Escorial Bible I.j.4, Volume 1: The Pentateuch 9781512816778

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ESCORIAL BIBLE I . VOLUME I

THE PENTATEUCH

ESCORIAL BIBLE I. EDITED BY

O. H. HAUPTMANN

VOLUME I

THE PENTATEUCH

PHILADELPHIA

1953

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS FOR

GRINNELL COLLEGE PRESS

PRINTED IN

FRANCE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the preparation of an edition of Escorial Bible I. j. 4 I have had the wholehearted assistance of many people — so many, in fact, that I can mention here only those whose help in terms of time and effort has been quite extraordinary. I sincerely hope that the others will accept my gratitude, even though there is not enough space to allow inclusion of their names here. President Samuel N. Stevens and the Grinnell College Board of Trustees have helped make publication possible by the generous allocation of College funds. Herman Salinger, a Grinnell colleague, has patiently read the Introduction and made useful suggestions for the improvement of style. Any awkward expressions still in the text are obvious]}' my own responsibility. Raphael Levy has carefully checked all footnotes containing references to the Hebrew. Lloyd Kasten has aided greatly by allowing me to use the facilities of the University of Wisconsin Seminary of Medieval Spanish Studies. Officials of the University of Florida library have secured for me photographs of the copy of the manuscript contained in the Library of Congress and have permitted me to keep them since I have come to Grinnell. Phelps Soule, director of the University of Pennsylvania Press, has been especially helpful with advice and encouragement. Joseph Gillet and Yakov Malkiel have also contributed their time and helpful counsel. To all of these, who have helped so generously and cheerfully, I am sincerely and gratefully indebted. O. H. Grinnell, Iowa October 1952.

HAUPTMANN.

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED

FOR

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

MATERIAL

(References used in Introduction or Notes with full bibliographical details are not listed here) Alba: Biblia traducida del hebreo al castellano por Rabí Mosé Arragel de Guadal/ajara] published by the Duke of Berwick and Alba, and edited b y A . Paz y Mélia, Madrid, 1920. 2 vols. [In the notes to the text no indication of volume is made, as all references are to the first one]. Alex: El libro de Alexandre, ed. Raymond S. Willis, Elliott Monographs, vol 32. Princeton, Paris, 1934. A V: Authorized Version of the English Bible. Berger, Hist: S. Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du moyen âge, Paris, 1893. Berger, Romania, X X V I I I : S. Berger, "Les Bibles castillanes," Romania, X X V I I I , 361-408; 509-567. BiblRom: Biblia medieval romanceada. Escorial Biblical MSS I . j . 3, I . j . 8 and I . j . 6 . Vol. I: Pentateuch. Ed. Américo Castro, A . Millares Carlo and A . J. Battistessa, Buenos Aires, 1927. Blondheim, Pari Jud-Rom: D. S. Blondheim, Les Parlers Judéo-Romans et la "Vetus Latina," Paris, 1925. ChandStrLif : The Book of Leviticus, ed. A. T. Chapman and A. W . Streane (The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges), Cambridge, 1914. 1547 Const: The Constantinople Pentateuch of 1547, written in Hebrew characters. Reproduced in part b y Grünbaum, Jüd-Span Chrest, 10. Cuervo, Apunt: R. J. Cuervo, Apuntaciones críticas sobre el lenguaje bogotano, 7th ed., Bogotá, 1939. Cuervo, Notas: R. J. Cuervo, Notas a la gramática de Bello. A. Bello, Gramática de la lengua castellana, 21st ed., Paris, n. d. Cuervo, Romania, X X I I : R. J. Cuervo, "Las segundas personas del plural en la conjugación castellana," Romania, X X I I , 71-86. DaXW'órt: G. H. Dalman, Aramäisch-Nruhebräisches Worterbuch, Frankfurt, a. M., 1901. T>rEx: The Book of Exodus, ed. S. R. Driver (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges), Cambridge, 1929. Elcorvacho: Martinez de Toledo, Arcipreste de Talaver a (Corvacho o Reprobación del amor mundano), ed. Pérez Pastor (Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, X X X V ) , Madrid, 1901. ElSiervLib: Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara, El siervo libre de amor, ed. A . Paz y Mélia (Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, X X I I ) , Madrid, 1884. F err: Biblia en lengua Española Traduzida palabra por palabra de la verdad Hebrayca... Con Privilegio del Ilustrissimo Señor Duque de Ferrara. Amsterdam, 5421 (1661). FGonz: Poema de Fernán González, ed. C. C. Marden, Baltimore, 1904. Ed. Janer, Biblioteca de autores españoles, Vol. L V I I . García, PalEsp: Z. García Villada, Paleografía española, Madrid, 1922. 2 vols.

Vili

ESCORIAL

BIBLE

I. J. 4

Garcia de Diego, Gram: V. Garcia de Diego, Elementos de la gramática histórica castellana, Burgos, 1914. Gassner, ASVerb: A. Gassner, Das altspanische Verbum, Halle, 1897. GE: General Estoria, ed. A. G. Solalinde, Vol. I, Madrid, 1930. GenySem: Fernán Pérez de Guzmán, Generaciones y semblanzas, ed. J. Domínguez Bordona (Clásicos castellanos), Madrid, 1932. Gesenius: Wilhelm Gesenius, Handwörterbuch über das alte Testament, Leipzig, 1828. Gessner, ZrPh, XVII: E. Gessner, "Das spanische Personalpronomen," Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, X V I I , 1-53. Gins/«/.' C. D. Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoreiic Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, London, 1897. Grünbaum, Jüd-Span Chrest: Max Grünbaum, Jüdisch-spanische Chrestomathie, Frankfurt, a. M., 1896. Hanssen, Gram: Federico Hanssen, Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana, Halle, I9I3Hebr: Polyglotten-Bibel, ed. R. Stier and K. G. W. Theile, Vol. I, Bielefeld, 1854. JasDict: M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, New York, Berlin, London, 1926. JRuiz: Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor, ed. Julio Cejador (Clásicos castellanos), Madrid, 1913. 2 vols. Levy, Hisp Rev, XI: Raphael Levy, "The Vocabulary of the Escorial Manuscript I . j . 4 , " Hispanic Review, X I , 57-63. Luc: Juan Manuel, Libro de los enxiemplos del conde Lucanor, ed. H. Kunst and A. BirchHirschfeldt, Leipzig, 1900. Llamas, Sef, IV: José Llamas, "La antigua Biblia castellana de los judíos españoles," Sefarad, IV, 219-244. McNiVwm: The Book of Numbers, ed. A. H. McNeile (The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges), Cambridge, 1911. Millares, PalEsp: A. Millares Carlo, Tratado de paleografía española, 2nd ed., Madrid, 1932. 2 vols. MPCid: Cantar de Mio Cid, ed. R. Menéndez Pidal, Vols. I and II, Madrid, 1908-11. MPDocLing: R. Menéndez Pidal, Documentos lingüísticos de España, Madrid, 1919. MP Gram: R. Menéndez Pidal, Manual elemental de gramática histórica española, 5th ed., Madrid, 1925. MyPOng: M. Menéndez y Pelayo, Orígenes de la novela (Nueva biblioteca de autores españoles), Vol. I, Madrid, 1905. Orr: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. J. Orr, Chicago, 1915. PoesCan: Pero López de Ayala, Poesías del canciller Pero López de Ayala, ed. A. F. Kuersteiner, New York, 1920. 2 vols. Revilla, Ciudad de Dios: M. Revilla, "Notas para la historia de las antiguas versiones castellanas de la Biblia," Ciudad de Dios, CXLIV, 276 et seq. RichVocab: H. B. Richardson, An Etymological Vocabulary to the Libro de buen Amor of Juan Ruiz, New Haven, 1930. Rodríguez, BiblEsp: J. Rodríguez de Castro, Biblioteca española, Madrid, 1781. 2 vols. RV: Revised Version of the English Bible. RyCaw: H. E. Ryle, The Canon of the Old Testament, 2nd ed., London, 1904. RyGen: The Book of Genesis, ed. H. E. Ryle (The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges), Cambridge, 1921. Sachs, Rom Phil, II: G. E. Sachs, "Fragmento de un estudio sóbrela Biblia medieval romanceada," Romance Philology, II, 217-228. SatirFellnfVid: El Condestable de Portugal, Sátira de felice e infelice vida, ed. A. Paz y Mélia (Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, X X I X ) , Madrid, 1892. SietSab: Diego de Cañizares, Historia de los siete sabios de Roma, ed. A. Paz y Mélia (Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles, X X I X ) , Madrid, 1892. Smfloíí: The Book of Deuteronomy, ed. G. A. Smith (The Cambridge Biblt for Schools and Colleges), Cambridge, 1918. SmithDjc/: Dr. William Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, ed. H. B. Hackett, Cambridge, New York, 1870.

ABBREVIATIONS

IX

Solalinde, Mod Phil, X X V I I , X X V I I I : A . G. Solalinde, "Los nombres de animales puros e impuros en traducciones medievales españolas de la Biblia," Modern Philology, X X V I I , 473-485 ; X X V I I I , 83-98. Strack, Realencyklopddie, I X : H. L. Strack, "Kanon des Alten Testaments, " Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, I X , 741-768. VisFil: Visión de Filiberto, ed. José M. Octavio de Toledo, Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, II, 40-60. Vulg: Biblia Sacra Vulgatae Editionis, Madrid, 1799. Wood and Lanchester, HebrGram: G. T. Wood and H. C. O. Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, London, 1920. Zarco, CatEsc: J. Zarco Cuevas, Catálogo de los manuscritos castellanos de El Escorial, Madrid, 1926. 2 vols.

CONTENTS

Pages INTRODUCTION

1-53

1. The Manuscript

1

2. Date

4

3. Translation Sources

8

4. I. j. 4 and Other Translations Based upon the Hebrew Canons..

15

5. The Edition

51

TEXT

55

ERRATA

Reading

Page

8, 2nd para. 24, 2nd para. 49, 2nd para. 56, verse 30 84, verse 32 92, verse 46 121, verse 17 122, verse 9 151, verse 12 182, verse 20 246, verse 18 246, verse 18 256, verse 31 309, note 8 312, verse 24 312, note 4 319, note 9

faithul I.3.3 Alba Alba I . j . 3 e2

y coget piedras loss ensangustianl segudo sobre2 linpioestu] genere(Cf. SmDeut); aesta tierra; blasfemerà Job XXXVII, 18, 21 (i62bij, 22)

Corrected Reading

faithful I . j . 3 and Alba Alba and I . j . 3 e e coget piedras; los ensangustian. segundo sobre linpio estugene(C/. SwDeut; aesta tierra? blasfemara Job XXXVII, 18, 21 {2Ó2brj;, 22)

I

THE MANUSCRIPT

This edition of Escorial Biblical manuscript I . j . 4 has been made from a photostatic c o p y owned b y the L i b r a r y of Congress. 1 The manuscript itself 3 has borne, in addition to its present number, the designations i . m . 6 , i . A . 3 , N ú m . 4, 3 j . R . 4, j . 1 . 3 . 4 It begins A qui comienza el primero libro de la Bliuia, el qual es llamado en ebrayco Beressit e en latin Genesi. En comiengo crio Dios a los fíelos e ala tierra; and it ends with these lines: e asi aqui sera acabado el nuestro sermon. A Dios grafías. Aqui se acaba el segundo libro de los Machabeos. I . j . 4 contains a translation of the Old Testament in the following order of books: Genesi, Exodo, Liuitico, Numeri, De vtero nomio, Josué, Juezcs, Rrut, Rreyes (4 books), Paralipomenon (2 books), Esdra, Neemias, Thobias, Judich, Ester, Lamentaciones,8 Job, Salterio de Dauid, Protierbios de Salamon, Eclesiastes, Cantares de Salamon, Sabiduría de Salamon, Eclesiástico (preceded b y El prologo que fizo Sant Geronimo en este libró), Y sayas, Geremias, Ezechiel, Daniel, Osea, Joel, Amos, Obadias, Jonas, Micayas, Abacuch, Qefonias, A gay, Zacarías, Malachias, Nahum, los Macabeos (2 books).' T h e writing is Gothic, with some tendency toward Gótica redondeada, evinced b y a slight curving of the vertical strokes and b y a preference for the t w o t y p e s 1. The Modern Language Association of America. Collection of Photographic Facsimiles, no. 117. 2. It has been described in some detail by J. Zarco Cuevas, CatEsc, II, 16-23; a n d by S. Berger, Romania, X X V I I I , 559. This editor has had to depend to a certain extent on these, as he was able to examine the original for a relatively short time. Some space is devoted to it by Rodriguez de Castro, BiblEsp, I, 433-434; by José M. de Eguren, Memoria descriptiva de los códices notables conservados en los archivos eclesiásticos de España, Madrid, 1859, 45; and by Joaquín L. Villanueva, De la lección de la Sagrada Escritura en lenguas vulgares, Valencia, 1790, 13. The last two could not be found. 3. This is the designation used by Rodriguez, BiblEsp, I, 434. 4. Cf. Zarco, CatEsc, II, 16. 5. The significance of the separation of Jeremiah and Lamentations will be discussed in Section III. 6. This also represents the order of modern editions of the Vulgate, save in three respects: Baruch is omitted, Nahum should follow Micah instead of Malachi, and Lamentations should follow Jeremiah instead of Esther (Cf. Berger, Hist, 304). O.

H.

HAUPTMANN, I.

i

2

ESCORIAL BIBLE

I.J.4

of z used in rounded writing. 7 However, the letters are even and uniform, with few extending below the line, save for the fine lines on h and y, the lower strokes of j, p, q, and an occasional rectangular r, originally a feature of cursive writing.8 B, d, I, s, v usually have short upper strokes, which protrude very little over the rest of the line, with the somewhat rare exceptions of those occurring in the first line of a column.9 The entire manuscript seems to be written in the same hand; 10 the few variations in thickness of the letters are probably ascribable to changes in pen. 11 To judge by the large number of errors easily attributable to scribal sources, 12 the manuscript may be a copy. Its date has been placed in the 14th century by those who have examined it, 13 although, as will be seen in the following Section, there exists some reason for believing it to be of the first part of the 15th. The uniform nature of Gothic in this period makes it difficult to form conclusions as to date on the basis of writing alone, 14 but it is worth noting that the two manuscripts found to be most like I . j . 4 are dated 1445 and 1502.18 There are 468 folios, with a blank one at each end, all on parchment and written in ink. All bear Arabic numerals on both sides in the upper right hand corner, and each recto from 1 to 83 bears two. From 1 to 184 the signatures are of 12 folios each and are marked by an Arabic numeral on the lower margin of the first folio of each: I3r, 25r, 37r, etc. The rest are not so uniform, but the majority are still composed of 12 folios. Columns are left blank on igod, 25id, 294d; and entire folios on 295 and 339. There are blank spaces in columns 2c, 2od, 62d, 90c, 151b, i62ab, 163b, 164a, 166b. ig8acd, I99ad, 204a, 2i8ab, 227a, 229b, 232c, 238c, 254c, 3o8ab, 320b, 321b, 322d, 323c, 326ab, 327d, 328abd, 333a, 334c, 337b, 348a, 384ab, 385b, 39 ia > 398d> 405c, 407ad, 408c, 411b, 4i2bd, 416a, 429bcd, 431a, 432c, 433a, 435b, 444a,

7. Cf. Millares Carlo, PalEsp, I, 302; see discussion of z in Section V of this Introduction. 8, Cf. Garcia. Villada, PalEsp, I, 321. The r of fare, in Gen X V I I I , 30, is rectangular. 9- 33v> 35v, 39r, for example. 10. In some cases the chapter headings seem to have been written in larger, thicker characters (Ex X X V I , 38V; Lev IV, 48r; N u m X X X I I I , 84r) ; in most instances, however, there seems to be little difference in writing between chapter heading and the rest of the text. Some book headings, that of Lamentations (249a) for example, are written in a decidedly rounded manner. 11. In the first part of Joshua (io4r), for example, the letters are slightly more delicately made than those of the last part of Deuteronomy. 12. See notes to Gen II, 13; IV, 18, 32; V, 12; V I , 14; X I V , 7; X V I , 14; X V I I I , 2; X X V , 13, 18; passim. 13. Zarco, CatEsc, II, 17; A. G. Solalinde, Mod Phil, X X V I I , 474; D. S. Blondheim, Pari Jud-Rom, 12; Berger, Romania, X X V I I I , 401, 359. 14. Cf. Wilhelm Schum, Die schriftlichen Quellen, in Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, I, 174. 15. A Privilegio of John the Second, King of Castile, ed. A. D. Savage (Hispanic Notes and Monographs), New York, 1931 ; Millares, PalEsp, II, plate XCIV, Interesting, but perhaps not significant, is the inclusion of I. j .4 b y Rodriguez (BiblEsp, I, 433-434) among 16th-century manuscripts.

MANU8CRIPT

3

466a.18 Each folio measures 388x270 mm. and each of the four columns, 260 X 80 mm. 17 The latter usually have 46 lines of writing. The binding is that of the Escorial. The edges are gilded and bear the characters 4. A. Biblia. 3.17 All chapters of the earlier books have descriptive headings; but beginning with 191a (1st Chronicles or Paralipomenon) new chapters are introduced merely by the word capitulo, followed by a Roman numeral, usually in thick capitals, less frequently in fine minuscules (Judith, Esther, Lamentations, most of Psalms). Marginal additions occur rather infrequently. Opposite the first verses of Psalms X X X V I (271b), LII (274a) and XCVII (283d) is written the word maytinada (matinada in the first instance), in the same handwriting as that of the text; and on 373a the word oragion has been added, in a different hand, in an indentation apparently made for the purpose (Jere X V , 15). Besides these, the scribe has sometimes written at the end of a signature, in the lower margin, the first word or phrase of the next folio. 18 Instances of words added in the margin to supplement the text itself are seldom to be encountered.19 Corrections to the text are also relatively few. On n a 6 (Gen X X I V , 22) the word peso and on 238a3i (Tobit XIII, 16) the word rresplandesgiente have been added above the line in a different hand. On 384a (Jere X X X V I , 9) the words e fue en el anno quinto de joachim fijo de josiuhu rrey de juda en el have been erased and moved to the next line; and on 3iob2g (Wis of Sol I, 14) cosas e has obviously been written over an erasure. On 358b30, 31 (Isaiah XLVIII, i) 20 the words e en el dia que juran el noyibre del sennor are marked out by a single horizontal line, probably because they constitute a virtual repetition gf the text just preceding. The manuscript is handsomely decorated, Targe initials are in gold and colors, while the smaller ones are in red and purple, which are likewise the colors of the calderones. There are complete ornamental borders on the folios containing the headings to Genesis and Isaiah (ir and 34or), and partial ones for the beginnings of some of the other books; Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy (47r, 63r, 85V), for example. Those for Genesis, Deuteronomy, Ecclesiastes (305V) and Isaiah contain the drawings of birds; the one in the Isaiah decoration has the head of a man. The first page of 1st Chromeles (i9ir) has as its sole decoration a large mouse or rat. There are five miniatures, all of them located in the Pentateuch: gv, ior (two), j£>v and 76V. The first three of these depict incidents in the Abraham-Isaac Story (Gen XXII): the Lord speaking to Abraham (9V); Abraham and Isaac leaving the two young men (ior, bottom of column «); Abraham, with Isaac blindfolded 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Ci. Zareo, CatEsc, II, 16. 2c, 2od, 62d, 238c, 254c, 308a, 391a are not listed b y him. Cf. Zareo, CatEse, II, 17. On folios i 2 v , io8v and 120V, for example, See notes to E x X I I , 22 and Num I X , 22. T h e manuscript has no indication of the beginning of a new chapter here.

4

ESCORIAL B I B L E I . J . 4

on the altar, receiving his release from a winged angel of the Lord (ior, bottom of column b). These pictures are done in considerable detail: there is a landscape in each, consisting of a river, trees and rolling hills, with snowcovered mountains in the background. The miniature at the foot of i6v represents various episodes in the story of Dinah (Gen X X X I V ) , with the sons of Israel pictured in medieval armor and with a decidedly medieval castle in the background. This has clearly been done by a less skilled artist than the painter of the first three; the figures are drawn crudely and with little consideration for perspective. The last miniature (y6\), probably by the same artist as the preceding one, has as its subject the coming of Balak's messengers, on horseback, to Balaam (Num X X I I ) . At the bottom of folio ir is a shield containing, according to Zarco, 21 the arms of Ribera, Luna and Zuhiga. Under the shield is the writing: Embiola a su Md. el Argobispo de toledo quiroga Inquisidor general?2

II

DATE The purpose -of this Section is to come to more definite conclusions concerning the date of writing of I . j . 4 than those presented in the previous Section.1 The demonstrations will be undertaken exclusively on the basis of language rather than of writing,2 because of the difficulties already mentioned as being connected with the latter method,3 and will be concerned with some of the linguistic changes generally recognized as taking place in the 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th: (1) loss of the d in present and future 5, (2) apocopation of er and ir infinitive endings in futures and conditionals, (3) imperfects and conditionals in ie, (4) apocopation of postfixed object pronouns, (5) comparison of Escorial manuscripts I . j . 3 and I . j . 4 on the basis of some of these and other changes. 1) Loss of d in -present and future 5. — This change, scarcely noticeable before the beginning of the 15th century,4 is represented in I . j . 4 by a few spora2 1 . CatEsc, II, 17. 22. See the comment of Am6rico Castro (BiblRom, introduc.. xiv) in connection with a similar note added to I . j . 8 . 1. See footnote 13. 2. The issue may be somewhat obscured if, as has been conjectured previously in this Introduction (see Section I, footnote 12), I . j .4 was copied from another manuscript. However, it would seem fairly safe to assume that the scribe was not completely faithful to the original and that at least some of the innovations represent the state of the language at the time I . j . 4 was being copied. 3. See Section I, footnote 14. 4. Cf. Cuervo Apunt 177; Noias 91; Romania, X X I I , 71; Hanssen, Gram, 94; M P Gram

DATE

5

die examples: soys (Gen X X I X , 4; X L I I , 9, 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 33, 34; E x X X X I I I , 5), fircunfires (Gen X V I I , 11), pomes (Gen X X X I I , 16; E x V, 8), saldres (Gen X L I I , 15), cargares (Gen X L V , 19), dares (Lev X X V , 24), podres (Lev X X V I I ,

37)-5 The chronological position of I . j . 4 with respect to this development can be approximately indicated b y comparison with some of the more reliable editions of 14th and 15th century works: MS E of RPal, thought to be of the late 14th or early 15th century, 6 shows no d loss; while N, a somewhat later one, 7 has several cases: aves (326), aues (448), podes (430), soes (466), queres (472). The 1389 manuscript of J R u i z retains the d in all instances, whereas the copyist of the later manuscript used b y Ducamin has allowed at least one example of the change to occur: andares (1332). 8 Alba (1420-1433?) seems to have the reduction in only one verb: soes (I, 567; Jos X V I I , 15, 17).» B y the middle of the 15th century, however, there were considerably more instances of d omission than of its retention. 10 Elcorvacho (written in 1438; extant MS dated 1466) 1 1 shows all possible variations in spelling, with the shorter form predominating: vedes (79, 120), avedes (93, 122), vades (93), estades (119), contedes (135), alabades (137), parescedes (141), diredes (150), dedes (150), dexedes (150); oyres (5), sabéis (70), vereis (90, 147), sepays (94), abrays (114), podéis (119), veays (122), diréis (126), aveis (127), fallareys (132), alabays (138), teneys (138) creeys (147), quereys (147), creays (147), dexeys (150), fagays (150), enogeys (150), soys (150), gozeys (150), etc. ElSiervLib (143940) 1 2 keeps the d in vedes (75), but drops it in vereys (76) and llamays (77). In SietSab (ca 1450) 1 3 the reduction has taken place in all verbs but ver: vedes (41); sereis (8), sos (8, 44), seres (12), fares (15), podes (28), declarais (29), denunciáis (29), digáis (29), llamares (34), hagais (35), tenes (38), hay ais (42), queres 240. T h i s editor has been unable t o find a n y evidence of the reduction in 14th-century texts, although Entwistle (The Spanish Language, 185), mentions the process as beginning in the last quarter of the 14th century. Earlier examples of d loss listed b y Gassner (ASVerb, 72) from FGonz (533) and Alex (1448) are based on errors in transcription committed b y Janer ( B A E , L V I I , 405 and 192). T h e editions of Marden and Willis restore the d. Legal language rejected the change until late in the 15th century: cf. MPDocLing, 235 (1454): tenedes; 247 (1454): sepades; 248 (1483): pedis, demandays, pidades, demandedes; 363 (1487): teneys, guardedes, fagades. 5. In the section not covered b y this edition examples were found on folio 358a7 (Isaiah X L V I , 12): soes; and 372ai (Jere X I I I , 16; under chapter X I in manuscript): atendes. 6. Kuersteiner, PoesCan, I I , introduc, iii. 7. Kuersteiner, PoesCan, I, introduc, viii. 8. Cf. R i c h Vocab, s. v . andar. 9. Cf. soys in the letter of the Maestre of Calatrava to Mosé Arragel (I, 1, 2); b u t auedes, vsades, perdedes, in Arragel's answer t o him (I, 2, 3); and vengades, podedes, auedes, veedes, in the note of Maestre Arias (I, 14). 10. Garcia de Diego (Gram, 141) t h o u g h t the reduction process completed in all verbs b y 1450; b u t this is not entirely the case, as can be seen from the examples listed. 11. Cf. Pérez Pastor (SBE, X X X V ) , introduc., x x v i . 12. Cf. P a z y Mélia (SBE, X X I I ) , introduc., xxii. 13. Cf. P a z y Mélia (SBE, X X I X ) , introduc., v .

6

ESCORIAL BIBLE I . J . 4

(42), habeis (42), vistais (42). All verbs have lost the d in SatirFellnfVid (slightly before 1455):1* habeis (47), podeis (91), veais (91), fagais (91), matais (92), penays (92), debeys (92), ganareis (92), creais (92), sands (92), cureis (92), causais (93), ¿az's (93), soj's (93), etc. On the basis of the history of d loss one would seem justified in placing the writing of I . j .4 in the early part of the 15th century; for it is obvious that, as far as this development is concerned, I . j . 4 bears a closer resemblance to RPal N, Alba, the Ducamin manuscript of JRuiz and other works exhibiting only slight evidence of d loss, than to Elcorvacho and others containing more losses than survivals. 2) Apocopation of er and ir infinitive endings in the future and conditional. — In the 14th century this contraction extends to a much larger number of verbs than it does in the following century, when the pattern becomes virtually the same as in modern Spanish. 18 The relatively modern form of these tenses in I . j .4 M argues for assigning it a date a little later than that of the two RPal manuscripts, both of which still have a few examples of the loss of e and i.11 3) Imperfect and conditional endings in ie. -— The absence of ie imperfects and conditionals in I. j . 4 may not be conclusive evidence against the selection of a date in the 14th century, as they were already losing ground in that period, and official language quite early in the century began to give preference tn ia.ie However, their complete omission in I . j . 4 is not wholly without significance, since scarcely any of the texts from the 14th and early 15th century examined by this editor failed to contain some instances of ie endings. 19 4) Apocopation of postfixed object pronouns. — The practice of dropping the e of postfixed atonic pronouns (dixol, tornos), quite common at first, was falling into disuse at the end of the 14th century, save for the case of le, examples of the apocopation of which are still to be found in the 15th century. 20 Consequently the absence of this phenomenon in I . j . 4, even as far as le is concerned, is probably not conclusive as evidence; it does, however, support the 14. Cf. Paz y M61ia {SBE, X X I X ) , introduc., vii; and UyPOrig, I, cccxii. 15. Cf. MP Cid, 286; MP Gram, 283. The e loss in debev survives, in sporadic examples at least, until the middle of the 15th century: ElSiervLib: devrias (41); Elcorvacho: dturia (16).

16. There are a few exceptions; morir invariably has the contracted form: morra (Lev X V I , 13), morran (Lev X X , 20); one instance of an irregular future of comer was encountered in the portion of I . j .4 not covered b y this edition: conbredes (408C18; Ezek X X X I I I , 25)17. MS E: defendra (1097), escondra (1097), pidrt (1137); MS N : defendria (155), deurian (204), pidran

(299), biura

(1185), conbras

(1444).

18. Cf. Hanssen, Gram, 106; MP Gram, 267; MP Cid, 274. 19. Luc: avie (14), paresgie (15), podie (19), devie (44); JRuiz: yazie (82), avie (112), fazie (113); VisFil (ZrPh, II): auie (56); RPal E: no forms in ie; RPal N: serie (359, 731), contefic (971), dixit (972); Alba: farie (I, 286; Lev X X I , 4), auie (I, 183; E x X I V , 10); Elcorvacho: fallarien (37), valdrie (118), podries (160); SietSab: thandarie (11), durmie (12), conocie (14); GenySem: serie (3), podie (7). 20. Hanssen, Gram, 77; Gessner, ZrPh, X V I I , 8; Alba: dixol (I, 64; Gen X X V I , 9); RPal N: menazandol (357).

DATE

7

previous demonstrations in suggesting that the date of writing may have been later than the 14th century. 5) I.j.3 and I-j-4- — Escorial manuscript I . j . 3 , the date of which is placed in the 15th century by Zarco, 21 Berger 22 and Castro,23 exhibits in two respects greater antiquity than I . j . 4. It has no instances of d loss in present and future 5, and it still shows a slight preference for the forms conusco and conbusco,2i while I . j . 4 contains a considerably larger number of examples of con nos and con vos The evidence adduced is mutually corroborative in placing the date somewhat later than hitherto thought.84 One might suppose that the scribe was writing at a time when the d reduction was just beginning to become popular and when the regularizations mentioned in (2), (3) and (4) had become rather firmly established. This would seem to argue for a date somewhere between that of RPal N, which shows only slight receptiveness to the d reduction (1) and still retains some of the older spellings (3), (4), and that of Elcorvacho, which exhibits decided preference for the d reduction and has very few examples of the other more conservative spellings (4), (5). On the basis of this reasoning the date of writing of I . j . 4 should fall somewhere in the first third of the 15 th century or even in the earlier part of the second third. To accept the already broached theory that I . j . 4 is a copy 47 might involve shifting the date until still later; for the relative infrequency of d reduction could be regarded as due to a copyist's disinclination to substitute new forms for old, and the absence of the other older forms could be explained by the supposition that the copyist was working at a time when they had completely disappeared and that he was perhaps copying from a manuscript in which they occurred only infrequently. 21. CatEsc, II, 9. 22. Romania, X X V I I I , 508. 23. BiblRom, introduc., xi. 24. Hanssen (Gram, 75) and Cuervo (Notas, 43) believe that the change to tha more modern forms was completed by the end Qf the 14th century; but Elcorvacho shows at least one example of convsco (262). 25. I . j . 3 : conusco and conbusco (18 examples): Gen I X , 9, 1 1 ; X X I V , 55; X X V I , 29; X X X I V , 16, 22; X L I , 12; X L I I I , 3, 4, 5; X L I V , 26, 30; E x X , 10, 24, 26; X I I I , 19; X X , 22; X X X I I I , 16; con nos and con vos (15): Gen I X , 10 (2); X I X , 31; X X I I I , 4; X X X I , , 29; X X X I V , io, 21; X L I I , 16; X L I I I , 23; X L I V , 26; X L V I I I , 21; E x I, 10, 16; X X I V , 8, 14. I . j . 4 : conusco and conbusco (9): Gen X I X , 31; X L I I I , 3, 4; X L I V , 23, 26 (a); E x X X , 19 (a); X X X I I I , 16; con nos and con vos (24): Gen I X , 9. 10, II, 13; X X I I I , 4; X X I V , 55; X X V I , 29; X X X I , 29; X X X I V , 9, 10, 21, 22; X L I , 12; X L I I , 16,38; X L I I I , 5; X L V I I I , 21; E x I, 16; X , io, 24, 26; X I I I , 19; X X I V , 8, 14 (Examples were taken from Gen and E x only, as these are the only complete books of I . j . 3 contained in BiblRom), 26. See Section I, footnote 13, 27. See Section I, footnote 12.

H

ESCORIAL BIBLE

I.J.4

III

TRANSLATION SOURCES The primary source of I . j . 4 was formerly thought to be the Vulgate, 1 a view for which there was considerable justification, as is revealed by the most superficial comparison.

In the first place, the order of books in I . j .4 is vir-

tually the same as that of the Vulgate,® with the inclusion of apocrypha that must necessarily owe their origin to the Vulgate. 8

Likewise, there are pas-

sages in which the translator has quite without question preferred the Vulgate to the Hebrew. 4

Finally, there is the fact that Vulgate spellings for proper

nouns have frequently been employed, especially for the commoner and better known ones, use of which was already deeply rooted in tradition:

those of the

sons of Israel, Josuah, Aaron, etc. 5 The Hebrew influence is not so easily demonstrable, owing to the difficulty of language.'

However, even a cursory examination reveals a number of

unmistakable clues:

(1) the literal translation of the infinitive absolute, a

construction involving the use of the infinitive to reinforce the finite verb; 7 (2) the faithul rendering of the undeclined relative pronoun 'asher, cases of which, are formed by periphrases:

the oblique

"he who I killed him" (for "he

whom I killed"), "the man who his son is sick" (for "the man whose son is

1. Berger (Romania X X V I I I , 401) included I . j .4 in the list of Bibles translated from the Vulg, adding that the translator had perhaps corrected his text not from the Hebr Canons, "mais du moins d'après les œuvres des anciens hébraïsants. " Blondheim (Pari Jud-Rom, 7), called it one of the translations "revus sur l'hébreu. " 2. See list of books in Section I. 3. These constitute roughly the surplusage of the Vulg OT over the Hebr OT: 1st and 2nd Esdras, Tobit, Judith, additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, additions to Daniel (Susannah and the Elders, Bel and the Dragon), 1st and 2nd Maccabees. I . j .4 includes all of these save Baruch (See Section I, footnote 6). 4. See footnotes to Gen X X I V , 22, 53; X X V I I , 36; X L I X , 14; Lev I, 13; Num V I I I , 24; X I , 25; X X I I , 6; X X I I I , 20; X X I V , 6; Deut X V I I , 15; X X V , 6; X X V I , 5; X X V I I I , 22; X X X I I , 24; X X X I I I , 25. 5. The I . j . 4 word for Gilead, for example, has followed the Vulg spelling (Galaad) throughout the Pentateuch, save in one place, Deut X X X I V , 1, where a transliteration of the Hebr word occurs (Guylad). 6. Américo Castro (BiblRom, xix) and Mariano Revilla (Ciudad de Dios, C X L I V , 276 et seq) argued for the predominance of the Hebr element. Solalinde (Mod Phil, X X V I I I , 95) showed that the lists of clean and unclean animals (Lev X I and Deut XIV) consisted largely of transliterations of the Hebr. This editor (Hisp Rev, X , 34) and Professor Raphael L e v y (Hisp Rev, X I , 58) have produced random evidence in favor of the Hebr. José Llamas (Sef, IV, 22g) and Blondheim (RFE, X I X , 8) have also made reference to the matter. 7. Comer corneras (Gen II, 16), morir morredes (Gen III, 4), acresçentar acresçentare (Gen X V I , 10). For discussions of this construction, cf. Wood and Lanchester, HebrGram, 101; and Blondheim, Pari Jud-Rom, C X I I .

TRANSLATION

9

SOURCES

sick"); 8 (3) confusion in rendering the two meanings of the preposition or comparative particle min (or mi), for which the translator on occasions has given the commoner, prepositional meaning 'from' when the Hebrew writer obviously intended it to mean 'than;' 9 (4) many irregularities in translation arising from the translator's mistaking one Hebrew word for another; 10 (5) a number of transliterations of Hebrew text usually translated. 1 1 Another interesting clue is offered b y one of the few instances in which the I . j . 4 order does not conform to that of the Vulgate. 1 2 The book of Lamentations is considered b y the Roman Church as part of Jeremiah and is placed directly after it in the Vulgate; while the Jewish writers have put it either before Daniel (Talmud: Baba bathra) or before Esther (usual Massoretic order). 13 Its position in I . j . 4 after Esther must be a relic of this last-named arrangement, or of one similar to it. 1 1 The preference on the part of the translator for one source or the other can be demonstrated only b y close comparison of the three texts involved; for the material presented above cannot be considered as final proof, even though it does point to some interesting and obvious relationships between I . j . 4 and its two main sources. For the purposes of comparison the first 21 verses of Genesis from each of the three versions are reproduced below, with a rigorously literal English translation accompanying the transliteration of the Hebrew. Words or phrases in I . j . 4 agreeing with the Hebrew to the exclusion of the Vulgate are printed in italics, while the Vulgate-inspired readings are enclosed in parentheses. Significant passages are discussed in the footnotes. Hebr [1] B e reshíth In-beginning

I.j. 4 bárá' created

E n c o m i e d o crio Dios a 1 6 los fíelos e a 1 5 la tierra;

Vulg In principio creavit caelum, et terram.

Deus

'elóhlm 'éth hashshámayim God the-heavens

8. de las casas que lo comieren en ellas (Ex X I I , 7); todo lugar que andudiere la pianta de tu pie en el (Deut X I , 24); los gentios que el Sennor tu Dios te dara su tierra (Deut X I X , 1). Cf. Wood and Lanchester, HebrGram, 38. 9. See footnote to Deut X X X I I I , 24. 10. See footnotes to Gen X I I , 16; X V , n ; X V I I I , 21; X X V , 28; X X X , 30; X X X I X , 23; X L I I I , 18, 34; X L V I I , 12; X L I X , 11, 23, 24; L , 10; E x X I V , 25; X V , 20; X X I , 18; X X X I I I , 14; X X X I X , 22; L e v X , 18; X V I , 21; X X I , 18; X X I I , 15, 22; N u m X I , 22; X I I , 11; X V I , 29, 38; X X , 19; X X I , 13; X X I I , 30; X X I I I , 3, 9; X X I V , 6, 7, 23; Deut V I I , 20; X X , 5; X X I I I , 13; X X V I I I , 32; X X I X , 16, 19; X X X I I , 10, 41; X X X I I I , 3, 26; X X X I V , 7. 11. See footnotes to E x X X I I I , 28; Num X X X I I , 38, 41; X X X V , 6. 12. See Section I, footnote 6. 13. Cf. Strack, Realencyklopàdie, I X , 756; GinsInt, 8; R y C a n , Excursus C (opposite p. 292); Berger, Romania, X X V I I I , 527. R y Can also contains a reference to one MS in which Lamentations follows Esther (Cambridge 12). 14. See Section I V , footnote 133. 15. a stands for the Hebr accusative particle 'èth.

ESCORIAL BIBLE I J . 4

IO Hebr

I-j-4

Vulg

w e> eth ha'aref. [2] w e and the-earth. Andha'are? hayeth£h thohfi the-earth was waste e wabhohu w hdshekh and-void and-darkness on'al-p e ney th e hom w c ruah face-of deep and-spirit-of 'elohim m e rahepheth 'al-peGod moved-on-face-of ngy hammayim. [3] wayy6the-waters. And-said mer 'elohim y e hi 'or waGod be light andy e hI-'or. [4] wayyar e ' there-was light. And-saw 'elohim 'eth-ha'or kiGod the-light that t6bft wayyabhdSl 'elohim good and-divided God beyn ha'or between the-light ubheyn haljoshekh and-between the-shadow. [5] wayyiqra' 'elohim And-called God la'or yom weto-the-light day andlahoshekh q4ra' to-the-shadow ealled-he

[2] e la tierra era vana e vazia, e (tiniebra) 19 sobre 1 ' la faz del abismo; e el spiritu de Dios auentaua sobre la faz de las aguas.

[2] Terra autem erat inanis et vacua et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssi; et Spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas.

[3] E t dixo Dios : sea luz, e fue luz.

[3] Dixitque Deus : Fiat lux. E t facta est lux.

[4] E t vido Dios la luz que (era) buena; e aparto Dios entre la luz e la (tiniebra);

[4] E t vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona; et dlvisit lucem a tenebria.

[5] e llamo Dios a la luz dia, e a la (tiniebra) llamo noche; e fue tarde e fue mannana, dia vnó.

[5] Appellavitque lucem diem, et tenebras noctem: factumque est vespere, et mane, dies unue.

[6] E dixo Dios: sea (firmamiento) 1 8 en medio de las aguas, e sea apartamiento entre las agüae.

[6] Dixit quoqutì Deus: Fiat firmamerttum in medio aquarum; et dividat &qua& ab aquis.

laylah

way e hi-

night and-it-was'erebh way e hi-bhoqer evening and-it-was-morn yftm 'ehadh. [6] wayydmer day one. And-said 'elohim y e hl raqia' God be expanse b