Mandel'shtam i Tyutchev [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9783112327548, 9783112327531

Citation preview

PdR Press Publications on OSIP MANDEL'STAM

E. TOAAEC MaHflejiLiirraM H TEOTTCB

THE PETER DE RIDDER PRESS

1

E. T O f l A E C

MAHFLEJILIIRRAM

H

TIOTHCB

LISSE/ NETHERLANDS

THE PETER DE RIDDER PRESS 1974

© Copyright reserved No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without written permission from the author.

The text of this article is reprinted from INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SLAVIC LINGUISTICS AND POETICS XVII (1974), pp. 59-85

Printed in The Netherlands

TeMa 'MaimejibiinaM H T I O T H C B ' H E H Y A M A E R A I B H O A P O Ö H O M O Ö O C H O BaHHH. 3 T H HMÊHa H e O f l H O K p a T H O c6jIH»CaJIHCb KpHTHKaMH, yHeHblMH, MeMyapHCTaMH. KpHTHnecKaa npo3a MAH/iejibuiTaMa coAepacHT BHCKa3MBaHHH, onpeaejieHHo cBHfleTejn>CTByiomne o TOM, HTO B nepcneicTHBe HCTOpHH pyCCKOH I I 0 3 3 H H OH HpHflaBajI TlOTHeBy COBepmeHHO ocoöoe 3HaieHHe. CoôcTBeHHaa I I O 3 3 H H MannejibuiTaMa, H T O Ba^KHee Beerò, AaeT Ö O J I M I I O H MaTepaajx fljw conocTaBjieHHH, cooTHeceHHH H aHajioriiH. PeriiCTpauHJi H aHajiH3 3Toro MaTepnajia HeoöxoflHMbi, icaic 6 H H H CTaBHJICH Bonpoc O CBH3ÍLX C TlOTHeBMM OFLHH H 3 BaHCHeHIHHX npa H3yneHHH reHe3Hca H crpyicTypbi no33HH MAH^ejibuiTaMa. RIPEFLMET

HACTOAMEÑ

CTATBH

—

UHTATTI

H

PCMHHHCQCHUHH

H3

T I O T H E B A y M A H ß E J I B I H T A M A . O H H P A C C M A T P U B A I O T C H rjiaBHtiM 0 6 P A 3 0 M C TOHKH 3peHHH CeMaHTHHeCKOH OpraHH3aUHH TeKCTOB. Bojiee noapoÔHo 6 Y A Y T pa3o6paHM HCCKOJIBKO C T H X O T B O P Ê H H H 1910-1912 rr. M b i HE O Ö C Y A M A E M cneunajibHO, c03HaTejn>H0 ( S T O GeccnopHO J I H I I I B B oxnejibHbix cjiynaax) H U H 6ecc03HaTejn>H0 Hcn0Jib30BaH0 'nyacoe C J I O B O ' ; ocraBjifleM B CTopoHe Bonpoc o nosTax (TeKCTax)-nocpeflHHKax,1 a Taoce o COOTBeTCTByiOIimX ÖH0rpa4)HHeCKHX OÔCTOflTejIbCTBaX. 1

Xopomee npeflCTaBJierae o 'npoMeHcyToiHHx 3Bem>flx' aaeT H3Becraaa paöoTa H. K. ryfl3na "TioTieB B nosTmecKofi KyjiBType pyccKoro CHMBOjm3Ma" ( H3eecmuH no pyccKOMy H3biKy u CAoeecnocmu AH CCCP, T. Ill, KH. 2 , JleHHHrpan, 1 9 3 0 , CTp. 4 6 5 - 5 4 9 ) . OÖ30pflOBefleHaBTOpOM flO HOCTCHMBOJIHCTCKOfi H033HH, epeAM npeflCTaBHTeJieä KOTopofi, noflBeprmnxca Binammo TioneBa, Ha3Bam>i AxMaTOBa, MaHflenwnTaM, IlacTepHaK. HanöoJiee 6JIH3KHMH K TioTieBy H. K. Tyfl3Hñ curran H. KoHeBCKoro, B. PÎBaHOBa H K). EaJiTpymafiTHca; B. M. SäxeHÖayM — B. HßaHOBa H EprocoBa (O no33UU, JleHHHrpan, 1 9 6 9 , CTp. 4 0 0 - 4 0 1 ) . 3 T H HOSTM FLOJWCHW ÒBITI. conocTaBJieHBi c MaHflejibnrraMOM (cp. MHGHHC C. EoôpoBa o TOM, HTO Maiwejn>mTaM Hcn0Jib30Baji EajiTpymañTHca, 1letamò u peeoAioifun, 1 9 2 3 , KH. 4 , crp. 2 6 0 ) . Oco6oro BHHMaHHH 3acjiyacHBaeT Bonpoc o Ma&nejibinTaMe H Conoryôe, B TOCTHOCTH C TOUCH 3peHM TIOTHEBCKOÑ TPAOTUHH. H. K. ryfl3Hfi npirïHCJiHJi Cojioryôa K TCM CHMBOJMCTAM, KOTOPUE He Hcntrrajm 3AMETHORO BJIHHHHH TWTTOBA (ytc. con., cip. 4 6 8 ) — MaHAejn>mTaM npwiepKHBajicfl npoTHBonoJioacHoro B3rjiHfla.

4

E. TOAHEC Y f l o Ö H e e B e e r ò H a n a T b c p a 3 Ô o p a TeKCTa

Han6oJiee

npHÔJiHHceHHoro k

TioTHeBy. B e i e p HeacHBiö, cyMpaic B a m r b i f i . T y j i 3 a r y j i o M . B a u 3 a BaiiOM.

H B nano HaM BeTep BJiamitiâ B b e T cojieHbiM NOKPTIBANOM. Bee noracjio. Bee BMemajioct. BOJIHM ô e p e r o M X M e n e n n . B Hac B o m j i a c j i e n a a p a a o c T b

—

H c e p f l u a OTaaceneJiH. O r j i y u r a n Hac x a o c TeMHtiñ, OflypMaHHJi B 0 3 f l y x nbHHtifi, yöaiOKari x o p orpoMHbiñ: 4>JieËTM, JUOTHH H THMnaHbl . . .

3TO

CTHxoTBopeHHe,

y a c e HHTYHTHBHO

omymaeMoe

Kax

CTHjnoamiîî,

CTpOHTCH Ha KOMÔHHaUHHX T e M H CeMaHTHHeCKHX XOflOB, THIIHHHblX flJIH HaTyp(f)HJIOCO(})CKOH JIHpHKH — TBOpeHHÌi —

HOKTIOpHOB, MapHHHCTHTCCKHX CTHXO-

T i o T i e B a , H O T p a a c a e T e r o n a H T e n c T c i c y i o K O H u e n i i H i o 'sC.

KoHCTpyHpyeTCH

'o6pa3'

'nyacoii'

nosTHHecKoñ

CHCTCMH.

HanGojiee

CHJXbHtie e e C H r a a j i w c o c p e f l O T o n e H b i B H a n a j i b H b i x c r a x a x B c e x CTpo(|).

OflHO

H3 C a M t I X

H3BeCTHbIX

TIOTHeBCKHX

Tpex

CTHXOTBOpeHHH

" T e H H c n 3 b i e CMecHJiHCb . . . " B b i Ô H p a e T c a B K a n e c T B e Ó J i H a c a ñ u i e r o , 4>HKCHpyeTCH

6jiH3ocTb

Hanôojiee

(CTHXH 1 H 5 ) j c o B n a ^ a e T H M e T p —

oneBHflHbiMH

peMHHHCueHU,iiaMH

4-CTonHbiñ x o p e ñ . B

M b i ô y q e M H a 3 b i B a T b s t o c r a x o T B o p e H H e ucmomuKOM. xaoc —

h

ßajibHeömeM

C T H X 9 BBOÄHT

o f l H o H3 H a n S o j i e e c n e i i H ^ H H H t i x IIOHHTHH TIOTHCBCKOÌÌ H a T y p -

(J)HJIOCO({)CKOH jiHpHKH.

Pa3BepTbiBaHHe

TeKCTa

HCXOflHT TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , HTO OH He TOJIbKO

MaHflejibiiiTaMa

flaeT

npo-

peMHHHCIieHUHH H3

HCTOHHHKa H B C T y n a e T c n o c j i e f l H H M B 6 o j i e e c j i o a c H b i e OTHOIUEHHH, HO H y^ajiaeTCH cflejiaTb

OT

Hero

pa3Ôop

3aMeHaHHHMH

O

K

ôojiee

ApyrnM

CTHXOTBOPCHHHM

KOMIIEKTHBIM,

peJieBaHTHblX

npe/iBapuM

CBOÍÍCTBaX

TioTieBa. ero

TIOTHCBCKOÌÌ

Mtoôh

HecKOJibKHMH n03THieCK0H

CHCTeMbl.

nibi

6 y a e M n0jn>30BaTbCH TpaflHimoHHbiMH onpeflejieHHHMH

'HaTyp-

4)HJIOCO4>CKHH', 'naHTeHCTCKHÜ', C n O M O m b K ) KOTOpblX x a p a K T e p H 3 y K ) T ÖOJIbHIHe

MaCCHBbl

TIOTHeBCKHX

TeKCTOB.

CneiíHHJIOCO(})CKHX T E K C T O B r p y n n y ,

KOTopyio

MapKHpoBaHHyio n o

l

npH3HaKy

yjioGuo

paccMaTproaTb

HajiHMne x a o c a '

(Ha

icaic

HfleonoranecKOM

y p o B H e n p H 3 H a K p e n p e 3 e H r a p y e T KOHUCITIIHK) K o c M o r o H i i n e c K o r o ABOe M H p n a ) . J l e n c o ycTaHafuiiiBaiOTCH H n o B T o p s i K > m n e c H oKpyaceHHH. MAPKHPOBAHHOH BHHBJIHeTCH

H3

rpynne

TAROTEIOT

MOKTeKCTCBblX

TCKCTH,

CBH3CH,2

B KOTopwx

npeflCTaBJieH

TeKCT, c o c T a B J i H i o m H H o K p y a c e H H e ' x a o c a '

'xaoc',

K

KAK

HMnjIHIJHTHO :

B MapicnpoBairaoM

CTHXO-

TBOpeHHH, MOXCeT C HeKOTOpHMH, H H O r f l a OMeHb M a J I H M H H3MeHeHHHMH BxoAHTb

B

HeMapKHpoBaHHoe,

3aMemaa

caMo

y3JioBoe

noHsrae.

I l p H M e p b i : " O n e M T H B o e i i i b , B e T p HOHHOH? . . . " ( M a p K . ) —

"CBjrraH

HOHb H a H e 6 o c K j i o H B 3 o u i J i a . . . " H " B e c c o H H H u a " ( 0 6 a H e M a p K . ) ; " K a K cjiaflKo apeMJieT CMecHJiHCb 'xaOCOM'

..."

caa

TeMH03ejieHbiH

(HeMapK.).

B

..."

(MapK.)

flajn>HeñmeM

—

TCKCTH c

"TeHH

CH3bie

3aMemeHHbiM

Mbl Ö y f l e M BKJIIOHaTb B HHCJIO MapKHpOBaHHblX,

npOTHBO-

n o c T a B J M H n o c j i e f l H H e B STOM HX c o c T a B e B c e M a p y r n M HaTypcj)HJiococj)CKHM CTHXOTBOpeHHHM T l O T H e B a . 3 C o r j i a C H O flaHHOMy yCJIOBHIO B HHCJIO MapKHpoBaHHbix TeKCTa

nona^aioT

(HCTOHHHKE)

H "TeHH

..."

MaH/jejiburraMOM

'naHTeHCTCKHH' n p e f l C T a B J i a e T

flpyroe

(o

'MapKHpoBaHHH'

CM.

HHMce).

3Toro

Onpe/jejieHHe

a e j i e H H e H M o a c e T o r a o c H T b C H KaK

K MapKHpOBaHHbIM, TaK H K HCMapKHpOBaHHHM TeKCTaM.

OKpyaceHHe 'xaoca' cocraBJweT orpaHHHeHHbiñ Haßop H M C H , n p m e M o6«3aTejibHbiM HBJiaeTCH T O J I B K O O Ä H O — 'HOHb'.4 ITapa noub-xaoc o6pa3yeT ycToÖHHByio apxHceMy. K peryjiapHbiM cJiaKyjibTaTHBHbiM 3JieMeHTaM oKpyaceHHa O T H O C H T C H ' C O H ' , l He6o', '3Be3flbi', xapaKTepnCTHKa no npH3HaKy 'THuiHHa—3ByHaHHe', KaK ajibTepHaraBHaa ("Bn^eHHe", " O HeM Tbl B o e n i b , B e T p HOHHOH? . . . " ) , TaK H KOHllOHKTHBHaH ( " K a K CJIAFLKO A P E M J I E T CAÁ T E M H 0 3 E J I E H B I Ñ

*

HccJieflOBaTeJiH

HeoflHOKpaTHo

OTMeiajm

...").

BbicoKyio

n0BT0paeM0cn>

(JiopMyji

n o T H e B C K o f i n o 3 T i w e c K o ñ p e » m . C y m e c T B e H H o , I T O 3TH n o B T o p e H i w H e o6ycJioBJiem>i eflHHbIM

HaÄHHAHBUayajrbHblM

HCTOHHHKOM,

KaKHM

6bIJTH,

CKaaCeM,

CJIOBapb

H

( J ) p a 3 e o n o r H H a j i e n i H H aHaKpeoHTHKH.

* 3TO He HCKjnoHaeT, Ha a p y r o M ypoBHe aôcTpaioiHH, noHHMaHim ' x a o c a ' KaK KaTeropnH ymreepcajitHoS AJW Bceit no33HH TioTieBa. OflHaKO n p n TaKOM noHHMaHHH npHXOOTTca ciHTaTtcH c onacHOCTbK) cMemeHH» HsynaeMoñ CHCTCMBI C cooTBeTCTByjOHIHMH CKHMH HOCTpoeHHHMH, B TOM "IHCJie TeMH, KOTOpbie CJiy»HJFFL HCTOHHHKaMH TlOTíeBa. KjiaCCHHeCKHfi npKMep HHCTO HJIOCO(¡>CKOft HHTepnpeTaUHH — H3BecTHaa CTaTba o TioTieBe BJI. CojioBbeBa. 4 OTCwfla cneayeT, ITO ' H o i b ' BXOÄHT BO Bee TCKCTH MapKHpoBaHHofi: r p y n n b i . OflHaKo caMa MapKHpoBan> r p y i m y 'Ho' He MoaceT, nocKOJibKy BXOAHT H BO MHorne TeKCTbi 3a ee npeaejiaMH. B lacTHOc™, orrnosmiiM '/leHb-HOH.' He paBH03Ha 6 H M O H ! ( " O HeM TBI BOeiUb, BCTp HOHHOfi? . . . " ) 9 C p . TaM ace: I I O H H T H M M CEPFLUY 5 B M K O M

TBepßHnib o HenoiMTHOä Myxe. nofloÔHHM »ce 0 6 p a 3 0 M B "TeHH CH3tie CMecHjiHCb . . . " npnpaBHeHo: " M a c TOCKH HeBbipa3HMOH ..." H " B e e BO MHe, H H BO BCÊM! . . . " — COCTOHHHe HCKOMOe C TOHKH 3peHHH IiaHTeHCTCKOH HaTyp(|)HJI0C04>HH. B HeMapKHpoBaHHBix TeKCTax (BHe conojioaceHHa C 'xaocoM') 3TO H^eajibHoe cocioHHHe, n p e ^ n o j x a r a i o m e e c h h t h c onno3Huiin

'nejioBeK-npH-

p o f l a ' , xapaKTepH3yeTCH 0AH03HanH0. IlpHBefleM npHMepw, Ha KOTopbie 6yaeM

flajiee:

CCBIJIATBCH H

Becb, KAK B O œ e , s N O T E P A H C T O I O — O , KaK OXOTHO 6BL B HX .

H.

TJOTTOB,

Jluprna,

T.

I-II

8

E. TOÄUEC

K yKa3aHHbIM CBOÌÌCTBaM TIOTHeBCKOH n03THieCK0H CHCTCMbl TCKCT MAHFLEJIBUITAMA OTHOCHTCK KAK K HEKOTOPOMY H a ô o p y B03MOACHOCTEM

—

napa^nrMe

H3 Tpex

OCHOBHMX ceMaHTHMecKHx

ÖJIOKOB: xaoc,

3Byiamee Mope, cyGteKT. MaTepnaji HCTOHHHica H apyrax TIOTHÊBCKHX CTHXOTBOpeHHH nOflBepraeTCH KOHCTpyKTHBHOÌÌ

TpaHC(j)opMaUHH B

HecKOJibKHX HanpaBjieHHHX, cpeflH KOTopbix MoryT 6biTb BbwejieHbi cjie/iytomne : (a) co3flaHHe pa3Horo poAa KOHTpacTOB no OTHoineHHio K HCTOHHHKy Ha ceMaHTHHecKOM ypoBHe (T.e. He jieiccHHecKH, He nocpeaCTBOM aHTOHHMOB); (6) nrpa Ha o6o6meHHH (ao aôcTpaKTHoro) H KOHKpeTH3aUHH

(B

HaCTHOCTH fleMHCTH(j)HKaii;HH, 'OBemeCTBJieHHH')

'NYACHX' 3HANEHHH.9 P a c c M O T p H M TÖKCT M a a n e j i b i i r r a M a B CHHTARMATH-

necKOM njiaHe. IlepBbiH CTHX BocnpoH3BoaHT pHTMHKo-CHHTaKCHHecKyK» cxeMy 9-ro CTHXa HCTOHHHKa, UHTHpyH ('cyMpaK')

H CeMaHTHMeCKH BapbHpya

jieKCHKy (cyMpaK-Benep, THXHH-HOKHMH).10 (PHTMHKo-CHHTaKCHHecKaa H jieKCHHecKaa l i m a m i » BbicTynaeT TeM ycjioBHeM KOHTeKCTa, KOTopoe n03B0JiaeT CHHTaTb ceMaHraiecKHM BapbnpoBaHHeM oTHomeHHe CJIOB, He SIBJIHIOIUHXCJI CHHOHHMaMH no 06lIie5I3MK0BBIM HOpMaM.) BTOpOH CTHX pacuiHpaeT c e K T a n o n p n 3 H a K a M , 3 a f l a H H b i M HCTOHHHKOM. Ü H T b r ä c T H x n p o A O J i a c a e T i p r r a n p i o HCTOHHHKE. ECJIH NO CHX n o p B KANECTBE

BHYTPNTEKCTOBBIX

AKQEHTHPOBAJIHCB

K0HKPETH3NP0BAHHBIE

3HaneHHH ' n y a c o r o ' c j x o B a p a , TO T e n e p b n p o n c x o f l H T onepauHH —

npoTHBonojioxcHan

o 6 o 6 m e H n e , HO He Ha j i e K c n i e c K O M , a r j i a B H t i M

06pa30M

Ha 4 > p a 3 0 B 0 M y p o B H e :

06o6meHHe

Bee noracjio

I j B e T noôjieKHyjr

Bee BMemanocb

TeHH CH3bie CMecHJiHCb

np0H3B0flHTca

3a

cneT

BO3MOHCHOCTCH

HCTOHHHKa

ace:

nofljieacanxee npn O6OHX CKa3yeMbix 5-ro c r a x a ôepeTca H3 " B e e BO MHe, H H BO Bceivi! . . . " , a T p a K T O B K a B T o p o r o C K a 3 y e M o r o KaK fleÖCTBHH

—

H3 " C

MUpOM

'Bceoômero'

,HpeMJIK>mHM C M e m a f t ! " T a K H M

06pa30M,

4 > o p M y j i a ' B e e B M e m a j i o c b ' c o o T B e T C T B y e T T p e M c T H x a M HCTOHHMCA; B 3TOM

nOCTpoeHHOM

Ha

peMHHHCUeHI],ttaX

KOHTeKCTe

ipe3BbPiaHHO

CHJibHbiM 0Ka3biBaeTca cji0B006pa30BaTejibHbiH x o a —

'BMemajiocb':

npHCTaBKa, yace B c n j i y 0 6 m e a 3 b i K 0 B b i x (jjaKTopoB c o x p a H H i o m a a HecTepTblH

CeMaHTHHeCKHH

npH3HaK,

naHTeH3Ma B cTHxoTBopeHHH CTHXH

6-8

—

pacKpbiTHe

CTaHOBHTCH

({)OKyCOM

TIOTHCBCKOrO

MaHaejibinTaMa. (jiopMyjibi

'Bee

BMemajiocb'.

nofloÖHo

C 0 3 f l a H H 0 M y B 2 - M CTHXe 'CJiyXOBOMy' H MOTOpHOMy KOHTpaCTy, B CTHXe 7

BBOflHTCH KOHTpaCT 3 M 0 I I H 0 I i a j T b H b I H : p a f l O C T b - T O C K a

HeBbipa3HMon! npoHHKHOBeHHe

...").

06a

HeKoeii

TeKCTa BHeniHeii

onHCbiBaioT

("Hac

TOCKH

CXOAHHH eH0MeH

cyGcTaHitHH

BHyTpb

cyôheicra.

— B

HCTOHHHKe 3 T 0 B H e u i H e e — ' B e e ' , 3 a T e M HeHTo o 6 j i a f l a K > m e e B e m e c T B e H HbiM n p H 3 H a K 0 M — ' c y M p a K . . . 6 j i a r 0 B 0 H H b i ä ' . y

MaH^eJituiTaMa

2-h

Cp. e m e 'KOBep' BMecTo ' n o x p o B ' B BapnaHTax c r a x o T B o p e m w "CBHTaa HOU HA HeöocxjioH B3omjia . . . "

11

10

E. TOflflEC

CTpoa, KaK yace oTMeneHo, — o 6 o 6 m e H H e h aócTparnpoBaHHe 3aHMCTByeMoro MaTepnajia. ' C j i e n a a [paxiocTb]' KoppecnoHflHpyeT

h c 'ubct

no6jieKHyji' (nepe3 'cyMpaK', ' B c e n o r a c j i o ' ) , h c ' M r j i a caM03a6BeHba': aaHHOe B 1-M H 5 - M CTHXaX K O H K p e T H O e , KaK H B H C T O H H H K e , 3HaneHHe (BepHee apxH3HaneHHe: cyMpaK, n o r a c j i o , BMeinairocb) TpaHCopMHpyeTCH b aócTpaKTHoe onpeflejieHHe n p n a6cTpaKTHOM onpeflejiaeMOM. K TOMy ace 3HJI0C04>CK0M 3HaHeHHH, H C OTHOCHTejIbHO KOHKpeTHWM BapHaHTOM 3HaMeHHH — KaK b "CHe Ha M o p e " : Bicpyr Memi, KaK KUMBajibi, 3ByHanH acanbi, OKüHKajiHca BeTpbi h nejra Banti. f l b xaoce 3ByKOB neacan oraymeH,

12

Cp. y TioTieBa npHMep ynoTpe6jieHHa rnarona 'óaioKaTb': Chbi HrpawT Ha npocTope n o f l MarHiecKoñ jiyHoñ — H 6aroKaeT h x Mope THXOCTpyitHOIO BOJIHOfi. ( " l i o paBHHHe b o a Jia3ypHoá ...")

11

MAHflEJIbHITAM H TIOTHEB Ho HA/J xaocoM 3BYKOB HOCHJICH MOÜ COH.13

' X o p orpoMHtiH' B 11-M CTHxe BeaeT K a p y r o M y cTHXoTBopeHHio, noCTpoeHHOMy Ha coneTaHHH 'Mope-My3biKa', — MOpCKHX BOJIHaX . . . " , rfle 'oSlHHH x o p '

"IleByHecTb ecTb B

HMeHOBaHHe npHpOflbl. C p .

CEMAHTHHECKH 6jiH3Koe ynoflo6jieHHe B nporpaMMHOM " H e TO, HTO MHHTE BBI, n p a p o ^ a . . . " : He HX BHHA: IIOÍÍMH, KOJIB MoaceT, OpraHa 3KH3Hi> rnyxoHeMoñ! TpeTBH cTpo4>a ripo,a;ojDfcaeT oimcaHHe naHTeHCTCKoro (JjeHOMeHa. B npeflbmymeM HeTBepocTHiiiHH OHO GBIJIO cnpoeiiHpoBaHO Ha HCTOHHHK h Tenepb npoeiiHpyeTCH Ha 6ojiee HIHPOKHH eHOMeHa CooTBeTCTByeT 4>opMyjie "^lyBCTBa Mrjioñ caM03a6BeHb» / nepenojfflH nepe3 K p a ü " . H o oTHouieHHa cjioacHee. B 3-ií CTpoHJIOCO({)CKHX CTHXOTBOpeHHH TlOTHeBa HCTOHHHKFLAET(J)eHOMeH CJIH8HH5I 'fl' C MHpOM OflHOBpeMCHHO KAK peajiH3auHio H KAK npH3biB, H n p n 3TOM HMnjiHimpyeT p e a K u m o cyGbeKTa

Ha

xaoc.

TCKCT MaH^ejibiuxaMa

'MapKHpyeT'

HCTOHHHK

(BBOAHT jieKceMy 'xaoc'), HO H3 nepeHHCJieHHbix B03M0acH0CTeñ Hcnojib3yeT TOJibKo nepByio. IIpeo,nojieHHe rpaHHiiti Mexcay 'sC H BHeniHHM MHPOM, npoHcxoflamee ' n p n xaoce', He Bbi3biBaeT OCO6OH peaKUHH cy6teKTa. B 3TOM nyHKTe — COCTOHHHC cy6teKTa — TCKCT MaH^ejibiiiTaMa BHOCHT cymecTBeHHoe ynpomeHHe — 0TKa3biBaeTca OT aM6HBaJieHTHOCTH ( " H a c TOCKH HeBbipa3HM0H! ... B c e BO MHe, HUBO B C e M ! . . . " ) 18 B raflaHHHX TwTTOBa, KOToptie Mor MHTan. MaHflejmmTaM, 1868 roaa nofl penaiunieñ H. ÁKcaKOBa, 1886 r. no« pefl. A. MañKOBa, 1900 r. nojx pea. A. OjiopnflOBa (Kax H B MapKC0BCK0M H3flaHHH 1912 r.), "COH Ha Mope" neiaTajicH B TypreHeBCKOñ penaKiiHH (ron. 1854 r.). U,nTnpyeMoe HaMH MecTO »mTaJiocb: KpyroM, KaK KHMBajn.i, 3Byiajin CKajiH H BCTpbi cBHCTeira H nejra Bajiti. ÍL B xaoce 3B>TKOB neTaji orjiymeH; Haa xaocoM 3ByxoB HOCHJICH MO8 COH ...

E. TOA/JEC

12

h 4>aKTHHecKH oTOHCflecTBJWeT KOCMOC h xaoc (6jiaro,qapH neMy h c6jM5KaeTca c HeMapKHpoBaHHbiMH TeKCTaMn). Y TiOTieBa 'paaocTb' He MoaceT coeeACTBOBaTb c 'xaocoM' (HanoMHHM: peaKipra 'a' Ha xaoc h o t OTpuuaTejibHa, HJIH aM6HBajieHTHa). Ha 3TOM MoacHo 3aKOHHHTb cHHTarMaTHiecKoe paccMOTpeHHe TeKCTa MaHflejn>niTaMa. B cxeMaraiecKOM ynpomeHHH Becb MaTepnaji CTHXOTBopeHH» noaaaeTCH pacHneHeHHio Ha 'nyacoñ' H 'coGcTBeHHbiìi'. K nocjxeflHeMy OTHOCHTca npeacae Beerò 'xMejienH—o/iypMaHHji - nbflHbrìi' : STO ceMaHTHnecKoe nojie He xapaKTepHO AJIH JIHPHKH TiomeBa, HTO xopomo BHAHO Ha TeKCTax, coflepxcaiUHx jieicceMbi 'nnp', 'icySoic' H T.H. ("KOHHCH nnp, yMOJXKJiH xopw ..."). B aaHHOM cjiynae MOHCHO npeanojioacHTb, HTO TeKCT MaHflejibioTaMa orapaBJiaeTCH OT ceMaHTHnecKHX BO3MO)KHOCTCH, 3ajioaceHHbix B 'jieñca', 'nepenoJiHH nepe3 xpañ' (cp. aHajiorHHHbie HccjieflOBaTejibCKue MeTatftopbi B paóoTax 06 STOM CTaxoTBopeHHH TioTHeBa — y ^apcKoro, Si. 3yHnejioBHHa). CBJi3b, ycTaHaBJiHBaeMaa PHMOÌÌ 'xMejiejiH-[cepflua] OTHacejiejiH', H CBH3b 'cepaua-OTaacejiejiB' He cjiynaHHbi : BHHOM SoacecTBeHHoa KPOBH Ero — TJDKejieioT cepaua ("y6HTBi Meflbio BeiepHeñ ...") Kpenie, H TMCENE CepaeHHoro KOCHynocb xMena ("Kor^a yKop KOJIOKOJIOB ...") BUHO H

A cepflue, ornerò TaK Me^jierao OHO H TaK ynopHO TaxceJieeT? ("B orpoMHOM OMyre np03paiH0 H TCMHO ...") Kaicafl-TO CTpacTb HaneTejia, KaKan-TO TaacecTb «HBa ("Kax oSnaKOM cepaue 0«eT0 ...") KPHHHT, KaK xceHiQHHa, TJDKenaa OT xMejifl ("Mareac", nep. H3 Eap6be) Cp. eme 'roJioBa OTHacejieJia' B "TBoe ny/jecnoe npoH3HomeHbe . . . " , a Taicace 'onbHHeHHe' B "Ka3HHo". Pa3JiHHHe, cymecTBeHHoe /ulh noHHMaHiia paHHero MaHflejibniTaMa, BbiaBJiaeTCH B CTaTyee jiapHHecKoro cy6i>eKTa: y TiOTneBa — BO3MO»CHOCTbflBH3CeHHH'a' B MHp, Hapafly C o6paTHbIM (TaK H B HCTOHHHKe),

MAHflEJIblIITAM H TIOTHEB

13

y MAIWEJIBMTAMA —

CTPAAATEJIBHAA 4>yHKiiHH c y 6 i > e K T a ( " B JIHIJO H a M

B e T e p ; B Hac B o n u i a

... p a a o c n » ;

o r j i y u i a j i Hac x a o c " H T.A.).

( J m U H p y e T THIIHHHO T i o T H e B C K y i o naHTeHCTCKyio CTBeHHoe

HHCJIO

ocTaeTca

He

cy6i>eKTa.

6OBHOH JIHPHKH (XOTH H B K J i n r a e T flJIH

—

3aaaHHbiMH H B

cyGbeicry.

HJIOCOCKHX CTHXOTBOpeHHHX T l O T H e B a 'Mbl' —

'He-a'

cneiiHajn.HI.ie

B xofle

c 3apaHee

HeonpeaejieHHocTb

ceMaHTHKH

BHeTeKCTOBbie

NOKA3ATEJN> JIK>6OBHOÍÍ JIHPHKH. H O

BHeTeKCTOBbie CB«3H C T i O T i e B b i M , H a p a m H B a e M b i e CBOK)

MOAH-

C H T y a u H i o H MHoxce-

rpynna

HCTKO

yHHBepcajibHbie

0nn03HIIHH 'BepX-HH3\ 'fleHb-HOHb',

'cBeT-TbMa'). CooTBeTCTByiomne r p a m m u HeMapKHpoBaHHoro Kopnyca TeKyHH. Cp. "fleHb BenepeeT, HOHb 6jiH3Ka . . . " , "IIjiaMH pAeeT, nJiaMH nbinieT . . . " (Bbiine oTMenajiacb pHTMHKO-CHHTaKCHnecKaa napajuiejib K 3TOMy CTHXOTBOpeHHIO

B

TeKCTe

MaHfleJIbHITaMa)

H flp. IIpHMep

flH(j)(j)y3HHflByxjinpHHecKHX cHJioco, A c TO6OÜ MHe — KaK B paio.

B opramoamiH 'nyacoro' MaTepnajia B CTHXOTBOPCHHH "Benep HeacHbia . . . " ycHjieHO — no cpaBHeHHio c HCTOHHHKOM — FLHHAMHNECKOE, cioaceTHoe Hanajio. C HHCTO ceMaHTmecKotí TOHKH 3PEHHH BO3MOJKHO

HJieHeHHe nonoJiaM: nocpeflHHe OKa3biBaeTCH 7-H CTHX — coo6meHHe o nepexcHBaHHH cy6teKTOM naHTeHCTCKoro 0HeTHHecKH —

eflHHCTBeHHbra B TeKCTe cjiynaH ToxcflecTBa Bcex

yAapHbix rjiacHbix). OflHaKO o6pamaeT Ha ce6a BHHMaHHe BbmejieHHocTb 3-ñ cTpo4>bi, ee nocTpoeHHe OTHOCHTejibHO npeflbwymHX. 1-hh 2-SL xejiRTc a Ha flBycTHiHHH: CTHXH 1-2, 5 - 6 , — npnpofla, 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 , — 'MBI' (HJIH:

'MM' H npnpofla). B nocjieflHeñ CTpoe W

coBMemeHO c npHpofloñ, H

E. TOflUEC

14

y a c e B H a n a j i b H O M c r a x e . 3 T H MeaccTpo(F>HHecKHe o T H o m e H H a

nofluep-

acaHbl H TaKHMH pHTMHHeCKHMH I70Ka3aTejI5IMH, KaK KOJIHHeCTBO IIOJIHOy a a p H b i x c j i o r o B n o cTHxaM B crpoTI K CTpo e K T a ( 1 - A CTpo(|)a); H3MEHEHJIE 3 T o r o

COCTOHHHH

n e p e 3 H a p y m e H H e r p a H i m B K o c M o c e H M e a c f l y CY6BEKTOM H BHeniHHM MHpoM

(2-A);

noKa3aTb,

H0B0e

cocToaroie

HTO n o / i o G H a x

cxeMa

cy6i>eKTa

MONCHO

(3-A).

HenpHjioacHMa

6HJIO

6H

BO BCHKOM c j i y n a e

K

M a p K H p O B a H H b l M TeKCTaM T l O T H e B a , KOTOpbie THrOTeiOT K OüHCaHHK) O A H o r o COCTOHHHH K o e M o c a H c y S i e i c r a . n e p e ñ f l e M OT C T H j i H s a m i H K 6 o n e e c j i o a c H b i M c j i y n a a M . H c o B p e M e H H a a n o a T y KpHTHKa, H H c c j i e f l O B a T e j i H ( H . A . H n j i b c c o H , K . E p a y H ) HeoflHOKpaTHo

oTMenajiH,

HTO

MHp

paHHero

MAH^ejibinTaMa

—

3TO

MHp

n y c T O T b i , M a j i b i x KOJIHHCCTB, 'THXHX' S M O U H H . ' ü y c T O T a ' — He H c c j i e ^ o B a T e j t b C K a a M e T a ^ o p a , a K a T e r o p n a , H3BJieHeHHaa H3 TCKCTOB. O C H O B H O H JiHpHHecKoií K O J i j m 3 H e i í H B j i a e T c a c a M b r a 4>aKT c y m e c T B O B a H H H V r p a H H HeSbiTHH,

HO STO He HCKjnoHaeT,

M0»CH0CTb/HeB03M03CH0CTb pofla'14 —

npeoflojiemifl

a

cKopee

onno3HiiHH

T e M a r e H e p a j i b H a a AJXH T i o T H e B a .

npeACTaBJiaeTca

CTHxoTBopeHue

aKixeHrapyeT

BecbMa

Ha B03-

'HejioBeK-npiinoKa3aTejibHbiM

" C i t y x nyTKHH n a p y c H a n p a

raeT...";

1 - h c T p o < J ) a a a e T c j i e a y i o m n e pcMHHHCueHUHH: C n y x HyTKnñ n a p y c H a n p a r a e T ,

üycTeeT

B 0 3 f l y x , NTHII He CJIBIHIHO

PacniHpeHHtiH n y c T e e T B 3 o p ,

6oJie

H T m n i m y nepenubiBaeT

( " E c T b B oceHH

ITOJIHO*£HLIX XITHII He3ByHHLlñ x o p .

nepBOHaiajIbHOfi . . . " ) KaK

CBeT

flHeBHOH,

ero

TycKHeioT B30pLI

( " H a B03BpaTH0M nyTH") 14 ÍÍHas, connncmecKafl TpaKTOBKa OTHOiiiemifi ' a ' H MHpa co«epacHTCH B Taitax cmxoTBopcHHJix, KaK "EecmyMHoe BepeTeHO . . . " , "flaHO MHC Teno — HTO MHe flenaTb C HHM . . . " ("-H H CaflOBHHK, H jKC H IJBeTOK").

MAHflEJIblUTAM H TIOTHEB Ho

Bce

15

rpe3HTCH

CKBO3I>

HeMyio TbMy —

I f l e - T O TaM, Haa Heñ, a c m i ñ

aem.

6jieCTHT H He3pHMBlfi x o p O J1K>6BH rpeMHT ... ("MOTHB

retoe")15

HTO 3TH OTflajieHHtie COOTBeTCTBHH He CJiyiaiÍHH, CTaHOBHTCH «CHO BO 2 - Ñ H 3-H CTpo(J)ax, JcoToptie nepexoflHT K 3HAHHTEJN>HO 6 o j i e e OHCBHAHOH UHTaiXHH

H

Cy»CHBaiOT

(J)OHHHeCKHMH

(B TOM

CpeflCTBaMH)

HHCJie

pHTMHKO-CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH

COOTBeTCTByK>mHX

KpjT

H

TIOTHeBCKHX

TeKCTOB:

H n p r a p a r a a MOH CBo6ofla TBOñ MHp

J l m n b B Hanieñ n p r a p a i H O f l CBO6OFLE

6ojie3HeHHBLfl H CTpaH-

( " I l e B y H e c T b ecTi> B

HMfi

MOpCKHX BOJIHaX . . . " ) TBOSFLEHB— 6one3HeHHtiñ H c r p a c r HWfi ( " O , BEMAA ^YMA MOH!")

B " I l e B y H e c T b . . . " n o c j i e n p o u H T i i p o B a H H o r o CTHxa c j i e ^ y e T : " P a 3 J i a A MBI c Heio < n p H p o f l o ñ ) c o 3 H a e M " ; y MaH^ejibinTaMa n o c j i e " H

npH3paHHa

MOH C B o S o f l a " i m e T cpaBHeHHe " K a K i m m n o j m o H H b i x r o j i o c a " . T a K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M ycTaHaBjiHBaiOTca c j i e ^ y i o m n e OTHOXUCHHH : ( 1 ) TCKCT M a H f l e j i b n i T a M a , UHTHpyH T f O T i e B a , BBO^HT TEMY CBO6OAM l e j i o B e i e a B n p a p o ^ e 1 8 ( H a n o M H H M , HTO n p e f l H K a T CBOGO^BI TIOTHCB npmiHCbiBajT H n p n p o f l e

—

" B Heñ e c T b a y i u a , B HEÑ e c T b CBo6o,N;a"); ( 2 ) KOJIJIH3HH M e a c a y V

H

n p n p o A O H OTpnuaeTCH: BMCCTO ' p a 3 j i a £ a ' 1 7 — n p a M o e o T o a y i e c T B j i e H H e , pa3BepTWBaeMoe

Ha npoTaaceHHH

flByx

CTpo

CBOCH" —

y TioTHeBa cp., Hanp., B

"Hafl

STOH

TeMHOIO T O J m O H . . . " ) , H O J l H p i I H e C K H H CKWKËT BOCnpOH3BOflHT OCHOBHyiO naHTeHCTCKyio CHTyaiXHio — 'a'

(HanojiHeHHe

flBHaceHHe

paKOBHHbi).

3TO

B H e m H e r o , npnpo/iHoro

ABH»ceHHe

/jaHo

acejiaeMMH ( B ö y a y m e M , B H M n e p a r a B e ) (JieHOMeH —

BHyTpb

onaTb-TaKH

KaK

p e i b ' a ' K 'HOHH'

c p . c o ô p a m e H H e M K ' c y M p a K y ' H c A P Y N I M H n o a o Ô H b i M H CJIYNAAMH

y

TioTHeBa.

H

,U,BH5KeHHe

npe^nojiaraeT

H3MeHeHHe

OTHOIHCHHH

'a'

n p H p o f l b i ( ' T H ' ) , npHHeM, KaK H B a p y r a x TeKCTax M a H f l e j i b n r r a M a , ' a ' c o x p a H a e T CBOIO naccHBHOCTb ( " T e 6 a He j n o 6 n T b MHe n03B0jn>" — nojno6Hiiib").

OyHKijHK)

nepeHeceHHa

Ha

npupoay

"TH

'6ojie3HeHHWx'

H e j i o B e i e c K H x KanecTB B b i n o j i H a e T : T H o u e H H i u b / H e H y a c H o i i

paKOBHHbi

JIOÎKb. CxroacHyio KapTHHy, MaHH(J>ecTnpoBaHHyio B ^ B y n a c T H O M n o c T p o e H H H ,

aaeT

CTHXOTBOPEHHE

"B

CMHPEHHOMYAPBIX BbicoTax ..."

OHO ANAJIORH-

necKH c o o T H o c H T c a c KOHiiermneñ rapMOHHHecKOH n p n p o a b i , BbipaaceHHOH B " I l e B y H e C T b e C T b B MOPCKHX BOJXHaX . . . " , H n p H 3TOM yCTpaHHeT ' a ' KaK aHTaroHHCTa KOCMoca, MTO yace a B j i a e T c a aKTOM ' f l H a j i o r a ' H e r o HacTbK). r i e p B a a e x p o s a y r B e p a c a a e T S M o m i o H a j i b H y i o H e f i T p a j i b H o c T b M e a c a y n e j i o B e K O M H n p n p o a o H H B Heß c a M o ñ :

H HeTy HHKaKOñ OTpaflbi, H HeTy r o p e r a B M n p a x .

18

C p . TO ace HMCHOBäHHC B "HH O TCM He HyaCHO rOBOpHTb ..."

18

C p . CTHxoTBopeHHe "flwxaHbe Bemee B CTHxax MOHX ..." ('fltixamc' ynofloôjiaeTca

HaneBy paxoBHH).

18

E. TOAZIEC

BTopaa CTpocjm HMCHyeT He- hjih aHTHaHTponoMop(J)Hbie CBOHCTBa KocMoca, onpeflejieHHo opueHTHpyHCb Ha CTHxoTBopeHHe TiOTneBa; KaK b "Cjiyx HyTKHÎi ...", CHOBa iïHTHpyeTca 'cBoôoaa': Bo

BCeM

cmbicji

OflHOOÔpaSHWH

H coBepmeHHaa CBo6oaa

HeB03MyTHMbliî C T p o â b o B c e M ,

Co3Byibe nonHoe b npnpofle, — Jlnnib b Harneft nprapaHHOii cbo6o«e

CTaBHTCH BOnpOC — B OTBeT Ha TIOTHeBCKyiO KOCMHHeCKyiO ("CTpoiÎHbffl MyCHKHHCKHH Uiopox) OTHOCHTejIbHO apyroro rana, 'HeoflymeBjieHHofi' h 'HeMy3biKajn>HOH': H

'MyCHKHK»' rapMOHHH

H e BonnomaeT j i h npnpofla

rapMOHHIO BHCOKHX HHCJI? Cjieayiomne ABe CTpo(|)Bi HMHTHpyioT oTpHuaTejibHbift otbct (3-a HannHaeTCH c 'ho'). Ilpeacae Bcero OTpmiaeTCH sMomioHajibHaa HeftTpajibHOCTb H, CJieAOBaTejIbHO, " r a p M O H H H BbICOKHX hhcji", HO 3TO He eCTb npHHHTHe TK)THeBCKOÎi KOHIieniIHH : B KOCMOCe noepeflCTBOM npOTHBOnocTaBjieHHH npupoflHbix ace HBJieHHH oÔHapyxcHBaeTca 'pa3jiaa' ('ropeib'), no TioTHeBy B03HHKaK>mHH TOJibKo Meayiy nejioBeKOM h npHpofloft: Ho

Bwnaji CHer

—

h HaroTa

flepeBbeB TpaypHOK) cTana; HanpacHO BenepoM 3HJiJia He6ec 3 j i a T a « nycTOTa.

'IlycTOTa' c6jiH»caeT CTHxoTBopeHHe c "Cjiyx MyTKHH ..." h "Bo3flyx naCMypHBIH ..." H H03B0JIHeT HfleHTHHUHpOBaTb BapHaHTbl HOMHHaitflH 'oGbeKTHBHoro' MHpoBoro Hanajia b sthx Tpex TeKCTax. riocjieAHHa crpo(j)a Mepe3 UBeTOByio MeTauhk>, CB»3aHHyio c ceMaHTHKOH 'KäMeHHoro' — oHa OTHOCHTCH K HauieH TeMe. CxeMa 3Toro ABHaceHH« TaKOBa: 'KaMeHHoe' b ceMaHTHiecKOM nojie 'nycTOTa' HHHecKoro acneKTa.

— B 'apXHTeKTypHMX' CTHXOTBOpeHHHX

B CTaTbe " Y T p o

aKMen3Ma".

fljiH nepBoro 0Tpe3ica SToro ABnaceHHa xapaKTepHbi tckctm, b KOTopbix 'KaMeHHoe' MoaceT 3aMeHHTb 'nycToe' ('MepTBeHHoe, HeacHBoe') hjih BXOflHTb C HHM B OflHH CHHOHHMHHeCKHH pflfl. Pa3HHUa CBOflHTCH K TOMy, HTo b nepBOM cjiynae chhohhmhh BbWBJiaeTca Ha moktckctobom ypoBHe, bo BTopoM — b npeaejiax o^Horo TeKCTa.

1. Ä BH)Ky Mecaq 6e3flbixaHHBift

R BH»cy KaMemoe He6o H He6a MepTBeHHeít xoncTa; H a « TycKJioñ nayrHHOñ boa. TBOñ MHp 6one3HeHHbiH h CTpaHHbiii B THCKax nocTbuioro 3pe6a a npHHHMaK) nycTOTa. flyma TOMHTenbHO aaraeT. ("Cjiyx nyTKHÄ napyc ("JI BHXcy KaMeHHoe He6o ...") HanparaeT ...") 2. MHe CTajio cTpanrao 3KH3Hb OTMam» — H c aepeBa, Kax jihct, OTnpjmyTb, H HHiero He nomoßHTb, H 6e3bIMHHHbIM KaMHeM KaHyTb ; H b nycTOTe, KaK Ha KpecTe, 3KHByK) flyrny pacrrnHaa, KaK MoHceft Ha BbicoTe, Hcie3HyTb b o6naKe Cima». ("MHe CTaJio CTpanmo xanHb OTacHTb ...")

IIoBTop 'M'aH-KaMH'-KaH' c

yuapHbiM a cB33biBaeT b apxnceMy '6e3w-

MHHHblñ', 'KaMeHb' H 'KaHyTb'. BKJIIOHeHHe B 3TOT p » A CJIOBa '6e3blMHHHblii' HaXOflHT He TOJIbKO BHyTpHTeKCTOBOe OÔbHCHeHHe. B CTHXO-

mhcchch nosTa o6i>HBjieHo Bemeñ ("acaacflyT npeflMeTbi ... 3aBeTHbix hmch"), npaneM o ho ynofloôjiaeTca opraHHiecKOMy, TejiecHOMy, a nepe3 'KaMeHHoe' TBopeHHH "KaK oôJiaKOM cepaue oaeTo ..." HMeHOBaHHe

xapaKTepH3yercH npoTHBonojioacHoe, HeTBopnecKoe — h 'HeopraHHlecKoe' — cocTOHHHe : KaK o6jiaKOM cep,aue ofleTo, H KaMHeM npHKHHyjiacb imoTb, nona Ha3Ha" (77o 3ee3daM, CaHKTneTepöypr, 1909, CTp. 39), noflpa3yMeBaa 3HaMeHHTbifi coHeT E o f l j i e p a "CooTBeTCTBHfl". OflHaKo MaHflejibniTaM noJieMH3HpyeT He TOIU>KO C B . JÍBaHOBinn. BepoHTHo, OH HMeeT B BHfly H " B o 3 f l y x nacMypHbiñ BJiaaceH H rynoK ..." H 0C06eHH0 6ojiee paHHee CBoe CTHXoTBopeHHe: M o ñ TUX Ufi COH, MOfi coH eaceMHHyTHbifi, HeBHflHMbifi 3aBopoaceHHwñ nec, T f l e HOCHTCH KaKOH-TO m o p o x CMyTHHñ, K a x ÄHBHtifi mejiecT mejiKOBwx 3aBec. C p . , c flpyrofi CTopoHH, "HenocTHHCHMbifi Jiec" B " N o t r e D a m e " . 21 C p . : N . Â . Nilsson, " O s i p M a n d e l ' s t a m a n d his p o e t r y " , Scando-Slavica, T. I X (1963), CTp. 37-45. 40

23

MAHflEJIbHITAM H TKJTHEB HJIH H e K O T o p t i M H cooTBeTCTByeT

HX ceMaHTHHecKHMH

JIH ' n y c T O T a '

'xaocy',

cocTaBJiaioiyHMH, a

'opramoM

H

HanpHMep:

opraHH3aijHH'

' K o c M o c y ' ? C p . K p o M e npHBe^eHHbix npHMepoB:

H e Myib MeHH : a HHiero He 3Haiy H HepHbrä xaoc B lepHbix cHax Jieneio! ( " K a i a e T BeTep TOHem»KHe rrpyTba . . . " )

Taicaa

a H a j i o r n a MoaceT

HMeTb H e K O T o p y i o

o6tacHHTejibHyio

CHJiy

c

y i e T O M c j i e a y i o m e r o o r p a H H H e H H « : TIOTHCB A y a j i e H (H a M Ö H B a j i e H T e H ) , H onno3HixHa ' K o c M o c - x a o c ' H e n o c p e A C T B e H H O p e a j i H 3 y e T c a BO M H o a c e CTBe TeKCTOB, KOHCTpyKTHBHOH OCHOBOH KOTOpblX OHa HBJIfleTCH; TeKCTbl p a H H e r o M a n w e j i b i H T a M a p e n p e 3 e H T H p y i o T MOHH3M ' n y c T O T b i ' , 3 a T e M

—

'nOCTpOeHHblH' aKMeHCTHHeCKHH MOHH3M; ' o p r a H H 3 M H O p r a H H 3 a U H « ' HjiH B o o 6 m e

He B C T y n a i o T B n p e ^ e j i a x o T ^ e j i b H o r o C T H x o T B o p e H H S B

o n n o 3 H U H K > c n p o T H B o n o j i a r a e M b i M HJICHOM, HJIH a H T H T e 3 a 3 a m n ( J ) p o BaHa

(onymeHo

ceMaHTHnecKoe

3BCHO).

E/jBa

JIH He

eAHHCTBeHHoe

HCKjnoneHHe — " Ü HeHaBHxey CBeT . . . " B SKCIUIHUHTHOM BH^e OIIIIO3HIIHH B b i p a a c e H a TOJibKo B HTOTOBOM MaHHTH6BCKHMH K a T e r o p n a M H , K O T o p u e BBOAHTCH B BHfle UHTâT H peMHHHCUeHIIHH HJIH (J)yHKIIHOHMpyK)T B i c a n e c T B e aKTyaJIbH o r o B H e T e K C T O B o r o aKTopa (4>OH, M a T e p n a j i ' f l H a j i o r a ' H T.«.)B 3aKJiK)HeHHe o c T a H O B H M c a Ha H e c K o j i b K H X n p H M e p a x 6 o j i e e ' j i o i c a j i b H b i x ' peMHHHCaeHUHH, OrpaHHHHBaHCb K p a T K H M K O M M e H T a p n e M K HHM. Hanôojiee

npocTbi

Te

cjiynaH,

Koraa

MaHAejibiirraM

npoKjiaMHpyeT

CBH3b c B o e r o T e K C T a c TIOTHCBCKHM, a y ö j i n p y a 3 a r j i a B n e

("Encyclica"),

HJIH p a c c H H T b i B a a Ha o Ö j r a r a T o p H b i e a c c o l l a i » ™ K y j i b T y p H o r o H H T a T e j i a ("JIioTepaHHH").

"Encyclica"

HOMy C T H x o T B o p e H H i o

npeflnojiaraeT

TiOTHeBa,

6e3 nero

oópamerae

K OÄHOHMCH-

OHA HE M o a c e T 6 b i T b HOJI-

H o c T b i o n o H H T a . H e T B e p T b i H CTHX — • " C ß H i u e H H H K pHMCKHH y u e j i e j i " , He

HAXOFLAMHH o ô t a c H e H H H

npeflCKa3aHHH TiOTHeBa 3acjiyaceHHaa R a p a

o

...", cp.

BHyTpn

nróejm

TEKCTA,

BaraicaHa

HBJIHCTCH (CM. e m e

OTBCTOM

— Ha

"CßepiiiaeTCH

"BaTHKaHCKaa r o a o B m H H a " ) . 2 2

KoHUOBica

CTHXOTBOpeHHS T i O T H e B a

82 ITocjieflHHe ÄBe CTpoM "BaTHKaHCKoñ roflOBiHHHti" 3aMaHtHBO 6MJIO 6H CBa3aTb c o cneiíH(i)HHecKH Mannejn>nrraMOBCKHM noHHMaraeM '6y,zwH3Ma' X I X Bexa. H oflOJieTb OHa He B carcax OrpaBbi Toä, HTO B xcnjiax HX TeneT,

24

E. TOAZJEC poKOBoe cjiobo : "CBOÔOfla coBecTH ecTb ô p e f l ! "

E r o noryÔHT

noaxBaneHa MaHflejibuiTaMOM b 3anHHe, cHHTaKCHHecKaa cjiopMa KOToporo TaKxce nerico ocMbicjiaeTca KaK TioTHeBCKaa : EcTb o Ô H T a e M a a CBo6o/ia.

ayxoM

JlK)6oni»ITHO, HTO 'nOJieMHKa' BHOBb 3aBH3tIBaeTCH BOKpyr nOHHTHH 'cBoôoAa'. B pyKonHCH cTHxoTBopeHHe HMeeT 3ar0Ji0B0K "K 3HiiHKjinice nanti EeHeflHKTa X V " . Bh^hmo, b 3aKjnoHHTejn>HBix cTHxax X O T b rOBOpHBQIHH MHe O P H M e

B CBameHHOM cyMpaKe HCTC3!

no/ipasyMeBaeTCfl yMeprnañ 20 aBrycTa 1914 r. nana IIhh X , a He TioTHeB HJiH HaaaaeB, KaK mohcho 6mjio 6bi AyMaTt. CraxoTBopeHae flarapoBaHO 1914-m toäom. KoaHpyiomyio 4>yHKunio TioTieBCKoro TeKCTa (h b 6ojiee hbhom bh^ê) npnxoflHTCH npeflnoJioacHTb h othochtcjüho craxoTBopeHHH "E^hhCTBeHHOH OTpaflOH ..." BHyTpHTeKCTOBbie CBH3H He paCKpHBaiOT, KaKOH aeHOTaT o6o3HaneH nepe3 'TaHHCTBeHHHH (J)OHTaH'. Oahh h3 npeAHKaTOB 3Toro HMeHH : H o PH30Ü

flyMLI

B c i o .nyiny MHe

BaaCHOË Oflem

HaTajiKHBaeT Ha TioTHeBCKoe ynoaoôJieHHe "O CMepraon mmcjih BOflOMeT" B CTHXOTBOpeHHH "OHTaH". B 060HX CJiyHaSX OÔbirpblBaeTCH

B HX C a M M X COKpOBeHHblX K H J i a X ,

H flojiro ôyaeT Ten», — h rae ncxofl? H o H e T , K a x HH ô o p H c t

(cTpoKa Toiex aBTopcKa»)

ynpaMo,

Y c T y n H T n o a a > , p a c c e e T c a Me HaMecTHHKOM XpHCTa. Cp. b CTaTbe MaHflenbniTaMa "iJeBHTHaímaTbrit BeK": "/JeBHTHaauaTbifi bçk 6mji npoBOÄHHKOM ôyOTKÔCKoro BJiHHHTia b eBponeäCKOä K y j i b T y p e " ; 6yaHH3M — " c J i e n o T a kpobh" 3 T o r o B e K a . "B a a t n a x K a a w o r o c r o j i e T H H TeieT nyataa, He e r o K p o B b , h l e M CHJibHee, H C T o p i w e c K H KHTeHCHBHee B e K , T e M Taacejiee Bec 3Toä nyacoñ KpOBH".

25

MAHHEJIBUITAM H TIOTHEB

BemecTBeHHLiií i u i a H

MeTa XOJIMOB XOJIOAHAA LEPTA ( " H a T e M H O M Heöe, KaK y3op ...") T b i c K a x c e m b : n o B a p a Ha KyxHe TOTOBJIT »cnpHbix r o n y S e f i ("HMnpeCCHOHH3M")

K>. M. JIoTMaH npHBOÄHT X X

BeKa

coeflHHeHHH

TioTHeBa "Beiep M r j i H C T b r ä CTHHIHe.

B

KanecTBe

paixHOHajibHo

npHMepa

6jiH3Koro K

HecoeflHHHMoro

nosTHKe

CTHxoTBopeHHe

hHeHacTHbiö . . . " H cjie/iyiomee

ero

neTBepo-

26

B n p o c o m c a x cjmnny H — H H e M o r y B o o 6 p a 3 H T b TaKoe coieTam>e, A cjn>nny CBHCT nono3beB H a CHery H j i a c T o i K H BeceHHeü m e 6 e T a i a > e . 0 6 3TOM CM. HeoOTOKpaTHO B YX. paöoTe H . K . RYFL3IW; B . B . ToMameBCKHfi, Cmwiucmma u cmuxocAooKeuue (JleHHHrpaA, 1959), CTp. 2 0 7 (co ccbuncoñ Ha KH.: M . A . PbiÔHHKOBa, Beedenue e cmuAUcmmy, MocKBa, 1937, CTp. 2 0 9 ) . " K ) . H . TMHHHOB, Apxaucmu u noeamopbi ( J l e m m r p a f l , 1929), CTp. 3 7 2 ; H . K . ryflsna, yK. con., CTp. 504. " K ) . M . JIoTMaH, AMAU3 noímmecKozo mexcma (Jlemnn-pafl, 1972), CTp. 1 9 6 - 1 9 7 . 84

28

E. TOFLUEC

EjIHXCaiíIIIHM B 3TOH CBH3H npHMepOM H3 n033HH X X

BeKa MOHCeT

cjiyacHTb "Hyn> MepuaeT npH3paHHaa cueHa . . . " MaHflejibiirraMa c KOHIIOBKOH:

H aoiBaH jiacTonca ynajia Ha roparoe CHera. 3TO

He HbiM

pa3BHTHeM: 1-H CTpoKe cnpoBouiipoBaH eio. 2 9 TeMaTHHecKaH H ceMaHTHiecKaa nepemiaiKa o6HapyacHBaeTca Meac^y " 1 HHBapa 1 9 2 4 " H "KaK irrHHica paHHeio 3apeñ . . . " ( 0 6 a CTHxoTBopeHHH HHCaHW HM6HHeCKHMH BOCbMHCTHIHHHMH): Raicaa 6ojn» — HcicaTb noTepmHoe CJIOBO, Bojn»Hbie BeKH noflHHMaTb H C H3BeCTbK) B KpOBH, flJM IUieMeHH

KaK rpycTHo nojiycoHHoñ xeHbio, C H3HeM03CeHHeM B KOCTH, HaBCTpeiy cojimiy h .ziBimeHbio 3a HOBblM ÜJieMeHeM 6peCTH¡ ...

17 Cp. B CTaTte "O npHpofle cJioBa" 06 AHH6HCKOM, "IIOXHTHBIIICM y HHX rojiy6Ky SBpHflHKy AJIH pyccKHX CHeroB". Cp. TyMHJieB no noBony MaHflejiwnTaMOBCKoro "U,apcKoro Cena": "C TOCTO KMKHofi CTPACTBIO NOJNOÓHJI OH ceBepHyio NPHCTOFAOCTB " (JIucbMa o pyccKOü no33uu, IleTporpafl, 1923, CTp. 179). " O6 ynoTpe6jieHHH rnarojia 'cTpyHTbca* H TioTieBa CM.: H. K. ryfl3Hfi, yx. coi., CTp. 488.

MAHfl&UbUITAM H TIOTHEB

29

iy»coro Hoirnie TpaBW co6apaTb Cp. Bbiine o "BaTHKaHCKoñ roaoBmHHe". OTMCTHM Taicxce yaapeHHe HA BTopoM o B cjioBe '6ecnoMÓmHaa' y MaHflejibiirraMa (B CTpo^e, OTicyna npHBe^eHa UHTaTa). 3 T a licentia poética Morjia onepeTtcn Ha aBTopHTeT TiOTHeBa ("YBH, HTO Harnero He3HaHbH ...", "Iloxcapbi"). B CTHXOTBopeHHH "Ha CTpaniHOH BbicoTe 6jiyamaiomHH o r o H t . . . " CTpoKa "Ha CTpamHoií BbicoTe 3eMHbie CHH r o p a T " KOHfleHcnpyeT T C M H 1 - H H 3 - H CTpotJ) TIOTIEBCKORO HOKTiopHa "KaK oKeaH OGBEMJIET niap 3eMHoií..." ("3eMHaaacH3m> KpyroM o6i>sTa CHaMn" H "He6ecHbiñ CBOA, ROPAMHH cjiaBoñ 3Be3AHoií"). B O6OHX TeKCTax npeacTaBJieHo A flBHaceHHe no KOCMHiecKOMy 'Bepxy' ("HyaoBHmHbiH KopaGjib" H "BOjmie6HbiH Hejra"). HeTpyflHo npoflojiKHTb cnncoK pa3Horo p o a a peMHHHcaeHijHH, KHor^a 6ojiee, HHor^a MeHee noaaaiomHxcji o6MCHeHHio (nocKOJiBKy OHO He KaeaeTCH ncHXOJioraH TBopnecTBa). OóopBeM Harn nepeneHb npHMepoM peMHHHciieHii.HH, HCHO oTpaacaiomeH pHTMHMecicyio cxeMy H ee JieKCHHecKoe HanojiHeHne B HCTOHHHKC: EíojiHeSa oxBaTHH Kociep ("Ofla EeTXOBeHy")

IlojraeSa oGxBaTHJia Tem. ("IIocJie;nHJW jno6oBb")

MaHfleJibniTaM saecb HHTHpyeT H3jno6jieHHyio TioTHeBCKyio