Kritičeskij analiz buržuaznych teorij i praktiki upravlenija promyšlennymi issledovanijami i razrabotkami [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112651605

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KPHTHKA BYPXYA3H01/I MAEOAOfHl/1 H PEBH3HOHH3MA

W.-D. Hartmann, W. Stock • MANAGEMENT VON FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG

Z u r Kritik der bürgerlichen Theorie und Praxis der Leitung industrieller Forschung und Entwicklung

Akademie-Verlag«

1976

Berlin

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1 CM.: P. P a p ó n . The" state and technologxal competition in France or colbertism in the 20lh century. — «Research Policy», Amsterdam, 1975, vol. 4, p. 214—244.

13

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16

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20

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rji. II.

CM.: A w. y H p T, A. Jl H 6 e p M a H, P. /I e B b e H. yica3. coq.,

2 CM.: R. S t e C k. How can research on research contribute to a better management of university research? — R and D management, Oxford, 1976, vol. 6, Ns 2, p. 81—86.

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22

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MaTepna^bi XXV CT>e3,na KHCC, c. 47.

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Ilo M e p e T o r o NAN B n p o u e c c e KANHTAJIHCNMECKORO HaKOIUieHHH MeHHIOTCH yCJIOBHH (J)yHKU,HOHHpOBaHHH KanHTaJia B oTflejibHbix O T p a c j i n x , nocJie^HHe BbiHy>KAEHH Bee ö o j i b n i e cwHTaTbCH c pacTyiUHM 3HaMeHHeM HayKH H TeXHHKH KaK (J)aKTOpOB IipOH3BOflCTBa npHÓaBOWHOrO n p o a y K T a . C pa3BHTHeM STOH TeHfleHUHH, nocTeneHHO o x B a T H B a r o m e f t Bee c T a p b i e , TpaÄHUHOHHbie OTpacJiH, B 0 3 p a c T a e T 3HaqeHHe HOBHX, uejMKOM opneHTHpoBaHHHX HA H a y n y OTpacJieö, n p o f l y K T b i H TexHOJiorHiecKHe n p o u e c c b i n o T o p b i x B K a q e c T B e HocHTejiefi T e x H H n e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a n p H 0 6 p e t a i 0 T HCKJuo^HTEJIBHOE 3HaqeHHe ÄJIH 1

Frankfurter

Allgemeine

Zeitung,

18. September

1974.

33 RatiHtajtHCTHMecKoro n p o u e c c a BocnpoH3Bo,acTBa. T a K H e o p H e H T n p o B a H H b i e Ha H a y x y o T p a c J i H B C J i e a c T B H e p a c T y m e r o c n p o c a Ha h x n p o a y K T b i h T e x H o . i o r H H e c K H e n p o ueccbl CTaHOBHTCH HpKO B H p a K e H H b l M H «OTpaCJIHMH p o c T a » , a cjieflOBaTe,nbHO, npHÖbuibHHMH c ^ e p a M H n p H jio>KeHH3 K a n H T a J i a . C yneTOM flHfJxJjepeHiujauHH OTpacjiefi, HaMeTHBUieHCH n o c j i e BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl, K 3THM 6bICTpO-

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3 an. 81

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36

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38 MaTejibCKHX u e j i e f t . 3 T O n p H B e J i o K Hcnc>Jib30BaHHi0 HOB H X 0 p r a H H 3 a u , H 0 H H b i x KeHbi H e c J i b i x a H H b i e BoeHHbie B03M0JKH0CTH» B H J I O 6bi, p a 3 y M e e T C H , H e B e p H o cBH3biBaTb p o c T n o T e n u n a ^ a H H O K P h HHCJia K p y n H O M a c i i i T a Ö H b i x n p o e n TOB HCKJIKJHHTeJlbHO CO CneUHfJmMeCKHMH H H T e p e c a M H yKpenHBiuero CBOH no3HUHH BoeHHo-npoMbiuijieHHoro K O M n j i e K c a . B p e 3 y j i b T a T e MOHonojiHCTHHecKoft KOHKypeHUHH, CTpeMJieHHH K n O f l a e p ^ a H H I O yCTOHMHBblX Te\1nOB H pOCTa 3K0H0MHKH, a TaKiKe B CBH3H c TpeÖOBaHHHMH SKOHOMHHeCKOrO C0peBH0B3HHH C COUHajlH3MOM HCCJieflOBaHHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T K H n p H O Ö p e j I H HCKJUOmiTe.JIbHO B a ^ H y r o p o j i b ÄJIH C T p a T e r n n HMnepHaJiH3Ma B uejioiw. 3K0H0MHMeCKafl 3(j)(j)6KTHBHOCTb HCn0Jlb30BaHHH H a yqHO-TeXHHqeCKHX AOCTHJKeHHH B KaiTHTaJIHCTHMeCKOM n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B e B B 0 3 p a c T a i 0 m e H c T e n e H H 33BHCHT OT rocyÄapcTBeHHO-MOHonojiHCTHqecKoro peryjinpoBaHHH HCCJieflOBaHHH. B 0 3 H H K a e T Ka^eCTBeHHO HOBblH SJieMeHT B pa3BHTHH HayKH H H C n 0 J I b 3 0 B a H H H H a y i H O - T e X H H ' i e CKHX ÄocTHÄeHHH ^)HpMaMH, KOTopbiö x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T c a He TOJlbKO H3MeHeHHeM MaCIIITaÖOB, CJICOKHOCTH, RJi HTeJlbHOCTH H CTOHMOCTH HCCJieÄOBaHHH; peMb HÄeT 0 6 0 j i e e TecHOM H u e j i e H a n p a ß j i e H H O M n e p e m i e T e H H H (JjyHflaM e H T a j i b H b i x H n p H K J i a Ä H b i x HccJieflOBaHHH, a TaK>ke 0 cQ3ÄanHH H a y H H o r o 3a,ne.Jia, He Ä a i o m e r o H e n o c p e a cTBSHHoro sKQHOMHiecKoro a ^ e i c r a , npnqeM cyute1 Q. R a d n i t z k y u. a. Wissenschaftspolitik und O r g a n i s a -tlonsformen der Forschung. — In: A. M. W e i n b e r g . Probleme der Großforccshung. F r a n k f u r t / M . , 1970, S. 11,

39 ctßeHHyio ÄOJIIO CBfl3aHHoro c STHM pncKa MOHonojmCTH^ecKoe rocyÄapcTßo ßepeT Ha ceöa. TOT 4)aKT> mo nepea BTopofl MHpoBoft BOHHOH pacxoflbi Ha HHOKP H e c j i H c a M H npoMbimjieHHbie (})HpMbi, a B H a CTOHUi.ee BpeMH B 3HaqHTe^bHofl Mepe (JjHHaHCHpyioTCH rocy^apcTBOM, cßHÄeTejibcTByeT o BajKHbix KOJiH^eCTBeHHblX H KaqeCTBeHHblX CÄBHraX B H C r r 0 J I b 3 0 B a H H H AocTHHKaHHH (JjyHKUHOHajibHbix OCHOB 9T0H CHCTeMbi B 60-X TOflaX eine ÖOJiee OÖOCTpHJiacb. Run O P r , HanpHMep, KpH3Hc 1966—1967 r r . 03HaMeH0Baji COÖOH KOHeu cneuH(})HHecKoro n e p n o / i a n o c j i e B o e H H o r o 3K0H0MHMecK0r0 H BHTHH H HaMajio HOBOH (})a3bi, ä j i h

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40 HeOÖXOÄHMOCTbK) HCn0Jlb30BaTb

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Hbie H3ÄejiHH, x a p a K T e p H 3 y i o w H e Ham o 6 p a 3 >kh3hh, k o Topblfl Bee ÓOJlhllie 33BHCHT OT Ä O C T H > K e H H H H a y K H H TexHHKH. f l e p B O H h HenpeMeHHofi n p e a n o c b i ^ K O H p e r n e HHfl MHOroqHCJieHHblX n p o ß j i e M , CBH3aHHbIX C ÄHCKyCCHeÖ OTHOCHTGJlbHO U6HHOCTH H n y r e ñ SKOHOMHMeCKOrO pOCTa, HBJiaeTcfl ö o j i e e i v i y ß o K o e oco3HaHHe b 3 3 H m o c b h 3 h m6jkÄ y CI16UH(j)HH6CKHMH eCTeCTBeHHOHayHHblMH H TeXHHHeCKHMH n p o ß ^ e M a M H npOMblUIJieHHblX HCCJieÄOBaHHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K , C OÄHOH CTOpOHbl, H npeHMyiUeCTBeHHO 3KOH0MHH6CKHMH h couHajibHbiMH npoöjieiviaMH ynpaBJieHHH (J)HpMaMH — c Ä p y r o H »

1

Plus, 1973, JVb 4, S. 77.

44

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3HaieHHe

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NOJIHCTHMGCKOÑ CHCTeMbi B e e nojiHOM OÖTEME He H c c j i e a y e T c a . 3 H a qeHHe aHaJiH3a, npeAnpHHHToro B AaHHOfi KHwre, onpeaeJineTCH TeM,

qTo OH OTHOCHTCH K OCHOBHOS cd>epe OCyUieCTBJieHHH H H O K P H pea•/1H33UHH HX pe3yJIbTaTOB, TeM OOJiee BaJKHOÖ, ITO HHAHBHÄyajIbHbifl

KanHTaji no-npejKHeMy ocTaeTca BajKHeñuiHM npoBOÄHHKOM HOBOBBeÄEHHFL. (CM.: E. G u t e n b e r g . Unternehmensfürung, Organisation und Entscheidung. Wiesbaden, 1962, S. 20.)

46 B

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y T B e p Ä H J i o c b MHeHHç, qTO H a y t i H b i e H3bicKaHHH, o c y m e CTBjiaeMbie Ha u i n p o K o f t ocHOBe, o 6 a 3 a T e j i b H o n p n H e c y T 3HaHHTejibHbie KOMMepnecKHe p e 3 y j i b T a T b i . JXJW Toro 3 T a n a x a p a K T e p H O , MTO CBH3aHHbiM c H H O K P npoójieMaM y n p a B ^ e H H H n p H Ä a ß a ^ H ; m u i b B T o p o c T e n e n H o e 3 H a ^ e H H e , T a n KaK H C X O A H J I H H 3 T o r o , HTO y c n e x H K O Ô H 6 y a e T o ô e c n e w e H caM n o c e 6 e . KaK n n u i e T 3 . M a H c ^ H / i A , B 50-x r o f l a x N O B C E M E C T H O ô b i T O B a j i o MHeHHe, c o i v i a c H O KOTopoMy ^ i y r n i H H M e T o a y n p a B J i e H H H HccJi6flOBaHHHMH n o n p o c T y 3aKJiK)qaeTCH B T O M , H T O Ó H 3 a n o j i y « j H T b x o p o LUHX paÖOTHHKOB H 3aTeM npeflOCT3BHTb HX CaMHM ce6e. 3 T H paÖOTHHKH ÖyflyT ÄOÖblBaTb HOBbie 3 H 3 H H H , KOTOpbie T a n HJ]H H H a n e n p n H e c y T n p n ô b i j i b n p e a n p H H T H i o , n p n i e M pyKOBOÄCTBy (JjHpMbi He o n e H b - T o c j i e A y e T BMeuiHyK333HHOH BaTbCH B 3T0T n p o u e c c . P a c n p o c T p a H e H H e « T e o p H H » n p H B e ^ O H C03A3HHK) MHO>KeCTBa U e H T p a ^ H 30B3HHbIX HCCJieflOBaTeJIbCKHX j i a ó o p a T o p n ñ , BO IViaBe KOTopbix cTOHjiH 3BTopHT6THbie y n e H b i e , n p e w i e f l O B a B IIlHe, OAH3KO, COÖCTBeHHbie UeJIH B n o c j i e f l c T B H H c j i o J K H j i a c b HHan T O H K S 3peHHH, cor j i a c H o KOTopoH n p o u e c c b i HccJieÄOBaHHa, p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K H BHeapeHHH HOBiuecTB n o c B o e ñ cyTH C X O > K H C a p y r H M H (JjyHKUHHMH npe^npHHTHH H, cjie^oBaTejibHo, MoryT ó b i T b noflHHHeHbi TeM pauHOHajibHbiM npHHUHnaM ynp3BJieHHH 2 . HeyÄOBJieTBopHTe^bHbie p e 3 y j i b T a r a , cBH3aHHbie c 9THM nOÄXOÄOM, nOpOÄHJIH HeM3.HO pa30M3p0B3HHH. ECJIH B p e 3 y j i b T a T e npHMeHeHHH n e p B o r o n o a x o a a y n e Hbie npe>K,ae B e e r ò H a n p a B j i n j i H C B O H ycHJiHH Ha n o a r o TOBKy JIH^HblX ny6jlHK3U,HH, TO CJieACTBHHMH BTOporO 6biJiH H e A o c T a T o ^ H b i H y n e T Heoripefle^eHHOCTH, CBH33HHOH C H H O K P (CJIHIUKOM MejIOMHSH O n e K 3 H HeAOCTaTOHHO rHÔKoe y n p a B ^ e H H e n p ö e K T a M H ) , H HH3K3H n p o flyKTHBHOCTb 3 . TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , n p 3 K T H K 3 y n p a B ^ e H H H H M O K . P c o B c e ñ ocTpoTOH n o c T a B H ^ a B o n p o c o 6 y n p a B J i e H q e c K H X (jjaKTOpaX, BJIHHIOmHX Ha npOAyKTHBHOCTb npOMbllUJieH1

CM.:

3.

M3HCCJ)HJI,A.

SKOHOMHM

rpecca. M., 1970, c. 97 H CMA. 2 TaM me. 8 TaM « e . v

HAYHHO-TEXHHIECKORO

npo-

47 Hbix HccneaoBaTejibcKHx j i a ó o p a T o p H H . OahoS H3 n e p Bbix b yK33aHHOH CBH3H B03HHKJia n p o 6 j i e M 3 MpeBSTbix KOHfjviHKTaMH B3aHMOOTHOUieHHH MeJKAy TpaAHUHHMH, UeHHOCTHMH H UejISMH pyKOBOACTBa (JjHpM, C OflHOH CTOpoHbi, h yqeHbix — c Apyroft. B p e 3 y ^ b T a T e oco3H3HHH B c e r o SToro cjiojkhjich CTHJib ynpsBJieHHH nepcoHajioM HHOKP h n p o u e c c o M HccJiefloBaHHii h p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K , BKJiio^aromHH c j i e A y i o m a e ajieMeHTbi: « y j a c T H e » n e p c o H a j i a HHOKP b npHHHTHH peuieHHH h BbiSope npoSjieM; B03M0>KH0CTb flJIH yieHblX OKa3bIBaTb BJlHHHHe Ha o p raHH3au,Hio coócTBeHHoro T p y a a h o n p e a e j i H i o m H e e e 4)aKTopbi; n03HTHBH3H OII,eHKa H npH3H3HH6 HOBblX Hflefl, AaJKe ecJiH ohh He HMeioT HenocpeacTBeHHoro OTHOuieHHH k ctohiuhm nepeA (J)HpMOH npoSjieMaM; Majieno H ^ y m a a TepnHMoerb no OTHOiueHHK) k yqeHblM, He COITiaCHblM C T04K0H 3peHHH pyKOBOflCTBa; MO/lH(J)HKaUHH TpaflHUHOHHO C^OJKHBUIHXCH HepapXHqecKHX 0praHH3auH0HHbix cTpyKTyp, npe>Kfle B c e r o c>KaTne HepapxnqecKOH nnpaMHflbi b cjiy>K6e HHOKP; yqpe>KAeHHe AO^JKHocTen TexHHiecKHx h «ynpaBJieHqecKHX» pyKOBOAHTejiefl c uejibio ó o j i e e mctko pa3rpaHH4HTb 3aaa»iH h cyHKUHH A a J i b H e f l u i e e yBe^iHweHHe npHÓbiJiH cTa.no HeB03M0>KHbiM 6e3 cHCTeMaTHnecKoro bkjiiohchhh HayiHo-TexHHq e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a b BOcnpoH3BOACTBeHHbifi n p o u e c c , n03T0My pyKOBOAHTejIH 4>HpM 6bUIH BblHy^AeHbl AHKe, n e M B C I I I A . O . XaHÄJie n n u i e T , q r a H a ^ a j i o m n p O K o r o B b i n y c K a jiHTepaTypbi n o BonpocaM ynpaßjieHHH H H O K P B O P T OTHOCHTCH KO B T o p o ñ n o j i o B H H e 6 0 - x TOflOB. « n e p B b i e HeMeUKHe paÖOTbl n o MHKpOSKOHOMHHeCKHM H MHKpOCOUHOJiorHiecKHM B o n p o c a M H H O K P , KOTOpbie M O M H 6bi CpaBHHTbCH

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berlin, 1971, S. 19. B 1956—1967 rr. NPEJKFLE BCero B CBH3H C H3yleHHeM npo&ieM SKOHOMHKH 06pa30BaHHH u coBpeMeHHoß TeopHeft pocia NOHBHJIHCB pa6oTbi, B KOTOPHX HCCJIEAYIOTCH Bonpocw HHOKP Ha HauHOHajibHOM ypoBHe. Hanöo^ee iacTO UHTHpyeTCH KHHra T. IIIeTUJie. (CM.: G. S C h ä t z 1 e. Forschung und Entwicklung als unternehmerische Aufgabe. Köln — Opladen, 1965.)

50 p a 3 p b I B » , CKOJlbKO HeXBaTKa «3K0H0MHHeCK0r0 npOCTpaHCTBa», r a e MorjiH 6bi B KpynHOM M a c i u T a ô e BHeapaTbcH HayiHO-TexHHMecKHe ÄOCTH>KeHHHi Ba^KHoß npHMHHoñ oTCTaBaHHH KanHTajiHCTH^ecKHX cTpaH E ß p o n u OT C H I A CHHTajiH H CUHTAIOT HeyÄOBJieTBopHTejibHoe ynpaBJieHHe H H O K P , KOTopbie OÔECNENHBAIOT n o j i y q e H H e H Hcnojib30BaHHe TeXHHHeCKHX 3H3HHH. B CBH3H C PACIIIHPEHH6M MaCUITaÔOB KOMIIJIEKCHBLX HCCJIEAOBAHHH, ocymecTBJiaeMbix B KANHTAJIHCTHNECKHX npOMblUIJieHHblX (J)HpMaX, H yCKOp6HH6M OpraHH3aU.HOHH o r o o 6 o c o 6 j i e H H H ( I n s t i t u t i o n a l i s i e r u n g ) H H O K P nep e j i 6yp>Kya3HOH T e o p H e ñ MEHEJJKMEHTA BO3HHKJIH COBepiueHHO HOBbie n p o ß j i e M b i . BHyTpeHHHe TpyflHocTH B ynpaBjieHHH Bbi3BaHbi TeM, m o npn óoJibiuoM qHCJie BO3MOJKHHX npnöbuibHbix NPOEKTOB H H O K P KanHTajiHCTHnecKHe cfmpMbi nocTOHHHO o m y m a i o T orpaHH^eHHOCTb pec y p c o B , HeaocTaTOK BpeMeHH AJIH peajiH3auHH n o j i y q e H Hbix p e 3 y j i b T a T 0 B H H e o n p e A e j i e H H o c T b nepcneKTHBbi. C B03HHKH0BeHHeM y K a 3 a H H o r o npoTHBope^HH MesKya3H0H

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56 H a c T o a m e e BpeMH n a n 6 h nepe>KHBaeT c B o e B T p p o e po>KÄeHHe, npHMo h j i h k o c b c h h o b j i h h h Ha MHOrne T e o p e T H MecKHe nocTpoeHHH h npaKTHMecKHe b h b o ä h 6yp»ya3HblX aBTOpOB, KOTOpbie IlblTaiOTCH B anOJIOreTHHeCKOM Ä y x e HCTOJIKOBaTb 4>aKTOpbI pOCTa H KpH3HCHbie HBJieHHH B COBpeMeHHOH KanHTajlHCTHMeCKOH (J)HpMe H KanHTaJlHCTHqeCKOH CHCTCMe B uejIOM. C n o M o m b i o TeopHH HOBOBBGAGHHH 6ypJKya3Hbie noJIHTSKOHOMbl CTpeMHTCH He TOJIbKO BbipaÓOTaTb IipaKTHq e c K H e peKOMeHaauHH, h o h a n o j i o r e r a q e c K H n p e ^ c T a BHTb npejmpHHHMaTeJIH KaK HOCHTeJIfl HayMHO-TeXHHu e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a - b HauiH ä h h . O î c i o a a h îionbiTKH 3aiH,HTbI qaCTHOH COÔCTBCHHOCTH Ha Cpe^CTBa npOH3BOÄ" CTBa KaK H e n p e M e H H o r o ycJiOBHH flaJibHeñmero ycKopeHH o r o pa3BHTHH HayKH H TeXHHKH. HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, q T o coBpeMeHHbie 3 3 U î h t h h k h KanHTa./iH3Ma, b wacTHOCTH anôJioreTbi TaK Ha3biBaeMoñ «npeflnpMHHMaTejibCKOñ ÄeHTejibHOCTH», b cBoeñ apryMeHTauHH, HanpaBJieHHOfi Ha o n p a B A a H H e pòJiH npeanpHHHMaTejiH b npotuJiOM h 6 y a y m e M , n o n ™ uejiHKOM onnpaioTCH Ha 6cwiee paHHHe KOHIienUHH HOBOBBGJteHHH B . 3 o M Ô a p T a , B . M H T H e p ^ H X a h 0C06eHH0 H . I l l y M n e T e p a . X a p a K T e p H O TO, HTO MX B033peHHH (j)OpMHpOBa^HCb B paMKaX TeopHH pa3BHTHH KaiIHTajIH3Ma H TeM caMblM cymecTBeHHO i i ò b j i h h j i h Ha nepejco/i 6yp>Kya3H0H s k o h o MH^ecKOH HayKH UHHM AHHaMHKH.

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B K j i a a 3 o M 6 a p T ä B 6 y p > K y a 3 H y i o T e o p n i o HOBOBBe,neHHH CBOÄHTCH K 3THM B033peHHHM, C(J)OpMy^HpOBaHHbIM n o K a e m e B o ö m e M BHÄe. O c H O B H a « u,e"Jib 3 o M 6 a p T a 3aK.niOMa.nacb B TOM, ITO6bi BHÄBHHyTb n o BO3MO}KHOCTH H a n ß o j i e e y ß e f l H T e j i b H H e ÄOBOÄbi B 3 a m t t T y n p e Ä n p H H H M a T e j i H KaK HOCHTejiK T e x HHHecKoro n p o r p e c c a . O n n p a n c b Ha B3rjiH,Hbi CSH, 3OM6 a p T o ö p H c o ß a j i ran n p e Ä n p H H H M a T e j i H , K O T O P H H B KaHecTBe HOCHTejiH T e x H H q e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a oTBeTCTBeH 3 a BCHKoe pa3BHTHe. T a K o r o p o a a x a p a K T e p H C T H K a n p e Ä NPHHHMAT-EJIS

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TOpblH B n O A T B e p ^ f l e H H e CBOeÖ TOMKH 3peHHH BbIXB3THJI H3 p a H H e f l H c f o p H H MOHonojiHCTHqecKoro KanHTa^iH3Ma o6pa3bi HecKOJibKHX npeÄnpHHHMaTe^efl (HanpHMep, 1 CM.: W. S o m b a r t . chiv für Sozialwissenschaft S. 689—758. 2 Ibid., S. 698.

Der kapitalistische Unternehmer. — Arund Sozialpolitik. Bd. XXIX (1909),

58 B . C H M e H c a ) h n o n b i T a j i c a n p e ^ c T a B H T b HX B K a ^ e c T B e THIIHIHHX n p e Ä C T a B H T e j i e f i n p e , a n p H H H M a T e j i b C T B a HaMaJia X X B. O a H a K O B ycJiOBHHx H M n e p n a j i H 3 M a T a K a n x a paKTepHCTHKa JIHUieHa KaKOH-JIHÖO OÖTjeKTHBHOH OCHOBbl. nOÄXOA B . M H T ^ e p ^ H X a K SKOHOMHHeCKOMy p a 3 B H THK), B TOM racjie K HOBOBBe^eHHHM, ó b i j i pa3pa6oTaH npHMCpHO B 3T0T aKeHbI B Ha3B3HH0H BblUie KHHre2.

HCXOÄHHM nyHKTOM p a c c y j K f l e H H H I l l y M n e T e p a , KaK H n p e f l b l Ä y m H X aBTOpOB, CJiyJKHT ÄHHaMHHHOe p a 3 B H T H e K a n H T a j i H 3 M a . O c H O B y e r o ÄHHaMHuecKofi TeopHH p a 3 B H THH o ó p a 3 y e T n p e ^ c T a B j i e H H e 0 nocTOHHHbix KOJieóaHHHX «KOH-bioHKTypbi», KOTopbie, n o MbicjiH I l l y M n e T e p a , Bbi3 b i B a i o T c a K >KH3HH «AHHaMHHHbiM npe,zuipHHHMaTe./ieM». O T B e n a H Ha B o n p o c o npHMHHaX KOHT>K)HKTypHbIX KOj i e ö a H H H , I l l y M n e T e p cBH3biBaeT HX C « o c y m e c T B J i e H H e M HOBbix KOMÖHHauHH» (J)aKTopoB np0H3B0ACTBa. LLIyMneT e p p a 3 j i H H a e T n a T b x a p a K T e p H b i x c j i y ^ a e B HOBHX KOMÖHHaiiHH3: 1. B b i n y c K H o ß o r o n p o a y K T a HJIH H 3 B e c T H o r o n p o ÄyKTa H H o r o K a ^ e c T B a . 2 . B H e a p e H H e HOBOTO, p a H e e He H 3 B e c T H o r o B a a H HOH OTpaC^H MeTOfla npOH3BOflCTBa. 3 . ripOHHKHOBeHHe Ha HOBblH pbIHOK CÖblTa, Öyflb TO H3BeCTHbIH HJIH p a H e e H e H3BeCTHbIH.

' C M . : W. M i t s c h e r l i c h . Der wirtschaftliche Fortschritt. Leipzig, 1910. 2 CM.: J. A. S c h u m p e t e r . Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Westberlin, 1952 (nepBoe n3fl.aHiie — 1911 r.). 3 CM.: J. A. S c h u m p e t e r . Theorie..., S. 100—101.

59 4 . RIOJIYQEHHE jiyc})a6pHKaTOB.

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5. 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H a H n e p e c T p o i i K a , B K J U O w a n c o 3 a a HHe MOHONOJIHH HJIH e e JIHKBHaaUHIO. KAKHMH 6 b i p a 3 J i H U H b i M H n o c B o e ñ c y r a HH 6BUH n e pe^HCJIEHHBIE c j i y ^ a n , BceM HM n p n c y m e TO o 6 m e e , HTO OHH c o A e p > K a T B c e 6 e s J i e M e H T HOBH3HH. X U H I I I y M n e T e p a H M e H H O h o b h 3 H 3 cJiy>KH^a p e u i a r o m H M K p H T e p n e M n p H o n p e f l e j i e H H H HOBOBBeaeHHH. C noMombio npHBeÄ e H H O H K^accH(})HKau,HH OH n e p B b i M c p e a n 6 y p > K y a 3 H b i x nOJIHTSKOHOMOB nonblTajICH HCCJieflOBaTb B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 C T H o c y m e c T B ^ e H H H H O B O B B e a e H H H . H a n ó o j i e e Ba>KHbiM, n o I l I y M n e T e p y , HBJineTcn BHeapeHHe HOBHX npoayKTOB H HOBblX M e T O A O B n p O H 3 B O a c T B 3 . O H TaK>Ke n e p B b i M c p e a n 6 y p x y a 3 H b i x T e o p e T H K O B n p o B e ; i q e T K o e p a s j i H ^ n e MOKa y T O B a p H b i M H ( c j i y n a f l 1) H T e x H O J i o n m e c K H M H HOBHHK3MH (cJiytiaH 2 ) . H o H a p y r n e c j i y q a n I l i y M n e T e p B COOTBGTCTBHH COCBOHMH H C X O a H b l M H TeopeTHqeCKHMH n p e a nocbijiKaMH CBH3BIBAJI C B 0 3 A C H C T B H 6 M TEXHHQECKORO n p o r p e c c a H H O B O B B e a e H H H . F I p e a ^ o j K e H H a H HM K J i a c c H (})HKauHfl n o K a 3 b i B a e T , HTO B 6 y p > K y a 3 H o f t H a y K e B 3TOH o ö j i a c T H n p o H c x o a n j i o o n p e a e j i e H H o e HaKonjieHHe 3HaHHH, KOTOpoe npoaOJDKaJIOCb H BnOCJieaCTBHH. riOTpeÖHOCTb B HeM B b I T e K a J i a H3 CTpeMJI6HHH MOHOnOJIHCTHHeCKOH 6yp>Kya3HH no^yqHTb sKOHOMHMecKHe p e u e n T u H PEKOMEHAAUHH, KOTOPBIE oTBe^AJIH 6 b i H H T e p e c a M H3B J i e i e H H H n p H Ô b i J i H . T a n o e H a n o n j i e H H e 3H3HHH He UIJIO, OAHAKO, n o NPHMOH JIHHHH: N O J I H T H K O - H a e o j i o n m e c K a H ({JYHKUHH 6 y p « < y a 3 H O H HOJIHTSKOHOMHH a e j i a e T y K a 3 a H Hbiñ npouecc. npoTHBOpeqHBbiM H o r p a H H i e H H b i M . F j i a B H y r o CBOK) UEJIB I l i y M n e T e p BHAEJI He B p a 3 p a 6oTKe TeopHH HOBOBBeaeHHH KaK BceoS^beMJiiomero n p a K T H u e c K o r o p y n o B o a c T B a A^iH K a n H T a ^ a . O H npe>Kae B e e r ò CTpeMHJica K T O M y , MTOÖH caeJiaTb anojiornio n p e a n p H H H M a T e j i H n o BO3MO>KHOCTH 6 o ^ e e yôeaHTejibH o ñ . HCXOAH H3 3 T o r o , I l i y M n e T e p H n o c J i e a y i o m n e CBOH p a ö o T b i c T p o H J i Ha n p e a n o c b i J i K a x , 3 a j i o > K e H H b i x B KHHre « T e o p H H SKOHOMHHeCKOrO p a 3 B H T H H » ; a a H BOOÖme CBOH ôojiee no3aHHe Tpyabi IliyMneTep paccMaTpHBaji B Kaq e c T B e aonojiHeHHH K p a H e e BbicKa3aHHbiM n a e a M . B o j i e e yrjiyôJieHHan n p o p a ö o T K a HeKOTopbix B o n p o c o B Hauma OTpa>KeHHe B «KOHIIOHKTYPHBIX U H K j i a x » 1 9 3 9 r., B

60 qacTHOCTH 3^ecb HaMeTHJica nepBufl n0ÄX0Ä k pa3JW«jeHHio 6a3HCHbix HOBOBBeAeHHH (Basisinnovationen) •H BTopH^HBIX HOBOBBefleHHii ( F o l g e i n n o v a t i o n e n ) . H o H 3Äecb coxpaHaeTca TOT w e JICHTMOTHB: npeanpHHHMatejib — HOCHTe^b HOBOBBefleHHÖ, a cJieaoBaTejibHo, BcaKoro nporpecca. I~l03T0My pemaioiUHM M O M S H T O M c T O H K H 3peHHH SKOHOMHtieCKOrO pa3BHTHH aBJiaiOTCa He O T H O iiieHHH coßcTBeHHOCTH, a «KaqecTBa pyKOBOÄHTejia». Taicaa apryMeHTauHH HMejia o c o ö o e 3HaqeHHe Ä J I H 3amHTbi npeanpHHHMaTe^H, a B HauiH ÄHH oHa wiy)KHT cpeÄCTBOM anojiorHH MeHea>Kepa Ha STOM B 3HAUHTejibHofl Mepe 0CH0BaH0 TO o c o ö o e nojio>KeHHe, KOTopoe IIIyMneTepoB npeanpHHHMaTejib 3aHHMaji H 3 A H H M A E T B 6yp>Kya3Hofi I I O J I H T S K O H O M H H H B npeacTaBJieHHax, BHyuiaeMbix 6H3HecoM, H noTopoe C O C T O H T B T O M , MTO npeanpHHHMaTeJiH H K O Ö H He aBJiaioTca «KjiaccoM B counajibHOM CMbICJie, K S K H X XapaKTepH3yiOT B C B H 3 H C «(J)OpMHpOBaHHeM KJiaCCOB», «KJiaCCOBOÖ ßopböofl» H T. FL.» 2 . npeÄnpHHHMaTeJiB ' y IlJyMneTepa — STO « S e c i u i a c c o B o e cymecTBO», H cTaTb HM MO>KeT npeÄCTaBHTe^b Jiioöoro KJiacca H couHajibHoro cjioa. B n p o u e c c e aajibHefiiuero pa3BHTHH C B O H X B3i\naflOB IUyMneTep nepeiueji OT «AHHaMHKya3Hoft ITOJIHTSKOHOMHH. B KawecTBe npnMepa nponaran/iHCTCKOH inyMHXH BOKpyr aKOÓbi nporpeccHBHofi pojiH npeanpHHHMaTeJia M O J K H O NPHBECTH

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KHJibCKoro yHHBepcHteTa I\ r n p u i a : «riepcneKTHBbi 3K0H0MHHecK0r0 pocTa TaKHx erpaH, KaK Oe^epaTHBHaa PecnyÖJiHKa TepMaHHH, 3aBHcaT OT TexHHqecKoro npor p e c c a Ha mnpoKOM (J)póHTe. HoBbie KpynHbie ,OTpacjiH, KOTOpbie npHiiMH 6bi Ha cMeHy öoraTbiM Tpa^HUHaMH, 1

1951.

2

CM.: J. B u r n h a m . Das Regime der Manager. Stuttgart, J. A. S c h u m p e t e r . Theorie..., S. 116.

61 HO B c e ßcwiee x n p e t o i u H M o T p a c j i H M , n o n a He n o n B J i a i o T CH. £ U h HX B03HHKH0BCHHH MH e i l i e OCTpee, HeM B n p o i u JIOM, HyJKflaeMCH He TOJIbKO B HCCJieflOBaTe^HX H HHWeH e p a x , HO H B CMejibix n p e / u i p H H H M a T e j i H x , roTOBbix C nOMOOlbK) TeXHHHeCKHX HOBHHOK npOHHK3Tb B HeBeAOMbie 3eMJlH pbIHOHHOrO X03HHCTB3. TOT, KTO B yK333HHOM c M b i c j i e Ha MTO-TO p e i u a e T c a H n b i T a e T c n npeoao^eTb MHoroHHCJieHHbie nperiHTCTBHH, n o Ä B e p r a e T C H p n c K y , OT KOTOpOrO HeB03M0>KH0 3 a c T p a X 0 B a T b C H . A nOCKOJIbKy Hejib3H 3 a c T p a x o B a T b c a , o ö m e c T B y HeoöxoÄHMbi n p e j , npHHHMaTeiiH. B K a u e c T B e n o o m p e H H H K n p e a n p H H H M a T e j i b c T B y H B03Harpa>KfleHHH 3 a PHCK p b i H o q H o e x o 3 a ß CTBO n p e , n . n a r a e T n p H Ö H J i b » AnojioreTHnecKHH xapaKT e p T a n o r o p o a a cyjKAeHHH HacTOJibKO o ^ e B H f l e H , ITO OHH B KOMMeHTapHHX He Hy>K,HaiOTCH. Haxe y Hanóonee pbHHbix 3amHTHHKOB «CHCTeMU p w H O H H o r o xo3HHCTBa» B c e 6 o j i e e HBHO He x B a T a e T a o BOFLOB

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1 H. G i e r s c h . «Beispiel» Sowjetunion. — Der Arbeitgeber. Düsseldorf, 1975, N? 13, S. 525. 2 J. A. S c h u m p e t e r . Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie. Westberlin, 1950, S- 137.

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1

S . 7.

3*

G. M e n s c h.

Gemischtwirtschaftliche

Innovationspraxis...,

68 I I I y M n e T e p a n o M o r a r o T n p e a y n p e a H T b B03M0>KHbie n o a o 3peHHH B pa^HKajiH3Me. O n H p a j i c b Ha LLIyMneTepa, MO>KHO TAK>Ke — no-HOBOMY o n p e a e j i H T b

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69 T a K H M 0 ß p a 3 0 M , 6 y p « y a 3 H a a T e o p n a HOBOBBEAEHNÖ o6paTHJiacb k npoÖJieMe, KOTopaa fleficTBHTe^bHO «MeeT 3H3HeHne H n 0 9 T 0 M y a a B H O 3 a H H M a e T BaJKHoe MecTO B MapKCHCTCKOH TeOpHH H n p a K T H K e . floCTaTOHHO BCILOMHHTb p a 3 p a 6 o T a H H b i e O a C C H K a M H MapKCH3Ma-JieHHHH3Ma KpHTepHH pa3BHTHH ./IHHHOCTH B n p o u e c c e o 6 o 6 m e CTBJIENHH T p y ^ a UJIH x a p a i a e p H y K ) ¿ y i a p e a ^ b H o r o COUHa ^ H 3 M a TOHKY 3 p e n H H , c o n n a c H O K O T o p o f i n e ^ o B e M e c K o i i NPHPOAE

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cymHocTH, couHaJibHO-

1 F. R. P f e t s e h . Zum Stand der Innovationsforschung. — In: Innovationsforschung als multidisziplinäre A u f g a b e . Göttingen,

1975, S. 16.

70 nCHXOJIOrHMeCKHX

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Ho OÄHH «BJiaCTHblH CTHMyAaTOp», no MHeHHK) 3 . B H T T e , EABA AH B COCTOHHHH o ß e c n e i H T b B b i c o K n e TEMNBI BHEAPEHHH HOBIUCCTB, TAN KAK AAH 3 T o r o EMY He xBaTaeT npo^eccHona^bHbix 3HaHHH. H A H ycneuiHoro BHeApeHHH HOBOBBéAeHHH eMy HeOÔXOAHM CTHMyjlHTOpCneUHa^IHCT. «riOA KBaAH(j)HUHpOB3HHbIM CTHMyjIHTOpOM MM noApa3yMeBaeM

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1 E. W i t t e . Organisation für Innovationsentscheidungen. Göttingen, 1973, S. 23. 2 Ibid., S. 17. 3 Ibid., S. 18.

72 Ha

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' C M . : C. Jl. B b i r o A C K H H . CcmpeineHHbifi KanmajiH3M, c. 2 7 3 .

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79 jiaraioT Hajinqne H O B H X nHBecTHUHOHHbix H H a y w o - T e x HHHeCKHX B03M0>KH0CTeH. I~l0JieMH3HpyH C P . Á>KOHCOM, K. MapKc B «TeopHHx N P H Ó A B O Q U O Ñ C T O H M O C T H » BbicKa3biBaeT cJie^yiomne MMCJIH: « H O B H M B TpaKTOBKe Bonpoca y J3,)KOHca HBJIFLETEA yKa3aHHe Ha TO, ITO yBejmqeH H e «BcnoMoraTejibHoro KanHTajia» 3a onpeflejieHHbie npe^ejiu 33BHCHT OT pocra 3Hanuä. JJJKOHC roBopHT, ITO AJÍ a pocTa «BcnoMoraTejibHoro KanHTajia» Heoóxo^HMbi: 1) cpeflCTBa ÂJIÎ) côepejKëHHH Ä06aB0MH0r0 K3nHT3Jia, 2 ) wejiaHHe cöepeqb ero, 3) KaKoe-HHÖyÄb H3o6peTeHHe, aawmee B03M0JKH0CTb B T3K0H CTeneHH yBeJIHqHTb N P 0 H 3 B 0 Ä H T E ^ B H Y K ) cHJiy Tpyaa, QTOÖBI MO>KHO 6HJIO BOCnpOH3BOÜ.HTb ÄOÖaBOqHblH KSnHTajl H npOH3BOAHTb Ha Hero npHÔHjib» B yKa33HHoiï CBH3H K. M a p K c HacTOHqHBO noflqepK11 B a ji 3HaqeHHe co3ÄaHHH H O B H X noTpeÔHTejibHbix CTOHMOCTeñ H HOBblX MCTOÄOB HCn0JIb30BaHHH CTapblX H3ÄCJIHH: «KAIKFLAA HOBas ManiHHa, noTpeöJiHiomaa yrojib, HBJiHeTCH BMecTe c TeM cpe^CTBOM" nJin npeBpameHHfl B KANHTAJI cymecTByioiiiero B BHAe y r j i a N P N Ô A B O ' i H o r o npoflyKTa. npeBpameHHe qacTH npnôaBOMHoro npoayKTa B «BcnoMoraTejibHbiH K3NHT3JI» MOJKCT npoHcxoAHTb

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fÇ M a p K C H Ç>. S f l r e J i b c . C o . T. 26, q. Ill, c. 455,

80

[1151]

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a . S H r e j i b c . Con., T. 46, 4

I, c. 385,

82 romero peiiiHTejibHbiM 0 6 p a 3 0 M H3MeiiHTb c o o T H o m e H H e CHJi Ha p u H K e , BbicTynaiOT He u e H b i , a HccjieflOBaHHn H pa3paf)OTKH. Ó o 9Toñ n p H i H H e cTpaTerHH, oöecneMHBaromaa c o x p a H e H H e no3HiiHfl KOHuepHa B yc-noBHHx 0 6 0 CTpeHHH MOHOnOJIHCTHieCKOH KOHKypeHUHH, Ü.OJ1 >K H 3 BKJIlOiaTb 3HaMHTejIbHyiO ÄOJIIO arpeCCHBHOCTH H 9JieMeHT HOBH3HH. H a y i H O - T e x H H H e c K O M y n p o r p e c c y npHcyma OÄHa o c o öenHOCTb, K O T o p a a B y c J i o B H a x KanHTaJIHCTHMPCKOH MacTHoñ COÖCTBeHHOCTH BefleT K MOHONOJIHH, nOÄÄep>KHBaeT e e H c n o c o ß c T B y e T e e a a j i b H e ñ i i j e M y cymecTBOBaHHio. r i p o u e c c KOHueHTpauHH B NPOMBIUIJIEHHOCTH n o T e x HHKO-TexHO^iorHiecKHM npHMHuaM He HBJisieTcn H e n p e pbiBHbiM. P I p e B p a m e n H e Mejworo n p e a n p n a T H H B n p y n Hoe ripoHcxoAHT cKaHK006pa3H0, npHueM no Mepe ycH^eHHn KOHueHTpauHH npouecc CTanoBHTCH 6ojiee HHTeHCHBHbTM, a C^eÄOBaTeJlbHO, MeHee OÖpaTHMbIM ZI^IH T o r o q T o ó b i p e a ^ i H 3 0 B a T b SKOHOMHIO, o ß y c j i o B J i e H Hyio KpynHbiMH M a c n r r a ö a M H n p o H 3 B o a c T B a , H c T a T b KOHKypeHTocnocoÖHbiM H a p a B H e c fleñcTByioiuHMH KpynHbiMH npeflnpHHTHHMH, a y T c a ñ , a e p m n w e H HaKonmb OTHOcHTejibHO K p y n H b i f i K a n H T a j i , npe>K,ne KHO npe>K,O,e B e e r ò NYTEM BbinycKa Y^YHIUEHHBIX HJIH HOBHX BHAOB NPOAYKUHH HA 6 a 3 e HOBOBBeaeHHH. r i p n 9T0M nOflpblBaiOTCH X103HU.HH KOHKypeHTOB Ha aaHHOM pbIHKe, TaK KaK HX n p o a y K U H H BblTJ1JIÄHT CTapOMO/lHoñ, H OTKpbIBaiOTCH B03M0>KH0CTH ÄJIH p o c T a n p e a n p H f l T H H B y i u e p ö KOHKypeHTaM. yKa3aHHan

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1 CM.: J. S. B a i n. Barriers to New Competition. Cambridge (Mass.), 1962, p. 55; P. Sylos-Labini. Oligopoly and technological P r o g r e s s . Cambridge (Mass.), 1962, p. 35. 2 I P 9 i n. Op. cit., p. 50,

83 HoBbix B H j o B npoflyKUHH — T a n Ha3biBaeMaH c T p a T e r n n HOBOBBeaeHHH — 03HaMaeT nepeMemeHHe u e H T p a THJKe-

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c yK33aHHOH AH(})(|)epeHii,HauHeH npe^^iomeHHH TOBapoB KOHKypeHTaM TpyÄHee öopoTbca; n o a o Ó H a n CTpaTernn He TpeöyeT S H a ^ H T e j i b H o r o p a c UIHpeHHH npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX MOIU,HOCTeH, TaK qTö Heyaaia HOBOrO npOÄyKTa He CBH33H3 C ÖOJIblHHMH HHBeCTHHHOHHblMH nOTepHMH; pHCK, CBH3aHHbIH C H e O Ö X O Ä H M b I M H B 3T0M CJiy^ae 3 a T p a T a M H , He3HaHHTejieH, a b c J i y ^ a e y c n e x a n p o a y K Ta 3aTpaTbI 6bICTpO B 0 3 M e m a K ) T C H . B 3TOH CTpaTeTHH K O H K p e T H O IipOHBJIHeTCH CTpeM^eHHe MOHonojiHH, B b i T e K a i o m e e H3 ee p a 3 M e p o B h chjih. cHCTeMaTH^ecKH H3ÖeraTb pncKa, B3BeuiHBaTb phck, o p n eHTHpoBaTbca He Ha öbiCTpbie p e 3 y j i b T a T b i b nojiy^eHHH npHÖbuiH, a Ha nocJieÄOBaTe^bHoe e e HapamHBaHHe. A H a ^ H 3 sMnnpHHecKHx a a H H b i x n o npoMbimjieHHocTH C I I I A yßeÄHTejibHo n o A T B e p ^ f l a e i to ß c u i b i n o e 3 H a q e HHe, KOTopoe HMeeT äjih KanHTajiHCTHnecKoro n p e f l n p H HTHH nOtfIHTHKa B OÖJiaCTH accopTHMeHTa.

PÍ3 173 (})HpM, npOH3BOÄHmHX CpeÄCTBa

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CTBa, n o n ™ 40% cooöiuhjih, qTO ot 20 ao 39% oß-beMa hx lipoma» npHXOÄHTca Ha npOAyKTbi, K0T0pbie BbinymeHbl Ha pbIHOK B Te^ieHHe nOCJieÄHHX nHTH jieT. noqTH y 25% (J)HpM 9Ta aojih cocTaBHJia 10—19% npo^a>K, a npHMepHo y 15% OHa paBHa Aaxíe 40—60% npo^a>K. B oTpacJiHX, np0H3B0ÄHiu,Hx npe^MeTbi noTpeßjieHHH, öbijio O N P O I U E H O 50 ( J ) H P M . H3 HHX 30% COOÖUUWIH, M O äojih npOÄyKTOB, noHBHBuiHxcH 3a nocJieÄHHe nHTb ;ieT, paBHa 20—39% HX cöbiTa; y 20% (J)HpM sra ÄOJIH cocTaBHJIA 10—19% H M E H E E 10%, a y 12% (fmpM — 60% H öojiee 2 . TeHAeHH,HH K yBejiHieHHio Ä O J I H H O B H X TOBapOB, 1 CM.: U. R ö d e l . Forschungsprioritäten und technologische Entwicklung. Studie über Determinanten der Forschung und Schwerpunkte der Technologiepolitik in den USA. Frankfurt/M., 1972, S. 227. 2 CM.: G. A. S t e i n e r . Top-Management — Planung. München, 1971, S. 7lOf.

84 a TaK>Ke nonbiTKH MOHonojinfl He a o n y c T H T b JIOMKH MOHOnO^HCTHMeCKOH CTpyKTypbl lieH H BMeCTe C TeM (lOTeCHHTb KOHKypCHTOB B.TeKyT 3a C060ÌÌ HHBeCTHUHH B HCCJieAOBaHHH H CBJ13aHHbieC H UM H HOBOBBt'AeHHH, o ß e c n e HHBaiomHe cHHweHHe H3Aep>KeK H (J)opMHpoBanHe T a K o r o accopTHMeHTa npoAynuHH ( B o i o q a a y c j i y r n ) , KOTopbiii c n o c o ö c T B y e T pocTy npeAnpHHTHn. C T a r H H p y i o m H H HAH K p a ñ H e MEÄ^ieHHo p a c i y m n i i c n p o c CT3BHT npeAeAbi HHBeCTHUHH M, HMeiOLUHM UeJIblO paCHlHpeHHe pblHKa,— OCOÖeHHO B OTpaCJlflX, npOH3BOÄHUJ,HX nOTpeÖHTe^IbCKHe TOBapbi, — H opneiiTHpyeT H H O K P na TaKHe HOBOBBeaeHHH, KOTOpbie CJiyWHAH 6bl 9(})cj)eKTHBHMM CpeACTBOM B 6 o p b 6 e 3 a NOBBIUJEHHE AOAH 4>HpMbi H a ASHHOM p b i n n e (y^yuiieHHbie HJIH HOBbie BHAH n p o a y K U H H , TOBapbi,

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3aTpaTbi, HTo npH p a c T y m n x ueHax o ô e c n e i H B a e T 6o./iee BbICOKyiO npHÖbIJlb Hoean TEXHOJIORHH OÔHMHO B n e A p a e T c a .riHWb B TOM c ^ y n a e , KorAa OTHOCHTejibHO Kpynnbie MacuiTaöbi Bbin y c K a npoAyKUHH onpaBAWBaioT neoöxoAHMbie 3aTpaTbi. BHEAPEHHE HOBOH NVTB K p a c i u n p e H H i o 1

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r e x u o ^ o r H H — STO SKOHOMHUHbiíi MOMHOCTEFT. KAN n p a B H ^ o , OHO

Op. cit.,

S.

226.

85 n p o H c x o Ä H T c n y c T j j npojuwi>KHTe./ibHoe BpeMH n o w i e p a 3 p a ö o T K H c o o T B e T C T B y r o m e f i r e x u o j i o r H H 1 h nHiiib Toraa, K O r f l a B CBH3H C O J K H f l a i O m H M C a yCTOH'IHBblM p a c i i i H p e HHGM c n p o c a n p o H c x o ü H T s a M e n a n c v i n o c T b i o y c T a p e B umx MOIUHOCTEFL. ßjiaroflapa CBoefi SKOHOMHMCCKOH MOLUH MOHOnOJlHCTH l ieCKHe n p e f l n p H H T H H B COCTOflHHH ycneuiHo npeaoxpanaTb c e ß a OT 4 ) , I H a H c o B b i x noTepb nyTeM n o a a e p H o n H J ) MOHoncuibHbix u e H a TaK>Ke c o OTBeTCTByromero p e r y j i n p o B a H H a oö-beMa h CTpyKTypbi T O B a p H o r o n p e Ä ^ o J K e u H H . A T a x K a K o A n o ß p e M e H H O OHH O T K J i a A b l B a i O T B H e Ä p e H H e TeXIIHMeCKHX HOBUieCTB a o T e x n o p , n o K a OHH HE ç T a H y T p e H T a 6 e ; i b H b i M H (BBICOKAN H o p M a n p H Ö b i j i H , ô b i c T p a H OKYNAEMOCTB), H n p n STOM eme B3BewHBaK)TCA ajibTepHaTHBUbie BO3MO>KHOCTH H H B e c T H p o B a H H H , B c e STO n p H B o ^ H T K 3 a M e f l j i e H H 0 H p e a j l H 3 a U H H TeXHHHeCKHX flOCTHH K A A T B ö o j i e e p a Ä H K a j i b H o r o H O B O B B e A e H H a , n o T o p o e MO/KeT n o T p e ß o B a T b COBepiIieHHO HOBOrO 0 6 0 p y A 0 B a H H 5 1 H 0CH3CTKH H n p H B e ^ e T K H3MeHeHHK) CJIO>KHBIIieHCa C T p y K T y p b i p b I H K a . T e H f l e H U H H K 3 a C T 0 K ) H 3 a T f l n i B a H H K ) B b l T e K a e T 113 caMOH c y T H MOHonojiHH. « r i o c K o ^ b K y ycTaHaBjiHBaiOTca, x o T a 6 b i Ha B p e i n a , M O H o n o j i b H b i e neHW, n o c T o ^ b K y HCq e 3 a i 0 T ÄO H 3 B e c T H o f t c T e n e u n n o f ì y a H T e j i b H b i e n p n q H Hbl K TeXHHMeCKOMy, a C ^ e A O B a T e ^ b H O , H KO BCHKOMy ÄpyroMy aBJiaeTca

nporpeccy, abhjkchhk) Aajiee aKOHOMunecKan

C T B e H n o 3 a a e p } K H B a T b TexHHMecKHH

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1 CKa3aHHoe OTHOCHTCH H K BbicoKOnpoH3BOAHTeAbHOMy KanHTa^biiOMy oöopyÄOBaHHio, paccraTaHHOMy Ha BbinycK Hoeoä npoAyKUHH B TeïeHHe a-'iHTe^bHoro BpeMeHH. C BBOÄOM ero B AeficTBHe noBpeMeHHTb HeTpyAHO, Tax KaK Ana npoÔHoro BbinycKa HeöoAbuioro oöteMa HOBoft npoayKUiiH, KaK npaBHAO, npHcnocaÔAHBaioT CTapoe oöopyÄOBaHHe. Jlniiib B TOM cjiynae, KorAa HOBHÜ npoAyKT HMeeT ycnex, qepe3 roA HAH Asa ocymecTBAHioTCH KpynHbie BAOJKeHHH B C03AaHHe HOBbix np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix MOUiHOCTefl. (CM.: D. M. K e e z e r a. o. New F o r c e s in American B u s i n e s s . New York, 1958, p. 62.) 2 B . H. J1 e H H H. noAH. co6p. c o i . , t . 27, c. 397.

86

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87 a T a i o K e b n p o a o j i w a i o m e M C H H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B 3 H H H TexHo;ior H H e c K H yciapeBUiefl o c H a c T K H . FIo ä 3 h h h m o ö c j i e Ä O B a HHfl, n p o ß e Ä e H H o r o H 3 Ä a T e j i b C T B O M «MaKrpoy-Xn^Ji», b 60-x roflax aojih M a u i H H , B 0 3 p a c T k o t o p h x n p e B h i m a j i 2 0 JieT, b p a 3 J i H q H w x o T p a c j i a x n p o M b i u u i e H H O C T H CLUA cocTaßjiajia ( % ) CTaHKOCTpoeHHe — 20 CyÄoeTpoeHHe h CTpoHTejibCTBO »ceJiesHbix Äopor — 41 OrpoHTeJibCTBO H r o p H o p y Ä H a H

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T a n b yc^iOBHHx c o ß p e M e H H o r o K a n H T a j i H 3 M a n p o H B jmeTca TeH^eHUHH K OTCTaBaHHK) o ö ^ e M a HHBecTHUHH a S K O H O M H i e C K O r O pOCTa OT B03M0ÄH0CTefl TeXHHieCKOrO nporpecca. 06ycJi0BjieHH0e KanHTajiHCTH'iecKHMH n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B e H H b W H O T H O L U e H H H M H C T p e M J i e H H e K IipHÖblJIH BbI3BaJIO K >KH3HH 06"beKTHBHbIH M e X 3 H H 3 M , KOTOpblH IipHBOÄHT K coBepiueHHO Heyfl0BjieTB0pHTe^bH0My ncn0^b30BaHHi0 n o T e H u n a ^ a H H O K P b r p a ^ K j a H C K O H o ß ^ a c T H , He oTBeHaiomeMy TpeöoBaHHHM nponopUHOHajibHOCTH h o ö m e C T B ß H H b l M n O T p e Ö H O C T f l M 2. 1 CM.: S M e l m a t i . O u r Depleted Society. N e w York, 1965, p. 50. CooTBeTCTByiomHH onpoc, npOBeÄeHHbift «MaKrpoy-XHJUi» b 1968 r., noKa3aji, « T O 6 4 % CT3HKOB B np0MbiwjieHH0CTH C L U A HMeiot B03pacT, npeBbimaiomHH 10 ./ieT. 2 yiaKTbi npHBeJiH k bo3hhkhobghhio « T e o p H H CTar-

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CM., HanpHMep: C. S a n d i g . Die Führung des Betriebes, Betriebswirtschaftspolitik. Stuttgart, 1953; C. S a n d i g . Betriebswirtschaftspolitik. Stuttgart, 1966; K. M e l l e r o w i c z . Unternehmenspolitik. Bd. 1. Freiburg, 1963; E. R ü h l i Unternehmengsführun'g und Unternehmenspolitik Bd. 1. Bern, 1973. 2 CM.: K. A g t h e. Strategie und Wachstum. Baden-Baden, 1972, S. 14.

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TejiecJjyHKeH» npoHHK B cTeKOJibHyio h CHJiHKaTHyio npoMBIMJIEHHOCTB, a npeeMHHKH « H T OapöeHHHÄycTpn» paCIllHpHIOT n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B 0 JiaKOB, TKaHefl H XHMHMeCKHX BOJIOKOH, oßpaöoTKy njiacTMacc h BbinycK JieKapcTBeHH H X H KOCMeTHHeCKHX T O B a p O B 2. 1 TaK HA3BIBAEMAA CTPATERHH pocia OTAEJIBHOFL HKailHH, ueJieHanpaBJieHHo yBH3biBaeTCH c H H O K P . (CM.: I. A n s o f f . M a n a gement-Strategie. München, 1966, S. 133f. H. A 1 b a c h. Zur Theorie des wachsenden U n t e r n e h m e n s . — In: Theorien des einzelund gesamtwirtschaftlichen W a c h s t u m s . Bd. 34, Westberlin, 1965, S. 9.) "2 CM.: G. B i n u s . Kapitalkonzentration in BRD 1971. — 1PWBerichte, 1972, Ns 5, S. 16f; R. M e t z n e r. Klein- und Mittelunter hehmen im Monopolisierungsprozeß. — IPW-Be/ichte, 1973, Ni 1, S. 29f.

117 O p o u e c c n e p e j i H B a K a n H T a j i a n p H B e j i k TOMy, m t o a j i h K p y n H u x KOHuepHOB x a p a K T e p n a Hbrne M H o r o o T p a c J i e B a H C T p y K T y p a , *mpo KOTOpofl o 6 p a 3 y e T o n p e f l e j i e H H a a OTpacjib. BbiHCHeHHe B03M0>KH0CTeH T a K o r o n e p e J W B a c t o h k h 3peHHH p o c T a K a n H T a j i a n p n o ß p e T a e T Bee 6 o j i b i i i e e 3HaHCHH6 ÄJIH j i k > 6 o h m o h o i i o j i h h , n p H H e M y K a 3 a H H b i H n p o u e c c a o j i j k c h o c y m e c T B J i H T b c j i Bee 6 o ^ e e u e j i e H a n p a B JieHHO H TmaTe^bHO. «ZJ.JIH Ka>KÄOH (JjHpMbI, KOTOpaH npOH3BOAHT H XOM6T n p o f l a B a T b o ß o p y Ä O B a H n e , n p o è j i e M a pbiHöK — TexHHKa HBJIHeTCH CaMOH TJiaBHOH. CÓbIT o 6 o p y Ä O B 3 H H H CBH33H C BbiHBjieHHeM B e e r ò c n e K T p a T p e ó o B a H H H h ö y a y m n x n o jKejiaHHH. B 6 o p b 6 e c KOHKypeHTaMH $ H p M a o n n p a e T C H Ha TexHHHecKHe HÄen h p e 3 y ^ b T a T b i , n o ^ y n e H H b i e b J i a ô o p a T o p H H x h Ha n p o H 3 B o a c T B e . 0 6 a KOMnoHeHTa — TpeÓOBaHHH pbIHKa H COÖCTBGHHbie B03MC0KH0CTH — o 6 p a 3 y i O T KOMnjieKc 3a,aaH, KOTopbie â o j i h î h h öbiTb H 3 y i e HU CaMblM BCeCTOpOHHHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M » Mepbi, yKa3aHHbie äo nyHKTHpHoñ j i h h h h T a ö j i . 1 5 ) , He BbixoAHT 3 a TpaAHUHOHHbie p a M K H :

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CH npeanocbuiKH H npeHMymecTBa MaccoBoro np0H3B0aCTB3, BbICOKOH npOH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTH H HH3KHX H3jep>KeK, B03M0>KHbie npH ÄaHHblX MOWHOCTHX; HeOÖXOÄHMO T3K>Ke C l IHT3TbCH C Opr3HH33U,HOHHbIMH TpyflHOCTHMH, BblT e K a i o m H M H H3 ycJio>KHeHHJi c T p y K T y p b i n p e a n p H a T H H h orpsHHqeHHbix B03M0>KH0cTeH snnspsTa ynpaB^eHHH.

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122 KOTOpblÖ B CBOK) O H e p e ^ b C./iy>KHT HenOCpejCTBeHHblM OpneHTHpOM ÄJIfl T6XHHH6CKOH riOJlHTHKH t{)HpMbl. FIOKa3 a T e j i H , x a p a K T e p H 3 y i o m H e u e j i H y n p a ß j i e H H H , ö y ^ y T BO B c e B 0 3 p a c T a i 0 m e H cTeneHH o n p e a e j i n i b c a PHHKOM, Hay^HO-TeXHHHeCKHM n p 0 r H 0 3 H p 0 B a H H e M H KOHKypeHUHefl. H 3 y q e H H e STHX 4 ) a K T o p o B H p a 3 y M H o e B03ÄeHCTBHe Ha HHX CTaHyT OCHOBHbIMH 3 a A a H 3 M H OTÄeJIOB KOOpÄHHaUHH, yKOMÜJieKTOBaHHblX CHCTeMOTeXHHKaMH» TaKHM 0 Ö p a 3 0 M , c T p a T e r n n AHBepcHiJjHKauHH, noflMHHEHHAN UEJIH B03PACTAHHH CTOHMOCTH KANHTAJIA, BMÄBHraeT cjio>KHbie T e x H H K O - s K O H O M H q e c K H e n p o ß j i e M b i . OHH CBH3aHbI, C OÄHOH CTOpOHbl, C KOHKypeHUHefl H OÖyCJlOBJieHHblM nOTpeÖHOCTHMH poCTa CTpeMJieHHeM nOJiyMHTb npHÖbijib, HccJieÄOBaTb Bce BO3MO>KHOCTH pbiHKa H BOCn0JIb30BaTbCH HMH, a C Ä p y r O H CTOpOHbl, C >KejiaHHeM o ß e c n e ^ H T b sKOHOMH^HOcTb p e m e H H H B o ß j i a c T H n p e a ^ o >KeHHH. 0 6 a a c n e K T a p e m e H H H Haxofljrr O T p a w e H H e B nojiHTHKe H c T p a T e r H H K a n H T a j i n c T H q e c K o r o npe/inpHHTHH B OÖJiaCTH H H O K P - yeTOHMHBaH H 9(J)4)eKTHBHaHÄHBepcH(})HKaiiH5i B 3HaHHTejibH0H M e p e o n p e a e ^ a e T c a HMeJOIUHMCH H c o 3 f l a ß a e M b i M NOTEHUNAJIOM H H O K P , TAK K a K n p o r p a M M a p a c i U H p e H H H a c c o p T H M e H T a ÄOJi>KHa n o JIY^HTB HAYTIHO-TEXHHHECKOE o ö e c n e q e H H e . B y n o M H H a B meficH p a 6 o T e C T 3 H ( } ) o p Ä C K o r o Hayrao-HccJieÄOBaTejibC K o r o HHcTHTyTa y K a 3 a H 0 , K3KHM 0 Ö p a 3 0 M o c y m e c T B J i H eTCH Ä H B e p C H ^ H K a U H H .

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V/. S c h u 1 e r, Op. cit., S. 180.

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124

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r i p 0 B 0 A H HacTynareAbHyio crpaTerHio, npeAnpHHTHe CTpeMHTCH nepBbIM BBeCTH Ha pblHOK HOBOe H3flejIHe. fljifl a T o r o H e p e A K O TpefiyiOTCH B b i c o K H e 3 a T p a T H Ha H H O K P A a h NPOBEAEHHH H a y i H b i x H3bicKaHHH, p a 3 p a 6otkh TexHOJiorHH, npOH3BOAcTBa H3Ae>fiHH, H3yqeHHa pbiHKa h c n p o c a . T a K H e 0TH0CHTeAbH0 n p y n H b i e 3 a T p a Tbi n o H a n a J i y c d n p a > K e H b i c p h c k o m , o a h 3 k o b c j i y n a e y c n e x a n e p B b i f l n o c T a B m H K , 6 y A y w H b TeMeHHe 6 o A e e HAH M e H e e npOAOA>KHTeAbHOrO BpeMeHH MOHOnOAHCTOM, MOJKeT p a c c ^ H T b i B a T b n a B b i c o K y i o n p n f i b i A b . n p H o6opOHUTeAbHou CTpaTerHH C A Y W S A HHOKP n o c T p o e H a TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M h n o A A e p w H B a e T c n b c o c t o HHHH T 3 K 0 H T O T O B H O C T H , WTOfibl CnyCTH HenpOAOA>KHT e A b H o e BpeMH nOCAe nOHBAeHHH Ha pblHKe HOBOrO H3AeAHH, B b i n y m e H H o r o KOHKypeHTOM, 4>npMa M o r A a c a M O 1

U.HT. no: V. P a c k a r d . Op. cit., S. 155f.

125 CT0HT6JIBH0

pa3pa6oTaTb

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H3AEJINE.

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y c n e x . CeKpeT HCKYCCTBEHHOH KO>KH oxpaHflJica, KaK BoeHHaa TaflHa. O n p M a «ü,ionoH» pacc^HTbiBaJia, HTO 3a 2 0 ^eT Kop$aM saBOioeT 2 5 % aMepHKaHCKoro pbiHKa oöyBH. B 3T0M nporH03e o n n p a ^ H c b Ha HMHTaimoHHyio MOAEJIB PBIHKA H 6yn,ymefi npnöbijiH. ConiacHo n p o r a o 3y, MHpoBofi c n p o c Ha oöyBb aoji>KeH K 1984 r. Ha 4 5 % npeB30HTH npefljiojKeHHe KO>KH2. B 1971 r . (JwpMa

1

IlInpoKo pacnpocTpaHeHa npaKTHKa 3anMCTB0B3HHa TexHHie-

cKofl H^eH, p a 3 p a 6 o T a H H o A apyrofi (JjHpMoft, c uejibio ee aajibHeftiuero pa3BHTH5i u n n nojiyieHHo HOBoro H3ÄGJIHH HJIH H O B O H TexHOJiorHH. n p H y K 3 3 a H H O M MeTOJie, KOTOpbliil HMÔHyiOT «HHHOBailHOHHOÔ HMHT3-

naeft» (innovative imitation), .neJiaeTCH nonuTKa B paMKax MaKCHMaJlbHO B 0 3 M 0 K H 0 r 0 KOnnpOBaHHfl IipH6;iH3HTbCH K K O H K y p e H T a M , H

npe»«e Bcero HSHCKaTt. HOBbie BOSMOHCHOCTH npHMeHeHHa ^aHHofl

HAen.

Ä CM.: H. K r a u c h . Die organisierte Forschung. Neuwied am Rhein, 1970, S. 121.

126 «¿UOIIOH», He .noÖHBiiiHCb y c n e x a , n p e K p a m n a S K c n e p u M6HT n p H B e f l e H H b i ñ npHMep He 0 3 H a q a e T , qTO . n r n u b K p y n Hbie 4)HpMbi n p e ^ n p H H H M a i O T T a n o r o p o ^ a nonbiTKH. H M C H H O 6 ^ a r o Ä a p n c ß o e M y a o M H H H p y i o m e M y no.no>KeHHKJ Ha pbIHKe OHH HepeÄKO 33HHMaK)T BbIKHÄaTejIbHyK) n03HHHK), T 3 K KaK, HMefl MOlUHyiO CJiyMÓy H H O K P , OHH B COCTOHHHH ßbICTpO n e p e H H M a T b H LUHpOKO HCn0JIb30BaTb T e x H H q e c K H e HOBOBBeAeHHa, KOTopbie B p a a e O T p a c j i e f i M o r y T HcxoÄHTb O T 6 o j i e e MejiKHx n p e a n p H H T H H . T e M H e M e H e e K p y n H b i e KOHuepHbi B N P H H U N N E BbiHyÍKfleHbl, C y^eTOM CJIOJKHBIIieHCH MOHOnOJIHCTHieCKOH C T p y K T y p u pbiHKa H c T p a T e r n q e c K O H C H T y a u H H , H M e T b M O I U H O C T H H H O K P , ÄOCTaTOHHbie flJIH Toro, M T O Ó H H e noTepflTb coöcTBeHHbie n o 3 H U H H H a pbiHKe H H e n03B0jiHTb K O H K y p e H T a M BbipBaTbCH aajieKO Bnepefl 2 . C K a 3 a H H o e noaBOflHT K npoöJieMe K P H T H I E C K O Ñ BejiHMHHbi ( n o pora) M O I U H O C T H H H O K P , K O T O p a H B 3 H 3 H H T e ^ b H O H Mep e 3 3 B H C H T OT CneUH(J)HKH OTpaCJIH H B b i n y c K a e M o ñ npeAnpHHTHeM npoayKUHH. 3Toft BejiHiHHbi o n p e flejiaiomHM HBJiaeTca ee aßcojiiOTHoe M a K C H M a j i b H o e 3HaqeHHe. n p H n p o B e ^ e H H H o ó o p o H H T e j i b H o ñ CTpaTerHH He6o;ibIIIHe H e p e Ä H H e (jwpMbl BbIHy>KfleHbI p a C X O Ä O B a T b H a H H O K P ¿o^biuyK) ÄOJIIO cpeacTB, q e M KpynHbie. npHMepoM AH^^EPEHUHPOBAHHOÑ C T p a T e r H H , KOTOp a n B KOHeHHOM c q e T e p e a j i H 3 y e T C H c n o M o m b i o c o o T B e T CTByroiUHX HHBeCTHUHH, MOíKeT CJiyHtHTb C T p y K T y p a HHBecTHUHOHHbix npoeKTOB aMepHKaHCKoro KOHuepHa « B e c T H H r a y 3 » 3 , KJIACCHCJJHKAUHH K O T O P W X N P H B E ^ E H A B TaÖJi. 19. 1

2

CM.: G. A . S t e i n e r. Op. cit., S. 717.

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2

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3aK. 81

130

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1 CM.: H. N e u e n d o r f . D i e P r o g r a m m e d e s BMBW z u r F ö r derung der «technologischen Forschung und E n t w i c k l u n g » . — In: W i s s e n s c h a f t s p o l i t i k — v o n w e m , f ü r w e n , w i e ? P r i o r i t ä t e n in der F o r s c h u n g s p l a n u n g . M ü n c h e n , 1973, S . 166f. u n d 170.

135

B o ß j i a C T H HH(J)pacTpyiKe CBH33HO c n o ÖOHHblMH yC^OBHHMH — O X p a H a OKpy>KaK>meH c p e f l b l H OTHomeHHe Hace.neHHH,— n p o ô j i e M b i r o p o a c K o r o TpaHc n o p T a BOBCe He OTfle^HMbl OT IipoÖJieM UHCTOTbl r o p o ßOB, r p a f l o c T p o H T e j i b c T B a H n p o c T p a H C T B e H H o ñ n j i a H H pOBKH» AHajiH3 rocyAapcTBeHHoro cTHMyjiHpoBaHnn H H O K P B d > P r n 0 3 B 0 J i n e T CÄeJiaTb 0 A H 0 3 H a q H b i ñ BHBOÄ, ^TO n o ^ a B J i H i o m a H q a c T b r o c y ^ a p c T B e H H b i x cyßciiAHH, nanpaB^aeMbix Henocpe^CTBeHHo oTflejibHbiM (JjnpMaM, npHXOAHTCH Ha ÄOJ1K) KpynHeHIIIHX MOHOnOJIHH (Taöji. 2 0 ) . BpocaeTCH b rjia3a B b i c o K a a nojin «Chmchc» h « A S I » , a T a i m e K p y n H b i x KOHitepHOB sJieKTpoTexHHMeCKOH npOMbllUJieHHOCTH. I l o HeKOTOpbIM o u e H K a M , o 6 a KOHixepHa npHMepHO 25—30% cbohx pacxoAOB Ha H H O K . P noKpbiBaiOT 3 a c«pMaM Pr Ha npoBeAeHHe HHOKP B 1971 r. *

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137

CTBOM HayiHHx Hcc^e^oBaHHH cDPr B 1971 r., noa py6pHKOH «TEXHO^DRH^ECKHE H c c j i e Ä O B a H H a H p a 3 p a ß o T K H » (iipOMbiuijieHHaa T e x H o j i o r n a , HH(J)pacTpyKTypá H y í i y n i ü e H H e y c j i o B H H >KH3HH) 3HATJHJIHCB 1 8 7 n o 3 H U H ñ Ha oörnyio cyMMy n p u M e p H o 180 M ^ H . M a p o K , m KÒTopbix Ha acuno « C H M C H C » N P H X O Ä H J I C A 41 npoeKT Ha c y M M y 5 5 , 8 MJiH. ( 3 0 % o ö m e i i c y M M b i ) , Ha «A3r — Tejie(})yHKeH» — 2 4 n p o e K T a Ha c y M M y 2 1 , 2 M^H. MapoK ( 1 - 1 , 8 % o ó m e ñ cyMMbi).

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B. 11. J l e u u H. NO/iH. co6p. coi., T. 27, c. 425.

142 p o ß a H H e HccJieAOBaHHH ß c e 6 o ; i e e c M b i K a e i c n c r o c y Ä a p CTBEHHOH CHCTGMOH CTHMyjlHpOBaHHH, MTO npH3B3H0 OßECNE^HTB NO B03M0>KH0CTH HENPEPBIBHOE PA3BHTNE 0 6 m e c T B a H NO BO3MO>KHOCTH n p e a y n p e A H T b „ c o u H a J i b H b i e H 3 Ä e p > K K H " » n p H 3T0M YKA3BIBAETCH, HTO «UEHTPAJIH30BAHH0E ROCY^apcTBeHHoe i m a H n p o B a H H e HAYKH» B 0 6 mecTBe, «NOCTPOEHHOM Ha RUUOPAJIHCTHHECKHX HANAJIAX», HE MOJKeT 6BITB OnTHMa^bHblM H 3 - 3 a «CTOJIKHOBeHHH n p o XHBOpeqHBblX HHTepeCOB» 2 . HEOÖXOFLHMOCTB NJIAHHPOBAHHN B OÖ/iacTH HHOKP H BHeÄpeHHH HX p e 3 y j i b T a T O B o n p e A e j i H e T c a NOTPEÖHOCTHMH NOJIHTHMECKORO xapaKTepa. B KANECTBE AJIEMEHTA OÖMEFI ÜOJIHTHKH KanHTa/iHCTHMecKoro ROCY^apcTBa (KOHUEPHA) CTHMYJINPOBAHHE HAYHHBIX HCCJIEÄOBAHHH AOJIÄHO OTBE^ATB CTPAIERHHECKHM UEJIHM 6OJIEE BHCOKORO NOPHÄKA H BHOCHTB PEUIAIOMHH BKJIAA B HX OCYMECTBJieHHe. BOJIEE UEM KORAA-JIHÖO STO NPEANOJIARAET OPNEHTAUHIO erpaTerHHecKHx p e i u e H H H B o 6 j i a c r a HCCJIEÄOBAHHH HA UEJIH, CBH3AHHBIE C POCTOM, A TAIOKE NPHHHTHE COOTBETCTBYIOMHX Mep FLJIA NO;IHOH HHTERPAUHH cKAMHX PEUIEHHIO NPOßJIEM H 3AAAN. N P O T H B O P E ^ N E ME>KFLY B O S M O Ä H H M H UEJIHMH H HANPABJIEHHHMH H H O K P H HAJIHHHBIM N0TGHUHA,/T0M T P E Ö Y E T NPHHHTHH PEIUEHHH, KOTOPBIE o ö e c n e u H B a j i H 6bl OnTHM a j i b H o e npHJio>KeHHe K a n n i a j i a B T e ^ e H H e a a H H o r o n e PHO.UA BPEMEHH. «MeHeA>Kepbi, a o ö H B u i H e c a HaH6ojibiiiHx y c n e x o B B y n p a B j i e H H H HccjieflOBaHHHMH, noflMepKHBaioT, HTO 6bi.no 6bi OIIIHÖKOH p a c n p e f l e j i H T b H M e i o m n e c a c p e ^ c T B a paBHOMepHO. C y m e c T B y e T ß o j i b i u o f l c o ö , n a 3 H , r o B o p n T OHH, 1 Methoden der P r i o r i t ä t s b e s t i m m u n g III. Methoden zur Prioritätsbestimmung innerhalb der S t a a t s a u f g a b e n , vor allem im F/EBereich. Eine U n t e r s u c h u n g des Zentrums Berlin (West) für Zuk u n f t s f o r s c h u n g e. V. Schriftenreihe F o r s h u n g s p l a n u n g , 1971, JVs5, S. 7. 2 Ibid.

143 B K j i a ; u > i B a T b noHeMHory AeHer b JIk>6oh npoeKT, cy.iflm H H ycnex. C s t h m co6jia3HOM Haao 6opoTbCH, npe,a,noHHTaa eMy KOHneHTpauHK) y c n ^ H H Ha aeHCTBHTe/ibHo BamHbix npoeKTax... J l y H i u e npnyiiaTb c e 6 j j K TaKoft caiwoAHCUHnJlHHe, HeM CTaBHTb Ha KaJKAblH HOMep p y j i e T K H » n p o S j i e M a pau,HOHaJibHoro p a c n p e / i e j i e H H H cpe^cTB, B b w e j i n e M b i x Ha H c c j i e j i o B a H H H , HMeeT 6 o j i b m o e 3 H a q e HHe h n p H c o u , H a ^ H 3 M e . FIpHMeHeHHe « n p H H i x H n a j i c h k h » Be^eT k 3HaiHTejibHOMy p a c n u j i e H H i o ycHJiHH b oSjiacTH H H O K P h B SoJibiiiHHCTBe cJiyqaeB A a e T HeyAOBJieTBopHTejibHbie p e 3 y ^ b T a T b i . H c x o a h m m a t e momchtom npH 4)opMHpoBaHHH n p o r p a M M b i H H O K P h p a 3 p a 6 o T K e k o h KpeTHblX npOeKTOB CJiyJKHT SKOHOMH^eCKH 0 6 0 C H 0 B a H Hbifl pacMeT 3(()(|)eKTHBHOCTH HCCjieflOBaHHH h p a 3 p a 6 o tok. HacTOHTejibHaa Heo6xoAHMoerb ruiaHHpoBaHHH b p a M K a x y n p a B ^ e H H H H H O K P CTaHeT o n e B H A H e e , ecviH IlOCTaBHTb HeCKOJlbKQ BOnpOCOB.

KaKHM 06pa30M KOJinnecTBeHHO h Ka^ecTBeHHo onpea e j i H T b B e p o H T H o e c o o T H o m e H H e 3 a T p a T h n o j i e 3 H o r o 9(})(j^eKTa n p o e K T O B H H O K P , c TeM tiTo6bi c a e J i a T b B b i 6 o p Me>K,ny pa3^HWHbiMH B a p H a H T a M H n o b o 3 m o > k h o c t h 6 0 Jiee pailHOHaJIbHblM C TOTOH 3peHHH ,fl,OCTH>KeHHH nOCTaB^ e H H b i x u e j i e f l ? BbiHBjieHHe y K a 3 a H H o r o c o o T H o m e H H H H a T a j i K H B a e T C H H a MHoroiHCJieHHbie T p y ^ H o c T H c o a e p HtaTeJibHoro h M e T O A O ^ o r H i e c K o r o x a p a K T e p a . KaKHM c>6pa30M onpe,n,e;iHTb p e a j i b H w i i nojre3HbiH 3eKTa, KaK npaBHJio, pyKOBoflCTByioTCH HHTepecaMH AaHHOH (J)HpMbI, H3MepHH 3(jK})eKT nOJiyHeHHOH npH6bIJ]bK>, H3MeHeHHeM H3Aep>KeK, flOJIH H a pblHKe H flpyrHMH KpHTepHHMH. P e T p o c n e K T H B H b i f t a n a ; i H 3 34>(J)eKTa cjiy>KHT p y K O B O A H T e j i H M H H O K P He i w i b K o B KaMecTBe o p n e H T H p a pe3yjibTaTHBH0CTH, h o h n p e w a e Bcero a j i h uejien a n p a B J i e H H o r o coBepmeHCTBOBaHHa ruiaHHpoBaHHH, o p raHH3aiiHH, cTHMyjmpoBaHHH h k o h t p o j i h H H O K P . K a n , HaKOHeu, y-iiymuHTb o u e H K y npoayKTHBHOCTH y ^ e H b i x , HHjKeHepoB, K0HCTpyKTOp0B h a p y r n x p a 6 o T H H 1 B r i n g i n g the Laboratory down to Earth. — Fortune, 1971, p. 25.

January

144 KOB, 3AHHTBIX B HCCJIEFLOBAHHHX H p a 3 p a 6 o T K a x ? B TO BpeMH KaK Ha npoTHJKeHHH MHorHx ^ e T o n p e ^ e J i e H H e H o u e H K a H a y q H o i i n p o ^ y K T H B H o c T H Ka>K,noro y q e H o r o CHHTajiHCb e / i B a JIH B03M0>KHbiMH, T e n e p b p a 3 p a 6 a T b i B a e T C H B c e ô o j i b i u e K p H T e p n e B H MCTOÀOB co3AaHHH H u e j i e H a n p a B j i e H H o r o CTHMyjiHpoBaHHH « T B O p q e c K o r o n o T e H u n a j i a » H «NOTEHUNAJIA HOBOBBeaeHHft». 3 T O BKjiioMaeT p e iueHHe 3 a a a H , H a n p a B J i e H H b i x KaK Ha ocymecTB-neHHe H H O K P , TAK H HA COBEPUIEHCTBOBAHHE HX opraHH3auHH H njiaHHpoBaHHH. P e m e H H e 3AAAQH YJIYMUEHHH NJIAHHPOBAHHA H H O K P Ha KanHTajiHCTHMecKOM npejuipHHTHH noAHHHeHo T p e ö o BAHHHM o ô e c n e ^ e H H f l n p n ö b i J i H . H a NOJIHTHQECKYIO Ba>KH O C T b 3T0H 3 a f l a q H y K a 3 b I B a e T C H B KpHTH^eCKOM n p e A H c j i o B H H K H3BÔCTH0H K H H r e S j i B H H a M . B a Ö H Ö e p r a « n p o ÓJIEMBI K p y n H O M a c i i i T a Ô H b i x HCCJIEÄOBAHHH»: « B CBH3H C ycKopeHHGM H a y H H o - T e x H H q e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a H O B O B B e a e HHH paCCMaTpHBaiOTCH KA>KAOH COUHaJIbHOH H nOJlHTHHeCKOH CTpyKTypOH Ha (J)OHe COpGBHOBaHHH C B p e M e H e M , HHANE r o B o p n , COPEBHOBAHHH C KOHKypeHTaMH. A TAK KAK 3HAKHeHmaa 3 a a a n a .ynpaBJieHHH no.TeHii,Ha^oM H n p o u e c c a M H H H O K P B (j^upMe 3AKJIIOMAETCH B TOM, MTO6 b l C nOMOIHblO nJiaHHpOBaHHH HCCJieflOBaHHH H3fle>KHO no^HHHTb HHOKP CTpaTerHH KanHTa^HCTHqecKoro n p e ^ n p H a T H H . CTpaTerHMecKHH a j i e M e H T B miaHHpoBaHHH HCCJIEFLOBAHHH COCTOHT npe>K,n,e B c e r o B o n p e A e j i e H H H o ö ^ E M A 6 y Ä y m H x H H O K P , a T.aK%e B B b i ö o p e o ß J i a c T e f i , r a e HX HeoöxoAHMO p a 3 B e p i b i B a T b c c o o T B e T C T B y i o m e H HHTeHCHBHOCTbK). C T p a T e r H ^ e c K H e peiueHHH, npHHHMaeMbie Ha y p o B H e pyKOBOflCTB3 (fwpMbl, 3 a T e M KOHKpeTH3HpyK3TCfl H TpaHCKHbie n p o e K T b i H H O K P , KOTOpbie o n p e ^ e j i K i o T C H H e n o CpeflCTBeHHO pyKOBOÄCTBOM (flHpMbl,— BblÖOp KOHKpeTHbix n p o e K T O B h c o c T a ß j i e H H e n p o r p a M M H H O K P , o c y m e c T B J i n e M b i e cpeaHHM ypoBHeM ynpaB^eHHH HHOKP; oKOH^aTe^bHoe yTBepwAeHHe nporpaMMbi o c T a e T c a , o a HaKO, o n n T b - T a K H n p e p o r a T H B o f i B b i c u i e r o pyKOBOACTBa. 3 T H M AOJIJKHO ö b i T b o ß e c n e i e H o c o o T B e T C T B H e n p o r p a M M b i 1 Methoden der Prioritätsbestimmung II. Verfahren zur Planung von S t a ä t s a u s g a b e n unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Forschung und Entwicklung. Studie der P r o g n o s AG im Auftrage des Bundesministers für Bildung und Wissenschaft. — Schriftenreine Forschungsplanung, 1971, Ks 4 (Zusammenfassung ohne Seitenangabe).

150

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Forschungsplanung

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1 R. C 0 e n e n. Aufgaben und Methoden der Forschungsplanung. Schriftenreihe des Bundesministers für wissenschaftliche Forschung. — Forschungspolitik, 1969, .N° 9, S. 36. 2 Methoden der Prioritätsbestimmung II, S. 4.

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npwóopoCTpoeHHe) XHMHHecKaa H 4>apMaueBTHqecKan * G a p s in Technology Paris, 1970, p. 135.

between

Member

Countries.

Analytical

Report-

Ta6/MU,a HayKoeMKiie

ÄBHauHOHHan S^eKTpoTexHHiecKaH (BKJiKmaü npnóopoCTpoeHHe) X H M H l e C K a H (BKJIIOMaH (JiapMaueBTHiecKyio H HecjiTHHyio) * Gaps In Technology Paris, 1970, p. 137.

MexaHHiecKHe

22 *

ripoiHe

M a UIHHOCTpOHTeJIbnaa

Pe3HHOTexHHqecKad TeKCTHJIbHaH

MeTH3HaH

nnmeBas) T p a H c n o p T H u e cpe,n- U p y r a e OTpacJiH CTBa

between

Member

Countries. Analytical

Reporl.

1 B npe>KHeft oaccH(J)HKauHH o i p a c j i e f l n o yKa3anHOMy npH3HaKy BbmeJiHJiHCb cJie,ny>omHe r p y n n H : BbicoKOTexHH^Hbie, noJiyiexHHHHbie, HeiexHHiHbie. (CM.: R. B. Y o u n g . K e y s t o C o r p o r a t e G r o w t h -M Haroard Business Review, v o l . 39, 1961, N? 6, p. 56.)

167 B

Me>KÄyHap0j,H0M

pa3pa6oroK T3KHM « e

no

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OTpacjiHM

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h

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HaynoeM-

k o c t h o T p a a i e f l , K . T . IÜTaHÄKe npHxoAHT k c;ie,nyioinHM pe3yjibTaTaM 1.

BecbMa

HayKOGMKHe — a B H a -

h

paKeTOCTpoeHHe

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npoMbim-

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npHÖopocTpoeHHe 4>apMaueBTH4ecKafl

npo-

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HHOKP

b npoÄa>Kax npeBbimaeT

HayKoeMKHe —

10%)

ajieKTpoTexHHKa XHMHiecKaa

npoMbimjieH-

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npoMbiiu-

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b npo^aJKax npeBbimaeT

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(Kpo-

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3%) npoMbiuuieH-

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aHajjH3e

BbIHCHHeTCH, (Ta6ji.

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b npoaa>Kax

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1%).

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23).

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B

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npe^nocbUKax

H

yCJIOBHHX npOH3BOÄCTBa COOTBGTCTByiOmHX PtpOflyKTOB, p a 3 y M e e T c a , npeÄCTaBJiaiOT c o ö o h p e m a i o m H Ö 4>aKT0P 1 K. H. S t a n d k e. Europäische Forschungspolitik im Wettbewerb, Industrielle F o r s c h u n g und E n t w i c k l u n g und internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. B a d e n - B a d e n , 1970, S. 47.

168

TaÖAima 23 R o n a pacxoAOB Ha H H O K P B npoAaxax no OTpacjisiM npOMHmjieHHOCTH CUI A B 1927—1961 rr. ( % ) * Orpacjib A bh acTpoeHHe ripHöopocTpoeHHe SjieKTpoTexHHHecKan XHMHiecKaa Pe3HH0TeXHHHeCKaH MauiHHocTpoeHHe CTeKOJibHan, KepaMHqecKaa h chJlHKaTHaH ABTOMOÖH^eCTpoeHHe ripowee TpaHcnopTHOe MaiiiHHOCTpoeHHe MeTaJUiypraa h np0H3B0ÄCTB0 MeTajiJi0H3ÄeJiHft MeTajuiyprHH npOH3BOÄCTBO MeTajUI0H3Äe.nHH Het|>TaHaa ByinaatHaa

ilHmeBaa

JleconHJibHaa KoxeBeHHaa TeKCTH^bHaa h uiBeftHaa

1927

1937

1951

1957 18,9 7,3 11,0 3,5

0,54 0,42 0,36 0,19

1,5 1,1 0,96 0,43

11,9 3,0 3,6 1,5 0,5 0,5

0,13 0,07

0,43 0,4

0,4 0,5

0,07

0,07

0,3

0,07

0,17

•---

—

—

—

—

—

0,09 0,06 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01

0,45 0,17 0,04 0,04 0,02 0,02

—

0,3 0,2 0,7 0,3 0,10 0,03 0,03 0,07

—

4,2

1961 24,2 7,3 10,4 4,6 2,2 4,4 1,8 2,9

—

2,9

—

—

1,5 0,5 0,8 0,7 0,3

1,3 0,8 1,0 0,7 0,3 0,5

— — —

—

0,6

* 3. M a H c t | ) H j i A . yKa3. coi., c. 73. ÄH(J)4)epeHUHauHH p a c x o ^ o ß Ha H H O K P h HayKoeMKoCTH. T e X H H ^ e C K H H 6 a 3 H C n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B a Ä a H H O r O B H Ä a npoAyKiiHH c j i e a y é T paccMaTpHBaTb He TtvibKO c towkh 3peHHH B03M0>KH0CTeH ÄJ1H HCCJieAOBaHHH, HO H B CBH3H C HeOÖXOÄHMOCTbK) HCCJie^OBaHHH, OÖyCJIOBJieHHOÖ KanHTajlHCTHHeCKOH KOHKypeHIiHeft. AMepHKaHCKHH 3KOHOMHCT .Hjk. U l M y m i e p npHiiieji K BbIBOAy, HTO OTKpbITHH BbI3bIBaiOTCH K JKH3HH CnpOCOM, a n 0 3 T 0 M y pa3JiHqH3 b aßccviioTHbix h OTHOCHTejibHhix p a 3 M e p a x 3aTpaT Ha HccjieflOBaHHH b p e m a i o m e f i cTeneHH onpeAe^aiOTCH oijeHKaMH s k o h o m h m c c k o h nepcneKTHBbi riosTOMy öbijio 6bi HeTowHo roBopHTb o HeKoefi « n p e a 1 Cm.: J. S ' c h m o o k l e r . Invention and Economic Cambridge (Mass.), p. 12, 196f.

Growth.

169 o n p e ^ e j i e H H O c T H » O T p a c j i n c TOHKH 3peHHH YCJIOBHFI N P O H 3 B O A C T B A

TexHHiecKHx

H 6 e 3 r p a H H < I H O H TEXHHQECKOÖ BO3-

MOJKHOCTH c o B e p u i e H C T B O B a H H H e e npoflyKu,HH. H a A e j i e TexHHiecKHfi nporpecc B OTpacjiH onpeflejiiieTCH p a c n e T3MH H3roTGBHTejiefl H n o T p e Ô H T e j i e f i n p o f l y K U H H Ha n o JiyneHHe npHÖbuiH. CJIEÄOBATEJIBHO, B ONPEAEJIEHHBIX

KOHUEHTPAUNA

OTPACJIAX

P A C X O A O B HA

cjiy>KHT B B I P A ^ E H H E M

H H O K P 0U;EH0K

nepcneKTHBbi H a n o ^ y M e H H e n p n ô b U i H n p H n o M o m H ebiaodHblX BJIOJKeHHH B H H O K P HMCHHO s i h m OÖ-bflCHaeTCfl c ï p e M J i e H H e K a n H T a j i H CTH^eCKHX n p e a n p H H T H H K OÖHOBJieHHIO H ÄH4>4)epeHUHaUHH npOÄyKUHH. O T f l e j i b H b i e BHAbi H r p y n n b i npoAyKUHH n 0 - p a 3 H 0 M y n o f l f l a w T C H TaKoA AHTJM^epeHiiHauHH, a n c m o M y B p a 3 JIHMHOH Mepe « n p e Ä p a c n o J i a r a i o T » K H C C J I 6 A 0 B 3 H H H M H p a 3 p a 6 o T K a M . ECJIH n p o f l y K T c J i a ô o n o f l f l a e T c a AHKE npOMblIIIJICHHOCTH > K H 3 H e H H H H UHKJ1

M H o r H X npoflyKTOB p a ß e H 5 — 1 0 r o a a M . T a n K a n n o n p o AyKTaM -OCHOBHOH XHMHH n o j i y n a T b B b i c o n y i o n p n ö b u i b T p y Ä H O , (J)HpMbI H a O C H O B e COOTBGTCTByiOlUHX H H O K P c03Aai0T HOBbie BHAbi npoflyKUHH ÄAH nepepaöaTbiBaioLU,HX OTpacJiefl H KOHeuHbix noTpeÔHTejien. B XHMHMBCKOH npoMbiiujieHHocTH x o p o u i o npocjientHBaeTCfl c B H 3 b M e >KAy ypOBHeM p a C X O A O B H a H H O K P H }KH3HeHHbIM UHKJIOM n p O Ä y K U H H OCHOBHblX npOH3BOÄHTejiefi 2. H a O C H O B e BblBOÄOB y . K o M a H O p a 3 , COrJiaCHO KOTOpbIM B03M05KH0CTH AH(J)4)epeHUHauHH n p o a y K U H H H 3aTpaTbi H a n c c j i e A O B a H H H nOJIO)KHTejIbHO KOppejIHpyiOT, a B O T p a C ^ H X c OrpaHH^eHHblMH B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 C T H M H ÄH(J)(j)ep6HUHaU,HH KOppeJinpyioT K O H u e H T p a u H a n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B a H 3aTpaTbi Ha » CM.: R. R. N e l s o n , M. J. P e c k , E. D. K a 1 a c h e k. Technology, Economic Growth and Public Policy. Washington, 1967, p. 73f. 2 CM.: W. S c h w e 11 i c k. F o r s c h u n g u n d E n t w i c k l u n g in der O r g a n i s a t i o n industrieller U n t e r n e h m e n . Westberlin, 1973, S. 139, 148. 3 CM.: W. S. C o m a n o r . Market Structure, Product Differentiation and Industrial Research. — Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. LXXXI, 1967, p. 648!.

170 H c c j i e a o B a H H H , K. BpoKxo(J) n p n x o A H T K 3aKjuoMeHHio, «ITO p a c x o A b i Ha p e K j i a M y c n j i b H O 33BHCHT OT T o r o Ke He MO>KGM o r p a H H q H T b C H p a c c M O T p e H H e M OÄHoro o n p e a e j i e H H o r o a c n e K T a , H a n p m v i e p r o ß o p H T b o IIOCTOHHHOM COOTHOIIieHHH MeJKAy TeXHHMeCKOH 6 a 3 0 H ÄaHHOrO npOH3BOÄCTBa H COOTBeTCTByK>LU.HMH efl M a c u i T a ö a M H HccjieAOBaHHH. BO3MO>KHOCTH AJIH H c c j i e A O B a HHH y > K e HE ONPEAEJINIOTCH OAHHM, HCTKO ORPAHHQEHHBIM

4)aKTOpOM 2 . n

P

H

AHAJIH3E

HHTCHCHBHOCTH

HCCNEAOBAHHH

B

pa3-

JlHMHblX OTpaCJlHX HeOÖXOflHMO T3K>Ke yHHTbIBaTb, 4T0 flOJifl 3 a T p a T Ha H H O K P B n p o f l a a t a x o n p e A e j i n e T c a TaKjKe pa3JiHMHflMH B H c c j i e A O B a T e j i b c K H x npoueccax (pa3HbiMH BHAaMH H o6i>eMaMH 3 a T p a q H B a e M b i x p e c y p COB), B 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H 0 H c T p y K T y p e H, K p o M e T o r o , o é - b eKTHBHO OÖyCJIOBJieHHOH CneUH^HKOH BOnJIOmeHHH 3 a T p a T Ha H H O K P B SKOHOMHqecKHH p e 3 y j i b T a T ( n p o A a JKH) 3 . T o B o p H o T p e T b e M 4>aKTope (4>opMa p b i H K a ) , T . L ü e T i y i e HCXOAHT H3 yTBepjKAeHHH, Kya3HOli 9KOHOMHleCKOfl TeOpHH nOHHMaeTCH HajlHUHe H OÖpa3 ÄeftCTBHH H e M H O rflx rocnoÄCTByioiUHx Ha pbiHKe npe^npHATHfl B KaKoft-JiHÖo oTpaca^, 2

171 H H O K P

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npn

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B

TaK

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0 6 m . e e y T B e p w a e H H e o TOM, q r a n p n MOHonojiHCTHqecKOfi C T p y K T y p e OTpacviH p a c x o a u Ha H C c ^ e a o B a H H H B b i m e , H e OTpaJKaer B /locTaToqHofi Mepe KOHKpeTHbie yc^oBHfl, n p e ^ n o c b U K H , He06x0flHM0CTb h u e ^ e B b i e y c T a H O B K H H H O K P B KanHTaJIHCTHMeCKHX K O H U e p H a X , CTpeMHIUHXCH peajiH30BaTb onpefle^EHHYIO CTpaTernio. Ha O C H O B e S M n H p H ^ e C K H X HCCJieAOBaHHH 3 . M3HC())HJlACyMe^ NOKA3ATB,

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JIOBHH K O H K y p e H U H H H e o 6 x o A H M o n o MeHbuieft M e p e yqnTbiBaTb OTpacjieBbie o c o 6 e H H o c T H 2 . H e c y m e c T B y e T BceoGmeii H H e H 3 M e H H 0 H B 3 3 H M 0 C B H 3 H M O K f l y p O C T O M K O H u e p H O B B OTIIEJIBHBIX O T p a c j i H x H YBEJIHMEHNEM p a c x o a o B H a HayiHbie HccjieaoBaHHH. 3 . MSHCCJJHJIA npHxoflHT K BbiBo^y, QRO o T H o m e H H e 3 a T p a T H a H H O K P K p a 3 M e p a M cJ)npMbi A J i s K p y n H b i x c{)HpM H e 6ojibiue, q e M z y i a Me/iK H X (3a H C O I O H e H H e M X H M H q e C K O H IipOMblllUieHHOCTH). B He a p M a u e B T H q e c K 0 H « cTeKOJibHOH npoMbllllJieHHOCTH 3T0 OTHOIIieHHe Aa>Ke M e H b U i e 3. 3TOT BHBOA o c n a p H B a e T I \ W e T i y i e , KOTopbifi, HCXOAH H3 T o r o 4>aKTa, « q r o n o a a B J i a i o m a H q a c T b n p o M b i u i jieHHbix HCCJieAOBaHHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K ocymecTBjiHeTca CpaBHHTejIbHO He60JIbIIIHM qHCJIOM (j)HpM H qTO BCe 3TH cJ)HpMbi 6 e 3 HCKJiioqeHHH K p y n H b i e (XOTH h He c a M b i e K p y n H b i e ) » 4 , npwxoAHT K c j i e A y i o m e M y BbiBoay: p a c x o A H H a HCCJIEFLOBAHHA, B 3 f l T b i e n a n FLOJIA B O6T>EME n p o ^ a j K ,

y

K p y n H b i x cJwpM B b i m e , qeM y H e 6 o j i b i i i H X s . K . BpoKxot}), o c H O B b i B a a c b Ha o u e H K e Ke a pe3y^bTaTe l e r o CKjiaabiBaeTCH «HecoBepmeHHaa KOHKypemiHH». Tanaa ToiKa 3peHHH He B nocjie^Hioio owepeAb np«3BaHa cjiy>KHTb KanmajiHCTHqecKoro npoTHBOBecoM KanecTBeHHo HOBOA TpaKTOBKe npouecca KOHuempauHH B MAPKCHCTCKO-jieHHHCKOH TeopHH, paccMaTpHBaiomefi MOHOIIOJIHIO B KatecTBe npoHB^eHHa 3K0H0MHiecK0ft n nojiHTHiecKofi BJiacTH cfwHaHcoBoro KanHTa^a. ' CM.: G . S c h a t z 1 e. Op. cit., S. 176f. 2 CM.: E. M a n s f i e l d . Industrial Research and Technological Innovation. 1968, p. 21 f. 3 Ibid., p. 43. 4 G. S c h a t z l e . Op. cit., S. 160. 6 Ibid., S. 161.

172 BbicKa3ajicfl npoTHB y m e p j K a e H H H 3 . M a H c ^ H J i a a 1 h noÄ^epKHyji, h t o p a a M e p b i K) MoryT cJiy>KHTb B KaqecTBe He3aBHCHMoft nepeMeHHofi, o n p e A e j i H r o m e f i othoCHTejIbHyiO BeJIHHHHy paCXOAOB Ha HCCJieflOBaHHH TOJIbKO b n p e ^ e J i a x oähoö O T p a c j i H 2 . npeAnpHHHTbifi T. T p a ö o B ckhm perpeccHOHHbiH aHajiH3 äjih r p y n n b i H3 16 (Jjhpm XHMHH6CKOH npOMbllBJieHHOCTH, 10 (J)HpM (|)apMaU6BTHnecKofi npOMbiin^eHHOcTH h 15 He(^Tenepepa6aTbiBaK)m n x (J)HpM, BXOÄJHUHX B CnHCOK 5 0 0 KpynHeHIIIHX (})HpM CLLIA, noKa3a;i, hto B3anMocBH3b Me>KAy BejiHHHHOÖ 3 a TpaT n a H H O K P h pa3MepaMH npe,nnpHHTHH, Bbipa-

HieHHbiMH b oö-beiwe npoAa>K, HafijuoflaeTCH TOJibKo b p a M K a x OTpacjiH. J l n u i b b xhmhhcckoh npoMbiuuieHHocTH HajiHuo n p H p o c T äojih pacxoAOB Ha HCCJieAOBaHHH npw yBejiHweHHH o ö ^ e M a

npo^am3.

K aHajiorHHHbiM p e 3 y ^ b T a T a M n p n u i e j i O . LLIepep, np0aHajIH3Hp0BaBUIHH B3aHMOCBH3b Me»Äy MHCJieHHOCTbK) HccjieAOBaTejibCKoro n e p c o H a j i a h 06T>eM0M n p o aa>K n o iuecTH OTpacJiHM. J l n u i b b xhmhhcckoh h MeTaJijiyprHnecKOH O T p a c j i a x npOMbimjieHHocTH c yBejinneHHeM M a c i i n a ö o B np0H3B0ÄCTBa ( B b i p a ^ e H H b i x b o6i>eMe n p o Ä a « ) B03pacTai0T h p a c x o A H Ha HccjieaoBaHHH 4 . C j i e ÄOBaTejibHO, TG3HC I \ IIIeTUJie o HajiHHHH y H H B e p c a ^ b HOH B3aHMOCBH3H Me>KAy pa3MepaMH (J)HpMbI H ypOBHÖM

pacxoAOB Ha HccJieAOBaHHH mojkho nocTaBHTb noA comHeHHe h b t o m cjiynae, Kor^a b KanecTBe Mepw b c j i h h h Hbi (j)HpMbi öepeTCH qHCjieHHOCTb nepcoHajia. y . K o M a H o p n p n oöc^eAOBaHHH 21 OTpacjiH He n a rneji npHMofl nponopuHOHajibHOH 33Bhchmocth M e » A y yBejinqeHHeM p a 3 M e p o B (JmpMbi h HHCJieHHOCTbK) n e p c o 1 Cm.: K. B r o c k h o f f . Forschungsplanung im Unternehmen, S. 197f. 2 Heoöxo^HMO npn stom oTMeTHTb, hto Taxoe «oßiacHeHHe» He «aeT OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc, noieMy ypoBeub pacxOÄOB Ha HHOKP B aaHHOH oTpacjiH HM6HH0 TaKofi, a He Äpyroft. 3 CM.: H. G. G r a b o w s k i . The Determinants and Effects of Industrial Research and Development. Econometric Research Program; Memorandum 82. Princeton, 1966, p. 75f. (Uht. no K. B r o c k h o f f . Forschungsplanung..., S. 197.) 4 Cm.: F. M. S c h e r e r . Size of Firm, Oligopoly and Research: A Comment.—Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, vol. XXXI, 1965, p. 267f. (U,ht. no: K. B r o c k h o f f . Forschungsplanung..., S. 202.)

173

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HHH HOBblX TeXHHMeCKHX 3H3HHH, B CnOCOÖHOCTH n p H M e HHTb p e 3 y j i b T a T b i H H O K P n p n ß o j i b i n e M o ö i e i u e n p o H 3 BOÄCTBa H B y o i o B H f l x 6 c v i e e u i n p o K o r o a c c o p T H M e H T a npOAYKUHH (AHBepCH4)HKaUHH). HoTeHUHaJlbHbie B03MOJKHOCTH npHMeHeHHJI TeXHHHCCKHX 3H3HHH B03paCT3K)T B KOJIHMeCTBeHHOM H KaneCTBeHHOM OTHOUJeHHH. C n o c o ö HOCTb HflTH Ha 60AbUI0H pHCK (ocoßeHHo B cj)yHAaMeHTaAbHblX

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cpeACTB A J I H p e a j i H 3 a n H H AOCTHJKeHHfi HHOKP, B O 3 MOJKHocTb HecTH 6 o j i e e K p y n H u e 3 a i p a T b i n o BHeApeHHio npOAyKUHH Ha pbiHKe, npHBJieKaTb KBajIH(})HII,HpOBaHHbIH n e p c o H a J i H H O K P h T. A . — B e e 3T0 (j)aKTopbi, K 0 T 0 p b i e B COHeTaHHH C B03p0CIIieH 3HaHHMOCTbK> HCCJieAOBaHHH H p a 3 p a Ö 0 T 0 K cjiy>KaT O C H O B O H M O H o n o A b H o r o r o c n o A C T B a KOHUepHOB H nOCTOHHHO e r O BOCnpOH3BOAHT. Bcwiee

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CM.: W. S. C o m a n o r . Op. cit„ S. 640f.

B CILIA 9 0 % npoMMuiJieHHbix HOCJieAOBaHHfl H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K N P H X O Ä H T C D Ha ij)NPMBI c " J H M O M 3AHFLTBIX 60jiee 5 T U C . HeJioBeK;

300 npeanpHHTHfi c caMbiMH B H C O K H M H pacxoaaMH Ha H H O K P B M nycKaioT 90% Bcero o6i>eMa npoMbiuiJieHHOft npoayKUHH. (CM.: C. K e n n e d y , A. P. S h i r 1 w a 11. Surveys in Applied Economics: Technological P r o g r e s s — The Economic Journal, vol. 82,1972, p. 48.) 3 CM.: J. S e n g e r. ökonomische Aspekte des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprozesses. — In: Wissenschaftspolitik — Von wem, für wen, wie? Prioritäten in der F o r s c h u n g s p l a n u n g . München, 1973, S. 90.

174

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H3 61 B a « < H o r o OTKpbiTHH H HOBOBBeAeHHH nepBoñ nojioBHHbi TeKymero cTojieTHH, np0aHa;iH3Hp0BaHH0r0 JXx.. /1>KK)KCOM, JX- CoñepcoM H K. CTHJijiepMaHOM, 6 0 j i e e nojioBHHbi n p H H a A J i e s í H T caMOCTOHTejibHO p a ö o T a B IIIH M y q e H b I M H.TCH HeÔOJIblHHM (J)HpM3M 3 ; aHajiornqHO

npoHcxoJKAeHHe

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c

3 H p o B a H H b i x ,0,. X a M Ô e p r o M Ha

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149

1946 4

èo^ee no

2 /z

1955

H3 27

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r.,

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Ibid.. S. 92. U S - D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e . T e c h n o l o g i c a l I n n o v a t i o n : I t s E n v i r o n m e n t a n d M a n a g e m e n t . W a s h i n g t o n , 1967, p. 16f. 3 CM.: J. J e w k e s , D. S a w e r s , K. S t i l l e r m a n . T h e S o u r ces of I n v e n t i o n , L o n d o n , 1958, p. 72—88, H IACTB II. 4 CM.: D. H a m b e r g . I n v e n t i o n in t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y — Journal of Political Economy, April 1963, p. 36. 2

175 AJIKDMHHHN)

3A

1946—1957

JIHlUb OAHO H3 K a W A b l X KpynHbIM (j)HpMaM 'l

rr.

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H3 13 KpynHblX HOBOBBeAeHHH B aMepHK3HCK0H CTajiejiHTeHHofi npoMbiiu^eHHocTH 3a nepHOfl c 1940 no 1955 r. qerape npHHa;uie>KaT 3ana;uioeBponeHCKHM 4>HpMaM, CeMb—He33BHCHMbIM H30ÓpeTaTeJIHM H HH OflHO 3 M e p H K a H C K H M CTaJIbHbIM K O H U e p H a M 2 ; B e e C e M b CMHTaiOmHXCfl K p y i l H b l M H OTKpblTHH B 0 6 JiacTH He(J)Tenepepa6oTKH npHHa;yie>KaT caMocTOHTejibHo p a S o T a B i u H M y q e H b i M , T o r a a KaK K p y n H b i e K O H u e p H b i AOBOJIbCTBOBa/IHCb y C O B e p U i e H C T B O B a H H e M 3THX MeTOflOB 3 . A H a J l H 3 HCT04HHK0B 2 5 BaJKHefilUHX HOBOBBefleHHH K O M n a H H H « X l i o n o H » 3 a n e p n o f l c 1 9 2 0 n o 1 9 5 0 r. n o Ka3ajl, MTO 10 H3 HHX (B TOM MHCJIE HefUIOH, OpJIOH, HeonpeH) pa3pa6oTaHbi HC(:.ne,noBaTeJibCKHMH ueHTpaMH KOMnaHHH, a 15 A p y r n x — BHe ee, HO 6HJIH n o a x B a i e H b i H ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHbi j i a ó o p a T o p H H M H « ^ r o n o H » 4 . H 3 npHBeAeHHbix npHMepoB, xapaKTepH3yiouiHx p a 3 HocTopoHHK)K) fleHTejibHocTb caMOCTOHTejibHO p a S o T a r o m n x y q e H b i x H H e ó o j i b i i i H X ({)HpM, OTCBHAHO T a n ^ e , UTO MOHONOJIHH S j i a r o ^ a p f l C B o e f l o r p o M H o f i SKOHOMH^CCKOH MomH H C n o M o m b i o pa3BHTbix cjiyjKÓ H H O K P c n o c o 6 Hbi S b i c T p o H y c n e n i H O p e a r n p o B a T b H a n e p c n e K T H B H b i e O T K p b l T H H , n o j i y ^ e H H b i e B H e (|)HpMbi. O H H M o r y T flonyCTHTb, HTOÓbl 3 H a H H T e j I b H a f l l a C T b p a Ó O T b l n o C 0 3 A 3 H H 1 0 H a y q H O - T e x H H ^ e c K H x HOBiuecTB n p o B O A H J i a c b a y T c a f t a e p a MH, HO HCKJUOHHTeJIbHOe n p a B O KOMMepneCKU npHMeHHTb HOBbie T e X H H q e C K H e 3H3HHH n p H H a f l J I O K H T TOJlbKO HM. B CBH3H C O T C y T C T B H e M H e O Ó X O A H M O r O T e X H H q e C K O r O o c H a m e H H a H a o c T a T O H H b i x 4>HHaHC0Bbix p e c y p c o B c a M O CTOHTejibHO p a ó o T a i o m H e H 3 o 6 p e T a T e j i H , a TaK>Ke HeÓOJIBUIHE H c p e ^ H H e n p e , n n p H H T H H o r p a H H u e H b i B C B o e f l H3o6peTaTeJibCKofl aenTejibHocTH. B STHX yaiOBHHx 1 CM.: M. P e c k . I n v e n t i o n s in the P o s t - W a r A m e r i c a n A l u m i n i u m I n d u s t r y . — I n : T h e R a t e a n d D i r e c t i o n of I n v e n t i v e Activity. P r i n c e t o n , 1962, p. 279—292. 1 CM.: D. H a m b e r g . O p . cit., p. 98. 8 CM.: J. L. E n o s. I n v e n t i o n a n d I n n o v a t i o n in t h e P e t r o l e u m R e f i n i n g I n d u s t r y . — I n : T h e R a t e a n d D i r e c t i o n of I n v e n t i v e Activity, p. 299—304. 4 W. F. M u e 11 e r. Op. cit., S. 3 2 3 - 3 6 0 .

176 npoHcxoÄHT c B o e o 6 p a 3 H o e ps3AeAeHHe T p y a a M e w A y c a MOCTOHTEABHO p a ö o T a i o m H M H H 3 o 6 p e T a T e ^ H M H H K p y n HbiMH n p e ^ n p H H T H a M H . K a n OTMCTSIOT P . H e A b c o H H e f o cxjaBTOpbi, K p y n H b i e npeAnpHHTHH H HX A s ß o p a T o p H H aKTHBHo p a ô O T a i O T B T e x o ó J i a c T H x , r a e n p e A n o c b i ^ K O H H 3 o 6 p e T e H H a c j i y > K a T 3 H a H n e OCHOB HayKH, s K c n e p H M e H T3AbHbie HCCJieflOBaHHH H BblHCHeHHe CAOJKHblX H a y i H b i x B3AHMOCBH3CH, T O r ß a KaK CâMOCTOHTGJIbHblH H 3 0 6 p e T a T e j i b B n p a B e pacGWHTbiBaTb Ha y c n e x T a M , r ^ e T p e ó y e T c a noAJiHHHoe H 3 o 6 p e T a T e j i b C K o e qy-rbe B oÖAacTH MexaHHKH. T a K , Ha C3M0CT0HT6AbH0 p3ÔOT3IOmHX H 3 o 6 p e T 3 T e j i e i i n p H x o Ä H T c a IIOHTH 8 8 % s c e x OTKPHTHH B O6A3CTH MBXAHHIECKHX yCTpOHCTB, TOAbKO 9 % — B SAÊKTpOHHOH npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH

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B03M0JKH0CT5IM C3MOCTOHTeAbHO p a Ö O T a i O m e r O H30ÓPETATE^N c o o T B e T C T B y e T R I P E T E B e e r ò OÖAACTB TAN H a 3 b i B a e M b i x y A y m u a i o m H x HOBOBBe^eHnii, a T a i o K e Te o T p a c J i H , KOTopbie xapaKTepH3yiOTCH i\ny60K0H c n e u n a ^H3an,Heñ2. B b i c o K H e 3 a T p a T b i , c KOTOPHMH HepeAKO c o n p a w e H b i p a A H K a j i b H b i e h o b o b b 6 A 6 h h h , a T3K>Ke CBH33HHMH c n o C A C A H H M H pHCK MoryT c e ó e n 0 3 B 0 A H T b M o m H b i e B H3HC0B0M oTHOiiieHHH MOHOIIOAHH. B H e A p e H H e K3T3AH* T H ^ e c K o r o KpeKHHra B H e ( } ) T e n e p e p a 6 a T b i B a i o i i i . e H npo MbiuijieHHOCTH noTpeßoBaAO 3 a T p a T B 11 MAH. A O A A . ; Ha c o 3 A 3 H H e H e ñ j i o H a KOMnaHHH « / J i o n o H » H 3 p a c x o A O B a j i a 5 0 MAH. AOAA. H AeJIbpHH-rmaCTHKa — 5 0 MAH. AOAA. C 1 9 4 6 n o 1 9 6 5 r . « B e A A TeAecfiOH» a c c n r H O B a A a n a p a 3 p a ô o T K y T p a H 3 H C T o p a noqTH 2 8 MAH. AOAA., a KOMIISHHH «flyrAac» H3pacxoAOB3Aa Ha co3AaHHe peaKTHBHoro nacca^HpcKoro caMOAeTa ÄC-18 112 MAH. AOAA.3. C T04KH 3peHHH H 3 A e p j K e K , CBH33HHbIX C H0B0BBCA6HHHMH, HMeiOTCa pa3AHHHH Me>KAy OTpaCAflMH H TeXHOA o r n a M H ; KpOMe T o r o , Ha 3 a T p 3 T b i BAHaeT T3K>Ke AOcTHrHyTbiH y p o B e H b T6XHHHCCKoro n p o r p e c c a . OAnano npHBeAeHHbie A3HHbie y K 3 3 b i B a i O T Ha TCHACHUHHD K y B e 1 CM.: R. R. N e l s o n , M. J . P e c k , E. D. K a l a e h e k . Op. cit., p. 57f. * Ibid., p. 57. 3 J. J e w k e s, D. S a w e r s, K. S t i 11 e r ra a n. Op. cit., p. 214f. Table IX.

177

jiHqeHHio (j)HHaHCOBbix 3aTpaT Ha cooTeercTaytotnue hoBOBBeaeHHH h Ha n p e H M y m e c T B a K p y n H u x KOHuepHOB.

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3^eKTp0HH0H o 6 p a 6 o T K H a a H H b i x , o6-bHCHflji nocTeneHH y i o n p o Ä a ^ y C B o e f i (JmpMbi K O H u e p H y « C n M e H C » t c m , hto orpaHHHeHHoeTb (J)HHaHCOBbix pecypcoB C A e j i a j i a HCB03M0>KHbiM n p o ; u v i > K e H H e p a ß o T h i . B H a q a ^ e Uy3e n p o u , B e T a J i , n 0 T 0 M y i t o BbinojiHHji p a ß o T y a j i h o n p e ^ e jreHHbix 3 a K a 3 q H K O B , OAHaKO c o BpeMeHeM e M y ct3hoBiiJiHCb He n o c p e a c T B a M p a c x o A H Ha p a 3 p a 6 o T K y 3 B M h MaieMaTHMecKoro oöecneneHHH (soft w a r e ) n o M e p e äoboäkh H3o6peTeHHH 3 a T p a T b i p a c T y T T a K ÖbICTpo, WTO CT3HOBHTCH HeilOCHJIbHHMH «J1H C3MOCTOHTejibHO p a ö o T a i o m e r o H 3 o 6 p e T a x e j i i i , a T a i o n e a-ah- He6oJibiiiHx h c p e f l H H x (J)HpM. Fl03T0My npaKTHKyeTCH n p o Aa>Ka p e 3 y j i b T a T O B HccJieA0B3HHH KpynHbiM KOHuepHaM, KOTopue ocymecTBJiHHDT aajibHeflmyK) pa3pa6oTKy BIlJIOTb AO BbinyCKa npOÄyKTa Ha pblHOK.

Bo3HHKaeT Bonpoc, cymecTByeT jih npeAeji pocTa 3^)(J)eKTHBHOCTH H H O K P no M e p e yBejinneHHa pa3MepoB (|)HpMbi hjih me no aocthjkchhh onpe^ejieHHoro o6T>eMa np0H3B0ACTBa h BejiH^HHU noTeHii.Ha.na H H O K P 3(j)(J>eKTHBHOCTb Ha^HHaeT na^aTb h bo3hhk3iot noTepn, CBH33HHbie C 1pe3MepHbIMH MaCUITaÖaMH fleHTejIbHOCTH (diseconomies of scale). SMnnpHnecKHe AaHHbie, npnB J i e K a e M b i e una Toro, qToöbi OTBeTHTb Ha stot bonpoc h 060CH0BaTb Te3HC 06 yßbiBaiomefi 3tJ)(})eKTHBhocth HccjieaoBaHHH, no HarneMy mhchhk), HeyßeAHTeJIbHH. H3 352 KpynHefiuiHX npoMbiuijieHHbix KOMnaHHH C I I I A b c e p e ^ H H e 6 0 - x toäob Ha 5 0 c a M b i x K p y n H b i x n o o S t e M y n p o A a w npHXOAJMOCb 6 0 % c y M M a p H b i x n p O A a J K , 5 8 % B c e r o HccjieAOBaTeJibCKoro n e p c o H a j i a h 5 1 % 3anaTeHTOBaHHblX OTKpblTHH. JlHUIb npH rOÄOBOM o ö o p o T e AO 100 mjih. aojui. p e 3 y j i b T a T b i HHOKP b K p y n H H x HpM a x 6 h a h Bbiine; n p n ö o j i e e K p y n H u x o ß t e M a x npoAa>K hbhhx n p e H M y m e c T B y } K e He H a Ö A i O A a j i o c b 2 . 1 CM.: L. J ü t t n e r - K r a m n y . Zur Bedeutung der Unternehmensgrößen für den technischen Fortschritt. Köln, 1970, S. 90. 2 F. M. S c h e r e r. Researchers Roundtable. — In: Proceedings of a Conference on Technology Transfer and Innovation. National Science Foundation, 6 7 — 5 . Washington, 1967, p. 104,

178

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179 qecKOM n p e f l n p H H T H H . Y w e n p n paccMOTpeHHH nepBbix 4>aKTOpOB C T a j I O OHeBHAHO, 4TO C^HHaHCOBbie B06M0>KHOCTH HMeiOT p e i u a i o m e e 3 H a q e H H e juin M a c u i T a ö o B HCCJIEAOBAHHH H p a 3 p a 6 o T O K , K 0 T 0 p b i e , ecjiH HX o c y m e CTBJIHK5T C AOCT3TOHHbIM p a 3 M a X O M H AOJI>KHOH 3(|)(J)eKTHBHOCTbK), a TSKJKe C yHeTOM B p e M e H H Ö r O 4 > a K T O p a , B CBOK) o q e p e f l b CnOCOÖHM nOBJIHHTb Ha B e j I H ^ H H y H AHHAMHKY NPHÖBIJIH,

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184

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186 Ta6mu,a

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? IC. B e r t h 0 1 d. Op. cit., S. 68,

188

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C J I E A O B A H H H M H B O ß ^ A C T H N P O A Y K U H H H TEXHOJIORHH C M . : B .

V. D e a n,

S. S. S e n g u p t a. Research B u d g e t i n g and Project Selection. IRETransaction on E n g i n e e r i n g M a n a g e m e n t , vol. 9, 1962, p. 158f.

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j i e H a n p a B ^ e H H o r o noAHHHeHHH pbiHKa h o ó e c n e i e H H H MOHOIlOJIbHOH npHÓbl^H. TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , K ÌHCJiy CTpaTernqecKHx peuieHHfl pyKOBOflCTBa npeflnpHHTHH, o t h o c h i u H x c h k onpeAejieHHio KOHKpeTHOH n p o r p a M M b i h c HanpaBjieHnfi cjie^oBaHHH, npHHaA^ie>KHT h Bbióop (J)yHAaMeHTajibHbix Hccjie^oBaHHfi. riocjieAHHe AOJIJKHM yqHTbiBaTb cneuH^HKy npeanpHHTHH, a Tanwe ero CTpyKTypy h AHHaMHKy. CyHTC, BHue-npe3HaeHT H flHpeKTOp n o B o n p o c a M HccjieflOBaHHH KOMnaHHH « J 3 , « e H e p a j i ajieKTpHK», qeTKo pa3rpaHHqnBaeT

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«CyflH n o BbICK33bIB3HHflM aMepHK3HCKHX 3 B T 0 p 0 B , 4>yHKUHH pyKOBOflCTBa npH njiaHHpoBaHHH 4>yHflaMeHTSJIbHblX HCCJieAOBaHHH CBOflHTCH B OCHOBHOM K CJie/iyiouteMy: b 3 3 b h c h m o c t h o t CTpaTerHH npeanpHHTHn npHHHTb p e m e H n e o t o m , b k 3 k h x o 6 j i 3 c t h x h c k s k h m h 3aTpaT3MH CJieflyeT HCK3Tb 0CH0B0n0J13r3I0III,He HayMHOTexHH^ecKHe p e 3 y j i b T a T b i » 3 . OAH3KO

n p H TpaHC(j)OpManHH T3KHX rjIOÓajIbHblX

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S c h a t z 1 e. Op. cit., S. 26f. B e r t h o 1 d. Op. cit., S. 169. Ibid., S. 170.

Cm.: G. Cm.: K .

B . 3aBHCHMOCTH OT IipOAyKUHH n p e j n p H H T H f l OHH MOryT 6bITb

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202 HCCJieaoBaHHH fljiH oTAejibHbix r p y n n y i e H b i x Hejib3fl a n p n o p H y T B e p m A a T b , MTO n o c j i e f l H H e TaiOKe opHeHTHpyiOTCH Ha uejiH npe,a,npHHTHH. B n p o u e c c e yTO^HeHHH, MOÄHFJWKAIJHH H c o r j i a c o ß a H H f l 3 a f l a q H BpeMeHH HX ocymecTBjieHHH B03HHKai0T MHoroqncjieHHbie n p o T H B o p e HHH H K O H ^ J I H K T H M e j K ^ y pyKOBOÄCTBOM, o p n e H T H p y lOIUHMCH Ha npH6bIJIb, H y^eHblMH, HHTepeCH KOTOpHX MOryT 6bITb HHbIMH. H a 0CH0BE OßCJIEÄOBAHH« H onpocoB (pe3yjibTaTbi KOTOpblX BO MHOrOM COBna^aiOT), nOCBHUieHHblX BblHBJIEHHIO CTeneHH Y U A C T H A Tex HJIH H H H X N O Ä P A 3 Ä E J I E H H H (J)HpMbi B onpeAe.neHHH npoeKTOB H H O K P H HOBOBBeÄeHHH, MOJKHO CÄejiaTb BblBOÄ, ^TO HapHÄy CO CJiy2K6aMH H H O K P H c6brra aKTHBHyro p o j i b H r p a j i H TaKxce npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbie CJiy)K6bI. O I C I O Ä A O I E B H A H O , MTO (JJYHKUHOHAJIBHBIE n o f l p a 3 f l e JIEHHH OKa3biBaiOT CHJRBHOE BJIHHHHE Ha n p o i ; e c c 4>opMHPOBAHHH nporpaMMbi H H O K P , NPEC^IE^YA uejib « c ö b i T b c p y K » KpaTKocpoHHbie T e x H H i e c K H e npoöJieMbi, H 3 B H 3 3 B HX peuieHHe c./iy>K6e H H O K P . N P N STOM BO3HHKaeT ONACHÖCTB T o r o , MTO B H H M A H H E C J I Y Ä Ö B I H H O K P ß Y ^ E T OTBJIEQEHO OT ÄOJIROCPO^HBIX S A ^ A V .

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203 TaSAUifa 28 *

OCHOBHbie HCTOMHHKH

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100

414

100

49

32

208

50

42 59 3

28 39 2

127 61 18

31 15 4

* D. G. M a r q u i s , S. M y e r s . Successful Industrial p. 42.

Innovations

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i $aKTop TexHiwecKoro xapaKTepa b ashhom cjiynae 03HaqaeT, i t o HMetomaacH TexHHiecKaa B03M0>KH0CTb ji,aeT tojiiok rniee C03iiahhh HOBORO NPOAYKTA hjih TEXHOJIORHH. (Cm.: D. G. Marquis, S. M y e r s. Op. cit., p. 79.)

204 Ta6mu,a

29

HHOpMaiMIOHHafl OCHOBa HOBOBBefleHHfl B npOMhlUlJieHHOCTH CUI A *

Beerò HH(JiopMai;HH

OCHOBHOft (jiaKTOP (%) TeXHH* npoH3~ aJXMHHH pblHOK BOACTBO CTpaUHH tea

1HCJIO

%

Boero

567

100

100

100

100

100

1. CoAepjKaHHe iiHopMaiiHH: CBH3aHa c npoAyKUHeft cBH3aHac Texno^orHeft

315 128

56 23

47 29

63 21

50 22

57 14

2 . C n o c o 6 nojiyieHHS hh4>opMauHH: HccJiexoBaHHH h 9KcnepHMeHT c>6pa30BaHHe h o i i u t

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12 69

6 68

15 69

12 71

10 62

3. H c t o i h h k h HHopMauhh: BHyipeHHHe BHeuiHHe KOMÓHHHpOBaHHHe

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52 35 13

37 52 11

60 30 11

55 33 12

62 33 5

4 . HH0pMau.H0HHHe KaHa^bi: JiHTepaTypa h t . n. JIHIHbie KOHTaKTbl o6yieHHe h o i i u t 3KCnepHM€HT pa3Hhie

42 145 278 40 62

7 26 49 7 11

7 33 47 3 11

8 25 49 9 11

8 24 48 8 12

0 18 76 5 5

* D. G. M a r q u i s, S. M y e r s. Successful Industriai Innovatlons, p. 53 3a,a,aq. R n h

HOBOBBefleiinfl,

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205 Ta6AUU,a

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567

Bcero 1. T?XHHQECKHE (HMeroutHftcii TSXHHHGCKHH noTeHunaji)

120 257 13 132 51

2. PHHO^Hwe: H3MeHHBUIHftCH CnpOC nporH03HpyeMUH c n p o c HSMeHHBUlHeCH phlHOHHhie yCJIOBHH npHMaa peaKUHH Ha n p o A y K i t w o KOHKypeHTOB

61

3. FIpOH3BOACTBeHHbie (HOBaH TeXHOJIOTHH, AecfieKTbi K a i e c T B a , cHHateHH6 H3AepWeK H T. A-) 4. AAMHHHCTpaTHBHUe

* D. G. M a r q u i s . p. 32.

(J)aKTOpOB, caMH

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169 21

Successful

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Innovations

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209 CTBHe H a y i H o ñ H A e o j i o r o - M e T o a o j i o r H q e c K o ñ o c h o b m He n03B0JlH6T 6yp>Kya3HbIM TeopeTHKaM npHHTH K 3HaHHMbiM B AaHHOM OTHOiueHHH pe3y,/ibTaT3M. T a K , H a n p n Mep, b K a ^ e c T B e r j i a B H o S n p e ^ n o c b U K H ripHMeHeHHa T o r o HJiH HHoro MeTO^a 6 y p » y a 3 H b i e aBTopbi c^HTaiOT «ÄOCTynHOCTb HH(J)opMau,HH» h npeÄJiarsiOT peuiHTejibHO yjiyHiiiHTb HH(})0pMauH0HHyi0 6 a 3 y . TaKOH n o ^ x o A THnH^eH h CBHfleTejibCTByeT o HecnoCOÔHOCTH 6yp)Kya3HbIX TeopeTHKOB nOHHTb COUHajIbHO3K0H0MHH6CKH6 KOpHH H e y Ä 3 q IlpH HCn0JIb30B3HHH MeTOÄOB H HHCTpyMCHTOB, KOTOpbie C3MH TIO Ce6e OTJIH13IOTCH JIOrHMeCKOH CTpOHHOCTbK) H HHOrfla npHHOCHT nojie3Hbie p e 3 y j i b T a T b i . r i p n aHajiH3e npeÄnocbiJiOK oueHKH H H O K P Ha K3IIHTaJIHCTHMGCKHX npeflnpHHTHHX UeHTpajIbHble BOnpOCM CJie^yeT aKTOpOB, CBH33HHHX C 3 a T p 3 T 3 M H , H3ü,ep)KK3MH, n 0 ^ e 3 H b I M , 3(J)(J)eKTOM H IIpOAOJIJKHTeJIbHOCTbK) p 3 3 p a 0 O T O K ? 3. KaKHe MeioflOJiorHHecKHe noAXOAbi h T e x H H q e cKHe cpeACTBa cjieAyeT npHMeHHTb B xoAe oueHKH

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219 M H o r n e M e H e a a c e p b i H H O K P He c T p o a T c e ô e HJUIIO3HH OTHOCHTejibHO T o r o , H TO yweHbie «oTOÄ^ecTBJiHiOT o p r a HH3auHK) C YMEMJIEHHEM CBOÔOÂM» A nocKOJibKy T p e ÔOBAHNE «CB060ÄW CY>KÄEHHH», KAN H n p e j K f l e , n p a M O HJTH KOCBeHHo n p o K J i a M H p y e T C H B H a y ^ H o f i a e H T e j i b H o CTH, M H o r n e M e H e Ä Ä e p b i BbmyjKÄeHbi HCKaTb o ó x o A H b i e nyTH m i n BBIACHENAA T o r o , B KaKofl M e p e B b i ö p a H H b i ö OÈ-BEKT oueHKH x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T acJxJjeKTHBHOCTb H u e j i e c o o ö p a 3 H o c T b H a n p a B j r e H H H HccjieAOBaHHH c TO^KH 3 p e HHH PEA;IH3AUHH u e j i e f l 4 ) H P M B I CO3HATEJIBHOE H;IH H e n p e Ä H a M e p e H H o e 3 a T y i u e B b i B a H H e BajKHbix npoeKTOB HMeeT T a K o e w e OTHOiueHHe K p a c c M a T p H B a e M O H n p o 6 j i e M e , K a n H n o j i H o e HeBe,a,eHHe OTHOCHTe^bHO BO3MO>KHbix AJIBT6PHÂTHB H APYRNX N0ÄX0Ä0B. C YQETOM STOH flHJieMMbl H H6B03M0JKH0CTH OUeHHTb BCe MbICJIHMbie npoeKTbi ÄJIH PYKOBOFLHTEJREH H H O K P ßBIJI PA3PA6OTAH c n e u n a j i b H b i H MCTOÄ PEIUEHHH npoÖJieMbi B b i ö o p a — TAK HA3BIBAEMBIH METOA «ONPE^EJREHHH n p o e K T O B » (Proje k t d e f i n i t i o n ) . C T . B/ieñK x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T ero cjieayiom,HM 06PA30M: « O n p e ^ e j i e H H e n p o e K T O B — STO METOÄ ynpaBJieHHH, pa3pa6oTaHHbifl C uejibio MAKCHMAJIBHO B 0 3 M 0 ) K H 0 r 0 yMeHbllieHHH BepOHTHOCTH B03HHKH0BeHHH HeKOHTpOJIHpyeMblX HJIH HeKOOpÄHHHpyeMblX H3flep»eK H H O K P . B c j i y q a e o u e H K H Ha y p o B H e IIOJIHTHKH B 06JIACTH HCCJIEÄOBAHHH PEQB B KOHENHOM CMETE H^ET o ö o j i e e HJIH MEHEE K p y n H b i x n p o 6 ; i e M H b i x o 6 ; i a c T H X HJIH OT^EJIBHBIX n p o ö J i e M a x . B xoae onpe^e/ieHHH npoeKTa ycTaHaBJiHBaioTca ORPAHH^HTEJIBHBIE NAPAMETPBI O6"BEKTA HHOKP C UEJIBK» OnTHMajIbHOrO HCn0JIb30BaHHH CpeflCTB» 2 . C 3TOH TOHKH 3 p e H H H B b l Ö O p OUEHHBAEMORO OÔTJEKTA y x e NPEACTABJINET COÖOH n e p B b i ñ 3 T a n o u e H K H . HEIN TOIHEE p e u i e H H e STOH nepBofl 3AAAQH, TEM Bbinie BePOHTHOCTB y c n e x a n p n HCN0JIB30B3HHH MET0,N0B o n p e AEJIEHHH o n T H M a j i b H b i x BapwaHTOB, OTBEWAIOIUHX UE-RIHM (JjHpMbi, a QEM o ß u i n p H e e n p n 9TOM HCCJIEÄYEMAH n p o ÖJIEMHAN OßJIACTB HJIH OT^EJIBHAN n p o ó j i e M a , TEM CJIOHÍHee n p o u e ^ y p a o u e H K H . 1

H. K r a u c b . Op. cit., S. 18. S t. B. B l a k e . Forschung-Entwicklung und Management. Ein praktischer Leitfaden. München — Wien, 1969, S. 56, 2

220 E C J I H O U E H H B A E M H H O Ô T E K T OTRPAHH^EH H onpe^eAeH OTHOCHTejIbHO leTKO, TO C IIOMOmblO HMeiOIUHXCH KpHTepneB H MCTOAOB MOJKHO nojiynHTb 0AH03HaHHbiñ pe3yjibTaT. HanpoTHB, neM MeHee HCTKO onpeAeJieH oö^eKT HccjieÄOBaHHH H pa3pa60T0K, TeM MeHee TOTOHX peßyJIbTaTOB OH.CHKH MOJKHO OJKHASTb. y i H T U B a a TaKyiO onacHOCTb, cneunaAHCTbi no BonpocaM ynpaBJieHHH H H O K P npHAaiOT Ôojibiuoe 3Ha^eHHe STany onpeAejieHHH npeAMeia HccjieAOBaHHH.

OnpeAejieHHe npoeKTa paccMaTpHBaeTca B KaqeCTBe n p o u e ^ y p w , «B xoAe KOTopoñ c B03pacTai0meH TOTHOCTblO yCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCH c n o c o ó , BpeMH H H3Aep>KKH ocyiuecTBJieHHH npeAJio>KeHHoro. npoeKTa» B

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HOMHHecKHH pe3yjibTaT. 5. B o j i b i u o e 3HaMeHHe HMeeT tot (Jjskt, i t o OTÄejibHbie yiieHbie h M e H e Ä Ä e p b i oöjia/iaioT pa3HbiMH cnocoöhocthmh h AOÖHBaiOTCH pa3^HqHbix ycnexoB npn «npoTajiKHBaHHH» cbohx npeÄJio>KeHHH, n0-pa3H0My «npo-

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npeÄnocbijioK OTHOCHTejibHO rjiaBHbix HanpaBjieHHH Ä a j i b H e f t i i i e r o yjiymueHHH n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H M 0 ö n p o ÄyKUHH, HOBblX BHflOB npOflyKUHH, OCBOGHHH KOHKypHpyiOmHX npOflyKTOB, M0ÄepHH3aiJHH OÖOpyÄOBaHHH c yqeTOM T e x H H n e c K o r o n p o r p e c c a h t . ä . , p y K O B o a c T B o u r r a ö a pa3BHTHH p a 3 p a è a T b i B a e T n p o r p a M M y HHOKP. y i H T b i B a i o m y K ) n p e j y i o j K e H H H cjiyjKÓ np0H3B0fl,CTBa H c ö b i T a . n p o r p a M M a npeÄCTaBJineTCH KOMHTeTy, B e ^ a i o m e M y B o n p o c a M H M a p n e T H H r a h pasBHTHH, K O T o p u f t onn p e ^ e j i n e T uejiec00Öpa3H0CTb p a ö o T H npnopHTeTbi, npnqeM npejyioJKeHHH KJiaccHaKT, o f l H a K o , HTo SHa^HTejibHaa AOAH HaqaTbix n p o e K TOB e m e AO 3aBepmeHHH TepnHT H e y A a u y H 0Ka3biBaeTCH ó e c n e p c n e K T H B H o ñ C TOMKH 3peHHH K O M M e p q e c K o r o y c n e x a , « î t o CBHAeTejibCTByeT o npHHHTHH HenpaBH^bHbix p e m e H H H 2 . H e j K e j i a H H e npaKTHKOB n p n ö e r a T b K (})opMajibHbiM MeTOAaM onpeAejieHHH n p o r p a M M b i HCCJieAOBaHHH H OT6 o p a npoeKTOB B KOHeraoM c n e T e OTpa>KaeT HeB03M0>KHOCTb (})0pMajIH3aUHH CTHXHHHOTO MeX3HH3Ma KOHKypeHUHH. C uejibK) o ö e c n e q H T b ö o j i e e oÓT>eKTHBHbiH n o A -

K. B e r t h o l d . Op. cit., S. 114. rio HMeromHMCH .naHHbiM, jimiib OKOJIO 10% Haeft peajiH3yioTC5j B TEXHH^ecKHe HOBHHKH, m o eme He 03HaiaeT KOMMepiecKoro ycnexa. (CM.: D. R. B O O Z , L. A l l e n and J. H a m i l t o n . Management of New Products. New York, 1968, p. 11.) ripHMeHHTejIbHO K KOMtiaHHH «ÄIOnOH» P. K)Hr TSKJKe Ha3bIBaeT UH^py 10% B KaiecTse AOJIH ycneuiHO 3aBepmeHHbix npoeKTOB. (CM.: R. J u n g k . Die Zukunft hat schon begonnen. Gütersloh, 14 Aufl., o. J., S. 237.) 3IA florin eme MeHbuie B ^APMAIÍEBTHIECKOÑ npoMbiuiJieHHOCTH, rae. no AaHHbiM K. MeJijiepoBHua, jimub 0,05% npeaJiojKeHHbix npoeKTOB TFIAKTHQECKH pea;m3yioTCH B HOBOBBeaeHHa (CM.: K. M e l l e r o w i c z . Op. cit., S. 16f.) 1

2

224 x o ä Ha 3Tane BHeceHHH npe;wio>KeHHH o p r a H H 3 y i o T C H «KOHKypCbl» npOGKTOB. TaKHM IiyTeM pyKOBOÄCTBO n p e A npHHTHH n O J i y q a e T B03M0JKH0CTb Ha OCHOBe ÖOJIbHierO t m c j i a npejuioJKeHHH BbiöpaTb ö o j i e e npHÓbijibHbiñ n p o eKT. T a n o r o p o ^ a K O H K y p c u npeflCTaBJiHiOT c o ö o f l n o j i e 3 HblH MeTOÄ COBepmeHCTBOBaHHfl paÖOTbl, CB333HHOH C OU,eHKOH npOeKTOB. K J i a c c H ^ H K a u H H 06i>eKT0B, H a H Ö o j i e e n a c i ó n o , « B e p r a e M H x oueHKe B ynpaBJieHHH H H O K P , b o 3 m o j k h 3 n o pä3JIHHHbIM n p H 3 H a K 3 M B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MeCTa OU,eHHB a r o m e r o B H e p a p x H H . I l p n STOM c j i e , n y e T HMeTb B B H ^ y , H T O M e S í ^ y O Ó ' b e K T a M H H KpHTepHHMH OUeHKH C y m e C T B y e T TeCHaH CBH3b. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ypOBHfl, Ha KOTOpOM np0H3B0ÄHTCH o u e H K a , H u e j i H n o c j i e A H e ñ OÄHa H Ta » e n p o ò j i e i u a MOJKeT B b i C T y n a T b TO B K a n e c T B e o ó t e K T a , TO B K a i e C T B e KpHTepHH. ÓTHOCHTe^bHOCTb 06"beKT0B H KpHTepneB MOJKHO c p a B H H T b c a n a j i e K T H K O H u e j r a H cpeACTB, KOTOpaa TaiOKe 33BHCHT OT ypOBHH paCCMOTpeHHH. MeTKyK) r p a H b n p o B e c T H 3 ^ e c b h c b o 3 m o } k h o . r i 0 3 T 0 My una p a 3 p a 6 o T K H onTHMajibHOH n p o r p a M M b i n c c J i e AOBaHHH p e K O M e H ^ y i o T , H a n p H M e p , c j i e / i y i o m y i o n p o u e Ä y p y , ocHOBaHHyK) Ha n o c j i e a o B a T e j i b H o f l KOHKpeTH3auHH H KeHHe: « H i a B H a H n p o ô J i e M a Ha Jiio6 o h CT3AHH oueHKH 3aKjiK)HaeTCH b Tom, iTOÖbi npeAynpeAHTb CJIHUIKOM Cy6"beKTHBHyiO OUeHKy (})aKTOB» 2 . yK33aHHOH n p o ß j i e M e B 6 y p » : y a 3 H O H j i H T e p a T y p e y A e JIHeTCH ÔOJIbUIOe BHHMaHHe. H p H 3T0M B03HHKaeT p a A 1 2

8

CM.: K. B r o c k h o f f . Op. cit., S. U f . S t . B. B l a k e . Op. cit., S. 64. 3aK.

81

226 Ä p y r n x npoôJieM, CTeneHb TeopeTH^ecKOH pa3pa6oTKH KOTOpblX pa3JIHMHa. H a w ô o j i e e iiiHpoKo o 6 c y « a a e T c a n p o ô J i e M a B b i ó o p a KpHTepHfl AJJn OUeHKH OTÄe^bHblX npoeKTOB. Pa3JIHHHH B npHMCHHSMblX KpHTepHHX 33BHCHT OT TOrO, HfleT JTH p e i b : 0 6 Hccjie^OBaHHax HacTynaTejibHoro hjih 060p0HHTe^bHoro xapaKTepa; o KpaTKOcpoHHOM HJiH AOJirocpoMHOM n p o e K T e ; 0 n p H K J i a f l H b i x HJiH ( J j y H f l a M e H T a ^ b H b i x H c c J i e a o B a HHflX. / l ^ H o T Ó o p a n p o e K T a Ha s i a n e a H a j i H 3 a KOHKypcHbix npeflJiOÄeHHH Ct. EjiefiK, HanpHMep, peKOMeimyeT c j i e A y i o m n e KpHTepHH1: ypOBeHb TexHHHecKoro peiueHHH, y p o B e H b T e x H H q e c K o r o HcnojiHeHHH h y n p a B J i e H H H , rOTOBHOCTb K BJIOJKeHHK) C p e ß C T B , HHTepec k n p o r p a M M e , HfleHTH4)HKaU,HH IViaBHOH npOÖJieMHOH OÖJiaCTH, 06T>eKTHBH0CTb, B b i n o j i H e H H e ycJiOBHH K O H K y p c a , Hafle^HOCTb n p e f l B a p H T e J i b H o r o p a c q e T a H3,a.ep>KeK, npHMeHHeMbie MeTOÄbi ynpaBJieHHH, H C K j n o i H T e / i b H o c T b TexHHHecKHx n a p a M e T p o B , n p e ^ H H H onbiT h o ß m a a 3 a r p y « e H H O C T b p a ó o T o ñ . n e p e q H C ^ e H H b i e KpHTepHH yTOHHHIOTCil H KBaHTH(j)HHHpyiOTCfl B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CneUH(J)HKOH OUeHHBaeMHX ci6T>eKTOB. rio-BHÄHMOMy, H e u ; e j i e c o o 6 p a 3 H o aHajiH3HpoItaTb 3TH KpHTepHH IIOflpoÔHO, TaK KaK OHeBHAHO, HTO OHH OCTaBJIHIOT IUHpOKHH npOCTOp flJIH Cy6l>eKTHBHbIX OUeHOK. OTMeTHM TOJIbKO TO Ba>KHOe 3Ha»!eHHe, KOTOpOe npHflaeTCH -KaqecTBy ynpaBjieHHH h opraHH3auHH. J I . U a H K a npOBOAHT pa3JIHMHe MeJKfly «KpHTepHHMH CBOHCTB3» H «KpHTepHH M H nOCJieACTBHH». F I o ä n e p B b l MH nOHHMaiOTCa «CyÔ^eKTHBHbie B033peHHH, OTHOCHIUHe c a HenocpeflCTBeHHO k c b o h c t b 3 m o ö ^ e K T a » , n o a b t o pblMH — TpeÖOBaHHH (Hepe^KO TpyÄHOBbinO^HHMbie), npeÄT>HBJiHeMHe k o6i>eKTy Ha ocHOBe n p o B e p e H H b i x Teo p H H HJiH n o M e H b i u e ñ M e p e c y^eTOM eraTHCTHnecKHX B3aHM0CBH3eH» 2 . B K a ^ e c T B e peiuaiomero «KpHTepHH 1 s

Ibid. L. C z a y k a . Op. cit., S. 61.

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Ibid., S. 62. Ibid. CM.: A. M. W e i n b e r g . Probleme der Großforschung. Frankfurt/M., 1970, S. 155f. 1 CM.: L. C z a y k a. Op. cit., S. 65. 8*

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Ibid., S. 65.

229

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230

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Fortschritt und E f f e k t i v i t ä t . Berlin,

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234 33BHCHM0CTb OT i H C J i a yqeHbix, p a ô o T a i o i U H X B onpeÄEJIEHHOH o ô J i a c T H , H T. A. r i o K a 3 a T e j i H «KOJIHHECTBO nyÓJIHKaUHH» H «qaCTOTa UHTHpOBaHHH» HCnOJIb3yiOTCfl n o s T O M y n p e j K f l e B e e r ò juin o u e H K H npo,nyKTHBHOCTH OTAEJIBHHX yueHbix, a He ÄJIH nporpaMM H npoeKTOB H H O K P . B JIIOÔOM c j i y M a e H e o ö x o f l H M O n o M H H T b , MTO 9TO HeTOMHbie H O T H O C H T e j I b H b i e KpHTepHH. HHKORFLA HeJIb3H BCeCTOpOHHG H OKOH»iaTe.flbHO O T p a 3 H T b B n o K a 3ATEJIHX K3KOH-JIH6O PE3YJIBTAT H H O K P OT 3apo>K,neHHH Hflen ä o ee peajiH3au,HH. C J I E ^ Y E T TAK>KE YUHTBIBATB, HTO JIK>6OH PE3YJIBTAT HCCJieÄOBaHHii HMeeT 3 H a H e H H e ABOHKoro p o ^ a : BO-nepBbix, KaK ocHOBa H3MCHGHHH B MaTepHajibHOM npOH3BOÄCTBe, a B SKOHOMH^eCKOM CMbICJie — flJIH ÄOCTHJKenHH u e j i e ñ «JwpMhi, cjieÄOBaTe^bHo, RJia y B e j i H i e HHH npHÖbIJIH; BO-BTOpbIX, KaK HCXOAHMH nyHKT ÄJIH flaJIbHeHUIHX HCCJIEFLOBAHHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K , T. e. npeÄCTaBJineT H a y u H H H H MeTOÄOJIOrHMeCKHH HHTepeC. EÄHHCTBO OÖeHX CTOpOH HeOÖXOÄHMO BbIHBHTb HA o c H O B e n p H M e H i i e M b i x K p H T e p n e B . UEJIBIO JIIOÖOH o u e H KH HBJIfleTCfl npHHHTHe p e m e H H H . NOSTOMY KpHTepHH BblÓHpaiOT T3KHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , ITOÖbl p e i l i e H H e CTajIO B 0 3 MOJKHbiM H H M e j i o CMHCJI. H a y H H o - T e x H H q e c K a f l no^HTHKa B KanHTajiHCTHqecKHx C T p a H a x CKOBaHa n p H STOM TaKHMH p a M K a M H , KOTOpbie MOryT ÓbITb npeOÄO^eHH JIHIlIb B yCJIOBHHX COUHa.flH3Ma. n p H couHa^H3Me npoôJieMa onpeflejieHHH KpHTepneB OIX6HKH H H O K P CaMbIM TeCHbIM 06pa30M CBH3aHa C Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTB6HHbIMH H COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMH^eCKHMH Ue^eBblMH yCTaH0BK3MH. H p H K3IlHTajIH3Me H COUH3JTH3MG peilieHHH IipHHUHnHaJlbHO pa3JlHqHbI, TaK KaK counaJibHO-SKOHOMH^ecKHe a c n e K T b i o n p e a e j i H i o m H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M BJIHHIOT Ha B b l ö o p KpHTepHCB. OcHOBblBaHCb Ha KanHia/IHCTH^eCKOH npaKTHKe, C T . B j i e Ö K IIPHXOÄHT K c ; i e , n y i o i i i , e M y BBIBO^y: « B o MHOfHX cjiy^aHx conpoTHBJieHHe H3M6H6HHHM HOCHT HHCTHHKTHBHblH X a p a K T e p H HanpaBJlHeTCH n 0 Ä C 0 3 H a H H e M , B apyroM a flOBOÄbi n p H x o A ^ r KOCBGHHHM n y T e M » M e c T e OH BBICKA3BIBAETCH e i n e a c n e e : «;B.cwibiiiHHCTBO 1

S t. B. B 1 a k e. Op. cit., S. 19.

235 uejiefl b oßjiacTH HccjieaoBaHHH H pa3pa0OTOK npoÄHKTOBaHO TpeÖOBaHHHMH p b I H K a , T O r A a K a K H a OUeHKH H pacnpeaejieHHe cpe^CTB BJIHHIOT HHÄHBHflyajibHbie n p H B b i H K H , r p y n n o ß b i e H H T e p e c u H CHJia o p r a H H 3 a u , H H » T e M c a M H M B n o j m e OTKPHTO n p H 3 H a e T C H , MTO o i j e H K a Ha KanHTaJiHCTHiecKHX npe,nnpHHTHHx npeACTaBjiiieT CO6OH « o ö - b e K T H B H y i o » u i H p M y ÄJIH c y ß - b e K T H B H b i x u e j i e BblX y C T 3 H 0 B 0 K . ripn c o u H a j i H 3 M e y n p a ß j i e H H e X O S H H C T B O M o c y m e c T BJIfleTCH B M a e i H T a ß a X C T p a H b l , MTO II03B0JIHeT HCMHCJIHTb He TOJIbKO JIOKajIbHyiO, HO H H a p 0 Ä H 0 X 0 3 H H C T B e H H y K ) 3Kya3HOH jiHTepaType

yiHTbiBan orpoMHoe MHoroo6pa3He pa3pa6oTaHHbix (H B TOH HJIH HHOH Mepe H c n o j i b 3 y e M b i x ) MCTOAOB, AJM Toro MToßbi p a 3 o 6 p a T b c n B c y m e c T B y i o m e f i MCTOAOJIOTHqeCKOH M033HKe, HeOÖXOÄHMO OKyHyTbCH B T e X H H i e CKHe ACT3JIH H OCOÖeHHOCTH OTAeJIbHblX METOÄOB. B aMepHKaHCKofi JiHTepaType B 60-X r o ^ a x pa3BepHyjiacb u i n p o K a a a n c K y c c H H n o B o n p o c y o npHopHTeT a x B pa3BHTHH H a y K H H TeXHHKH, XOTH HeKOTOpbie nOÄ" xoAbi 6bijin n p e a ^ o ^ e H b i e m e p a H b i u e B O P R n o A o ö H a n AHCKyccHH m n p o K O p a 3 B e p H y ^ a c b B KOHue 60-x H H a « i a j i e 7 0 - x r o a o B 2. H C X O Ä H H M nyHKTOM AJIH Hee n o cjiyjKHJiH MHoroHHCJieHHbie yTBepJKaeHHH 6yp>Kya3Hbix cneunajiHCTOB o HeAOCTaTOMHOM TeoperaqecKOM O6OCHOBaHHH nJiaHOB HHOKP, OAHaKO nOflJIHHHbie npHHHHbl He ßbIJIH paCKpMTbl. «BMIVIHAHT n a p a A O K c a j i b H o — MTO6H He CKa3aTb TparHKOMHMecKH — TO, 4TO nojiHTHKH H y q e H b i e p e i u a i o T B o n p o c b i Aa-flbHefiiiiero p a 3 B H T H a HayKH c n o M o m b i o a 6 COJIIOTHO HeHayHHHX MeTOÄOB» 3 . TjiaBHbiMH n p H 4 H H a M H , n o KOTopbiM 6yp>Kya3HHe TeopeTHKH 0 K a 3 a ; i H C b HecnocoÖHbiMH peiiiHTb n p o ö J i e M y nJiaHHpOBaHHH, HBJIHIOTCH OTCyTCTBHe HayMHOH TeOpHH 1 MaTepHajibi STOH Ü,HCKYCCHH ny6jiHKOBajiHCb B wypHajie «MHHepßa». Ee PE3YJIBTATBI coo6mnN 3 . IHHJib3. CM.: Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals. A Selection of Articles from «Minerva», 1968. 2 CM.: H. K l u m p . Probleme der Rationalisierung der Priorit ä t e n s e t z u n g in der F o r s c h u n g s p l a n u n g durch die A n w e n d u n g formalisierter Entscheidungsverfanren. — In: Wissenschaftspolitik — von vem, für wen, wie? Prioritäten in der F o r s c h u n g s p l a n u n g . München, 1973, S. 101. 3 C. B r e s c h. P r i o r i t ä t e n s e t z u n g für Forschungsvorhaben. — In: DFG, Kolloquium über F o r s c h u n g s p l a n u n g . Wiesbaden, 1971, S. 62.

237 C0UHajIbH0-3K0H0MHiJeCKHX

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XlHajieKTHqeCKaH CBH3b MOKÄy KOJIH^eCTBOM H KaqecTBOM b HayMHO-TexHHMecKOM n p o r p e c c e , h x np0THB0p e H H B o e eÄHHCTBO h O T p a j K e H H e b n p a K T H K e KOJinqecTBeHHofi oueHKH — TaKOBa rjiaBHaa MeTOflo^ornHecKaa n p o ß J i e M a , p e u i a e M a a b n p o u e c c e oueHKH HHOKP. O t CyTCTBHe H a p 0 Ä H 0 X 0 3 3 H C T B e H H 0 r 0 nOÄXOÄa K KOJIH^eCTBeHHofi o u e H K e n p n c p a B H e H H H pa3JiHHHbix B a p n a H T O B BbiCTynaeT cneuHfjjHMecKHM npoHBjieHHeM c j i a ß o c T H HeMapKCHCTCKoro n o Ä X o a a k o u e H K e u c c J i e n o B a H H Ü h p a 3 paÖOTOK. B C T p o r o M cMbicjie H3MepeHHe npeÄCTaBJiHeT c o ß o ö c p a B H e H H e KOJiHrecTBeHHbix x a p a K T e p n c T H K o n p e A e j i e H Horo KaiecTBa c noMombro 3aÄaHHbix cähhhu h npoueflyp H3MepeHHH, rapaHTHpyioiuHX noBTOpHeMOCTb' h B03MOKHOCTb npoBepKH. H3 SToro onpeflejieHHH b h ä h o , H a CKOJIbKO 3aTpyAHeHbI H3MepeHHH B yCJIOBHHX KanHTa/lHCTHqeCKHX npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX OTHOIIieHHÖ, BeÄb oöteKTOM H3MepeHHH 3aecb, n o c y m Rena, cjiyjKai TaKHe oömecTBeHHbie oTHomeHHH, KaK npHÖbiJib h j i h ypoßeHb peHTaöejibHOCTH. B CTaTHCTHKe o u e H H T b 0 3 H a q a e T o n p e ^ e j i M T b n a p a MeTpbl CTaTHCTHHeCKOfl COBOKynHOCTH H ypOBCHb HX 3HaMHMocTH Ha 0CH0Be H3BecTHbix n a p a M e T p o B B b i ö o p * k h . 3 K 0 H 0 M H q e c K 0 f i oueHKOH MOÄHO H a 3 B a T b o n p e a e j i e HHe BepoHTHbix xapaKTepHCTHK cymecTByiouiHx hjih B03M0}KHbix HBJieHHH Ha 0CH0Be B b i ö o p o K , H e n o c p e Ä C T BeHHblX H3MepeHHÖ HJIH o n b i T a . O u e H K a TaK >Ke Hcno;ib3yeTCH b a H a j i H 3 e , KaK h H3MepeHHH, XOTH He O Ö J i a f l a e T TOHHOCTbK), CBOHCTBeHHOÜ n o c j i e f l H H M , KaK, H a n p H M e p , o u e H K a c n p o c a . CoöcTBeHHo SKOHOMHHecKaH oueHKa 3aK^roqaeTCH b ycTaHOBJieHHH H e K O T o p o r o M e p n j i a ä ; i h cpaBHeHHH 3aT p a T h p e 3 y j i b T a T 0 B h j i h >Ke sfjjtjjeKTa b B H ^ e H e n o e r o 1 CM.: H. D. H a u s t e i n , W. D. H a r t m a n n. Verfahren der ökonomischen Bewertung. Berlin, 1975, S. 19f,

238 B c e o ó m e r o 3 K B H B a j i e H T a , y t i H T b i B a e M o r o Ha n p e a n p H H THH ( T . e. B KOHeiHOM CieTe npHÓbIJIH). O u e H K a 6 e 3 H3MepeHHa n p a i c n m e c K H HeB03M0>KHa. fljIH TOÍHOCTH H flOCTOBepHOCTH OUeHKH B3ÍKH0, K3KHe B33HM0CBH3H H3HUIH OTp3>KeHHe B OTfleJIbHblX KOMnOHeHTaX H B K3K0H CTeneHH OHH 6a3HpyK)TCH Ha H3MepeHHHX. B o M H o r n x MeTOÄax oijeHKH, H c n o j i b 3 y e M b i x B K a n n Ta/IHCTHqeCKHX CTpaHaX, BaJKHble B33HMOCBH3H 6oJiee HJIH M e H e e n p e f l H 3 M e p e H H o 3aTymeBbiBarc>TCH, n 0 3 T 0 M y He yAHBHTejieH BHBOÄ, K KOTopoMy n p H i u j i H aBTOpbi HCCJieflOBaHHH B OÖjiaCTH yCTSHOBi/ieHHH npHOpHTeTOB: «...MHOrne MOaeJIH, (})OpMajIbHOe H3HIHeCTBO KOTOpblX H M n o H n p y e T , HCXOÄHT H3 c o B e p m e H H o H e o ö o c H O B a H H b i x Ä o n y m e H H H o (})opMe o n p e ^ e j i e H H H x c o i m a j i b H O - S K O H o MHqeCKHX B33HMOCBH3eH» H o , o6"bHCHHH npHTOHbl T3K o r o NOJIO}KEHHH, a B T o p b i n p n ó e r a i O T K THHHHHOH fljia ó y p ) K y a 3 H b i x TeopeTHKOB n o A M e H e cymHOCTH HBJieHHeM, 33HBJIHH c j i e ^ y i o m e e : « H e c j i e , a y e T 3A6BIBATB, MTO SKOHOMeTpHH e m e He COBCeM BblIHJia H3 CT3AHH aJIXHMHH» 2 . 3 ^ e c b o m e i v i H B O BH^Ha n o n b i T K a BbiABHHyTb Ha n e p e A HHÍÍ n j i a H METOIIOJIORH'jecKHe c j i a ó o c T H H 3ATYUIEBATB cyTb B o n p o c a « H e a o c T a T K O M HHCJJOPMSUHH». T e M He MeH e e Hejib3H He y q H T b i B a T b 06"beKTHBH0 c y m e c T B y i o m H e n p O Ö J i e M H , CBH33HHbie C flHSJieKTHKOH H3MepeHHH H OUeHKH. B 6yp>Kya3Hofl TeopHH opraHH3auHH H ynpaBjieHHfl OTOYTCTBYIOT o 6 m e n p H H H T H e TeopeimecKHe noAXOflbi K OHeHKe, CBH33HH0H C H3yMH0-TeXHHqeCK0H Ä e H T e ^ b HOCTbK). B CBOeM KpHTHHeCKOM pe3IOMe 3BTOpbI H3 B a r r e . / i e B C K o r o HHCTHTyTa y K a 3 H B a i O T e m e H3 O^HH c e p b e 3 H b i f l He^OCTaTOK 6ojIbIHHHCTB3 MeTOflOB oueHKH HHOKP: OHH OCHOBSHbl H3 OrpaHHHeHHOM nOÄXOÄe u e j l b — c p e f l CTBO, OCHOBHOH HeflOCTaTOK KOTOpOrO 33KJlK)M3eTCH B TOM, qTO UejIH paCCM3TpHBaiOTCH KaK H e m o 3 3 ^ a H H O e , a ÄJIH HX flOCTHJKeHHH TpeÖyeTCH JIHIIIb OnTHMajIbHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 M p a c n p e a e j i H T b cpeflCTBa. « C y m e c T B y i o T MHoro^ H C J i e H H u e MeTOflbi o n p e A e j i e H H n H S H J i y m u e r o nyTH K 1 2

Methoden der Prioritätsbestimmung II, S. 32. Ibid., S 33.

239 3aaaHH0H uejiH. H o o c T a e T c a b 3Ha«iHTejibHoii Mepe HGBblflCHeHHbIM, CyLUeCTBy K)T Jl H nOflXOflHIUHe MeTOflW onpe,aejieHHfl s t o h uejin»l. B npHBefleHHbix c j i o B a x Harnjia cneun^HqecKoe OTpaKeHHe HanpaBJieHHocTb pa3pa60TKH 3HaiHTeJIbHOfl qaCTH MeTOflOB OU.eHKH. B SojibuiHHCTBe c j i y i a e B ohh cjiy>KaT, HJW n o MeHbuiefl Mepe nepBOHanajibHO cjiywHJiH, a j i h BoeHHbix H c c j i e a o B3HHH H pa3pa0OTOK JIH60 A^IH HCCJiejXOBaHHH C HBHO nojiHTHMecKofi OKpacKOH, HanpHMep b o6;iacTH H3yneHHH KOCMOCa. rionblTKH K^aCCH^HKaiiHH MeTOflOB OUeHKH H H O K P b 6 y p » y a 3 H O H j i H T e p a T y p e 0CH0BaHu Ha pa3JiHMHbix n p H 3 H a K a x . B aMepHKaHCKOH j i H T e p a i y p e pa3,/iHHaioi Tpn n o f l x o A a 2 : 1) noaxofl, ocHOBaHHbifi Ha TeopHH pemeHHH (decision theory approach). IlpoeKTbi H H O K P oueHHBaiOTCH no onpe^eJieHHOMy racjiy KpHTepneB. noACWHTbiBaeTCH o6iuhh HTor, KOTopbifl HcnKH ( p a c xoflbi h a o x o a h ) He noflflaiOTCfl npHMOMy HcqncjieHHio; nOflXOAbl, CBH33HHbie C BblHBJieHHeM H 06T>eKTHBH33u n e f i cy6"beKTHBHbix cyjKAeHHH h oueHOK.

ripH 3TOM paCCMaTpHBaiOTCH MHOrOMHCJieHHbie peKOMeHaauHH n o oueHKe, 4>opMyjibi h m o a c a h , KOTopbie B TOH HJIH HHOH (J)OpMe COOTHOCHTCH C nepeqHCJieHHblMH OCHOBHblMH KJI3CC3MH. P . KëHeH H JI. UaHKa KAaCCH(})HUHpyK)T MeTOAbI oueHKH H M O K P npH n o M o m n pHAa x a p a K T e p n c T H K , Ha OCHOBe KOTOpblX HeOÖXOAHMO OTBeTHTb Ha CJieAyHDUlHe Bonpocbi: 1. « O o p M H p y e T C H JIH H OUeHHBaeTCH m MHO>KeCTBO o ó t e K T O B nocjieAOBaTejibHO b n p o u e c c e {j)opMupoBaHHa A e p e B a u e j i e ñ ( R e l e v a n z b a u m ) hjih o h o He C T p y K T y p n pOBaHO B yK33aHHOM CMHCJie?» 2 K T3KHM MeTOAaM

OTHOCHTCH oAHOCTyneHqaTbie noAXOAbi (OAHH ypoBeHb oueHKH) h MHorocTyneHMaTbie MeTOAbi, ocHOBaHHbie Ha AepeBe ueJieñ

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2 . y^HTbiBaiOTCH AH A o r n n e c K H e H/HAH CKHe CBH3H Me>KAy KpHTepHHMH OUËHKH? Bo

SMnnpHHe-

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HccjieAOBaHHbix MOAejiax K p n i e p H H oueHKH He3aBHCHMbIMH, A^Ifl TOTO MTOÓbl H3JIHUJHe He ycAOÄHHTb cJ)opMyAbi, a r j i a B H o e — qToôbi KOMneHCHpOBaTb OTCyTCTBHe npOBepeHHblX TeopHH H CT3THCTHleCKHX B33HMOCBH3eH.

CMHTaJIHCb

3 . KaKOH MeTOAe? 1 2

THn

UIK3AH

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CM.: K. B r o c k h o f f , Op. cit., S. 20F. R. C o e n e n, L. C z a y k a. Op. cit., S. 79.

B

H30p3HHOM

241 B 6ojibiiiHHCTBe CJIYNAEB HCNOJIB3YK>TCH UIKAJIBI KOJiH'iecTBeHHoro THna, 0,aHaK0 SMirapHqecKHe npeanoCbUIKH HX npHMeHHMOCTH IIpH 3T0M He aH3JIH3HpyK)TCfl 4.

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CT. BjieflK N P O B O J H T PA3JIHRAE MEJK^Y AByMa OCHOBHblMH acneKTaMH OUeHKH C TOMKH 3peHHH npaKTHKH. «MO>KHO no^BepraTb oueHKe ;IH6O s^^eKTHBHOCTb (effectiveness) JIH6O PE3YJIBT3THBH0CTB (efficiency) K3KOH-JIH6O nporpaMMbi H H O K P » 2 . B nepBOM c j i y u a e uejib neTKO onpeAe^ieHa H 60jree He noABepraeTcn oijeHKe. «3(})(})eKTHBH0CTb MOweT 6biTb onpe^ejieHa KaK CTeneHb npn6jiH>KeHHii npoeKTa HHOKP K yCTaHOBJieHHOH UEJIH». Pe3yjlbT3THBH0CTb >Ke « . . . n p e ^ n o j i a r a e T c y m a e H n e o TOM, K S K H M o6pa30M Hcn0Jib3yi0TCfl cpeacTBa AJIH Toro, m-oSbi aocTHqb uejiefi, 3ajio>KeHHbix B n p o e K T e » 3 . Cor^acHO CT. BjieftKy, oueHKy 3(})(})eKTHBHOCTH npoBecTH 3HaMHTejibHO npome, qeM oueHKy pe3y.rtbT3THBHOCTH. He

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CBH3H npouecca oueHKH, 6 y p » y a 3 H b i e aBTopbi nojip33flejIHIOT MeTOAbI OUeHKH B COOTBeTCTBHH co c/ieayromnMH rJI3BHbIMH KpHTepHHMH: t^eAb oiieHKU (HanpHMep, Bbi6op nporpaMMbi nccjieA0B3HHH HJIH OT0Op npoeKTOB H H O K P Ha p33JIimHbIX ypOBHHx); o6T>eKTbl Ot^eHKU H HX B33HMOCBH3H (H3npHMep, oSljeKTbl (J)yHfl3MeHT3J]bHbIX HCCJieflOBaHHH, npHKJiaAHHX HCCjieaoB3HHH H HX BJiHHHHe a p y r Ha a p y r a ) ; Kpurepuu 0U,eHKU (HanpHMep, H3aep>KKH h BpeMn pa3pa6oTKH, H3flep»iKH np0H3B0flCTBa, TexHHqecKHe napaMeTpbi npoH3BoaHTejibHocTH, SKcnjiyaTauHOHHue 3aTpaTbi, npnpocT npHfibum, c n p o c ) ; Tpe6oeanuH K npaKTUtecKOMy ucnoAb3oaaHuto B ynpaBJieHHH H H O K P (opr3HH3auHH pa6oT no oneHKe, o6ecneqeHHe HX HeofixoflHMbiMH cneunajiHCTaMH, 1 Ibid, rioa SMnHpmecKHMH npeanocbiJiKaMH npHMeHHMOCTH uiKaji KOJiHHeeTBeHHoro rana noHHMaeTca na/iHiHe MeTOAOB H3MepeHHA, nojiyieHHbix c noMombio ncnxOMeTpHH. a S t. B. B 1 a k e. Op. cit., S. 69. 8 Ibid.

242 p e c y p c a M H , 3HaHHM0CTb n o j i y q e H H u x KH 3 p e H H H 3 K O H O M H K H RIOJIYMHTB

K

BecbMa He

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p e 3 y j i b T a T O B c TOKe caMbie Jiymiine opMajIbHbie MeTOÄbl He CnOCOÖHbl B03MeCTHTb OTCyTCTBHe TeOpeTHHeCKHX KOHUenUHH OTHOCHTejIbHO 3H3MHMOCTH HanpaBjiGHHH HHOKP HJIH HX pe3yjibT3TOB. « B 3HAIHTEJIBHOH M e p e He^OCTOBEPHAN H yM03pHTe^BHAN HH(})OPMAUHH, ß y a y q H BBE^EHA B a n n a p a T 4>opM y j i — a OH BBIRJIHÄHT KaK TOMHSH H a y K a , — n p H o ö p e TaeT H a y i H o e 6 j i a r o o 6 p a 3 n e / nponcxcoKAeHne KOToporo CKJIOHHbl 3 a 6 b I B a T b » HMeHHO B 3T0M T3HTCJ1 OnaCHOCTb TeXHOKpaTHHeCKoro pa3BHTHH, o KOTopofl HHKorfla He c j i e ^ y e T 3a6biBaTb. 3 a «o6"beKTHBHbIMH» OUeHK3MH H «CCWIHflHbIMH» CJIOJKHblMH paCMeTaMH, KOTOpbie npH3BaHbI BHyUJHTb T p e n e T HenocBHmeHHbiM — a n p n Hcn0Jib30B3HHH 3BM HBJIHIOTCH K TOMY >Ke H TexHHuecKH 6 e 3 y n p e q H b i M H , — KpoeTCH OnaCHOCTb HeKpHTHnecKoro 33HMCTBOB3HHH noCTpoeHHH, COUHaJlbHbie nOCJieflCTBHH. KOTOpUX aBTOpOB He H HTepecyK)T. JXJIH AHAJIH3A MCTOAOB OUEHKH, NPEHMYMECTBEHHO Hcnojib3yeMbix B ynpaßjieHHH HHOKP, MOJKHO Bocno;ib30B3TbCH KJiaCCH(})HKaUHeH, OCHOB3HHOH Ha ypOBHHX KB3HTH(})HKaUHH: METOÄBI IIIKAJIHPOBAHHA H OÄHOCTYNEHMATBIE METOABI B3BeiUHB3HHH, HanpaB^eHHbie Ha OÖTjeKTHBHSSUHK) o u e HOK; 3H3jih3 Ha ocHOBe TeopHH rpaKeK (HOBeñIlIHH MeTOÄ OUeHKH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH B KanHTaJlHCTHHeCKHX C T p a H a x ) . Kan BbnenaeT h3 npHBe^eHHOH KJiaccH(})HKauHH, cjiojKHOCTb oueHKH c Ka>KflbiM ypoBHeM B03pacTaeT, OflHaKO oueHKH He ÄOCTHTSIOT ypoBHH c p a B H e H H « c Hap0flH0X03HHCTBeHHbIMH H0pMaTHB3MH, B03M0>KH0r0 JIHIUb B yCJIOBHHX COUH3JIH3M3. 1

H. K l u m p . O p . cit., S. 117.

245 4>opMHpoBaHHe

cy6i>eKTHBHbix

Ha ocHOBe

npeflnoMTeHHH

uiKajiHpoBaHHti

H oAHOCTyneHHaToro

paHKHpoBaHHsi

KaiecTBe Hanöojiee npocToro h qacTo npHM6HH6-

B Moro

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npeAnpHHTHeM.

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paccMaTpHBaTb npOeKTOB

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luiaccHc})«-

K a u H H He c y m e c T B y e T , C K o p e e , H M e i O T c a n p o B e p e H H b i e onbiTe

noflxoÄbi,

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b

óojiee

h^ih

MeHee

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nccjieAOBa-

hhh: CBH3aHHbie

C

OnpeflejieHHblMH

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(fachorientiert) ; OpHeHTHpOB3HHbie

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npOÔJieMbI

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MeHeHHH; OpHeHTHpOBaHHbie yKa3aHHOMy npe^uiecTByeT 6aa P.

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no Ha

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STOM, HTO r j i a B H b i e

paccMaTpHBaroTca

oTflejibHbiM

MeTOÄHiecKHx

OUGHKH no;menpaBH^,

247 c TeM ^ T O S h i B c j i y i a n x , K o r j i a p a H r H 3HaMHM0CTb K p n TEPNEB NPE^BAPHTEJIBHO He YCIAHOB^EHBI, MOJKHO 6w.no 6bi NOJIYNHTB NOC^EÄOBATEJIBHOCTB NPE^NOHTEHHÖ, COOTB e r c T B y i o m y i o u e J i H M H O6"beKTaM OUCHKH. K ^HCJiy H a n ß o j i e e u i H p o K o npHMeHneMbix MeToaoB T a K o r o T H n a OTHOCHTCH u i K a J i n p o B a H H e . B STOM c j i y n a e oueHKa ocymecTBJineTca Ha 0 C H 0 B e u i K a j i b i , 3 H a q e H H H KOTOpOH HCnOJIb3yiOTCH ß,JlH X a p a K T e p H C T H K H o u e H H B a eMbix BapHaHTOB F l p n STOM n o 4 m K a j i o f t n o H H M a e T C H MHOJKecTBo c T p y K T y p H p o ß a H H b i x npe^HKaTOB, xapaKTep H 3 y i o m H x p a 3 J i H q H b i e CTeneHH n p o f l B J i e H H H H e K O T o p o r o n o 3 H a B a e M o r o HJIH H o p M a r a B H o r o K a i e c T B a B o u e H H B a e MOM M H O m e C T B e OÖTjeKTüB 2 . O n n c a H H e n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä H T c a Ha 0 C H 0 B e y H H B e p c a j i b H o r o HJIH CYßIJEKTHBHORO n p a B H j i a HJIH 6 e 3 B C H K o r o n p a B H J i a . B a > K H O , 4TO K a j K Ä O M y H3 O U e H H B a e M b l X S J i e M e H T O B MHO>KeCTBa O Ö i e K T O B CT3BHTCH B COOTBeTCTBHe TOJlbKO OAHH npe^HKaT. y ^ K e H3 C K a 3 a H H o r o o q e B H Ä H O , m o n p n ncn0Jib30B3HHH 3TOrO M e T O ß a Cy6T>eKTHBHbIH (J>aKTOp HMeeT n e p B0CTeneHH0e 3HAIEHHE, HO JIHHHBIE OUEHOHHBIE CY>KÄEHHH ÄOJIÄHbl n O ^ y i H T b 0 6 " b e K T H B H 0 e OÖOCHOBaHHe C nOMOUibK) UIKa/IHpOBaHHH. N0ÄX0Ä K oueHKe onpe^ejineTCJi THITOM uiKa^bi. A T a K K a K THnbl UIKaJl pa3JIHMHbI, CJIOJKHOCTb OUeHKH 33BHCHT OT CJIOJKHOCTH IHKaJI. JXjlH Bbl6opa COOTBeTCTB y i o m e r o T H n a u i n a j i b i p e m a r o m e e 3 H a q e H H e HMCIOT n o Ä j i e j K a m H e o u e H K e K a n e c T B a , p e r H C T p n p y e M b i e Ha MHO« e c T B e 06"beKT0B, paBHO KaK T p e ö y e M u e H B03M0>KHbie 3aTpaTbi Ha H3MepeHHH, nocKOJibKy 6o.rcee oio>KHbie ÜIKaJTbl npeflT>HBJIHIOT B 3T0M OTHOUieHHH ÄOBOJIbHO BMCOKHe T p e ß O B a H H H . K Han6ojiee ynoTpeßHTejibHbiM B KanHTajiHCTHHeCKOH n p a K T H K e ranaM uiKa.n OTHOCHTCH: HOMHHAJIBHAH, nopHAKOBan, HHTepBa^bHaH, OTHOCHTejibHaa3. B o o ö m e roBopH, B ynpaßjieHHH H H O K P uiKajinpoBaHHe CJiy}KHT ä j i h T o r o , m t o ö h n o j i y q H T b K O J i H v e c T B e H H b i e 1 CM.: G. G ä f g e n . Theorie der wirtschaftlichen E n t s c h e i d u n g , U n t e r s u c h u n g e n zur L o g i k und ökonomischen B e d e u t u n g des rationalen H a n d e l n s . T ü b i n g e n , 1968, S . 140. 2 CM.: L. C z a y k a. Op. cii., S 65f. 3-Ibid.

248 XapaKTepHCTHKH tob,

KOTopbie

BeHHOMy

T3KHX

caMH

cbohctb

no

ce6e

He

oijeHHBaeMbix no;waK)TCH

o6"beK-

kojihhcct-

onpeAWieHHio.

KpHTHieCKH

aHa^H3Hpyn

MeTOflbl

KJiaCCH^HKaUHH

H

uiKajiHpoBaHHH, HeoóxoAHMo npejK^e Beerò ncwiepKHyTb, ITO TaKHe MeTOAbI A a B H O HCnOJIb3yK)TCH B eCTecTBeHHbix Haynax. H a n p H M e p , uiKajibi npHMeHHiOTCH a j i h H3MepeHHH TeMnepaTypbi, a j i h h m , AaBjieHHH. B

6yp>Kya3Hbix

counojiorHHecKHx

Hccjie^OBaHHHx,

n p e x t f l e B e e r ò aMepHKaHCKHx, K uiKajiHpoBaHHio BeHHbix HBjieHHH n p n ó e r a i O T nop

6bicTpo pacumpHeTCH

c KOHua 2 0 - x

npaKTHKa

THX OÒJiaCTHX, OTHOCHIUHXCH K Tanoe He

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p a M K a x o6in,ero MexaHH3Ma npH h npn hoh

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nporpecca MeTOfl

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KOTOpbix y c T a H a B j i H B a i o T C f l

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249

BbIHBJieHHbie C HX nOMOmbK) KO^H^eCTBeHHbie H KaqecTBeHHbie CTeneHH öbuiH 0AH03HaMHbiMH; CpaBHÊHHH MeJK^y KO^IHHeCTBeHHblMH H Ka^ecTBeHHbiMH CTeneHHMH HocHjiH o6"beKTHBHbiH xapaKTep; nO^O>KHTejIbHbie HJIH OTpnuaTejIbHble (J)aKTOpbI MOrjIH ÔbITb BbIHBJieHbl B pâBHOH CTeneHH. NPH Bblôope H npHMeHeHHH MeTOiia IHKajIHpOBaHHH HeoöxoÄHM TmaTejibHbiH HayiHbiH aHajiH3 oueHHBaeMbix OßTEKTOB H ncwiyHeHHbix SMnnpHHecKHM NYTEM OTHOiueHHH. ripH 3TOM CJIEßYET y^HTblBaTb, HTO, K A K NOKA3BIBAET onbiT, 9TH MeTO^bi ou,eHKH He AonycKaiOT öojiee ^eiajibHOH rpa^auHH, ne.M 5 — 7 IIO3HUHH. HeoôxoAHMo TaK>Ke HMeTb B BH^y, ITO Hcnojib3yK)TCH npeHMymecTBeHHO KOJiHqecTBeHHbie iiiKajibi, XOTH jyin aroro oTcyTCTByiOT ÄOCTaTO^Hbie sMiiHpH^ecKHe npeAnocbiJiKH. HHCTOe LLIKajIHpOBaHHe npHMeHHIOT aOBOJIbHO pe^KO. KaK npaBH.no, ero Hcn0Jib3yi0T B coqeTaHHH c ApyrHMH (JjopMaMH SKcnepTHbix oueHOK, a TaK>Ke B3BeniHBaHHeM KPHTEPAEB,

N03B0JIHI0MHMH

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paHJKHp0B3HHe 06"beKT0B. THnHMHbiH npHMep B3BeineHHoro uiKajinpoBaHHSi npoeKTOB npeflCTaBJieH B Tafoi. 32. B STOM npHMepe TpeöyeTCH peiuHTb, pa3pa6aTbiBaTb npoeKT HJIH HeT. ECJIH B pe3yjibTaTe ajireópaH^ecKoro cjioKeHHH cyMMa öajuioB npeBbicHT 120, npoeKT npHHHMaeTCH K pa3pa6oTKe, ecjin cysma HHHce — npoeKT oTKJioHaeTca. ripHBeaeHHHH npHMep Harjin^HO noKa3biBaeT, K 3 K H M 06pa30M c noMombio npocTefiiiiHx npneMOB KOJiHiecTBeHHOH OneHKH 3aTyUieBbIBaiOTCH CTOHIUHe 3a npoeKTOM npOÓJieMbl H C03^aeTCH BHÄHMOCTb OÔTjeKTHBHOCTH. IlpH 3TOM npHÖbIJIH OTBe^eHO CKpOMHOe MeCTO r^e-TO B KOHue nepeHHH, H JiHiiib Bec SToro (JíaKTopa B coneTaHHH c HeoöxoÄHMbiMH ÄJIH pea;iH3auHH npHÖbiJiH noKa3aTejiHMH oö-beMa npoAa« H BpeMeHH pa3pa6oTKH noKa3bIB3K)T, KaKOe 3Ha^eHHe B AeñCTBHTe^bHOCTH HMefOT 3TH (JjaKTopbi. Ha yKa3aHHbie qerape (JjaKTopa B O6meñ CJIOJKHOCTH npHXOÄHTCH 90 H3 120 ÔaJIJIOB, HeoöXOÄHMblX /WIH npHHHTHH npoeKTa! flaHHblH npHMep MO>KHO paccMaTpHBaTb B KanecTBe THnHMHoro cjiy^aa HCn0JIb30B3HHH MeTOflOB IIIKajIHpOBaHHH. B TO >Ke BpeMa OH noKa3biBaeT TecHyio CBH3b Mewfly pas-nnqHbiMH STanaMH oueHKH, TaK KaK onpeAe^ieHHe öa^i^oB

250 Ta6Auu,a B3BeiueHHoe uiicajiHpoBaHHe

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ô o j i b m e 250 = 1 0 0 - 250 = MeHbiue 100 =

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5 MeHbme 5 — 8= 8 óojibiiie

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10.

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+

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Forschungsplanung In Unternehmen, S. 61—62.

32

251

npodoAMeHue

11.

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2

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paMKax

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H ({>. BBeAeHHe B HCCJieflOBamie onepaunft, M., «Hayna», 1968, c. 107 H cjiefl.: C. M. M o 111 e y, R. D. N e w t o n . The Selection of Projects for Industrial Research. Operations research, vol. 7, JSTs 10/11, 1969, p. 435; R. C o e n e n , L. C z a y ka. Op. eit., S. 81.

253 H a H f i c u i e e H3BecTHbix H q a c T O n p H M e H H e M b i x B K a n H T a JiHCTH^ecKHx C T p a H a x noflXOAOB S T o r o p o a a OTHOCHTCH MeTOfl «JJejibfJjbi», pa3pa6oTaHHbiH O. XejmepoM C TO JIB >Ke QACTO A-AH c p a B H H T e j i b H b i x THBHUX

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K/

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Kan n

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B

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33).

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T. Kpayx 3aAaeT Bonpoc, HMeioiUHH peiuaiomee 3HaqeHHe: «fleo6jiaAaeT jih AejioBofi n0AX0A TaM, rAe SKCnepTbl y}Ke A a B H O

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CM.: 0 . H e l r a e r . Social Technology. New York, 1966. CM.: A. H a r t . A Chart of E v a l u a t i n g Product-Research and Development Projects. Operation Research Quarterly, 1966, vol. 4, N« 17, p. 347f, 2

254 Ta6AUU,a 33 AjibTepHaTHBbi (npoeKTu, BapHamu) KpHTepHft

Kx Ki

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1 s

H. K r a u c h. Op. cit., S. 203. Ibid., S. 206.

255 TCH

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256 nonapHO

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271 Bbirne

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H H T e j i b H o , O A H A K O , B C E R ^ A JIH npocToe c y M M H p o B ä H H e ÄBYX K p H T e p n e B Ä a e T T p e r a f t K p H T e p H H , B e ß b n p n STOM B03M0>KeH n e p e x o A B H o ß o e K a q e c T B o . T a K H M c > 6 p a 3 0 M , B CHCTeMe C n E He y o r p a H H i o T C H n p H H U H n n a j i b H b i e H e ^ o c T a T K H MCTOÄOB M H o r o c T y n e i m a TOH OUeHKH, JIHIIIb ÜO-HHOMy n p e f l C T a B J i e H b l MeTOÄHHecKne ÄßTajin. flpyroH n o A x o a , T a K Ä e ocHoßaHHbifi Ha TeopHH r p a ( j ) O B , n p e f l C T a B J i e H MerodoM oqeHKU, n p e ^ o m e H H b i M O . M o p r e H i H T e p H O M H e r o KOJiJieraMH HcXOÄHbIM MOMeHTOM flJIH H 3 3 B a H H O r O M e T O f l a c j i y 5KHT TOT (})aKT, ^TO C T p y K T y p H b i e CBH3H B H y T p H O n p e f l e JieHHOH OÖJI3CTH HCCJieÄOBaHHH H Me>KÄy OTÄeJIbHbIMH o ß j i a C T H M H X a p a K T e p H 3 y i O T C f l B3aHMOCBH3HMH H B33HMO33BHCHMOCTHMH, KOTOpbie BO MHOTOM HeH3BeCTHbI. OueHKa HHHe

TOH

opneHTHpoBaHa

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u,ecc HaKonjieHHH 3HaHHH. F l o cyTH A e j i a , p e ^ b n a e T o BbIHBJieHHH n p H M b l X H KOCBeHHblX 3(})(f>eKTOB HCCJie^OBaTe;ibCKOH ÄeHTeJIbHOCTH. J X j M 3TOH UejIH B33HMOCE33H B OÖJI3CTH HCCJieÄOBaHHH npeACT3BJIHIOT K3K r p a f J j H H e C K H , B B H f l e A e p e B 3 u e j i e f i , T3K H B B H a e M3TpHii,bi. 3 3 T e i u npOH3BOÄHT r 0 p H 3 0 H T 3 J I b H 0 e *IJieHeHHe H C C J i e Ä 0 B 3 T e J l b CKHX p a Ô O T B COOTBeTCTBHH C H S y ^ H b l M H ÄHCUHnJIHH3MH, O T r p a H H ^ e H H b l M H n o B03M0JKH0CTH ÔOJiee WeTKO, H B e p THK3JibHoe — n o BHflaM HccjieflOB3HHH (HanpHMep, ( J j y H Ä a M e H T a j i b H b i e HCCJieÄOBaHHH, npHKji3,zi,Hbie n c c j i e Ä0B3HHH, ÄOBOÄKa npoöJieM— Problembesrbeitung), n p H H e M JIHHHH, CBH3bIB3K>mHe O T ^ e J I b H b i e BHÄbl A e H T e j I b HOCTH, x a p a K T e p H 3 y i O T npeßiiiecTByioimie pesyjibTara ( V o r l e i s t u n g e n ) HJIH stJxJieKT ( p H C . 1 0 ) . « S H a ^ H M O C T b OTÄejTbHOH OÔJI3CTH HCCJieÄOBaHHH C TOHKH

3PEHH3

0npe,N,eJieHH0H

UEJIH B c e r j i a NOJIHOCTBIO HJIH

1 0 . M o r g e n s t e r n , R. W. S h e p a r d , H. G r a b o w s k i . A G r a p h O r i e n t e d M o d e l f o r R e s e a r c h M a n a g e m e n t . — In: Res e a r c h P r o g r a m m E f f e c t i v e n e s s , P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e C o n f e r e n c e S p o n s o r e d By the O f f i c e of N a v a l R e s e a r c h . W a s h i n g t o n D. C., J u l y 1965, N e w York, 1966.

274

P H c.

10.

B3aHMOCBH3H Me»Äy npoueccaMH HccjieÄOBaHHH

qaCTHHHO 33BHCHT OT BblHBJieHHblX 3(J)(})eKT0B BÄOJIb BCefl J1HHHH C B H 3 e ñ »

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nyHKTbl,

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NYTEM

flJIfl

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BbipaÓOTKH

HCCJieAOBaHHH,

r p a c j ) Ä a e T n p e ^ c i a B J i e H H e TOjibKO o c y m e c T B y i o m n x HMOCBH3HX. n03B0JlHeT npouecce

TeM

He

MeHee

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Ha

OcHOBe

BbinyCK

C nOMOmbK)

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BBIPAIKAIOTCH

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B 1

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no

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B

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paóoT,

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KaiiecTBe KO-

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H3MepeHHH

Methoden der P r i o r i t ä t s b e s t i m m u n g II, S. 97.

—

MaTpHMHOH

pe3yjibTaTbi

HS OAHOH o ö J i a c T H

KanecTBe

B

aHa^H3a

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a

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275

3THX

«nepeAarotíHbix

HcnojTb3yeT

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H a HÓH

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O.

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11).

MejKAHCUHiuiHHap-

3H3HHH,

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nep.BocTeneHHoe

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n p H

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mto

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uac

B KOTOpÖM H C C J i e A O B a T e ^ b C K O H 2 npHHaÄ^ieÄHT u e H T p a j i b H a a pojib, H ncoTOMy

nepeAaiH

paóoTe eñ

KoatJx^HuneHTOB»

HCCJieAOBaieJibCKHñ

H

b

hcm

pa3Öope

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H6

nOHHMaeMOH

TexHHHecKHX

BHHMaHHe.

yKa3aHHoro

KaK

MeTóAa

pa3JiHMHfl

HeOÓXOAHMbie

cpeACTB,

a

TaioKe

OTTpy-

B

3aTpaTbI

KanecTBO

pe-

HCCJieAOBaHHH

Ha3BaHHbie A ^ a pemaroiUHx HeAocTaTKa, KOTopbie e m e 6 o ; i e e y c y r y ô ^ n i O T C H cy6"béKTHBH3MOM o u e n ò K , HeOÖXOAHMblX TOM, B

«ITO

H

KaqecTBe

oueHKH

JiaCTHMH qeHHH,

nepeAaMH

KOTopbie

98f.

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np«

CJiy^HTb njia

y;iymueHHH

OTAejibHbiMH

Me06-

Te

OrpaHH-

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cncTeMe

He

BHAHbl

o

JIHIUb

onncbiBaeMOM

Me>K,a,y

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npncymH M

CBHACTejIbCTByiÓT

MÒHteT

cpeACTBa H

3H3hhh

HCCJieAOBaHHH

Ibid., S

üOAXOAe, aHajIH3

HCçjieAOBaHHH.

X03HHCTB0BaHHH. 1

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BcnoMoraTejibHoro

njiaHHpoBaHHH TOÁe

npH

CTpyKTypHblH

B a O J l H O H CT3THMH0CTH

MO-

276 FLEJIH, a , CKopee, B T O M , I T O B y c j i o B i i n x KanHTajiHCTHMeCKHX npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX OTHOUI6HHH aÔCOJIIOTHO HJIJIK>30pHbI nOnblTKH BbIHBHTb «CyMMapHblft npHMOfi H KOCBeHHbïH 3(j)Cj)eKT... OT npHMeHeHHH OAHOrO H c c j i e a o B a i e j i b c k o r o qaca B K 3 > K Ä O H O Ö ^ A C T H Hca/ieAOB3HHH» B yCneiUHOCTb KOTOpblX XOTejIH 6 b l 3 a C T 3 B H T b n o B e p H T b aBTOpbi MeTOAa H A a w e e r e K P H T H K H . B u H B J i e H H e B3aHMOCBfi3efl c a M o n o c e 6 e c o n p a w e H O C OrpOMHblMH TpyflHOCTHMH, npeTCH3HH >Ke Ha yHHBepcajibHOCTb (Totalitätsanspruch) cjie^yeT pacueHHBaTb jiHiiib n a n KaMy(})ji5i}K, 3 a KOTOpbiM c K p b i B a e T c n T H N I M Ho K a n H T a ^ H C T H I E C K A A N O J I H T H K A B OÔJIACTH n c c j i e A O B a H H H , ixejib K o i o p o H A a T b « o 6 " b e K T H B H o e » O6OCHOB3HH6 npeanoMTHTejibHbiM npoeKraM. HMeHHo n o n b i T K a . B H H BHTb B e e a c n e K T b i p a 3 p a 6 o T K H H p a c c M O T p e T b M H O T O M H C JieHHbie B a p w a H T H c oweBHAHocTbio n o Ä T B e p > K Ä a e T , MTO, He33BHCHM0 OT B03M0>KH0CTeH H CneUHajlH3aUHH OTAejIbHblX KanHTajIHCTH^eCKHX (J)HpM, p e q b HAßT O MeTOflaX, KOTopbie n o CBoeñ cyTH nyjKAM KanHTajiHCTHqecKofl CHCTeMe. T w n o B b i e ( j j o p M y j i b i a j i h onpeAeJieHHsi npocKTOB H H O K P

peHTaôejibHOCTH

n O A M e T O A S M H HCMHCJieHHfl peHTaßeJIbHOCTH n o H H M a 10TCH B e e n o A x o A U , CBH3aHHbie c B b i p a » e H H e M o>KHAaeM o r o a ^ e K T a B A C H O K H O H (J)opMe, a T a i m e c Hcn0Jib30B3HHeM, npHMO HJ1H B M0AH(j)HUHp0B3HH0H (J)OpMe, COOTHouieHHa AeHe>KHbix 3 a T p a T H p e 3 y j i b T 3 T O B B K S N E C T B E KpHTepHH A^lfl OTÔOpa n p O e K T O B 2 . T e M caMbiM y K a 3 a H H b i e MeTOAbi oueHKH n 0 3 B 0 ^ H K ) T o c y m e c T B J i H T b H e n o c p e A C T B e H H y i o yBH3Ky c u e j i b i o KannT3^IHCTHMECKORO N P E A N P N A T H H — O ß E C N E M E H H P M H npnyMHOJKeHHeM npHÔbiJiH. B 33BHCHMOCTH OT OCHOBHblX HCnOJlb3yeMblX A3HHbIX B ^HTEPATYPE NPEA^ARAIOTCA PA3.NNMHBIE NOKA33TE^H sfJjcjjeKTa H p a c i e T H b i e ({)opMyjibi. Bo;ibiiiHHCTBO n p u M e HHeMbix noAXOAOB o c H O B a n o n a MeTOAax anajima 3tj)(})eKT H B H O C T H KanHTajiOBJiojKPHHH H o p n e H T H p o B a H o Ha c p a B 1 2

Ibid., S. 100. R. C 0 e n e n, L. C z a y k a. Op. cit., S. 82.

277 HeHHe 3 a T p a T

H A0X0A0B, CBH3aHHbIX C HCC^eflOBaHHHMH

H pa3pa6oTKaMH,

B

Taione

a

6ejibH0CTH,

mo

npn

noAxoAa. B

Horo

CTBjieHHbix

BpeMH

TO

McponpHHTHH

HOCHTGJlbHO

TOM H O ,

KaK

peHTa-

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fibiTb

6 Y A Y M H H

aaH-

ocyme-

peHTa6ejibHOCTb

MO>KeT

HX

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cepbe3HbiM

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noKasaTejiefi.

np0H3B0AHbix

0CH0Be o u e H K H J i e a o T

onpeAe.neHa

94)(})EKT

OT-

NOAAAETCH

JlHLLIb OU,eHKe. 3 T O T

NPHHUNNHAABHBIH

pa3J!HqHbIM H3 6yAyT

MeTOAaM

MHOrOHHC^eHHblX KpaTKO

npncym

HEAOCTATOK

HCMHCAGHHH

3aTpaT

CneunajlbHblX

0xapaKTepH30BaHbi

OCOSeHHO

THIlHMHbl

A^H

MYJIA

O ^ B C E H A 3 I Y

H

TAK>KE

AOXOAOB.

MeTOAOB

AHiiJb

Te,

KanHTajlHCTHieCKOH

HHHKHT (j)opO .

CAYIAHX,

KORAA

BHEAPEHHH CTB0B3HHH

H O B H X

UEAB

K H A a e M b i e p a c x o A b i Ha S — O K H A a e M a a cyivuia

nccjieAOBaHHa;

npoAa»;

t — n e p n o A BpeMeHH; T — BpeMeHHOH r 0 p H 3 0 H T ;

a

—

CTPATERNMECKHH

TepnpeTHpoBaTb (oTHomeHHfl

KaK

NPNSBIAH

napaMeTp, Mepy

H

KOTopbift

MOJKHO

peHTa6ejibHOCTH

HH-

npoAaw

odopoTa).

1 CM.: F. 0 1 s e n . M a n a g e m e n t ' s View of Industrial Research. — I n : P r o c e e d i n g s of the F i r s t Annual Northern California Research Conference. S a n Francisco, 1949, p. 5 7 — 6 3 . (UHT. no: K. B r o c k h o f f. Op. cit., S . 67f.)

278 ripH

Si, t — sf 3¿

^

í-1 B KaMeCTBê K p H T e p H H paHHCHpOBaHHH

_ «HHaqe

rOBOpH,

ïl

nOKa3aTe^b

9(})(j)eKTHBHOCTH,

CBH3biBaeT o > K H ^ a e M b i e ó y a y i u n e MH p a c x o f l a M H Ha npHBe^eHHoe

BbicTynaeT

as p

npoAa>KH c

HccjieAOBaHHn» oTHOwenHe

Mo>neT

cjiywHTb

noKa3aTe-

j i e M T o r o , m o A o x o A b i h p a c x o A b i na H H O K P B

cymHocTH,

HOCTH A a H H o r o HOBHOH

Mepbl

KOTOpblH

o>KHAaeMbi-

noÄXoa

npoeKTa

ypaBHeHbi.

K onpeAe-neHHio

OjibceHa

ueH-

a H a j i o r H H e H Hcn(Wib30BaHHK>

peHTaßeAbHOCTH,

npHMeHHCMOH

oc-

B KanHTa-»

JIHCTHMeCKOH n p a K T H K C ! j

OT pe3y^ibTaTOB H H O K P

E

K a n m a j i , BjioJKGHHbiñ b H H O K P

K

floxoA

C y i j e T O M BepoHTHOCTH y e n e x a P

nojiyqaeM

/ = —. p i r. K

flaAbHeñiiiee

npHcnocoóJieHHe

» e H H H b HHOKP MOAH(j>HKaUHH:

AOCTHraeTCH

, 1

KOTOpaH

.. -P, •

• P3 •

~

n03B0JiHeT

K yqecTb

k

ocoSchhocthm

c noMombio

b^o-

CAeAytomeñ

(iE - C)

paA

BepoHTHOCTHbix

TOpOB: P\ — pHCK, CBH3aHHbIH C H a y ^ H O - T e X H H q e C K O H

peaAH-

3auHeñ; P2 — pHCK, u,Heñ Ha

cBH33HHbiH

c

TexHcyionmecKOH

P3 — pHCK, OÓyCJIOBJieHHbíñ a T3KJK6 AHCKOHTHpOBaHHyíO h

pea;iH3a-

npeAnpHHTHH;

KanHTajibHbie

MepnecKoro

3aipaTbi

pblHKOM,

n o t OJKHAaeMyiO

C,

HeoöxoAHMbie

pacnpocipaHeHHH

pe3yJibTaTOB

E

CyMMy äjih

kompa3pa-

ÔOTKH. TaKaa

AHtJxJjepeHiXHauHH

0>KHAaeMbIMH 1

pe3y^bTäTaMH,

bhaob

pHCKa, C B H 3 a H H o r o

CBOHCTBeHHa

K. B r o c k h o f i. Op. cit., S. 69.

MHOrHM

c

H3-

279 BecTHbiM n o / i x o Ä a M ; OHa n o K a 3 b i B a e T , B KaKofi M e p e BBIHBJIHKITCH Heonpe,ne;ieHHOCTH B npouecce oueHKH. H3BeCTHbI MHOrOMHCJieHHbie nOnblTKH aH(i)4)epeHUHp O B a H H O nOÄXOÄHTb K OUeHKe OTÄeJIbHblX (})aKTOpOB Heonpeae^eHHocTH H a n p H M e p , ü , . K n c f i e p HCXOÄHT H3 CJIEAYIOIUHX 4 > a K TOpOB 2 : Rt—BepoHTHoerb nojiyqeHHH AaHHoro TexHHwecKoro pe3yjibTaTa;

Rc—BepoaTHOCTb no^yneHHH jiaHHoro KOMMepqecKOro pe3yjibTaTa;

G — o>KHÄaeMbiö oßmHH ÄOXOÄ (npHßbmb); K — o ö m H e 3 a T p a r a Ha npe,n;io>KeHHbiH n p o e K T . HA3BAHHBIE (JJAKTOPU HAXO^HTCA B c j i e , n y i o i u e M COOTHomeHHH: Rt-Rc-G P c — K n x e E — o>KHÄaeMbiH ACJXJJEKT, a B a p n a H T CHHT3IOT 3 a CJiyJKHBaromHM BHHMaHHH, eCJIH E ^ 2 . O n b i T p a 3 H b i x CTpaH n o K a 3 b i B a e T , m - o n p H B e a e H H a H 4>opMy;ia n p n r o Ä H a AJIH oueHKH npe;yio>KeHHH, p e a j i H 3 a UHH KOTOpblX B IipHHUHIie He COnpHJKeHa C ßOJIbUIHM pHCKOM H p a c C T H T a H a n p H M e p H O Ha n a i b jieT. n p n JIK)6OM METOFLE ONPEÄEJIEHH« acJxJjeKTa, n o cyTH flejia, c o n o c T a B ^ H i o T C H 3 a T p a ™ H atJx^eKT, n 0 3 T 0 M y cvieA y e T npOBOÄHTb p a 3 J I H 4 H e Me>KÄy KpHTepHHMH 3 a T p a T H pe3yjIbTaTOB. B KawecTBe K p H T e p n e B 3 a T p a T p a c c M a T p H B a i O T Te 4 ) a K T o p b i , c KOTopbiMH cBfl3aHbi n o A r o T O B K a H o c y i u e c r BJieHHe npoeKTOB H H O K P . npn STOM, pa3yMeeTcn, yqHTbiBaiOT jiHiiib n p H M b i e 3 a T p a T b i KKH. Pe3yjibTaTbi » e npoaBJiHioTca cjie^yroiuHM 0Öpa30M: n p w p o c T npHÖbIJIH, 1 CM.: W. K r e 11 e, D. C o e n e n . P r ä f e r e n z - und Entscheidungstheorie. Tübingen, 1968; H. S c h n e e w e i ß . Entscheidungskriterien bei Risiko. Westberlin — Heidelberg — New York, 1967; H. B ü h l m a n n u. a. E i n f ü h r u n g in die Theorie und P r a x i s der E n t s c h e i d u n g bei Unsicherheit. Westberlin — Heidelberg — New York, 1967. 2 D. M. K i e f er. Winds of C h a n g e in Industrial Chemical Research. — Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 42. March 1964, p. 88—109.

280 yBejiHqeHHe nOBblUieHHe

oöteMa

npo;ia>K, npOH3BO,ZI,HTeJIbHOCTH,

CHHHieHHe H3Äep)KeK, 3 K 0 H 0 M H H p a Ö O ^ e Ö CHJIbl, CHH^eHHe p a c x o A a

MaiepHajioB,

pacuiHpeHHe pbiHKa, öojiee nojiHoe Hcn0Jib30BaHHe KanHTajia, nojiy^eHHe npeHMymecTB B KOHKypeHTHOH 6opb6e, T.e. n o BCGM T e M KpHTepHHM, KOTOpbie HMeiOT C y m e C T B e H H o e " 3 H a H e H H e fljia n o j i H T H K H K a n H T a ^ H C T H ^ e c K o r o n p e ^ n p H H T H H . y K a 3 a H H b i e K p H T e p H H HaXOßHTCH B n p H M O H HJIH KOCBeHHOH CBH3H C MHOrO^HCJieHHblMH (J)aKTOpaMH, K O T O p b i e c n o c o ö c T B y i o T HJIH M e u i a i o T n c v i y q e H H K ) COOTB e T C T B y i o m H X p e 3 y j i b T a T O B . O p H M e p a M H c^aKTOpOB T a " K o r o p o A a M o r y x cjiy>KHTb: B p e M e H H o f l (})aKTop p e a j i H 3 a n H H Ä a H H o r o p e 3 y j i b T a T a H H O K P , T. e . H a n a ^ o H n p o A O J i Ä H T e j i b H O C T b n e p n o ^ a BpeMeHH, Kor,na ÖyaeT omymaTbcn scJxJjeKT c TO^KH 3 p e H H H K O H K y p e H U H H H O Ö m e r O SKOHOMHUeCKOrO n o . n o JKEHHH B COOTBETCTBYROMEÖ KANHTAJIHCTHQECKOH CTPAHE; CTeneHb npHcn0C06jieHH0CTH HOBHX p a 3 p a Ö 0 T 0 K K c y m e c T B y i o m H M cpeßCTBaM np0H3B0ACTBa, M a T e p n a j i a M , p b I H K 3 M , O p r a H H 3 a i I , H O H H b I M C T p y K T y p a M H 3 a T p a T b I Ha nojiHoe npHcnocoßjieHHe; p a c x o Ä b i Ha p e K J i a M y H C6WT; OÖTEM n p o f l a m H B03M0>KH0CTb e r o YBEJINWENHH 3 a onpeÄejieHHbiö nepnofl. T a n o e oÖHjine noÄ.ne>KamHx BbiHBJieHHio KpHTepnEB H 4>AKTOPOB CBHÄETEJIBCTBYET 0 TOM, ^TO n p H CßE^EHHH AHAJIH3A PEHTAÖEJIBHOCTH K OUEHKE n o ^BYM-TPEM K p H T e p H H M OH q p e 3 M e p H 0 y n p o m a e T C H .

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OT6ope KpnrepHeB iuiaHHpoBaHHH peKOMeHflyeT yqHTbmaTb c J i e a y i o m H e

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HHOKP noKa3a-

KanHTaji,

K = Ko + &K; 1 H. M. D a t h e. M o d e r n e P r o j e k t p l a n u n g in T e c h n i k u n d Wiss e n s c h a f t . Modelle, M e t h o d e n u n d ihre A n w e n d u n g . M ü n c h e n , 1971, S. 21.

281 V — oö-beM npo^a>K 3a roa, V=Vo

+ AV;

P = P¡-j- P2 — H3Aep>KKH npOH3BOflCTBa no

npOH3BOAHMOH, P 2 —

3a no

TOÄ ( P i —

HOBOH n p o -

äykuhh); G +

F +

A — HaK^a^Hbie p a c x o A b i 3a r o a ;

F = Fi + F2 — roflOBbie 3aTpaTbi Ha nccJieAOBaHHH n pa3pa6oTKH,

.Fi —

HHOKP,

3 a T p a T b i Ha H3B0AHM0H

CBH3aHHbie

c npo-

npoAyKUneß,

F2 — 3arpaTbi Ha H H O K P , cBH33HHbie c hoBOH n p o i i y K U H e ß , A — rOflOBbie

3aTpaTbl,

CBH33HHbie

CO

C6bl-

TOM, y n p a B J i c H H e M h t . n . ,

ix Ho> Ko,

npeanpHHTHH

— äojih

Vo, Po — HCXOÄHbie

Ha

BGJiH'îHHbi

pbiHKe

npH

(%),

onaHHpoBa-

HHH, AK, B

A P — H3MeHeHHH

AV,

STHX

HCXOÄHHX

Bejm^HH.

K3H6CTB6 M e p H J i a 0U.6HKH n o j i y ^ s e M :

Í Hcxoäh

H3

=

i - ( V - P - F - A ) .

noKa3aTejieft,

cjioähbuihxch

Ha

ä^hhom

n p e a n p H H T H H , n p n n o M o m n n p H B e ^ e H H o ñ (JjopMyjibi m o j k HO C H3BeCTHOH C T e n e H b K ) Ha/ie>KHOCTH BbIHBHTb CBH3b

MejKÄy

CTpaTerHHX

33TpaT3MH

Ha

H H O K P

npn

K.

TpyÄHocTb

h

OHtHflaeMbiMH

npe/icTaBJineT

B33HMO"

pa3JIHHHbIX H3,a,ep>K-

AOxoAaMH

pscnpe^eJieHHe

)KCK CÓbITa Me>KÄy C T a p O H H HOBOH n p O A y K U H e f i ,

» e Hx conocTaB^eHHe c H3Aep>KKaMH H H O K P CaMOH Ba>KHOH 3 a ß a H e H npn onraMajibHOM npoeKTOB

HBJIH6TCH

onpeAejieHHe

H3MeHeHHfl

OT

npo-

H3Aepa

TaK-

Bbiôope

H3Aep>KeK

h npo^aHí (Fi, F2, AK, A P , A V ) npn pasjiH^HOM pacnpefle^eHHH CMeTbi H H O K P Ha BbinycKaeMbie h hoBbie BHÄbl npOayKHHH (CM. T3K>Ke pa3^HMHbie C T p 3 T e THH B OÖJiaCTH

H H O K P ) .

0tH0III6HH6

E/K

CT3H0BHTCH

npH 3T0M KpHTepneM onpe^eJieHHa onTHMyMa, 1

Ibid., S. 22.

npHieM

282 H3MeHHK>T He TOJibKO pacnpeAejieHHe F, HO h aócojiioTHyio BejiHiHHy. Bo^ee TOHKHH AHA/iH3 MO>KHO npoBecTH B TOM c;iyl a e , ecjiH yAaeTCH 3aAaTb a^h npoeKTOB HHOKP BepoHTHOCTb ycnexa Kan (|)yHKUHio npHMeHeHHHX cpeACTB H OUeHKH HbIHeillHeH UeHHOCTH ÓyAyUIHX IHCTbIX AOXOAOB OT KajKfloro n p o e K T a C j i e A O B a T e j i b H o , npn pacieTe 3KeHHeTOJibKoB cyMMapHOM 3(})(})eKTe OT npouecca B0cnp0H3B0ACTBa. N 0 3 T 0 M Y cono-

CTaBJieHHe 3aTpaT h pe3y;ibTaTOB B npHHUHne conpa>Ke-

HO B HaCTOHmee BpeMH CO 3H3HHTejIbHbIMH TpyAHOCTHMH, a MHoroHHc/ieHHbie nonbiTKH 6yp>Kya3Hbix cneuHajincTOB peiuHTb 3Ty NPOÓ^eMy He npHBe;iH K yAOBjieTBopHTejibHMM pe3yjibTaTaM. CKa3aHHoe OTHOCHTCH H K noAxoAy, npeA^io>KeHHOMy P . flHCMeHOM. n p H 3TOM MeTOAe OUeHHBaiOT AHCKOHTHpoBaHHbiH qncTbiñ A O X O A OT Ka>KAoro BapnaHTa npoeKTa, npnneM

A^BTEPHATHBBI

CHHT3IOTCH

B33HMH0

HE3ABHCH-

MblMH. HHCTHH

XOA

SpyTTO

AOXOA

OT

HOBOrO n p O A y K T a H Apyrne

onpeAejineTCH

Kan

yCOBepUieHCTBOBaHHH

OJKHAÁEMBIÑ

TeXHOJIOTHH

AO-

HJIH

MHHyC H3Aep>KKH npOH3BOACTBa, CÓblTa

pacxoAH,

CBH3aHHbie

c

KOMMepqecKOH

peajiH-

3au,HeH pe3yjibTaTa H H O K P . npH TexHOJiorHnecKHx ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHHX MaKCHMajibHoAonycTHMbie 3aTpaTbl Ha npoeKT paBHbl AHCKOHTHpOBaHHOMy MHCTOMy AOXOAy, nOMHOJKeHHOMy Ha BepOHTHOCTb TeXHHMeCKOrO ycnexa. B HctyieAOBaHHflx, cBH3aHHbix c H O B M M H TOBapaMH, MaKCHMajibHO AonycTHMbie 3 a T p a ™ eme HH>Ke, Tan Kan yMHTbiBaeTca H KOMMepqecKHH pncK. 1

Ibid., S. 23f.

283

P.

X U h HC'iHCJTeHHH MaKCHM3JibH0 ÄönycTHMbix 3 a i p a T ÜHCMeH peKOMeH^yeT c j i e ^ y i o m y i o 4>opMyjiy':

i rae

MaKCHMajihHo aonycTHMbie s a T p a T b i ; BeponTHocTb TexHHMecKoro y c n e x a ; BepoHTHOCTb KOMMeptiecKoro y c n e x a ; mhcjio jieT, Heo6xoAHMbix ocymecTBJieHHH n p o e K T a (t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n); It oö-beM npHßbijiH Ha. KOHeu, r o / i a , npHBeAeHHbiH K r0Ä0B0My; r — HopMa npHÖbUH. C yqeTOM H3BecTHbix orpaHH^eHHÜ 0xapaKTepH30BaHHbiH n o f l x o a npHMeHHM b npoMbiuLrceHHbix (})HpMax. K TaKHM orpaHHHeHHHM n p e Ä Ä e B c e r o OTHOCHTCH TO, wto aeHejKHbie noKa3aTejiH nojiHOCTbio He x a p a K j e p H 3 y K>T SCfxJjeKTHBHQCTb, a npeÄBapHTe/IbHbie OlieHKH H3flep>KeK, CBH33HHbie C npoeKT3MH H H O K P , npoßjieMaTHHHbl, o ' q e M n o Ä p o ß n e e r o B o p H J i o c b b iviaBe I I I 2 . M Rt Rc i

— — — —

K HeaocTaTKaM MeTO^a OTHOCHTCH u e ö o j i b m o e mhcvio BbiöpaHHbix KpHTepneB oueHKH 3 . E m e oflHa 4)opMyjia oueHKH OTfleJibHbix nccjie,n,OBaTe^bCKHx npoeKTOB npefl/io>KeHa I \ MapBHHOM 4 : n

*

. PiMui-(Kni

+ XMt +

A.t)

1 CM.: R. D i s m a n. Selecting R and D Projects for Profit. — Chemical Engineering, vol. 26, 1962, Ws 69, p. 87—90. 2 • OnbiT CUIA noKa3biBaeT, mo cjjaKTHiecKHe 3aTpaTbi Ha HHOKP HepeÄKo 6öJiee qeM BÄBOe npeBuinaioT nepBOHaia;ibHbie oueHKH. CM.: H. Drygas. Kostenschätzungen bei Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten. — In: Methoden und Probleme der Forschungs- und Entwicklungsplanung. München — Wien, 1972, S. 120; R. S u m m e r s Cost Estimates as Predictors of Actual Costs: A Study of Military Development. — In: Strategy for R and D. Westberlin — Heidelberg — New York, 1967. P. CaMMepc npoaHajiH3wpoBaji 68 0ueH0K 3aTpaT Ha 22 npoeKTa BoeHHoro na3HaieHHH, 3th oueHKH o6aaAaioT 6ojibuiefl conocTaBHMOCTtK), neM oueHKH no KOMMep^ecKHM npoeKTaM, H OCHOBAHU HA 6oJiee HaaejKHbix aaHHbix. 3 K. BpoKxoiJ) HapüÄy c noiixoaoM XlHCMeHa aHajiH3HpyeT TaK>Ke

METOJIBI, NPEJIJIOXIEHHBIE-YHJICOHOM H PHBCOM

CM.: K.

B r o c k h o f f .

Op. cit., S. 71. 4 H. A. M a r w i n, jr. Top-Management and Research. Dayton (Ohio), 1953. (UHT, no: K. B r o c k h o f f . Op. cit., S. 74.)

284 T A e CHMBOJibi,

He

noacHeHHbie

B

(})OpMyjie

OjibceHa,

03-

pacMeTHbiñ

ne-

HawaFOT: X — ôyaymne

cpeAHHe

npo,n.a>KH

3a

pHOfl B p e M ë H H ; U — óyayman

cpe^Hna

pbwoMHan

ueHa

3a

pacweT-

HblH n e p H O Ä B p 6 M 6 H H ; Kh

— H3flepHKKH c ò m a

b pacqeTe

npoflyKUHH;

A—

pa3JiHHHbie

cth

sjieMeHTbi,

o r 3HaKa

(b 33bhchmo-

HanpHMep

+ hjih —)

jiHueH3HOHHbie

nocTy-

HJieHHH HJIH CÖOpbl. nojiyqaeM

npH ¿4=0

Pi (St - Ki) Dxx Ri =-- ç , {

r a e S¡ — ó y f l y m n e pHOfl

cpe/ume

npoaawn

K[ — ó y f l y m n e

cpe^mie

pacMeTHbiH n e p n o f l «JîBHan flep>KeK

opneHTauHn

np0H3B0ÄCTBa

ne-

cyMMapHbie

H3Äep>KKH

3a

BKJiioHeHHe

H3-

npHÔbiJib

Ha

h cßbiTa

cymecTBeHHo

MapBHHa»

to

KaKOM

pac^eTHbift

BpeMeHH.

HHfl — T a K O B b i b

3a

BpeMeHH;

B

>Ke

HanpaBJieHHH

H H O K P

b

Hbie e M y

noflxoflbi

HOBbie

BpeMH

ohh

b

3tot h

cTpeMjieHne

paöoTe

n0Ka3biBai0T,

npaKTHKa

CTpaHax.

BHTb B03ÄeHCTBHe HCCJieflOBaHHH

paH>KHpoBa-

sjieiweHTbi

xoporno

pa3BHBaeTca

KanHTaJiHCTHqecKHx OTpajKaiOT

h

b KpnxepHH

oueHKH

nojiHee

noaoöbmh-

H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K H a 3KOHO-

MimecKHe noKa3aTejiH (J)HpMbi. Ohh thiih^hm c T o m < H 3 p e n p H Ö b i J i b üojihthkh b o ß j i a c T H H c c J i e -

HHH o p n e H T a u H H H a

ÄOBaHHH, npOBOÄHMOH KanHTaJlHCTHMeCKHMH 3ia

opHeHTauHîi n p o H B j i n e T c a

pblH (J)OpMaJlbHO a

TaioKe

h3

OTHOUieHHH c

HOBbiM

3aTpaTaM T3KHMH,

HCXOflHT H3 3 a Ä a H H O Ö

noJiyieHHbix

CyMMbI

Ha

npOAa>K

npoflyKTOM,

u

K

ocHOBe

HOpMbI

no;yie>KamHM

oßecne^HBaTb

' K. B r 0 c k h o Í f. Op. cit., S. 74. 2 I b i d , S . 75.

KOTO-

npHÔbIJIH,

npouiJioro

K HHBeCTHUHHM,

Ha H C C J i e f l O B a H H « 2 . OTHOIIieHHH MTOÔbl

KOHUepHaMH.

Tatone B Merode,

onbiTa

CB333HHbIM

onpeaejienHK) flOJI>KHbI

HOpMajlbHyiO

ÖblTb

npHÖblJIb.

285 K. BpOKXOí}) CMHTaCT 9TH yCOBepUieHCTBOBaHHH B MeTOflax HecymecTBeHHbiMH, TaK KaK ohh He co,n,ep>KaT hhK3KHX aeflcTBHTejibHo HOBbix acneKTOB, a Bee noKa3aTeJIH JlHIlIb COOTHOCHTCH C OÖteMOM npOA3>K. TaKOH IIOÄxoa oh CKJiOHeH pacueHHBaTb, CKopee, KaK uiar H333A. CyMMHpyS

CBOH O U e H K H ( } ) O p M y j l C n O T O K a M H

ßHCKOH-

THpoBaHHbix njiaVe^íeñ, K . BpoKxot}) npnxoAHT k cjie/iyl o m e M y npaKTHMecKOMy BbiBoay: « B nocJieAHHx p a ó o i a x cooömaiOT o BBe,neHHH AHCKOHTHpyiomero MHO>KHTejifl b (JjopMyjibi a j í h oueHKH HccjieaoBaTejTbCKHX npoeKTOB. CKOJib HHTepecHbiM un BbinnHAeji 6bi TaKOH noAXOA c TOHKH 3peHHH AaJibHeHuiero noBbimeHHH KaiecTBa perneHHH, CTOJib >Ke cKpoMHbiMH npeÄCTaBJinioTCH ycnexH B e r o npaKTHMecKOM npHMeHeHHH» 3aTpyÄHeHHH npe>Kfle Beerò cBH3aHbi c TeM, mto KOMMep^ecKHH y c n e x njiaHHpyeMOH npoÄyiiUHH h e r o BpeMeHHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH HeJIb3H TO^HO OUeHHTb ÄO Haqajia nepBbix nccjieAOBaHHH. üoaTOMy »e^aTeJibHo

HMeTb (J)aKTHMecKHe AaHHbie, OTHOcamnecfl K $HHaHco-

BbiM pe3yjibTaTaM n o CTapoñ npoAyKUHH. THnn^Ha CJieA y i o m a n ahhsmhks 3aTpaT h nocTynjieHHH, cBH33HHbix c TeM HJ1H HHbIM npOeKTOM (pHC. 12). ÄHCKOHTHpoBaHHyK) MHCTyK) CTOHMOCTb npoeKTa Ha Haqa.no e r o ocymecTBJieHHH nojiy^aiOT n o c j i e ^ y i o m e ñ 4)opMy^e2:

n

rfle G — TeKyman m h c t 3 h CTOHMOCTb npoeKTa, nojiyqeHHan nyTeM AHCKOHrapoBaHHa Bcex nocTynjieHHH H BbinJI3T H3 TeKyiUHH MOMeHTJ C i — njiaTejKH b i-m ro^y, nocTynjieHHH — c o 3H3K0M njiroc, BbinJiaTbl H H3£ep>KKH— CO 3HaK0M MHHyC; n — cpoK ocymecTBjieHHH npoeKTa ä o MOMeHTa, K0rÄ3 0>KHJiaeTCH nOCJieÄHHH CKOJIbKO-HHÖyAb SHS^HTejibHbiH nji3Te>K; 1 2

Ibid., S. 77. CM.: H. M. D a t h e. Moderne Projektplanung..., S. 39.

286 ßflXOdb! ÍOdbl Paûxoâùi Phc. r

12

—

y-qeTHbiH n p e u e H T , n o a KOTopbrä M o r y T 6biTb n p H B ^ e q & H u (j)HHaHCOBbie c p e , a c T B a .¡yin o c y m e CTBt/ieHHH n p o e K T a ( c p e a c T B a M o r y T ô H T b HHBeCTHpOBaHbl TaKJKe HHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 M ) HTOÔbl npHÔ^H3HTbCH K peaJIbHOCTH, 3BTOp paCCMaTp H B a e T noTOK n j i a T O K e f i c(t) KaK H e n p e p w B H y i o îib30BaHHH pe3yjibTaTOB CHaqa/ia B03MemaKDTCH 3 a T p a T b I , a â a ï e M B03HHKaeT H3JlHUJeK, ecviH n p o a y K T n p o ^ a e T C H H a n p H M e p , b T é n e H H e çeMH jieî. 1 Mnc^eHHoe 3HaieHHe 3Toft ßenmiiHH peaxo no^aaeTCH TOiHOMy onpeae-rceHHto, TaK KaK oHa KOJieöjieTca b H3BecTHbix rpaHHuax. i l o 3 . flHiy, pea^bHbi Be^HMHHbi b 20% h 6tviee. (Cm : 3 3 h i IlporH03Hp0B3Hne HayMHo-TexHH'iecKoro nporpecca, c. 299 ) 2 H. N\ D a t h e. Moderne Projektplanung..., S 40.

237

10 CpoK peanmanpoema uuu nni [SOublJ

V h c. 13. BpeMeHHOH açneKT HHaHcnpoBaHHH npoeKTa Bno^He oweBHAHO, i t o oueHKa 6yflym,eñ ahh3Mhkh (j)HHaHCOBbix pe3y^bTaTOB no Haiajia ocymecTBJiCHHH npoeKTa, t. e. ao Hanajia paôoT, cB33aHa co 3HaqHTe^btfblMH TpyAHOCTH M H (pUC. 14). npH CTOJib óoJibiuoM pa3Öpoce nocjie 3aBepuieHHH HHOKP HeoöxoÄHMa eme OAHa oueHKa (pnc. 15). B 3T0H CBS3H T. flaTe yKa3biBaeT, «mto c to^kh 3peHHH 3KOHOMHKH npeAnpHHTHH AOIiyCTHMO OCyiHeCTBJIflTb HccjieAOBaHHH h pa3paèoTKH h b Tex cJiyyaHX, KorAa 3apaHee HeB03M0>KH0 npeACKa3aTb npHÖbiJib o t ßyAyujero H3ACJIHH» OH oöocHOBbiBaeT STO TpeMH cooópajKeHHHMH 2: 1. Flo Mepe pa3BepTbiB3HHH HHOKP oö-beM HaKaiwiHBaeMOH HH(J)OpMaUHH OTHOCHTejIbHO ÔbICTpO B03pacTaeT, Mu/wuoHb/ Mapox

OnmiiMucmuHHaa oueHKa

P H c. 14. Pa36poc oueHOK npoeKTa AO Haiajia ocymecTBJieHHH 1 2

Ibid., S. 43. Ibid., S. 45.

288

.r

MuiUlUOHb! Mapox

OnmuMucmwHM oiteHKa ^ BO3MO>KiHbieompamemue \pe3yfihmambi CpoK peanu3au,uu npoexma (eodu) 7leccuMucmuiHan oiietixa

Mnôecmui(uu

P h c. 15. Pa36poc oueHOK npoeKTa no CTa^HHM H H O K P TAK ITO NOCJIE HX 3 a B e p m e H H H 06 y c n e x e HJIH Hey i i a q e ß a H H o r o n p o e K T a MOJKHO cyÄHTb C ö o j i b u i e f l y ß e peHHOCTbK). 2 . C H H O K P o ö b i q H o CBH3aHbi 3 a i p a T b i BpeMGHH, p a c x o ^ b i a e ä o öojiee T o r a o r o onpeaeJieHHH npoeKTa, n o CpaBHeHHK) C HHBeCTHUHHMH B HCCJieflOBaHHH, q a c T O HeBeJlHKH. 3. MHorHe H H O K P , He ÄaBiiiHe HenocpeACTBeHHO p e a j i H 3 y e M b i x p e 3 y j i b T a T O B , TeM He M e H e e c n o c o ô c T B y i o T c y m e c T B e H H O M y n p o r p e c c y TexHHKH, TaK KaK OHH y B e J i n iHBaiOT cnocoÔHocTb (})npMbi ocymecTBJiHTb flpyrne npoeKTbi. H 3 C K a 3 a H H o r o He c j i e a y e T , OÄH3KO, a e ^ a T b BMBOÄ, h t o TaKaH B03M0>KH0CTb HMeeT c y m e c T B e H H o e 3HaHeHHe ÄJIH

BHYTPH(J)HPMEHHORO

POJIB

HRPAET

KOTOPBIH RIO^TH TOB,

NJIAHHPOBAHHH.

NPE^BAPHTE^BHBIFI

N03B0JIHET

BO BCEX

CYFLHTB

MeTOÄaX

NPHMEHIIEMBIX

B

PEMAIOMYK)

SKOHOMHQECKHFI 06

YCNEXE

OUEHKH ( } ) H H a H C O B b I X

KANHTAJIHCTHWECKHX

PACQET,

PA3PA6OTKH. PE3Y^BTA-

KH0CTb PAC^ETOB. HHCJIEHHBIE 3HAIEHHH HCXOÄHHX BEJIHIHH n o j i y i a K J T c s B OCHOBHOM n y T e M s K c n e p T H b i x oueHOK.

Booßme r o B o p n , KO^HMecTBeHHbie MeTOflbi n p n r o A H b i H HeOÔXOflHMbI ÄJIH 0nTHMH3aU.HH nJiaHOB HCCJieÄOBaTejibCKHX paßoT, HO, pa3yMeeTCH, M e x a H H ^ e c K o e H c n o j i b ' 30B3HHe npHBefleHHblX (})OpMyjI B yCJIOBHHX COUHaJIHCTHleCKHX npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX OTHOUieHHH HeB03M0>KH0. C a M H 6 y p } K y a 3 H b i e T e o p e T H K H npH3HaiOT: « K 4)opMyJiaM p a c ^ e T a n o K a 3 a T e j i e ñ , cKOHCTpyHpoBaHHbiM IHCTO n p a r M a r a i e c K H M n y T e M , ... c j i e a y e T OTHOCHTbCH cKenTHqecKH, T3K KaK B Hx OCHOBE, KaK npaBHJio, He JieJKaT c o Ä e p a c a T e j i b H b i e T e o p e T H i e c K H e KOHuenuHH» C p e f l H n p H H U H n H a j l b H b l X H e f l O C T a T K O B ÖOJIbLUHHCTBa KOJiHiecTBeHHbix M e T O Ä O B OTMe^aioTCH n p e > K A e Beerò cjie^yioiuHe: He BbIHBJIflKJTCH H H e H a X O f l H T O T p a J K e H H e B M O ^ e J I H B C e (JiaKTOpbl, K O T O p b i e H M e i O T IIJIH M O r y T H M e T b B a J K H O e SHaneHHe ÄJIH oueHKH n p o e K T a ; B ÖOJIbUIHHCTBe CJiy^aeB OÍCyTCTByiOT HCXOflHbie Ä3HHbie, HeOÖXOJHMbie flJIfl KOJlHqeCTBeHHOH oueHKH 3HaqHMOCTH npoeKTOB; n o j i y ^ e H H e H o ô p a ô o T K a HH(J)opMauHH, KaK npaBHj i o , conpa>KeHbi c KpynHbiMH 3 a T p a T a M H , HO, n o cyTtr AeJia, H e ycTpaHHiOT H e o n p e a e J i e H H o c T b ; 1

H. G e s c h k a. Op. cit., S. 158.

294 npeÄJio>KeHHbie iioäxoäh k onpefle,neHHio pncKa 06eCU,eHHBai0TCH He TOJIbKO B CBH3H C H e Ä O C T a T K O M H H ^ o p M a u H H , HO H B pe3yjibTaTe Heonpeae^eHHOCTH, BHyTpeHHe n p n c y m e H KanHTaJiHCTHHecKOH aKOHOMHKe, n o s T O M y M a T e M a T H ^ e c K H e MOÄCJIH p H C K a e^ßa JIH FIO3BOJIHKDT nOBbICHTb Ha^eKHOCTb OUeHOK. B o ö m e M 6 y p » y a 3 H b i e TeoperaKH h M e H e j K e p b i H H O K P ejiHHbi b t o m , h t o nojiHaa cj)opMajiH3auH5! n P ° uecca n p H H H T H H peiueHHH H j i e x a w n x B ero 0CH0Be OlieHOK HCKJIIOTaeTCH H e p e ^ K O yTBep»AaiOT, mto b n p a K T H q e c K O M OTHoiueHHH MeTOAbl OÄHO- H MHOrOCTyneH^aTOrO B3BeiHHBaHHfl 6o^ee npeÄncwTHTejibHbi n o cpaBHeHHio c M e m n a M H h c •iHCJieHHn cHHTeTHHecKHx n o K a 3 a T e ^ e f i o>KHaaeMoro 9 cjjeKTa o t npoeKTOB H H O K P . 3 t o yTBep>K,neHHe 0 6 0 CHOBbiBaiOT TeM, hto nepBbie .nerie n p H M e H H T b Ha npaKTHKe. M a C T O yKa3bIBaK>T Ha TO, MIO MeTOAbI B3BeiIIHBaHHfl n03B0JiHK)T noJiyiaTb pe3yjibTaTbi h n p n ßojibiuoM, h n p n HesHa^HTeJibHOM oß-beMe HHopMau,HH h ynHTbiBaTb ßoJibiiiee mhcjio KpHTepneB, a TaioKe TpeßyroT MeHbiunx 3aTpaT H a BbnMCJieHHH. H T a K , p e m a i o m e e 3HaieHHe HMeiOT Ä B a cj)aKTopa: npaKTHMHocTb h opHeHrauHH na uejiH npeÄnpHHTHH. PeajiHCTHqecKHe cy>KAeHHH TaKoro po^a CBHfleTeJIbCTByiOT O TOM, 4TO 6yp>Kya3HHe TeOpeTHKH He >KÄyT

cymecTBeHHbix yjiymueHHH ot MeTOÄOJiorHqecKoro yco-

BepUieHCTBOBaHHH MeTOflOB OUeHKH H BbICKa3bIBaiOTCJI B n o j i b 3 y coÄep>KaTejibHbix H3MeHeHHH, KOTopbie c o o t b c t CTB0B3 JIH 6bI U,ejIHM KaiTHTa JIHCTH'ieCKOH ÜOJIHTHKH B OÖJiaCTH HCCJieÄOBaHHH. H3yqeHHe noAXOÄOB k oueHKe, K0T0pbiM OTAaroT npeAno^TeHHe pyKOBOÄHTeJin H H O K P , n 0 3 B 0 ^ a e T n o j i y qHTb npeÄCTaBJieHHe 0 (J)opMax h MeTO/iax oueHKH, npHMeHHeMbix b KanHTajiHCTHieoKofi npaKTHKe. H o i t h bo Bcex n0ÄX0Aax, npeflJio>KeHHbix 6yp>Kya3HbiMH aBTopaMH, 3HaHHTeJIbH0e BHHMaHHe y^e^iieTCH BbIHBJieHHK) pHCKa. n p H 3TOM, BO-nepBHX, HrpaiOT BajKHyK) pOJIb BHyTpeHHe n p H c y m n e cnCTeMe (})aKTopbi, CBH3aHHbie, HanpHMep, c MexaHH3M0M KOHKypeHUHH. B o - B T o p w x , b $ o p M y j i a x OUeHKH HaXOÄHT OTpaJKeHHe TaK>Ke CTpeMJieHHe BCKpblTb 1

Ibid., S. 170,

295 H n O H H T b pHCK, OÖ"beKTHBHO npHCyiUHH HCCJieAOB3HHHM H pa3pa6oTKaM. B couHajiHCTHqecKOH npaKTHKe H e p e A K o HrHopHpyioT peajibHO c y m e c T B y t o m y i o HeonpeaeJieHHocTb, a n p n B H 6 o p e npoeKTOB B KanecTBe MepHJia H C N O J I B 3 Y I O T O T H O CHTejibHO npocTOH noKa3aTe^b, xapaKTepH3yiomHH CpOK OKynaeMOCTH BJIOJKeHHblX Cpe^CTB. B CBH3H C T E M , QRA Ä H C K Y C C H H ' no B o n p o c a M B H H B JieHHH, IIJiaHHpOBaHHfl H HCqHCJieHHH 9(})(f>eKTHBHOCTH HayMHO-TexHHtiecKoro n p o r p e c c a npn cou,HaJiH3Me Bce e m e npoAOJi>KaeTCH, 3 H A J I H 3 MCTOAOB, npHMeHaeMbix B KanHTajiHCTHMecKHx cTpaHax, npeACTaBJiHeT HHTepec, T3K KaK BO MHOTHX KanHTajTHCTHHeCKHX KOHuepHax p a c CMOTpeHHbie H CXO>KHe C H H M H MeTOflbl OUeHKH a a j i n nojie3Hbie p e 3 y j i b T a ™ . KpnTHuecKHH 3 H a ; I H 3 S T H X MeTOA O B AO^JKeH nO'MOMb TBOpHeCKH HX OCMbICJIHTb. f l p H 3TOM HeOÔXOÂHMO y4HTbIB3Tb CIieUH e K T

aHajima

B nonbiTKax n o j i y n H T b nojie3Hbiñ HHCTpyMeHT ÄJIH o T Ô o p a n p o e K T O B HCCVIEFLOB3HHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K , c o o T B e T CTByioiHHX uejiHM n p e f l n p H H T H H , noflxofl H a OcHOBe a H a jiH3a 3aTpaTbi — siJx^eKT 3aHHMaeT o c o ô o e M e c T O . S T O C B H 3 3 H 0 C T e M , HTO, B O - n e p B b I X , B y K 3 3 a H H 0 M noAxofle OTieTJiHBO npoHBJinioTCH nonbiTKH MeHe/iJKMeHTa ycoBepmeHCTBOBaTb Hey^oBjieTBopHTe^bHbie MeTo^bi C n O M O m b K ) HOBblX n p H e M O B H T e M CaMblM B b I H B H T b T e 3aTpaTbi H p e 3 y j i b T a T b i , K O T o p u e p a H e e He BKjiK)43.nHCb B pacieTbi. Bo-BTopbix, o ô p a m e H H e K STHM H O B H M MeTOÄ 3 M c a e ^ a j i o ô o j i e e oieBHÄHHMH He^octaTKH H orpaHHweHHH, B H y T p e H H e n p H c y m n e K a n H T a j i H C T H n e c K O H npaKTHKe OUeHKH. A H a j I H 3 3 a T p a T b I — 9(}>4>eKT C J i y > K H T n p H K a n H T 3 J I H 3 Me B c n o M o r a T e j i b H b i M c p e ^ c T B O M A^IS n p H H H T H H p e u i e HHH n p H BblflBJieHHH KOMnjieKCHblX «C0HH03K0H0MHtieC K H X H T e X H H H e C K H X B 3 3 H M 0 C B H 3 e ñ » . 3 a f l a H a n p H 3TOM

296 saKJiiOTaeTCH, HH MHoro HH Majio, B TOM, » ¡ T O S H HA OCHOBe KOMnjigKCHoro £HajiH3a 3aTpaTbi — 3(j)(})eKT MancH-

MH3HpoBaTb

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CTBeHHbie H3AepstKH» aep>K3Tb Ha B O 3 m o k h o 6ojiee HH3KOM ypOBHe A . FIpecT H P . TepBH onpe/ie;iHioT ct})opMy^HpoBaHHbiH noflxoA c j i e ^ y i o m H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M : « A h 3 j i h 3 33Tp3Tbi — 9(J)4)eKT... 3 T O npaKTHIHblH MeTOfl, OU,eHKH T 3 K H X IipOeKTOB, n o KOTOpbIM H e O Ö X O Ä H M O yHHTbIB3Tb K a K nOCJieÄ" CTBHH B 6/IH3KOM H AaJieKOM ö y ^ y m e M , T a n H p a 3 H o r o p o ^ a Henocpe^CTBeHHbie b o 3 ä g h c t b h h Ha jiiOAeH, o T p a c j m 3KOHOMHKH, perHOHbl H T . Ä- AH3.TCH3 3aTpaT H 3tj)KeK H pe3yjibTaTOB, OTHOCHLUHXCH K n p o e K T y » 2 . ECJIH

AA>KE OTBJIE^BCH

OT TOTO,

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HX KanHT3JIH3Ma BblHBHTb BCe (J)aKTOpbl, BJIHiHOIUHe Ha 3ATPA™ H 3(J)(J)eKT, Bee paBHo B 0 3 H H K A E T Bonpoc: noqeMy cHCTeMa, KOTOpaa Ha npoTfl>KeHHH MHornx ÄCCHTHJIETHÖ

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H «3aKOHbI pbIHOHHOrO X 0 3 H H C T B 3 » B K 3 H e C T B e He3bi6jieMbix H AOCTaTOMHbix npeanocbijiOK peryjiHpoBaHHH 3KOHOMHqecKOH »H3HH, B yro,ny aH3JIH3a 3 3 T p a T H 3^)(J)eKT3 npe^AET STH CBHmeHHbie npHHunnbi H NUTAETCFL BbiJie3Tb H3 co6cTBeHHofi uiKypbi? H M C H H O nOnblTKH 3 a 6 e » 3 T b B n e p e a , BblHBHTb H3,flep>KKH H 3(j)(|>eKT, BblXOÄHiMHe 3 a paMKH q a c T H O K a n H T a j i H C T H n e c K H x HHTepecoB, npeoAOJieTb OAHOCTOPOHHIOK) o p n e H T a u H j o H a n p H 6 b u i b H y q e c T b n a r y Ö H o e b o 3 a g h c t b h c H a OKpyjKaiomyK) i e j i o B e n a c p e a y j i y m u e Bcero 0TpaJKai0T c y m H O C T b KanHTajiH3Ma H ero rjiy6oKHe n p o T H B o p e H H H , KOTOpbie HHKOHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M HejIb3H H T H O p H p O B 3 T b n p H OÖCyjKfleHHH M C T O ÄOJIOrH^eCKHX B O n p O C O B OIjeHKH. BBL»

B n p o u e c c e p a 3 p a 6 0 T K H H HCn0JIb30B3HHfl TaKHX HHCTpyMeHTOB OUGHKH, KaK 3H3JIH3 3aTpaTbI — 3(j){J)eKT, e m e OT^euiHBee BbicTynHJia y 3 o c r b paMOK SKOHOMHiecKoro MeXaHH3Ma, 06yC,fI0B;ieHH3fl KSIIHTSJIHCTH^eCKHMH n p o H3BOÄCTBeHHbIMH OTHOIIieHHHMH 3 . CM.: Methoden der Prioritätsbestimmung III, Teil 2, S. 59. A. T. P r e s t, R. T u r v e y. Cost Benefit Analysis. A survey! — In: Survey of Economic Theory, vol. III. London, 1967, p. 155. 1

2

s I I o B o n p o c y 0 6 aHajiH3e 3 a T p a t H pe3yju>TATOB B yc;iOBHHX c o UHajiHCTHiecKHx npoH3BoacTBeHHbix oTHomeHHH CM.: M . Heydt,

297 AHajiH3 3aTpaTbi — 3(})4)eKT B Ka^ecTBe M e i o ^ a o u e n KH CJIOJKHblX npOeKTOB H H O K P H aJlbTepHaTHBHblX pemeHHH B p a M K a x 3aaaHH0H CHCTeMbi n p e Ä n c m e H H H , u e j i e f i H (JiopMajibHbix p a c u e r a b i x npneMOB HMeeT u e j i b i o paH>KHpoBaHHe ajibTepHaTHBHbix pa3paÖ0T0K. O A H a K o Ha3B3HHOMy MeTOAy n p n c y m HeflOCTaTOK, THIIHqHblH AJIH Bcex n o a x o ^ O B K OUEHKE, npHMeHHeMbix B KanHTajiHCTH^ecKHx

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jiefl H npeflno^TeHHH. FIoaTOMy BnojiHe o n p a B A a H cjiea y i o m H H capKacTHqecKHH BbiBOA oflHoro H3 6 y p K y a 3 H b i x cneunajiHCTOB: «...npn aHa;iH3e 3aTpaTbi — 3(J)(J)eKT cymecTByeT onacHocTb, UTO Hejienoe peiueHHe 6y,a,eT o c y LUECTBJIEHO BECBMA ACJJTJJEKTHBHO»

Byp»ya3Hbie aBTopbi HpoHHiecKH xapaKTepH3yioT TaKiKe aHaJiH3 3aTpaTbi — afJx^eKT KaK «HanbimeHHbiö B3ÄOp» ( « n o n s e n s e o n s t i l t s » ) , npH3HaB3H, *ITO KeTa, HanpHMep, B cncTeMe «Planning-Programming-Budget i n g » npaBHTejibCTBa CLLIA B n o c ^ e ^ H H e ro^bi m c t o ä Bee 6ojibirie npoHHKaeT B n p o M b i m j i e H H b i e Hcc;ieÄOBaHHH — n o H a ^ a j i y B K a n e c T B e yCOBepiIieHCTBOBaHHH H AOnOJIHeHHH K T p a ^ H U H O H H b l M MeTOAaM p a c u e i a 3eKTa; B b l H B J i e H H e 33BHCHMOCTH Me>Kfly 3 3 T p a T a M H H 3(J)4)eKTOM n y T e M 3 3 Ä 3 H H H B e p o H T H o c T H y c n e x a c u e j i b i o o n p e a e ^ e H H H B e p o a T H o r o a ^ e K T a 3. ripHHliHIIHajIbHaH CXeM3 aHajIH3a 33Tp3T H 3(J)(})eKT3 n o K 3 3 a H a Ha p n c . 1 6 . P e m a i o m e e 3 H a q e H H e n p n n p a K T H qeCKOM H C n 0 J I b 3 0 B a H H H STOrO MeT0Ä3 HMeeT B o n p o c o TOM, K3K OnpeflejIHTb BCe (J)aKTOpbI 3aTp3T H npOHBJieHHH S C j x f j e K T a , K a K O B a (j)yHKUHOHa^bHafl B33HM0CBH3b Me>Kfly p a c x o ^ a M H H a n p o e K T H scjxJjeKTOM OT H e r o . M e M j i y m u e y ^ a e - r c a BbiHBHTb H3,nep)KKaMH H 3(})(})eKTOM, TeM

cooraoiueHHe Me»fly nojie3Hee pe3yjibTaT

1 CM.: P l a n n i n g - P r o g r a m m i n g - B u d g e t i n g : Initial M e m o r a n d u m : C o m m i t t e e on G o v e r n m e n t s O p e r a t i o n s . United S t a t e s S e n a t e , 1967. 3 CM.: M e t h o d e n der P r i o r i t ä t s b e s t i m m u n g III, S . 63.

3 TaKHM 06pa30M npoBOÄHTCs pa3JiH«we Me>K,n,y MaxcHMajibHo B03M05KHMM 3eKT0iB.

299

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16.

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300 oiieHKH. n p n 3TOM npoBOflHT p a 3 J i H r a e lOlUHMH BHA3MH 3aTpaT H 3(J>4>eKTa

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2

302

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y q e T HeonpeAejieHHOCTH n p o u e c c o B HHOKP; BblflBJieHHe H OUeHKa 3Ha^HMOCTH 3JI6M6HTOB 3 a T p a T H 3HpMa n p e ^ B a p H T e j i b H O p a c c w T a j i a n o (})opMyjie: P =

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P — ueHa; L — p a c x O Ä H Ha 3 a p a 6 o T H y i o riJiaTy; M — p a c x o f l b i Ha M a T e p n a j i H ; 0 — HHÄßKC HCXOAHOft BeJlHIHHbl. B CBH3H C TeM, M TO 6bIJia yCTaHOBJieHa HH3K3H HCx o f l H a n u e H a H He 6 b u i a A O c r a r H y T a H e o ö x o A H M a n MomHocTb B p a c i e T e Ha eAHHHuy B e c a , a T3K>Ke B p e 3 y j i b T a T e 33HHSieHHH CpOKOB p a 3 p a 6 0 T K H 3 T 0 r 0 COBepilieHHo HOBoro ÄBHraTejiH Ke Ha n e p B o f l (})a3e Hccjie^oBaHHH n o A BeprajiHCb mnpoKoS oueHKe 20% npoeKTOB2. 3TO roBopHT 06 Hcn0jib30BaHHH aHajiH3a 3aTpaTbi—3(J)(j)eKT Ha caMOH p a H H e f l CTaAHH paóoTbi. npH STOM MeTOAaM oueHKH H H O K P n p H A a e T c a ô o j i b i i i o e 3 H a ^ e HHe. T a K , H3BeCTHO, MTO HapHAy c CaMHMH npoeKTaMH MHorne KaT B c e n p e T e T a i o n e h MeTOAOAOn w e c K H e noAXOAbi K o n p e A e j i e H H i o 3 a T p a T H 3(})(J)eKTa. OcHOBHbIMH npHTOHaMH OIUHÖOK B OUeHKaX HBAHIOTCH: 1

K. G r e s s e r. Op. cit., S. 104. CM.: C. R. G l o s k y . Research on a Research Department: An Analysis of Economic Decisions on Projects. — Engineering Management, vol. 7, I960, p. 170. 2

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Cm.: K. G r e s s e r. Op. cit., S. 106, a TaKxe: A. W. M a r -

s h a l l , W. H. M e c k 1 i n g. Predictability of the Costs, Time and Success of Development.— In: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton, 1962, p. 467. 2 Cm.: R. R. N e l s o n . The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research. — Journal of Political Economy, vol. 67, 1959, p. 297f.

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qecKHX HCCJieflOBaHHÖ B Ä p y r n x oöJiacTHX, onyßjiHKOBaHH O M B O P r , roBopHTca: «TexHHwecKHe npoeKTbi, n p e ^ t aBJiHioiUHe BHCOKHe OTHOCHTejibHO p a H e e ÜPHHHTHX CTaHÄapTOB TpeÖOBaHHH, 0Ka3bIB3E0T CHJIbHOe CTHMyjIHp y i o m e e AeficTBHe H Be^yT K noHBJieHHio H O B H X MCTOÄOB, n0ÄX0Ä0B H npoeKTOB, HHaqe roßopa, ß e c c n o p H o c j i y s o T n p H ^ H H O H HOBOBBejieHHH» 2 . DiaBHblH SlJX^eKT OT T3KHX KpynHOMaciiiTa6Hbix npoeKTOB, KaK KOCMHqecKHe noj i e ™ , ycMaTpHBaiOT HMeHHO B B03ÄeflcTBHH Ha A p y r n e HayiHO-TexHHMecKne o6jiacTH H npoMbiiujieHHOCTb. F l p n 3TOM npOBOÄHT pa3JIHMHe MOKfly nOTeHUHaJIbHbIM, HJ1H CKpblTbIM, 34>4)eKTOM H TOH qaCTbK) SCj^eKTa, KOTOpafl B npouecce ÄeniejibHOCTH. (JjaKTHqecKH npoHBjiHeTCH noCJieÄHHH HMeHyHJT (JjaKTHqeCKHM 3(J)(J)eKTOM HJIH JKe, eCJIH OH OTHOCHTCH K 6yfl.ymeMy, OJKHflaeMblM 3(})(})eKTOM. KaK noTeHUHajibHbifl 3(jx})eKT, TaK h (j)aKTHqecKHH 3(})4)eKT B CHJIbHOH CTeneHH 33BHCHT OT BpeMeHH. TOBOPH 0 B03M0JKH0CTH HCn0JIb30BaHHH pe3yjIbTaTOB K O C M H Q E C K H X HCCJIEÄOBAHHH B O P r , T. KE^JIE CQHTAET, q-ro N P H M E P H O 6 0 % NOTEHUNAJIBHORO A^X^EKTA MOJKCT 6biTb cf>aKTHqecKH p e a ^ H 3 0 B a H 0 B TaKHX OTpacjiax npoMbiuuieHHOCTH, KaK n H m e B K y c o B a a , xHMHqecKaH, a ^ e K TPOTEXHHQECKAA H Ä P . 3 . r i p n STOM O C O Ö H Ö HHTepec 1

K. G r e s s e r. Op. cit., S. 108. H. K o e 11 e. Raumfahrt und technischer Fortschritt. — In: Systems 69, Internationales Symposium über Zukunftfragen. Stuttgart, 1970, S. 269. 3 Ibid., S. 270. 2

307 Bonpoc o TOM, KAN NOJIYNEHBI OUGHKH 3(J)(J)eKTa. AJIA BbiHBjieHHH noTeHU,HajibHoro a ^ e K T a OT KOCMHQECKHX HCCJIE/IOBAHHH IIOA PYKOBOÄCTBOM T. Kejuie 6 H J I H pa3paöoTaHbi qacrabie MOAG^H. N P H nocTpoeHHH Mo,ae^ e ß aHajiH3HpoBajicji MexaHH3M nepe^ann pe3yjibTaT0B, no^yueHHbix B KOCMHqecKHx HccjieflOBaHHHX H oöecnenHNPEACTAB^IFLET

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Pa3pa6oTKa MOAejiH nojiy^eHHH a ^ e i c r a pa3ÖHTa Ha ' l e r a p e uiara: 1. Onpeae-neHHe BepxHeö rpaHHUbi (noTeHunajibUbifi StJxjjeKT) . 2. McHHCJieHHe peajiH30BaHH0ro HJIH ojKHßaeMoro 3eKTHBHOCTH OTfleJIbHblX npoeKTOB, KaK S T O N 0 K A 3 A H 0 H H » e .

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cJiopMe. T . K Ë J I J I E c ^ e A y i o m H M 0 Ö p a 3 0 M p e 3 i o M H p y e T CBoe O T HomeHHe K a H a j i H 3 y 3 a T p a T b i — acJxfieKT: « M e x a H H 3 M n e p e H o c a HOBOBBeaeHHH, B b i T e K a j o m n x H3 K p y n B O M a c uiTaÖHbix npocKTOB, B Ä p y r H e o ö j i a c T H T Ê X H H K H H S K O H O M H K H n p e a c T a B J i H e T c o ß o f i C J I O S I H B I F L n p o u e c c pacnpocTpaHeHHH, KOTOpblH MOJKHO nOHHTb H KOTOpbIM MOJKHO 9(})(J)eKTHBHO y n p a B ^ f l T b .TllLUb Ha OCHOBe CJIO>KHbIX aHajiHTHiecKHx M o a e ^ e f l » H p « 9TOM, 0 A H 3 K 0 , y n y c K a e T C H H3 BHAy, 4TO B03M0>KH0CTH y n p a B J I H T b Ha3B3HHbIM n p o u e c c o M B ycJioBHflx K a n i i T a ^ H 3 M a O S T J C k t h b h o o r p a H H l e H b l CHCTeMOH npOH3BOÄCTB6HHbIX OTHOUieHHH. •

G o ccbuiKOH Ha n . A>KOHca K . T p e c c e p npoBOAHT p a s j i H ^ n e M e » Ä y FLßYMH n o a x o a a M H K o u e H K e 3 a T p a T 2 : cHHTeTHnecKHH MeTOA, n p H KOTopoM o u e H K a OÖIUHX 3 a T p a T o n p e A e ^ H e T c a cyMMHpoBaHHeM 3 a T p a T n o OTÄejibHbiM a j i e M e H T a M ; napaMGTpHiecKHH MÊTOÂ, npH K O T O P O M oueHKa n p o H3BOÄHTCH Ha OCHOBe SKCTpanOJIflUHH COOTHOLUeHHH MejKa y 3 3 T p a T a M H H npocTbiMH H J I H MHO>KecTBeHHbiMH n a p a MeTpaMH c o o T B e T C T B y i o m e r o n p o e K T a . CHHTeTH^ecKOMy MeTOAy OT/iaeTCH npe^nomeHHe, K o r f l a o u e H K a 3 a T p a T n o KOMnoHeHTaM 6 a 3 H p y e T c a Ha n p o u i J i o M o n b i T e . T e M caMbiM n p e , u o n p e A e j i e H a T a K f l i e 0 6 j i a c T b Hcn0Jib30BaHHH 3T0T0 MeTOßa, TaK KaK fljiH n p o eKTOB H H O K P , He o n n p a i o m H X C H Ha o n p e Ä e j i e H H b i f i OnbIT, OH He nOÄXOÄHT. O T p H u a T e J i b H O H CTopoHofl n a p a M e T p H H e c K o r o MeTOßa HBJIHeTCH TO, MTO KOppeJIHUHOHHbie p a C i e T b l MOryT ßblTb oujHÔoMHbiMH, B o c o ô e H H o c T H K o r a a H3MeHeHiie n a p a M e T pOB B e ^ e T K KaweCTBeHHblM CKa^KaM, KOTOpHe HejIb3H yjIOBHTb C nOMOUlblO K03(|)(J)HUHeHT0B KOppejIHUHH. BaJKHeftmaa npoôjieMa, paccMaTpnBaeMaa B öypjKya3Hoft j i H T e p a t y p e B C B H 3 H C aHajiH30M 3ATPATBI—> 1

Ibid., S. 278. P. M. J o n e s. An O u t l ' n e of P r o g r a m m e Evaluation as practised by the P r o g r a m m e s Anaisis Unit. (UHT. no: K. G r e s s e r. Op. cit., S. 108). s

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CM.: R. S u m m e r s . Op cit„ p. 154f. H. K r a u c h . Die o r g a n i s i e r t e F o r s c h u n g . Neuwied a m Rhein, Westberlin, 1970, S . 131. 1

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M. J. P e c k, F. M. S c h e r e r. Op. cit., p. 488f. E. K a u f e r. Die Ökonomie von Forschung und Entwicklung. — In: Wettbewerb als Aufgabe. Bad Homburg — Westberlin — Zürich, 1968, S. 428. 2

11 3aK. 81

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Effiziente Umsetzung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in industrielle Nutzung. — Rationalisierung, 1974, Ks 4, S. 87 f ; E. W i 11 e. Organisation für Innovationsprozesse. Göttingen, 1973; K. T r e besch. Innovationsfördernde Organisationsstrukturen. — Industrielle Organisation, 1973, Ms 6, S. 27.

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6rop0KpaTHMecK0H opraHH3aiiHH B pa6oTe; M o d e r n O r g a n i z a t i o n s . N e w Y o r k , 1963'

331 peineHHH. B pe3yjibTaTe aHajiH3a peiueHHH, npHHHMaeMblX B CJIOiKHblX O p r a H H 3 a U , H H X , BblHBJIHIOTCH B a J K H b i e G c o S e H H O C T H n p o u , e c c a IIPHHHTHH p e m e H H H , B q a c T H O c r a OTHOCHIUHeCH Kl KOJUiernajibHOH 0CH0Be n p o u e c c a npHHHTHH p e m e H H H , B KOTOpOM CTaJIKHBaiOTCH pa3JIHqHbie npeACTaBJieHHH yqacTHHKOB o uejiiix; KOMnjieKCHOMy x a p a K T e p y p e m e H H H , T p e 6 y i o m e M y ,aeJIERNPOBAHHA

OTBCTCTBCHHOCTH,

JIH30B3HHbIX p e m e H H H 3TOM

KOOP^HHAIIHH

H pa3pei!ieHHH

^EUEHTPA-

B03HHK3K)mHX

npH

KOHCJWIHKTOB;

YCJIOBHHM

HEONPEAE^EHHOCTH

H

ORPAHHIEHHOH

p a u n o -

HaJIbHOCTH p e m e H H H . y K a 3 a H H a H n p o 6 j i e M a T H K a B 3 H a q H T e j i b H O H M e p e BOu u i a B T e o p H i o y n p a B J i e n n a H H O K . P , TSK K a K O H a H M e e T H e n o c p e A C T B e H n o e O T H o m e H H e K o p r a H H 3 a u , H H HCCJICAOB3HHH H p a 3 p a 6 0 T 0 K . KaqecTBeHHbift cflBHr B H3y^eHHH 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H b i x npoSjieM ynpaBJieHHH HaMeTHJica Tor.ua, K o r ^ a 6biJia o c o 3 H a H a , B LACRAOCTH UIKCWIOH P . C a n e p T a , P . C a f i M O H a H JX>K. Mapqa HE06X0FLHM0CTB YNETA B 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H Hbix n p o u e c c a x H c T p y K T y p a x o n p y j K a i o m e H KanHTajiHCTHtjecKofl c p e f l b i . T e n e p b Ha 0CH0Be CHCTeMHoro n o A X o a a opraHH3auHH p a c c M a T p H B a e T c n H aHajiH3HpyeTCH B Ka^eCTBe OTKpbITOH CHCTeMbI, T. e . CHCTeMbI, K O T O p a H H a X O flHTCH BO B33HMOCBH3H C COU,HajIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOH c p e ^ o H 2. C o r j i a c H o STOH KOHUENNHH, HA « B 0 3 M y m e H H H » , HCXOflHmne OT K a n H T a J I H C T H q e C K O H fleHCTBHTejIbHOCTH, Heo6xoflHMO p e a r n p o B a T b H c n 0 j i b 3 0 B a H H e M c o o T B e T C T B y r o m n x n p H c n o c o 6 H T e j i b H b i x C T p a i e r H H , n p n q e M TeM n o A p a 3 ^ e JieHHHM H JIHUaM B O p r a H H 3 3 U H H , K O T O p b i e o c y m e c T B J i H KDT T a n n e c T p a T e r H H , c j i e a y e T NPNAABATB n o B b i m e H H o e 3 H a q e H H e 3. riepeopHeHTauHH H a H 3 y n e H H e H M n y j i b c o B , HCXOAHMHX OT KANHTAJIHCTHQECKOFL B H e i H H e f t c p e A b i , n p H B e j i a K TOMy, qTO a M e p H K a H C K o r o TOJiKa 6 y p > K y 3 3 H 3 H Teopnn 1

1967.

CM.: J. D. T h o m p s o n . O r g a n i z a t i o n s in A c t i o n . N e w York,

2 • JI>K. ToMncoH HA3BIBAET STOT NO^XO^ «jiorHKoii OTKpbiTOH CHCTeMbi». (Ibid., p. 95.) 3 Ibid., p. 128f.

332 opraHH3auHH, KOTopaa npeHMymecTBeHHo ocHOBbiBajiact Ha 6HXeBHOpHCTCKHX KOHU.eniI.H5IX, 6bIJia MOÄ«4)HUHpOBaHa. B H e e 6 b u m B K J i m e H b i ajieMeHTbi «(JjyHKUHOHajibHbix nOTpeÖHOCTeH, CBH3aHHbIX C BbDKHBaHHeM» 3TH noT P E ß H O C T H y i H T b i ß a i o T C H n y T e M C03A3HHH onpe,n,e.neHHbix (J)yHKU,HOHaJIbHbIX nOÄCHCTeM OpraHH3aUHH. K T3KHM NOFLCHCTEMAM OTHOCHTCH H H O K P H H 3 Y I E H H E pbiHKa 2 . H a p n / i y c o p H e H T a u n e f i Ha 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H h i e 4>yHKU,HH B 6 y p x y a 3 H b i x KOHU.enu.HHX o p r a H H 3 a u H H H a ö j i K w a eTCH noBbimeHHe H H T e p e c a K TexHHKO-SKOHOMHqecKHM n p o ß j i e M a M , HTO OCOÖeHHO OT^eTJIHBO npOHBHJIOCb B COU,HOTeXHHHeCKOH MOÄejIH O p r a H H 3 a U H H , pa3pa60TaHH0H COTpyÄHHKaMH TaBHCTOKCKOrO HHCTHTyTa MejIOBeieCKHX OTHOUieHHH (AHiyiHH) 3 . TpHCTOM, 3 . MHJIJTepOM H 3 . P a f i c o M 3. M n j i j i e p H P a f i c paccMaTpHBaiOT npoueccbi, nponcxoA H m n e B opraHH3au,HH, K a K n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H e MaTepHH, SHepTHH H HH(J)OpMaUHH B p a M K a X OTHOUieHHH BXOÄ — Bbixo^. H a (J)yHKnH0HHp0B3HHe opraHH3au,HH BjiHHeT nep e n j i e T e H H e ( J j o p M a j i b H b i x H He(})opMajibHbix o p r a H H 3 a u , H OHHbix C T p y K T y p . B o 3 H H K U i a a Ha 0 C H 0 B e flajibHeflujero p 3 3 B H T H H COUHOTeXHHHeCKOH MOfleJIH TaK H a 3 b I B a e M a H cHTyau,HOHHaH TeopHH C T a j i a B H a c T o a m e e BpeMH e Ä B a JIH He OCHOBHHM HHCTpyMeHTOM peuieHHH n p o ß j i e M o p raHH3auHH H ynpaBjieHHH H H O K P B npoMbiiu^eHHbix (J)HpMaX. H a 3 B a H H a a K O H u e n u n j i B cBoeM S M n H p n q e c K O M 0 6 0 CHOBAHHH o n n p a e T C H HMCHHO Ha AHAJIH3 n p o u e c c o B BHeÄpeHHH H0B0BBe,n,eHHH Ha KanHTaJiHCTHqecKHX npeAnpHHTHHX. n . J l o y p e H C H J l x . J l o p u i p a c c M a T p H B a i O T flBe u e H T pajibHue npoßjieMbi4: 1. MeM o n p e A e J i a e T c a B H y T p e H H e e 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H 0 e n o c T p o e H H e o T A e j i b H b i x noßCHCTeM npe,n,npHHTHH? 1 R. M e r t o n. Funktionale Analyse. — In: Moderne amerikanische Soziologie. Neuere Beiträge zur soziologischen Theorie. Stuttgart, 1967, S. 119f. 2 CM.: D. K a t Z, R. L. K a h n . The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York, 1967, p. 23. 3 CM.: E. J. M i l l e r , A. K. R i c e . Systems of Organization. London, 1967. 4 CM.: P. R. L a w r e n c e , J. W, L o r s c h . O r g a n i z a t i o n s and Environment. Boston, 1967,

333 2. K a K c o r j i a c o B a T b CTpyKTypHbiii c o e r a B o p r a H H 3 a U.HH C nOTpeÓHOCTHMH KOOpAHHaUHH AeHTeJIbHOCTH? B K a q e c T B e p e u i a i o m e r o MOMeHTa npH BbiAejieHHH TaKHX nOACHCTeM npeflnpHHTHH, KaK npOH3BOACTBO, c6ht,

HHOKP,

ohh paccMaTpHBaiOT

cTeneHb n0CT0HHCTBa

BHeiUHHX B03AeHCTBHH, OnpeAeJIHIOmHX nOTpeSHOCTb B yKa3aHHbix c j i y j K Ó a x 1 . ^ e M nepeMeHqHBefi h H e o n p e a e jieHHee s t h B03AeHCTBHH, TeM MeHee >KecTKOH h KecT*ie MO)iKya3HOH HayKH o p r a H H 3 a i j H H y n p a B J i e H H H . 1 MexaHH3Mbi KOop^HHauHH AEÜTE^BHOCTH noapa3ÄejieHHH B 3HaHHTEJIBHOFT Mepe 3aBHCHT TaioKe OT 0praHH3aiiH0HH0fi CTpyKTypw

NPEINNPHHTHH H CTPOHTCA pa3.NNHBIM

0ßpa30M.

(CM.:

A

K i e s e r.

Zur wissenschaftlichen Begründbarkeit von Organisationsstrukturen. — Zeitschrift für Organisation, 40 J g . 1971, S. 247.)

2.

OpraHH3auHOHHbie

cTpyKTypw

cjiymô H H O K P

O Ä H O H H3 H a n ö o j i e e CJIO^ÎHHX n p o ö j i e M y n p a B j i e H H H H H O K P HBJIHIOTCH B b l ô o p H HCn0JIb30BaHHe KpHTepHBB 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H 0 r 0 n o c T p o e H H H c j i y j K Ö H H O K P Ha n p o MbimjieHHbix n p e A n p H H T H H x . 3 T a n p o ö j i e i v i a h 3 x o ä h t c h B T6CHOH C B H 3 H C n p o Ô j i e M O H BblÖOpa CTpaTCrHH, KOTOpafl ÄOJIJKHa yHHTblBaTb KOHKpeTHbie yCJIOBHH KOHKypeHUHH H H a K o n j i e H H H K a n H T a j i a . B y p > K y a 3 H H e a B T o p b i H C X O Ä H T . H3 T o r o , H TO « H a 0CH0Be Ä O J i r o c p o H H o ö c T p a T e r H H B H e ^ p e HHH TOBapHblX HOBOBBefleHHH... MO)KHO n O J i y i H T b KpHTGpHH n a n R j i n MeTOÄOB n j i a H H p o B a H H H , H c n o J i b 3 y e M b i x Ha OTÄejibHbix (J)a3ax n p o i j e c c a BHejipeHHH, TaK H RJIH n o CTpOeHHH OpraHH3aUHOHHOH C T p y K T y p b l »

C (J)OpMaJIbHOH TOTOH 3peHHH B03M0JKH0 HeCKOJIbKO BapnaHTOB nocTpoeHHH 0praHH3aiiH0HH0H CTpyKTypbl cjiy>K6bi H H O K P (^TO no/iTBep>KaaeTC5i T a i o K e n p a K T H KOH 2 ) , n p n q e M KaîKAbifi H3 HHx HMeeT B n o j i H e o n p e a e JieHHbie flOCTOHHCTBa H H6flOCT3TKH.

1. IJocrpoeHue AUHCLMU

(OÔJiaCTKMU

e cooreeTcreuu

c HayuHUMU ducu,un-

3HÜHUH).

n p H Hcn0Jib30BaHHH S T o r o npHHixHna nocTpoeHHH a e jiaeTCH n o n b i T K a BbiHBHTb c n e u H ( j ) H H e c K y i o cBH3b MejKAy paSJIHMHbIMH HayMHbIMH flHCUHIUIHHaMH H HOMCHKJiaTyp o ö npOAyKUHH, a TaiOKe CTpyKTypHO 0(})0pMHTb Ka>KÄyiO ÄHCUHnjiHHy B B H Ä E N O Ä P A 3 J I E J I E H H H cjiyjKÖbi HHOKP.

1 A. K i e s e r . U n t e r n e h m u n g s w a c h s t u m und Produktinnovation. Berlin, 1970, S. 5f. 2 CM.: A. O. S t a n l e y , K. K. W h i t e . O r g a n i z i n g the R and D —Function, AMA Research S t u d y 72, 1965; H. K ö 1 b e 1, J. S c h u l z e . Die O r g a n i s a t i o n der F o r s c h u n g und Entwicklung in Chemiebetrieben. — Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis, 19 Jg., 1967, S. 152.

837 Hapa.ziy co M H O H I M H ^ O C T O H H C T B 3 M H ( O A H O H 3 caMbix cymecTBeHHbix — oÔJienieHHe KOOpAHHaijHH p a ö o T b i c n e UHajiHCTOB, m o n03B0JineT npeflynpeztHTb n a p a j u i e j i H 3 M B p a ß o T e ) yKa3aHHbifl npHHiiHn HMeeT c e p b e 3 H b i ä H e ß o c T a T O K . OH 3aKjiioqaeTCH B T O M , M T O Ha C T B Ä H H pa3paÖ0T0K, K o r ^ a HCC^e^OBaTe^H — npeiiCTaBHTeJiH p a s j i H ^ H b i x c n e UHajibHOCTeß ÄOJiJKHbi p a ê o T a T b c o o ö m a , HeoßxoAHMaa KOopAHHaiiHH HX AeHTejibHOCTH He ocym,ecTB^5îeTCH; KpoMe Toro, n o c o ^ e p s o H H i o H cpoKaM aeHTejibHOCTH cJiy>K6a HHOKP He KOOpAHHHpyeTCH C npOH3BOÄCTBOM H CÖblTOM. r i o c T p o e H H e cjiy>KÖbi HHOKP H C K ^ m H T e j i b H o n o o ß j i a CTHM HayKH Ha npaKTHKe He npHMeHHeTCH, TaK KaK npe^CTaBHTejiH pa3JinqHbix HayK He p a 6 0 T a i 0 T c o ß e p rneHHO He3aBHCHMo A p y r OT Ä p y r a : HX CBH3HBaeT H a y q HblH HJIH TeXHH^eCKHH OÖ^beKT HCCJieAOBaHHH. B Ka^ecTBe HeoöxoÄHMoro n p e / i B a p H T e j i b H o r o S T a n a H3rc>TOBJieHHH H3ÄeJIHH npOMblHUieHHOMy npeÄnpHHTHK) HeoÖXOÄHMO eo3flaBaTb paspaöoTOHHbie noÄpa3ÄeJieHHH, opneHTHpOBaHHbie Ha KOHKpeTHbie BHÄbl npO^yKUHH, a npH yKa3aHHOM Bbiuie npHHHHne nocTpoeHHH cjiyjKÖbi HHOKP 3Ta noTpeÔHoeTb He y^HTbiBaeTCH. H X O T H Ä a j i b H e f l u i e e , ö o j i e e Ä e i a j i b H o e ^jieHeHHe B O 3 M O > K H O H 3Äecb, O H O n p H o ö p e T a e T C M H C J I J i n m b n p n ÄaJibHefiiHefl eneuHa^H3an;HH n o BH^aM npo^yKUHH

2. IJocTpoenue

e cooTeercTeuu

c apynnaMU ebinycKa-

eubix

U3deAuü (npOÄyKTOBaa C T p y K T y p a ) . B 3 T O M c j i y n a e B 0 3 M O > K H B I H Ha/iejKHaH opneHTauHH c j i y Ä Ö b i HHOKP n a TpeôoBaHHH, H n p o ö j i e M b i npoH3BOflCTBa, H TeCHaH B33HM0CBH3b npOH3BOÄCTBa H CÔblTa. OAHaKo noBbimeHHoe BHHMaHHe K p a 3 p a ß o T K a M nopo>KÄ A E T O N A C H O E T B He,noou,eHKH AOJirocpoqHbix H (JjyHÄaMeHTajibHbix 3 a Ä a i , a TaioKe TpyflHocTH B noBbimeHHH KBajiH(J)HKai^HH n e p c o H a j i a .

3. •/Aenenue no eudaM

uccAedoeanuü

u

pa,3pa60T0K

(KaTb rp0M03^K0CTH CTpyKTypbi, KOTopan xapaKTepHa ÄJIH KpynHbix cjiyjKÖ H H O K P npn MjieHeHHH no HAYHHBIM Ä H C I I H N ^ H H A M HJIH rpynnaM npoayKUHH. 4. ^Aenenue cAyotcöbi HHOKP e cooTeercreuu c rexHOAozmecKUM npoi^eccoM Ha ßaHHOM npeflnpHHTHH, KOTopoe OCOÖeHHO npaKTHKyeTCH He(J)THHbIMH KOHUepHaMH H HMEET MHoro oômero c npoziyKTOBOH CTpyKTypofi ( H H O K P B oßjiacTH pa3Be/iKH, no6bmn, nepepaöoTKH). 3THM npHHUHnOM nOCTpOeHHH CTpyKTypbi nOJIb3yiOTCH q a m e B c e r o Tor^a, KorAa B03HHKaK>mHe npoö-ieMbi CBH3aHbi c np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbiM npoueccoM (HanpHMep, npn XHMHHeCKHX H ÔHOJIOrH^eCKHX TeXHOJIOrHHx) .

5. npoeKTHan ÔOTOK.

cTpyKTtjpa

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u

pa3pa-

TaKoe nocTpoeHne He MOJKeT cmn-aTbcn ycTOHMHBbiM. OHO, oflHaKo, oöecne^HBaeT xopouiyio B03M0>KH0CTb ÖbICTpO, 3(J)4)eKTHBHO H THÔKO (j)0pMHp0BaTb KOJIJieKTHBbI HCCJIEÄOBATEJIEÖ

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>KflbIH pa3 npHCnOCOÖJieHa K TpeÖOBaHHHM pa3JIHMHbIX npOeKTOB H H3MeHeHa nocJie OKOHM3HHH paöoTbi.

XltJIH TOTO HTOÖbl npaBHJIbHO OUeHHTb pa3JIHMHbie npHHUHnbl nOCTpoeHHH OpraHH3aiXHOHHOH CTpyKTypbi, HeO Ô X O A H M O BHHBHTb KOHKpeTHbie ycjioBHH Hx npHMeHeHHH, a TaKJKe COnOCTaBHTb HX ÄOCTOHHCTBa H HeÄOCT3TKH. H a 0CH0Be sMnnpHHecKHx HccjieAOBaHHH (HanpHMep, B XHMH^eCKOH npOMblUUieHHOCTH O P T ) 1 M O Ä H O caejiaTb BbiBOA. HTO cTpyKTypa cjiy>«6bi H H O K P onpeaejineTCH cjieAyiomHMH r^iaBHbiMH (JiaKTOpaMH: C T p a T e r n e S KOHU,ep-

Ha B oÖJiacra HaKonjieHHH KanHTajia; cjio>KHocTbio h pa3Hoo6pa3HeM accopTHMeHTa npoAyKUHH; cjioiKHOCTbio npHMeHiieMofi

TexHOJiorHH;

TexiiH^ecKHMH

npoöjieMaMH

np0H3B0ÄCTBa; pa3MepaMH cjiy>K6bi H H O K P . n p n npOCTOM aCCOpTHMeHTe H npOCTOH TeXHOJIOFHH cjiyjKÖa H H O K P MOJKCT ôbiTb nocTpoeHa no Hay^HbiM 1 CM.: W. S c h w e t l i c k . Forschung und Entwicklung in der Organisation industrieller Unternehmen, F/E-Probleme in der Aufbau- und Aufbauorganisation industrieller Unternehmen und Ansätze zu ihrer Lösung. Eine empirische Untersuchung. Westberlin, 1973, S. 115, 157f, '

339 ÄHcuHnjiHHaM, npOTGM 3flecb noMTH He B03HHKaeT n p o ö JieM KOOpÄHHaUHH CO CJiyjKÓaMH npOH3BOÄCTBa H CÓbITa

h BHyTpH cjiyjKÖbi HHOKP.

ripH HajiHTOH i i i n p o K o r o accopTHMeHTa, CJIOJKHOH TexHOJiorHH h npoöJieM T e x H H n e c K o r o x a p a K T e p a , a t 3 k » e ÄHHaMHIHOrO pbIHKa C ßbICTpO OÖHOBJIHIOmeHCH n p o Ä y K U H e ö BHyTpeHHHH c T p y K T y p a cjiy>K6bi HHOKP ä o j d k Ha öbiTb ß o j i e e t h ö k o h h CTpoHTbCH Ha flpyrnx npnHUHnax. B q a c r a o c T H , 3,o,ecb n e p e x o Ä H T K MjieHeHHio n o npOÄyKTaM, BHflaM HCCJie,0,OB3HHH H TeXHOJlOrHH npOH3BO^CTBa.

npeHMymecTBO

nocTpoeHHH

cjiyjKßbi

HHOKP

no

HayqHbIM ÄHCUHnJIHHaM 3aKJIIOHaeTCH B B03M0>KH0CTH a a j i e K O H f l y m e f l cneuHajiH3au,HH, T o r a a KaK n o c T p o e H H e n o BHÄaM npOÄyKUHH n03B0JIHeT MHHHMH3HpOBaTb H3ÄepjKKH COrjiaCOBaHHH. B03HHKai0mHH B 3TOH CBH3H KOH4 ) j i h k t ueJieñ c j i e ^ y e T ynHTbiBaTb n p n nocTpoeHHH o p r a HH33UHOHHOH CTpyKTypbl HHOKP. « n p H . . . qjieHeHHH n o b h ä 3 m npOÄyKUHH miihhmhshpyiOTCH H3Äep>KKH KOOpÄHHaHHH, ITO CJieflyeT y^HTHBaTb, b qacTHOCTH, npH nocTpoeHHH noflCHCTeMbi HHOKP b paMKax npeanpHHTHH. 3 t o ÄejiaeTCH, 0ÄHaK0, b y m e p ô cneu,HajiH3auHH n o BHjjaM p a ö o T , KOTopaH, CKopee B e e r ò , M o ^ e T óbiTb ocymecTBJieHa npH qjieHeHHH HHOKP n o ÄHcuHnjiHHaM ( T a K o e qjieHeHHe cooTBeTCTByeT (JjyHKUHoHajibHOH C T p y K T y p e ) . C T p y K T y p a , ocHOBaHHaa Ha r p y n n a x npo/iyKUHH, HeH3MeHHo CBH3aHa c öoJiee b h c o k h m h 3aTpaT3MH T p y ^ a h (})HHaHcoBbix p e c y p c o B »

npH nocTpoeHHH CTpyKTypbl HHOKP h c x o ä h t He TOJIbKO H3 OpneHTaHHH Hay^HO-TeXHHMeCKOH ÄeHTeJIbHOCTH Ha HyHiÄbi np0H3B0ÄCTBeHH0H n p o r p a M M b i H TpeÖOB3HHH pbIHKa H KOHKypeHTHOH 6opb6bI, HO H H3 BHyTpeHHefi jioFHKH nponeccoB pemeHHfl HayqHbix npoöjieM ((JjyH^aMeHTaJibHbie Hccjie/ioBSHHH, npHKJi3,a,Hbie HccjieÄOBaHHH) h BHeApeHHH HOBHiecTB, a TaKíKe H3 H e o ö x o ä h m o c t h oöecneMHTb HayqHo-TexHHnecKHH 3a,neji.

CjieAOBaTejIbHO, npH H3hKa T B e p A o r o Tejía H nojiynpOBOÄHHKOB), a CTpyKTypa KOHCTpyKTOpCKHX 6}OpO COOTBeTCTByeT TeXHHHeCKHM npHHU,HnaM H/HJIH B03M0JKH0CTHM HCn0JIb30BaHHH npoAyKUHH. OpraHH3auHOHH3H CTpyKTypa, OCHOBSHHSH Ha COHeTaHHH BHßOB HCCJIE^OBaHHH C BHßaMH NPOÄYKUHH, Hcnojib3yeTCH /WIH a e n , e H T p a j i H 3 0 B a H H b i x cjiy>K6. H a K O H e u , Ba>KHoe 3 H a i e H H e HMeeT C T p y K T y p a T p e T b e r o rana. IlpHHUHn coqeTaHHH BH^OB npo/iyKHHH c o ô j i a CTHMH 3H3HHH n03B0JIHeT OCyiUCCTBHTb yBH3Ky C p a C CMOTpeHHOH Bblllie MaTpHUeH «pbIHOK — T6XHHK3». fljlH NPGJINPHHTHH SJieKTpOTeXHHqeCKOH npOMMIHJieHHOCTH 3TO, K n p H M e p y , 0 3 H 3 H a e T , tiro, IIOMHMO HJICHCHHH n o B e p r a K3JIH — n o npHKJi3ÄHbiM flHcu,nnjiHH3M,— cymecTByeT r 0 p H 3 0 H T 3 J i b H 0 e MjieHeHHe cjiyjKÔbi H H O K P B COOTBCTCTBHH CO CTpyKTypOH TËOPCTHIECKHX OCHOB 3JieKTpOTeXHHKH ( a T3K>KE C OCHOBHblMH B H f l a M H NPOFLYKUHH). Bjiar o f l s p n TaKOMy KOMÖHHHpoBaHHOMy n 0 Ä X 0 Ä y T e o p e T H q e * CKH6 H a y K H CJIYJKAT OCHOBOH B c e x NPHKJIA^Hbix H c c j i e ß o B3HHH. « K o M Ö H H H p O B a H H a a CeTb NPEßCTABJIIIET COÖOH y A a ^ H y i o cjiopMy KOHTPOJIH: OHa n o ó y j K / i s e T K a H a j i H 3 y B c e x OÖjiaCTefi npHMGHËHHH SJieKTpOTeXHHKH FLJIH BblHCHeHHH B o n p o c a o TOM, B e e JIH OTPACJIN 3H3HHH H c n o j i b 3 y IOTCH OnTHMajIbHblM 0 6 P A 3 0 M B KOHCTpyHpOBaHHH TOTO HJIH HHoro H3ÄejiHH. A T a K KaK K a n a a n H i e f i K a ceTH NPEÄCTABJINET COÖOH onpe,n,ejieHHyK> cKe

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X O Ä H M y i O O C H O B y RJIH

1 Ibid., S. 45. Ibid. Ibid., S. 46f.

8

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342 ECJIH n p o c j i e ^ H T b

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KanHTa^HCTHMecKoro K O H u e p H a , MOJKHO o Ó H a p y j K H T b , QRA e r o o p r a H H 3 a u H O H H a a C T p y K T y p a IIOCTOJIHHO MeHHeTCH B TeCHOH CBH3H C S T a n a M H pOCTa (})HpMbI. CpeÄH SMnHpHHeCKHX HCCJieflOBaHHH, nOCBHmeHHblX aHa;iH3y B3aHMOCBH3H MejK,ay 0 p r a H H 3 a i i H 0 H H 0 H cTpyKTypofi H CTpaTerHefi pocTa cjDHpMbi, HCOÖXOÄHMO npe>Kfle Beerò ynoMHHyTb p a ó o r a A . HaHflJiepa KOTopbiS Hccjie^oB a j i 0praHH3au,H0HHyK) cTpyKTypy KOMnaHHH «^lonoH», «,H>KeHepaji MOTopc», « C i a H a a p Ä OHJI ocj) Hbio-ÄatepcH» H «CHp3, PoÖaK» C MOMeHTa HX B03HHKH0BeHHH. A . H a H f t j i e p B b i a e j i n e T w e r a p e cMeHHiom,Hx a p y r Ä p y r a 9Tana pocTa H o o o T B e T C T B y j o i u H e HM 0 p r a H H 3 a u , H 0 H Hbie n e p e c T p O H K H H ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHH B K p y n H b i x aMepHKaHCKHx KOHii,epHax. B KOHUe BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl aMepHK3HCKH6 KOHu e p H b i CTajiH i i i n p o K O n p H Ó e r a T b K flHBepcH(J)HKau,HH np0H3B0ÄCTBa Ha 0CH0Be ÄH(})(|)epeHUHauHH n p o a y K i i H H , TaK KaK HX ^ajIbHeHIIIHH pOCT ÓblJI B03M0JKGH TOJIbKO n p H ycjioBHH OTKa3a OT c n e u H a ; i H 3 a u H H Ha OÄHOH r p y n n e TOB a p o B . C n e u , H a j i H 3 a u H H , x a p a K T e p H a a .ZUIH n p e A i u e c T B y l o m e r o S T a n a IJOJIHTHKH 4)HPM, n p H B e j i a K c o 3 ; i a H H i o u , e H T p a j i H 3 0 B a H H b i x 4>yHKH,H0HajibHbix o p r c T p y K T y p . T a K3H C T p y K T y p a n 0 3 B 0 J i H ; i a o c y m e c T B J i H T b ÄHBepcH(j)HKaUHio jiHiub B y3KHx r p a H H u a x — B p a M K a x OÄHOH r p y n n b i pOÄCTBeHHblX TOBapOB. B CBH3H c nocTOHHHbiM p a c m n p e H n e M a c c o p T H M e H T a npOÄyKUHH B03HHKaeT OÖTjeKTHBHaH HeOÖXOÄHMOCTb KOo p f l H H a u H H B p a M K a x HOBbix 0 p r a H H 3 a u H 0 H H b i x C T p y K T y p T e x (JjyHKUHOHajibHbix 3 a a a H , KOTOpbie o ö y c j i o B j i e H b i BHnycKOM p a s j i H ^ H b i x BH^OB H r p y n n npoAyKUHH. B o 3 H H K a eT TeHfleHHHH K OÖOCOÖJieHHIO npOH3BOÄCTBa OTfleJIbHblX r p y n n n p o ^ y K u n n B TaK H a 3 b i B a e M b i x OTÄejieHHHX ( J w p Mbi. OTAejieHHH caMH o c y m e c T B ^ H K ) T H e o 6 x o Ä H M b i e y n p a B j r e H ^ e c K H e (JjyHKijHH, 6jiaroflapn qeiwy p e m a e T C H n p o ó j i e Ma K o o p Ä H H a u H H . r i e p e x o Ä K 0 p r a H H 3 a u , H 0 H H 0 H e r p y K T y p e Ha 6 a 3 e OTAejieHHH, KOTOpbiö B C I H A n p o H 3 o m e j i p a H b -

1 CM.: A. D. C h a n d l e r , jr. S t r a t e g y and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge (Mass.), 1962. CM. TAKJKE: E. T. P e n r o s e . The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York, 1959.

343 ine, iieM B 3 a n a j i H 0 H E ß p o n e , oôecneMHji aMepHKaHCKHM KOMnaHHHM SHaqHTejIbHblH npOCTOp flJIH M3H6BpHpOBaHHH H flajIbHeñlIIHH POCT Ha OCHOBe ÄHBepCH(})HKaUHH. HHTCHcH(|>HKauHH H H O K P 6buia n o f l K p e n j i e H a B opraHH3au,HOHHOM oTHonieHHH: 6.naro,napH n e p e p a c n p e f l e J i e H H i o s a jía 1 !, npaB H 0ÔH3aHH0CTeH, a TaiOKe a e u e H T p a j i H 3 a u H H npHHHTHH HGKOTopbix peiueHHH Bbicmee pyKOBOÄCTBo noJiy^HJIO B03M0>KH0CTb COCpeflOTOMHTb CBOe BHHM3HHe Ha rjiaBHbix H flOJirocpo^Hbix s a ^ a ^ a x , CBH3aHHbix c KOHKypeHTHOH 6 o p b 6 o H . HecMOTpH Ha 3aMeTHyio TeHjieHUHio K (J)OpMHpOBaHHIO OTflejieHHH, HejIb3H y T B e p î K Â a T b , H TO 4)yHKUHOHajibHaH C T p y K T y p a y w e He HMeeT HHKaKoro CMbicjia fljiH KanHTaJiHCTHHecKHX 4 ) H P M - H a npaKTHKe npHMeHHKDT o 6 a rana CTpyKTyp. C o 3 a a B a H ÄHBepcnt^HUHpoBaHHbie 0praHH3auH0HHbie c T p y K T y p b i 1 , pyKOBOÄCTBo (JjHpMbi cTpeMHTca oôecneHHTb peuieHHe Bcex B o n p o coB, oTHOcjimHxcH K Ka)KÄOH r p y n n e p a 3 H o p o Ä H o f l n p o 1 3^ecb H nanee aBTOpbi He p a 3 j i n q a i O T T p H njioCKOCTH onpeAejieHHH oprcTpyKTypbi, o«Ha h3 KOTOpbix xapaKTepH3yeT CTpyKTypy KaK TaKOByro, a ase Äpyrne — npe>K^e Beerò np0H3B0,ncTB0. Jlynme Beerò 3T0 MOJKÔT ÔbITb nOKa3aHO B Ta6jIH1HOH (j)OpMe:

XapaKTep npoH3BoacTBa HHTerpnpoBaHH o e HJIH n o OTAeJieHHHM XapaKTep

oprcTpyKTypu

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ripoflyKTOBaa

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—

I-Ia II —IIa

III — l i l a

IV — I V a

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344 flyKUHH, B p a M K a x o f l H o r o n o ^ p a 3 f l e J i e H H H , Ha,ne.7ieHHoro iiiHpoKHMH n p a ß a M H . O^HOBpeMeHHo 3T0 0 3 H a q a e T , ^ t o OTfleJieHHH (J)HpMbI IIOJIHOCTbK) OTBe^aiOT T a i o n e 3 a n p n ÖblJIH H yÖHTKH. A TaK KaK OTAGJIGHHH ÄOJIJKHbl OCymeCTBJIHTb BCe (JjyHKUHH, HeOÖXOÄHMbie ÄJIH npOU,eCCa BOCnp0H3B0ÄCTBa, BKJiro^aa o c y m e c T B j i e H H e H H O K P , n p n n e p e x o A e k s t o h C T p y K T y p e c03flai0TCH HOBbie ycjioBHH ä j i h BKJiioweHHH H H O K P b opraHH3auHK) h oöecneMeHHH B33HMOCBH3H 3TOH CJiyiKÖbl C ÄPyrHMH nOÄpa3ÄejieHHHMH npeAnpHHTHH. T e M caMbiM paMKH KoopÄHHaunn yHKUHOHa^bHaa CTpyKTypa h cTpyKTypa, ocHOBaHHan Ha

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c flpyrHMH cjiy>K6aMH npe/uipHHTHH b 3HaiHTejibHOH cTeneHH onpeaejiHiOTCH c r p y K T y p o ñ npe^npHHTHH (cm. pnc. 2 4 ) . Koop^HHauHH H H O K P b p a M K a x t 3 k h x opraHH3auHOHHbix CTpyKTyp BbiÄBHraeT pa,n TpeßoBaHHÜ: cjieayeT b ä o j i j k h o h Mepe ynHTbiBaTb p e i n a i o m e e 3HaqeHHe cJiyjKÖbi H H O K P ÄJifl ä o c t h j k c h h h u e j i e f i Ä a H H o r o npe^npHHTHH h e e MecTO b n p o u e c c e ü p h h h t h h pemeHHñ Ha BbiciiieM ypoBHe pyKOBOÄCTBa ( c M e i a h n p o r p a M M a HHOKP); b npouecce oßecne^HTb

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346 peajiH3auHH uejiefi npe^npHHTHH, a CJieAosateJibHO, MOryT ÖhlTh c4)OpMyjIHpOBaHbI KOHKpeTHbie UeJIH/yiH IIOÄpa3fleJieHHÌÌ. B (|)yHKUHOHa,JIbHO 0praHH30B3HHbIX KOHUepH a x pyK0B0flCTB0 B b i c i n e r o ypoBHH j i y q r n e B c e x c n o c o ô HO H H T e r p H p o B a T b cjiy>K6y H H O K P C a p y r H M H cviyjKÖaM H NPEANPHHTHH C K a 3 a H H o e He ( « H a ^ a e T , ^TO B 6 o j i e e K p y n H b i x 4>YHKUHOHaJIbHO 0 p r a H H 3 0 B a H H b I X KanHTajIHCTHqeCKHX (J)HpMaX HeB03M0)KHa ü , e u e H T p a j i H 3 a u H H npHHHTHH onpe^eJieHHbix p e m e H H H B o ô J i a c T H H H O K P ; o H a A o n y c T H M a , e c j i H Ha 6 o j i e e H H 3 K H X y p o B H H x H M E E T C H flocTaTO^Han HHK6 np0H3B0ÄCTBa H c ô b i T a , a T a n m e ó b i c T p o p e a r n p o B a T b Ha B03HHKai0iUHe B n p o u e c c e np0H3B0ACTBa npoÔJieMbi. B xHMHMecKofl npoMbimjieHHOCTH O P R BO B c e x 4>npMax, nocTpoeHHbix no 4>yHKij;HOHajibHOMy npHHunny, CJiyîKÔa HHOKP noA'iHHeHa ueHTpajibHOMy pyKoBOACTBy. HpMbI, HMeiOIUHe MHOrO^HCJieHHbie aBTOHOMHbie OTÄejieHHH, n p n o n p e A e j i e H H H noATOHeHHocTH H H O K P B SHa^HTejibHOH M e p e A e u e H T p a j i H 3 y i o T n p H H a r a e pemeHHH. 3 T O CTajio B 0 3 M 0 ® H B I M Ô J i a r o A a p a TOMy, HTO y « E Ha y p o B H e OTAefleHHö pea;iH3yeTCH H e o ô x o A H M a n COBOKynHOCTb y n p a B / i e H M e c K H x 4>yHKUHH H o n e p a T H B H b i x u e 1 CM.: J. G. M a r C h, H. A. S i m o n . Organizations. New York, 1967, p. 197. 2 CM.: J. W. L o r s c h. Product Innovation and Organizations. New York — L o n d o n , 1965, p. 158. » CM.: W. S C w e 11 i c k. Op. cit., S. 126.

347 j i e f i . A T a K KaK H H O K P ro noApa3flejieHHH

o p H e H T H p o B a H b i Ha u e j i H AaHHO-

( H a AaHHbifi BHA n p O A y K U H H )

H B^hh-

K)T Ha HX p e a j i H 3 a u H K > , O K a 3 b i B a e T c a b o s m o j k h h m h H e o 6 XOAHMMM

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2

348 HCCJieÄOBaHHH H laCTb npHKJia^HblX, n p H i e M B03M0JKH0 H Ä o n o j i H H T e j i b H o e qjieHeHHe n o B a a a M np0H3B0ÄHM0Ö NPOAYKIÍHH. 3TO oßjierqaeT KoopAHHauHio c aeueHTpajiH30BaHHbiMH n o f l p a 3 f l e j i e H H 3 M H H H O K P , i\ne n p e H M y m e CTBeHHO OCymeCTBJlfllOTCH p a 3 p a 6 0 T K H , OpHeHTHpOBaHHbie Ha OTflejibHbie BHAM npoflyKU,HH. npeHMymecTBa ji,HBepcH(J)Hunp0BaHH0H CTpyKTypu MoryT óbiTb p e a j i H 3 0 B a H b i jiHiiib B TOM cjiyHae, ecJiH peiueHa npoöjieMa KOOPAHH3UHH, CBH3aHHaH c ßeueHTpajiH3au,HeH npouecca IIPHHHTHH pemeHHñ B KOHU,epHe. B 6yp>Kya3HOH jiHTepaiype no SKOHOMMKÖ H opraHH3au,HH NPEOTPHHTHH 9THM B o n p o c a M no HeoóxoflHMocTH y^EJIHeTCH MHOrO BHHM3HHH. CyTb npOÖjieMbl 3aKJI10HaeTCH B TOM, «jToßbi HanpaBHTb ßeHTejibHocTb K a ^ A o r o noÄpa3flejieHHH Ha ÄOCTH>KEHHE uejiefl, CTOHIUHX nepea opraHH3 a u H e ñ B uejiOM. «üocKOJibKy MeHe/i^epbi oTfle^eHHH KOHKypnpyiOT ME^ÄY CO6OH B oßjiacTH NOJIYNEHHH orpaHHneHHbix pecypcoB, nepea BHCUIHM PYKOBOÄCTBOM B03HHKAET npoßJieMa oueHKH oTÄeJibHbix noÄuejieö. CTHMyjinpoBaHHH 3acjiyjKHBaioT J i n u i b Te npo/iyKTbi H n p o e K r a , KOTopbie c n o c o ß c T B y i o T a,ocTH>KEHHIO u e j i e f l opraHH3au,HH B uejiOM. PyKOBO^HTejiH oTÄe^eHHH MoryT nonbuaTbCH oßpucoBSTb nepea BHCUIHM pyKOBOÄCTBOM CBOH nepcneKTHBbi Ha nojiyueHHe npnóbiJiH B Hanóojiee öjiaronpHHTHOM CBeTe. Hepe^KO OHH Hefl03B0JieHHbIMH npiieMaMH (jjajIbCHlJjHUHpyiOT HH^opMauHK), npe/iocTaBjiHeMyK) pyKOBOÄCTBy KOHnepHa, ÄO TaKoñ cTeneHH, HTO pacnpeaejieHHe orpaHHqeHHblX HHBeCTHUHOHHblX CpeflCTB He MOJKeT ßblTb nOCTaBJieHo Ha pa3yMHyio ocHOBy. T a n a a onacHocTb B03pacTaeT, Korü,a OTite/ieHHH 33BHCHT .apyr OT Ä p y r a B TexHOJIOrHHeCKOM OTHOÜieHHH... JIHÖO KOHKypHpyiOT MejKfly COÖOH B CHaÖJKeHHH HJ1H Ha pbIHKaX CÖblTa» MeTOÄbl H M6X3HH3MH peryjIHpOB3HHH, HCnOJIb3yeMbie flJIH KOOpÄHHaUHH AeHTejIbHOCTH OTfleJieHHH KannTajIHCTHqeCKHX KOHUepHOB, He B C0CT03HHH yCTpaHHTb y K a 3 a H H b i e TpyÄHOCTH, HX npHMeHeHne npHBOAHT KOTPH^ HaTeJibHbiM n o c j i e a c T B H H M T a i ö K e H B o ö j i a c ™ p e r y j i H « poßaHHH H H O K P . r i p n p e r y j i n p o B a H H H Ha 0CH0Be nona« 1 E. G r o c h 1 a. Unternehmensorganisation. Neue Ansätze und Konzeptionen. Reinbeck, 1972, S. 190,

349 3 a T e j i f l n p i i Ô H J i H n p o T H B O p e ^ H e M e j K ^ y PYKOBOÄCTBOM OTÄejieHHH, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIM

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n o o6"beKTHBHbiM aaTejib

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ToiHoro ÄOxoAa (ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHan 4>opMa uiHpoKO n3BecTHoro noKa3aTejifl «npnSbijib Ha HHBGCTHIÍHH»). B OMHINE OT paHee nprnueHHBiiiHxcH MÇTO^ob ÄaHHaa KOHuenuHfl nbiTaeTca yiecTb CBasb MejKAy

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h npiiôbiJihio,

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BOAHTb cpaBHeHHH MejKAy noÄpaäAeJieHHHMH. (Ibid., S. 192Í.)

npo-

350 HHH H OTflejieHHHMH JIHUIb B TOM CJiyUSe nOKOHTCH

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rsia cyiomyiocfl c C O O T B E T C T B Y I O M H M H npefljiojKeHHHMH O T AejieHHH. Pa3pa6oTKa T S K O H nporpaMMbi TpeöyeT ueHT p a j i H 3 0 B a H H o r o npHHHTHH p e u i e H H f l Ha o n p e ^ e j i e H H O M y p o B H e , HO BCJie^CTBHe T o r o , UTO B y c j i o B H H x K a n H T a jiH3Ma HeB03Mo>KHo p e a r H p o B a T b Ha CTHXHHHbie KOJie6aHHH SKOHOMH^eCKOH KOHTjKJHKTypbl, T3KHe peilieHHH Heo c y m e c T B H M b i H n 0 3 T 0 M y npouecc H X Ì I P H H H T H H a e u e H T p a j I H 3 0 B a H . JlHUIb B OTflejieHHHX MO)KHO nonbiTaTbCH aOÖHTbCfl Ä0CT3T0HH0 ["HÖKOH peSKHHH Ha 3TH CTHXHHHbie npoHBJieHHH. B TaKHx y c j i o B H H x n o K a 3 a T e j i b n p n ö b i j i H CTaHOBHTCH H 3 H Ó o j i e e n o a x o A H m H M «4)aKTOpOM p e r y j i H pOBaHHH», C nOMOmblO KOTOpOTO nblTaiOTCH CnpaBHTbCH C HeonpeaeJieHHocTbK) H HeyBepeHHocTbio; OTCKXNA Bee p a 3 H O r j i a C H H H npOTHBOpeUHH B ÄHBepCH^HUHpOBaHHOH opraHH3aHHH R I P H HajiHMHH OT^ejieHHH j i e r q e , q e M B (J)yHKUHOHa^BHO n o c T p o e H H O H o p r a H H 3 3 H H H , K o o p f l H H H p o B a T b p a ó o T y c ^ y j K Ó b i H H O K P c .aeHTejibHOCTbio Ä p y r H x c j i y j K Ö B n p o u e c c e npoH3Bo,n,CTBa H c ß b i T a o n p e ^ e j i e H H o n n p o ^ y K UHH, OilHaKO n p H 3TOM B03HHK3ÍOT npOÖjieMbl KOMMyHHK3U.HH BHyTpH paCCpeAOTOHeHHOH CJiy}K6bI H H O K P H c o r j i a c o B a H H H e e ÄeHTejibHocTH c IIOJIHTHKOH 4>HPMM, o n p e a e ^ n e M O H rjiaBHOH KOHTOPOH 2 . OueBRUHbie He^ocTaTKH, n p H c y m n e flHBepcH(|)HU,HpoB3HH0H C T p y K T y p e , npHBCJIH K yCHJieHHbIM nOHCKSM, B T e o p e T H q e c K O M H npaKTHMecKOM i u i a H e , H O B M X o p r a H H 3ail,H0HHbIX C T p y K T y p . ÜOnblTKH OflHOBpeMeHHO BOCnOJIb30B3TbCH n p e H M y m e C T B 3 M H IJieHeHHH n o B H A 3 M B b i n y C K a "

1 B 1960—1961 rr., Hanpmwep, B aMepHKaHCKOñ KOMnaHHH «.HaceHepajI 3JleKTpHK» B03HHKJIH TpyflHOCTH, TaK KaK pyKOBOAHTeJIH OTÄeJleHHH UlHpOKO npflÖerajIH K HeAO3B0JieHHHM OTKJlOHeHHflM UeH, ÄJ1H Toro moöbi oöecnewrb MHHHMajibHbifi pa3Mep npHÖbijiH, onpeaejieHHbiñ rjiaBHOH KOHTOPOH. ( C M . : M . D U 11 i e n, Flexible O r g a n i s a t i o n . Köln, 1972, S. 62.) 2 CM.: M. R a d n o r . Control of Research and Development by Top M a n a g e m e n t in Forty-eight Very L a r g e Companies. — In: Operational Research and the Social Sciences. London, 1966, p. 131f.

351 eMOH npOflyKUHH H ÄOCTOHHCTBaMH (J)yHKIJHOHajIbHbIX c T p y K T y p n p H B e j i H K cq3,a,aHHio MaTpH^Hbix o p r a H H 3 a u H OHHblX e x e M . H H T e p e c H o c o n o c T a B H T b KOHijepHbi C I I I A H O P T C

TO^KH 3peHHH HX OpraHH33UHOHHOH CTpyKTypbl H 3(|)(J)eKTHBHOCTH. H a pHC. 2 5 H 2 6 n p H B e ^ e H b i c x e M b i o p r a H H 3 a HHOHHblX C T p y K T y p ÄByX SJieKTpOTeXHIMeCKHX KOHUepHOB K e H H e ) B n j i o T b ÄO OTAejibHbix 3 a B 0 A 0 B . 3 T a o p r a HH3auHOHHaa c x e M a n o c T p o e H a n o o 6 p a 3 u , y K o p n o p a u n n «XI,ÄeHepaji 9JI