beleive mr Brokenbrough will Satisfy you if neccessary as to the Correctness of my State­ ment—   with Sentiments of the higest Rpt I am Sir your obt Sevant Jas Dinsmore RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; en­ dorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

pavillion no 3 west was later redes­ ignated Pavilion V.

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 29. Oct 1821— About three weeks ago, I delivered according to Order, the books to Capt Peyton, and haveing since been informed of their beeing for­ warded—The long and disdressing sickness of my family, has been the cause of this unreasonable delay—The late Edition of Hennigs Justice, which I received for your honour, from the Auther1 has also been shamfully neglected to be send on, but shall cartaintly go by the first chance, I hear off—Hope sincerely those forwarded may be to yours honours satisfaction.—Haveing been lately informed, and in­ deed by some of my profession, that a good Bindry Establishment is much wanting in the City of Washington, particular for the use of Public Work: I take the liberty to asks your honour Should I intent commenceing there, if I could be so much favourd as to expect a letter of recomandation to the heads of the different departments at Wash­ ington—As it respects Blank Work, I have little doubt, I could give satisfaction to the Offices of Goverment; [par]ticular as I hear from Workman acquainted there, that [. . .] part of the buisness is done at Washington, in a verry loosse and indifferent manner, and actually state that I would have considerable prospect of obtaining the Public Work, where I to do work there in the manner we do here Blank Books in generaly: this cartaintly would be a great help in my present Situation—Should be verry thankfull, if I could have a chance of ruling & binding a Super Royal Blank Book for the Capital of Washington— Your honour will have the goodness to favour me with your advice and directions respecting this circumstance, and if agreeable to your wish, I shall do the best I can Yours most humble Servant Frederick A Mayo NB. As soone I find, that your honour has Receivd the books, I shall forward my Acount according to request RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; adjacent to signature: “The Hono: Tho: Jefferson”;

endorsed by TJ as received 1 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 568 

30 OCTOBER 1821  The late edition of hennigs jus­ tice was William W. Hening, The New Virginia Justice, comprising the Office and Authority of a Justice of the Peace, in the Commonwealth of Virginia (3d ed.; Rich­ mond, 1820; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10

[no. 581]; for an earlier edition, see Sow­ erby, no. 1971). A super royal sheet of paper measures 19–21 by 27–28 inches (OED). 1 Preceding

three words interlined.

From Edward Wiatt sir, Cumberland, Md 29 Oct. 1821. I have vainly tried to procure a copy of “Jefferson’s Parliamentary manual”;—not one being to be had from the Booksellers in Baltimore or Washington.—I therefore venture, with great diffidence I assure you, to ask of you, if you have a spare, or, to you, useless copy, to do me the favour to address it to me at Annapolis, care of Mrs Robinson. I can either return you the Book, after the close of the ensuing Ses­ sion of our State Legislature, or remit you the price of it, as you will direct. To one of your known character for goodness, it is, I hope, useless to offer apologies for a liberty that I frankly Confess appears to me to be impertinent. Accept, I pray you, Sir, my unfeigned wishes that the evening of your days may be as happy as the morning has been luminous and useful. Edward Wiatt RC (MoSHi: TJC­BC); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Wiatt, 22 Nov. [1821], beneath endorsement. RC (MHi); top half of address cover only; with Dft

of TJ to Charles Willson Peale, 26 Feb. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef­ ferson, Esqr Monticello [. . .]”; franked; postmarked Washington, 1 Nov.

From Theodorus Bailey My dear sir, New york 30th Octobr 1821. As you have in the course of your political life contributed largely to the internal improvement of the United States; I have thought it would be interesting to you to possess the Documents showing the great and persevering efforts, in progress in this state, in relation to this subject; and which promise a speedy and happy result—Under this impression I now do myself the pleasure to transmit to you here­ with, a “Compilation of public Documents relating to the New york Canals, to connect the Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean, with an Intro­ duction” and accompanied with Maps—which I beg you will have  569 

30 OCTOBER 1821

the goodness to accept—The Introduction is said to be the work of Charles G. Haines Esq. With great respect & affectionate regard, I am your friend & servt Theodorus Bailey. RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Bailey, 23 Nov. [1821], beneath endorsement. Enclosure: Public Documents, relating to the New‑

York Canals, which are to connect the West‑ ern and Northern Lakes, with the Atlantic Ocean; with an Introduction (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 235]).

To John D’Wolf Monto Oct. 30. 21.

Th:J. returns his thanks to mr De Wolf for his excellent oration on the 4th of July sent him either by mr De Wolf or some friend who has not named himself.1 he is happy to see an example set of 2 something solid substituted for the usual froth of that day. our citizens have much need of being reminded of the doctrines of this oration, for altho’ we are entitled to3 religious freedom by law, we are denied4 it by public opinion5 fanaticism being in fact stronger than law. Th:J. is one of those who fondly believes in the improvability of the condn6 of man, and anxiously prays for it. he salutes mr De Wolf with respect. Dft (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 28 Mar. 1820; dateline beneath closing; at foot of text: “John De Wolf junr Bristol R.I.”; endorsed by TJ. John D’Wolf (1786–1862), chemist and educator, was born in Bristol, Rhode Island. After preparatory studies under Eleazar Wheelock, of Dartmouth College, he studied at Rhode Island College (re­ named Brown University in 1804) from 1802 until poor health forced him to leave without a degree three years later. D’Wolf then spent two years in Phila­ delphia studying chemistry under Robert Hare. He was appointed professor of chem­ istry at Brown University in 1817 and held this position until 1834. D’Wolf also taught chemistry and natural philosophy between 1833 and 1835 in Woodstock at Vermont Medical College, which was then affiliated with Middlebury College. Dis­

putes over institutional relationships and low enrollments led him to teach for the autumn session in 1833 at the rival Ver­ mont Academy of Medicine in Castleton, where he continued to lecture later in the decade before moving to Saint Louis in 1840 to teach in the medical department of Kemper College. During his four years in Saint Louis, D’Wolf spent his sum­ mers at home in Bristol. He moved there permanently in 1844 to farm his family estate, retiring from this pursuit a decade later. Two years before his death in Bris­ tol, D’Wolf owned personal property and real estate with a combined value of $68,000 (Historical Catalogue of Brown University, 1764–1904 [1905], 37, 52, 541, 597; Martha Mitchell, Encyclopedia Brunoniana [1993], 186; DNA: RG 29, CS, R.I., Bristol, 1820–60; Frederick Clayton Waite, The Story of a Country Medical College: A History of the Clinical School of Medicine and the Vermont Medi‑

 570 

30 OCTOBER 1821 cal College, Woodstock Vermont, 1827–1856 [1945], 74, 85, 87, 148, 150; Eclectic Journal of Medicine 1 [1837]: 429; Trans‑ actions of the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry in the Year 1862 [1863], 62–5; gravestone inscription in Juniper Hill Cemetery, Bristol). D’Wolf’s oration, published anony­ mously as An Address delivered to the Citi‑ zens of Bristol, R. I., July Fourth, 1821; and published at their request ([Bristol, 1821]; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 13 [no. 818]), argues that mankind is at a unique political moment where improvement is possible thanks to the invention of print­ ing, which is drawing “the great mass of the people from the depths of ignorance and of humiliation they once occupied” (p. 5); states as a given that increased knowledge of Christianity will further

the cause of enlightenment, aided by the printed word; advocates freedom “to em­ brace and to avow any creed, religious or  irreligious,” while invoking TJ as an opponent of religious coercion (p. 8); outlines the history of religious freedom in England; suggests that tyrants are co­ opting the language of religion to rein­ force their power; and laments American slavery while opposing any solution other than gradual and voluntary manumission. 1

Preceding five words interlined. Manuscript: “of of.” 3 Preceding three words interlined in place of “have.” 4 Word interlined in place of “de­ barred.” 5 Remainder of sentence interlined. 6 Word interlined in place of “situation.” 2

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Oct. 30. 21. I heard in Bedford that you were attacked1 with the prevailing fever, and with great joy on my return that you were recovered from it. in the strange state of the health of our country every fever gives alarm. I got home from Bedford on the 27th and am obliged to return there within 3. or 4. days, having an appointment at the Natural bridge on the 11th prox. as our proposed petition to Congress will of course be in collation with those from other seminaries,2 I availed myself of my leisure at Poplar Forest to sketch it, and I now inclose it to you to be made what it should be which I pray you to do with severity. Knowing my time would be crouded thro’ the month of November, I took the same opportunity to sketch our November report on the basis of mr Brockenbrough’s settlement as far as he has gone, which I had communicated to you, with some subsequent corrections. his further advance in the settlements, will by the time of our meeting enable us to put into the class of settled accounts 7. pavilions, instead of 6. 3 hotels instead of 1. 65. dormitories instead of 30. leaving in the estimated class 3. Pavilions, 3. Hotels, and 44. dormitories, & these estimated from experience. he has corrected too the article of the cost of lands, hire of laborers Etc. the cost of the Library must be thrown on the 3. ensuing years of the annuity which had always been in­ cluded in our estimates: and I am decidedly of opinion we should  571 

30 OCTOBER 1821

undertake it on that ground.3 if we stop short of the compleat estab­ lishment, it will never be compleated. on the other hand the stronger we make the mass, the more certainly will it force itself into action. the world will never bear to see the doors of such an establishment locked up. and if the legislature shall become disposed to remit the debt, they will swallow a pill of 165.M.D. with the same effort as one of 120..D. be so good as to return me these papers with your amend­ ments by the middle of November. with my respectful souvenirs to mrs Madison accept assurances of my constant affections and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers). RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Collection); left half of address cover only; with Dft of Madison to TJ, 10 Nov. 1821, on verso; addressed: “James Madison esqui[re] Montpell[ier] near Or[ange C.H.]”; post­ marked Charlottesville, 1 Nov.; endorsed by Madison. PoC (DLC); on verso of re­ used address cover to TJ; edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures: (1) Dft of Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30 Nov. 1821. (2) Unlocated draft of Uni­ versity of Virginia Board of Visitors Re­

port to Literary Fund President and Di­ rectors, 30 Nov. 1821. the prevailing fever: Madison had experienced what he later described as “a very afflicting fever of the typhoid char­ acter” (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:423). 1

Manuscript: “attaked.” Manuscript: “ceminaries.” 3 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 2

To Nathan Pollard Monto Oct. 30. 21

Th:J. returns his thanks to mr Nathan Pollard for the vol. of Re­ ports he has been so kind as to send him as a specimen of the printing by the Franklin press. he had before observed1 that we were indebted to that press for the republicn of the valuable hist of Virga by Capt Smith, and is happy to see that art rising in this state from it’s former too humble condn. with his thanks he prays mr Pollard to accept his respectful salutns. Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Pollard to TJ, 18 [Oct.] 1821; dateline at foot of text. Two years previously the franklin press produced the first American edi­ tion of the works of John Smith (ca. 1580–1631) in two volumes. The first was The Trve Travels, Adventvres and Obser‑ vations of Captaine Iohn Smith, in Europe, Asia, Africke, and America, and the sec­ ond was The Generall Historie of Virginia, New‑England, and the Summer Iles (Rich­

mond, 1819; for an earlier edition of the latter, see Sowerby, no. 461) (Richard Beale Davis, “The First American Edition of Captain John Smith’s True Travels and General Historie,” VMHB 48 [1939]: 97–108). TJ subscribed to the work (TJ’s Transactions with James Leitch, 6 Mar.– 30 May 1820, and note). 1 Preceding two words interlined in place of “known.”

 572 

To Mason L. Weems Sir [30 Oct. 1821] The informn you have recd of my being in possn of a piece of the maple under which Penn treated with the Indians is entirely a fable. I know nothing of such a relick;1 any informn I could have given should hav[e] been quite at your service Accept my respectf l salutns Dft (NNPM); on address leaf of RC of Weems to TJ, 14 Oct. 1821; undated; edge trimmed. Recorded in SJL as a let­ ter of 30 Oct. 1821.

1 TJ

here canceled “or.”

From William J. Coffee Most Honbl Sir New. York. November 1st 1821 When last I had the Pleasure of seeing you, I think you had a disire to have your Picturs Cleaned & repired, and which you then Post­ poned on account of your been likely to be from home at the time you would wish to superintend the work, If you now have time to attend to them and feel the same disposi­ tion, it would give me much gratification to Pay you a Visit for that Purpose, I have nothing to do in N. Y. this winter, that will Induce me to contend with so rough a friend as the North wester, If I Could Em­ ploy my time in a more Pleasant Climate for two or three Month, The Expences attach’d to the operation would be my traveling to and from Montecelo say 70 Dollars; I lament the State of the fine Arts is Such as will not permitt me to offer my Services in a more Pleasing way to my Feeling, in The Spring I Shall returne to my Native Land, If you deside on the Necessity of having them Cleaned, your Con­ descension will I hope favour me with an early Information in which Case I must Procure som good Varnish That you do and may Continue to Enjoy the Blessings of good Health is the hope of your Respectful and Sincere Obt &. &. W. J. Coffee RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39442); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Coffee, 22 Nov. 1821, beneath endorse­ ment. RC (DLC); address cover only;

with Dft of TJ to Garritt Furman, 8 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “To The Honble Thos Jefferson Montecelo Vic. City of Richmond State of Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 8 Nov.

 573 

To Mason L. Weems Sir [30 Oct. 1821] The informn you have recd of my being in possn of a piece of the maple under which Penn treated with the Indians is entirely a fable. I know nothing of such a relick;1 any informn I could have given should hav[e] been quite at your service Accept my respectf l salutns Dft (NNPM); on address leaf of RC of Weems to TJ, 14 Oct. 1821; undated; edge trimmed. Recorded in SJL as a let­ ter of 30 Oct. 1821.

1 TJ

here canceled “or.”

From William J. Coffee Most Honbl Sir New. York. November 1st 1821 When last I had the Pleasure of seeing you, I think you had a disire to have your Picturs Cleaned & repired, and which you then Post­ poned on account of your been likely to be from home at the time you would wish to superintend the work, If you now have time to attend to them and feel the same disposi­ tion, it would give me much gratification to Pay you a Visit for that Purpose, I have nothing to do in N. Y. this winter, that will Induce me to contend with so rough a friend as the North wester, If I Could Em­ ploy my time in a more Pleasant Climate for two or three Month, The Expences attach’d to the operation would be my traveling to and from Montecelo say 70 Dollars; I lament the State of the fine Arts is Such as will not permitt me to offer my Services in a more Pleasing way to my Feeling, in The Spring I Shall returne to my Native Land, If you deside on the Necessity of having them Cleaned, your Con­ descension will I hope favour me with an early Information in which Case I must Procure som good Varnish That you do and may Continue to Enjoy the Blessings of good Health is the hope of your Respectful and Sincere Obt &. &. W. J. Coffee RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39442); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Coffee, 22 Nov. 1821, beneath endorse­ ment. RC (DLC); address cover only;

with Dft of TJ to Garritt Furman, 8 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “To The Honble Thos Jefferson Montecelo Vic. City of Richmond State of Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 8 Nov.

 573 

From Claudius Crozet Monsieur, New­york 1er Nov. 1821 Permettez­moi de vous offrir un Exemplaire d’un ouvrage que je viens de publier. Si mes efforts sont assez heureux pour obtenir votre approbation, J’en aurai reçu la récompense la plus honorable et la plus desirée par, Votre très­humble et très­respectueux Serviteur  C. Crozet Prof. of Engg U. S. My Academy e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, New­york 1 November 1821 Allow me to offer you a copy of a work I have just published. If my efforts are so fortunate as to obtain your approval, I will have received the reward most honorable and most desired by, Your very humble and very respectful servant  C. Crozet Prof. of Engg U. S. My Academy RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Crozet, 23 Nov. 1821, beneath endorsement. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosure: Crozet, A

Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, for the use of the Cadets of the United States Mil‑ itary Academy (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library 8 [no. 415]).

From Frederick W. Hatch Dear Sir— Charlottseville, Nov 1st 1821— As your Servant departed immediately after delivering the books which you were so good as to have bound for me, the opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of them thro’ him was lost.—I therefore improve the earliest moment since, to return you my sincere thanks for yr politeness & attention, with ye equally sincere assurance of the high additional value wh I set upon them from ye source thro’ wh they have been so much improv’d, My1 engagements will not allow me the pleasure of expressing2 these acknowledgments personally & make my apology for adopting ye present mode. Be so good therefore as to accept them, with ye assurance of ye deep sense I entertain of yr uni­ form politeness & friendship. Wishing you ye best blessings for time & for eternity I am Dear Sir Affect y Yours— F W Hatch  574 

2 NOVEMBER 1821  RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jef­ ferson Esqr Monticelli”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 1 Hatch here canceled “present.” 2 Manuscript: “expessing.”

To Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir Monticello Nov. 2. 21. I met mr Oldham yesterday on my return from the University, and he delivered his complaints for want of money. I told him he should be paid on a settlement of his accounts, and that if you could not agree together I knew that you would arbitrate. he writes me to­day that you do not think yourself at liberty to agree to any arbitrators but mr Divers & mr Minor. certainly my confidence in their judgment & independance is very strong, yet I leave the naming arbitrators wholly and entirely to yourself; and as these differences with the workmen must be settled at last, I believe the sooner the better, by any fair ar­ bitrators, and we must acquiesce in their decision. I salute you with friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. a mutual negative on the choice of arbitrators would I think be fair & proper but do in this as you please RC (ViU: TJP­PP); between signature and postscript: “Mr Brockenbrough”; endorsed by Brockenbrough. FC (DLC); abstract in TJ’s hand on verso of reused address cover to TJ, reading in full: “leaving him at entire liberty to arbitrate

with the undertakers by what arbitrators he pleases & recommendg to do it at once. and that a mutual negative on the choice of Arbitrators would be fair and proper. but to do as he pleases”; endorsed by TJ.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, University Va Nov 2d 1821 I have received your favor of this morning, Mr Oldham call’d on me yesterday to know whom I would appoint to measure his work and price it?—I informed him I was ready to assist in measuring the work and make out the bill as far as we could agree and the parts of the work we should disagree on might be settled by arbitrators—but he insisted that the work should be measured & bill made out by the arbitrators. I told him that I did not like to call on Mr Divers or Mr Minor to measure & make out the bill entire and I was sure neither of them would do it, & I did not feel myself authorised to look or to  575 

2 NOVEMBER 1821

employ other men to do it—If however it is your pleasure I should employ a regular Measurer from Richmond or else where I will do so, but at the same time as it will be attended with some expence Mr Oldhams house must be completely finished before I engage a man to come up—Pavilion No 1 now wants the Gallery to complete it, and in all probability Oldham & myself should disagree as much in that as the other work—and to avoid the expence of calling a man up from Richmond or else where so often it would be better that he should complete his building before we do it I am Sir respectfully your most Obt sert A. S. Brockenbrough P. S— If you approve of my appointing a measurer drop me a line to that effect before your departure for Bedford— RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

From James Oldham J. Oldham to Mr Jefferson November 2nd 1821. The Proctor of the Uneversity considers himself not orthorised to appoint any Other person than George Divers Eqr or Mr P. Minor to settle up the worke & I am tolde that nether of these Gentlemen will consent to act, be pleasd sir to give him authority to appoint some person that will act immediately with the person that I shall appoint. I am confident sir that if all my worke was estimated farely by the book of Prices that it would amount to the Sum of 5800 dollars ex­ clusive of lumber that I have furneshed at the commencement and advanced the money for. 2000 dollars is every cent that I have recevd, and the coste of Lumber and waggonage for Pavilion 1 west and 4 dormetories, Hotel A east and 9 dormetories amounts to the Sum of 3790–94 cents, aboute 400 dollars of this sum was Paid in subscrip­ tions by John Rogers, James Clarke, N. H. Lewis and James Duke. I am Sir in debt and withoute one soletery cent of money and I shall luse two hands this weeke for the want of money to pay theare wages. I think Sir from your mentioning to me yesterday to sue for a settle­ ment that you must of have recev,d some rong representation of my worke or my self, I pledge to you Sir my Honour, that litegation is always the last resorte with me, and I think you will se that the step I now wish to persue in submitting the worke to a reference will have  576 

2 NOVEMBER 1821

the effect of a spedy settlement and avoid1 every thing that mite be unpleasant, if theare be any worke found that is not faithfully done I aske not one cent for it and will refund to the uneversity all coste of meterials. I think Sir when you come to examin the expences of the contingent2 accounts you will finde that I have not recervd as mutch money for all my Labour and worke as has been expended by the proctor in fitting up the house he lives in for his conveniance, and Sir to show how much respect is paid to your Orders and derections I site the occurrance of laste munday when you perposed to have wood Gutters on the roofs of the west range of buildings, I have been in­ formed you was tolde that the worke for tin Gutters was two far ad­ vancd, this Sir was not the fact, for it was noticed derectly after you Left the Uneversity, the hands of Crawford & peck was set to worke cutting oute the rafter bords for the tin Gutters, and not a single tin Gutter was theare put together— I Know3 Sir it would be presumption for me to pretend to dictate to you, but your friends4 think if theare be any thing rong heare you will have the burthen to Bare. RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written. The book of prices that the Univer­ sity of Virginia used to determine wages for builders was The House Carpenters’ Book of Prices, and Rules for measuring and valuing all their different kinds of work (Philadelphia, 1812; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 6 [no. 243]). hotel a

east was later renamed Hotel B. The house occupied by Arthur S. Brocken­ brough, the proctor, was the Monroe Hill property acquired by the university from John M. Perry (Lay, Architecture, 130). 1

Manuscript: “avid.” Oldham here canceled “fund.” Manuscript: “Kow.” 4 Manuscript: “fiends.” 2 3

To James Oldham Sir, Monticello Nov 2. 21 I write by the return of your Messenger to mr Brockenbrough placing him at entire liberty to have all differences of accounts settled by any arbitrators he thinks proper, I think a mutual negative on the Choice of arbitrators would be fair & proper—I salute you with es­ teem and respect— Th, Jefferson Tr (ViU: Oldham Papers); in the hand of chancery court clerk William S. Esk­ ridge; exhibit E conjoined with Tr of Old­ ham’s Bill of Complaint against the Uni­ versity of Virginia Board of Visitors and

Proctor, [before 26 Sept. 1825]; at foot of text: “Mr Oldham.” FC (MHi); abstract in TJ’s hand on verso of portion of reused address cover to TJ, reading in full: “that I had written to mr Brockenbr. placing

 577 

2 NOVEMBER 1821 him at entire liberty to refer to whatever arbiters he pleases. recommendg a mu­ tual negative on their nomination”; en­

dorsed by TJ. Enclosed in Oldham’s Bill of Complaint.

To Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir Monticello Nov. 3. 21. I have recieved your favor of yesterday, and should really think that as we have no such profession as that of measurer in our part of the country, we are under no obligation to seek them from other and distant places. if there be a difference on the mode of measuring, that might be arbitrated as well as any thing else. Did we not on some occasion lay it down with the undertakers that messrs Divers and Minor were to be the general Arbitrators? I have some thought we did and that mr Dinsmore particularly1 will recol­ lect it.2 if we did not, then to be sure the other party has an equal right in naming. but I think both should have a negative on the choice of the other. affectionately yours Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP­PP); at foot of text: “Mr Brockenbrough”; endorsed by Brock­ enbrough. Dft (DLC); written on a nar­ row slip, with unrelated calculations in an unidentified hand on recto; endorsed by TJ.

1

Word interlined. Preceding eight words interlined in Dft. 2

To Thomas Leiper Dr Sir Monto Nov. 3. 21. 1 This will be handed you by mr [Watson] a student of medecine of this neighborhood who goes to Philada to compleat his studies in that line.2 having no acquantance there he naturally wishes that his stand­ ing & character in his own state may be known to somebody there, and being the eleve of my family physician, & having under him at­ tended me kindly & assiduously thro’ a long illness I feel myself 3 bound to bear witness to the truth for him by assuring you that he is a gentleman of great worth & perfect correctness of conduct. and I give the assurance to you because I have known nobody there longer or with more esteem than yourself.4 indeed it is so long since we have exchanged a line that it is time to ask each other5 if all is well. it is so with me.6 I hope it is so with you, and that so it may continue to the  578 

3 NOVEMBER 1821

end of as long a chapter of life as you wish7 is the prayer I offer with the assurance of my constant frdshp & respect. Th:J. Dft (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos Lieper esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed nota­ tion: “by Dr Watson.” Fontaine Watson (1796–1838), physi­ cian, studied medicine by 1821 under TJ’s own doctor, Thomas G. Watkins, before briefly attending the University of Penn­ sylvania, graduating in 1822 with an essay on pneumonia. He was practicing medicine in Evansham (later Wytheville) by 1830, including a period in the medi­ cal partnership of Watson & Sanders with Daniel B. Sanders. At the time of his death Watson owned the property in Evansham where he lived, which was val­ ued at $1,500, and $4,204.32 in personal property, including three slaves (TJ’s Ac­ count with Watkins, [after 20 Jan. 1821]; Catalogue of the Medical Graduates of the

University of Pennsylvania [2d ed., 1839], 82; DNA: RG 29, CS, Evansham, 1830; Acts of Assembly [1843–44 sess.], 100 [15 Feb. 1844]; gravestone inscription in  Saint John Lutheran Church Ceme­ tery, Wytheville; Wythe Co. Will Book, 5:150–3, 176–94). eleve: “student.” 1 Surname editorially supplied in space TJ left blank. 2 Preceding three words interlined. 3 Preceding two words interlined in place of “am.” 4 Preceding two words interlined. 5 Preceding two words interlined in place of “mutually.” 6 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 7 Reworked from “continue as long as you wish for life.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Nov. 3. 21. I am this moment setting out for Bedford and the Natural bridge to be here again on the 22d. I was obliged, partly for my travelling expences, to draw on you yesterday in favor of Wolfe & Raphael for 175.D. but Jefferson promises to deliver this day at the mill as much wheat as will make a boat load of flour, and the miller promises to grind and send it off instantly, so that it will soon cover the advance of my draught of yesterday, and at the present advanced price, one I give to Ellen also who is going to Washington, and will use it about a fortnight hence. ever & affectionly yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused ad­ dress cover of William Paxton to TJ, 4 Aug. 1820; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. On the preceding day TJ recorded that the $175 draft given to the Charlottesville firm of wolfe & raphael covered $87.51

for groceries for the last quarter and $87.49 in cash (MB, 2:1380). jeffer­ son: Thomas Jefferson Randolph. the miller was likely Daniel Colclaser. TJ had given his granddaughter ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) a draft for $100 (MB, 2:1380).

 579 

From Archibald Thweatt Dear Sir Eppington 6 Nov: 1821 I present you with some of my labor in the good old cause. Would you grant me your permission—after a suitable preface— just to publish an extract from your letter to me, about the judiciary pressing us into consolidation?— Sincerely & affectionately yrs. Archibald Thweatt Wilkinsonville post office  Chesterfield RC (ViU: TJP­ER); mistakenly en­ dorsed by TJ as received 17 Oct. 1821, with his query whether the date of com­ position was correctly 6 Oct. RC (MoSHi: TJC­BC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Thomas McKean, 10 Apr. 1824,

on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq: Montecello Milton Va”; stamp can­ celed; franked; postmarked Manchester, 12 Dec. Recorded in SJL as a letter of 6 Nov. 1821 received 17 Dec. 1821. Enclo­ sure not found.

From Hutchins G. Burton Dr Sir Halifax November 8th AD 1821 I should have acknowledged the Receipt of your esteemed favor before this time—but I have Just returned from a Journey to the Southern part of this State—The Governor as President of the Board of Trustees of our University, has given Notice for a general meeting on the 28th of this month, for the purpose of taking under their con­ sideration the subject of your letter—It is certainly a matter in which every friend of Learning must feel a deep Interest—And to you many thanks are due for placing the Subject in its proper point of view—I have never yet heard whither you have received any Scurpernong wine—it appears that a strange fatality has attended all my endeav­ ours to send some to you—the first barrel which I thought the best I had ever tasted Mr Wm R Johnston delivered to a Boatman to convey to Richmond and which was never after heard of—the second was sent by a Coasting vessel and as I understand the Supply of water on board failed, and the greater part was drank—the third I have not heard from but hope no accident has happened—I have no Knowl­ edge of its quality but had every assurance from a Respectable man1 that it was good—I have nothing worthy of remark I am with the highest Respect & Esteem Yours H G Burton RC (MHi); with Dft of TJ to Burton, 23 Nov. 1821, at foot of text; endorsed by

TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so re­ corded (mistakenly dated 1 Nov.) in SJL.

 580 

10 NOVEMBER 1821 RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Samuel Crawford, 3 Mar. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; stamped; postmarked Halifax, N.C., 10 Nov. On 22 Nov. 1821 North Carolina gov­ ernor Jesse Franklin presided over a meeting of the University of North Caro­ lina Board of Trustees at which it consid­ ered TJ’s circular letter of 28 Sept. 1821 to Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown. The trustees resolved to form a committee to draft a memorial to Congress

“praying a repeal of So much of the Sev­ eral acts of Congress as lay a duty on the importation of Books, printed in foreign Countries So far as respects all Books of Science, And all other Books in other than the English language.” The commit­ tee was also expected to compose a letter to North Carolina’s congressional delega­ tion requesting its support on the issue (NcU: Trustees Minutes, University of North Carolina). 1

Preceding three words interlined.

From Edward Graham Sir Lexington Novr 10th 1821 Your letter of the 22d Ulto informing that you intended, if weather & health would allow, to be at the N. bridge on 11th or 12th Inst for the purpose of ascertaining the lines of the survey including the bridge and requesting me to attend for that purpose, if I should be sent for. I think it will be inconvenient for me on several accounts1 to attend, and I also feel considerably indispos[e]d to day being seized last night with a pain in my back which, if it continues, will completely unfit me for surveying. Under these circumstances, to prevent your being dis­ appointed or delayed, if you should come to the bridge, I have to day spoken to capt William Paxton who is the Surveyor of this county, to attend, if sent for, & do the business for you. He has promised that he will. As capt Paxton is well practised in surveying & acquainted with several surveys in the neighbourhood of the bridge, he will probably suit your purpose better than I would. It would have given me pleasure to have complied with your wishes, & if no suitable substitute could have been obtained I would have made the attempt; but having capt Paxton in my stead you will rather gain than loose by the exchange. Sir respectfully yrs Edw: Graham Patrick knows where capt Paxton lives. His residence is nearer the bridge than mine. RC (MHi); mutilated; postscript adja­ cent to signature; addressed: “Thos Jef­ ferson Esqr when at the N. Bridge” by “Patrick Henry”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 12 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

A missing letter from TJ to William Paxton of 11 Nov. 1821 is recorded in SJL with TJ’s additional notation: “to attend tomorrow to survey Natl bridge.” 1 Preceding

 581 

three words interlined.

From James Madison Dear Sir Montpellier Novr 10. 1821 I return the several papers which accompanied yours of the 30th Ult: I have interlined with a pencil for your consideration a very slight change in the petition to Congress, and another in the Report to the P. & D. of the Lit: Fund. The first is intended to parry objections from the reprinters of foreign books, by a phraseology not precluding exceptions in their favor. The exceptions can be made without injury to the main object; and altho not necessary for the protection of the American Editions, the greater cheapness here being a sufficient one, will probably1 be called for by the patrons of domestic industry. I find that besides the few Classics for schools, and popular works others of solid value continue2 to be republished in the Northern Cities. The other interlineation suggests the objects other than the Library to be provided for3 in the Pantheon. It will aid in accounting for the esti­ mated cost, and may otherwise mitigate difficulties.4 The view you take of the question of commencing the Library and trusting to the alternative with the Legislature will claim for it a fair consideration with the Visitors. I shall endeavor to be with you at [the]5 time you have fixed for their meeting. Yours always & affectionately James Madison RC (DLC: Madison Papers); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC: left half of address cover only (MHi), with Dft of TJ to Ar­ chibald Robertson, 27 Feb. 1823, on verso; right half of address cover only (DLC), with Dft of TJ to John A. Graham, 9 Mar. 1823, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello near Charlottesville Virginia”; franked; postmarked Orange Court House, 14 Nov. Dft (DLC: Madi­ son Papers, Rives Collection); on verso of portion of reused address cover of TJ to Madison, 30 Oct. 1821; lacking closing and signature; endorsed by Madison. En­

closures: enclosures to TJ to Madison, 30 Oct. 1821. The Rotunda of the University of Vir­ ginia was to be modeled on the pantheon in Rome. 1 Preceding two words interlined in Dft in place of “these will.” 2 Preceding five words interlined in Dft in place of “some valuable ones.” 3 Preceding two words interlined in Dft in place of “included.” 4 Word added in Dft in place of “ob­ jections.” 5 Omitted word supplied from Dft.

From Duncan Forbes Robertson Dear Sir, Danville Kentucky1 Nov 12th 1821 You will no doubt be surprised as well as amazed should you ever receive this scrawl, the purport of which is a request; that if granted will be duly appreciated by me. I have declined making it for some  582 

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years for fear of giving offence, but calling to mind your age, and that in a short time the opportunity will be forever gone, I can no longer forbear, hoping to be forgiven if considered presuming. The request is this, a small lock of your hair to be left to my children as a memorial of him whose name can never die, and whose many virtues shine so conspicuous, that malice nor envy can never tarnish them. The re­ quest would be made in person did not the demands of a large family claim my every exertion for a support. I am a son of Doct Andrew Robertson formerly of Virginia, my eldest sister wife to Doct James Ewell of Washington City, with whose father Col Jesse Ewell I have been informed you were acquainted. yours with respect Duncan F Robertson RC (ViW: TC­JP); addressed: “The Hon, Thomas Jefferson Albemarle County Virginia”; franked; postmarked Danville, Ky., 18 Nov.; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Robertson, 11 Dec. 1821, on address leaf. Duncan Forbes Robertson (1784–1849), schoolteacher, lived in and near Danville, Kentucky. In 1840 he owned four slaves. He died of cholera in Danville (Hartley Robertson Herman’s 1943 membership application in Sons of the American Rev­ olution archive, Louisville, Ky.; Le Roy J.

Halsey, Memoir of the Life and Character of Rev. Lewis Warner Green, D.D. [1871], 5, 6; Jefferson Johnson Polk, Autobiogra‑ phy of Dr. J. J. Polk: to which is added his Occasional Writings and Biographies of Worthy Men and Women of Boyle County, Ky. [1867], 217–20; WMQ, 2d ser., 14 [1934]: 95; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Lin­ coln Co., Crab Orchard, 1820, Lincoln Co., 1830, Danville, 1840; Lexington Ob‑ server & Reporter, 8 Sept. 1849). 1 Remainder of dateline adjacent to sig­ nature.

From William Short Dear Sir Philada Nov: 12. 1821. If I knew any other way less troublesome to you, of hearing of you & the state of your health, I would not intrude this letter on you, knowing, as I do, how much you are oppressed by correspondence. Since my return from a summer excursion of more than three months, I have enquired at different times of such of your friends here as were in the way of hearing from you, but there is not one that has been able to give me any late intelligence on your subject. And yet it is a subject of so much real interest to me, that I cannot help making an effort to remove the state of absolute ignorance in which I am. May I hope then if too much occupied by other correspondence yourself, you would tax your amiable amanuensis so far as to indite what you might dic­ tate without manual labor. It would be a great gratification to me to learn that your health was perfectly restored, & promised a continu­ ance. Your sound constitution, your regular life, & the salubrious air  583 

12 NOVEMBER 1821

of Monticello, all combined to give me full confidence in your enjoy­ ing to the full term of your years, uninterrupted health. This was never shaken until the illness, which was not spontaneous, but as I understand, acquired at the Springs. I have never known, though I have always wished to know, the particulars of that deviation from your ordinary course of health—its origin, its progress & its termina­ tion. When you last mentioned your health to me, nothing remained of your indisposition, but a swelling of the legs which obliged you to bandage them so as [to]1 make it inconvenient to take the exercise of walking. It would give me great pleasure also to hear something of the Uni­ versity, its present situation & future prospect. There is no similar establishment in which I feel so great an interest: This grows out of a variety of considerations—In the first place, as being so much of your creation; & then, being situated in that district, where I for the first time in my life had a view of a mountain, a sensation I have never forgotten, & which has always attached me to the place—And besides, it is in Virginia, my native State, & the first from which I received a mark of favor, the first therefore in my affection. The only apprehen­ sion I have felt from that location, arose from the preference which Professors would generally give to a residence in a City, on account of the advantages it affords to men of letters & science. Yet I believe it was fortunate that Cooper left you—The mass of prejudices en­ listed against him, would probably have more than counterbalanced the weight of his talents, great as they are. I have lately recieved a letter from a nephew of mine who went to pay his respects to you at Monticello. He speaks in high terms of the Architectural progress of the University. When he determined to take that route to Kentucky, he wrote to me from Baltimore to ask me to send him a letter of introduction to you—And with the etourderie of his age, requested me to send it to Fredericksburgh, through which place he was to pass—As his letter was written at the moment he was leaving Baltimore, it was evident that my letter could not reach Fredericksburgh before he would have left it—He fortunately met there, as he informs me, with a Mr Taliaferro, who gave him a letter to you.   He waited also on Mr Madison, as he informs me; being carried there by the step­son of that gentleman. To him, of course, I should not have given him a letter. For although I have never known the true cause of it, I have always known the want of friendly feelings on his part towards me. And yet I am fully persuaded, as you are so good as to say in your former letter, that you never heard, but a senti­ ment of esteem for me, from him. This he owed to his respect for you.  584 

12 NOVEMBER 1821

These things are now the incidents of times long passed by, & make but a feeble impression on my mind. On my return here, I learned that an old friend of ours, Govr Mer­ cer, had come on to this City in a bad state of health & found his death here. I am told by one of those who saw him the most, that his first enquiry was for me, & that his expression of regret at my absence was very marked. I was more affected by this circumstance than I can say. Such recollections from a friend of early life from whom I have been so long separated, leaves a melancholy impression on the mind that fixes itself deeply—When I look back to the time at which he & “the good M. . . . . our President” started together in their political race it seems to me the renewal of the fable of the Hare & the Tortoise. In my tour of this summer I had intended to have included an ex­ cursion to Canada, where I have never been, & where I should not go merely as a tourist; all curiosity of that kind having now subsided with me. But I am an involuntary owner of a considerable body of land near the River St Laurence, to which, it had been represented to me by my agent, it was necessary for me to go. When on the St Lau­ rence, it is much the easiest & quickest route to return by the way of Montreal, taking advantage of the descent of the River & the steam­ boat on Lake Champlain. But when I had proceeded as far as Sackett’s harbour, I found that the season had so far advanced that it would be advisable to postpone going to the St Laurence until the next year & therefore retraced my steps at that time. In this route I found M. LeRay de Chaumont—He owns in the county where he resides, & which bears your name, a territory more extensive than many of the German Princes, notwithstanding that he has sold to the rich D. Parish 110,000 acres & to Joseph Bonaparte, a still larger quantity. The land he owns, is also among the most fer­ tile & the most valuable of the unsettled lands of the State of N. York. And yet with all this he is, I fear, what the French call un riche ma­ laisé. If so, it would be a proof that no one in that part of the world can be a large landholder with impunity. For LeRay has shewn more skill & perseverance in that line than any of his compeers. Many of them I know, who were once ranked among the most wealthy men of the State, & who are now in the greatest embarassment. As to LeRay himself I have no reason to suppose any thing of the kind, except what I have heard from others—His mode of life in his Chateau would in­ dicate quit[e] the contrary—He sees a great deal of company, has an excellent French cook, French table &c. In this excursion I visited the great Canal, & travelled on it from Utica to Rome (15 miles) It was then perfected & used 88. miles &  585 

12 NOVEMBER 1821

since, 22. miles more have been completed & used. It is really on this canal that the U. States seemed to me to be centuries advanced be­ yond what appears in any other part of the country. The state of N.Y. owes this advancement to one man—for DeWit Clinton stands pre­ cisely2 in the same relation to the canal that Fulton does to the steam­ boat—And yet it was whilst wafted along on this canal that I heard him more abused than in any other part of the State, where he is generally now very unpopular. So true is it that he who labors to do good to man, must look for his reward in his own bosom & not in their gratitude. I have read over at different times, & with renewed & increased pleasure your two last letters, of which one inclosed the syllabus. The subject is most interesting whether considered on the score of moral­ ity or religion. The greatest drawback I have found in this pleasure is not being permitted to communicate it to one or two friends, when we have been speaking on the subject—for you may rest assured that your injunction has been literally obeyed. I think it very perceptible that opinions like yours as to Jesus, are spreading fast in this country. More light will dispel the foggy sophisms of the interested imposed on the ignorant. It is from the East that this new light has proceeded & particularly from Boston. My paper warns me that I must end this letter. Otherwise I might perhaps tax your time & patience too heavily. I have only room left to repeat that I am, as I have ever been & shall ever be, with warm affection, your friend & servant W: Short RC (DLC); edge chipped; ellipsis in original; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. The amiable amanuensis was Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge). In a letter dated Philadelphia, 31 Oct. 1821, Short advised his nephew Green­ bury W. Ridgely that “I am much pleased that you visited Mr. Jefferson. He is among the remarkable men of his time; & every young man ought to have seen him. I am surprized that you should so soon have got into a controversy with him, as I infer from your letter you were only a few hours with him. It is always well, however, to have independent opinions of our own, & to be able to support them with becom­ ing freedom” (George Green Shackel­ ford, ed., “To Practice Law: Aspects of the Era of Good Feelings Reflected in the Short­Ridgely Correspondence, 1816–

1821,” Maryland Historical Magazine 64 [1969]: 391–4). Étourderie (etourderie): “thought­ lessness.” James Madison’s step­son was John Payne Todd. A widely reprinted satirical address in­ tended for the reopening after a fire of New York City’s Park Theatre asked re­ garding James Monroe, “What made the good m. . . . . our president?,” and answered “’Twas that through all this blessed land he went With his immortal cock’d hat and short breeches, Dining wherever ask’d—and making speeches” (New‑York Evening Post, 28 Aug. 1821). Monroe and John Francis Mercer began their political race together, following similar paths as students at the College of William and Mary, Revolutionary War officers, and law students under TJ (ANB). In Aesop’s fable of the hare & the tortoise, a hare loses a race to a tortoise

 586 

14 NOVEMBER 1821 despite its natural speed advantage by as­ suming that its lead was insurmountable and taking a nap. un riche malaisé: “a man ill at ease with his wealth.” The great canal was the Erie Canal.

 1 Omitted word editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “preisely.”

To Esther Hutson Madam Natl bridge Nov. 14. 21. Having found it necessary to reexamine and establish the boundar­ ies of my land at the Natl bridge I engaged Capt Paxto[n] the county surveyor to run the lines according to the patent. on one of these lines, more than a mile long, & where it borders on you we found that your clearing & culture had extended considerably into my lands. as I presume this was done inadvertently I will only request you to be so good as, after you shall have taken off the crop of wheat now grow­ ing1 on it, to remove your fence within your line, lest it’s continuance might excite future doubts. Capt Paxton can satisfy you of the exact­ ness of our operations, and there is indeed2 an antient line tree ex­ actly where your fence crosses the line, which Patrick Henry living at the bridge can shew you. I pray you to be assured that I have no disposition to give you trouble or uneasiness as to the past, and only wis[h] to place things at rights for the future and I tender you my best respects Th:J FC (MHi); on verso of left half of en­ closure to Littell & Henry to TJ, 24 Sept. 1821; in TJ’s hand; edge trimmed; at foot of text: “Mrs Hudson”; endorsed by TJ. Esther Hutson (Hudson) was a resident of Rockbridge County by 1820. During a property dispute in 1839 she was deemed to be no longer resident in Virginia (DNA: RG 29, CS, Rockbridge Co., 1820; Vi: RG 48, Personal Property Tax Returns, Rockbridge Co., 1822; Rockbridge Co. Deed Book, Q:323–5; Rockbridge Co. Chancery Order Book [1831–46], 153–4, 182). Following TJ’s return to Monticello, his granddaughter Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) reported to Nicholas P. Trist on 21 Nov. 1821 that “Grand­Papa returned home yesterday morning having fortu­

nately experienced no ill effects from spending those two cold days at the natu­ ral bridge without the protection even of a great coat, for he had forgotten to take his with him, but he suffer’d a good deal with cold yesterday and we are uneasy lest he should still be sick. he lost Wel­ lington on the road, and has supplied his place with a horse equally gentle in the carriage, and which we can ride with safety” (RC in DLC: NPT). TJ recorded that on 19 Nov. 1821 he “Bought of John Flood a mare (Stella) 6. y. old last spring of Janus and Seelah blood. a star, a snip, and 2 hindfeet white. blood bay. 4–10 high. for 80.D. payable Apr. 30” (MB, 2:1381). 1 Word

interlined. “inded.”

2 Manuscript:

 587 

To James Bowling Sir Poplar Forest Nov. 16. 21. Accdg to promise I now inclose you an order for 326.25 on Colo B. Peyton of Richmd to wit 300.D. principal & 26.25 int. from June 1. 20. to this day. still you will oblige me by not letting this order go out of your hands until the moment you want the money, when mr Robertson will give you the cash for it, and so would the Farm’s bk at Lynchbg, it being on Colo Peyton who is a director of the F’s bk at Richmd. I make this request because it will give me more time to get flour down to the hands of Colo Peyton who will certainly pay it at sight, but I had rather he should not be called on until the state of our river will permit the boats to pass1 with produce so as to place more funds in his hands. it is always very low at this season. I have there­ fore thrown both principal & int. into one sum, & made them bear interest until you call for the money that you may recieve compensa­ tion for as long as you hold it up. Accept my best wishes & respects. Th:J Dft (MHi); on verso of portion of re­ used address cover; at head of text: “Mr James Boling. Amherst”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with TJ’s addi­ tional bracketed notation: “ord. on do [i.e., Bernard Peyton] for 326.25.” En­ closed in TJ to Archibald Robertson, 16 Nov. 1821.

The enclosed order for $326.25, not found, discharged TJ’s debt to Bowling’s son Lewis Bowling for the latter’s work as overseer at Poplar Forest’s Tomahawk farm in 1819 (MB, 2:1378, 1381). 1 Remainder

of sentence interlined.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Pop. For. Nov. 16. 21. Winding up my yearly affairs here and just on my departure for Monticello I draw on you as follows. in favor of James Steptoe 79.61. this will be presentd immedly Wm J. Miller 171.67 payable 30th instant. Bolling 326.25 with int. from ys date until paid.1 this last altho’ made payable immediately will not be presented until abt Xmas as I have good grounds to believe for which reason it bears int until called for. I shall be at home on the 20th and will spare no exertions which the river will permit to get down flour as fast as pos­ sible. ever & affectly yours Th:J.  588 

16 NOVEMBER 1821  Dft (MHi); on verso of portion of re­ used address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Colo B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. On this date TJ recorded that he paid James C. steptoe the above sum as as­ signee of a debt that TJ owed to William Mitchell and Robert Mitchell “on account of flour Oct. 5. 19.” After deducting $50 that William Mitchell directed TJ to pay toward his subscription to the University of Virginia, this settled the full debt, which at this point was $120.51, includ­ ing $9.10 in “int. to the 30th inst.” (MB, 2:1380). TJ paid William Mitchell’s $50 subscription a year later (Receipt from

Alexander Garrett to TJ, 7 Oct. 1822 [MS in DLC; in Garrett’s hand and signed by him; endorsed by TJ]). The draft for $171.67 described here as being for William J. miller represented payment of $166.67 in wages for 1820 due to Robert Miller, plus $5 interest on this sum for the period from 30 May to 30 Nov. 1821 (MB, 2:1381). A missing letter of this date from TJ to Robert Miller is recorded in SJL with the additional bracketed notation: “ord. on B. Peyton for 171.67.” 1 Preceding two words interlined, with caret mistakenly placed following period.

To Archibald Robertson Dr Sir Pop. For. Nov. 16. 21. I had destined a sum of rent due to me July 1. to pay the amt of my last year’s acct to you, 611.17 which however not being yet recieved I inclose you an order for that sum payable Jan. 1. ensuing being the earliest I can command with certainty. this will be due for wheat sold & payable then. mr Yancey had supposed we should have 1000.b. for market but as we proceed in fanning, it appears to yield less than expected: and altho there is a certainty there will be more than will cover this order, yet I have thought it due to the purchaser to limit the order provisionally as I have done. I could have been more punctual with you, but that I have had to make considble payments towards the bond assd to mr Miller, & am to pay the whole by the 1st of July next. I will thank you for my acct for the present1 year to wit to July 31. last past2 which shall be pd as soon as I can bring my aff rs up to it with the aid of better prices for produce. Accept the assurance of my friendship & respect Th:J. P.S. be so good as to let the inclosed letter to mr Boling remain in your hands until called for by him or some of his neighbors by his order as has been agreed between us. Dft (MHi); on reused address cover of Benjamin W. Crowninshield to TJ, 18 Aug. 1819; with PoC of TJ to Robertson, 7 Dec. 1820, on verso. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation by TJ:

“ord. on Pendleton. 611.17.” Enclosure: TJ to James Bowling, 16 Nov. 1821. On this day TJ recorded that the en­ closed order for $611.17, not found, was

 589 

16 NOVEMBER 1821 drawn on Reuben Pendleton in Robert­ son’s favor to pay TJ’s “last year’s store acct.” and was to be drawn “out of the amount of my wheat of this year sold by Joel Yancey to Pendleton for 5/ and the rise to Jan. 1” (MB, 2:1381).

 1 Word interlined in place of “current.” 2 Sentence from this point partially in­ terlined, with remainder added beneath signature, keyed to text with an “x.”

To Francis Eppes Dear Francis Poplar Forest Nov. 17. 21. On my return to this place on the 5th inst. I found here your letter of Oct. 22. I learnt from that with real affliction that it was doubtful whether you would be permitted at Columbia1 to pursue those stud­ ies only which will be analogous to the views & purposes of your fu­ ture life. it is a deplorable considn that altho neither your father nor myself have spared any effort in our power to press on your educa­ tion, yet so miserable are the means of educn in2 our state that it has been retarded & baffled to a most unfortunate degree.3 and now that you have only a single year left, you cannot be permitted to employ that solely in what will be useful to you.4 every instn however has a right to lay down it’s own laws, and we are bound to acquiescence. there seems from your lre to be still a possibility that you may be permitted to remain as an irregular student. that is the most desirable event. if not, then to obtain from Dr Cooper & mr Wallace the favor of attending them as a private student unconnected with the College. from them you can recieve every instruction necessary for you, towit in Mathematics, Astronomy, Nat. Philosophy & Chemistry. if that cannot be permitted, there will remain nothing but the disastrous al­ ternative of again shifting your situation. I know nothing of the plan or degree of instruction at Chapel­hill. perhaps you might be ex­ cluded there also by similar rules. if so, William & Mary is your last resource.5 there6 students are permitted to attend the schools of their choice, & those branches of science only which will be useful to them7 in the line of life they propose. the objection to that place is it’s au­ tumnal unhealthiness. The thankfulness you express for my cares of you bespeaks8 a feel­ ing & good heart: but the tender9 recollections which bind my affec­ tions to you, are such as will for ever call for every thing I can do for you, and the comfort of my life is in the belief that you will deserve it. to my prayers that your life may be distinguished by it’s worth I add the assurance of my constant & affectionate love. Th:J.  590 

19 NOVEMBER 1821  Dft (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr Francis Eppes”; endorsed by TJ. Eppes’s letter of oct. 22, not found, was likely that described in SJL as a let­ ter of 20 Oct. 1821 received 5 Nov. 1821. 1 Preceding

2 Preceding

two words interlined. two words interlined.

 3 Reworked from “baffled most unfor­ tunately.” 4 Reworked from “what is useful.” 5 Reworked from “resort.” 6 Reworked from “if so, there remains William & Mary only, where I know that.” 7 Preceding two words interlined. 8 Word interlined in place of “is proof of.” 9 Word interlined.

From Theodorus Bailey Dear sir, New york 19th Novemr 1821. Presuming that it may afford you Some gratification to see the do­ ings of the late Convention of this State held at Albany for the purpose of revising the Constitution; I now do myself the pleasure to transmit to you herewith, A Copy of the Debates and Proceedings of that as­ sembly.1   With sincere wishes for your health and happiness I am very respectfully and truly your friend, Theodorus Bailey. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Granville Sharp Pattison, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef­ ferson Esq. Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 19 Nov. Enclo­ sure: L. H. Clarke, Report of the Debates

and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New‑York; held at The Capitol, in the City of Albany, on the 28th day of Au‑ gust, 1821 (New York, 1821; Poor, Jeffer‑ son’s Library, 11 [no. 690]; TJ’s copy in NNGL). 1

Manuscript: “assemply.”

From Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Dear sir, Frankfort Novr. 19. 1821. If I had not experienced the effects of your candour and obliging indulgence on a former occasion, and on a subject connected with the memory of my father, I should feel an insuperable reluctance to trouble you with this letter.—A very brief narrative will explain its object. In the Richmond Enquirer of Septr. 4. in an editorial stricture on certain articles that had appeared in the National Intelligencer, the writer in support of his principles refers to the authority of your name and opinions, and expresses himself in the following words.  591 

19 NOVEMBER 1821

 “we protested against ‘putting Mr J. forth as chief of a new party’;1 and that the doctrine we held on the great question of supremacy in cases of collision between the two governments, was the doctrine of the old republican party, of Mr Madisons report of ’98. and of the Kentucky resolutions penned by Mr J. himself” well knowing that the resolutions here alluded to, were introduced into the Legislature of Kentucky by my father as his own production,— I was greatly astonished by the assertion of the editor. Convinced as I am, that the mover of the resolutions would not have consented thus to appropriate the labours, even of his illustrious friend, I did believe the assertion to be untrue. To a man, the measure of whose fame and usefulness is full, an occurrence like the present may be regarded with indifference. But when you remember, that the providence of God arrested at an early period the auspicious career of him, whose loss I have cause so deeply to deplore—you will excuse—nay, approve the sensibility which I feel on every subject connected with his just renown. If I am not deceived in the temper of the times, the day is at hand, when the struggle of ’98. is to be renewed with decisive characteristics of consolidating intent, and these States are to maintain a second contest, for the pu­ rity and extent of their ancient rights. At such a crisis, involving the safety and perpetuity of some of the most sacred principles of Ameri­ can freedom, the recollection of similar events—the corresponding sentiments and acts of departed patriots—will be revived with pecu­ liar interest, and powerful effect: And I can distinctly perceive the value of your written declarations, to ensure justice to the memory of one, whom living, you largely contributed to exalt. Believing that I cannot give a better evidence of the sincerity and respect of the present application, than by omitting all formal & affected apologies for having made it, I hasten to assure you of my high con­ sideration, and to offer you my sincerest wishes for your continued health & happiness. J, Cabell Breckinridge RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. After they each published TJ’s Recom­ mendation of John Taylor’s Construction Construed, printed above at 27 June 1821, the richmond enquirer and Washing­ ton Daily National Intelligencer exchanged competing editorials on TJ’s comments, with the former arguing that TJ was as­

serting the supremacy of the states over the federal government and the latter claiming that TJ was warning against it (Richmond Enquirer, 17, 27 July, 3, 17 Aug., 4 Sept. 1821; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 20, 31 July, 27 Aug. 1821). James Madison wrote both the 1798 Virginia Resolutions and the related re­ port of 1800 (Madison, Papers, Con‑ gress. Ser., 17:185–91, 303–51). For TJ’s

 592 

19 NOVEMBER 1821 authorship of the kentucky resolu­ tions of 1798, see PTJ, 30:529–56.

 1 Nested double quotation marks edito­ rially changed to single.

From Frederick C. Schaeffer Sir, New York, Nov. 19. 1821. On a former occasion I took the liberty of submitting to your in­ spection, a little publication, which I had prepared for the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism in New York. I was actuated by a desire, which I believe is common to all authors, how­ ever trifling their performances, the desire of making known their works to the Great and Good. I am emboldened to trouble you again, by the kind manner in which you received the “Report to the Managers” &c.—and by the common law of our land, to send a copy of all new publications to the Honor­ able and distinguished Gentlemen, who, after having presided over a great Republic, enjoy a peculiar degree of happiness, which is con­ fined to them alone, and which must be enhanced by the continual evidences of public veneration and gratitude. Though your repose may often be disturbed by such of my fellow­ citizens, who, like myself, are instrumental in ushering a pamphlet into the world, still, the activity which it intimates cannot be dis­ pleasing; and whatever marks the tendency of the times, or may be likely, though even in a small degree, to become subservient to the advantage of any portion of the community and country whose inter­ ests you have eminently promoted, is unquestionably acceptable. These arguments may apologize for the boldness with which I ap­ proach you at the present time, in offering you an exemplar of my “Address, pronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Mat­ thew’s Church, New York, Oct 22. 1821; with the Ceremonial on the occasion.”— I have always thought, that the view which is generally taken of “the merit of Luther’s deeds,” is too limited. In the inclosed address, you will find, I trust, that while I endeavor to give him full credit for what he has performed, I do not subject myself to the accusation of selfish or sectarian principles.— With the highest regard, and with the best wishes for your welfare, I am your friend & servant F. C. Schaeffer. RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in

SJL; with Dft of TJ to Schaeffer, 28 Nov. 1821, beneath endorsement. Enclosure:

 593 

19 NOVEMBER 1821 Schaeffer, An Address, pronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Matthew’s Church, New‑York, October 22, 1821; with the Ceremonial on the occasion (New York, 1821), celebrating the evangelical nature of the Lutheran church in New York City while calling for fraternal affection be­ tween the different sects (pp. 9–10); stat­ ing that, while the city’s current Evan­ gelical Lutheran Church offers services in both German and English, this new English­language church is necessary for the future growth of the denomination (pp. 13–5); calling for continued strong connections between the German­ and English­speaking branches of the church

(pp. 14–5); and describing the cornerstone­ laying ceremony, which included the plac­ ing of American coins, while acknowl­ edging “that the remote cause of our Freedom and Independence is found in the merit of Luther’s deeds” (p. 22). Schaeffer sent John Quincy Adams a copy of this pamphlet on 8 Nov. 1821 (DNA: RG 59, MLR). On 19 Nov. 1821 he also sent similar versions of the above letter and the same enclosure to John Adams and James Madison (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:419–20).

From Anthony Dey Sir, New York 20 November 1821 Altho’ you have retired from public life, yet I have supposed, the great interests of our Country are very near your heart & that you would be gratified with hearing of the success of American Agriculture—& the native genius of our Country men in Mechanism— under those impressions I have taken the liberty of enclosing you a Sample of flax—the plant of which grew upon my farm in New Jersey, which consists principally of reclaimed Salt Meadow—& was dressed in an unrotted State in a Machine invented by a Native American. The machine is Constructed to go by animal or water power & is Estimated to dress one Ton of the stem or plant in the ten ordinary working hours of the day—The Expence of breaking & cleaning the flax & bringing it into the State in which I Send it you will not exceed 2 Cents per pound The Information we have from England is that it cost 6d Stg near 11 Cents our Money to produce the Same result— There is a great saving—more than 100 pr Cent in the fibre & the machine is equally as well calculated for Hemp as well as flax—With my Sincere wishes for your health1 & happiness I remain Sir very Respectfully Anthony Dey. Corner Nassau & Cedar St. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Dey, 8 Dec. 1821, beneath endorsement. RC (DLC); address cover

only; with FC of TJ to John Griscom, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 21 Nov.

 594 

20 NOVEMBER 1821  Anthony Dey (ca. 1777–1859), attor­ ney, was born in Bergen County, New Jersey, and studied law in New York City, where he was practicing his profession by 1799. From 1801 to 1803 Dey served as the first attorney of the city corporation. Granted a partial interest in a large tract of land in Texas, he was an attorney for the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Com­ pany. Dey invested his earnings in New Jersey real estate and was a director of the New Jersey Railroad, but in 1842 he filed for bankruptcy. He continued work­ ing as an attorney in New York City until at least 1854. Dey was living in New Jer­ sey by 1850 and owned real estate valued at $6,000. He died in Hudson City (later Jersey City), New Jersey (George H. Farrier, ed., Memorial of the Centennial Celebration of the Battle of Paulus Hook. August 19th, 1879; With a History of the Early Settlement and Present Condition of Jersey City, N. J. [1879], 154–5; New York Commercial Advertiser, 18 Feb. 1799; Longworth’s New York Directory [1799]: 209; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., New York, 1800–40, N.J., Hudson Co., North Ber­ gen Township, 1850; John H. Greener, comp., History of the Office of the Corpo‑ ration Counsel of the City of New York [1907], 35–6; New York Chronicle Ex‑ press, 27 Feb. 1804; Dey to Andrew Jack­ son, 22 Jan. 1830 [DLC: Jackson Pa­ pers]; Mary Virginia Henderson, “Minor Empresario Contracts for the Coloniza­

tion of Texas, 1825–1834,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 31 [1928]: 305–6; New York Herald, 12 Dec. 1842; H. Wil­ son, comp., Trow’s New‑York City Direc‑ tory for 1854–55 [1854], 200; New York Evening Post, 10 Oct. 1859). Unretted (unrotted) flax or hemp has not undergone the maceration pro­ cess by which fibers are separated from the woody stem (OED; American Farmer 3 [1821]: 301). Dey was a partner and backer of James Macdonald, who invented the flax­ processing machine described here. In 1822 the pair petitioned the United States Congress for a patent lasting twenty years, rather than the standard fourteen. After a favorable report from the House of Rep­ resentatives Committee on Agriculture, the petition was referred to the Judiciary Committee along with a competing claim. Following a report from that committee, the matter was tabled. In the spring of 1822 Dey donated his right to the ma­ chine to Auburn Theological Seminary in Auburn, New York. Macdonald was granted a standard patent for the inven­ tion that August (American Farmer 3 [1821]: 301, 305–6; JHR, 15:294, 386, 511 [28 Feb., 25 Mar., 29 Apr. 1822]; ASP, Miscellaneous, 2:928–9; New‑York Evening Post, 10 Apr. 1822; List of Pat‑ ents, 242). 1

Manuscript: “heath.”

From John Moody Respected Dear sir Cartersville November 20th 1821— I am Likely to have a Law Litigation with the Executors of Oliver Evans Deasd viz. his two Sons are the Exetrs and Legatees also, I have been upwards of two years Trying by all moderate means in my Power to Bring them to Setlement, But all in Vain, they Evade me by futile arts My Claims vs the Estate is Considerable, I find no other way than by Serving and perhaps in that Case then Council May atack my Character at the Bar in Philadelphia, I intend Shortly Down to Richmond and have my general Character Drawn on paper and a few of the principal noted gentlemen to put their names thereto where I have Resided Since the year 1786. till 18. Mos past In the Meantime  595 

20 NOVEMBER 1821

I have to Request the kind favour of you1 Sir who have known me upwards of thirty years—To address a Letter to me at this Place Stateing what you may think My Character2 Deserves, I have filld Many Important stations & places of Much Trust without Blame to my knowledge in the Smalest Degree, I have no Doubt But you are often Calld on for Such favours I hope you will Excuse the Request and give Complyance I ask your Pardon for this address. I Tender you my Respects Sincerely I am your Humble St. John Moody RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Es­ quire Monticello Albemarle County three

Miles from Charlottesville Post office, Vir­ ginia”; stamped; postmarked Cartersville, 20 Nov. 1821. 1 2

Manuscript: “your.” Manuscript: “Charater.”

From Joseph C. Cabell Dear Sir, Williamsburg 21 Nov. 1821. I most heartily regret to be under the necessity of again apologiz­ ing for my absence from the meeting of the Visitors. The cause of my disappointment is an inflamed ulcer on one of my ears, the character & tendency of which Genl Cocke will more particularly explain to you. I am pursuing a course recommended by two Physicians in Rich­ mond, and thus far approved by Doct: Smith of this place. They have all advised me to decline my visit to Corrottoman, & my attendance at the meeting on wednesday next; but think I may attend to my duties in the senate. Mr Johnson will enable me to understand the views & wishes of the board, which I regret very much not to be able to learn from them personally. If I had a vote on the question of finishing the buildings, I should vote for it, as a measure correct in itself, and pru­ dent with reference to the present state of the public mind. If there be not money enough to finish them I would go on as near to the object as possible. But I am at this time inclined to think I would ask noth­ ing of the present Assembly. I would go on & compleat the buildings, and at another session make the great effort to emancipate the funds. Last Spring I rather inclined to the opinion expressed by many friends in Richmond, that we should commence no building, which we could not finish. But I now think otherwise. I see no essential good to result from stopping short of our object, merely to have the credit of having a little money in hand, which the enemies of the institution would aver  596 

22 NOVEMBER 1821

that we wished to spend, but had not the courage to part with. They would exaggerate the sum eventually necessary to compleat the es­ tablishment, and laugh at our policy. Such are my views. But you & the enlightened gentlemen of the Board know better how to steer the ship than I do. I will heartily cooperate in such measures as your bet­ ter judgments will propose. Be pleased to remember me most respect­ fully & kindly to all the Gentlemen of the Board, and believe me to remain faithfully & unchangeably your friend Joseph C. Cabell RC (ViU: TJP­PC); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

Receipt to Arthur S. Brockenbrough 1821 November 22 Reced of the Proctor of the University of Vir­ ginia his Dft on the Bursar for One hundred and fifty Dollars for a Hoisting Machine for the use of the said University Th: Jefferson MS (ViU: TJP­PP); in a clerk’s hand, signed by TJ; endorsed in same clerk’s hand: “Hoisting Machine to Thomas Jef­ ferson 22nd Novr 1821 $150.” On the following day Alexander Gar­ rett, the University of Virginia’s bursar, gave Brockenbrough, its proctor, a re­ ceipt (one word editorially corrected) for “one hundred and fifty dollars being so much recieved by him of Thomas Jeffer­ son in part the fou[r]th instalment of his subscription to the late Central College” (MS in ViU: PP; in Garrett’s hand and

signed by him; docketed in an unidenti­ fied hand: “Garretts recpt Mr Jeffersons sub: 23rd Novr 1821 $150”). On 27 Nov. 1821 Brockenbrough issued a further re­ ceipt to TJ stating that he had received from the latter “one hundred & fifty dol­ lars in a Machine to be placed to his credit on acct of his Subscription to the central College” (MS in DLC; in Brock­ enbrough’s hand and signed by him). TJ paid the balance of the fourth and final $250 installment of his subscription to the University of Virginia in October 1822 (MB, 2:1386, 1389).

To William J. Coffee, with Jefferson’s Notes Nov. 22. 21

on my return from Pop. For. the day before yesterday I found here your favr of the 1st inst. which must apologize for the tardiness of my answer. I accept with pleasure your proposn to visit us this winter, as well for that of your company as for the benefit my paintings will recieve from your hands. I have housed myself now for the winter,  597 

22 NOVEMBER 1821

and shall not leave my quarters again till the spring, except on occnl rides to my hobby the Univty which now I assure you, begins to have a splendid appearce1 even without it’s greatest ornamt the Rotunda, not yet begun. accept the assurce of my great esteem & respect. [Notes by TJ at foot of text:] Nov. 24. P.S. for a supply of pen­points Dec. 31. mr Coffee arrived at Monticello Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39442); on verso of RC of Coffee to TJ, 1 Nov. 1821. TJ recorded paying Coffee $2.50 for seven dozen pen­points on 12 Jan. 1822 (MB, 2:1382). Almost three months after Coffee arrived at monticello on the last day of 1821, TJ recorded paying him $100 on 25 Mar. 1822 for “repairing paintings” (MB, 2:1384). On receiving some of TJ’s paintings to sell after his death, his granddaughter Ellen W. Randolph Coolidge wrote from Boston on 13 May 1828 to her sister Vir­ ginia J. Randolph Trist that the paintings

were in poor shape due to “the delapida­ tions of time & the still more ruthless handling of Mr Coffee. his brush has been traced on several of them where after scratching off the old paint he has daubed on new.” In a letter of 28 May 1828 to her mother, Martha Jefferson Randolph, Coolidge lamented that the paintings would not obtain satisfactory prices, inasmuch as “Time, & damp, & dust, & flies, & Mr Coffee, have done their work too effec­ tually” (ViU: Coolidge Correspondence). 1 Remainder of sentence interlined, with superfluous period editorially omitted.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 22d Novr 1821 Above I hand you sales your last parcel 50 Blls: Flour at $6, which was the best I could do with it, I postponed a sale for several days, in the hope of an advance, but each mail brings us worse & worse ac­ counts of the article from the Northern markets, particularly New York, which in a great degree governs this, last sales there $6¼ @ ⅜ dull— I recd yesterday your esteemed favor from Bedford, advising of several dfts, all of which shall be paid when presented, whether due or not, that favor Miss Ellen Randolph was paid on monday last. Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosure; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 25 Nov. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); ad­ dress cover only; with FC of TJ to Philip

S. Physick, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; ad­ dressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti­ cello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 22 Nov.

 598 

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 46 Blls: super & 4 fine Flour by B. Peyton for a∕c Mr Thomas Jefferson 1821 Richd 20 Novr To Capt —— for Cash in store ⎫  46 Blls: super fine flour at $6 ⎬ $299.00   4 "   fine   do  "  5.75 ⎭ Charges Cash pd fght: at 2/6 & Toll at 7½d $26.05 Inspection $1, Drayage $1 2.00 storage $4 & Comssn at 2½ pr Ct $7.47 11.47 $39.52 Nett prcds at Cr Th: Jefferson $259.48 MS (MHi); entirely in Peyton’s hand; with covering letter subjoined.

To Edward Wiatt Nov. 22.

I send you, Sir, a copy of the 1st edn of the Parl. Manl the only one of which I have a duplicate. a neater edn was printed in 1812. by Mil­ legan in Geo. T. of which doubtless a portion still remains on hand. be pleased to accept this with the assurce of my respect FC (MoSHi: TJC­BC); on verso of RC of Wiatt to TJ, 29 Oct. 1821; in TJ’s hand; partially dated. Enclosure: TJ, A Manual of Parliamentary Practice. for the use of the Senate of the United States (1st ed., Washington, 1801; see PW). Re­

corded in SJL as a letter of 22 Nov. 1821 to “Wyatt Edwd.” A missing letter from Wiatt to TJ of 2 Apr. 1822 is recorded in SJL as received nine days later from Cumberland, Mary­ land.

To Theodorus Bailey Nov. 23.

I thank you D. S. for the volume you have been so kind as to send me on the gigantic enterprize which will immortalize the govmt of N.Y. by her canal commncns. this will add an 8th wonder to the world, to which I wish all possible success, and to yourself health & happiness with the assur ce of my const t frdshp & respect. FC (MHi); on verso of RC of Bailey to TJ, 30 Oct. 1821; in TJ’s hand; partially dated. Recorded in SJL as a letter of 23 Nov. 1821.

d. s.: “Dear Sir.”

 599 

To Hutchins G. Burton Nov. 23. 21.

The repeated1 trouble you have been so kind as to take in having me furnished with some of the Scupernon wine makes it a duty to inform you that the 2d cask which went to sea, came safely about half full, but perfectly pure & unadulterated which I considered as a favor redeemg the necessity which had been incurred2 of encroaching on the quantity. the last supply came also full & pure & both were remark­ ably fine. after so many obliging attentions shall I be too unreasonable in requesting you to inform me what individual makes the crop of best quality, as that would enable me to establish arrangemts with him for a constant supply as wanted. The visitors of our Univty will meet on Thursday next, and I have no doubt they will join in the petn to Congress for the repeal of the duty on books & address a lre to our delegates & Senators there, who I hope will recieve the aid &3 coopern of those of N. C. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Burton to TJ, 8 Nov. 1821. 1 Word

interlined.

2 Preceding four words interlined, with “arisen” canceled after “had.” 3 Preceding two words interlined.

To Claudius Crozet Monticello1 Nov. 23. 21.

I thank you, Sir, for your kind attention in sending me a copy of your valuable treatise on Descriptive geometry. I felicitate the Stu­ dent of the present day on this important Supplement to his knolege of the theory of geometry, and those of our country particularly on their fortunate acquisition of so able an instructor in it. we are some­ times disposed to think with regret that we have been born an age too soon for the luminous advance of sciences, of which we see the dawn. but justice suggests2 that our age has had it’s turn, and it’s honors too, and that the enjoyments of advancing science which we have had more than those who have gone before us, should not be envied to those who are to come after us. with my thankfulness for the services you are rendering my young countrymen, accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViLxV: Crozet Papers); addressed: “Monsr C. Crozet New York”; with “For­

warded” and “West­Point” added in an unidentified hand; franked; postmarked

 600 

23 NOVEMBER 1821 Milton, 27 Nov., and New York, 10 Dec. Dft (MHi); on verso of RC of Crozet to TJ, 1 Nov. 1821.

 1 Word not in Dft. 2 Word interlined in Dft in place of “says.”

To Nathaniel Macon Dear Sir Monticello Nov. 23. 21. Absence at an occasional, but distant residence prevented my re­ cieving your friendly letter of Oct. 20. till three days ago. a line from my good old friends is like balm to my soul. you ask me what you are to do with my letter of Sep. 19. I wrote it, my dear Sir, with no other view than to pour my thoughts1 into your bosom. I knew they would be safe there, and I believed they would be welcome. but if you think, as you say, that ‘good may be done by shewing it to a few well tried friends’ I have no objection to that. but ultimately you cannot do bet­ ter than to throw it into the fire. My confidence, as you kindly observed, has been often abused by the publication of my letters for the purposes of interest or vanity; and it has been to me the source of much2 pain to be exhibited before the public in forms not meant for them. I recieve letters expressed in the most friendly and even affectionate terms, sometimes perhaps ask­ ing my opinion on some subject. I cannot refuse to answer such let­ ters, nor can I do it dryly and suspiciously. among a score or two of such correspondents, one perhaps betrays me. I feel it mortifyingly; but conclude I had better incur one treachery, than offend3 a score or two of good people. I sometimes expressly desire that my letter may not be published; but this is so like requesting a man not to steal or cheat, that I am ashamed of it after I have done it.4 Our government is now taking so steady a course, as to shew by what road it will pass to destruction,5 to wit, by consolidation first, and then corruption, it’s necessary consequence.6 the engine of con­ solidation will be the Federal Judiciary; the two other branches the corrupting and corrupted instruments.7 I fear an explosion in our state8 legislature. I wish they may restrain themselves to a strong but temperate9 Protestation. Virginia is not at present in favor with her co­states. an opposition headed by her would determine all the Anti­Missouri10 states to take the contrary side. she had better lie by therefore till the shoe shall pinch an Eastern state. let the cry be first raised from that quarter, & we may fall into it with effect. but I fear our Eastern associates wish for consolidation, in which they would be joined by the smaller states generally.11—but, with one foot  601 

23 NOVEMBER 1821

in the grave,—I have no right to meddle with these things. ever & affectionately Yours Th: Jefferson RC (O. O. Fisher, Detroit, 1950; photo­ copy in ViU: TJP); mutilated, with miss­ ing text supplied from PoC. PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Nathanl Macon.” Dft (DLC); on verso of final page of RC of Macon to TJ, 20 Oct. 1821. Tr (ViU: TJP); extract in Nicholas P. Trist’s hand. my letter of sep. 19: TJ to Macon, 19 Aug. 1821. 1 Word interlined in Dft in place of “sentiments.” 2 Word interlined in Dft in place of “considerable.” 3 Word interlined in Dft in place of “disoblige.”

4 Tr

begins here. six words interlined in Dft in place of “way it is to be destroyed.” 6 In Dft preceding three words are re­ worked from “the consequence of consol­ idn” and interlined in place of “and that.” 7 Word interlined in Dft in place of “powers.” 8 Word interlined in Dft in place of “ensuing.” 9 Word interlined in Dft in place of “pacific.” 10 Reworked in Dft from “the Mis­ souri.” 11 Tr ends here. 5 Preceding

To William Short Dear Sir Monticello Nov. 24.1 21. th Your welcome favor of the 12 came to hand two days ago. I was just returned from Poplar Forest which I have visited four times this year. I have an excellent house there, inferior only to Monticello, am comfortably fixed and attended, have a few good neighbors, and pass my time there in a tranquility and retirement much adapted to my age and indolence. you so kindly ask an explanation of the illness which held me so long, that I feel it a duty to give it. having been long subject to local and slight affections of rheumatism, and being at Staunton on other business, I thought I would go to the Warmsprings and eradicate the seeds of it, for I was then in perfect health. I used the bath moderately for three weeks.2 I was not quick enough how­ ever3 in observing the gradual debility it was bringing on me. at length it produced a general eruption, and imposthume. after a pain­ ful journey I got home unable to walk without help, and the debility and indisposition rapidly increased and reduced me to death’s door. swelled legs began to threaten dropsy aided by a prostration of the visceral powers. abandoning medecine however and fortifying my legs by bandages continued 8. or 10. months, I am at length entirely recovered, and suppose myself as well as I ever shall be. I am very little able to walk, but ride freely without fatigue. no better proof than  602 

24 NOVEMBER 1821

that on a late visit to the Natural bridge I was six days successively on horseback from breakfast to sunset.   You enquire also about our University. all it’s buildings, except the Library will be finished by the ensuing spring. it will be a splendid establishment, would be thought so in Europe, and for the chastity of it’s architecture and clas­ sical taste leaves every thing in America far behind it. but the Library, not yet begun, is essentially wanting to give it Unity and consolida­ tion as a single object. it will have cost in the whole but 250,000.D. the Library is to be on the principle of the Pantheon, a sphere within a cylinder of 70.f. diameter, to wit one half only of the dimensions of 4 the Pantheon, and of a single order only. when this is done you must come and see it.—I do not admire your Canada speculation. I think, with mr Rittenhouse, that it is altogether unaccountable how any man can stay in a cold country who can find room in a warm one, and should certainly prefer to Polar regions of ice and snow, lands as fer­ tile and cheap which may be covered with groves of olives and or­ anges. I envy M. Chaumont nothing but his French cook & cuisine. these are luxuries which can neither be forgotten, nor possessed in our country.—our state has been visited by a sporadic fever of a most extraordinary character, if a thing so diversified can be said to have any character. in some places rapid & mortal, in others tedious and of little danger. it has prevailed too almost solely in the mountainous regions. Harper’s ferry, Loudon, Orange, Buckingham, Bedford, Bo­ tetourt. at the Biglick in the last county it was stopped only by the compleat extermination of every human being living at the place, 42 in number. it is at length disappearing in most places.—our Visitors meet the ensuing week, and you will see in the public papers, their annual report to the legislature on the state of the University, which will give you more particular views of it than I have done.—we hear not a word of Correa. and it is long since I have heard of Charles Thompson. you would gratify me greatly by a minute account of his condition, which you can readily obtain where you are. you say noth­ ing of your own health whence I presume it good, and that it may continue so thro’ as long a life as yourself shall wish is the prayer of your ever affectionate friend Th: Jefferson RC (ViW: TJP); endorsed by Short as received 30 Nov. 1821. PoC (MHi). An imposthume is a cyst or abscess (OED). TJ stated that he preferred a warm to a cold country several times previously without reference to David Rit­ tenhouse (PTJ, 32:443, 448; TJ to Ben­

jamin Vaughan, 23 June 1819). The fever that claimed numerous lives in the vicin­ ity of the biglick (a large salt outcrop near what later became the city of Roa­ noke), suspected of being yellow fever, had afflicted residents in the area for sev­ eral weeks as of September 1821 (Fin­ castle Herald of the Valley, 17 Sept. 1821;

 603 

24 NOVEMBER 1821 Boston Weekly Messenger, 4 Oct. 1821; Richmond Enquirer, 9 Oct. 1821). 1 Reworked

from “14.”

 2 Omitted period at right margin edito­ rially supplied. 3 Word interlined. 4 Preceding three words interlined.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir nov: 25h 1821— I enclose you my report of the general state and condition of the University with my estimates of what will be required to complete the buildings and a statement of the amt drafts since 1st oct: 1820 to the present time—I hope this will meet your views. I have not had time [to]1 make out more than one copy of the report if another should be wanting will make it after the meeting of the visitors I am Sir respectfully your Obt sert A. S. Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: Brockenbrough to the University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 26 Nov. 1821, his Statement of Balances Due for Construction of the University of Virginia, [ca. 26 Nov. 1821], and his

Statement of his Drafts on the University of Virginia’s Bursar, [ca. 26 Nov. 1821], enclosures nos. 7, 9, and 8, respectively, to University of Virginia Board of Visi­ tors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 30 Nov. 1821. 1

Omitted word editorially supplied.

From Hiram Haines Honoured Sir, Slate Mills Culpeper County Va Nov. 26th 1821. I have presumed to address you for the purpose of offering as a present a Small pocket knife which I have lately made, and which you will find in a packet accompanying this letter. It is defective in many parts particularly the Spring which is rather weak, but its faults you will readily excuse when informed of the inexperience of the artist it being the first thing of the kind I ever attempted, and was made with­ out the assistance or instruction of any person whatsoever. I have en­ graved in a rough manner the Initials of your Name on the handle and request that at your death, the knife shall become the property of your Daughter Mrs Randolph. I offer it neither thro’ motives of inter­ est or affectation but as a token of veneration and Esteem, and altho’ the acceptance of my little present would give me much pleasure and its rejection much pain, yet sooner would I undergo the latter sensa­ tion, than labour under the belief, that you thought I presented it from either of the former motives above mentioned.  604 

26 NOVEMBER 1821

 It possesses nothing singular in itself except its having been made by a Virginia Youth, who never worked an hour at any Mechanical Trade in his life, and presented by him, as a testimony of his Esteem of a man who has rendered so many essential services to his country, this being the only motive which influenced me to tender you the knife I have flattered myself that it will be accepted. I have very lately met with a Copy of the “Notes on Virginia” belonging to a Gentle­ man of this County, who has oblidgeingly loaned it to me, and as it is so rarely to be met with I design as soon as I can get leisure, to extract all the most useful parts, which will form a very neat manscript Vol­ ume and be useful as a book of Reference when I or others may wish to know What Virginia was in 1781—I was not mistaken in the Sup­ position that it contained a Store of useful knowledge, tho’ in some instances the matter (of course) is adapted to the time in which it was written, yet in my humble opinion, it cannot fail being read now, and no doubt will be read many years to come, with both pleasure and profit, but were you now to write “notes on Virginia” we should see but little affinity between the two books—(except in Style, which is plain and Elegant)—New discoveries have been made, Curiosities un­ known then are now open to the investigation and admiration of man, where then was nought but an impassable Marsh or mountain we now see Neat Canals or convenient Turnpikes, Villages then, rank as Towns now, and Towns have grown into flourishing Cities and where then, nought was heard but the howling of the wolf, or the Indians Yell, we now hear the more pleasing sound of the woodman’s axe and see neatly Cultivated Farms and comfortable dwellings. Besides a mass of other useful matter one article alone renders it doubly valuable and interesting to me. I mean the notice you take of the Indian Tribes which Inhabited this State previous to its Set­ tlement by the Europeans—this, I consider, a very interesting tho’ much neglected Subject, and had not you nobly stepped forward And risqued it from oblivion, we should have been left almost without a trace of the character or meaning of the original inhabitants of this Country. On Subjects of this kind my mind ever delights to dwell and your book has afforded me a rich report of this, one of my favourite themes.—it tells me what Virginia was ere our adventurous forefa­ thers Crossed the ocean and converted her forests into fruitful fields, ’twas then that nought was seen but the nimble Quadrupeds skip­ ping over the hills, or basking in the mid­day Sun, or the tawny Sons of the Forest with their simple weapons, actively engaged in pursuit of the means of Subsistence, or engaged in the more dreadful work of Human destruction—it then tells us what Virginia was one hundred  605 

26 NOVEMBER 1821

and Seventy 4 years afterwards, we See what progress Civilization had made over Savage wildness—and the triumph of the arts and Sci­ ences over Indian Barbarity and ignorance. How happy a change was there at that time, tho’ America was then Strugling to free itself from the yoke of a Tyrranical power, but how Glorious the scene now! Blest with peace, prosperity and Independence we See our Country advancing with rapid strides towards Perfection* to which it is nearer now, than any other on Earth. Please Excuse the length of this letter and the trouble I have given you in perusing it. If it would not occupy too much of your time I should be glad to hear of your having received the Knife in Safety and here let me add an humble request, that I may one day possess a Relic however trifling in Value, that once belonged to Jefferson—a painted mineature or Copperplat[e] likeness of yourself would be preferred— but any other littl[e] trifle—a book for instance, would be very pleas­ ing. I by no means wish to insinuate that I consider you under an[y] obligations to do So—and if in making this request I have given offence, it is through ignorance, not design— In wishing you many years of uninterupted worldly Happiness and immortal Felicity after death I express the Cordial feelings of my heart. With Respect, I Remain Yours— Hiram Haines  *I do not mean perfection in the general acceptance of the word, that is a point to which human Institutions can never arrive, but I mean perfection So far as Human wisdom is capable of making anything perfect. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with TJ’s Ac­ count with Youen Carden, 9 Sept. 1824,

on verso; addressed: “Hon: Thomas Jef­ ferson Monticello Albemarle County Va”; franked; postmarked Slate Mills, 27 Nov.

From Thomas Magruder Oak Spring, Caroline County near Ville­borough 26. novr 21

I am well aware, Sir, of the Apology a Stranger Should make for intruding upon your time for a moment; and I offer the Subject of this Communication as that Apology. It is Simply to enquire of you, the fountain head, as we all Conceive, in this lower Country, when, in your Opinion, the university now erecting under your auspices, will go into Operation with any degree of Certainty—the probable price which each Scholar will Cost for board tuition &c and to get the favor of you to point out the various Courses of instruction Contem­ plated to be given.  606 

26 NOVEMBER 1821

 I have been always Opposed to Sending my children beyond the limits of their native State; and as I confess I do not like the establish­ ment at Williamsburg, I Know not where I could turn my mind with better hopes for their Successfull improvement than to the institution I have alluded to. My Boys, John & William, 13 & 15 years of age have been for Some time at the Rappahannock Academy—latterly with an Irish Gentleman, Mr Twomy, a private tutor in the family of McKensey Beverley.—In April next Mr Beverley will remove to the western Country & Mr Twomy will accompany him, and my boys are there­ fore to be provided for. They are in a Class, Reading virgil & Horace, and the eldest, John, is learning Greek. As they Cannot lose a mo­ ment of time very precious I think, at their periods of life, I must beg the favor of you to let me hear from You, if you will oblige me So far, as Soon as Convenient; and I must again offer the only Apology I have to make for thus troubling You, namely, an anxious wish to give to my Children the very best education I can which their native State will afford. Any Communication you may be pleased to make to me, as Soon as may Suit your Conveniency, will be most thankfully received by Sir, Your most respectfull & obent Servant Thomas Magruder P.S. I could have written to Col Lindsay—Mr Wm Gordon, Mr James Miller & Several other intimate friends on the Same Subject; but I thought it better to venture a Simple Communication to yrself, as I Knew very well they would all, either directly, or indirectly turn me over to you at last.   I have another boy, Allan B. Magruder nearly eleven who must be disposed of by 1st Jany Coming. He has been at a Common Country School & Knows very little, but is Smart enough. All these boys are to be educated at the expense of a very affectionate brother of mine namely, Dennis F. Magruder of Baltimore who is rich & what is bet­ ter, willing, to expend his money in that way.—Can he be provided for immediately, or Soon, if he Commences his grammatical Studys as I wish him to do without loss of time? RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jef­ ferson, Esquire, Monticello”; franked; postmarked Vielleboro, 28 Nov. 1821; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ

to Magruder, 8 Dec. 1821, beneath en­ dorsement. Thomas Magruder, merchant and at­ torney, moved from Montgomery County,

 607 

26 NOVEMBER 1821 Maryland, to Port Royal, where he oper­ ated a store by 1793 and was postmaster, 1794–97. He married a niece of TJ’s friend and relation by marriage, John Bankhead. Magruder operated a store in Alexandria from about 1797 to 1799 and then re­ turned to Port Royal. He also practiced as an attorney, managed a tavern in 1805, and served locally as a trustee of both the Rappahannock Academy and a female school. In 1817 Magruder sought appoint­ ment as secretary to the governor of Ala­ bama Territory, but failing in this attempt to provide for his family, he remained in  Caroline County. He owned thirteen slaves in 1810 and fourteen in 1820, but his property was sold at public auction in 1825 and he owned no slaves by 1830. In 1850 Magruder lived in the household of one of his daughters (Thomas M. Settles,

John Bankhead Magruder: A Military Re‑ appraisal [2009], 2–3, 5–7; Ralph Em­ mett Fall, Hidden Village: Port Royal, Vir‑ ginia, 1744–1981 [1982]; Virginia Herald, and Fredericksburg Advertiser, 19 Dec. 1793; Virginia Herald, and Fredericksburg & Falmouth Advertiser, 18 Nov. 1796; Axelson, Virginia Postmasters, 37; Alex‑ andria Advertiser, 9 Oct. 1797; Colum‑ bian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette, 16 June 1798, 10 Aug. 1799; DNA: RG 29, CS, Caroline Co., 1810–30, 1850; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25). Of Magruder’s children, only John B. Magruder ultimately studied at the Uni­ versity of Virginia, attending classes in 1825 and 1826 (Nash, Students of the Uni‑ versity of Virginia). The College of Wil­ liam and Mary was the establishment at williamsburg.

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 26–Nov. 1821 Should like much to Know, if your honour has received the books, and my last letter.— Your humble Servant, Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Tho: Jefferson sq”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Mayo, 3 Dec. [1821], beneath endorsement.

From John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir, Mill Brook Novr 27. 1821. Your letter arrived here while I was absent on a short visit to my sister Lane the management of whose affairs have devolved on me— Firmly persuaded as I am that such a view of the eight years of your administration as would be presented by yourself would be the best antidote to the political poison circulating among us, I should con­ sider myself as violating the duty I owe to my country could I hessi­ tate in putting into your hands the Documents in my possession—I value them highly as comprizing the best materials for an impartial history of the measures of our Federal Government1 from the year 1801. to 1809. Every patriot must look back to this period as the era  608 

27 NOVEMBER 1821

of sound principles—Why or wherefore we have changed our course & adopted in our measures and above all in our construction of the constitution the old Federal principles is an important question inti­ mately blended with the best interests of your country— I annex a list of the public documents I have preserved—You can either send for the whole or select such as you wish subject to the condition of being returned after you have done with them— List of Documents— 1. Journals of the old Congress.2 2. Journals of the Senate & House of Representatives. from the first  Session of the 8th Congress to the 1st Session of the 15th3   Public papers laid before Congress 1. & 2. Session 8th Congress. 4 vols. 1 & Second Sess. 9th congress 4. 1 & 2d do. 10. do 6 1 & 2. do. 11. do 6 1. 2d & 3d 13. 3 2d Session 14 4. 1. Session 15 8. 2. Session do 2.4 American State papers 1789. to 1815. printed by order of Congress including 1. vol confidential—5 Documents on the subject of our Foreign relations.6 1. Neutral rights— Relations with Spain. Treaty with Great Britain Public accounts from 1801. to 1808.7 American Senator containing debates of Congress During 1798. & 1799.8 I am afraid you will hardly make out to read my letter—The bot­ tle of Ink was left out during this cold weather & is destroyed by the cold— Present me affectionately to all the family & accept for your joint welfare & happiness the sincere wishes of Yours affectionately Jno W. Eppes RC (MHi); with TJ’s penciled notes related to his response of 17 Jan. 1822 as noted below; addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr Monticello Near Charlottesville Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Raines Tavern, 30 Nov.; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 6 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

Eppes had evidently taken charge of the business affairs of his sister Sally (Sarah) Eppes lane following the death on 30 Apr. 1820 of her husband, John Lane (Richmond Enquirer, 5 May 1820). The edition of american state papers owned by Eppes was likely State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States,

 609 

27 NOVEMBER 1821 10 vols. (2d ed., Boston, 1817). The amer­ ican senator was a work that actually covered the congressional debates of 1796–97 (Thomas Carpenter, The Amer‑ ican Senator. or a copious and impartial report of the Debates in the Congress of the  United States, 3 vols. [Philadelphia, 1796–97]). 1 Manuscript:

“Governnment.” penciled opening parenthesis to the left of this entry was presumably added by TJ to indicate that he did not need this material. 3 Following this entry TJ added “8th 9th 10th” in pencil. 2A

 4 A penciled opening parenthesis to the left of the preceding five lines was pre­ sumably added by TJ to indicate that he did not need this material. 5 Following this entry TJ added “89– 1809” in pencil. 6 Following this entry TJ added “this” in pencil. 7 A penciled opening parenthesis to the left of this entry was presumably added by TJ to indicate that he did not need this material. 8 Following this entry TJ added “this” in pencil.

To John Moody Sir Monto Nov. 27. 21. Time has obliterated so much of persons & things from my mem­ ory that I cannot always command the recollections for which I am called on. this is the case with respect to yourself. I know I have long been acquainted with you, during the revolution, before it too I be­ lieve & since while acting for Oliver Evans. but the particulars of our intercourse have very much escaped my memory. this much I can say with safety that the general impression remaining on my mind is that you were a person of worth & respectability and that not a flaw or suspicion to the contrary exists with me. but all particulars are gone. accept therefore the assurce of my esteem & respect. Th:J. Dft (DLC); written on a small slip; at foot of text: “Mr John Moody”; endorsed by TJ.

From Elizabeth Page Venerable Sir Shelly Gloster Cty Novber 27 1821 I shoud be very much obliged to you to give me all the information you can recollect respecting the Money expended in the Revolution­ ary War, by my Father General Thomas Nelson. I make no doubt Sir you recollect the Sacrifice my Father made of his Property to Raise Money to carry on the Proceedings of the War at that time. The Widow and Heirs of General Thomas Nelson are in want, and mean to apply to the Virginia Legislature for remuneration. Be pleased Sir to give me information in such a form, as wou’d be received by the  610 

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Legislature, and directed to Thomas Nelson Page in Richmond. Bless­ ings attend you and your Family, Prays your Friend  Elizabeth Page, who was Elizabeth Nelson Eldest Daughter of General Thomas Nelson RC (ViW: TC­JP); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Elizabeth Nelson Page (1770–1854), planter, was born at Yorktown. She was the sixth child and eldest daughter of Revolutionary War general and Virginia governor Thomas Nelson. In 1788 she married Mann Page (1766–1813), who owned Shelly, a Gloucester County estate. Following her husband’s death, Page man­ aged the plantation. In 1820 she owned seventy­four slaves, and three decades later she owned forty­seven slaves and real es­ tate valued at $14,000 (Richard Channing Moore Page, Genealogy of the Page Fam‑ ily in Virginia [1893], 78, 171–2; VMHB 19 [1911]: 204–5; ViHi: Page Family Papers; DNA: RG 29, CS, Gloucester Co., 1820, 1850, 1850 slave schedules). Thomas Nelson’s widow, Lucy Grymes Nelson, and other heirs petitioned the vir­ ginia legislature on 19 Dec. 1821 for

compensation for personal funds Thomas Nelson spent to support the American effort during the Revolutionary War. On 26 Feb. 1822 the committee to which the petition was referred deemed it reason­ able, but apparently no bill was prepared before the 1821–22 legislative session ended. In the following term the Virginia House of Delegates granted leave on 27 Dec. 1822 to draft a bill “concerning the representatives of general Thomas Nel­ son deceased,” but on 20 Feb. 1823 the House gave Nelson’s widow and heirs permission to withdraw from consider­ ation the petition and documents they had submitted in December 1821 (JHD [1821–22 sess.], 60, 201–2; [1822–23 sess.], 75, 209). Between 1833 and 1846 Nelson’s heirs submitted a series of simi­ larly unsuccessful petitions to the United States Congress (JHR, esp. 27:41, 200, 37:351 [11 Dec. 1833, 14 Jan. 1834, 16 June 1846]).

From James Breckinridge Dear Sir At Home Nov 28th 1821 I enclose you a copy of Greenlee’s Plat which I intended to have deliverd in person when I recd it but the day after, I was compelled to take a journey which detained me from home untill last night; so that it is now impossible for me to attend the meeting of the board of visitors accept the assurance of my warmest regard & esteem James Breckinridge RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC­BC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Harvey Mitchell, 21 Mar. 1824, on verso; ad­ dressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti­ cello”; franked; postmarked Fincastle, 1 Dec. 1821. Enclosure not found.

A missing letter of 14 Nov. 1821 from TJ to Breckinridge is recorded in SJL, with TJ’s additional notation: “to procure Wm Greenlee’s survey.”

 611 

To Frederick C. Schaeffer Nov. 28. 21.

Th:J. returns his thanks to the revd mr Schaeffer for the renewed mark of his attention in sending him a copy of his ‘Address.’1 he has read it with the pleasure it always gives him to see among all reli­ gious sects that spirit of toleration and brotherly affection which our weaknesses & wants so urgently & mutually 2 call for, & he salutes him with esteem & respect. Dft (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; on verso of RC of Schaeffer to TJ, 19 Nov. 1821.

1 TJ here canceled “which he has been so kind as to send him,” with his terminal period following this phrase editorially moved inside closing quotation mark. 2 Preceding two words interlined.

From Henry A. S. Dearborn Much Respected Sir, Custom House Boston Nov. 29. 1821.— Messrs. Dodge & Oxnard, of Marseilles, have sent to my care, twenty five Cases of wine, oil, macaroni, & Anchovies, for you, in the Brig Packet. I shall send them, by the first vessel bound to Richmond, to the charge of Capt. Bernard Peyton, & in a few days will transmit you the invoice, amount of duties &c. With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obt. St. H, A, S, Dearborn RC (DLC); mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 19 Nov. 1821 received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to

John Griscom, 3 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “For Thomas Jefferson Esqr. Monticello State of Virginia”; franked; postmarked.

From John Hemmings dear sir Poplar forest Nov 29th 1821 I am sorry to complain to you so near the close of my worck above all things on earth I hate complants but I am bledg I hav bin going to Poplar forest sevrield falls and that is not the seson for raseing eny kind of vegetable and the very moment your back is turnd from thee Place nace takes evry thing out of the garden and carries them to his cabin and buryis them in the grownd and says that tha ar for the use of the house I dont set up my self for the things thats made for your table but as common a thing as greens wich we ar suffering for tha  612 

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ware mour or Lest of 2000. I replyd three or four tims and it Per­ veald not the pipel tels me that he makes market of them at the first oppertunity all ways that is the resond he ont giv eny such conduct as this is to wrongfully and unjustly commeted in my setuation I am at worck in the morning by the time I can see and the very same at night I have got the cornest nealy don I am bout the tow Last mem­ bers dentels and quearter rownd I shuld Put an architrav on the skie Light frame befour I take the scafful down it will be 16 inchs Leving the first fase on the frame and Planting on the twelve inches this is ½ Inch thick and the og Planted on it Sir Plese to answear this by writing to mr Yeancey   Sir I aam your faithful sirvent John Hemmings RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Robert Hare, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “mr Thos Jefferson monticello.”

Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia by special call on Thursday the 29th of November 1821. at the University, two members only attending, towit Thomas Jefferson and Chapman John­ son,1 they adjourned to the next day. November 30. present Thomas Jefferson, Chapman Johnson, James Madison & John Hartwell Cocke. The board being informed that of the 60,000.D. permitted to be borrowed from the Literary fund by the act of the last General as­ sembly, the sum of 29,100.D. only has as yet been obtained, and that there is uncertainty as to the time when the balance may be obtained they deem it expedient that the Annuity of 15,000.D. recievable on the 1st of January next be applied to the accomplishment of the buildings, & other current purposes, in the first place, and that, should further sums be wanted before the reciept of the balance of the sd loan, the Committee of Superintendance be authorised to borrow from the banks to the amount of that balance, to be replaced by the sd balance when recieved. Resolved that the Superintending committee be authorised to have an engraving made of the ground­plat of the buildings of the Univer­ sity including the Library, and so many copies struck off for sale as they shall think proper, and also to engage a good painter to draw a  613 

29 NOVEMBER 1821

ware mour or Lest of 2000. I replyd three or four tims and it Per­ veald not the pipel tels me that he makes market of them at the first oppertunity all ways that is the resond he ont giv eny such conduct as this is to wrongfully and unjustly commeted in my setuation I am at worck in the morning by the time I can see and the very same at night I have got the cornest nealy don I am bout the tow Last mem­ bers dentels and quearter rownd I shuld Put an architrav on the skie Light frame befour I take the scafful down it will be 16 inchs Leving the first fase on the frame and Planting on the twelve inches this is ½ Inch thick and the og Planted on it Sir Plese to answear this by writing to mr Yeancey   Sir I aam your faithful sirvent John Hemmings RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Robert Hare, 12 Mar. 1824, on verso; addressed: “mr Thos Jefferson monticello.”

Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia by special call on Thursday the 29th of November 1821. at the University, two members only attending, towit Thomas Jefferson and Chapman John­ son,1 they adjourned to the next day. November 30. present Thomas Jefferson, Chapman Johnson, James Madison & John Hartwell Cocke. The board being informed that of the 60,000.D. permitted to be borrowed from the Literary fund by the act of the last General as­ sembly, the sum of 29,100.D. only has as yet been obtained, and that there is uncertainty as to the time when the balance may be obtained they deem it expedient that the Annuity of 15,000.D. recievable on the 1st of January next be applied to the accomplishment of the buildings, & other current purposes, in the first place, and that, should further sums be wanted before the reciept of the balance of the sd loan, the Committee of Superintendance be authorised to borrow from the banks to the amount of that balance, to be replaced by the sd balance when recieved. Resolved that the Superintending committee be authorised to have an engraving made of the ground­plat of the buildings of the Univer­ sity including the Library, and so many copies struck off for sale as they shall think proper, and also to engage a good painter to draw a  613 

29 NOVEMBER 1821

Perspective view of the upper level of buildings, to be engraved, yield­ ing to him, for his trouble, the patent right, and paying his reasonable expences coming, staying and returning, should it be required. A proposition having been recieved to join with other seminaries in a petition to Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books, Resolved that this board will concur in such a petition, and a form being prepared and approved, and a form also of a letter to our Sena­ tors and representatives in Congress requesting them to present & advocate the sd petition, the Rector is desired to authenticate & for­ ward the same.2 A form of a Report, as annually required to be made to the Presi­ dent and Directors of the Literary fund, on the funds and condition of the University, was then proposed, amended & agreed to in the following words. [The report that follows at this point is printed as the next document.] And the board adjourned without day. Th: Jefferson Rector  Nov. [30.]3 1821.

MS (ViU: TJP­VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand. Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJCC). Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJHC). Tr (ViU: TJP­ VMJB). TJ and John H. Cocke comprised the committee of superintendance.

1

VMJCC and VMJB Trs: “Johnston.” A blank page at this point is filled in  with flourishes. Page ends short in VMJHC and VMJB Trs. 3 MS and all Trs: “29.” 2

University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors To the President & Directors of the Literary fund. In obedience to the act of the General assembly of Virginia, requir­ ing that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia should make report annually to the President and Directors of the Literary fund (to be laid before the legislature at their next succeeding ses­ sion) embracing a full account of the disbursements, the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the sd University, the sd Rector & Visitors make the following Report. At their meeting in April last the attention of the Visitors was first drawn to the consideration of the act of the late General assembly which authorised the Literary board to lend, for the use of the Uni­  614 

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Perspective view of the upper level of buildings, to be engraved, yield­ ing to him, for his trouble, the patent right, and paying his reasonable expences coming, staying and returning, should it be required. A proposition having been recieved to join with other seminaries in a petition to Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books, Resolved that this board will concur in such a petition, and a form being prepared and approved, and a form also of a letter to our Sena­ tors and representatives in Congress requesting them to present & advocate the sd petition, the Rector is desired to authenticate & for­ ward the same.2 A form of a Report, as annually required to be made to the Presi­ dent and Directors of the Literary fund, on the funds and condition of the University, was then proposed, amended & agreed to in the following words. [The report that follows at this point is printed as the next document.] And the board adjourned without day. Th: Jefferson Rector  Nov. [30.]3 1821.

MS (ViU: TJP­VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand. Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJCC). Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJHC). Tr (ViU: TJP­ VMJB). TJ and John H. Cocke comprised the committee of superintendance.

1

VMJCC and VMJB Trs: “Johnston.” A blank page at this point is filled in  with flourishes. Page ends short in VMJHC and VMJB Trs. 3 MS and all Trs: “29.” 2

University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors To the President & Directors of the Literary fund. In obedience to the act of the General assembly of Virginia, requir­ ing that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia should make report annually to the President and Directors of the Literary fund (to be laid before the legislature at their next succeeding ses­ sion) embracing a full account of the disbursements, the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the sd University, the sd Rector & Visitors make the following Report. At their meeting in April last the attention of the Visitors was first drawn to the consideration of the act of the late General assembly which authorised the Literary board to lend, for the use of the Uni­  614 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

versity a further sum of 60,000.D. from such monies as should there­ after come to their hands. and taking such view as could then be ob­ tained of the expences already incurred for the lands, buildings, and accessory purposes for the accomodation of the Professors and Stu­ dents of the University, so far as already compleated, or in a state of advancement, and the further expences still to be incurred necessar­ ily to compleat those accomodations, they concluded it to be for the benefit of the institution to obtain the said loan. application was ac­ cordingly made to the Literary board,1 a sum of 29,100.D. was ob­ tained, and the further sum of 30,900.D. is expected so soon as the reciepts of that board shall enable them to furnish it. In the mean time the board deemed it incumbent to obtain as early as possible a correct statement of the actual cost of what was already done, and a probable one of that still to be done, estimated according to the experience2 now obtained. they therefore instructed their Proctor to apply himself assiduously to the completion of the build­ ings generally, to a settlement of all accounts of the actual cost of those finished, and an estimate, according to that, of what would be the cost of those still to be finished. the completion of the buildings of accomodation, which are in 4. rows of about 600. feet in length each, as may be seen by the plan accompanying this Report, has been pressed with as much effect as could be expected; insomuch that there are now compleat, and in readiness for occupation, 6. Pavilions for the accomo­ dation of the Professors, 82. dormitories for that of the Students, and 2. Hotels for their dieting; and the others will all be compleated in the ensuing summer. the accounts for the construction of those al­ ready finished have been actually settled; and the probable cost of the unfinished has been estimated according to the rates which the others have been found to cost. The following is a summary view of the actual expenditures of the institution from the beginning, of those yet to be incurred to it’s com­ pletion, & of the funds recieved & still recievable, as nearly as can at present be stated. 6. Pavilions finished have cost 52,713.76 17. capitels for them expected from Italy are to cost by contract 2,052.  2. Hotels finished have cost 8,215.82 82. Dormitories finished have cost 52,997.74 113,927.[32] The following are nearly finished, & are estimated at the rates the others have cost, or at prices actually contracted for.     615 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

4. Pavilions 33,563.15 4. Hotels 16,000.  27. Dormitories 11,952.21 61,515.[36] Backyards and gardens    1,500.[00] making the whole cost of the 4. rows of buildings of accomodation    176,94[2.68] The purchase of 245½ acres of land & the buildings on them, past compen‑ sations to the Bursar and Proctor, hire & maintenance of laborers, & all other accessory and contingent expences    24,607[.77] making a total for the lands, buildings Etc. compleat    201,550.[45] to which add for interest on the loans, calculated to Dec. 31. 1821.    6,160[.25]    207,710[.70] The funds applied and applicable to these expenditures are  D   The sale of Glebe lands 3,104.09 A state certificate No 32. bearing interest. 176.77 Annuities of 1819.20.21. 45,000.  loan of 1820. 60,000.  loan of 1821. 60,000.  Subscriptions recieved to Nov. 27. 21. 24,676.37½ Balance of subscriptions (due 19,668.913 of which suppose 3000. lost) 16,668.95 209,626.18 from this would result a small Surplus of    1,915 .48 207,710.70    According to the Proctor’s Accounts for the present year (which, with the Bursar’s are herewith inclosed, and) which contain minuter specifications of the expenditures To finish and pay for the whole of the buildings of accomodation not yet finished and paid for will require a further sum to be placed at his command of    53,494.79  616 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

The resources for this are    the balance of the loan of 21. still to be recieved 30,900.  the balance still due of subscription monies, sperate 16,668.95 Cash in the banks undrawn as per Bursar’s account 2,301.23 do in the Bursar’s hands, as per his account 447.84 State certificate No 32. 176.77 from which would result a deficit to be supplied from the annuity of 3,000. 

53,494.79

So far then as can at present be seen (and we are now so near the end of this work that there is room for little error) the funds recieved and recievable, will, within a small fraction, pay for the lands pur­ chased, for the whole system of buildings of accomodation, and all accessory expences.4 The building for the library, comprehending Halls indispensably necessary for other public purposes,5 and estimated by the Proctor, according to past experience, to cost 46,847.D. will remain to be erected from the same fund of the Annuity. the anticipations of this by loans, for expediting the other buildings, will have weakened it by nearly one half it’s amount by the sums of interest to which it is sub­ ject; and will consequently retard the commencement of it’s applica­ tions to the discharge of the sums borrowed by annual instalments, if such should continue to be the will of the Legislature. The buildings of accomodation will be finished, as before observed,6 in the ensuing summer, and will constitute the whole establishment, except that of the library. with the close of these works, the accounts of their costs will also be closed. these will be first examined by a committee of the Visitors that nothing may enter into them not sanc­ tioned by the board. they will then be finally submitted to the Ac­ countant of the Literary board, for the assurance of the public that the monies have been correctly7 and faithfully applied.   In the course of these works, as is unavoidable perhaps generally in those of considerable magnitude, there have occurred instances of monies paid, not in direct furtherance of the legitimate object. the first was the case of a contract by the Visitors of the Central College, for a Professor, while acting for that as a private establishment, and under an expectation of it’s immediate commencement. but that institution  617 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

being afterwards merged in this of the University, and the enlarge­ ment of the plan occasioning that of the time of it’s commencement also, it became important that that contract should be rescinded. this was done on a just and reasonable compromise and indemnification of 1500. Dollars. another instance was the importation of a foreign Artist, for carving the capitels of the more difficult orders of the buildings. the few persons in this country, capable of that work, were able to obtain elsewhere such high prices for their skill and labor that we believed it would be economy to procure an Artist from some country where skill is more abundant, & labor cheaper. we did so. but on trial the stone we had counted on in the neighborhood of the Uni­ versity was found totally insusceptible of delicate work; and some from a very distant, but the nearest other quarry known, besides a heavy expence attending it’s transportation, was extremely tedious to work, and believed not proof against the influences of the weather. in the mean time we had enquired and learned that the same capitels could be furnished in Italy, and delivered in our own ports for a half, or third, of the price, in marble, which they would have cost us here in doubtful stone. we arrested the work here therefore, and compro­ mised with our Artist at the expence of his past wages, his board and passage hither, amounting to 1390. D 56. C these are the only in­ stances of false expence which have occurred within our knolege. The two Pavilions and their adjacent Dormitories, begun & con­ siderably advanced by the authorities of the Central College, were contracted for by them, when all things were at their most inflated paper­prices, and therefore have been of extraordinary cost. but all the buildings since done on the more enlarged scale of the University have been at prices of from 25. to 50. per cent reduction; and it is confidently believed that, with that exception, no considerable system of building, within the US. has been done on cheaper terms, nor more correctly, faithfully, or solidly executed, according to the nature of the materials used. That the style or scale of the buildings should have met the appro­ bation of every individual judgment was impossible from the various structure of various minds. whether it has satisfied the general judg­ ment, is not known to us. no previous expression of that was mani­ fested but in the injunctions of the law to provide for the accommo­ dation of ten Professors, and a competent number of students; and by the subsequent enactments, implying an approbation of the plan reported by the original Commissioners, on the requisition of the law constituting them; which plan was exactly that now carried into ex­ ecution. we had therefore no supplementory guide but our own judg­  618 

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ments, which we have exercised conscientiously, in adopting a scale and style of building believed to be proportioned to the respectability, the means & the wants of our country, and such as will be approved in any future condition it may attain. we owed to it to do, not what was to perish with ourselves, but what would remain, be respected and preserved thro’ other ages. and we fondly hope that the instruc­ tion which may flow from this institution, kindly cherished, by ad­ vancing the minds of our youth with the growing science of the times, and elevating the views of our citizens generally to the practice of the social duties, and the functions of self­government, may ensure to our country the reputation, the safety and prosperity, and all the other blessings which experience proves to result from the cultivation and improvement of the general mind. and, without going into the moni­ tory history of the antient world, in all it’s quarters, and at all it’s periods, that of the soil on which we live, and of it’s occupants, in­ digenous & immigrant, teaches the awful lesson, that no nation is permitted to live in ignorance with impunity.8 Th: Jefferson, Rector.  November 30, 1821. MS (ViU: TJP­VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand; embedded in MS of preceding document; punctuation and several dig­ its, obscured along right margin due to tight binding, supplied from VMJCC Tr. Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJCC); embedded in Tr of preceding document. Tr (ViU: TJP­ VMJHC); embedded in Tr of preceding document. Tr (ViU: TJP­VMJB); em­ bedded in Tr of preceding document. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 3–5, Richmond Enquirer, 15 Dec. 1821, and elsewhere. Unlocated draft enclosed in TJ to James Madison, 30 Oct. 1821, and Madison to TJ, 10 Nov. 1821. En­ closed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. A provision of the 25 Jan. 1819 “Act for establishing an University” required the new institution’s Board of Visitors to report annually to the president and directors of the Literary Fund as well as the Virginia General Assembly (Acts of Assembly [1818–19 sess.], 15–8, esp. p. 17). The plan accompanying this re­ port has not been found. For the pur­ chase of 245½ acres and the structures thereon, see the conveyances of John M.

Perry and Frances T. Perry printed above at 23 June 1817 and 25 Jan. 1820. Thomas Cooper was the professor whose contract with the Central College Board of Visitors was rescinded by the University of Virginia Board of Visitors. The foreign artist paid 1390. d 56. c for his work on the University of Virginia was Michele Raggi (TJ to Raggi, 8 Oct. 1820, and note). 1

VMJB Tr: “fund.” VMJB Tr: “expense.” 3 Final digit corrected to “5” in Report and Documents and Richmond Enquirer. 4 TJ here canceled “the additional.” 5 Preceding eight words possibly added by Madison to unlocated draft, based on his letter to TJ of 10 Nov. 1821. 6 Report and Documents and Richmond Enquirer: “stated.” 7 VMJHC: “carefully.” In VMJB Tr “correctly” is interlined in place of “care­ fully.” 8 MS ends here with unmatched closing single quotation mark. Remainder sup­ plied from Report and Documents and Richmond Enquirer. 2

 619 

DR. 1820—October

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. CR. 1, To this sum erroneously credited the   1820—October 1, By balance reported in treasury this day, $ 3,963 48 University the 2d February, 24, Thomas Jefferson 1820, as received of J. Pleas‑ for Yancy’s 3d instalment, 50 00 ants, per Bank Virginia, the "  for Hugh Holmes " 60 00 same being before credited, to "  for John Rodgers " 56 62 wit: 30th September, 1819, $ 25 00 November 15, Check on Bank of Virginia, approved by " To Nelson Barksdale, (Proctor’s draft,) 7 00  Tho. Jefferson, 10,000 00 " George W. Spooner, do. 200 00 " Bank Virginia 2 Sheriff Albemarle, do. 28 16 for Jos. C. Cabell’s 3d instalment, 250 00 " Ira Harris, do. 92 39 "  for Wm. Bolling " 25 00 " Milly, do. 6 00 December 19, Check on Bank Virginia approved by " Willis Garth, do. 8 30 Tho. Jefferson, 10,000 00 " Jesse Dold, do. 151 70 1821—Jan’ry 20, A. S. Brockenbrough " Lewis Baily, do. 19 25 for Ben. Harden, 2d and part 3d " John Carter, do. 25 00 instalment sub. 28 00 " Mr. Irvin, do. 43 28 " Lewis Teel, part 3d " 31 91 " Henry Sprouce, do. 16 00 " James Monroe, 3d " 250 00 " John S. Abell, do. 11 25 " Williams Carter, 1st, 2d, and 3d " John M. Perry, do. 1,000 00 instalments, 375 00 3 James Dinsmore, do. 300 00 " Bernard Peyton, part 3d " 48 50 " John Nelson, do. 400 00 " Jerman Baker, 3d " 25 00 6 Angus Makay, do. 40 00 " Francis W. Gilmer, 3d " 25 00 " Blackford, Arthur " Hall Nelson, 3d " 7 50 & Co. do. 79 50    March 22, A. S. Brockenbrough,1 " Anthony P. for Chs. Everett, 1st instalment, 80 83 Perryman, do. 100 00 " Wm. H. Meriwether, 2d and part 14 John Cullen, do. 40 00 3d instal. 18 90 21 Johnson W. Pitts, do. 6 87 " Jno. Slaughter, 3d and 4th do. 25 00

I Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia

e n c l o s u r e s

November

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

2 " " 18 " " " " "

" " " " "

1 "

Luke & Sizer, A. S. Brockenbrough, Robert Moses, James Stone, David Owens, John Hary, A. S. Brockenbrough, Hugh Paul,  Same, Wm. B. Philips, Curtis Carter, Randal McAllester, David Owens, William Benson, David Owens, William D. Meriwether, John E. Mitchell, John M. Perry, Thomas B. Conway, Wolf & Raphael, Robert Gentry, N. Lewis, W. B. Philips, George N. Irvine, G. Raggi, Wm. B. Philips, G. Raggi, Robert Gentry, John Carter, Robert Schraff, John Mayo, 25 18 18 106 27 59 21 7 17 500 25 84 336 47 116 28 300 218 107 70 55 36 17 11 22 10 62 25 15 4

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

02 73 00 75 50 00 00 21 19 00 00 00 25 00 00 75

07 85 29 64 00 00 68 40 29

50 31 00 08 00

27 12

do. do. do. do. do.

do.

"

" " " " " " " " " 31

Jesse Lewis, 4th do. James Leitch, 3d do. Peter Minor, part 3d do. James Minor, 3d do. Jesse A. Goodman, part 3d do. Nimrod Bramham, 3d do. Opie Norris, 3d do. Jno. M. Perry, 3d do. Christian Wertenbaker, 4th do. Alexander Garrett 3d instalment his subscription, Balance due the Bursar this date,

00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 25 125 00 1,296 322

25 125 60 50 9 125 75 50 6

DR.

" " " " " "

December 1, " "

" " " "

" " " " " " " " " "

" " " " "

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. Alfred Wren, do. 175 61 G. Raggi, do. 70 00 Wm. B. Philips, do. 150 00 Joseph Antrun, do. 100 00 Tho. Cooper, payable 1st January, order Mr. Jefferson, 750 00 Dinsmore & Perry, proctor’s draft, 500 00 James Dinsmore, do. 500 00 D. W. Rice, do. 36 00 Geo. W. Spooner, do. 250 00 John Nelson, do. 400 00 George W. Irvine, do.3 6 00 John M. Perry, do. 50 00 R. Sandridge, do. 5 00 John Cullen, do. 110 40 Anthony P. Perryman, do. 100 00 J. Tinsly, do. 38 50 A. P. Perryman, do. 24 50 John Gorman, do. 26 50 Expences to Richmond, do. 20 00 John W. Mayo, do. 19 25 John M. Perry, do. 25 00 Chris: Wertenbaker, do. 33 62 W. B. Philips, do. 500 004 Richard Ware, do. 115 00 Jonathan Michie, do. 142 83 Edward Callard, do. 60 00 John Gorman, do. 84 00 James McDermot, do. 110 40

CR.

" " " " "

" "

"

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

" " " "

Michael Laha, Reuben Sandridge, Robert McCullock, Christian Wertenbaker, Elijah Huffman, Abner B. Hawkins, John Cullen, B. Reynolds, John Timberlake, Lyman Peck, William Garth, Lewis Teel,  Same, Robert Brooks, Abraham Hawley, William Garth, Timo. Chandle, William Garth, Luther M. George,  Same, Arthur S. Brockenbrough, Anthony P. Perryman, John H. Wood, A. S. Brockenbrough, Crenshaw Fretwell, J. Dold,  Same, Reubin Rodes, Robert McCullock, 14 61 23 12 50 120 28 21 73 33 121 178 50 52 330 6 20

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

60 115 123 169 3 62

00 33 40 53 13½ 00

71 60 13 14

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

50 00

do.

42 36 00 80 00 55 50 97 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 54 75

110 40 3 00 68 43

do. do. do.

DR.

19, " " " " " " " " " " " "

" " " " " " " " " " " 6, " " " " 6, 7,

James Guthrie, Bramham & Jones, L. Peck, J. Campbell, Jo. Pitt, Henry Sprouce, Samuel Mahanes, T. Wayt, R. Wayt, Richard Ware, Mr. McNab, John M. Perry, John German, John Carter, John Winn, Thomas Priddy, John Winn, Wolf & Raphael, (in part,) John M. Perry, David Jones, Hugh Glen, Reuben Maury, Joseph Antrem, Hackney Harden, Lewis Teel, D. Morland, Robert Wood, Robert Gentry, Crenshaw Fretwell, John L. O’neal, Wolf & Raphael, (balance,) 102 10

do.

00 00 60 25 62 00 26 35 00 27 96 00 12½

450 50 13 152 79 200 25 17 1 28 279 60 3

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. do. 12 93 do. 70 99 do. 10 00 do. 61 79 do. 100 00 do. 30 00 do. 38 55 do. 6 79 do. 50 70 do. 200 00 do. 5 00 do. 1,000 00 do. 200 00 do. 70 00 do. 30 00 do. 28 50 5 do. 17 37

CR.

" " " 30, " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1821—January 1, " " "

John Rodes,  Same, John M. Perry, John Pollock, John Vowles, Hugh Paul,  Same, David Isaacs, Mrs. Widderfield, David Isaacs, Sandy, (Negro,) Bramham & Jones, E. Huffman, Mr. Knight, Samuel Mahanes, John E. Mitchell, H. Harden, Nelson Barksdale,  Same, Richard Ware, John M. Perry, W. B. Philips, Adam Herkness, Robert McCullock, George N. Irvine, N. Bramham, James Dinsmore, Jesse Lewis, Abraham Hawley, Mr. Alloway, Robert McCullock, George Leonard, Wm. Huntington,

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

34 159 100 20 75 37 40 93 20 12 9 14 11 15 30 36 27 1,500 14 165 404 220 35 40 78 10 45 70 28 32 30 12 205

16 77 00 00 00 84 28 82 25 87½ 00 00 47 69 00 00 56 00 46 75 69 65 55 63 41 12½ 45 40 00 95 00 90 00

DR.

" " " " " " " " " " 2, " 3, " " " " " " " " " " " " 8, " " 10, " 9, "

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. J. Raphael, do. 250 00 James Oldham, do. 500 00 William Garth, do. 13 42 John Carter, do. 38 23 A. P. Perryman, do. 41 55 John M. Perry, do. 1500 00 Mr. Rogers, do. 9 24 Eli. Alexander, do. 34 30 J. Raphael, do. 200 00 John M. Perry, do. 111 94 David Owens, do. 115 29 Edward Callard, do. 14 47 George Tool, do. 17 00 Joseph Pitt, do. 17 40  Same, do. 12 88 Robert McCullock, do. 31 88 George W. Spooner, do.6 250 00 John Rodes, do. 265 73 John Herron, do. 60 00 Edward Lowber, do. 500 00 Thomas Priddy, do. 5 25 Negro Sam, do. 5 50 Mrs. Bishop, do. 7 00 J. Raphael, do. 49 71 John Winn, do. 87 29 Wm. B. Philips, do. 500 00 James Widderfield, do. 91 00 Curtis Carter, do. 55 46 John Nelson, do. 120 00 Richard Ware, do. 47 75 John Barnett, do. 4 00 Curtis Carter, do. 500 00

CR.

March

February

" "

20, " 21, 22, " "

"

" " " " " " " 7, 9, 13,

10, 11, 15, " 20, " " " 24, 9,

Negro Lewis, David Argintrite, David Jones, Joseph Antrem, Benjamin Harden, Lewis Teele, Edward Lowber, John Vanlew, & co. John Vowles, C. P. & J. H.7 McKennie, Robert Crenshaw, G. Raggi, Mr. Nimmo, G. Raggi, David Irvin, Hackney Harden, H. Harden, Sarah Moorland, Robert Gentry, Jonathan Barksdale, Clerk Albemarle County Court, Jesse Garth,  Same, John M. Perry, J. Vowles, Charles Everette, Wm. H. Meriwether, John Slaughter, James Leitch, 3 37 44 5 16 80

do. 1820, do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

17 37

do.

18 90 25 00 125 00

17 51 00 12½ 12½ 83

25 86 00 50 00 00 94 25 50 50

7 12 11 1 12 25 23 41 1 49

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

00 34 35 00 00 91 00 00 00

3 12 13 50 28 31 250 481 12

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

DR.

31,

23, 27, " 28,

" "

" " "

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. Jesse Lewis, do. 25 00 Peter Minor, do. 110 50 Jeremiah A. Goodman, do. 9 00 John M. Perry, do. 250 00 Christian Wertenbaker, do. 6 25 George Cline, do. 10 48 V. Peyton, do. 183 35 Henry Wabb, do. 8 68 John M. Perry, (in part,) do. 1,000 00 Bursar one per cent salary on $ 26,988 96 cents disbursed, 269 88 $ 27,267 818

$ 27,267 81

CR.

30 NOVEMBER 1821  The foregoing is an account of the receipts and disbursements of money by the Bursar of the University of Virginia, from the first day of October, one thousand eight hundred and twenty, to the thirty first day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty­one, (inclusive,) shewing a balance due the Bursar, of one thousand two hundred and ninety­six dollars thirty­two cents; all of which is respectfully reported and submitted to the rector and visitors of the University of Virginia, the 31st day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty­one. ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar U. Va. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 6–13; with page numbers, internal headings, and running totals at breaks of pages editorially omitted. Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. Garrett probably sent TJ this account in a missing letter of 31 Mar. 1821, re­ corded in SJL as received from Char­ lottesville the following day. angus makay: Angus McKay (MKay). jesse a. goodman: Jeremiah A. Good­ man. joseph antrun (joseph an­ trem): Joseph Antrim. michael laha: Michael Lahay (Lahy). timo. chandle: T. Chandler. j. raphael: Isaac Raphael. david argintrite: David Argabright.

1 A column reading “do.” underneath this word, extending from the entry for “Wm. H. Meriwether” to that for “Chris­ tian Wertenbaker,” is editorially omitted. 2 This figure, carried over in subsequent totals for this document, is corrected to “1,296.34” in the next document. 3 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “(Proctor’s draft,).” 4 Number editorially shifted from the right into column of figures to correct ap­ parent typesetting error. 5 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “(Proctor’s draft,).” 6 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “(Proctor’s draft,).” 7 Report and Documents: “C. & P. J. H.” 8 Here and in adjacent column, totals editorially shifted to the left to fall be­ neath horizontal rule.

 629 

DR. THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. 1821—March 31, To balance due per report of this       By check on Literary Fund, approved by Tho: date, $ 1,296 34 Jefferson,  April 16, James Oldham, draft, 500 00 Ditto      ditto      ditto, " Bernard Peyton, do. 1,200 00 John Patterson, per Mr. Jefferson, 3d and 4th " Mrs. Brockenbrough, do. 30 00 instalments subscription, " John M. Perry, do. 167 00 1821—May1 26, James Jennings’ acct. subscription, " J. Myers, do. 10 84 June 4, James Lindsay, 4th instalment, do. " C. B. Patton, do. 21 50 " John Harris, do. " J. Vowles, do. 20 80 July 9, A. S. Brockenbrough2 " J. Chandler, do. 5 92 for James Madison, 4th instalment, sub. " J. Nunn, do. 271 45 " Jeremiah A. Goodman, bal. 3d, " Robert McCullock, do. 38 15 " Edmund Anderson, 3d, " Jeremiah Yancey, do. 56 86 " J. B. Harvie, 3d, " John Hogg, do. 60 41 " J. C. Ragland, part 2d, " Benjamin Moore, do. 36 00 " John Winn, 3d, " Nimrod Bramham, do. 13 50 " Ben. Austin, 2d, " William Estes, do. 18 58 " Geo. W. Kinsolving, 3d, " Thomas Draffin, do. 72 63 " W. H. Meriwether, bal. 3d and " Alfred Wren, do. 74 10 part 4th instal. " John M. Perry, do. 4 50 " Jesse Garth, bal. 2d and 3d, do. " Robert McCullock, do. 55 00 " Charles Everett, bal. 1st, part 2d, do. " Samuel Martin, do. 11 62½ " James Monroe, part 4th, do. " John M. Perry, do. 25 00 " John Rogers, 3d and 4th, do. " Jesse Lewis, do. 32 35 " Micajah Woods, bal. 3d, part 4th, do. " Richard Ware, do. 300 00 " James H. Terrell, 1st and 2d, do. " Nelson Barksdale, do. 197 00 " Nelson Barksdale, 3d and 4th, do. " John Gorman, do. 38 00 " James Dinsmore, 4th, do. " John Neilson, do. 300 00 " John M. Perry, 4th, do.

II Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 75 51 00 50 74 50 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 00

500 10 25 250 250 6 50 125 12 74 25 12 57 47 25 139 100 64 100 100 50 50

$ 8,000 00 4,000 00

CR.

May

                                     

18, 20, " " 12, " " " " " " " 14, " " " "

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Robert McCullock, Lewis Mayo, James Leitch, Crenshaw Fretwell, George W. Spooner, John Gorman, William D. Meriwether, Kelly & Norris, William Davis, S. Goodman, William Mitchell, Samuel Philips, Joseph Pitt, David Owens, John M. Perry, in part $ 2000, Samuel Craig, (or Carey,) D. W. & C. Warwick, W. & D. Kyle, Bernard Peyton, account, Joseph Antrim, Jeremiah A. Goodman, William Irvine, Mr. Crawford, T. A. Blackburn, G. Raggi, A. B. Hawkins, John Herron, Jacob Hamer, Thomas Draffin, James Dinsmore, T. R. Blackburn, balance, John Gorman,

73 120 26 7 250 75 50 42 30 35 33 23 143 115 950 121 400 88 97 500 8 26 20 9 11 2 22 10 113 500 23 200

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

13 80 00 50 58 00 22 00 00 81 00 16 00 27 00 00 01 00

45 00 64 42 00 00 68 21 17 38 13 59 12½ 35 November

October

September

August

" " " " " " " " " " "

" 29, " 3, " " 1, " " " " 16,

26,

"

" " " 14,

Hugh Chisholm, 2d, 3d and 4th, do. Allen Dauson, part 3d, do. Ben. Harden, part 3d, do. Check on Bank Virginia, approved by Th: Jefferson, James O. Carr, 3d instalment, omitted 5th July, 1820, Check on Bank of Virginia, approved by T. Jefferson, Check on Farmers’ Bank of Virginia,      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto      ditto A. S. Brockenbrough,3 for J. C. Ragland, part 2d instalment sub. Garland Garth, part 3d do. A. Broadhead, 1, 2 and part 3d do. Micajah Wood’s bal. 4th do. Reuben Maury, part 4th do. Wm. Dunkin, 3d and 4th do. Ch’s Harper, part 4th do. J. Garth, part 4th do. Garland Garth, part 3d do. Isaac A. Coles, 4th do. Tucker Coles, 4th do. Doctor Frank Carr, 2nd do.

00 24 75 93 61 92 00 91 96 00 45 00 75 50 08 00 01 00 55 00 57 00 00 00

1,500 1,705 386 42 53 2,173 3,000 1,809 1,129 450 46 2,500 36 62 41 5 14 50 25 31 10 50 120 97

75 00

12,000 00

75 00 5 00 2 62½

DR.

" " " " " 21, 22, 24, " 25, "

" " " " " " " " 15, " " " " " " " " 17, " 18,

THE UNIVERSITY James Leitch, do. John M. Perry, do. N. G. Rogers, do. John M. Perry, do.4 John Van‑lew & Co. do. David Irvine, do. Robert McCullock, do. John Vowles, do. Samuel Mahanes, do. Negroe Jack, do. Joseph Brand, do.  Same, do. William Huntington, do. John Vowles, do.  Same, do.  Same, do. John Gorman, do. John W. Durrell, do. John Lee, do. Brockenbrough & Harvie, do. Joseph Pitt, do. Thomas Howard, do. Alfred Wren, do. Hugh Paul, do. John M. Perry, do. Negroe Sam, do. John M. Perry, do. Nicholas Gibson, do. John Glenn, do. John Hutchinson, do. Henry Sprouce, do. 300 30 11 53 86 46 8 230 28 10 102 10

00 00 52 54 00 00 00 00 04 00 91 00

OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. 245 05 " Robert Gentry, 4th do. 25 00 " Jno. H. Craven, part 3d do. 16 07 " Ch’s Harper, bal. 4th do. 50 00 " John Coles, do. 500 00 " Alex. Garrett, 4th do. 30 00 " Hugh Chisholm omitted the5 1st April, 1818, 200 00 being the 1st instalment his subscription, 14 53 and charged to him in account with Central 129 00 College, 1 50 " Jesse W. Garth omitted April, 1818, being 25 41 discounted out of his subscription to the 25 50 Central College, for land purchased of him, 97 33 23, Thomas Jefferson, part 4th instal. sub. 50 00 50 00 50 00 60 00 15 97½ 11 91

CR. 00 96 50 00 00

187 50 150 00

25 00

25 93 24 62 125

June 

" " " " " " "

" " " " " 26, 28, " 1, 4, " " " " " " " July  1, 9, " " " " " "

Joseph Miller, Jacob Croft, Ruth Ann McCraig, William Wood, Joseph Myers, Mascolum Crawford, Battail Reynolds, Joseph Pitt, Negroe Billy, Jesse Garth, John Rogers, Henry Sprouce,  Same, Angus6 McKay, Joseph Sandridge, Peter Boxley, Jacob Shucy, Negroe Jack, Joseph Antrim, Isaac Raphael, William Garth, Jacob Fauver, Jeremiah A. Goodman, John Van‑lew, & Co. Brockenbrough & Harvie, John C. Ragland, John Winn, John M. Perry, William D. Meriwether, Jesse Garth, Charles Everett, James Monroe,

9 14 23 18 10 40 40 21 3 105 56 25 25 60 62 434 9 1 25 28 200 12 6 50 125 12 74 37 57 47 25 139

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

00 75 51 50 74 50 00 10

88 50 00 53 84 00 50 15 00 10 62 00 00 00 75 00 60 00 00 82 00 00 00 00

August

DR.

" " " " " " " " 11, 15, 19, 29, 4, " " " " " " " " " 14, 17, 22, " 23, " " " " "

THE UNIVERSITY John Rodgers, do. Micajah Woods, do. James H. Terrell, do. Nelson Barksdale, do.7 Hugh Chisholm, do. James Dinsmore, do. John M. Perry, do. A. S. Brockenbrough, do. Samuel Wilson, do. Negro William, do. James H. Terrell, do. Isaac Raphael, do. John Craddock, do. Wolf & Raphael, do. William Deitrick, do. Samuel Holtsman, do. Angus McKay, do. David Baylor, do. J W. Hunnecut, do. John Lohar, do. J. Armstrong, do. Negro Nelson, do. A S. Brockenbrough, do. Timothy Miller, do. John Nielson, do. David Owens, do. A. H. Brooks, do. Joseph Pitt, do. James McDermott, do. John Herron, do. Garland Garth, do. Negro Dick, do.

OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. 100 00 64 00 100 10 100 00 75 00 50 00 50 00 45 62½ 4 23 1 12½ 60 00 57 63 2 14 50 67 11 22 20 00 12 19 7 50 2 44 1 17 7 69 3 00 34 12 10 00 400 00 63 25 50 00 20 00 72 30 43 75 20 37½ 1 50

CR.

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Garland Garth, William Johnson, John H. Craven, John M. Perry, Robert McCullock, Angus McKay, Thomas Draffin, Robert McCullock, Garland Garth, John M. Perry, John Herron, John M. Perry, Wolf & Raphael,  Same, Robert Gentry, Thomas Draffin,  Same, Joseph Antrim, Charles Bankhead, Randale McAllester, Mr. Crawford, A. Wren, Henry Sprouce, Joseph Antrim, Larkin Kirby, M. Grant, A. Grove, Sarah Moorland,  Same, John Guthree, G. Raggi, George Wolfe, Pleasants & Smith,

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

46 6 52 30 12 50 152 53 13 100 20 400 450 133 255 90 55 50 47 40 20 15 9 12 6 13 9 1 1 20 11 6 8

56 00 46 00 07 00 74 03 75 00 00 00 00 58 12½ 23 47 00 96 00 00 00 62½ 00 00 16 05 75 87 00 00 00 00

DR.

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 24, " " "

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. Negro Zackariah, do. 15 00 W. W. Cresey, do.8 17 60 James Loge, do. 72 30 Reuben Maury, do. 124 31  Same, do. 71 40 Ritchie & Gooch, do. 35 50 Alexander Sprinks, do. 72 00 Abraham Aughe, do. 13 83 Philip Coiner, do. 2 36 John Gorman, do. 300 00 William D. Meriwether, do. 83 47 James Stone, do. 40 60 Thomas Draffin, do. 47 15 Blackford, Arthur, & Co. do. 240 00 D. W. & C. Warwick, do. 1,000 00 John Brockenbrough, do. 1,000 00 J. B. Harvie, do. 1,000 00 C. B. Page, do. 61 43 Robert McCullock, do. 46 44 John M. Perry, do. 1,000 00  Same, do. 50 00 George W. Spooner, do. 200 00 Mr. Mahanes, do. 10 00 David R. Lacey, do. 15 00 Bassett & Donahoe, do. 10 00  Same, do. 86 86 David Irvine, do. 41 69 Temple Bailey, do. 4 80 John Vowles, do. 40 00 Bramham & Jones, do. 37 73 Charles Spencer, do. 55 35 Samuel Leitch, do. 11 40

CR.

September

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 27, " " " " " 29, 30, " 4, 26, " "

Joseph Pitt, Thomas Moore, James Leitch, James Dinsmore, John H. Craven, Thomas Draffin, Robert McCullock,  Same, John W. Davis, Thomas Draffin, John Gorman, Matthew W. Maury, William Hays, John M. Perry, Curtis Carter, Francis Coan, John Fretwell, Nimrod Bramham, Hugh Paul, D. Cosby, Wm. B. Philips, M. Crawford, Richard Ware, M. Mitchell, Temple Bailey, William Watson, Tomblinson & Knight, Jesse Garth,  Same, C. Wertenbaker, Joseph Antrim, John M. Perry,  Same,

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.9 do.

61 30 31 420 27 23 155 200 20 48 26 15 75 103 1,240 11 29 100 76 50 200 61 15 50 4 3 12 96 104 16 1,500 1,105 600

88½ 00 23 24 62 97½ 26 00 00 47 75 00 00 00 71 11½ 19 00 00 00 00 60 00 78 12½ 50 50 98 72 42 00 25 00

November

October

DR.

29, " 3, " " 18, " " " " " " " 19, " " 20, " " 22, 23, " " 24, " " " 29, 1, " " "

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar.  Same, do. 386 75 John Rodes, do. 42 93 Absolum Johnson, do. 53 61 John M. Perry, do. 2,173 92 Edward Callard, do. 23 65 Thomas Draffin, do. 130 65 George W. Spooner, do. 100 00 Peck & Crawford, do. 200 00 Thomas Draffin, do. 57 50 Robert McCullock, do. 88 51 Thomas Draffin, do. 125 87 George Shucey, do. 11 38 Jesse Garth, do. 33 05 Sheriff Albemarle Taxes, do. 34 22 William Donaghue, do. 250 00 Edward Callard, do. 17 82 Jesse Dold, do. 466 80 Thomas Draffin, do. 300 81 Jesse Garth, do. 291 25 Luther M. George, do. 27 36 James Black, do. 35 45 Jesse Garth, do. 157 90 Hugh Paul, do. 241 80 G. Raggi, do. 11 00 Joseph Pitt, do. 80 00 Mr. Palmer, do. 100 00 J. Raphael, do. 57 12 W. Harper, do. 50 52 William B. Philips, do. 1,809 91 A. H. Brooks, do. 1,129 96 John Gorman, do. 450 00 Basset & Donaghue, do. 46 45

CR.

" " " " " "

"

5, 12, " " " " " " " " " " " " " 13, " 14, " 15, " " 16, "

M. Fishburn, John Harrow, Andrew Monroe, Absolum Johnson, Thomas W. Gooch, Nimrod Bramham, Michael Coiner, Richard Ware, Willis & Sandy, G. Raggi, Joseph Harper, M. Palmer, John Carter, Isaac Raphael, A. B. Thom, Angus McKay, Joseph Pitt & son, Jeremiah Yancey, Thomas Maupin, V. Peyton, Thomas Morton, William Irvine, D. Cosby, John M. Perry, bal. $ 2,000, Jno. C. Ragland per A. S. Brockenbrough, Garland Garth, A. Broadhead, A. S. Brockenbrough, Reuben Maury, Thomas Draffin, Charles Harper, do. do. do. do.10 do. do.

do.

do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do.

00 94 92 00 00 00 46 00 25 00 75 37½ 74 57 83 00 00 84 65 00 00 70 00

36 62 41 5 14 50 25

75 50 08 00 01 00 55

50 00

15 309 64 46 134 150 13 50 2 11 2 7 4 39 24 80 100 37 19 200 75 9 300

"

23,

"

" " " " " " " " " 19, " " " 20, "

1821—Novr. 27,

DR.

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. Jesse Garth, do. 31 00 Garland Garth, do. 10 57 Isaac A. Coles, do. 50 00 John Coles, do. 62 00 Tucker Coles, do. 120 00 Doctr. Frank Carr, do. 97 00 Robert Gentry, do. 25 00 John H. Craven, do. 93 96 Charles Harper, do. 24 50 Alexander Sprinks, do. 50 00 Thomas Draffin, do. 54 26 William Huntington, do. 71 59 Thomas Jones, do. 20 00 Ambrose Flannagan, do. 6 00 Hugh Chisholm omitted the 1st April, 1818, the same being charged to him in acct. 25 00 Jesse W. Garth omitted April, 1818, the same being dis‑ counted out of his subscrip‑ tion, to the Central College, for land purchased of him, 187 50 Thomas Jefferson, draft, 150 00 $ 41,405 12½ 11 Bursar his salary of one pr. centum at $ 41,405 12½, disbursed as above, 414 05 Balance remaining in the Treasury this date, 447 84 861 8912 $ 42,267 01½ 13

$ 42, 267 01½

CR.

30 NOVEMBER 1821  The foregoing is an account of the receipts and disbursements of money by the Bursar of the University of Virginia from the thirty­first day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty­one, to the twenty­seventh day of November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty­one, inclusive, shewing a balance in the Treasury of four hundred and forty­seven dollars eighty­four cents. The subjoined general account page 26, has been prepared to present a condensed view of the receipts into, and disbursements from, the Treasuries of the Central College, and University, from the commencement of the for­ mer to this date. The subjoined statement of the unappropriated Funds of the University, is prepared to present a view of the nature and amount of that fund. The exhibit marked A, is a copy of the accounts of the University with the Literary Fund for loans and annual appropriations; the exhibit marked B, is a statement of the subscriptions to the late Central College, shewing the total subscribed, the part paid, and the part yet due. All of which are respect­ fully reported, and submitted to the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, this twenty­seventh day of November, 1821. ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar, U. Va. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 14–25; with page numbers, internal headings, and running totals at breaks of pages editorially omitted. Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. j. myers (joseph myers): Jasper Myers. j. chandler: T. Chandler. allen dauson: Allen Dawson. samuel craig, (or carey,): Samuel Cary. wm. dunkin: William Dunkum. t. a. blackburn: Thomas R. Blackburn. jacob hamer: Jacob Harner. john w. durrell: John  W. Durrett. mascolum craw­ ford: Malcolm F. Crawford. jacob shucy: Jacob Shuey. philip coiner: Philip Koiner. george shucey: George Shuey. j. raphael: Isaac Raphael. mi­ chael coiner: Michael Koiner. a. b. thom: Abia B. Thorn. the exhibit marked a is enclosure no. 5 below. the exhibit marked b was not printed in Report and Documents for 1821 and has not been found. 1 Year and month supplied from editori­ ally omitted running total preceding entry.

2 A column reading “do.” underneath this word, extending from the entry for “Jeremiah A. Goodman” to that for “Ben. Harden,” is editorially omitted. 3 A column reading “do.” underneath this word, extending from the entry for “Garland Garth” to that for “Alex. Gar­ rett,” is editorially omitted. 4 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “draft” followed by a comma. 5 Report and Documents: “omittedthe.” 6 Report and Documents: “Augus,” here and below. 7 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “draft” followed by a comma. 8 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “draft” followed by a comma. 9 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “draft” followed by a comma. 10 Word, at top of new page, editorially changed from “draft” followed by a comma. 11 Total editorially shifted to the left to fall beneath horizontal rule. 12 Total editorially shifted to the left to fall beneath horizontal rule. 13 The correct total for the numbers in this column is $42,267.22½. Here and in adjacent column, totals editorially shifted to the left to fall beneath horizontal rules.

 641 

$ 156,760 85½3

Literary Fund, on account annual appropriations of 1819, 1820 and 1821, pr. account of accountant marked exhibit A, Checks on the Bank of Virginia and Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, drawn on the funds deposited to the credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, and approved by Tho: Jefferson, one of the Committee,

86,798 77 $ 128,798 772 $ 156,760 85½

42,000 00

24,676 37½ 27,962 08½1

56 62

85 00 40 00

$ 3,104 09

CR.

ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar, U. Va.

  Charlottesville, 27th November, 1821. Errors Excepted.

",

",

DR. THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with ALEXANDER GARRETT, Bursar. 1819—March 29,  To disbursements p. account and     1817—June 23,  By John Winn, commissioner, report this date, $ 12,082 88 Albemarle court, and Bernard September 30, ditto ditto 15,367 45 Peyton, nett proceeds sale bank 1820—April 1, ditto ditto 21,335 09 stock, proceeds of Glebe lands, September 30, ditto ditto 39,736 47 Fredericksville parish, 1821—March 31, ditto ditto 27,267 81 1819—March 26, John M. Perry, for hire negro November 27, ditto ditto 40,522 85½ Ishmael, ", Balance remaining in the Treasury Decr. 13, James Leitch, on loan, this date, p. account current, ", John Rogers, so much received of page 13, 447 84 him more than his subscription ", Error in addition this or acct. to Central College and returned current,  46 him, 1821—Nov’r 27, Subscribers to the Central College, pr. statement marked exhibit B,

III Alexander Garrett’s General Account for the University of Virginia

30 NOVEMBER 1821  Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 26–7. Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. The account and report of 29 Mar. 1819 is printed above as enclosure no. 3 to University of Virginia Board of Visi­ tors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 4 Oct. 1819. That of 30 september 1819 is enclosure no. 4 to the same document. Garrett’s account of 1820—april 1 has not been found and is  not printed in Report and Documents for 1820. The account of 30 september 1820 is printed above as enclosure no. 1 to University of Virginia Board of Visi­ tors Report to Literary Fund President and

Directors, 2 Oct. 1820. That of 1821— march 31 is enclosure no. 1 above. ex­ hibit b was not printed in Report and Documents for 1821 and has not been found. Garrett’s account of 27 novem­ ber 1821 is enclosure no. 2 above. ex­ hibit a is enclosure no. 5 below. page 13 apparently refers to an unlocated manu­ script version of enclosure no. 2 above. 1 Total editorially shifted to the left to fall beneath horizontal rule. 2 Total editorially shifted to the left to fall beneath horizontal rule. 3 Here and in adjacent column, totals editorially shifted to the left to fall be­ neath horizontal rules.

IV Alexander Garrett’s Account of Unappropriated Funds for the University of Virginia UNAPPROPRIATED FUNDS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, THIS 27th NOVEMBER, 1821.           This balance remaining in the Treasury, pr. Bursar’s account and report, $ 447 84    Balance remaining in the Bank of Virginia to the credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 1050 00 Balance remaining in the Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, to the credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 1,251 23 Amount of Certificate due from the state of Virginia, No. 32, with interest, from 1st January, 1817, renewed by act of Assembly for benefit Central College, 176 77 Balance due from the subscribers1 to the Central College, 19,668 95⅔2 Yet to be borrowed by virtue of the act of the General Assembly, passed the 24th February, 1821, entitled, “an act concerning the University of Virginia,” 30,900 00   

 643 

2,925 84

$50,568 95⅔ $53,494 79⅔

30 NOVEMBER 1821 Charlottesville, 27th November, 1821. Errors Excepted. ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar, U. Va. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 28. Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. bursar’s account: enclosure no. 2 above. The Virginia General Assembly renewed certificate number thirty­two on 31 Dec. 1818 by “An act authorizing the Auditor to renew a lost certificate in

favor of the Central College.” The origi­ nal certificate had been issued in Joseph C. Cabell’s name to Central College proc­ tor Nelson Barksdale (Acts of Assembly [1818–19 sess.], 134). 1 Report

and Documents: “subscriber.” Here and below, Report and Documents renders the fraction as “2­3.” 2

V Account of Loans from the Literary Fund to the University of Virginia THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, To the LITERARY FUND,   DR.    FOR LOANS.

   

FIRST LOAN. 1820—April 13, To warrant on the treasury in favor of A. Garrett, Bursar, for which a bond of the rector and visitors dated the 10th April, 1820, was received bearing six p. centum interest payable annually from the 13th April, 1820, 40,000 00 SECOND LOAN. November 13, To warrant on the treasury in favor A. Garrett, Bursar, for which a bond of the rector and visitors is held, dated the 7th of November, 1820, and bearing an interest of 6 p. centum, payable annually from the 10th November, 1820, 20,000 00 THIRD LOAN. 1821—Augt. 20, To warrant on the treasury in favor A. Garrett, Bursar, for which a bond of the rector and visitors is held, dated the 3d August, 1821, and bearing an interest of 6 p.

 644 

30 NOVEMBER 1821 centum, payable annually from the 6th August, 1821, 29,100 00   $ 89,100 00    Note—The principal sums of the above loans are payable in the mode prescribed by the act of the General Assembly, passed the 24th of February, 1821, entitled “an act, concerning the University of Virginia.”    Richmond, 9th November, 1821. Errors Excepted. JAMES BROWN, Jr. Accountant of the Literary Fund. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 29; at head of text, in brackets: “Exhibit A”; at foot of text: “A Copy. ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar, U. Va.” Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. The bond of 10th april, 1820, of the University of Virginia Board of Visitors to the President and Directors of the Lit­ erary Fund, not found, was likely enclosed in TJ’s letter to Thomas Mann Randolph of that date. The act of the general

assembly of 24 Feb. 1821 authorized the president and directors of the Liter­ ary Fund to loan the rector and visitors of the University of Virginia up to $60,000 out of money received from the United States government or any other available funds in order to complete construction of the university and assist with prepara­ tions for opening it. The act further pro­ vided that payment of the principal could be deferred as long as the Board of Visi­ tors chose (Acts of Assembly [1820–21 sess.], 15).

 645 

1820—February

1819.

DR.

2,

To warrant in favor A. Garrett, Bursar,   

$ 15,000 00

1820.

By the appropriation of this year,

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, in account with THE LITERARY FUND, FOR THE ANNUAL APPROPRIATION OF $15,000.    To the following warrants for this   1819.  By the appropriation of this year’s annuity, viz:    year, March 22, in favor A. Garrett,  Bursar, 1,500 00 April 13, do. J. M. Perry, 4,000 00 July 7, do. A. Garrett,  Bursar, 840 00  " 20, do.   ditto 503 19  " 22, do.   ditto 4,000 00 Oct. 21, do. A. S. Brocken‑  brough, 3,156 81 Nov. 29, do. A. Garrett,  Bursar, 1,000 00 $ 15,000 00

    

    

VI Account of University of Virginia’s Annual Appropriation from the Literary Fund

$ 15,000 001

$ 15,000 00

$ 15,000 00

CR.

Balance,   

To one year’s interest on loan No. 1 of $ 40,000 due this day and payable out of the annual appropriation, 2,400 00 Warrant in favor A. Garrett, Bursar, 8,000 00 Warrant in favor A. Garrett, Bursar, 4,000 00

2

1

600 00  $ 15,000 00

14,400 00

Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 30–1; at foot of text: “A Copy. ALEX: GARRETT, Bursar, U. Va.” Also enclosed in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821.

Note—On the 10th November, 1821, the University is debited on the books of the Literary Fund for one year’s interest due that day on the $ 20,000 loan with, 1,200 00  Which brings it in debt to the Literary Fund, the sum of, 600 00

9,

21, 8,

May

November

13,

1821—April

  15,00000

600 00

     $ 15,000 00 By balance due the University,     

By the appropriation of this year,

Report and Documents: “$15,00 00.” Report and Documents: “Exepted.”

Richmond, 9th November, 1821. Errors Excepted.2 JAMES BROWN, Jr.    Accountant Literary Fund.

1821—Nov. 9,

1821.

VII Arthur S. Brockenbrough to the University of Virginia Board of Visitors ⎫  UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, ⎬ Proctor’s Office, November 26, 1821. ⎭

Gentlemen, In compliance with the duty enjoined on me, I now lay before you, the fol­ lowing report of the state and condition of the buildings of the University of Virginia, accompanied with a statement of the amount of the Proctor’s drafts on the Bursar for the last 12 or 14 months, and the balance that will be re­ quired to complete the unfinished buildings and their appendages. The esti­ mates that are made on those that are unfinished, are put down at the average cost of others that are finished and prices fixed.—There may be some little variation in the cost of the unfinished buildings, but not to materially affect the estimates. You will find the balance required to complete the present buildings, exceeds the former estimates. If this was a novel case in building, I should feel much chagrined at it; but as we have numerous precedents before us in all great public works, and indeed in all large private buildings, (occasioned by innumerable contingent and other expences that man cannot foresee, and which is known to all that are any way conversant in building).1 I am the better satisfied, as it cannot be expected, that I should be freer from error in estimates than others, (many of whom have much more experience) and where so much is left for conjecture. The present funds at the disposal of the Visitors, will, it is hoped, be found adequate, to complete what has here­ tofore been contracted for; all engagements have been made with an eye to economy. The following is the present state of the buildings:— Pavilions.—Of the ten directed by law for the accommodation of the Pro­ fessors, seven of them are so nearly completed, that a few days notice to com­ plete the painting, would be sufficient to put them in a proper state for the reception of the intended occupants; the other three are so far advanced in wood work, that the plaistering may be done as early in the spring as the weather will permit; you may calculate on their being finished by autumn. Hotels, or Boarding Houses.—Three of those buildings are now complete for the reception of tenants; three more, including the one for the residence of the Proctor, which may be converted into a boarding house in a short time, if circumstances should require it, are so far advanced, that you may calculate on them also by the beginning of autumn; they are calculated to dine about fifty students each. Dormitories.—There are one hundred and nine of those rooms, intended for students; fifty­one of which are plaistered and finished; twenty­two ready for plaistering; and thirteen others that will be ready by the spring; the bal­ ance twenty­three, that may be calculated on by midsummer, which will com­ plete the establishment, as far as I have been directed to contract. I am, gentlemen, Most respectfully, Your obedient humble servant, A. S. BROCKENBROUGH, P. U. V. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 32; between dateline and salutation:

“To the Rector and Visitors of the Univer‑ sity of Virginia.” Also enclosed in Brock­

 648 

30 NOVEMBER 1821 enbrough to TJ, 25 Nov. 1821, and TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. Enclosures: enclosures no. 8 and 9 below.

 The hotel intended for the resi­ dence of the proctor was later desig­ nated Hotel E. 1 Period editorially moved outside pa­ renthesis.

VIII Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of his Drafts on the University of Virginia Bursar [ca. 26 Nov. 1821] A STATEMENT of the amount of the Proctor’s Drafts on the Bursar of the University of Virginia, on account of the Buildings and the contingent ex‑ pences, from the 1st day of October, 1820, to the 26th day of November, 1821, both days inclusive. This sum to John M. Perry, on account of his several   contracts for brick and wood work, lumber, &c. $ 17,629 83  Do. James Dinsmore, on account of his contracts for wood work and lumber on Pavilions 3 & 8, and 8 Dormitories, 3,249 89 Do. Dinsmore & Perry, on account of wood work and lumber for Pavilion, No. 5, and 6 Dormitories, 1,171 18 Do. Richard Ware, on account of the wood work and lumber of Pavilions, 2, 4 and 6, Hotel C C, and 13 Dormitories, 5,723 25 Do. James Oldham, on account of the wood work and lumber of Pavilion 1, Hotels A, and A A, and 15 Dormitories, 1,988 29 Do. George W. Spooner, on account of the wood work and lumber of Hotels C, and B B, and 10 Dormitories, 2,221 13 Do. John Neilson, on account of the wood work and lumber of Pavilions 9 and 10, and 7 Dormitories, 2,861 87 Do. Peck & Crawford, on account of the wood work and lumber of 25 Dormi­ tories, on the West Street, 1,160 14 Do. William B. Philips, on account of brick work, 4,208 18 Do. Curtis Carter, on account of   ditto 3,693 28 Do. Dabney Cosby, on account of   ditto 850 36 Do. Nelson Barksdale, on account of lumber for buildings, 1,607 22 Do. John Gorman, on account of stone work, 1,881 01

 649 

30 NOVEMBER 1821 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Gicicomo Raggi, (stone cutter) for wages, board, &c. John Cullen & Co. for quarrying stone for bases, caps, &c. Alexander Spinks & Co. for do. do. do. Thomas B. Conway, for free stone for Ionic caps, and 12 Tuscan caps and bases, each wrought, Joseph Antrim, on account of the plaistering of 7 Pavilions, 3 Hotels, and 36 Dormitories, Edward Lowber, for painting, glazing, and materials, A. H. Brooks, on account of putting on the tin of the Pavilions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10, and 3 Hotels, and 62 Dormitories, James Leitch, for sundry articles for buildings, Brockenbrough and Harvie, for nails, &c. John Van­Lew & Co. for hardware, D. W. and C. Warwick, for tin plates, salt, &c. Blackford, Arthur and Co. Franklin Stoves, and W. Weights, Alexander Garrett, to be remitted to Italy, on account of the Corinthian and Ionic caps ordered, Lewis Bailey, the balance for ditching for pipe logs to conduct the water to the University, Elijah Huffman, for balance due him for boring and laying water pipes, John Herron, for wages as overlooker of labourers, Charles Bankhead, for the hire of a blacksmith, Uriah Leonard, on account of wages as blacksmith, Bassett and Co. on account of digging out two foundations of Hotels, and cutting out the West Street, To contingent expences, for articles not properly chargeable to any one building, embracing the waggonage of all articles from Richmond; the waggonage of stone for the bases, caps, steps, door­sills, &c.; the hire of

 650 

236 15 384 00 289 90 218 75 3,892 08 2,224 95

1,344 97 151 64 845 80 1,431 00 1,200 00 364 50 1,200 00 19 25 75 97 120 00 54 00 15 00 348 94

30 NOVEMBER 1821

Do.

 labourers for the last year, and daily labourers the present year; provision for labourers and horses; one horse and a waggon; hoisting apparatus; Roman cement for cisterns; pumps for wells; and cisterns, &c. &c. Proctor for his services,

The above amount includes several accepted drafts of the undertakers on the Proctor, which are charged to them, but are due to other individuals by the University, viz:— J. M. Perry’s drafts on Proctor accepted, Richard Ware’s do. do. do. Peck and Crawford, do. do. For several contingent expences,

4,373 06 1,716 09

$ 1,228 16 913 37 70 30 168 50

 

6,722 31 $ 68,751 68

  $ 2,380 33

Total amount of drafts on the Bursar from 1st October, 1820, to the 26th day of November, 1821, $ 66,371 35 A. S. BROCKENBROUGH, Proctor. Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 33; undated. Also enclosed in Brock­ enbrough to TJ, 25 Nov. 1821, in the pre­ ceding enclosure, and in TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 Dec. 1821. hotel c c later became Hotel E. ho­ tels a, and a a were redesignated as

Hotel B and Hotel A, respectively. The names of hotels c, and b b were changed to Hotel F and Hotel C. gici­ como raggi: Giacomo Raggi. Window weights (w. weights) or sash weights are attached to the cords of window sashes as counterbalances to ease opening and closing (OED).

IX Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of Balances Due for Construction of the University of Virginia [ca. 26 Nov. 1821] A STATEMENT of the balances due to individuals by the University of Vir‑ ginia, as far as they can be ascertained at present, and the balances that will be due to the undertakers, when their contracts are completed. This sum to meet the foregoing accepted drafts,     $ 2,380 33 Do. J. M. Perry, for the three parcels of land purchased of him, with the improvements thereon, at valuation,  $ 8,653 05 Do. Same, for the wood work and lumber, additional brick work, plaistering and sheet­iron to Pavilion No. 7, and 16 Dormitories adjoining, (bill settled) 12,681 92

 651 

30 NOVEMBER 1821 Do. Do.

Do.

Do. Do. Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. Do.

Same, for the brick work and lumber for Pavilion No. 5, and 6 Dormito­ ries, attached, (bill settled) Same, for the brick work of Pavilion No. 8, and 8 Dormitories attached, and the brick work of Hotel B, with 14 Dormitories, (bill settled) Same, for the wood work and lumber of Hotel B, and 9 Dormitories, work measured, but bill not finally closed, Same, for brick work on Hotel A, and 9 Dormitories, the completion of C. Carter’s contract, settled, Same, for the brick work of Hotel C C, or Proctor’s house, and 13 Dormito­ ries on West street, (bill settled) Same, for the brick work done in yard walls, additional bricks laid in Pavilions 2 and 3, several Corin­ thian, Ionic, Doric and Tuscan shafts of columns, Same, for contingent expences, including the digging and walling a well and cistern: a kiln for drying plank; rent of Mrs. Garner’s house in 1819; logs for water pipes; waggonage, &c. (bill settled,) This amount paid J. M. Perry at different times, Balance due J. M. Perry on complet­ ing, brick included, James Dinsmore, for contract Pavilion No. 3, including lumber, and putting on tin cover, (made in 1818) Same, for the wood work and lumber of Pavilion No. 8, and 8 Dormito­ ries, the Pavilion not completed—es­ timated in proportion to the finished Pavilions, James Dinsmore, at different times, Balance required to complete the contracts with J. D. Dinsmore & Perry, for the wood work of Pavilion No. 5, and 6 Dormito­ ries, with a part of the lumber. This Pavilion and Dormitories are

 652 

5,473 77

7,832 50

4,097 37 723 95 3,326 34

1,266 24

772 19 44,827 33 42,157 30 2,670 03

6,057 32

7,342 64 13,399 96 10,890 14 2,509 82

30 NOVEMBER 1821

Do. Do. Do.

Do.

Do. Do.

Do.

Do.

 finished and measured, and bills nearly closed, Do. on account of work and lumber, Balance required to complete the payment to them, Richard Ware, for the brick work of Pavilions 2 and 4, and 4 Dormito­ ries, (bill settled,) Same, for the wood work and lumber of Pavilions 2 and 4, and 6, (the two first finished and bills made—the cost of the other conjectural;) 1 Hotel unfinished; 13 Dormitories nearly completed, Of which he has received the sum of Balance required to complete his payment, James Oldham, for the wood work and lumber of Pavilion No. 1, with 4 Dormitories attached, all finished; and Hotel A finished; and 9 Dormitories nearly so, (bill not settled;) and Hotel A A, in an unfinished state; and 2 Dormitories, Of which he has received or paid to his order, Balance required to complete the buildings under his direction, George W. Spooner, for the wood work in part of Pavilion No. 9— measured and bill made out, Same for Hotel C, and 10 Dormitories completed on the east street, and Hotel B B, on the west street, ready for covering in, including lumber, Of which he has received the sum of Balance required to complete his buildings, John Neilson for the wood work of Pavilion No. 9, completed, and of Pavilion No. 10, with 7 Dormitories, nearly completed, Of which has been paid to himself and order, Balance required to complete his work, William B. Philips, for the brick work of pavilion, No. 10, and hotel C, and 10 dormitories, (bill settled,)

 653 

5,155 51 2,855 51 2,300 00 3,891 72

17,866 36 21,758 08 18,382 70 3,375 38

11,429 00 6,274 94 5,154 06 375 00

6,159 95 4,305 70 2,229 25

8,785 00 5,360 00 4,425 00 5,106 88

30 NOVEMBER 1821 Do.

Same, for the brick work of 6 Dormi­ tories, Doric and Tuscan columns and yard walls, (estimated at)

Of which he has received the sum of, Balance due him, Do. Dabney Cosby, for the brick work of Hotels A A, and B B, and 8 Dormitories the present year, Of which he has received the sum of, Balance due Dabney Cosby, This sum due to Brockenbrough & Harvie, for  nails, clothing for negroes, &c. Do. J. Van­lew, & Co. for hardware, &c. Do. Daniel, W. & C. Warwick, for tin and salt, Do. John Gorman, for stone cutting executed, Of which he has received the sum of, Balance due John Gorman, Balance due Nelson Barksdale, for lumber for the buildings, (acct. not settled) supposed to be Do. Joseph Antrim for the plastering of the Pavilions, 6 Hotels and 94 Dormitories, all the large and small columns in all 191 (conjecture) Of which he has received, Balance required to complete the plastering, Balance to A. H. Brooks, for making gutters for the western range of buildings Wt. Street, Do. Edward Lowber, for the painting and glazing the 10 Pavilions, 6 Hotels, and 109 Dormitories including paints, glass, oil &c. (conjecture) Of which there has been paid, Balance required to complete the paint and glazing, Balance due Blackford, Arthur & Co. for Franklin stoves, window weights, &c. Do. Peck & Crawford, for the wood work and lumber of 25 Dormitories on the West Street, Of which has been paid the sum of Balance required to complete the 25 Dor.

 654 

2,000 00 7,106 88 5,106 88 2,000 00 4,269 26 850 36 3,418 90 1,054 25 571 93 978 63 3,023 99 2,610 07 413 92 1,500 00

10,000 00 4,573 79 5,426 21 200 00

6,000 00 2,873 20 3,126 80 133 74 4,500 00 1,160 14 3,339 86

30 NOVEMBER 1821 This balance of the unappropriated Funds of the University of Virginia, agreeably to the Bursar’s report, to pay the balance for the caps ordered from Italy, and the hire of laborers, &c. the present year and other contingent expenses.

6,286 68   $ 53,494 79 A. S. BROCKENBROUGH, Proctor.

Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 34–5; undated; internal running to­ tals at breaks of printed pages editorially omitted. Also enclosed in Brockenbrough to TJ, 25 Nov. 1821, in enclosure no. 7 above, and in TJ to Thomas Mann Ran­ dolph, 4 Dec. 1821. hotel b and hotel a were later re­ named Hotel D and Hotel B, respectively. On 4 Jan. 1821 Curtis Carter and John M. Perry signed an agreement that Perry would finish carter’s contract for

brickwork at the University of Virginia as soon as the season would permit, and that he would also pay Carter $520 for all of the latter’s bricks at the university, as well as for his house, stable, and supply of oats (MS in ViU: PP; in Carter’s hand, signed by Carter and Perry). hotel c c, which was originally in­ tended to be the proctor’s house, later became Hotel E. hotel a a was redesig­ nated as Hotel A. The names of hotel c and hotel b b were changed to Hotel F and Hotel C, respectively.

Campaign to Abolish Tariffs on Books I. PETITION OF UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BOARD OF VISITORS TO UNITED STATES CONGRESS, 30 NOV. 1821 II. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BOARD OF VISITORS TO VIRGINIA’S SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, 30 NOV. 1821

E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

On 1 Sept. 1821 Jefferson’s much younger friend, the Harvard University professor George Ticknor, wrote to enlist the former president’s help in re­ cruiting universities and learned societies to petition the United States Con­ gress to abolish tariffs on books. Jefferson quickly agreed and sought support from acquaintances affiliated with the University of North Carolina, South Carolina College (later the University of South Carolina), Transylvania Uni­ versity, and the University of Georgia. He drafted this petition in the latter half of October 1821 while at Poplar Forest and sent it to James Madison for review. The petition and its covering letter to Virginia’s congressmen, both dated 30 Nov., were readily approved by the University of Virginia Board of Visitors at its November meeting and sent on 5 Dec. 1821 by Jefferson to Virginia representative Hugh Nelson.

 655 

30 NOVEMBER 1821 This balance of the unappropriated Funds of the University of Virginia, agreeably to the Bursar’s report, to pay the balance for the caps ordered from Italy, and the hire of laborers, &c. the present year and other contingent expenses.

6,286 68   $ 53,494 79 A. S. BROCKENBROUGH, Proctor.

Printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 34–5; undated; internal running to­ tals at breaks of printed pages editorially omitted. Also enclosed in Brockenbrough to TJ, 25 Nov. 1821, in enclosure no. 7 above, and in TJ to Thomas Mann Ran­ dolph, 4 Dec. 1821. hotel b and hotel a were later re­ named Hotel D and Hotel B, respectively. On 4 Jan. 1821 Curtis Carter and John M. Perry signed an agreement that Perry would finish carter’s contract for

brickwork at the University of Virginia as soon as the season would permit, and that he would also pay Carter $520 for all of the latter’s bricks at the university, as well as for his house, stable, and supply of oats (MS in ViU: PP; in Carter’s hand, signed by Carter and Perry). hotel c c, which was originally in­ tended to be the proctor’s house, later became Hotel E. hotel a a was redesig­ nated as Hotel A. The names of hotel c and hotel b b were changed to Hotel F and Hotel C, respectively.

Campaign to Abolish Tariffs on Books I. PETITION OF UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BOARD OF VISITORS TO UNITED STATES CONGRESS, 30 NOV. 1821 II. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BOARD OF VISITORS TO VIRGINIA’S SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, 30 NOV. 1821

E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

On 1 Sept. 1821 Jefferson’s much younger friend, the Harvard University professor George Ticknor, wrote to enlist the former president’s help in re­ cruiting universities and learned societies to petition the United States Con­ gress to abolish tariffs on books. Jefferson quickly agreed and sought support from acquaintances affiliated with the University of North Carolina, South Carolina College (later the University of South Carolina), Transylvania Uni­ versity, and the University of Georgia. He drafted this petition in the latter half of October 1821 while at Poplar Forest and sent it to James Madison for review. The petition and its covering letter to Virginia’s congressmen, both dated 30 Nov., were readily approved by the University of Virginia Board of Visitors at its November meeting and sent on 5 Dec. 1821 by Jefferson to Virginia representative Hugh Nelson.

 655 

EDITORIAL NOTE  On 10 Dec. 1821 Nelson presented the petition to the United States House of Representatives, which referred it to the Ways and Means Committee. Ticknor’s memorial on behalf of “divers colleges and literary and scientific societies” was submitted to the House on 27 Dec. 1821 and likewise referred to the Ways and Means Committee. Petitions were also referred to this com­ mittee from Samuel L. Mitchill on behalf of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New­York and from the American Philosophical Society, both of which requested that books received from abroad as donations to learned societies should be exempted from tariffs. The Ways and Means Committee reported a bill on 12 Mar. 1822 that, among other provisions, exempted books in foreign languages from import taxes, as well as books, maps, charts, instru­ ments, and engravings sent to philosophical or literary institutions as dona­ tions or exchanges. Although the bill was committed to a committee of the whole House the following day, the House formally discharged the legislation from consideration on 8 Apr. Of the universities that Jefferson attempted to enlist in this effort, only Tran­ sylvania University joined the cause, with a petition from its Board of Trust­ ees submitted to the Senate on 27 Dec. 1821 and referred to its Committee on Finance, which declared on 8 Jan. 1822 that it was inexpedient to end tariffs on books. The Senate also received a copy of the memorial of the American Philosophical Society on 15 Jan. 1822. Even after receiving the Committee on Finance’s report, the Senate continued to consider Transylvania Univer­ sity’s petition through February 1822, and on 2 Apr. 1822 President James Monroe communicated a report from Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, as requested by the Senate, which gave the yield of tariffs on books imported into the United States in the years 1817–21. Despite the efforts or­ ganized by Ticknor and the discussion of tariffs in both houses of Congress, no laws altering the tariffs on books were passed in the 1821–22 legislative session (Ticknor to TJ, 1 Sept., 8 Dec. 1821; TJ to Ticknor, 28 Sept. 1821; TJ to Hutchins G. Burton, Thomas Cooper, and Samuel Brown, 28 Sept. 1821; TJ to John Clark, 12 Oct. 1821; TJ to Madison, 30 Oct. 1821; Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 29–30 Nov. 1821; John T. Kirkland to TJ, 1 Dec. 1821, and enclosure; TJ to Nelson, 5 Dec. 1821; JHR, 15:32, 69, 92, 145, 310–1, 339, 433–4 [18 Dec. 1821, 15 Jan., 4 Mar. 1822]; Annals, 17th Cong., 1st sess., 1272–4 [12 Mar. 1822]; JS, esp. 11:41, 58, 69 [27 Dec. 1821, 8, 15 Jan. 1822]; Anonymous to TJ, [19 Jan. 1822], and enclosure).

I. Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. The Petition of the1 Rector and Visitors of the University of Vir­ ginia on behalf of those for whom they are in the office of preparing the means of instruction, as well as of others seeking it elsewhere,  656 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

Respectfully representeth That the Commonwealth of Virginia has thought proper lately to establish an University for instruction generally in all the useful branches of science, of which your Petitioners are appointed Rector and Visi­ tors, and as such are charged with attention to the interests of those who shall be committed to their care: That they observe in the Tariff of duties imposed by the laws of Congress, on importations into the United States, an article peculiarly inauspicious to the objects of their own, and of all other literary insti­ tutions throughout the US. That at an early period of the present government, when our coun­ try was burthened with a heavy debt contracted in the war of Inde­ pendance, and it’s resources for revenue were untried and uncertain, the National legislature thought it as yet inexpedient to indulge in scruples as to the subjects of taxation, and, among others, imposed a duty on books imported from abroad, which has been continued, and now is, of 15. per cent on their prime cost, raised by ordinary Custom­house charges to 18. per cent, & by the importers profits to perhaps 25. per cent and2 more: That after many years experience it is certainly found that the re­ printing of books in the US. is confined chiefly to those in our native language, and of popular characters, and to cheap editions of a few of the Classics for the use of schools; while the valuable editions of the Classical authors, even learned works in the English language, and books in all foreign living languages (vehicles of the important discoveries and improvements in science and the arts which are daily advancing the interests and happiness of other nations)3 are un­ printed here, and unobtainable from abroad, but under the burthen of a heavy duty: That of many important books, in different branches of science, it is believed that there is not a single copy in the US. of others but a few, and these too distant & difficult of access for students and writ­ ers generally: That the difficulty resulting from this4 of procuring books of the first order in the sciences, and in foreign languages antient & mod­ ern, is an unfair impediment to the American student, who, for want of these aids, already possessed, or easily procurable in all countries, except our own, enters on his course with very unequal means, with wants unknown to his foreign competitors, and often with that im­ perfect result which subjects us to reproaches not unfelt by minds alive to the honor and mortified sensibilities of their country:  657 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

 That to obstruct the acquisition of books from abroad as an encor­ agement of the progress of literature at home, is burying the fountain to increase the flow of it’s waters:5 That books, and especially those of the rare and valuable character thus burthened, are not articles of consumption, but of permanent preservation and value, lasting often as many centuries as the houses we live in, of which examples are to be found in every library of note: That books therefore are Capital, often the only capital of profes­ sional men on their outset in life, and of Students destined for pro­ fessions, as most of our scholars are, and barely able too, for the most part, to meet the expences of tuition, and less so to pay an extra tax on the books necessary for their instruction: that they are consequently less instructed than they would be, and that our citizens at large do not derive from their employment all the benefits which higher quali­ fications would procure them: That this is the only form of capital on which a tax of from 18 to 25. per cent is first levied on the gross, and the proprietor then subject to all other taxes in detail as those holding capitals in other forms, on which no such extra tax has been previously levied: That it is true that no duty is required on books imported for semi­ naries of learning; but these, locked up in libraries, can be of no avail to the practical man, when he wishes a recurrence to them for the uses of life: That6 more than 30. years experience of the resources of our coun­ try prove them equal to all it’s debts and wants, and permit it’s legis­ lature now to favor such objects as the public interests recommend to favor: That the value of science to a republican people, the security it gives to liberty, by enlightening the minds of it’s citizens, the protection it affords against foreign power, the virtues it inculcates, the just emu­ lation of the distinction it confers on nations foremost in it, in short it’s identification with power, morals, order and happiness (which merits to it premiums of encoragement rather than repressive7 taxes)8 are topics which your Petitioners do not permit themselves to urge on the wisdom of Congress, before whose minds these considerations are always present, and bearing with their just9 weight. And they conclude therefore with praying that Congress will be pleased to bestow on this important subject the attention it merits, and give the proper 10 relief to the candidates of science among ourselves11 devoting themselves to the laudable object of qualifying themselves to become the instructers and benefactors of their fellow­citizens:  658 

30 NOVEMBER 1821

 And your Petitioners, as in duty bound, shall ever pray Etc.12 Th: Jefferson Rector of the University of Virginia.  Nov. 30. 1821. MS (DNA: RG 233, PMWMC, 17th Cong., 1st sess.); in TJ’s hand; docketed on verso of final sheet by House of Repre­ sentatives clerk John T. Frost: “Vir­ ginia Rector & Visitors of the University of– Decr 10–1821 Ref d to the Com­ mittee of Ways & Means”; with addi­ tional notation in an unidentified hand (one number illegible): “600 Nelson Va [ ] W & M”; with additional docket sheet in the hand of and initialed by Frost (one word editorially corrected): “No 2. Virginia Memorial of the Rector & Vis­ itors of the University of Virginia Decr 10–1821 Ref d to the Committee of Ways & Means Take no notic[e] of the en­ dorsement on the petition These will be bound with Executive papers and num­ bered accordingly J.T.F.” Dft (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand, with his en­ dorsement: “Petition to Congress. Nov. 30. 1821.” Printed as Memorial of the Rec‑ tor and Visitors of the University of Vir‑ ginia (Washington, 1821). Also printed in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 12 Dec. 1821 (with an introduction read­ ing “The memorial from the University of Virginia, published in the preceding page, derives great interest from the cir­ cumstance of the original, as presented to the House of Representatives, being an autograph of the Sage of Monticello, and the composition of it the fruit of his dis­ tinguished mind. It is impossible to con­ template without veneration the man, who has spent his life in the discharge of great public duties, employing his old age in assiduous endeavors to prepare the youth of America fitly to discharge the high duties to which they may be called, when they arrive at maturity, as citizens of the American states. The illustrious Madi­ son, it will be borne in mind, like his pre­

decessor, has also devoted much of his time, since his retirement from office, to the interests of this rising institution”), in Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register, 15 Dec. 1821, and elsewhere. Enclosed in follow­ ing document and in TJ to James Madi­ son, 30 Oct. 1821, Madison to TJ, 10 Nov. 1821, TJ to Hugh Nelson, 5 Dec. 1821, and TJ to John T. Kirkland, 26 Dec. 1821. 1 Word interlined in Dft in place of “Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Chap­ man Johnson, Joseph C. Cabell, James Breckenridge, John Hartwell Cocke, and Robert Taylor.” 2 In Dft TJ here canceled “sometimes even.” 3 Parentheses added to Dft in a different ink. 4 Printed texts here add “mode.” 5 Sentence interlined in Dft in place of “That it seems as irregular to tax science with a view to encourage it’s fruits in the production of books as to lay mounds on a fountain to increase the flow of it’s waters.” 6 TJ here canceled what appears to be “45 years.” He added the following three words to Dft in place of “45.” 7 Word interlined in Dft in place of “pro­ hibitory.” 8 Parentheses added to Dft in a different ink. 9 Word interlined in Dft in place of “full.” 10 Preceding three words interlined in Dft in place of “that true impact of the duty they give.” 11 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 12 Remainder added to Dft in a different ink.

 659 

II. University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Virginia’s Senators and Representatives in Congress Gentlemen University Nov. 30. 1821. We learn that it is in contemplation with other seminaries of sci­ ence in the US. to petition Congress at their ensuing session for a repeal of the duty on books imported from abroad. this tax, so injuri­ ous to the progress of literature, concerning nearly the interests of those for whose benefit our state has established the institution com­ mitted to our charge, we think it our duty to cooperate with our sister institutions in obtaining the relief so desirable for all. we have there­ fore prepared the petition now inclosed, in which the grounds of our application are so particularly detailed, that they need not be here repeated. persuading ourselves that you will consider this measure for the benefit of our youth claiming equally with the University itself the patronage of the state, we have to sollicit your advocation of it in both houses of Congress. as similar applications are proposed from other quarters of the Union, your own judgment and discretion will decide on the degree of concert, in the time and mode of proceeding which will be most advisable. committing the subject therefore to your enlightened sense of it’s importance to our common country we salute you with assurances of our esteem and high consideration. Th: Jefferson Rector PoC (ViU: TJP); with dateline and signature added by TJ in a different ink; at head of text: “The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, to the Sena­

tors and Representatives of the sd state in Congress.” Not recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure: preceding document. Enclosed in TJ to Hugh Nelson, 5 Dec. 1821.

 660 

INDEX A. & J. W. Picket (firm): and education of women, 488, 514; identified, 12:616–7n; letter from, 488; letter to, 514 L’Abeille: and Revue Encyclopédique, ou Analyse Raisonnée, 266, 267n Abell, John S.: and University of Virginia, 620 acacia (tree): and Freemasonry, 239, 240n An Act appropriating part of the revenue of the Literary Fund, and for other purposes (1818), 618–9 An act authorizing the Auditor to renew a lost certificate in favor of the Central College (1818), 643, 644n An act concerning the University of Virginia (1821), 20, 21n, 41, 84, 85n, 88n, 292, 391, 397, 398n, 428n, 613, 614–5, 643, 645. See also A Bill, Concerning the University of Virginia An Act fixing the military peace establishment of the United States (1802), 439n An act for the establishment of an University (1819), 614, 618–9 An act for the relief of James Leander Cathcart (1820), 456, 460n Act to amend the Act, intituled an Act to amend the Act for the better government of Servants and Slaves (1769), 327–8, 376n An Act to regulate the duties on imports and tonnage (1816), 291 Adam, Alexander: Roman Antiquities (ed. P. Wilson), 218, 250 Adams, Abigail Smith (John Adams’s wife): correspondence with TJ, 353; identified, 6:298n Adams, John: circular sent to, 301; correspondence of, 460n, 488n; and correspondence with TJ, 278, 300; on death and dying, 439; on deaths of Revolutionary colleagues, 506; diplomatic service of, 329, 337, 338, 339, 352, 353–4, 377n; and European affairs, 191–2, 489, 506; friendship with F. A. Van der Kemp, 37, 38n; and Greece, 489, 505–6; health of, 37, 402, 431; identified, 4:390–1n; letters from, 191–2, 438–9, 505–6; letter to, 489–91; and Mass. constitutional convention, 192; as member of Con-

tinental Congress, 317, 438, 439n; on Napoleon, 506; and naval school, 438–9, 490; and origin of American Revolution, 490, 506; political influence of, 212; presidency of, 213; on progress toward republicanism, 191–2; on religion, 505; revolutionary leader, 315, 375n; and subscriptions, 509n; and surviving signers of Declaration of Independence, 439; toasts honoring, 289; and U.S. Military Academy, 438, 439n; as vice president, 352–3, 377n; works sent to, 141n, 182n, 188n, 449n, 594n Adams, John Quincy: books for, 42; identified, 12:91–2n; letter to, 182; presidential prospects of, 212–6; Report to Congress on James Leander Cathcart, 464–5; Report upon Weights and Measures, 182; as secretary of state, 142, 143n, 199n, 464–5; sends goods to TJ, 295; and subscriptions, 509n; works sent to, 594n Adams, Samuel (1722–1803): revolutionary leader, 315, 375n Adams, USS (frigate), 454 Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): and U.S. relations with Spain, 41n “An Address delivered at the opening of the Law Academy of Philadelphia” (P. S. Du Ponceau), 141 Address, delivered by appointment, in the Episcopal Church, at the opening of the Apprentices’ Library, in the City of Albany, January 1, 1821 (S. Southwick), 161–2, 183 An Address delivered on the Fourth of July, 1820, by appointment of the ’76 Association (D. Ramsay), 448, 449n, 479 An Address delivered to the Citizens of Bristol, R. I., July Fourth, 1821 (J. D’Wolf), 570, 571n An Address, pronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Matthew’s Church, New-York, October 22, 1821 (F. C. Schaeffer), 593–4, 612 Address to the Farmers of the United States, on the Ruinous consequences to their vital Interests, of the existing Policy of This Country (M. Carey), 188 Adrain, Robert: as mathematician, 237, 238n; recommends O. Reynolds, 408

 661 

INDEX Ælfredi Magni Anglorum Regis (J. Spelman; trans. O. Walker), 196, 197 Ælfric of Eynsham: An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-Day of St. Gregory (trans. E. Elstob), 196 Aeneid (Virgil), 434n Aeschines: Œuvres complettes de Dêmosthene et d’Eschine (trans. A. Auger), 138–9, 447 Aeschyli Dramata Quae Supersunt et Deperditorum Fragmenta Graece et Latine (Aeschylus; ed. F. H. Bothe), 106 Aeschylus: Aeschyli Dramata Quae Supersunt et Deperditorum Fragmenta Graece et Latine (ed. F. H. Bothe), 106; The Tragedies of Æschylus (trans. R. Potter), 444; works of, 444 Aesop: referenced by N. Macon, 554, 555n; referenced by W. Short, 585, 586–7n Africa: and colonization, 423; crops from, 423; toasts honoring, 290 African Americans: accused of murder, 154; colonization of, 423; commemorate abolition of slave trade, 289, 289–90; education of, 499–500, 501n; in Mass., 290–1n; and University of Virginia, 620, 625, 626, 627, 632, 633, 634, 636, 639. See also slavery; slaves African Free School (Boston), 290 aging: TJ on his own, 44–5, 431 Agoult, Louis Annibal, comte d’: and French Constitution of 1791, 370, 378n Agricultural Society of Albemarle: TJ forwards letter to, 27, 30 agriculture: annual income from, 304; books on, 138, 139n, 188, 197, 251, 411, 445, 447; promotion of in U.S., 406–7; T. M. Randolph on, 304; soil amendments, 405–6; TJ on farming, 382; and U.S. economy, 41n. See also Agricultural Society of Albemarle; crops; Hessian fly; plows Ainsworth, Robert: Latin and English Dictionary abridged, 211, 221 Alabama (state): cotton crop in, 96; legislature of, 451–2; university for, 451–2 Alabama, University of: land grant for, 452n Albemarle County, Va.: early settlers of, 309; elections in, 70; map of, xlvii

(illus.); sheriff of, 620, 638; TJ represents in House of Burgesses, 310–5, 317. See also Agricultural Society of Albemarle; Central College; Virginia, University of Albemarle County Court, Va., 258, 627 alcohol: abuse of, 412; ale, 159, 178; brandy, 142, 189, 199; eggnog, 25–6; spirits, 406, 522. See also wine ale, 159, 178 Alexander (“the Great”), king of Macedon, 368 Alexander I, emperor of Russia: and Greece, 253, 474, 489, 490n Alexander, Eli: identified, 1:137–8n; lands of, 272; and University of Virginia, 626 Alexander, Robert: and American Revolution, 506n Alexander, Samuel: as silversmith, lii Alexander Sprinks (Spinks) & Company: and quarrying for University of Virginia, 650 Algiers: American captives at, 453, 459n, 464–5; mentioned, 336; 1795 U.S. treaty with, 453, 459n; and TJ’s Proposed Convention against the Barbary States, 340–1; U.S. consulate at, 455 Ali Hassan, dey of Algiers: and diplomatic negotiations, 453–4, 459n Allegre, Mr.: J. R. Jefferson’s debt to, 102, 103, 146 Allen, Paul: and N. Biddle’s history of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 307; identified, 6:357n Alloway, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 625 almanacs, nautical: TJ purchases, 64, 232. See also Blunt, Edmund March Alvensleben, Philip Charles, von: as diplomat, 348 American Antiquarian Society: members of, 88 American Citizen (New York newspaper), 216n The American Gazetteer (J. Morse), 127, 128n American Journal of Science, 65 American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, 88n American Philosophical Society: members of, 20n, 204n; orations delivered to, 141n; and tariffs on books, 656; works offered to, 58n

 662 

INDEX American Revolution: advice of participants sought, 442; books on, 58n; disputes over origin of, 312–3, 420n, 490, 506; reflections on, 276n, 278; TJ on, 310–1, 349. See also Revolutionary War The American Senator. or a copious and impartial report of the Debates in the Congress of the United States (T. Carpenter), 609, 610n Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt (Ammianus Marcellinus; ed. A. W. Ernesti), 138, 447 Ammianus Marcellinus: Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt (ed. A. W. Ernesti), 138, 447 anatomy: collegiate education in, 236, 328, 493; study of, 494 anchovies, 140, 530, 612 Anderson, Adam, 166, 167n Anderson, Edmund: buys TJ’s flour, 287; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630 Anderson, William H.: identified, 238n; letter from accounted for, 238n; letter to, 238; sends prospectus, 238 Andocides: Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 Andrews, Thomas Francis: Dissertatio Medica inauguralis, de Vasis Absorptioni Servientibus, 241, 242n; identified, 194n; introduced to TJ, 194; letter from, 236–7; letter to, 264; seeks professorship, 201, 236–7, 241, 264 Anglo-Saxon (Old English) language: books on, 196–7, 411, 419, 563 Angus, Samuel: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Annals (Tacitus), 73n, 105 Annual Report of the Canal Commissioners of the State of New-York, Presented to the Legislature, 12th March, 1821, 58, 59n anonymous authors: broadsides from, 289–91; letters from, 212–6, 289, 300–1, 442 antislavery: and Saint Domingue, 166n; support for, 11–4 Antrim, Joseph: identified, 12:262n; and plastering at Central College– University of Virginia, 510–1, 622,

624, 627, 629n, 631, 633, 635, 637, 650, 654 The Apocryphal New Testament, being all the Gospels, Epistles and other pieces now extant (ed. W. Hone), 197, 411 Apollonius of Tyana: The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (L. F. Philostratus; trans. E. Berwick), 535 Appian: Histoire des Guerres Civiles de la République Romaine (trans. J. I. Combes-Dounous), 535; The History of Appian (trans. J. Davies), 535 Appleton, Thomas: account with TJ, 260; and capitals for University of Virginia, 84, 85n, 108, 120–1, 122, 128–9, 132, 222, 260–2, 294n, 473–4, 475n, 526n; consul at Leghorn, 151n; and families of G. Raggi and M. Raggi, 260–1, 532; identified, 8:162n; letters from, 260–3, 473–5; letters to, 120–1, 122, 199; and marble for TJ, 122, 262; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 122, 260, 474, 475n; TJ pays, 107, 128–9, 151–2, 199, 473–4 La Araucana (A. de Ercilla y Zúñiga), 138, 447 Archer (J. C. Cabell’s slave): delivers letter, 395, 396n Archer, Napoleon: identified, 545n; letter from, 545; letter to, 559; as prospective University of Virginia student, 545, 559 Archimedes: Œuvres d’Archimède (trans. F. Peyrard), 536 architecture: books on, 99, 137, 444; in S.C., 227; TJ advises C. Yancey, 279–80, 296–8; and TJ’s plans for Va. state capitol, lii, 325–6. See also building materials; Virginia, University of: Construction and Grounds The Architecture of A. Palladio (G. Leoni), 133–4 Arden, Francis: A Translation of the First Book of Ovid’s Tristia, in Heroic English Verse; with the Original Text, 441, 442n, 479 Argabright (Argenbright), David: and University of Virginia, 627, 629n Aristophanes: Comœdiæ (ed. R. F. P. Brunck), 106 Aristotle: J. Adams on, 505; La Poetica de Aristoteles (trans. A. Ordoñez das Seijas y Tobar), 138, 447, 448n Arkansas Territory: salt deposits in, 38, 39n

 663 

INDEX Armstrong, James: and University of Virginia, 634 Armstrong, John: identified, 1:20n; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 499 Army, U.S.: funding for, 555; military academy, 45; partisan attitudes toward, 548; TJ on, 436–7 Arnauld, Antoine: A New Method Of learning with Facility the Latin Tongue, 536, 537n; A New Method Of learning with greater Facility the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n; The Primitives of the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n A. Robertson & Company (firm): TJ’s debt to, 16, 17, 40, 430, 439, 589. See also Robertson, Archibald Ars Poetica (Horace), 73 art. See drawing; painting; prints; sculpture Articles of Confederation, U.S., 332–6, 352–4 Artois, Charles Philippe, comte d’ (later Charles X, king of France): and Louis XVIII, 361, 363, 366; and Marie Antoinette, 357, 367 askos: model of, lii, 392 (illus.) asparagus, 34, 48 Aspinwall, Thomas: consul at London, 43, 195–6, 281, 538 astronomy: books on, 138, 280, 447; collegiate education in, 493, 494, 590; and military education, 490 Atlantic (ship), 196n Auger, Athanese: translates Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade, 138, 447; translates Œuvres complettes de Dêmosthene et d’Eschine (Demosthenes; Aeschines), 138–9, 447; translates Œuvres Complettes d’Isocrate (Isocrates), 138, 139n augers, 4 Aughe, Abraham: and University of Virginia, 636 Austin, Benjamin (of Charlottesville): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630 Austria: and France, 348; and Great Britain, 58; and Holy Alliance, 253, 255n, 489, 490n; and Italy, 253, 474; and Ottoman Empire, 474, 475n; relations with U.S., 336; and revolutions in Europe, 142, 143n. See also Francis I, emperor of Austria

Autobiography (Thomas Jefferson). See Jefferson, Thomas: Writings: Notes on Early Career (the so-called “Autobiography”) Bache, William: family of, 373 Bacon, Ann Simmons (Edmund Bacon’s wife): identified, 25n; Memorandum on Turkeys Raised, 25; and turkeys for TJ, 25 Bacon, Edmund: identified, 1:52n; Monticello overseer, 22, 59, 412, 515; orders goods for TJ, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11; witnesses documents, 273 Bailey, Lewis: and University of Virginia, 620, 650 Bailey, Temple: and University of Virginia, 636, 637 Bailey, Theodorus: forwards letters for TJ, 441, 479; identified, 3:459n; letters from, 441–2, 569–70, 591; letters to, 479, 599; letter to accounted for, 419n; sends works to TJ, 441, 479, 569–70, 591, 599 Bailly, Jean Sylvain: mayor of Paris, 366, 367 Baker, Jerman (1776–1828): and Baker v. Preston, 257n, 258, 269–70; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620; identified, 9:278n; letter from, 185; sends greetings to M. J. Randolph, 185; as treasurer of Va., 160, 185, 257n, 258 Baker v. Preston, 257n, 258, 269–70 Baldwin, Abraham: as U.S. senator, 460n Ballou, Hosea: and abolition of slave trade, 289, 290 Baltimore, Md.: criticized, 442; Delphian Club, 73, 74n; Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 393, 394, 395n, 417; newspapers, 46, 80, 164, 173n; prices in, 403. See also McCulloch, James Hugh (father of James H. McCulloh): collector at Baltimore Baltimore College, 71–2, 105, 408, 432 Baltimore Patriot & Evening Advertiser (newspaper), 173n Bankhead, Ann (Anne) Cary Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter; Charles Lewis Bankhead’s wife): children of, 247; identified, 2:104n; relationship with husband, 412; visits Monticello, 247, 248n

 664 

INDEX Bankhead, Charles Lewis (Ann Cary Randolph Bankhead’s husband): alcohol abuse by, 412; attends Albemarle Co. Court, 59; family of, 412; hires out slaves to University of Virginia, 650; identified, 3:188n; letter from accounted for, 412n; J. Miller visits, 178; and University of Virginia, 635 Bankhead, John Warner (TJ’s greatgrandson), 247 Bankhead, William: identified, 274n; visits Monticello, 247; witnesses documents, 273, 392 Bank of Columbia, 499, 500, 510, 513, 533, 550 Bank of Fredericksburg, 177, 229 Bank of Richmond. See Bank of Virginia (Richmond) Bank of the United States, Second: constitutionality of, 548; currency of, 526; and Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 398, 399n; Republican support for, 555 Bank of the United States, Second, Richmond branch of: drafts of, 172, 185; TJ’s loan from, 47, 242–3, 259, 263, 282, 284, 396, 532, 542 Bank of Virginia (Fredericksburg): check from, 390, 390–1 Bank of Virginia (Lynchburg): loan terms of, 197 Bank of Virginia (Richmond): drafts on, 128, 144, 229, 390–1; TJ’s loan from, 60, 161, 190, 191, 195, 242–3, 259, 263, 282, 284, 287, 396, 532, 542; and University of Virginia, 128, 144, 416, 422, 428, 440, 440, 620, 631, 642, 643 bankruptcy: legislation on, 548, 549n, 560 banks: currency issued by, 418. See also Bank of the United States, Second; Bank of Virginia (local branches); Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (local branches) Barba, Jean Nicolas: family of, 540–1 Barba, René Anacharsis: identified, 542n; introduced to TJ, 255; letter from, 540–2; letter to, 559; seeks employment, 540–1, 559 Barbé Marbois, François, comte de: identified, 11:437–8n; and TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 337–8, 377n

Barbour, James: and brewing, 159, 178; as governor of Va., 178; identified, 4:415–6n; introduces Mr. Lewis to TJ, 496; letters from, 159, 496; letter to, 178–9 Barbour, Philip Pendleton: and Cohens v. Virginia, 32n; identified, 5:391–2n Barclay, Hugh: Rockbridge Co. property of, 556 Barclay, Robert: Quaker theologian, 246 Barentin, Charles de: as keeper of the seals, 364 Barksdale, Jonathan: and University of Virginia, 627 Barksdale, Nelson: Advertisement for Workmen for the University of Virginia, 173n, 298n; as Central College proctor, 644n; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630; identified, 12:183–4n; and University of Virginia, 620, 630, 634, 649, 654; as University of Virginia proctor, 625 Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie: and French Constitution of 1791, 370 Barnes, John: and P. Cardelli’s busts, 136, 159–60; health of, 497; identified, 1:32n; introduces Mr. Parr, 78, 136; and T. Kosciuszko’s American investments, 510, 533, 550; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 443, 485, 497, 500, 510, 533, 550; letters from, 78–9, 159–60, 443, 497, 533; letters to, 136, 485, 510, 550; ships goods to TJ, 295, 485, 489, 497, 504 Barnes, Joshua: edits Euripidis Tragoediae Fragmenta Epistolae (Euripides), 106 Barnet, Isaac Cox: as consul, 266; identified, 5:463–4n; and M. A. Jullien, 65 Barnett, John: and University of Virginia, 626 barrels, 498, 515 Barret, William: identified, 16:592n; letters from, 40–1, 439; letters to, 17, 430; and TJ’s debt to A. Robertson & Company, 16, 17, 40, 430, 439 Barrois, Louis François: and TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 337–8, 377n Barron, James: charges against, 516, 517n, 517–8, 518–9 Bartle, Andrew, 109 Barton, Benjamin Smith: family of, 98, 114; identified, 1:521n

 665 

INDEX Barton, Thomas Pennant: identified, 99n; introduced to TJ, 98; TJ introduces to Lafayette, 114–5, 115 Bass, J. H.: A Greek and English Manual Lexicon to the New Testament, 197, 411 Bassett, Burwell: identified, 3:652n; letter from, 516; TJ invites to Monticello, 516; as Va. legislator, 33–4n Bassett, George Washington: identified, 387n; introduced to TJ, 387 Bassett & Company (firm): provides laborers for University of Virginia, 650 Bassett & Donaghue (Donahoe) (firm): and University of Virginia, 636, 638 Bath, William Henry Granville, 3d Earl of: correspondence of, 460n Baudouin Frères (Paris booksellers), 267 Baxter, John: A New and Impartial History of England, 64, 232, 251, 419 Baylor, David: and University of Virginia, 634 Bear Creek plantation (part of TJ’s Poplar Forest estate): tobacco at, 198 Beasley, Reuben Gaunt: and books for TJ, 444, 534; consul at Le Havre, 266; identified, 12:43–4n; letter from, 534 Beauvau, Charles Juste, prince de: as government minister, 369, 378n Beaverdam lands. See Willis Creek tract (Cumberland Co.) Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marchese di: as criminologist, 325 Bede, Saint: Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Gentis Anglorum (ed. A. Wheelocke), 196; The History of the Church of Englande (trans. T. Stapleton), 196; works of, 411 Bedford County, Va.: TJ’s lands in, 542–3; yellow fever in, 603. See also Poplar Forest (TJ’s Bedford Co. estate) beds: at Poplar Forest, 154 beef: TJ purchases, 498 Belair, Lewis Descoins: as bookseller, 230; identified, 13:32n; letter from accounted for, 230n Belgium: TJ’s travels in, 353 Bell, Samuel: and Fry v. Bell, 27; identified, 29n Bell, Thomas (of Kentucky): and Fry v. Bell, 27; identified, 29n

belles lettres: collegiate education in, 237–8, 310; study of, 494 Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri François Xavier de, bishop of Marseille: medal honoring, 507 Benezet, Anthony: toasts honoring, 289 Benson, Thomas: Vocabularium AngloSaxonicum, 196 Benson, William: and University of Virginia, 621 Bentley, William (of Virginia): account with TJ, 162–3, 179; and Beaverdam lands, 162–3, 179; identified, 2:186n Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince de Neuchâtel: family of, 193, 388, 551, 552n Berwick, Edward: translates The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (L. F. Philostratus), 535 Beverley, McKenzie: employs tutor, 607 Bézout, Étienne: Cours De Mathématiques, 490 Bias, Cesario: as clerk for B. Peyton, 4, 95, 153, 223, 386, 552n; identified, 16:274–5n; letters from, 4, 95, 153, 223, 386–7 Bibb, William Wyatt: as governor of Ala., 451 Bible: apocrypha, 154n; Daniel referenced by TJ, 431; Deuteronomy referenced, 323, 375n, 376n; Ecclesiastes referenced, 13, 14n; Exodus referenced, 323, 376n; Isaiah referenced, 13, 14n; Jonah referenced, 13; Joshua referenced, 14n; Leviticus referenced, 323, 376n; Luke referenced, 291n; Mark referenced, 291n; Matthew referenced, 291n; Matthew referenced by TJ, 417; Micah referenced, 14, 291n; Old Testament, 166n; Psalms referenced, 14, 279; Septuagint, 411–2, 482–3; works on, 196, 197, 411 Bibliographie de la France, ou Journal Général de l’Imprimerie et de la Librairie, 58 A Bill, Concerning the University of Virginia, 32. See also An act concerning the University of Virginia (1821) A Bill Directing the Course of Descents, 323, 328 A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 326–7, 328, 376n Billy (African American): and University of Virginia, 633

 666 

INDEX A Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D. LL.D. (D. Hosack), 277, 278n biography: TJ on, 307 Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (J. Sanderson), 307, 310, 321 Biot, Jean Baptiste: Traité Élémentaire d’Astronomie Physique, 138, 447, 494 Bishop, Mrs.: and University of Virginia, 626 Bishop, Jonathan: as overseer, 207; TJ pays, 217, 218, 232, 258 Black, James: and University of Virginia, 638 Blackburn, Samuel: on University of Virginia, 157, 158n; as Va. legislator, 157, 158n Blackburn, Thomas R.: and University of Virginia, 631, 641n Blackford, Arthur & Company (Shenandoah Co. firm): and University of Virginia, 620, 636, 650, 654 Black Pawnee Indians (Paniouassas), 38, 39n blacksmiths: enslaved, 650; at Monticello, 79; at University of Virginia, 650 Blackstone, William: Commentaries on the Laws of England, 508–9, 530–1; as legal authority, 322 Blacons, Henri François Lucretius d’Armand de Forest, marquis de: and French Constitution of 1791, 370 Blaettermann, George Wilhelm: identified, 14:253n; letters from, to R. Rush, 539, 539–40; seeks position at University of Virginia, 418–9, 538, 539, 539, 539–40, 562 Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, 88 Bland, Theodorick (1776–1846): identified, 231n; letter from, 230–1; letter to, 244–5; and son’s education, 230–1, 244–5 blankets: at Poplar Forest, 154 Bloomfield, Joseph: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Blunt, Edmund March: as bookseller, 280; identified, 4:13n boatmen: corruption among, 3 boats: bateaux, 432n; carriage to and from Richmond, 3, 4, 47, 83, 95, 110–1, 112, 113, 129, 153, 176, 176, 197, 199, 207, 211, 217, 221, 243, 259,

287, 386, 396, 515, 531, 552n, 579, 588; steamboats, 26 Boccaccio, Giovanni: Decameron, 72 Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus: Consolationis Philosophiæ Libri V. Anglo-Saxonice Redditi ab Alfredo (ed. C. Rawlinson), 196; translation of work of, 138, 445 Bolling, Archibald: as security for E. Bolling, 111 Bolling, Edward: debt to TJ, 111, 492, 493n; identified, 6:42n Bolling, John (1737–1800) (TJ’s brother-in-law): and TJ’s debt to Henderson, McCaul & Company, 111, 146, 492, 493n Bolling, Lenaeus (Linnaeus): as Va. legislator, 158n Bolling, Robert: as security for E. Bolling, 111 Bolling, William: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620 Bonaparte, Joseph: property of, 585 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I, emperor of France Bonpland, Aimé Goujaud: and South America, 388, 551 books: on agriculture, 138, 139n, 197, 251, 411, 445, 447; on American Revolution, 58n; on architecture, 99, 137, 444; on astronomy, 138, 280, 447; bibliographies solicited, 268; binding of, 81–2, 209, 229, 568, 574; binding of for TJ, 568, 608; biographical, 66, 277, 278n, 307, 311; on botany, 48–9, 88n, 135, 411, 546–7; of builders’ prices, 296, 298n, 576, 577n; on chemistry, 147, 232, 251; classical, 72, 106, 138, 444, 445, 447, 448n; dictionaries, 106, 196, 197, 211, 221, 411; on gardening, 43, 197; on government, 246; on history, 64, 128n, 196, 197, 218, 232, 250, 251, 419, 563; and human progress, 490; on mathematics, 574, 600; on medicine, 151, 158–9, 241, 242n; on metaphysics, 246; on natural history, 4, 87–8, 151; on physics, 138, 447; of poetry, 138, 445, 447; school textbooks, 61, 94; on slavery, 12, 14n; on spelling, 61, 94; tariffs on, 291, 468–71, 495–6, 502–4, 520–1, 521–2n, 522–3, 544, 571, 580, 581n, 582, 600, 614, 655–9, 660; TJ recommends on U.S.

 667 

INDEX books (cont.) Constitution, 248, 249, 252; TJ recommends to L. H. Girardin, 72, 105, 106; on U.S. Constitution, 31, 248, 249, 252; on zoology, 88n. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library; law: books on; subscriptions, for publications; Virginia, University of: Books and Library Booth, Mr.: and grapes, 405 Bordeaux (wine), 139 Bory de St. Vincent, Jean Baptiste G. M.: and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 Boston, Mass.: African Americans of, 289, 289–90; and Christianity, 586; glass from, 130–1, 148; port of, 313; TJ visits, 337. See also Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell: as Boston customs collector Boston Glass Manufactory, 130–1 botany: books on, 48–9, 88n, 135, 411, 546–7; collegiate education in, 493; scholars of, 48, 135; study of, 494 Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, baron de: colonial governor of Va., 311 Botetourt County, Va.: yellow fever in, 603 Bothe, Friedrich Heinrich: edits Aeschyli Dramata Quae Supersunt et Deperditorum Fragmenta Graece et Latine (Aeschylus), 106 Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo: identified, 2:529–30n; Storia della Guerra dell’ Independenza degli Stati Uniti d’America, 57, 58n, 375n Bottner, Joseph, 209 Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph, duc de. See Condé, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, 9th prince de Bourbon, Louis Joseph de. See Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, 8th prince de Bowditch, Nathaniel: identified, 8:456n; as mathematician, 237 Bowdoin, Sarah. See Dearborn, Sarah Bowdoin (James Bowdoin’s widow; Henry Dearborn’s third wife) Bowling, James: identified, 16:145n; letter to, 588; and TJ’s debt to L. Bowling, 588, 588, 589 Bowling, Lewis: TJ’s debt to, 588, 588 Boxley, Peter: and University of Virginia, 633 Bracton (Bratton), Henry de: works of referenced, 322

Braganza (ship), 441 Bramham, Horace Witherall: as physician, 413 Bramham, Nimrod: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 621; identified, 5:528n; and University of Virginia, 625, 630, 637, 639 Bramham & Jones (Charlottesville firm): and Central College–University of Virginia, 624, 625, 636 Brand, Christoffel Joseph: Dissertatio Politico-Juridica de Jure Coloniarum, 112; identified, 112n; letter from, 112 Brand, Joseph (d. 1826): and University of Virginia, 632 brandy: French, 142; as wine additive, 189, 199 Brazil: minerals from, 295, 477, 485, 489, 497, 504; monarchy in, 295, 296n bread: price of, 331; scarcity of, 357–8 Breckinridge (Breckenridge), James: identified, 13:304n; letter from, to John H. Cocke, 90–4; letters from, 475, 611; letters to, 421–2, 527–9; letter to accounted for, 611n; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 71, 77, 84, 85n, 90–4, 108, 391, 421–2, 428n, 475, 527–9, 611; and plat for TJ, 611; as Va. legislator, 32, 33, 34n, 157 Breckinridge, John: and Kentucky Resolutions, 592; proposed biography of, 591 Breckinridge, Joseph Cabell: identified, 8:487n; and Kentucky Resolutions, 592; letter from, 591–3; and proposed biography of J. Breckinridge, 591 Brent, Daniel: and P. Cardelli’s busts, 489, 504; forwards letters for TJ, 27, 283n; and goods for TJ, 477, 485, 489, 497, 504; identified, 8:495–6n; letters from, 477, 504; letters to, 27, 489; as State Department clerk, 27 Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de: as government minister, 357, 364 brewing: books on, 178; at Monticello, 178; process of, 159; TJ on, 178 Brice, Nicholas: as trustee of Baltimore College, 71–2, 73n brickmaking: for University of Virginia, 655n Briggs, Isaac: identified, 9:476–7n; religion of, 382

 668 

INDEX Brigode, Romain Joseph, baron de, 254, 255n Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre: toasts honoring, 289 Broadhead, Achilles. See Brodhead (Broadhead), Achilles Broadnax (Brodnax), William H., 33 Brockenbrough, Arthur Spicer: and cement, 148, 303; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620, 630, 631; identified, 14:142–3n; introduces F. C. Whiston, 208; letter from, to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 648–9; letter from accounted for, 524n; letters from, 62–3, 208–9, 404, 510–1, 575–6, 604; letters to, 60–1, 148, 575, 578; receipt to, 597; as University of Virginia proctor, 17, 60–1, 62–3, 77n, 91, 93, 108, 148, 150, 200, 247, 292, 293, 404, 421, 450–1, 510–1, 524n, 527, 531, 567–8, 571–2, 575, 575–6, 576–7, 577, 578, 597, 604, 615, 616, 621, 622, 623, 634, 639, 646, 648, 649–51, 651–5 Brockenbrough, John: and Bank of Virginia, 416, 440, 440; identified, 4:533n; letter from, 440; letter to, 416; and University of Virginia, 416, 440, 636 Brockenbrough, Lucy (Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s wife): and University of Virginia, 630 Brockenbrough & Harvie (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 632, 633, 650, 654 Brodhead (Broadhead), Achilles: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 631; and University of Virginia, 639 Broglie, Victor François, duc de: as government minister, 357, 364; as military leader, 363 Brooke, Samuel: as printer, 419 Brooks, Absalom H.: identified, 386n; as tinsmith, 386; TJ’s account with, 386; and University of Virginia, 403, 634, 638, 650, 654 Brooks, John: toasts honoring, 290 Brooks, Robert: and University of Virginia, 623 brooms: household, 11 Brown, Mr. (of Richmond): letter from, 217; TJ invites to visit Monticello, 217

Brown, James (1780–1859): identified, 397n; as Va. Literary Fund accountant, 384–5, 397, 617, 645, 647 Brown, James (of Charlottesville): as clerk to J. Leitch, 285; identified, 14:98n; letter from, 285; TJ’s debt to, 16 Brown, John (1757–1837): identified, 16:391–2n; TJ introduces W. Maury to, 25 Brown, Samuel: cotton crop of, 96; identified, 5:365n; letter to, 520–2; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 581n; TJ introduces W. Maury to, 25 Brunck, Richard François Philippe: edits Aristophanis Comœdiæ (Aristophanes), 106 Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of: as military leader, 347, 348 brushes: horse, 4, 10; paint, 10; scrub, 11 Brutus, Lucius Junius: family of, 73, 105–6; Les Licteurs Rapportent à Brutus les Corps de Ses Fils, 73, 74n, 105 Brutus, Marcus Junius (the Elder): family of, 73n, 105–6 Brutus, Marcus Junius (the Younger): family of, 73n, 105–6n Bry, Henry: identified, 187n; introduced to TJ, 187; letter from, 546–7; and roses, 546; travels of, 546; visits Monticello, 187, 546 Bry, Henry M.: and U.S. Military Academy, 546 Buchanan, James: and Va. state capitol, 325, 376n Buchanan, James A.: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461, 462n Bucke, Charles: On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature, 535 Buckingham County, Va.: Flood’s Ordinary, 153; murder reported in, 154–5; Patterson’s Ordinary, 190; TJ designs courthouse for, 279–80, 296–8; and Va. House of Delegates, 157, 158n; yellow fever in, 603 Buenos Aires: U.S. consul at, 458, 460n Bugniet, Pierre Gabriel: as architect, 326, 376n building materials: bricks, 63, 76, 131, 261, 279, 280, 293, 294, 296–7, 298n, 525, 649, 655n; cement, Roman, 130–1, 131–2, 148, 150, 303, 303, 385, 650–1; chimneypieces, 122, 262;

 669 

INDEX building materials (cont.) door and window frames, 63; iron, 9, 10, 63, 651; ironmongery, 63; lead, 6, 7; lumber, 576, 649, 651–2, 652–3, 654; marble, 109, 121, 122, 186–7, 261, 262, 655; marble, Carrara, 120–1, 263n, 473–4, 524; nails, 4–11, 650, 654; paint, 654; pine, 297; plank, 280, 515; sand, 131; screws, 7, 8; shingles, 297; slate, 279; steel, 11; stone, 63n, 280, 297, 650–1; tile, 280; tin, 63, 200, 202, 297, 386, 403, 577, 650, 654; window glass, 130–1, 148, 303; window weights, 650, 651n, 654 Burder, George: The Welch Indians; or, A Collection of Papers, respecting a people whose ancestors emigrated from Wales to America, in the year 1170, with Prince Madoc, 127, 128n Burk, John Daly: The History of Virginia, 315, 329 Burke, Edmund: British politician, 314–5; describes Marie Antoinette, 367, 378n; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 367, 378n Burke, Martha Jefferson Trist, liv Burton, Hutchins Gordon: identified, 11:51n; letter from, 580–1; letters to, 520–2, 600; and scuppernong wine for TJ, 189, 199, 202, 580, 600; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 580, 600 Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862). See Colbert, Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862; Critta Colbert’s husband) butter: price of, 331; sent to TJ, 55 button molds, 234n buttons, 5 Byrd, William (1674–1744): as boundary commissioner, 309 Cabell, Joseph Carrington: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620; and College of William and Mary, 32; and establishment of Central College, 644n; and establishment of University of Virginia, 32–3; health of, 70, 90, 156–7, 395, 467, 596; identified, 2:489–90n; letters from, 32–4, 70–1, 156–8, 395–6, 467, 596–7; letters to, 421–2, 527–9; as member of Central College Board of Visitors, 108, 428n; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 70–1, 71, 77, 90, 157–8, 391,

395, 421–2, 467, 527–9, 596–7; as planter, 467; slaves of, 395, 396n; as Va. state senator, 33n, 395, 596; visits Monticello, 467 Cabell, Mary Walker Carter (Joseph C. Cabell’s wife): health of, 395; travels of, 157, 467 Cabell, William H.: family of, 156 Cádiz: U.S. consul at, 456 Cadmus (ship), 79, 80n, 86, 139, 225 Caesar, Julius: death of, 73n, 105–6n; mentioned, 105; TJ on, 368 Calhoun, Hugh: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Calhoun, John Caldwell: identified, 12:300n; letter from, to W. H. Crawford, 123–4; letter to, from P. Hagner, 124–5; presidential prospects of, 212, 213–4; as secretary of war, 118, 123, 123–4, 124 Callard, Edward: and University of Virginia, 622, 626, 638 Callender, James Thomson: TJ’s letters to published, 393, 395n Calonne, Charles Alexandre de: as comptroller general, 343, 344 Campbell, Mr.: as reference for W. McClain, 109 Campbell, George (ship captain), 507, 530n Campbell, James (of Virginia): and University of Virginia, 624 Campbell, Samuel: and repair of TJ’s mills, 429n Canada: TJ on, 603 canals: Erie, 585–6, 587n; in N.Y., 58, 59n, 95, 529, 550, 569–70, 599; at Shadwell mills, 429 Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 88, 89 Cape of Good Hope: residents of, 112 Capitol, U.S.: sculptors at, 489 Cardelli, Peter (Pietro): bust of J. Madison, 136, 159–60, 489, 504; bust of J. Monroe, 136, 159–60, 489, 504; identified, 14:523n Carey, J.: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Carey, Mathew: Address to the Farmers of the United States, on the Ruinous consequences to their vital Interests, of the existing Policy of This Country, 188; and books for TJ, 232–3; identified, 4:430–1n; introduces D. Drew, 136, 501; letters from, 136, 188; letter

 670 

INDEX to, 232–3; letter to accounted for, 64n. See also Mathew Carey & Son (Philadelphia firm); Mathew Carey & Sons (Philadelphia firm) Carmarthen (Caermarthen), Francis Osborne, Marquess of. See Leeds, Francis Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen, 5th Duke of Carmichael, William: as diplomat, 347 Caroline (Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, queen of England): death of, 506; The Legislatorial Trial of Her Majesty Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, Queen of England, Consort of George the Fourth, for the alleged Crime of Adultery with Bartolomeo Bergami (E. Barron), 536 carp, 68, 71 Carpenter, Thomas: The American Senator. or a copious and impartial report of the Debates in the Congress of the United States, 609, 610n Carr, Dabney (1743–73) (TJ’s brotherin-law): and Va. Committee of Correspondence, 312 Carr, Frank: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; identified, 6:230n; and University of Virginia, 640 Carr, James O.: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631 Carr, Samuel (TJ’s nephew): identified, 3:454n; witnesses document, 273 carriages: odometers for, 79; taxes on, 23 Carrington, Henry: and Charlotte Co. courthouse, 298n Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton): signer of Declaration of Independence, 439 Carswell, Samuel: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Carte des lignes Isothermes (Humboldt), 166, 167n Carter, Curtis: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 621, 626, 637, 649, 652, 655n; identified, 14:163–4n Carter, John (brick maker): and University of Virginia, 620, 621, 624, 626, 639 Carter, Williams (of Richmond): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620 carts: to transport sheep, 48 Cary, Lott: and colony in Africa, 423n

Cary, Samuel (of Virginia): and University of Virginia, 631, 641n Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, 450 Cass, Lewis: and aid for S. T. Davenport family, 203, 204–5, 205, 245; identified, 204n; letter from, 245–6; letter to, 203–4 cassia (plant), 239, 240n Cassii Dionis Cocceiani Historiae Romanae (Cassius Dio), 536 Cassius, Junia (Gaius Cassius Longinus’s wife), 73n, 105 Cassius Dio: Cassii Dionis Cocceiani Historiae Romanae, 536; edition of by F. W. Sturz, 106, 137, 138, 444 Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 105 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount: as foreign secretary, 474 Castries, Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de: retirement of, 344 A Catalogue of Officers and Students in Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, January 1st, 1820, 87, 88n Cathalan, Stephen (Étienne) (1757– 1819): identified, 1:313n; relationship with J. Dodge, 107 Catharine (brig): captured by Tripoli, 455, 459–60n Cathcart, James Leander: family of, 457; identified, 5:457n; letter from, 453–60; letters to, from J. Rodgers, 463–4, 464; letter to, 485–6; recommendations of, 460–2, 462, 464–5; seeks position, 453–9, 460–1, 485–6; as timber agent, 463, 464n, 464; TJ on, 460n, 485–6 Catherine II (“the Great”), empress of Russia: and F. M. Grimm, 341; and J. Ledyard’s expedition, 341–2; as mediator, 329 Catholicism: J. Adams on, 192; in East Florida, 126 Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis): mentioned, 73n cattle: fodder for, 40; at Poplar Forest, 39; transportation of, 40, 48 Catullus, Gaius Valerius: The Poems of Caius Valerius Catullus (trans. G. Lamb), 535 Cavallo, Tiberius: The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy, 494 C. Cornelii Taciti opera (Tacitus; eds. J. A. Ernesti and J. J. Oberlin), 106

 671 

INDEX Celebration of Freedom (anonymous broadside), 289–91 cement: for cisterns, 17; Roman, 17, 130–1, 131–2, 148, 149, 150, 303, 303, 385, 650–1 Central College: funding for, 643, 644n; and sale of glebe lands, 525, 616, 642; subscription for, 172, 186, 294, 525, 528, 589n, 597n, 616, 617, 620–1, 630–2, 640, 642, 643. See also Virginia, University of Central College Board of Visitors: and construction of Central College, 618; and recruitment of faculty, 617–8, 619n Ceres (ship), 337 Chambray. See Fréart de Chambray, Roland Chandler, T.: and University of Virginia, 623, 629n, 630, 641n Chapman, James (of Edinburgh): The Music, or Melody and Rhythmus of the English Language, 536 charity: donations to families in need, 44, 57, 177, 203, 204–5, 229, 245, 299, 390, 390–1; requests to TJ for, 380–2; TJ gives, 382n. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Business & Financial Affairs Charles XII, king of Sweden: works on, 138, 447 Charleston, S.C.: learned societies in, 89, 227, 228, 264; Seventy-Six Association, 448, 449n, 479 Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de: Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, 536 Charlotte County, Va.: TJ’s drawings used for courthouse of, 298n Charlotte Sophia, queen of Great Britain, 339 Charlottesville, Va.: school proposed for, 393, 417; taverns in, 382 Charlottesville Academy: and F. W. Eppes, 560 Charron, Pierre: Collection de Moralistes Français, (Montaigne,—Charron,— Pascal,—La Rouchefoucauld,—La Bruyère,—Vauvenargues,—Duclos) publiée avec des commentaires et de nouvelles notices biographiques (ed. A. Duval), 447, 448n; De La Sagesse, 447, 448n Chase, Jeremiah Townley: as member of Confederation Congress, 333

Chase, Samuel: revolutionary leader, 420n, 490, 506 Chastellier, Benjamin de: identified, 164n; letter from, 163–4; mistreatment of, 163–4, 164–5, 166n; Notes on His Mistreatment and Napoleon’s Liberation, 164, 164–6; visits Monticello, 163 Chauncey, Isaac: identified, 462–3n; letter from, to B. W. Crowninshield, 462–3; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461, 462 cheese: English, 68; TJ orders, 5, 9, 64; Yankee, 68, 83 chemistry: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 20, 56, 74, 175; books on, 147, 232, 251; collegiate education in, 35, 50, 237, 328, 493, 494, 590 Cherokee rose, 546–7 Chesapeake, USS (frigate): incident (1807), 517n, 518–9 Chevalier, Jean Joseph: and wine for TJ, 139 Chew, John: as Va. claims agent, 124 children: books for, 61, 94; death of, 154, 477–8. See also education; Jefferson, Thomas: Family & Friends: relations with grandchildren; schools and colleges; specific entries for TJ’s Eppes and Randolph descendants Chilton’s Ordinary (Campbell Co.; proprietor Raleigh Chilton), 48 Chisholm, Hugh: and brickwork for Central College–University of Virginia, 634, 640; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630, 631; and cisterns, 429; identified, 3:67–8n; letter to, 429; slaves of, 429 Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie Gabriel Florent Auguste de: travels of, 325 Christianity: J. Adams on, 505; and slavery, 13–4 Christmas: and alcohol consumption, 25–6 Chronicon Saxonicum (E. Gibson), 196 The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (I. Newton), 536 Cicé, Jérôme Marie Champion de, archbishop of Bordeaux: and French Constitution of 1791, 369; as keeper of the seals, 368, 378n Cicero: De Oratore, 105; Letters to Friends, 490–1; orations of, 73n;

 672 

INDEX quoted, 408, 409n; TJ quotes, 490–1; works of, 73 Cincinnati Medical Society: and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 cisterns: design of, 147; at Monticello, 17, 429; at University of Virginia, 650–1, 652 clairette (wine), 140 Clapier, Lewis: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 claret (wine), 140, 430, 438 Clark, John: identified, 544–5n; letter to, 544–5; and tariffs on books, 544 Clark Cox & Company (N.C. firm), 189, 199, 202 Clarke, James (of Albemarle Co.): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 576 Clarke, James (of Powhatan Co.): and African colonization, 423; identified, 11:506n; letters from, 79, 423; letter to accounted for, 79n; odometer of, 79, 331 Clarke, John (bookseller): Clarke’s Bibliotheca Legum; or, Complete Catalogue of the Common and Statute Law-Books of the United Kingdom, 197 Clarke, L. H.: Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New-York; held at The Capitol, in the City of Albany, on the 28th day of August, 1821, 591n Clarke, Thomas: and Bank of Virginia, 428n Clarke’s Bibliotheca Legum; or, Complete Catalogue of the Common and Statute Law-Books of the United Kingdom (J. Clarke), 197 Clarkson, Thomas: toasts honoring, 289 classics: education in, 327; TJ on best editions of, 106; TJ on value of, 512 Clavière, Étienne: toasts honoring, 289 Clay, Henry: identified, 10:378n; presidential prospects of, 212, 213 Clérisseau, Charles Louis: and model of Maison Carrée, lii, 325 Clermont (ship), 372 Cline, George: and University of Virginia, 628 Clinton, DeWitt: and Erie Canal, 586; as governor of N.Y., 277n; identified, 8:348n; letters from, 58–9, 529; letters to, 95, 550; and party politics, 277n; presidential prospects of, 212, 214–5; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89; sends work on canals to TJ, 58, 95,

529, 550; TJ’s purported support of, 118, 148–9, 215–6 Clinton, George: political legacy of, 214; TJ on, 214, 216n cloth. See textiles clothing: buttons, 5; hats, 10; patterns for, 5; for slaves, 234, 654; vests, 5; and weather, 509 coaches. See carriages coal: shipment of, 178 Coan, Francis: and University of Virginia, 637 Cock, Andrew: and Agricultural Society of Albemarle, 27, 30; drill of, 27; identified, 16:608n; letter to, 27 Cocke, John Field: and Beaverdam lands, 162–3, 179; identified, 163n; letter from, 162–3; letter to, 179 Cocke, John Hartwell (1780–1866): and J. C. Cabell, 596; and fish for TJ, 68; health of, 68, 71, 90, 157, 528; identified, 3:136n; introduces Mr. Wilson, 49; letter from, to J. Breckinridge, J. C. Cabell, C. Johnson, J. Madison, and R. B. Taylor, 421–2; letters from, 48, 49, 68; letters to, 34, 71, 108, 423–4, 527–9; letter to, from J. Breckinridge and C. Johnson, 90–4; marriage of, 423, 424n; as member of Central College Board of Visitors, 34, 48; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 68, 71, 77, 85n, 90–4, 108, 157, 391, 416, 421–2, 423, 427, 450, 467, 527–9, 613, 614n; and seeds, 34, 48; sends sea kale to TJ, 49, 71; and University of Virginia construction, 517n; and visits to Monticello, 34 Cocke, Louisa Maxwell Holmes (John Hartwell Cocke’s second wife): marriage of, 423, 424n The Code of Agriculture (J. Sinclair), 251 coffee: in Africa, 423 Coffee, William John: and cement for TJ, 16, 17, 19, 19, 36, 148, 149, 158, 176; and cisterns at Monticello, 17; identified, 12:523n; letter from, 573; letters to, 17–8, 597–8; and painting conservation, 573, 597, 598n; and pen points for TJ, 17, 598; visits Monticello, 573, 597, 598 Cogdell, John Stephens: identified, 3:62n; letter from, 227–8; letter to, 264; and South Carolina Academy of Arts, 227, 228, 264

 673 

INDEX Cohens v. Virginia, 32n, 233, 252, 253n, 402–3, 450, 549, 560–1 coinage: TJ and, 330–1; TJ’s Notes on Coinage, 330–1 Coke, Sir Edward: A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England (J. H. Thomas), 419, 538, 563 Colbert, Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862; Critta Colbert’s husband): and goods for TJ, 5, 10, 11; identified, 4:496n; travels with TJ, 153–4 Colclaser, Daniel: and goods sent to TJ, 552n; identified, 11:603n; as miller, 60, 181, 182, 199, 515, 579; orders goods for TJ, 4, 7. See also Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm) Coles, Isaac A.: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; identified, 1:53–4n; and University of Virginia, 640 Coles, John (1774–1848): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 631; identified, 14:320n; and University of Virginia, 640 Coles, Tucker: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; and University of Virginia, 640 Colle (Albemarle Co. estate): von Riedesel family reside at, 409n Collection de Moralistes Français, (Montaigne,—Charron,—Pascal,— La Rouchefoucauld,—La Bruyère,— Vauvenargues,—Duclos); publiée avec des commentaires et de nouvelles notices biographiques (ed. A. Duval), 138, 447, 448n colleges. See schools and colleges Colley, Nathaniel (ship captain), 372 Collins, Zaccheus: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Collinson, John: The Life of Thuanus, with Some Account of his Writings, and a Translation of the Preface to his History, 535 Columbia, S.C. See South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina) Columbus, Christopher: as explorer, 127 Combes-Dounous, Jean Isaac: translates Histoire des Guerres Civiles de la République Romaine (Appian), 535 Combrune, Michael: The Theory and Practice of Brewing, 178

combs: curry, 4 Commentaries on the Laws of England (W. Blackstone), 508–9, 530–1 Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws (Destutt de Tracy): as textbook, 246; TJ’s role in publication of, 246 common law: and TJ’s revision of laws, 322–4 Common Sense (T. Paine), 360 Comœdiæ (Aristophanes; ed. R. F. P. Brunck), 106 A Compendious System of Greek Grammar (E. Wettenhall; ed. W. P. Farrand), 211 Condé, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, 9th prince de: flees Paris, 366 Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, 8th prince de: flees Paris, 366 Confederation Congress: and foreign relations, 336–7, 354–5; journal of, 609; president of, 336, 377n; TJ as member of, 330, 336; and Treaty of Paris (1783), 333–6; and U.S. Constitution, 349–52. See also Continental Congress, First; Continental Congress, Second Congress, U.S.: and Ala. statehood, 451, 452n; and bankruptcy law, 548, 549n, 560; and compensation for consuls, 460n; and debt to state of Va., 124; documents presented to, 549, 609; and judicial review, 436; letter to Va.’s senators and representatives, from University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 614, 660; and manufacturing, 41n; and Missouri question, 41n; and patents, 595n; Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 571, 582, 655–9; petitions to, 470–1, 503–4, 520–1, 522–3, 545n, 581n, 600, 614, 660; publication of proceedings of, 549; and Revolutionary War compensation claims, 611n; and tariffs, 470–1, 495–6, 503–4, 520–1, 522–3, 545n, 571, 581n, 582, 600, 614, 655–9, 660; TJ on, 335; and U.S. Military Academy, 52, 55n. See also Capitol, U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.; Library of Congress; Senate, U.S. Connecticut: and Confederation Congress, 336 Connelly, John: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461

 674 

INDEX Consolationis Philosophiæ Libri V. AngloSaxonice Redditi ab Alfredo (A. M. S. Boethius; ed. C. Rawlinson), 196 Constantinople: affairs in, 474, 475n Constitution, U.S.: Bill of Rights, 350; books on, 31, 248, 249, 252; and federalism, 351–2; interpretation of, 548, 560, 609; mentioned, 172; proposed amendments to, 349–50; 1787 Constitutional Convention, 322, 349–52, 377n; and term limits, 377n; TJ on, 249, 349–52, 377n Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated (J. Taylor), 31, 44–5, 248, 249, 252, 390, 398, 399–400n, 433, 434, 436, 554, 591, 592n Continental Congress, First: formation of, 313; journal of, 609. See also Confederation Congress; Continental Congress, Second Continental Congress, Second: addresses to British people and Crown, 316–7; journal of, 609; and military education, 438, 439n; TJ as member of, 314–5, 315–6, 317, 329, 335, 375n; TJ’s Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, 308, 379n. See also Confederation Congress; Continental Congress, First Conversations on Chemistry: in which the elements of that science are familiarly explained (J. H. Marcet), 232, 251 Conway, Thomas B.: and University of Virginia, 621, 650 Cook, James (English explorer): J. Ledyard accompanies, 341 Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter): describes Monticello occupants, 78–9n; health of, 154; identified, 6:646–7n; mentioned, 73, 74n; and Monticello paintings, 598n; on T. Sully, 100n; TJ gives money to, 181, 190, 579, 598; as TJ’s amanuensis, 521n, 528n, 583, 586n; travels of, 181; visits Washington, 579; works sent to, 99–100, 135 Cooper, Thomas (d. 1594): Thesaurus Linguæ Romanæ & Britannicæ, 197 Cooper, Thomas (1759–1839): and construction of University of Virginia, 494; identified, 2:377n; letters from, 34–6, 237–8, 251; letters to, 100–1, 493–5, 520–2; president of South Carolina College, 36, 237–8; professor at South Carolina College, 35, 101,

230, 237–8, 251, 493–4, 590; and professors for University of Virginia, 19–20; recommends L. C. Vanuxem, 35, 56, 107; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 581n; University of Virginia professorship proposed for, 34n, 34–5, 75, 100–1, 293, 584, 617–8, 619n, 622; visits Monticello, 34–5, 36n, 50, 69 Copenhagen: British attack on, 368 Coray, Adamantios: edits Πλουτάρχου Βίοι Παράλληλοι (Plutarch), 106 corks: sent to TJ, 5; velvet, 110–1 corn: as crop, 247; crop failure, 515; as fodder, 40; C. Peyton’s, 487; price of, 26; purchased by T. J. Randolph, 487; seed sent to TJ, 109–10, 112, 134; TJ buys, 59 Cornelia (J. Gilmore’s slave): sale of, 476 Corny, Louis Dominique Ethis de: French revolutionary leader, 365 Corny, Marguérite Victoire de Palerne de: friendship with TJ, 283; identified, 1:175n Corotoman (J. C. Cabell’s Lancaster Co. estate): J. C. Cabell visits, 157, 467, 596 Corrêa da Serra, José: European travels of, 116; identified, 4:538–9n; mentioned, 603; recommends L. C. Vanuxem, 56; and University of Virginia, 193, 201 Cosby, Dabney: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 55, 637, 639, 649, 654; identified, 13:500–1n; recommendations of, 55 Cosway, Maria Louisa Catherine Cecilia Hadfield (Richard Cosway’s wife): as educator, 283; family of, 282–3; friendship with TJ, 283; identified, 14:209n; letter forwarded to, 42; letter from, 282–3 Cosway, Richard (Maria Cosway’s husband): death of, 282–3; family of, 283 cotton: in Africa, 423; as crop, 96; price of, 26; as textile, 7, 234; yarn, 5 Coup-d’Oeil sur l’État Actuel de la Litterature Ancienne et de l’Histoire en Allemagne (C. F. D. de Villers), 137 Courier, Paul Louis: Simple Discours, 255 Le Courrier Français (Paris newspaper), 58

 675 

INDEX Cours De Mathématiques (É. Bézout), 490 A Course of Mathematics (C. Hutton), 410 The Court of Death (R. Peale), 73 Cowper, William: The Task, A Poem, 12, 13, 14n cows. See cattle C. P. & J. H. McKennie (firm): TJ pays, 8; and University of Virginia, 627 Craddock (Cradock), John (boatman): and University of Virginia, 634 Cramer & Spear (Pittsburgh firm), 88n Craven, John H.: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; identified, 2:112–3n; TJ’s account with, 83; and University of Virginia, 635, 637, 640 Crawford, Malcolm F.: as builder for University of Virginia, 577, 631, 633, 635, 637, 641n Crawford, William Harris: identified, 7:425–6n; introduces T. F. Foster, 288; letter from TJ forwarded to, 415n; letters from, 123, 288; letter to, 103–4; letter to, from J. C. Calhoun, 123–4; presidential prospects of, 212, 213, 215, 216; as secretary of the treasury, 103–4, 123, 123–4, 124, 185, 495, 496n, 522, 656 Creek Indians: agents to, 405 Crenshaw, Robert: and University of Virginia, 627 Cresey, W. W.: and University of Virginia, 636 criminal law, 323–4, 325–6 Croft, Jacob: and University of Virginia, 633 Crommelin, Claude Daniel: identified, 16:564n; letter from, 208; travels of, 208 crops: flax, 594; hay, 39; hemp, 594; rice, 340. See also corn; cotton; tobacco; wheat Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams: and appointments, 462; identified, 9:412n; letter to, from I. Chauncey, 462–3 Crozet, Claudius: identified, 54–5n; letters from, 51–5, 574; letters to, 69, 600–1; seeks position at University of Virginia, 51–2, 69; A Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, for the use of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy, 574, 600; and U.S. Military Academy, 51–2

Cullen, John (1797–1849): identified, 401n; introduced to TJ, 400 Cullen, John (quarrier): and University of Virginia, 620, 622, 623. See also John Cullen & Company cups: leather, 99, 100n, 135 currency: amount of in circulation, 15; depreciation of, 418; exchange of, 111, 144; paper, 618 Cuvier, Georges: identified, 6:470n; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 88, 89 Cynan (Welsh noble): family of, 127, 128n da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça, Hipólito José: A Narrative of the Persecution of Hippolyto Joseph da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça, 537 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper). See National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper) Dale, Richard: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461; as U.S. Navy commodore, 454, 459n Dallas, Alexander James: identified, 8:127n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461; as secretary of the treasury, 522n Dalzel, Andrew: Substance of Lectures on the Ancient Greeks, and on the Revival of Greek Learning in Europe by the late Andrew Dalzel (ed. J. Dalzel), 535 Dalzel, John: edits Substance of Lectures on the Ancient Greeks, and on the Revival of Greek Learning in Europe by the late Andrew Dalzel (A. Dalzel), 535 dams: at Natural Bridge, 558 Dandridge, William (ca. 1782–1830): as cashier of Bank of Virginia, 397–8n; identified, 12:581n Daniel, Peter Vyvian: as director of Va. Literary Fund, 304, 383, 398n; identified, 2:88n; as lieutenant governor of Va., 305–6n Daniel, William: identified, 15:14n; as judge, 257n Davenport, Jesse: Charlottesville tavern keeper, 382 Davenport, Samuel T.: death of, 203, 204, 205n; identified, 205n Davenport, Susan Garrett (Samuel T. Davenport’s wife): aid for, 203, 204–5, 205, 245, 246n

 676 

INDEX Davenport & Allen (Richmond firm): buys TJ’s flour, 396, 397n David, king of Israel, 505 David, Jacques Louis: Les Licteurs Rapportent à Brutus les Corps de Ses Fils, 73, 74n, 105 Davies, John (1679–1732): translates The History of Appian (Appian), 535 Davis, John W.: and University of Virginia, 637 Davis, William: and University of Virginia, 631 Davy, Sir Humphry: Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 537 Dawson, Allen: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630, 641n Dawson, Martin: identified, 2:281–2n; letter from accounted for, 492n; and Milton lands, 272; TJ pays, 16, 491; TJ’s Notes on Account with, 15 Day, Thomas (of Great Britain): Fragment of an original Letter on the Slavery of the Negroes; Written in the Year 1776, 12, 14n deafness: works on, 535 Deane, Silas: as diplomat, 329 Dearborn, Henry: health of, 402, 431; identified, 1:280n; letter from, 401–2; letter to, 430–1; and Missouri statehood, 401–2, 431; praised, 213; and G. Stuart’s portraits of TJ, 402, 431 Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell: as Boston customs collector, 86, 113, 113, 114, 129, 139, 195, 221, 507, 530n, 612; identified, 4:197n; letters from, 86, 195, 612; letter to, 113; and G. Stuart’s portraits of TJ, 195, 402 Dearborn, Sarah Bowdoin (James Bowdoin’s widow; Henry Dearborn’s third wife): greetings sent to, 431; health of, 402; identified, 5:165n; sends greetings to TJ, 402 Death: A Poetical Essay (B. Porteus), 73 De Bello Peloponnesiaco Libri Octo Graece et Latine (Thucydides; eds. J. Wasse and K. A. Duker), 106 debt, public: N. Macon on, 554–5; TJ on, 436–7, 560 de Bure Frères (Paris firm): identified, 10:232n; invoices from, 447–8; letter from, 444–6; letter to, 136–7; TJ purchases books from, 57, 58n, 136–7, 138–9, 444–6, 534; TJ’s account with, 136–7, 147, 447

Decameron (G. Boccaccio), 72 Decatur, Stephen: identified, 6:273–4n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Declaration of Independence: mentioned, 276n; readings of, 276n; signers of, 431, 439; TJ as author of, 12, 215, 276n deer: antlers sent to TJ, 220, 228 Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du: Lettres de La Marquise du Deffand, 536 DeLacy, John Devereux: health of, 125–6; identified, 6:62–3n; imprisonment of, 125; and inland navigation, 125–6; letter from, 125–6; solicits TJ’s patronage, 125–6 Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph: writings of, 410 Delaplaine, Joseph: and biography of TJ, 307; Delaplaine’s Repository, 307; identified, 3:51n De la Révolution Actuelle de l’Espagne, et de ses suites (D. D. Pradt), 188, 189n, 198 De La Sagesse (P. Charron), 447, 448n De la Saisie des Batimens Neutres, ou Du Droit qu’ont les Nations Belligérantes d’arréter les Navires des Peuples Amis (M. Hübner), 450 Delaware: and Confederation Congress, 335; and Continental Congress, 317 Delaware Indians, 547, 573 Delile, Alire Raffeneau: and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 Delphian Club (Baltimore), 73, 74n Demades: Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 Demosthenes: J. Adams on, 505; Œuvres complettes de Dêmosthene et d’Eschine (trans. A. Auger), 138–9, 447 Denmark: and Algiers, 340; early explorers from, 127; relations with U.S., 336, 338–9 De Oratore (Cicero), 105 d’Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille Tardieu d’Esclavelles: Mémoires et Correspondance de Madame d’Épinay, 536 de Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron. See Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron de Description Statistique, Historique et Politique des États-Unis de l’Amérique Septentrionale (D. B. Warden), 407

 677 

INDEX Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude: Élémens d’Idéologie, 246; family of, 254; identified, 1:262n; Principes Logiques, ou Recueil de Faits relatifs a l’Intelligence Humaine, 246, 247n; TJ on, 246; TJ on Commentary, 246; TJ on Principes Logiques, 246 de Thou, Jacques Auguste: The Life of Thuanus, with Some Account of his Writings, and a Translation of the Preface to his History (J. Collinson), 535 Devereux, Thomas Pollock: as University of North Carolina trustee, 521n Dey, Anthony: and flax, 594, 595n; identified, 595n; letter from, 594–5 Dick (African American): and University of Virginia, 634 Dick (Little Dick) (TJ’s slave; b. 1781): transports livestock, 39 Dickinson, John: and Continental Congress, 314, 316–7 Dickson, William (d. 1823): toasts honoring, 289 Dictionarium Historicum, Geographicum Poeticum (C. Estienne), 73n Dictionarium, seu Latinæ linguæ Thesaurus (R. Estienne), 535, 537n Dictionnaire Grec-Français, composé sur l’ouvrage intitulé Thesaurus Linguæ Græcæ, de Henri Étienne (J. Planche), 106, 230, 403, 443, 526, 535 Dietrich, William: and University of Virginia, 634 Dill, Mr. (ship captain), 262n Dinarchus: Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 Dinsmore, James: as builder for Central College–University of Virginia, 63n, 77, 567–8, 578, 620, 622, 625, 630, 631, 634, 637, 649, 652; finances of, 567–8; health of, 567; identified, 1:136n; letter from, 567–8. See also Dinsmore & Perry (Albemarle Co. firm) Dinsmore & Perry (Albemarle Co. firm): as builders for University of Virginia, 622, 649, 652–3 Dio, Cassius. See Cassius Dio Diocletian (Roman emperor): drawings of baths of, 133 Διόδωρος. Bibliothecae Historicae Libri qui Supersunt (Diodorus Siculus; eds.

P. Wesseling, C. G. Heyne, and J. N. Eyring), 106 Diodorus Siculus: Διόδωρος. Bibliothecae Historicae Libri qui Supersunt (eds. P. Wesseling, C. G. Heyne, and J. N. Eyring), 106 Diomede (TJ’s horse), 18n Dionysius of Halicarnassus: Opera Omnia Graece et Latine (eds. H. Estienne, J. J. Reiske, and others), 106 Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 A Discourse on the Early History of Pennsylvania (P. S. Du Ponceau), 141n Dissertatio Medica inauguralis, de Vasis Absorptioni Servientibus (T. F. Andrews), 241, 242n A Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind (R. Wallace), 535 Dissertatio Politico-Juridica de Jure Coloniarum (C. J. Brand), 112 Divers, George: health of, 147; hosts E. Trist, 230; identified, 1:157–8n; and University of Virginia, 575, 575, 576, 578 D. Iunii Iuvenalis Aquinatis Satirae XVI (Juvenal; ed. G. A. Ruperti), 106 Dodge, Joshua: as consul at Marseille, 86; identified, 11:488–9n; invoice from, 271; letter from, 507–8; letter to, 139–40; and medal for TJ, 507; TJ pays, 107, 116, 116, 147; TJ’s debt to, 271; and wine and groceries for TJ, 86, 117, 139–40, 530. See also Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm) Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm): account with TJ, 507; identified, 530n; letter from, 530; and wine and groceries for TJ, 507, 530, 612. See also Dodge, Joshua; Oxnard, Thomas Dold, Jesse: and University of Virginia, 620, 623, 638 Donaghue (Donahue), William: and University of Virginia, 638 Douglas, William: TJ’s early teacher, 310 Draffen, Thomas: and University of Virginia, 630, 631, 635–40 Drapiez, Pierre Auguste Joseph: and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 drawing: landscape, 222 drawings: architectural, 296–7, 298n; by H. F. Randolph Willis, liv, 392 (illus.)

 678 

INDEX Drew, Daniel: identified, 501n; letter from, 501; seeks position at University of Virginia, 136, 501 drill (textile), 6 Le Droit des Gens, ou, Principes de la loi naturelle, appliqué à la conduite & aux affaires des nations & des souverains (E. von Vattel), 334, 376n Le Droit Public de L’Europe (G. B. de Mably), 334, 376n drunkenness. See alcohol: abuse of Dryden, John: Fables, Ancient and Modern, 209; King Arthur: or, the British Worthy, 310, 375n Dufief, Nicolas Gouin: account with TJ, 444; bookseller, 230; identified, 3:98n Duke, James: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 576 Duker, Karl Andreas: edits De Bello Peloponnesiaco Libri Octo Graece et Latine (Thucydides), 106 Duméril, André Marie Constant: Traité élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle, 138, 445, 494 Dunkum, William: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631, 641n Dunmore, John Murray, 4th Earl of: colonial governor of Va., 312, 313, 315 Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen: “An Address delivered at the opening of the Law Academy of Philadelphia,” 141; A Discourse on the Early History of Pennsylvania, 141n; identified, 9:179n; introduces L. C. Vanuxem to TJ, 140–1; letters from, 50–1, 140–1; letter to, 69; recommends L. C. Vanuxem, 50–1, 56, 69, 107 Duport, Adrien Jean François: and French Constitution of 1791, 370 Durand, François: and wine for TJ, 139 Durand, Jean Nicholas Louis: Recueil et Parallèle des Édifices de Tout Genre Anciens et Modernes, 99, 135, 137, 444 Dureau de la Malle, Jean Baptiste: translates Tacite (Tacitus), 106 Durrett, John W.: and University of Virginia, 632, 641n Duryee, Charles: as weigher at New York, 448n Duval, Amaury: edits Collection de Moralistes Français, (Montaigne,— Charron,—Pascal,—La Rouchefoucauld,—La Bruyère,—Vauvenargues,—

Duclos); publiée avec des commentaires et de nouvelles notices biographiques, 138, 447, 448n DuVal, John Pope: identified, 7:214n; seeks appointment, 222–3; TJ recommends, 222–3 DuVal, William: identified, 6:76n; letter from, 222–3; seeks appointment for son, 222–3 D. W. & C. Warwick (Richmond firm): TJ buys tin from, 200, 202; and University of Virginia, 631, 636, 650, 654 D’Wolf, John: An Address delivered to the Citizens of Bristol, R. I., July Fourth, 1821, 570, 571n; identified, 570–1n; letter to, 570–1 dysentery: outbreak of, 395; TJ suffers from, 314 Eagle (TJ’s horse), 18n East Florida: appointments sought in, 125. See also Florida Eaton, William: as U.S. consul at Tunis, 459n Echsner, Henry: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 462n École Militaire (Paris): educational plan of, 388, 551 École Normale Supérieure (Paris): educational plan of, 551 École Polytechnique (Paris): educational plan of, 388, 551 École Spéciale Impériale Militaire: students at, 426 Eddystone Rocks (English Channel): lighthouse at, 332–3 Eden, William, 1st Baron Auckland: as politician, 347, 348 Edgehill (T. M. Randolph’s Albemarle Co. estate): ownership of, 305 education: of African Americans, 499–500, 501n; elementary, 61, 326; federal appropriations for, 172–3, 187; female, 72, 488, 514; and taxation, 327; of TJ, 309–10; TJ on, 183, 383; tutors, private, 541, 559; in Va., 103, 106, 158n, 326–7. See also education, collegiate; schools and colleges; specific entries for TJ’s Eppes and Randolph descendants education, collegiate: curriculum of, 326–7. See also schools and colleges; specific entries for academic subjects eggnog, 25–6

 679 

INDEX Élémens d’Idéologie (Destutt de Tracy): TJ on, 246 Elements of Agricultural Chemistry (H. Davy), 537 The Elements of Greek Grammar, With Notes (R. Valpy), 218, 250 The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy (T. Cavallo), 494 Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind (D. Stewart), 246 Elgin Botanic Garden (New York City), 79 Ellery, William: as member of Confederation Congress, 333 Elliott, Stephen: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89, 90 Elliott, Thomas Odingsell: An Oration, delivered in St. Philip’s Church, Charleston, South-Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1821; before the ’76 Association, 448, 449n, 479 Elstob, Elizabeth: translates An EnglishSaxon Homily on the Birth-Day of St. Gregory (Ælfric of Eynsham), 196 Elton, Sir Charles Abraham: translation of Hesiod by, 536 Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique (Lamarck and Poiret), 546–7 English language: Anglo-Saxon (Old English), 196–7, 411, 419, 563 An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-Day of St. Gregory (Ælfric of Eynsham; trans. E. Elstob), 196 Enquirer (Richmond newspaper). See Richmond Enquirer (newspaper) An Enquiry into the Truth of the Tradition, concerning the Discovery of America, By Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd, about the year, 1170 (J. Williams), 127, 128n Episcopalians: and education, 395 Eppes, Francis (TJ’s brother-in-law): as J. Wayles’s executor, 184 Eppes, Francis Wayles (TJ’s grandson): and Central College–University of Virginia, 104, 246, 494; delivers letters, 547; education of, in Charlottesville, 560; education of, at Monticello, 560; education of, at South Carolina College, 34, 36, 101, 104, 230, 237, 246, 493–4, 547–8, 560, 590; family of, 100n; identified, 4:115n; and legal education, 494; letters from accounted for, 105n, 247n, 591n; letters to, 104–5, 246–7, 590–1;

as TJ’s amanuensis, 472n; TJ’s relationship with, 104, 246–7, 251, 590 Eppes, John Wayles (TJ’s son-in-law): copies J. Madison’s notes from Constitutional Convention, 377n; encourages TJ to write history, 307, 549, 561, 608–9; family of, 608, 609n; identified, 1:337–8n; letters from, 547–9, 608–10; letters to, 493–5, 560–2; library of, 549, 561, 609; and politics, 548–9, 608–9; relationship with son, 493–4, 547–8, 560, 590; relationship with TJ, 548, 560; visits Poplar Forest, 548; witnesses document, 493n Eppes, Maria (Mary) Jefferson (TJ’s daughter; John Wayles Eppes’s first wife): harpsichord of, 85n; mentioned, 337, 377n; travels to France, 345 Eppington (Eppes’s Chesterfield Co. estate): TJ visits, 372 Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de: La Araucana, 138, 447 Erie Canal, 585–6, 587n Ernesti, August Wilhelm: edits Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt (Ammianus Marcellinus), 138, 447 Ernesti, Johann August: edits C. Cornelii Taciti opera (Tacitus), 106 Las Eroticas, y Traduccion de Boecio (A. M. S. Boethius; E. M. de Villegas), 138, 445 Errard, Charles: Parallele de l’Architecture Antique avec la Moderne, 133 “Esquisse d’un Cours d’Histoire, ou d’un Plan de Lectures Historiques, rapporté spécialement à l’Influence des Femmes, considérée dans les différens siècles et chez les différentes nations,” 265, 267n Essais de Montaigne (M. de Montaigne), 447, 448n Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations (Voltaire), 138, 445 An Essay concerning Human Understanding (J. Locke), 246 An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle II (A. Pope), 171, 172n An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle IV (A. Pope), 12, 14n An Essay on the History of the English Government and Constitution (J. Russell), 536, 537

 680 

INDEX Estes, William: and University of Virginia, 630 Estienne, Charles: Dictionarium Historicum, Geographicum Poeticum, 73n Estienne, Henri (Stepani; Stephani): edits Opera Omnia Graece et Latine (Dionysius of Halicarnassus), 106 Estienne, Robert: Dictionarium, seu Latinæ linguæ Thesaurus, 535, 537n Estko, Stanislaw: and T. Kosciuszko, 499, 501n ethics: collegiate education in, 237, 238n, 310; study of, 494 Euripides: Euripidis Tragoediae Fragmenta Epistolae (ed. J. Barnes), 106; The Tragedies of Euripides (trans. R. Potter), 444; works of, 536 Euripidis Tragoediae Fragmenta Epistolae (Euripides; ed. J. Barnes), 106 Europe: commerce of, 406–7; revolutions in, 43–4, 142; scarcity of bread in, 357–8; and U.S. economy, 190 Eustace & McNamara (Richmond firm), 430, 439 Eustis, William: identified, 1:584n; political legacy of, 213 Evans, Laurence: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Evans, Oliver: identified, 7:109n; lawsuit against estate of, 595–6, 610 Evans, Philip (T. M. Randolph’s slave): delivers goods, 412n Everette, Charles: account with TJ, 430n; buys TJ’s Pouncey’s tract, 23, 388–9; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620, 630; identified, 3:196n; and University of Virginia, 627, 633 Ewell, Charlotte (Jesse Ewell’s wife): health of, 547 Ewell, James: family of, 583; identified, 15:127n Ewell, Jesse: family of, 547, 583 Ewell, Margaret McIntosh Robertson (James Ewell’s wife): family of, 583 exercise, physical: and health, 467 Eyriès Frères & Compagnie (Le Havre firm): identified, 80n; letter from, 79–80; and seeds for TJ, 79–80 Eyring, Jeremias Nicolaus: edits Διόδωρος. Bibliothecae Historicae Libri qui Supersunt (Diodorus Siculus), 106

Fables, Ancient and Modern (J. Dryden), 209 Fairfax, Albert: as University of Virginia student, 502n Fairfax, Henry: as University of Virginia student, 502n Fairfax, Orlando: as University of Virginia student, 502n Fairfax, Thomas (1762–1846): identified, 502n; letter from, 501–2; letter to, 550–1; and sons’ education, 501–2, 550–1 Famin, Joseph Etienne: negotiates treaty with Tunis, 459n Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Lynchburg): and loans, 181, 197; transactions at, 588 Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond): orders on, 202, 588; TJ’s loan from, 3, 15–6, 17n, 36–7, 46, 47n, 67–8, 82–3, 242–3, 258, 259, 263, 271–3, 274n, 281–2, 284, 396, 532, 542; and University of Virginia, 416, 422, 428, 440, 631, 642, 643 Farmington (G. Divers’s Albemarle Co. estate): purchased by B. Peyton, liv–lv; TJ visits, 85n; E. Trist visits, 85n Farrand, William P.: edits A Compendious System of Greek Grammar (E. Wettenhall), 211 Fauquier, Francis: TJ on, 310 Fauver, Jacob: and University of Virginia, 633 Federalist party: principles of, 548–9, 555, 560, 609; TJ on, 298–9, 561. See also Hartford, Conn.: Federalist convention at Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph (newspaper), 393, 394, 395n, 417 Federal Republican & Commercial Gazette (Baltimore newspaper), 164 Ferdinand IV, king of Naples: and revolution in Naples, 143n Ferdinand VII, king of Spain: and Spanish revolution of 1820, 191–2 Fernagus De Gelone, Jean Louis: as bookseller, 193, 230, 280–1; as educator, 388, 551; family of, 193, 551, 552n; finances of, 193, 388, 551; health of, 280; identified, 11:127–8n; imports books from Europe, 280; letter from accounted for, 281n; letters from, 193, 280–1, 388, 551–2;

 681 

INDEX Fernagus De Gelone, Jean Louis (cont.) plans to relocate to South America, 388, 551; proposed school in Martinique, 388 fevers: bilious, 395; described as typhoid, 571, 572n; mentioned, 48, 156–7; seasonal, 381, 547. See also yellow fever files (tools), 5, 8 fish: anchovies, 140; carp, 68, 71; export of, 340; herring, 211, 218, 221, 223, 223–4; at Poplar Forest, 207, 218; shad, 211, 221, 223, 223–4 Fishburn, M.: and University of Virginia, 639 Fisher, James: buys TJ’s flour, 287 Fitzhugh, William Henry: identified, 13:52n; as Va. state senator, 33n Flanagan, Ambrose: and University of Virginia, 640 flannel: TJ orders, 10, 11 flax: preparation of, 594, 595n Flesselles, Jacques de: execution of, 365–6 “Fletcher of Saltoun” (pseudonym): essays on Cohens v. Virginia, 402–3 Flood, Henry: Buckingham Co. tavern keeper, 40, 153; identified, 4:515n Flood, John: sells horse to TJ, 587n Flood, Mary Walker (Henry Flood’s wife), 153 Flood’s Ordinary (Buckingham Co.; proprietor Henry Flood), 153 Flórez Canseco, Casimiro: reprints La Poetica de Aristoteles (Aristotle; trans. A. Ordoñez das Seijas y Tobar), 138, 447, 448n Florida: acquisition of by U.S., 41n. See also East Florida La Florida del Ynca (Garcilaso de la Vega), 536, 537n flour: exportation of, 339–40, 377n; from Poplar Forest, 48; price of, 15, 17, 21, 22, 26, 111, 111, 130, 152, 174, 190, 195, 286, 302, 396–7, 553, 598, 599; at Richmond, 190, 202; sale of, 129, 130, 152, 161, 173, 174, 191, 223, 224, 286–7, 396, 396–7, 515, 542, 543, 552, 553, 566–7, 598, 599; from Shadwell, 60, 111, 211; shipment of, 111, 176, 180, 181, 200, 217; transported to Richmond, 202, 579, 588. See also Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): flour from flowers. See plants; specific flower names

Floyd, David: and James II, king of England, 459, 460n Floyd, William: death of, 431, 439, 489, 506 fly. See Hessian fly fodder: mentioned, 22, 40; for Monticello, 59; TJ purchases, 487 Fontaine, Walter L.: as Va. legislator, 158n food: anchovies, 140, 530, 612; beef, 498; bread, 331; butter, 55, 331; carp, 68, 71; cheese, 5, 9, 64, 68, 83; fish, 207, 340; greens, 612–3; herring, 211, 218, 221, 223, 223–4; ice cream, 230; kale, sea, 49; macaroni, 140, 530, 612; meat, 340; melons, 175; olive oil, 140, 507, 530, 612; pork, 22, 59; salt, 650, 654; shad, 211, 221, 223, 223–4. See also alcohol; coffee; corn; flour; oil; rice; salt; spices; tea; wine Fortescue, Sir John: A learned commendation of the politique lawes of England, 419 Foster, Thomas Flournoy: identified, 288n; introduced to TJ, 288 Foulon (Foullon) de Doué, Joseph François: as government minister, 357, 364, 378n Fouquet, Jean Pierre: and model for Va. state capitol, 376n Fourth of July: international influence of, 490; orations, 275–6, 420, 448, 449n, 479, 481, 482n, 484, 490, 506, 570, 571n Fox, Charles James: toasts honoring, 289 Fox, Henry Richard Vassall, 3d Baron Holland. See Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3d Baron Fragment of an original Letter on the Slavery of the Negroes; Written in the Year 1776 (T. Day), 12, 14n France: and Algiers, 340–1; and American Revolution, 342; Assembly of Notables (1787, 1788), 344, 355, 356–7, 378n; Chambre des Députés, 254; and commerce, 142, 143n, 340; Constitution of 1791, 369–71; Corps Législatif, 335, 376–7n; cuisine of, 603; Estates General, 355–60, 369–71, 378n; famine in, 357–8; farmersgeneral, 340, 377n; financial system of, 342–4; foreign policy of, 345–9; and Lafayette, 254; Maison Carrée, lii; manufacturing in, 358; National

 682 

INDEX Assembly, 360–7; newspapers of, 58, 255n, 342; oppression in, 355–8; parlements of, 344, 355–6; political situation in, 142, 342–4, 355–72, 377n; public opinion in, 342; riots in, 358; and Spain, 201; taxes in, 343, 355, 378n, 468; TJ on, 177, 219–20, 372; TJ’s travels in, 344–5, 353, 354, 377n; weather in, 357–8. See also Franklin, Benjamin; French Revolution; Gallatin, Albert: as minister plenipotentiary to France; Jefferson, Thomas: Public Service; Louis XIV, king of France; Louis XV, king of France; Louis XVI, king of France; Louis XVIII, king of France; Marie Antoinette, queen of France; Napoleon I, emperor of France Francis I, emperor of Austria: and Italy, 177 Franklin (brig): captured by Tripoli, 454n, 459n Franklin, Benjamin: as American commissioner in France, 329, 338, 354; anecdotes about, 332–3; correspondence of, 278, 300; and diplomatic colleagues, 337, 353; and T. Hutchinson’s letters, 278n; as member of Continental Congress, 317, 335; Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. F.R.S. &c. (ed. W. T. Franklin), 378n; as minister to France, 339; TJ on, 335; TJ’s relationship with, 373–4; toasts honoring, 289 Franklin, Jesse: as governor of N.C., 580, 581n Franklin, USS, 300, 301n Franklin, William Temple: edits Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. F.R.S. &c., 378n; and publication of B. Franklin’s papers, 373–4 Franklin Press (Richmond firm): printing house, 553, 572 “Franklin’s Ghost” (pseudonym). See “The Ghost of Franklin” (“Franklin’s Ghost”; “Neptune”) (pseudonym) Franks, David Salisbury: military service of, 336 Fraser, Charles Henry: as British chargé d’affaires, 348 Fréart de Chambray, Roland: Parallele de l’Architecture Antique avec la Moderne, 133

Frederick II (“the Great”), king of Prussia: death of, 347; family of, 377n; mentioned, 338 Fredericksburg, Va. See Bank of Fredericksburg Frederick William II, king of Prussia: family of, 345, 377n; military expansion under, 347; reign of, 348; TJ on, 347 Freemasonry: symbolism of, 239, 240n Freinsheim, Johann: edits Titi Livii Historiarum quod exstat (Livy), 106 French and Indian War, 28, 313, 375n French language: dictionaries, 106, 230, 403, 443, 526, 535; documents in, by: Chastellier, Benjamin de, 164–6; de Bure Frères, 447–8; letters in, from: R. A. Barba, 540–2; C. Crozet, 51–5, 574; de Bure Frères, 444–6; Eyriès Frères & Compagnie, 79–80; L. A. Gruchet, 188–9, 234–6, 393–5, 480–1; M. A. Jullien, 65–7, 265–7; Riègert, 425–7; TJ studies, 231, 247, 310, 393, 417, 541, 559; works written in, 147 French Revolution: Bastille stormed, 365, 366; Declaration of the Rights of Man, 363, 369; TJ on, 308, 355–72 Fretageot, Marie Duclos: transmits letter, 265 Fretwell, Crenshaw: and University of Virginia, 623, 624, 631 Fretwell, John: and University of Virginia, 637 Frost, John T.: clerk of U.S. House of Representatives, 659n Fry, John (1737–78): and Fry v. Bell, 27–8, 29n; identified, 29n Fry, Joshua (ca. 1700–54): and Fry v. Bell, 27–8, 29n; identified, 29n; surveyor, 309 Fry, Joshua (ca. 1760–1839): and Fry v. Bell, 27–8; identified, 29n Fry v. Bell, 27–30 Fulton, Robert: identified, 2:250–1n; and inland navigation, 126; and steamboats, 586 Gahn, Henry: as Swedish consul at New York, 388, 551 Gallatin, Albert: conveys letters and parcels, 138n, 140n, 199n; delivers letters for TJ, 200; family of, 65; identified, 1:599n; and M. A. Jullien, 65;

 683 

INDEX Gallatin, Albert (cont.) letter to, 200; as minister plenipotentiary to France, 266; recommends L. C. Vanuxem, 35 Gallatin, James: carries letter, 65 Gamble, Robert: as surety for J. Preston, 257n G. & R. Waite (Baltimore firm): correspondence sent to, 185 Gantt, Thomas John: identified, 449n; letter from, 448–9; letter to, 479; sends works to TJ, 448, 479 García de la Huerta y Muñoz, Vicente Antonio: Obras Poeticas de Don Vicente Garcia de la Huerta, 138, 447 Garcilaso de la Vega: La Florida del Ynca, 536, 537n gardening: books on, 43, 197, 411. See also seeds gardens: Jardin des Plantes (Paris), 225, 243; in New York City, 243, 277, 388; in Philadelphia, 243 Garland, David Shepherd: as Va. legislator, 157 Garland, Samuel: identified, 16:30–1n; letter from, 564–5; letter to, 566–7; and TJ’s debt to Mr. Hawkins, 564, 566–7 Garner, Mary: house of, 652 Garrett, Alexander: as Albemarle Co. clerk, 226n, 227n, 273n, 389n; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621, 631; family of, 203, 204–5, 205, 245, 246n; identified, 5:567–8n; letter from accounted for, 629n; letters from, 204–5, 531; letter to, 205; order drawn by, 430, 439; TJ’s account with, 128, 144; as University of Virginia bursar, 108, 128, 144, 152, 186, 293, 397–8n, 416, 510–1, 517n, 531, 597, 616, 617, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3, 643–4, 644–5, 646–7, 648, 649–50, 655 Garth, Garland: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; and University of Virginia, 634, 635, 639, 640 Garth, Jesse: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630, 631; and University of Virginia, 627, 633, 637, 638, 640 Garth, Jesse Winston: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 632, 640; sells land to Central College, 640

Garth, William: and University of Virginia, 623, 626, 633 Garth, Willis Dabney: and University of Virginia, 620 Gaspee, HMS (revenue cutter), 379n Gazette nationale, ou, Le Moniteur universel (Paris newspaper), 255n Gelston, David: as collector at New York, 243; identified, 1:282n The General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, Commonly call’d, The West-Indies (A. de Herrera y Tordesillas; trans. J. Stevens), 536 A General Index to the Virginian Law Authorities, reported by Washington, Call, Hening and Munford jointly, and Munford separately (W. Munford), 210, 233 The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (J. Smith), 572 Genoa, Italy: relations with U.S., 336 Gentry, Robert: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; and University of Virginia, 621, 624, 627, 635, 640 Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Étienne: and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 geography: elementary education in, 327; study of, 493, 494. See also maps; prime meridian geology. See mineralogy Γεωπονικά. Agricultural Pursuits (trans. T. Owen), 197, 411 George III, king of Great Britain: addresses to, 311, 316–7; and meeting with TJ, 339; TJ on, 310–1; and Va. Day of Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer (1774), 313 George IV, king of Great Britain: coronation of, 283 George, Luther M.: and University of Virginia, 623, 638 Georgia, University of: and tariffs on books, 523, 544, 545n, 655 Germany: desire for reform in, 254; and tariffs on books, 468; TJ’s travels in, 354 Gerry, Elbridge (1744–1814): identified, 1:573n; as member of Confederation Congress, 333; political legacy of, 213 “The Ghost of Franklin” (“Franklin’s Ghost”; “Neptune”) (pseudonym): and books for sailors, 300–1; letter

 684 

INDEX from, 300–1; and University of Virginia, 301 Gibbon, James: and books for TJ, 281, 285–6, 291; as collector at Richmond, 86, 113, 113, 114, 151, 281, 291, 416; identified, 2:669n; introduces Mr. Nolti to TJ, 284; letters from, 151, 281, 284, 291; letters to, 114, 285–6; and payments made for TJ, 114 Gibson, Mrs. See Gibson’s Ordinary (Buckingham Co.) Gibson, Alexander: identified, 424n; seeks naval appointment, 424, 435, 437, 465 Gibson, Edmund: Chronicon Saxonicum, 196 Gibson, George Sanderson: as clerk for P. Gibson, 287; identified, 16:5n Gibson, Nicholas: and University of Virginia, 632 Gibson, Patrick: account with TJ, 190, 286, 286–7, 302; health of, 161, 190, 286, 303; identified, 4:523n; letters from, 161, 286, 424, 465; letters to, 60, 190, 302–3, 435; and payments made for TJ, 303, 303, 385; seeks appointment for son, 424, 435, 437, 465; and TJ’s flour, 60, 161, 190, 191, 286–7, 302; and TJ’s loan from Bank of Virginia, 60, 161, 190, 191, 287 Gibson’s Ordinary (Buckingham Co.), 435n Gilbert, Dandridge: alleged plot by, 304, 305–6n Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 375n Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792). See Gillette, Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792) Gillette, Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792): travels to Poplar Forest, 153; as wagoner, 153 Gilmer, Mr. (boatman). See Gilmore, Joseph Gilmer, Francis Walker: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620; identified, 8:59n; Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 553, 572 Gilmer, Mary House (Peachy R. Gilmer’s wife): hosts E. Trist, 435n Gilmor, Robert: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Gilmor, Robert (1774–1848): friendship with T. Sully, 94n Gilmore, Joseph: death of, 428, 429n; identified, 16:30n; and Jefferson v.

Gilmore, 475–6; letter from accounted for, 182n; letter to, 182; Milton boatman, 3, 110–1, 113, 211; and repair of TJ’s mills, 182, 428; slave of, 476; as TJ’s tenant, 211, 247, 248n Girard, Stephen: identified, 8:587–8n; and TJ’s lines of credit, 147, 206, 507 Girardin, Louis Hue: and Baltimore College, 71–2, 105, 408, 432; and J. D. Burk’s History of Virginia, 315, 329; family of, 72; identified, 1:633–4n; letters from, 71–4, 408–9; letters to, 105–6, 432; letter to, from O. Reynolds, 409–11; TJ recommends books to, 72, 105, 106; and University of Virginia, 72, 105, 408, 409–10, 432 glass, window: Boston, 130–1; for Monticello, 303; for University of Virginia, 148, 150, 654 Glenn, Hugh: and University of Virginia, 624 Glenn, John: and University of Virginia, 632 Glinn, Robert R.: identified, 156n. See also Robert R. Glinn & Company (Richmond firm) God: as creator, 165; and U.S. interests, 41n Godefroy, Maximilian: identified, 10:456–7n; and monument to G. Washington, 479n Goldsborough, Charles Washington: correspondence of, 517n, 518, 519n; identified, 8:201–2n Gooch, Thomas W.: and University of Virginia, 639 Goodman, Jeremiah Augustus: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621, 629n, 630; identified, 4:374n; and University of Virginia, 628, 631, 633 Goodman, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 631 Goodwin, Thomas Parkin, 517n, 518–9 Gordon, William Fitzhugh: identified, 5:270n; and University of Virginia, 607 Gorman, John: identified, 14:557–8n; and University of Virginia, 622, 624, 630, 631, 632, 636, 637, 638, 649, 654 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp: identified, 512n; letter to, 512; and Prize Book of the Publick Latin School in Boston, 512

 685 

INDEX gout, 254 Gouverneur, Hester: death of, 477–8 Gouverneur, Maria Hester Monroe (James Monroe’s daughter; Samuel L. Gouverneur’s wife): family of, 478n Gouverneur, Samuel Lawrence: family of, 477–8 government. See politics Grabe, John Ernest: edits Septuaginta Interpretum, 411–2, 482–3, 486 Graham, Edward: identified, 12:175n; letter from, 581; letter to, 555–6; and survey of Natural Bridge, 555–6, 558, 581 grammar: elementary education in, 327 Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica ex Hickesiano Linguarum Septentrionalium Thesauro Excerpta (G. Hickes), 196, 411 Grand, Ferdinand: as banker, 353 Grant, M.: and University of Virginia, 635 grapes: Chasselas Doré (Golden Chasselas), 405, 407n; fox, 406; grown in S.C., 405–6; muscadine, 406; native, 406; summer, 406; winter, 406. See also wine Gratiot, Charles, 109 Gravenhorst, Johann Ludwig Christian, 89 Graves, John: identified, 18n; letter from accounted for, 18n; letter to, 18; TJ purchases horse from, 18n; TJ’s debt to, 18 Great Britain: Acts of Union (1707), 314; agriculture in, 594; and Congress of Vienna, 474; Declaratory Act (1766), 312; documents on U.S. relations with, 609; financial system of, 555; and Hanover, 314; judicial system in, 351; navy of, 81; parliament of, 315; peace with, 333–6, 374, 376n, 378n; political unrest in, 489; and purported Welsh colony in America, 127–8, 413; relations with colonial America, 313; relations with the Netherlands, 345–9; and revolution in Naples, 58, 142; and slave trade, 290; and Stamp Act (1765), 311; supports despotism in Europe, 489; taxes in, 468, 469; TJ on colonial relations with, 310–1; TJ on religious freedom in, 310; TJ on war with, 330; and TJ’s ancestry, 309; and U.S., 336, 338, 339; U.S. minister to, 339; and

Va. Nonimportation Resolutions (1769), 311. See also American Revolution; George III; George IV; Jefferson, Thomas: Opinions on; Rush, Richard; War of 1812 Greece, ancient: architecture of, 418; government of, 213 Greece, modern: J. Adams on, 505–6; and Ottoman Empire, 253, 489; and Russia, 489; war of independence, 253, 474, 475n A Greek and English Manual Lexicon to the New Testament (J. H. Bass), 197, 411 Greek language: collegiate education in, 376n; dictionaries, 230, 403, 443, 526, 535; elementary education in, 231, 247, 541; grammars, 211, 218, 250; study of, 607 Greenlee, William: Rockbridge Co. property of, 611 Greenlee’s Ferry (Rockbridge Co.): tavern at, 558 greens (vegetable): grown at Poplar Forest, 612–3 Greenway, James: herbarium and manuscript of, 48, 135, 411 Greenway, Robert: identified, 49n; letter from, 48–9; letter to, 135; sends herbarium and manuscript to TJ, 48–9, 135 Greenwich Observatory, England: and prime meridian, 167, 172n Grégoire, Henri: mentioned, 98 Gregorios V, Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople: execution of, 475n Grenville, George: British prime minister, 278n Grenville, William Wyndam Grenville, 1st Baron: toasts honoring, 289 Grey, Charles, 2d Earl: and T. Kosciuszko monument, 415n Griffiths, John: and early North American explorers, 126–8, 413; letters from, 126–8, 413 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, baron von: and J. Ledyard’s expedition, 341 groceries: purchased by TJ, 579n; suppliers of, 152n. See also food Grouchy, Emmanuel, marquis de: identified, 9:13–4n; references from, 417, 480; TJ mistakes another for, 198, 234–5, 256 Grove, A.: and University of Virginia, 635

 686 

INDEX Gruchet, Louis Adrien: identified, 15:574n; letters from, 188–9, 234–6, 393–5, 480–1; letters to, 198, 256, 417, 513; and Napoleon, 393, 480; and newspaper criticisms of TJ, 393, 394, 395n, 417; plans to visit Monticello, 188, 198, 234–5, 256, 393; seeks position, 393, 417, 480, 513; sends works to TJ, 188, 198, 234–5, 256; TJ mistakes identity of, 198, 234–5, 256 Guegan, Henry (Louis Henri Guégan): as bookseller, 72; identified, 16:224n Guiche, Louise Gabrielle Aglaé de Polignac, duchesse de: friendship with Marie Antoinette, 366 gunpowder: TJ orders, 6 Guthrie, James: and University of Virginia, 624 Guthrie (Guthree), John: and University of Virginia, 635 gutters: at University of Virginia, 577, 654 Gwathmey, Robert & Temple (Richmond firm). See Robert & Temple Gwathmey (Richmond firm) Hadfield, George (Maria Cosway’s brother): family of, 283; letter to accounted for, 283n Hagarty, James: identified, 15:501n; as merchant, 199 Hagner, Peter: identified, 125n; letter from, to J. C. Calhoun, 124–5; as U.S. Treasury auditor, 123, 123–4, 124 The Hague. See The Netherlands Haines, Charles Glidden: identified, 13:245n; and Public Documents, relating to the New-York Canals, which are to connect the Western and Northern Lakes, with the Atlantic Ocean, 570 Haines, Hiram: identified, 240n; letters from, 239–40, 604–6; letter to, 264–5; and pocketknife for TJ, 604–5; and TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 239, 240, 264–5, 605–6 Haines, Reuben: identified, 12:505–6n; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 hair: lock of TJ’s requested, 582–3 Haiti: news from, 255 Αἱ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους τραγῳδίαι ἑπτά. Sophoclis Tragoediæ Septem (Sophocles; ed. T. Johnson), 106

Hall, John Elihu: edits Journal of Jurisprudence, 402, 450; identified, 5:176n; letter from, 450; letter to, 402–3; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Hall, Thomas M.: identified, 74n; letters from, 74, 175; letter to, 114; seeks professorship, 74, 114, 175 Halsted, Oliver: identified, 302n. See also Wiley & Halsted (New York firm) Hamburg (German city-state): relations with U.S., 336 Hamilton, Archibald Wade: identified, 260n; introduced to TJ, 259–60; letter from accounted for, 260n Hamilton, James (1786–1857): identified, 481–2n; letter from accounted for, 482n; letter to, 481–2; An Oration, delivered on the Fourth of July, 1821, before the Cincinnati and Revolution Societies, 481, 482n Hamilton, James A.: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Hamilton, Paul (1762–1816): identified, 2:175–6n; as secretary of the navy, 518, 519n Hammond, Charles: identified, 399n; letter from, 398–400; letter to, 433–4; and TJ’s Recommendation of John Taylor’s Construction Construed, 398, 399–400n, 433 Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis: and relations with U.S., 454–5 Hampden-Sydney College: influence of clergy at, 395; students at, 557 Hanah (TJ’s slave; b. 1770). See Hannah (Hanah) (TJ’s slave; b. 1770) Hanbury, John, & Company (London firm). See John Hanbury & Company (London firm) Hancock, John: and American Revolution, 315; as president of Continental Congress, 213, 317; toasts honoring, 289 Hannah (Hanah) (TJ’s slave; b. 1770): as housekeeper, 429; identified, 13:393–4n; and visitors to Poplar Forest, 154 Hanson, Alexander Contee, 164n Hardin, Benjamin: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620, 630; and University of Virginia, 627 Hardin, Hackney: and University of Virginia, 624, 625, 627

 687 

INDEX Hare, Robert: and University of Virginia, 20 Harlow, Brice: boats of, 95, 110 Harmar, Josiah: military service of, 336 Harner, Jacob: and University of Virginia, 631, 641n Harner, John: letter from, 220; letter to, 228; sends antlers to TJ, 220, 228 Harper, Charles: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 631; and University of Virginia, 639, 640 Harper, Joseph: and University of Virginia, 639 Harper, William: and University of Virginia, 638 Harpers Ferry, Va.: visitors to, 159; yellow fever at, 603 harpsichords: for Poplar Forest, 85n, 428–9 Harris, Ann Eppes: and J. Wayles’s estate, 184 Harris, Ira: and University of Virginia, 620 Harris, John (d. 1832): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630; identified, 6:482n Harris, Lee W.: as Va. legislator, 157 Harris, Richard (of Alabama): and lawsuit against John Hanbury & Company, 184; letter from accounted for, 184n Harrison, Benjamin (d. 1791): as member of Continental Congress, 316, 317 Harrison, Jesse Burton: education of, 557, 563, 565, 566; identified, 557–8n; introduced to TJ, 557; TJ introduces, 565, 565, 566 Harrison, Samuel Jordan: finances of, 566; identified, 1:348n; letter from, 557–8; letter to, 565; requests letter of introduction for son, 557, 565, 565 Harrow, John: and University of Virginia, 639 Harry, John: and University of Virginia, 621 Hartford, Conn.: Federalist convention at, 417, 431 Hartley, David (1731–1813): as peace negotiator, 338 Harvard University: students at, 557, 563, 565, 565, 566 Harvie, Jaquiline Burwell: and Central College–University of Virginia sub-

scription, 630; and University of Virginia, 636 Harvie, Richard: and TJ’s debt to J. Lyle, 103, 146 Hatch, Frederick Winslow: books bound for, 411, 482–3, 574; and books for TJ, 482–3, 486; and education of TJ’s grandsons, 16, 17n, 46, 47n, 383, 483–4, 486; identified, 483n; letters from, 486, 574–5; letter to, 482–4; officiates wedding, liii; TJ pays, 47; visits Monticello, 483, 486 hats: wool, 10 Haüy, René Just: Traité Élémentaire de Physique, 138, 447, 494 Hawkins, Mr.: TJ buys horses from, 564, 566–7 Hawkins, Abner B.: and University of Virginia, 623, 631 Hawkins, Benjamin: and grapes, 405, 407n Hawley, Abraham: identified, 16:645n; purchases Limestone Survey tract from TJ, 23; and University of Virginia, 623, 625 hay, 39 Hay, George: identified, 2:402n; letter from, 118–9; letter to, 148–9; and TJ’s purported support for D. Clinton, 118, 148–9 Hay, William, 325, 376n Hayden, Horace H.: identified, 16:523–4n; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Hayes, Samuel: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Hays, William: and University of Virginia, 637 Hazlitt, William: Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, 536 health: aneurysm, 158; apoplexy, 282; and bathing, 509–10; bowel complaint, 157, 413; cholera, 506; and clothing, 509; colds, 68, 157, 247; croup, 158; dysentery, 314, 395; and exercise, 467; fever, 48, 156–7, 247, 381, 395, 547, 571, 572n; gout, 254; headaches, 247; memory loss, 610; plague, 507; stomach disease, 472; swelling, 157, 158n; ulcers, 596; wounds, 280. See also aging; Jefferson, Thomas: Health; medicine; yellow fever Heath, James Ewell: identified, 425n; letter from, 440; letter to, 425; as Va.

 688 

INDEX auditor of public accounts, 397, 416, 425, 428, 440, 440 Hebrew language: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 466; collegiate education in, 328, 376n Hedge, Warren (ship captain), 262n Hemmings, John (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1776): and food allocation, 612–3; and goods for TJ, 4, 6, 7, 11n; identified, 15:60–1n; letter from, 612–3; travels to and from Poplar Forest, 612–3; as woodworker, 613 Hemmings, Peter (TJ’s slave; b. 1770): and Monticello brewery, 178, 179n hemp: preparation of, 594 Hemsterhuis, Tiberius: edits Λουκιανός Luciani Samosatensis Opera (Lucian), 106 Henderson, Bennett: lands of, 272 Henderson, Elizabeth Lewis (Bennett Henderson’s wife): identified, 7:119n; property of, 272 Henderson, McCaul & Company (Scottish firm): TJ’s debt to, 102, 103, 111, 145, 146, 226–7, 492, 493n. See also Lyle, James (1726–1812); Lyle, James (1798–1850) Hening, William Waller: identified, 1:158–9n; The New Virginia Justice, 568, 569n Henry, Patrick (1736–99): identified, 4:604–5n; as legislator, 313, 314, 315, 322; oratorical abilities of, 311, 318; quoted, 13, 14n; TJ’s recollections of, 307, 311, 314; and Va. Committee of Correspondence, 312; W. Wirt’s book on, 312 Henry, Patrick (of Rockbridge Co.): delivers letter, 581n; identified, 11:397–8n; letter to, 558; and survey of Natural Bridge, 556, 558, 581, 587; as tenant at Natural Bridge, 558 Henry, Robert (of South Carolina): and South Carolina College, 237, 238n Henry, Robert Norris. See Littell & Henry (Philadelphia firm) Henry Clay (ship), 195, 281, 396 Henshall, Samuel: The Saxon and English Languages Reciprocally Illustrative of Each Other, 419, 563 Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nicodemi; Anglo-Saxonice (E. Thwaites), 196 Herder, Johann Gottfried von: works of, 536

Herkness, Adam: and University of Virginia, 625 Hermes Scythicus: or, The Radical Affinities of the Greek and Latin Languages to The Gothic (J. Jamieson), 536 Hern, William (TJ’s slave; b. 1801): escape of, 198, 207 Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiarum (Herodotus), 536, 537n Herodoti Musae sive Historiarum Libri IX (Herodotus; ed. J. Schweighaeuser), 106 Herodotus: Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiarum, 536, 537n; Herodoti Musae sive Historiarum Libri IX (ed. J. Schweighaeuser), 106; translation of by I. Littlebury, 536; works of, 378n Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de: The General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, Commonly call’d, The West-Indies (trans. J. Stevens), 536 herring: sent to TJ, 221, 223, 223–4; TJ orders, 211, 218 Herron, John: as overseer at University of Virginia, 626, 631, 634, 635, 650 Hesiod (Greek poet): translation of by C. A. Elton, 536 Hessian fly, 198, 282 Heyne, Christian Gottlob: edits Διόδωρος. Bibliothecae Historicae Libri qui Supersunt (Diodorus Siculus), 106; edits The Iliad (Homer), 106; edits Virgil, 106 Hickes, George: Grammatica AngloSaxonica ex Hickesiano Linguarum Septentrionalium Thesauro Excerpta, 196, 411; Institutiones Grammaticæ Anglo-Saxonicæ, et Mœso-Gothicæ, 196 Hicks, Reuben Booth: identified, 404–5n; letter from, 404–5; letter to, 436; and nephew’s education, 404, 436 Higginbotham, David: identified, 4:154n; TJ pays, 16 Highland (J. Monroe’s Albemarle Co. estate): J. Monroe at, 513, 516, 517n, 517; J. Monroe plans to visit, 478; TJ visits, 513 Hinduism: J. Adams on, 505; practitioners of, 325 Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède (Voltaire), 138, 447

 689 

INDEX Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand (Voltaire), 138, 447 Histoire des Guerres Civiles de la République Romaine (Appian; trans. J. I. Combes-Dounous), 535 Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France (P. F. X. de Charlevoix), 536 Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Gentis Anglorum (Bede; ed. A. Wheelocke), 196 An Historical Account of Inventions and Discoveries in those Arts and Sciences, which are of Utility or Ornament to Man (J. F. L. Williams), 535 Historical Collections (J. Rushworth), 313, 375n history: study of, 493, 494; TJ asked to write, 549, 561, 608–9. See also books: on history The History of Appian (Appian; trans. J. Davies), 535 The History of Athens (W. Young), 535 The History of England (P. de Rapin Thoyras; trans. N. Tindal), 419, 538, 563 The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina (A. S. Le Page du Pratz), 536 The History of the Church of Englande (Bede; trans. T. Stapleton), 196 The History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain (G. J. Hunt), 185 History of the Persecutions endured by the Protestants of the South of France (M. Wilks), 536 The History of Virginia (J. D. Burk, S. Jones, and L. H. Girardin): mentioned, 315; TJ’s role in preparation of, 329 Hobbes, Thomas: writings of, 536 Hoffman, Beekman Verplanck: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461, 462n Hogg, John: and University of Virginia, 630 hogs. See pigs Holland. See The Netherlands holland (textile), 6 Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3d Baron: and T. Kosciuszko monument, 414, 415n Hollins, John: identified, 2:197–8n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Holmes, Hugh: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription,

620; identified, 6:114–5n; as judge, 257n Holtzman, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 634 Holy Alliance: mentioned, 58, 253; TJ on, 200–1, 368, 489, 490n Homer: Iliad (ed. C. G. Heyne), 106; TJ compares P. Henry to, 311 Hone, William: edits The Apocryphal New Testament, being all the Gospels, Epistles and other pieces now extant, 197, 411 Hoole, Charles: translates Orbis Sensualium Pictus (J. A. Komenský [Comenius]), 4, 16, 211 Horace: Ars Poetica, 73; in collegiate curriculum, 36; Quinti Horatii Flacci Poemata (ed. J. Minell), 138, 447; study of, 607 horses: bridles for, 232n; for Central College–University of Virginia, 650–1; death of, 587n; disabled, 412; fodder for, 40; grooming equipment for, 4, 10; medical conditions of, 218; at Poplar Forest, 207, 218; price of, 331; proverbs related to, 213; riding of, 26; taxes on, 23; TJ purchases, 18n, 207n, 218, 564, 566–7, 587n; TJ rides, 598 Horwitz, Jonas: identified, 13:570–1n; recommended to TJ, 466; seeks position at University of Virginia, 466; visits Monticello, 483, 486 Hosack, David: A Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D. LL.D., 277, 278n; and Elgin Botanic Garden, 79, 243, 277, 277; identified, 8:467–8n; letter from, 158–9; letters to, 19, 19, 149, 180, 277–8; as medical educator, 158–9; A System of Practical Nosology, 158–9, 180; TJ sends seeds to, 277; transmits letters for TJ, 16, 17–8, 19, 19, 36, 149, 158, 176, 180 The House Carpenters’ Book of Prices, and Rules for measuring and valuing all their different kinds of work: and wages at University of Virginia, 296, 298n, 576, 577n household articles: askos, lii, 392 (illus.); bed cords, 11; beds, 154; blankets, 154; brooms, 11; brushes, 4, 10, 11; button molds, 234n; buttons, 5; coal, 178; corks, 5, 110–1; counterpanes, 153; cups, 99, 100n, 135; ink, 609; ink-powder, 11; knives, 604–5; lamp-

 690 

INDEX black, 7; mattresses, 154; padlocks, 4, 7, 8; pitchers, 110; sheets, 153; shot, 6; stoneware, 47, 83, 95, 110, 113; stoves, 650, 654; tacks, 4; tallow, 498; tape, 7; teapots, 4; thread, 4–8, 234n; tumblers, 11; varnish, 573. See also building materials; clothing; tools House of Representatives, U.S.: journals of, 609; petitions to, 465n; reports to, 464–5; and taxes, 523n, 656. See also Congress, U.S. Howard, Thomas (of Virginia): and University of Virginia, 632 Howe, Caroline, 374 Howe, Richard, Earl Howe: as British admiral, 374 Howell, David: identified, 3:232n; as member of Confederation Congress, 333 Hübner, Martin: De la Saisie des Batimens Neutres, ou Du Droit qu’ont les Nations Belligérantes d’arréter les Navires des Peuples Amis, 450 Huffman, Elijah: identified, 15:545n; and University of Virginia, 623, 625, 650 Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander, Baron von: as A. G. Bonpland’s collaborator, 388, 551; Carte des lignes Isothermes, 166, 167n; identified, 1:24–5n Hunnicutt, J. W.: and University of Virginia, 634 Hunt, Gilbert John: The History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain, 185; identified, 9:414n; letter from, 185–6; letter to, 219; Proposals for publishing by subscription, the History of America, From its discovery by Christopher Columbus, to the year 1812, 185, 219; sends prospectus to TJ, 185 Hunter, Robert: Campbell Co. innkeeper, 153, 429; identified, 9:20n Hunter’s Ordinary (Campbell Co.; proprietor Robert Hunter), 153 Huntington, William: identified, 13:157n; letter to, 95; TJ invites to Monticello, 95; and University of Virginia, 625, 632, 640 Huntress (packet sloop), 86 Hurt, John: and TJ’s A Summary View of the Rights of British America, 315 Hutchinson, John: and University of Virginia, 632

Hutchinson, Thomas: correspondence of published, 277, 278n Hutson (Hudson), Esther: identified, 587n; letter to, 587; property dispute with TJ, 587 Hutton, Charles: A Course of Mathematics, 410 Hutton, James (d. 1843): identified, 464n; letter to, from J. Rodgers, 464; as timber agent, 464n, 464 Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume: as French ambassador to U.S., 142, 143n; identified, 4:374–5n Hyder, John: identified, 16:126n; letter from, 250; letter to, 265; requests works from TJ, 250, 265 hygiene. See health; medicine ice cream: vanilla, 230 Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or Natural History of the Fishes Inhabiting the River Ohio and its tributary streams (C. S. Rafinesque), 87 I. C. Moses & Company (Charleston firm), 381 ideology: study of, 494 Iliad (Homer): C. G. Heyne’s edition of, 106 Imperial (ship), 534 Independence Day. See Fourth of July Indians, American: artifacts of, at Monticello, 409, 432; Black Pawnee (Paniouassas), 38, 39n; Creek, 405; Delaware, 547, 573; Tuscarora, 127, 128n; in Va., 605–6; Wichita, 38, 39n ink: damaged by cold, 609 ink-powder, 11 An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States (J. Taylor), 554 insects: effect of on agriculture, 198. See also Hessian fly Institutiones Grammaticæ AngloSaxonicæ, et Mœso-Gothicæ (G. Hickes), 196 Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb (J. Watson), 535 interest: TJ’s calculations of, 294n inventions: odometer, 190. See also machines; patents iron: bar, 9, 10; purchased by TJ, 7; sheet, 651; tire-iron, 6; tools, 6, 7, 11n. See also naileries: nail-rod and iron stock

 691 

INDEX Irvine, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 620 Irvine, David: and University of Virginia, 627, 632, 636 Irvine (Irving), George N.: and University of Virginia, 621, 625 Irvine (Irving), George W.: and University of Virginia, 622 Irvine (Irving), William: and University of Virginia, 631, 639 Irving (Ervine), Mr.: admired by V. J. R. Trist, 154 Isaacs, David: identified, 7:321–2n; letter from, 498; sells TJ beef, 498; sells TJ tallow, 498; TJ’s account with, 64; and University of Virginia, 625 Isaacs & Lee (Charlottesville firm): TJ pays, 498n Isaeus: Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 Ishmael (Ishmel; J. M. Perry’s slave): hired by University of Virginia, 642 Islam, 325, 505 Isocrates (Athenian orator): Œuvres Complettes d’Isocrate (trans. A. Auger), 138, 139n, 447 Israel (TJ’s slave; b. 1800). See Jefferson, Israel Gillette (TJ’s slave; b. 1800) Italian language: letter in, from: G. Raggi, 84 Italy: Academy of Arts and Sciences, 88; and Austria, 253, 474; and Holy Alliance, 200–1, 253; macaroni from, 140; marble from, 75, 76, 84, 120–1, 186–7, 261, 262, 263n, 293, 473–4, 524, 655; and revolution in Naples, 44, 58, 122, 142, 143n, 177, 179, 180, 184, 187, 191, 253, 489; and revolution in Piedmont, 474, 489; stonecutters from, 121, 122, 294n, 618; TJ on, 122

Jacques Laffitte & Compagnie (Paris firm), 507 Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph, baron von: and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 James I, king of England: reign of, 314, 323, 324, 375n James II, king of England: anecdote of, 459, 460n; Memoirs of James the Second, King of England, 536 James Monroe (ship), 562n James River: bateaux on, 432n. See also boats: carriage to and from Richmond James River Company, 384 Jamestown, Va.: as colonial capital, 320 Jamieson, John: Hermes Scythicus: or, The Radical Affinities of the Greek and Latin Languages to The Gothic, 536 Janus (horse), 587n Jardin des plantes et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: seeds from, 225, 243, 277 Jay, John: and Continental Congress, 316, 375n, 439; diplomatic service of, 329, 346; TJ’s correspondence with, 306, 347, 372 Jefferson, Field (TJ’s uncle): family of, 309 Jefferson, Israel Gillette (TJ’s slave; b. 1800): travels to Poplar Forest, 153 Jefferson, Jane Randolph (TJ’s mother): debt of, 102, 103, 146; family of, 309 Jefferson, John (of Virginia Company of London), 375n Jefferson, Lucy Elizabeth (1782–84; TJ’s daughter): death of, 345; mentioned, 337, 377n Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (TJ’s wife): death of, 330; dower right of, 311; marriage to TJ, 311 Jefferson, Peter (TJ’s father): death of, 309, 310; education of, 309; family of, 309–10; mentioned, 29n; and Pouncey’s tract, 389; surveyor, 309 Jefferson, Randolph (TJ’s brother): identified, 2:55n; and Snowden estate, 309

Jack (African American): and University of Virginia, 632, 633 Jackson, Andrew: identified, 15:233– 4n; works sent to, 449n, 529n Jackson, Zachariah: Shakspeare’s Genius Justified: being Restorations and Illustrations of Seven Hundred Passages in Shakspeare’s Plays, 536, 537n

Jefferson, Thomas Books & Library bequests, 411–2; binding of books, 46, 60, 80–1, 137, 180, 209, 212n, 229, 568, 608; books recommended to, 99; borrows books, 561, 609; catalogues from booksellers, 137, 280, 535–7; orders books, 16, 36,

 692 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) 42–3, 58n, 64, 135, 136–7, 138–9, 211, 218, 230, 232–3, 233, 291, 403, 416, 419, 443, 444, 494, 526, 535, 538; packing and shipping of, 43, 137, 195–6, 281, 285–6, 386; preferred physical characteristics, 411, 419; purchases from de Bure Frères, 138–9, 444–6, 447–8, 534; reading habits of, 269; receives works, 48–9, 58, 64, 94, 95, 180, 182, 183, 183, 198, 212n, 252, 256, 269, 277, 382, 383n, 417–8, 484, 562n, 570, 572, 599, 612; recommends books, 44–5, 106, 246, 248, 249, 494; requested to review books, 508, 530–1; requests for donation of books from, 264–5, 265, 300–1, 301, 606; requests to borrow books from, 239, 240, 569; sends books, 246, 247n, 599; subscriptions, 219, 238, 402, 450; TJ’s personal, 546; works sent to, 58, 61, 65–6, 67n, 81, 87, 112, 118, 119n, 128n, 141, 147, 158–9, 161–2, 166–7, 172–3, 177–8, 185, 188, 188, 189n, 196–7, 206, 210, 224, 234–5, 241, 243, 250, 252, 254, 255, 275–6, 298, 407, 420, 441, 442n, 448, 479, 479, 481, 482n, 486, 512, 529, 534, 550, 552, 553, 562, 563, 569–70, 574, 580, 591, 593–4, 600 (See also Library of Congress; Poplar Forest [TJ’s Bedford Co. estate]: library at) Business & Financial Affairs account with T. Appleton, 122, 128–9, 260, 262; account with W. Bentley, 162–3, 179; account with A. H. Brooks, 386; account with M. Dawson, 15, 16; account with de Bure Frères, 136, 445, 447; account with Dodge & Oxnard, 507; account with N. G. Dufief, 444; account with C. Everette, 430n; account with D. Higginbotham, 16; account with D. Isaacs, 64; account with J. Laval, 403, 443, 526, 535; account with J. Leitch, 36, 37n, 47n, 285; account with Mathew Carey & Son, 232–3; account with Mathew Carey & Sons, 251; account with F. A. Mayo, 80–1, 174, 180, 210, 233, 568; account with C. Peyton, 16, 22, 22, 59, 412, 487, 487, 488,

 693 

491, 491; account with T. E. Randolph, 412, 429, 487, 487n, 488, 491; account with Randolph & Colclaser, 515; account with A. Robertson, 589–90; account with J. Vaughan, 206; account with T. G. Watkins, 217; bond with J. Lyle (1798–1850), 226–7; Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 597n, 632; debt to A. Robertson & Company, 16, 17, 40, 430, 439, 589; debt to L. Bowling, 588, 588; debt to J. Brown, 16; debt to J. Graves, 18; debt to Mr. Hawkins, 564, 566–7; debt to Henderson, McCaul & Company, 102, 103, 111, 145, 146, 226–7, 492, 493n; debt to P. Mazzei, 122, 199, 260; debt to W. Mitchell, 543, 589n; debt to N. & J. & R. van Staphorst, 16, 21, 36, 46, 47, 117; deed of trust for Milton land, 67–8, 82–3, 258; endorses notes for W. C. Nicholas, 382–3; estate of, 226–7n; gives money to E. W. R. Coolidge, 181; Invoice from Joshua Dodge, 271; Invoice from Lackington, Hughes & Company, 196–7, 563; and T. Kosciuszko’s American investments, 499, 500, 510, 513, 533, 550; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 443, 498–500, 510, 513, 533, 550; lines of credit in Europe, 116, 136, 139, 143, 147, 152, 206; loan from Bank of Virginia, 60, 161, 190, 195, 284, 287, 396, 532, 542; loan from Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 3, 15–6, 17n, 67–8, 82–3, 271–3, 274n, 284, 396, 532, 542; loan from C. Peyton, 487, 505n; loan from Second Bank of U.S., 47, 284, 396, 532, 542; and H. Marks’s estate, 21, 70; orders wine from J. Dodge, 86, 117, 139–40; orders wine from Dodge & Oxnard, 507, 530, 612; pays taxes, 23, 70, 531–2; T. J. Randolph endorses notes for, 86; Receipt to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 597; rent due TJ, 475–6; sells flour, 130, 161, 173, 174, 286–7, 396, 396–7, 542, 543, 552, 553, 599; sells land, 23 (See also Barnes, John; charity; Gibson, Patrick; Jefferson v. Rivanna Company; Peyton, Bernard)

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) Correspondence address covers, lii–liii; anonymous letters to, 212–6, 289, 289–91, 300–1, 442; drafts described, li, lii–liii, 307–8, 379n, 392 (illus.); European, 200; fatiguing or painful to, 401, 414, 430, 514, 583; filing system for, lii–liii; gifts of, 278–9, 300, 390n; letter of condolence, 270–1; letter press, 45; letters of application and recommendation from, 437–8, 485–6, 565–6, 566; letters of application and recommendation to, 35, 50–1, 51–5, 55, 56–7, 74, 96, 125–6, 136, 175, 222–3, 236–7, 244, 408–9, 424, 425–7, 453–60, 466, 480–1, 496, 501, 540–2, 557–8, 563–4; letters of introduction from, 50, 114–5, 203–4, 219, 578–9; letters of introduction to, 49, 78, 98, 186, 187, 194, 208–9, 210–1, 241, 255, 259–60, 284, 288, 387, 400–1, 472–3; publication of papers, 299n, 306, 390, 393, 395n, 398, 399–400n, 401, 415n, 433, 434, 434, 436, 484n, 554, 580, 601; as record of his life, 306, 307; reference requested, 595–6, 610; request for lock of TJ’s hair, 582–3; requests to circulate TJ’s letters, 554, 601; TJ on, 38–9, 45; and TJ’s death, 390; unsent letter, 429 (See also slaves: letter from) Descriptions of clothing, 509 Family & Friends ancestry of, 309–10; friendship with Bankheads, 412; friendship with L. Levi, 298; friendship with J. Madison, 350; friendship with J. Monroe, 518; relations with J. W. Eppes, 548, 560; relations with grandchildren, 47n, 104, 218, 246–7, 251, 590; relations with A. S. Marks, 491–2; relations with C. Peyton, 492 Health aging, 31, 50; good health of, 98, 154, 401, 402, 432, 485, 509, 583–4, 587n; illness of, 15, 314, 558, 578, 584; legs swollen, 584; memory loss, 30, 610; staphylococcus infection, 602–3; wrist injury, 344

Honors & Memberships South Carolina Academy of Arts, 227, 228, 264; toasts honoring, 289 Literary Quotes Cicero, 490–1; Virgil, 433, 434n (See also Bible) Opinions on aging, 31, 44–5, 431; architecture, 418; J. Barron, 517–8; books, 264–5, 495–6, 520–1, 657–8; canals of New York, 599; J. L. Cathcart, 460n, 485–6; classics, 106, 512; cold climates, 603; college textbooks, 246; debt, public, 436–7; Destutt de Tracy’s works, 246; doctors, 559; education, 183, 307, 383, 493–4; elections, 560; European affairs, 115, 200–1, 489–90; European monarchs, 177; expansion of federal government, 31; farming, 382; farming economy, 15–6; Federalist party, 298–9, 561; federal judiciary, 31, 351–2, 433–4, 436, 560–1, 601; Fourth of July orations, 484, 570; France, 219–20, 372; French cuisine, 603; French Revolution, 355–72; friendship, 601; government finance, 115; grandsons’ career prospects, 382–3; historical evidence, 45; human progress, 489–90; immoral laws, 270; internal improvements, 95; Jesus, 324–5; Lafayette, 219–20; legal profession, 335; liberty, 489–90; J. Madison, 115, 321–2; G. Mason, 321; mathematical study, 310; medicine, 559; Missouri question, 31, 252, 418, 431, 561; J. Monroe, 115; Napoleon, 361–2, 368, 378n; naval education, 490; newspapers, 148, 269; northern political influence, 561; paper money, 418; political divisions, 115, 219, 332–3; postRevolutionary youth, 298; the presidency, 350–1; privacy of correspondence, 300; promotion of arts and sciences, 479, 520–1; publication of his letters, 45; Quakers, 382; religion, 612; religious freedom, 570; republican institutions, 269; republicanism, 200–1; revolution in Naples, 58, 177, 179, 180, 184; science, American, 432; scientific advances, 600; sectionalism, 601;

 694 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) separation of powers, 436; slavery, 310, 327–8; W. Small, 310; Spanish colonial self-government, 418; state versus federal authority, 118, 119n, 148–9, 249, 351–2, 399–400n, 433–4, 592n; subdividing states into hundreds or wards, 326–7; taxes, 495–6, 520–1, 522; J. Taylor’s Construction Construed, 248, 249, 252; Union, 269; U.S. Army, 436–7; U.S. Constitution, 249, 252, 349–52; U.S. future, 31; U.S. Navy, 436–7, 560; Va. Council of State, 382; Va. law, 269–70, 317–9, 328; war, 95; weights, measures, and coinage, 182; wine, 522; workmen, 296–7; writing his autobiography, 45, 306–8; writing less, 27; G. Wythe, 310, 321 Portraits requested from, 606; G. Stuart’s paintings, 195, 402, 431; T. Sully’s paintings, li, lii, 45–6, 100n, 392 (illus.), 392 (illus.) Public Service acts passed during presidency, lii; in Continental Congress, 184, 306, 317, 322, 329, 335, 439; as delegate to Va. Convention (1774), 314–5; diplomatic commissions held by, 329–30, 337–9, 377n; and founding of University of Virginia, 45, 307; as governor of Va., 328–9; as member of Va. House of Delegates, 322–3, 328; as minister to France, 306, 325, 339, 340, 344–9, 352–72; praised for, 533–4; as president, 307, 458, 460n, 548, 608–9; and revision of Va. laws, 29n, 322–8; as secretary of state, 306, 307, 372–3, 373–4; as Va. burgess, 306, 310–5, 317–9, 335; and Va. Committee of Correspondence, 312; as vice president, 307; as visitor of the College of William and Mary, 328–9 (See also Central College Board of Visitors; Virginia, University of: Board of Visitors) Travels to Buckingham Court House, 190; in Europe, 344–5, 353–4, 377n; to Natural Bridge, 555–6, 558, 571, 579, 587, 602–3; visits Divers

family, 85n; to Warm Springs, 602 (See also Poplar Forest [TJ’s Bedford Co. estate]) Writings Advertisement for Workmen for the University of Virginia, 173n, 298n; A Bill Declaring Who Shall Be Deemed Citizens of This Commonwealth, 321; A Bill Directing the Course of Descents, 323, 328; A Bill for Amending the Constitution of the College of William and Mary, 326–7; A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments, 323–4, 326, 375–6n; A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 326–7, 328, 376n; Bill for the Removal of the Seat of Government of Virginia, 321; Bill to Prevent the Importation of Slaves, 319; Biography of Meriwether Lewis, 307, 342, 377n; Biography of Peyton Randolph (ca. 1723–75), 307; Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors, 391–2; Bond with James Lyle (1798–1850), 226–7; Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 427–8; Catalogue of the Best Classical Editions, 106; Conveyance of Pouncey’s Tract to Charles Everette, 388–9; Declaration of Independence, 12; Deed of Trust of Milton Lands to Philip N. Nicholas and William Nekervis, 16, 17n, 46, 47n, 67–8, 82–3, 258, 271–5, 281–2, 284; Deposition in Fry v. Bell, 27–30; Draft of a Model Treaty (1784), 338–9; Drafts of Bills Establishing Courts of Justice, 317–9; Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs, 75–7, 293–4; Extract of William Lewis to Charles W. Goldsborough, with Jefferson’s Notes, 518–9; Kentucky Resolutions, 592–3; List of Books to be Acquired by de Bure Frères, 138–9; Manual of Parliamentary Practice, 569, 599; Notes for a Biography of George Wythe, 307, 310; Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, 308, 317, 379n; Notes on Account with Martin Dawson, 15;

 695 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) Notes on Capitals for University of Virginia Buildings, 23–4; Notes on Coinage, 330–1; Notes on Early Career (the so-called “Autobiography”), li, 309–80, 392 (illus.), 561; Notes on Patrick Henry, 307, 311; Notes on D. Mariano, 70; Notes on the State of Virginia, 13, 14n, 239, 240, 250, 264–5, 337–8, 377n, 605–6; Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, 524; Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 571, 614, 656–9; Proceedings and Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia, 72, 105; Proposed Convention against the Barbary States, 340–1; Recommendation of John Taylor’s Construction Construed, 248, 249–50, 390, 398, 399–400n, 433, 434, 436, 591, 592n; Report on the Powers of the Committee of States, 332–3; Request for Warrants for Funds for University of Virginia, 428; Specifications for Capitals at University of Virginia, 133–4; Statement of Taxable Property in Albemarle County, 23; A Summary View of the Rights of British America, 314–5, 375n; syllabus of Jesus’s doctrines, 586; View of the Expenses and Funds of the University of Virginia, 524–6, 528, 529n; Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, 324–5, 328 Jefferson, Thomas (1677–1731) (TJ’s grandfather), 309 Jefferson, Thomas (1700–24) (TJ’s uncle), 309 Jefferson v. Gilmore, 475–6 Jefferson v. Rivanna Company: TJ’s counsel in, 129n Jennings, James: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630 Jesus: J. Adams on, 505; crucifixion of, 165; TJ on, 324–5, 586 Jewish law, 323, 375n, 376n Jews: in Barbary states, 455. See also Judaism John (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1776). See Hemmings, John (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1776)

John, Prince Regent (later John VI, king of Portugal and Brazil), 193, 295, 296n John Ayers & Company (Richmond firm): and corn for TJ, 109–10, 112, 134; identified, 110n; letter from, 109–10; letter to, 134; and TJ’s flour, 224 John Cullen & Company (firm): and quarrying for University of Virginia, 650 John Hanbury & Company (London firm), 184 Johnson, Mr. (boatman): transports goods, 3, 4, 111, 112, 113, 176, 202, 221, 386, 387n Johnson, Absalom: and University of Virginia, 531, 638, 639 Johnson, Chapman: identified, 5:530n; and Jefferson v. Rivanna Company, 129n; letter from, to J. H. Cocke, 90–4; letter from, 450–1; letters to, 421–2, 527–9; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 34, 71, 77, 84, 85n, 90–4, 108, 391, 421–2, 428n, 450–1, 527–9, 596, 613; TJ’s debt to, 129n; as Va. state senator, 33n Johnson, Peter: as judge, 257n Johnson, Thomas (d. 1746): edits Αἱ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους τραγῳδίαι ἑπτά. Sophoclis Tragoediæ Septem (Sophocles), 106 Johnson, Thomas (of Maryland): as member of Continental Congress, 506 Johnson, William (1771–1834): identified, 1:555n; and TJ’s letters, 307 Johnson, William (boatman): identified, 3:310n; rents Milton lands, 211; transports goods from Richmond, 211; and University of Virginia, 635 Johnston, George: and Stamp Act Resolutions, 311 Johnston, William R.: and wine for TJ, 580 John Van Lew & Company (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 627, 632, 633, 650, 654 Jones, Mr. (ship captain), 139 Jones, David: and University of Virginia, 624, 627 Jones, John Hayley: letter from accounted for, 241n; letter to, 240–1; and University of Virginia, 240–1 Jones, John Quentin: identified, 16:555–6n; visits Monticello, 202, 203n

 696 

INDEX Jones, Morgan: and Tuscarora Indians, 127, 128n Jones, Skelton: and J. D. Burk’s History of Virginia, 315, 329; identified, 1:289n; mentioned, 307 Jones, Thomas: and University of Virginia, 640 Jones, Thomas P.: identified, 20–1n; letter from, 19–21; letter to, 41; seeks professorship, 19–20, 41 Jones, Walter (1745–1816): and biographies of prominent Americans, 307; identified, 2:236n Jones, William (ca. 1761–1831): identified, 12:79n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Joseph Pitt & Sons (firm): and University of Virginia, 639 A Journal of Captain Cook’s last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, and in quest of a North-West Passage, between Asia & America (J. Ledyard [1751–89]), 341 Journal of Jurisprudence, 141n, 402, 450 Judaism: J. Adams on, 505. See also Jews judiciary, U.S.: and federalism, 580; TJ on, 351–2, 560–1. See also Supreme Court, U.S. judiciary, Va.: TJ’s draft bills for reform of, 317–9 Juigné, Antoine Éléonore Léon Leclerc de: archbishop of Paris, 362, 378n Jullien, Marc Antoine: identified, 1:676n; Instructions for Contributors to Revue Encyclopédique, 267–8; letters from, 65–7, 265–7; and proposed biography of T. Kosciuszko, 66; and Revue Encyclopédique, ou Analyse Raisonnée, 58, 65–6, 265–6, 267–8; sends works to TJ, 65–6 Junius, Franciscus: Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et AngloSaxonica (ed. T. Marshall), 196, 411 Justinian: works of referenced, 322 Juvenal: D. Iunii Iuvenalis Aquinatis Satirae XVI (ed. G. A. Ruperti), 106 kale: pots for, 47, 83, 110, 113; sea, 34, 48, 49; seed, 71 Kant, Immanuel: Logic, 536; Prolegomena, 536; works on, 536 Kelly & Norris (Charlottesville firm): and University of Virginia, 631

Kent (servant): in Warren, 153 Kentucky: descriptions of, 25–6; education in, 172; land disputes in, 27–8, 29n; legislature of, 25–6; Resolutions, 592–3 Kersey, Jesse: A Treatise on Fundamental Doctrines of the Christian Religion: in which are illustrated the profession, ministry, worship, and faith of the Society of Friends, 382, 383n King, Robert: graphics by, 166, 167–72; identified, 171–2n King Arthur: or, the British Worthy (J. Dryden), 310, 375n Kinsolving, George Washington: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630 Kippen & Company (Glasgow firm), 111, 226–7n Kirby, Mr. (boatman), 153, 211 Kirby, Larkin: and University of Virginia, 635 Knight, David: and brickwork for Central College, 625; identified, 11:559n knives: pocketknives, 604–5; straw, 386 Knox, Henry: political legacy of, 213 Koiner, Michael: and University of Virginia, 639, 641n Koiner, Philip: and University of Virginia, 636, 641n Komenský (Comenius), Jan Amos: Orbis Sensualium Pictus (trans. C. Hoole), 4, 16, 211 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (Thaddeus) Andrzej Bonawentura: Bank of Columbia stock of, 499, 500, 510, 513, 533, 550; estate of, 443, 485, 497, 498–500, 501n, 510, 513, 533, 550; identified, 1:207n; and investment in U.S. government loan, 499, 500, 510, 513, 533, 550; monument to, 414–5, 478; plan to emancipate and educate American slaves, 499–500, 501n; proposed biographies of, 66; wills of, 485, 499, 513 Kraków: monument to T. Kosciuszko in, 414–5, 478; senate of, 414–5, 478 Kyle, William & David (Richmond firm). See William & David Kyle (Richmond firm) Kyrle, John: known as the “Man of Ross,” 301

 697 

INDEX Lacépède, Bernard Germain Étienne de La Ville-Sur-Illon, comte de: identified, 1:250n; mentioned, 98 Lacey, David R.: and University of Virginia, 636 Lackington, George: bookseller, 418, 420n Lackington, James: bookseller, 418, 420n Lackington, Hughes & Company (London firm): book catalogues of, 419; and books for TJ, 42–3, 196, 417–8, 419, 562; and books for University of Virginia, 418; identified, 197n; invoice from, 196–7, 563; receipt from, 562n Lafayette, George Washington (Lafayette’s son): family of, 254, 255; sends greetings to TJ, 255 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de: correspondence with TJ, 278; and events in Europe, 253–4; and events in France, 254; family of, 254, 369; and French Revolution, 363, 366, 370–1; health of, 254; identified, 1:270–1n; introduces R. A. Barba, 255, 540, 541, 559; and T. Kosciuszko monument, 415n; as legislator, 254, 255n; letter from, 253–5; letter from TJ forwarded to, 65; letters to, 50, 114–5, 219; mentioned, 265, 347; and slavery in U.S., 254–5; speeches of, 254, 255n; TJ introduces T. P. Barton to, 98, 114–5, 115; TJ introduces W. B. Lawrence to, 219, 219–20; TJ introduces Mr. Wilson to, 50; TJ on, 219–20, 340; toasts honoring, 289 Laffitte, Jacques, & Compagnie (Paris firm). See Jacques Laffitte & Compagnie (Paris firm) Lahay (Lahy), Michael: and University of Virginia, 623, 629n Laibach, Congress of, 253, 255n La Luzerne, Anne César, chevalier de, 330, 344, 376n, 377n La Luzerne, César Henri, comte de: as government minister, 357, 364, 368–9, 377n Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de: Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique, 546–7 Lamb, George: translates The Poems of Caius Valerius Catullus (G. V. Catullus), 535

Lameth, Alexandre Théodore Victor: and French Constitution of 1791, 370 Lamoignon, Chrétine François de: as keeper of the seals, 358, 378n lampblack, 7 Lancaster, Joseph: educational system of, 388 Lancelot, Claude: A New Method Of learning with Facility the Latin Tongue, 536, 537n; A New Method Of learning with greater Facility the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n; The Primitives of the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n Lane, John: death of, 609n Lane, Sally (Sarah) Eppes (John Wayles Eppes’s sister; John Lane’s wife): business affairs of, 608, 609n language: Hebrew, 466. See also AngloSaxon (Old English) language; English language; French language; Greek language; Italian language; Latin language; Spanish language Lansdowne, George Granville, Baron: correspondence of, 460n Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de: Traité de Mécanique Céleste, 410 Laporte, Arnaud de: as government minister, 364 Laporte, Peter (Victoire Laporte’s husband): family of, 119–20, 231–2; identified, 14:273n; patents of, 119–20, 149–50, 232n; T. M. Randolph as security for, 156; TJ as security for, 156, 176; travels of, 119–20 Laporte, Victoire (Peter Laporte’s wife): identified, 120n; letters from, 119–20, 231–2; letters from accounted for, 120n, 232n; letter to, 149–50; seeks information on husband, 119–20, 149–50, 231–2; TJ provides credit for, 176, 212n, 232 lard: price of, 26 La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de: reports to Louis XVI, 366, 378n Lasteyrie du Saillant, Virginie, marquise de (Lafayette’s daughter): family of, 254, 255n Latham, William: identified, 97n; letter from, to W. Maury, 97; and J. Maury’s consulship, 96, 97, 509; as J. Maury’s partner, 96 Latimer, George: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461

 698 

INDEX Latin and English Dictionary abridged (R. Ainsworth), 221 Latin language: collegiate education in, 376n; dictionaries, 211, 221; elementary education in, 231, 541; thesauri, 535; TJ studies, 309–10 La Tour-du-Pin Gouvernet, Jean Frédéric, comte de: as government minister, 368 La Tour-Maubourg, Célestine de (Lafayette’s granddaughter), 254, 255n La Tour-Maubourg, Marie Charles César de Fay, comte de: and French Constitution of 1791, 370, 378n Latrobe, Benjamin Henry: designs Richmond penitentiary, 326; identified, 1:474–5n Launay, Bernard René Jourdan de: execution of, 365, 366 Laurens, Henry: diplomatic service of, 329 Laurentii Vallæ de linguae Latinae Elegantia (L. Valla), 535 Laval, John: account with TJ, 403, 443, 526, 535; and books for TJ, 403, 443, 526, 535, 535–7; identified, 11:284n; letters from, 443, 535; letters to, 403, 526 La Vauguyon, Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, duc de: as government minister, 357, 364 law: books on, 197, 210, 233, 402, 419, 450, 538, 563; collegiate education in, 101, 328; medical, 236; T. M. Randolph on careers in, 304–5; study of, 275–6, 493; TJ on study of, 494; TJ provides legal advice, 269–70; TJ studies, 310, 311. See also Virginia: laws of Law Academy of Philadelphia, 141 Lawler, Matthew: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Lawrence, Esther R. Gracie (William Beach Lawrence’s wife): travels of, 202–3 Lawrence, Sir William: Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man, 535, 537n Lawrence, William Beach: identified, 16:555n; letter from, 202–3; letter to, 219–20; seeks letters of introduction from TJ, 202–3, 219–20; TJ introduces to Lafayette, 219; visits Monticello, 202–3

Leach, William Elford: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 lead: white, 6, 7 Leake, Samuel: identified, 16:647n; land claim of, 30; letter to, 30 Leamy, John: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Lear, Benjamin Lincoln: identified, 500n; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 443, 485, 497, 498–500, 501n, 510, 513, 533, 550; letter from, 498–501; letter to, 513–4 A learned commendation of the politique lawes of England (J. Fortescue), 419 Leclerc, Jean (Johannes Clericus): edits Titi Livii Historiarum quod exstat (Livy), 106 Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man (W. Lawrence), 535, 537n Lédenon, France: wine from, 139, 140 Ledyard, John (1751–89): A Journal of Captain Cook’s last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, and in quest of a North-West Passage, between Asia & America, 341; and western exploration, 341–2 Lee, Arthur: as diplomat, 329; as member of Confederation Congess, 333 Lee, Francis Lightfoot: and Va. Committee of Correspondence, 312; as Va. legislator, 313, 314 Lee, John: and University of Virginia, 632 Lee, Richard Henry: as member of Continental Congress, 316, 317; and Va. Committee of Correspondence, 312; as Va. legislator, 313, 314 Lee, Thomas Ludwell: and revision of Va. laws, 322, 323 Leeds, Francis Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen, 5th Duke of, 339 Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ Ecclesiasticæ & Civilies (D. Wilkins), 197 The Legislatorial Trial of Her Majesty Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, Queen of England, Consort of George the Fourth, for the alleged Crime of Adultery with Bartolomeo Bergami (E. Barron), 536 Leiper, Thomas: identified, 7:37n; letter to, 578–9; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461; TJ introduces F. Watson to, 578–9

 699 

INDEX Leitch, James: account with TJ, 8, 9, 36, 37n, 47n, 285; agent for TJ, 68, 83; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620; extracts from daybook of, 4–11, 234n; identified, 1:65n; letter to, 234; and packages for TJ, 110–1, 147, 224; TJ orders goods from, 4–11, 234; TJ pays, 46, 47n, 531, 532n; and University of Virginia, 627, 631, 632, 637, 642, 650 Leitch, Samuel (1790–1870): and University of Virginia, 636 Leonard, George: and University of Virginia, 625 Leonard, Uriah: as blacksmith at University of Virginia, 650 Leoni, Giacomo: The Architecture of A. Palladio, 133–4 Leopard, HMS: and Chesapeake incident, 518–9 Le Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon: The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina, 536 Lepidus, Junia (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus’s wife), 73n Le Ray de Chaumont, James: identified, 13:71–2n; wealth of, 585, 603 LeRoy, Bayard & Company (New York firm): identified, 9:580n; letter from, 117; letter to, 21; and TJ’s debt to N. & J. & R. van Staphorst, 16, 21, 36, 46, 47, 117 Le Souef, Jeremiah: as vice consul at London, 562n letter press (copying device), 45 Letters to Friends (Cicero), 490–1 Lettres de La Marquise du Deffand, 536 Lewis (African American): and University of Virginia, 627 Lewis, Mr.: seeks position at University of Virginia, 496 Lewis, Jesse Pitman: and Central College–University of Virginia, 625, 628, 630; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620 Lewis, Joseph Saunders: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Lewis, Meriwether: identified, 1:436n; TJ’s biography of, 307, 342, 377n Lewis, N.: and University of Virginia, 621 Lewis, Nicholas Hunter: and Central College–University of Virginia sub-

scription, 576; identified, 10:369n; and Shadwell mills, 515 Lewis, Thomas Fielding: TJ’s debt to, 285 Lewis, William (ca. 1781–1815): on J. Barron, 516, 518–9; identified, 519n; letter from, to C. W. Goldsborough, 517n, 517–8, 518, 519n Lexington Medical Society (Lexington, Ky.), 88 libraries: for sailors, 300–1, 301, 302n. See also Library of Congress; Virginia, University of: Books and Library Library of Congress: TJ sells personal library to, 307, 561. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library Les Licteurs Rapportent à Brutus les Corps de Ses Fils (J. L. David), 73, 74n, 105 The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (L. F. Philostratus; trans. E. Berwick), 535 Life of George Washington (J. Marshall): TJ on, 307, 312, 375n The Life of Thuanus, with Some Account of his Writings, and a Translation of the Preface to his History (J. Collinson), 535 Limestone Survey (Albemarle Co.): TJ sells, 23 Lincoln, Levi: family of, 275; identified, 1:49–50n; TJ on, 298 Lindsay, James: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630 Lindsay, Reuben: identified, 8:397n; and University of Virginia, 607 linen, 9 Lips, Joest: works of, 73n Liston, Robert, 347 Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York: and tariffs on books, 656 Literary Fund: and annuity for University of Virginia, 33, 75, 76, 184, 246, 293, 294, 436, 494, 514–5, 525, 528, 571, 613, 616, 617, 642, 646–7; funds of, 32, 33–4n, 157–8; and General Assembly, 32, 33–4n; and loans for University of Virginia, 21n, 75, 76, 84, 85n, 100, 103–4, 104, 106–7, 141–2, 184, 185, 240–1, 246, 247, 292, 293, 294, 304, 383, 384–5, 389–90, 391–2, 397–8, 416, 422, 425, 428, 432, 436, 440, 440, 494, 514–5, 525, 550–1, 613, 614–5, 616, 617, 643,

 700 

INDEX 644–5, 647; resolution of the president and directors, 397–8; University of Virginia Board of Visitors reports to, 614, 614–9, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3, 643–4, 644–5, 646–7, 648–9, 649–51, 651–5; and U.S. debt to Va., 103–4, 106–7, 123, 123–4, 124, 141–2, 160, 384, 385n, 398n Littell, Eliakim. See Littell & Henry (Philadelphia firm) Littell & Henry (Philadelphia firm): identified, 15:373–4n; letter from, 508–9; letter to, 530–1; Proposals, by Littell & Henry, 74 South Second Street, Philadelphia, for Publishing by Subscription, a new edition of Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, 508–9, 530–1 Littlebury, Isaac: translates Herodotus, 536 Little Dick (TJ’s slave; b. 1781). See Dick (TJ’s slave; b. 1781) Liverpool: U.S. consulship at, 96, 97, 288, 509 Lives (Plutarch), 105–6 livestock: feed for, 487. See also cattle; horses; pigs; sheep Livingston, Robert R.: identified, 4:638n; and inland navigation, 126 Livingston, William: as member of Continental Congress, 316 Livy: Titi Livii Historiarum quod exstat (eds. J. Leclerc and J. Freinsheim), 106 Locke, John: An Essay concerning Human Understanding, 246 locks: padlocks, 4, 7, 8 Loge, James: and University of Virginia, 636 logic: collegiate education in, 237 Logic (I. Kant), 536 Lohar (Lohor), John: and University of Virginia, 634 Loménie de Brienne, Athanase Louis Marie de: as minister of war, 344 Loménie de Brienne, Étienne Charles: as government minister, 344, 348, 355, 378n London: as book market, 42–3 López de Sedano y Pérez del Tero, Juan José: edits Parnaso Español. Coleccion de Poesías Escogidas de los mas Célebres Poetas Castellanos, 138, 445 Loring, Nathaniel Hall: An Oration, Pronounced at Charlestown, on the

4th July, 1821, at the request of the Republican citizens of that town, 275–6, 298 Loudoun County, Va.: yellow fever in, 603 Louis XIV, king of France: reign of, 250n, 357; works on, 138, 139n, 447 Louis XV, king of France: and École Militaire, 388, 551; works on, 138, 139n, 447 Louis XVI, king of France: reign of, 343–4, 356–71, 378n; and relations with the Netherlands, 345–7 Louis XVIII, king of France: as brother of Louis XVI, 360–1, 378n; TJ on, 177 Louisiana (Spanish and French colony). See Louisiana Territory Louisiana Advertiser (New Orleans newspaper), 166n Louisiana Territory: claims related to U.S. purchase of, 172–3, 187; TJ’s role in purchasing, 401–2 Λουκιανός Luciani Samosatensis Opera (Lucian; eds. T. Hemsterhuis and F. W. Reiz), 106 Lowber, Edward: and University of Virginia, 626, 627, 650, 654 Loyall, George: as Va. legislator, 33 Lucan: Pharsalia, 36 Lucceius, Lucius: and Cicero, 490–1 Lucian: Λουκιανός Luciani Samosatensis Opera (eds. T. Hemsterhuis and F. W. Reiz), 106 Lucke & Sizer (Richmond firm): buys TJ’s flour, 286, 553; and University of Virginia, 621 Ludlam, Lewis: buys TJ’s flour, 130 lumber: kiln for drying, 652; used at University of Virginia, 576, 649, 651–2, 652–3, 654 Luther, Martin: writings on, 593 Lyceum of Natural History of NewYork, 88, 89 Lycurgus (Athenian statesman): Discours de Lycurgue, d’Andocide, d’Isée, de Dinarque, avec un Fragment sous le Nom de Démade (trans. A. Auger), 138, 447 Lycurgus (Spartan lawgiver), 393, 505 Lyle, James (1726–1812): agent for Henderson, McCaul & Company, 102, 103, 111, 145, 146, 226, 492, 493n; identified, 2:180n

 701 

INDEX Lyle, James (1798–1850): as administrator of estate of J. Lyle (1726–1812), 102, 103, 111, 145, 146, 226–7n, 492, 493n; identified, 16:415–6n; letter from, 102; Schedule of Installments to be Paid to James Lyle, 146; Statement of Bonds Payable to James Lyle, 102, 103; TJ’s bond with, 226–7 Lyle, John: and TJ’s bond with James Lyle (1798–1850), 226n Lynch, William: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Lynchburg, Va.: banks in, 181, 197; boats traveling to and from, 207; tobacco prices at, 181; tobacco shipped to, 207, 218; wheat prices at, 567 Lyon, Mr.: as British consul at Pernambuco, 517n, 518 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de: Le Droit Public de L’Europe, 334, 376n McAllister, Randall: and University of Virginia, 621, 635 macaroni: sent to TJ, 530, 612; TJ orders, 140 McClain, William: letter from, to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 109; sells building materials, 109 McCraig, Ruth Ann: and University of Virginia, 633 McCulloch, James Hugh (father of James H. McCulloh): collector at Baltimore, 562; identified, 10:407–8n McCulloch, Robert: identified, 12:49n; and University of Virginia, 623, 625, 626, 630, 631, 632, 635, 636, 637, 638 McCulloch v. Maryland, 549 McDermot, James: and University of Virginia, 622, 634 Macdonald, James: flax-processing machine of, 594, 595n McDougle, Edmund: and alleged plot by slaves, 304, 305–6n McDougle, Frances: and alleged plot by slaves, 304, 305–6n machines: flax and hemp preparation, 594, 595n; hoisting, 597, 650–1; pumps, 650–1 McKay (MKay), Angus: and University of Virginia, 620, 629n, 633, 634, 635, 639 McKennie, C. P. & J. H. (firm). See C. P. & J. H. McKennie (firm)

Maclure, William: identified, 12:166n; travels of, 265 McNab, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 624 Macon, Nathaniel: identified, 4:169–70n; letter from, 554–5; letters to, 436–7, 601–2; and politics, 555; and public debt, 436–7, 554–5; and separation of powers, 436, 601; and TJ’s correspondence, 554, 601 Madeira (wine), 405 Madeira Islands: U.S. consul at, 456 Madison, Dolley Payne Todd (James Madison’s wife): TJ sends greetings to, 572 Madison, James (1751–1836): and appointments, 222, 456; P. Cardelli’s bust of, 136, 159–60, 489, 504; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630; circulars sent to, 301; correspondence of, 460n, 488n; criticized, 164n; greetings sent to, 396; identified, 1:7n; illness of, 571, 572n; and Lafayette, 255n; letters from, 502–4, 582; letters to, 421–2, 495–6, 527–9, 571–2; as member of Continental Congress, 321; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 33, 34n, 57, 71, 77, 84, 91, 108, 158, 391, 421–2, 428n, 527–9, 571–2, 582, 613, 619n, 659n; mentioned, 214, 216n; notes on the Constitutional Convention, 377n; political influence of, 212; presidency of, 214; and revision of Va. laws, 324; and Second Bank of U.S., 555; and seeds, 80n; and W. Short, 584–5; signer of U.S. Constitution, 322; and subscriptions, 509n; and tariffs on books, 495–6, 502–4, 571, 582, 655; TJ on, 321–2; TJ’s friendship with, 350; toasts honoring, 289; and Virginia Resolutions, 592; visitors to, 78, 584–5; visits Monticello, 71; works sent to, 36n, 96n, 112n, 141n, 156n, 162n, 182n, 186n, 188n, 225n, 234n, 255n, 289n, 449n, 594n. See also Montpellier (Montpelier; J. Madison’s Orange Co. estate) Madog ab Owain Gwynedd (Madoc): and early North American explorers, 127; family of, 127, 128n Magruder, Allan Bowie: education of, 607 Magruder, Dennis F.: and nephews’ education, 607

 702 

INDEX Magruder, John Bankhead: as University of Virginia student, 607, 608n Magruder, Thomas: identified, 607–8n; letter from, 606–8; and sons’ education, 606–7 Magruder, William B.: education of, 607 Mahanes, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 624, 625, 632, 636 Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire: criticized, 474, 475n; legitimacy of, 253, 255n Maison Carrée (Nîmes): TJ’s admiration of, lii, 325 Malebranche, Nicolas de: TJ on, 246; Treatise concerning the Search after Truth (trans. T. Taylor), 535 Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de: appointed to French Council of State, 344 Malmesbury, James Harris, 1st Earl of: as British minister plenipotentiary to The Hague, 346 Malta: and Algiers, 340 Mandarin (ship), 562 “Man of Ross.” See Kyrle, John Mansfield, Jared: identified, 16:570–1n; as professor at U.S. Military Academy, lii A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (Thomas Jefferson): E. Wiatt requests, 569, 599 manufacturing: encouragement of in U.S., 41n maps: of Albemarle Co., xlvii (illus.); of Ohio River, 88n; of W. E. Parry’s discoveries, 536; of TJ’s Virginia, xlviii–xlix (illus.); of University of Virginia, xliii (illus.), xliv–xlv (illus.), xlvi (illus.); of U.S., 38, 39n; of Virginia, 309. See also geography marble: Carrara, 263n, 293, 473–4; chimneypieces, 122, 262; for University of Virginia, 62, 75, 76, 84, 109, 120–1, 132, 186–7, 261, 524, 655 Marcet, Jane Haldimand: Conversations on Chemistry: in which the elements of that science are familiarly explained, 232, 251 Maréchal, Sylvain: Voyages de Pythagore, 535 Maria (Poplar Forest slave): as housekeeper, 429 Mariano, P. D.: identified, 14:591n; seeks position at University of Virginia, 70; TJ’s Notes on, 70

Marie Antoinette, queen of France: described, 367–8, 378n; friends of, 366; TJ on, 342, 355, 357, 362, 367–8 Marks, Anne Scott Jefferson (TJ’s sister; Hastings Marks’s wife): health of, 59, 70, 412, 413, 491; identified, 6:35n; and H. Marks’s estate, 21, 70; visits C. Peyton and family, 412, 413, 488, 491–2; will of, 491–2 Marks, Hastings (TJ’s brother-in-law; Anne Scott Jefferson Marks’s husband): estate of, 21, 70 Marseille: plague in, 507. See also Dodge, Joshua Marshall, John: as chief justice of U.S. Supreme Court, 32n; identified, 4:302n; Life of George Washington, 307, 312, 375n; subscribes to book, 61 Marshall, Thomas: edits Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et AngloSaxonica (F. Junius), 196, 411 Martin, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 630 Martinique: schools in, 388 Marx, Joseph: identified, 12:241–2n; letter from, 217; TJ invites to visit Monticello, 217 Maryland: and American Revolution, 490, 506; and Confederation Congress, 335; and Continental Congress, 317; and education, 172–3, 187, 488; laws of, 499–500; legislature of, 172–3, 187, 569; Report with Sundry Resolutions relative to Appropriations of Public Land for the Purposes of Education, to the Senate of Maryland. January 30, 1821, 172–3, 187 Mason, George: and revision of Va. laws, 322, 323; TJ on, 321, 322 Massachusetts: African Americans in, 290–1n; committees of correspondence, 312–3; and Confederation Congress, 335; constitutional convention of 1820–21, 192; constitution of, 13, 14n; legislature of, 290–1n; and origin of American Revolution, 312–3, 490; relations with Great Britain, 311; Republicans in, 420 mathematics: algebra, 494; books on, 574, 600; calculus, 494; collegiate education in, 101, 104, 230, 237, 310, 329, 493, 590; elementary education in, 327; geometry, 494; and military education, 490; solutions published,

 703 

INDEX mathematics (cont.) 408, 410; TJ on, 310; University of Virginia professorship of, 408, 409–10, 432 Mathew Carey & Son (Philadelphia firm): and books for TJ, 64; identified, 12:264n; invoice from, 64; letter from, 64; publishes Journal of Jurisprudence, 450; TJ’s account with, 232–3. See also Carey, Mathew Mathew Carey & Sons (Philadelphia firm): and books for TJ, 251; and correspondence for M. L. Weems, 547; identified, 251n; letter from, 251; TJ’s account with, 251. See also Carey, Mathew Matlock, Mr. (ship captain), 196n mattresses, 154 Maupin, Thomas: and University of Virginia, 639 Maury, Abram Poindexter: travels of, 147 Maury, Fontaine: family of, 97; identified, 5:258–9n Maury, James (1717–69): and TJ’s education, 310 Maury, James (1746–1840): as consul at Liverpool, 96, 97, 288, 509, 562n; family of, 25, 96, 300, 509, 510; friend of TJ, 300–1; health of, 509–10; identified, 1:82n; letter from, 509–10; sends bust to TJ, 46, 47; sends seeds to TJ, 175 Maury, Margaret Rutson (second wife of James Maury [1746–1840]): and J. Maury’s consulship, 97; sends greetings to TJ, 510 Maury, Matthew W.: identified, 15:355n; and University of Virginia, 637 Maury, Reuben: and Central College– University of Virginia, 624, 636, 639; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 631 Maury, Thomas Walker: and education of TJ’s grandsons, 383, 483–4; family of, 147; identified, 4:500n; letter from, 175; requests letters of introduction, 25; sends seeds to TJ, 175 Maury, William: identified, 14:62n; letters from, 25–6, 96, 288–9; letter to, from W. Latham, 97; and J. Maury’s consulship, 96, 97, 288, 509; travels of, 25–6, 96, 300, 509

Maverick, Samuel: and grapes, 405–6; identified, 407n; letter from, 405–7; TJ meets, 406 May, Thomas: identified, 110n; letter from, 109–10; as partner in John Ayers & Company, 109–10 Mayo, Mr.: and Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 428n Mayo, Frederick August: binds books for TJ, 46, 60, 180, 212n, 411–2, 568, 608; and books for TJ, 233, 552; career of, 81–2; as employer, 209, 229; family of, 568; financial difficulties of, 81–2; identified, 13:456–7n; letters from, 60, 80–2, 174, 210, 568–9, 608; letters to, 46, 180, 233, 411–2; letters to accounted for, 212n, 412n; seeks recommendation, 568; TJ pays, 199, 200, 211, 220; TJ’s account with, 60, 80–1, 174, 180, 210, 233, 568 Mayo, John W.: and Central College– University of Virginia, 621, 622 Mayo, Lewis: and University of Virginia, 631 Mayo, Robert: identified, 61–2n; letter from, 61–2; letter to, 94; The Rhyming Spelling Book, 61, 94 Mazzei, Elisabetta. See Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei (Philip Mazzei’s daughter; Andrea Pini’s wife) Mazzei, Philip: identified, 3:380–1n; TJ’s debt to, 260, 474, 475n Mease, James: identified, 7:382n; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 mechanical philosophy: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 20 medals: honoring H. F. X. de Belsunce de Castelmoron, 507 medicine: bloodletting, 157; books on, 151, 158–9, 241, 242n; education in, 158–9, 194, 236, 264, 328; and jurisprudence, 236; midwifery, 236; nosology, 236; and physicians, 540, 559, 596; T. M. Randolph on careers in, 305; and tea, 157. See also health; pharmacy Meeks, Edmund: account with TJ, 532n; identified, 14:541–2n; TJ pays, 15; witnesses document, 273 Meigs, Josiah: identified, 5:297–8n; letter from, 166–7; letter to, 183; sends geometric meteorological chart, 166–7, 167–72, 183

 704 

INDEX melons: Valencia, 175 Mémoires et Correspondance de Madame d’Épinay (d’Épinay), 536 Memoirs of James the Second, King of England, 536 Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. F.R.S. &c. (ed. W. T. Franklin), 378n Memoirs of the Secret Societies of the South of Italy, particularly the Carbonari, 536, 537n Memorial of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson), 659n Mercer, Hugh: identified, 400–1n; introduces J. Cullen to TJ, 400; letter from, 400–1 Mercer, James: as Va. legislator, 315 Mercer, John Francis: career of, 585, 586n; death of, 585; as member of Confederation Congress, 335 Merewether, William H.: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 620, 630; and University of Virginia, 627 Meriwether, William Douglas: and Central College–University of Virginia, 621, 631, 633, 636; identified, 1:74n Merritt, Gilbert: identified, 252n; letter from, 252; letter to, 269; and New York Republican Sentinel, 252, 269 metaphysics: books on, 246; study of, 246 meteorological observations: geometric chart of, in Washington, D.C., 166–7, 167–72, 183. See also weather Michie, Jonathan: and University of Virginia, 622 midwifery: collegiate education in, 236 Mifflin, Thomas: identified, 7:707n; as president of Confederation Congress, 336, 377n Milford, Mass.: Fourth of July oration given in, 420, 484, 490, 506 Milledge, John: identified, 1:596–7n; and roses, 546–7n Miller, Boyd: and TJ’s debt to A. Robertson & Company, 16, 17, 41n, 430, 439, 589 Miller, James (1776–1851): as governor of Arkansas Territory, 39n Miller, James (of Virginia): and University of Virginia, 607

Miller, Joseph (1776–1824): as brewer, 159, 178; identified, 6:537n Miller, Joseph (contractor): and University of Virginia, 633 Miller, Robert (overseer): letter to accounted for, 589n; TJ pays, 589n Miller, Samuel Thomas: instructor at New London Academy, 218, 232 Miller, Timothy: and University of Virginia, 634 Miller, William J. (overseer): identified, 12:197n; TJ pays, 588, 589n Milligan, Joseph: identified, 1:37–8n; reprints TJ’s Manual of Parliamentary Practice, 599 mills. See Monticello: gristmill at; Monticello: sawmill at; sawmills; Shadwell mills Milly (African American): and University of Virginia, 620 Milton, Va.: boats traveling to and from, 110–1, 303; postmaster at, 79; TJ’s land at, 67–8, 82–3, 258, 271–3, 274n, 281–2, 284 Minell, Jan: classical editions by, 445; edits P. Ovidii Nasonis Epistolarum Heroidum (Ovid), 138, 447; edits Publii Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseωn (Ovid), 138, 447; edits Publii Terentii Comodiae Sex (Terence), 138, 447; edits Pub. Virgilii Maronis Opera (Virgil), 138, 447; edits Quinti Horatii Flacci Poemata (Horace), 138, 447 mineralogy: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 56; collections of minerals, 295, 477, 485, 489, 497, 504; collegiate education in, 50; and T. Cooper, 35, 237; of South America, 388 Minor, Mr.: mentioned, 395 Minor, James (of Albemarle Co.): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621 Minor, James (of Louisa Co.): recommends R. Tisdale, 472 Minor, Lancelot: identified, 4:511n; letter from, 21; letter to, 70; and H. Marks’s estate, 21, 70 Minor, Peter: and Agricultural Society of Albemarle, 27, 30; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621; identified, 3:146n; letter to, 30; and University of Virginia, 575, 575, 576, 578, 628

 705 

INDEX Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de: as member of National Assembly, 362 Mississippi River: and steamboats, 26 Mississippi State Gazette (Natchez newspaper), 166n Missouri (state): and statehood, 41n, 401–2, 431 Missouri question: and antislavery, 13; Lafayette on, 254–5; and opposition to Missouri Compromise, 601; R. Rush on, 43, 538; speeches on, 276n; TJ on, 31, 252, 418, 431, 561 Mitchell, John (ca. 1690–1768): map by, 38, 39n Mitchell, John E.: and University of Virginia, 621, 625 Mitchell, M.: and University of Virginia, 637 Mitchell, Robert: identified, 15:309n; TJ’s debt to, 589n Mitchell, William (contractor): and University of Virginia, 631 Mitchell, William (of Lynchburg): and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 589n; identified, 4:86–7n; TJ’s debt to, 543, 589n Mitchill, Samuel Latham: forwards letters, 388; identified, 8:604n; and Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York, 656; as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89; and tariffs on books, 656 Le Moniteur Universel (Paris newspaper). See Gazette nationale, ou, Le Moniteur universel (Paris newspaper) Monroe, Andrew: and University of Virginia, 639 Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright (James Monroe’s wife): health of, 477 Monroe, James: and appointments, 96, 126, 222–3, 244, 271, 457–8, 460, 461, 480, 509, 513; P. Cardelli’s bust of, 136, 159–60, 489, 504; career of, 585, 586n; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620, 630; and charges against J. Barron, 516, 517n, 517–8; circular sent to, 301; family of, 477–8; identified, 1:349n; and T. Kosciuszko monument, 414–5, 478; letters from, 141–3, 160, 477–9, 516–7; letters to, 106–7, 414–5, 517–8; as member of Confederation Congress, 333; mentioned, 214, 216n; political influence of, 212; presidency

of, 119n, 160, 214, 216, 308, 549; as presidential candidate, 216; presidential tour, 289, 586n; as secretary of state, 163; slaves of, 517; and tariffs on books, 656; TJ’s friendship with, 518; toasts honoring, 289; and University of Virginia, 57, 106–7, 141–2, 160, 517n, 633; visitors to, 119–20; works sent to, 234n. See also Highland (J. Monroe’s Albemarle Co. estate) Monroe, Maria Hester (James Monroe’s daugther). See Gouverneur, Maria Hester Monroe (James Monroe’s daughter; Samuel L. Gouverneur’s wife) Montagu, Edward: Va. colonial agent in London, 315 Montaigne, Michel de: Collection de Moralistes Français, (Montaigne,— Charron,—Pascal,—La Rouchefoucauld,—La Bruyère,—Vauvenargues,— Duclos) publiée avec des commentaires et de nouvelles notices biographiques (ed. A. Duval), 447, 448n; Essais de Montaigne, 447, 448n Montesson, Jean Louis, marquis de: as deputy of Estates General, 366   Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): blacksmiths at, 79; brewery at, 159, 178; cisterns at, 17, 147, 429; Entrance Hall, 409, 432; fish for, 211; flour from, 60, 68, 129, 130, 143, 161, 173, 174, 180, 181, 190, 191, 195, 200, 202, 224, 259, 396–7, 515, 531–2, 542, 543, 552, 553, 566–7, 588, 598, 599; gristmill at, 182, 191, 247; horses at, 218; inherited by TJ, 309; library at, 138n; management of, 15–6, 17n, 143; meridian at, 309; North Pavilion, liii; portraits and paintings at, 573, 597, 598n; roofs at, 386; sawmill at, 182; slaves at, 40; taxes on, 23, 531, 532n; tobacco crop at, 195; turkeys at, 25; weddings at, liii; wheat crop at, 282, 579. See also naileries Visitors to Bankhead, Ann C., 247; Bankhead, William, 247; Bry, Henry, 187, 546; Cabell, Joseph C., 467; Chastellier, Benjamin de, 163; Cocke, John H., 34; Coffee, William J., 573, 597, 598; Cooper, Thomas, 34–5, 36n, 50, 69; Hatch, Frederick W., 483,

 706 

INDEX Monticello (cont.) 486; Horwitz, Jonas, 483, 486; Huntington, William, 95; Lawrence, William B., 202–3; Madison, Dolley and James, 71; Moorman, Nathaniel S., 382; Parr, Mr., 78, 79n, 136, 159; Pendleton, William F., 389; Peyton, Bernard, 416; Ridgely, Greenbury William, 584, 586n; Sully, Thomas, li, lii, 94, 100n; Taylor, Robert, 441; Trist, Nicholas P., liii, liv; Vanuxem, Lardner C., 50, 69; Watts, Mr., 246, 247n; Whiston, Francis C., 208, 279; Yates, William C., 186 Montmorin de Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc, comte de: as government minister, 344, 347, 348, 355, 357, 358, 361, 364, 368–9, 371; TJ on, 340 Montpellier (Montpelier; J. Madison’s Orange Co. estate): visitors to, 159, 584–5 Moody, John: as agent for O. Evans, 595–6, 610; identified, 4:468n; letter from, 595–6; letter to, 610; requests character reference, 595–6, 610 Moore, Benjamin: and University of Virginia, 630 Moore, Thomas: and University of Virginia, 637 Moores, F. W. (ship captain), 562n Moorman, Nathaniel S.: identified, 382n; letter from, 380–2; requests charity, 380–2; visits Monticello, 382 moral philosophy: collegiate education in, 238n Moreau, Jean: mentioned, 164 Moreland (Morland), D.: and University of Virginia, 624 Moreland (Moorland), Sarah: and University of Virginia, 627, 635 Moricand, Moïse Étienne (Stephano): and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Morocco: relations with U.S., 336 Morris, Ann Cary Randolph (Gouverneur Morris’s wife; Martha Jefferson Randolph’s sister-in-law): mentioned, 264n Morris, Gouverneur: identified, 10:478n; and public finance, 330 Morris, John: supplies fodder, 40 Morris, Richard Valentine: dismissal of, 455, 460n

Morris, Robert (1735–1806): and public finance, 330–1, 333, 336 Morse, Jedidiah: The American Gazetteer, 127, 128n; identified, 12:508n Morton, Thomas (of Virginia): and University of Virginia, 639 Moses (Hebrew prophet), 505 Moses, I. C., & Company (Charleston firm). See I. C. Moses & Company (Charleston firm) Moses, Robert: and University of Virginia, 621 The Mother’s Book; exemplifying Pestalozzi’s Plan (P. H. Pullen), 535 Mounier, Jean Joseph: and French Constitution of 1791, 370 Moyle, Walter: works of, 536 Muhammad (founder of Islam), 505 mules: taxes on, 23 Munford, William: A General Index to the Virginian Law Authorities, reported by Washington, Call, Hening and Munford jointly, and Munford separately, 210, 233; identified, 10:447–8n murder: committed by African Americans, 154 Murphey, Archibald DeBow: as University of North Carolina trustee, 521n Murray, Alexander (1755–1821): recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 muscatel (wine), 139, 140 Muséum Impérial d’Histoire Naturelle. See Jardin des plantes et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. See Jardin des plantes et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle: and seeds for TJ, 79–80 museums: Philadelphia Museum, liv music: harpsichord, 85n, 428–9 The Music, or Melody and Rhythmus of the English Language (J. Chapman), 536 Muskingum Messenger, and Democratic Republican (Zanesville, Ohio, newspaper), 398, 399–400n Mutter, John, 161 Myers, Jasper: and University of Virginia, 630, 633, 641n Nace (TJ’s slave; b. 1773): delivers letter, 39; as gardener, 612–3;

 707 

INDEX Nace (TJ’s slave; b. 1773) (cont.) identified, 40n; letter of credit for, 40; transports livestock, 39, 48 naileries: nail-rod and iron stock, 143–4, 152, 221 nails: brads, 6; price of, 143; purchased by TJ, 4, 6–11; sprigs, 5, 7; for University of Virginia, 650, 654. See also naileries N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm): identified, 9:581n; TJ’s debt to, 16, 21, 36, 46, 47, 117 Naples, kingdom of (later Kingdom of the Two Sicilies): and Algiers, 340; relations with U.S., 336; revolution in, 44, 58, 115, 122, 142, 143n, 179, 180, 187, 191, 253, 489; Royal Institute of Naples, 88 Napoleon I, emperor of France: and Corps Législatif, 335, 376–7n; death of, 480, 481n, 506; defeated at Battle of Waterloo, 234–5; defended, 164, 165, 166n; exiled to Saint Helena, 393; TJ on, 361–2, 368, 378n A Narrative of the Persecution of Hippolyto Joseph da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça (da Costa), 537 Natchez, Miss.: economy of, 26; Mississippi State Gazette, 166n National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper): and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 443; prints congressional proceedings, 549; prints Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 659n; prints TJ’s correspondence, 250n, 398, 399–400n, 434, 591–2. See also Smith, Samuel Harrison A Natural and Civil History of California (M. Venegas), 536 Natural Bridge, Va.: dam at, 558; drawing of, by J. P. DuVal, 222; survey of, 555–6, 558, 581, 587; TJ visits, 555–6, 558, 571, 579, 587, 602–3 natural history: books on, 4, 87–8n, 116, 151; collegiate education in, 101, 104, 329 natural philosophy: books on, 494; collegiate education in, 101, 104, 329, 493, 590 navigation: study of, 125–6, 490. See also Rivanna River Navy Department, U.S.: applications to, 424, 435, 437, 460–1, 462; and

partisanship, 548, 555; proposed school for, 438–9, 490; and timber agents, 463, 464n, 464; TJ on, 436–7, 560. See also Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams; Hamilton, Paul (1762–1816); Jones, William (ca. 1761–1831); Thompson, Smith Necker, Jacques: as French minister of finance, 356–62, 364, 366, 368, 378n Neilson, Hall: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620 Neilson (Nelson), John: as builder for Central College–University of Virginia, 77, 620, 622, 626, 630, 634, 649, 653; identified, 5:299–300n Nekervis, William: identified, 274n; TJ deeds Milton land to, 16, 17n, 47n, 67–8, 82–3, 258, 271–3, 274n, 281–2, 284 Nelson (African American): and University of Virginia, 634 Nelson, Mr. See Neilson (Nelson), John Nelson, Elizabeth. See Page, Elizabeth Nelson (Thomas Nelson’s daughter; Mann Page’s wife) Nelson, Hugh: identified, 1:500n; and tariffs on books, 655–6; as U.S. representative from Va., 655–6, 659n Nelson, Lucy Grymes (Thomas Nelson’s wife): and compensation for husband’s service, 610–1 Nelson, Thomas (1738–89): compensation for heirs of, 610–1; as governor of Va., 329 Nepos, Cornelius: works of, 190 “Neptune” (pseudonym). See “The Ghost of Franklin” (“Franklin’s Ghost”; “Neptune”) (pseudonym) Nestor (ship), 196n The Netherlands: government of, 346–7; relations with France, 345; relations with Great Britian, 345–9; relations with U.S., 336; TJ’s travels in, 353–4; and U.S. finances, 352–4 A New and Impartial History of England (J. Baxter), 64, 232, 251, 419 New England: and federal judiciary, 601; and sectionalism, 305 New Hampshire: TJ visits, 337 New Jersey: and Continental Congress, 317 New London, Va.: academy at, 218, 232 A New Method Of learning with Facility the Latin Tongue (A. Arnauld,

 708 

INDEX C. Lancelot, and P. Nicole; trans. T. Nugent), 537n A New Method Of learning with greater Facility the Greek Tongue (A. Arnauld, C. Lancelot, P. Nicole; trans. T. Nugent), 537n New Orleans: descriptions of, 26; economic conditions in, 26; Louisiana Advertiser, 166n newspapers: advertisements in, 8; Baltimore Federal Republican & Commercial Gazette, 164; Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register, 46, 80–1, 150, 411; criticisms of TJ in, 393, 394, 395n, 417; Federalist, 434; Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 393, 394, 395n, 417; French, 58, 255n; Natchez Mississippi State Gazette, 166n; New Orleans Louisiana Advertiser, 166n; New York American Citizen, 216n; New York Columbian, 119n, 148–9; New York Republican Sentinel, 252, 269; and public debt, 554–5; TJ on, 148, 269; Washington Gazette, 119n, 148–9; Zanesville, Ohio, Muskingum Messenger, 398, 399–400n. See also National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper); Richmond Enquirer (newspaper) Newton, Sir Isaac: The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, 536 The New Virginia Justice (W. W. Hening), 568 New York (city): collector at, 243, 277; fine arts in, 573; flour sales at, 598; Republican Sentinel, 252, 269; Saint Matthew’s Church, 593–4n; Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, 593. See also Gelston, David: as collector at New York; Thompson, Jonathan: as collector at New York New York (state): and canals, 58, 59n, 95, 529, 550, 569–70, 585–6, 587n, 599; constitutional convention of 1821, 192, 591; elections in, 118, 119n, 148–9, 277; legislature of, 277n; Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York, 88; Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, 88, 89; newspapers, 119n, 148–9; public records of, 38; Report of the Joint Committee of the Senate and Assembly, In relation to the Message of the Governor of the 18th of January last, implicating the conduct of sundry individuals holding

offices under the General Government, 118, 119n, 148–9; weather in, 573 New-York Columbian (newspaper), 119n, 148–9 New-York Historical Society: identified, 7:120n; and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 Niagara Falls: praised, 546 Nicholas, Jane Hollins. See Randolph, Jane Hollins Nicholas (Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s wife; Wilson Cary Nicholas’s daughter) Nicholas, Margaret Smith (Wilson Cary Nicholas’s wife): and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 177 Nicholas, Philip Norborne: and establishment of University of Virginia, 416; identified, 273–4n; letter to, 416; as president of Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 3, 284, 416; TJ deeds Milton land to, 16, 17n, 47n, 67–8, 82–3, 258, 271–3, 274n, 281–2, 284 Nicholas, Robert Carter (1729–80): as Va. legislator, 313, 314, 315, 320 Nicholas, Sarah E.: and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 177, 229 Nicholas, Wilson Cary (1761–1820): estate of, 177, 229; family of, 44, 57, 177, 229, 299, 390, 390–1; finances of, 299, 390–1; identified, 1:223n; TJ endorses notes for, 382–3 Nicole, Pierre: A New Method Of learning with Facility the Latin Tongue, 536, 537n; A New Method Of learning with greater Facility the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n; The Primitives of the Greek Tongue, 536, 537n Niles, Hezekiah: identified, 4:178n; letter from accounted for, 150; letter to, 150; and Niles’ Weekly Register, 150 Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore newspaper), 46, 80, 150, 411 Nimmo, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 627 Nivernais (Nivernois), Louis Jules Barbon Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de: appointed to French Council of State, 344 Noailles, Louis Marie, vicomte de: member of Estates General, 369 Noël de la Morinière, Simon Barthélemy Joseph: identified, 5:604n; and C. S. Rafinesque, 88 Nolti, Mr.: introduced to TJ, 284 Norfolk County Circuit Court, Va., 440, 441n

 709 

INDEX Norris, Opie: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 621; identified, 3:465n North, Lord Frederick (later 2d Earl of Guilford): conciliatory propositions of, 315, 317; and peace negotiations, 374 North Carolina: boundary with Va., 309; and Confederation Congress, 335; wine from, 3 North Carolina, University of: mentioned, 590; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 523, 544, 580, 581n, 600, 655 nosology, 236 Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress (Thomas Jefferson), 317 Notes on the State of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson): 1st edition, privately printed (Paris, 1785), 337; 2d edition (Paris, 1787), 337–8; 3d edition (London, 1787), 338; and Indians, 605–6; praise for, 605–6; references to, 13, 14n; requests for copies of, 239, 240, 250, 264–5; TJ as author of, 337–8, 377n Nott, Eliphalet: as president of Union College, 545 Nugent, Thomas: as translator, 537n Nulty, Eugenius: as mathematician, 237 Nunn, John: and University of Virginia, 630 Oberlin, Jeremias Jakob: edits C. Cornelii Taciti opera (Tacitus), 106 Obras Poeticas de Don Vicente Garcia de la Huerta (V. A. García de la Huerta y Muñoz), 138, 447 O’Brien, Richard: and U.S. negotiations with Algiers, 453 Observations on Modern Gardening (T. Whately), 43, 197, 411 Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands (W. Temple), 333, 376n Ocios del Conde Don Bernardino de Rebolledo (B. de Rebolledo), 138, 445 odometers, 79, 190 Œuvres complettes de Dêmosthene et d’Eschine (Demosthenes; Aeschines; trans. A. Auger), 138–9, 447 Œuvres Complettes d’Isocrate (Isocrates; trans. A. Auger), 138, 139n, 447 Œuvres d’Archimède (Archimedes; trans. F. Peyrard), 536

Œuvres d’Architecture (V. Scamozzi), 133 Ohio: described, 546; and Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 398, 399n Ohio River: map of, 88n oil: olive, 6, 140, 507, 530, 612; spermaceti, 340 Olaf (Amlaíb) Sihtricson: family of, 127, 128n Oldham, James: as builder for University of Virginia, 511, 575, 575–6, 576–7, 577, 626, 630, 649, 653; finances of, 576; identified, 3:520n; letter from, 576–7; letter to, 577–8 Olfers, Ignaz von: and minerals for University of Virginia, 295, 296n Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco: identified, 9:263–4n; introduces T. F. Andrews, 194, 236, 241, 264; letters from, 193–4, 241–2; letter to, 200–1; as political refugee, 193, 200; on Portuguese universities, 241–2; returns to Portugal, 193, 200, 201; and University of Virginia, 201, 241–2 Oliver, Andrew: correspondence of published, 278n Oliver, Julius: identified, 15:63–4n; and wine and groceries for TJ, 139 Oliver, Robert: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 olives: oil, 6, 140, 507, 530, 612 O’Neal, John L.: and University of Virginia, 624 On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature (C. Bucke), 535 Opera Omnia Graece et Latine (Dionysius of Halicarnassus; eds. H. Estienne, J. J. Reiske, and others), 106 Orange County, Va.: yellow fever in, 603 An Oration, delivered in St. Philip’s Church, Charleston, South-Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1821; before the ’76 Association (T. O. Elliott), 448, 449n, 479 An Oration, delivered on the Fourth of July, 1821, before the Cincinnati and Revolution Societies (J. Hamilton), 481, 482n An Oration, Pronounced at Charlestown, on the 4th July, 1821, at the request of the Republican citizens of that town (P. Willard and N. H. Loring), 275–6, 298 An Oration, pronounced on the Fourth of July, 1821, (by request,) before the

 710 

INDEX Republican Citizens of Milford, Mass. (T. Whittemore), 420, 484, 490, 506 Orbis Sensualium Pictus (J. A. Komenský [Comenius]; trans. C. Hoole), 4, 16, 211 Ord, George: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Ordoñez das Seijas y Tobar, Alonso: translates La Poetica de Aristoteles, 138, 447, 448n Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph, duc d’: as member of Estates General, 356, 362 Orvault, Marie Armand de Guerry de Maubreuil, marquis d’: quoted, 426, 427n Osborn, Ralph: as auditor of Ohio, 399n Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 399n osnaburg (oznabrig): fabric, 10 Ottoman Empire: and Austria, 474, 475n; and Greece, 253, 474, 475n, 489; and Russia, 253, 474, 475n, 538. See also Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire overseers. See Bacon, Edmund; Bishop, Jonathan; Bowling, Lewis; Miller, Robert; Miller, William J.; Yancey, Joel (d. 1833) Ovid: P. Ovidii Nasonis Epistolarum Heroidum (ed. J. Minell), 138, 447; Publii Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseωn (ed. J. Minell), 138, 447; A Translation of the First Book of Ovid’s Tristia, in Heroic English Verse; with the Original Text (F. Arden), 441, 442n, 479 Owain Gwynedd: family of, 127, 128n Owen, Thomas: translates Γεωπονικά. Agricultural Pursuits, 197, 411 Owens, Capt.: buys TJ’s flour, 543 Owens, David: and University of Virginia, 621, 626, 631, 634 Oxnard, Thomas: identified, 530n. See also Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm) Paca, William: and American Revolution, 506 Pacific Ocean, 436–7 Packet (brigantine), 507, 530, 612 Page, Carter B.: and University of Virginia, 636 Page, Elizabeth Nelson (Thomas Nelson’s daughter; Mann Page’s wife):

and compensation for father’s service, 610–1; identified, 611n; letter from, 610–1 Page, Thomas Nelson: and Revolutionary War compensation claims, 610–1 Paine, Thomas: and American Revolution, 490; Common Sense, 360 paint, 654 painting: books on, 99–100 paintings: conservation of, 573, 597, 598n; of University of Virginia, 613–4. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Portraits Palladio, Andrea: The Architecture of A. Palladio (G. Leoni), 133–4; referenced, 263n; works of, as models for University of Virginia construction, 121, 133–4 Palmer, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 638 Palmer, Charles: buys TJ’s flour, 286; identified, 14:535–6n Palmer, M.: and University of Virginia, 639 Pantheon (Rome): as model for University of Virginia’s Rotunda, 121, 582, 603 paper: for printing, 450; sandpaper, 7. See also stationery Parallele de l’Architecture Antique avec la Moderne (C. Errard and R. Fréart de Chambray), 133 Paris: Treaty of (1783), 333–6, 377n Parish, David: property of, 585 Parker, George: as judge, 257n Parker, Leonard Moody: identified, 276n; letter from, 275–6; letter to, 298–9; publishes TJ’s letter, 299n; sends work to TJ, 298 Parker, Matthew: edits Ypodigma Nevstriæ vel Normanniæ (T. Walsingham), 196 Parnaso Español. Coleccion de Poesías Escogidas de los mas Célebres Poetas Castellanos (ed. J. J. López de Sedano y Pérez del Tero), 138, 445 Parr, Mr.: introduced to TJ, 78; travels of, 78, 79n, 159; visits Monticello, 78–9n, 136, 159 Parry, Sir William Edward: map of discoveries of, 536 patents: for bateaux, 432n; of P. Laporte, 119–20, 149–50, 232n; of J. Macdonald, 595n; sought by A. Dey, 595n

 711 

INDEX pathology: collegiate education in, 236 patronage: letters of application and recommendation from TJ, 437–8, 485–6, 565–6, 566; letters of application and recommendation to TJ, 35, 50–1, 51–5, 55, 56–7, 74, 96, 125–6, 136, 175, 222–3, 236–7, 244, 408–9, 424, 425–7, 453–60, 466, 480–1, 496, 501, 540–2, 557–8, 563–4; misuse of, 119n, 148–9 Patterson, James P.: Buckingham Co. tavern keeper, 190; identified, 191n; letter to, 190–1 Patterson, John: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 172, 186, 630; identified, 10:559n; letter from, 172–3; letters to, 186–7, 403; and University of Virginia, 172, 186–7, 403 Patterson, Robert: identified, 1:193–4n; and University of Virginia, 20 Patterson, Robert Maskell: identified, 7:113–4n; and University of Virginia, 20 Patterson, William: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Patteson, David: TJ stays in home of, 435n Patteson, Reuben B., 158n Patton, C. B.: and University of Virginia, 630 Paul, Hugh: and University of Virginia, 621, 625, 632, 637, 638 Paul, Thomas: and abolition of slave trade, 289 Pausanias: works of, 536 Pauw, Jan Cornelius de: edits Quinti Calabri Prætermissorum ab Homero (Quintus Smyrnaeus), 138, 447 Paxton, William: identified, 16:163n; letter to accounted for, 581n; and survey of Natural Bridge, 581, 587 Payne, Thomas: London bookseller, 43 Peale, Rembrandt: The Court of Death, 73; identified, 4:357n Peck, Lyman: as builder for University of Virginia, 577, 623, 624 Peck & Crawford (firm): and University of Virginia, 638, 649, 651, 654 Pendleton, Edmund (1721–1803): and revision of Va. laws, 322, 323, 324, 326; TJ on, 318–9; as Va. burgess, 314, 318–9, 320 Pendleton, Reuben: buys TJ’s wheat, 589–90n

Pendleton, William F.: conveys document to TJ, 384, 385n, 389–90; as director of Va. Literary Fund, 304, 383, 384, 389–90 Pendleton, William Garland: identified, 16:88n; as register of Va. Land Office, 542–3; as surety for J. Preston, 257n Penn, William: relics associated with, 547, 573 Pennsylvania: and Confederation Congress, 335; criminal law in, 325, 326 pens (writing instruments): points for, 17, 598 Perry, Frances T. (John M. Perry’s wife): identified, 11:467n; sells land to Central College–University of Virginia, 619n Perry, John M.: as builder for Central College–University of Virginia, 77, 531, 567–8, 620, 621, 622, 624–8, 630–9, 646, 649, 651, 651–2, 655n; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621, 630; hires out slaves to University of Virginia, 642; identified, 1:192–3n; sells property to Central College–University of Virginia, 577n, 619n, 651. See also Dinsmore & Perry (Albemarle Co. firm) Perryman, Anthony P.: and University of Virginia, 620, 622, 623, 626 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich: works on, 535 Peter (TJ’s slave; b. 1770). See Hemmings, Peter (TJ’s slave; b. 1770) Peter I (“the Great”), emperor of Russia: works on, 138, 447 Peyrard, François: translates Œuvres d’Archimède (Archimedes), 536 Peyton, Bernard: account with TJ, 15–6, 130, 144, 152, 174, 217, 223, 224–5, 256, 258, 259, 396–7, 531–2, 543, 553, 599; as adjutant general of Va., 83; and books for TJ, 218, 221, 224, 250, 291, 411; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620; and fish for TJ, 211, 223, 223–4; forwards goods for TJ, 3, 4, 110–1, 153, 386, 396, 552; forwards letters for TJ, 150, 152, 200, 202; and goods for TJ, 17, 19, 19, 46, 47, 95, 109, 112, 113, 151, 159n, 176, 178, 195, 200, 202, 243, 277, 281, 303, 385, 485, 497, 612; identified, 6:51–2n; letters from, 3, 4, 36–7, 47, 82–3, 95, 110–1,

 712 

INDEX 112–3, 129, 144, 151–2, 153, 173–4, 189–90, 195, 202, 220–1, 223, 223–4, 242–3, 250, 256–7, 258, 263, 284–5, 386–7, 396, 416, 542–3, 552, 598; letters to, 15–7, 46–7, 67–8, 86, 113, 128–9, 143–4, 176, 181, 191, 199, 200, 211–2, 217–8, 259, 269–70, 281–2, 531–2, 579, 588–9; letters to accounted for, 218n, 396n; as merchant, 487; and nail-rod for TJ, 143–4, 152, 221; payments made for TJ, 3, 10, 18n, 21, 22, 22, 36, 40, 46, 47, 59, 83, 113, 113, 114, 117, 122, 128–9, 129, 130, 143, 144, 147, 149, 151–2, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 195, 199, 200, 202, 206, 211, 212n, 217, 218, 220, 232, 233, 260, 271, 285–6, 416, 487, 542, 579, 588, 588, 589n, 598; and payments to TJ, 129n, 179; plans to visit Monticello, 416; portrait of, liv–lv, 392 (illus.); as T. J. Randolph’s agent, 302–3; relationship with TJ, liv–lv; as surety for J. Preston, 37, 256–7, 258, 269–70, 284–5; and TJ’s bank notes, 86, 110, 256, 258; and TJ’s flour, 68, 111, 129, 130, 143, 152, 173, 174, 176, 181, 191, 199, 202, 211, 217, 223, 224, 259, 396, 396–7, 531–2, 542, 543, 552, 553, 579, 588, 588, 598, 599; and TJ’s loan from Bank of Virginia, 190, 191, 195, 242–3, 259, 263, 282, 284, 396, 532, 542; and TJ’s loan from Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 3, 15–6, 36–7, 46, 67–8, 82–3, 242–3, 258, 259, 263, 271, 272, 273, 274n, 281–2, 284, 396, 532, 542; and TJ’s loan from Second Bank of U.S., 47, 242–3, 259, 263, 282, 284, 396, 532, 542; and TJ’s tobacco, 181, 191, 197, 207, 211, 221, 223, 224; and University of Virginia, 120, 128–9, 132, 144, 152, 222, 630, 631, 642; and wine for TJ, 189, 199, 202, 243 Peyton, Craven: account with TJ, 16, 22, 22, 59, 412, 487, 487, 488, 491, 491; and corn for TJ, 59, 487; family of, 413; identified, 1:415n; letters from, 59, 413, 487, 491–2; letters to, 22, 412, 488; and A. S. Marks, 59, 412, 413, 488, 491–2; and pork, 487; and T. J. Randolph, 487; relationship with TJ, 492; TJ pays, 487n, 505 Peyton, John Howe: identified, 11:64n; and Jefferson v. Rivanna Company, 129n; TJ’s debt to, 129n

Peyton, Valentine: and University of Virginia, 628, 639 pharmacy: collegiate education in, 236. See also medicine Pharsalia (Lucan), 36 Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 88; builders’ prices in, 24, 296, 298n; Law Academy of Philadelphia, 141 Philadelphia Museum: silhouettes from, liv Philips, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 631 Phillips, William (1750–1827): toasts honoring, 290 Phillips, William B.: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 621, 622, 625, 626, 637, 638, 649, 653–4; identified, 14:164n Philostratus, Lucius Flavius: The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (trans. E. Berwick), 535 physics: books on, 138, 447; collegiate education in, 494 physiology: collegiate education in, 236 Pickering, John (1737–1805): impeachment of, 351n Picket, A. & J. W. (firm). See A. & J. W. Picket (firm) Picket, Albert (1771–1850): and education of women, 488n Picket, Albert, Jr.: and education of women, 488n Picket, John W.: and education of women, 488n Piedmont, Italy: revolution in, 489; TJ visits, 344 pigs: stolen, 207; TJ sells, 487; value of, 22 Pillnitz, Declaration of, 368 Pinckney, Charles: identified, 1:476n; introduces A. W. Hamilton, 259–60; letter from, 259–60 Pini, Andrea Tozzi (Elisabetta Mazzei Pini’s husband): identified, 12:265n; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 122, 199, 474, 475n Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei (Philip Mazzei’s daughter; Andrea Pini’s wife): identified, 12:265n; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 122, 199, 260, 474, 475n Pinto de Souza Coutinho, Luís, chevalier de, 339–40 pipes, water: for University of Virginia, 650, 652

 713 

INDEX pitchers, 110 Pitt, Joseph: as builder for University of Virginia, 624, 626, 631, 632, 633, 634, 637, 638. See also Joseph Pitt & Sons (firm) Pitt, William (the Younger): toasts honoring, 289 Pitts, Johnson W.: and University of Virginia, 620 plague: in Marseille, 507 Planche, Joseph: Dictionnaire GrecFrançais, composé sur l’ouvrage intitulé Thesaurus Linguæ Græcæ, de Henri Étienne, 106, 230, 403, 443, 526, 535 planes (woodworking), 7, 11n plants: South American, 388. See also botany; seeds; specific plant names plastering: at University of Virginia, 650 Plato: J. Adams on, 505; works of, 536 Pleasants, James: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620; identified, 2:185n; and W. Ronald’s estate, 162–3, 179 Pleasants & Smith (Lynchburg firm): and University of Virginia, 635 Πλουτάρχου Βίοι Παράλληλοι (Plutarch; ed. A. Coray), 106 plows: plow plates, 6 Plutarch: Lives, 105–6; Πλουτάρχου Βίοι Παράλληλοι (ed. A. Coray), 106; Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 536, 537n Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (Plutarch; ed. G. H. Schaeffer), 536, 537n The Poems of Caius Valerius Catullus (G. V. Catullus; trans. G. Lamb), 535 La Poetica de Aristoteles (Aristotle; trans. A. Ordoñez das Seijas y Tobar), 138, 447, 448n poetry: TJ on, 479; TJ orders, 138, 445, 447. See also books: of poetry Poinsett, Joel Roberts: identified, 13:271–2n; and South Carolina Academy of Arts, 228 Poiret, Jean Louis Marie: Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique, 546–7 Poirey, Joseph Léonard: identified, 4:527–8n; seeks compensation, 255 Poland: partitions of, 368 Polética, Pierre de: identified, 14:342–3n; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 485, 499

Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de: friendship with Marie Antoinette, 366 politics: books on government, 246; state of in U.S., 98–9; study of, 493, 494. See also Federalist party; Republican party Pollard, Nathan: identified, 553–4n; letter from, 553–4; letter to, 572; as printer, 553, 572 Pollard, Robert: as J. Maury’s agent, 46, 47n, 47 Pollock, John: identified, 15:432n; and University of Virginia, 625 Polybii Historiarum (Polybius), 536 Polybius: Polybii Historiarum, 536 polygraph: TJ’s use of, lii–liii Pompeii: works on, 135 Pompeius Festus, Sextus: works of, 536 Pope, Alexander: An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle II, 171, 172n; An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle IV, 12, 14n; on J. Kyrle, 301; quoted, 505, 506n; The Universal Prayer, 12, 14n Poplar Forest (TJ’s Bedford Co. estate): carpentry at, 613; cattle at, 39, 40; diet of slaves at, 612–3; fish for, 207, 211, 218, 221, 223; flour from, 48; garden at, 154, 612–3; harpsichord for, 85n, 428–9; horses at, 207, 218; library at, 537n; livestock at, 39; management of, 15–6, 17n, 198, 207, 218; overseers at: 39, 258n; M. J. Randolph visits, 85n, 383, 435; T. J. Randolph visits, 435n; sheep at, 39, 40; skylight at, 613; slaves at, 39, 40, 198, 612–3; taxes on, 531–2; TJ plans visits to, 40, 48, 85n, 143, 147, 148, 198, 218, 247, 256, 297, 390, 412, 417, 423, 428–9, 429, 483, 491, 496, 511, 531–2, 532, 576; TJ returns from, 177, 476n, 567, 597; TJ’s grandchildren visit, 85n, 153–4, 383, 435n; TJ visits, 153–4, 383, 435, 484, 489, 491, 531, 543, 550, 550, 559, 571, 579, 588, 601, 602, 655; tobacco grown at, 181, 191, 197, 202, 207, 211, 218, 221, 224; visitors to, 548; wheat grown at, 39, 198, 207, 567, 589. See also Bear Creek plantation; Miller, Robert (overseer); Miller, William J. (overseer); Tomahawk plantation; Yancey, Joel (d. 1833)

 714 

INDEX Porcia (wife of Marcus Junius Brutus [the Younger]), 73n pork: price of, 59, 381; TJ sells, 22, 487 Porter, David: identified, 1:444n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Porter, Timothy Dwight: academic career of, 35; identified, 15:461n Porteus, Beilby: Death: A Poetical Essay, 73 Port Folio: publishes engraving, 73, 74n Portico: publishes mathematical solutions, 408, 409n, 410 Portugal: affairs in, 193, 200, 201, 489; and Algiers, 340, 453; constitution of, 191–2, 253; education in, 241–2; politics in, 201; and revolutions in Europe, 177, 180, 201; and U.S., 336, 339–40, 377n Post Office, U.S.: and mail service, 174 pots: clay, 47, 83, 113 Potter, Robert: translates The Tragedies of Æschylus (Aeschylus), 444; translates The Tragedies of Euripides (Euripides), 444 Potts, Thomas (ship captain), 195 Pouncey’s tract (TJ’s Albemarle Co. property), 23, 388–9 P. Ovidii Nasonis Epistolarum Heroidum (Ovid; ed. J. Minell), 138, 447 Powell, Francis B.: as surety for J. Preston, 257n Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron de: De la Révolution Actuelle de l’Espagne, et de ses suites, 188, 189n, 198 Prather & Jacob (Louisville firm), 380–1 Précis des Découvertes et Travaux Somiologiques de Mr. C. S. RafinesqueSchmaltz (C. S. Rafinesque), 89 Précis du Siècle de Louis XV (Voltaire), 138, 139n, 447 Presbyterians: and education, 395; TJ on, 319 President’s House: mentioned, 118 Preston, Francis: identified, 13:485–6n; as surety for J. Preston, 257n Preston, James Patton: identified, 12:330n; as surety for J. Preston, 257n Preston, John (d. 1827): and Baker v. Preston, 257n, 258, 269–70; as treasurer of Va., 37, 256–7, 258, 269–70, 284–5 Preston, William Campbell: and G. W. Blaettermann, 419; identified, 11:184n

Priam (mythological character), 433, 434n Price, Chandler: identified, 5:37–8n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Priddy, Thomas: and University of Virginia, 624, 626 prime meridian, 167, 172n The Primitives of the Greek Tongue (A. Arnauld, C. Lancelot, and P. Nicole; trans. T. Nugent), 536, 537n Prince Madoc (ship), 127, 128n Principes Logiques, ou Recueil de Faits relatifs a l’Intelligence Humaine (Destutt de Tracy), 246, 247n printing: and human progress, 490; in Va., 553, 572 prints: of University of Virginia, 613–4. See also maps Prize Book of the Publick Latin School in Boston, 512 Proceedings and Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson): copies of requested, 72, 105; distributed by TJ, 246, 247n Projet Adressé au Roi . . . pour L’Entreprise du Balayage et Nettoyage des rues de Paris, 58 Prolegomena (I. Kant), 536 Proposals, by Littell & Henry, 74 South Second Street, Philadelphia, for Publishing by Subscription, a new edition of Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, 508–9, 530–1 Proposals for publishing by subscription, the History of America, From its discovery by Christopher Columbus, to the year 1812 (G. J. Hunt), 185, 186n, 219 Prussia: and Holy Alliance, 255n, 489, 490n; and revolutions in Europe, 143n; U.S. treaty with (1785), 336 Public Documents, relating to the NewYork Canals, which are to connect the Western and Northern Lakes, with the Atlantic Ocean, 529, 569–70 “Publick Good” (pseudonym): on Baltimore, 442; letter from, 442 Publii Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseωn (Ovid; ed. J. Minell), 138, 447 Publii Terentii Comodiae Sex (Terence; ed. J. Minell), 138, 447 Pub. Virgilii Maronis Opera (Virgil; ed. J. Minell), 138, 447

 715 

INDEX Pullen, P. H.: The Mother’s Book; exemplifying Pestalozzi’s Plan, 535 pumpkins: seeds of, 34, 48 Puységur, Pierre Louis de Chastenet, comte de: as government minister, 364 Pythagoras: Voyages de Pythagore (S. Maréchal), 535 Qaramanli, Yusuf, pasha and bey of Tripoli: and diplomatic negotiations, 454, 459n Quakers: TJ on, 319, 382; works on, 382, 383n Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et Anglo-Saxonica (F. Junius; ed. T. Marshall), 196, 411 Qu’est-ce que le Tiers-État? (E. J. Sieyès), 360 Quinti Calabri Prætermissorum ab Homero (Quintus Smyrnaeus; ed. J. C. de Pauw), 138, 447 Quinti Horatii Flacci Poemata (Horace; ed. J. Minell), 138, 447 Quintus Smyrnaeus: Quinti Calabri Prætermissorum ab Homero (ed. J. C. de Pauw), 138, 447 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel: catalogue of works by, 87–8n; Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or Natural History of the Fishes Inhabiting the River Ohio and its tributary streams, 87; identified, 15:41n; letter from, 87–8; natural history collections of, 90; Précis des Découvertes et Travaux Somiologiques de Mr. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 89; recommendations for, 87, 88–90; seeks professorship, 87; travels of, 88n; works of, 87–8n, 90 Raggi, Mrs. (Giacomo Raggi’s wife): death of, 260–1, 532; payment to, 84 Raggi, Giacomo: family of, 84, 260–1, 532; identified, 14:67n; letter from, 84; letter to, 532; as stonecutter for University of Virginia, 84, 475n, 621, 622, 627, 631, 635, 638, 639, 650, 651n Raggi, Michele: identified, 14:67n; returns to Italy, 532; as stonecutter for University of Virginia, 121, 618, 619n; TJ on, 121, 122

Ragland, John C.: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630, 631; identified, 7:502n; and University of Virginia, 633, 639 Ragnhildr (Cynan’s wife): family of, 127, 128n Raleigh, Sir Walter, 319, 375n Ramsay, David (1795–1826): An Address delivered on the Fourth of July, 1820, by appointment of the ’76 Association, 448, 449n, 479 Randolph, Ann (Anne) Cary. See Bankhead, Ann (Anne) Cary Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter; Charles Lewis Bankhead’s wife) Randolph, Ann Cary. See Morris, Ann Cary Randolph (Gouverneur Morris’s wife; Martha Jefferson Randolph’s sister-in-law) Randolph, Benjamin Franklin (TJ’s grandson): education of, 16, 17n, 47n, 483–4, 486; and goods for TJ, 7 Randolph, Cornelia Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): drawings by, 99, 100n; health of, 154; identified, 3:635n; letter from, to V. J. R. Trist, 153–5; on murder in Buckingham Co., 154; visits Poplar Forest, 85n, 153–4, 383, 435n Randolph, Ellen Wayles. See Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter) Randolph, George Wythe (TJ’s grandson): greetings sent to, 154, 155n Randolph, Harriet Fluker. See Willis, Harriet Fluker Randolph Randolph, Isham (TJ’s grandfather): family of, 309 Randolph, James Madison (TJ’s grandson): career prospects of, 305; education of, 230, 247, 248n, 383, 483–4; identified, 227n; witnesses document, 226, 227n, 273, 389 Randolph, Jane Hollins Nicholas (Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s wife; Wilson Cary Nicholas’s daughter): and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 44 Randolph, Martha Jefferson (Patsy; TJ’s daughter; Thomas Mann Randolph’s wife): and J. W. Eppes, 560; forwards TJ’s correspondence, 247; greetings sent to, 58, 185, 202–3, 244, 255, 402, 471; health of, 247, 337, 435; identified, 2:238n; marriage of, 373; mentioned, 73, 377n; purchases

 716 

INDEX goods, 9, 10, 11; as TJ’s amanuensis, 529n; as TJ’s heir, 604; and N. P. Trist, liii, liv; visits France, 337; visits Poplar Forest, 85n, 383, 435, 560 Randolph, Meriwether Lewis (TJ’s grandson): delivers goods, 486; education of, 16, 17n, 47n, 483–4, 486 Randolph, Peyton (ca. 1723–75): and committees of correspondence, 312–3; identified, 10:270–1n; as member of Continental Congress, 315; revolutionary leader, 314, 315; TJ’s biography of, 307; as Va. legislator, 314, 315 Randolph, Peyton (d. 1828): and Cohens v. Virginia, 402–3; and J. Delaplaine’s Repository, 307; identified, 10:246n Randolph, Thomas Eston (TJ’s cousin): account with TJ, 412, 429, 487, 487n, 488, 491; boats of, transfer goods, 47; family of, 505; and goods sent to TJ, 552n; identified, 1:488n; letter from accounted for, 491n; letters from, 505, 515; letters to, 429, 491; and Shadwell mills, 259, 429, 491, 505, 515. See also Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm) Randolph, Thomas Jefferson (TJ’s grandson; Jane Hollins Nicholas Randolph’s husband): account with C. Peyton, 487; agricultural practices of, 247, 248n; crops of, 181; and Edgehill estate, 305; endorses bank notes, 3, 86; identified, 1:190–1n; letter from accounted for, 532n; as manager of Monticello, 15–6, 17n, 59, 143, 144n, 302–3; as manager of Poplar Forest, 15–6, 17n, 39, 48, 181, 198, 207, 218; and A. S. Marks, 491; and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 44, 177, 229, 390; and B. Peyton, 257, 302–3; publishes first edition of TJ’s papers, 306; as TJ’s executor, 226–7n; and TJ’s financial transactions, 3, 86, 152, 243, 263, 271, 272, 273, 274n; and TJ’s flour, 532, 579; visits Poplar Forest, 435n; witnesses documents, 28, 389 Randolph, Thomas Mann (1768–1828) (TJ’s son-in-law; Martha Jefferson Randolph’s husband): books sent to, 147; and book subscriptions, 61; delivers goods, 411; family of, 373; as governor of Va., 32n, 35, 58, 83n, 156, 173, 248n, 384, 441, 527; greetings sent to, 58, 402, 471; identified, 1:420n; letters from, 304–6, 383–4,

384–5; letters to, 247–8, 292, 382–3, 389–90; as Literary Fund president, 247, 292, 304, 383, 384–5, 389–90, 397–8; and purported support for D. Clinton, 118, 119n; sends works to TJ, 382, 383n; slaves owned by, 412n; and sons’ career prospects, 304–5, 382–3; TJ on, 373; and TJ’s correspondence, 247, 248; and University of Virginia, 305; and Va. Board of Public Works, 529; visits Richmond, 390; visits Varina, 383–4. See also Edgehill (T. M. Randolph’s Albemarle Co. estate) Randolph, Virginia Jefferson. See Trist, Virginia Jefferson Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter) Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm): rent payment by, 505; TJ’s account with, 515, 531 Ranger (schooner), 262n Raphael, Isaac: and University of Virginia, 626, 629n, 633, 634, 638, 639, 641n. See also Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm) Rapin Thoyras, Paul de: The History of England (trans. N. Tindal), 419, 538, 563 Rappahannock Academy: students at, 607 Ratcliff (Ratcliffe), Mrs.: and J. Barnes, 497 Rawlinson, Christopher: edits Consolationis Philosophiæ Libri V. AngloSaxonice Redditi ab Alfredo (A. M. S. Boethius), 196 Read, Jacob: as member of Confederation Congress, 333, 335 reading: elementary education in, 61, 94, 327 Rebolledo, Bernardino, Conde de: Ocios del Conde Don Bernardino de Rebolledo, 138, 445 Recueil et Parallèle des Édifices de Tout Genre Anciens et Modernes (J. N. L. Durand), 99, 135, 137, 444 Reflections on the Revolution in France (E. Burke), 367, 378n Reis, Murad: as Tripolitan naval commander, 459n Reiske, Johann Jacob: edits Opera Omnia Graece et Latine (Dionysius of Halicarnassus), 106 Reiz, Friedrich Wolfgang: edits Λουκιανός Luciani Samosatensis Opera (Lucian), 106

 717 

INDEX religion: J. Adams on, 192; Anglicanism, 319–20, 327, 375n, 376n, 379n; atheism, 571n; Catholicism, 126; education in, 328; Episcopalianism, 395; freedom of, 324–5, 570, 571n; Hinduism, 325, 505; Islam, 325, 328; Judaism, 325; Lutheranism, 593; Presbyterianism, 319, 395; Quakers, 319; TJ on, 310, 612; and toleration, 408; and University of Virginia, 395; in Va., 319–20. See also Christianity Renshaw, James: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 rent: nonpayment of, 193; and University of Virginia, 652 Report of the Committee of Revisors appointed by the General Assembly of Virginia. In MDCCLXXVI, 324, 376n Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of NewYork; held at The Capitol, in the City of Albany, on the 28th day of August, 1821 (L. H. Clarke), 591n Report of the Joint Committee of the Senate and Assembly, In relation to the Message of the Governor of the 18th of January last, implicating the conduct of sundry individuals holding offices under the General Government, 118, 119n, 148–9 Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, 553, 572 Report to the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism in NewYork; by Their Committee on Idleness and Sources of Employment, 593 Report upon Weights and Measures (J. Q. Adams), 182 Report with Sundry Resolutions relative to Appropriations of Public Land for the Purposes of Education, to the Senate of Maryland. January 30, 1821, 172–3, 187 Repository of the Lives and Portraits of Distinguished Americans (J. Delaplaine), 307 “A Republican of 98” (pseudonym): letter from, 212–6; on presidential election, 212–6 Republican party: historical work proposed from perspective of, 307; in Mass., 420; in N.Y., 277n; presidential slate of, 212–6; principles of,

548–9, 560; and Second Bank of U.S., 555; unity within, 119n Republican Sentinel (New York newspaper), 252, 269 Réveillon, Jean Baptiste: French manufacturer, 358 Revolutionary War: compensation claims, 610–1. See also American Revolution Revue Encyclopédique, ou Analyse Raisonnée, 58, 65–6, 265–6, 267n, 267–8 Reynolds, Mr.: buys TJ’s flour, 174 Reynolds, Battail (Batail): and University of Virginia, 623, 633 Reynolds, Owen: identified, 410–1n; letter from, to L. H. Girardin, 409–11; mathematical solutions by, 408, 409n, 410, 432; seeks position at University of Virginia, 408, 409–10, 432 Rhea, John: identified, 2:358–9n; letter from, 41–2; sends constituent circulars to J. Q. Adams, 42n; sends constituent circulars to J. Madison, 42n; sends constituent circulars to TJ, 41–2 rhetoric: collegiate education in, 101, 104, 310; study of, 494 Rhode Island: colonial court of, 312; and Confederation Congress, 335; constitutional convention for, 192 The Rhyming Spelling Book (R. Mayo), 61, 94 rice: export tax on, 340; grown in S.C., 344 Rice, D. W.: and University of Virginia, 622 Richmond (brig), 195 Richmond, Va.: alleged plot by slaves in, 304, 305–6n; boat carriage to and from, 4, 47, 83, 95, 110–1, 112, 113, 129, 153, 176, 176, 197, 199, 207, 211, 217, 221, 243, 259, 287, 386, 396, 515, 531, 552n, 588; bookbinders in, 80–2; booksellers in, 81; courthouse in, 297; flour prices at, 111, 130, 152, 161, 173, 174, 190, 195, 202, 224, 286, 396–7, 542, 543, 553, 599; penitentiary in, 326; prices at, 403; schools in, 417; state capitol at, lii, 321, 325–6; TJ’s plan for penitentiary in, 325–6; tobacco prices at, 111, 190, 195, 202, 221; tobacco shipped to, 181, 197, 207; tobacco sold at, 224; wagon carriage to and from, 650–1; wheat prices in, 304. See also Bank of

 718 

INDEX Virginia (Richmond); Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond); Gibson, Patrick; Peyton, Bernard Richmond Enquirer (newspaper): prints articles on University of Virginia, 87, 88n, 157, 158n; prints court rulings, 256, 257n; prints essays on Cohens v. Virginia, 402–3, 450; prints S. Roane’s essays, 233, 234n, 252, 253n; prints TJ’s correspondence, 250n, 398, 591–2 Ridgely, Charles Goodwin: family of, 518 Ridgely, Greenbury William: identified, 211n; introduced to TJ, 210; visits Monticello, 584, 586n Riedesel, Frederika Charlotte Louise, baroness von: inquiries about, 409, 432 Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, baron von: inquiries about, 432 Riègert, Gabriel Valentin Philippe: identified, 427n; letter from, 425–7; letter to, 484; seeks position, 425–6, 484 Ritchie, Thomas: as editor of Richmond Enquirer, 233, 252; identified, 1:214n Ritchie & Gooch (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 636 Rittenhouse, David: and cold climates, 603 Rivanna Company. See Jefferson v. Rivanna Company Rivanna River: milling on, 182; and TJ’s Milton land, 272; water level of, 176, 191, 199, 200, 259, 282, 515, 566, 567n, 588, 588. See also Shadwell mills Rivesaltes, France: wine from, 139 roads: poor condition of, 153–4 Roane, Spencer: and Cohens v. Virginia, 233, 234n, 252, 253n, 402–3; delivers message, 516; encourages TJ to resume political activity, 31; friendship with J. Taylor, 247, 248, 252; identified, 9:73–4n; introduces G. W. Bassett, 387; as judge, 257n; letters from, 233–4, 387; letters to, 31–2, 248, 252–3; and Va. politics, 31 Robert, John Gibson: as clerk for P. Gibson, 161; identified, 9:499n; letter from, 161 Robert & Temple Gwathmey (Richmond firm), 151, 199 Robert R. Glinn & Company (Richmond firm): identified, 156n; and Laporte

account, 156, 176; letter from, 156; letter to, 176; letter to accounted for, 212n; TJ pays, 176, 199, 200, 211, 212n, 220 Robertson, Andrew: family of, 583 Robertson, Archibald: account with TJ, 589–90; identified, 4:94–5n; letter to, 589–90; as merchant, 588; receives goods for TJ, 211, 218; TJ pays, 589–90; witnesses document, 567. See also A. Robertson & Company (firm) Robertson, Duncan Forbes: family of, 583; identified, 583n; letter from, 582–3; requests lock of TJ’s hair, 582–3 Robertson, Margaret McIntosh. See Ewell, Margaret McIntosh Robertson (James Ewell’s wife) Robertson, Thomas Bolling: identified, 2:351n; introduces H. Bry, 187; letter from, 187 Robinett, James: as U.S. consul at Buenos Aires, 458, 460n Robinson, Mrs. (of Annapolis), 569 Robinson, Anthony: as Bank of Virginia teller, 397–8n Robinson, John (of Rockbridge Co.): as financial supporter of Washington College, 395 Rockfish Gap, Va. See Virginia, University of: Establishment Rodes, Mr.: carries goods, 244 Rodes, John: and University of Virginia, 625, 626, 638 Rodes, Reubin (Reuben): and University of Virginia, 623 Rodgers, John: identified, 463–4n; letter from, to J. Hutton, 464; letters from, to J. L. Cathcart, 463–4, 464; as president of U.S. Board of Navy Commissioners, 461, 463, 464 Rodney, Caesar Augustus: identified, 2:191n; and seeds for TJ, 34, 48 Roemer (Römer), Johann Jakob: and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Rogers, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 626 Rogers, John (of Albemarle Co.): agricultural practices of, 247; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 576, 620, 630, 642; TJ pays, 15; and University of Virginia, 633, 634 Rogers, N. G.: and University of Virginia, 632

 719 

INDEX Roman Antiquities (A. Adam; ed. P. Wilson), 218, 250 Rome, ancient: government of, 213; Pantheon, 121, 582, 603 Rome, modern: relations with U.S., 336 Romulus (French frigate), 330 Ronald, William: heirs of, 162–3, 179 Rosa laevigata. See Cherokee rose Roscoe, William: bust of, 46, 47; identified, 1:164n; letter forwarded to, 42 roses: Cherokee, 546–7 Roseway (schooner), 262n Ross, William: as surety for J. Preston, 257n Rowe, Henry: as publisher, 536 Rucker, Anthony: and bateaux, 432n Ruddiman, Thomas: The Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, 16 The Rudiments of the Latin Tongue (T. Ruddiman), 16 Ruperti, Georg Alexander: edits D. Iunii Iuvenalis Aquinatis Satirae XVI (Juvenal), 106 Rush, Richard: and books for TJ, 42–3, 144, 195–6, 281n, 285–6, 417–8, 419, 538, 562, 563; on European affairs, 43–4, 538; forwards letters for TJ, 42, 283n; identified, 5:79n; letters forwarded to, 441, 479; letters from, 42–4, 195–6, 538–9, 562; letters to, from G. W. Blaettermann, 539, 539–40; letter to, 417–20; as minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain, 43–4; on Missouri question, 43, 538; TJ’s account with, 43, 196, 196–7, 418, 538, 563; and University of Virginia faculty, 418–9, 538, 539, 539, 539–40, 562 Rushworth, John: Historical Collections, 313, 375n Russell, John, 1st Earl Russell: An Essay on the History of the English Government and Constitution, 536, 537 Russia: and France, 348; and Great Britain, 58; and Greece, 489; and Holy Alliance, 255n, 489, 490n; and Ottoman Empire, 253, 474, 475n, 538; and revolutions in Europe, 58, 143n, 177, 180; taxes in, 468; and U.S., 336. See also Alexander I, emperor of Russia Rutledge, John: as member of Continental Congress, 316 rye: as crop, 247

Sackville, John Frederick, 3d duke of Dorset: as peace negotiator, 348 Saint Domingue: refugees from, 164, 165, 166n; revolution in, 13, 166n Saint Matthew’s Church (New York City), 593–4 Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel Guignard, comte de: as government minister, 357, 364, 368 Sallust: Sallust on the Gods and the World; and the Pythagoric Sentences of Demophilus (trans. T. Taylor), 536 Sallust on the Gods and the World; and the Pythagoric Sentences of Demophilus (Sallust; trans. T. Taylor), 536 Salm-Kyrbourg, Friedrich Fürst von: as military leader, 348, 377n salt: alleged mountain of, 39n; TJ acquires, 4, 9; for University of Virginia, 650, 654 Sam (African American): and University of Virginia, 626, 632 Sampson, Richmond: and colony in Africa, 423n sand, 131 Sanderson, John: Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, 307, 310, 321; identified, 16:214n Sandidge (Sandridge), Joseph: and University of Virginia, 633 sandpaper, 7 Sandridge, Reubin (Reuben): and University of Virginia, 622, 623 Sandy (African American): and University of Virginia, 625, 639 Sardinia: relations with U.S., 336 Saunders, Tarlton: identified, 16:514n; letters from, 102, 111, 492–3; letter to, 145; and TJ’s debt to Henderson, McCaul & Company, 102, 103, 111, 145, 146, 226, 227n, 492, 493n Savi, Paolo: and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 sawmills: work done for TJ at, 182 The Saxon and English Languages Reciprocally Illustrative of Each Other (S. Henshall), 419, 563 Saxony: relations with U.S., 336 Scaliger, Joseph Justus: and edition of Pompeius Festus, 536 Scamozzi, Vincent: as architect, 325; Œuvres d’Architecture, 133 Schaefer, Gottfried Heinrich: edits Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (Plutarch),

 720 

INDEX 536, 537n; edits Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (Thucydides), 536, 537n; edits Xenophontis Opera (Xenophon), 536, 537n Schaeffer, Frederick Christian: An Address, pronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Matthew’s Church, New-York, October 22, 1821, 593–4, 612; identified, 15:310n; letter from, 593–4; letter to, 612; sends Report to the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism in New-York; by Their Committee on Idleness and Sources of Employment, 593 Schaeffer, Frederick G.: as editor of Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 393, 395n schools and colleges: African Free School (Boston), 290; Baltimore College, 71–2, 105, 408, 432; École Militaire (Paris), 388, 551; École Normale Supérieure (Paris), 551; École Polytechnique (Paris), 388, 551; École Spéciale Impériale Militaire, 426; French language, 393, 417; Hampden-Sydney College, 395, 557; Harvard University, 557, 563, 565, 565, 566; naval, 438–9, 490; New London Academy, 218, 232; Rappahannock Academy, 607; in Richmond, 417; sectarian, 408; and tariffs on books, 291, 520–1; Transylvania University (Lexington, Ky.), 25, 26n, 520–1, 523, 544, 655, 656; Trinity College (Dublin), 501; Union College (Schenectady, N.Y.), 545; University of Alabama, 452n; University of Georgia, 523, 544, 545n, 655; University of North Carolina, 520–1, 523, 544, 580, 581n, 590, 600, 655; Washington College (later Washington and Lee University), 395; for women, 488. See also Central College; Charlottesville Academy; South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina); United States Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.); Virginia, University of; William and Mary, College of Schraff (Scharff), Robert: and University of Virginia, 621 Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel: and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Schulze, Gottlob Ernst: and C. S. Rafinesque, 89

Schweighaeuser, Johannes: edits Herodoti Musae sive Historiarum Libri IX (Herodotus), 106 science: TJ on, 432 Scotland: and Acts of Union (1707), 314 Scott, John (1784–1821): Sketches of Manners, Scenery, &c. in the French Provinces, Switzerland, and Italy, 536 screws, 7, 8 sculpture: P. Cardelli’s busts, 136, 159–60, 489, 504; display of, 227; of W. Roscoe, 46, 47. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Portraits scuppernong (wine), 3, 189, 199, 202, 580, 600 Seabury, Edward: as customs clerk at New York, 448n seeds: asparagus, 34, 48; corn, 109–10, 112, 134; kale, sea, 34, 48, 49, 71; melon, 175; pumpkin, 34, 48; sent by TJ, 277; sent to TJ, 48, 79–80, 175, 225, 243, 277 Seelah (Celer; horse), 587n Ségur, Philippe Henri, marquis de: retirement of, 344 Selden, Cary: as Va. claims agent, 123, 124, 124, 160, 384, 385n Senate, U.S.: and appointments, 458; journals of, 609; and tariffs, 523n, 656. See also Congress, U.S. Septuaginta Interpretum (ed. J. E. Grabe), 411–2, 482–3, 486 Serres, Olivier de: Le Théâtre d’Agriculture et Mesnage des Champs, 138, 139n, 445, 447 Servilia (wife of Marcus Junius Brutus [the Elder]), 73n Sessford, John: identified, 206n; letter from accounted for, 206; A Statistical Table of Washington City, and District of Columbia, 206 Seventy-Six Association (Charleston, S.C.): forwards orations, 448, 479; identified, 4:107n Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian War Seybert, Adam: identified, 1:172n; Statistical Annals, 81, 209, 212n, 229 shad: mentioned, 221; TJ purchases, 211, 223, 223–4 Shadwell (TJ’s estate): TJ inherits, 309 Shadwell mills: accident at, 60; canal at, 429; flour from, 60, 68, 111, 181, 199, 211, 515, 531, 542, 552; flour mill at, 259, 579; goods shipped to, 113, 224;

 721 

INDEX Shadwell mills (cont.) mismanagement at, 259; and T. E. Randolph, 491, 515; rent for, 505; repairs to, 390, 428, 429n, 429; TJ visits, 389, 505 Shakspeare’s Genius Justified: being Restorations and Illustrations of Seven Hundred Passages in Shakspeare’s Plays (Z. Jackson), 536, 537n sheep: fodder for, 40; lamb, 207; at Poplar Forest, 39; transportation of, 40, 48 Sheffey, Daniel: identified, 466n; introduces J. Horwitz to TJ, 466; letter from, 466 shells, 388 Shelton, Joseph: as Va. legislator, 157 Shelton, Maurice: translates Wotton’s Short View of George Hickes’s Grammatico-Critical and Archeological Treasure Of the Ancient NorthernLanguages (W. Wotton), 197 Sherman, Henry H.: as bookbinder, 209, 229; family of, 209; letter from, 209; letter to, 229 Sherman, Roger: anecdote of, 506 Shiloh (Old Testament figure), 166n shirting (textile), 5, 11 Short, William: and T. Cooper, 584; and J. Corrêa da Serra, 603; family of, 584, 586n; health of, 603; identified, 1:39n; introduces G. W. Ridgely, 210; lands of near Saint Lawrence River, 585, 603; letter from, 583–7; letter to, 602–4; and J. Madison, 584–5; and TJ’s beliefs about Jesus, 586; and TJ’s health, 583–4, 602–3; travels of, 585–6; and University of Virginia, 584, 603 Shuey, George: and University of Virginia, 638, 641n Shuey, Jacob: and University of Virginia, 633, 641n Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron: Théorie des Signes, 536 “Sidney, Algernon” (pseudonym of Spencer Roane): essays on Cohens v. Virginia, 234n, 402–3 Siècle de Louis XIV (Voltaire), 138, 139n, 447 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph: as member of Estates General, 369; Qu’est-ce que le Tiers-État?, 360 silhouettes: from Peale’s Museum, liv, 392 (illus.)

silk: French, 142; TJ orders, 5, 6, 10 Silliman, Benjamin: and American Journal of Science, 65; identified, 12:626–7n silver: askos, lii; currency, 330–1 Simmons, Anthony: as silversmith, lii Simolin, Ivan Matveevich: and J. Ledyard’s expedition, 341 Simple Discours (P. L. Courier), 255 Sinclair, Sir John: The Code of Agriculture, 232, 251; identified, 9:144n Skelton, Bathurst: TJ marries widow of, 311 Skelton, Martha Wayles. See Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (TJ’s wife) Sketches of Manners, Scenery, &c. in the French Provinces, Switzerland, and Italy (J. Scott), 536 Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry (W. Wirt): TJ provides information for, 311, 312 Skinner, Richard: as governor of Vt., 173n Slaughter, John: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620; identified, 12:49n; and University of Virginia, 627 slavery: books on, 12, 14n; and colonization, 423; effects on society of, 305; and emancipation proposals, 310; Lafayette on, 254–5; and manumission, 310, 375n; opposition to, 11–4, 166n; and southern political power, 213; TJ on, 310, 319; TJ’s policies concerning, 375n. See also Missouri question; slaves slaves: advertisements for, 8; alleged plot by, 304, 305–6n; as blacksmiths, 650; as carpenters, 613; clothing for, 234, 654; errands by, 4, 285, 412, 413, 517, 574; first arrival in Va. of, 375n; food for, 207, 218, 612–3; fugitive, 198, 207; as gardeners, 612–3; health of, 39; letter from, 612–3; letter of credit for, 40; repair cisterns, 429; sale of, 476; taxes on, 23; TJ’s Bill to Prevent the Importation of Slaves, 319; travels of, 40, 48; and Va. law, 323, 327–8; work at Central College– University of Virginia, 642, 650. See also African Americans; slavery; specific entries for Virginia plantations slave trade: abolition of commemorated, 289, 289–90 Small, William: TJ’s mentor, 310, 375n

 722 

INDEX Smith, Abiel: toasts honoring, 290 Smith, Andrew: as Boston Glass Manufactory agent, 130–1, 148, 150; and cement, 130–1, 131–2, 148, 150, 303, 303, 385; identified, 14:439–40n; letters from, 130–1, 385; letters to, 150, 303; TJ’s debt to, 130 Smith, John (ca. 1580–1631): The Generall Historie of Virginia, NewEngland, and the Summer Isles, 572; map drawn by, 309; The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith, in Europe, Asia, Africke, and America, 572 Smith, John Augustine: as physician, 596 Smith, Margaret Bayard (Samuel Harrison Smith’s wife): identified, 1:10n; sends greetings to TJ, 99; TJ sends greetings to, 115 Smith, Richard: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Smith, Robert: identified, 1:340n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Smith, Samuel (of Maryland): identified, 1:361n; recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Smith, Samuel Harrison: editor of National Intelligencer, 549; identified, 1:30n; introduces T. P. Barton, 98, 115; letter from, 98–9; letter to, 115–6; and politics, 98–9, 115 Smith, William P.: as surety for J. Preston, 257n Smith, William Stephens: as secretary of legation in London, 339 Smyth, Alexander: and Cohens v. Virginia, 31, 32n Snowden (R. Jefferson’s Buckingham Co. estate): R. Jefferson inherits, 309 Snowden, Samuel: and abolition of slave trade, 289 Society for the Prevention of Pauperism (N.Y.), 593 Society of Friends. See Quakers Solomon, king of Israel, 505 Solon: J. Adams on, 505 Sombreuil, Charles François de Virot, marquis de: governor of Hôtel des Invalides, 365, 378n “Somers” (pseudonym of Peyton Randolph [d. 1828]): essays on Cohens v. Virginia, 402–3 Somner, William: Vocabularium Anglo-Saxonicum, 196

Sophocles: Αἱ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους τραγῳδίαι ἑπτά. Sophoclis Tragoediæ Septem (ed. T. Johnson), 106 Souche, Mr.: and askos, lii Southall, Valentine Wood: as attorney, 476n; delivers letter, 70–1; identified, 11:173n; order in favor of, 430, 439; travels of, 157 South America: minerals of, 388; plants of, 388; schools in, 388; TJ on independence movement in, 418 South Carolina: and Confederation Congress, 336; grapes grown in, 405–6 South Carolina Academy of Arts: identified, 228n; TJ as honorary member of, 227, 228, 264 South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina): cost of education at, 237; curriculum of, 493–4; and F. W. Eppes, 104, 230, 237, 251, 493–4, 547–8, 560, 590; faculty at, 35, 101, 237, 238n; library, 237; president of, 35, 36; student dissatisfaction at, 104, 105n; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 523, 544, 655; trustees of, 237, 251 Southwick, Solomon: Address, delivered by appointment; in the Episcopal Church, at the opening of the Apprentices’ Library, in the City of Albany, January 1, 1821, 161–2, 183; identified, 162n; letter from, 161–2; letter to, 183 Spain: and Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 41n; affairs in, 253, 489; colonies of, 418; constitution of, 191–2, 253; Cortes of, 191; and E. Fla., 125, 126; and France, 348; and Muslim population, 328; relations with Algiers, 340–1; and revolutions in Europe, 142, 177, 180, 201; taxes in, 468; and U.S., 336, 609; works on, 188, 189n. See also Bonaparte, Joseph; Ferdinand VII, king of Spain Spanish language: works in, 138, 445, 447 Spelman, Sir John: Ælfredi Magni Anglorum Regis (trans. O. Walker), 196, 197 Spencer, Charles: and University of Virginia, 636 spices: vanilla, 230. See also salt Spooner, George Wilson: as builder for University of Virginia, 63n, 620, 622, 626, 631, 636, 638, 649, 653; identified, 15:201n

 723 

INDEX springs: therapeutic, 344. See also Warm Springs (Bath Co.) Sprinks, Alexander: and University of Virginia, 636, 640. See also Alexander Sprinks (Spinks) & Company Sprouce, Henry: and University of Virginia, 620, 624, 632, 633, 635 Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar: A View of the Elementary Principles of Education, 535 Stack, Gerard E.: and Charlottesville Academy, 560; identified, 14:223–4n; recommendations of, liii; school of, in Richmond, 417 Stamp Act (1765): resolutions opposing, 311 Staphorst, N. & J. & R. van (Amsterdam firm). See N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm) staphylococcus: TJ infected with, 602–3 Stapleton, Thomas: translates The History of the Church of Englande (Bede), 196 State Department, U.S.: forwards letters, 27, 140n, 199n, 419–20n. See also Adams, John Quincy; Brent, Daniel; Smith, Robert State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States: loaned to TJ, 549, 609–10 stationery: blank books, 568, 569n; letter paper, 11 Statistical Annals (A. Seybert), 81, 209, 212n, 229 A Statistical Table of Washington City, and District of Columbia (J. Sessford), 206 steel: blistered, 8; German, 11 Stella (horse), 587n Stephani (Stepani). See Estienne, Henri (Stepani; Stephani) Steptoe, James Callaway: identified, 5:63n; letter from, to J. Yancey, 543; and TJ’s debt to W. and R. Mitchell, 543, 588, 589n Stevens, John (ca. 1662–1726): translates The General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, Commonly call’d, The West-Indies (A. de Herrera y Tordesillas), 536 Stewart, Dugald: Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, 246; identified, 13:512n Stockdale, John: publisher of TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 338, 377n

Stone, James: and University of Virginia, 621, 636 stoneware, 47, 83, 95, 110, 113 Storia della Guerra dell’ Independenza degli Stati Uniti d’America (C. G. G. Botta), 57, 58n, 375n stoves: for University of Virginia, 650, 654 Stroganov, Baron Grigory Alexandrovich: as Russian minister to Ottoman Empire, 474, 475n Stuart, Archibald: and brick masons for University of Virginia, 55; identified, 2:93–4n; letter from, 55; sends butter to TJ, 55 Stuart, Eleanor Briscoe (Archibald Stuart’s wife): and butter for TJ, 55 Stuart, Gilbert: identified, 7:526–7n; portraits of TJ by, 195, 402, 431 Sturz, Friedrich Wilhelm: edits works of Cassius Dio, 106, 137, 138, 444 subscriptions, for publications: journals, 402, 450; legal, 508–9, 530–1. See also books; Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library subscriptions, nonpublication: for Central College–University of Virginia, 294, 525, 528, 589n, 597n, 616, 617, 620–1, 630–2, 640, 642, 643 Substance of Lectures on the Ancient Greeks, and on the Revival of Greek Learning in Europe by the late Andrew Dalzel (A. Dalzel; ed. J. Dalzel), 535 Suffren (Suffrein, Souffrein) de SaintTropez, Pierre André de: as naval leader, 347 Sully, Thomas: and books for TJ, 99, 135; and books for TJ’s family, 99–100, 135; and cups for TJ, 99, 100n, 135; drawing jokingly attributed to, liv; identified, 4:356–7n; letter from, 99–100; letters to, 94, 135; portraits of TJ by, li, lii, 45–6, 100n, 392 (illus.), 392 (illus.); TJ forwards letters to, 94; visits Monticello, li, lii, 70, 94, 100n; visits University of Virginia, li, 60, 61 A Summary View of the Rights of British America (Thomas Jefferson), 314–5, 375n Sumter (Sumpter), Thomas (1734–1832): TJ sends greetings to, 295 Sumter, Thomas (1768–1840): identified, 295–6n; letter from accounted

 724 

INDEX for, 296n; letter to, 295–6; and minerals for TJ, 295, 477, 485, 497 Superior Court of Chancery for the Richmond District, 492 Supreme Court, U.S.: and Cohens v. Virginia, 32n, 234n, 252, 402–3, 450, 549, 560–1; and McCulloch v. Maryland, 549; and J. Marshall, 32n; and Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 398, 399n; TJ on, 436. See also judiciary, U.S. surgery: study of, 236 surveying: and Natural Bridge, 555–6, 558, 581, 587; study of, 222 Swainson, William: as reference for C. S. Rafinesque, 88, 89 Swan Tavern (Charlottesville), 382 Sweden: and Algiers, 340; relations with U.S., 336 Sweeny, Andrew: buys TJ’s flour, 287 A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England (J. H. Thomas), 419, 538, 563 A System of Practical Nosology (D. Hosack), 158–9, 180 “Tableau Bibliographique des Ouvrages en tous Genres qui ont paru en France pendant l’année 1820,” 58 Table-Talk; or, Original Essays (W. Hazlitt), 536 Tacite (Tacitus; trans. J. B. Dureau de la Malle), 106 Tacitus: Annals, 73n, 105; C. Cornelii Taciti opera (eds. J. A. Ernesti and J. J. Oberlin), 106; Tacite (trans. J. B. Dureau de la Malle), 106 Taliaferro, John: identified, 210–1n; introduces G. W. Ridgely, 210, 584; letter from, 210–1 tallow, 498 The Task, A Poem (W. Cowper), 12, 13, 14n taverns: mail received at, 382 taxes: on books, 291, 468–71, 495–6, 502–4, 520–1, 521–2n, 522–3, 544, 571, 580, 581n, 582, 600, 614, 655–9, 660; on carriages, 23; and colonial Va., 311–2; customs, 416; and education, 327; on horses and mules, 23; on imports, 406; local, 297; on slaves, 23; Statement of Taxable Property in Albemarle County, 23; TJ pays, 70,

531–2; on wine, 139–40, 142, 496n, 522, 523n Taylor, John (of Caroline): Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated, 31, 44–5, 248, 249, 252, 390, 398, 399–400n, 433, 434, 436, 554, 591, 592n; donation to W. C. Nicholas’s family, 44, 57, 177, 229, 299, 390, 390–1; encourages TJ to write memoirs, 45; friendship with S. Roane, 247, 248, 252; identified, 10:89–90n; An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States, 554; letter from accounted for, 45n; letters from, 57, 299, 390–1; letters to, 44–5, 177, 229, 390, 434 Taylor, Robert Barraud: as attorney, 440–1; identified, 14:94n; letter from, 440–1; letters to, 421–2, 526–7, 527–9; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 68, 71, 77, 90, 391, 421–2, 440–1, 526–7, 527–9; visits Monticello, 441 Taylor, Samuel (1775–1857): identified, 477n; letter from, 476–7; letter to, 514–5; and son’s education, 476, 514–5 Taylor, Samuel (1781–1853): as Va. legislator, 33 Taylor, Thomas (d. 1735): translates Treatise concerning the Search after Truth (N. de Malebranche), 535 Taylor, Thomas (1758–1835): translates Sallust on the Gods and the World; and the Pythagoric Sentences of Demophilus (Sallust), 536 Tazewell, Littleton Waller: identified, 2:350n; as Va. state representative, 33 tea: grown in U.S., 406; at Poplar Forest, 154; taxes on, 312 Teage, Collin: and colony in Africa, 423n teapots, 4 Teel, Lewis: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620; and University of Virginia, 623, 624, 627 Temple, John: British customs official, 277, 278n Temple, Sir William: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands, 333, 376n Terence (Publius Terentius Afer): Publii Terentii Comodiae Sex (ed. J. Minell), 138, 447

 725 

INDEX Terrell, James H.: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630; and University of Virginia, 634 Terrell, John Dabney: identified, 452n; letter from, 451–2; requests advice from TJ, 451–2 textiles: Adelphia cotton, 5; cassimere, 5, 7, 234; checked, 9; cotton, 7, 234; domestic, 5, 11, 234n; drill, 6; dyeing of, 234n; flannel, 10, 11; holland, 6; levantine, 10; linen, 9; Manchester cord, 5, 6; osnaburg, 10; shirting, 5, 11; silk, 5, 6, 10, 142; yarn, 5. See also thread Thayer, Jechonias: identified, 110n; sends corn to TJ, 109–10, 134 Le Théâtre d’Agriculture et Mesnage des Champs (O. de Serres), 138, 139n, 445, 447 Themistocles: J. Adams on, 505; TJ references, 372, 378n Theocritus: Θεοκρίτου τὰ Εὑρισκόμενα. Theocriti quæ extant Cum Græcis Scholiis, 138, 444 Θεοκρίτου τὰ Εὑρισκόμενα. Theocriti quæ extant Cum Græcis Scholiis (Theocritus), 138, 444 Théorie des Signes (R. A. C. Sicard), 536 Thesaurus Linguæ Romanæ & Britannicæ (T. Cooper), 197 Thieme, Carl August: edits Ξενοφῶντος τὰ σωζόμενα Xenophontis Opera Graece et Latine (Xenophon), 106 Thom, Woods. See Wood, Thom Thomas, John Henry: A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England, 419, 538, 563 Thompson, Jonathan: as collector at New York, 225, 243, 277, 277, 448n, 534; identified, 225n; letters from, 225, 277; letter to, 243–4 Thompson, Smith: and appointments, 435, 437, 461, 465; and charges against J. Barron, 516, 517n, 519; correspondence of, 517n; identified, 437–8n; letter to, 437–8; presidential prospects of, 214; as secretary of the navy, 460, 464; and TJ’s purported support of D. Clinton, 118 Thomson, Charles: health of, 603; identified, 9:342n Thorn, Abia B.: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 639, 641n

thread, 4–8, 234n Thucydides: De Bello Peloponnesiaco Libri Octo Graece et Latine (eds. J. Wasse and K. A. Duker), 106; Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 536, 537n Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (Thucydides; ed. G. H. Schaefer), 536, 537n Thulemeier, Friedrich Wilhelm von: as diplomat, 338 Thwaites, Edward: Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nicodemi; AngloSaxonice, 196 Thweatt, Archibald: desires to publish TJ letter, 580; identified, 2:85n; letter from, 580; letter to, 184; mentioned, 248; sends work to TJ, 580; and J. Wayles’s estate, 184 Thweatt, Lucy Eppes (Archibald Thweatt’s wife): TJ sends greetings to, 184 Ticknor, George: and G. W. Blaettermann, 419; as Harvard professor, 565; identified, 8:242n; letter from, 467–72; letters to, 522–3, 565–6, 566; sends greetings to Randolphs, 471; and tariffs on books, 468–71, 495–6, 502–4, 522–3, 655–6; TJ introduces students to, 565, 566 Tilghman, Matthew: and American Revolution, 506 Timberlake, John: and University of Virginia, 623 tin: gutters, 577, 654; lining, 196, 197; price of, 403; roofs, 297, 386; TJ buys, 200, 202; for University of Virginia, 63, 202, 650, 654 Tindal, Nicholas: translates The History of England (P. de Rapin Thoyras), 419, 538, 563 Tinsley, J.: and University of Virginia, 622 Tisdale, Robert: identified, 473n; introduced to TJ, 472–3; letter from accounted for, 473n Titi Livii Historiarum quod exstat (Livy; eds. J. Leclerc and J. Freinsheim), 106 tobacco: export of, 340; French duties on, 142; grown at Poplar Forest, 39, 181, 191, 197, 202, 207, 218, 221; in Lynchburg market, 207, 218; planting techniques, 197–8; poor quality of TJ’s, 221; price of, 26, 195, 221; price

 726 

INDEX of in Richmond, 111, 190, 202; prizing of, 39; in Richmond market, 224; sale of, 181, 223, 224; shipment of, 191, 195, 202, 211 Todd, John Payne (James Madison’s stepson): brings guest to Montpellier, 584, 586n; identified, 4:188–9n Tomahawk plantation (part of TJ’s Poplar Forest estate): overseer at, 588n; tobacco at, 197–8 Tomlinson & Knight (firm): and University of Virginia, 637 Tompkins, Daniel D.: identified, 7:370n; presidential prospects of, 214, 216 Tooke, John Horne: imprisonment of, 419 Toole, George: and University of Virginia, 626 tools: augers, 4; compass, carpenters’, 4, 11n; files, 5, 8; paint brushes, 10; planes (woodworking), 7, 11n; sandpaper, 7; straw knives, 386 Torrey, John (1796–1873): and C. S. Rafinesque, 89 Towles, Oliver: identified, 563–4n; letter from, 563–4; requests letter of introduction for son, 563, 565, 565 Towles, William Beverley: education of, 563, 565, 566; identified, 564n; introduced to TJ, 563; TJ introduces, 565, 565, 566 Tracy. See Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Tracy, Nathaniel: as merchant, 337 The Tragedies of Æschylus (Aeschylus; trans. R. Potter), 444 The Tragedies of Euripides (Euripides; trans. R. Potter), 444 Traité de Mécanique Céleste (P. S. Laplace), 410 Traité Élémentaire d’Astronomie Physique (J. B. Biot), 138, 447, 494 Traité Élémentaire de Physique (R. J. Haüy), 138, 447, 494 Traité élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle (A. M. C. Duméril), 138, 445, 494 A Translation of the First Book of Ovid’s Tristia, in Heroic English Verse; with the Original Text (F. Arden), 441, 442n, 479 Transylvania University (Lexington, Ky.): A Catalogue of Officers and Students in Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, January 1st,

1820, 87, 88n; described, 25, 26n; professors at, 87n; and tariffs on books, 520–1, 523, 544, 655, 656 Treasury Department, U.S.: and loans from foreign banks, 352–4; state of, 503. See also Crawford, William Harris; Dallas, Alexander James Treatise concerning the Search after Truth (N. de Malebranche; trans. T. Taylor), 535 A Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, for the use of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy (C. Crozet), 574, 600 A Treatise on Fundamental Doctrines of the Christian Religion: in which are illustrated the profession, ministry, worship, and faith of the Society of Friends (J. Kersey), 382, 383n Trenchard, Edward: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Treutell & Würtz (publishers), 266 Trinity College (Dublin), 501 Tripoli: relations with U.S., 336, 454, 459n Trist, Elizabeth House: and book for TJ, 147; friends and family of, 85n; health of, 230; identified, 1:73–4n; letter from, 147; on TJ, 85n; visits Farmington, 85n, 147; visits Liberty, Va., 435n; visits Poplar Forest, 383, 435n Trist, Hore Browse (1802–56): and goods for TJ, 230; identified, 15:142n; letter to, 230 Trist, Nicholas Philip: and book for TJ, 147; correspondence with E. Trist, 85n; courtship of, liii, liv, 392 (illus.); education of, liii; identified, 14:9–10n; silhouette of, liv, 392 (illus.); as TJ’s amanuensis, 427–8n, 521n, 529n; visits Monticello, liii, liv; witnesses document, 273, 389, 392 Trist, Virginia Jefferson Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter): correspondence with E. Trist, 85n; courtship of, liii, liv, 392 (illus.); drawing of, by H. F. Randolph Willis, liv, 392 (illus.); identified, 10:492n; letter to, from C. J. Randolph, 153–5 Troppau, Congress of, 142, 143n, 255n The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith, in Europe, Asia, Africke, and America (J. Smith), 572

 727 

INDEX tumblers (drinking vessels), 11 Tunis: relations with U.S., 336; 1797 U.S. treaty with, 459n; U.S. truce with, 453, 459n turkeys: purchased by TJ, 25 Turpin, William: identified, 1:655n; TJ meets, 406 Tuscany, Italy: relations with U.S., 336, 338–9 Tuscarora Indians, 127, 128n Twoomy, Cornelius L.: as tutor, 607 Tyre (city), 165 Union (brig), 117, 139, 140, 507 Union College (Schenectady, N.Y.): students at, 545 United States: agriculture promoted in, 406–7; Articles of Confederation, 349; debt to Va., 103–4, 106–7, 123, 123–4, 124, 141–2, 160, 384, 385n, 398n; economy of, 41n; and government stock, 499, 500, 510, 513, 533, 550; and jurisdiction of federal courts, 351–2; and liberty, 490; national debt, 436–7, 554–5, 560; Panic of 1819, 418, 566; presidential elections in, 212–6; and public education, 172–3, 187; sectional divisions in, 601; state papers and public documents, 609; state versus federal authority, 118, 119n, 148–9, 249, 351–2, 399–400n, 433–4, 592. See also Bank of the United States, Second; Congress, U.S.; Constitution, U.S.; Post Office, U.S.; specific departments United States, USS (frigate), 519n United States Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.): faculty of, 51–2; founding of, lii, 438, 439n; portraits at, lii, 45–6, 100n; reorganization of proposed, 52, 55n; students at, liii, 546; textbooks for, 574; tour by cadets, 438, 439n; J. Vaughan on, 45–6 An Universal Biographical and Historical Dictionary (J. Watkins), 536 An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time to the Present, 197, 411 The Universal Prayer (A. Pope), 12, 14n Uticensis, Marcus Porcius Cato. See Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis)

Valencia melon, 175 Valla, Lorenzo: Laurentii Vallæ de linguae Latinae Elegantia, 535 Valpy, Richard: The Elements of Greek Grammar, With Notes, 218, 250 Van Buren, Martin: as U.S. senator, 119n Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian: friendship with J. Adams, 37, 38n; identified, 4:501n; letter from, 37–9; and N.Y. public records, 38; and TJ’s health, 37; and TJ’s legacy, 37–8, 38–9; and TJ’s writings, 38–9 vanilla: TJ orders, 230 van Lennep, Jacob: identified, 16:564–5n; letter from, 208; travels of, 208 Van Mons, Jean Baptiste, 88 van Staphorst, N. & J. & R. (Amsterdam firm). See N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm) Vanuxem, James, 50, 56 Vanuxem, Lardner Clark: and T. Cooper, 50, 51, 69; identified, 16:340–1n; introduced to TJ, 56–7, 140–1; seeks professorship, 35, 50–1, 56–7, 69, 101, 107; visits Monticello, 50, 69 Varina (T. M. Randolph’s Henrico Co. estate): T. M. Randolph visits, 383–4 varnish, 573 Vattel, Emmerich von: Le Droit des Gens, ou, Principes de la loi naturelle, appliqué à la conduite & aux affaires des nations & des souverains, 334, 376n Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe de Rigaud, marquis de: friendship with Marie Antoinette, 366 Vaughan, Benjamin: books sent to, 116, 117n; identified, 14:186n Vaughan, John (1756–1841): account with TJ, 202; handles financial transactions, 116, 445; identified, 1:453n; introduces L. C. Vanuxem, 56–7, 107; letters from, 45–6, 56–7, 116–7, 206, 407; letters to, 107, 116, 147, 150–1; letter to accounted for, 151n; and payments made for TJ, 206, 507; and portrait of TJ for U.S. Military Academy, 45–6; sends works to TJ, 116, 150–1, 407; TJ pays, 200; TJ sends letters through, 138n, 140n; and TJ’s lines of credit in Europe, 107, 116, 136, 139, 143, 147, 152, 206; and University of Virginia, 20

 728 

INDEX Vaughan, William: identified, 5:514n; recommends bookseller, 42 Venegas, Miguel: A Natural and Civil History of California, 536 Venice: and Algiers, 340; relations with U.S., 336 Vérac, Charles Olivier de Saint Georges, Marquis de: minister to the Netherlands, 345–6 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de: death of, 344; as foreign minister, 345–6; TJ on, 340; U.S. commission negotiates with, 338, 340, 341 Vermond, Matthieu Jacques, abbé de: friendship with Marie Antoinette, 366 Vermont: and education, 173n Vienna, Congress of: and Kraków, 415n A View of the Elementary Principles of Education (J. G. Spurzheim), 535 Villedeuil, Pierre Charles Laurent de: as comptroller general, 344, 364 Villegas, Esteban Manuel de: Las Eroticas, y Traduccion de Boecio (A. M. S. Boethius), 138, 445 Villeré, Jacques Philippe: and Riègert, 426 Villers, Charles François Dominique de: Coup-d’Oeil sur l’État Actuel de la Litterature Ancienne et de l’Histoire en Allemagne, 137 Virgil: Aeneid, 434n; C. G. Heyne edition of, 106; Pub. Virgilii Maronis Opera (ed. J. Minell), 138, 447; study of, 607; TJ quotes, 433 Virginia: Act for establishing Religious Freedom, 324–5, 328; Board of Public Works, 529; boundary of with N.C., 309; citizenship laws in, 321; Committee of Correspondence, 311–2, 312–3; Convention of 1774, 313, 314–5; Convention of March 1775, 14n, 315; Convention of July–August 1775, 315; Convention of 1776, proceedings, 317; Council of State, 304, 305–6n, 311, 321, 382, 384, 527; Court of Appeals, 256, 257n, 258, 269–70; courts of chancery, 319, 328; Day of Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer (1774), 313–4; early settlement of, 309, 319–20, 320–1; and education, 61, 173, 187, 326–7; elections in, 157, 158n; General Assembly, 23n, 32–3, 33–4n, 34, 35, 41, 69, 69, 84, 87, 90–1, 92–3, 100–1, 103, 104,

106–7, 107, 116, 141–2, 155, 157, 158n, 173, 184, 186–7, 201, 230, 237, 240–1, 244–5, 246, 264, 269, 270, 292, 301, 304, 305, 311–5, 319–24, 326, 330, 375n, 391, 395, 422, 432, 436, 440, 441n, 450, 494, 514–5, 528, 559, 572, 582, 596–7, 601, 614, 617, 619n, 643, 644n, 645; General Court, 256, 257n, 269–70, 310; governor, 311, 321, 329; historiography of, 329, 605; House of Burgesses, 310–1, 335; House of Burgesses, journals of, 375n; House of Delegates, 321, 325; Indians in, 605–6; Land Office, 542–3; law in, 27–8; laws of, 28, 29n, 269–70, 322–3, 499–500; maps of, xlviii–xlix (illus.), 309; monuments in, 478–9; Nonimportation Resolutions (1769), 311; and origin of American Revolution, 312–3; printing in, 553, 572; relations with other states, 305, 601; religion in, 319–20; Resolutions, 592; revision of laws, 29n, 322–4; and Revolutionary War compensation claims, 610–1; Senate of, 596; slavery in, 319; and Stamp Act (1765), 311; taxes in, 23n; TJ’s bills for judicial reform in, 317–9; treasurer of, 256–7, 269–70, 284–5; treasury of, 256–7, 270n, 397; weather in, 573; yellow fever in, 603–4. See also Bank of Virginia (Richmond); Barbour, James; Central College; The History of Virginia (J. D. Burk, S. Jones, and L. H. Girardin); Literary Fund; Notes on the State of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson); Preston, James Patton; Richmond Enquirer (newspaper); Virginia, University of Virginia, University of Administration and Financial Affairs Account of Loans from the Literary Fund to the University of Virginia, 644–5; Account of University of Virginia’s Annual Appropriation from the Literary Fund, 646–7; accounts of, 128–9, 144, 152, 199, 222, 292, 395, 421–2, 450–1, 527, 531, 571–2, 604, 616–7; Alexander Garrett’s Account of Unappropriated Funds for the University of Virginia, 643–4, 655; Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University

 729 

INDEX Virginia, University of (cont.) of Virginia, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3; applicants for employment at, 496; Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of Balances Due for Construction of the University of Virginia, 651–5; Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Statement of his Drafts on the University of Virginia Bursar, 649–51; and Bank of Virginia, 416, 422, 428, 440, 440, 642, 643; Bond for a Literary Fund Loan to the University of Virginia, 644; Bond of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund President and Directors, 292n, 391–2, 644–5; and Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond), 416, 422, 428, 440, 642, 643; funding for, 20, 21n, 32–3, 34n, 41, 69, 69, 75–6, 84, 85n, 90–4, 100–1, 103–4, 104, 106–7, 107, 114, 123, 123–4, 124, 141–2, 157–8, 160, 172, 184, 185, 186–7, 241–2, 244–5, 246, 247, 292, 293–4, 301, 304, 305, 383, 384–5, 389–90, 391–2, 397–8, 416, 422, 425, 428, 432, 436, 440, 440, 514–5, 517n, 528, 550–1, 571–2, 596–7, 613, 616, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3, 643–4, 644–5, 646–7; overseer at, 650; Request for Warrants for Funds for University of Virginia, 428; TJ’s Estimate of University of Virginia Building Costs, 75–7, 293–4; TJ’s Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, 524; TJ’s View of the Expenses and Funds of the University of Virginia, 524–6, 526–7, 528, 529n (See also Barksdale, Nelson: as University of Virginia proctor; Brockenbrough, Arthur Spicer: as University of Virginia proctor; Central College: subscription for; Garrett, Alexander: as University of Virginia bursar; Literary Fund) Board of Visitors annual reports of, 571–2, 582, 603, 604, 614, 614–9, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3, 643–4, 644–5, 646–7, 648–9, 649–51, 651–5; Call for Meeting of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 34, 48, 427–8, 467, 475; committee of superinten-

dence, 84, 85, 91, 94n, 422, 613–4; and construction of University of Virginia, 109, 122, 128, 132, 158n, 527–8, 582, 596–7; and faculty recruitment, 41, 51, 56–7, 87, 114, 201, 264, 418–9, 538; and funds of University of Virginia, 34, 527–8, 596–7, 617; letter from, to Va.’s senators and representatives in Congress, 660; letter to, 527–9; letter to, from A. S. Brockenbrough, 648–9; letter to, from W. McClain, 109; and loans for University of Virginia, 100–1, 185, 292, 384, 391–2, 397–8, 416, 422, 425, 428, 440, 440, 550–1, 613, 614–5, 644–5; meetings of, 33, 34, 48, 68, 70–1, 71, 77, 79n, 84–5, 90–4, 108, 157, 395, 421–2, 427, 440–1, 450–1, 526–7, 527–8, 571, 582, 596–7, 600, 604, 611, 613–4, 614–5; members of, 423, 427, 440–1, 526–7; Minutes of, 77, 84–6, 108n, 613–4; petition of, to U.S. Congress, 522–3, 571, 600, 614, 655–9, 660; selects officers, staff, and workmen, 55 Books and Library books for, 43, 135, 246, 291, 418; plans for, 24, 61, 62, 63, 76, 84–5, 90, 91–3, 101, 104, 108, 186–7, 230, 247; and tariffs on books, 471, 495–6, 503, 522–3, 571, 582, 600, 614, 655–9, 660 Construction and Grounds African Americans (free and enslaved) employed for, 620, 625, 626, 627, 632, 633, 634, 636, 639, 642; blacksmiths for, 650; brick makers and brick masons for, 55, 649, 651–5; builders for, 651–5; building costs, 60–1, 62–3, 75–7, 90–4, 108, 293–4, 511, 524, 524–6, 528, 571–2, 603, 604, 615–8, 620–9, 630–41, 642–3, 646, 648, 649–51, 651–5; building materials for, 17, 63, 76, 93, 108, 130–1, 148, 150, 200, 202, 296–7, 525, 649, 650, 651–5; capitals for, 23–4, 60–1, 62, 75, 76, 84, 108, 120–1, 122, 132, 133–4, 186–7, 260–2, 293, 294, 473–4, 475n, 524, 615, 618, 650, 655; carpenters and joiners for, 63, 77, 649; cellars, 528, 650; cisterns, 650–1, 652; and classical architecture, 418; design

 730 

INDEX Virginia, University of (cont.) of, 618–9; disputes with workmen, 575, 575–6, 576–7, 577, 578; doors, 294; dormitory rooms, 75, 76, 85, 90, 101, 230, 293, 511, 524, 525, 526, 528, 576, 615, 616, 618, 648, 649, 650, 651–2, 652–3, 653–4; engravings of, 613–4; gardens, 76, 92, 616; garden walls, 294, 525, 652; gutters for, 577, 654; hoisting machine for, 597, 650–1; Hotel A, 649, 651n, 653, 654, 655n; Hotel B, 576, 577n, 649, 651n, 652, 653, 655n; Hotel C, 524, 525, 526n, 649, 651n, 653, 654, 655n; Hotel D, 404, 511, 652, 655n; Hotel E, 648, 649n, 649, 651n, 652, 655n; Hotel F, 649, 651n, 653, 655n; hotels, 75, 76, 85, 90, 93–4, 101, 230, 293, 525, 526, 615, 616, 648, 650, 653, 654; kiln for drying lumber, 652; land for, 525, 616, 617, 619n, 651; library, 24, 61, 62, 63, 76, 84–5, 90, 91–3, 101, 104, 108, 186–7, 230, 247; maps of, xliii (illus.), xliv–xlv (illus.), xlvi (illus.); marble for, 62, 84, 109, 132, 261, 263n; Monroe Hill, 577; painters and glaziers for, 63, 148, 650, 654; paintings of, 613–4; Pavilion I, 62, 525, 576, 576, 649, 650, 653; Pavilion II, 23, 24n, 133, 134n, 511, 524, 524, 649, 650, 652, 653; Pavilion III, 23, 24, 133, 134n, 511, 524, 524, 528, 649, 652; Pavilion IV, 511, 524, 524, 649, 650, 653; Pavilion V, 23, 24n, 134, 511, 524, 524, 567–8, 649, 650, 652–3; Pavilion VI, 525, 649, 650, 653; Pavilion VII, 62, 63n, 511, 524, 524, 528, 651; Pavilion VIII, 23, 24, 133, 134n, 524, 525, 649, 650, 652; Pavilion IX, 511, 524, 524, 649, 650, 653; Pavilion X, 525, 649, 650, 653; pavilions, 75, 85, 101, 108, 230, 293, 526, 615, 616, 618, 648, 650, 654; plans of, 615, 619n; plasterers for, 63, 510–1, 650, 651–5; privies, 76, 92, 294; proctor’s house, 652, 655n; progress of, 87, 88n, 90–4, 103–4, 107, 114, 184, 186–7, 201, 230, 240, 244, 246, 297, 409, 418, 421–2, 436, 494, 514–5, 550, 571–2, 584, 596–7, 598, 603, 604, 615–8, 648; quarrying for, 650; ranges, 524; roofs,

294; Rotunda, 293, 294, 421–2, 475n, 494, 525, 526, 528, 582, 598, 603, 613–4, 617; stairs, 294; stonecutters for, 84, 121, 122, 293, 294n, 618, 619n, 650; stonemasons for, 649; stoves for, 654; streets, 650; tinsmiths for, 403, 650; TJ visits Grounds, 575, 598; visitors to, li, 61, 187, 208, 389; wages for workmen, 92, 103–4, 107, 122, 293, 296–7, 510–1, 525, 531, 576, 577n, 616, 650–1; wagons for, 531; water pipes for, 650, 652; wells, 650–1, 652; West Range, 654; windows, 294; women paid, 620, 625, 626, 627, 630, 633, 635, 652 Establishment commissioners’ report, 105, 246, 247n, 618–9; and General Assembly, 32–3, 34, 35, 41, 69, 69, 84, 87, 90–1, 92–3, 100–1, 103, 104, 106–7, 107, 114, 116, 141–2, 155, 157, 184, 186–7, 201, 230, 237, 240–1, 244–5, 246, 264, 301, 305, 391, 397, 432, 436, 514–5, 517n, 559, 572, 582, 596–7, 614; opening of, 35, 41, 69, 69, 87, 88n, 100–1, 104, 107, 155, 184, 186–7, 201, 230, 230–1, 240–1, 244, 264, 404, 471, 476, 514–5, 545, 551, 559, 606–7; opinions on, 32–3, 72, 92–3, 157–8, 160, 201, 237, 238, 241–2; opposition to, 158n; TJ as founder of, 38, 45; TJ’s vision for, 31 (See also Central College) Faculty and Curriculum botany and zoology professorship, 135; clerical concerns over, 395; T. Cooper as proposed professor, 34n, 34–5, 75, 101, 293, 584, 617–8, 619n, 622; faculty applicants, 19–20, 35, 41, 50–1, 51–2, 56–7, 69, 69, 70, 74, 87, 88–90, 107, 114, 136, 175, 194, 201, 236–7, 241, 264, 466, 496; faculty compensation, 293, 622; law professorship, 101; mathematics professorship, 408, 409–10, 432; medicine professorship, 194, 236–7, 264; mineral specimens for, 295, 477, 489, 504; modern languages professorship, 418–9, 501, 538, 539, 539, 539–40, 562; organization of professorships, 244–5; proposed curriculum, 244–5; recruitment of

 731 

INDEX Virginia, University of (cont.) faculty from Europe, 418–9, 538, 539, 539, 539–40, 562 Students academic preparation for, 230–1, 244–5; prospective students, 155, 184, 230–1, 404, 476, 501–2, 514–5, 545, 557, 559, 606–7, 608n; room and board, 231, 245; and tuition fees, 231, 237, 245 (See also Charlottesville Academy) Virginia Company of London: members of, 309, 375n Vishnu (Hindu deity): J. Adams on, 505 viticulture. See grapes; wine Vocabularium Anglo-Saxonicum (T. Benson and W. Somner), 196 Voltaire (François Marie Arouet): Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations, 138, 445; Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède, 138, 447; Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, 138, 447; Précis du Siècle de Louis XV, 138, 139n, 447; Siècle de Louis XIV, 138, 139n, 447; works of, 445 Vowles, John: and University of Virginia, 625, 627, 630, 632, 636 Voyages de Pythagore (S. Maréchal), 535 Wabb, Henry: and University of Virginia, 628 Waddel, Moses: as president of University of Georgia, 545n wagons: transport goods between Monticello and Poplar Forest, 428–9, 435; transport goods to and from Richmond, 650–1; for University of Virginia, 531 Waite, G. & R. (Baltimore firm). See G. & R. Waite (Baltimore firm) Wales (Great Britain): explorers from, 127–8; Snowdon (mountain), 309, 375n; and TJ’s ancestry, 309 Walker, Obadiah: translates Ælfredi Magni Anglorum Regis (J. Spelman), 196, 197 Wallace, James (d. 1851): and South Carolina College, 238n, 590 Wallace, James Westwood: identified, 1:57n; letter from, 244; letter to, 270–1; and package for TJ, 244, 270; seeks appointment, 244, 271

Wallace, Robert: A Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind, 535 Wallace, William (1779–1854): identified, 14:75–6n; letter from, 430; letter to, 438; and wine for TJ, 430, 438 Waln, Robert: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Walsingham, Thomas: Ypodigma Nevstriæ vel Normanniæ (ed. M. Parker), 196 Warden, David Bailie: Description Statistique, Historique et Politique des États-Unis de l’Amérique Septentrionale, 407; and European affairs, 58; forwards letters to TJ, 57–8; identified, 1:141n; and M. A. Jullien, 65; letters from, 57–8; sends publications to TJ, 58 War Department, U.S.: and U.S. debt to states, 123. See also Calhoun, John Caldwell Ware, Richard: and builders for University of Virginia, 651; as carpenter for University of Virginia, 63n, 622, 624, 625, 626, 630, 637, 639, 649, 653; identified, 14:139–40n Warm Springs (Bath Co.): TJ visits, 602 Warner, Benjamin: bookseller, 16 War of 1812: and confinement of British citizens, 178; opposition to, 164n; prisoners of war, 259 Warren, Va.: mentioned, 48 Warwick, D. W. & C. (Richmond firm). See D. W. & C. Warwick (Richmond firm) Washington, D.C.: bookbinding in, 568; calculations of prime meridian for, 167, 172n; A Statistical Table of Washington City, and District of Columbia (J. Sessford), 206; weather in, 166–7, 167–72, 183. See also Capitol, U.S.; National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper) Washington, Bushrod: and remains of G. Washington, 478–9n Washington, George: and appointments, 372–3; as army commander, 28; biographies of, 307, 312, 375n; correspondence with Ali Hassan, dey of Algiers, 453–4, 459n; correspondence with TJ, 278, 300; Farewell Address, 442; monuments commemorating, 478–9; political heirs of, 417; praised, 112, 125; and slavery, 13; TJ on, 335; TJ’s

 732 

INDEX relationship with, 350; toasts honoring, 289 Washington, Henry Augustine, 306–7 Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis (George Washington’s wife), 478n Washington College (later Washington and Lee University), 395 Washington Gazette (newspaper), 119n, 148–9 Wasse, Joseph: edits De Bello Peloponnesiaco Libri Octo Graece et Latine (Thucydides), 106 water: pipes, 650, 652 Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 234–5 Watkins, John: An Universal Biographical and Historical Dictionary, 536 Watkins, Thomas G.: identified, 12:270n; introduces R. Tisdale to TJ, 472–3; letters from, 217, 472–3; letter to accounted for, 217n; as physician, 217, 412, 413, 472, 578–9; TJ’s account with, 217 Watkins, Tobias: and Baltimore College, 72, 73n; and Delphian Club, 73; identified, 16:271–2n Watson, David (1773–1830): identified, 11:181–2n; recommends R. Tisdale, 472 Watson, Fontaine: as apprentice of T. G. Watkins, 578–9; identified, 579n; TJ introduces, 578–9 Watson, James (ship captain), 127, 128n Watson, John (1760–1841): as Albemarle Co. justice, 476n; identified, 2:238n; lands of, 272; TJ’s debt to, 16; witnesses documents, 28 Watson, Joseph: Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 535 Watson, William: identified, 4:543n; and University of Virginia, 637 Watt, James: copying press of, 45 Watts, Mr.: TJ sends work to, 246; visits Monticello, 246, 247n Watts, Edward: identified, 13:406–7n; as Speaker of Va. Senate, 33 Watts, Elizabeth: proposed visit of to Poplar Forest, 154 Watts, Elizabeth Roberts (John Watts’s wife): family of, 154 Watts, John: Bedford Co. landholder, 154; identified, 7:516n Wayles, John (TJ’s father-in-law): identified, 5:162–3n; TJ describes, 311; TJ as executor for, 184

Wayles, Martha. See Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (TJ’s wife) Wayt, Reuben: and University of Virginia, 624 Wayt, Twyman: TJ pays, 16; and University of Virginia, 624 weather: and clothing, 509; cold, 147, 357–8, 609; drought, 566; effect on crops, 247, 282; effect on health, 68, 126, 157; effect on shipping, 111, 137, 140, 259; extreme, 67; hail, 247; heat, 96, 157; in N.Y., 573; rain, 85n, 191, 200, 259, 282; thunderstorms, 208; TJ on climate, 603; in Va., 573; in Washington, 166–7, 167–72, 183; wind, 147. See also meteorological observations Webb, Lewis: buys TJ’s flour, 286 Webb, S. (ship captain), 195 Weekly Register. See Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore newspaper) Weems, Mason Locke: biography of W. Penn, 547, 573; identified, 8:634n; letter from, 547; letter to, 573 weights, measures, and coinage: Winchester, England, standards of, 304, 306n The Welch Indians; or, A Collection of Papers, respecting a people whose ancestors emigrated from Wales to America, in the year 1170, with Prince Madoc (G. Burder), 127, 128n Wellington (horse), 587n wells: at University of Virginia, 650–1, 652 Wells, Edward: edits Ξενοφῶντος τὰ σωζόμενα Xenophontis Opera Graece et Latine (Xenophon), 106 Wells, Samuel Adams: and history of American Revolution, 312–3; identified, 14:227–8n Wertenbaker, Christian: and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 621; and University of Virginia, 622, 623, 628, 637 Wertenbaker, William: as deputy sheriff, 475–6, 531, 532n Wesseling, Pieter (Peter): edits Διόδωρος. Bibliothecae Historicae Libri qui Supersunt (Diodorus Siculus), 106 Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, 88n Wettenhall, Edward: A Compendious System of Greek Grammar (ed. W. P. Farrand), 211

 733 

INDEX Wharton, John Austin: identified, 155–6n; letter from, 155–6; letter to, 184; seeks information on University of Virginia, 155, 184 Whately, Thomas: correspondence of published, 278n; Observations on Modern Gardening, 43, 197, 411 wheat: for brewing beer, 178; as cash crop, 340; as crop, 247, 286; effect of insects on, 198, 282; effect of weather on, 282; at Monticello, 579; at Natural Bridge, 587; at Poplar Forest, 39, 207, 567, 589; price of, 207, 567; price of in Richmond, 304; rust damages, 282 Wheaton, Henry: Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, 450; identified, 3:46–7n Wheelocke, Abraham: edits Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Gentis Anglorum (Bede), 196 whips, 6 Whiston, Francis C.: identified, 208–9n; introduced to TJ, 208; letter from, 278–9; letter to, 300; requests letter from TJ, 278–9, 300; visits Monticello, 208, 279 White, Robert: as judge, 257n, 270n White House. See President’s House white lead, 6, 7 Whitlock, Sidney B. (ship captain), 79 Whittemore, Thomas: An Oration, pronounced on the Fourth of July, 1821, (by request,) before the Republican Citizens of Milford, Mass., 420, 484, 490, 506; identified, 420–1n; letter from, 420–1; letter to, lii–liii, 392 (illus.), 484 Wiatt, Edward: identified, 16:440n; letter from, 569; letter from accounted for, 599n; letter to, 599; and TJ’s Manual of Parliamentary Practice, 569, 599 Wichita Indians, 38, 39n Wickham, John: and Beaverdam lands, 163; and clay pots, 47; identified, 2:395–6n Widderfield, Mrs.: and University of Virginia, 625 Widderfield, James W.: identified, 78n; letter from, 77–8; and University of Virginia, 77, 626 Wilberforce, William: toasts honoring, 289

Wiley, Charles: identified, 302n. See also Wiley & Halsted (New York firm) Wiley & Halsted (New York firm): and books for sailors, 301, 302n; circular from, 301–2; identified, 302n Wilhelmina of Prussia, princess of Orange (William V’s wife): family of, 345, 348, 377n; TJ on, 346 Wilkins, David: Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ Ecclesiasticæ & Civilies, 197 Wilks, Mark: History of the Persecutions endured by the Protestants of the South of France, 536 Willard, Paul: An Oration, Pronounced at Charlestown, on the 4th July, 1821, at the request of the Republican citizens of that town, 275–6, 298 William (TJ’s slave; b. 1801). See Hern, William (TJ’s slave; b. 1801) William (African American): and University of Virginia, 634 William V, stadtholder of the Netherlands: family of, 377n; and relations with France, 345–9; TJ on, 345 William & David Kyle (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 631 William and Mary, College of: charter of, 32, 326; criticized, 607; curriculum of, 328–9, 376n, 590; faculty of, 27–8, 309, 379n; influence of clergy at, 327, 395; and state university for Va., 326–7; students at, 222; TJ attends, 310; TJ on, 328–9 Williamos, Charles: and TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 337, 377n Williams, J. Frederick Lake: An Historical Account of Inventions and Discoveries in those Arts and Sciences, which are of Utility or Ornament to Man, 535 Williams, John (of London): An Enquiry into the Truth of the Tradition, concerning the Discovery of America, By Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd, about the year, 1170, 127, 128n Williams, Samuel (ca. 1759–1841): identified, 132n; letter from, 222; letter to, 132; and remittances to T. Appleton, 120, 128–9, 132, 144, 151–2, 199, 222, 260, 262, 396, 473 Williamsburg, Va.: Raleigh Tavern, 311, 312, 313, 375n; TJ on, 320–1; unhealthiness of, 590

 734 

INDEX Williamson, Hugh: A Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D. LL.D. (D. Hosack), 277, 278n; identified, 8:603–4n; as member of Confederation Congress, 333 Willis (African American): and University of Virginia, 639 Willis, Harriet Fluker Randolph: drawing of V. J. R. Trist by, liv, 392 (illus.) Willis Creek tract (Cumberland Co.): title to lands at, 162–3, 179 Willot, Amédée: character of, 163 Wilson, Mr. (of Virginia): introduced to TJ, 49; TJ introduces, 50 Wilson, Joseph: as collector at Marblehead, Mass., 117, 176, 177–8, 189, 271; identified, 117n; letter from accounted for, 178n; letters to, 117, 177–8, 271 Wilson, Peter: edits Roman Antiquities (A. Adam), 218, 250; identified, 9:373n Wilson, Samuel: and University of Virginia, 634 Winchester, England: standard measures of, 304, 306n wine: Bordeaux, 139; brandy added to, 189, 199; clairette, 140; claret, 139–40, 430, 438; French, 142; of Lédenon, 139, 140; Madeira, 405; muscatel, 139, 140; at Poplar Forest, 154; of Rivesaltes, 139, 140; scuppernong, 3, 189, 199, 202, 580, 600; sent to TJ, 3, 4, 86, 113, 113, 114, 117, 129, 140, 151, 153, 176, 177–8, 195, 243, 243; tariff on, 139–40, 496n, 522, 523n; TJ orders from J. Dodge, 139–40; TJ orders from Dodge & Oxnard, 530, 612. See also grapes Winn, John (d. 1837): as Albemarle County Court commissioner, 642; and Central College–University of Virginia subscription, 630; identified, 2:201n; and University of Virginia, 624, 626, 633 Wirgman, Charles: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Wirgman, Peter: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Wirt, William: identified, 1:341–2n; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 485, 498–9, 500; Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, 311, 312; and TJ’s recollections of P. Henry, 307

Wodzicki, Stanisłas: letter from accounted for, 415n; as president of Senate of Kraków, 414, 415n Wolfe, Mr.: TJ purchases whip from, 6 Wolfe, George: and University of Virginia, 635 Wolfe, Joel. See Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm) Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm): TJ pays, 129, 152, 531, 579; and University of Virginia, 621, 624, 634, 635 women: document by: A. Bacon, 25; drawings by, liv, 392 (illus.); education of, 72, 488, 514; in French political system, 342; letters from: M. Cosway, 282–3; V. Laporte, 119–20, 231–2; E. N. Page, 610–1; C. J. Randolph to V. J. R. Trist, 153–5; E. Trist, 147; letters to: E. Hutson, 587; V. Laporte, 149–50; V. J. R. Trist from C. J. Randolph, 153–5; paid by University of Virginia, 620, 625, 626, 627, 630, 633, 635, 652; role of, 265, 267n wood: for gutters, 577; for water pipes, 652. See also building materials Wood, John Henry: boats of, 287, 396, 515, 531, 552n; identified, 516n; letter from, 515–6; and University of Virginia, 623 Wood, Robert: and University of Virginia, 624 Wood, Samuel: identified, 14n; letter from, 11–4; on slavery, 11–4 Wood, Thom: delivers goods, 223, 223 Wood, William (d. ca. 1822): identified, 15:414n; and University of Virginia, 633 Woods, Micajah: and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 630, 631; and University of Virginia, 634 Woolman, John: toasts honoring, 289 Worrell, Isaac: recommends J. L. Cathcart, 461 Worthington, Charles: as physician, 497 Worthington, Nicholas William: as physician, 497 Wotton, William: Wotton’s Short View of George Hickes’s Grammatico-Critical and Archeological Treasure Of the Ancient Northern-Languages (trans. M. Shelton), 197

 735 

INDEX Wotton’s Short View of George Hickes’s Grammatico-Critical and Archeological Treasure Of the Ancient NorthernLanguages (W. Wotton; trans. M. Shelton), 197 Wren, Alfred: and Shadwell mills, 515; and University of Virginia, 622, 630, 632, 635 Wythe, George: and Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (J. Sanderson), 310; identified, 16:231n; and revision of Va. laws, 322, 323, 324; TJ on, 310, 314, 321; TJ’s Notes for a Biography of George Wythe, 307 Xenophon: Xenophontis Opera (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 536, 537n; Ξενοφῶντος τὰ σωζόμενα Xenophontis Opera Graece et Latine (eds. E. Wells and C. A. Thieme), 106 Xenophontis Opera (Xenophon; ed. G. H. Schaefer), 536, 537n Ξενοφῶντος τὰ σωζόμενα Xenophontis Opera Graece et Latine (Xenophon; eds. E. Wells and C. A. Thieme), 106 Yale College (later Yale University): students educated at, 35 Yancey, Bartlett: as University of North Carolina trustee, 521n Yancey, Charles (1766–ca. 1825): conveys greetings to TJ, 533–4, 552; identified, 2:405n; introduces W. C. Yates, 186; letters from, 186, 533–4; letter to, 552 Yancey, Charles (1770–1857): and Buckingham Co. courthouse, 279–80,

296–8; identified, 280n; letter from, 279–80; letter to, 296–8; TJ invites to Monticello, 297–8; as Va. legislator, 158n Yancey, Jeremiah: identified, 2:364n; and University of Virginia, 630, 639 Yancey, Joel (d. 1833): buys horses for TJ, 564, 566–7; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 620; identified, 4:318n; letter of credit from, for Nace, 40; letters from, 39, 197–8, 207, 232, 567; letters to, 48, 181, 218, 428–9, 435; letter to, from J. C. Steptoe, 543; letter to accounted for, 218n; as superintendent of Poplar Forest, 39, 40, 48, 154, 181, 191, 197–8, 207, 211, 218, 429, 543, 567, 589, 590n, 613; TJ pays, 217, 232; and TJ’s visit to Poplar Forest, 428–9, 435 Yancey, Joel (1773–1838): identified, 534n; sends greetings to TJ, 533–4, 552 Yates, William C.: identified, 186n; introduced to TJ, 186; visits Monticello, 186n yellow fever: in Va., 603–4 Young, Sir William: The History of Athens, 535 Ypodigma Nevstriæ vel Normanniæ (T. Walsingham; ed. M. Parker), 196 Zachariah (African American): and University of Virginia, 636 Zeltner, Peter Josef: identified, 13:352n; and T. Kosciuszko’s estate, 499 zoology: books on, 88n; study of, 493, 494

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The Papers of Thomas Jefferson are composed in Monticello, a font based on the “Pica No. 1” created in the early 1800s by Binny & Ronaldson, the first successful typefounding company in America. The face is considered historically appropriate for The Papers of Thomas Jefferson because it was used extensively in American printing during the last quartercentury of Jefferson’s life, and because Jefferson himself expressed cordial approval of Binny & Ronaldson types. It was revived and rechristened Monticello in the late 1940s by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, under the direction of C. H. Griffith and in close consultation with P. J. Conkwright, specifically for the publication of the Jefferson Papers. The font suffered some losses in its first translation to digital format in the 1980s to accommodate computerized typesetting. Matthew Carter’s reinterpretation in 2002 restores the spirit and style of Binny & Ronaldson’s original design of two centuries earlier. ✧