Manipuri phonetic reader

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MANIPURI PHONETIC RSADBR

CENTRAL iNSTlTU'lll 01' lNDIAN LANOUAGES PHO.NiliTJC lltEAlltlk

S~RIBS-12

Editor .Jt .G . MlSRA

Fim PubUahed :

Aa~r/11

1975

,!),.~,

HJ97

C Cellt1'al ltUlituu of !miian lAngwtgtJ, 1975

Prioe : R,a. 8

Publt•hld a t tb C.mrsl !nltttute of had"-tl .LoilfJU•q-., Manauqaoq otrt1 .Myeo,.- el70 000 by D.P. Pltiane:yai, tH re.ctor a nd p r l n ta4 Mit•, R. Ve•ant•, M.A., ManagiOQ Olt1iotor at Sam•~ rita SahUra Sad a,..., Mreor.. 570 ot4. ltatna.t•k• $ te t•, I.Dt~t• .

.,l'

FOREWORD

The CentraJ Iru:t.lt u te of IndiAn Languages was act up on the 17th J u ly, 1969 with a vit."'W to nzi.sling and co-ordinating the development of Indian lan~llll;C3.

~ Institute was charged

witb 1M responsibility of scrving u a nuclcU5 lo bTin~ teg)::ther aU the re~Carcb nnd litt:n~ ry out · J)\•t frum the 9'ariOUJ linguisti\llh fx.twc cn IOC

[f! 1 ill [Jit:l

t'lC

it

( the ca vity aL

Plrllf_T'I \

l'm l r.lrwe Ill

thr nasa l

cavity, i.e., -..·clic a n d the larynx) by n:tt·act.ing the lowt·s.t pl'lrt of

the d o rsuni often caiJe-lllANTS Ol. FR JCATIVUS :

The.te sound~ nrc protlucc:d Ly ruurowing Lbc: :air pllst-"''gc up-co tbc poioc o f comtriction nt some poluc 10 ns lO lcnw o:nly a narrow ape,rtu re, -shaped \.-ithcr llkc: n .slit or lii.e a groove, for dle air current to JqUttu through ca using u ccn.nin degree of Criction. In Manipuri. for C!.lWmple, t:bc Cr•ovtd SliruiJ on: of V~ulm n:u:ur1:, i.1.. [s, l and hj • . NASAL!::

JIMJDI llOllnd.s :u-e produced by c:Josing dJe oral cavity at aome point as for the stops and then the :Ur sueam ia nllowod to pass through the n3S.:ll ea.,ity by Joweting the soft palat.c. puri liDSi.lliOunds ue Voiwl, e.g., [m , n and ~] •

In Ma.ul-

.LATERALS :

TbC$C iOundJ an: produced h)• cf.o6iag the mediAn line of the or.U cavity ill 4011X point ilJong Lhe ccnn-c, but loavfug o. free passage fo r the A.ir arream to flow out on both tides of 1he o.bstnteted p ()iul. l u M~\nipun, were is O.Ply one Voued wl~ral sound, i.1., [ I ].

r&OOllCTION' Or Sl"£EC(l SOUI\'DS

TRiLLS :

r,m., nre

produced when the p~og of the aJr current auJ!IeS the mised tip the tongue to vibrate rapid l1 or to tlap it againS't some point of n rtkulation.. In Mnnipuri iJ a Voiu 4 Tr(Jl sound [ r] nnd n ll'lnp ooutHl [:r].

or

mere

SEMI-VOWELS : Smj_Vt~Wls are produced by a r:tpid slide of tbc: arr·

culalory orgnns to or from the relath·ely unohm-ucted position of tongue in ll lltodiflf'd ornJ cavily bnlh uy the positiol\ Qr llps And the lower jaw :11 the case m:~y be. l n .M.ani puri, for aiUJlple, sounds of this kind nrc llilali((J/ Srtrn·JJ~f [ w, und M (i i1lJttltHal Smi~tnul [y, i]

t.tl

CONSON ANTS :

ln the production o f CfiiiSJirtt:n l s the a ir current · coml)letclv litoppcd by an o~h.1t>.ion o r the la1ynx, or the oral pa.,s.'lg-c-, or th.e M sal pnss:1ge or is forced w squ~ze through n n::u:rnw a~terture , or is deflected from the: medi:'l.o line of us chan11Cl d uouqh A latcrnl opening or causu one of the supru lotto I o~ms LO v1bnte or the rekase is ma de with o l' wilh"'Ut t11 nrcm ~ puff "i ~ ir or explosion, as 1he rt to t.hi~ only jf o raJ cxplallaLKm A:S \'1'1'! 11 as dcmOU$Ifltt.ion neeW fur1J1cr supp[c:. mc:nmtion, since mch represt:nUttio us in the .absc:na: of X-Roy photography can be only grOSJ itpp rD ximario ru :uxl a betrnclions,

11x: fil{lne uscd in th~ illustrntlor• of sp:c."eh oJg:tnt rr.:~y be n-..od i f~ed if r '()CS:I;nry anti UfJ()d occordi ngIy.

therefore-. of not mucb sdentl6c Vlll ue.

Similal'lly the IUHUN", the rclalive du r~ uon, the increase or de'Crel'YXi w:oon of these speech sounds (3) Lbe ~ra/ etl'R·,, may abo be modt6ed by ra.ising itionJ i.e .. initial, mtdial amd

~naJ.

(i] HrGn

fRoNT UNJt oU N DED S HORT Vo w~J .

In the ptoduc:tlon o r lhU sour.d the f 1011t pnn of the l()nguc

or

the hard p;llate a~ high ;u po&sible. (bttt withou t railling the ti p of the toOgUc) in the productlon:of vtW.rel ·souods However It d ocs oot louch the hard

is raitcd towardil Lhc .nntcr[()r

pala~

or forms any kind

or a ~u rt 'to

CIU.JJe

any

frb:tion. The

Ups rem:dn 'P~ tO o rrrtaiu d egref' mod ifyi ng tlu: ()raJ ca\ity. Speech orgam an the whole a• 0' remai n ing n.::J,ativel y lnx.. INITIAL

i

im ll:

'thatch' 'rruxbc.r' s ·b rother's wife' 'elder tiatcr' ' f(:m a ~ fncnd ' 'ruotht-r '

ti n

'spi::tton '

M' risi ti n

'nighL'

!ne: ' tee: ita :

M~DIAL

~I

'saint'

'insect' 'fuol'

Fn«AL ti

' t,e$li cIr.s'

pll{

'cloth ·

cahl

':-..ge

kay I yJ\ :rl

( i: ]

Hamr

fR ONT UNR OOND"E ••

LoNo

Vow&L

I n &he l'roduction of thil sound the movement o! the speech

'DRSCRIJ'T ION O F MANlPtliJ.I SI'EECU

SOV~'DS

2)

organs are Lhoe rome as those iO'r [ i] exoept that the dura tion o( the UrUCIJ lJHiO'Il ls loogcr :tnd tOO lpecc_h Ot'G'nn! aT'() 'tC)l.!l,'l. INITfA. L

1: i:ba

'blood' 'to wri:~ .,..,rfitjng'

i;o ba

' to bo cold, cold'

' i:ca.o 1:¢C:n

'bravery'

k'i:ba. t b l:ba l !:ba :adtda

•ro be n[mid1 fear' 'to be ugly, ugly' 'to die. death' '·eo r.:m~ · 'hera, :u: tbi:s. pl:lcc'

kf

'(ear'

t"i: 81:

' ug1y. nag · hUOl · n·

h i:

'boat' 't!ili'

'i:l'cnv'

MEDrAL

hi:ri

F INAL

ad :

[e:]

'odd·numb~r·

Ha cae~:c · MJ iD fRONT UN.&Oum>ED L o N a VoV\'l!iL

In tl~ produ~!on of \his. tound the front part or the:. Wll$UO is rnbed (without r.11i:sing the tip of rol'lgue) f.O.\V3.fdi the bard palate, but no·t as high ~ for [c]. The Ji.ps remllin sJJfcad to a certain degree modifying th.c oral $

Di-rSCit1I"f10 l'i O F J.-tA S"WURJ SPEECH SOUNDS

23

are rounded and also protruded to a certain~ modifying the orol cav-ity. Speech organs on the whole remain ~. )NJTIAL

'

uce: ' k

' tree' '3.8b' 'leaf" 'Wrd'

u&itp

\vood'

kb.1H

'hand' 'teSticlcll• 'morning' ' l.hree' ' to be black, black'

I.L

U.t una:

MEDJAL

tril m

aylllt ahUm

run'ilba FINAL

kll

M maku rn;ldll.

ma.ru [ u: ] Hta n BACK

'coffin' 'poison' 'ov.rl' 'tkat' 'seed' R o u NDE D L O.NO

VowEL ,

In the pL;oduction of tbi:. sound the mQVCmenta of tbe-ap~b organs a re me same as those for [u) except that the dW1ldon of p rod11crion is longer and the spooclt o~ nrt INITIAL u ~t.

u ;ba

'camel' 'to see, scene'

t.e.ElSe-

24

u :daha

' to d i.uppe3r, d isappearance'

u:n d:rlo

'Akiu, wool' 'pin1ple'

M~DIAL

'razor' 'tru1c' 'lO

ak•n:ba hhoo

t,J Ulri"'\N.

c:u: mac;(\;

IU.: matit: u\:

[o:]

t.twe, a.wing"

W,;.J.g

1

to clea o, clean'

'• ugnrcnne' 'colour' 'fuhmg trnp m.'lde of bamboo' 'fur' 'cana l'

BIOUBRidJD rt~ ax R ou r.oltO LONG V OW P,(.

In the production ()( this JO\llld tho bPck. put of the tongu~ iJ raiJed ~ rds the soft palate but not 34 high n.s for [ u). Qowever du: upof the rougue rcmniru u nraised and Ia rc:tl".tet.od to a certain degree tO ns In enable the bock p3n o f t.onguc to .rise to th.c required high_t. Tho Ups IU'C ju.s& rounded, modi· the oral caV:ty.

,.,ing

INITlAL 'pi .

'to vomit, vomLL.ing' 'tt'nc.:hcr' ' tn :1onoy, unnoyan«:' •

G~nbo

'to

roJI. rollini'

Dt:SCIU PTION 01' l.1ANfPUJU SPEECH SOUNDS

MeoiAL

' lto~k ' tbO:Q

' head' (bridge'

' thO:IJ

'door'

amo;m '

' fern:tle'

... l#O:l'

,

25

'Cod'

FINAL

7\mbo:

' cry of a

~o:

'ttey•'lilly'

~aro:

' photo' ' id.lOl'

p"o:I.G:

l o:no:

(:a]

H roH&R Lo w

CO"V,

BA o te.C! NTRA .L

Ce•lraJ but In bciiveea )•

(neither Back :nor

U M!itOIJN liW SnoJtT Vow.r.L•

or

ln th: p:roducuoo of thiJ SOIJI>.d tiJ.e po$LCTio r the oentmJ part of t.OrtgUe is mixd &lightly (but withool railina the lip of wnguc) towards c:cotrVJ part Ote hard pal~ l~ving o wide ~1.$$itge for the :\u to flow out. The li~ remain nc:.ut.ral, i .e,. Mither rounck:d nor .spread, modltyJng tho oral cnvlty. Tbe apcc:ch Ol"glln remai& lax.

or

Jm:riAL

ail

'exclamation marker'

t~l)

'yo' .OJ')t;.

lll ll :

hthll

'thrce'

ani:

4

ahU1

'eLder ' t.hreacl '

two

I

MaclAI.

rll)

p"'ii.m

•

n·~ ~

;&k

'rnn k, place • , ' yo u I 'neck

FINAL

na

d~nnn

kilnba ki\nba

'at, to• 'by' 'reUs ion' ' to be hn:J"d,

'w

hard'

&ave, &avirl('

[a:) HroliBR.-LOW, llACK-CEN1 R AL {neither Back nor Ceatral but in bcLweeo), UNROUI'fOltD L ONO V o wEL-

In t.br productl(llll of th is sound lhe mQvcmentt o! the speech org.111s a re the same aB ~ f'o r (• ] excep1 that th• duratit

that. the v~-nJ

Th.is sound oocuo In all the positioos, bm in tlro fuul ~UW'I'I U1

trequency of OCClltretlCC IJ Vf:ty low.

Jl

oomrJ monty

in loat1 items. )l'(ITJAL

bo:m bo:r bnk~n :

]

MAN!f't.:tu ll'IIOXETIC READER

Vorc w

AsPIR ATE fl A t. v ~::o L .t\ R SToP

For the nriculntion of uailo sound the mnv.:me:nt& of the speech organs are tbe same :u those for (d] except dmt a strong puff o f air is c.x:ba.lcd slrnultaneous Lo ahe rcleuc. This sound occun ouly iniri.ally and medialJ y rntl!ltly h1

borrowed iterm. lNlTIAL

d lao:lo:k dban:na

'big d rum'

'virtue, roli.gio11'

d 11a :\u d"a:ra: d 11 mba

' pole su1r'

gad~a :

'don.key'

gaocl 11 o: k

·~u l phu r'

~d 11 u

~sru.m

'met.-usa.ge. 'Ihc soft palate

i• rniliCd Lo

lCI~

the

na~l

pa

ge. Vocal cords remain open and

36

MA:-\rl'lJJU

PIIO~ETIC

R.EADU

do not vibrate. Thn& tlu: air stream compressed f rom the l ung$ i:s oompletdy stopped in th~ oml cavity. When tho back of the ronguc is withd~wn abruptly f rom the: poj 11t of comact, the a.i r is released wilb A a::.rwin dcga'Ce. of expLMion. This sounJQ-VtJ..A R. STOP:

For tht articulation o f lti3 eOtmd tha mcwt:tnent o! tho •pcech o rg.ans remains th,c same: u thnt for

[k]

c:xa:pt

puEf of air is exhaled sl:mult.lJ)e()uS ttJ the relt.Me.

IN mAL Jc b ~~

~dQuth'

k11 i~ k

(.oe\-'Cr~

k ~OIIJ

'etnml' 'leg'

It 'd.:Q k b.u:rn

4hnlast, milk!

W mot A L

p/l. ;k llil.rj tl'l.~ k"~ t (Li k 1'~li

"

~

&ha t a

.strong

ka:k b;\ tp.")

' to cllmb, cUm bing'

:tk bHpn

' to be hriHI.e, briuh:'

[k 11] ocx:un in comb i:OAcioa w ith [r]. ment in the rncdinl pocition.

It occun 1u the fim

el~

( - k' r- ) [g) VoiO&D UN ASPJRATBD Mttoio-v~t A il SToP:

For the art.iculauon ol this sound the movements of the ~ch organs a.re the ~.me as. those for (k] except that the vocal oorda remain '·I brat tns. Thia sound occurS in all the p«»ltlon.s, hu t in the fin:.l position itll f requency of~ is very low. It occura mostly in

bonowed items.

IJnTlAL ga go;m pd.a: guba:

'of' 'aum' 'm..'l~,

club'

ruli

'well' ' tnblet'

c:.-..g II. :

' iooon1e '

cugum

' residence'

P'' :gi

'joke' 'quality'

MEDIA L

magltn llgla :

'dew'

FINAL

rn:g dn:g

jug

'raga' 'stain, faul t' 'era'

DESCRIPTIO~ OF ~N lP URI SP.EU.U SOU}."D$

[g]

QCQJ.Ti

(gb]

39

in combination with the following 0011$0rnlnts : [c]

[I]

[rJ

It OGCUD M the fi i'Jt el~t or the duJtcn, lnhiaDy wich [ r) and medWiy whb {c], [gb] aDd (1). I"i!'I'IA L

[ gr- )

graba

MEDIAL

[ -gc-]

bagd:o

[-u~~ -J

tb:g ll.u pit i\.gla:l)

[ -gl-]

(gh]

1:w:alth' •post office· '·wall'

V o1cw AsPJRATEI> MEDlo-v&LAR

Sro.P:

For tho pi'Qduction of this sound the movancnt1 o! r~h orgno& IU"C the same 41 tboee fl>l' (gJ C:'COI:pt .a SU'Ong puff air ia exbal'c d flimulumeout to the .r eluae.

mat

Thh *>und cxcun only inic.W.Iy a.ud

rt'lCdl:.alJ)'

i(rJD$,

INlt'IAL gbj :

'refined IJu uer>

g b]lil ri

gt.uti

'clock, """tch ' 'a Jdw'

g~

'Cilnop-y'

s"w

•bribe

si:ngliara.: da:sg'a r maglla;

4pic'

M IDIAL 'post oflice' 'krding to tbe rollowin~r

vowel sound. n ais sound ocwn ooly initially and mc-d,ially .

.(~

ll l r\~ IP\J ttl l W Nf.TIC R RAOF:R

)H ITIA L

ha:kim

'mllgiRrau: •

tu1 ~k (tm hllt

'wl year' 'boot' •louse'

b.a~

'an kle"

{jl'::l h~

"plan et'

aM o aht iJ all,'•m

'c:ldo·' 'night' ' th lii~C'

uldl

' fruit'

h.

Mt!>IAL

NAS-"LS

[m]

V o 10!D Bt LABJAL NASA L : [n

uiC pnxlucd on of this

contact clnsing the o •'nl pt~SSlaiC.

M tl&d

the Jjps remain in

~rm

T h e tongue remnifllll in netl.lfU1

position_ 'OJe ~t pruntt iJ Jo~ftttd lrav wg nasal pll.&Sab'"e O!X11 fO'r the air ~ fmw lungs 1.0 paa freely lllroasft it. ~ vocal cords rcoain vi brn t:ing.

This tot1nd ~om in all the positions. I NITIAl. ron:

m. 'l mLJ m11pt\: MEDIAL

.,

IDl 'l.:

'bed bug' 'drcnrn• 'nnme' 1

Dll1Sie r'

•rno ch.et' ..nnillge'

ma.rm\ :

'ulng'

manu n

'rent'

tDO:mp ti :k

'mal' '()oc'

atnt\:

4·7

l)l'SCRl PT I()N OF' MANIPOIC I Sf'JU::Cil SO\!Nl)S f.'tNA L

mat"\ rn

• 1-e.'U(lll'

n rayo~ m

nmnlun

' poc::k p:us f reely lhr-oogh i l. 'llle voa.J cords n:m:rin pa)i\Le

v1broting.

This 10un.d occun in all t!tc po&tions. 1N l1'1AL

rw ,

·~·ou'

0 'lp

'wo·t, mveus· 'ln.side '

D CL Q

mr~li:

nupi:

' man, ma:tc' 'wonu:m, femAle"'

MEDIAL

:tnf:

kan:i: c:.w. r! Cli. nba kan tba: PLNAL

..

"two' 'who'

'two hmwrcd' 'to be kim.d. ki nd'

'quilt'

ah.i\n

)oungcr sister' 'old lAa!l , el~r-'

a :san

~est'

lC!A tl

I

in(iO~n

11\n

'a unt' •pi"'Ol!pCri ty'

[ n} Qccurs in oombin.uion .n lhe first eletnenr of t hr dll!l1rs with

the foUowi ng COtl110ntr.nu !n th c: J:l!:K:d ial posi tk'll'l..

0£SC!UPT10~

Of 14M"'PURI SPE£Cl:1 SOUNDS

[-np'-1

tlnpba:

[-nb- 1

t~ :nba

[ -ut- 1

'sliglu.ly hard•

[-ntl!.-]

.kanta.k kanibj

[ - nd- }

cando:n

~andalwood '

[ -nk- ]

ra:nko:k ' unk b6.:

•first time'

[-or] [ -nc- ]

rt:=llg3.1'i

' train'

t:a;ncla p

( -nj -]

ta:nj !l:

'bracdet' 'c:hnec, oecu.ioo •c__urry' •to u.ve, .avJJlg' ·tml.C

[--okll-]

'Basil

7

. .

k (\.llhllllb•') ta.!JllnC :11

'ltrQngty•

kiona tanya;

[ -ny- ]

b~s·

'.Bible'

·~=~

[ - nl -] (- nb-J (-mn-J ]- nn- 1

[9] Votcm

'l.eaeh' 'In earn. auca:sa'

'girl. bride'

ME.I>to-vELAR NASAL:

In tbe p:'(lduc.don of thU sotmd the back part oi . ll"' tongue to1Xbes the soft palate c~in.g the orl\1 pn;ssag:e. completdy. 1b: soft pala te a lower ed lcavinr; oual passage open for the air com pressed rrom lungs to fliW fredy throu!!'h it. "I'bc VQCal cordi remain vibnatio~.

Thb aound occurs in all the po«itiom. h CIT IAL l).lk I) :

oanll\: I)O r !S.·Q •

IJII.Sl

7

'neck' 1 'fuh 'c..vly' •yt:fi le rd.ay' •todAy'

MAN1l'URI J:>t: IONE'fiC RF.ADSR M&DIA.L

i ~git

iiJ k'o:l

'signnl' •to be Ught. Uaht' ' garden'

ciodo:m

' p B rLA I!UA L Sst.n- V o wau.

In tbc production of t.hls iOilnd the li~ ILTC pursod togcthrr to a cer tain dcgrt:e ru!SnnUng Sl round ~IIJX'. The back part Of t he t.onr;u~ u nWed towards the ponerinr pa rt of thc:l soft paU:itc. But it neither touC'hC!I nor fonns IJIIY aperture to ca.um friction. The position of the tongue for [ w] is f urthcr retracted aod comi·

OESCtUPI'IO N OP MANIPURl SPE£CH SOV NDS

55.

dcrahly hig~r than [u]. The soft ~ute u r!Wled to ~ the nasal pat..!ase. The vocal cords remain vibrating. The air com· preaed from t:M lungs pas11es out unobstructed. The po.liticm or lips ror this !(Jund var ia to lL certain degmc li'lith di.H'e rent speakers and according to t b.e vowel sou:11d that

follows.

(w)

50Wld

occun initially and intervooalicaUy.

UlJTIAL W~\:

wa :ri w:i.::r o;l wli:.l wlte'l}ba

'bamooo'" "p:r0$C, $Wry' '•tatmncnl> ~ooua~ '

'to be

w l.

taU'

bTERVOOALlC

' UW il~

MYll!

'north "bu&band' 1 'bc'tdrrut 'Bu l"'lllSC'

ku1d:k

'crow'

iwfl;

kuwa:

[y]

Votc:t:o MEiuo- PALATAL SEiili~ V o w EL:

lD the produccion of chu sound the lip~ rue spread to a a:.rwn degree. The front pan of the tongue is raised towards the anterior pru.·a of the bnvd palate. But it neither louch.es D.Of' fonm any aperttn"e to came friction . The p!J~tio:.o o1 the oonguo for [y] b furihcr ttd~.ancoo nnd con:sitierably bighet than {i]. Tlie lOf t palate is cWe.d to clo.s.e the m tal ~~ssage. The ~ rem~ vibm~, 'The: air compreDed from lhc lung~ ~ out

coroa

ltOObltructed.

oi llps for l.h.ii sound: varies

c:ertain degree with difFerent spe.akc:ra and aceo:rd.ing to t.ho vo-wel aound thiit T b.e position

r~.,

•.

110 a

lofAN IPUJU PliO!'mT!C 1\IW\Dr.R

[y] aound occurs initially twod intervoc:lllitally. INm.AL

ya:gi

'of the tooth • 'bnckbone' ' to ~ light, light ' 'to be $wift, swift' 'order'

yit: ~ y4:~ oo

yn:r.J bo ya :t11 ~Q

INDJl VOCALIC

ayuk lllllyU IJ maye:k , mayo:rn

'1noming' 'length' '&crif>t'

mny a:m

'goenernl'

'pocket'

OLIDflS

W

Vo actto

BAC K GLIO £:

Ill the produc;tJon of this sound cb.c Lips are puJ'Jed tqgetber ro a certain degree cwum:iug a rotmd 11hnpc. The bA.ck part of the tongue is r:ilil:d raward~ the po ttmds which CQO.ttitutc a lingle phoneme an p honetically 1imila.r in the 3CMe tbt~ t they shAre some featttrea ot' .uti.e ulation or 50D1t combination of features absent from the mtmben of aU other ph~long with a note on the adoptl6n and ad.1ptatl.on of Script. pho11cmk analyil1 o f a larcguage presupposes sorru: concepts to be understoOd clearly by the lt:re sounds are so d istributed amo.ng the fo rms

of a lllll!fl~:tgc that none of the m c~r occun in the a.ame position a ~ aod if nll the ia\1001 in fjuestion art" phonetically :i!mUar in t1w J!Blg nf maring .a tQnvrc or llrtittdn:tion abient

hom all olher~sound1., they are d usitied logc th~:r a.s allophones of the ~me phon"n:.e. TI'lus wlthin ~he A}'t.lCn1 of Ma:nipuri speech sounds ['w] is in complcmcnll\tion ,wii.h [\!] In [wll :r i] 'story' [aw ~: o] 'north' and [o ~npot :) 'dowry', [pi\ : ~ ) 'r.tws' etc. As llJ:11Stfated [w] OCQJ n it1itiaHy and bltewocalicaUy wb ile [!!] occurs elsewhere. Similar ly [y) is in compleme-ntation with (j ] in [yo:] ' tooth' [ayuk] 'monliog' ~nd (F.l] '1' ( k 11odj~ :l] fis hing-

rod' etc.

PHO~OLOCY AXP

FREE

SCRIPT

til

v ARJATION' :

If two or mol'\l speecl1 aourxb occur nondhtinc:t:Miy in Llre s:unc eovirou:ment, they arc in free variation u [1] and [n) in [ thJ] ·,: [W.n) 'bread', {HI] ,._ (lIn) 'snnkc' Md (tO:IJ - (to:n) 'lart.guage' etc.

Manlpuri aoumls o1to exhibit difi'crcncet in terma of k:oQlb and n.11albation. Wh ll~ length is a distinctiv-e fcatull! for vmYcls llS weU a.!! oonsooanu, oas.11isntion U. non di.s:lh1cU.:e. The m o featul'eB an: discussed below.

Lr;Noro: One or the :UgnifK:mt di:menslms of sp~ch sounds b dura? tion. By thcir very nature, llll VDW( I, , scmivoh'd.t, spirant•, 1nasals, laterals and u·ilt• can be proton~ iny thcir cndlng

in nasal sounds the oblicntof'Y eiement o f the syll:tbl~, th ;'lt is, the vowel 10mxl is nnn.lizc:d to 3 cen.aln de r-ec. The for:mat.lon of n.ua1 sounds has been dc:acribcd earlier. By nasal izacloo of a IOtmd it lihouJd be undel"$tood thai sjmuJtaneous to the releue oi r reading SOll nd th e vonl organ a 1\dop( position required for the production of Lhc ronowing nasal IIOUDd. In othtt 'I+'OrdJ the 10ft pala te which wM to beg l.n w ith in raised posltton cloai.ng the nasal passage comC$ down and :Uiows a part of the nir to fiow out the nuaJ cavity simult.nJJCOUI to the oral rcleMC. Dut. Ib is phenomenon iJ nondjstincrl~ th~ p redictab le in Ma.nipurl..

or

DtsTR JDUTION:

Distrihution of Spv geminat cluster&of •p, t. k, c, m ,

n. 1;ana.,y/.

1\vo consoonnt cl11&c.e:n 3rtr more in number. Th ~e oonsoll3n t du$lers are rare I nitial cluS1cre and Hull] dutten arc ~ry r are.

The phonemic S}'$1Cm ol M.anipuri language it pTCSentod bclow briefty in the fom~ of a Chart IUad then in ICtrn&of matriCXL

[ ,] I

I '

I

l·f

N U (,)

{ld't

u nmark.ccl)

all the

~tum I '

a D. tho J>O'idons (but borrowed itnm:S)

Vowzu '• I

(i ]

/It/ /c:/

[i:]

JU

fu:f

[u] [u;)

{o:j

[o:)

Jill

[a] [a:]

Jtl

/Ill/

(o;)

all tbc positions

"

.. .. .. ..

I'

.

Ill():it}y 1JI

CONSONANtS

STOPS:

fp/ Jp•/ Jb/

[p] [p•]

aU Lbe

[ b]

all the poslt.lom (mOStly jn boi'I'OW•

posit!.om

inlt lnlly and rm:dinlly ed it.erns)

[b'1

initially and medinlly (mOStly in

bon"'1f.-ed itetm) (1] [0

/til/

( til]

jd/

[d}

/k/

J

[k

[l] lk'] [g)

[g"J

all the positi01 all ll1e poaitiol'la (in free variation with (t} as atat.ed earlkc) initially and mtrlittlly all the pocltiolu (ran: in the.finol position. occurs .rnoetJy in borrow• cd items) inldall)• and medmlly (~yi n

borrowed lt:erm) aU the positions in tb.e inter -vocalical podtion [!] - lkl initially :md mtdiaHy all the posidom {mostly i11borrow· cd itc~) ini®Dy ::utd mrdblly (mottly in

borrowed item:~) A nRlOAns :

/c/

/e•/

.all the po i tion3 initia.lly and medially {mosdy in

borroY.oed ite1m)

!JI 9

all lltc poeitionJ (tnOitly in ~ itm-t)

68

initi lllly 1\ od medially ( n~.rc medially, I'DI»tly in borrcrwul i.tc:m5) SPIRANTS:

/at

Is)

m

all the pc.sftions

[ ~]

II

[h]

initiaUy and medially

/ml /n/

[m)

a II 1he posi rio tu

[n]

oJ]

,~ ,

[:>)

111I Lht: poo.it.ions

[I]

t ~~,i'am

'u.Ir'

d 11 up a• l\uba ....

.

moen,e I 'to be bmvc, brave'

d 11o: bi

tto1wbo

'watbcrm.vl' •to drive, driving'

d •uma kc: tu

'conu:t'

tb6.: IJba

'•to C&l'l')', lift'

"

'threat'

[k] vs.[J ] Kamla: u kilp

'ontfl8'0' 'ftowc:T pot' •wood powder'

uth'

kllllt

'rc6ned rutu:r' 'hand'

~

'tni~

pa:k. b:'l 'l da:ggbaz·

'youth, bachelor'

mak 11 0.:

•moutb' •reonis star'"

,•i:

~:

'po:st

office'

PRONE'f[C l!>RTL.LS

[c]vs. [j] cum

1

jug . ' ICr;!

~era•

o:ja:

Uzard'

'elder si:tter' 'tcac:bcr'

Words for further practice

.

caga: Jago;}\' cidt Ja:m mac.\11

.

[ C

1Vlt

'ineome'

'dan«' 'focd' 'black' pJwn' 'ma:te.ria.f'

p"'ijO.:n ' uce:k

'dress·

k 11 uje:n

'armlet'

'bird'

[ (:'il ]

cinba

'to wear • w1!aring

ebinba

~

be JOW', liOUr'

'crown' 'knife'

[ j ]

VI.

cana:n

'oat'

c·11atnn:

'st;~rur'

11cllp

"peg'

occ~~p

'feut. (es:tival'

l[jll ] J~tiD

'

1>laclt plum'

j "a;n jll.:ti j lll\:ri

'cymbal' 'race, nation' 'a drinking pot'

Juwa:r

'g~~

jllula:u

'n fativaJ•

.

93

M.ANtl'UlU f'HONJS I IC RBAOBR

.

o:.)i\:

o:j"a: ( J ) VI, [

S] "s e~ '

'seer' 'money' ~hope'

'b.ranch' 'p.'UI" 'playing cards' Word;, for further practice

st!n.cbLl

'ia.:p ~ :

ad: i'UIJ u (llt i'i&-1)

'gold' 'anlrn&l' 'aJ lppersI 'CknUni' •this' 'water' 1 10 much' 'Dl()81'

~

•bn"be'

ko:l sarkaa a:ka:l

'd ictionary' 'clrcut' 'sky'

[c ]VJ.[ 'i ] c:e:k

•brick'

~ t:n

•mone1' 'hill'

d !) st~ ' ace:n

•ruet'

iU ~

c

.

'Row' •

ic:An

water 'yoll nger s;istcr'

i~tl ')

'mtliS'

95

PHO~.ETIC 0~

,

pukc:e:l piltlm,

(h) w. (p..] [r"] [k"] [c11] (s] hi p• t

~l·

a:

'd oth' 'poison' '•agina' "yam' 'loath'

~i:

'$ncc:u'

~u.ti h i.:Jciim

'leave'

h6: tllu J

ha: t

11

'Jan )'e$J"'

aa:P"1i: uhf

'C cmini'

t.op•i

'coffee'

abtlm a t 11~ba

'three'

ah:\n mak~m

ubJI. I

"'

uccl'cxp grab

[m]

'mind' 'eyebrow'

'•fll:' 'to be quick1 quick

'elder 'kind, type' 'fruit• 'feast} feAtiva1 ' 'planet' 'bop:'

Vi. [ • ]

m:l o

'd~'

W..o

'you' 'image'

I'J1MDJ:

canf :

~hundred'

manitm

marni\Jl Worch for f urtber p:ra.ct.ice tna:

~ bug·

0

MANlPUR I PHONETIC REt\DER

na m1ot 11o:n • do:n I narJ

'at. by' •utJe• '"bn::an ' 'one:' I

!.

WnO

f

imJ\:

'mocher'

• A • mu. mi\.m ' ' IOfi.ll

pi!!CII! of tl:mreh t 'a1y ba~

rt)' I

'thu:Dd'

Won.J. for fu rther practice nA ~ki\n

'liide

oa:dl.k

•tadpote'

niL :oiln t 11inba

"oentipedc' 'm.pful o! fish' ' to ctab, c:.olic-pal:n •

t'l gba

'to

tfLnba

li!.IJ ba

'to halt, hair' 'to ~ratch, .scar'

t&::n

' t'UilE.

ka:o

'ffiOICJuj to ' 'pitcher' 'hour*

IJ flQnd Publ.lsbing Co. Aul.$terdamr 1068. CO\VDA,

K. S. G. :

,A,.....NillfJ P hDil l lit; R,Nfn

CentrAJ

I IUtittJU!

or lndla.o

Language~

M)'SOrc, 1972.

Th•; NiiJondh ._Co., Ltd. M,dm1

• Ra.ngkok, I %9.

Cu:tu.ON

Jr., H . A. :

.th T'Hroduc-tioJJ

t l)

Dun iptiv~

Li"lr1i11iu Ox.f()rd &, fBH Publi.shing New Dclhi, t !110CRII!RSO~·.

G. A.:

co

Li•t •ulic St;ICI' of TrtJid lVoJ. nr r):lrL HI) Mol IL1.t Bnn>.~mstd as Delhi, I 0&7.

H AU . jt· , ~- A.· :

lntrodwt tlr, UngHistiu MotUnl lkmarmid.as Delhi, 1969.

H rrNtR, R. :\{. S. :

Cu eral Plt•11t.trct

Mad i.soo, 196(l H OCKilTT, C.

F.

HOCK f.TI , 0. F. :

A Cwru '" 1\flHiu" L i"t•istit~ 1\cw Yorlr, 19G7. A MQIUI.trl tJ{ Pltr.moi"V Waverly Press;, fl,dimm? JQrc,

KII IILC H AI\ DRA ~~ r :u, r\ ·

1972

M11,uprm to MtJm"{lam' Di'ticrr••J

ct

IIullislt

0 . K· Store l rophal, 1964-. }(J