Development Administration: An Annotated Bibliography 9780824884871

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DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AN ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AN A N N O T A T E D

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[T COMPILED

BY

ALLAN A. SPITZ AND EDWARD W. WEIDNER

EAST-WEST CENTER

PRESS • HONOLULU

The East West Center Press University of Hawaii Honolulu 14, Hawaii

© 1963 by East W e s t Center Press Institute of Advanced Projects Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange University of Hawaii All rights reserved L. C. Card Number:

63-15873

Printed in the United States of America

PREFACE Since World War II there has been a great upsurge of interest in development the world around. Almost every field of knowledge has been affected. Development education, development economics, development agriculture, and community development are a few areas in which there has been a growing literature on development problems. Inevitably, much of the leadership in development has come from governments, be they international, national, regional, s t a t e , or local. As governments of the several countries have increasingly turned their attention to development problems, public administration practitioners and scholars have found themselves enmeshed with problems of development. Gradually, a subfield of public administration is beginning to emerge, and in the last year or two it has become increasingly fashionable to call it development administration. In the broadest s e n s e , development administration is the means of shaping, modifying, and accomplishing progressive political, economic, and social changes that are authoritatively determined in one manner or another. The focus is on the relation of public administration to one kind of value. There are many other values that compete for men's attention and allegiance. Because of the crucial role of development for the very survival of a society, public administration in theory and practice must relate to development goals more and more c l o s e l y . There i s always a lag between the presence of a need and its fulfillment. Development administration is just now taking on a distinct shape. It i s thus a particularly appropriate time to have an annotated bibliography available, since the literature that relates to development administration is widely scattered and only beginning to have any cohesive quality. It is hoped that the present effort will aid in the identification of the subfield and in the literature that is relevant to it. No attempt has been made to be exhaustive. On the contrary, Development Administration: An Annotated Bibliography is by design a highly selective bibliography, meant to be suggestive

vi in the scope it gives to development administration, rather than definitive over-all or in any one segment. Because of the limitation of r e s o u r c e s , only materials in the English language are included. Because the push toward world-wide development is largely a product of the post World War II era, the bibliography is confined to materials published since 1945 (and through 1960). The bibliography is confined to periodical literature. The decision to limit it in this manner w a s based on the fact that few books and pamphlets centering on development administration have been published. There are many works on the administrative systems of various countries, on economic development problems, on technical a s s i s t a n c e and economic aid, and a growing number on social and political development. Some of t h e s e works contain chapters or sections that treat topics includable under d e v e l opment administration. But the center of their attention is almost invariably elsewhere. In the f i f t e e n - y e a r period 1946-60, development administration literature markedly multiplies in the later years; each five years w i t n e s s e s a great i n c r e a s e in the number of articles at l e a s t tangentially relevant to development administration a s compared to the previous five years. It is only in the l a s t of the five year periods that the term development administration is encountered in more than an isolated i n s t a n c e . Part of the i n c r e a s e in the literature has been due to new periodicals. The Philippine Journal of Public Administration, the Indian Tournai of Public Administration, and the Administrative Science Quarterly are illustrative of the periodicals making their appearance during the 1950's and concerned at l e a s t in part with development administration. The more fundamental reason is the greater a c c e p t a n c e of development values around the world in recent years. Newly independent countries have set out on d e v e l opment c o u r s e s for the first time. Even the United States and other Western countries have come to realize anew that their own development must be continuous and s u b s t a n t i a l . Time has a l s o had a way with the scope of the literature. Economic aid, technical a s s i s t a n c e , community development, and public enterprises are examples of topics that have entirely new dimensions since 1950. Research and writing

vii on each country have a kind of sequence. Each of the newly emerging countries has been the subject of studies concerning national unity and the independence movement and its leaders. Even before independence, local government has often been much written about. Problems of transition in the civil service and the training and retraining of the bureaucracy are given early attention. Since the newly emerging country is normally in difficult economic circumstances, economic aid is the topic in many writings. As a new country gains experience, development problems seem more all-encompassing. Social and political factors hindering development are studied. Broad programs of technical a s s i s t a n c e are discussed. Gradually, the concept of central planning of development emerges. To the extent that such planning is taken seriously, it has consequences for the entire governmental structure and every function or service of government. Thus the writings eventually extend to all a s p e c t s of the means of identifying and securing development objectives and the problems encountered along the way. Despite the many writings in such areas as the l e s s developed countries, economic development, technical a s s i s t a n c e , and public administration, the portion of the writings that i s relevant to development administration is surprisingly small. An article on economic aid for development purposes may incidentally speak of the means of administering such aid. An article on the administration of economic aid may incidentally comment on development objectives and their relation to the administrative means selected. A brilliant analysis of bureaucracy in country X may incidentally mention that certain changes in the bureaucracy have taken place because of development goals being pursued. A thorough examination of the problems of public health betterment in country Y may include a section on how to administer the public health program. The literature of development administration thus lacks a unity at the moment. The reason is clear. Those in public administration have not been development-minded and those in other fields have not been administration-minded. The means have been effectively separated from the ends. As a whole, public administration writers remain intrigued by civil s e r v i c e ,

vii i budgeting, O and M, and bureaucracy, but not with the development objectives that may be achieved by them. One of the great contributions of development administration can be the closing of the gap between the administrative means and the development ends. To this end, the present annotated bibliography has attempted to sample the development and administration literatures with the objective of selecting those items that are most relevant to development administration. The major topics listed in the table of contents cover the s o c i a l , economic, and political problems of development, the several units and areas of government, major features of administrative systems, and the major functions of government. However, a caveat is in order. While education is one of the topics, the intent is not to present a s e l e c t i v e bibliography on comparative or even development education. Rather, the intent is to present a few items that are relevant to development administration in the education field. Similarly with federalism; the attempt is not to present a s e l e c t i v e bibliography on comparative federalism, but only to present a selective l i s t of items that in some measure relate federalism to development administration. The topics in the table of contents are thus in each c a s e to be considered only in relation to development administration. Each of the annotations begins with a general statement indicating the scope of the article. There follows an attempt to summarize the major points, hypotheses, or conclusions of the author in regard to development administration. There may be other aspects of the article, but no attempt is made herein to present the authors' views on them. Development Administration: An Annotated Bibliography was compiled by using four approaches. Certain periodicals were systematically searched for articles bearing on the subject,. A series of abstracts were consulted for relevant material. Indexes to periodical literature were checked. Finally, bibliographies in other fields were reviewed and were invaluable in indicating some of the materials in these fields that touch upon development administration.

iX

The authors owe thanks to a number of p e r s o n s , among whom we can single out Mrs. Dorothy Young for her major typing work in early s t a g e s of the study. Milan Reban, Thomas C a s s t e v e n s and Glen Gordon provided valuable help a s research a s s i s t a n t s at different periods. This study w a s initiated with help from a grant by the Ford Foundation administered by the Dean of International Programs, Michigan State University. Edward W. Weidner Allan A. Spitz

Honolulu January, 1963

ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNALS CITED ASQ AER AJES AJS APSR AASS AR CJPS CQ CIV CSH EDCC FA HO IJPS IJPA IAEA IA I DR ILR IO IRAS ISSJ JAA JEH JPE JP MEJ MPS PA PAD PJPA PQ PSQ PA(L) PA(S)

Administrative S c i e n c e QuarterlyAmerican Economic Review American Journal of Economics and Sociology American Journal of Sociology American Political S c i e n c e Review Annals of the American Society of Political and Social Science Asiatic Review Canadian Journal of Economics and Political S c i e n c e China Quarterly Civilizations Comparative Studies in Society and History Economic Development and Cultural Change Foreign Affairs Human Organizations Indian Journal of Political Science Indian Journal of Public Administration Inter-American Economic Affairs International Affairs International Development Review International Labour Review International Organizations International Review of Administrative S c i e n c e s International Social S c i e n c e Journal (formerly Bulletin) Journal of African Administration Journal of Economic History Journal of Political Economy Journal of Politics Middle East Journal Midwest Journal of Political S c i e n c e Pacific Affairs Personnel Administration Philippine Journal of Public Administration Political Quarterly Political S c i e n c e Quarterly Public Administration (London) Public Administration (Sydney)

PAR POQ PPR RS SR SSR WPQ WP WT

Public Administration Review Public Opinion Quarterly Public Personnel Review Rural Sociology Social Research Social Service Review Western Political Quarterly World Politics World Today

DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AN ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1.

ADAMS, John Clarke, "On the Teaching of Public Administration Abroad," 18 PAR (Spring 1958) 124-28. A d i s c u s s i o n of some of the problems involved in teaching public administration ideas and skills in foreign countries. The b a s i c problem faced by the American professor abroad is communication, a problem created by the lack of a common language and common cultural heritage and the natural antagonism to the importance of a foreign s u b j e c t matter. Many of t h e s e handicaps can be overcome if the professor tried to acquire a broader knowledge of the local social system before accepting his position abroad and if he would u s e generalizations based upon, and facts s e lected from, comparative law and comparative administration rather than from his American experience alone.

2.

ADAMS, J. W. L. , "Henley and Hyderabad," 4 ITPA (JanuaryMarch 1958) 66-78. A comparative account of the British College of Henley in England and the Administrative Staff College at Hyderabad, the concepts which underlie both of them, and their o b j e c tives and p r a c t i c e s . In spite of some differences in detail the program of both schools is b a s e d on concepts pertaining to the common problem of administrators everywhere: the emerging complexity of the public and private sectors; the need for continuous evolution of administrative p r a c t i c e s ; the need for a flexible, thought provoking method of studying administration; and the increasing need of training and s e l e c t i o n of qualified administrators. The program has proved a d j u s t a b l e to the problems of India.

3.

THE AD HOC ADVISORY COMMITTEE, "Report Regarding an Institute of Public Administration in Nepal, " 2 PJPA (April 1958) 143-47. A report recommending that an Institute of Public Administration be e s t a b l i s h e d in Kathmandu which would aim at providing training for civil servants for their careers in administration a s a complement to the education provided by universities and other existing institutions. Without such an I n s t i t u t e , the implementation of the Five Year Plan would be greatly hampered.

4

4.

AGARWAL, P. P. "The Planning Commission, " 3 IJPA (OctoberDecember 1957) 333-45. A review of the organization and functions of the Planning Commission a s the chief staff agency on matters of planning and development. As a multi-member body the Commission insures effective liaison with the Government and extends its influence over the entire administration. The functioning to date of the Commission proves its e f f e c t i v e n e s s , independence, and authority a s a planning and advisory body.

5.

ALTON, E. B. S. , "The Local Government Training School in the Gold C o a s t , " 4 TAA (Tuly 1952) 108-13. A description of the curricula and the operation of a training school for native local governmental o f f i c i a l s in the Gold Coast. As to the problem of who shall be educ a t e d , it was decided to concentrate in the initial emergency period on the existing native authority employe e s , although not shutting the door entirely on other entrants who demonstrated a genuine i n t e r e s t in and c a p a c i t y for local government. Not only has t h e school increased the substantive knowledge of the students in such fields a s Gold Coast history, English and a c c o u n t ing, but many of the students have acquired some esprit de corps which may greatly i n c r e a s e their pride in their work and their overall administrative e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

6.

AYTONA, Dominador R. , "Highlights of the Five-Year Fiscal A d i s c u s s i o n of the highlights of the Philippine government's proposed plan for economic and social development. As in other countries, the Philippine government plays the central role in planning and financing national development. The b a s i c f i s c a l i s s u e is how to a c h i e v e rapid, balanced development without having uncontrolled inflation. The government must assume the key role in three a r e a s : (1) social overhead capital such a s schools and sanitation s e r v i c e s must be provided by governments; (2) highways, communication f a c i l i t i e s , and other prer e q u i s i t e s to an expanding economy must be provided by

5 government; and (3) government must enter fields of direct production in e s s e n t i a l industries which are not attractive to private investment. AYTONA, Dominador R. , and KROEGER, Louis J. , " C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and Pay in the Philippines, " 1 PJPA (January 1957) 12-19. An examination of changes in the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and pay systems of the Philippine public service. The changes i l l u s t r a t e the adaptation and application of American "know-how" to the problems of a new republic. They a l s o show the extent to which a particular technique of personnel management may have great s i g n i f i c a n c e in the economic and s o c i a l development of a new country. BALOGH, Thomas, "The Challenge of Totalitarian Planning in A s i a , " 31 IA (July 1955) 300-10. A consideration of democratic planning in India with reference to the challenge of the totalitarian C h i n e s e example. The civil service structure of India, e s t a b l i s h e d by the British, is the major advantage of India in the struggle for prosperous nationhood. The high administrative s e t - u p for national planning is e x c e l l e n t , but the administrative linkage between it and the local administration is not firm enough to permit a smooth translation of p l a n s . BAPAT, S. B. , "The Training of the Indian Administrative Serv i c e , " 1 IJPA (April-Tune 1955) 119-29. A description of the methods of b a s i c training of multipurpose personnel as administered by the I. A. S. The instructional method at the I. A. S. Training School and the "learn the job by doing it" method through actual opportunities of s e r v i c e s are designed to produce the desired personnel which will fill various key positions in the s t a t e . BAPAT, S. B. , "Public Service Commissions—An Indian Approach," 2 IJPA (Tanuary-March 1956) 54-59. A brief note on how the framers of the Constitution of India dealt with the problems of recruitment through the creation

6 of the elaborate Public Service Commission. The relationships between Government departments and the Public Service Commission in India are delicate but nevertheless conducive to cooperation. 11.

BECKETT, Paul L. , "Public Administration as Technical Assistance: Some Further Observations Based on Experience in Beirut, " 9 WPQ (March 1956) 151-72. A look at the experience gained in an attempt to operate a new public administration training program overseas. Succ e s s is possible only after overcoming many barriers. A dearth of teaching materials, communications difficulties, difficulties in dealing with foreigners, and short-term programs axe among the serious problems.

12.

BECKETT, Paul and BENT, Fredrick, "Letters from Beirut," 13 PAR (Winter 1953) 1 - 1 1 . A discussion of the public administration training program in Beirut. The initiation of the Department of Public Administration at the American University of Beirut as a form of technical assistance is an experiment in exporting American ideas about administration to the Middle East. Such problems as haste, limited materials, language and cultural barriers constitute some of the main difficulties encountered. Teaching public administration is a challenge that demands closer cooperation between the governments of that area and the Technical Cooperation Administration.

13.

BERGER, Monroe, "Bureaucracy East and West."l ASQ (March 1957) 518-29. An analysis of the Egyptian higher civil service. Western bureaucratic theory, largely influenced by Max Weber, is inadequate for a proper understanding of non-Western bureaucracies. A new theory must be developed with particular application to the non-Western countries.

14.

BURKHEAD, J e s s e , "Toward a Study of Comparative Public Finance, " 11 PAR (Summer 1951) 205-12. A review of United Nations publications on the finances of Egypt, Colombia, Italy, Iran, and Venezuela. In none of

7

the countries surveyed have public finance institutions been fully geared to the requirements of economic stability and development. A major handicap is the laggard development of central government financial reporting. Unless a reform movement is in e x i s t e n c e a technical a s s i s t a n c e mission in the f i s c a l field can accomplish very little. It is a l s o n e c e s s a r y to i n v e s t i g a t e the problem of t r a n s f e r ability of public finance techniques and institutions. 15.

CALDWELL, Lynton K. , "Education and Training for Public Administration: Some Contemporary Trends, " 5 I]PA_ (JulySeptember 1959) 261-73. A review of contemporary trends in education and training for public administration. The most important of t h e s e trends are: (1) the general and explicit recognition of the universality of the administrative process; (2) governmental a c c e p t a n c e of responsibility for the development of the administrative corps of the public service; and (3) development of a s e n s e of responsibility among public o f f i c i a l s for improvement of the quality of the public service.

16.

CARSTAIRS, C. Y. , "Information Services as an Aid to Administration, " 5 IAA (January 1953) 2-7. A d i s c u s s i o n of the relationship between public relations and public administration with particular reference to Africa. There are few development p r o j e c t s , or d e c i s i o n s on matters of public policy, which do not depend for their s u c c e s s on a good measure of public understanding and support. Information s e r v i c e s will be able to perform this function well only if the administration keeps it in the picture not only a s regards the things to be said but a s regards policy a s a whole.

17.

CHAUDHURI, Muzaffer Ahmed, "The Organization and Composition of the Central Civil Services in Pakistan, " 26 IRAS (March 1960) 279-92. A description of the civil s e r v i c e system in Pakistan and the difficulties inherent in the situation. Relatively fewer Muslims than other Indians were members of the civil

8 service in British India before independence and partition, in large part because Muslims were suspicious of secular education. Consequently, the gravest difficulty has been a shortage of personnel. The entire system needs a thorough overhauling. 18.

CLAPP, Martin C. , "Management Improvement in Puerto R i c o , " 12 PAR (Winter 1952) 2 7 - 3 5 . A review of changes within Puerto Rican management. Puerto Rico was given control over internal matters in 1950 and this along with previous development was the impetus necessary to the study of public administration. Administrative management work has been characterized by rapid and substantial installation. Centralization of most functions at the insular level has been taking place.

19.

CLEVELAND, E. A. , "Civil Service on Okinawa, " 11 PPR (April 1950) 6 9 - 7 7 . An examination of the underlying conditions and problems confronting the civilian personnel program on Okinawa during 1947 and 1948. American employee reactions to work in a foreign setting are very useful in helping to understand the problems of Americans working under alien conditions. Overseas administration faces a formidable problem in providing for adjustment to a new culture.

20.

COHEN, Jerome B. , "Economic Development in India, " 68 PSQ (September 1953) 3 7 6 - 9 5 . A general survey of postwar economic trends and planning. For more than two decades numerous planning proposals have been advanced in India. India's first, official Five Year Plan attempts to pursue a middle course between the previous Bombay and Gandhian Plans. The real danger is that it may be so much of a people's plan, rather than a managers' plan, that essential capital formation may suffer.

21.

COLE, Taylor, "Bureaucracy in Transition: Independent N i g e r i a , " 38 PA(L) (Winter 1960) 3 2 1 - 3 7 . A look at bureaucracy in a society going through a transitional period. During the transition to independence, Nigeria

9 has been fortunate to have astute leadership. Crises which could have seriously affected Nigeria's future unity have been avoided. The bureaucracy has inherited many problems which include integration of ministries and departments, recruitment and retention of certain types of s c a r c e personnel, and needs and organization required for economic development. The role and effectiveness of the bureaucracy depend on the solving of these problems. 22.

DALISAY, Amando M. , "Administrative Problems of Organization and Execution of Economic Policies and Programs, " 1 PTPA (January 1957) 2 0 - 2 6 . An analysis of three administrative problem areas in Philippine development: (1) the organization and operation of the planning and related agencies; (2) the coordination between the Office of the President and the action a g e n c i e s , and (3) the relationships between Congress and the Executive. A more effective planning agency would probably result from the exclusion of members of the Cabinet and Congress; a more coordinated effort would result if a small staff of economists were created to a s s i s t the President; and c l o s e r cooperation between the President and Congress would result if the Office of the President would regularly give Congress an overall appraisal of the national economy, if Congress would establish special committees on economic development, and if departments would establish technical staffs to a s s i s t the secretary in matters of development.

23.

DALISAY, Amando M. , "Training in Public Administration for Technicians and Administrators in the Government Service, " 2 PTPA (January 1958) 3 - 8 . A discussion of the importance of training in public administration for Philippine civil servants. This training is important, for trained public servants are the b a s i c means by which any program of development in this country could be implemented efficiently. Such training should emphasize: (1) the significance of management training; (2) the need for coordination among agencies; and (3) nationalism.

10

24.

DE MEEL, H.,"Impediments to Economic Progress in I n d o n e s i a , " 24 PA (March 1951) 39-51. An outline of Indonesia's plans for economic development and a description of the present problems. While the areas s t r e s s e d by the government are important, insufficient attention is paid to the restoration of peace and order. In addition, a great improvement in administrative efficiency is necessary. The impediments to economic progress are sufficiently numerous to restrict future development seriously.

25.

DESHMUKH, C. D. , "The Role of the Central Services in Economic Development," 7 IJPA (April-June 1961) 125-35. An examination of the role of the central services in Indian economic development. Central problems like soil erosion and population have not yet been dealt with adequately. These problems, along with the greater s u c c e s s of the more regimented countries, are dangers for India. For everyone, particularly the members of the civil service, a great deal of conscious and positive effort are required if India is to succeed in her plans.

2 6.

, "Development Planning in the Philippines, " 71 ILR (January-June 1955) 180-94. A report reviewing the results of development programs undertaken in the Philippines prior to the five-year plan of 1954. The achievements of the post-war period in the area of reconstruction and development broke the way for social and economic progress. The five-year plan of 1954 aims at launching continuous development.

27.

DOOB, Leonard W. , "Information Services in Central Africa," 17 POQ (Spring 1953) 7-19. A brief study of the nature, u s e s , and problems of mass media in the emerging African nations. M a s s media communication is used to accelerate the progress of acculturation. The influence of European culture is increasing and apt to outgrow whatever influence the government information agencies have on the mass media.

11

28.

DORIA, Herson, "Public Personnel Administration in Brazil, " 5 PPR (April 1944) 70-76. A look at the organizational structure and highlights of the present Brazilian civil service. D e s p i t e the newness of Brazil's civil service s y s t e m , it is making rapid progress. The rewards in the form of p r e s t i g e , tenure, s o c i a l security and p o s s i b i l i t y for promotion have contributed to the s t a bility of personnel. This s t a b i l i t y , in addition to i n c r e a s e d u s e of aptitude and intelligence t e s t s in s e l e c t i n g personnel, are the major contributors to Brazil's sound personnel system.

29.

DORSEY, John T. , "Vietnam's National Institute of Administration, " 2 PTPA (April 1958) 115-20. A d i s c u s s i o n of the g e n e s i s , structure and function of the National Institute of Administration in Vietnam. Largely influenced by French concepts of teaching and s u b s t a n c e , there has nevertheless been a fairly strong infusion of American i d e a s and methods of administration partly a s a result of a technical cooperation activity of Michigan State University. However, Vietnamese staff of N.I. A. are strongly conscious of adapting rather than adopting foreign c o n c e p t s , and the Institute is likely to become increasingly Vietnamese in its orientation and inspiration.

30.

DYSON, P. , "Local Government Training in the Western Region of N i g e r i a , " 11 TAA (October 1959) 154-61. A description of the development of s p e c i a l training c o u r s e s for local government administration and treasury s t a f f . While the standard of efficiency within the local government s e r v i c e is still very low, there has been an impressive expansion of the a c t i v i t i e s of local authorities. The s p e c i a l arrangements made for training the staff helped avoid many serious problems.

31.

EBENSTEIN, William, "Public Administration in Mexico, " 5 PAR (Spring 1954) 102-12. A look at Mexico's public administration problems. Public administration in Mexico must be understood a g a i n s t a

12

background of Mexican society and politics. The objectives of the Revolution require a well-trained administrative staff. High illiteracy, moderate industrial and managerial experience and feudal elements in politics combine to make the administrative realization of these long-term policies difficult. 32.

ECKSTEIN, Alexander, "Conditions and Prospects for Economic Growth in Communist China, " Parts I and II 7 WP (October 1954) 1-37. Part III 7 WP (January 1955) 255-83. Part IV 7 WP (April 1955) 434-47. Parts I and II. A survey of the Chinese Communist program of industrialization. In 1949 the Communists inherited a dual economy: a modern economy in the Treaty Ports and a traditional economy in rural China. The over-all economic objective for the period 1949-1952 involved: (a) capturing the "commanding heights" of the economy; (b) achieving fiscal and financial stability; (c) restoring the economy to pre-1949 peak levels; and (d) laying the groundwork for long-range planning. In this system, fiscal management provides a major tool for developing a highly centralized administrative apparatus of government control. Part III. The agricultural problem is a fundamental dilemma for the Chinese Communists. The planning process itself has evolved from a series of loosely coordinated plans into a national plan. Part IV. The Chinese economy seems to be entering a selfsustained growth process. However, three types of bottlenecks ultimately may be limiting: (1) the rate of net resource transfer out of agriculture; (2) the conditions under which the wherewithal of economic development can be imported; and (3) the level of technological, entrepreneurial, and bureaucratic skill available in the economy.

33.

, "Economic and Social Planning in India, " 55 ILR (May 1947) 419-24. A summary of the major recommendations of the Indian Advisory Planning Board's report. The establishment of a full-time Planning Commission, responsible directly to the

13

Cabinet, and multi-purpose cooperatives in the villages are recommended. 34.

FAINSOD, Merle, "Recent Developments in Soviet Public Administration," 11 JP (November 1949) 679-714. A survey of the problems and structure of Soviet public administration. Soviet public administration differs sharply from systems prevailing in Western constitutional democracies because its scope is all embracing, it is one-party administration, it gives little weight to individual rights as such, and it attempts to compensate for the lack of constitutional restraints by a proliferation of central administrative controls of a variety and on a scale without parallel in the West.

35.

FALL, Bernard B. , "South Viet-Nam's Internal Problems," 31 PA (September 1958) 241-60. A discussion of the political and economic problems facing the Ngo Dinh Diem regime. Both the supporters and detractors of Diem have tended to ignore one important aspect of the South Viet Nam picture: the extremely serious economic decline which the nation now suffers despite generous aid from the United States. Rather than embark upon ambitious "paper" industrialization projects, the government must consider the development of the economy and of the country's political life in line with the needs of the majority—and that population, for a long time to come, will be devoted to rice farming to an overwhelming extent. There are signs of a loss of contact with people in the countryside, and there is where the wars may be lost in Asia.

36.

FRANCISCO, Gregorio A., Jr. , "Wanted: 'Municipal Managers' for the Philippines, " 1 PJPA (April 1957) 131-43. An examination of prevailing conditions in local governments. There is a shortage of competent administrators in the Philippines. A training program for municipal managers should be established, which would partially offset this deficit.

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37.

FRANCISCO, Gregorio A. , Jr. and STENE, Edwin O. , "The Philippine Institute of Public Administration, " 2 PTPA (April 1958) 134-42. A discussion of the problems and prospects of the Philippine Institute of Public Administration. The Institute began operations in November, 1952, as an integral part of the University of the Philippines, with financial support from the United States Government and an initial professional staff from the University of Michigan. The Institute is the oldest among Asian training and research institutions established through foreign a s s i s t a n c e and differs from other Asian institutes in that the a s s i s t a n c e contract has been phased out and the Filipino staff is on its own.

38.

GHOSAL, A. K. , "Some Administrative Problems Under Planning with Special Reference to the First Five Year P l a n , " 14 IJPS (July-September 1953) 2 0 1 - 2 0 9 . A discussion of the problems of developmental planning in India. The most important problem is that of creating the right type of relations between the administration and the public. The entire resources of the state—the p r e s s , the radio, the schools and colleges—must be mobilized for familiarizing the people with the outline of the plan, the social and economic objectives behind it and the part they are expected to play in its implementation in a form intelligible to the common people.

39.

GOODALL, Merrill R. , "Planning in India: Research and Administration, " 17 PAR (Spring 1957) 111-16. An examination of the role of planning in Indian development. The theory of democratic administration has provided a continuing source of inspiration for India's Planning Commission. The Indian government has been receptive to new ideas developed by social s c i e n t i s t s . In effecting its programs the government has consent rather than intimidation as its basic framework for action.

15 40.

GOWER, R. H. , "An Experiment in District Training, " 4 TAA (January 1952) 6-9. A description of an experiment in training native authority subordinate staff at the district level in Tanganyika. The purpose of the educational experience was to acquaint the villagers with government policy aimed at arresting erosion c a u s e d by overpopulation in the hills and the encouragement of voluntary immigration of a proportion of the population to the surrounding plains by the provision of economic i n c e n t i v e s . The courses have been highly s u c c e s s f u l possibly b e c a u s e every effort was made to s e l e c t students of mature character who would be likely to exert more influence in the field rather than students with better educational qualifications.

41.

HABERMANN, Stanley John, "The Iraq Development Board: Administration and Program," 9 MET (Spring 1955) 179-86. A review of the Iraq Development Board: its f i n a n c e , administrative and operational organization, and program. Two of this ten-membered Board are foreign experts. The Board's organization c o n s i s t s of four technical sections that embrace its whole program. They are: (1) irrigation projects; (2) communication and transportation; (3) public housing; and (4) industry and agriculture. The need for administrative reform is pressing; in addition a r e s e a r c h study is n e c e s s a r y to forecast the economic and social e f f e c t s of development and d e v i s e the means to accommodate the gradual readjustment of the society.

42.

HAILEY, Lord. "Selection and Training for Locally-Recruited Administrative S e r v i c e s , " 11 TAA (Tuly 1959) 115-17. A look at current problems in African administration. The problems cannot be limited to the provision of the senior administrative service. It is equally important to consider the formation of a competent body of a s s i s t a n t s . However good the policies and intentions, African governments will stand or fall by the personal merits of the administrative a g e n c i e s it employs.

16

43.

HEADY, Ferrel, "The Philippine Administrative System--A Fusion of East and W e s t , " 1 PJPA (January 1957) 27-45. An a n a l y s i s of the Philippine administrative system. Public administration in the Philippines combines the institutional and behavioral c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of both Western and non-Western administrative systems. In its informal a s p e c t s it is characterized by: (1) a reluct a n c e to a c c e p t responsibility; (2) a prevalence of personalized value promises; (3) a reliance on procedural complexity; and (4) a r e s i s t a n c e to change which c h a l lenges e s t a b l i s h e d methods and s t a t u s e s .

44.

HIGGINS, Benjamin, "Indonesia's Development Plans and Problems," 29 PA (June 1956) 107-25. An examination of Indonesia's development plans on the b a s i s of the investment budget in view of such problems a s economic instability and lack of political determination. The National Planning Bureau aided by the United Nations experts and I. C. A. is entrusted with coordinating economic development plans such as the Welfare Plan of 1952, aiming at s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y in food, and the economic urgency program aiming at industrialization. Political ambivalence has to be replaced by a determination as to what kind of s o c i e t y Indonesians want to build.

45.

HONEY, John C. , "Personnel Administration in Puerto Rico," 9 PPR (April 1948) 59-65. An examination of economic and social rehabilitation in Puerto Rico s i n c e 1940 with special attention paid to the historical development of Public Personnel Administration and public administration program at the University of Puerto Rico. The overall political situation in Puerto Rico seems conducive to the development of sound administrative practice. Executive-legislative conflict will likely be reduced, helping administration in general. The trend to evaluate Puerto Rico's problems and to seek solutions in terms of her own culture is a l s o a good sign. Given a continuation of present c i r c u m s t a n c e s , major problems can be dealt with.

17

46.

HOSELITZ, Bert F. , "Levels of Administrative Centralization in Economic Development," 5 IJPA (January-March 1959) 5 6 - 6 9 . An economist's view of some problems of administration of economic development projects. Horizontal planning is an economic policy in which regulatory activity is exercised on a broad b a s i s , embracing a mass of s p e c i f i c rules for many minute transactions and forms of economic behavior. Vertical planning is an economic policy in which regulatory activity is concentrated in a small number of spots which have crucial significance for a wide range of economic action. Planning in depth (vertical planning) is more adapted to a country like India where democratic political values are appreciated.

47.

HSIA, Ronald, "The Chinese Economy Under Communist Planning, " 27 PA (June 1954) 113-23. An examination of the economic problems resulting from a completely planned economy. The institutional framework and the consequent changes in the several sectors of the economy seem to depend on the rate of nationalization which is slow in China compared to the Soviet Union. The pattern of economic development in China, based on the Soviet model, has emphasized heavy industry and expansion of the agricultural base to help finance industrialization.

48.

HUGE, I. , "Economic Planning and Development in the Belgian Congo," 298 AASS (March 1955) 6 2 - 7 0 . An examination at the halfway mark of Belgium's Ten Year Plan (1950-59) for the Belgian Congo. No special administrative organization has been created for carrying out the plan; already existing government departments have been entrusted with its execution. Goals of the plan are both increased economic development and social welfare.

49.

HUTTON, Thomas, "The Planning of Post-War Development in I n d i a , " 43 AR (April 1947) 130-37. A review of the policy planning bodies formed in 1943 for preparing India's development plans. The main difficulties are shortage of trained staff, danger of undue influence on planning by politics, and the difficulty of coordinating plans and carrying them out.

18

50.

KARVE, D. G. , "Public Administration and the Directive Principles of the Constitution, " 1 ITPA (January-March 1953 8-13. A review of some of the underlying directive principles of the constitution of India in relation to the functions and activities of the administration. There is little danger that administration will degenerate into despotism if there is emphasis on the principle of s e r v i c e , if the attitude of citizens toward administration becomes more positive, and if certain administrative reforms such as the separation of the judiciary from the executive are completed and the panchayats in the rural areas fully established.

51.

KEMENY, George, "Eastern Europe: Developments in Social and Economic Structure," 6 WP (October 1953) 6 7 - 8 3 . A survey of s o c i a l and economic development in Eastern Europe s i n c e the Communist takeovers. The outstanding achievement of economic planning in Eastern Europe is the elimination of chronic underemployment. The main difficulties of the satellite governments arise from the overstraining of resources by the tasks set in the economic plans. The pace of industrialization hampers balanced development.

52.

KHANNA, B. S. , "The Training of the Administrative Services in S t a t e s , " 1 IJPA (October-December 1955) 3 5 4 - 6 0 . A description of the training of the state administrative service officers as undertaken in various states in India. Further training of these officers is needed now that the Government has come to play a strong role in the s o c i o economic development of the country in addition to keeping law and order as in the past.

53.

KINGSBURY, J. B. , "In-Service Training in Turkey, " 18 PAD (March 1955) 12-16. An examination of major points of caution for the American who is going to teach abroad. Experience shows that gradual improvement rather than radical change is more likely to be s u c c e s s f u l in leading to permanent reform.

19

54.

KIRBY, E. Stuart, "Economic Planning and Policy in Communist C h i n a , " 34 IA (April 1958) 174-83. An address on Communist China's economic planning and development. The First Five Year Plan put a severe strain on the executive, managerial, and administrative resources of Communist China. The Second Five Year Plan will be much more difficult than the First because much more c o ordination is required of all a s p e c t s . Russian conceptions and techniques of development-planning, based on an extensive type of economic and s o c i a l development, are largely unsuitable for the highly intensive and localized setting within which the problem must be solved in China.

55.

KITCHEN, James D. , "National Personnel Administration in Uruguay," 4 IAEA (Summer 1950) 4 5 - 5 8 . An examination of the public service in Uruguay with a general emphasis on the system of civil service administration-personnel a g e n c i e s , personnel functions, and working conditions. The Uruguayan personnel system lacks active recruitment, pre-entry and i n - s e r v i c e training, and has insufficient job analysis and low pay. Some of the good features of the system include short work hours, adequate compensation and retirement plans, and adequate vacations and leave privileges.

56.

KOGEKAR, S. V. , "Problems of Public Administration, " 14 IJPS (April-June 1953) 153-62. An examination of general problems in public administration, especially as they apply to India. The American, British and French models should not be blindly followed in the Indian experiment. Some type of a unique system that s e cures industrial democracy, efficiency, and the well-being of both labor and management must be maintained.

57.

KRAUSE, Walter, "National Planning for Economic Development, " 3 PIPA (July 1959) 2 8 9 - 9 7 . A discussion of national planning in underdeveloped countries. The most important aspect of the process of improvement is strength in implementation. Implementation aspects of a

20

national economic plan should take full account of the given country's environment. Since environments differ widely, national economic plans a l s o need to differ both in form and content. 58.

KRIESBERG, Martin, "Senior Civil Servants and the Teaching of Public Administration in Under-Developed Countries, " 2 3 IRAS (April 1957) 336-39. An account of three seminars in public administration comprised of senior civil servants in the government of Israel. Because senior civil servants occupy strategic positions in the government of underdeveloped countries and will continue to do so for some time, it is important that they be included in training programs. Such programs pose difficulties , for the introduction of new i d e a s are often viewed as a c h a l l e n g e to the positions of such men in the s t a t u s quo. Such s t u d i e s are only p o s s i b l e where there is support from the government at the highest l e v e l s . In t h e s e particular seminars it was found that the c a s e study method w a s most e f f e c t i v e in overcoming the barriers of language a s well as the lack of time and personnel r e s o u r c e s .

59.

LALL, S. , "Civil Service Neutrality, " 4 IJPA (January-March 1958) 1-13. An a n a l y s i s of the changing concept of the civil s e r v i c e from a neutral agent of the political executive to a more p o s i t i v e , non-partisan collaborator. The new concept has evolved as a result of changes in the doctrine of separation of powers, party government, and the needs of developing countries. The experiences of the British, Americans, Indians and others indicate that the old concept of neutrality is giving way to a new orientation - that of positive cooperation in the making and execution of policies.

60.

LANGROD, G e o r g e s , "The Rationalization of Methods and Means of Action in Public Administration," 12 ISSJ (1960) 369-84. An appraisal of the gradual rationalization of public administration. The radical modernization of public administration has become a universal imperative in the new countries.

21

Public administration, which is conservative by its very nature, is now entering a stage of generalized rationalization and modernization. Since administration is assuming a creative role in the life of the community, it is essential that its structures and methods should be designed accordingly. 61.

LEDERLE, John W. and HEADY, Ferrel, "Institute of Public Administration, University of Philippines, " 15 PAR (Winter 1955) 8-16.

A look at the early difficulties encountered by the Institute of Public Administration at the University of the Philippines. A good library is indispensable for a sound program in public administration. Growing attention to civil service reform, administrative reorganization, and other improvements on Philippine administration is partly due to stimulus from the Institute.

62.

LIVINGSTONE, A. S. , "Training in Public Administration for Overseas Government Servants," 13 JAA (April 1961) 105-107. A description of a training program for foreign civil servants offered at the University of Manchester. The course is concerned with two major objectives: (a) to define the form of administrative training in Britain that might best assist public officials in the specific circumstances that confront them in their native countries; (b) to examine the extent to which western experience in public administration might be relevant to the needs of the many countries represented.

63.

MAILICK, Sidney, "Organization for Personnel Management in I s r a e l , " 13 PPR (April 1952) 28-35. An examination of the development of a new civil service program in a new state in an effort to learn its history, problems, and usefulness in the study of comparative government. Everything in Israel is too new to be considered more than a beginning or trend. Her achievements to date have been very impressive. While it is too early to make any final judgment, it seems that the framework for a democratic, internally consistent system of personnel administration has been made.

22

64.

MAJUMDAR, Bimanbehari, "The Public and the Public Service in I n d i a , " 9 HPS (April-September 1948) 4 8 - 5 5 . An examination of the problem of reconciling the spirit of democratic government with the political regementation which is the inevitable result of state regulation of s o c i a l and industrial a c t i v i t i e s . As Indian society becomes increasingly specialized and government increasingly regulatory, there is a need for advisory bodies of experts to check the activities of o f f i c i a l s . These advisory committees should confine their activity to the tendering of advice and the collecting of information and in no c a s e should they try to usurp the executive power.

65.

MALHOTRA, Ram Chand, "Public Administration in Nepal, " 4 ITPA (October-December 1958) 4 5 1 - 6 4 . A digest of administration in Nepal under the Rana regime and the cabinet government system installed in 1951. Central and regional administration are described together with the administrative reorganization made to accommodate Nepal's five year development plan.

66.

MATHUR, Mukut V. , "Administration of Economic and Social Planning and Programmes," 2 PTPA (Tuly 1958) 2 1 7 - 2 2 . A report of the Regional Conference on Public Administration, Philippines, 1958, concerned with administration of economic and social planning and programmes. There was general agreement on the need for a central planning agency, unanimous agreement on the need to integrate long-term and immediate development g o a l s , unanimous agreement that the top planning agency should not be in charge of implementation of the plan, and agreement on the need for citizen participation in the formulation and implementation of the plan.

67.

McLAREN, C. A. , "Local Government Training in the Gold C o a s t , " 9 TAA (April 1957) 6 3 - 7 1 . A description of the training programs designed to f a c i l i tate the operation of the local government system which was established in 1952. Local representatives, i . e . .

23

councellors, electors and officials at the local level were subjected to a program of training in the Local Government Training School of Accra. The central government must continue these various training and educational programs which are essential to the establishment of a democratic local government system. 68.

MENON, P. Achutha, "Administration of India's Second Five Year P l a n , " 16 PA(S) (September 1957) 153-63. A description of the role of administration in India's second five year plan. The problem of administering India's plan is intimately connected with the political and social v a l u e s , the ideals and desires of the community and its individual members. It is a l s o concerned with the resources available to India in the way of material and manpower. As the plan proceeds, difficult i s s u e s will relate l e s s to matters of policy and more to questions of administration and organization.

69.

MENON, V. K. , "University Teaching of Public Administration in I n d i a , " 25 IRAS (April 1959) 4 1 4 - 2 0 . A review of administrative studies in India. Indian administrative studies are shifting toward the study of the administrative process as a synthesis of varied fields of knowledge away from the former legal and constitutional emphasis. There is no training for the civil service as such, but i n - s e r v i c e training schools exist. Only two universities have set up institutes of public administration. No standard c a s e - s t u d y material on Indian administration is in existence as yet and research is not advanced.

70.

MURPHY, Marvin, "Budget Reform in the Republic of Vietnam, " 26 IRAS (April 1960) 3 5 7 - 6 3 . A description of the budgetary reform which was undertaken by Vietnam in 1957 with the aid of the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group. The country lacked middle and top level administrative personnel, and the theoretical foundations were based upon the budget of the

24

colonial period, which failed to recognize the planning functions of a budget. As yet the reforms instituted are in the area of improved methods and techniques; the budget is not yet understood nor used as an administrative device to determine governmental policy. 71.

MYERS, Charles A. , "Recent Developments in Management Training," 4 IJPA (April-Tune 1958) 154-64. A descriptive survey of current programs in management training set up in India to produce s k i l l e d , high level personnel needed to administer the growing private and public concerns and government a g e n c i e s . The shortage in high level resources in a developing country must be met by i n c r e a s e d investment of capital in training of top level personnel.

72.

OBERN, Alfred G. , "Personnel Administration in the Caribbean and South Pacific C o m m i s s i o n s , " 25 IRAS (April 1959) 263-69. An account of the p r o c e s s e s of personnel administration in the Caribbean and South Pacific Commissions of the United Nations. Recruitment has been difficult, for qualified personnel in the area have been s c a r c e , and persons of other nationalities have been reluctant to go to such remote o u t p o s t s . Since the s t a f f s must be repres e n t a t i v e of member n a t i o n s , i n - s e r v i c e training has been n e c e s s a r y to mold t h e s e individuals into a unit. Although salary s c h e d u l e s and retirement plans have been developed judiciously, the rate of turnover in the South Pacific Commission has been high both b e c a u s e of the local living conditions and b e c a u s e the s m a l l n e s s of the staff precludes much promotion. On the other hand, turnover in the Caribbean Commission is low.

73.

PARSONS, Malcolm B. , "Performance Budgeting in the Philippines, " 17 PAR (Summer 1957) 173-79. A review of the experience of the Philippines with performance budgeting, introduced with the help of American technical a s s i s t a n c e . S u c c e s s of performance budgeting depends in part on prevailing standards of measurement, personnel,

25

organization, and legislative-executive relations, standards that are far different in the Philippines from those in the United States. Emphasis on efficiency and economy in government before some success is achieved with improving economic conditions may help to frustrate, not promote, change. 74.

PERALTA, Vicente L. , "The Role of Government in Economic Development, " 3 PTPA (July 1959) 298-302. A discussion of the role of the government in economic development, with emphasis upon the Philippines. The Three-Year Program of Economic and Social Development provides for the Philippine government to limit itself to four areas: (1) provision of certain types of physical projects which the private sector will not undertake; (2) regulatory measures; (3) permissive policies promoting economic activities; and (4) provision of public services essential to economic and social welfare. The discharge of this governmental role can only be successful if it is carried through by a competent and inspired public service.

75.

PETER, Hollis W. and SCHLESINGER, Lawrence E. , "Using U. S. Training in the Philippines—A Follow-up Survey of Participants: Summary of Results, " 3 PJPA (October 1959) 443-60. A summary of the major findings of a follow-up survey of Filipino participants in a U. S. training program. There are substantial differences of opinion about the performance of returned participants. The key barriers to fuller utilization of participant training in the Philippines seem to be within the organization in which the participant works after his return home.

76.

PHILIPPINE DELEGATION, "The Administration of Economic Planning and Programs," 2 PJPA (July 1958) 238-61. Papers presented by the Philippine Delegation to the Regional Conference on Public Administration, Philippines, 1958. In so far as government assumes leadership in economic and social development, as is characteristic in underdeveloped countries, the accomplishment of developmental

26

programs depends upon the character and quality of public administration. In the Philippines there is no comprehensive program to a d j u s t general public personnel p r o c e s s e s to the needs of development. Since 1955 the National Economic Council has been v e s t e d with broad powers and responsibility to plan development programs. Since 1957 the Budget Commission has had a similar responsibility. It is not clear which of t h e s e two bodies has overriding authority, and the Budget Commissioner separation from the National Economic Council is a source of coordination difficulties. 77.

POWELL, J. Richard, "Notes on Latin American Industrialization, " 6 IAEA (Winter 1952) 82-93. A review of the problems faced by Latin America in its move toward development. Efficiency in the u s e of investment funds and the needs of education are major o b s t a c l e s to Latin American development.

78.

, "The Problem of Financial Control in the Bombay S t a t e , " 4 IJPA (October-December 1958) 435-50. An examination of the present system of financial controls with reference to the methods of sanctioning government schemes at s t a t e l e v e l , and the problems of rigidity and delay. The functions of the Finance Department at Bombay are centralized and its procedures are rigid; both a s p e c t s result in delay. To suit the needs of planned d e velopment, the department must effect more delegation, e s t a b l i s h internal account o f f i c e r s , improve the budgetary s y s t e m , and reorganize itself.

79.

RAMOS, Carlos P. , "Developing Administrative Leadership," 2 PJPA (Tanuary 1958) 9- 19. An examination of the problems and p o s s i b i l i t i e s of training for administrative personnel in the Philippines. Philippine culture is such that leadership is strongly a s s o c i a t e d with social s t a t u s , but the social s t a t u s system does not provide an adequate supply of leaders to fill the needs of a developing industrial society. The Institute of Public

27

Administration at the University of the Philippines has a t tempted to remedy this shortcoming by training middle management personnel. An administrative staff college should be e s t a b l i s h e d to provide training for senior staff personnel. 80.

RAMOS, Carlos P. , "Education, Recruitment and Training for the Public S e r v i c e , " 2 PJPA (Tuly 1958) 223-32. A report of the Regional Conference on Public Administration, Philippines, 1958, concerned with education, recruitment and training for the public service. There was general agreement that the public service should be based on the merit s y s t e m , that a closed rather than open career system was usually preferable, that the s u c c e s s of new s o c i a l and economic programs depends largely on the availability of suitably qualified personnel, that i n c r e a s e d efficiency in public s e r v i c e is the goal of training programs, and that there should be a c l o s e connection between preparation for higher administrative positions and higher education.

81.

RAO, V. K. R. V. , "India's First Five-Year Plan - A D e s c r i p tive Analysis, " 25_PA_(September 1952) 3-23. An a n a l y s i s of India 's Five-Year Plan, its character, background, o b j e c t i v e s , and proposed means of implementation. The objectives of the Plan are to rectify the disequilibrium in the economy c a u s e d by the war and partition, and to develop the b a s i c resources needed for increasing the rate of economic growth in both agricultural and industrial fields. The s u c c e s s of the Plan depends on the adequacy of present leadership and the r e a d i n e s s of the economically developed nations to give a s s i s t a n c e in f i n a n c e , technique and equipment.

82.

RIGGS, Fred W. , "Prismatic Financial Administration, " 4 PJPA (April 1960) 132-50. An exposition of a theoretical model for the study of financial administration. Distinctions are made among " f u s e d " (traditional), "prismatic" (intermediately developed), and

28

"refracted" (highly industrialized) s o c i e t i e s . The most general problem of prismatic financial administration is that government revenues fail to i n c r e a s e as rapidly as government c o s t s and needs. The purpose of the model is to a s s i s t study of the actual conditions in any particular setting. 83.

ROHATGI, B. N. , "Some Aspects of Public Services in I n d i a , " 9 IJPS (April-September 1948) 34-42. An examination of the part played by public services in the national life of a country. The s t a t e must play an increasingly important role in the life of its people. Adequate pay, tenure, promotion p o s s i b i l i t i e s , fair pensions and adequate recruitment are n e c e s s a r y if public s e r v i c e s are to perform adequately.

84.

ROSER, Foster, "Establishing a Modern Merit System in J a p a n , " 11 PPR (July 1950) 199-206. A look at the problems met in the establishment of a modern merit system during the occupation of Japan. Language, Oriental customs, psychology, i d e a s , and ideologies all provided problems in this area. It is probable that the r e s u l t s will be in direct ratio to length of time the American staff s t a y s in Japan. Major progress has been made but certain segments of the old bureaucracy still remain in a position to block reform. With continued stability in Japan, the modern and progressive merit system should s u c c e e d .

85.

ROSSE, Robert M. , "The Working of Communist C h i n a ' s Five Year P l a n , " 27 PA (March 1954) 16-26. A review of Communist China's f i v e - y e a r plan, its nature, a r e a s of operation, the difficulties of its implementation, and the factors favorable for development. The t a s k of rapid industrialization is not an impossible one for an Asian nation such a s Red China, which actually has c e r tain socio-economic factors that are very conducive to development.

86.

SAMUEL, Edwin, "Toward a Middle East College of Public Administration, " 25 PA(L) (Spring 1947) 41-46. A plea for the establishment of a college of public administration in the Middle East. There is a great need of

29

training for administration in the Middle East. For t h o s e in the Middle East who can afford i t , a university t r a i n ing in Europe or the United States is the b e s t method of acquiring a technical b a s i s for an administrative career. A Middle East College of Public Administration centrally located in Jerusalem and offering a o n e - y e a r ' s p o s t graduate diploma course in administration seems e s s e n t i a l to meet the growing need and to provide high quality education for t h o s e who cannot afford expensive university training o v e r s e a s . 87.

SAMUEL, Edwin, "The Administrative Problems of a New State—Israel 1948-1951," 11 PAR (Autumn 1951) 229-32. A look at the new civil service in Israel. The Israeli civil s e r v i c e has been drawn from different sources: the former Palestinian Jewish s e r v a n t s ; Jewish agency and the Jewish National Council officials; c l a n d e s t i n e organization members; the professors and new personnel. In its initial s t a g e s the service suffered from overloading and overcentralization, but it was intelligent, loyal and hardworking.

88.

SCHATZ, Syre P. , "The Influence of Planning on Development: The Nigerian Experience," 27 SR (Winter 1960) 451-69. An examination of the relationship between planning and development in pre-independence Nigeria. The British Colonial Office began planning development in 1945; unfortunately the planning was not coordinated but rather various programs were undertaken to t a c k l e s p e c i f i c problems. The programs were not drawn up with r e a l i s t i c goals but attempted more than the economy could support.

89.

SCHURMANN, H. F. , "Organizational Principles of the Chinese Communists," CQ. (April-June 1960) 47-58. A d i s c u s s i o n of the organizational principles of the Chinese Communists and their importance to Communist s u c c e s s . The key to the rapid consolidation of the mainland, and the launching of rapid industrialization, is "total organization". Central to the practical ideology

30 which l i e s behind this "total organization" are two theoretical elements: "contradictions" and "democratic centralism". 90.

SHARMA, Sri Ram, "An Appraisal of Appleby Report on Public Administration in I n d i a , " 15 IIPS (January-March 1954) 30-49. An examination of a report prepared by Dean Appleby of the structure and function of public administration in India. Appleby's survey serves a u s e f u l purpose in spotlighting certain a s p e c t s of administration which have always been taken for granted in India and therefore have not been examined critically. However, several of his suggestions for improving Indian administration may expedite work in the short run but may leave a legacy of administrative problems which would have to be solved later on.

91.

SHARP, Walter R. , "Some Observations on Public Administration in Indochina, " 14 PAR (Winter 1954) 40-51. A look at Indochina's public administration problems. Indochina is of particular interest since it provides an important c a s e where French models of administration have been imposed upon pre-existing oriental models, resulting in a fused administrative pattern of considerable uniqueness. While there is a growing s e n s e of civic responsibility to be noted among many of the younger civil s e r v a n t s , administrative improvement can only come gradually.

92.

SHERWOOD, Frank, "The Institute for Administrative Affairs, I r a n , " 2 PTPA (April 1958) 126-33. A description of the historical development and the structure and purposes of the Institute for Administrative Affairs in Iran. The Institute was e s t a b l i s h e d in 19 53 as a result of the cooperation of a technical a s s i s t a n c e mission from the University of Southern California and the University of Tehran. The main t a s k of the Institute was to study and teach management, a particularly crucial endeavor in Iran where cultural styles and values were in many c a s e s antithetical to rational management behavior.

31 93.

SINGH, Rana K. D. N. , "Planning for a R e g i o n , " 4 IJPA flulySeptember 1958) 3 1 9 - 3 2 . A d i s c u s s i o n of r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g a s an e f f e c t i v e a p p r o a c h t o p l a n n e d d e v e l o p m e n t and w h e t h e r r e g i o n a l planning s h o u l d be a c h i e v e d through e s t a b l i s h i n g r e g i o n a l d i v i s i o n s , e a c h w i t h i t s d e f i n e d a u t h o r i t y , or through promoting v o l untary i n t e r - s t a t e c o o p e r a t i o n . India must c r e a t e w i t h i n its present zonal councils a regional planning organization to meet t h e n e e d s of t h e r e g i o n s i n c l u d e d in a zone. A zonal or r e g i o n a l planning c o m m i s s i o n w o u l d h a v e t h e t a s k of c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e f u n c t i o n s of s t a t e u n i t s in a m a n ner t o bring about uniform d e v e l o p m e n t .

94.

SINGH, Tarlok, "Administrative R e l a t i o n s in P l a n n i n g , " 1 IJPA (April-June 1955) 137-51. A d i s c u s s i o n of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s involved in t h e p r o c e s s of p l a n n i n g . The main f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g them a r e t h e major aims to be a c h i e v e d , t h e p o l i t i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , and the n a t u r e of t h e p l a n n i n g machinery. The t e s t of a d e q u a t e planning i s t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h it brings about c o o p e r a t i o n in regard t o a s e t of common a i m s .

95.

SIFFIN, William J. , "The Civil S e r v i c e System of the Kingdom of T h a i l a n d , " 26 IRAS (March 1960) 2 5 5 - 6 8 . A h i s t o r y and d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e c i v i l s e r v i c e s y s t e m of Thailand. The c i v i l s e r v i c e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e l a s t d e c a d e s of t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , w h e n t h e then monarch d e v e l o p e d a modern governing s y s t e m w i t h the aid of foreign a d v i s o r s ; t h u s the c i v i l s e r v i c e h a s a long t r a d i tion of b l e n d i n g old t r a d i t i o n s with modern b u r e a u c r a t i c p r a c t i c e s . In t h e y e a r s a h e a d , h o w e v e r , Thailand f a c e s new p r o b l e m s , for an expanding p o p u l a t i o n and rapid m o d e r n i z a t i o n c r e a t e s t r e s s e s for a rigid c i v i l s e r v i c e w h i c h i s becoming o b s o l e t e .

96.

SMITH, T. E. , "The Background to C e n s u s - T a k i n g and Vital Regi s t r a t i o n among S e m i - L i t e r a t e S o c i e t i e s , " 12 TAA (July 1960) 150-57. A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e problems i n v o l v e d in t a k i n g t h e c e n s u s in t r o p i c a l Africa. W h a t is r e q u i r e d is a v e r y a c c u r a t e a s s e s s m e n t

32

of a few simple f a c t s about the African population; and accuracy requires the personal interest and participation in c e n s u s organization and training by administrative staff at all levels throughout the area covered by the c e n s u s . An administrative officer who gives low priority to c e n s u s affairs contributes to the production of elaborate but inaccurate s t a t i s t i c s of no value. 97.

SONG, Mallam Muhammadu, "Nigerian Local Government in Transition," 12 ]AA (April 1960) 74-76. A description of a course for government officials on local government offered by University College, Ibadan, in September 1958. Such a course enables representatives from all parts of the country to meet, make personal friendships and to promote regional understanding. Such courses should be continued.

98.

STANNER, W. E. H. , "Observations on Colonial Planning, " 25 IA Guly 1949) 318-28. Reflections on the problems of British colonial planning in Africa. High standards of administrative and supply planning are e s s e n t i a l in the most technical s e n s e of planning. The two fundamental problems of colonial administration are: (1) the choice between capital development from limited means and the improvement of s o c i a l standards from the same means; and (2) the enlistment of African support.

99.

STORM, William B. and SHERWOOD, Frank P. , "Technical A s s i s t a n c e in Public Administration: The Domestic Role, " 14 PAR (Winter 1954) 32-39. A description of the origins, development and results of the first American university program (University of Southern California) for protracted technical training in public administration for foreign professors. Work was carried out under the a u s p i c e s of ECA (FOA). The major objectives of the program were to develop management skills and

33 know-how, and to kindle a feeling for the obligations of the bureaucracy in a democratic society. 100.

SUBRAMANIAM, V. , "Graduates in the Public Services: A Comparative Study of Attitudes, " 35 PA(L) (Winter 1957) 3 7 3 - 9 3 . A summary of attitudes of graduates in the public service of India, Ceylon, Australia and New Zealand. The attitudes toward graduate recruitment seem governed by c l a s s structure and the stage of development of resources. In developing countries there appears to be a need for resource expansion and higher education to keep pace with each other. A sound administrative c l a s s , even one based on limited opportunity and privilege, may be very helpful.

101.

SUTTON, Joseph L. , "The Institute of Public Administration in Thailand," 2 PIPA (April 1958) 121-25. A brief description of the structure and program of the Institute of Public Administration in Thailand. At no time in its entire history has the Government of Thailand been under the domination or control of any Western power. Therefore, the Institute has not been faced with the problem of crash training programs for officials who have had no previous experience in government work, as have most of the other Southeast Asian countries. Rather, the Institute finds i t s e l f with the responsibility of building into a s t a b l e , sophisticated Civil Service with some 700 years of administrative tradition.

102.

SYED, Anwar, "The Teaching of Public Administration in Pakistan, " 2 PJPA (April 1958) 109-14. A discussion of the problems involved in the teaching of public administration in Pakistan. The establishment of the Institute of Public and Business Administration in 1955 as a separate department of the University of Karachi must be regarded as a landmark in the study of public administration in Pakistan. The biggest task which the Institute must accomplish is to demolish the wall of indifference and skepticism which faces the study of public administration in Pakistan and which is based on

34

o u t - o f - d a t e belief that public administration cannot be taught in the classroom. 103.

THURBER, Clarence E. , "Training Administrators for Developing C o u n t r i e s , " 3 IDR (June 1961) 34-38. A survey and set of recommendations for the training of administrators from the underdeveloped countries. Public administration as a branch of knowledge is closely related to cultural and political norms. Hence most countries will have to develop administrative practices in keeping with their own cultures. The perspective of the developing community of free nations is an appropriate framework for further work.

104.

VAKIL, C. N. and BRAHMANADA, P. R. , "Reflections on India's Five-Year P l a n , " 25 PA (September 1952) 248-62. An examination of the major criticisms to the scheme of priorities and the recommendations of the Planning Commission of the f i v e - y e a r plan of India. The commission's policies are modest and r e a l i s t i c . Poverty, the main problem of India's economic development, must be attacked on several points, and over a long period of time.

105.

VAN MOOK, H. J. , "Note on Training Abroad in Public Administration for Students from Under-Developed Countries, " 2 6 IRAS (February 1960) 67-69. A l i s t of considerations for t h o s e concerned with training abroad for students from under-developed countries. Students should be sent at the graduate rather than undergraduate l e v e l , and students should not only be given practical training but should be trained to develop s c h o l a r ship and research in their countries of origin. Kinds of curricula to be studied and qualifications of students to be sent abroad are d i s c u s s e d in detail.

106.

VENKATARANGAIYA, M. , "The Pattern of Public Administration in the Five Year Plan, " 14 HES (July-September 1953) 210-29. An examination of the e s s e n t i a l features of the pattern of public administration envisaged in the Five Year Plan.

35 Four c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s receive prominent attention and criticism: (1) the assumption of the framers of the plan that its implementation be a joint responsibility of both the Central and State Governments; (2) the need for considerable improvement in the quality of the civil service personnel; (3) the need for an integrated system of district administration; and (4) the u s e of the village Panchayat a s the chief agency for carrying out a great part of developmental work at the village level. 107.

VON VARYS, Karl, "Some Political Incentives for Economic Development in India, Pakistan, Burma and C e y l o n , " 12 WPQ (December 1959) 1057-74. A review of the relationships between politics and economic development in four countries. Generally speaking, e c o nomic planning in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon is dominated by civil servants. The s u c c e s s of the civil servants in exercising this leadership will depend upon their ability to identify and commit the people to the image of a n a t i o n - s t a t e . It is doubtful if they alone can do this.

108.

WATSON, F. , "The Official in Local Government in the Colonies, " 6 JAA (January 1954) 11-18. An examination of the problem arising from the attempts to transfer the British local government model into the African territories. For establishing a viable system of local government in the colonies it must be recognized that representative local government is not a substitute for government by o f f i c i a l s . The problem of training local government o f f i c i a l s is very n e c e s s a r y for developing their initiative and competence.

109.

WELLS, H. , "Administrative Reorganization in Puerto Rico, " 9 WPQ (June 1956) 470-90. A review of the application of organization-chart principles to the Puerto Rican c a s e . The Puerto Rican c a s e s u g g e s t s how special the requirements are for the s u c c e s s f u l application of "principles". Formal organization's

36

emphasis on a strong executive presents real dangers in societies where other a s p e c t s of government and democratic values are not strong enough to take such leadership in their stride.

POLITICAL FACTORS AND PROBLEMS 110.

AKPAN, N. U. , "Have Traditional Authorities a Place in Modern Government Systems? " 7 TAA (Tuly 1955) 109-16. A review of the indirect rule system in Africa. This system had real advantages for the political development of the natives among whom it was practiced, being far superior to direct rule. There may come a time when traditional authorities will no longer be n e c e s s a r y , but that stage has not yet been reached.

111.

ANDERSON, Charles W. , "Politics and Development Policy in Central America, " 5 MPS (November 1961) 332-50. A d i s c u s s i o n of the relationship between development policy and political movements in Central America. Development policy has been used as a political instrument by the leaders of new movements to attract the support of the v a s t majority of the people and to provide them with a sufficiently common s e n s e of political purpose. However, to gain political influence in Central America, a new movement must do more than win mass support; it must reckon with the e s t a b l i s h e d power of the dominant groups in the society. Thus, development policy is frequently moderated and attempts are made to a s s u r e the dominant groups that the s t a t e will act not to diminish their traditional functions in commerce, industry and agriculture, but to provide them with opportunities for even greater enterprise.

112.

APTER, David E. , "Some Economic Factors in the Political Development of the Gold C o a s t , " 14 JEH (Fall 1954) 409-27. A d i s c u s s i o n of the possibility of constructing a democratic parliamentary system simultaneously with the progress of economic development. The political consequences of economic factors are d i s c u s s e d in terms of the Gold Coast as a c a s e study. It is p o s s i b l e to develop a parliamentary system and at the same time engage in rapid economic development b e c a u s e the latter is the s u b s t a n c e of political decisions—economic development is a requisite for political democracy.

38 113.

BARNES, J. A. , "Indigenous Politics and Colonial Administration with Special Reference to Australia, " 2 CSH (January 1960) 133-49. A consideration of the principal e f f e c t s which conquest has upon indigenous political systems of different t y p e s . Under colonial administration the native leaders are intended almost wholly to be administrators, whereas their positions before conquest called for the e x e r c i s e of political s k i l l s .

114.

BEYER, William C. , "The Civil Service of the Ancient World, " 19 PAR (Autumn 1959) 243-49. A brief survey of public administration in ancient Egypt, Athens and Rome. The civil services of ancient Egypt and the Roman Empire had many common elements: the hierarchical form of organization; full-time professional s t a f f s ; clearly marked paths of promotion and relative security of tenure. The civil service of fifth-century Athens , emphasizing r e s p o n s i v e n e s s to the people more highly than e f f i c i e n c y , stands in marked contrast to the Egyptian and Roman systems. In Athens, there were amateur boards, s e l e c t i o n by lot, rotation in o f f i c e , and an almost complete a b s e n c e of professional s t a f f s .

115.

BLANKSTEN, George I. , "Political Groups in Latin America, " 53 APSR (March 1959) 69-105. An examination of the various kinds of political groups functioning in Latin America and the manner in which they interact. Technological change and economic development are among the more significant movements in Latin America today. While it is believed that politics is integrally tied to underdeveloped economies, we have great need to develop a general theory of the relations between economic l e v e l s and political systems.

116.

BROADBENT, P. B. , "Sudanese S elf-Government, " 30 IA (July 1954) 320-30. A d i s c u s s i o n of the political and administrative a s p e c t s of the establishment of self-government in the Sudan.

39

The Sudanization of the civil service started in 1934, and the o f f i c i a l s should be able to carry on. However, the premature resignation of British o f f i c i a l s and experts is the g r e a t e s t danger to the Sudan economy. 117.

DAVIS, Kingsley, "Population and Progress in Puerto Rico," 29 FA (July 1951) 625-36. A look at changes in Puerto Rico s i n c e 1938. In 1938 the Puerto Rico situation looked h e l p l e s s . Good luck in the form of outstanding leadership, friendship from the American governor, and strategic location have enabled her to make v a s t strides. The population problem is l e s s e n i n g in intensity.

118.

DEYRUP, Felicia J. , "Limits of Government Activity in Underdeveloped C o u n t r i e s , " 24 SR (Summer 1957) 191-202. An attempt to a s s e s s the potentialities of government a s an agent of economic progress. The capacity of the government of an underdeveloped country to aid in e c o nomic growth is limited by the power structure of t h o s e in control of government, the severity of change, various economic problems of a country and the techniques of development at the disposal of the government.

119.

ESMAN, Milton J. , "Japanese Administration--A Comparative View," 7 PAR (Spring 1947) 100-12. A comparison between Japanese and American methods of administration. Although many c o n c e s s i o n s to traditional practices and values were incorporated with the new Meiji administrative system, the dominant tone became l e g a l i s t i c to the virtual exclusion of practical v a l u e s . Japan's failure to develop a s c i e n c e of administration is reflected in the management of public affairs which is encumbered by a network of traditional procedures generally unrelated. Differences between American and Japanese administrative structure, procedures, and thought reflect fundamental differences in the political and social values of t h e s e two societies.

40 120.

GADGIL, N. V. , "Accountability of Administration, " 1 IJPA (July-September 1955) 193-203. A description of how administration in India is made a c countable through parliamentary and judicial controls. The parliament has been willing to d e l e g a t e more and more authority to the executive for the sake of implementing development programs and at the same time has been devising various ways to insure greater accountability of the administration.

121.

HALAPPA, S. S. , "The Study of Public Administration in India, " 16 UPS (April-June 1955) 158-64. A comparison and contrast between approaches to the study of public administration in India and the West. America is far advanced in the study of public administration, while Britain is rather far behind. Americans emphasize the practical s i d e s of administration; the British emphasize the theory of administration. The study of public administration is still in a backward s t a t e in India.

122.

HARGREAVES, J. D. , "Western Democracy and African Society: Some Reflections from Sierra Leone, " 31 IA (July 1955) 327-34. A general d i s c u s s i o n of Sierra Leone, with emphasis upon colonial administration. The administration is still largely British and, to the educated African, more important than native political institutions. In the early s t a g e s of s e l f government, due to a shortage of qualified African administrators, the bridging of the gap between the old society and the new will depend upon the adaptability of the European as well as on the quality of the African recruits.

123.

HEADY, Ferrel, "Bureaucratic Theory and Comparative Administ r a t i o n , " 3 ASQ (March 1959) 509-25. An examination of Morroe Berger's study of Egypt's higher civil s e r v i c e . Structural a n a l y s i s is a suitable means to investigate patterns of bureaucratic behavior in any c u l tural context.

41

124.

JACKSON, Barbara W. , "The Gold Coast: An Experiment in Partnership," 32 FA (July 1954) 608-916. A look at the first independent African administration to be established in an area formerly ruled by a European colonial power. The crucial question in Africa is whether Africans can take responsibility for their own destiny. Development problems are concerned not so much with money as with personnel. Both the West and Africa's new leaders must cooperate if African self-government is to succeed.

125.

KIRKWOOD, Kenneth, "British Central Africa: Politics Under Federation," 298 AASS (March 1955) 130-41. A review of the problem of developing a responsible African leadership. An adequate number of statesmanlike African leaders who are familiar with and appreciative of Western democratic institutions is necessary for the creation of some partnership between the whites and the Africans. The alternative may be inter-racial warfare.

126.

LEPAWSKY, Albert, "Economic Development and Public Administration," 9 IAEA (Winter 1955) 2 1 - 4 3 . A broad commentary about the course of contemporary development. Human and social resources are most important and of t h e s e , social institutions, s k i l l s , and knowledge are crucial. The political sector of society is a priority sector. Because of the current situation, the devices of public administration provide the widest scope of enforceable decision-making.

127.

LERNER, Daniel and ROBINSON, Richard D. , "The Turkish Army as a Modernizing F o r c e , " 13 WP (October 1960) 19-44. An examination of the role played by the army in Turkey's modernization effort. Until 1960 the army, while adding to the rising tide of expectations, had helped provide the perspective and the skills which could satisfy these expectations. While the civilian sector was becoming a closed s o c i e t y , the military provided opportunities regardl e s s of background. The army thus can provide an outlet for rising expectations.

42

128.

LEWIS, I. M. , "Problems in the Development of Modern Leadership and Loyalties in the British Somaliland Protectorate and U. N. Trusteeship Territory of S o m a l i s , " 10 CIV (1960) 49-60. A description of the gradual take-over by the Somali o f f i c i a l s . Leadership development is set against the structure of Somali society. Tribal loyalties particularly hinder the development of new political allegiance.

129.

MEHTA, Balvantray, "Public Enterprise and Parliamentary Control, " 4 IJPA (April-June 1958) 143-53. A comparative survey of the position of public enterprises in relation to l e g i s l a t u r e s in India, the U.K. , the U. S.A. and France: the forms of s t a t e e n t e r p r i s e s , justification for parliamentary control, accountability of the minister concerned, and current means of accountability. The experience of t h e s e countries in this field indicates that public enterprises do not e s c a p e parliamentary control and accountability, and that initiative and efficiency are not impaired under this system. India therefore need not fear public enterprises a s long as it can improve their efficiency and accountability.

130.

MINISTRY OF COLONIES, BRUSSELS, "The Organization of Native Administration in the Belgian Congo, " 8 JAA (April 1956) 88-95. A description of the administrative organization of the native population of the Congo, together with the principal regulations governing the relationship of the several racial groups in the main centers of population. Every effort is being made to c a u s e existing differences in the manner of government to disappear.

131.

PRESTHUS, Robert V. , "Behavior and Bureaucracy in Many Cult u r e s , " 19 PAR (Winter 1959) 25-35. A d i s c u s s i o n of the problems of research in comparative administration. Comparative administration dramatizes the need for a working theory. One finds so much data that the researcher might e a s i l y spend a lifetime on any given country and still not develop any firm generalization

43 about its administrative system simply b e c a u s e he had failed to put his findings to the t e s t of significance in the context of some organizing theory. The works of Fred W. Riggs and Morroe Berger are attempts to effect an explicit s y n t h e s i s between conceptual theory and empirical research. 132.

RAMOS, Carlos P. , "The Regional Conference on Public Administration, Philippines, 1958," 2 PJPA (April 1958) 93-97. A description of the plans for a regional conference on public administration to be held in the Philippines. Many of the participating countries share certain administrative problems, notably: (1) an over-centralized system; (2) a lack of trained personnel; (3) an inadequate or nonexistent merit system of recruitment; (4) outmoded revenue systems; (5) shortage of equipment; and (6) unsystematic methods of work procedure. The regional conference may lay the b a s i s for real progress in dealing with t h e s e problems and in the economic development of the region.

133.

RICHARDSON, Henry, "India in Transition, " 42 AR (January 1946) 127-37. A d i s c u s s i o n of the political and economic problems of India's transition. Some of them are: the uncertain p o s i tion of Pakistan and its impact on trade; re-employment of war workers; launching of development projects; planning; expansion; and control of industry. The solution of t h e s e various questions partly depends on India's achievement of self-government.

134.

RIGGS, Fred W. , "Public Administration: A Neglected Factor in Economic Development," 305 AASS (May 1956) 70-80. A review of various problems of public administration which hamper economic development encountered in underdeveloped countries. Governments fail to provide a network of communications and transport, educational facilities and public health services b e c a u s e of w a s t e , i n e f f i c i e n c y , poor coordination and nepotism. Corruption in planning and failure to provide regulatory policies a l s o hamper development.

44

135.

RIGGS, Fred W. , "The Use of Models for Administrative Analysis: Confusion or Clarity?" 6 IIP A (July-September 1960) 225-42. An examination of the role of models in administrative a n a l y s i s . While many kinds of models e x i s t , we can neither s e e nor deal with any situation except in terms of models. Public administration requires that we develop the most appropriate models for u s e in the particular situation in which we find ourselves.

136.

ROBINSON, Kenneth, "Colonial I s s u e s and Policies with Special Reference to Tropical Africa, " 298 AASS (March 1955) 89-94. A review of French, Belgian, British and Portugese polic i e s in tropical Africa. No particular model of political organization is n e c e s s a r i l y good for Africa. The need is to examine social and political conditions of a particular area before prescribing any change.

137.

SOEMARDJAN, S. , "Bureaucratic Organization in a Time of Revolution, " 2 ASQ (September 1957) 182-99. A d i s c u s s i o n of several bureaucratic organizations in Indonesia during the post World War II revolutionary period. Modifications and change in bureaucratic organization take place in response to changing social and political atmosphere.

138.

SPIRO, Herbert J. , "New Constitutional Forms in Africa, " 13 WP (October 1960) 69-76. An examination of the new African political systems and the origins of the modern s t a t e s of continental Europe. The African s t a t e s ought to innovate and be boldly d i f f e r ent b e c a u s e many of the conditions prevailing in Europe do not exist in modern Africa. Africa, as the weak United States did, may contribute new forms of political a s s o c i a tion. Western ideas of constitutionalism are not applicable in Africa.

45 139.

TICKNER, Fred J. , "A Survey and Evaluation of Comparative R e s e a r c h , " 19 PAR (Winter 1959) 19-24. A brief review of the available literature in comparative government and comparative administration. Comparative studies must avoid the danger of f a l s e l y equating administrative functions in different governmental systems merely b e c a u s e they have the same names.

140.

WEST, F. J. , "Problems of Political Advancement in Fiji, " 33 PA (March 1960) 23-37. A survey of the political problems of the Fijians. The Fijian administration treats the Fijians in isolation from the colony in which they are a minority. In terms of preserving Fijian society, the Fijian administration has been fairly s u c c e s s f u l , but it has failed to produce economic advancement. The real failure, however, is the assumption that political advancement in Fiji can be gradual; the Fijian administration is actually an o b s t a c l e to political advancement.

141.

WRONG, Margaret, "The Evolution of Local Government in British African C o l o n i e s , " 22 IA (July 1946) 418-21. A brief survey of the evolution of local government in the British African colonies. The process of evolution of native authorities into local government units in a larger political unit is complicated by their tremendous variety. The central administration is a powerful instrument of change. If it a c t s without an understanding of the various cultures of African p e o p l e s , then the evolution of native authorities into local government units in a larger political unit is impossible.

SOCIAL FACTORS AND PROBLEMS 142.

APTER, David E. , "The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda, " 13 WP_ (October 1960) 45-68. An a n a l y s i s of the role of traditionalism in the e s t a b l i s h ment of national s o c i e t i e s in Ghana and Uganda. The absorption of innovation, internal divisions and legitimacy conflicts are all crucial to developments. Traditionalism can either f a c i l i t a t e or impede the forces of development.

143.

ARASTEH, Reza, "Some Problems of Education in Underdeveloped C o u n t r i e s , " 12 MEJ (Autumn 1958) 270-76. A study of some problems of education resulting from d i s ruptions and lack of integration caused by the conflict between Western and traditional v a l u e s . Western e d u c a tion of government administrators in underdeveloped nations has resulted in lack of harmony between them and the people. Western education has a l s o accentuated divergencies between s o c i a l values and home values and between s o c i e t y and school graduates. An integrated system that fits the transitional period and t a k e s account of the recipient culture is needed.

144.

ARMSTRONG, Lincoln, "Opinions on Education in Rural Lebanon, " 24 RS (June 1959) 162-75. A description of the educational orientation of household heads in a large village, based on a random sample survey. The level of participation, concern, and a f f l u e n c e with regard to the place of formal education in the lives of the Arab p e a s a n t s is higher than is sometimes anticipated. Given s c h o o l s , t e a c h e r s , books, and an u p - t o - d a t e e d u c a tional program, t h e s e people will not fail to take advantage of personal and social advancement.

145.

BENNETT, John W. and McKNIGHT, Robert K. , "Approaches of the Japanese Innovator to Cultural and Technical Change, " 305 AASS (May 1956) 101-13. An examination of the role played by the innovator in Japan's economic development. Cultural change and the

47

problems of modernization may be understood by studying the attitudes, values and social roles of the innovators and ideologists in the society. 146.

BINNS, A. L. , "The Formation and Development of Local Education Authorities in Africa," 5 TAA (Tanuary 1953) 7- 11. A discussion of the need for the establishment of local educational authorities in Africa. It is difficult if not impossible to organize an efficient and expanding educational system in Africa without the use of local education authorities as the administrative units in c l o s e contact with the community and the schools. Such local authorities cannot be created by administrative fiat, but must be permitted to evolve at a speed governed by the demonstrated capacities of the Africans themselves to discharge the functions of local government.

147.

BROZEN, Yale, "Technological Change, Ideology and Product i v i t y , " 70 PSQ (December 1955) 5 2 2 - 4 2 . A discussion of the relationship between technological change, political ideology, individual personality and economic productivity. Some technological changes may promote short-run productivity increases but may be s e l f defeating in the long run in that they lead to a centralization of decision-making authority and a corresponding decrease in individual initiative. The application of techniques which increase income but which result in the agglomeration of people in large s c a l e organizations in which they are over-specialized members of over-functionalized departments, can result in the concentration of decision-making and property and a concommitant decrease in initiative, morale, and long-range productivity.

148.

CARLSON, R. E. , "Economic Development in Central America, " 2 IAEA (Autumn 1948) 3 - 2 9 . An examination of the factors which may promote or retard any program for economic development that a government may undertake. Institutional, economic and technical f a c tors are all relevant to development administration. Of

48 special interest are the institutional factors, particularly banking and credit f a c i l i t i e s , banking legislation, agricultural and industrial organization. 149.

CERVIN, Vladimir, "Problems in the Integration of the Afghan Nation," 6 MET (Autumn 1952) 4 0 0 - 1 6 . A study of the role of the government of Afghanistan in integrating the various elements composing the nation so that administration can be unified and strife minimized. The government's policy and actions in relation to ethnic groups, tribes, village communities, and financial and religious groups are generally negative and they often depend on dissolution of some of these s o c i a l groups.

150.

COLEMAN, James S. , "The Problem of Political Integration in Emergent Africa," 8 WPQ (March 1955) 4 4 - 5 7 . An examination of the causes of political non-integration in Africa. Non-integration usually e x i s t s because of: (1) disunities between indigenous African cultural groups; (2) tensions between the several racial communities; and (3) socioenomic disparities between the emergent political elites and the relatively inert African m a s s e s . Current efforts to erect modern states in Africa's heterogeneous cultural and racial milieu defy a peaceful solution or invite authoritarianism. Institutions and relationships in contemporary Africa that fail to satisfy the prestige, power and welfare aspirations of upcoming African elites will probably collapse under the onslaught of a separatist African nationalism.

151.

DUBE, S. C. , "Cultural Factors in Rural Community Development," 16 JAS_ (November 1956) 19-30. Reflections on the cultural factors which influenced the effect of a community development project in India. The cultural factors vitally influence the acceptance or r e j e c tion of community development action programs. The people reject many programs because the innovations do not fit the total cultural setting of the village.

49

152.

EISENSTADT, S. N. , "Communication P r o c e s s e s Among Immigrants in I s r a e l , " 16 POQ (Spring 1952) 42-58. A study of the position of communication leaders and the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the process of communication among the different immigrant groups and in different communication situations. The technical a s p e c t s of new social roles were more effectively communicated than the institutional values and symbols.

153.

EISENSTADT, S. N. , "Israel: Traditional and Modern Social Values and Economic Development, " 305 AASS (May 1956) 145-56. A d i s c u s s i o n of the problems of adaptation to a modern s e t ting of the large influx of immigrants to Israel from the Middle East. These immigrants, comprising approximately half the population of I s r a e l , come from traditional settings with orientations of particularism, ascription and d i f f u s e n e s s . Their absorption into Israel is facilitated by the values of the State of I s r a e l , where s t r e s s is placed on social v a l u e s rather than purely economic v a l u e s .

154.

EMERSON, Rupert, "Nationalism and Political Development" 22 JP (February 1960) 3-28. An examination of the nature of modern nationalism and comparison with earlier nationalism. Nationalism by itself does not give the answer to particular problems arising from development demands. Its most vital contribution is in "the realms of the intangibles of the spirit". Even here, however, nationalism cannot determine the choice between alternative and possibly conflicting v a l u e s .

155.

FISHER, C h a r l e s , "The Eurasian Question in I n d o n e s i a , " 23 IA (October 1947) 522-30. A survey of the Eurasian question in Indonesia. The Euras i a n s , estimated to be between 65 and 75 per cent of the "European" population of 242,000, have played a d e c i s i v e part in Indonesian a f f a i r s . Many of them have filled lower middle c l a s s p o s i t i o n s , by Western European s t a n d a r d s , which they have had to leave s i n c e the founding of the Republic. This l o s s of administrators and engineers will create many d i f f i c u l t i e s .

50

156.

FURNIVALL, J. S. , "Political Education in the Tropical Far E a s t , " 17 Pg (April-June 1946) 123-33. A study of the role of political education which is needed in helping the tropical Far East countries to stand on their feet. The colonial nations must reconcile their concern for profit and prestige with consideration of the interest of the colonized to develop into independent nations. Colonial nations must encourage the peoples of t h e s e countries to v a l u e , d e mand, and support more education and social s e r v i c e s .

157.

GOLDEN, Hilda Herty, "Literacy and Social Change in Underdeveloped C o u n t r i e s , " 20 RS (March 1955) 1-7. An a n a l y s i s of some of the implications for social change of a country's educational status a s compared with its industrial s t a t u s . Although literacy is an excellent index of a country's socio-economic development, countries may be more literate or l e s s literate than their industrial d e v e l opment would indicate. Countries which are more advanced educationally than industrially are making f a s t e r economic than s o c i a l progress, and vice v e r s a .

158.

HAGEN, Everett E. , "The Entrepreneur as Rebel Against Traditional S o c i e t y , " 19 HO (Winter 1960-1961) 185-87. A d i s c u s s i o n of the entrepreneur as a rebel against traditional society. In those s o c i e t i e s in which a low value is placed upon industrial activity, persons will tend to become entrepreneurs only if they are rebels against the traditional society.

159.

HIMADEH, Sa'id B. , "Economic Factors Underlying Social Problems in the Arab Middle E a s t , " 5 MET (Summer 1951) 269-83. A d i s c u s s i o n of the inter-relation of the major social problem of poverty in the Middle East and the economic factors inherent in the system of land ownership as well as the physical conditions of the land. Amelioration cannot be piecemeal, but problem solving must be undertaken upon many fronts at once. More data are needed as well as social responsibility on the part of those in power in t h e s e countries.

51

160.

HOSELITZ, Bert F. , "Nationalism, Economic Development, and Democracy," 305 AASS (May 1956) 1 - 1 1 . An examination of the implications of nationalist ideologies for the implementation of higher levels of welfare through economic development. When a country remains in a c o l o nial s t a t u s , nationalistic movements may use the foreign dominating power as a scapegoat; after independence nationa l i s t i c leaders must face the responsibilities of economic failures. If economic development is not improving the general welfare rapidly enough, leaders may have to exert totalitarian control to stay in power.

161.

HOSELITZ, Bert F. , "Non-Economic Factors in Economic Development, " Papers and Proceedings AER (May 1957) 28-41. A discussion of the change which an economy undergoes when it leaves a state of stagnation or slow growth and begins a period of rapid growth. Environmental factors existing as non-economic aspects of the society are of crucial importance in an understanding of the problems of economic development.

162.

JENNINGS, W. Ivor, "Universities in the Colonies, " 17 PQ (July-September 1946) 2 2 4 - 4 4 . A description of the English system of education in the British colonies based on the experience of Ceylon. The defects of the English system in the colonies may be resolved by making the system more e l a s t i c , giving greater attention to local conditions, achieving a balance between the academic and professional s u b j e c t s , emphasizing research, and developing university autonomy similar to that in England. Thus the education system would become more suited to the people's needs and requirements of development.

163.

KANWAR, Sain, "People's Cooperation in the Kosi Project, " 1 IJPA (April-June 1955) 130-36. An account of the Kosi river project, describing the principle of public cooperation in executing large development pro j e c t s , and enumerating the benefits of this method in promoting the ideas of s e l f - h e l p and collective action. Both

52

ideas are conducive to achieving common purpose and to overcoming the traditional local apathy and feuds. The example of the Kosi project is now followed in other s e c t i o n s of India. 164.

LEE, Dorothy, "The Cultural C u r t a i n , " 323 AASS (May 1959) 120-28.

Examines the need for careful study of a culture before technical a s s i s t a n c e begins. In order not to have undesirable e f f e c t s on a culture, the technical a s s i s t a n c e program must take into consideration the motivations and values found in the local culture and the l a t t e r ' s balance with the local environment. 165.

LIEBENOW, J. G u s , "Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group," 50 APSR (June 1956) 442-61. An a n a l y s i s of a s p e c t s of political, social and economic change in a Tanganyika tribal group. The impact of l a r g e s c a l e governmental programs in economic and social development has a c c e l e r a t e d the process of s o c i a l disintegration. This disintegration has several common features: (1) the shift from a s u b s i s t e n c e to a c a s h economy; (2) the i n t e n s i fication of role differentiation; (3) the areal disparities in development within a given colonial dependency. The continued utilization of the traditional authority of the chiefs is the b e s t hope for bringing a new s e n s e of unity of purpose.

166.

LIEBENOW, J. G u s , "Some Problems in Introducing Local Government Reform in Tanganyika, " 8 JAA (July 1956) 132-39. A look at problems met by British administrators in introducing a new system of local government. The new system is based upon a s e r i e s of local councils according to the English model. While any changes are almost bound to encounter r e s i s t a n c e , some r e s i s t a n c e is a result of methods used in introducing the reform. Haste is a primary c a u s e of difficulty. African s e l f - r e s p e c t and pride are a l s o important to consider.

53

167.

LOCKWOOD, William W. , "Japan's Response to the West. The Contrast with C h i n a , " 9 WP (October 1956) 3 7 - 5 4 . A comparison of the Japanese and Chinese responses to the West during the period 1850-1925. The crucial factor in Japan's vigorous response to Western imperialism was the emergence of a new elite with the capacity to face r e a l i s t i cally the situation confronting them, to identify their c l a s s and personal interests with modernization, and to act as leaders before the opportunity was gone. The s u c c e s s of this Japanese elite was connected with four factors, which were working more in Japan than in China: (1) Japan's traditional position as a frontier society and cultural borrower; (2) the more pluralistic but yet not atomistic or anarchistic nature of Japanese society; (3) the historical circumstance that Western imperialism occurred at a time when internal developments were preparing great changes in Japan; (4) a propensity for group organization beyond the family.

168.

LU, Kuang-mien, "The Cooperative Movement of C h i n a , " 42 AR (April 1946) 176-81. An historical sketch of the cooperative movement in China, the future of cooperative p o l i c i e s , and the advantages of the cooperative system in post-war reconstruction. The c o operative movement has depended on private and governmental promotional agencies for much of its growth. However, the movement's s u c c e s s depends on the extent to which it can establish roots among the people and the extent to which the cooperators are left alone to learn and manage their own business and are not unnecessarily interfered with.

169.

MAYER, Adrian C. , "Development Projects in an Indian Village, " 29 PA (March 1956) 3 7 - 4 5 . A sociological account of some of the problems encountered in administering a rural community development program in in Indian village. The villagers' relations with and attitudes toward the development officials are more positive if the schemes do not radically offset the local traditional patterns and methods and if the benefits of the activities are recognized

54

a s valuable. In order to i n c r e a s e the incentive for work and cooperation in the v i l l a g e , c l o s e contact with the development o f f i c i a l s and the education of village leaders are e s s e n t i a l . 170.

MOORE, Barrington, "The Influence of Ideas on Policies a s Shown in the Collectivization of Agriculture in Russia, " 4 1 APSR (August 1947) 733-43. An examination of the relationship between ideas and political and economic change, using the development of the goal of collectivized agriculture in the Soviet Union as a c a s e study. The tentative theoretical conclusions are stated as five propositions: (1) the historic experience of social groups provides them with formulae through which they interpret tension in society; (2) goals develop out of the a w a r e n e s s of various tensions; (3) if a group puts some of its goals into practice then new t e n s i o n s may result with subsequent modifications of the original goals; (4) at the same time, a certain stability in goals is maintained; (5) the degree of stability or modification of goals depends largely on its effect on the power position of the elite.

171.

MURPHY, Marvin, "Overcoming Resistance to Change, " 20 PAR (Summer 1960) 148-51. A look at r e s i s t a n c e to administrative change in Vietnam. The Vietnamese were unwilling to d i s c u s s budget improvements. By using a tangential topic, requesting comments on other problems, the widespread d i s c u s s i o n of budgeting was stimulated and reforms were brought about.

172.

QUINT, Malcolm N. , "The Idea of Progress in an Iraqi Village, " 12 MET (Autumn 1958) 369-84. An anthropological study of an Iraqi village and its social patterns vis a vis the idea of social change. Technical and economic development must be based on the existing social system of the village, with modifications of it if n e c e s s a r y . Where a change conflicts with vital areas of the social s y s tem, the benefits from the change should be maximal in order that the villagers be willing to accept it.

55 173.

ROBSON, William A. , "India R e v i s i t e d , " 31 PQ (OctoberDecember 1960) 422-52. An a n a l y s i s of some of the problems confronting India. While the Indian people are facing t h e s e difficulties with courage and determination, they do not seem to be aware of all of the important q u e s t i o n s . The relation of the social order to the political order, the political education of the m a s s e s , the role of i n t e l l e c t u a l s , and the position of s t u dents all are of importance. India can learn from the W e s t in crucial areas; the West can a l s o learn much from India.

174.

SAMUEL, Edwin, "The Impact of Immigration on I s r a e l , " 24 PQ (July-September 1953) 272-84. An account of the difficulties imposed on Israel by the s u c ceeding w a v e s of immigration, e s p e c i a l l y the largest wave from 1948-51 following World War II. Not only has Israel been flooded with r e f u g e e s , but many of the economic a d vantages provided by the British during the mandate have been removed. Added to t h i s , the s o c i a l repercussions of the immigration of people of varying cultures and degrees of ritual observations have been enormous.

175.

SHILS, Edward, " I n t e l l e c t u a l s , Public Opinion, and Economic Development," 10 WP (January 1958) 232-55. A survey of the role of the i n t e l l e c t u a l s in economic d e v e l opment. In the W e s t , economic development proceeded without the aid of the i n t e l l e c t u a l s and they were not needed in economic life. The situation of the newly emerging nations is somewhat different, for the proponents of industrialization are largely i n t e l l e c t u a l s . These nations will be able to deal economically with their material resources only by cultivating their intellectual resources more e f f e c t i v e l y and by fostering a feeling for concrete reality among the administrators, a c a demics, and journalists.

176.

SHILS, Edward, "The Intellectuals in the Political Development i n t h e N e w S t a t e s , " 12 WP (April 1960) 329-68. A review of the role played by i n t e l l e c t u a l s in political d e velopment of the new s t a t e s . In the West politics have never

56 been a preserve of the intellectuals, whereas they are prominent in the politics of the new s t a t e s . Having created the political life of the new s t a t e s , intellectuals will continue to be called upon for the civil service and for higher education, thus playing a crucial role in development. 177.

SIBLEY, Willis E. , "Social Structures and Planned Change: A Case Study from the Philippines," 19 HO_(Winter 1960-61) 209-11. A c a s e study of the failure of a planned change to meet the expectations of the initiators of the improvement program. The failure was probably due to the initiators' lack of recognition of the internal structure and culture of the village.

178.

SMITH, M. G. , "Kagoro Political Development, " 19 HO (Fall 1960) 137-49. A description of the Kagoro tribal polity before British rule and the course of its development thereafter. A careful chronological analysis of the Kagoro record shows that the processes by which political change has occurred have a constant form. First, there is a change in the system's external context, then a redefinition of some modes of competition linked with the new principles of contraposition. The order in which the elements of a system change under conditions of equal pressure varies inversely with their significance for the persistence of the system in its current form.

179.

THORNER, Daniel, "Problems of Economic Development in I n d i a , " 268 AASS (March 1950) 9 6 - 1 0 3 . An examination of the relevance of Point Four to India's economic problems. Point Four's central points are not central to India's basic problems. India requires basic change in its agrarian institutions and industrial framework before outside help can be utilized effectively.

57

180.

VAN DER KROEF, Justus M. , "Social Structure and Economic Development in Indonesia," 23 SR (Winter 1956) 394-418. A discussion of the s o c i a l structure's sensitivity to the implementation of various development plans. Every Southeast Asian country still is largely a nation of nations, a union of diverse s o c i e t i e s , which defies uniform programs of directed economic change. The technical s p e c i a l i s t who works under such programs must apply a separate methodology and approach for each region, s o c i e t y , or cultural group.

ECONOMIC FACTORS AND PROBLEMS 181.

ALBUQUERQUE, V. M. , "Social Insurance Administration in I n d i a , " 2 IJPA (April-June 1956) 154-70. An accoint of the Employee's State Insurance Corporation in India. As an experiment in cooperation between the central government, s t a t e s , employees, employers, and the medical profession, the State Insurance Corporation must remain accountable and flexible and must extend its benefits to all factory employees.

182.

ANDRUS, J. R. , "The Agrarian Problem in Burma, " 19 PA (September 1946) 260-71. A review of the chief agrarian problems of Burma. Some result from the Japanese invasion: c e s s a t i o n of rice exports; devastation of property; depletion of c a t t l e ; and the Japanese u s e of men. Added to all t h e s e are the inadequate legal and economic relations existing among land lords, tenants and money lenders.

183.

AYERS, William, " Labor Policy and Factory Management in Communist China, " 277 AASS (September 1951) 124-34. A review of labor policy during the first years of Communist rule in China. While production i n c r e a s e s have been imp r e s s i v e much evidence e x i s t s to s u g g e s t that many workers have not yet responded to the urgings of the new government. Apparently the task of "re-education" has not yet been completed.

184.

BANSAL, L. G. , "Liaison Between Government and the Private S e c t o r , " 2 IJPA (January-March 1956) 22-33. A study of the increasing need for closer liaison between government and b u s i n e s s and industrial undertakings. Closer contact between government and the private s e c tor through joint councils and similar administrative arrangements are very u s e f u l for the effective action of each. The common need for administrators and managers to understand each other, e s p e c i a l l y where government action is i n c r e a s ing, demands c l o s e r liaison. Exchange of personnel for a

59

temporary period, and joint conferences and courses of training may a l s o be arranged for the same purpose. 185.

BAYKOV, Alexander, "Industry and Agriculture in the U. S. S. R. , " 23 Pg (January-March 1952) 62-83. An account of the extent to which Russia has industrialized since the Revolution. Russian industrial development was low before the Revolution, but it dropped even lower during the Civil War following the Revolution; however, by 1951 the Soviet Union was producing more s t e e l , electrical power and heavy industry than many European countries. To a great extent, this industrialization w a s "financed" by the Russian peasant. Soviet agricultural policy has been aimed at increasing agricultural production so that a l e s s e r percentage of the population will be engaged in agriculture.

186.

BEKKER, Konrad, "Land Reform Legislation in I n d i a , " 5 MET (Summer 1951) 319-36. A review of the land tenure system of India and the steps taken by the Indian government to reform it. The program is directed toward elimination of e x c e s s i v e rents paid by farmers because of intermediary quasi-landlords, pooling of "dwarf holdings" into economically productive units, and limitation of holdings to a maximum s i z e . A complicating factor is that much of the reform is being carried out by the several s t a t e s rather than by the central government.

187.

BONNi, Alfred, "'Aspects of Economic Reconstruction in West and E a s t , " 22 IA (October 1946) 521-32. A comparison of the main reconstruction i s s u e s before modern industrialized Western society and the predominantly agrarian areas of the Middle East. Economic reconstruction has a different meaning in the Western world and in the Middle East. The main points of a policy of reconstruction in Middle Eastern society are: (1) raising of productivity and extension of cultivated area; (2) industrialization; (3) redistribution of national income;

60

(4) establishment of increasing s t a t e services in communic a t i o n s , health and education. No immediate progress is p o s s i b l e without the most active participation of the s t a t e as the ultimate planning authority, and the development of a modern bureaucracy is n e c e s s a r y for the s u c c e s s of comprehensive planning programmes. 188.

BONNf, Alfred, "The Political Economy of Aid to Underdeveloped C o u n t r i e s , " 29 PQ (July-September 1958) 289-300. A d i s c u s s i o n of the extent to which economic remedies for underdeveloped countries are contingent on political and institutional changes. The underdeveloped countries want to become industrialized and are not content to wait for the slow process of evolution. If rapid industrialization is to occur, governmental a g e n c i e s must provide capital and technological and managerial knowledge.

189.

BURNS, Norman, "Development Projects in I r a q , " 5 MET (Summer 1951) 362-70. A description of settlements under the Dujaylah Law under which p e a s a n t s can take title to land through occupancy and u s e . Large areas now uncultivated but potentially cultivable with irrigation could be made available to small landholders without arousing political difficulties that would result from redistribution. The settlements are in some measure s u c c e s s f u l , although at present many d i f ficulties are still f a c e d , such as salting of land from inadequate irrigation, lack of capital on the part of the farmers, and hostility of neighboring shaykhs.

190.

CAMPBELL, Robert W. , "Some Recent Changes in Soviet Economic P o l i c y , " 9 WP (October 1956) 1- 14. A d i s c u s s i o n of three changes in Soviet economic policy. These important and recent changes involve new thoughts concerning the proper degree of centralization of control in the economy, a new approach to the problem of allocating capital r e s o u r c e s , and increased determination to speed up technological progress in industry. The effect will be to

61

i n c r e a s e the operating efficiency of the Soviet economy, and they seem to reveal the importance of the "reality principle" as a determinant of the new l e a d e r s ' a c t i o n s . 191.

CHANG, Y. N. , "Industrial Administration in Communist China, " 9 WPQ (December 1956) 850-72. A look at the organizational pattern and the political proc e s s by which policies relating to industrialization are made and executed and controls are exercised. Industrial administration is the most important element in Chinese Communist public administration, complicated by the great need for c l o s e cooperation between central and local governments and the general inefficiency of Communist public administration.

192.

CHEN, Ta, "The Labour Policy of the Chinese Government and its Reactions on Industry and Labour, " 59 ILP (January 1949) 34-62. A description of the e f f e c t s of the enforcement of the Factory Act and the Trade Union Act. The enforcement of the labour laws has produced uneven e f f e c t s on the urban centers which are at different s t a g e s of industrial and economic development. The national laws in this area should be general, whereas more s p e c i f i c organs should handle d e tailed a s p e c t s in accordance with existing conditions.

193.

CHEN, Yun, "China's Postwar Industrialization, " 42 AR (January 1946) 63-65. A description of C h i n a ' s industrialization in contrast to that of Britain and the United States. China needs to promote industrialization and hence it wants to i n c r e a s e foreign investments and c a p i t a l , obtain a s s i s t a n c e from foreign governments and i n v e s t o r s , buy capital goods, and e s t a b l i s h other cultural relations that will help its trade relations.

194.

CHESTER, T. E. , "Public Enterprise in Southeast Asia, " 26 PQ (January-March 1955) 43-54. A description and a n a l y s i s of the organization and control of public enterprise in Southeast Asia as it existed in

62

the spring of 1954. When t h e s e countries gained independence in the 1940's, few p o s s e s s e d modern industries and all faced the problem of industrialization. In the a b s e n c e or lack of organizational skill and private c a p i t a l , governments have had to t a k e on the responsibility of e s t a b l i s h i n g private enterprise. The several countries have various ideologies concerning the permanency of public ownership; various mixtures of public and private c a p i t a l formation a l s o exist. 195.

CHOU, Ya-lun, " Chinese Agrarian Reform and Bolshevik Land Policy," 25 PA (September 1952) 24-39. A comparison of the Communist C h i n e s e and Soviet models of land reform indicating their fundamental differences and similarities in the following a r e a s : land-nationalization; land-redistribution; appropriation of agricultural products; and collectivization. The Chinese agrarian policy is l e s s revolutionary in principle and more developmental or prog r e s s i v e in nature than its Russian counterpart.

196.

CLAYTON, E. S. , "Safeguarding Agrarian Development in Kenya, " 11 IAA (July 1959) 144-50. An examination of current developments in land tenure and agriculture in Kenya, along with comparisons and contrasts with the English enclosure movements. If the p e a s a n t farmer is to survive, road and rail f a c i l i t i e s and communications s y s t e m s must be developed.

197.

FRANCK, Peter G. , "Problems of Economic Development in Afg h a n i s t a n , " 3 MET (July and October 1949) 293-314 and 421-40. A general evaluation of Afghanistan's economic problems and development programs, both international and internal. Among the several international economic problems faced is the need for capital imports and technical advice. Among the internal problems are the need for better planning and the development of manpower r e s o u r c e s .

63 198.

FRANK, Andrew G. , "The Economic Development of Nicaragua, " 8 IAEA (Spring 1955) 59-68. A look at some major propositions contained in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development's book The Economic Development of Nicaragua (Johns Hopkins P r e s s , 1953). Many of the concepts used in economic development have no applicability to Nicaragua. Each c a s e must be examined individually.

199.

HADARY, Gideon, "The Agrarian Reform Problem in Iran," 5 MET (Spring 1951) 181-96. A review of the existing system of land ownership in Iran. Exact s t a t i s t i c s are not available, but it is clear that a large number of l a n d l e s s tenant farmers exist in Iran. Besides needing land, however, t h e s e ignorant, illiterate p e a s a n t s need training in methods of farm operation.

200.

HAMMER, Ellen J. , "Progress Report on Southern Viet Nam, " 30 PA (September 1957) 221-35. A report on the political, administrative and economic problems being overcome by the Republic of Viet Nam. These entail achieving political s t a b i l i t y , establishing the machinery of a constitutional government, agricultural reform, and s a t i s f a c t o r y adjustment to American aid. Economic development will to a great extent determine the future of Viet Nam.

201.

HILLMAN, Jimmye S. , "Economic Development and the Brazilian Northeast: What is Economic Development?" 10 IAEA (Summer 1956) 79-96. A look at the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of underdevelopment as well as some observations as to r e a s o n s for failure of programs. The a b s e n c e of regional planning, the shortage of qualified personnel and the lack of coordination among programs are major factors in program failure.

64

202.

HSIA, Ronald, "Private Enterprise in Communist C h i n a , " 26 PA (December 1953) 329-35. A comment on Communist C h i n a ' s paradoxical policy toward private enterprise. On the one hand the government promoted economic activities in the private sector while on the other it reduced their b u s i n e s s . Both are p h a s e s of a single policy intended to subordinate private enterprise to strict government control. Private enterprise will continue to play a "significant but circumscribed role" in China's economic development.

203.

KARPAT, Kemal H. , "Social Effects of Farm Mechanization in Turkish Villages, " 27 SR (Spring 1960) 83-105. An empirical study of the e f f e c t s of the farm mechanization program in twenty Turkish v i l l a g e s . The program was initiated without proper understanding of the village structure and without envisioning the likely s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s . The backward, isolated v i l l a g e s have been faced suddenly with the main stream of twentieth century technology. A chain reaction of social changes has begun.

204.

KERWIN, Robert W. , "Private enterprise in Turkish Industrial Development," 5 MEJ (Winter 1951) 21-38. A review of the historical background, present status and future problems of the change in economic policy in Turkey from s t a t e - o w n e d to free enterprise, fitatism was adopted in 1933 as a policy of nationalist expediency b e c a u s e economic development under free enterprise had been so slow. Since World War II, partly in r e s p o n s e to pressure from the U. S. , 6tatism has been curtailed and private industry encouraged. Actually the controversy over this has obscured more fundamental problems faced by Turkey in economic development, such as lack of capital.

205.

KLOPSTOCK, Fred H. , "Agricultural Development in Tropical A f r i c a , " 17 SR (June 1950) 168-87. A survey of agricultural development in tropical Africa. The prospects for development in t h e s e areas lie primarily

65 in reshaping their agriculture by utilizing modern technology. It would appear that highly mechanized projects operated jointly by public corporations and private interests are much superior to other suggested approaches to development of the agricultural resources of tropical Africa. 206.

LEE, Shu C. , "Agrarianism and Social Upheaval in C h i n a , " 56 A[S (May 1951) 5 1 1 - 1 8 . An examination of the character of China's Communist revolution. The Chinese model is particularly relevant to the problems of Asia and will undoubtedly set the pattern for social upheaval in that part of the world.

207.

LI, Choh-ming, "Economic Development, " CQ (January-March 1960) 3 5 - 5 0 . A survey of the first decade of Communist China's economic development. Since late 1949 a thoroughgoing revolution has taken place in the economic organization of the Chinese mainland. The revamping of the educational system, the collectivization of agriculture and the socialization of all other sectors of the economy, and the introduction of the people's commune system are some of the major organizational changes. The agricultural problem still awaits solution, but, barring a violent outburst of general discontent, a shift in party leadership, or war, continuous and rapid industrialization is to be expected.

208.

LOKANATHAN, P. S. , "Problems of Economic Development in Asian C o u n t r i e s , " 55 AR (January 1959) 57-61. An evaluation of the institutional differences and similarities of the South and South-East Asian countries, their aim to eliminate poverty, and the results of their planning for development. Progress has been slow because of the increased population pressure, adverse terms of trade, and inadequate capital formation and investment. Development programs require specialized apparatus to sponsor capital formation and guide investments, adequate taxation systems, increased foreign capital and foreign aid, a balance between

66 investments in agriculture and investments in industry, political stability and efficient administration. 209.

LYTTON, Henry D. , "Global Productivity Measurement: An Aid to Administrators, " 21 PAR (Spring 1961) 6 5 - 7 3 . A discussion of the relevance of global productivity analysis as an additional means of controlling organization operations in federal, state and local government. Global productivity, which refers to the calculation of output per unit of input for the whole of an organization, has long been employed to indicate the trend of industrial productivity. Global productivity analysis can and should add a formidable weapon to aid in the improvement of the administration of public business in the United States.

210.

MAFFRY, August, "Problems of Economic Development," 11 AJES (April 1952) 3 2 7 - 4 1 . A discussion of the role of economic development viewed as national and international political i s s u e s . Five crucial areas are: population; inflation; local capital; foreign e x change; and government versus private investment. Economic development needs a harmonious effort by both government and private sectors.

211.

MALENBAUM, Wilfred, "India and China: Development Cont r a s t s , " 64 JPE (February 1956) 1 - 2 4 . A comparative analysis of the economies of both India and Communist China in regard to their respective development programs. This analysis is made in terms of the governmental systems prevailing, the pre-plan economic conditions, the plans themselves, and the current levels of consumption. The objective of both of these economies is to increase their domestic investments and output.

212.

MALENBAUM, Wilfred,'"Some Political Aspects of Economic Development in India, " 10 WP (April 1958) 3 7 8 - 8 6 . A survey of political aspects of economic development in India. The governmental commitments to raising living

67

standards and economic expansion are two b a s i c a s p e c t s of contemporary India. Government action should be strengthened in intensity and broadened in s c o p e , with greater emphasis given to community development programs and s m a l l - s c a l e enterprises. The government's role in India's economic life has far to go before it is a s important as it is in the United States. 213.

MOORE, Wilbert E. , "Primitives and Peasants in I n d u s t r y , " 15 SR (March 1948) 44-82. A survey of the barriers a g a i n s t and attractions to i n d u s trial employment on the part of primitives and p e a s a n t s in underdeveloped countries. The barriers include both the security of the old way of life with its kinship obligations and the lack of desire for those things which money can purchase. The attractions include d e s i r e for monetary wages (assuming that values change), although this is mitigated by the low wages paid unskilled labor, chances to develop new s k i l l s , and the desire for new opportunities. Developing morale and efficiency on the job, once the native worker has been recruited, involves complex problems which must take into account the total s o c i a l s y s t e m , such as a s ethnic discrimination preventing upward mobility and thus affecting morale.

214.

MOORE, Wilbert E. , "Theoretical Aspects of Industrialization, " 15 SR (September 1948) 277-304. An attempt to d e v i s e a conceptual framework for empirical observations about the attitudes of primitives and p e a s a n t s toward industrial work. The history of conceptualizations of worker motivation is reviewed a s well as theories of culture contact and change. The conclusion is reached that many factors are involved in motivating workers to accept industrial employment.

215.

MORRIS, David, "The Recruitment of an Industrial Labor Force in India, with British and American Comparisons," 2 CSH (April 1960) 305-28. A comparative study of the economic history of labor force recruitment during the early s t a g e s of cotton development

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in Bombay, Great Britain, and New England. Several propositions appear to hold for all three of these movements: (1) labor recruitment was not the major problem; (2) social structure determines the kind of labor; and (3) labor's cultural homogeneity or diversity affects the character of labor administration. 216.

MOSK, S. A . , "Financing Industrial Development in M e x i c o , " 1 IAEA (June 1947) 5-49. A thorough examination of the Mexican government's role in financing economic development in Mexico. Because the Mexican government has been involved in financing industry since 1941, its experience may be relevant to other nations.

217.

NARAIN, Iqbal, "The Management of Public Enterprises. A Study of Some Aspects in the Context of the 'Socialistic Pattern', " 4 IIPA (July-September 1958) 302-18. A d i s c u s s i o n of the problem of the management of public enterprises such a s the forms of management best suited to public enterprises and the degree of centralization and decentralization in the management of these undertakings. The autonomous form of public enterprises is preferred in the Indian pattern because it ensures freedom and responsibility, and guarantees considerable efficiency and the consumers' good.

218.

NASH, Manning,"" The Recruitment of Wage Labor and Development of New S k i l l s , " 305 AASS (May 1956) 2 3-31. A c a s e study of a Guatemalan peasant village s u c c e s s f u l l y adapted to industrial labor. A regular and efficient wage labor force can be developed if the economic returns of wage labor are significantly greater than alternative opportunities, income is translatable into customary channels of expenditure, the exercise of authority on the job allows the recruit to adjust at his own p a c e , new s o c i a l relations emerge in the context of wage work, a workers' organization evolves which gives workers some control, the institutional setting outside work remains relatively intact to give meaning to the worker's life, the wage worker does not become highly differentiated from those with whom he has

69 depth of s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n , and new w a n t s d e v e l o p w h i c h a r e t i e d to money w a g e s . 219.

OKABE, Shiro, "Public C o r p o r a t i o n s in J a p a n , " 1 IJPA (JulySeptember 19 55) 2 1 7 - 2 3 . A d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s t a t u s of c e r t a i n p u b l i c s e r v i c e u n d e r t a k i n g s b e f o r e and a f t e r c o n v e r t i n g them from d i r e c t g o v e r n ment a d m i n i s t r a t i o n into more e f f i c i e n t p u b l i c c o r p o r a t i o n s . The t e s t of p u b l i c c o r p o r a t i o n s in Japan i s t h e i r a b i l i t y t o f u n c t i o n a c c o r d i n g to sound m a n a g e m e n t p r i n c i p l e s , i n c r e a s e t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y , g u a r a n t e e s a t i s f a c t o r y s e r v i c e , and make c l e a r t h e l o c a t i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

220.

PAAUW, D o u g l a s S. , "Economic P r i n c i p l e s and State O r g a n i z a t i o n , " 2 77 AASS (September 1951) 101-12. A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e a b a n d o n m e n t of M a o ' s "New D e m o c r a c y " and the d e c i s i o n to e x t e n d e c o n o m i c control over China a s rapidly a s p o s s i b l e . There is p a r t i c u l a r d i f f i c u l t y i n v o l v e d b e c a u s e of (1) t h e a t o m i s t i c n a t u r e of C h i n e s e a g r i c u l t u r e ; (2) t h e b a c k w a r d n e s s of previous i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ; and (3) t h e s c a r c i t y of m a n a g e r i a l , t e c h n i c a l , and e n t r e preneurial personnel.

221.

PATNAIK, R. C. , " M a n a g e m e n t of N a t i o n a l i z e d I n d u s t r i e s in I n d i a , " 17 ¡IPS ( O c t o b e r - D e c e m b e r 1956) 3 3 1 - 4 0 . A look a t t h e s t a t e ' s a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d and m a n a g e d , w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o i n d u s t r y and t r a d e . The t h r e e t y p e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n s in i n d i a a r e : (a) t h o s e w h i c h a r e d e p a r t m e n t a l l y managed s u c h a s r a i l w a y s ; (b) s t a t u t o r y c o r p o r a t i o n s ; (c) p r i v a t e limited c o m p a n i e s r e g i s t e r e d under t h e Indian C o m p a n i e s Act. The important n e e d is for t h o s e c h a r g e d w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to d e v i s e m e a s u r e m e n t s of work p e r f o r m a n c e s o t h a t r e g u l a r r e p o r t s c a n be p u b l i c l y m a d e .

222.

ROBERTS, B. C. , "Labour Relations in O v e r s e a s T e r r i t o r i e s , " 28 PQ ( O c t o b e r - D e c e m b e r 1957) 3 9 0 - 4 0 4 . An a c c o u n t of t h e growth of t r a d e unionism in British c o l o n i e s . Beginning under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e s e c o n d Labor Government in 1930 t h e British government h a s provided a

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legal framework which has encouraged t h e growth of labor unions in the c o l o n i e s , and in 1942 the Colonial Labour Advisory Committee was e s t a b l i s h e d . Thus labor unions have not been an indigenous growth but have been fostered from above, and undoubtedly this has consequences for the s h a p e of organization that has emerged. Colonial trade unions a l s o have been retarded b e c a u s e of political d i s s e n s i o n ; this would seem inevitable in a colonial territory striving for independence. Now that independence has been won, the future of the trade unions is uncertain. 223.

ROBSON, William, "India as a Welfare S t a t e , " 25 PQ (AprilJune 1954) 116-31. A descriptive account of the steps which India has taken to develop a government which promotes the welfare of all its c i t i z e n s . One problem facing India is the prejudice against the untouchables, who form one-seventh of the population, and against women. Another problem is the absolute poverty of India; India must control population growth and i n c r e a s e food production. The third problem is that of promoting i n dustrialization in India.

224.

ROGGE, Benjamin A. , "The Role of Government in Latin American Economic Development," 9 IAEA (Winter 1955) 45-66. An examination of type of relationship between government and economic development which will be good for Latin America. The peoples of underdeveloped areas are better off not granting great powers to their government. The government—to preserve freedom—should create the appropriate environment i n s t e a d .

225.

SAMONTE, Abelardo G. , "Some Hypotheses on Land Reform PoliAn examination of the relationship between land reform and economic development and social change in underdeveloped a r e a s . The following points must be made: (1) land reform is needed for the economic growth of underdeveloped countries; (2) s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l forces must be changed if land reform is to be s u c c e s s f u l ; (3) land redistribution is a

71

decisive step in land reform; (4) a non-confiscatory program is apt to fail unless compensation is adequate; (5) to be effective, land reform must go beyond mere redistribution of land; (6) effects of land redistribution depend considerably upon the mode of cultivation; (7) land reform does not n e c e s s a r i l y result in a decline of form savings and investment; (8) land reform facilitates political stability and economic development; and (9) land reform must be accompanied by industrialization if underemployment in overpopulated countries is to be abolished. 226.

SARAIYA, R. G. , "Administration of Nationalized Undertakings, " 2 IJPA (April-June 1956) 111-20. A discussion of the characteristics and problems of administration and personnel in the functioning of nationalized undertakings. Effective decision-making and flexibility of operation in these businesslike enterprises depend on the specially trained staff and the degree of operational freedom from government regulations they enjoy.

227.

SINGH, Tarlok, "Cooperation and Economic Development, " 1 ITPA (January-March 1955) 2 5 - 3 2 . An evaluation of the role of cooperation as a system of economic organization in developing countries seeking rapid progress. An attempt at cooperation involves consideration of the concepts of freedom, property, technology, and incentives. In order to succeed, cooperative organizations must be accepted as a national policy. The n e c e s s a r y facilities for training of personnel, bank credit, and other resources must be provided.

228.

SPENGLER, J. J. , "Economic Development: Political Preconditions and Political C o n s e q u e n c e s , " 22 JP (August 1960) 387-416. A discussion of the political preconditions of economic development and of the changes that take place in the structure and function of government as development proceeds. At a minimum, the state must perform certain cruc i a l functions if economic growth is to occur: minimum public services (i. e. maintenance of law and order) must

72

b e provided; t h e s t a t e must p u r s u e p o s i t i v e p o l i c i e s c a l c u l a t e d to g i v e s u p p o r t to both p u b l i c and p r i v a t e e n t r e p r e n e u r s t h e s t a t e must t a k e s t e p s t o i n c r e a s e t h e s t o c k of q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l in both the p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r . In terms of g o v e r n m e n t a l s t r u c t u r e , it s e e m s t h a t t h e s e minimum g o a l s a s w e l l a s a c o n s i s t e n t commitment to t h e i d e o l o g y of d e v e l o p m e n t , c a n be b e t t e r m a i n t a i n e d in a o n e - p a r t y or t w o - p a r t y s y s t e m rather than a m u l t i - p a r t y a r r a n g e m e n t . 229.

TANNOUS, Afif I. , "Land Reform: Key to t h e D e v e l o p m e n t and S t a b i l i t y of t h e Arab World, " 5 MET (Winter 1951) 1 - 2 0 . A p l e a for t h e a d o p t i o n of l a n d reform as t h e d i r e c t and major c o n c e r n of t h e Point Four program. Land t e n u r e in t h e M i d d l e E a s t p r e s e n t s a s e r i o u problem, in part b e c a u s e of c o n f u s i o n over t i t l e to t h e l a n d , communal o w n e r s h i p , and f r a g m e n t a t i o n of o w n i n g s , but l a r g e l y b e c a u s e of t h e p r e v a l e n c e of s e m i - f e u d a l c o n d i t i o n s of o w n e r s h i p . The true o b j e c t i v e s of t h e Point Four program c a n n o t be a t t a i n e d w i t h o u t promulgating land reform.

230.

THOMAS, S. B. , "Communist C h i n a ' s Agrarian P o l i c y , 1 9 5 4 - 5 6 , " 29 PA (June 1956) 141-60. A s u r v e y of t h e main s t a g e s , i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , m e r i t s , p r o g r e s s and d i f f i c u l t i e s of Communist C h i n a ' s a g r a r i a n p o l i c y , w h i c h led up t o t h e s t e p - b y - s t e p c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n and m e c h a n i z a t i o n of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r . The formation of mutual aid t e a m s and " s e m i - s o c i a l i s t " a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s ' c o o p e r a t i v e s are only s t e p s in t h e d i r e c t i o n of full c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n w h e r e b y production can be i n c r e a s e d and Communist p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w e l l e n t r e n c h e d among t h e p e a s a n t r y . The C h i n e s e e x p e r i m e n t and i t s a c h i e v e m e n t s in a g r i c u l t u r a l r e o r g a n i z a t i o n may be of g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e for other d e v e l o p i n g Asian n a t i o n s .

231.

VAKIL, C. N. and BRAHMANAND, P. R. , " T e c h n i c a l Knowledge and M a n a g e r i a l C a p a c i t y a s Limiting F a c t o r s on I n d u s t r i a l Expans i o n in U n d e r d e v e l o p e d C o u n t r i e s , " 6 ISSJ (1954) 2 1 2 - 1 7 . An a n a l y s i s of t e c h n i c a l and m a n a g e r i a l k n o w l e d g e and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t in u n d e r d e v e l o p e d

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countries. Managerial capacity is to be differentiated from entrepreneurship. Since the government service attracts the best men in the underdeveloped countries, the problems of recruitment are particularly difficult in the development of qualified managers.

UNITS AND AREAS 232.

APTER, David E. , "Some Problems of Local Government in U g a n d a , " 11JAA Qanuary 1959) 27-37. A s k e t c h of the pattern of the local district administration and politics and resulting d i f f i c u l t i e s for the position of chiefs and district officers in Uganda. Local district councils are political units in which the traditional religious groups find expression. Districts have not facilitated the growth of mass political parties that cut a c r o s s tribal groupings. The present pattern of local politics cannot be tampered with until Uganda's constitutional future is made c l e a r and stable.

233.

APTHORPE, Raymond, "The Introduction of Bureaucracy into African P o l i t i c s , " 12 J M (July I960) 125-34. An a n a l y s i s of the relationship of modern bureaucracy and p r e - e x i s t i n g political tribal structures. The t h e s i s which s t a t e s that s o c i e t i e s with hierarchical, centralized political s y s t e m s incorporate the w e s t e r n type of civil s e r v i c e structure with l e s s strain and instability than do s o c i e t i e s with other types of political systems is not acceptable. The lack of centralization in an indigenous political s t r u c ture seems to be l e s s of an impediment to the introduction of modern bureaucracy than the lack of achieved s t a t u s i d e a s and an open form of s o c i a l mobility.

234.

BEERS, Howard W. and ENSMINGER, Douglas, "The Development Block as a Social System, " 5 IJPA (April-June 1959) 135-52. An examination of the community development block as part of Indian s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l organization. The block, with the c i r c l e s of villages in i t , is a new organization, completely set up by government, not yet completely formed a s a s o c i a l s y s t e m , but well on the way toward development. The s a n c t i o n s in the new system are not strong enough to a c c e l e r a t e change to the speed that planners and leaders d e s i r e . But when the block "arrives" as a fully developed system it will no doubt be seen a l s o a s a new and b a s i c unit of local government.

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235.

BENNETT, John W. and ISHINO, Iwao, "Futomi: A C a s e Study of the Socio-Economic Adjustments of a Marginal Community in J a p a n , " 20 RS (March 1955) 41-50. A study of socio-economic adjustments in a rural Japanese village. Certain demographic and economic r e a l i t i e s r e strict the Japanese villages from taking advantage of t e c h nological advances regarded as natural in rural communities of the W e s t . Within the limitations of e x c e s s population and s c a r c e natural r e s o u r c e s , Japanese v i l l a g e s display a c o n s i d e r a b l e ability to a d j u s t to changing economic and ecological conditions.

236.

BUNDGAARD, Leslie R. , "Philippine Local Government," 19 ]P_ (May 1957) 262-83. A tracing of the development of Philippine local government from its beginning. Americans helped to develop local government in order to prepare the Philippines for s e l f government and independence. There are great problems in developing a s t a b l e , democratic government in an a t mosphere of tight control over local government. At the time of independence Philippine l o c a l government was neither sound, a c t i v e , nor particularly democratic.

237.

BURRIDGE, Kenelan O. L. , "Rural Administration in Jahore, " 9 I M Ganuary 1957) 29-36. A d i s c u s s i o n of the problem of rural local government administration in Malaya based on field work conducted under the a u s p i c e s of the University of Malaya. The local c h i e f s together with the local councils are under the control of the central administration and are s u b s e r v i ent to it. The modem professional administrators recruited by the s t a t e to work on the local level represent a b a l a n c ing element against the centrally directed local administration b e c a u s e they are partly responsible to party i n t e r e s t s and to an electorate.

238.

"Community Development and Local Government, " 4 PTPA Ganuary 1960) 19-31. A chapter from a U. N. study entitled Public Administration Aspects of Community Development Programmes. Efforts to

76 f o s t e r community d e v e l o p m e n t and to improve l o c a l g o v ernment c a n complement one a n o t h e r in v a r i o u s w a y s . E v i d e n c e from a number of c o u n t r i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t g e n e r a l p u r p o s e c o m m i t t e e s may b e u t i l i z e d s u c c e s s f u l l y a s i n s t r u ments of community d e v e l o p m e n t at l e v e l s w h e r e s t a t u t o r y l o c a l b o d i e s do not e x i s t or a s a m e a n s of e f f e c t i n g b a s i c c h a n g e s in l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t , but t h e y are l i k e l y t o fail if t h e y e x i s t a l o n g s i d e s t a t u t o r y b o d i e s and t h e r e i s no p r e c o n c e i v e d p l a n to r e l a t e them in a m e a n i n g f u l w a y to local government. 239.

CORY, H. , "Reform of Tribal P o l i t i c a l I n s t i t u t i o n s in Tangany i k a , " 12 JAA (April 1960) 7 7 - 8 4 . A look a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t r i b a l i n s t i t u t i o n s and e c o n o m i c and e d u c a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t . Reform of i n d i g e n o u s tribal i n s t i t u t i o n s is n e c e s s a r y t o a c c o r d w i t h n e e d s of l o c a l government and to c o o r d i n a t e e c o n o m i c and e d u c a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l p r o g r e s s of t h e community. M a j o r problems i n c l u d e t h e s u s p i c i o u s nature of t h e African mind a s w e l l a s the f r a g m e n t a t i o n into tribal u n i t s . The s y s t e m of l o c a l government h a s to be a d a p t e d t o t h e v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s p r e s e n t in d i f f e r e n t tribal u n i t s . It i s of g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e to e m p h a s i z e that l o c a l g o v e r n ment i n s t i t u t i o n s s h o u l d never become a part of p o l i t i c a l strife.

240.

DOTSON, Arch, " D e m o c r a t i c D e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n in Local S e l f G o v e r n m e n t , " 4 ITPA (January-March 1958) 3 8 - 5 0 . A c r i t i c a l commentary on t h e a p p r o a c h and p r o p o s a l s of the Balvantary M e h t a Study Team on community d e v e l o p m e n t and n a t i o n a l e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e . Although t h e M e h t a Report is a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n , it d o e s not a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n it had b e e n a s k e d to a n s w e r , n a m e l y , why is d e m o c r a t i c vigor l a c k i n g ? The p r o p o s a l s made do not provide for d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n and are in f a c t an a s p e c t of d e l e g a t i o n of power.

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241.

DUBBASHI, P. R. , "Further Thoughts on Coordination," 3 IJPA (January-March 1957) 16-21. A brief a n a l y s i s of the problem of isolated s p e c i a l i z a t i o n building on the experience of the national extension s e r vice which is responsible for rural construction. The problem must be met by coordination at every stage: in a s s e s s i n g resources and n e e d s , in laying down priorities, and in satisfying the priority needs. Coordination is achieved more e a s i l y within a flexible overall plan.

242.

FALL, Bernard B. , "Local Administration under the Viet M i n h , " 27 PA (March 1954) 50-57. A description of the changes introduced into the local government system of North and Central Vietnam when controlled by the Government of Ho Chi-minh in 1945. The traditional local administration was replaced by another, very much analagous to that of Communist Russia. The system has some of the a s p e c t s of rule by committees and "democratic centralism" which enable the government to have tight control of the country.

243.

FINKELSTEIN, Lawrence S. , "The Indonesian Federal Problem," 24 PA (September 1951) 284-95. A description and a n a l y s i s of the problem of c e n t r a l - l o c a l relationships in Indonesia. Both the structure of the f e d eral system reflecting the diversity of Indonesia's cultures and her lack of preparation for democratic self-government are formidable o b s t a c l e s to the emergence of a functioning democracy.

244.

FIRMALINO, Tito C. , "Political Activities of Barrio Citizens in Iloilo as They Affect Community Development, " 4 PTPA (April 1960) 151-59. A study of the political activities and attitudes of Philippine barrio c i t i z e n s . An attitude of dependence upon government support is widespread. Inadequate information about the a c t i v i t i e s of government o f f i c i a l s militates against the barrio c i t i z e n s ' assuming their political role in the community. The

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p r e s e n c e of the community development worker in the barrio greatly stimulates the barrio council in development activity. 245.

GOSWAMI, U. L. , "The Structure of Development Administration, " 1 I TP A (April-June 1955) 110-18. A survey of the administrative problems in the early s t a g e s of the Community Development Program. These include the tendency towards establishing independent o f f i c e s , the difficulty of inspection and supervision of field work, slowdown in carrying out the program b e c a u s e of lack of delegation to lower officers and e x c e s s i v e centralization. Subsequent changes intended to solve t h e s e problems were coordination at s t a t e headquarters and delegation of authority to the Collector and Subdivisional Officer but not beyond this level b e c a u s e any further addition to the Tahsildar or Circle Officer would mean a heavier work load and p o s s i b l e retardation of their extending governmental s e r v i c e s .

246.

GURNER, Sir Walter, "Town Planning in I n d i a , " 43 AR (July 1947) 209-14. A d i s c u s s i o n of the l a s t fifty years of town planning in India and a comparison of s e l e c t e d features with the experience in Great Britain. There is an increased use of experts in dealing with urban problems, but difficulties are involved in the recruitment of competent personnel.

247.

HAILEY, Lord, "Local Government Institutions in India and A f r i c a , " 4 JAA (January 1952) 2-6. A d i s c u s s i o n of the local government institutions in India and Africa with particular emphasis on the panchayat system. The British did not make u s e of the local units of government in India as they did in Africa b e c a u s e in India there existed a s t a t e or s t a t e s which were reasonably w e l l - s t r u c tured and well-organized. Even before British rule, the panchayat system had c e a s e d to be operative and was little more than a committee of village elders. The revival of interest in the panchayats in India today is more the result of Indian nationalism than an indication of the true value of t h e s e local units of government.

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248.

HAWKINS, Everett D. , "Prospects for Economic Development in I n d o n e s i a , " 8 WP (October 1955) 91-111. An examination of the prospects for economic development in Indonesia. One of the political problems hampering development is extreme centralization of government decision-making. Greater authority at the local level might result in considerable economic development.

249.

HAYDEN, Lyle J. , "Living Standards in Rural Iran, " 3 MET (April 1949) 140-50. A c a s e study of a typical village in Iran: its living s t a n dards; system of ownership and production; water supply and u s a g e ; health conditions; civic organizations; and the economic and health improvements introduced by the help of the Near East Foundation. Economic improvements will not l a s t u n l e s s they are coupled with an educational program and the recruitment of personnel willing to serve development projects that aim at raising the standard of living in rural Iran.

250.

HAZARD, John N. , "Governmental Developments in the U. S. S. R. Since S t a l i n , " 303 AASS (January 1956) 11-22. A look at changes within Soviet administration following the death of Stalin. The first reorganization after Stalin's death l e s s e n e d centralization. However, this type of d e c e n t r a l i z a tion did not give more opportunity for the general public to influence public a f f a i r s .

2 51.

HONIGMANN, John J. , "Relocation of a Punjab Pakistan Community, " 8 MET (Autumn 1954) 429-44. A description of the settlement of a new village in the Pakistan Thai Project, a redevelopment scheme. The new s e t t l e r s , refugees from India, appear to have made a s u c c e s s f u l adjustment to their new c i r c u m s t a n c e s , and this is attributed to four f a c t o r s : (1) the degree of cultural continuity between the old and new milieu; (2) the maintenance of group integrity; (3) the unifying power of an ideological system - Islam; (4) e f f e c t i v e government planning.

80 252.

JOHNSON, John L. , "The Latin American Municipality Deteriorates, " 5 IAEA (Summer 1951) 2 4 - 3 5 . A description of the current condition of municipalities in Latin America, the increasing powers of the central government and the new tendencies and struggle for free and autonomous local governments. For local governments to survive in Latin America, municipalities must increase their efforts to recruit and train able men and women to carry out important functions. The citizens and their representatives must be determined to defend these democratic institutions.

253.

KHAMA, Tshekedi, "The Principles of African Tribal Administration, " 27 IA (October 1951) 4 5 1 - 5 6 . A brief survey of the administrative structure of an African tribe and the colonial system of dual administration. The recruitment and training of colonial administrators usually is not properly done, and they lack an adequate knowledge of native affairs and of the position of the chief. Cooperation between the colonial administration and the chiefs is essential.

254.

LEWIS, A. B. , "Local Self-Government: A Key to National Economic Advancement and Political Stability, " 2 PJPA (January 1958) 5 4 - 5 7 . Reflections on the importance of local self-government in economic development. Economic development depends mainly on schools and roads. Local self-government in the underdeveloped countries can be a helpful step toward providing better schools and roads.

255.

LEWIS, William H. , "Rural Administration in M o r o c c o , " 14 MET (Winter 1960) 4 5 - 6 0 . A survey of administrative aims and problems in Morocco. The Morocco government has established the following goals: (1) integration of all former protectorate zones into one nation; (2) liquidation of obstacles to national integration by reorganization of administrative boundaries, a

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program of detribalization and the standardization of educational and judicial systems; (3) stabilization of rural populations through development programs; and (4) introduction of representative institutions capable of a s s e s s i n g rural opinions. These policies are being implemented within the administrative framework left by the French, and the major problem is the shortage of high caliber rural administrators. 256.

LUARD, D. E. T. , "The Urban Communes," Ç Q (JulySeptember 1960) 74-79. A survey of the development of the Chinese Communes. The early development of the communes was linked with decentralization of industrial and administrative machinery. Rural communes were usually made coterminous with existing governmental units and took over many of their functions, but the administration of urban communes often cut a c r o s s existing administrative divisions. It would seem that the basic object of the communes is to ensure the most intensive use of China's plentiful manpower by engaging it in economic activities requiring little in the way of capital funds or equipment.

257.

LUTZ, Edward A. , "The Public Service State and Local SelfRule, " 3 PIPA (January 1959) 75-85. An a n a l y s i s of the problems attending the administration of a public service s t a t e in the Philippines. The national government not only plays a major role in broad policy decisions; it has a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d a large national bureaucracy with too little inclination to delegate to others, including local communities, some of the v a s t responsibilities of carrying out these policies. Thoughtful delegation of governmental responsibilities to local communities appears to be one important means of l e s s e n i n g problems of public administration and of providing a n e c e s s a r y linkage between national policies and the people a f f e c t e d by t h e s e policies.

82

2 58.

MADDICK, R. , "Some Effects of Technical Innovations on the Relationship Between Central and Local Authorities, " 12 ISST (1960) 385-93. A d i s c u s s i o n of the relationship of the level of economic development to the relationship between central and local government. The s t a t e of communications and transportation is a basic influence upon the relative balance between center and locality. On b a l a n c e , e a s e of communication means that increased supervision of local authorities is is made p o s s i b l e . Most developing countries face a very s e v e r e shortage of skilled manpower in professions connected with local or central administration, and their s c a r c e manpower is husbanded by concentrating it at the c a p i t a l s . In the final a n a l y s i s , however, the e f f e c t s of t h e s e and other factors on inter-governmental relations depend upon how they are used by the administration and politicians concerned.

259.

MASEFIELD, G. B. , "A Comparison Between Settlement in Villages and Isolated H o m e s t e a d s , " 7 JAA (April 1955) 64-68. An examination of the social and agricultural effects which are observable when rural populations are settled in villages or isolated homesteads. Village resettlement in Africa pres e n t s many difficulties, not the l e a s t of which is trying to get people to change their way of life.

260.

MATTISON, Beatrice McCown, "Rural Social Centers in Egypt, " 5 MET (Autumn 1951) 461-80. A description of the program of Rural Social Centers in Egypt. Throughout Egypt in various small villages t h e s e centers may have been set up by the government to educate the fellah in improved agricultural and sanitary practices as well as other improvements in living conditions. The program is concerned not only with the alleviation of present needs but preparation for the future, e s p e c i a l l y through education. Mention is made of larger problems which the Centers may serve to enhance, e s p e c i a l l y population i n c r e a s e .

83 26.1.

MAYER, Adrian C. , "An Indian Community Development Block Revisited," 30 PA (March 1957) 35-46. A r e - s u r v e y of a development block indicating the change in the values and attitudes of the villagers toward the program, the rate of economic progress and the implications thereof. The idea of development in its technical form is widely accepted in Indian v i l l a g e s , but in its social form much l e s s so. The trends toward further elected leadership at the central council levels together with the increasing t i e s between village activities and outside forces (e. g. factions and political parties) have wide implications that affect the community projects.

262.

MUKERJI, B. , "Administrative Coordination in Community Development," 4 ITPA (January-March 1958) 19-30. A review of the complex problems of administrative coordination in the community development program in India. Community development involves coordination of the policies of all a g e n c i e s concerned. Effective coordination of the program requires: (a) structural and procedural changes within central and s t a t e administration; (b) structural and procedural changes between the administration and the local authorities; (c) promotion of technical knowledge and training; and (d) decentralized, continuous local governments.

263.

NARAIN, Barkat, "Health Programme in the Community Project A r e a s , " 1 IJPA (April-June 1955) 104-09. A review of the program for the development of health services in the community project a r e a s , its purpose and the rate of progress. Quick implementation of the program demands full coordination between the development department and other technical agencies at the s t a t e , district and block level.

264.

NARAIN, Iqbal, "A Fundamental Approach to the Administration of the Rural Community Development Program," 5 ITPA (AprilJune 1959) 153-62 and (July-September 1959) 274-92. A review of the nature and objectives of the rural community development program in India. The concept of rural community

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development postulates: (1) developing a sizeable section of people who are basically homogeneous, with common interests, similar modes of life and outlook and with mutual loyalties; (2) that the development aimed at is multi-purpose; (3) that the multi-purpose approach makes the task of development gigantic, hence slow; (4) that the complete process has to be cooperative, more and growingly non-official than official. 2 65.

NATH, V. , "Evaluation of Development Programmes, " 2 IJPA (October-December 1956) 3 3 9 - 4 8 . An assessment of the role of the Programme Evaluation Organization. It studies the effectiveness of the operations of the community projects and national extension services and their impact on the socio-economic life of the people. The working of this evaluation agency has been very useful for appraising progress achieved and for planning of future actions in the area of development.

266.

NAYAK, P. R. , "Improving City Government, " 4 IJPA (JanuaryMarch 1958) 3 1 - 3 7 . A review of the problems of cities in India. The common problems are congestion, ill-planned or unplanned physical sprawl, services short of requirements, promiscuous growth of industry, and a steady influx of population. To correct these deficiencies a unification and strengthening of the city government is needed.

267.

O'KELLY, Elizabeth, "Administrative Problems in Community Development in the Southern Cameroons," 12 JAA (January 19 60) 29-33. A c a s e study of problems met in community development. A major problem is the inevitable overlapping with the work of other departments. Short tours of government officials and the lack of a uniform policy amongst the different native authorities also create difficulty. Since the e s s e n c e of community development is flexibility, the lack of this in government accounting systems is another problem.

85

268.

POWER, M. G. , "English Local Government in Taita District, Kenya," 6 JAA (January 1954) 2 8 - 3 8 . A look at the transferability of English institutions to tropical Africa, with special attention to English systems of local government. Africa's many tribes of different b e l i e f s , customs and traditions make generalizations impossible. One of the chief dangers is to look too closely at contemporary England for a guide to problemsolving. Many outdated policies in England have s i g nificance for Africa today.

269.

RAM, V. S. and ANDICKYA, S h i v L a l , "Village-Panchayats in the United P r o v i n c e s , " 7 ITPS (April-June 1946) 5 2 8 - 3 4 . An examination of the significant role played by the village panchayats in the course of Indian history. The high civilization attained was not so much due to the personal abilities of the ruling chiefs but to the corporate structure of the entire society. Through the revival of village panchayats it would again be possible for India to stand united and linked from the single individual in the village to the highest chief of the state.

270.

RAMAMURTY, S. V. , "Integrated Rural Development," 4 ITPA (July-September 1958) 2 7 5 - 8 0 . A brief discussion of the importance of the Indian village in the community development programs. Mass action for self help in the Indian village is vital. To rebuild the villages a philosophy of balance between urban and rural life and a program of concrete action is needed.

271.

RICH, B. M. , "The Development of Self-Government in M a n i l a , " 11 WPQ (September 1958) 5 8 3 - 9 7 . A look at Manila's major problems. High unemployment, the lack of sufficient operating funds, the national tax structure, and the need for improved budgeting and administrative procedures are causes for concern. Despite a management improvement program which has been in operation for many years, nepotism continues to lead to e x c e s s i v e personnel.

86 272.

RIGGS, Fred W. , "Economic Development and Local Administration: A Study in Circular Causation, " 3 PJPA (January 1959) 86-146. A thorough analysis of the relationships between economic development and local administration. The character of local government interacts in a circular fashion with its total environment so as to reinforce dominant tendencies. Thus, local administration is both a cause and a c o n s e quence of environmental economic and social conditions. In an underdeveloped region, poverty, stagnation and lack of initiative contribute to ineffective local administration; reciprocally, bad local administration reinforces the poverty and stagnation of the local community thus completing the vicious circle.

273.

SAMUEL, Edwin, "Government in the Communal Villages of I s r a e l , " 1 IJPA (July-September 1955) 1 8 4 - 9 2 . A description of the communal villages (Kibbutzim) in I s r a e l , their development, organization, purpose and achievements. As unique social and economic organizations, they may be of interest to India because they involve a renunciation of all property by the individual due to idealistic motives and because of their efficacy as tools of development.

274.

SCOTT, Derek J. R. , "The Development of Local Government: Yugoslavia's E x p e r i e n c e , " 6 J M (July 1954) 129-37. An examination of the Yugoslav experience in local government with a view towards an understanding of the transferability of British experience to Africa. Similar problems have arisen in Britain (densely populated, industrialized) and in Yugoslavia (less populated and not industrialized). There is even some similarity in the form of institutions involved. The lesson for Africa, perhaps, is that the most ambitious devices in Yugoslavia have so far been the l e a s t s u c c e s s f u l .

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275.

SHARMA, M. P . , "Recent Experiments in Local Self-Government in I n d i a , " 3 IJPA (April-June 1957) 1 0 4 - 1 1 . An evaluation of the new local government systems as reorganized under the federal form of government. Local government administration is now closer to the people, assumes wider responsibility and uses popular e l e c t i o n s , direct or indirect, for choosing their executive leaders. The experience of India in the area of local government does not indicate that local authorities can perform local services better than the regional state agencies.

276.

SKINNER, G. William, "Peasant Organization in Rural China, " 2 77 AASS (September 1951) 8 9 - 1 0 0 . A discussion of rural organization in Communist China. A peasantry reorganized and rural production firmly e s t a b lished will permit the government to pursue industrialization, military and internal security problems more effectively.

277.

STEINER, H. Arthur, "Chinese Communist Urban Policy, " 44 APSR (March 1950) 4 7 - 6 3 . A description of the Chinese Communist practices and problems of governing and administering policy in urban and metropolitan areas. Although urban policy is inseparably linked to the requirements of Marxism-Leninism, the approach to the problem of urban reform is tentative and experimental and the objectives tend to be limited and specific. Significant departures from the Kuomintang system have been made in the areas of police control, judicial administration, and military government, while local autonomy continues to have no place and much of the Kuomintang public personnel has been maintained.

278.

SURI, P. C. , "Panchayats and District Development Administrat i o n , " 3 IJPA (January-March 1957) 2 9 - 4 1 . A discussion of the significance of the panchayats in the building of adequate community projects. Panchayats must be strengthened as executive units, their functions must be coordinated with work of other regional a g e n c i e s , and they

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must receive the support of district administration. Community programs and the national extension service depend on the village panchayats as b a s i c units in planning and development. 279.

TANNOUS, Afif I. , "The Arab Tribal Community in a Nationalist S t a t e , " 1 MEJ (January 1947) 5 - 1 7 . A discussion of the tribal problems as confronted by Arab countries. "Settling the tribe" can take place only gradually through a well-conceived national plan which takes into account s i x essential principles. These principles are concerned with understanding the total tribal culture, nonmaterial as well as material, and its relationship to Arab culture as a whole.

280.

UGANDA SECRETARIAT, "Community Development in Uganda, " 5 JAA (April 1953) 5 0 - 6 1 . A description of the structure and function of the community development staff in Uganda. The principle purpose of community development is to secure the support and active participation of the people in programs for their social and economic development. Community development will not succeed unless African leaders are trained to help direct the program in each area and to secure the cooperation and active participation of the people.

281.

VILLANUEVA, Buenaventura M. , "The Community Development Program of the Philippine Government, " 1 PJPA (April 1957) 144-53. A survey of the community development program of the Philippine government. The ends of the community development program are: (1) the coordination of activities in community development; (2) the increasing of available resources; (3) the fostering of attitudes of s e l f - h e l p ; and (4) the inculcating of civic consciousness in the people. The attainment of these ends is sought by three avenues: (1) the training of community development workers; (2) the strengthening of services; and (3) the development of local

89 leadership. In general, the program seems promising, but the recruitment and training of community development workers should be reexamined. 282.

WALLIS, C. A. G. , "Reorganization of Local Government in G h a n a , " 11JAA (January 1959) 2 2 - 2 6 . A discussion of some principles for the reorganization of local government in Ghana. Practices such as the tier structure, percentage grants and grants based on measured factors may be discarded because they are more suitable to a highly developed and complicated system of administration than to newly emerging systems. What is needed is a simple and intelligible system that defines the scope of the central and local government and emphasizes training.

283.

WARD, Robert E. , "The Socio-Political Role of the Buraku (Hamlet) in J a p a n , " 45 APSR (December 1951) 1025-40. A sketch of the role of the buraku in Japanese society and politics. The buraku is a social unit of organization which is more important than any of the more formal units of organization, in the lives of a large proportion of the Japanese. Despite being declared illegal at SCAP's behest, the internal organization, functions, external relations, and political importance of the buraku remained unchanged. It remains a powerful conservative force in Japanese society.

284.

WICKWAR, W. Hardy, "Local Administrative Areas and Local Government Units in the Middle E a s t , " 24 IRAS (February 1958) 148-51. An examination of administrative subdivisions in the Middle East. A hierarchy of administrative subdivisions in the Middle East still provides a frame for the centralization of administration. All governments have administrative subdivisions. In advanced systems the hierarchy decentralizes; in l e s s advanced s o c i e t i e s the hierarchy centralizes.

90

285.

WICKWAR, W. Hardy, "Patterns and Problems of Local Administration in the Middle E a s t , " 12 MET (Summer 1958) 2 4 9 - 6 0 . A comparative analysis of the Western European systems of local administration adopted in the Middle East and their transformation in that rural environment. The beginnings of decentralization are becoming apparent in spite of the hesitancy to decentralize and the present emphasis on police functions.

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE 286.

AHMED, Latheef N. , "The United Nations Technical Assistance Board (TAB)," 2 PJPA ftanuary 1958) 20-30. A survey of the role of the U. N. 's Technical A s s i s t a n c e Board (TAB). Technical a s s i s t a n c e is provided in three w a y s , in this order of importance: (1) v i s i t s of experts to countries for advising and training local governments; (2) v i s i t s of fellows from t h e s e countries to other countries for training; and (3) a limited exchange of equipment and s u p p l i e s . TAB c o n s i s t s of the executive heads of all s p e c i a l i z e d a g e n c i e s engaging in the technical a s s i s t a n c e programs and an executive chairman. TAB has two b a s i c functions, which can be summarized as program and budgetary coordination. To complete organizational and administrative efficiency a more r e a l i s t i c approach to TAB's relationship to the U.N. 's Administrative Committee on Coordination is needed.

287.

AMUZEGAR, Jahangir, "Foreign Technical A s s i s t a n c e : Sense and N o n s e n s e , " 26 SR (Autumn 1959) 253-71. A d i s c u s s i o n of the proper u s e s of technical a s s i s t a n c e funds. It often makes more s e n s e in terms of the best allocation of s c a r c e resources to provide the l e s s developed areas with c a s h grants rather than with American t e c h n i c i a n s . Americans are the most expensive t e c h n i c i a n s in the world, and their productivity happens to be highest at home. Grants in kind happen not to be an efficient way of giving foreign a s s i s t a n c e for the simple reason that such grants disturb and limit the economic alternatives facing the recipient nations.

288.

ASCHER, Charles S. , "Current Problems in the World Health Organization's Program," 6 IO_(Winter 1952) 27-50. A review of the origins of WHO'S program along with a general examination of the problems met in administering it. From the standpoint of health administrators and medical s c i e n t i s t s the greatest complaint is the interference of local politicians in the WHO program for world health. So long a s membership is open to n a t i o n - s t a t e s only, the work plan will be influenced by questions of international political

92

i n t e r e s t . The c e n t r a l i z a t i o n or d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g c o n t i n u e s to b e a problem f a c i n g W H O ' s administrators. 289.

ASHER, Robert E. , "Economic C o o p e r a t i o n Under U. N. A u s p i c e s , " 12 IO (Summer 1958) 2 8 8 - 3 0 2 . A review of t h e s t a t e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l economic c o o p e r a t i o n over t h e l a s t f i f t e e n y e a r s , t h e t r e n d s w i t h i n and o u t s i d e the United N a t i o n s , and a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s of the United N a t i o n s s y s t e m in t h i s a r e a . The U n i t e d S t a t e s must s u p port m u l t i l a t e r a l a c t i v i t i e s rather than the b i l a t e r a l program it h a s e n g a g e d in up til now.

290.

AYTONA, Dominador R. , "The Values of Public Administration T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e , " 2 PJPA (January 1958) 3 2 - 3 7 . An e v a l u a t i o n of p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e from the s t a n d p o i n t of the P h i l i p p i n e r e c e i v e r s . The f u n d a mental problem of t h e u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s i s how to a c c u m u l a t e t r e m e n d o u s amounts of c a p i t a l to a c c e l e r a t e e c o n o m i c and s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t . G i v e n t h e limited r e s o u r c e s of t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , public a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i s of i n c a l c u l a b l e v a l u e in making p o s s i b l e e f f i c i e n c y and economy in government o p e r a t i o n s .

291.

BARNETT, Vincent M. , "Changing Problems of United S t a t e s R e p r e s e n t a t i o n Abroad, " 17 PAR (Winter 1957) 2 0 - 3 0 . A d i s c u s s i o n of w h e t h e r the machinery and f u n c t i o n i n g of our o v e r s e a s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n are a d e q u a t e to t h e newer and h e a v i e r t a s k s involved in American foreign policy e x e c u t i o n . The o r g a n i z a t i o n , s t a f f i n g and a d m i n i s t e r i n g of our v a s t o v e r s e a s f u n c t i o n h a v e not a d e q u a t e l y r e f l e c t e d e i t h e r the long r a n g e nature of t h e problem or t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e i r e f f e c t i v e handling. T e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e programs and informational and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s can no longer b e t r e a t e d a s emerging o p e r a t i o n s , but must be a d m i n i s t e r e d by a s k i l l e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f , r e c r u i t e d on a c a r e e r b a s i s , and e f f e c t i v e l y c o o r d i n a t e d in the p u r s u i t of United S t a t e s policy objectives.

93 292.

BASU, R. K. , "Public Administration Under U. N. T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e Programme," 4 ITPA ( O c t o b e r - D e c e m b e r 1958) 4 2 0 - 3 4 . A review of t h e p r e s e n t e f f o r t s of the U. N. to aid in t h e improvement of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r a c t i c e s in d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s by e s t a b l i s h i n g n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e s of p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Member g o v e r n m e n t s work out r e q u e s t s for t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e in t h e f i e l d of p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i t h o u t knowing how to r e l a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e training and improvement to t h e i r o v e r a l l government p r o b l e m s . An a p p r o a c h i s n e e d e d t h a t i n s u r e s that c o u n t r i e s p l a n n i n g programs involving t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e s e e k t h e a d v i c e and g u i d a n c e of t h e U. N. on t h i s matter.

293.

BECKETT, Paul L. , " 'Ad Astra Per A s p e r a ' : M e d i t a t i o n s on t h e Ecology of T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , " 1 1 WPQ (September 1958) 4 3 7 - 5 3 . An e x a m i n a t i o n of internal and e x t e r n a l problems of t e c h nical a s s i s t a n c e . Domestic partisan politics play a major, but not t h e only r o l e . O v e r - c e n t r a l i z a t i o n in W a s h i n g t o n is a l s o at f a u l t . Communication is d i f f i c u l t both i n t e r n a l l y and e x t e r n a l l y . N a t i o n a l i s t pride is a l s o a problem w h i c h must be f a c e d .

294.

BLELLOCH, D a v i d , " T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e : Programmes and P o l i c i e s , " 28 IA (January 1952) 4 9 - 5 8 . A s u r v e y of t h e problems and p r o s p e c t s of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e to u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . The u l t i m a t e s u c c e s s of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e w i l l d e p e n d upon t h e s c o p e and q u a l i t y of preliminary r e s e a r c h in e a c h c a s e ; on the a b i l i t y of i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r t s ; on the s e c u r i n g of the n e c e s s a r y minimum of p o l i t i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a b i l i t y in t h e u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s ; and on the s u p p l e m e n t i n g of t e c h n i c a l aid w i t h economic a s s i s t a n c e .

295.

BLELLOCH, D a v i d , "Bold New Programme: A Review of United N a t i o n s T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e , " 33 LA (January 1957) 3 6 - 5 0 . An e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of the Expanded Program of T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e of the United S t a t e s and S p e c i l i z e d A g e n c i e s . Every c o u n t r y ' s program of t e c h n i c a l

94

a s s i s t a n c e must be e s p e c i a l l y designed to suit the culture in question. The major problem facing a program such as EPTA is not that of teaching modern skills; it is that of adapting its methods and procedures to the various needs of s p e c i f i c s o c i e t i e s . 296.

BOTTING, David C h a r l e s , "New Concepts in Economic A s s i s t ance for Underdeveloped C o u n t r i e s , " 14 WPQ (June 1961) 496-516. A review of the importance of multilateral agencies in attacking economic problems in underdeveloped a r e a s . In s t a t e s where nationalism is a powerful force, multilateral agencies do not carry the stigma of imperialism. Agencies like the World Bank and IMF serve the c a u s e of economic development and increased international cooperation.

297.

BUSH, Henry C. , "Transplanting Administrative Techniques, " 2 IDR (October 1960) 10-16. An examination of the problems of transferring American techniques of public administration to underdeveloped countries. Since 1956 public o f f i c i a l s from Indonesia have been engaged in a training program in the United States. From the reports of t h e s e t r a i n e e s , it would seem that t h o s e techniques which best transfer are subfields of organization and management, such as records, s y s t e m s , and i n t e r - o f f i c e coordination.

298.

CALDWELL, Lynton K. , "Technical A s s i s t a n c e and Administrative Reform in Columbia," 47 APSR (June 1953) 494-510. A d i s c u s s i o n of the e f f e c t s of technical a s s i s t a n c e upon public administrative s y s t e m s , using Columbia a s a c a s e study. Technical a s s i s t a n c e is not in itself administrative reform but rather is an outside stimulus for c o n s t r u c tive tendencies in the immediate environment. In a country with an unstable political environment it is questionable whether the proper role of technical a s s i s t a n c e is the launching of a headlong attack on political conditions. I n s t e a d , technical a s s i s t a n c e requires breadth in time a s well as depth in detailed knowledge of the environment.

95

299.

CALDWELL, Lynton K. , "The Role of the Technical Expert," 323 AASS (May 1959) 91-99. A review of the role of the technical expert as it is shaped by four principal elements: the technical cooperation agency; the expert himself; the host government; and the requirements of the t a s k to be fulfilled. There is a great variety of technical cooperation objectives and t a s k s , and clarification of the expert's role r e s t s primarily with the technical cooperation agency.

300.

CARLSON, Eric, "Public Relations in International Technical A s s i s t a n c e , " 16 PAR (Autumn 1956) 272-80. A rejoinder to Albert Lepawsky's comments in "Technical A s s i s t a n c e : Challenge to Public Administration, " in which he s t a t e s that public relations courses are one example of courses that are of dubious value in international public administration training programs. Mr. Lepawsky's p o s i tion is in error; training and research in public relations as a tool for effective democratic government are very significant in building public administration in developing countries.

301.

DEY, Sushil K. , "The Role of Foreign Aid in Development, " 30 PQ (July-September 1959) 283-92. A d i s c u s s i o n of the goals that external aid should seek to achieve in underdeveloped countries. The goal of development should be not only a r i s e in the level of living but an i n c r e a s e in health, education and personal freedom. Balanced development has both economic and sociological arguments in support of it. Development of an area cannot be s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g unless the attitudes of the people change.

302.

EGGER, Rowland, "Financing Technical Cooperation," 323 AASS (May 1959) 80-90. A criticism of bilateral and multilateral programs of technical cooperation. Both the short-term nature of their authorization and underwriting, and the organizational and administrative separation of technical and economic cooperation create d i f f i c u l t i e s .

96

303.

FERRIS, John P. , "Some Lessons of the U. S. - India Foreign Aid Program," 15 PAR (Spring 1955) 89-95. An examination of problems encountered by the foreign aid program in India. Problems in planning include large need with insufficient capital. America must make a decision as to whether s h e should spread herself over a large number of sound p r o j e c t s , or should concentrate on a few major p r o j e c t s . Executive problems were related to the difficulty in recruiting s p e c i a l i s t s in the United States for work in India, lack of sufficient w e l l - t r a i n e d Indian personnel, different experiences of United States and Indian administrators, hurt feelings due to poor reporting by some members of the American p r e s s .

304.

FRANCK, Dorothea Seelye, "The Interchange of Government E x p e r t s , " 4 MET (October 1950) 410-26. An analysis of United States laws and programs relating to the interchange of government experts and of training Middle Eastern n a t i o n a l s , and the prerequisites for s u c c e s s in such programs. In determining requests for aid "pre-technical a s s i s t a n c e " is needed; American advisors must be free to express their convictions to the proper host government o f f i c i a l s ; Middle Eastern government stability is e s s e n t i a l ; technical a s s i s t a n c e needs to relate to the felt needs and priorities of the host governments; "follow-up" of technical advice from time to time must be undertaken.

305.

GANT, George F. , "The Ford Foundation Program in P a k i s t a n , " 32 3 AASS (May 1959) 150-59. An examination of the Ford Foundation program in Pakistan, including the procedures followed and the areas of a s s i s t ance. Grants are made for projects which are within P a k i s t a n ' s five year plans and the i n t e r e s t s of the foundation, and represent gaps in other foreign a s s i s t a n c e programs. Most of the a s s i s t a n c e is rendered through contracts with American u n i v e r s i t i e s , and emphasizes the development of institutions and additions to trained personnel.

97

306.

GELCHRIST, Huntington, "Technical Assistance from the United Nations, " 13 IO (Autumn 1959) 5 0 5 - 1 9 . A look at United Nations technical a s s i s t a n c e through the eyes of a recipient nation, in this c a s e Pakistan. An underlying emotional feeling of resentment toward former days of colonial control still manifests i t s e l f . Because of latent emotionalism regarding ways foreign aid is given, multilateral aid is superior to bilateral aid in many c a s e s .

307.

GLICK, Philip M. , "The Choice of Instruments for Technical Cooperation," 32 3 AASS (May 1959) 5 9 - 6 7 . A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of eleven instruments of technical and economic a s s i s t a n c e into four principal functions. Of these functions, joint operation must form the backbone. To be effective, technical a s s i s t a n c e must go beyond advice and demonstration.

308.

GOLDSCHMIDT, Arthur, "Program Planning and Development, " 323 AASS (May 1959) 5 0 - 5 8 . An examination of program planning and development in the United Nations Expanded Technical Assistance Program. Such planning does and must take place at the level of the recipient country. The country must relate its needs with the resources available to i t , both internally and through bilateral and multilateral technical a s s i s t a n c e . The United Nations program can increasingly serve as a point of c o ordination for all programs of technical a s s i s t a n c e .

309.

GORDON, Lincoln, "The Organization for European Economic Cooperation," 10 IO (Winter 1956) 1 - 1 1 . An examination of OEEC and some comparisons between it and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. In both form and practice OEEC is an instrument of intergovernmental practice rather than a supra-national organization. Lessons learned in the operations of the organization would include: (1) n e c e s s i t y for a real purpose rather than a simple desire for cooperation; (2) n e c e s s i t y for institutional resiliance; (3) a realistic rather than a

98

l e g a l i s t i c approach; and (4) a deliberate and conscious effort to maintain links between the organization and its member governments on a two-way b a s i s . 310.

I VERS ON, Kenneth R. , "The 'Servicio' in Theory and P r a c t i c e , " 11 PAR (Autumn 1951) 2 2 3 - 2 8 . A look at,the meaning, origin, working, and results of the Servicio. The Servicio is a device through which the Institute of Inter-American Affairs works with the other American Republics in the execution of technical a s s i s t ance or basic economic development programs. The major areas presently served by these institutions are: (a) health and sanitation; (b) education; and (c) food supply.

311.

JONES, Ronald W. , "Personnel Management for Technical Cooperation," 323 AASS (May 1959) 100-10. A review of the major problems of personnel management for international technical cooperation. The approaches used by the International Cooperation Administration are illustrative, and may have applicability to other organizations engaged in technical cooperation.

312.

KEENLEYSIDE, H. L. , "Administrative Problems of the Technical Assistance Administration," 18 CJPS (August 1952) 3 4 5 - 5 7 . A discussion of the organizational problems of the TAA. These problems are of two types: (1) administrative weakn e s s e s of indigenous governments caused by inexperience, corruption, backwardness of economy, or cultural structure; and (2) problems facing an agency staffed by people with a variety of national and personal backgrounds.

313.

KEENLEYSIDE, H. L. , "Administrative Problems of the United Nation's Technical Assistance Administration," 33 PA(L) (Autumn 1955) 2 4 1 - 6 7 . A survey of the development of TAA, its duties and organization, problems of executing programmes and reorganization effected in 1952. The problems of the TAA are generally administrative: hierarchy of channels; rigid procedures; committee system; recruitment of competent personnel on

99

the basis of a "wide geographical" distribution; and reporting and communication. Effective administration in this area demands an understanding on the part of the personnel responsible for the execution of the TAA programmes. Variations in background and experience, as well as fear of offending national sensitivities are just a few of the hurdles. 314.

KERWIN, Robert W. , "The Turkish Roads Program, " 4 MEJ (April 1950) 196-208. A discussion of the Turkish-American cooperative highway program, its organization and personnel, its current activity, and the influence of cultural and economic development on its operations. Organizational autonomy of the highway department and adjustment of personnel policies are viewed as necessary to overcome bureaucratic complications and to increase the training and exchange of personnel. This Turkish-American experiment indicates some of the problems that are likely to arise if American assistance is extended to other Middle Eastern countries.

315.

KRIVINE, David, "Private Enterprise in an Underdeveloped Country, " 30 PQ (October-December 1959) 379-88. An examination of what the author calls a blind spot in American thinking concerning foreign aid, that private enterprise is the best thing for all countries at all times. On the other hand, Americans complain that the Israel government fails to undertake a systematic process of economic planning. This produces a loss of prestige for Americans when they insist on the letter of laissez-faire capitalism while rejecting its spirit.

316.

LANDAU, Georges D. , "Considerations of an International Administrative Service," 8 EDCC (October 1959) 48-68. An attempt to clarify some of the controversial issues involved in the proposed establishment of an "international administrative service". On the one hand, host countries are loath to accept foreigners in administrative positions; on the other, there are problems of national loyalty on the part of personnel, as well as the scarcity of such skilled persons. An alternative

100

s u g g e s t i o n is t h e s e t t i n g - u p of a s e m i - a u t o n o m o u s o p e r a t i n g unit w i t h i n an e x e c u t i v e a g e n c y of a h o s t s t a t e , a s has b e e n d o n e in Latin America through t h e I n s t i t u t e of Inter-American Affairs. 317.

LARSEN, W i l l i a m F. , "Public Administration T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e : Planning N o t e s , " 2 5 IRAS (April 1959) 3 1 2 - 1 5 . A brief d i s c u s s i o n of t h e problems e n c o u n t e r e d in t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and how t h e s e problems c a n be met. A b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g must be r e a c h e d b e t w e e n t h e country giving a s s i s t a n c e and t h a t r e c e i v i n g it a s to the g o a l s w h i c h are to be u n d e r t a k e n . Recommendations for a c t i o n s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y b a s e d upon an i n i t i a l s u r v e y . Broad g o a l s s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d t o d e f i n i t e and r e a l i s t i c s t a t e m e n t s of c o n c r e t e action.

318.

LAWSON, G e o r g e W. , " T e c h n i c a l C o o p e r a t i o n for Administrative I m p r o v e m e n t , " 32 3 AASS (May 1959) 111-19. A s k e t c h of t h e public a d m i n i s t r a t i o n program of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n Administration. The individual a d v i s e r or e x p e r t , c o n s u l t i n g c o n t r a c t s , c o n t r a c t s for t h e d e v e l o p ment of l o c a l i n s t i t u t e s , and training in the United S t a t e s a r e among the main a p p r o a c h e s u s e d . Solutions to a d m i n i s t r a t i v e problems s h o u l d b e a d a p t e d to t h e c u l t u r e of the h o s t c o u n t r y , r a t h e r t h a n t r a n s p l a n t e d from a b r o a d .

319.

LEPAWSKY, Albert, " T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e : A C h a l l e n g e to Public A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , " 16 PAR (Winter 1956) 2 2 - 3 2 . A s u r v e y of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e United N a t i o n s and other i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s in t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e in public a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Public a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in most u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s f a c e s two major problems: an h i s t o r i c d i s t r u s t of g o v e r n m e n t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s and an e m p h a s i s on g o v e r n m e n t a l formalism. More v a r i a t i o n and i m a g i n a t i o n a r e n e c e s s a r y in t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e programs in p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y in r e l a t i n g them to s o c i a l and economic d e v e l o p ment.

101

320.

MANDELL, Milton M. , "Working Overseas for the U. S. Government, " 14 PAR (Spring 1954) 125-27. A look at the attitudes and problems of U. S. personnel overseas. United States government employees overseas have problems that affect their morale and hence their efficiency. Inadequate housing, family adjustments , and civilian-military relations are problems that cause difficulties in recruitment and smooth operation.

321.

MARTIN, Roscoe C. , "Technical Assistance: The Problem of Implementation," 12 PAR (Autumn 1952) 2 5 8 - 6 6 . An examination of the problems encountered in implementing a technical a s s i s t a n c e program. Technical a s s i s t a n c e depends measurably for its s u c c e s s on the administrative arrangements made for its execution. In the process of technical a s s i s t a n c e there is urgent need for conjunctive effort among the several social s c i e n c e s , especially between public administration and cultural anthropology.

322.

McAULEY, James, "Paradoxes of Development in the South P a c i f i c , " 27 PA (June 1954) 138-49. A study of the traditional approaches and attitudes of W e s t erners toward developing areas and the s u c c e s s of development programs. Programs of a s s i s t a n c e and welfare indirectly increase the gap between over-stimulated material wants and available means of satisfying these wants. In addition to making Western technology available, the more developed countries should emphasize the principles or set of values that underlie technology.

323.

MILES, Arnold, "The Transfer of Technical Know-How, " 13 PAR (Winter 1953) 5 0 - 5 3 . A review of recent works on international technical a s s i s t ance. The U. S. is not yet able to produce the type and quantity of trained personnel for technical a s s i s t a n c e assignments that we need. We must consider whether to train personnel by exposure to generalities, or to adapt these principles to the specialty of the administrator.

102

324.

MURASE, Kenneth, "Some Considerations for Programs of Social and Technical A s s i s t a n c e , " 29 SSR (September 1955) 241-46. A d i s c u s s i o n of some a s p e c t s of the planning and administration of programs of a s s i s t a n c e . Three areas d i s c u s s e d are: (1) the fallacy of cultural homogeneity; (2) the continuing force of native traditions; and (3) the cultural determinants of administrative behavior. Programs must be individualized to fit the various sub-cultures, native tradition must be accounted for, and culturally determined behavior of the administrators of the programs must be recognized.

325.

NIEBYL, K. H. , "Criteria for the Formulation of an Adequate Approach in Aiding the Development of Underdeveloped A r e a s , " 18 CJPS (August 1952) 365-71. A d i s c u s s i o n of other articles on the subject of aid to underdeveloped a r e a s . Giving support to political dictatorships is futile a s far a s development is concerned. An adequate approach to aid must involve an understanding of the nature and contingencies of the industrial economic structure of the West, the economic and political propensities of the given area, and the p o s s i b l e meeting ground between the two.

326.

NIELSEN, Waldemar A. and HODJERA, Zoran S. , "Sino-Soviet Bloc Technical Assistance—Another Bilateral Approach," 323 AASS (May 1959) 40-49. An analysis of Sino-Soviet bloc technical a s s i s t a n c e , which began in 1953. Steadily expanding, the bloc's technical a s s i s t a n c e is geographically concentrated and is largely on a credit b a s i s . As a whole, the efforts have been reasonably effective. The record in regard to the achievement of Sino-Soviet political objectives, which is the real objective, is mixed to date, but may yet be considerable.

327.

OWEN, A. D. K. , "The Technical A s s i s t a n c e Programme of the United N a t i o n s , " 22 PQ (April-June 1951) 323-34. A d i s c u s s i o n of the role of the expanded program of technical a s s i s t a n c e a s defined by the Economic and Social

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Council of the United Nations in 1949. The difficulties encountered in rendering technical assistance may be overcome by a mobilization of domestic resources, grants and loans, and greater emphasis on international exchange of services. 328.

POLLOCK, S. , "The International Allocation of Resources," 22 CIPS (November 1956) 461-66. An examination of the problems involved in allocating resources for international projects. The most serious problems in this area include planning without a guarantee of continuing financial support, lack of careful planning and direction, and lack of coordination.

329.

REINING, Henry, Jr. , "The Government Contract as an Administrative Device," 323 AASS (May 1959) 68-79. A summary of the university contract device of the International Cooperation Administration. Although it has certain advantages, the university contract device has also presented certain problems for ICA. The universities as a whole have performed well, but there have been failures. On balance, there has been profit for all concerned.

330.

RIVKIN, Arnold, "An Economic Development Proposal for Africa: A New Multilateral Aid Organization," 12 IO (Summer 1958) 303-19. A proposal for a multilateral endeavor to aid Africa in the interests of the African states and the free world. The proposal has as its structural core the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) with its associate members, the United States and Canada and the independent African States. Through this structure,and by bilateral or special multilateral agreements, member states can extend the needed economic and technical assistance to African states.

331.

ROSEMAN, Alvin, "An American Aid Mission Director's View of Technical Cooperation," 32 3 AASS (May 1959) 1-8. A review of the major aspects of American technical cooperation including relationship to economic development, financing

104 types of a s s i s t a n c e , and coordination with other programs. The United States emphasizes mutuality in its technical a s s i s t a n c e programs in contrast to the Soviet bloc emphasis on direct operational "packaged" methods. The American method provides a better b a s i s for emergence of indigenous l e a d e r s h i p , thus developing the problem-solving capacity of the l e s s developed countries. 332.

SHARP, Walter R. , "The Institutional Framework for Technical A s s i s t a n c e : A Comparative Review of U. N. and U. S. Experie n c e , " 7 IO (Summer 1953) 343-79. An evaluation of the United Nations' and United States' technical a s s i s t a n c e program operations in the following major contexts: program-making; c o s t s of program administration; human factors in program operations; and conditions of s u s t a i n e d program impact. The framework of the United Nations is "practicable" and in certain r e s p e c t s more s u i t a b l e for Point Four operation than are the bilateral arrangements of the United States. The programs of the United Nations must be strengthened through the United States' s u s t a i n e d financial support b e c a u s e they promote the interests of the free world community in many w a y s .

333.

SHARP, Walter R. , "The United Nations System in Egypt: A Country Survey of Field Operations, " 10 IO (Winter 1956) 235-60. A survey of the activities of the United Nations' regional a g e n c i e s in coordination; program implementation; and project follow-up. The U . N . operation in Egypt must be encouraged by a willingness on the part of donor governments to pledge continued financial support to the U . N . technical a s s i s t a n c e programs.

334.

SPENCE, Harry L. , Jr. , "A Resident Representative's View of Technical Cooperation, " 323 AASS (May 1959) 9-16. A presentation of the problems confronting a resident representative of the United Nations Technical Assistance Board, including his activities of coordination, program planning, and evaluation, and his relation to the international experts. In trying to relate or coordinate the a c t i v i t i e s of the United

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Nations and its affiliated organizations in regard to the United Nations Technical Assistance Program, the resident representative has broad terms of reference but few s p e c i f i c powers. 335.

STERN, Ernest and THOMAS, M. Ladd, "An Asian-American Development Program," 10 WPQ (June 1957) 2 9 0 - 3 0 0 . A proposal for an Asian-American development program. What is needed is a vigorous new American program of c o operative economic aid. The underdeveloped countries should be responsible for raising and maintaining the necessary labor force. The utilization of the army would partially solve the problem of raising and maintaining this labor force.

336.

STOCKDALE, Frank, "The Work of the Caribbean Commission, " 23 IA (April 1947) 2 1 3 - 2 0 . A sketch of the Anglo-American Commission and its evolution into the Caribbean Commission representing the Caribbean territories, France, Netherlands, the United States and Britain. The commission has special functions in stimulating actions in such fields as agriculture, labor, housing, education, health, industrial development and research.

337.

TICKNER, F. J . , "Technical Assistance in Public Administration," 31 PA(L) (Spring 1953) 6 3 - 6 4 . A brief description of the genesis and operation of the Public Administration Division of the Technical Assistance Administration of the United Nations. Technical a s s i s t a n c e in the principles, procedures and methods of modern administration is given to countries which request it in the same way as technical a s s i s t a n c e in the more material and technical fields. The a s s i s t a n c e provided by the U.N. is for a limited period and in due time the expert advisers withdraw, leaving the mechanism and the organization which has been created as an integral part of the domestic arrangements of the country concerned.

106

338.

WENGERT, Egbert S. , "Can We Train for 'Overseasmanship,' " 18 PAR (Spring 1958) 136-39. A review article on The Art of Overseasmanship, Preparing Americans for Work Abroad in B u s i n e s s , Industry and Government, edited by Harlan Cleveland and Gerald J. Mangone. The book s u g g e s t s that s u c c e s s of Americans overseas is not primarily a function of the technical information a man has acquired but rather of his personal attitudes and his understanding of the institutional environment in which he works. Wengert s u g g e s t s that the overseas worker finds confusion of purpose and uncertainties of policy as much a limitation on effective o v e r s e a s manship as his lack of knowledge or skill or personal adaptability.

339.

WURFEL, David, "Foreign Aid and Social Reform in Political Development: A Philippine C a s e Study," 53 APSR (June 1959) 456-82. A d i s c u s s i o n of the American foreign aid program as a means of achieving social reform in a l e s s developed area. In a large part of the world we may not choose between revolution and the status quo, but only between moderate and immoderate revolutions. The experience of our aid program in the Philippines, where we outwardly attached the strings of social reform to our aid grants, s u g g e s t s the feasibility and desirability of institution-building and political reform a s a concommitant of our economic development efforts.

340.

YOUNGER, Kenneth, "Trained Manpower for New States: The Scope for International Action, " 38 PA(L) (Spring 1960) 17-25. An examination of manpower needs in the developing areas. In the transitional period, many new states rely on a large number of officials of the old colonial service. What is needed and what doesn't exist are native institutions of higher learning. The international organizations are particularly well suited for this task.

INDEX (All numbers refer to items, not pages) Adams, John Clarke, 1 Adams, J. W. L. , 2 Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, 3 Afghanistan, 149; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 197 Africa, 128, 130, 138; administration and the public, 16, 27; agricultural policy, 196, 205, 259; colonial administration, 122, 136, 141; community development, 247, 274, 280; education, general, 146; education and training in public administration, 42, 108; innovation, 178; leadership, 110, 122, 124, 125, 128, 150, 280; public administration planning, 96, 98; rural administration, 259; s o c i o - c u l t u r a l setting, 142, 150, 165, 166; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 330; tribal a d ministration, 232, 233, 247, 253, 268; (see also s p e c i f i c countries) Agarwal, D. P. , 4 Agricultural p o l i c i e s , 32, 41, 148, 170, 182, 185, 186, 189, 195, 196, 199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 225, 227, 229, 230, 259, 336; (see a l s o Economic Factors; s p e c i f i c countries) Ahmed, Latheef N. , 286 Akpan, N. U . , 110 Albuquerque, V. M. , 181 Alton, E. B. S. , 5

Amuzegar, Jahangir, 287 Anderson, Charles W. , 111 Andikya, Shiv Lai, 269 Andrus, J. R. , 182 Anglo-American Commission, 336 Appleby, Paul: c i t e d , 90 Apter, David E. , 112, 142, 232 Apthorpe, Raymond, 233 Arasteh, Reza, 143 Armstrong, Lincoln, 144 Army: a s factor in modernization, 127, 335 Ascher, Charles S. , 288 Asher, Robert E. , 289 Athens: civil service s y s t e m , 114 Australia, 113; civil service system, 100 Ayers, William, 183 Aytona, Dominador R. , 6, 7, 290 Balogh, Thomas, 8 Bansal, L. G. , 184 Bapat, S. B. , 9, 10 Barnes, J. A. , 113 Barnett, Vincent M. , 291 Basu, R. K., 292 Baykov, Alexander, 185 Beckett, Paul L. , 11, 12, 293 Beers, Howard W. , 234 Bekker, Konrad, 186 Belgian Congo (see Congo) Belgium, 48, 136 Bennett, John W. , 145, 235

108

Bent, Frederick, 12 Berger, Morroe, 13; c i t e d , 123, 131 Beyer, William C. , 114 Binns, A. L. , 146 Blanksten, George I. , 115 Blelloch, David, 294, 295 Bonn^, Alfred, 187, 188 Botting, David C h a r l e s , 296 Brahmananda, P. R. , 104, 231 Brazil, 201; civil service s y s t e m , 28 Broadbent, P. B., 116 Brozen, Yale, 147 Bundegaard, Leslie R. , 236 Bureaucracy, 13, 21, 84, 187, 233; (see a l s o Political Factors; s p e c i f i c countries) Burkhead, J e s s e , 14 Burma: agricultural policy, 182; civil s e r v i c e system, 107 Burns, Norman, 189 Burridge, Kenelan O. L. , 237 Bush, Henry C. , 297 Caldwell, Lynton K. , 15, 298, 299 Cameroons: community development, 267 Campbell, Robert W. , 190 Carlson, Eric, 300 Carlson, R. E. , 148 C a r s t a i r s , C. Y. , 16 Cervin, Vladimir, 149 Ceylon, 162; civil service s y s t e m , 100, 107 Chang, Y. N. , 191 Chaudhuri, Muzaffer Ahmed, 17 Chen, Ta, 192

Chen, Yun, 193 C h e s t e r , T. E. , 194 China, 8, 32, 54, 168, 183, 202, 211, 220, 326; agricultural policy, 195, 206, 207, 2 30; administrative c e n t r a l i zation, 191, 2 56; industrialization, 47, 85, 89, 191, 193, 207, 2 76; leadership, 167; rural administration, 2 56, 2 76; urban government, 277 Chou, Ya-lun, 195 Civil service (see Public Administration; s p e c i f i c countries or areas) Clapp, Martin C. , 18 C l a s s mobility: a s factor in modernization, 12 7 Clayton, E. S. , 196 Cleveland, E. A. , 19 Cleveland, Harlan: cited, 338 Cohen, Jerome B. , 20 Cole, Taylor, 21 Coleman, James S. , 150 Columbia, 14; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 298 Colonial administration (see Political Factors; s p e c i f i c countries or areas) Community development (see Units and Areas; specific countries or areas) Comparative administration (see Public Administration; Political Factors) Congo, 48, 130 Cory, H. , 239 D a l i s a y , Amando M. , 22, 23 Davis, Kingsley, 117

109

de M e e l , H. , 24 Deshmukh, C. D. , 25 Dey, Sushil K. , 301 Deyrup, Felicia J. , 118 Doob, Leonard W. , 2 7 Doria, Herson, 2 8 Dorsey, John T. , 29 Dotson, Arch, 240 Dubbashi, P. R. , 241 Dube, S. C. , 151 Dyson, P . , 30 Ebenstein, William, 31 Eckstein, Alexander, 32 Economic Factors and Problems, 1 8 1 - 2 3 1 , 129, 158; agricultural policy, 32, 41, 148, 170, 182, 185, 186, 189, 195, 196, 199, 2 0 3 , 205, 206, 2 0 7 , 209, 2 2 5 , 227, 2 2 9 , 230, 259, 336; general and comparative economic development, 47, 85, 89, 187, 191, 193, 197, 198, 200, 201, 207, 2 0 8 , 210, 211, 220, 223, 228, 276; industrialization, 35, 175, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 207, 213, 214, 2 1 6 , 218, 223, 336; labor, 183, 192, 2 1 3 , 214, 215, 222, 335, 336; private sector and the government, 158, 184, 202, 204, 212, 224, 228, 231; public enterprises, 129, 181, 194, 2 1 7 , 219, 221, 226; (see a l s o specific countries and areas) Egger, Rowland, 302 Egypt, 13, 14, 260, 333; civil service system, 114, 123

Eisenstadt, S. N. , 152, 153 Emerson, Rupert, 154 Ensminger, Douglas, 234 Entrepreneurship, 158, 228, 231; (see a l s o Social Factors) Esman, Milton J. , 119 Europe, 51, 138; (see a l s o specific countries) Fainsod, Merle, 34 Fall, Bernard B. , 35, 242 Far East, 156; (see a l s o s p e c i fic countries) Federalism (see Units and Areas) Ferris, John P. , 303 F i j i , 140 Finkelstein, Lawrence S. , 243 Firmalino, Tito C. , 2 44 F i s c a l administration (see Public Administration) Fisher, Charles, 155 Ford Foundation, 305 France, 129, 136 Francisco, Gregorio A. , Jr. , 36, 37 Franck, Dorothea Seelye, 304 Franck, Peter G. , 197 Frank, Andrew G. , 198 Furnivall, J. S. , 156 Gadgil, N. V. , 120 Gant, George F. , 305 Gelchrist, Huntington, 306 Ghana, 112, 124, 142, 282; Local Government Training School, 5, 67 Ghosal, A. K. , 38 G l i c k , Philip M. , 307 Gold Coast (see Ghana) Golden, Hilda Herty, 159

110

Goldschmidt, Arthur, 308 Goodall, Merrill R. , 39 Gordon, Lincoln, 309 Goswami, U. L. , 245 Gower, R. H. , 40 Great Britain, 121, 129, 136, 215, 222, 274; Henley Coll e g e , 2; local government, 268; Manchester University, 62; town planning, 246 Guatemala, 218 Gurner, Sir Walter, 246 Haberman, Stanley John, 41 Hadary, Gideon, 199 Hagen, Everett E. , 158 Hailey, Lord, 42, 247 Ha lappa, S. S. , 121 Hammer, Ellen J. , 200 Hargreaves, J. D . , 122 Hawkins, Everett D. , 248 Hayden, Lyle J. , 249 Hazard, John N . , 250 Heady, Ferrel, 43, 61, 123 Higgins, Benjamin, 44 Hillman, Jimmye S. , 201 Himadeh, Sa'id B. , 159 Ho, Chih-ming: c i t e d , 242 Hodjera, Zoran S. , 326 Honey, John C. , 45 Honigmann, John J. , 251 H o s e l i t z , Bert F. , 46, 160, 161 H s i a , Ronald, 47, 202 Huge, I. , 48 Hutton, Thomas, 49 Ideology, 170, 251; (see a l s o Social Factors) India, 2, 8, 9, 46, 49, 52, 56, 64, 68, 69, 71, 78, 83,

90, 120, 121, 133, 151, 173, 179, 184, 186, 211, 212, 215, 221, 245, 263, 273, 275, 303; city government, 266; civil service system, 25, 100, 106, 107; community development, 33, 50, 106, 169, 234, 240, 246, 247, 261, 262, 264, 269, 270, 278; Five Year Plan, 20, 38, 81, 104, 106; industrialization, 20, 38, 81, 104, 106, 223; Kosi River project, 163; Planning Commission, 4, 33, 39, 93, 104; public corporat i o n s , 129, 181; rural administration, 247, 264, 270, 275 Indochina (see Vietnam) Indonesia, 137, 180, 297; Eurasian community, 155; federalism, 243, 248; National Planning Bureau, 44; planning, 24, 44; Welfare Plan of 1952, 44 Industrialization, 35, 175, 188, 194, 213, 214, 216, 218, 336, (see a l s o Economic Factors; s p e c i f i c countries) Institute of Inter-American Affairs, 310 International administration, 291, 313, 316; (see a l s o United Nations) International A s s i s t a n c e , 286340, 11, 12, 14, 44, 73, 92, 99, 164, 179, 229; economic trade and aid, 289, 296, 301, 303, 314, 315, 325, 328, 330, 334, 339; overseasmanship, 291, 309, 310, 320, 323, 336, 338; technical

Ill a s s i s t a n c e , 229, 286, 287, 288, 293, 294, 295, 299, 302, 306, 307, 308, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334; t e c h n i cal a s s i s t a n c e in public a d ministration, 290, 292, 297, 298, 300, 304, 305, 318, 319, 329, 337, 340 International Cooperation Administration ( I . C . A . ) , 44, 311, 318; university contract system, 329 International Monetary Fund, 296 Iran, 14, 199; Institute for Administrative Affairs, 92; Near East Foundation, 249; University of, 92 Iraq, 172; Development Board, 41; Dujaylah law, 189 Ishino, Iwao, 235 I s r a e l , 58, 63, 152, 153, 174, 315; civil service system, 87; community development, 273 Italy, 14 Iverson, Kenneth R. , 310 Jackson, Barbara W. , 124 Japan, 84, 145, 182, 235; buraku, 283; bureaucracy, 119; leadership, 167; public corporations, 2 19 Jennings, W. Ivor, 162 Jerusalem, 86 Johnson, John L. , 252 Jones, Ronald W. , 311 Kanwar, Sain, 163

Karpat, Kermal H. , 203 Karve, D. G. , 50 Keenleyside, H. L. , 312, 313 Kemeny, George, 51 Kenya, 268; agricultural policy, 196 Kerwin, Robert W. , 204, 314 Khama, Tshekedi, 2 53 Khanna, B. S . , 52 Kingsbury, J. B. , 53 Kirby, E. Stuart, 54 Kirkwood, Kenneth, 125 Kitchen, James D. , 55 Klopstock, Fred H. , 205 Kogekar, S. V . , 56 Krause, Walter, 57 Kriesberg, Martin, 58 Krivine, David, 315 Kroeger, Louis J. , 7 Labor, 213, 214, 215, 218, 335, 336; (see a l s o Economic Factors; s p e c i f i c countries) Lall, S. , 59 Landau, Georges D. , 316 Langrod, Georges, 60 Language problems, 1, 12, 58, 84 Larsen, William F. , 317 Latin America, 77, 111, 148, 224, 252; Caribbean Commission, 336; Institute of InterAmerican Affairs, 316; l e a d e r ship, 115; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 310; (see a l s o s p e c i f i c countries) Lawson, George W. , 318 Leadership (see Political Factors; s p e c i f i c countries) Lebanon, 144; American University, 11, 12

112

Lederle, John W. , 61 L e e , Dorothy, 164 Lee, Shu C. , 206 Legislatures (see Political Factors) Lepawsky, Albert, 126, 319; c i t e d , 300 Lerner, Daniel, 127 Lewis, A. B. , 254 Lewis, I. M. , 128 Lewis, William H. , 255 Li, Choh-ming, 207 Liebenow, J. Gus, 165, 166 Livingstone, A. S. , 62 Lockwood, William W. , 167 Lokanathan, P. S. , 208 Lu, Kuang-mien, 168 Luard, D. E. T. , 256 Lutz, Edward A. , 257 Lytton, Henry D. , 209 Maddick, R. , 258 Maffry, August, 210 M a i l i c k , Sidney, 63 Majumdar, Bimanbehari, 64 Malaya: tribal administration, 237; University of, 237 Malenbaum, Wilfred, 211, 212 Malhotra, Ram Chand, 65 Mandell, Milton M. , 320 Mangone, Gerald J.: cited, 338 Martin, Roscoe, 321 M a s e f i e l d , G. B. , 259 M a s s media: as factor in modernization, 2 7 , 38, 152 Mathur, Mukut V. , 66 Mattison, Beatrice McCown, 260 Mayer, Adrian C. , 169, 261 McAuley, James, 322

McKnight, Robert K. , 145 McLaren, C. A. , 67 Mehta, Balvantray, 129 Menon, P. Achutha, 68 Menon, V. K. , 69 M e x i c o , 31, 216 Michigan, University of, 37 Michigan State University, 29, 70 Middle East, 144, 153, 159, 187, 304; College of Public Administration, 86; rural administration, 285; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 2 2 9 , 314; tribal administration, 2 7 9 , 284; (see a l s o specific countries) M i l e s , Arnold, 323 Ministry of Colonies, Brussels, 130 Moore, Barrington, 170 Moore, Wilbert E. , 2 1 3 , 214 Morocco, 255 Morris, David, 215 Mosk, S. A. , 216 Mukerji, B. , 2 62 Murase, Kenneth, 324 Murphy, Marvin, 70, 171 Myers, Charles A. , 71 Narain, Barkat, 263 Narain, Iqbal, 2 1 7 , 264 Nash, Manning, 218 Nath, V. , 265 Nationalism, 23, 47, 150, 154, 160, 204, 2 0 7 , 217, 293, 296 Nayak, P. R. , 2 66 Nepal, 65; Five Year Plan, 3; Institute of Public Administration, 3 Nepotism, 271 New Zealand: civil service

113

system, 100 Ngo, Dinh Diem: cited, 35 Nicaragua, 198 Niebyl, K. H. , 325 Nielsen, Waldemar A. , 326 Nigeria, 30, 88; bureaucracy, 21; University College, 97 Obern, Alfred G. , 72 Okabe, Shiro, 219 O'Kelly, Elizabeth, 267 Okinawa: civil service s y s tem, 19 Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 309, 330 Owen, A. D. K. , 327 Paauw, Douglas S. , 220 Pakistan, 107, 133; civil service system, 17, 30; Five Year Plan, 305; Institute of Public and Business Administration, 102; Karachi University, 102; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 306; Thai Proj e c t , 251 Parsons, Malcolm B. , 73 Patnaik, R. C. , 221 Peralta, Vicente L. , 74 Peter, Hollis W. , 75 Philippines, 22, 26, 36, 43, 73, 74, 75, 177, 236, 339; Budget Commission, 76; bureaucracy, 257; civil service system, 7; community development, 2 4 4 , 281; Five Year Plan, 6, 2 6; Institute of Public Administration, 37, 61, 79; leadership, 281; local government, 272;

Manila city government, 271; National Economic Council, 76; Regional Conference on Public Administration, 66, 76, 80, 132; technical a s s i s t a n c e , 290; University of, 37; urban government, 271 Political Factors and Problems, 110-141; bureaucracy and comparative public administration, 13, 21, 84, 114, 119, 121, 123, 126, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 187, 233; colonial administration and problems of transition, 116, 122, 130, 133, 136, 140, 141; leadership, 21, 81, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 122, 124, 125, 128, 150, 152, 167, 170, 173, 175, 176, 280, 281; legislatures, 112, 120, 127, 129, 138; parties and pressure groups, 111, 115; (see a l s o specific countries and areas) Pollock, S. , 328 Population problems, 25, 40, 9 6 , 117, 2 0 8 , 210, 2 2 3 , 235, 256, 289 Portugal, 136 Powell, J. Richard, 77 Power, M. G. , 268 Presthus, Robert V. , 131 Public Administration, 1 - 1 0 9 , 119, 120, 121, 135, 180, 257, 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 , 297, 2 9 8 , 304, 305, 317, 318, 319, 3 2 9 , 337, 340; centralization, 65, 87, 132, 190, 2 5 5 , 256, 262, 2 8 4 , 285, 288;

114 civil s e r v i c e s y s t e m s , 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 28, 31, 34, 40, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 71, 72, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 95, 100, 106, 107, 109, 114, 116, 123, 124, 132, 176, 233, 237, 2 4 6 , 253, 277, 2 8 1 , 285, 3 11; f i s c a l admini s t r a t i o n , 6, 14, 32, 70, 73, 78, 82, 132, 267, 271, 286; planning, 4, 6, 8, 14, 2 0 , 22, 24, 26, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 57, 66, 68, 74, 76, 81, 85, 88, 93, 94, 96, 98, 104, 106, 107, 134; relations with the public, 14, 16, 27, 35, 64, 300; ( s e e a l s o s p e c i f i c countries) Puerto Rico, 18, 109, 117; University of, 45 Q u i n t , Malcolm N. , 172 Ram, V. S. , 269 Ramamurty, S. V. , 270 Ramos, C a r l o s P. , 79, 80, 132 Rao, V. K. R. V. , 81 Reining, Henry Jr. , 329 Rich, B. M. , 271 Richardson, Henry, 133 R i g g s , Fred W. , 82, 134, 135, 272; c i t e d , 131 Rivkin, Arnold, 330 Roberts, B. C . , 222 Robinson, Kenneth, 136 Robinson, Richard D. , 127 Robson, William A. , 173, 223

Rogge, Benjamin A. , 224 Rohatgi, B. N. , 83 Roman Empire: civil s e r v i c e s y s t e m , 114 Roseman, Alvin, 331 Roser, F o s t e r , 84 R o s s e , Robert M. , 85 Samonte, Abelardo G. , 225 Samuel, Edwin, 86, 87, 174, 273 S a r a i y a , R. G. , 226 S c h a t z , Syre P. , 88 S c h l e s i n g e r , Lawrence E. , 75 Schurmann, H. F. , 89 S c o t t , Derek J. R. , 2 74 Sharma, M. P. , 275 Sharman, Sri Ram, 90 Sharp, Walter R. , 91, 332, 333 Sherwood, Frank, 92, 99 S h i l s , Edward, 175, 176 S i b l e y , W i l l i s E. , 177 Sierra L e o n e , 122 S i f f i n , William J. , 95 Singh, Rana K. D. N. , 93 Singh, Tarlok, 94, 2 27 Skinner, G. William, 276 Smith, M. G. , 178 Smith, T. E. , 96 S o c i a l Factors and Problems, 142- 180; e d u c a t i o n , 143, 144, 146, 156, 157, 162, 175, 176; innovation and p r o c e s s e s of c h a n g e , 145, 147, 152, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 178, 228, 231; s o c i o cultural s e t t i n g , 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180,

115

2 71; (see also specific countries) Soemardjan, S. , 137 Soil erosion, 25 Somaliland Protectorate, 128 Song, Mallam Muhammadu, 97 South Asia, 208; (see also specific countries) South Pacific, 72, 322 Southeast Asia, 180, 194, 208; (see also specific countries) Southern California, University of, 92, 99 Spence, Harry L. Jr. , 334 Spengler, J. J. , 228 Spiro, Herbert J. , 138 Stalin, Joseph: cited, 250 Stanner, W. E. H. , 98 Steiner, H. Arthur, 277 Stene, Edwin O. , 37 Stern, Ernest, 335 Stockdale, Frank, 336 Storm, William B. , 99 Structural analysis, 123, 139 Subramaniam, V. , 100 Sudan: civil service system, 116

Suri, P. C. , 278 Sutton, Joseph L. , 101 Syed, Anwar, 102 Tanganyika, 40, 165, 166, 239 Tannous, Afif I. , 229, 279 Technical assistance, 11, 12, 14, 73, 92, 99, 164, 169, 286, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 307, 308, 311, 312, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 327, 331,

332; (see also International Assistance; specific countries) Thailand: civil service system, 95; Institute of Public Administration, 100 Thomas, M. Ladd, 335 Thomas, S. B. , 230 Thorner, Daniel, 179 Thurber, Clarence E. , 103 Tickner, Fred J. , 139, 337 Traditionalism, 142, 143, 165, 169, 171, 172, 178, 213, 232, 233, 324 Trained personnel: shortage, 213, 231, 249, 255, 258, 303, 305, 323, 340 Tribal administration (see Units and Areas) Turkey, 53, 127, 314; agricultural policy, 203; industrialization, 204 Uganda, 142; community development, 2 80; political parties, 232; Secretariat, 280 United Nations, 14, 44, 72, 128, 238, 289, 292, 306, 319, 333; administration of technical assistance, 286, 308, 312, 313, 327, 332, 334, 337; Administrative Committee on Coordination, 286; Economic and Social Council, 32 7; Economic Commission for Europe, 309; Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, 295, 308, 327, 334; World Health Organization, 288 Units and Areas, 232-285; community development, 33,

116

50, 106, 169, 2 3 4 , 235, 238, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 251, 261, 262, 2 6 4 , 265, 267, 269, 270. 2 7 3 , 274, 278, 280, 281, 283; f e d e r a l i s m and intergovernmental r e l a t i o n s , 236, 2 4 0 , 241, 242, 243, 245, 2 4 8 , 250, 257, 258, 263, 2 7 2 , 275, 282, 284; tribal administration, 232, 233, 237, 253, 268, 279; rural administration, 2 3 7 , 247, 2 5 4 , 255, 256, 259, 260, 2 6 4 , 270, 275, 276, 285; urban a r e a s , 246, 252, 256, 2 6 6 , 271, 277; ( s e e a l s o s p e c i f i c countries) Uruguay: civil s e r v i c e system, 55 U. S. S. R . , 34, 47, 54, 170, 190, 250, 326; agricultural p o l i c y , 185, 195; industriali z a t i o n , 185 Vakil, C . N. , 104, 231 Van Der Kroef, J u s t u s M. , 180 Van Mook, H. J. , 105 Venezuela, 14 Venkatarangaiya, M. , 106 Vietnam, 70, 91, 171, 200, 242; i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , 35; National Institute of Administration, 29 Villanueva, Buenaventura M. , 281

von Vary s , Karl, 107 W a l l i s , C. A. G. , 282 Ward, Robert E. , 283 W a t s o n , F. , 108

W e l l s , H. , 109 Wengert, Egbert S. , 33 8 W e s t , F. J. , 140 Wickwar, W. Hardy, 284, 285 World Bank, 2 96 Wrong, M a r g a r e t , 141 Wurfel, D a v i d , 339 Younger, Kenneth, 340 Y u g o s l a v i a : local government, 274