Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume Two: 1699-1815 9789004339644, 9004339647

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Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume Two: 1699-1815

H.H.A. Hötte

Atlas of Southeast Europe

Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik SECTION ONE

The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Florian Schwarz (Vienna)

VOLUME 108/2

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1

Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume Two: 1699–1815 By

H.H.A. Hötte Edited by

Béla Vilmos Mihalik

Leiden | Boston

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954459

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/ brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-25846-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33964-4 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Table of Contents

Editor’s Preface

3

The Author & the Atlas

5

General Historical Survey

7

Selected Bibliography

13

General Legend 1521-1815

14

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

16

Maps 1. 1699

19

Karlóca 1699

20

2. 1699–1703

25

3. 1703–1711

27

4. 1711–1718

31

5. 1718-1739

39

6. 1751-1774

43

7. 1774-1783

47

8. 1783-1792

49

9. 1792-1796

57

10. 1796-1815

61

Survey 1: Transylvania from 1683 to 1815

87

Survey 2: Slavonia and Croatia from 1683 to 1815

90

Survey 3: The Habsburg Empire from 1683 to 1815

93

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1683 to 1815

96

Survey 5: Budzhak from 1683 to 1815

101

Index 105

Editor’s Preface During the 18th century, three powers determined the history of south-eastern Europe. Current atlas displays the territorial and political changes of this triangule. These progresses, however, cannot be separated from the wider European context and the changes in internal politics of the different powers. What were those main trends which determined the history of the region between 1699 and 1813? The Treaty of Karlowitz signed in 1699 practically put an end to the one-and-half-century-long Ottoman annexation of Hungary. It was reasonable to expect the reintegration of the liberated territories of the Kingdom of Hungary into the Habsburg Empire. After the recognition of the hereditary succession of the House of Habsburg by the Hungarian estates in the Diet of 1687, Vienna started to prepare the post-war governmental and political transfigurations. The so-called Einrichtungswerk (1689), a plan of the new system of Hungary, by cardinal Lipót Kollonitsch was a hallmark of this process. There were threatening social and political tensions caused by the Neoacquistica Commissio (1690) examining the tenure of the reoccupied territories, the unsolved situation of the soldiers dismissed from the border defence because of its reformation, the exhaustion of the country in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and some local counter-reformation measures. Under the shadow of the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1715), and with French help, this dissatisfaction broke out Rákóczi’s War of Independence (1703–1711), led by Francis II Rákóczi, the successor of the Transylvanian princely family. Although his struggle for liberty failed, the Habsburgs reached a compromise with the Hungarian estates in the Treaty of Szatmár, 1711. In line with this, preparation of the governmental reforms was initiated in the Diets between 1708 and 1715, and its proposals were legislated between 1722 and 1723. The Hungarian Royal Chancellery had already been reformed in 1690. Financial organisations were directed by the Hungarian Chamber founded in the 16th century, its influence expanded gradually to the central-Hungarian areas. In 1723, the Hungarian Royal Council of Governor, the highest governmental organisation started its operation, supervising state administration except finance and justice. Reform of the judicial system proceeded with the modification of the Royal Curia (Supreme Court) and the establishment of four Regional High Court in Nagyszombat (Trnava), Kőszeg, Eperjes (Prešov), and Debrecen. The cooperation between the Habsburgs and the Hungarian estates remained stable in this context during the century, and the Diet of 1723 accepted Pragmatica Sanctio. Due to this, Maria Theresa could expect military support by the Hungarian estates during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). At the end of the Ottoman era, the border control of the Kingdom of Hungary altered. In this process, the settling of the Serbian inhabitants led by Arsenije Čarnejović, Patriarch of Peć played a significant role. At the beginning of the 18th century the Military Frontier was established, its narrow track divided into districts lead from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania, although its scope and area changed by the progress of the Ottoman wars of the century. Territories acquired by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 were enclosed to this system under the jurisdiction of the military government. After the Treaty of Belgrade (1739) Belgrade and the Lower Danube region came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire again, but the Banate of Temesvár remained under military reign until 1751. The southern, frontier zone of the Banate remained part of the Military Frontier until the 19th century. The military jurisdiction of the region was under direct Habsburg supervision, and the Military Frontier as military administrative area existed until 1873.

Transylvania also transformed under the rule of the Habsburgs. Michael II Apafi, successor of his father, Michael I Apafi, was recognised nominally as the Prince of Transylvania, nevertheless the Habsburg seized power. This based on the Diploma Leopoldinum issued in 1690 reinforcing the privileges of the three nations (Hungarians, Székelysz, Saxons) and the four denominations (Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Unitarianism) of Transylvania. In 1691 the governing council, Gubernium, was established based on the parity of the nations and denominations, then Vienna set up the Transylvanian Court Chancellery in 1694. These ensured the independence of Transylvania from the Kingdom of Hungary after 1690, and Maria Theresa gave the rank of grand principality to the country in 1765. It is important to mention that the Orthodox Romanians could not represent themselves in the governmental organisation of the Principality of Transylva thus the Revolt of Horea, Cloşca and Crişan (1784–1785), triggered by the reorganisation of the Transylvanian Military Frontier, had social, ethnic and religious aspects. The reign of Joseph II heighten tensions outside Transylvania. The emperor’s reform politics built the resistance of the Hungarian estates, especially the sensitive decree on the compulsory usage of German language in administration in 1784. The Hungarian estates also criticised the cancellation of the some-hundred-year-old county-based administrative system, and the new division of the Hungarian Kingdom into ten districts. The Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791), in alliance with the Russians, bothered further the tense relations between Joseph II and the Hungarian estates. Leopold II, younger brother of Joseph II, ended the war and made arrangements with the Hungarian estates in the Diet of 1790–1791. Considering the events of the French revolution and its succeeding wars, the Habsburgs had to consolidate their reign in Hungary, thus Francis II executed the seven leaders of the Hungarian Jacobins and imprisoned numerous members of the movement in 1794. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) resulted economic boom for the Kingdom of Hungary because of ensuring food and cereals supply. Military moves hardly affected the country. In 1809, the French army broke into its territory, which led to the call for noble insurrection militia for the last time in history, but the Austro-Hungarian troops were defeated at Győr. Due to the compromise Treaty of Szatmár and the Diet between 1722 and 1723, the Habsburgs managed to consolidate their power for a longer period and reorganise the country during the 18th century. A long, peaceful era came for the country, the Ottoman wars in the century (1716–1718, 1737–1739, 1787–1791) resulted only minor territorial changes. By the beginning of the 19th century, reorganisation and reforms were needed because of the economic, social and political processes, but those could be initiated in the Diets of the Reform Era started in 1825. During the century, the inner crisis of the Ottoman Empire was escalating and by the beginning of the 19th century it became the socalled “Sick Man of Europe”. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, Grand Vizier Amcazade Köprülü Huseyin Pasha attempted to initiate numerous reforms. His intention was to reduce the burden-sharing of the civilians with the tax reform, and he significantly cut back the number of janissaries. The aim of the military reform was to reinforce the fleet. The Ottoman Empire tended to avoid taking part in the Great Northern War, nevertheless they entered into war against the Russians and Venice, and then the Habsburg Monarchy joined in 1716. Next they tried to compensate their European loss of territories in Persia but the war between 1724 and 1736 did not achieve particular results. After the Treaty of Belgrade of 1736, Russia became the greatest European

3

enemy of the Ottoman Empire. The main goal of the Russians was to insecure the exits of the Black Sea and the Caucasian territory. The growth of the Ottoman state apparatus imposed serious burden on the exchequer, and by the weakening of the central power it contributed to the strengthening of the local ones. Their power was based on their enormous lands and they upheld private armies in many cases. In Northern Albania the Bushati family was trying to expand their power from the end of the 1760s with a focus on Montenegro in the 1780s and 1790s. The Russians and the Habsburg Empire had offered Kara Mahmud Pasha Bushati to be crowned King of Albania but finally he was able to consolidate his reign independently and reach a semi-independent status against the Sublime Porte. The power of the family persisted until the 1830s. Similarly to this, Tepedelenli Ali Pasha took control by the end of the 1780s in Southern Albania, while Osman Paswanoğlu seized power around Vidin. The Porte had weakened by that time, and to break them he started to handle them as an alliance and recognised their local jurisdiction. Reacting to this, Sultan Selim III initiated reform movements at the beginning of the 1790s with partial French support. His main aim was the establishment of a new system, the Nizam-i Djedid. For this reason, he intended to start fiscal and economic reforms but the confiscation of the lands and the tax reform did not make any fundamental changes. Renewal of the trade in cereals was able to achieve moderate increase in incomes; however, it was not sufficient for the breakthrough. Considering the Sultan’s plan about a new, European-like army to break the power of the janissaries, this was a disadvantageous progress. For instance, in 1793, they attempted to remove the janissaries from the Pashalik of Belgrade, reinforced the privileges of the Serbians, even though, when the janissaries endeavoured to return, the Serbian militia was used against them. With the help of Paswanoğlu, janissaries were able to return, and they eliminated the rudimentary autonomy of the Serbians triggering their resistance. The First Serbian Uprising sparked in 1804 and was led by Đorđe Petrović (Kara Djordje/”Black” George) resulting the formation of the core of an individual Serbian state. The Serbian riot and the later English-French fight in Egypt undermined fatally Selim III’s reform intentions. On the top of this, in 1806 a Russian-Turkish war sparked, nevertheless the Russians were seeking peace because of Napoleon’s threatening attack, thus signing the Treaty of Bucharest (1812) they acquired Bessarabia and the surrounding territories of the Caucasus. The Ottoman Empire was able to avoid its total collision but the British and French advancing was threatening the Anatolian territories, while the Russian were trying to acquire the Balkans. Considering the 18th century as the consolidation of the Habsburg Empire and the reorganisation of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the era of permanent crisis of the Ottoman Empire, it is reasonable to say that this century was the period of the Russian rise. From 1696, thesole reign of Peter the Great brought more considerable Russian participation in the War of the Holy League against the Ottomans, and he conquered Azov. His Grand Embassy, that eighteen-month-long European tour was preparing reforms while gave the possibility to make first contacts and gain fruitful experiences. He was able to break streltsy’s political power and dismissed his regiment. He was eager to control the boyars and educate them with the help of Western, mainly French ideas. The administrative reforms affected the Russian Empire on the way that it was divided into governorates and districts headed by officers with a counselling body of eight-twelve members. The

Duma was dissolved, a senate with Peter I’s men replaced it. Based on the Western model of ministries, he established nine collegiums responsible for specific fields of politics in 1717. Based on his Western experiences, he founded vocational schools to solve the problem of shortage of experts with specialized knowledge. By the beginning of the 18th century his work had impressive results, for example: establishment of the Russian fleet, modernisation of the army, wide-scale construction works. As a result of this partially, and despite of the initial failures, he was able to defeat the Swedish in the Great Northern Wars, nevertheless he lost Azov to the Ottomans in 1711. The death of Peter the Great led to the unsolved problem of succession and a chaotic period, however, the Russian Empire was able to remain expansive major power. The War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738) finished with the reign of Augustus III supported by the Russians. Later they captured Azov in the Russo-Turkish War of 17351739, then supporting the House of Habsburg they took part in the War of the Austrian Succession and in the Seven Year’s War. With a more careful approach, Catherine the Great continued the reforms initiated by Peter the Great. She reorganised the administration, divided the governorates into more subunits, and gave more power to the governors and the right to hold assemblies by the nobility. The church was ordered under the jurisdiction of Collegium of Economy, and the priesthood was taxed. In 1767 she established the Legislative Commission formed from the representatives of the different parts of the Russian empire. Its task should have been the setting of a program of reforms, but it ended unsuccessfully, nevertheless the work of the commission called Catherine II’s attention to numerous problems. She intended to make developments in agriculture, started the emancipation from serfdom on state-own lands, and gave the freedom to work in manufactures and trading monopoly to the nobility to induce economic developments. Towns had restricted self-governing rights, thus those were able to improve. Catherine II’s politics on foreign affairs followed the trends of the 18th century. She intended to be present at the Western-European politics, and attempted to expand. Reaching an agreement between the Prussian and the Habsburg Empire, they divided Poland into their territories (1772, 1793, and 1795). She designed the so-called Greek Plan, a grandiose division of the Ottoman Empire. Based upon this, the Habsburg Empire would have acquired the western part of the Balkan, Venice would have captured the Peloponnese, Cyprus and Crete, France would have conquered Egypt and Syria, and the Russian Empire would have acquired Anatolia and Persia. The leftover territories of the Balkan was planned to be a tributary Byzantine Empire. These could not be realised, nevertheless the Russian-Turkish wars had catastrophic consequences for the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca signed in 1774 put an end to Ottoman power, they were marginalised from the northern basin of the Black Sea. The Russians acquired the Crimean Khanate in 1783, then the straits were opened for Russian naval usage, finally Russian got the possibility to act for the Orthodox population living in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Abovementioned ones suggested the possible formation of a Russian influential zone on the Balkan peninsula with the possibility of a later conflict with the Habsburgs. The 18th century was the period of the Russian-Austrian alliance reinforced by the Napoleonic Wars and the Holy Alliance. The Russian Empire appeared on the stage of the European politics, more specifically of south-eastern Europe. Mihalik Béla Vilmos

4

The Author & the Atlas This atlas was conceived and produced by Hans H.A. Hötte, who died in 2007. Hötte was born in 1922 in Semarang, the Netherlands Indies, and was educated in the Netherlands. His interests in the rich and complex history of Middle and Southeast Europe already dated back to his years in high school, but it was not until the Second World War that he turned his full attention to the subject. In 1943, Dutch students were forced to pledge their loyalty to the Nazi authorities who had occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Hötte’s refusal to make the pledge made it impossible for him to continue his medical studies and his first attempts at map-making date from this period. After the war, Hötte recommenced his medical studies, becoming a full-time ophthalmologist in the 1950s. His medical career proved impossible to combine with his passion for the history and geopolitics of Southeast Europe, but he made annual trips to the area to gather further information. In 1970, he obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a study called Orbital Fractures (published in London by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. in the same year). After Hötte’s retirement, he took up map-making again and began working on what he came to regard as his most important life’s work, an electronic historical atlas of Southeast Europe. Using specialised software and engaging a professional typesetter to help build the files, he compiled a digital atlas layer by layer. His expertise as an ophthalmologist was relevant to the project, because he used only those colours and patterns of demarcation which create contrasts that are optimal for the human eye; this also explains why the background to all maps is grey instead of white. During the final years of the author’s life discussions with IDC Publishers (which was later taken over by Brill) about an online publication stranded because the technical hurdles were insurmountable. Despite technological advances, these challenges are still difficult to overcome, so it was decided to publish the atlas in print first. Volume One of the Atlas of Southeast Europe, covering the period 15211699, was published in 2015, i.e. several years after the author’s death. For the first volume Colin Heywood edited the author’s “historical commentaries”, while the original typesetter Hötte had worked with, Huibert Stolker, extracted the maps included in this volume from the complex files in the author’s estate. The first maps in Volume Two deliberately overlap with the last ones of Volume One, to ensure continuity. Volume Two takes the reader into the eighteenth century, and then to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The methodology of Volume One has been retained, so Volume Two also contains two types of maps: survey maps, which represent a static situation at the beginning of a (CE) calendar year, and detailed maps which zoom in on particular events. Each new section begins with a survey map, which shows the situation immediately after the events of the previous section. Volume Two finishes in 1815, while also offering a number of surveys at the end. The third and final volume of the Atlas of Southeast Europe is expected to be published in 2017. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support and patience of Hans Hötte’s widow, Doris Hötte-Wintgens. The conscientiousness of Huibert Stolker and his team, especially Valentine Stolker, at Stip Grafisch Ontwerp in Driebergen has significantly contributed to the quality of the atlas. Maurits van den Boogert BRILL

5

General Historical Survey 1699 The Treaty of Karlóca (Karlowitz) was signed on 26 January 1699. It brought an end to the long Austro-Ottoman conflict which had started in 1683 and the wars with the other powers that formed the Holy Alliance. Only with the Russian Empire did the Ottomans not sign a peace at this stage. The Treaty of Karlóca, which was envisaged to last for 25 years, contained the following provisions:

C. Ragusa - The Republic of Ragusa was to continue to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but from now on only once in every three years. - A special article (no. 9) was added, stipulating that: “The territory of the Signoria of Ragusa will be bounded by territory of the Ottoman Empire, eliminating all obstacles that might hinder the communication and the continuity of the territory of the Signoria with the territory of the Ottoman Empire”. The article was added to preclude borderline disputes between the two rivals, Venice and Ragusa. This aim was achieved by Ragusa ceding two strips of land to the Ottomans: Klek (Neum) and the Sutorina. These two Bosnian outlets to the sea were confirmed in 1718 in the Treaty of Passarowitz and continued to exist until the 20th century.

A. Austria-Hungary-Croatia-Slavonia: - Broadly speaking the border was to follow the Una-Sava-Tisza-Maros line, assigning all of Hungary-Transylvania to Austria except for the Banat of Temesvár which was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Seven fortresses in the Banat were to be razed: Lugos, Lippa, Csanad, Magyarkanizsa, Karánsebes, Becskerek and Becse. - The frontier between Hungary and the Danubian Principalities was to be delineated more accurately. - In Syrmium the border was to be formed by a straight line between the mouth of the Tisza in the Danube and the mouth of the Bosut in the Sava. Free shipping for both parties on the Tisza and Maros rivers was guaranteed. - Religious freedom was to be granted to the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Prisoners of war were to be exchanged. - All fortresses on the right bank of the Una, taken by the Emperor, were to be returned to the Ottomans. Croat Dubica and the bastion at the mouth of the Una, both on the left bank of the Una, were to be kept by the Ottomans. - The position of Novi remained unsolved; de facto it remained Ottoman.

D. Poland - Poland recovered Podolia. E. Mount Athos was acknowledged as a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire

1703-1711: Rákóczi’s War of Independence With the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699 the Ottomans had renounced most of its claims to some of the territories the Turks had conquered after 1526 from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. The former owners of these areas, the Hungarian nobility, only received their lands back if they could prove their claims and paid a sum of money to the Habsburgs. The peasants, who had long suffered from the constant demands of war, were also turning against the Habsburgs. This led to several revolts which were suppressed. In 1703, when Austrian troops were moved from Hungary in the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Hungarian opponents of Habsburg rule seized the opportunity to unite. They invited Francis II Rákóczi, one of Hungary’s biggest landowners, to be their leader. The first – inconclusive – battle in what would later be called “Rákóczi’s War of Independence” was fought at Dolha (present-day Dowhe) between the kuruc rebels and the Habsburg forces on 7 June 1703. On 14 July 1703, Rákóczi crossed the River Tisza, and won the battle at Tiszabecs. On 30 July, he occupied the castle of Nagykálló, but he did not get the support of the region’s nobles. Rákóczi did manage to get the emancipated armed peasants (Hajdúváosok, abbreviated as H.V. on the map) to join his cause, which allowed the rebels to gain ground quickly. Another important battle took place near Smolenice on 28 May 1704, where the kuruc routed the Habsburg army. Moravia and Lower Austria were subsequently taken by the rebels. On 13 June of the same year, however, the kuruc suffered a defeat at the Battle of Koroncó, which cancelled the consequences of their earlier victory near Smolenice. North of the Danube the rebel army suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Nagyszombat (modern Trnava) on 25 December 1704. By the beginning of 1705, it was increasingly difficult for Rákóczi to keep funding the war, which was still not supported by many Hungarian noblemen. In October 1705, peace talks with the Emperor began, but fighting continued. In late 1705, the Hungarian rebels, led by János Bottyán “the blind”, marched on the town of Kőszeg, which capitulated to them three days before the Hungarians defeated the Austrians

B. Venice: - Dalmatia, the Bocche di Cattaro, the Morea, Aegina, all the seven Ionian Islands, including Santa Maura, Butrinto, Parga, Suda, Spinalonga and Tenos are to fall under Venetian rule. The payment of tribute for Zante was terminated. - Lepanto; and Preveza, occupied by Venice, were to be restored to Ottoman rule; Preveze’s population would be evacuated to Corfu. - Crete, with the exception of the fortresses of Grabusa, Suda and Spinalonga, was to remain under Ottoman rule. -  Venetian territorial acquisitions in Dalmatia and Bocche di Cattaro were termed the Acquisto Nuovo, being delimited by a line called the Linea Grimani, after the Venetian chief delegate to the conference. Dalmatia: The Linea Grimani commenced at the point where the boundaries of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia met, near Veliko Brdo. From there it ran in straight lines to Knin-Vrlika-Sinj-Duare-Vrgorac-Gabela (Ciclut), leaving to Venice these strong points with a perimeter of “one hour’s walk”. Bocche di Cattaro: - Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) and Risano were to fall under Venetian rule, bringing the entire Bocche di Cattaro coast under control of Venice. - Antivari and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) were to be restored to Ottoman rule. - The coastal region between Corfu and the Gulf of Arta was to be under control of Venice. Budua (Budva) remained Venetian. - The coastal area north of Budua (three villages of the county of Zupa) was placed under the protection of Montenegro.

7

at the Battle of Szentgotthárd (Saint Gotthard) on 13 December 1705. Neither side being willing to relinquish sovereignty over Transylvania, this was one of the stumbling blocks for the peace negotiations. On 13 June 1707, Rákóczi publicly declared the deposition of the Habsburgs as rulers of Hungary, but this did not have the desired effect of forcing the foreign powers to enter into alliances with the rebels. Rákóczi fell from his horse and was knocked unconscious at the Battle of Trencsén on 3 August 1708. Many rebels, who assumed that their leader was dead, fled and reaffirmed their allegiance to the Habsburg Emperor. The territories under Rákóczi were reduced to those he had first conquered, in the northeast around Munkács; in February 1711, he left for Poland where he had found sanctuary before. Thus “Rákóczi’s War of Independence” faded out and Hungary remained under Habsburg rule.

Admiral Meḥmed Pasha. On 8 July the Ottomans lose a sea battle with the Venetians, but by 19 July Turkish troops lay siege to Corfu city nonetheless. They retreat after 22 days. Also in 1716, the Venetians attack Preveza and Vonitsa without success. The Austro-Turkish War of 1716-1718 was a very successful campaign for Prince Eugene of Savoy. After the Ottomans’ victory over Russia at the Pruth and their conquest of the Morea at the Venetians’ expense, the Habsburgs anticipated that the Sultan would next march on Hungary to undo the consequences of the Karlowitz Treaty there. When the Emperor’s offer for mediation was rejected by the Turks, Prince Eugene was sent to Hungary. The Ottoman army was led by Grand Vizier Dāmād ʿAlī Pasha, who had recently retaken the Morea and who had also led the unsuccessful siege of Corfu. The Austrians attacked in several places along the Sava-Danube Military Border. For example, in 1716 Austrian forces marched on Krupa. Its surroundings were destroyed, but the city itself did not fall. The most important confrontation took place at Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) on 5 August 1716. Despite being seriously outnumbered, the forces of Prince Eugene won the battle, during which Dāmād ʿAlī Pasha was mortally wounded by a bullet in the forehead at a moment when the Turkish troops were already retreating to Belgrade. Prince Eugene then entered the Banat, where the Ottomans surrendered the fortress of Temesvár on 12 October 1716. His next target was Belgrade, which he besieged for one month, during which much of the city was destroyed by Austrian artillery fire. Against all odds, Prince Eugene managed to surprise and to destroy the Ottoman relief army which arrived at Belgrade in the first days of August. The fall of Belgrade on 16 August 1717 ended the military part of the war. The Treaty of Passarowitz (Požarevac), signed on 21 July 1718, marked the diplomatic conclusion of the war. The Ottomans gave up the Banat of Temesvár, as well as Belgrade and most of Serbia, but were allowed to keep the Morea. The only territorial gains for Venice were its re-taking Butrint, Preveza, Arta and Santa Maura (Levkas), all of which were assigned to the Venetians by the Treaty of Passarowitz.

1711-1718 The victory of the European coalition over the Ottomans in the war of 1682-99, which was concluded with the Treaty of Karlowitz, had also had serious consequences for the Crimea. The Crimean Tatars increasingly felt pressure from Russia in the north. The Tatar Khans were in favour of a coalition with the Swedish king Charles XII (r. 16971718) and with the hetman of the Cossacks Ivan Stepanovič Mazepa, but this did not materialize after the Russian victory over Charles XII at Poltova in 1709. The Ottoman victory over Russia in the Pruth River Campaign led to the Treaty of the Pruth (21 July 1711), which was confirmed by the Treaty of Adrianople (June 1713). Tsar Peter the Great had to give back the fortress of Azov to the Ottomans, but the Turks had made no attempt to destroy the Russian army and capture the Tsar, as the Tatars had wanted. Charles XII was forced into exile in the Ottoman Empire, where the village of Karlstad, near Bender, was built for the Swedes. But the Swedish king incurred so many debts there, that a popular uprising against him ensued. Charles was subsequently moved first to Dimetoka (present-day Didimoticho in Greece) and then to Istanbul, where he was put under house arrest. Eventually, in 1714, the Swedish king agreed to return to his country. The Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-1718) has many names; it is also known as the Second Morean War, or, particularly in Croatia, as the War of Sinj. By the Treaty of Karlowitz, the Morea had come under Venetian rule and this was something the Ottomans sought to redress. Emboldened by their recent victory over Russia at the River Pruth, the Sultan declared war on Venice on 9 December 1714. In the course of 1715, several military confrontations took place along the Dalmatian coast. In the north, the Turks were defeated at Knin. In early July 1715, the Ottomans, led by Meḥmed Pasha Ćelić aimed to conquer the Cetina River Valley, but they met fierce resistance at Sinj; the Ottomans were defeated there on 15 August 1715. Further south, the Ottomans retook the fortress of Gabela, which had been Venetian since 1693, while the Venetians deserted the neighbouring town of Metković. Herzeg novi and Sutorina remained in Venetian hands. The fortress of Imoski would remain Ottoman until 1717, when the Venetians captured it. In 1715 and 1716, the Ottomans move against the Venetian-ruled island of Corfu, the Morea (Peloponnese) and the last remaining Venetian strongholds on Crete. On 25 June 1715, an Ottoman army crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; the Turks win terrain rapidly. Also in June 1715, the Venetian commander of Tenos gave up the island without a struggle. In early July 1716, the Ottomans re-occupy the Venetian fortress of Butrint, where they assemble a large number of troops in preparation of the siege of Corfu. The second Ottoman Siege of Corfu was led by land by Serasker Kara Muṣṭafā Pasha, and by sea by the

1720-1739 In 1720, the Afghans invaded the Safavid Empire, which soon threatened to collapse. The Russians seized the opportunity to expand south at the expense of Iran. In an attempt to check Russian expansion, the Ottomans too declared war on the Safavid Empire. Because the stage of territorial rivalry had temporarily shifted east, the 1720s were a relatively peaceful decade for Southeast Europe. After the Russians had won the war, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 21 September 1723 stipulated that the several areas, including the Caucasus, came under Russian rule. In 1735, the Russians declared war on the Ottomans again. The aim was to conquer the Crimea and to establish direct access to the Black Sea for the Russian navy and commercial shipping. In May and June 1736 one Russian army, led by Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, overran the Crimea, while another, under General Peter Lacy, took Azov (Azak). Azov had been restored to the Ottomans by the Treaty of the Prut in 1711, but had effectively been abandoned already in 1712. On 19 June 1736 it was back in Russian hands. Emboldened by Russia’s success, the Emperor decided to join the Russian war against the Ottomans, which became known as the Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735–39). The Habsburg army, ill-prepared for war and hampered by political infighting, marched on Vidin in early August 1737, but the Danube flooded which forced Count Friedrich van Seckendorff to divert his forces to Niš. After taking Niš, the Austrians continued into Bosnia, where they were defeated by the Turks at Valjevo. By October of the same year, an Ottoman counter-offensive

8

had recaptured Niš. In 1737, another Austrian army led by Prince Josip Friedrich Sachsen-Hildburghausen besieged Banja Luka, but he was defeated on 4 August 1737 in the Battle of Banja Luka by an Ottoman army composed mainly of local forces, led by Hekimoğlu ʿAlī Pasha. The Ottomans also halted an Austrian advance on Bucharest. From 16 August to 11 November 1737, the Ottomans, Austrians, and Russians met at a peace congress at the Ukrainian town of Nemirov. Russia had been victorious during its campaigns, so it had ambitious territorial demands at the Ottomans’ expense. The Austrians, by contrast, were now weary of the Russians’ increasing influence along the Danube, so they did not support their claims. The congress ended without any result and military confrontations soon resumed. In 1738 another Austrian army marched on Vidin, but once again it failed to lay siege to it. Instead, its commander decided to withdraw to Belgrade. This gave the Ottomans the opportunity to reinforce Vidin. At the same time, an Ottoman army passed Niš and invaded Serbia. In the Battle of Grocka, near Belgrade, on 22 July 1739, the Ottomans defeated the Austrians yet again, and managed to retake Belgrade. On 18 September 1739, the Austrians unilaterally (i.e. without Russia) signed the Treaty of Belgrade with the Ottomans, ending the Habsburg involvement in the Austro-Russian-Turkish War. The Kingdom of Serbia, including Belgrade, was ceded to the Turks, as well as northern Bosnia and part of the Banat of Temesvár. Wallachia also regained some territory which had become Austrian under the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718. In the meantime, the Russian army under Von Münnich crossed the River Dnieper and launched a two-pronged attack on the Ottoman fortress of Hotin, which fell on 30 August 1739, and on the Moldavian capital of Iaşi. Due to the Austrians’ retreat from the war and military threats from the north, the Russians too were forced to make peace with the Turks. On 3 October 1739, the two parties signed the Treaty of Niš, whereby Russia gave back all the territories it had conquered except the seaport of Azov, whose fortifications it agreed to demolish.

quest of all major Ottoman fortresses in the region, including Bender, Akkerman, Kilia, Ismail, and Brăila. In 1771, the Russians conquered the entire Crimea, the Ottomans being able to maintain only Ochakov and Kilburnu. Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain offered to mediate with limited success in 1771, and a ceasefire was agreed upon from 30 May 1772. Peace talks began on 8 August of the same year, but the Ottomans were loath to accept Russia’s terms. The process dragged on until 1774. On 20 June of that year a Russian army ended the war in its favour at the Battle of Kozludzha. Their defeat forced the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca on 21 July 1774. The treaty stipulated that the Crimea become independent (but effectively under Russian influence); Russia would receive extensive war reparations; the sultan ceded Azov and another port to the Russian navy; Russia won territory between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug; and the Ottomans recognized Russia as the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty reconfirmed Ottoman suzerainty over Moldavia and gave back to the Porte the direct control of Hotin. In October 1774, the Austrians occupied a region in northwest Moldavia. Its annexation as a separate Habsburg district was formalized in 1775, when it was renamed Bukovina.

1793-1792 In early 1787, Tsarina Catherine of Russia visited the Crimea, which despite the stipulations of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca she had annexed on 9 July 1783, together with her ally, the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II. This fostered the war-party in Istanbul, discontent about the conditions of Küçük Kaynarca in general having fueled it earlier. France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman sultan, who declared war on Russia in August 1787. On 19 February 1788, the Russians took Iaşi, the capital of Moldavia, but they would soon abandon it again when a Tatar relief force approached. In that same month the Austrians joined the war on Russia’s side. The Ottomans took the military initiative against the Habsburgs. After the Ottoman forces had reached Vidin in July 1788, they drove the Austrian forces out of Mehadia, and overran the Banat. On 17 September 1788, at the Battle of Karánsebes, thousands of Austrians were killed by friendly fire before the Ottomans had even arrived; when they did arrive, the Turks took Karánsebes without much difficulty. Also in 1788, Hotin was captured by a combined Austrian-Russian force; Austrian troops would remain garrisoned there until 1793. In 1789, the Austrians expelled the Turks from the Banat again. On 22 September a joined Austrian-Russian army also defeated the Ottomans at Focsani. Both Belgrade, which was besieged between 15 September and 8 October 1789, and Bucharest fell to Austrian forces. Serbia too was re-taken by the Habsburg armies. On the northern front, the Russians launched attacks in the Yedisan and Budzhak regions. The seaport of Ochakov fell on 16 December 1788 after a month of shelling by Russian ships in the harbour. Bender and Akkerman were besieged next. Ottoman attempts to relieve both cities having failed, Bender surrendered in November 1789, Akkerman fell soon after. In the meantime, the Russians had advanced further south, where they took Kilia on 30 October 1789. Ismail fell on 22 December 1789. In Wallachia, Austrian troops commanded by the Prince of Coburg marched on Craoiva, which they took on 8 November 1789, and Bucharest, which fell two days later. When the Prussians entered the war on the Ottomans’ side on 31 January 1790, the Habsburg Emperor – Leopold II, who succeeded Joseph II who died on 20 February 1790 – agreed to negotiate a peace. The peace congress at Sistova (Zistowa) was delayed by Austrian demands which were unacceptable to the Ottomans, but finally on 4 August 1791 the Treaty of Sistova was signed by the Austrians and

1739-1774 Once more a period of relative quiet for Southeast Europe followed. Sultan Osman III succeeded his brother Maḥmūd I on 14 December 1754. His short reign (r. 1754-7) passed without incident, the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) raging in Europe leaving the Ottoman Empire largely unaffected. One of Maḥmūd’s accomplishments was his appointment of Meḥmed Rāg̲ h̲ib Pas̲h̲a, the Ottoman negotiator at Nemirov in 1736, as Grand Vizier. Rāg̲ h̲ib Pas̲h̲a remained in office until his death in 1763, also serving under Sultan Muṣṭafā III. By this time new troubles with the Russians had already been reported from Georgia and Montenegro. The Khan of the Crimean Tatars also complained about repeated Russian incursions on the northern frontier. The advocates of peace in Istanbul managed to delay the Ottoman declaration of war on Russia until 6 October 1768. The war began in January 1769, when the Tatars wreaked havoc on southern Russia with their raids. Repeating the campaigns of 1739, the Russians attacked Hotin, which they were only able to take in August of that year. Another Russian force once again took Iaşi, this time not stopping there. On 7 July 1770, the Russians, despite being outnumbered, won the Battle of Larga. On the same day, the Russian navy commanded by Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov destroyed the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Çeşme. From 1770 to 1775, the Russian ships conducted the Arkhipelago Campaigns, instigating the so-called “Orloff Insurrection” (1770-1774) against the sultan on several islands, including Mykonos and Hydra. Two weeks after the victory at Larga, the Russians were again victorious at Battle of Kagul (1 August 1770), which led to their con-

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the Ottomans. All territories were restored to their previous owners, but in a separate agreement the sultan ceded Orsova and a strip of land in Croatia, on the condition that the fortifications there would be demolished. A separate peace with the Russians was achieved through the Treaty of Iaşi (Jassy) that was signed on 9 January 1792. It arranged the Ottomans’ recognition of the Russian annexation of the Crimea, and the sultan ceded Yedisan to Russia. The Ottomans recovered Hotin through this treaty.

In 1802 anti-Janissary discontent in the Pashalik of Belgrade led to local revolts, which turned into the First Serbian Uprising led by Đorđe Petrović, known as “Kara (Black) George” from 1804. It soon spread throughout the Pashalik of Belgrade, leaving only the major cities along its borders under Ottoman control. A year later an attempt to restore Ottoman authority failed when an army led by Hafiz Pasha was defeated by the Serbian revolutionaries at the Battle of Ivankovc, close to Ćuprija, on 18 August 1805. When the War of the Third Coalition broke out in 1803 – Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria against France –Sultan Selīm was forced by his British and Russian allies to sever his relation with France two years later. However, Napoleon triumphed at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, wiping out the combined Austrian and Russian armies commanded by Emperor Francis II and Tsar Alexander I respectively. In the summer of 1805, the French were putting pressure on the sultan to cancel all Russian commercial privileges in the Ottoman Empire and to open the Dardanelles exclusively to French war ships. In response, the British attempted to force Sultan Selīm III into evicting the French ambassador from Istanbul, to cede the Danubian Principalities to Russia, and to surrender the Ottoman navy to the Britain. During this so-called Dardanelles Operation, in September 1806 a British navy contingent sailed up the Dardanelles with orders to bombard Constantinople, but the operation was entirely ineffectual. (In another attempt, the British navy destroyed an Ottoman naval contingent in the Sea of Marmara on 19 February 1807, but the victors were soon forced to retreat when they were cannonaded from Ottoman fortifications on land. In the end, the Ottomans would conclude the Treaty of the Dardanelles with Britain on 5 January 1809.) The War of the Third Coalition ended in 1806. In its wake, the Habsburg Empire was forced to cede its Dalmatian territories to France. Napoleon subsequently sent a French force to occupy Venice, Ragusa and the surrounding coastal region. In the autumn of 1806 the French garrison in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) under General Jacques Lauriston was besieged by a Russian fleet by sea and by land by a Montenegrin force reported to count 10,000 men. By the end of November the siege had been broken, leaving the French garrison in place, albeit heavily reduced in numbers. Under the Treaty of Tilsit, signed on 7 July 1807, the Russians formally withdrew. The Ottoman Sultan Selīm III formally recognized the French emperor in 1806 and deposed the pro-Russian hospodars (regents) of Wallachia and Moldavia. The Russians quickly conquered Herceg Novi and Cattaro by sea from the French, occupying both places between 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807. In the same year a combined Russian-British fleet occupied the island of Tenedos, the Russians using it as their naval base for regional operations. The island was later restored to the Ottomans, but by then the town had burnt down and all inhabitants had left. Russian armies swept through Moldavia and Wallachia once again, taking Hotin, Iaşi, Bender, Akkerman, Kilia, Ismail, and Bucharest by the end of 1806. The sultan declared war on the Tsar and between 1806 and 1812 yet another Russo-Turkish war took place. When the Russians blockaded the Bosporus both from the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora and the Ottoman navy was unable to break it, food shortages occurred in the Ottoman capital. After the Russians have withdrawn from the Adriatic following the Treaty of Tilsit (July 1807), the French navy ruled supreme there. The British navy occasionally managed to disrupt the French hegemony, for example by blockading Corfu for some time. The French sent reinforcements over land and by sea. By February 1808, the French navy broke the blockade, but the ships returned to their base in Toulon soon afterwards. The British would continue to harass French

1796-1813 In the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797), Prussia, the Habsburg Empire, and Great Britain combined forces against revolutionary France. The coalition collapsed after Napoleon’s successful Italian campaign in 1797. On 18 October 1797 Austria and France signed the Treaty of Campo Formio whereby France obtained the former Venetian territories along the Dalmatian coast as well as its remaining islands, including Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and Cerigo. Venice itself ceased to exist as an independent state. Venice, Istria and Dalmatia came under Habsburg rule. In northern Italy, the Cisalpine Republic was created, which would exist until 1802. The Ottoman Empire also faced threats from within during this period. For example, in the Ottoman province of Vidin, Osman Paswanoğlu was an independent-minded soldier who conducted raids into Serbia and Wallachia. When Sultan Selīm III, whose reforms Paswanoğlu opposed, wanted to punish him, the raider became a rebel. At the end of 1794, he captured Vidin and effectively became the ruler of Upper Bulgaria. In 1797 he briefly captured Belgrade, but was soon evicted from it again. Negotiations with him proving fruitless, Selīm III sent an army of 100,000 men against him. The campaign failed, however, and Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 forced the sultan to come to some sort of an agreement with Paswanoğlu who was promoted to the rank of Pas̲h̲a of three tails in 1799. Meanwhile, Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha, the governor of Ioanina, was also strengthening his own position. In October 1798, he attacked Preveza, slaughtering the French garrison which had been stationed there after the French take-over of the Venetian possessions in the area. Vonitsa too fell to ʿAlī Pasha in 1798. In 1799, he also took (formerly Venetian) Butrint from the French. ʿAli Pasha also attempted to submit the spirited inhabitants of the near-by Souli region to his rule, but the Souliotes made an alliance with Parga to withstand ʿAlī Pasha’s pressure. During the same period, the French possessions in the Ionian Islands were under attack from a combined Russian-Turkish fleet, which managed to capture Cerigo, Zante, Cephalonia and Santa Maura by September 1798. From October 1798, this fleet besieged Corfu too, taking parts of the island until the last French vestiges surrendered on 3 March 1799. To counter the French invasion of Egypt, the Ottomans had little choice but to ally themselves with Russia and Great Britain. The army the sultan contributed consisted largely of forces more loyal to regional notables like Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha and Osman Paswanoğlu than to Selīm III. By this time the former had extended his authority over the whole of Thessaly and Macedonia. On 25 June 1802, the sultan signed his own peace with France, ignoring the Treaty of Amiens (1801) which Britain and Russia had concluded without the Ottomans. In the year 1800, the Ottoman sultan and Russia created the independent Septinsular Republic, which would be a tributary state to the Ottoman Empire under Russian protection (because of its Greek Orthodox population). Parga would come under Ottoman rule on the basis of this agreement between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but the inhabitants of Parga refused to submit to ʿAlī Pasha.

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ships in the Adriatic during what they called the Adriatic Campaign (1807-1814). Discontent about Selīm III’s reforms, which lacked broad support even at the court, among various parts of the Ottoman military led to a rebellion. Sultan Selīm III was deposed on 29 May 1807 and executed a year later on 28 July 1808. Less than a month after Sultan Selīm III’s deposition, the Turkish forces were defeated by the Russians at the Battle of Obilesti in June 1807, whereby an Ottoman attack on Bucharest was fenced off. After Sultan Selīm III’s deposition, he was succeeded by Muṣṭafā IV, but after little more than a year he was deposed himself by his successor, Sultan Maḥmūd II (r. 1808-1839). During this struggle over the Ottoman throne, the Turks were seeking a diplomatic solution to the Serbian uprising. By 1809 the area affected by the revolution has spread beyond the borders of the Pashalik of Belgrade proper. Negotiations with the Ottomans having failed, Kara George declared Belgrade the capital of independent Serbia in 1809. Between April and May 1809 the French forces in Dalmatia broke out to the north and overran Civil Croatia, an autonomous region under Habsburg suzerainty. The French continued north to join Napoleon near Vienna. The Battle of Aspern took place on 21 and 22 May 1809, when Napoleon tried in vain to cross the river Danube close to Vienna. The Habsburgs defeated the French Emperor, but allowed him to withdraw with most of his army intact. Six weeks later Napoleon did manage the river crossing and won a decisive victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Wagram (5–6 July 1809). In 1809, during the Russian-Ottoman War of 1806-1812, Russian forces lay siege to Silistria, but they soon withdraw when an Ottoman relief force from Istanbul approaches. During the same period Turnu Magurele is attacked and destroyed, not to be rebuilt under Ottoman rule. Giurgiu too is besieged but not taken by the Russians. In 18010 the Russians, under a new commander, do manage to take Silistria (30 May 1810) and in early June besiege Shumla even before defeating a large Ottoman army at the Battle of Batin (26-27 August 1810). In October the Russians also capture Lovča, but they abandon it again. On 9 September Rustchuk surrenders after months of attacks and Giurgiu follows soon. Varna is besieged but not captured. In the course of 1810 Russian forces for the first and last time actively supported the First Serbian Uprising in Serbia. Under the command of the Irishman Count Joseph O’Rourke the Russian troops assisted Kara George in battle near his headquarters in Deligrad. At the end of September 1810 in the northeast the Ottoman garrison at Brza Palanka capitulates to Russian forces, and so does Kladovo. The Ottomans withdraw from Negotin, but hold on to Shumla and Vidin. By the end of 1810, the area was still under Serbian control, but the rebels were on the defensive. At this point the Russians entered into negotiations with the Ottomans without informing the Serbs. In 1811 the Ottomans launched several counter attacks from Shumla, where Grand Vizier Laz ʿAzīz Aḥmed Pasha had gathered some 60,000 troops. On 22 June 1811, the Russians won the Battle of the Danube near Rustchuk, but because they withdrew the Ottomans thought they had won. Some months later the Grand Vizier, this time with an army of 70,000, crossed the Danube. This had been anticipated by the Russian commander, Prince Mikhail Kutuzov, who had set a trap and had soon encircled the Ottoman army. Kutuzov allowed the Grand Vizier to escape so that he can participate in peace talks. These eventually led to the signing of Treaty of Bucharest on 28 May 1812. In 1812, Napoleon threatened to invade Russia, which put extra pressure on Moscow to end the Russo-Turkish War. On 28 May 1812 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Bucharest, which stipulated that the Turks ceded Bessarabia to Russia, while Russia would return the rest of Moldavia and Wallachia. The Russians

also secured an Ottoman promise of autonomy for the Serbian rebels, while the Ottoman army would regain control over key fortresses in Serbia. In the end, the treaty was not implemented, however, and Ottoman troops once again invaded Serbia in 1813. This time the Turks attacked from various directions at the same time, swiftly routing the Serbs. Kara George retreated to Belgrade, where a final battle with the forces led by Khurshid Pasha seemed imminent. The battle never took place, however, because Kara George fled to Hungary. By the end of 1813, the First Serbian Uprising had been crushed. In August 1813, Austria declares war on France and invades the Illyrian Provinces. Zara capitulates on 6 December 1813, while the inhabitants of Dubrovnik rose against the French garrison and expelled it. In the south Montenegrin forces occupy the Bocche di Cattaro area. By the end of 1813, the French have been ousted from the Dalmatian coast.

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Table 1: Ottoman Sultans from the late 17th to the middle of the 19th century Muṣṭafā II

6 February 1695 - 22 August 1703

Aḥmed III

22 August 1703 - 2 October 1730

Maḥmūd I

2 October 1730 - 13 December 1754

Osman III

13 December 17540 - 30 October 1757

Muṣṭafā III

30 October 1757 - 21 January 1774

ʿAbdülhamīd I

21 January 1774 - 7 April 1789

Selīm III

7 April 1789 - 29 May 1807

Muṣṭafā IV

29 May 1807 - 28 July 1808

Maḥmūd II

28 July 1808 - 1 July 1839

ʿAbdülmecīd I

1 July 1839 - 25 June 1861

Table 2: Habsburg Emperors and Emperors of Austria from the 17th to the middle of the 19th century Leopold VI

18 July 1658 -5 May 1705

Joseph I

23 January 1690 - 17 April 1711

Charles VI

12 October 1711 - 20 October 1740

Maria Theresa with Joseph II Leopold II

20 October 1740 -29 November 1780 27 March 1764- 20 February 1790 30 September 1790 - 1 March 1792

Francis II

11 August 1804 - 2 March 1835

Francis I

11 August 1804–2 March 1835

Ferdinand I

2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848

Table 3: Russian Emperors from the 18th to the middle of the 19th century Catherine I

8 February 1725 - 17 May 1727

Peter II

18 May 1727 - 30 January 1730

Anna

13 February 1730 - 28 October 1740

Ivan VI

28 October 1740 - 6 December 1741

Elizabeth

6 December 1741 - 5 January 1762

Peter III

9 January 1762 - 9 July 1762

Catherine II

9 July 1762 - 17 November 1796

Paul I

17 November 1796 - 23 March 1801

Alexander I

23 March 1801 - 1 December 1825

Constantine I

1 December 1825 - 26 December 1825

Nicholas I

1 December 1825 - 2 March 1855

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Selected Bibliography Virginia H. Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged (London and New York, 2007).

Michael Hochedlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683-1797(Harlow and London, 2003).

---, “Ottoman Military Power in the Eighteenth Century”, Brian J. Davies (ed.), Warfare in Eastern Europe 1500-1800 (Leiden and Boston, 2012), 315-348.

Charles W. Ingrao, Nikola Samardžić, Jovan Pešalj (eds.), The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 (West Lafayette, IN, 2011).

Peri Bearman et al. (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition (Leiden, 1960-2009).

Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century (Westport, CT, and London, 2007), 2 vols.

Isa Blumi, Reinstating the Ottomans: Alternative Balkan Modernities, 1800-1912 (New York, 2011).

Denise Klein, The Crimean Khanate between East and West (15th-18th Century) (Wiesbaden, 2012).

Andreas Bodde, Die Flottenpolitik Katharinas II und die Konflikte mit Schweden und der Türkei (1768-1792) (Wiesbaden, 1979).

George Childs Kohn, Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition (London and New York, 1999).

Vladimir Brnardic, Napoleon’s Balkan Troops (Oxford, 2004).

Alexander Mikaberidze, The Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1795-1815 (New York, 2005).

Allan Brooks, Castles of Northwest Greece: From the early Byzantine Period to the eve of the First World War (Huddersfield, 2013).

Plamen Mitev, Ivan Parvev, Maria Baramova, Vania Racheva (eds.), Empires and Peninsulas: South-eastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829 (Münster, 2010).

Sima M. Cirkovic, The Serbs (Malden, MA, and Oxford, 2004).

Ömer Efendi, History of the War in Bosnia, During the Years 1737-1738 and 9, trans. C. Fraser (London, 1830).

Brian Davies, Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia’s Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century (London and New York, 2011).

Karl A. Roider Jr., Austria’s Eastern Question, 1700-1790 (Princeton, NJ, 1982).

Seriol Davies, “Late Venetian Butrint: 17th-18th Centuries”, in: Inge Lyse Hansen, Richard Hodges, and Sarah Leppard (eds.), Butrint 4: The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian Town (Oxford, 2013), 280-288.

Kenneth M. Setton, Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia, 1991).

Suraiya Faroqhi (ed.), The Cambridge History of Turkey. Volume 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839 (Cambridge, 2006).

H.M. Scott, The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740-1815 (Abingdon, 2006).

Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam – Three (Leiden, 2007- ).

Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire (Westport, CT, and London, 2001)

Sergei R. Grinevetsky, Igor S. Zonn, Sergei S. Zhiltsov, Aleksey N. Kosarev, and Andrey G. Kostianoy, The Black Sea Encyclopaedia (Heidelberg, 2015).

Selçuk Akşin Somel, Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire (Lanham, ML, and Oxford, 2003).

Keith Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866 (Oxford, 1996).

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General Legend 1521-1815

“Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia, probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. “Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja, probably rightly atttributed to Trajan.

Personal Union of two or (more) Crowns Boundary “Holy Roman Empire” BOSNA

Fortress, shown in theZ Acolor of the country or power that is in control of the fortress at that time. LA Main border-line fortress, whose power is also felt across the border. Place or city, often walled-in but not primarily a fortress, usually shown in white, irrespective of who is a in control. If the name 6of a place onZ AaL Asmall island is identical to the name of the island, it is not given 4 BOSNA separately. 1 BOSNA

BOSNA

Place, which is important at that time. Orthodox monastery

6

4

Roman Catholic monastery ZALA

background of the residents ZALA

B O S NBAO S N A

Z A L AZ A L A

”Dragon”

ZALA

Diocese (churches)

a a

a

Small, nearly independentaRoman Catholic diocese6 4a

6

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

BOSNA

B O S BN OA S N A

BOSNA

Z A L A Z A LZAA L A

BOSNA

1

Archdiocese

BOSNA

ZALA BOSNA Z AZ LAAL A The colour marks ethnic Z A L A B O S N AZ A L A

a

BOSNA

B OB SONS AN A BOSNA BOSNA

aa6 6 4

a

1

4

6

6

44

4

1 1a

a

6

6

a

4a 1 6 fugitives mainly Orthodox Serbian on 6mainlya Roman Catholic a

1

6

Settlement by Austrian authorities of 6 4 6 4 4 41 Croatian territory, this being the Austrian Military Borders. 1 the basis of 1 a

a1 6 ”Dragon” 4

4

RAGUSA

1

1

1

4

a6

1

4

64

16 4

Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate of the Crimea, who make 1 1 their power felt (particularly earlier, in time of war). 1 Extraterritorial areas in Wallachia & Moldavia, which have a fortress with a permanent Ottoman garrison and are surrounded by an area with a Turkish civilian population. Such an ensemble is administered as an ? Ottoman core province. RAGUSA

”Dragon”

?

”Dragon”

Territory under direct Venetian rule / Autonomous Venetian fiefs. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Inaccessibility of terrain, offering relative freedom to local (Greek or Albanian) population; ill-defined, porous boundaries. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?

RAGUSA

Vassals ? A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an area indicates vassal status of the country. An international boundary-line marks the actual border.

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

Scorched earth

in

RAGUSA

Lighter tint indicates autonomy.

?

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

?

? International boundaries between first order political units

?

in

Boundaries between second order political units. ?

??

BOSNA

B O S NB AO

ZALA

SN

BB OO SS NN AA B BBZOOOASSSLNNNAAAA

A

ZA

in

LA

BOSNA BOSNA

ZZ AA LL AA ZZAALLAA ZALA ZALA a

a

6

4

1

a

6

4

1

in

1830s

in in

in in

in

in inin in

6 4a a a a166 4 a466 4

?? ? RAGUSA RAGUSA ?? ? ? ?? ? (counties) The boundaries and names (in capitals) of the Hungarian comitatus ? ? Revolts, the colour indicatingthe ethnic background of the insurgents. ? ? ?

RAGUSA Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) ?of Ottoman ? ? sanjaks, or (later) eyalets

Blockade, the colours indicating participants.

Austrian troops stationed in Croatia as a buffer against Ottoman raids.

a1 416

61

4 41

1

1

”D

ra

g

” on

1830s

in

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

1830s

RAGUSA

?? ? ? to the end situationRAGUSA The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, as??compared of that map. ?? ? ??

641a

14

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

?

?

?

?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

1521—1870 6 1521—1870 4 1521—1870 The ” Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. BOSNA

1521—1870 1521—1870 1521—1870 a

1870 - 1912 1870 1 8 7 0- - 1912 1912 11 88 77 00 -- 11 99 11 22

6

4 4

1 Area with Bulgarian s BOa SNA 1 6 A n sst T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 2 a1 A wt iiuttnh h i tB Byu u lltggoaa jrroii aai n o prr eepaao rw The ””” Trajan’s Trajan’s wall” wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed totoTrajan. Trajan. ALA The Trajan’s falsely atttributed to T h ee B u ll gg aa rr ii aa n E xx aa rr cc h aa tt ee ii n tt h ee 11 88 70 ’s ,, aa n dd 4 psp pboundaries un n ii tt yy tt oo jj oo ii n n tt The wall” in in ZBessarabia. the Dobruja.Probably Probably rightly atttributed Trajan. T h B u n E h n h 70 ’s n a6 oo rrwtt iu Iootp 6 i t s b o u n d a r i e s The Trajan’s wall” wall” in in Bessarabia. the Dobruja. Dobruja.Probably Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. A r e a t h B u l g a r i a n s a ”” Trajan’s the Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. B O S The NA falsely atttributed to Trajan. boundaries 4 uto nl gddaTrajan. The ” Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed T ii tthss ebb B oo u n aarrriiiaeenss E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1 8 70 ’s , a n d BOSNA 4a6 rsonal Union of two or (more) Crowns ug annrioitam ynot oEu xsj aoBriucnlhga ta TIIoTwo httpssepboundaries Boaurutlto 16 rsonal Union Union of of two two or or (more) Crowns The ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. Li g h t e r t i n t The ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. rsonal (more) Crowns I t s boundaries Two a u to n o m o u s B u Z A416L A The ” Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. iTerritory t s b o u n dadded a r i e s to the Bulgarian Exarchate after Scorched earth Two ga thsebBoauulnto ensoEucentres Li hi ctt aee wall” n attin 4 Tiadministrative gdaanrrioiam xs aBr uc hll ga a Li ggdh rr i ntt iign Scorched earth i n t u to n o my. Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after The ” Trajan’s Bessarabia. Probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. Holy Roman Empire ofZ Aor the GermanCrowns Nation” Scorched earth 41 Territory added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after administrative centres rsonal Union of two (more) L A The ” Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja. Probably rightly atttributed to Trajan. hs eb oBauuunlto gdaanrby xsConfe aBruc lhga a Personal Union of two or (more) ngCrowns n gg aa u u to to n n oo my. my. and the 1870sto , mainly inLithe Holy Roman Roman Empire Empire of of the the German German Nation” Nation” 1 proposed Two ii n ddhii cct aae ttwall” ii n iTtadministrative roiiaemnthe soEucentres ZALA Holy The rightly atttributed Trajan. gBulgarian h t e1890s r t i n,,, Exarchate t 1 and after the 1870s ,,added mainly in the the 1890s proposed IScorched n te r n a Union t i oearth n a l of b o two u n d aor r i e s ”b Trajan’s e tLi we e n fri rtsitnotin rd ethe r Dobruja. Probably and the 1870s mainly in 1890s Territory to the proposed by the Confe Scorched earth tConfe iTerritory t s b o uboundari n dadded aby r i ethe s to administrative centres r t r e sRoman s, show n i n tof h ethe c o German lor of th e country or 1 Personal Crowns its boundary II n te rr in aaattlii”Holy ooun aai llt sRoman bb oo u n dd Empire aa rr ii ee(more) ss bb of ee ttiwe eeiGerman n fftiiirrnss gtt ooaNation” rd ee rrn o my. n d c a u to Holy Empire Nation” Their e s i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. n te n n u n we n rd rwer t r e s s , s h o w n i n t h e c o l o r o f t h e c o u n t r y o r Boundary the p o l i t c n its boundary r t r e sthat s , s hiso in w ncontrol i n t h e of c othe l o r fortress o f t h e cat o uthat n t r ytime. or Li the g h t e1890s r t i n, t Personal or (more) Crowns and theboundary 1870s , mainly in Their boundari proposed by the Confe its the 1870s ,added mainly the Scorched earth Their boundari Territory toee sstin p ll ii tt ii ccaaatUnion lli ou ssbofo utwo wer that that is in control control of the the fortress at at that time. time. pI noote un naii ltt Roman eorder we nepolitical eorr wer n dg ehi cntaeftri rntsigtnoat urdtoe rn o my. IScorched n te r n a t i oearth nits a l boundary b o u n d a r i e s b e tiLi we Territory added to t the r t r e s s , s hiso in w n i n t h e of c o l o r fortress o f t h e c o uthat n t r y oar Fo r t r er n s s , ”Holy s”Holy hnobetween w nRoman i n nt hdEmpire ea rci eosl obrof ot the f t heGerman cf ior us tn oNation” tNation” rrd yunits. Boundaries second a.Boundary its boundary Their boundari e s the 1870s , mainly in i n d i c a t i n g a u to n o my. awer i n bthat o r d eisr-in l i ncontrol e f o r t r of e s sthe , whose po w e r i s also Boundary Empire of the German p o l i t i c a l u n i t s Boundaries between second order political units. 6 a. Treaty of San Stefano . March 1878 p o l i t i c a l u n i t s fortress atee that time. Boundaries political units. a.Fo power is between in controlsecond of ther order fortress at I n te r n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s b e t we e n f i r s t o rdTreaty er n bbthe d eeborder. r- ll ii n n ee ff oo rr tt rr ee ss ss ,, whose whose po w w also the 1870s of . March 1878 aaross ii n oo rr d rpo rr ii ss also rot ur ensthat o f t are h e calso o uthat nshown t r ytime. or Treaty of San San1 8Stefano Stefano March 1878 , mainly in the ds a, rsiheoswonf itnh et hree cceonl ot past, 4 b. B its boundary no te ai tl sb o u n dsecond a r i e s b eorder t we e npolitical f i r s t o rd er 7 0 - 1 9 1 .2 Brooittu urhen nthat dshaa,irrssiih hm nol m past, are also shown Boundaries b.power l i trincaatli ounnTbetween a. ross the border. Fo std ossnbetween wlooeinn erof ott whose rporder oafr itsare hopo epolitical calso oaeuthat nishown tsr. r yunits. or units. a. pIBoundaries B eel rffcontrol tti nh eeot arhrrtsecond cceceescosthe n past, is in fortress at time. b. its boundary aross i n bthe o r d eborder. r- l i n e f o r t ra e s s , whose po w e r i s also 1 8Stefano 7 0 - 1 9 1 .2 h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d w i to ke n e s e BOSNA M a n b o r d e e f , w r i also Treaty of San March 1878 p o l i t i c a l u n i t s power Th h e ll aa rr gg”Dragon” e ,, ii n n d ee p porder n dd ee n n tt B B u l g aa rrunits. n SS tt aa tt ee aa n nd w hnthat h ii ss is ninoee fcontrol tot hto m aaTrajan. ke mpast, pfortress n eeataa ssthat r. time. aross c e o r c iborder. t y, o f t e n w a The l l e d ”- iTrajan’s n b u t n wall” o t p r iin m Bessarabia. a r1 ai l y A rTerritory ea w i t h Bawarded u l g a r i a n to s cM h eer n ii aa70 n ttuh ttatttributed h ll the iisn to m m p aa rr ii ssare oo n iishown ee r. Probably falsely Baloiiitn rtke er eof c seccsnoothe Territory awarded to M b.M a. teos eBfboundary ( txpast, as dictated B o u n d a r iTe hsTibetween nE y, ns hw woaa6wThe n hbbi u utett , n ni rwall” pprr eiiinm m b. Boundaries B O SaN A ffalsely ew across ut hl gea ersecond ieacne d aorder c h)) ,,aare tpolitical e also i nutl hgshown e units. 1 8 by ’sRussia. , and d A epao rwt iut nh i B u ltgoa rj oi ai n to st chM he aaoccreet rooethe rrs scc, ii utt y, ll nll ee iddn”-- iiTrajan’s n oortte sp aai ve rr ii ll yy o prTerritory t yawarded bdatttributed oar dr ieerl i nborder. e to f oe rTrajan. , twhose po also w e r in i s aalso Bessarabia. Probably s u ooa ffl lttyee n w c t i t s boundary ( as dictated by Russia. The initial situation of the boundaries map, Boundaries between second political a. i t s boundary ( ) , as dictated by Russia. Territory awarded to M T h e B u l g a r i a n E x a r c h a t e i n t h e 1i8a70 ’s , a n d The ” Trajan’s wall” in the atttributed to Trajan. T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r n S t a t e a n d w i t h t h i s l i n e to m a ke c o m p a r i s o n e a s i e r. T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e o p p o r t u n i t y t o j o i n t h en 6 Dobruja. ProbablyMrightly w i t h t h i s l i n e to m a ke c o m p a r i s o n e a s i e r. o r t r e s s , u s u a l l y s h o w n i n w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve a n b o r d e rl i n e f o r t r e s s , whose po w e r i s also The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, 4 I t s boundaries ( ) o r t r e s s , u s u a l l y s h o w n i n w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve Territory awarded to M B o u n d a r i e s o f t h e r e c e n t past, are also shown b. The situation of map, i t Te s b o ui to n dr ya rawa i e s rd e d to S e r b i a . fPerightly aoc eis oinr control. c i t y, o f t e n w aThe l l e d ”- iTrajan’s n b u t n owall” t p r iin m athe r4i lDobruja. y al lastcceacross oinitial pcairtthe ey, d otborder. eweTrajan. dthe una bt iuotn nooft tphinraitamm Probably om foot ett h an e ssdii-ttiboundaries a raaip. ly awarded to) M by ZB OA 6SLNAA I t TsiTerritory intebosrrrofrrrto boundary (m )i s,are dictated by Russia. Te to awa rd to baii aas i.. shown mratttributed p aa rr eethe hnto nl ddlthe u aa tt ii oo n n oo ff tt h hinaa tta m m p. B iotuhntdhai rs iiletisTe t past, uiitto nhmderr aayyrke reawa i ec sce onrd b. w thboundaries seAlbanians. boundary f eThe is ins scontrol. control. eepboundaries dda rto ersonal Union of two orn(more) Crowns aaflssotrcctacross ooinitial m p ddu att border. ol yt h eeh oeeof n sni tboundaries u a p. l ator gneo,m i on ud(se pBeunlto d erM ni ooname is in oSSas nee rralso eb e r.a map, by Albanians. r t r e , u s u a l l y s h o w i n w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve situation map, 4 a r e s s , u s l s w n i w h i te , i r r e s p e c t i ve by Albanians. 1 The initial situation of the in Two a u ga of a place on a small island is identical Territory awarded P Scorched lBoundaries a c e o r c iearth t y,(roughly), o f t e n w aand l l e d - i nLibguh(in tt enrred o t i npcapitals) rimarily ersonal Union ofon two or (more) Crowns ZALA a8 rrngyoe m ,awa ionud(rd d erSniD w i tcho m t hpi sa rTerritory l eiTe ndertrto m cto ord m rto iisooSnenroebfai atsExarchate name of aa of place island is BOSNA (Cfr. 1 ui7l to seColour Bpe due n l to ga the after i to radded ya ke awa etpudaaBulgarian .i ear.t m a p. 8boundary JTwo u liTTe ythsr1eaAlbanians. alfaoswho cetor oemissr pscin aiurtecontrol. du aotlfoltyet hns hewoeaw nlndl eisdnames i-tiw unLi an tgdiite o(in n,aenitrorred fntteigtsnpcapitals) hptatraeuitcm mainve aoip. name ofcontrol. place on aa small small island is identical identical Congress of Berlin. o is in r e a s o t h e e n d s i t h Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) administrative centres in P c y, b u t o r l y h of the name the island, it is not given separately. B O S N A (Cfr. Colour by Boundaries (roughly), and names i i c i to my. a r , s n h r t u lliyyt s11 88boundary The initialTerritory situation of the boundaries in a map, Scorched earth BOSNA Congress of Berlin. Berlin. ”Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” ColourinD D added to the Bulgarian Exarchate after ( Conferen 77 88 by (Cfr. JJadministrative u of sanjaks, (later) Congress of the name the island, it is not separately. the name of the island, it German is not given given separately. and the 1870s mainly in the 1890s proposed thecentres neyalets i(in c ,a itred i rnegidentical o my. Z A1L A aIfBoundaries fthe o Ottoman r tname r eiss sin ,ofucontrol. uplace a l l y son hor oand w nsmall inames n wi island hdi te ris scapitals) pa eu ctot inve name of a of place on aofsmall island is identical ”Holy Roman Empire the Nation” The situation map, of Ottoman sanjaks, or eyalets as(roughly), ai(later) Te rer ai to r by y awa rd eto d to SnDe aBoundaries s c oinitial m p a rthe eDevin d 1870s t o t h(,, emainly n dthe snames iin t boundaries u athe t i o(in n o(red f ),,t hregions a ta m a p.inhabited of who of Ottoman sanjaks, or (later) eyalets 4in 3) eof A r s awa r d e d M o (roughly), capitals) and Kirdzhali River BOSNA and 1890s (Cfr. Colour I n te r n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r e s b e t we e n f i r s t o rd e r proposed the Conferen BOSNA 1 8 7 8 J u l y Congress of Berlin. a c e , w h i c h i s i m p o r t a n t a t t h a t t i m e . oathe r t r name ew s sh, ischof w n miisland, np ot hr tea n cito is l o not r ohfagiven h e mcseparately. ountry or Te r y awa tooSne ?? Their a s c o m p a rits eDevin dboundary t o t h(( e33)) eand n d sKirdzhali i t u a t i o n ((o f ))t regions h44 a t m a p. A rrreerboundari awa r d erd d etod M M the ofIT who is control. Devin and Kirdzhali regions inhabited hte ei name bn oundaries ofe the to given A aaoi to ssc aawa nthe aatliin ounof uand non dor anames rai(later) eit s isb enot t(in we ecapitals) n f iisrseparately. sidentical t o rd r inhabited hooiiin If of small island b y lboundari l A rl bdeeaessnd i to a n p oo pn by Pomaks =(later) Muslim Bulgarians. of eyalets ZALA a rccteer,,e w h mi np ot hr teaof pT othe naasanjaks, i lplace tthe sb o island, oower sthat sh, ischis wss niicontrol cnottthe l aaottr ttfortress ohf attthtteii m cat oee u.. that n t r ytime. or of Ottoman sanjaks, orand eyalets hlOttoman e rtgname bbi caoundaries of ? Their its(roughly), boundary Boundaries names (in red capitals) and names (in capitals) of the the BOSNA A rll bbd aae n nd ii to nM p oo p pn by Pomaks Muslim Bulgarians. os m island, iand t aon t unames sa it (small cis o unot n(in tisland i given ecapitals) s ) isseparately. IfpTH the identical ohu lein tname i caoundaries arr lii aaof un naiccthe tplace bbAyyr ellaooscc (aaawa ll 3)A aa n p by Pomaks == Muslim Bulgarians. 4 3) and ZZ AA LL AA to the name of Devin ( Kirdzhali ( ) regions inhabited ower that atel. that Boundaries (roughly), names (in red capitals) Devin and Kirdzhal co o u r time. marks H u n g n o m i t a t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) B O S N A athodox ce, w h monastery i cis h in i s icontrol m p o r t aofn tthe a t fortress t h aThe t t i m P l a c e , w h i c h i s i m p o r t a n t a t t h a t t i m e . n gname r i a nofbetween cthe o m iisland, t a t second unames s (itc is o uorder n(in t i egiven s political ) separately. ? of sanjaks, (later)(in eyalets units. a. Boundaries THthe hueMountain baoundaries and capitals) of the T hOttoman e b oundaries andor names capitals) of the of San Stefano . The co uicsrrkalso mr oaa urr nkk dss not thodox a i n b o rmonastery d e r- l i n e f o r t r e s s , whose b 1878 y Pomaks l o c(a l3) Aand l=b aMuslim nKirdzhali i a n p oBu p by Pomaks =(later) Muslim Bulgarians. Z A L A a. toBoundaries thodox monastery eThe t hpo nco iwcell boor au gm by Treaty ZALA March of Ottoman sanjaks, or eyalets between second order political units. Re vo l t s , t h e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backDevin Haocuuvo att assrh,,riiiattceh nhseeciosccofoom utt iintn hpo nhco ur n nk dds a i n bCatholic o r d eborder. r- l i monastery. n e f o r t r e s s , whose a aa ll kkSan aa n Wa r i a n c o m iand t a t unames s ( c o u n(in t i ecapitals) s) lRe enn,glldw i tm htgiaethe ts t) i m man l ooihtpu ethnic Treaty MarchDevin 1878 ( 3) and Kirdzhal eeof tt h iiw bbor aasui iccsrdkkalso u B are also shown b.POrthodox cross the Re upeaorrotrrrueiittn nscaaddenn(iincttccotaaapast, ethnic backTHhuen bg aoundaries of the B tn eccelre eggmnrr ootas. The The coeel.. oshown u rbackmarks Bof n Stefano Wa rrr sss . 1912-1913 thodox man monastery. 1912-1913 ground ofmonastery the insurgents. by Pomaks = Muslim Bu PB l aoictuvo en, tdw h i celhih iesf to itlm tp an t hrgiathe to nt ialso m ZALA B a l k a n Wa man Catholic monastery. 1912-1913 of t h e re s i d e n t s. a r s o h e r e c e n t past, are b. ross Catholic themonastery border. T h e b oundaries and names (in capitals) of the a 6 of t h e re s i d e n t s. ground of the insurgents. T h e l a r g e , i n d e p e n d e n t B u l g a r i a n S t a t e a n d w h h i s n m a ke c o m s e a s i e r. H u n glat sr ,i at n”Zone c oc m ( iccoaccording u n t i e s ) to k sga)rroiul yn d ground the insurgents. h nethnic k gmr ao ur kn sd by Rei tvo s ,oftdisappearing l o u r i n dc iounderground c a t i n g the ALA Re hnin olm liroittguaaertt,uuiisnsndregion Territory awarded Mon cahc de i oCatholic orc ec si tey, omonastery. f t e n w a l l eDdi-oi cnebseeut th( ncnhiocut brpcarhci em co oibeiauin hescea aContestée” d( ce opauet innd)tgi,eethe nst) dictated Bethnic uthe l g a Bulgaro-Serbian r ibackaby n SRussia. t aBtael aknadn Wa r s A e Pomaks g e a nawarded I s l=a nMuslim d s toa nMon d Bu M w hc ktl thCatholic l,hi tneheceoto senot gn eieaacrslre r.crbackOrthodox karst regions,Z or running steppe man 1912-1913 46 H uvo n g dry a r i aTi”Zone oboundary Roman monastery. Contestée” to the Bulgaro-Serbian B l oRiver a di smonastery emonastery c oml oauke r s i nmd pi caarti ieThe tagreement. as ccfaoh ii-ooi w ccneehbssof rrspccpsrh eecesstani))ve Territory egaamnrn A norII ss Italy, n dd ssto n ddtoM M rtis.l y Contestée” according to thecould Bulgaro-Serbian hcrddet iiroooersccseec, ssi uteey, Ddi n hoeru utere hieidm The co oiiascccuciaiiirdkp ground ground oft hi”Zone the insurgents. a A ee gg ee aa n ll aa n aa n Orthodox t hggtnhp iaac rrlbtttin otattts. usssr n...kds If((i caccording no agreement be reached, s uoa fl tl ye ns hwoawl lneD i ueetet((t, ccnhi rh B ll oo ccinitial kk aa ddof ee ,, the tt h ee insurgents. cc oo ll oo u rr ss the ii n dd boundaries ii cc aa tt iiof n p p n The situation of map, Re vo l t s , e c o l o u r i n d a t i n g the ethnic backGreece but t s boundary ) , as dictated by Russia. RAGUSA B h u n n p p a n Territory awarded to Mon 4 agreement. If no agreement could be reached, nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese Roman Catholic monastery. Greece or Italy, but to e t h n i c b a c k g r o u n d fcohrdis t rinearly einscsecontrol. , sue sindependent u a l l y s h o w nD i ni ow hsiCatholic te (, ci rhruersdiocese phe ec st i)ve agreement. If no agreement could be reached, The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, 16 Re vo l t s , t h e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic back”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian Greece or Italy, but to Te r r i to r y awa rd e d to S e r b i a . of t h e re s i d e n t s. o c e e c a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e e n d s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t m a p. ”Zone Contestée” according the Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis Territory awarded to Mon A r c h d i o c e s e D i o c e s e ( c h u r c h e s ) ho Roman A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n d M ground of the insurgents. Markers in the text, which have their counterpart(s) of the Great Powers. Th nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese Roman Catholic monastery. by Albanians. B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s . B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s . the Czar would draw a line somewhere inthis Te r r i to r y awa rd e d to S e r b i . aMarkers s cThe o m pbrown a r the e d ttext, o line t h which e eindicates n d have s i t u atheir t i of o ncounterpart(s) hstatus asti dme n a p. tohfe tre tin s. cases of a maritime a14 ho is inofcontrol. Markers in the text, which have their counterpart(s) of the Great Great Powers. Th the insurgents. Czar would a line somewhere inthis zone. RAGUSA ground of the agreement. If nodraw agreement could be reached, in vassal border. of the Th agreement. IfPowers. nobut agreem by Albanians. Greece or Italy, to e name abyplace on a authorities small island identical ttlement Austrian of ismainly Orthoa ”Zone Contestée” according on the maps, indicating some items or places of A r c h d i o c e s e D i o c e s e ( c h u r c h e s ) of 1919 and finally the Tre RAGUSA a nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese zone. Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) S e r b o G r e e k d e s i g n s i n A l b a n i a Small, nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese B O S6N A ttlement byof Austrian authorities of ismainly mainly Ortho(Cfr. Colour Disk ethe name of aby place on a authorities small identical BMarkers l o c k a d e , the tSthe heer b o urrwould i snagi n pA a rl btsomewhere iacni pi aa nCongress t s . inthis RAGUSA on the maps, indicating some items or places of 1of 8Czar J u l y”Zone of8 71919 1919 and finally theDisk Tre ofzone. Berlin. ttlement Austrian of OrthoContestée” according the would draw aTh oo-l G er es ki nhave dddeeidraw sciagtn ABoundaries r c hthe d i omaps, cinterest. e sthe e(roughly), D i with o citems e s(in ethe ( red c hpurpose uplaces r c h e sof )of on indicating some or Markers in text,Also which have their counterpart(s) and finally the Tre name theon island, it is island not Roman given separately. Great Powers. names capitals) bcCzar n nline rbian fugitives mainly Catholic IfColour no agreem B O S61N A (Cfr. special used settle the sove 1definitely 8 7 the 8 J u l y agreement. B l o c k a din e , tSheertext, coo-lGwhich o ueres ki n d isci gatheir t isn igcounterpart(s) pAa lrbt iacni ipaa Congress nts. of Berlin. of Ottoman sanjaks, orand (later) eyalets a46 a rbian fugitives on mainly Roman Catholic the name the on island, it is not Roman given separately. Small, nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese special interest. Also used with the purpose of agreement. If dto no agreem rbian fugitives mainly Catholic definitely settle the sove ttlement byofAustrian authorities ofofmainly OrthoTe r br io(t-oG ee se kosome cdceus iptheir inesd icounterpart(s) bnor y)Atregions ea nBi aa lofkinhabited a n E n t e n t ezone. Settlement bygsanjaks, Austrian authorities of mainly Orthospecial interest. Also used with the purpose of on the maps, indicating some items or places of definitely settle the sove of Ottoman or (later) eyalets of 1919 and finally the Tre the Czar would draw a 4 on the maps, indicating items places RAGUSA 4h 3)rr riiand RAGUSA S e r g l b oatian territory, this being the basis the Austrian A r e a s awa r d d M o n te Markers in the text, which have S e r b o G e e k e s i g n s in 4 f a c i l i t a t i n t h e f i n d i n g o f s m a l l o r l i t t l e k n o w n Devin Kirdzhali ( Small, nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese Te r r i t o e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B a l k a n E n t e n t e tonames Hungary, to the Sultan (before 1526).interest. 6 a c e , wterritory, h i c h i s this im p being o r t a mainly nthe t a tbasis t h a tof m e .Austrian RAGUSA Te rtext, eSse roKirdzhali cicau, pM i eodn tcounterpart(s) beyn) etregions aBnuEl gnatreina t) e ? oatian a6 Czar draw 4h C we oalwan ff aahccePaying ii llbii ttoundaries aa ttinterest. ii n ggtribute tt h ee and ffAlso ii n ii n ggmainly oo ff with ss(in m aaRoman llof llas oomainly rrwell ll ii Catholic tt tt llof eeas -- kkthe n oo w ( GPomaks r reie(tAlso co3e)r ,iand bhave g reoBaanl kof dinhabited Tspecial capitals) A elarroeescte rloobwould dsettle dve M rbian on(and Markers in Devin the their oatian territory, oftt iithe the Austrian dox Serbian fugitives nby hmaps. n ddon nused m nof wn n the purpose special the purpose definitely the Settlement Austrian authorities Orthoa c e , wfugitives h i c h i s this im p being o r t aof n the t ethnic a tbasis t h Roman a tcleansing m e .Catholic b yrSthe aawa l-,,, GAh aekn idto aenr, piiigsssoonsove pnn ute by Muslim Bulgarians. later!). litary Borders Z A411L A C te h we ve r, ooiw on the maps, indicating of ((on G rrApril eeieet ccoeewhich ,,i22 SS=sused ee1913 rrosome bbciic.aauwith ,, pitems M oodn tt(beeor n eetplaces gg rreooBaaan dd aB u ll ggnaatrreiinaa t)) e ? RAGUSA a RAGUSA places on the Colours have no meaning. 4 e r b o r e e s i s n T h e b oundaries and names (in capitals) of the C r e te h o we ve r, n w G M n n n B u (and of ethnic cleansing later!). Te r r r e i e y h l k n E litary Borders 1 H u n g a r i a n c o m i t a t u s ( c o u n t i e s ) Te r r i t o r i e s o c c u p i e d 6 Settlement by Austrian authorities of mainly Orthob y l o c a l A l b a n i a n p o p u by Pomaks = Muslim Bulgarians. places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. ZALA ofthe ethnic cleansing litary territory, Borders indicating items oatian this(and being basisThe of the places on maps. Colours Croatian f aucSerbian i lgi at arterritory, gfugitives ethis duon isn(gmainly m rthe l meaning. iCatholic tAustrian tle-known SSilistria, e r bte o -, Ghroeceded e kve d eas s ii gscomp nnsoilwban fon a c the i l i t amaps, t i n g(on i ne ,d22 iSnused grsome l toeor rnpurpose leplaces i gt trloe -aknnof dox co lAustrian o u r later!). marks RAGUSA special interest. of rthodox monastery H nSerbian it ai nnthe ctohm i tf ai ntbeing c the oo uf nsbasis thave i eaRoman sl l)ofono 22 1913 on April Gt hrApril ee efAlso cdiscernable e1913 boif..awith ,s m Maplain olthe nthe do w B nu l g a r i a ) 416 (C Gurrrelrega et ocr ierai, eceded Swe erorlbcyicr, auas , pM odn tb Silistria, ceded as comp The k ds Khanate 1 dox fugitives on mainly Roman Catholic rthodox monastery Te i s i e special interest. Also used with purpose of Silistria, comp of Tatar ethnicnomad litary Borders e cleansing t h nco i c ltribes bo aucrklater!). gmof r oa urthe n Sometimes dots are used just to add an easily discernable shade, when hues (and of ethnic cleansing later!). aming Nogay and(and other Military Borders B e a places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. Re vo l t s , t h e c o l o u r i n d i c a t i n g the ethnic backCroatian territory,P rthis the 4 f a c i l i t a t i n gGallipoli, t h April e f i n d22 iConstantinople n 1913 g o f. s m a l l o r land i t t l eisolated - k n oBwanl kareas on erbeing ci tnidoincthe atgibasis a ignthe s tof t t oAustrian m abackn raids, aming Nogay other Tatar nomad on B rrollbcyyicau, pMi eo dn tb a n Wa rs oman Catholic monastery. ietcrroeiiraa,i22 eceded in 1912-1913 Te eoft htnhiefelt c tribes b as(particularly ci dkegnof r ot s. uthe n d Khanate aming Nogay and and other their Tatar power nomad tribes of the Khanate Re vo l t sterritory, ,of t hthe e cP lrrthis oooouttt(and aethnic ethnic BGu urrllApril ga and in ”Dragon” erga Seeseaa1913 re Croatian the ofO the Austrian f a c i l i t aon t i nthe gGallipoli, t hmaps. e f i nAlbania, dColours iConstantinople n g o f still sm a lheld l ono r lby i t tOttoman l eisolated - k n oBwa nltroops ee being cc tt ii ooofn aa gg aanbasis ii n O tt tt oo m an rr aa ii dd ss ,, the Crimea, make earlier, Military central at r s 1 Silistria, as comp ground insurgents. kareas a n Wa Pooffered nAustrian n ss ttcleansing O m nlater!). oman Catholicwho monastery. 1912-1913 ((Disputed Borders places have meaning. GurApril egae cr iea,22 SSaloniki e1913 ont of t h efelt re s(particularly i d e noft s.the Khanate the Crimea, who make their power earlier, central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at are running out. byof troops ina Croatia. 1 ground of the insurgents. Crimea, who make their power felt (particularly earlier, central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops at on aming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate B l e a rrlbsyia.an, dMarea, (and ethnic cleansing later!). the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. Gallipoli, Constantinople and isolated areas in Military Borders Gallipoli, Constantinop places on the maps. Colours have no meaning. Disputed Saloniki 1 8 1 2 e va c u a te d e a s t wa rd by Ru s s i a , o r trthe ic m e o f wa r ) . A f te r offered by Austrian troops in Croatia. ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian h d i c e s e D i o e s e ( c h u r c h e s ) Disputed Saloniki area, P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , A e g e a n I s l a n d M ol u offered by Austrian troops in Croatia. P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t O t t o m a n r a i d s , the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. 22 1913 on April t ro o p s a n d by a sdmarea, a lhe e va va c epower u saaete te(ddc heefelt a ssr ttcwa wa rd by Ru Ru ss ss ii earlier, a ,, oo rr tthe im m eCrimea, o cff ewa wa r ))who . A A ff te temake r 11 88 11 22their the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913.at B l o c k a d e , t h e c o l o u r s i n d i c a t i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s . ”Zone Contestée” according to the Bulgaro-Serbian e u a rd by a t i e r . r r c h d i o s e D i o c u h e s ) (particularly central Albania, still held by Ottoman troops of the Crimea, who make their power felt (particularly earlier, central Albania, still A e g e a n I s l a n d s a n M t ro o p s a n d by s m a lloll u agreement. If reached, Roaming and Tatar T hPeoffered icm aotnno eAustrian Ogagreement tationm n tdt oecould f in eannCroatia. s erbe s in 19 1 2 : Gallipoli, king refuge in the Dobrudja where they diocese settleRAGUSA en masse, safe tDisputed ro o por s aItaly, nConstantinop d bybut a sm abe Greece to B l o c k a dNogay e , t h e offered c o l oother u r by s i nAustrian d i c a t inomad n gtroops p a r ttribes iin c i pM aonof . t a i nKhanate Saloniki area, Croatia. ut snthe r ou tlll ettt would t iby adraw s taaatroops O m alll iii dn seee,inthis nearly independent Roman Catholic 19 11 22 :: T h e u i m a t e O t t o m n d e f e n s e n s in king refuge in the Dobrudja where they settle en masse, safe River agreement. If no agreement could be reached, the end of the first Balkan War, on April 22 1913. the end of the first Balka Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate Gallipoli, Constantinop 19 T h e u i m a t e O t t o m n d e f e n s e n s in Greece or Italy, but to be king in the Dobrudja where they settle en masse, safe 1 8 1 2 e va c u a te d e a s t wa rd by Ru s s i a , o r td i out m erefuge o f wa r ) . A f te r M o u n t a i n 1 8 1 2 e va c u a te d e a s t wa rd by Ru s s i a , o r i n t i m e o f wa r ) . A f te r the Czar a line somewhere Çatalca the ofMarkers the Crimea, who make theirtheir power felt (particularly Independent M o u n t a i n earlier, Austrian administration in the civil text, have counterpart(s) Riverwhich ofcentral of reach for the Russians; from then on these Dobruja nearly independent Roman Catholic diocese Poffered r o t eline c tby i oand n draw a gthe a i nline Oat om aGallipoli n r a i d s inthis , isthmus tthe ro o pGreat s Albania, aAlbania, n dPowers. byPrincipal a still s mThe ahe ll River Çatalca line and the line attdt somewhere the Gallipoli isthmus Independent Principal the Czar would as ttroops line a in Croatia. outrefuge of reach reach forDobrudja theauthorities Russians; from then onenthese these Dobruja the make their power felt (particularly central Çatalca line and the line the Independent Principal in therin their of the Great The zone. ddttlement out of for the Russians; from then on Dobruja 2: tdAustrian eAustrian nAat e inGallipoli s eo ul innteasisthmus the T h eend uand l tof im aPowers. t e first O tstill t oBalka m an king the where they settle masse, safe taking refuge the Dobrudja safe its basic boundary ( he byinAustrian of mainly Orthodthey adsesettle t rwa by , or iof nMarkers eCrimea, omaps, f wa )text, .who Ai vf te o uen n tdmasse, aRu i ns s i aearlier, ont i m the indicating items or of iin n 19 1for R ewhich rr d1 i8s1some a2have pepva ewhere ac ruiante gcounterpart(s) u neplaces gMrrd are shown (inconsistantly !) of for ethnological reasons only. ofthe 1919 finally the Treat a Croatia. S Borderline eTrhbeoffered o -uGl tr iem e by ka(roughly) e sOi gt tnosmof i natroops l beterritory afnin aM River zone. River its basic boundary ( the reserved RAGUSA reasons only. the end of the first Balka ttlement by Austrian authorities mainly Ortho6 its basic boundary ( R i v e r d i s a p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d are shown (inconsistantly !) for ethnological 1 8 1 2 e va c u a te d e a s t wa rd by Ru s s i a , o r i n t i m e o f wa r ) . A f te r on the maps, indicating some items or places of Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Independent Principal of 1919 and finally the Treat Çatalca line and vAlso itsRussians; ar epgpwith anr si n,the gfrom nr udthen ogofuen shown for ethnological reasons only. S Borderline e r b o - G r e e k(roughly) d e s i g n s of i n the A l b territory a n i aM o u nreserved d outare of reach (inconsistantly for from then on these Dobruja Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for and outrefuge of reach Dobruja erbian fugitives on the Russians; mainly !)Roman Catholic T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n taking in R safe ithe nifor keDobrudja arthe rdsused ieowhere o they rupurpose nesettle nr gi nr on dnthese rdmasse, y special interest. for definitely settle the soverei 64 ? tEani tne n t e Albania Great Powers ina l1912. claims totsoverei the ?only.? rbian on in Walachia mainly !)Roman Catholic ii the ni(inconsistantly k aaDobrudja rrdssused t occupation g iieoowhere ssi n,,the run n g uen dnrrdyymasse, Austrian military its ( aD traterritorial & (”Raias”), TItalian h e basic u l tline i mboundary aand t ethe O om special TeBorderline r rRiver i tiovreireby sd i(roughly) othe peiaerdi of bgythe e eB taking refuge safe definitely settle nra!) ner -gii kn nron Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. Italian claims to tthe the Dnt rdthe arroeepregion an gooo rrrthey upurpose arefugitives shownareas (inconsistantly ethnological reasonswhich only. R sccaccpuupGreat nbPowers uttnhhdterritory r agMl1912. rkkoaaunnnreserved Tatars ethnological Çatalca tEdanitne n t efor Albania by the in 4 roatian territory, this being the basisfor ofMoldavia the Austrian Italian claims to D ? and from Dobruja in aikensteppe f a c out i l i tare aof tinterest. i shown nreach g tinhR enfor fvAlso i nitgsRussians; fgpwith sm l l for lnriudtthen tnelsettle nogof odwthese nreasons traterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia (”Raias”), which Borderline (roughly) of River Te r r i t o r i e s o p i e d y e B traterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia (”Raias”), which C r e te , h o we ve r, i s n o w f r in a steppe region ( G r e e c e , S e r b i a , M o n t e n e g r o a n d B u l g a r i a ) Çatalca line and oatian being of themAustrian ve a f oterritory, r t re s s wthis i t h(and a p eofrthe methnic a nbasis e n t cleansing O tto a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re1 fplaces a c iout l i are t aon t i shown nreach g t hmaps. en(inconsistantly faiknsteppe fg is om r ethnological lrmeaning. iut then tnl en-iknnon More definite situation Albania, April 22 1913. and of for from Dobruja Enos iin adthe riColours sntgRussians; roeregion na!) sl ,l for ono go dwthese rnyreasons rdesirtsthe gp,Great ieM oanor isnn,tPowers ilitary geonruin rnaginn r1912. ? Albania byve the Great only. the have Italian claims Dftr ? C rBorderline e te , h-Midiia o we r,Line ito s nthe ow ?rei 1o n . Tatars ? ve a f o rrBorders t re ss ss w w ii tt h h aainp p eofrr m m aa n nent& O tto tto m m a n later!). ga(”Raias”), r r i s o n a n dd aa? (on GAlbania rApril eRienicvdefinite eke,ar22 Sby baripea.situation enrgudAlbania, rn oe in dog uBdnApril urdlyg a r22 i a )1913. More definite situation in Albania, April 22 1913. Enos -Midiia Line (roughly) ofPo ve ga More in traterritorial Extraterritorial areas in . Walachia (”Raias”), which 1913 Enos -Midiia Line 1&no &Moldavia 2ethnological ). (Map rilitary r oau fnodBorders et re d b y areas an (and a r e a eWalachia w iethnic t h ea nTt cleansing uOrMoldavia k i s h acni vlater!). i lri rains opnoapnuwhich l a tre 1522-1530 places on the maps. Colours have meaning. R i v e r d i s a p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d Tatars are shown (inconsistantly !) for reasons only. ? in a steppe region in a steppe region Borderline (roughly) of t Silistria, ceded asGreat compen i n definite k a22r s1913 t r e.situation g i o n s , o rinr uAlbania, n n i n g dApril r y 22 1913. onMore April &tto ).Sovereign (Map u fn nod dreet re an w hn eaa nT Tt u u rr tto h accnii vvga ns op pnooap pnu udll aaa? n . h ave a f o r t re s s 1522-1530 1522-1530 Albania by theLine Po 11 O & 22 ). rr rr ooan dd sbbsyy wand an rraeepaa ew ii ttah kk iiOttoman ssm h ii of llriicore n tt?re ii oo n ..Walachia ve au iist haaadministered rm raaithe w i t h ainpof e rthe m a(Map n”Floating e n t& m a n ga(”Raias”), r r i s o n a nwhich d?a re More Symbol Enos areas Moldavia Silistria, ceded assituation compen ? i n aksteppe a Constantinople r s t r eregion g i o n s , o r and r u nisolated n i n g d r areas y ch ensemble asOan province. oaming Nogay other Tatar nomad tribes Khanate B uAlbania l ga r i-Midiia adefinite e by a r l ythe 19 13 ? . Extraterritorial Gallipoli, in ? Great Po Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign in ? Gallipoli, ch an ensemble is aadministered administered asu an an Ottoman core province. Symbol Sovereign rareas oiatt th eaecartoin aeigta(Map aK inenainsgTtth1& O ttto m n. iJ voga r aih(”Raias”), , o pn oapnudwhich oaming and other Tatar nomad Khanate 1 & and 2 ). Ottoman (Map ch ensemble is Ottoman r the r oan un d Nogay e d b ywho an r e a wtheir i t h apower Tas r k ifelt stribes h c(particularly i v iof l icore athe n pprovince. o p uearlier, l a t?i ?o n . hExtraterritorial s uave r r oau fnodr tere d sbsPPy1522-1530 eiipofoof a.ennWalachia hn”Floating uO ktt2oooi).fsm hSaaatcnn liirniddra”,issn l aa?trei o n . ? 1522-1530 . region l1ga e a r l y 19situation 13 1 9 1 4 - B1 9uMore 8 r i adefinite Constantinople isolated troops areas in Sw toan trw hthe t&rstMoldavia W o r l d W a r l m O m s in a steppe Crimea, make central Albania, still held by at r t e c t a g a i n s t r a , 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 S t a t e o f t h e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, ? W o r l d W a r l 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 S t a t e o f t h e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, W o r l d W a r l Disputed Saloniki area, oc Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign Symbol of the ”Floating Sovereign offered by Austrian troops in Croatia. h ave a f o r t re s s w i t h a p e r m a n e n t O tto m a n ga r r i s o n a n d a re More definite situation the Crimea, who make their power felt (particularly earlier, central Albania, still held by rritory Venetian on Venetian is athe administered Ottoman cht i m ane ensemble administered coreRuprovince. 1 &War, 2 ). Ottoman (Map the end of the. first Balkan on Apriltroops 22 1913.at u r r oan u nensemble d e d bwhen yoffered an r e aKnights w i t h ahad Tas uno ran k ibase s hin cCroatia. i v iland. l i core a n p province. opulation. 1522-1530 c u aastean d eOttoman aAutonomous s t wa rd by s s i a , oRAGUSA r? ounder f wa r )direct . Aisf te r 1 8 1 2 e varule ? ??fiefs. rritory under direct Venetian rule when the Knights had no base on land. Autonomous Venetian fiefs.sSuch rritory under direct Venetian the Autonomous Venetian fiefs. t1ro d by a s marea, a l l Boc u the end 1913. 1 9 1 4 - Disputed 9 1o8p s a nSaloniki S t a of t Islands e the o fof. tfirst hthe eand KBalkan nMount i g h1 t&sWar, Son t . JApril o h nyet ”, 22 2o).fSovereign (Map a t administered h ei t K huno tan fs hS tcon . iJ vo ihland. s u r r oan u nensemble d e d bwhen yS tan ae roby efKnights a tAustrian w h nhad ai gas Ttroops rskobase iOttoman lnicore a”,n pprovince. o p u l a t?i o n . 1522-1530 W o r l d W a r l 1 8 1 2 e varule c u a te d e a s t wa rd by Ru s s i a , o r t i m e o f wa r ) . A f te r Symbol ”Floating ? Such is Aegean Athos, not awarded 19 1 2 : T Aegean h ewhen u l t i the m a tKnights e O t t o”Floating m a n no d eAthos, f eSovereign n s on e not l iland. n eyet s inawarded t ro19 o p1 6s. a n dRomanian by a s m aadvan ll Bu king refuge in the Dobrudja where they settle en masse, safe Authe tVenetian o nKnights o m o u srule r easgno ian o nbase ,Ottoman aking c c e srefuge s iunder b i l i tin ydirect othe f t eDobrudja rVenetian r a i n , o fwhere frule e r i n gthey r e l Autonomous asettle t i v e f ren e emasse, dom t osafe l o c a? l Such M ncore t a i nprovince. Symbol of the Islands and Mount Territory underwhen direct had base rritory Autonomous Venetian fiefs. had ono uland. Venetian fiefs. River an ensemble is administered Aegean Islands and Mount Athos, not yet awarded 19 1 2 : T h e u l t i m a t e O t t o m a n d e f e n s e l i n e s in Au t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , S t a t e o f t h e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, Romanian advan 19 1 6 . a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t e r r a i n , o f f e r i n g r e l a t i v e f r e e d o m t o l o c a l ? Au t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , neither to Greece nor to Italy. by the Great Powers, Romanian advan M o u n t a i n Çatalca line and the line at the Gallipoli isthmus Independent Principality 19 1 6 . areek c cout e sor s of i bAlbanian) ireach l i t y o for f t epopulation; r r a iRussians; n , o f f e rvague i nfrom g r e and l then a t i vfloating e?on f r ethese e d oboundaries. mDobruja to local nd the t h e Holy Mount Athos Riveroo ff Venetian S t aline tthe e oand fKnights t hthe eand K nline i g hat tneither s the obase f S tto . J not oGreece h nyet ”, isthmus nor by the Great Powers, Çatalca Independent to Greece nor to to Italy. Italy. bywhen the Great on land. has aoieenpsmtH H M uuoln nnirncettd, laeA A h Autonomous Islands Moun nd for the from Aegean Islands Mount Athos, awarded Ru sPrincipality s i a and n o( cadvan c u p) a or ?r r a iRussians; h itsAegean Au t (roughly) on oPowers, min o uthe shad ethe gno ineither o nterritory , Gallipoli ottrin syyrule reek or Albanian) population; vague and floating boundaries. Romanian I n a c c e s sunder iunder b i l i t ydirect oi vfAu eftdrVenetian ,piioeccooufallRRfrule affrttttgh ieevroorreoss11uf99rn11e22de))d o Venetian m t o l o c afiefs. l 19basic 1 6 . boundary areek c cout e sare sof i bAlbanian) ireach l i t y o (inconsistantly f t epopulation; n , o f f e r!)vague i nfor g rethnological e and l then a t i vfloating eon f r ethese ereasons d oboundaries. mDobruja t o only. l oRAGUSA c a l Territory Rdirect eo((trM reeeirM nppeiguungoobbigu shown Italian claims and blockade Ru ss ssPowers, ii aa n cc u Territory when the Knights had no base onGreece land. Autonomous Venetian fiefs. Borderline ofrDodekanesos reserved forItaly. Ru n oo( ccMoun up p) aa its basic boundary M o n a s t l i c a by the Great neither to nor to by the Great Powers, R i v e r d i s a p p e a r i n g u n d e r g r o u n d ( M o n s t i c R e p u b l i c a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) are shown (inconsistantly !) for ethnological reasons only. Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade ? Aegean Islands and ? o f t h e H o l y M o u n t A t h o s o f t h e H o l y M o u n t A t h o s Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade Borderline (roughly) of the territory reserved for 1 6 t i m e s magnification to be used) ( (Greek or Albanian) population; vague and floating boundaries. i n k a r s t r e g i o n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y reek or Albanian) population; vague and floating boundaries. o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Au t o n o m o u s r e g i o n , Boundar 1 9 1 5 I n a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t e r r a i n , o f f e r i n g r e l a t i v e f r e e d o m t o l o c a l Albania by the Great Powers in 1912. Italian claims to the Dode ? Walachia & Moldavia (”Raias”), which 1 6 t i m e s magnification to be used) ( Ru s s i a n o c c u pa Aegean Islands and Moun o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y Boundar xtraterritorial areas in RAGUSA i n k a r s t r e g i o n s , o r r u n n i n g d r y 1 9 1 5 1 6 t i m e s magnification to be used) ( ( M o n a s t i c R e p u b l i c a f t e r 1 9 1 2 ) sregion t, i oc f Rfother irce laafttievre changes 1 f9r1e2e)d o m that rPowers e og ui onnt , A oItalian f D uAu ra Boundar by Great Powers, 1 9 the 1 5 claims I n a c1566 Conquests c e sors i bAlbanian) i l i t yino af (steppe tM epopulation; rorna ai nand eerpvague i unbg l border t o l o care a l related to Süleymān’s Albania Great int h1912. Italian tointhe Italian claims Dod claims inIocampaign. Dodekanesos Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of(”Raias”), an oby fztzo tthe hlast eobym H otuthe laysl yM o s and blockade (Greek and floating boundaries. xtraterritorial areas inp eWalachia & Moldavia F r oLine nPowers, t l i nthe e sDode Turkish-coloured colour by the Great aveindicates a f o r t re svassal s w i tmargin h astatus raround m aofn ethe n tthe Ocountry. tto m a n of ga an r??r i s o n a n which d a re at isteppe region More Albania, 22in 1913. Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an 1 6definite tra i(opromises m be (D RAGUSA The brown line vassal vague statusto inbecases fz ezo tsnhamagnification esituation HiIcotto lRyl eyItaly M oin ul niby ttoaAthe tt he roused) s1 9April 1 6indicating mpopulation; e s magnification used) boundaries. (in Enos -Midiia ? Vassals F r o n t l i n e s o f D u ra z zo by I t a l y (Greek or Albanian) and floating o f u by a Boundar The territorial Entente the M o s t p u b c f 1 2 ) 1 9 1 5 F r o n t l i n e s An ea Italian claims in the Dod The brown brown line1522-1530 indicating vassal status in cases cases ave sy wan i t ha rastatus r mi taof nTt uOcountry. ga More definite Albania, Enos -Midiia Line The territorial territorial promises toR eItaly Italy by the Entente in1913. the vassal in 1the & 2 ). (Map status An ea uTurkish-coloured r rindicates oau fnodr et re d sbvassal epae w hn eathe rtto k i sm h acni vof i lrira?ins opnoapnudl aatre ion. nmagnification asituation s t i cto p uin b l iby ctoathe fbe t e rused) 1 April 9 1 2 ) 22in The Entente the oThe f a m a r i t i line m e bindicating o rd e r. . around Turkish-coloured margin colour of an ea margin the 1 6 t i(promises mMeos1915 (London oItalian f D uTr raclaims auelcyshDod ernational marks rtoy by notfin l IiBtnthe 1 &Ottoman 2 ).Sovereign (Map uuch r rindicates oan u nensemble d e d boundary-line bvassal y an rstatus e a waround i t of h athe Tas u country. ran kcolour i Ottoman sthe h cactual i vAn i l an i core a n pprovince. o p u l a t i o n . AVassals 1522-1530 . reach m aa rr ii tt ii line m rd r.of ezzFazo are Maximum ofstatus sovereignty in Europe Treaty of , vassal tototurn Italy into an ally: in the ooThe ff aa indicates m m eevassal bbindicating oo rd ee status r. Symbol the ”Floating TheThe brown line status brown vassal in cases t ipromises m e s1915 magnification toin becases used) ( 1 6indicating ernational boundary-line marks the actual is aadministered Vassals The territorial promises territorial Italy by the Entente o f D u ra zo by au of the country. An area Tr e a t y o Btto ulccyItaly h aa rr ee ernational boundary-line marks the actual vassal status of the country. An ea indicates Treaty of London , to turn Italy into an ally: A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an Tr e a t y o ff IB h Treaty of London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: Symbol oft hthe ”Floating Sovereign rder.anInensemble our atlasisall vassals are under Ottomancore province. uch administered as an Ottoman Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e RAGUSA 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 8 S t a t e o f e K n i g h t s o f S t . J o h n ”, o f a m a r i t i m e b o rd e r. W o r l d W a r l o f a m a r i t i m e b o rd e r. A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an rder. In our our boundary-line atlas all all vassals vassals are aremarks under the Ottoman The brown line indicating vassal status in cases Bulgaro German Aus Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e RAGUSA international boundary-line marks the actual The territorial promises to Italy rder. In atlas under Ottoman 1. ernational actual part of Dalmatia, Istria + Paying tribute to Hungary, as wella s t o t h e 1 9 Treaty 1 4 - 1 9 1of 8Bulgaro RAGUSA Küstenland, vassal S toatththe ee orstatus Kof nhad i the g h 1tno f) . S t .on J oAn hland. n ”, o r l d Wa r l London 1915 Tr e a-- tGerman y o f, to B uturn c hAus a rIe Treaty of London 1915 , vassal to turn Italy into an W ally: S u l tindicates a n ( a n d when to sfKnights !t)h e( before 5scountry. 2 o6base Bulgaro Aus zerainty;under only direct for Cyprus Venice had paid tribute erritory Venetian rule Autonomous Venetian fiefs.area The line in cases 1. Istria ++status Küstenland, The territorial 1. all in full f a brown m a r i part tim eof oDalmatia, rd e r. part ofbindicating Dalmatia, Istria u ll1682 nIntribute n ddMaximum to hthe before t h e D opromises b r German u d j a to-- Italy vassal the country. area zerainty; onlyatlas for Cyprus Venice had paid tribute SSPaying u ttindicates aa n (( aaour n to oo ttHungary, h ee rrstatus ssvassals !! ))reach (( before 11no 55Ottoman ..Ottoman of suzerainty RAGUSA ooPaying border. atlas all are under zerainty; for when Knights had land. rder. our all under Autonomous Venetian fiefs.international Hungary, as wella s Küstenland, to the to asof wella s22 66base t))othe t hon e An boundary-line marks actual RAGUSA n ff u u ll ll hLondon D oo bb-rr German u1915 Erritory g y pIn t , under wonly h i c hdirect , h oCyprus wVenetian evassals v e r,Venice w aare srule uhad n d epaid r OOttoman t ttribute oman Treaty ofBulgaro to turn I f a 2.1.m atribute r ipart tAegean i m Dodecanesos, eofto b oDalmatia, rd e r. and aa ll ll ii n tt h ee D u dd jj aa, Istria the Aus Islands Mount Athos, not yet awarded 1. part of Dalmatia, international boundary-line marks the actual Istria + S o m e t i m e s d o t s a re u s e d j u s t to a d d a n e a s i l y E g y p t , w h i c h , h o w e v e r, w a s u n d e r O t t o m a n Küstenland, 2. Au t o n o m o r e g i o n , sovereignty Romanian advance S u l t a2.n tribute ( athe nAegean d to tHungary, h e r s ! ) and ( before 1 5s2Athos, 6t )o. t h not the Dodecanesos, 6 London . bas ihl iwell. tw e reafter rvaei r, nVenice , 1517 inndgtribute rreO l attttribute iovwas e af rne e d oinm t o l o c a l border. SS u l t aentIn ( aour to tahall e ruvassals s s!e) dVenice (jbefore 1a5 d2 6dpaid ) .aOttoman suzerainty; Cyprus had tribute Treaty19of1Hungaro-Romanian 1915 , to turn Ea gc yc epst s, iw ct yhfor ,ohfBut oCyprus wo af fsethis ur had epaid m zerainty; only Dodecanesos, are under bouI Paying tooGreat asMount wella eGreece Islands yet awarded RAGUSA oo m ii m eenonly ssdddatlas oo ttfor ssoAu re u ss tt rto n ee aa ss ii ll yy zerainty sovereignty a l l i n f u l l t h e D o b r u d j a t o n o m o e g i o n , S m e t m a re u s e d j u to a d d a n Romanian advance 19 1 6 . a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t e r r a i n , o f f e r i n g r e l a t i v e f r e e d o m t o l o c a l neither to nor to Italy. sovereignty by the Powers, Hungaro-Romanian bou d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , border. In our atlas all vassals are under Ottoman o f t h e H o l y M o u n t A t h o s 1.2. zerainty as well. But after 1517 this tribute was Hungaro-Romanian tribute as wella s 6t)o. to t hBay. e part ofs s Dalmatia, part ofto Albania, RAGUSA Greek Albanian) population; and floating boundaries. t od iEsgc ye pr nt ,a bwonly ,d of,,wtehvwhen e r,Venice wldiscernable aBocche s uhad r AOttplain ttribute o sm ahues n zerainty But this y p tor , directly was h iwell. c h , hto ow eafter v eSultan r, 1517 w a s in uvague nConstantinople. dtribute er O t t owas man SSPaying uolm t a2.3. a the n taHungary, hre e r s Powers, ! ) dincluding ( jbefore 1 5aValona 2d p aDodecanesos, eRu s usns idaenr oIstria ccocnutprbou oa tl i oo the nor to Italy. by the Dodecanesos, llsheediout. sscin when discernable plain hues 3.nt1i (Map14) part oft osoGreat Albania, including Valona Bay. oE gpaid the onbuadldniepaid h dare crunning e rt ni m a beonly hhfor dhao(eeCyprus “Lineae” Cattaro: 1. sdddto oof u s tDodekanesos toneither eGreece aand s i l y blockade Greek Albanian) population; vague and floating in boundaries. suzerainty; S oi sm oh taasDalmatia+ re swhen udiscernable syteM part Albania, including p ss ss eeDalmatia, ss u M ounafter aeesdH tVenice i joc1517 R ptouhad cdt di aafntplain eeorawas 1s9i lhues 1y2 ) (Cfr. top Comment sovereignty Su l t ae3. nm (5aepart nItalian to tclaims h e rus s!e)in (the before 1 5Valona 2 6d) .a n Bay. p aaof usn ns iddaeenrr occIstria nuttprrbou suzerainty; Cyprus paidordirectly directly to the Sultan in Constantinople. Hungaro-Romanian Ru coocn aoo tll i ooo as out. oo paid the Sultan Constantinople. ? zerainty as well. But after this tribute was in tsuzerainty oare Ei sgcrunning yepr n t ,aw heiwell. c(s 1hh6for ,a tdhi(But om weoesnvwhen aRse pthis uunbdl tribute ei crpaid tplain tetribute orused) m1 9a1hues n2 ) M aesr,t i cw aOfbe 2. are running out. the Dodecanesos, reaty between theto vassal and1517 thein Sultan regulated 5 d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , Italian claims in the Dodekanesos and blockade d b l e , when discernable plain hues 3. discernable part of Albania, including magnification to 3. 5 part of Albania, including Valona Bay. o m e t i m eos fdDo tusraazrezou by s e dI tjaulsyt to a d d a n e a s i l y 1 9 1p5aDodecanesos, t oC iEvg yl patd, m w ii(cs1th6ra , thto vmagnification eSultan r, 1517 w a s in u nConstantinople. dtribute e rtoObe t t oused) man reaty between thetovassal vassal and the theinSultan Sultan regulated in in s s eBoundary s u n d e r cofo nSt r o l Vo 2. the Nani” was Map 9, 10, 11.dSare also paid directly the the and regulated oyearly paidbetween directly the Sultan Constantinople. m enseafter as well. this irunning ihn1670-1699 “Linea tiBut ioow S iosm s e dI tjauldiscernable syt to a d d a nplain e a s i hues ly are out. Boundary of S 1 9 1 5 of Albania, ? ? suzerainty ereaty tribute, the obligations vassal in Turkish-coloured margin around of thethe colour of an crunning eertni m a5beolsef dout. sDohutasra daezre ,zouby by Austria 5 part when 3. C i v i l a d m i n i s t ra t i o n V suzerainty as well. But after 1517 this tribute was eeTurkish-coloured yearly tribute, the obligations of the vassal in F nes C i v i l a d m i n i s t ra t i o n AThe treaty between the and Sultan regulated by the Austria ins ) . vassal Sultan T h eeEntente ”” B ii gg SSin cc rr the aa m b ll ee ”” 1 9 3.1 8 - 1part 9 2 6of / 1 Albania, 9F3rr o2o nn tt ll iiincluding the colour also paid directly tovassal the Sultan instatus Constantinople. d iThe s crunning e rterritorial n a b l e out. s h a dpromises e , whentodiscernable by Austria brown line indicating vassal in cases plain hues including V are mreaty eyearly o f between w atribute, r ( a vassal uthe x i the l imargin a r obligations y t rand oaround o pthe nof d country. othe t hregulated evassal r t eof r man Italy by the 1699-1718 “Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13 nes status ofss aathe An ea indicates ? in these examples. T h B m b 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 5 T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 Military occupation. also paid directly to the Sultan in Constantinople. The brown line indicating vassal status in cases C i v i l a d m i n i s t ra t i o n m e o f w a r ( a u x i l i a r y t r o o p n d o t h e r t e r m s ) . C i vyearly i lmaabetween drm im n ies tbthe rao trd ivassal oenr.obligations ? are running out. The territorial promises to Italy by the Entente in the the tribute, the of the vassal in in these examples. m e o f w a r ( a u x i l i a r y t r o o p s a n d o t h e r t e r m s ) . eea yearly tribute, the obligations of the vassal in vassal status of the country. An indicates A treaty and the Sultan regulated o f a i t i by Austria in these examples. Military occupation. by Austria 5 eternational f o l l o w i n g boundary-line r e g i o n s of this atlas werethe at some Military occupation. ? marks actual Tr e a t y o f B u c h a r e s t o f a m a r i t i m e b o rd e r. Treaty of London 1915 , to turn Italy into an ally: A treaty between the vassal and the Sultan regulated The ”Big Scramble” 1918 -1926/1932 waiirn n (ggaboundary-line nrssyof oft rthis this atlas were atr actual some CMilitary i v i l a d moccupation. i nLondon i s t ra t i o n1915 , to t iSmmyearly ea ol lf i w aarn (dasuoxfithe itahrobligations oi apthese s caonof o ot hf evassal r rteeercmin eeefforooollfother ll ooww rrueexggiiilooi an some m o o p satlas amarks nunder dwere o t hthe eat terms). ternational ? ? the tribute, inturn theseItaly examples. Areas Tr e adisputed t y o f B u cbetween harest by Austria into an ally:Moldavia Moldavia, me Ottoman vassals: ??? Bulgaro Republic of Bessarabia s loccupation. fl This ey Itshade or onin nwella adexamples. tthe e ,s ) . Military order. In our atlas all vassals areWalachia, Ottoman Paying tribute to Hungary, as ssswere t o t vassal hG C iTreaty v i l a d mofi”Independent” n i scoastal t ra t i o n region 1 7RAGUSA 9 7 –? Areas disputed between the Walachia, Moldavia, me oro lother other Ottoman vassals: 1669-1699 the ”Independent” Republic ofKüstenland, BessarabiainMoldavia Moldavia m n(ddgassruto hrsyeeobligations nas nwella Greerrtsome Areas by these Austria h eeyearly owssw eooxgffiHungary, ifflthe oi ttanh ofIIt oor this Walachia, Moldavia, -disputed German -between Austri me ? Bulgaro ”Independent” Republic of Bessarabia ezerainty; for l In o wour ionly nOttoman g atlas rRagusa, efor g i oCyprus nvassals: s vassals of this atlas were atand some SSmum aaf aoll nllf liiownership llantribute, aairdn ccamarks oon1of aa5d2vague, s 6ttothe G eeevague eerccmeeins,, ) . situation in the Makarska order. all are under Ottoman – tT iPaying o(n oii aapn satlas 1. tribute t)otoo.hffthe tehat part of Dalmatia, Istria +as mentioned in examples. 11 77RAGUSA 99 77?– ansylvania, whose had always been being Serbia and Bulgaria the S l t ( a to o t h e r s ! ) before Venice had paid tribute Military occupation. German Austria ? 1. t i m e o f w a r ( a u x i l i a r y t r o o p s a n d o t h e r t e r m s ) . ansylvania, part of Dalmatia, Istria + Küstenland, a l l i n f u l l whose ownership had always been vague, being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the t h e D o b r u d j a in these examples. Areas disputed between Walachia, Moldavia, ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine time or other Ottoman vassals: ”Independent” Republic ansylvania, S mEmpire: a l l i s loccupation. a ”Independent” n Venice d s o f f t hise “not I oRepublic nRepublic i ato n claim c o aof s tofBessarabia othe f G coastal r e e c e , Moldavia Shwhose u l t a n ( a n d to o t h e r ! ) ( before 1 a5 2vague, 6t )o. f at Walachia, Moldavia, A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w eo me or other Ottoman vassals: ? ”Independent” ownership had always been being zerainty; only for Cyprus Venice had paid tribute Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the S m a l i s l a d s f f t h e I o n i a n c o s G r e e c e , T e f o l l o w i n g r e g i o n s of this atlas were some ? Military 1 7 9 7 – ? Peace Treaty of 1670-’71 between Venice and the Ottoman region ands of Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. 1 7 9 7 – Ukraine ofe no value to Venice. In theseatlas years they gain all in full E g y poft ,Zante, w h i c hChios, , h o w eSamos, v e r, w aCyprus s u n d eand r O others. ttoman hA e rrDee oaa bss rd A duiidss jp pau u tt ee dd bb ee tt w w ee 2. the”Independent” Dodecanesos, Republic of Ukraine ?? tHungaro-Romanian T f oe tlother o we isnOttoman gortRagusa, es gaihad o vassals: nus sSerbia of were some ? ? time ands ofo m no value to Venice. In these years they gain Transylvania, Sh il ownership m dto re e dthis j u sand tbeen to a dvague, d they a nateand again s i lthe y ands Samos, Cyprus and others. sovereignty ansylvania, whose ownership had always been vague, being Bulgaria EKhanate g y poft ,Zante, washofiwell. cthe hChios, , hCrimean o w e v e r, w a s u n d e r O t t o m a n Walachia, Moldavia, or whose always being 2. ”Independent” Republic o Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the of no value Venice. In these years S m a l l i s l a n d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , the Dodecanesos, bound ezerainty Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the 1797– presence of But afterTatars 1517 this tribute was Sdimportance oi smcof inm e sl eOttoman ddue tasChios, aere u swhen ethe d j uOttomans s tCyprus toWalachia, a d island-loving dand a nwill e aMoldavia, sbe i lhues y “content by ”Independent” Republic sovereignty Ukraine ? time or vassals: A r e a sdisputed d i s p u t Republic ebetween d bbounda e t w ePo ”Independent” Areas eezerainty Khanate of the Crimean was in fact also Area southern by the S mno a l l value i spart l a ”Independent” n dofs Venice. oin f fhad t hSèvres. ealways Iincluding othese nRepublic i aAnatolia nbeen cyears oValona ait”. s tofassigned othey f Bay. Gbeing rgain e e to c e ,Italy Makarska, and only summarily taking possession of ? ee rtother a bZante, sohRagusa, dto , the Hungaro-Romanian ? importance due to the presence of island-loving discernable plain ? islands of Samos, others. 3. Khanate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the Albania, ? ands of Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. 1 7 9 7 – as well. But after 1517 this tribute was of to In Transylvania, importance due to the presence of island-loving Treaty of of no value to Venice. In these years they gain whose ownership vague, ? Serbia and Bulgaria and the p a s s e s u n d e r c o n t r o l o fP Areas disputed between assal, though, being a Sultan Musliminstate, it had de Areas disputed between P d i s c e r n a b l e s h a d e , so paid directly to the Constantinople. ? Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. when discernable plain hues 3. part of Albania, including Valona Bay. ? Treaty of Sèvres. are running out. ”Independent” Transylvania, assal, though, being Muslim state, itfact had de Treaty of Sèvres. aArea s s e s in u nsouthern d e r c oRepublic n tAnatolia rol of A whose always been being Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the The Khanate ofout. the Tatars was in mainland. fact also Great Britain and unrest on the Greek 5ownership though, being Muslim state, had de eso Khanate of the Crimean Tatars was in it also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the ? directly to theaawith Sultan Constantinople. importance due tohad the ofvague, island-loving islands of Zante, Chios, Cyprus and others. importance due toCrimean theSamos, presence ofthe island-loving Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. of no value to Venice. Inpresence these years they gain are running eassal, apaid different relation the For some A r e a sdisputed d i Sèvres. s p u t between eRepublic d b e t wPe ???? p”Independent” treaty between the vassal and theinSultan. Sultan regulated Western Thrace awarded to Greece ”Sèvres”. Areas The y are then disputed between Oit ttom an 5 ? ?? The ofthough, Zante, Chios, Samos, Cyprus and others. Treaty different relation with the Sultan. For some Treaty of Sèvres. of no value to Venice. In these gainby A dd ii ss p bb ee tt w Western Thrace to Greece by aislands vassal, being aultimate Muslim state, had desss of Austria? ? The yyl aare then disputed between the ttom an eeassal, aaThököly different some treaty between the vassal andthe the Sultan. Sultan regulated though, being awith Muslim state, itFor had de Khanate ofi s the Crimean Tatars was inO fact also Area southern A rr ee aainss of pu u tt ee ddAnatolia w ee Western Thrace awarded tothey Greece by ”Sèvres”. ”Sèvres”. Great Britain and unrest onawarded theyears Greek mainland. The are then disputed between the O ttom an importance due to the presence of island-loving Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. 1600s The defense line C i v i d m i n t ra t i o n ars inrelation northern Hungary and the King of e yearly tribute, the obligations of the vassal in (Greece) (Heptanesos – 1 8 6 4 The byTatars Austria ? ? Great was initRepublic). fact also Area in Anatolia ars Thököly in northern Hungary and the King of importance due tounrest the presence oft he island-loving CThe i vKhanate ialy different aare dthough, mand i nof i sGreat tthe ra t iCrimean oBritain n awith Areas disputed between Treaty ofdsouthern Sèvres. relation the Sultan. For some Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. ars Thököly in northern Hungary and the King of Western Thrace awarded a different relation with the Sultan. For some e yearly tribute, the obligations of the vassal in (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). – 11 88?66 44 aiure vassal, being Muslim state, had de T h ey a re then dispu te d b e t we e n Ottoman s A r e a s i s p u t e d b e t we ? Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. T h e ” B i g S c r a m b l e ” 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 6 / 1 9 3 2 then disputed between the O ttom an s by Austria ? (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). Britain and on the Greek mainland. – ? Areas disputed between land also paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs paid Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. m e oalso f w a r ( a utribute. x i l i a r y t r oEven o p s the a n dHabsburgs other term s). Treaty of disputed Thracian areasonawarded to Greece in thesestate, examples. ayears vassal, though, being awith Muslim itFor had de iAreas h e Sèvres. M i r d ibetween te Rep T hOttoman e ” B i gby S c”Sèvres”. ramble” 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 6Western /.. 1aa9.. 3”” 2T land paid Military occupation. Great and unrest thee nGreek mainland. northern Hungary and the King of land also paid tribute. the paid meefThököly otribute, fl owwapaid rn(in aalthough unorthern xgiiloi anrsyof tHungary rthis oEven o pkept satlas a nand dHabsburgs o the t h eatrit t”gifts”. erm ars King ofs ) . a Thököly different relation the Sultan. some (Greece) Great Britain Republic). – 1 8?6 4 T iiAreas T h eeThrace M ii rr dd awarded iiawarded tt ee R ee p in(Heptanesos these examples. h ey aBritain re and then dispu te d b e(Heptanesos tawarded we t he s ”Sèvres”. Smyrna district to Greece Greece by by ”Sèvres”, (Greece) and in Great Britain Republic). – 1 8 6 4 iure arly they calling . a . ” T h M R p h o l i g r e were some Military occupation. Thracian areas disputed between Thracian areas awarded to 1683-’99 Habsburg’s conquests iure a different relation with the Sultan. For some Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, arly tribute, although they kept calling itsome ”gifts”. AlbanianThrace villagesawarded near Ko Western T h ey a re then dispu te b e tawarded we eunder n t hetoOttoman Ottoman s ”Sèvres”, ? (Greece) Poland also paid northern tribute. Hungary Even the Habsburgs paid Smyrna district Greece ”sovereignty”. by arly they kept calling ”gifts”. hme e forotribute, lother l o w ipaid nOttoman g although r tribute. e g i o nvassals: s of this atlas were atit land also Even the Habsburgs paid years but going todRepublic remain Albanian villages near Ko Areas and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). –1864 Walachia, Moldavia, ?? Areas ”Independent” of Bessarabia Moldavia iAlbanian . a . disputed ” T hdistrict eareas M i rbetween dawarded iawarded tnear e R eKo pA S m a Thököly lThököly l i s l a n din s onorthern f f t h e I oHungary n i a n c o aand s t othe f G King rKing e e c eof , villages but going to remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Thracian 1797– years in and the of but going to Republic remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Smyrna disputed between A a yearly tribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. (Greece) and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). – 1 8 6 4 Walachia, Moldavia, Smyrna district awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”, me or other Ottoman vassals: ? ”Independent” of Bessarabia Moldavia arly tribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. S m a l l i s l a n d s o f f t h e I o n i a n c o a s t o f G r e e c e , Poland also paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs paid ? 1797– Thracian areas awarded ansylvania, Ragusa, Serbia and Bulgaria and the 1560 – 1795 Demilitarized ”Zoneunder of theOttoman Straits” ”sovereignty”. whose also ownership had always been vague, beingpaid neutral zones In Hun Albanian villages near Ko but going to remain und Poland paid tribute. Even the Habsburgs 1560 – 1795 but going to remain Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” neutral zones In Hun ansylvania, ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine 1560 – 1795 Smyrna district awarded ownership had always been vague, being Bulgaria and the Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” a whose yearly tribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e e n ? 1690s Ottoman recovery neutral zones In Hun ? ? ands of Zante,Ragusa, Chios, Serbia Samos, and Cyprus and others. of value toT hVenice. In these years gain ”Independent” Republic of Ukraine Smyrna e a sgoing d i s pdistrict utot eremain d ”Zone b eawarded t w unde e eofn ?? A rbut a of tribute, they it s”gifts”. ealthough u l t i mIn a tethese d e f ekept n s e lcalling ithey n e of gain Au t r i a 1560 – 1795 1yearly 6 0no 0 s value ? ands of Zante, Chios, Cyprus and others. Conquests and Samos, other border t h a t 1560 – 1795 Demilitarized to Demilitarized of assigned the Straits” neutral In Hun T ee to u tt ii m te n ss ee island-loving ll iithey n 11 66 00no 00 ss he Khanate of the Crimean Tatars waschanges in fact also Area in southern ”Zone Anatolia to Italy by the Conquests and other other border changes h aa tt importance due Th hVenice. u llthe m aapresence te dd ee ff eeyears nof n ee of of Au Au ss tt rr ii aa but disputed going tozones remain und Conquests and border tt h ? Areas between Pola ? are related to Suleyman’s lastchanges campaign. he Khanate of the Crimean Tatars was in fact also Area in southern Anatolia assigned to Italy by the ? importance due to the presence of island-loving 1560 – 1795 Demilitarized ”Zone of Treaty of Sèvres. vassal,Conquests though, being a Muslim state, it hadt de Areas are related to Suleyman’s Suleyman’s lastchanges campaign. T h e of u l tSèvres. i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i World a 1600s 1 9?? 3 3 - 193 9 - disputed 1 9 4 5 between War ll Great Britain ond ethe ? T habsburg e uunrest lThököly’s t i m’sother a te f eprincipality, nGreek s e lstep i n emainland. ofbys Auttsehtpraita 1560 – 1795 Conquests and border changes Hand con quests 03s- ’9 are related to last campaign. 166 6081683-’88 9 and other border hat Treaty Demilitarized ”ZonePola of 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 vassal, though, being a Muslim state, it had de World War ll 1 5 H absburg ’s con quests step bys t e p 1 6 8 3 ’9 9 Great Britain and unrest on the Greek mainland. 1 9 3 3 193 9 1 9 4 5 World War ll H absburg ’s bet conween quests step bys t ne sp 1 6he 8 y3 -a’9re 9 then re a different relation with Sultan. For some A r e a s d i s p u t e d b e t w e en Maximal reach of the Ottoman sovereignty ? Western Thrace awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. T d i sp u ted t h e O tto m a ? ? T h e u l t i m a te d e f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a 1 6 0 0 s are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. Conquests other border Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty re different with Sultan. For some A r9e a- s1 9d 4i s5p u t e d b e t w e e n ? Western Thrace awarded Greece then d i spand u ted bcon et ween t h step echanges O tto m atttnehhspaatt Maximal reach of the Ottoman sovereignty ? Hab sb ut irg ’sa te c on qfueenst sto ste pofbyAu s tby etpr”Sèvres”. ? 1 5T166he 6980y3s-a’9re 8 3 ’9 9 1 9 3 3 193 inof Europe World War ll T h e u l m d e s e l i n e s i a 1 6 0 0 s Ottoman recovery H absburg ’s quests bys Boundary of die Ostmark arsaThököly inrelation northern Hungary and the King 9 Conquests and other border changes and Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). – 1 8 6 4 1 5(Greece) are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. in Europe 1 9 0 s Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark German forces on territo 6 6 Areas disputed between A in Europe Thracian areas awarded to Greece by ”Sèvres”. 1 9 0 s ars Thököly in northern Hungary and the King of Ottoman recovery Boundary of die Ostmark Maximal reach of Ottoman sovereignty axim a l reach r e a c h of o f Ottoman O tthe to mHabsburgs a nsovereignty s u z e r apaid inty Maximal (Greece)are andrelated Great Britain (Heptanesos Republic). –1864 German Hab sb uareas rg ’s Carpatho-Ukraine c awarded on q u e st stoste p byins Czechoslovakia tby e p”Sèvres”. to Suleyman’s last campaign. oland alsoM paid tribute. Even 1 6 8 3 - ’9 9 Thracian Areas German forces on territo M m h Even O ttthe to m mHabsburgs n ss u u zz ee rrin n tt yy Greece Autonomous aa xx ii m aa ll rr ee aa cc h oo ff O to aa n aapaid ii Europe n i . aBoundary . ” Tdisputed h e Mforces iof r ddie ibetween t eon R territo epuA b Europe 11 669803s- ’9 9 Boundary Ottoman recovery Thököly ’s recovery principality, v a sovereignty s s a l ofinthe Ostmar Hab sbdistrict u rgof ’s Carpatho-Ukraine c on q u e st s to ste p by s Czechoslovakia t by e p ”Sèvres”, oland alsoM paid tribute. 1 611 6689882033s-- ’88 Ottoman die Ostmark Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia Maximal reach of Ottoman Smyrna awarded Greece i . a . ” T h e M i r d i t e R e p u b arly tribute, although they kept calling it ”gifts”. Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the Autonomous in ’88 s ua lz eofrinathe forces near on territo 1 6 8 3 - ’88 M Lineae” Dalmatia+ Bocche Cattaro: aThököly x i m a l reach r’se aprincipality, c h of o f Ottoman O t t o mvaanssovereignty iEurope nty Germanvillages Occupation For Ottomans M a xalthough i min r e a cthey h o f kept O t tocalling m a ndi uitz e”gifts”. rainty Albanian Korc Maximal Smyrna district awarded toOttoman Greece ”München” by ”Sèvres”, arly tribute, 1690s Ottoman Boundary of die Ostmark Lineae” ina lDalmatia+ Dalmatia+ Bocche dis Cattaro: Cattaro: Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei German Occupation For 1682 but going torecovery remain under ”sovereignty”. Ottomans Autonomous Lineae” in di Germanvillages Occupation For Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine Czechoslovakia Albanian near Korc Ottomans Thököly principality, v a s safter ain l of the 1 MapBocche 14) (Cfr. top Comment Sep 29, 1938 1938 Tschechei after ”München” control Rákóczi in vaoanl sossufa zlReof 68 82after 3 - ’88 1702 11 669803? s- ’88 but Ottoman Boundary ofc uCarpatho-U die Ostmar going to’s recovery remain under Ottoman ”sovereignty”. Sep 29, Tschechei after ”München” 1 61after M aThököly x irmrin aTerritory loDalmatia+ rr’seyaprincipality, c hn doefunder OBocche tot n om r kof a óthe i nEurope tzyi 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment Te i t u r c t r á c 1702 I t a l i a n O c p a t i o n Fo r ? ”Lineae” di Cattaro: 1 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment Ottomans in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: 1560 – 1795 German Occupation For Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” Autonomous Carpatho-Uk M a x i m a l e a c h o f O t t o m a n s u z e r a i n t y 7 0 - 1 6 9Lineae” 9 Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren Ottomans Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i neutral zones In Hungar Mar i5, 1939 after 1702 I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo ”Linea Nani” M a p 9 , 10, 11. Thököly ’s principality, v a s s a l of the 1 6 8 3 ’88 Sep 29, 1938 r Comment r i t o r y u n1dMap e r c14) ontrol of Rákóczi after 1702(Cfr. Te I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rr Sep 29, 1938 Tschechei after ”München” 77 00 -- 11 66 99(Cfr. 99 Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren 1560 – 1795 Mar i5, 1939 Demilitarized ”Zone of the Straits” ? Autonomous Carpatho-U ”Linea Nani” M a p 9 , 10, 11. neutral zones In Hungar top Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren i5, 1939 Thököly ’sy principality, v a s s a l of the 14) top Comment 1after 6 8 3?-1702 ’88 Mar ”Linea Nani”1 MapM a p 11, 9 , 10, 11. 14. ”Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: in Ottomans ”Linea Grimani” Map 12, 13, Te r r i t o r u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i ” I d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1667071 801718-’39 -s- ’11702 369”Lineae” Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o n t r o l o f R á k ó c z i after Sep 29, 1938 German annexation of I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n T h e u l t i m a te f e n s e l i n e of Au s t r i a 1 in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Conquests and other border changes t h a t 1 9 9 Mar i5, 1939 ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. Oltenia and of by Habsburg by ”Passarowitz” Mar i5, 1938 1939 Ottomans ” II n ndepen nbut dBöhmen nlost t ” SS llagain o&vaMähren k i aby 11.and ? 7 0 - 1 6 9Conquests 9 O nlitiiaiaam nateddi n pMap Serbia Protektorat ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, Mar i5, 1939 1dp 14) top German annexation of of Fo r ”Linea Nani” M a p 14 9changes , -10, 11. 14.t h a t in ee n eeunn aagan sssparts h”Linea ofb uSerbia Au r i a and Bosnia, gained Sep 29, 111677011 088 s-- ’’ 33 99(Cfr. TO German annexation 31.13, ”Linea Mocenigo” Map and other border Btop oll ettsComment ,Nani” eeaadf err ttnbM yaeoopHlff ian9Serbia b,es10, r and gs tby 1830s Mar i5, 1939 Te r i5, r i t 1939 o r y u n d e r c”ounder n tdreopl eGerman o fd R á tk”ó”Protection”. c zoi va k i a after 1702 Mar ? 1 Map 14) Comment are related Suleyman’s last campaign. 1 66 97 90 -- 11 67 91 (Cfr. 89 under German ”Protection”. 14 -12, 31.13, 14. ”Linea to Mocenigo” Map B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. in Yugoslav territory in S 1 under German ”Protection”. Mar i5, 1939 14 31. Mocenigo” Map O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 B o s n i a , g a i n e d b y H a b s b u r g by ”Linea Grimani” 11, 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p Te r r i t o r y u n d e r c o t r o l o f R á k ó c z i ” I n d e p e n d e n t ” S l o va k i a after 1702 OPaal bsbu t esna”Belgrade”. irarogw a’sni co aur est t slost o fstep Serbia and ”H tdz ”pqbut again 99 1 9 3 3 - 193 9 -Mar 1 9 4i5,5 1939 War ll are related to Suleyman’s last campaign. German annexation by11.sby tep 1939 11 67 1883- -’ 3’9 Oct. i5, 1939 Yugoslav territoryofin in S G e n e r a l G o World uWorld v e r n eWar m e n tll Mar Yugoslav territory P”Linea w’s i ttizznnn but lost again by 9again asspHstep 1 9 3 3 - 193 9 -Mar 1 9 4i5, 5 Oct. 1939 11 6166699789903---111’9 769199189 ”””H 14 31. ssnr aaai drrarooMocenigo” w ””eqbut oo uu”Protection”. vv ee rr nn ee m awarded to Italy in S aoaalbsssgsbu eby p B lotsenn1939 ii1939 aa, agnadi npeadr tbsunder y oHfG bnnGerman seebrr uaa llrand gG 699 T h i sMocenigo” s h a d eofmOttoman aMap r k s t14 h e- sovereignty va g u e Grimani” Map 13, Oct. 31. ”Linea du est bM ylost a11, b, -12, s10, bby u sby r tg14. GaeeSerbia Gby m ee nn tt BBP”Linea e”Linea e,gNani” ”.g iaco Maximal reach O 1718-’39 awarded to Italy in 66 99 99 T h i s s h a d e m a r k s t h e va g u e Mar i5, 1939 1 6 9 9 1 7 1 8 awarded to Italy in ””B B e l g r a d e ”. Yugoslav territory in S e m ”Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13, 14. R e i c h s k o m m i s s a r i a t U k r a i n e ” P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by Aug. 1941 Annexation and extent ” e l g r d e ”. O l t e n i a a n d p a r t s o f Serbia and 1 7 1 8 ’ 3 9 1 6 9 9 1 9 1 9 Oct. 1939 P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by u a t i o n i nMaximal t h e TMh iasreach k sahr as kd aof cOttoman oaarsktsa tl hreesovereignty gvai og nu eains Europe 1 6 9 0 s Ottoman recovery Map 14 - 31. Boundary ”Linea Mocenigo” B o s n i1941 a ,ofg die a i nR eeedii ccbhhyss kkHG sebri usasrl gaaGrrby Oct. 1939 Mar i5, forces 1939 on ebnm oii aau ttv e rU ROstmark oam m Unkkerrmaa eii nnn eet 1830s Aug. Annexation andterritory extent u a t i o n i nM ttah em M iaal skkr esaaharr cass hkkd aaeo m c oOaaartsskt ttosaamtll harrenee ggva i o n aaassiEurope Annexation and extent 11 1611667769974 901774 hdi sMocenigo” s h aand d e m aMap rand k s t14 h e- 31. va g u e Occupation German s- 1 69 1999 ” Ottoman recovery Boundary awarded to Italy in ””Aug. BPBeaolssgsnraa1941 e, w ”.gdie i rdaoof ebut d b lost y Ho am b s bi susby r g by nty 74 BOccupation e”Linea l gTr aOccupation e ”. e6un9at9itoi onne di nM i nahtxxheii m eTMhaaPe aecaec Tr e ffac toO y t ot of m1 6a70 -s’iu7og1znue erin iatiznS”Ostmark again and 1830s 1 7 74 Oct. 1939 German forces on territory Territory annexed by Occupation and R e i c h s Hu ko Aug. 1941 e r b i a u n d e r i t s p u p p e t r e g i m e . l r h o n s u z e r a i n t y Autonomous Carpatho-Ukraine in Czechoslovakia natt iitooi on ned di nii n n t h eMPe Pekaa acc rees Tr Tr e a t yya sootffa 11l 66r70 70 i cihalost s kno dm aprui papt e tUrkergai imn ee . Annexation and extent t h e TM c oBaaruksko tsatvvlhiarneseasva gaby ilog of s Peal gs rs aa1941 i t zSSR”eeebut by eetun Territory by 1s 6i11t67u789a53-t-1i’88 6o 9n 9i n Thököly h ias’sksaprincipality, hrof as dkteah em unAustria eathe em g-- ’’ip77o11inr ea: s Oct. 1939annexed annexation eem rr in ii stt ssCzechoslovakia ” ”Aug. BOccupation dr oe ”.wCarpatho-Ukraine Aug. 1941 Territory annexed by Hu Hu 1 7 74 w e e nneLineae” Ve ntihtcheeein a naDalmatia+ d t h ek aOe act ttoBocche o m a n Edi 1830s Autonomous bia u u n dagain puppet regime. andrr b Aug. 1941 Thököly annexation eecm B 7789a55t3ti--o Occupation 1mi1611te67776un74 1’88 6nn9e d 9i ni n TMhPe i s’s scprincipality, hreof aand dttaeh ayau rsokko sfa vvlt1 6hiiarn eseaasgva uAustria eathe German Occupation Forces wt eei oeenn ne dVe Vei n n ii tccheee aaPe n dda ctt eh h eeTrO Oe att tt ooy m m an n1 6 70 Em m- ’Cattaro: p7 1ii rr ee :: R e i c h s k o Ottomans t h e a Tr e a t 70 -aby ’i7log1of annexation of h B u ko n by Austria Aug. 1941 ” B e l g r a d e ”. n a E p ettnw o f Aug. 1941 s i o t h e a k a s k o t n s Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, Sep 29, 1938 after ”München” ccupied SReer ibForces iha suHu Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: Aug. 1941annexed Territory by German Occupation 117774 cand knaao SYugoslav bTschechei u npart ra of iby t sthe p u pformer p e t r eBánát, gime. Aug. 1941 Aug. 1941 Map 14) (Cfr. top Comment Occupation at5ieto1702 ien onn i ni nnOttomans tithcrhereiM tftaathe l6ilr70 i7pRo1in annexation tunder he reTschechei Bi au ko vdi neafter Austria 7? 5 Territory ccupied and Aug. 1941 ofand Sep 29, 1938 ”München” Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, bs iafter e1et7tun7w1775 atannexation nardaky catuerof hnsTr ekdtah O m m r keaó: sc z i by Austria annexation nEeoaBukovina Austria Territory ccupied and a m e dVe Pe ereact ttocByooauof osko 1vno -gf’by w eclaim e n (Cfr. Vethe n top i ccoastal e Comment a n d region t h e 11 OMap tof t o14) man Empire: control of its local German Te o e n r á 1 7 74 ? I t a l i a n O c c u p a t i o n Fo rc e tt to Makarska, Occupation and S e r b i a u n Aug. 1941 7 0 claim - 1 6 9 9 the Protektorat Böhmen & Mähren under control ofthe its former local German Mar i5, 1939 d innTe a p 9 , 10, 11. onrdya ctuehneTr dO eertatctoyom notaf rn1o6lE70om-f ’p7R1i ár ke ó: c z i to claim the ”Linea coastalNani” region of of M Makarska, after under control of its local German Ve eoe nniseVe I t aAug. lian O c Florina c uccupied p a t SiYugoslav oeoccupie nr bFo rcuenap Aug. 1941 of tYugoslav Area of1941 of Bánát, annexation hProtektorat e B u ko vpart i n aBöhmen by Austria 1775 tt to coastal region Makarska, bm eetnnwitcei 1702 i ctrherei at Pe Territory and minority and the ”Wehrmacht” i a Aug. 1941 7 0 1 6 9 9 & Mähren Mar i5, 1939 d the Ottomans will be 9 , 10, 11. ”Linea Nani” M a p Area of Florina occupie 6d 9the 9 - 1Ottomans 718 minority and the ”Wehrmacht” Area annexation of Florina occupie annexation of tunder h e ”BI nudko 1775 under cop 11, 12, 13, 14. b 1e7nt1to w n Vethe nOilctcoastal e naina da region tnhde pOa trof tt os Makarska, mo af nSerbia E m p iand re: will be beGrimani” minority the ”Wehrmacht” e pvand ei nnad eby n tAustria ”its S llocal o va k iGerman a ”not Aug. 1941 3e 9is control of Yugoslav German of dt 9to the will Ve i8c-e’eclaim the ”Linea coastal region of Map Makarska, 6ntent 9 -claim 1Ottomans 7by1 8only Mar summarily taking possession of it” . Grimani” 11,-12, 1 9 4i5,1 1939 1830s Montenegro, ”Kingdom” ” Iunder n d e p and eGerman n daaethe npuppet t ” ”Wehrmacht” S l o va kia Italian territory O tswill enniiabe a, agna di npe adr tbsy oHf aSerbia 1 7n1 the 8 - ’e3Ottomans 9is Aug. German annexation of Yugoslav p 9 1 9only ”Linea minority Ve ”Protection”. Area of1941 Florina occupie 14 31.13,of14.it” . ”Linea Mocenigo” Map ntent by summarily taking Map possession B locoastal b s b u r and g by Mar 11 99 44i5,11 1939 and Montenegro, ”Kingdom” minority under con Italian territory ntent by summarily taking possession ”not toi cclaim the region ofb yMakarska, d the Ottomans will beMocenigo” Montenegro, a puppet puppet ”Kingdom” Italian territory 9 1 9only ”Linea under German ”Protection”. Yugoslav territory in Slov 14 - 31. of it” . Map B o s n i a , g a i n e d H a b s b u r g by a n n exe d by G e r m a ny under coii ” P asummarily s s a rbe o wregion i t ztaking ” but again byof it” . gMontenegro, oslav B aGso u v e r”Kingdom” ”not to claim the coastal of lost Makarska, Oct. 1939 Yu 1929 ”content by only possession G aae n eoo rvvaiian l puppet nement aaItalian ddterritory by G eeminority rr m aa Slov ny 1n 9 4n 1exe Montene Yugoslav territory in and the Ottomans will ntent by only summarily taking possession of it” . n n exe by G m ny i 1 9 4 1 Yu g o s l a v B n n a s ” P a s s a r o w i t z ” but lost again by 1929 awarded to Italy in 699 goslav G B ae n eorvai n Oct. T h i s s h a d e m a r k s t h e va g u eNapoleonic era l aGso u v e r n e m e n t border1929 1939 Yu minority 1 79the 5 - by 1 8 only 1 5” B e l gwill r a dbe e ”. and Last stand of German forci awarded to 1939 1941 Autonomous border6t u9 a9t i o n i n t h e TM Napoleonic era ”content h iask sahr as kd ae m 79 55 --Ottomans R e i c h s k o amBanovina mo ivsi snaarsi Croatia a t U k r a i n e bordera1 9n4n1exe d Italy by GgeMonteneg rsml aavny l g r a d e ”. taking possession of it” . Aug. Annexation and extention Last stand of forc era YuGerman oin Ba 11 79 11 88 11 55” B esummarily Autonomous Banovina Croatia 1929 c oaar sktsatl hree gvai og nu eNapoleonic as Last of German forc 1939 1941 Yu nm Autonomous Banovina 1929 1939 ”content summarilyand taking possession of Napoleonic it” . ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete 1 9 4 1stand Rgeoi sclhasvk Bo m i s s a r i aCroatia t U k r a i n e lines Montene 1 7 74 by only Aug. Annexation and extention Occupation teunat it oiRepublic onne di ni nt ht heFrench M a k a r s k a c o a s t a l r e g i o n a s era ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 1 79 5 1 8 1 5 lines ench Empire ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete borderlines Autonomous e/ Pe a c eEmpire Tr e a t y o f 1 6 70 - ’ 7 1 Napoleonic era 11779 745 - 1 8 1 5 Occupation and ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete Yu g o s l a v B a F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s 1939 Last stand of German forc 1929 ”Independent Kingdom” 1 9 4 1 Autonomous Banovina Croatia Territory annexed by Hung ench Republic French 11939 9 4 1 1941 ”Independent S e r b i a u n dKingdom” er its puppet regime. Aug. ench Republic nBccuh hkoSS aav tti nee llall iiby e dVei nn i tcheFrench e/aPe a c eEmpire TrO e at tt yo m o f 1 6 70m- ’ 7p1i r e : Yu sof vh eBiarB FFt hrr eeen tt eeAustria SS ttNapoleonic aa tt ee ss annexation ofEmpire 1775 era 1 79 5 - 1 8 1 5Aug. D e m a1941 r c a t i oSne rlbi inaeu bn ed tew ep eGt er er m and I t a l i a n Territory a”Igel r1939 m f oannexed r c”Independent eAutonomous s ga onby dl atHung eeltintwtaieroeynnro r eei teesn p utt h pCroatia g i aamn e .lines Stellungen” Crete a dn oi cf feeFrench rai nn dgd ptt hehEmpire reemO a tnteonmt aar inng hEEtm 11929 9 4eee1d French Republic French D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w n h e G e r m n a n d I t a l i a n a r m d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r French Republic / French Empire ”Independent Kingdom” annexation of t h e B u ko v i n a by Austria 1 7 7 5 1 9 4 1 / Napoleonic era Republic 1 79 5 1 8 1 5 eench t w e e n Ve p i r e : F r e n c h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d lfree i t a r y ro a d o f f e r i g p e r m a n e n t r i g h t I t a l i a n a r m d f o r c e s a n d t h e i /r i n g p etroops. Aug. 1941 Yugoslav part of the former Bánát, l i t a r passage y ro a d oto f f eFrench rmanent right F raecnhc h S a t e l l i t e S t a t e s Autonomous Territory ccupied and annr 1939 A l i Pa s h a’ s ex p a n d i n g re Aug. D act”Independent i os na nland idn tehann be ierK 1m 9e4em 1 da fr occcupied free passage French Territory MA i llliiit aPa r Republic yss h roa’ assd ex o fp fFrench eaa/rn id niign pgg Empire ere r maa cca h nent right D e m a1941 r c a t i oYugoslav nr el inncehcontrol bSpart ea t ewlof el iof etthe neits t thformer et eGs eGerman r Bánát, man and free passage to French troops. I t a l i a n a r r e A Pa h a’ ex p n d n re h under local F S a lsso-Ottoman t a rclaim y ro a dtheoto foccupation f eFrench r i n g pregion etroops. r mofa nthe tIonian r i g h t Islands ti to coastal ofe nMakarska, ”Independent 1 9 4 1 French Republicto French / nd gi npgeEmpire under of F raecnhc hcontrol S aand t e l lthe i t eits S tlocal a t e s German ofiAlfree troops. theto coastal l i Pa s h a’troops. s ex p a n d i n g re ”C o l d Wa r” 1 9 4 5 - 1Area 9D9 e1 mofa Florina r c a t i o noccupied l i n e b eb minority ”Wehrmacht” free passage French troops. s ro h a’a sd ex re sso-Ottoman occupation of of theMakarska, Ionian Islands Islands M il tiMilitary aPa r ypassage o f pf eaFrench rni offering r maacpermanent nh e n t r i g h t right of free passage toAFrench dt to theclaim Ottomans will be region road sso-Ottoman occupation of the Ionian ”C ofaFlorina ”C oo ll d d Wa Wa rr ”” r c a t i o noccupied l i n e b eb 11 99 44 55 -- 11Area 99D99 11e m minority and the ”Wehrmacht” M ifree l i t a rOttoman y ro a d oto foccupation f eFrench r i n g p etroops. r mofa nthe e n tIonian r i g h t Islands d the Ottomans will be of passage A l i Pa s h a’ s ex p a n d i n g re a c h Russo. ntent by only summarily taking possession of it” 1 9 4 1 Montenegro, a puppet ”Kingdom” Italian territory (partly ex sso-Ottoman occupationtaking of thepossession Ionian Islands ”C o l d Wa r ” of free passage to French troops. 1 9 4 5 - 1Italian 9 9 1 territory A l i Pa s h a’1sOccupation re a c hU.S.A. a puppet ”Kingdom” ntent by only summarily of it” . 1812 – 1870 9 4ex 1 p a n d i n gZones Montenegro, (partly 1 9 5 4 1 9 9 1 a n The n exe”Idr by o n GCeur m r taany i n i”nexRussoOttoman occupation of the Ionian Islands Occupation Zones U.S.A. YuZones g o s l a vU.S.A. Banovinas 1812 Occupation 11 99 55 44 -- 11 99 99 11 1929 1812 –– 1870 1870 Russo-Ottoman occupation of the Ionian Islands The ”Id rrby n GC Ce u ur m n i””n a n fThe nro exe Moldavia RussoOttoman occupation of the Ionian Islands ”I ooen rrj ettataany iiBU.S.A n YuZone g o s l a v U.K. Banovinas 1929 m t h ” S ov loc” borderNapoleonic era N A T O 1 79 5 1 8 1 5 Moldavia Occupation Zones Occupation Last stand of German forces 1812 – 1870 shalik of Belgrade. Autonomous Banovina Croatia 1 9 5 4 borderOccupation Zones U.S.A. rostand m”Ittrh hof ov Bnll oo” cc ””ii 1939 1812 – 1870 N A1 T TO O 8 1 25 - 1 8 1 5 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c hMoldavia ia& - 1N 9 9A Occupation Zone U.K. Napoleonic era ffThe ro m ”” SSCov eet ttaforces 11 79 oeenGerman u rjj separatin iB shalik of of Belgrade. Belgrade. Occupation Zone U.K. Last Autonomous Banovina Croatia shalik 8 1 2 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & 1939 Moldavia lines The ”Curtain” ”Igel Stellungen” of Crete 1812 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c hMoldavia i a & 1812 – 1870 Occupation Zones U.S.A. The ”6 districts”, liberated by Karageorge, ”Independent Kingdom” Croatia 1 9 4 1 Wa r s awench Republic French Empire The ”Curtain” separatin Occupation Zone France Occupation Zone U f roStellungen” m”Curtain” t h e ” SZones ovofj separatin e Crete t BU.S.A loc” lines Pashalik of Belgrade. 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Au uadistricts”, Ontt ttPliberated m nihpooSaccaby uteiKarageorge, plelaaistt eiil aooScn nt aooitaffe&sthe the DOccupation e m a r c a t i o Zone n l i n e Soviet b e t w eUnion e n t h eMoldavia G e r m a n a Wa n dPPPr saaaawI t a l i a n a r mOccupation e d f o”Curtain” r c e sof aZone nthe d separatin tFree hU eFranc i r Ci sp A oorm p The Moldavia 1 118 880 554 55-’5--6 of i l i t a r y The ftttfiii eooorn a nsss h hfff tB Pashalik Belgrade. cc tt The ”6 D nss tturrbooi--aO i n cn lcci u Territory of the Free in n a d”6d d iidistricts”, n to to tt h hliberated e Pa Pa he naa lltby i kk ooKarageorge, B ee ll gg ra ra dd ee .. Occupation Zone 1 8 1 2 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & Territory of the Free Ci i n e h i B D e m a r c a t i o n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e G e r m a n a n d I t a l i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h e i r Ci sp Wa r s awFrance Occupation Zone U Occupation Zone Soviet Union D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s 11 88 1525 ’5Pa 6 s hofa’Belgrade. i lfree i t a r passage y Ottoman ro a d oto f f e”cordon r i n g p etroops. rmilitaire” m a n e n t rin i g hMontenegro t Pashalik A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Occupation Zone Soviet Union D a n u b i a n P r i n c i p a l i t i e s ’5 6 French A l i s ex p a n d n g re a c h 1 8 5 5 R u s s i a n o c c u p a t i o n o f Wa l a c h i a & ’14 A u s t r o O t t o m a n o c c u p a t i o n o f the Autonomous Magyar/Sz Pact i na’ sa d”6 d districts”, iptexpanding i onnd ito hliberated ea cPa s h a l i k o f B e l g ra d e . 1 8A0l4iAli -Pa sPasha’s The by Karageorge, Occupation Zone Franc Territory of the Free Ci iOttoman n a d d i t i o n to t h e Pa s h a l i k o f B e l g ra d e . free passage to French troops. ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro h ex a n g re h Autonomous Magyar/Sz Occupation i- aOntZone cniSoviet poac lccontrol iut ipUnion east i oofn the Russian Ottoman ”cordon militaire” in Montenegro Ceded by 1 8 5 5’5-6 Occupation 1 81 80 54’14 ito a nRussia r iPa nreach csto ihpaaMoldavia lki toiKarageorge, e sB e l g ra d e . 6-’5.6 The ”6 ADua sntur bosatellites tPormi naunder o f Red the Army (Autonomous Tr a n s y l v a nZone i Magyar/Sz a ) . 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S t e p h a n b o n e D N A T O 8 5 3 C e d e d by R u s s i a t h ro u g h M o l d av i a Occupation Zone U.K. M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. Proposals for an autonomous Greek incipality ashalik of Belgrade.Line, ”Arta-Volos Line, set set by by the the Great Great Powers Powers 1830s to t toof adna EoYugoslav m ”Arta-Volos h aacn The ”Curtain” separating 11 88152 3 1856. 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This coloured coloured background in a text page page is is used used when when the general chronology The 1 , 19 9 2 of Moldavia 1 81 83 25the .6 . general Grahovo r e g i o n ”neutral” under in a Voivode This background ( Tr ao aunai ar)y.Regions Peloponnesos; au ton omou under Ottoman rule The Soviet Union ceases to to exist exist ns yJa Jal vn nboundary 19 Autonomous The Red Army ins control in theSoviet Soviet Union.ceases peeto nchronology ddiecby n. t RKui nsbackground gida otm oo uf gGhr eM eocaled.text The Union oonn u a r y 11 ,, 19 99 Tra 22 of aa n dd cca llVoivode ooass eetext rr aa tte n tt ii oo n ii ss gg ii ve n to aa cc ee rri nttThis aadiieCn p Grahovo r eis g i ointerrupted n ”neutral” under Original of d e s h r av i a coloured in page is used when the general chronology is interrupted n tte n n ve n to n to p i c . The Red Army in control in the Soviet Union. 8 5the 6a . c e This coloured background in page when general chronology is interrupted a n dGreek c l oas etext r a tte n t i oisn used i s g i ve n 11to r t a iCto neto cby.t toRm Original boundary of9 Tran dthe epdiO u sasni aEtmh pr oi rueg h M o l d av i a Proposals for an autonomous The Soviet Union ceases to exist o n Ja n u a r y 1 , 19 8 5 6 . Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . coloured a text page is used when the general chronology Original boundary of 2 Proposals for an autonomous the abackground n E m p i r e in is interrupted a n dGreek c Pl or si ne cr i ap tte a ito n to p iOc .t to mbackground a l i tnyt i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r tThis Enver Hoxha’s Partisan Regime in control in Albania Original boundary of This coloured in aotext page is used when the general chronology Principality Re t u r n to B u d a o f t h e C r o w n f is interrupted a n d c l o s e r a tte n t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r t a i n to p i c . M a r s h a l Tito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. 1853 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers Re n rdtohw celnoDsoaefnr uabtte t i o n i s g i ve n to a c e r tM a ianr sto c. S t .tSutrenpisto h ainterrupted nB ubdya boof atth eoanC e n15 h apl iTito’s Partisan Regime in Yugoslavia Moldavian S.S.R. 1853 ”Arta-Volos Line, set by the Great Powers S t . S t e p h a n b y b o a t o n t h e D a n u b e Border changes after WW Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics F i n a l b o u n d a r y o f a r e d u c e d , but Border changes after WW Boundaries of the Yugoslav Federal Republics Peloponnesos; a u to n o m o u s under Ottoman rule r yi nogfdao m r e douf cGe rde, ebut Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a iFnidneapl ebnoduenndta K ce. Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour Peloponnesos; a u to n o m o u s under Ottoman rule Autonomous Regions of Serbia i n Yu go s l av i a independent Kingdom of Greece. Fo r Cyprus Cfr. Colour

General Legend Legend General

1870 -- 1912 1912 1870

1521—1870 1521—1870

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?? ?? ??

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon” ”Dragon”

1560 – 1795 ”Dragon”

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit,2003-2006

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Napoleonic era 1795 - 1815

This coloured background in a text page is used when the general chronology

?? ??

a

6

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

4

1

Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan: Hungary - Croatia - Slavonia - Fiume - Transylvania

A Kingdom of Hungary 1

”Dragon”

Hungary proper

13 out of the 24 “Zips” (Spiš) cities and 3 manors in the mining district of northern Hungary, mortgaged by the King to Poland, 1412–1772.

”Dragon”

Autonomous areas in Hungary Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647 “Royal Hungary” = Hungarian regions under control of the Emperor, 1526–1711 Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper

RAGUSA

“Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia”

Border between the Principality of Transylvania and “Royal Hungary”

2

(Principality of) Transylvania and Partes Annexae

RAGUSA 1 Székely 2 Magyar the Transylvanian nations of the “Union of Three Nations” 3 Saxon < 1521-18

$

$ $

?

?

$ $ $ $ $ $ $

$

“Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia”

After “liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, administered jointly by Transylvania and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. The traditional internal selfgovernment is continued, but now under direct control of the King and his Transylvania agencies in Vienna.

$ $ $

?

“Bohemia”

Some Hungarian counties (comitates) continued to be considered as “Partes Annexae” after 1687 and remained that way. In some counties civil administration is floating between the Hungarian Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna and Transylvanian agencies.

$ $

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Former Partes Annexae (Partium) 1687-1751

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Civil and military authorities in the Habsburg administration of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan.

?

Authorities Vienna Inner-Austrian Hungarian Transylvanian Croatian

1720

$ 1745

”Bohemia”

?

”Bohemia” 1

Civil Croatia

2.

b. 3. c. b. c.

!

4.

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! ! ! 1720 !

•

1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 3. 3. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2. 3. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 1. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. 4.

2. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.

“Littorale” (Hungarian/Croatian coastal area) administered by the Imperial German-Croatian Trading Company since 1670.

• • • ••

b. b. c. b. c. b. c. c. 1745 b. c. 1. c.

1745 b. c.

Autonomous administration by Bánus and Sabor (under supervision of Graz and Vienna). Croatian officials try to elude interfering Hungarian authorities, whose influence varies. Croatia continues to send delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well.

• • • •• • •

1720 1745 1. 1720 1720 2. 1720 b.3. 1720 b. 1745 c.4. 1720 1745 b. 1745 c. 1745 b. 1745 b. c. 1745 c. 1720 1745 c. b. 1720

3

16

• •

c.

”Bohemia”

Frontier between Croatia and Slavonia before the Ottomans

1720

1745 1745

!

b.

”Bohemia”

B Kingdom of Croatia & Slavonia $

1745 1745

1

1745

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3

$ 1720 1720 1720

•

c.

?

2

1 Austrian Military Presence; 2 Military Jurisdiction; 3 Civil Administration

1720 1720

b.

1

2

• ”Bohemia” •

”Bohemia”

$ $ $

$ $

$

”Bohemia”

•

”Bohemia”

$

“Bohemia”

$ $$ $

$

1

1

$

C “Austrian” military borders, established on the lands of the Crown of St. Stephan ”Bohemia”

1720

1

“Hungarian” Military Borders $

Tisza-Maros Military Border, directly under Vienna. Civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). Military colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

”Bohemia”

Bánát of Temesvár. After its annexetion in 1718 it is administered directly by Vienna and is not 1745 incorporated into the Hungarian County administration. Gradually 8 civil and 4 military districts are established. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). Military Colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

8 districts of the Bánát are gradually turned over to Hungarian civilian authorities.

1720 1720

4 southern districts are gradually turned into the (Hungarian) Bánát Military Border.

1720

b.

1720

1720 1720 1720

2b.b. 1745 c. 3 b. 1745c. 1745

b.1720 c. b. b. b.

c. b. b. b. c. c. c.

1. 2. 3.

1.

1745

2. 3.

4.

4.

• •

!

1 Karlovac Generalate 2 Warazdin Generalate 4. b. 1720 3 Lika and Krbava Counties, which after 1712 become part of the Karlovac Generalate. c. 4 Zumberak district (in Carniola !), is part of the Slunj Captaincy of the Karlovac Generalate. 5  Bánus’ Border,1. under control of Bánus, Sabor and Vienna. Civilian and in Military ( ) matters under 1. 1745 the Bánus, Sabor ) and Hofkriegsrat ( ) 2. and local Seigneurs, under supervision of the Hofkammer ( 2. 3. 3.of Inner-Austria in Graz, which after 1705 is subordinated to the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna.

3.

b.

! ! !

b. c.

1745

c.

! !!1. 2. !!3. !!4.

1720

b. c.

1745

3.

2. 3. 1.

1720

!

Croatian Military Borders under control 1. of Inner-Austria (Graz) and Vienna The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Estates of Inner-Österreich in Graz ( ). M.B.Militias fall under the 1745 2. jurisdiction of the Hofkriegsrat in Graz ( ), which after 1705 is subordinated to the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna.

1. 1. 2.

1745

c.c.c.

Transylvanian Military Borders 1720

2. 4. 1. 1. 3. 4.1. 1. 2. 2. 4. 2. 3. 3.2. 1.3. 3. 4. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 3. 2.4. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4.

•

c.

1720

!

4.

4.

Habsburg garissons of Military Border fortresses holding out in Ottoman occupied territory. b. c.

!

!

•

b.

•

1745 1745 1745

•

1745 1745

•

1745

Sava-Danube Military Border, directly under Vienna. This area is still considered to be part of Hungary $ proper. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Hofkammer in Vienna ( ). Military c. colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Hofkriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

1720 1720 1720

1745 1745

•

1720

•• • •• • • • •

1720

”Bohemia”

1526 - 1.1919 Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty 1. !

“Bohemia” “Bohemia”

1526 – 1620

“Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” ! “Bohemia”

1. 2. 3.

1526 – 1564 1.

4.

1.

1. 1.

•

1.

!

1720

2.

2.

1.

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

“Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1564 – 1595 1.

1.

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1595 – 1619

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Austria’s Hausmacht consisting of: ! 1745

3 3 a Austria in a narrower sense (Upper- and Lower-Austria) b Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Görz & Gradiška, Istria and Trieste) 3. 2. 2 3. 2 2. c Tyrol and Vorarlberg b. 3.

2.

3.

2 3.

3. 3. • Maximilian,1.his first born son, 2.2.was to receive the Arch-Duchy of Austria, the Lands of the 3. 2. 2. 3. Crown of St. Stephan and of 2.2.the Crown of Bohemia. Later he was elected Emperor as well. 3. 3. • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 1. 3. 2. 4. 1. 3. 2.

• Ferdinand was to get Tyrol and Vorderösterreich.

1595

• •• •• 2.

1

• •

11 11

••

2.

3

2 22 2

33

3 33

3 3

2

2

2

!

•

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

2 22

3

3

3.

3. Maximilian’s Line became2.extinct, so his 2.lands reverted to Inner-Austria:

Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, •• all ••• other Eastern Habsburg Hereditary Lands and • the Bohemian Lands • 1. • 2. • ••

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

2. 2.

2 2 2

1564 In hisc.last will Ferdinand l had determined that his lands be divided between his three sons:

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3.

3.

”Bohemia” 1.

1.

3

3

•

A

4.

•

c.

Lands of the 2.Bohemian Crown Habsburg “Austrian” Lands 3. Bohemia - Moravia - Silesia 4.

•

b.

2. 3.

3

3

3.

3.

2

2

3

2

1.

3.

17

2.

the author’s of view is theCompromise foundation of ”Habsburg Empire”, based on an Austro-Hungarian symbiosis. (map point 14 ), when the this Szatmár is the concluded between Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty n of the ”Habsburg Empire”, based on an Austro-Hungarian symbiosis. a nn C l iU i or onw ni n t h e H a b s b u r g D y n a s t y 1L5a2n6d-s1 9o 1f 9t h e P e r sBoonh ea m Habsburg ”Austrian” Lands o f t1 8h4e9 – 1P8 5e3 r sBoonh ea m a nn C Silesia l iU i or onw ni n t h e H a b s bBohemia u r g D y- nMoravia aHabsburg sty ”Austrian” Lands

Lands of the Bohemian Crown Bohemia - Moravia Silesia Habsburg ”Austrian” Lands A. 1526 – 1620 1849–1853 Bohemia Moravia Silesia f t h leased e Bohem ian Crown 1412-1772. soarea, to Poland A. 1526 – 1620 Habsburg Lands Austria’s ”Bohemia” (Here only German names) ”Bohemia” Hausmacht or Erbländer, consisting of: 1526 – 1 5 6”Austrian” 4 13 cities : - Moravia Bohemia Silesia ”Bohemia” 1526 – 1620 A. ”Bohemia” a. Austria in a narrower sense (Upper- and Lower-Austria) Austria’s Hausmacht or Erbländer, consisting of: 1526 – 1 5 6 4

sZipser area, Bela leased to Poland 8. 1412-1772. Zipser Neudorf ”Bohemia” b. InnerAustria’s Görz & Gradiska, (Here only German names) Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, consisting ”Bohemia” a. Austria in a narrower1526 sense and Lower-Austria) Hausmacht or Erbländer, of: – 1(Upper564 9. Riessdorf A. 1526 – 1620 13 cities : Istria and Triest) c. Gradiska, Tyrol andinVorarlberg b. Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Görz & a. Austria a narrower sense (Upperand Lower-Austria) M e n h a r d ( sdorf ) 10. Felka Zipser Bela ”Bohemia” 8. Zipser Hausmacht or Erbländer, consisting of: 1526 – 1 5 6Neudorf 4 Istriab.1564 and Triest) c. TyrolAustria’s and Vorarlberg Inner Austria 11. Georgenberg I n h i s l (Styria, a s t w i l l Carinthia, Fe r d i n a n dCarniola, l h a d o r d e r eGörz d t h a&t hGradiska, is 9. Kirchdrauf Riessdorf a. Austria in a narrower sense (Upper- and Lower-Austria) c. L a n Vorarlberg d s we re to b e d i v i d e d b e t we e n h i s t h reIstria e s o nand s : Triest) Tyrol and 12. Matzdorf Deutschendorf 1564 I n h i s l a s t w i l l Fe r d i n a n d l h a d o r d e r e d t h a t h i s M e n h a r d ( sdorf ) 10. Felka b. Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Görz & Gradiska, Michelsdorf 13. Dürelsdorf L a n d s we re to b e d i v i d e d b e t we e n h i s t h re e s o n1564 s: 11. Kirchdrauf • Maximilian, his Georgenberg In his last w i l lfirst Fe r dborn i n a nson, d l was h a dtoo rreceive dered that his Istria and Triest) c. Tyrol and Vorarlberg ”Bohemia” Wallendorf the L ae• n dhs i so ft ht hreee s o n s : L a n Arch-Duchy d s we re to bof e dAu i vsi tdrei da , btehtewe 12. Matzdorf Deutschendorf • Maximilian, his first born son, was to receive • ”Bohemia” 1564 C r o w n o f S t . S t e p h a n a n d o f t h e• C r o w n o f I n hArch-Duchy i s l a s t w i l l ofFeAu r d i n a n d l hLaadn d o sr doefr tehde t h a t h i s 3Michelsdorf manors : Kniesen, Lublau, Pudlein Tr i p a r t i t i o n 13. Dürelsdorf the • Maximilian,Later his first born son, Emperor was to receive • . S tbe ep hdai vnsitdareni add, bot ehf tetwe he was elected as well. L ar on w d sn we s nt horef e s o n s : Bohemia. ”Bohemia” Wallendorf 1 564 – 1 5 9 5 C o f reS t•to h ee nC rhoiw the Arch-Duchy of Au s t r i a , t h e L a n d s o f t h e Tr i p a r t i t i o n • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 156was 4born –elected 1 5son, 9 5 Emperor Civil and military authorities he as well. Bohemia. Later • Maximilian, was ”Bohemia” to receive 3 manors : Kniesen, Lublau, Pudlein •his first Tr i p a r t i t i o n 1 564C–r1o5 w 9 5n o f S t . S t e p h a n a n d o f t h e C r o w n o f in the Habsburg administration Later he Tyrol was elected Emperor as well. Bohemia. was the Arch-Duchy of Au stria, the Lands of the • Ferdinand to get and Vorderösterreich. • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 156 4 – 1 5 of 9 5the ”Bohemia” 1 564 – 1 5 9 5 Line became extinct, so his lands also revert to Inner-Austria. the Civil Landsand of the Crownauthorities of St.Stephan. C r1619 o w n o f SFerdinand’s t . S t e156 p h a4n –a n Crown of 1 5d 9oVorderösterreich. 5f t h e ”Bohemia” Tr i p• aCharles r t i t i o nwas to get Inner-Austria. military Au M • Ferdinand was to get Tyrol and 1595 Maximilian’s Line became extinct, so Bohemia. Later he was elected Emperor as well. i l i Habsburg st in the administration of the 1 564 –1595 •”Bohemia” Ferdinand to rget r ta h i s L a n d swas r e ve te dTyrol to Iand n n eVorderösterreich. r-Au s•t r i a : ”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia” i r ofi a nthe Crown theC Lands of St.Stephan. all Eastern Habsburg Lands • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 156 4 – 1 5 9 5 1595 Maximilian’s Line became extinct, so • M M i v Ay uJ u 1595 Maximilian’s Line became extinct, so h i s L a n d s r e ve r te d to I n n e r-Au s t r i a : il ”Bohemia” ili il s tr i • Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ”Bohemia” 159Tyrol 5 – and 1 6 1Vorderösterreich. 9 it 1619 – 1620 • Ferdinand was• to get t a A r is d Bipartition h i s L a n d s r e ve r te d to I n n e r-Au s t r i a : ai a ni i d all other Eastern Habsburg Hereditary Lands r r • c Ci y159 5 – 1 6 1 9 1595–1619 y m • Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ”Bohemia” 1595 Maximilian’s Line became extinct, so v iA u J u i n Mt iio n a n d t h e B o h e m i a n L a n d s P B i p a r t i t i o n • Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, re l th ri ist lit i 159 9r-Au s t”Bohemia” Habsburg i s other L a n d sEastern r e ve r te d 5to–I 1n6n 1eHereditary r i a :Lands • hall Bipartition se A do s d r a a ni 1595–1619 1619 Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so Habsburg Hereditary Lands nc • all other Eastern and the Bohemian Lands mr i t i c t t i o r yM . 1595–1619 1621 – 1772 his revert i ni e i o n Au a n dLands t h e Balso ohem i a n Lto a nInner-Austria. ds PBr. 5 –e 1 6 1 9 • Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ”Bohemia” n s 159 i st th ”Bohemia” e B i p a r t i t i o n 1619 Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so i 16 1 9 – 1 6 2 0 s • all Eastern Habsburg Lands n 1619/’20–1919 Re-unification ra or en all other Habsburg Hereditary Lands • his LandsEastern also revert to Inner-Austria. 1619 1 5 9Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so M 5–1619 ti Lands of the Bohemian Crown After it c Vienna Austrian on .B d sN o v . 1 6 2 0 . ie ” B a t t l e o fa nt hd et hWehBi toeh eMmoiua n t La ai n ”, thathis theLands also revert to Inner-Austria. ”Bohemia” 16. 1 9 –e 1 6 2 0 s • all Eastern Habsburg Lands 1619/’20–1919 R ”Bohemia” e-unification 1 6e 2B0o h esom i a n a1619 u t o n oFerdinand’s m y o f t h eLine L a nbecame d16s 1 o9f –t h Inner-Austrian C r o w n i s • s uall s pEastern e n d e d aHabsburg n d f r o m Lands t h1e n o n tRhee-yu na ri feircualtei do nd i r e 1c6t1l9y/ ’ 2 0 – 1 9 1 9 extinct, e oVienna f t h e Austrian W h i t e M o u n t a i n ”, N o v . 1 6 2 0 . After thathis the eSoWfrom Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) to partthat of the ”from B a t t lVienna. e o f t h1Lands h ialso t e 1621 Mrevert o uthe n t aBohemian i nInner-Austria. ”, N o v .Lands 1 6 2 0 .are actually After theunited Eastern-Habsburg ”Austrian” Lands. ”Bohemia” n o m y o Hungarian f t h e L a n d16s 1o9f –t h1 6e 2B0o h e m ian C r o w n i s • s uall s p1Eastern e n d e d aHabsburg n d fGradiska r o m t h e nisosold n t heeto y Prince a1621 r e r u l eEggenberg; do nd i r e 1c6t 1l 9y/ ’ 2so 1o f t h e L a u t o nEastern-Habsburg o m y 1647 a n ”Austrian” d s o f Lands t h e Lands. B o h eRB. m -i ua n n i f i c a–t i1772 Inner-Austrian C r o w n i s s u0s–p1strictly e9n1 9d e d aspeaking n d f r o m t it h eis n not o n tpart h e y aof r ethe r u l eHabsburg d directly m 1621 the Bohemian Lands are actually part of”Bohemia” the united from Vienna. So from 1621 the Bohemian Lands are actually part of the united Hereditary Eastern-Habsburg ”Austrian” Lands. e o f tTransylvanian h e W h i t e M o u n t a i n ”, N o v . 1B. 620. After that the Lands of the Bohemian Crown Habsburg Lands (Hausmacht) Dominions from 1647 to 1717. 1621 – 1772 Hungarian nomy of the Lands of the Bohemian C r o w n i s s u s p e n d e d a n d f r o m t h e n o n t B. h e y a1621 r e r u–l e1772 d d i 1r e c t l y 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg ;so it is not Lands ofCroatian the Bohemian Crown Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) pHabsburg a r t o f t h eHereditary Habsburg Dominions between 1647-1717. m 1621 the Bohemian Lands are actually part of the united Eastern-Habsburg ”Austrian” Lands. Lands of the Bohemian Crown Lands (Hausmacht) Transylvanian 1772 - 17961647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg ;so it is not 1 B. 1621 – 1772 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg ;so it is not 1772 –1647-1717. 17961 p a r t o f t h e Habsburg DominionsC. between C r o a t i a n o fCroatian ficials try to elude p a r t o f t h e Habsburg Dominions between 1647-1717. Lands of the Bohemian Crown Habsburg Hereditary Lands Crown (Hausmacht) Lands of the Bohemian delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well. Lands of the •Bohemian Crown Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) C. 1772 – 1796 ”Bohemia” 1 C. 1772 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg ;so –it 1796 is not n Tra d i n g C o mpany. since 1670. Croatian officials try to elude p a r t o f t h e Habsburg Dominions between 1647-1717. • Kingdom of Lodomeria & Galicia Lands toofthe theHungarian Bohemian Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) delegates DietCrown as well. Secundogeniture LandsLands (Hausmacht) Habsburg Hereditary (Lands i n c l u dof i nthe g t hBohemian e B u ko v i nCrown a) n Tra d i n g C o mpany. since 1670. C. 1772 – 1796 O FKingdom ST. ST E Pof H ALodomeria N & Galicia Secundogeniture Lands& Galicia Kingdom of Lodomeria The ”German Empire” Secundogeniture Kingdom of Lodomeria Galicia (including ( C fBukovina) r. G e n e ra l L e ge nLands d) Napoleonic Era & D. 1796 – 1815 the (Lands i n c l u dof i n the g t hBohemian e B u ko v i nCrown a) (Hausmacht) 1806 ceases to exist. 1806 ( i nHabsburg c l u d i n g t hHereditary e B u ko v i n aLands ) ”Bohemia” O F ST. ST E P H A N The ”German Empire” The ”German Empire” ( C fSecundogeniture r. Secundogeniture G e n e raNapoleonic l •L e ge nLands d ) Lands Napoleonic Kingdom of Lodomeria &Era Galicia D. 1796 – 1815 r. G e n e ra l L e ge n d ) Era D. E.18061796 1815 – 1848 1815 ceases to exist. ( C f1806 1806 ceases to exist. 1806 ( i n c l u d i n g t h e B u ko v i n a ) Demilitarizion from 1749 5. Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) 1. Lands of the Bohemian Crown E. 1815 – 1848 ”German E. The 1815 – 1848Empire” ( C f r. G e n e ra l L e ge n d ) Napoleonic Era D. 1796 – 1815 s not incorporated ” I l l y r i a n K i n gd o m” 1806 ceases to exist. 1806 2. Kingdom of Lodomeria & Galicia 6. S a l z b u r g Habsburg HereditaryCrown Lands (Hausmacht) i c t sLands a rDemilitarizion e e of s t athe b l i sBohemian h e dfrom . Crown 1814-1919 1749 5. Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) 1. –5. Lands of the Bohemian Era 1796 1815 3. The Bukovina 7. D a l m a t i a ” I l l y r i a n K i n gd o m” s notKingdom incorporated S a l z b uofr gLodomeria & Galicia ” I l l y r i a n K i n gd o m” of Lodomeria & Galicia E. 1815 – 1848 2. 6. 6. S a l z b u r g Kingdom icts are established. 8. Secundogeniture Dominions 1814-1919 4. Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom ( 18151814-1919 – 1866 ) Habsburg Lands (Hausmacht) Lands of the Bohemian Crown D a l m a t i a Hereditary 7.The The Bukovina 3. 5. 7. D a l m a t i a 1Bukovina Napoleonic Era (Cfr. General Legend) ” I l l y r i a n K i n gd o m” SSecundogeniture alzburg Kingdom of Lodomeria & Galicia 8. Dominions 8. Secundogeniture Dominions 4. 6. Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom ( 1815 – 1866 ) Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom ( 1815 – 1866 )

1526 - 1919 Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty

B

C

D

T h e T Lh ae n dL sa no df s t oh fe tChreo wC r o nw o f n o f S t . S tSetp. Sh taenp ah ra en aadr m s tienries dt ear se d a s e iandi m CrowC n lraonwdnsl aonf d s oAfu s t A r iuas t r1 i8a4 9 1- 814896 7- . 1 8 6 7 .

The Bukovina

f Hungary proper.

Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom ( 1815 F. – 18661849 )

f Hungary proper. Crownlands : (

“German Dalm atia 7. The

– 1867

Crownland Boundaries)

hamber Pozsony. (Landsin of the Crown of St.Stephan)F.:

h a m b e r. Crownlands : ( Borders Crownland Boundaries) Military hamber in Pozsony. Croatia-Slavonia (Lands of the Crown of St.Stephan) : h a m b e r.Transylvania Military Borders 1 . D i s t r i c t Pe s t B u d a directly under Croatia-Slavonia Transylvania 2 . D i s t r i c t Po z s o ny Hungary 3. District Kassa directly under

1849 – 1867

14.. D u drá ad Diissttrriicctt Pe Nasgt yBVa 25 . D i s t r i c t Po S o zpsroony n Hungary 3. District D Kiasstsr ai c t B o u n d a r i e s M.B.M l i itsitarsi cfta lNa l g y Va rá d 4 .i D ”Serbian Vojvodina and the Vienna. 5. District Sopron Bánát of Temesvár” M . B . M i l i t i a s f a lD l istrict Boundaries Alleviation of Absolutism 1860-1866 Vienna.

”Serbian Vojvodina the Hungary under a limitedand constitutio Bánát of Temesvár”

Alleviation of Absolutism 1860-1866 t hHungary e U n a r i v under e r. I n civilian ( ) constitutio G. a limited supervision of the Hofkammer ( )

t h e U n a r i v e r. I n civilian ( ) supervision of the Hofkammer ( )

1867 – 1919

sia’s Reforms

4 Sluin Regiment (Including the ˇ w h i c hZ aul sm ob c oenrtar okl sCt haep t a i n c y )

ein Regiment,

which also controls the

”Tschaikisten” Riverboat

litary Borders 2 Vlach Regiments

litary Borders

Battalion ”Tschaikisten” bRa isve ed r ibnoTa itt e l

4

Battalion

S e c u n db aos e dgien Tni t eil t u r t i a - S l avo n i a . H a b s b urg D o m i n i o n s3 4 S e c u n d o g e n i t u1.r t i a - S l avo n i a . 3 a bCs bourg t r o -- HLeithania u n g a r iH an n d2oDmo imniinai o n s 2 Vlach Regiments

- H e r z eFg iouv m i nea (Corpus 1 8 7 8 Separatum) -1908

- Leithania

2

1. 2.

- 1 9o1 9n d o m i n i a t r o - H u n g a r i1a9 0n8 C 2.

iouvm e (Corpus8 Separatum) -oHf eNov r z e1Figp9 99 00b88e r m e n t a1zi9anra D i11 s88 7m 7 8 e-- 11m 1908 -1919

of the

Dismemberment of the o f Nov i p a z a r u r g M o n a r c h1y8 7 8 - 1 9 0 8 1919

1. 2. 3. 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6. 4. 7. 5. 8. 6. 9. 7. 10. 11.8. 9. 12. 10. 13. 11. 14. 12. 15. 13. 16. 14. 17. 15. 18. 16. 17. 18.

Absolutism Upper-Austria Lower-Austria ”Illyrian Kingdom” Tyrol 1814-1919 Upper-Austria Vorarlberg Lower-Austria Styria ”Illyrian Kingdom” Tyrol Carinthia 1814-1919 Vorarlberg Carniola Styria Görz & Gradisca Carinthia Triest Küstenland Carniola Istria Görz & Gradisca Salzburg Triest Küstenland Bohemia Istria Moravia Salzburg Silesia Bohemia Lodomeria & Galicia Moravia Bukovina ( 1860–1861 as Kreitz part of Galicia) Silesia Dalmatia Lodomeria & Galicia Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom Bukovina ( 1860–1861 as Kreitz part of Galicia) Dalmatia Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom

Dualism

”Die Doppelt Monarchie”

Dualism

”Die”Austrian” Doppelt Monarchie” Lands

1 Cis-Leithania After 1867 called: ”Austrian” Lands ”Austrian” Lands ”Die Doppelt Monarchie” Dualism The 17 Crown-Lands represented in the Reichsrat: 1 Cis-Leithania 1 C i s - L e i t h a n iAfter After 1867 called: a a.1867 called: H a b s b u r g ’s H a u s m a c h t ( E rb l ä n d e r ) : The 17 Crown-Lands in the Reichsrat: ”Austrian” Lands 1. U p p e r - A u s t rrepresented ia The 17 Crown-Lands represented in the Reichsrat: Aftera.1867 called: H a b s b u r g ’s

4 Sluin Regiment (Including the ˇ Zumberak Captaincy)

ein Regiment,

Crownlands : ( Crownland Boundaries) 8. A bSecundogeniture s o l u t i s m Dominions F. 1849 – 1867 (Lands of the Crown of St.Stephan) : Crownlands : ( Crownland Boundaries) a.Upper-Austria Military Borders 1. (Lands of the Crown A b s o l u t i s m Croatia-Slavoniaof St.Stephan) : 2. b.Lower-Austria ”Illyrian Kingdom” c.TyrolTransylvania 3. a. Military Borders 1814-1919 4. b.Upper-Austria Vorarlberg 1. Croatia-Slavonia 1 . D i s t r i c t Pe s t B u d a 5. Styria 2. c.Lower-Austria Transylvania 2 . D i s t r i c t Po z s o ny ”Illyrian Kingdom” 6. Carinthia 3. d.Tyrol Hungary 1814-1919 K as ts sBau d a 7. Carniola 13.. DDiissttrri icctt Pe 4. Vorarlberg D ii ss tt rr ii cc tt Na 8. Görz Po zg syoVa nyrá d 5. Styria & Gradisca 24 .. D 9. DKüstenland Hungary 6. d.Triest Carinthia 35 .. D ii ss tt rr ii cc tt SKoaps sr ao n 10.7. Istria Carniola D i sgtyr iVa c t rá B od u n d a r i e s 4 . D i s t r i c t Na 11.8. Salzburg & Gradisca e.Görz 5 . D i sand t r i c the t Sopron ”Serbian Vojvodina 12.9. Bohemia TriestBánát of Temesvár” Küstenland District Boundaries 13. Moravia 10. Istria A l l e v i a t i o n o f A b s o l u t i s 14. ”Serbian Vojvodinamand the 1860-1866 11. e.Silesia Salzburg under a limited constitutio 15. Hungary Lodomeria & Galicia Bánát of Temesvár” 12. Bohemia 16. Moravia 1860–1861 as Kreitz part of Galicia) Bukovina ( 13. Alleviation of Absolutism 1860-1866 17. Dalmatia 14. Hungary Silesia under a limited constitutio G. 18. Lombardo-Venetian 1867 – 1919 15. Lodomeria & Galicia Kingdom 16. Bukovina ( 1860–1861 as Kreitz part of Galicia) 17. Dalmatia G. 1867 – 1919 18.D Lombardo-Venetian ”Die Doppelt Monarchie” ualism Kingdom

G. 1867 – 1919

sia’s Reforms

Absolutism

1814-1919 F.

1849 – 1867 Empire” ceases to exist in 1806

1 Cis-Leithania

H a u s m a c h t ( E rb l ä n d e r ) : 1. U p p e r - A u s t rrepresented ia The 17 Crown-Lands in the Reichsrat: 2. L o w e r - A u s t r i a a. 3. S tHyarbi sab u r g ’s H a u s m a c h t ”Illyrian ( E rb l ä n dKingdom” er) : 1814-1919 1. U 4. C ap rpienr t- A h iuas t r i a 5. C oa w r neiro- A l au s t r i a 2. L ”Illyrian Kingdom” 6. a Gradisca 3. SGtöyr rz i & 7. T 4. C ra ir ei ns t h i a K ü s t e n1l 8a 1n4d- 1 9 1 9 4 CI saStrreni ciaoul an d o g e n i t u r 5. 8. 9. G T yöHr za ob l& sGbrurg 6. a d i s cDa o m i n i o n s 7. 10. K ürs t e n l a n d 4 TVorSri eaercsl btue nr gd o g e n i t u 8. I s t r i a b. 9. T yHLands ofurg the Bohemian D o m i n iCrown: ons ra ob l sb A u s t r o - H u n 10. g a rVo i ar anr l bCe roof dominia Kingdom g nBohemia 11. B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n12. a Margravate 1 8 7 8 - 1 9 0 8of Moravia of the Bohemian Crown: Silesia A u s t r o - H ub.n 13. g a rAustrian i1a9Lands dominia 0n8 C - 1 9o 1 9nBohemia ’’ ” of 11. Kingdom Bosnia-Herzegovina 1878 -1908 Margravate u s Moravia t r i a n” L a n d s S a n j a k o f Nov i p ac.z a12. r 1 8O7t8h e- 1r9 ”A 0 8of 1 9 0 8 - 1 9Silesia 19 Austrian 13. ’’ ” 14. Kingdom of Lodomeria & Galicia B u1 8k7o8v i- n a0 8 S a n j a k o f Nov i p ac.z a15. r t huer1gr9 ”A u s t r i a n” L a n d s ShaylOz b H a b s b u r g M o n 16. a14.r c Kingdom 17. D a l m a t i aof Lodomeria & Galicia 15. B u k o v i n a H a b s b u r g M o n 16. a r c Shayl z b u r g 17. D a l m a t i a

urg Monarchy

18

3

a. 2. L oHwa eb rs -bAuur gs t’sr iHa a u s m a c h t ( E rb l ä n d e r ) :

b. b.

3. 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6. 4. 7. 5. 8. 6. 9. 7. 10. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 11. 12.

c. 13.

14.

c. 15.

16. 14. 17. 15.

16. 17.

”Illyrian Kingdom” S tpypreira- A u s t r i a U 1814-1919 Carinthia LC oa w e r A u s t r i a rniola ”Illyrian Kingdom” Styria Görz & Gradisca 1814-1919 C T ra ir ei ns tt h i a Küstenland Carniola Istria Görz & Gradisca Tyrol Triest Küstenland Vo r a r l b e r g Istria T y Lands r o l of the Bohemian Crown: Vo r a r l b e r g Kingdom of Bohemia Margravate of Moravia Lands of the Bohemian Crown: Austrian Silesia Kingdom of Bohemia Margravate of Moravia O t h e r ”A u s t r i a n” L a n d s Austrian Silesia Kingdom of Lodomeria & Galicia B uO k ot hv ei nr a”A u s t r i a n” L a n d s S a l z b u r g of Lodomeria & Galicia Kingdom Dua kl m B o vaitni aa Salzburg Dalmatia

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Baranyavár

Dr

Stenicnjak Budački

Croatian Border

V e n i c e

io

C

Novi grad

1687

Siklós

J

A

s

Istria

of

Lake Comacc h

up a O ROgulin

A

Mohács

Verőce

T r a n s y l v a n i a

s

OF THE

k

G u l f

T

u pa

k

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Arad

Magyarkanizsa

Tisza

e

Po

Slavonian Border

Sava

Gottschee

Se

KHANATE

tr

n

Žumberak

C a r n i o l a

of T rieste

Ma

D o

es

CRIMEAN

e

Gulf

s Aquileja Trieste

Szabadka

L

ni

i

e

n

o

o

z

Baja

O

a

av

Adig

g

Maros

Kolozsvár

ér

Pi

To r c e l l o

Venice

Szeged

Szekszárd

Pécs

Fe

-Kör ete ö

Jenő

Szigetvár

Babócsa

s

S

Kapos

Berzence Kőrös

Szászvár

Gyula

Kalocsa

Kapos

S ava

Simontornya Kaposvár

Segesd Csurgó

Beszterce

D

s

t

t

a

1

Dráva

Varasd

S o u t h e r n Bug

s

K örö

Kiskomárom

Kanizsa Csáktornya

Laack (FREISING)

re

M

s am o

Nagyvárad

COSSACKS

e

th

s Si

M

Saxon Annexae

mellék S e b e s - K ö rö

B

Hotin

n

i

Pordenone

Veldes (BRIXEN) zo on Is Gör z & Grad iška

Szolnok

Lake Balaton

Pölöske

ur

Ér

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

l

mos

Partes

Csepel Isl.

Tihany

Egerszeg Kapornak

M

Ferma

Sümeg

Egervár

Sza

Iuzh

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

Dnjester

Annexae

Debrecen

i

Pru

Tisza

HAJDÚ

Jászberény

u tu

l

o

d

u

Szentgotthárd

Raab

Partes

Nagykálló

Hatvan

Pr

h

Tisza

Tokaj

Gyöngyös

t

Vienna

Huszt

o

P

a

Munkács

Latorca

Eger

Buják

Pest

Fehérvár

Veszprém

Helen Zrinyi

g

Miskolc

Somoskő Salgó

Hollókő

Nógrád Szanda

Buda

Gesztes

y

Palota

Vasvár

ly

Drégely

o dr

p

o

St.Andrae

r

a

Pápa

Ipo

Párkány

Bo

Y

Ajnácskő

Gyarmat Szécsény

Vác Duna Esztergom Visegrád Tata Rákos r i v e r

Szentmárton

g

n

Ikervár

Dráva

VENICE

a

u

Szombathely Körmend

Gurk

Terra

Ráb

H

R

Sárospatak

Sajó

Fülek

Érsekújvár

Komárom

A

Bug

L I T H U A N I A)

M

Kőszeg

y

l

C a r i n t h i a

e

G

P O L A N D

r

(A N D

n

t

r

ro

ub

Ikva

ce

ur

Drau

an

Győr

p Ré

Seckau Mu r

S A L Z B UM R G

y

Lake

Kassa

O F

str

a

S

S a lz a c h

Komját

Csallók öz

Sopron F e r t ő

ns

Nyitra

Pozsony D

Wiener Neustadt

En

nau

Leitha

Tyrol

T

Do

NDivény

na

Vienna

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

rva

ns

Nagyszombat

s

En

e

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

a

an

Du

n

Danub

U

Lőcse

C

Eperjes

Szepesvár

i

Berc htes gade

un

bb

Tra

H

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz

Gr

rch

Lower-

Trencsén

Z s i tv

U p p e r-

ya

Mo

nu

n

ha

Késmárk

Vah

Tatra mountains

ie

Da

Passau

In

Inn

e

Bártfa

M O R A V I A

ny

B A V A R I A

yj

T

Waa

D

BOHEMIA

I A

E M B O H

THE

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

D E

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

R

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

of

S e a

I

T

Suda

Chania

R

19

Heraklion Sphakiotes

A

Rhetymno

C

Sphakia

N

E

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Suda Bay

•••

OF

n

L A N D S

PASSAU

Z I

Sa

D o nau Isar

O WS I LNE C R

N

r

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

of y B a e llo b

ir a

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

C y p r u s Troödo s Mnts.

A

N

S

E A

Famagusta

Karlóca (Karlowitz) 1699

na B os

t

Szabács

a sz

Versec

Belgrade

Mehadia

na

Du Smederevo

a

a

S

Duna

Orsova

v

Golubac

ri na

e

r

b

i

a

a

s sk

a

Cetinje

Brda

Bay of Spizz a

tiv

Lake Scutari

Dr

Scutari

ari

T

Skopje

Va

ga

ln

rd

ri

ar

D

a

n

i

i t r a S t

m ku

bi

Lake Ochrid

a

M

ni

a

a

b

e

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

on

A

is tr it

Bay of Valona

c

W sa

o a n t O t r

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

ka

l

Saseno

Re

Se

m

of

20

O

Lake Prespa

A pulia

Otranto

n

Black

Durazzo Sh

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

ri

in

in

A d r i a t i c

Situation 1699

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Dr

An

Peć

im

Spuž

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

va

Perasto

et a

je

MONTENEGRO

L

Whi t e D

B

Lim

Risan

tta

Tara

Pol

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Klobuk

Z

RAGUSA

a

ra

jic

a r n ica

Niks ič

vo

isn

Mo

eb

so

Tr

Niš

Ko

om

vo

(B

Toplica

H e r z e g Ko v i n a

k

a

)

po

zn

ot

ra

ar

Kle

Po

Ju

Ib

Gabela

Metkovic

va

c

a

t

Ta

)M or a

Bre

tje

an

arian

Tr

Su

bi

in

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

Ceh

er

ulg

na

Vrgorac

A

Uva

Dri

Klobuk

(S

m

a

ti

I

Z Li

t e s i o

m

va

S

al

i

Neret

apadna

a

Sinj

Klis

Sarajevo

on n a a Spalato Duare Almissa

T

v Sa

K o lu b a r

Srebrenica

Ce

Rogosnizza

s

n

Sebenico Trau

Bo

Travnik

ba

V rlik a

Karánse

Partes Annexae

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

Zimony

Vr

M

Ti

e Karlóca

D

s

Vrana

Sca rdo na

Jajca

Bé ga

es

Mitrovica

Dr

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

em

Mezősom lyó

M o r a v

Nadin

A

su

Sava

o

L

Klicevac

Novigrad

Biograd

Bo

B

Zara

b

Kobaš

Rmanj

Starigrad Nona(Nin)

A

Vr

D a nub

as

Facsád

Lugos Lugos

Becskerek

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

Bih ac

Udbina

D

Sana

T

Csák

Crn

Gospic

Óbecse

Bács

a v Gra a diš ka

Blag aj

s Lippa

es

I

na Cazin U

New Nov i

Kr up a

Otočac

Eszék

Požega

Maro

Temesvár

Becse

Jas eno vac

a

T

E

No vi

Bosnian Dubica

Nagylak Csanád

m

u a r n e r o

Drežnik

Kostanjica

Pedalj

a

s

Feh Világos Kö Solymos

Arad

ros

1686

(1st) (2nd)

Zombor

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

a

nj

S Ancona

in

Todorovo

Ba g

S e a T

Gl

Plit vic ka - Jez era

SAN MARINO

A

Glina

Topusko

áv

a

A d r i a t i c

Gora

Bovic

Budački

Ze ng g

Q

Ravenna

Tuscany

Stenicnjak

Croatian Border

V e n i c e

io

Dr

S

Lake Comacc h

u pa

Un

P A P A L

of

ROgulin

C

No vig rad

(2nd)

ina

Istria

Baranyavár

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

aca

Po

Siklós

t e -Kör ö

na

G u l f

A

O

up a

K

e

T

K

L a

Gottschee

Szabadka

1687

etva

o

C a r n i o l a

of T rieste

ke

Jenő

Mohács

Verőce

Fe

Szeged Baja

Pécs

s Gyula

Szekszárd

er

o

Sava

mellék

Nagyvárad

Kalocsa

Szigetvár

Babócsa

Slavonian Border

Ér

Szolnok

Tisza

Adig

g

n

s Aquileja Trieste

A

g Szászvár

Kapos

e

Venice

Žumberak

Csepe l Isl.

Te

av

A

Vá

Kaposvár

Segesd Berzence

Gulf

Debrecen

ér

Pi

To r c e l l o

Jászberény

K örö Simontornya

Csurgó Kőrös

Pest

HAJDÚ

S e be

Kapos

S ava

Gyöngyös Hatvan

a

a

1

Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Nagykálló

Eger

Buják

sz

i

Pordenone

Csáktornya

Dráva

Varasd

Tokaj

Lake Balaton

Kiskomárom

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING)

Fehérvár

og

Tihany

Pölöske

Veldes (BRIXEN) o

Sümeg

Egervár

ur

Gesztes

y

dr

Miskolc

Hollókő

Nógrád Szanda Vác

Buda

Veszprém

Egerszeg Kapornak

M

z on

Pápa

Palota

Vasvár

Szentgotthárd

Raab

Dráva

Ferma

r

a

g

n

Párkány

Bo

Sárospatak

Somoskő Salgó

n

St.Andrae

C a r i n t h i a

VENICE

a

u

Drégely

Duna Esztergom Visegrád Tata Rák os r i v e r

Szentmárton

Ikervár

Körmend

Gurk

Terra

H

Szombathely

l

Érsekújvár

Komárom

R

Ajnácskő

Gyarmat Szécsény

ly

Ti

y

Ráb

Ipo

be

Kőszeg

r

ro Drau

e

A Sajó

Mor

ur

ub

Ikv a

t

ce

S A L Z B UM R G

y

an

Győr

p Ré

Seckau Mu r

Lake Fertő

Kassa

G Fülek

Danu

bb

S

Komját

Csa llók öz

Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

an

NDivény

Nyitra

Pozsony D

Sopron

ns

S a lz a c h

nau

Leitha

Tyrol

T

Do

U a

ns

s

Vienna

Wiener Neustadt

En

H

Nagyszombat

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

de n

e

Y

Be rc ht es ga

Danub

En

T

n rau

Gr

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz

Trencsén

na

Lower-

Vah

Tatra mountains

Z s i tv

U p p e r-

ya

rch

n

nu

Inn

Da

Passau

In

e

M O R A V I A

rva

B A V A R I A

yj

ha

m

BOHEMIA

T

G a ra

D

Késmárk

Du

THE

g

OF

Z I

Bártfa

Waa

L A N D S

PASSAU

Isar

N

I A

E M B O H

Mo

D o nau

O WS I LNE C R

Al

ia

k

Meluna Pass

d

Sa n

Bártfa

C

Eperjes

R

Helen Zrinyi

a

Vienna

b Dn

i

r

D n ie s te r L im a n

A

Akkerman

a Kilia

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

na

Bu

Dunai za

u

Ti

t

Ol

Branch

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

eo

rg

e s Br a

St.George

mits

a

r

u

Jalo

Sulina

j

Çerna

Ar Ve

dz

e

Danu

t

de

V a l l um

be

Tra

ia n

um

o

Giurgiu

Vidin

v

D

Turnu Magurele

narea

na

Ti

lia

h

A

I

H

C

A

L

Ki

Brăila

1690 Thököly

L

A

il

Ismail

nc

Zs

W

ia n u m m Tra

v

Fogaras

lu

l

i l lko

Va

sz

a

Sz

u

te

th M

Brassó

Ol

Du

(B

ulg

Jan

)

Iske

Mo

Toplica

ra

B l a c k

r

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

S e a

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

i

n

Sr

a

(V ard

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Lake Ostrovo

Thessaloniki

it

sa

t

s.

Constantinople Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Tu

S e a

o f

M a r m o r a

Ma rm ara

Samothrace

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli iğ i r l

i

k

ak

Gulf of Saloniki

Meluna Pass

Bosporus

E rgene

Evr

mp

al ev

ley

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Holy Mount Athos

Sus

tr

m

is

on

W

i

n

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Situation 1699 Al

M

N e s to s

o

d

m

e

ei

c

Lake Doiran

u

Adrianople

a

Ç.

ka

l

ts

N

ic

Crn

a

M

B Axios

Lake Prespa

e

ri

Arda

A

er

ar

a

M

Re

p

ta

g

M

rd es

o

M

os

O

a

a

a

d

Va

Bre

a

o

lnic

h

a

ga

Marits

M

T

um

T

Skopje

r

R

St

ndga

r

va

B

tra

a

arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

i

M o r a v

a

is

B u d z h a k

Alt

Szeben

n

a

re

x

a

Al u ta

Du zn

r

Se

S

s

n

o

a

Ju

a

et

Szászszebes

Segesvár

Turnu Severin

mok

a

tr

h

a

K ü k ü llő

s

v

a

s

Bender

s

gy

Orsova

Golubac

i

i

d

I

Mehadia

b

N is

ut

ov

V

y

Partes Annexae

Versec

r

TATARS

l

s

Na

a n h i t a r p a C

Mezősom lyó

vo

e

n

M

o ar

Lugos Lugos

Duna

a

Pr

ld

r

Karánsebes

na

OF THE

J

A

e

aros

KHANATE

tr

CRIMEAN

i

Déva

Facsád

es

Se

es

k

em

o

ni

e

Csák

D

a

z

ér

Partes Annexae

s

Bé ga

Marosvásárhely

Medgyes

Blasendorf Gyulafehérvár

Lippa

T

L

t

M

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Temesvár

S

Kolozsvár

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Jenő

Maro

n Maros

s

O

M

Beszterce

D

t

u

t e -Kör ö

S o u t h e r n Bug

s

o

ke

M

re

M

Fe

Si

s am o

s

COSSACKS

e

th

s

n

Annexae

Nagyvárad

Gyula

B

Hotin

Saxon

mellék

ZAPOROZHIAN

Dnjester

mos

Partes

Iuzh

B ug

a

Sza

S e b e s - K ö rö

a

l

Annexae

HAJDÚ

Debrecen

i

Pru

Tisza

Nagykálló

Ér

tu ru

l

o

d

i

Tisza

Tokaj

Arad

P

h

Partes

Huszt

Nagylak

t

Munkács

Latorca

o

P

L I T H U A N I A)

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

a

og

p

(A N D

b

dr

P O L A N D

r

Pruth

Bo

Sárospatak

Y

a

ie

A

Bug

ny

Kassa

O F

str

D u narea

zepesvár

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Imbros

21 Lemnos Tenedos

Dard ane lle s

Gulf of Ismid

Ta

ra

Toplica

et a

Cetinje

Brda

Bay of Spizz a

tiv

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari

Dr

Scutari

ari

O

T

Skopje

ga

Va

ln

rd

ri

ar

D

a

n

i

Durazzo u hk

i

a

mb

Crn

S

i t r a S t

a

M

Lake Ochrid

a

Lake Prespa

ni

a

c

e

d

b

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

is

A

on

W tr it

Al

Butrinto

Corfu Co

Corfu

t e s i o

ia

k

Meluna Pass

S u

P h t ilia

l

sa

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

l

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

Se

m

A pulia

Otranto

n

Black

A d r i a t i c

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

ri

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Dr

An

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

Peć

im

Bre

Perasto

je

MONTENEGRO

L

Whi t e D

B

Lim

Risan

tta

Tara

Pol

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Klobuk

Z

RAGUSA

a

n

jic

a r n ica

Niks ič

vo

isn

so

eb

Ko

Tr

va

om

Niš

ra

H e r z e g Ko v i n a

k

vo

(B

Mo

po

a

)

Kle

Po

zn

ot

ar

Metkovic

Ju

c

Ib

t

Gabela

ava

m

tje

)M or

arian

Su

an

a

Ljubuski i za N

Kula Norin

a sk

bi

in

eb

Tr

Vrgorac

Ceh

er

ulg

na

Klobuk

A

Uva

Dri

I

(S

m

a

etva

T

Li

ti

on n a a Spalato Duare Almissa

Z

aca

S

al

i

Neret

apadna

Mor

Trau

Rogosnizza

Sinj

Klis

Sarajevo

va

A

a

n

Ce

E

V rlik a

Sebenico

er

T

Sca rdo na

M

s

Ancona

ba

T

Klicevac

A

rfu

Pine

Goumenitza

ios

Ca na l

Parga

Paxos

Arta

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

I o n i a n

Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

S p erchei

mos

o

rop

o

ta

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

S e a

Asp

I o n i a n

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

Mesolongi

Gulf of Patras

Lepanto=Naupa =Antirrhion

Patras

Rrhion

A c h a i a

a n d s

Kalavryt

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

Zante

o

M Al p h e

io

r

s

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Zarn Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

M E D

I

T

Situation 1699 22

E

R

R

A

zn

a

Du

(B

ulg arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Jan

)

Iske

Mo

Toplica

ra

r

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

S e a

B l a c k

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

i

Lake Tachino

on

(V ard ares)

Lake Ostrovo

Tu

os

s.

Constantinople Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

Ma rm ara Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

Gallipoli iğ i r l

m

tr it

sa

Gulf of Kasandra

Tem

i

Lemnos

N

o

rop Asp

Lamia

Rrhion

Gulf

At

al

an

e ti

g Ca

r na

o

p

t e (E ub oia )

l

ip

e

a

C h i o s

Athens Saronic

Nauplia

Andros

Kea

Gulf of Aegina

Cape Sounion

Gulf of Mendela

Paros

Bodrum

Kalymnos

Sifnos

Polyaigos

Melos

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Laconia

Rhodes

Stampalia Santorini

Anafi

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

of

S e a

Suda

Heraklion Rhetymno

C

Sphakia

N

E

•••

Sphakiotes

A

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Suda Bay

Chania

R

r

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

of y B a e llo b a r i

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

C y p r u s Tro ödo s Mn ts.

A

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

R

Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Ios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Porto Kayio

Kos

Amorgo s

Kimolos

Passavâ Kelapha

Patmos

Delos

Naxos tas

Koroni

s

Ikaria

Siros

o

an d e r

Myconos

Kithnos

Kranidi

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

M en d e r e

Samos Tenos

Serifos

Eur

Me

Bay of Cesme

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf or

iz

A N A T O L I A

os

Aegina

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

al

r

a

e

S

Skyros

an

Korinthos

s

a y o f Navarino avarino

E

C

io

R

n

Corinth Kalavryta

o

o

of

Castel Tornese

M

Gulf of Edremid

I

Sporades

Eur

A c h a i a

Al p h e

P

Northern

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Pi n e i o s

Besika Bay

Lesbos o

Gulf of

Patras

Tenedos

n

a

e

g

e

M

Gulf of Volos

s

Gulf of Patras

Dard ane lle s

(Salamvrias)

Salona Mesolongi

Imbros

Pinios

ley

E

S p erchei

mos

val

A

ta

ta

pe

s

io Pine

ta

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

on

is

Gulf of

Meluna Pass

E

Gulf of Ismid

M a r m o r a

o f

k

W

Al

k ia

Saloniki

tsa

t

Evr

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Bosporus

E rgene

n

Sr

a

a

N e s to s

Lake Doiran

n

ts

N

Adrianople

Ç.

Crn

a

M

o

d

m

e

ei

c

Axios

Lake Prespa

ka

M

A

ic

ar

a

M

Re

u

B

ri

Arda

l

e

ta

g

er

rd es

p

M

M

Bre

d

Va

o

a

a

a

O

o

a

lnic

h

a

ga

Marits

M

T

um

T

Skopje

r

R

St

ndga

r

va

B

tra

a

Ju

i

a

Turnu Magurele

narea

v

Ti

Du

o

Giurgiu

Vidin

D

mok

na

a

N

S

E A

Situation 1699 23

Famagusta

Pécs

e

s

B os

t

Szabács

v Sa

a

na

i

va

Neret

Duna

Orsova

v

Turnu Severin

Golubac

ti

Dri

Uva

mok

tje

Ju

ra

Toplica

Klobuk

Perasto

et a

Cetinje

Lake Scutari

Dr

Scutari

n

O

T

Skopje

ga

Va

A d r i a t i c

Black

in

Dulcigno na Boja

St

ri

a

n

i

Crn

a

i

a

c

e

o

d

b

Lake Doiran

i

n

(V ard

ni

a

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona

l

Kanina

is

A

on

W

m

tr it

Al

sa

ia

k

Gulf of Salo

Butrinto

Corfu Co

Corfu

t e s i o

Meluna Pass

Tem

pe

val

rfu

Pine

Goumenitza

Ca

E

na l

Arta

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

S p erchei

mos

o

Gulf of

rop

o

ta

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

Lam

Asp

I o n i a n

Gu

s

I o n i a n

Salona

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

(Sala

ios

Parga

Paxos

S e a

Pinios

ley

S u

P h t ilia

l

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

Se

m

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

ares)

i t r a S t

a

M

Lake Ochrid

n

mb

Axios

u hk

Lake Prespa

A pulia

Otranto

T

ar

D

Durazzo S

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

a

lnic

rd

1.1 - The Linea Grimani (the “Grimani Line”) was the officially demarcated border between the Venetian and the Ottoman territories on the Dalmatian coast. It was established in February 1701 as a result of the Treaty of Karlóca of 1699.

S e a

r

a

ari

ri

in

Dr

An

tiv

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

um

Bay of Spizz a

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Whi t e D

Brda

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

ro

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua Bocc

Peć

im

je

MONTENEGRO

L

Pol

Lim

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tta

Tara

Z

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

a

va

jic

a r n ica

Niks ič

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isn

ra

eb

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Niš

so

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(B

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o

a

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zn

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ov

k

Vidin

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op

va

c

ar

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ra

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t

Gabela

Metkovic

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a

Ta

an

arian

Tr

Su

bi

in

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

er

ulg

na

Vrgorac

a sk

(S

m

a Ceh

apadna

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Z Li

Klobuk

A

na Du Smederevo

a

s

S

I

Mehadia

Belgrade

a

Sarajevo

Ce

al

C

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ri

Srebrenica

on n a a Spalato Duare Almissa

T

K o lu b a r

n

Sinj

Klis

Trau

s

ba

V rlik a

Sebenico

Rogosnizza

Bo

Travnik

Vr

Sca rdo na

M

Partes Annexae

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

D

s

Karánsebes

Mezősom lyó

es

e Karlóca

Zimony

Dr Knin

Ostrovica

es

Bre

Karin

Jajca

Zvonigrad

a

Bé ga

Mitrovica

aca

Zrm

Vrana

A

na

su

em

M o r a v

Nadin

o

L

Klicevac

Novigrad Obrovac

Biograd

ba

Bo

B

E

Vr

D a nub

Kobaš

Rmanj

a

T

T

Zara

B. Gra d .

Sava

nj

S

S e a Ancona

Boundary of Croatia before 1665 Gospic

Starigrad Nona(Nin)

A

Pétervárad

a

D

Sana

Blag aj

T

Csák

Déva

Facsád

Lugos Lugos

Becskerek

a v Gra a diš ka

Bih ac

Udbina

SAN MARINO

A

K

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Ba g

No vi na Cazin U

New Nov i

Kr up a

Otočac

Bosnian Dubica

Bács

Požega

Lippa

Óbecse

Becse

Jas eno vac

Partes Anne

s

Temesvár

Eszék

Un

A d r i a t i c ny

Drežnik

Kostanjica

Pedalj

Todorovo

Q

Ravenna

a

a

Maro

na

V e n i c e

io

in Gl

áv

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

Topusko

Croatian Border

u a r n e r o

Lake Comacc h

Glina

Budački

Ze ng g

Gora

Nagylak Csanád

1686

(1st) (2nd)

Zombor

S

of

(2nd)

Dr Bovic

Zenta (1st)

Baranyavár

u pa

Stenicnjak

ROgulin

C

No vig rad

Siklós

etva

Istria

1687

Magyarkanizsa

m

K

G u l f

o

A

O

up a

T

Mohács

Verőce

ina

Gottschee

L a ig e

I

C a r n i o l a

of T rieste

Slavonian Border

Sava

er

o

o

s Aquileja Trieste

Szabadka

Tisza

g

Žumberak

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Arad

ros

Te

av

nice

n

Gulf

Ma

a

Baja

Szigetvár

Babócsa

Mor

Pi

To r c e l l o

Jenő Szeged

Szekszárd

ér

Berzence Kőrös

Szászvár

Kapos

Çerna

Kaposvár

Segesd Csurgó

sz

Dráva

Varasd

S ava

Ti

Laack (FREISING)

na

1

zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

F

Gyula

Kalocsa

Du

Pordenone

Ferma

Simontornya

Kiskomárom

Kanizsa Csáktornya

A

Terra

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Kapos

VENICE

a n d s Zante

Mesolongi

Gulf of Patras

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Patras

Rrhion

Gulf

of Corinth

A c h a i a Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

o

M Al p h e

io

r

e

a N

s

Gulf Nau

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Pylos Methoni

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Koroni

Misthra

Eur

o

tas

24

Kalamata

Passavâ

Gulf of

2. 1699–1703

g Vá

g

m

sz Ti

G a ra y

D an ub

É

is

r C a

ri

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

Pruth

l

Va an u

m

n

n

S re

t s .

Ev ro

Lake Tachino

s

u

Thessaloniki

Bosporus

E rgene

g

l

i

Adrianople

sa

N esto

A

Lake Doiran

n

Constantinople ˇ ce Büyük Çekme Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

Marmara

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

o f

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

Gallipoli ¸

W

o a nt Otr

C.

Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a

a

res)

a

B

Lake Ostrovo

ti

i

Tu n d

ga aR

Crn

o

it

Arda

s

M

n

a

d

mo

b

e

a

Se

l

Gulf of Burgas

i

ic

i

a

e

sta

ek

Lake Prespa

m

rit sa

Al

Gulf of

rfu Ca

(Kerkyra)

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

E

Goumenitza

P

os inei

M

P

l

Parga G u lf o f Vo lo s

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

Sperchei

mos

op

Santa Maura

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

S e a

ti

Ca

na

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Athens

Korinthos

M o r e a Al p h e

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

(Pe l opon ne sos)

ios

r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Kranidi

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Eur

Messenia

Koroni

Maina

Melos

M

E

Kastellorizo

D

of

S e a

I T

25

Rhodes Anafi

Gulf of Chania

Chania

C r e t e

Suda

Heraklion

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

A

Gulf of Adalia

Santorini

Cape Malia

Cerigotto

R

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cerigo

Bay GramvousaKissamos

R

Ios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

E

Polyaigos

Gulf of Laconia

Kalymnos Kos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Bodrum Amorgos

Sifnos

ta s

Pylos Methoni

o

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Misthra

Gulf

Patmos

Delos

Siros Serifos

Kalamata

Ikaria

Tenos Kithnos

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

Me

Bay of Cesme

al

Zante

Kalavryta

os

an

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

iz

Chios ip

G u lf o f C o ri n t h

Patras

Ach a i a

a n d s

Ged

Smyrna

Chalkis Eur

Naupaktos Rrhion

A N A T O L I A Gulf of Smyrna

C

Pa tra s Gu lf of

E

Gulf of Edremid

S e a

Skyros

Euboea

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

At

Aspr

I o n i a n

La mi a

R

Besika Bay

Lesbos

Sporades

G u lf o f

Tenedos

Northern

o

o

ta

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

A e g e a n

na

Paxos

ik

Lemnos

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

Joanina

Co

Corfu

l

P h t ilia

S u

Butrinto

va ll

Mount Athos

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y t e s i o

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

mo

n

ist

k

ia

of

Saseno

S e a

N

r ar

Me

c

rda A x i o s (Va

a

A

o

p

ar

Ochrid

M

a

M

M

a

Marits

O

rd

Lake Ochrid

ni

n d zˇ a

er

Su

St.George

a

M

a t je

sk

va ret Ne

Tr a i

Black

tra

Tu

d

Va

m bi

it ra St (Span. Bourbon)

Otranto

Silistria

n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

Durazzo

Sh k u

KINGDOM of NAPLES

lnic

T

ma

ga

in

Sea

A pulia

T

Skopje

o

O

h

a

n

Bla c k D r

na

ri

in

R

Dr

Scutari

in

Boja

a

Bre

Upper Pulati

Dr

Dulcigno

Sulina

e s Bra

n

Lovča

Sofia

S tru

Antivari

V a l l um

be

Rustchuk Du

r Iske

B

va

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

rg

Varna

je

Brda

Adr i a t i c

m

Whi t e D

Ca tt

Žabljak

j bal G rBudua

Turnu Magurele

ea

ka

B

aro Catt e di ar o occh

Li

Spuž

Cetinje

e

Danu

Jan

ra

ta

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

Ta r a

MONTENEGRO

nar

eo

a

Niš

Mo

a

Pelagosa Isls

dz

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n)

Klobuk

rin

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Nikšić

To p l i c a

Po l

to

Cavtat

mits

S t. G

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a

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zn

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ra

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c

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H e r z e g o ov i n a

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Bucharest

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m

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Republic of Poglizza

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W

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Spalato Salona n a Almissa

I

Turnu Severin

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Versec

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Szeben

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B u d z h a k M

Aluta

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Zimony

Sarajevo

Sebenico

A Rogosnizza T

M

na

i

F. Alt

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s aro

Lugos

Mezősomlyó

Te

Titel

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b

n

Akkerman

av

D a n ube

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na

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Facsád

Temesvár B éga e

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D

Pétervárad

Csák

a

ag

Border

Lippa

B

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s

Medgyes

Gyulafehérvár

Military

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Bo rde Bo r s

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t

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Scardona

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Dniester Liman

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

N

a

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Bosanska Gradiška

Krupa

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Military

Sa

D

Sea

S

Tuscany

N

áv

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Maros

Udbina

Starigrad

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Gradiška

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a

va

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L

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SAN MARINO

a

TiszaSzabadka

Zombor

Un

Adr i a t i c

Gospic

New Novi

O

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Se

i

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Bag

b

Rab

Lussin

Baja

Dr

Požega

Blagaj Sa na

Cazin

V

D

v

Ravenna

Otočac

Pedalj

Todorovo

Drežnik

Zengg

a-Danu Sav be A

OF THE

J e d i s a n

CRIMEAN

th

Veglia

Cherso

io

av

Szeged

Baranyavár

L

M OMo L

Jenő

Mohács

Siklós

Jasen ovac

S

Lake Comacc h

S

Ustilonja

Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

Karlovac Generalate

Kr

P A P A L

Ve n i c e

Gora

Bovic

Glina Hrastovica a i n B a n u s’ Gl

Topusko

KHANATE

re

Budački

Ogulin

Sisak

Petrinja

Fe

es

Fiume

T

et

r

s

m

Istria

Gulf of

Po

u pa

Stenicnjak

s am o

Nagyvárad

T

up a

I

ellék

Gyula

Tisza

Gottschee

Civil Croatia

e

A

C r o a t i a

rm

st

Se

e

of

Verőce

Generalate

Balta ie

h

av

Gu lf

Szolnok

Kalocsa

Pécs

Babócsa

Wa ra ždi n

Zagreb

S ava

a

th

mos

Csepel Isl.

Szekszárd

Szigetvár

Kőrös

C i v i l Žumberak

S o u t h e r n Bug

Dn

ér

Pi

Adig

Berzence

te Tr ies

Szászvár

Kap o s

Csurgó

Sava

s Aquileja Trieste

Sza

COSSACKS

s

Debrecen

K örö Simontornya

s

P ru

S ir

Sebes -Körös

Kaposvár

Segesd

e

Hotin

Tsjernivtsi

Tisza

Nagykálló

Jászberény

on al at

Kiskomárom

Dráva

Varasd

C a r n i o l a n

B

La ke

l

Tiszabecs

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK

pos

1

g

Csákvár Buda Csókakő Fehérvár Palota

Ónod

Hatvan

Pest

Tisza

Tokaj

Gyöngyös

Rákos r i v e r

Gesztes

utu

Huszt

Miskolc

Eger

Buják

Duna Esztergom Visegrád

Pr

Dolha

Latorca

Tihany

Egerszeg Kapornak Pölöske

Csáktornya Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

zo on I s Gör z & Grad iška

Nógrád Szanda Vác

og

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

Dnj este r

et

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Ferma

Párkány

B

Ajnácskő Somoskő Salgó

Hollókő

r od

Iuzh

Ka

Pordenone

ur

B

a

VENICE Terra

M

Fülek

Gyarmat Szécsény

Tata

Veszprém

Vasvár Egervár

Marburg

Ság

Drégely

Sárospatak

Sajó

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

Kamieniec Podolsk

a

ov

Ra a b

i

ld

Gurk

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Klagenfurt St.Andrae Dráv a

o

Pápa Ikervár

C a r i n t h i a

o

e Komárom

Szentmárton

Rá ba

Szombathely

Graz

Drau

l

ut

Kőszeg

r

Tyrol

Torcello

ub

Győr

ce

Mu

r

p Ré

Mu

o

a

Ikva

Seckau

SALZBURG

d

Pr

Salza ch

o

r

Sopron

ns

an

Munkács

Kékkő

Komját Érsekújvár

Csallók öz

Lake Fe r t ő

D

Tyrol

Venice

nau

Leit h a

Wiener Neustadt En

Pozsony H

Do

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

P

Divény

Nyitra

u

rva

s Enn

Nagyszombat

Vienna

Bug

P O L A N D

Kassa

n

Ma

b

o

n

Dan u bs

OF

Dni e s t r

an

h rc

Mo

e

e

Berc htes gade

un

Gr

C O M M O N W E A L T H Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

a

Lower-

Yb

Tra

y

ie

Danub

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Trencsén r

Upper-

n

Késmárk

Va h

ny

In

Inn

ya

je

a

Dy

Th

BOHEMIA

Passau

B A V A R I A

Bártfa

M O R A V I A

Çerna

THE

Rhetymno

Cretan State

•••

OF

n

L A N D S

PASSAU

P O L A N D Sa

D o nau Isar

I A

E M B O H

O WS I LN ESIA C R

N

Knossos

Spinalonga f y o ll o Ba abe M ir

Cape Sideros

Nicosia

Kasos

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

S

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

ÁRVA TRENCSÉN

SÁROS LIPTÓ

ZEMPLÉN

SZEPES

TURÓC

(ZIPS) ZÓLYOM

NYITRA

UNG

GÖMÖR KIS-

BARS POZSONY

TORNA

ABAÚJ

HONT

HONT

BEREG NÓGRÁ D

SZABOLCS

BORSOD

MOSON

MÁRAMA ROS

UGOCSA

ESZTERGOM SOPRON

GYŐR

SZATMÁR

HEVES

PILIS

KOMÁROM

KŐVÁR VIDÉKE

JÁSZSÁG

VAS

PEST

VESZPRÉM FEJÉR

DOBOKA DOBOKA

BIHAR

TOLNA

B.V.

T ORDA

KOLOZS

BÉKÉS

CSIKSZ ÉK

BIHAR

CSONGRÁD

VAR ASD

VIDÉKE

BELSŐ - SZOLNOK

DOBOKA

HEVES

KISKUNSÁG

SOMOGY

BESZTERCE -

KRASZNA

KÜLSŐ SZOLNOK

´

ZALA

KÖZÉP - SZOLNOK

BIHAR

CSANÁD

CSONG RÁD

TORDA

TORDA

KOLOZS

ZARÁND

ALSÓ-FEHÉR

MAROSSZÉK

ARANYOST. SZÉK

UDVARHELYSZÉK

KÜKÜLLŐ F.

VERŐCE

CSANÁD

BODR OG

KŐ RÖ S

FELSŐ-FEHÉR

ARAD

BARANYA

K

BARANYA

ZÁG RÁ B

R

Ö

N

Á

L

G

I

Y

B

S F.

F

O

Ö

L

F.

F.

F

F.

F.

F.

(F)

F.

HÁROMSZÉK

F.

N)

E

D

D

FOGARAS FÖLD

ALSÓ-

HUNYAD

TEMES

TORONTÁL

I (K

F.

F.

(A)

F.

FEHÉR

BÁCS

POZSEGA

VALKÓ

DU BIC A

KRASSÓ

KEVE

SZERÉ M (SYRMIA )

ÓRB ASZ

SZA NA

TEMES

2.1 - The provinces of Hungary in 1520.

g

be

a sz Ti

y Ip

Z s i tv a

Danu

É

y

B

Becskerek Pétervárad

Bo rde Bo r s

D a n ube

a

Csák

Temesvár B éga e

n

a

Mezősomlyó

i

Zimony

Szabács

ja

S av

a

a

ri

Sinj

i

Duare

N e ret

va

C et

Spalato Salona n a Almissa

Republic of Poglizza

Alt

Z Li

Brassó

Szeben

t

i l l ko

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h a r p C a

Karánsebes

M

Aluta

Dunav

Orsova

Turnu Severin

m Uva

c

apadna

(S

bi

an

)M or

il

A

A

L

L

na

Brăila Bu

za

u

A

Ve

Kiveri

Jalo

mits

a

dz

e

Danu

de

be

Silistria

Giurgiu

Du Ju

I

Bucharest

Craiova

Vidin

ava

H

C Ar

a

26

er

Zs

t

M

Klis

F.

Ol

s

Sarajevo

Sebenico Trau

na

ba

L

Scardona

Rogosnizza

Srebrenica

Vr

Vrlika

üküllő

ros

Lugos

W

D

Vrana

yK

Mehadia

Belgrade na Du

Bos

Travnik

Ma

Mitrovica

va ina

Jajca

n

Déva

Facsád

Versec

Ostrovica K o l u b a ra 2.2 - The historical borders of Hungary’s counties at the beginning of the 18th century. Biograd

A

s

ag

Border

Lippa

Te

Titel

Karlóca

ut

sna

Maro

Medgyes

Gyulafehérvár

Military

Csanád

Óbecse

Bács

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

nar

ea

Turnu Magurele

Rustchuk av

ar

Tisza-

M o r a v

Zvonigrad Knin

s

A

Iaşi

Kolozsvár

es

it

Becse

Eszék

Dr

o

I

s

na

B

V

D

un

D

a

sz

Ti

na Du

MA il

Border

ros

a

Brod

Bo

A

t

Vr

t e -Kör ö

Ol

a

Un

I

áv

Kobaš

s ba

Beszterce

N

o F

Gradiška

r

Se

Maros

m

A

O

a

Bosanska Gradiška

Krupa

N

Bodrog

Sa

C

m ol

r

e

m

r K K

R

Q u a r n e r o

O

D

v

V

M OMo L

th

S

av

Novi

Rmanj

Z rma Karin n

Zara

A

Dr

Požega

Novigrad Obrovac

A

Ancona

D

Sea

a-Danu Sav be

Military

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Maros

Zombor

Udbina

Starigrad

Noni

New Novi

TiszaSzabadka

Mohács

Baranyavár

L

ke

a

va

a

ba

Gospic

i k

Baja

Un

Kr

L

Pago

Bosnian Dubica

Siklós

Jase nov ac

Blagaj Sa na

Cazin

Bihać

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

Bag

Lussin

Pedalj

S

Ustilonja

Kostajnica

Todorovo

Drežnik Otočac

Gora

Bovic

Glina Hrastovica a i n B a n u s’ Gl

Topusko

Karlovac Generalate

Rab

Sisak

Petrinja

Szeged

es

Budački

Ogulin

Zengg

Cherso

T

Stenicnjak

Verőce

Generalate

Fe

Gyula

m

Fiume

I

u pa

Nagyvárad

T

up a

Civil Croatia

Veglia

A

C r o a t i a

Gottschee

Istria

Wa ra žd i n

s am o

re

S ava

ellék

s

Kalocsa

Tisza

es te of T ri G u lf

rm

Se

Žumberak

Trieste

Szolnok

Jenő

Pécs

Babócsa

Zagreb

mos

Csepel Isl.

Szekszárd

Szigetvár

Kőrös

C i v i l

Sza

ér

Berzence

et

Debrecen

pos

S ava

Szászvár

Kap o s

Csurgó

Sir

Tisza

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK

Jászberény

K örö

Kaposvár

Segesd

Dráva

Varasd

a

Tiszabecs

Sebes -Körös

Simontornya

s

th

Ka

Csáktornya Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

Gyöngyös

n la to

Kiskomárom

C a r n i o l a

i a t i c

ur

e Ba

Pru

Nagykálló

Tihany Lak

Tsjernivtsi

et

M

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Tisza

Dn jes ter

s

ov

Marburg

Egerszeg Kapornak Pölöske

e

Hotin

a

Csákvár Buda Csókakő Fehérvár Palota

Veszprém

Vasvár Egervár

Klagenfurt St.Andrae Dráv a

B

l

Huszt

Ónod

Hatvan

Pest

Latorca

Tokaj

Eger

Buják

og

utu

ld

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Raab

C a r i n t h i a

zo on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

g

Wa a

o R

Pápa

Nógrád Szanda

dr

Miskolc

Somoskő Salgó

Hollókő

Vác Duna Esztergom Visegrád Tata Ráko s r i v e r Gesztes

Szentmárton

a

Párkány

Bo

Ajnácskő

Gyarmat Szécsény

Drégely

Sárospatak

Sajó

Fülek

Pr

Dolha

Kamieniec Podolsk

a

g

a

e Komárom

y

ub

Ikervár

Gurk

i

a

Ráb

Szombathely

Graz

l

h

r

o

ut

r

Ság

l

an

Munkács

Kékkő

Komját Érsekújvár

Győr

ce

Mu

p Ré

Mu

Kőszeg

d

Pr

Ikv a

Seckau

ZBURG

o

r

Sopron

ns

Nyitra

Csall óköz

Lake Fe r t ő

D

En

Pozsony

Leit h a

Wiener Neustadt

P

Kassa

G a ra

nau

P O L A N D

an

Divény

H

Yb

Do

u

rva

Nagyszombat

Vienna

bs

OF

Dni e s t r

n

Ma

b

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

Gr

h

rc

e

Dan u

s

n

y

C O M M O N W E A L T H Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

a

Lower-

e

Enn

u Tra

Trencsén

Mo

Danub

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s r

Upper-

n

je

Késmárk

Va h

Sz

Passau

ya

a

Dy

Th

BOHEMIA

In

Bártfa

M O R A V I A

Çerna

THE

Vá

OF

I A

E M B O H

P O L A N D n

L A N D S

PASSAU

N

Sa

au

O WS I LN ESIA C R

3. 1703–1711

m

a sz Ti

Dniester Liman

n

Lugos

a

t

Te

ri

Pruth

Ol

e

a

Lake Doiran

S re

n

l

Va

u an u

m

ga

Tu n d

Constantinople ˇ ce Büyük Çekme Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

Thasos

´

Gulf of Orphani

A

Bosporus

E rgene

Ev ro

s

Thessaloniki

S e a

Adrianople

sa

g

Lake Tachino

u

Arda

N esto

a

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli ¸

C.

Samothrace

W

o a nt Otr

rit sa

k

Al

Gulf of

rfu Ca

(Kerkyra)

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

E

Goumenitza

P

os inei

M

P

l

Parga G u lf o f Vo lo s

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

Sperchei

mos

op

At

al

an

ti

Salona (Amphissa)

S e a

Ca

na

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Athens

Korinthos

M o r e a Al p h e

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

(Pe l opon ne sos)

ios

r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Kranidi

Siros

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Eur

Messenia

Koroni

Maina

Polyaigos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

M

E

D I T

27

of

S e a

C r e t e

Gulf of Chania

Suda Bay

Suda

Heraklion

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Kissamos Bay

Sphakiotes

A

Rhodes

Santorini

Kastellorizo

Chania

R

Gulf of Adalia

Anafi

Cerigotto

R

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cerigo

Gramvousa

E

Ios

Sikinos

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kalymnos Kos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Bodrum Amorgos

Sifnos

ta s

Pylos Methoni

o

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Misthra

Gulf

Patmos

Delos

Serifos

Kalamata

Ikaria

Tenos

Kithnos

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Keos Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

Me

Bay of Cesme

al

Zante

Kalavryta

os

an

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

iz

Chios ip

G u lf o f C o ri n t h

Patras

Ach a i a

a n d s

Ged

Smyrna

Chalkis Eur

Naupaktos Rrhion

A N A T O L I A Gulf of Smyrna

C

Pa tra s Gu lf of

E

Gulf of Edremid

S e a

Skyros

Euboea

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

La mi a

Aspr

I o n i a n

Santa Maura

R

Besika Bay

Lesbos

Sporades

G u lf o f

Tenedos

Northern

o

o

ta

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

A e g e a n

na

Paxos

ik

Lemnos

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

Joanina

Co

Corfu

l

P h t ilia

S u

Butrinto

va ll

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y t e s i o

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

mo

n

ist

Otranto

ia

of

Saseno

t s .

l

i

n

l

i

res)

m

Lake Ostrovo

Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a

Tr a i

ic

aR

Crn

n

B

Se

ti

St.George

s

M

n

o

Lake Prespa

ni

Sulina

e s Bra

Gulf of Burgas

i

er

Su

i

Bre

a t je

sk

va ret Ne

a

d

mo

b

e

a

rg

N

it

ar

a

sta

ek

rda A x i o s (Va

c

M

Me

ar

Lake Ochrid

a

eo

Black

a

n d zˇ a

r

A

o

p

rd

it ra St (Span. Bourbon)

a

a

M

d

Va

m bi

Ochrid

M

Silistria

tra

Tu

Marits

O

Durazzo

Sh k u

KINGDOM of NAPLES

ic aln

T

ma

g

in

Sea

A pulia

T

Skopje

o

O

S tru

a

n

V a l l um

be

n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

Sofia

h

na

ri

in

Bla c k D r

Boja

in

Adr i a t i c

Dr

Scutari Dr

Dulcigno

a

R

Antivari

va

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

Upper Pulati

S t. G

n

Lovča

r Iske

B

ra

Brda

Bran c h

Branch

Varna

Mo

alj G r bBudua

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

e

Rustchuk Du

Jan

je

Ca tt

Žabljak

Whi t e D

aro Catt e di ar o occh

m

dz

ka

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

Li

Spuž

Cetinje

Turnu Magurele

ea

Sulina

lia

a

Niš

Po l

ta

MONTENEGRO

To p l i c a

vo

Klobuk

Ta r a

nar

a

(B

mits

Danu

n)

r n i ca

Nikšić

a

a

so

rin

Cavtat

zn

Ko

to

ma

i

ar

a S u

Pelagosa Isls

B

ra

Ze

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik)

b

Ju

A

Giurgiu

Du

ava

Ib

Melida

ji c

)M or

r

H e r z e g o ov i n a is n

an

a

eb

bi

in

Tr

Lagosta

K

Curzola

e

ot

er

garia

Ceh Ta

ac

ul

na

Metković Klek

Uv

S

D ri

Gabela

m

Jalo

de

Vidin

(S

u

Ki

Bucharest Ar

Ve

t

va

t

Vrgorac

iza

Lesina

Mostar

Tr

eb

A

Li

Duare

Brazza Makarska Lissa

N e ret

Republic of Poglizza

padna

C

A

L

L

A

il

Ol

Sinj

Za

za

I

H

Craiova

s

I

na

ba

Klis

Spalato Salona Almissa

Zs

a

Sarajevo

ti

M

Trau

Turnu Severin

W

K o l u b a ra

D

Srebrenica

na

Sebenico

A Rogosnizza T

Orsova

Dunav

Bos

Ce

L

Scardona

Bu

nube Dunai

r

Belgrade na Du

ra ia n u m mT

Ismail

Da

Brăila

Mehadia

a

lu

o

S av

na

t

r C a

V ersec

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h pa

i l l ko

Kilia

Brassó

Szeben

Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó

M

Aluta

D

Szabács

a

Vr

Vrlika

B u d z h a k Alt

ros

M

i

Travnik

Ma

av

n

Jajca

Déva

Facsád

Zimony

ina

s

üküllő

Çerna

va

Dr

o

yK

a

a

ag

Border

B éga

e

Medgyes

Gyulafehérvár

N

a

sz

Ti

na Du

s

na

B

Sz

É Csák

r

j

y

D an ub

F

Maro

te

Akkerman

D u n a rea

G a ra Ip ol

e

o

a

Un

Military

Titel

Karlóca

M o r aca

K

A

O

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

Becskerek s me

D a n ube

ut

Tisza-

B

Óbecse

Pétervárad

Bo rde Bo r s

na

is

b

g

g

g

Wa a

u

Z s i tv a

l

y R

r

e

m

r K

L a

R

B os

s

Lippa

Bács

Bender

h

C

y

Iaşi

TATARS

CRIMEAN

nc

Q u a r n e r o

ar

Kobaš

s

Becse

Eszék

it

A

Dn

MA il

I

a

I

V

v

N

A

Kolozsvár

M o r a v

Ostrovica a

A

A

E

ba

Zvonigrad Knin

nj

Karin

Vrana

T T

Ancona

O

Brod

Sana

Vr

Rmanj

Novigrad Obrovac Zrm Zara a

Biograd

a Gradiška

Beszterce

Sa

D

S

Sea

V

Požega

r

Se

Maros

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Temesvár

a

Udbina

Starigrad

Noni

A

ka

áv

k

-Kör ete ö

a

a

va

i k

ba

L

Pago

SAN MARINO

L

Dr

Un

Adr i a t i c

Gospic

a-Danu Sav be

Border

Zombor

ros

Csanád

es

Bihać

Plitvic ka - Jezera

Bag

av

New Novi Novi

Krupa

alan

S

Rab

Lussin

Ú Ja s e n ova c P Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

Cazin

S

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

a i n B a n u s’ B o r d e r

Todorovo

Kr

P A P A L

Ravenna

Otočac

Gora

Bovic

Glina

Gl

Drežnik

Zengg

Sisak

Petrinja

Topusko

Karlovac Generalate

Veglia

Cherso

io

T

Budački

Ogulin

Ve n i c e Lake Comacc h

u pa

Stenicnjak

Bodrog

Baranyavár

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Maros Military

m

Fiume

I

TiszaSzabadka

T

Istria

Gulf of

Po

Tuscany

up a

Civil Croatia

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s Gyula

ros

V

et

É

o

D

i

s am o Beszterce

Nagyvárad Sebes -Körös

L a

ellék

M

J e d i s a n

b

h

M O

ov

rm

Ma

OF THE tru

mos

ld

Szolnok

Magyarkanizsa

KHANATE

r

Nis

Sza

Debrecen

K örö

st

a

Hatvan

ie

et

ut

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK

Jászberény

Military

Balta

Dn

Pr

Gyöngyös

TiszaSzabadka

S o u t h e r n Bug

Tisza

Sir

COSSACKS

D nj es te r

Tsjernivtsi

Tisza

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

r

Buják

a

Huszt

Ónod

Eger

Pr

Latorca

i

Va

Hollókő

g

l

D u n a rea

ény

ro

o

Sz

Fülek

d Bo

d

Iuzh

Kamieniec Podolsk

ie

Kassa

o

(A N D L I T H U A N I A) ny

P Munkács

Bug

a

Lőcse

OF

Dni e s t r

Eperjes

Szepesvár

b

atra mountains

M

P

33

I

Tenedos Besik a Bay

R

na

Gulf of Edremid

E

ik

f Ismid Gulf o

l

l

S u

na

l

At

Salona (Amphissa)

al

an

Paxos

ti

Ca

Euboea na

l

Arta

(N e g r o p o n t e) Prevesa

Vonitsa

os

m ta

op

al

Athens

Cephalonia

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Zante

r

Cape Sounion

Kithnos

Kranidi

Eur

ds

Delos

Siros

ga

ic

M en d e r e s

Sus

Smyrna

and e r

Bay of Cesme

M en d e r e s

Ikaria

Tenos Myconos

Kithnos

Kranidi

Gulf of Nauplia

iz

Samos

Kea Cape Sounion

Patmos

hi

Me

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

os

Patmos

Delos

Siros

Gulf of Mendela

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Naxosthe Morea (Peloponnese) and the last remaining ParosBodrum 4.2d - In 1715 and 1716, the Ottomans move againstSerifos the Venetian-ruled of Corfu, Venetian strongholds on Crete. Paros islandMisthra Serifos

Kalamata

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

o

ta s

Pylos Sifnos Methoni

Messenia

M

Gulf of Laconia

Melos

Zarnata

Sikinos

Ios

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

Suda Bay

C Er e t e R R

Suda

Chania

Heraklion

A

•••

Sphakiotes

Rhetymno

Knossos

Sphakia

N

of

S e a

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

T

Gulf of Chan ia

Santorini

Rhodes

I

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

Folegandros

Anafi

of

S e a

Stampalia

Gulf of Adalia Anafi

Cerigotto

Cerigotto

Melos

Ios

Sikinos

Gulf of Chania

Scarpanto

Suda Bay

Suda

Chania

Sphakiotes

A

C r e t e

Rhetymno

Heraklion Scarpanto Knossos

Sphakia

Spinalonga

A

N

S

Kasos

Cape Sideros

f y o llo B ar a b e Mi

C y p T

N

Spinalonga

E

f y o llo B ar a b e i M

A

N

Cape Sideros

Kasos

S

Nicosia

E A C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

Gulf of Kos

Kos

Cerigo

D

Cerigo

Polyaigos

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan Santorini

E

Cape Malia

Gulf of Kos

Kimolos Kos

Stampalia

Bodrum Kalymnos

Amorgos

Sifnos

Monemvasia Gulf of Laconia

Maina

Kalymnos

Amorgos

Passava

Kielefa

Polyaigos

o

Koroni

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Passava

Eur

Gulf

ta s

Eur

•••

Misthra

R

Tu n d

C. er

S e a

Samos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

A N A

Chios ip

Aegina

ios

Gulf of Edremid

Chalkis

Saronic Gulf

( Pel o p o n n eso s) Myconos Argos

s

ic

er

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Ikaria

M o Tenos r e a Al p h e

na

Athens

Korinthos

r

Gulf of Nauplia

Ca

Bu

hi

ti

Smyrna

Euboea

Gulf of Mega Spileon Cori n t h

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Kea

Bu

ds

Andros Patras

A c h a i a Lavra

a n d s

Aegina

an

Bay of Cesme

Rrhion

Naupaktos

i g˘i r

Dardanelles

Lesbos

al

Gulf of Petalia

as f P a tr G u lf o

Gallipoli

Besik a Bay

an

I s l

Saronic Gulf

Ithaca

M a r m o r a

o f

P A N IA T OR L I A E

C

Korinthos

al

Salona (Amphissa)

an

S e a

M

Gulf of

C

Gul f of Mega Spileon Cori nth

S e a

Tenedos

Skyros

At

ˇ mec e Büy ük Çek Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Imbros

iz Gulf Ged of N o r t h e r n Smyrna Sporades

L a mi a Chios

Constant

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

A e g e a n

o

Aspr

I o n i a n

ESanta u r i Maura po s

E rgene

Ev ro

Marmara

E

M

Gulf of Volos

o

Chalkis

Sperchei

¸

Lemnos

s

I o n i a n

Gulf of Arta

ik i g˘i r l

M

Bre

n

Al

Ca

Lamia

S e a

Skyros

Parga

Charles XII

Kasandra

Lesbos

eios

Adrianople

sa

Sus

i

n

a

b

l

A

rfu

Pin

Goumenitza

Gulf

E

Larissa

Sporades

(Kerkyra)

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the oG ufl f oEf d r e m i dHagion Oros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

ar

N o r t h eJoanina rn

val

M

Gulf of

N

f Ismid Gulf o

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

R

Bes ika Bay

pe

Dardanelles

g

Lake Tachino

u

Saloniki

Te m

l

i

t s .

it

s

Thessaloniki Tenedos

I

o

M e l u n a Pa s s

Co

Corfu

S re

n

Arda

N esto

P h t ilia

t e s i o

Lake Doiran

A

a

M

sta

Butrinto

Me

km

A eT h ge s sea l ay n

Gulf of Vo l o s

G ulf of

B

Lake Ostrovo

Marmara

eGallipoli

a

r

M a r m o r a

o f

S e a

o

P

i

n

ti

d

ni

sa

ia

Lemnos

ˇ km ece Bü yü k Çe Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

a

M

Imbros

rit

r

n

a

ist

1714 to

M

Bay of Va l o n a

Otranto

o

W

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Ochrid

Se

a

o a nt Otr

Larissa

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

ek

d

Lake Prespa

m

E of

lia

Lake Ochrid

e

res)

it ra St

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley val

pe Te m p u

Kasandra

c

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

mo

Saloniki

O

o

Gulf of

a

Marits

p

arda A x i o s (V

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Sh k u b i Hagion Gulf of m Oros

M

T

a

ma

ar

Durazzo

ic aln

rd

Sea

g

Thasos

Va

Gulf of Orphani

T

h

na

in Bla c k D r

Boja

in

d r i aThessaloniki t i c

O

Skopje

S tru

Dr

res)

Dulcigno

n

s

Antivari

ri

in

ia

Bay of Spizza

Dr

R

Lake Scutari Tachino

n

u

l

Uppe r Pulat i

Lake Scutari

aR

Žabljak

Crn

i

a

S re

Brda

Budua

N esto

Ca

ttar

Whi t e D

Lake Doiran

ro atta di C o

he Bocc

mo

Va r d a Axios (

Castel Nuovo (Herceg Novi)

E A

Limassol

4.2e - In June-July 1715, the Ottomans take Spinalonga and Suda, the last remaining vestiges of Venetian power on Crete.

34

Famagusta

Larnaca

ti

Ca

Kranidi

na

Misthra

Cape Sounion

l

ta s

Aspr

o Gulf B a y o f Navarino Eur N 4.4a a v a -rThe i n oTurkish forces win terrain quickly and within 100 days the entire Peloponnese ip Pylos Zarnata Messenia o

Rrhionis under Ottoman Misthra control. Methoni Gulf of Kalamata E u rCorinth Patras Mega Spileon o Gulf

aupaktos

E

Maina

( Pel oponne s o s )

ios

Argos ds

r

Cape Matapan

T

E

ta s

E

Koroni

R

Maina

Melos

Cape Sounion

Passava

Gulf of Laconia

R

Monemvasia

Cape

A

i

s

ic

er

Chios

mo

Amorgos Sikinos

n

Polyaigos

Sikinos

Bay of Cesme

Folegandros

Ithaca

Ios

Tenos

Santorini

Cephalonia Santorini

a n d Myconos s Zante Delos

of

S e a Gul f of Cha nia

ta

as f Pa t r Gulf o

Stampa Naupakto

Ikaria

Ana fi

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

C r e t e Naxos

Paros

e t e o fChaniaC r Suda Suda Bay

Amorgos

4.5 - In 1715, the Ottoman Maura Sifnos fleet also takes the islands of Tenos, Aegina and Santa Heraklion

Gul f of Cha nia

Suda Bay

Suda

Chania

N

Vonitsa

Sifnos

Siros

S e a

Kissam os Bay Gramvousa

Patmos Naxos

Paros Gulf of Arta

Delos

Folegandros

I s l Kithnos

Cerigotto

Cerigotto

R

Prevesa

Andros

Polyaigos Kea

Kranidi

Arta

Serifo s

Melos

Kimolos

Cerigo

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

I Eur

Kielefa

S e a

Bay os Kissam os Serif Gramvousa

Misthra

Zarnata

Cerigo

Cape Malia

4.4c - In 1715, the Ottomanofleet takes the island of Cerigo. Gulf

Messenia

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia Bu

D Kalamata

Cape M a t a p a n Aegina or

Gulf of Laconia

Delos

Siros

Myconos

Sifnos

Cape Malia

Saronic Gulf

Myconos

Ikaria

Naxos Serif os Paros the Venetian fortress of Butrint, where they 4.4b - In July 1716, the Ottomans re-occupy Santa Maura assemble a large number of troops in preparation of Kimolos the second siege of Corfu, which again fails. Also in 1716, the Venetians attack Preveza and Vonitsa without success. Ios

al

Passava

an

M

M o r e a

Maina

Korinthos Monemvasia

Kalavryta Koroni Kielefa

C

Zarnata

Tenos

Lesbos

S e a

Paxos Tenos

I o n i a n

Gulf of Athens Laconia

Joaninao f C e s m e Bay

KithnosParga

Monemvasia

Passava

Kielefa

ta s

A c h a Messenia i a Lavra

s

Koroni

Andros

Goumenitza Kea

I o n Siros i a n

Chalkis

Eur

Cape Sounion

Kithnos

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Gulf of Edremid

o

o

op

Gulf of Kalamata Nauplia

Euboea

Nauplia

Andros

Skyros

Kea

sa

r

hi

an

Kranidi

rit

Bu

ds

al

ist

Nauplia

At

t e s o i

l

r

s

or s h i Gulf of Gulf Aegina of

T h e s s a

Chios

na

Nauplia

R

Chios

Be sik a Ba y

Ca

Argos

Petalia Gulf of Aegina

Bu

Lamia

Argos

Salona (Amphissa)

phe

(Kerkyra)

Saronic Gulf

s

eio

Corfu N Gulf o r of t h e rAegina orn

Sporades Aegina d

Gulf of

(Pel oponne s os )

P lia Gulf of h t i Petalia

Gulf

Tenedos

A e g e a n Butrinto

rfu

ios

Limassol

Co

Al p h e

(Peloponne sos )

S e a

I

Athens

Saronic Gulf

Athens

Korinthos

M o S pre rec h e iao

os

al

M o r e a Gulf of Volos

Kalavryta

ip

an

Pine i o s

Eur

Korinthos

Kalavryta

P

C

Gulf of Castel Tornese Corinth Mega Spileon

M

Chalkis

G u l f o Lf aSk ae r o s Prespa

Lesbos T r o ö d o s M n t s .

S e a

al

Lavra

of Mega Spileon C o ri n t h

Gulf of Edremid

Lesbos

ti

an

Patras

Achaia

A c h a i a Lavra

Austria G ul f

R

C y p r u s Imbros

Skyros

C

E

Naupaktos

ni

Ochrid

c

W

S E u Eb o e A a

o a nt Otr

P

Patras

N

ras o f Pa t

Cephalonia Go su l f inei Rrhion

s

A

es

A

ia

A pulia

of

Al

o

Se

a

Be sik a Ba y

op

n

Sphakia

mos

s

s a lE y

paktos

Northern

f y o llo B ar a b e Mi

Gulf of N o r t h Holy ern Sporad Mount Athos the a t Gulf of G ul f o f Hagion Gulf of Lamia Sperchei A Oros Saseno o Saloniki K a s a n d r a S p o rCtaaalpad e eG lsoE a s s au b o e Skyros o r Lni tni g u e t t a Ca Gulf of (N e g r o p o n t e) na 4.3 - By the end of 1715, Crete Pis entirely under Ottoman rule. Lamia l B Salona a y o f Lemnos At inios KINGDOM of a l (Amphissa) y Va l o n a an alle ( S a l a m v r i a s ) v NAPLES ti pe Chalkis Ca M e l u n a Pa s s Te m (N eOtranto g r o p o n t e) (Span. na l Salona Bourbon) Eur (Amphissa) ip Larissa Rrhion 1714 to os

Vonitsa km

Ithaca

Sperchei

A e g e a n

Knosso s

Samothrace

a

Gulf of Arta o

Lak e Och rid

Kasos

Cape Sideros

m

Gulf of Volos

I

I

A e g e a n

Spinalonga

G ul f o f Heraklion Vo l o s

Rhetymno

P

Sh k u b i m Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Arta Sphakiotes

M

Scarpanto Be sik a Ba y

M

u

P

M

Tenedos

Tenedos

Aspr

Kissamo s Bay Gramvousa Gulf of s eio Cha niaThessaloniki Suda Bay PLi na k e Ostrovo Suda Chania

M

Durazzo

l

eios

E

Lake Tachino

Larissa

S u

Pin

C

of

Lemnos

it ra St

B

(Salamvrias)

E

res)

Larissa

Sr eet ael

s

S e a

Cerigotto

Te m

Ev ro

Lemnos

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

a

y alle

S

P a s sr e i

val pe

Oros

N esto

v

Lake D o iran P i n i o sM e l u n a

g

b

Saloniki

n

pe

Gulf of Kasandra

mo

Te m

niki S a l othe Hagion Oros

l

ia

Al

T h e s s

Joanina Meluna Pass

tK a s asn dnr aa .

G uBl fooj faAthos Mount

a Al yd r i a t i c

rna

R

s a e ls y

i a Gulf of

Va r d a Axios (

Cerigo a ek

n

35

E

Sphakiotes

Melos

Rhetymno

Kimolos Sphakiotes Polyaigos Sikinos

Ios

Sphakia

Folegandros

Rhetymno

Heraklion •••

Cape Malia

o

Santorini

Knoss os

•••

d

k

•••

e

in ck Dr

c

Knoss os

Spinalonga

Stamp

B a y o f Navarino C Navarino f Pylos Ana y ofie l l o a b B ra Methoni Mi

g

eios

a

a

G a ra

Novi

Cazin

av

S

Kostajnica New Novi

Krupa

Bihać

alan

y

Danu

N

I

Požega

ka

a Gradiška

Vr

ba

s

Kimolos

y

Ma

a

sz

Cerigotto

Maros

Border

ro

S e as Magyarkanizsa

Kissamos Bay Military Gramvousa

Gulf of Chan ia

Tisza-

Bo rde Bo r s

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Arad

Maros

f C r M ei l i t ta r ye oNagylak Maro

s

Border

Lippa

Suda Bay

Suda

Facsád Spinalonga

Temesvár

Heraklion

Rhetymno Csák

Sphakiotes

Óbecse

Bács

e

Sphakia

Becskerek

N

s

Anafi

Csanád

Chania

Becse

A

Stampalia

Jenő

TiszaSzabadka

Bodrog

-Kör ete ö

F Santorini

Szeged

E

Pétervárad 1716 D a n ube

A Karlóca

ut

na B os

ek

Folegandros

Gyula

Cerigo

na

ar

Ios

Sikinos

Polyaigos

Cape Malia

Du

it

Nagyvárad Amorgos Sebes -Körös

É s

Melos

Cape Matapan

R

Brod

Sana

K örö

Monemvasia Gulf of Laconia

Eszék

Naxos

Sifnos

rá

MA il

Kobaš

a

Ipol

Z s i tv a

O

rm

N

Lugos

B éga

f y o llo B ar a b e i M

Knossos

Mezős omlyó

es

S

Titel

Karánsebes

E A

V ersec

Zimony

Mehadia

ina

va

a

ba

Un

Kr

va

B

o

s

n

i

a

a S av

Belgrade

Du

na

a

Knin

K o l u b a ra

D ri

rana

Sinj Im os ki

Dri a tje

sk

va

Su

ret

Ne

zn

a

To p l i c a

ra

va

ta

r aca

Niš

Mo

36

a

(B

n)

a

r n i ca

Nikšić

i

Ju

garia

ra

Ta r a

Li

m

j

Peć

Po l

rin

Klobuk

b

vo

a S ut o

Ze

RAGUSA

jic

ma

ava

so

Melida

r

H e r z e g o ov i n a isn

)M or

Ko

Lagosta

eb

an

ar

Tr

K

Curzola

e

bi

Ib

Gabela

Metković Klek

ot

ac

er

a

Ta

S

Uv

(S

in

t

Vrgorac

Ceh

m

padna

ul

na

Mostar

Tr

iza

A

Lesina

Li

eb

Brazza Makarska Lissa

N e ret

Republic of Poglizza

Duare

Za

va

Spalato Salona Almissa

T

na

s

ti

Klis

a

Sarajevo

na

Sebenico Trau

ba

Ce

Scardona

Srebrenica

Vr

Vrlika

I

Orsova

4.7 - During the first stage of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-1718 the Austrians attack in several places along the Sava-Danube Military Border. For example, in 1716 Austrian forces Jajca os B battle march on Krupa, which holds firm. The most important takes place at Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) on 5 August 1716, where Prince Eugene of Savoy wins a resounding victory. Travnik Zvonigrad He then enters the Banat, where the Ottomans surrender Temesvár on 12 October 1716. M o r a v

nj

Ostrovica

Rogosnizza

Dunav

na

Obrovac Z r ma arin

Szabács

Dr

Udbina Rmanj

Cap Sid

Sa

Jez er a

Bosnian Dubica

B o r d e r

Todorovo

Drežnik

Ú Ja s e n ova c P

B a n u s’

V

ellék

Paros

Çerna

a

A

Serifos

o

Zombor

Rv a

Patmos

Delos

Siros

Kalocsa

Baranyavár

Ikaria

Debrecen Myconos

Kithnos

Szolnok

Mohács

ED

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK Tenos

Kea

Cape Jászberény Sounion

Te m

K

A

in Gl

a-Danu Sav be L

or Gulf of Aegina

es

Topusko

S

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

Hatvan Aegina

m

Gora

Bovic

Glina

Gyöngyös Saronic Gulf

Nagykálló

Andros

T

Budački

Sisak

Petrinja

Siklós

Tisza Bay of Cesme

el Isl.

Baja

Pécs

Gulf of Petalia

Tisza

T

Generalate

Szigetvár

T

I

Verőce

Buják

Gulf of Smyrna

Latorca

Tokaj

Ónod

Athens Eger

Szekszárd

I

A

C r o a t i a

Stenicnjak

Babócsa

Waraždin

Zagreb

u pa

D

Kőrös

og

ér

Berzence

pos

E

Csurgó

1715 C i4.6v - iSituation l

Szászvár

Kap o s

r od

Munkács

Chios

Miskolc

Kranidi

Gulf of Nauplia Csep

Passava

Kielefa

Kaposvár

Segesd

hi

B

Sárospatak

Eur Somoskő ip os Salgó

Nógrád

Ka

Kanizsa

Dráva

Varasd

S ava

Zarnata

Simontornya Maina

M

Csáktornya

Sajó

Chalkis Ajnácskő

Hollókő

Koroni

Kiskomárom

l

sz

m

n

r

e

m

r o ur

Pölöske

Messenia

F

M

Pylos ton ala Methoni B e Lak

(N e g r o p o n t e)

ta s

Marburg

Eur

Gulf

Bay Navarino

na

Misthra

Kalamata

Tihany o f Navarino

Egerszeg Kapornak

ds

r

Fehérvár

Egervár

Euboea

Rá kos r i v e r Pest Nauplia

Argos

Buda

Veszprém

Ca

S e a

Skyros

Bu

Raab

ti

Lesbos

Kassa

Ti

g

g

u

Al p h e Szentmárton ios

Pápa

Vasvár

an

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( Pe l op on n e s os ) Gesztes

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Körmend Szentgotthárd

A e g e a n

Sporades

Fülek

G u l f of Drégely Mega Spileon C ori n t h

Patras

al

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Rrhion Érsekújvár

Naupaktos

At

Komárom A c h a i a Lavra Párkány Szanda Vác na u D Korinthos Castel Tornese Kalavryta Esztergom Győr Pine i o s Visegrád M oTata r e a

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Gulf of Edremid

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Northern

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Gulf of Arta

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l

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Lower-

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be

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OF Corfu THE

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i

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n

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k

zn

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Turnu Severin

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n)

Al

a tje

sk

va

ava

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ret

S re

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sa

Ne

)M or

B

bm o

a

ra

an

r

rit

ot

bi

a

ul

e

er

in

Ta

S

ac

ist

na

Ceh

Uv

W

Dri

Tr

m

(S

a h i t a r p a C

Lake Doiran

Orsova

Dunav

ia

va

Li

padna

a

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Sz

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a

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a

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K

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Mostar t

Lesina

V ersec

na

Lake Ostrovo

ri

ti

Me

K o l u b a ra

D

a

ni

o

Belgrade 1717

a

d

Se

Imo ski

Vrgorac

n

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s

Brazza Makarska

o

ka

Bos

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Republic of Poglizza

Duare

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es

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n

S av

Lake Prespa

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iza

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eb

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i

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Zimony

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Sinj

Klis

Spalato Salona Almissa

Bay of Va l o n a

n

Jajca

ba

ti

C a p e G l o s s aTrau o rRogosnizza Linguetta

T

s

Vr

Ce

Gulf of

M o r aca

in

d

o

Me

e

a n

sta

a bo

Bay of Ithaca Va l o n a

a Lake Doiran

Gulf of

Lake Salona Ostrovo (Amphissa)

ti

A

a

ni

i

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B

At

Thessaloniki

S re

al

l

i

n

op

n

a

Se

l

o

s)

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Ochrid

ek

d

Lake Prespa

ua n t i C a n

Lake Tachino

Euboea al

(N e g r o p Gulf of Orphani

Chalki

W

l

S u

Ca

na

l

n

o

ia Al

Gulf of

e

Lavra

Saloniki

M e l u n a Pa s s

Kalavryta

M o r e a

Te m

pe

val

ley

Larissa

Pin

lphe APrevesa i o s Gulf of Arta

Gulf of Vo l o s

Nauplia

o

d

r

t

os am

Argos

Sperchei

Bu

Vonitsa

Gulf of Kasandra

Athens

M

Saronic Gulf

Arta

(Pelop on n esos)

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eios

Gulf of the Hagion

Pinios (Salamvrias)

s

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km

Gulf of s s a l y Corinth Mega Spileon

po

37

Parga

sa

rfu

Paxos

rit

Corfu Castel Tornese Goumenitza (Kerkyra) Pine i o s

Joanina

ist

Achaia

Butrinto P h t ilia

t e s i o

Co

Zante

o

e

mo

Lake Ochrid

o a nt Otr

a n d s

c

ardare A x i o s (V

os am

NAPLES 4-8b - In October 1717 Venice captures Vonitsa and Preveza, having earlier reconquered Otranto (Span. Bourbon) Butrint. Venice is allowed to keep them, as well as Arta and Santa Maura (Levkas), by the Naupaktos Rrhion 1714 to 1714 to Treaty of Passarowitz. tras Austria a P f o Austria Cephalonia G u l f PatrasT h

I s l

M

O p

Gulf of Volos

ar

t

m bi

a

Sperchei

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of

a

rd

M

m

Saseno

lnic

T

o

ga

s

Sh k u

Santa Maura

T

Skopje

ma

O

Va

i

P

Durazzo

Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

A pulia

in Bla c k D r

S Prevesa ea

of

S e a

na

Arta

it ra St

I o n i a n

in

Boja

Adr i a t i c

I o n i a n

Dr

Dulcigno

n

h

l

Paxos

Parga

E

S tru

na

Antivari

Dr

Scutari

os inei

Bre

Bay of Spizza

ri

aR

Lake Scutari

Larissa

l k

Sofia

R

Ca

Goumenitza

Brda

Upp er Pula ti

Crn

l

S u Budua

va

i C he d taro Cat

ra

Žabljak

Te

ev mp

a

Pinios (Salamvrias)

y alle

je

Joanina Podgorica

ro atta

M e l u n a Pa s s

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

Spuž

Cetinje

Mo

m

Po l

Li

Whi t e D

Bocc

rfu

(Kerkyra)

Cavtat

Castel Nuovo (Herceg Novi)

Co

Corfu

in t e s a o i MONTENEGRO or

Ta r a

B

ka

Pelagosa Isls

Nikšić

Klobuk

ta

(Dubrovnik) ia

a S ut

Ze

RAGUSA Butrinto

jic

a r n i ca

vo

Melida

P h t il

T h e s s a l y

om

isn

so

Lagosta

eb

Ko

Tr

ar

Gabela 4-8a - Prince Eugene’s next target is Belgrade, which he besieges for one month, during which much of the city is destroyed by Austrian fire. The fall SofaBelgrade l o n i k i on 16 August K a s a n d r a To p l i cartillery a Metković r Klek Iske 1717 ends the military part of the war, which is formally concluded with the Treaty of Passarowitz (Požarevac), signed on 21 July 1718. Herzegovina Curzola K

o a nt Otr fM

Saseno

na

Sebenico

A

o

c

Titel

Ochrid

va

Lak e Och rid

Becskerek

Karlóca

ut

na

m bi

Vrlika Scardona

B os

m

Vrana

s

D a n ube

1716

p

ros

Lugos

res)

a

Ostrovica

Bo rde Bo r s

a

Pétervárad

Ma

mo

B

ba

M

h

Vr

Zvonigrad Knin

nj

Karin

y

Gyulafehérvár

Déva

Facsád

B éga

e

Óbecse

M o r a v

Novigrad Obrovac Zara Z r ma

Kobaš

ar

Bács

Sa

va

a

ba

Un

Kr

Starigrad

a Gradiška

it

Csák

Becse Eszék

Brod

Sh k u

Rmanj

MA il

Požega

ka

Sana

Udbina

a

I

Lippa

Temesvár

O Me

Border

Va r d a Axios (

Bihać

N

os

ma

Krupa

O

Csanád

a lMn ai cr

Military

ga

S tru

New Novi

V

T

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

ér

Novi

Cazin

av

S

Kostajnica

A

a

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

Kolozsvár

s

es

Bosnian Dubica

B o r d e r

alan

L

áv

t e -Kör ö

m

Ú Ja s e n ova c P

B a n u s’

Todorovo

Pli tvi cka - Jez era

Biograd

a

Durazzo Drežnik

Gospic

lin

S

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

Border

Zombor

Dr

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Military

Bodrog

Tisza-

T

Bovic

Glina

Topusko

G

Karlovac Generalate

Gora

T

Ma

ke

Jenő

ar

Petrinja

a-Danu Sav be

Gyula

rd

Budački

Sisak

TiszaSzabadka

Baja

Maros

Baranyavár

Fe

SkopjeSzeged

Mohács

Siklós

s

Va

T

Pécs

in

u pa

Stenicnjak

Ogulin

i k

I

Verőce

Generalate

O

Kalocsa

Tisza

A

C r o a t i a

up a

L

Wa ra ždi n

S ava

Szigetvár

Babócsa

nSimontornya

Szekszárd

Bla c k D r

i c Otočac

in

Zagreb na Boja

Žumberak

vil Croatia

i l

K örö

Szászvár

Kap o s

Berzence

Dr

Dulcigno C i v

in

Kaposvár

Segesd

Csurgó Kőrös

ri

pos

Kanizsa

Dráva

ton

Nagyvárad Sebes -Körös

R

Dr

Kiskomárom

S cCsáktornya utari

Varasd

la e Ba

Ka

Antivari

Lak

Pölöske

na

r

Egerszeg Kapornak

o

M

Lake ur Scutari

y of Spizza

(FREISING)

Up pe r Pu lat i

BrdaMarburg

Budua

Tihany

r

Du

a

Egervár

Whi t e D

(St.Andrae)

m

Szentgotthárd

Raab

Žabljak

Gulf of

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegi

Sporade

D Varna

Jan

tra

Lovča

Tu

Gulf of O ar p h a n i

n d zˇ a

Gulf of Burgas

ga

i

E

n

ia

G ul f o f Vo l o s

Gulf of Arta

o

L amia

Aspr

At

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

ti

Ca

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Naupaktos

Chalkis Eur

Kalavryta

Zante

(Pelop onnes os )

ios

Aegina

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Gulf of

Nauplia

op

r

ds

hi

Aspr

Gulf of Nauplia

Cape Sounion

Lamia

Kranidi

Kalamata

Eur

E

Melos

Tu n d

s

Sikinos

ti

Ca

Ios

Folegandros

Patmos

Euboea

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

na

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Amorgos

Stampalia

Anafi

Cerigo

Cerigotto

I

of

S e a

T

Gulf of E Mega Spileon Corinth Lavra R

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

Gulf of Chania

Chania

Kalymnos

Kos

l

Santorini

Cape Malia

D

Patras

Polyaigos

Gulf of Laconia

M

Naupaktos a s 38

an

Paros

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Passava

al

Delos

Sifnos

ta s

Koroni

o

Salona (Amphissa)

Zarnata

Cape Matapan

Rrhion

At

Misthra

Gulf Messenia

ic

Myconos

Kithnos Siros

Sporade

Samos Ikaria

Tenos

Kea

Serifos

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Nor

Smyrna

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

Bu

o

Al p h e

o

iz

Bay of Cesme

Athens

Korinthos

s

M o r e a

Ged

os al

A c h a i a Lavra

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

A N

Chios ip

G ul f o f Mega Spileon C o rin th

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E

Gulf of Smyrna

an

Patras

R

C

Pa tr as Gu lf of

Rrhion

M

Gulf of Edremid

S e a

Gulf of Volos

Euboea na

Skyros

M a r m o

Gallipoli

Lesbos

Sporades

G ul f o f

op

o

t

Sperchei

os am

I

Besika Bay

Northern

s

Vonitsa

P

Tenedos

A e g e a n

Parga

o f

Dardanelles

Imbros

Lemnos

M

E rgene

S e a

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

E

Larissa eios

Charles XII

Gulf of K aE vsr oa n d r a

er

aR Crn

Te m

Arda

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Adrianople

sa

Marmara

Gulf of Orphani

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

it

N

Pinios ( S a l a m v rThasos ias)

Larissa

v a ll pe

r

A a

Lake Tachino

ley

Saloniki

Meluna Pass

Pin

a

l

i

Gulf of

Al

l

V a l lu

M

Al

A

S u

D u n a rea

t

n

ia

Bre

a

i n

a

b

Pruth

Bre

Sz

É

Ol

Te m

aR

N

a

sz

Ti

Crn

ina Dr

l

Silistria

b

a

sz

Ti

Ip o ly

be

Danu

na

M o r aca

be

o

m

G a ra

Z s i tv a

Du

a sk tje

Lake Tachino

av

g

g

g Wa a

n

u H na

va

Ne

u

s

l

l

a

n

N esto

S u

Çerna

o F

Su

C

l

a

y

r

e

A

a

b l

m r

K

K

O

R

Q u a r n e r o

Vá

a

h Ma

rva

s

Yb

a i

n

L a

A

u

Danu

S an lt os.n gi k i

l

Cephalonia

mits

e

ar

S re

u

o

Maina

f Pa t r Gulf o

dz

M

sta

Lake Doiran

al Thessalonikie v p m e T

B

Kielefa

Ithaca

Ar

M

a

n

eios

Pylos Methoni

4-9b - The territorial boundaries after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718).

Jalo

Rustchuk Du

M

na

l

ta

M Isacea

za

n s t a i M o u n

Marits

Me

i

Ithaca

mos

e

A

Giurgiu

o

n

mo

Ca

na

I o n i a n Santa Maura

ea

d

ma

o

res)

Pin

Joanina

Cephalonia

I s l

i

o

S tru

h

d

km

sa

t e s i o

S e a

Vonitsa

nar

Ottom ans

Bucharest

de

G ue l f o f

M e l u n a Pa s s

Prevesa

Stani lesti

na

I

H

C

i

p

arda A x i o s (V

ti

R

a lnic

Arta

I o n i a n

Tatar s

Brăila Bu

Turnu Magurele

l k a n

a

Lake Ostrovo

Goumenitza

Paxos

Russi ans

i l l ko

Rim

n

Du

O

ar

e ek

rit

rfu

(Kerkyra)

Gulf of Arta

Ve

r

a

rd

ni

Co

Ca

Corfu

Prevesa

L

t

va

c

ist

P h t ilia

Parga

SA r e

Ol

ra

Iske

b

il

W

Butrinto

Arta

S e a

Lake AD o i Lr a n

res)

Mo

Va

in

a

Ochrid

I o n i a n Santa Maura

I o n i a n

T

T h e s s a l y

Goumenitza

Paxos

ga

Se

a

Austria

o a nt Otr

1714 to 1714 to Austria

Zs

B

Lake Prespa

m

of

rfu

(Kerkyra)

Lake Ochrid

Bay of Va l o n a

Otranto

Co

Corfu

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

oT

km

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Joanina

F.

M o u n t a i n s

Thessaloniki

Skopje

M

m bi

it ra St

P h t ilia

Saseno

a

Sofia

O

Durazzo

Sh k u

A pulia

Niš

n)

n

Bla c k D r

na

B

a

(B

To p l i c a

T h e s s a l y

Butrinto

a

garia

ri

in

sa

in

Sea

4-9a - The territorial boundaries after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718).

zn

je

Dr

Boja

Ju

Po l

Whi t e D

Dr

Scutari

rit

Dulcigno

M

Brassó

ka

Upper Pulati

ist

tari

Antivari

Adr i a t i c

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

W

Lake Scu

Bay of Spizza

t e s i o

Turnu Severin

vo

ta

Brda

Budua

C at

m

Podgorica

Žabljak

o ttar i Ca he d ta ro

Li

Spuž

Cetinje

i

Lake Ostrovo

Ta r a

MONTENEGRO

Castel Nuovo (Herceg Novi)

Bay of Va l o n a

i

so

a

Pelagosa Isls

Bocc

b

r n i ca

Nikšić

Klobuk

in

ava

Ko

or

Cavtat

)M or

ar

a S ut

Alt

Craiova

Ib

jic

ma

Ze

RAGUSA

ra

an

r

a

isn

Melida (Dubrovnik)

e

ot

bi

in

eb

ac

er

F.

Aluta

i a n t h pa r C a

Vidin

(S

üküllő

ros

W

H e r z e g o ov i n a K

Tr

Lagosta

Glossa r Linguetta

Ta

Gabela

Metković Klek

Curzola

Orsova

Dunav

ul

a

ti

Ceh

Uv

S

D r in

t

Vrgorac

na

na

va

Mostar iza

a

Lesina

Imosk i Tr

Du

ri

s

Duare

Brazza Makarska

m

padna

Ma

n

a

Za

Li

eb

m

nAi

Lissa

N e ret

Republic of Poglizza

Spalato Salona Almissa

I

D

ba

ti

M

Sinj

o

Mehadia

K o l u b a ra

Sarajevo

na

Klis

Trau

Lake Prespa

Srebrenica

Vr

Ce

Scardona

a

yK

Szeben

Karánsebes

a

Belgrade 1717

a

d

V ersec

Bos

Travnik

Vrlika

S av

ag

mo

Jajca

Szabács

Déva

Facsád Lugos

Mezősomlyó

a

s

Lak e Och rid

ek

Zimony

Gyulafehérvár

Border

M o r a v

a

Ostrovica

Vrana

A Rogosnizza ST e

o

Titel

r

va

nOchrid i

e

e

Iaşi

p

Medgyes

Lippa

Becskerek es

r

A

v

Karlóca

ut

na B os

c

1716

D a n ube

s

Temesvár

Pétervárad 1716

Kolozsvár

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

B éga

I

sta

Bo rde Bo r s

Maro

V

Me

a

Bács

Maros

A

Se

th

y

D

re

ar

Military

Csanád

Óbecse

L

o

Se

s

Eszék

it

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

Csák

Becse

h

ba

M

il

Kobaš

a

O

ut

M

A

M

o

I

M O

et

B

Sebenico

Saseno

N

Brod

Sana

Zvonigrad Knin

nj

Karin

E

O

Požega

ka

a Gradiška

Vr

Rmanj

L

A

Ancona

V

Udbina

Novigrad Obrovac Zara Z r ma

Biograd

Krupa

A

áv

s

Beszterce

Va r d a Axios (

a

New Novi

alan

L

Dr

Border

Zombor

Tisza-

ros

Sa

Noni

A

T T

Gospic i k

av

a-Danu Sav be

Military

Bodrog

Baranyavár

a

m bi

Novi

Starigrad

D

S

Sea

L

Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

Siklós

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Maros

Mohács

Un

SAN MARINO

Bag

Ú Ja s e n ova c P

B a n u s’ B o r d e r

Bihać

Plitv icka - Jezer a

Pago

Hrastovica

a

Cazin

va

Sh k u

Otočac

Rab

in

Todorovo

Drežnik

Zengg

Lussin

Gl

ba

Adr i a t i c

Topusko

S

Ustilonja

S

Veglia

Cherso

io

Ravenna

Tuscany

Ogulin

Gora

Bovic

Glina

Karlovac Generalate

Sisak

Petrinja

Stenicnjak Budački

Kr

P A P A L

Lake Comacc h

“Littorale”

Ve n i c e

T

Generalate

TiszaSzabadka

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s am o

a lnic

et

Jenő

es

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Gulf of

Po

Durazzo

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up a

I

u pa

Szigetvár

Babócsa

Szeged

k

ga

-Kör ete ö

m

Civil Croatia

e

A

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Fe

T

Adig

Berzence Kőrös

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T

mos

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s

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d

e

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a

a

ie st of Tr

ellék

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s

th

ov

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n

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s

ld

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o

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to n

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ér

av

o

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s Aquileja Trieste

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK

ar

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Csáktornya

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e Lak

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e

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rm

l

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rd

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zo on I s Gö rz & Gra diš ka Görz

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1

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pos

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ur

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a

ma

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M

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Tokaj

T

Hatvan

Jászberény

Ka

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Marburg

Buda Fehérvár

Veszprém

Vasvár Egervár

in Bla c k D r

Terra

Klagenfurt (St.Andrae) Dráv a

in

a o j a nV E N I C E

Körmend Szentgotthárd

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g

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Gyöngyös

i

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a

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l

o

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Dr

Drau

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O

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a

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o

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r

i

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d

h

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o

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r

t Mu y

Lake Fe r t ő

P O L A N D P

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Bug

an

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OF

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nu

ce

S

n

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in

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p Ré

Mu

Gr

C O M M O N W E A L T H

R

Seckau

SALZBURG

ri

nau

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be

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Do

Wiener Neustadt

Dr

ns

Nagyszombat

Da

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En

Vienna

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b

ret

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rc

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e

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n

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ya

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a

Dy

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Th

PodgoricaPassau

I A

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ka

BOHEMIA

N

Sa

P B THE i s t re c sB i ca

OF

O W S INL E S I A C R

je

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ta

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PASSAU

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a

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m

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l k a

vo

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MONTENEGRO

a

so

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r

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av

r n i ca

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ma

or

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g o ov i n a

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Suda

Heraklion

Rhetymno

Knossos

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Cape Sideros

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ip

o

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.

5. 1718-1739

g

g

m y

a sz Ti

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e D an ub

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t

es

n

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t s .

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u

l

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ˇ ce Büyük Çekme Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

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f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

o f

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Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli ¸

C.

Samothrace

W

Al

ia

sa

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p

pe

l

S u

r

Joanina

Larissa

o

P

M

P

na l

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Arta Gulf of Arta

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mos

op

Santa Maura

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

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ti

Ca

na

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

S i c i l i a

Athens

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M o r e a Al p h e

Bay of Cesme

al

Zante

Kalavryta

os

an

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Kranidi

Eur

Messenia

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Maina

Polyaigos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

M

E

D I T

39

of

S e a Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

Suda

Heraklion

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

A

Rhodes

Santorini

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Chania

R

Gulf of Adalia

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R

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cerigo

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

E

Ios

Sikinos

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kalymnos Kos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Bodrum Amorgos

Sifnos

ta s

Pylos Methoni

o

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Misthra

Gulf

Patmos

Delos

Siros Serifos

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Ikaria

Tenos Kithnos

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

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Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

(Pe l opon ne sos)

ios

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iz

Chios ip

G u lf o f C o ri n t h

Patras

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a n d s

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Naupaktos Rrhion

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C

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Gulf of Edremid

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Cephalonia

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At

Aspr

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o

o

ta

s

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ik

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i

rfu

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Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

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Gulf of Kasandra

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va ll

Holy Mount Athos

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rit

n

ist

k

t e s i o

Co

Corfu

MALTA

Constantinople

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Gulf of Orphani

mo

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o a nt Otr

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KNIGHTS OF La Valetta ST. JOHN

u Ev ro

Lake Tachino

Thessaloniki

Bosporus

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g

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n

l

a

res)

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i

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ic

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n

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s

M

n

o

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Gulf of Burgas

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p

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of

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KINGDOM of NAPLES

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n

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va

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je

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Budua

tt

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be

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ta

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

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Mo

Nikšić

MONTENEGRO

nar

rg

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vo

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e

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n)

r n i ca

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a

so

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a

zn

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a

ar

to

ma

i

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a S u

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ra

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a

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Melida (Dubrovnik)

b

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rav

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in

t

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ot

n)

garia

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m

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de

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Branch

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Ve

t

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A

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na

va

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il

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padna

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lia

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a

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za

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nube

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a

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ra ia n u m mT

av

ina Dr

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a

lu

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t

r C a

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i a n t h pa

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M

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a

a

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n

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a

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Republic of Poglizza

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Sarajevo

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ar

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ba

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na

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l

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m

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Prolog Tower

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tru

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ros

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11 km. = 1 hour ride in trot

Travnik

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Military

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v

O

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T

E

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Dr

Požega

s

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Maros

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a-Danu Sav be

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k

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22 km. = 2 hours ride in trot

Fe

Bodrog

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a

va

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OF THE

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New Novi Novi

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Un

Adr i a t i c SAN MARINO

Tuscany

Furjan

Plitvic ka - Jezera

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ank

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h

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Lussin

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mos

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s

es

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m

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Glina Petrinja a B a n u s’

in

S

Lake Comacc h

Karlovac Generalate

Kr

P A P A L

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Gl

rm

T

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Szolnok

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“Littorale”

Szászvár

Kap o s

Babócsa

Sisak

u pa

th Dn

Sza

pos

Fiume

I

K

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Gulf of

T

up a

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A

C r o a t i a

P ru

S ir

Csepel Isl.

K örö

Verőce

Generalate

COSSACKS S o u t h e r n Bug

Debrecen

at on

Csurgó

Wa ra ždi n

Zagreb

S ava

Hatvan

Kalocsa

Kőrös

C i v i l Žumberak

te Tr ies

e

Dráva

Varasd

Hotin Tsjernivtsi

Ka

e

of

B al

Berzence

s Aquileja Trieste Gu lf

La ke

Pölöske

l

Tisza

Nagykálló

Egervár Egerszeg Kapornak

Sava

av

Adig

o

ur

Gyöngyös

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

Dnj este r

Huszt

Buda Fehérvár Vasvár

utu

Iuzh

Tisza

Ónod

Eger

Buják

Rákos r i v e r Pest

Gesztes

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

zo on I s Gör z & Görz Grad iška

Pi

o

g

n

Párkány

Pr

Latorca

Hollókő Nógrád Szanda Vác

Duna Esztergom Visegrád

Győr

g

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

Kamieniec Podolsk

a

et

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Ferma

C a r n i o l a

Torcello

M

i

a

Marburg

l

ov

Klagenfurt Dráv a

o

ld

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Ra a b

C a r i n t h i a

Venice

e Komárom

Drégely

ro

Miskolc

Gyarmat Szécsény

Érsekújvár

Szombathely

Graz

VENICE

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Kőszeg

a

d

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i

o

Pr

r

r

Drau

Pordenone

D

t Mu y

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Terra

ub

ce

S

r

Ikva

p Ré

Mu

an

d Bo

Sajó

Komját

Csallók öz

Lake Fe r t ő

Sopron

ns

Salza ch

SALZBURG

Pozsony

Leit h a

Tyrol En

nau

Munkács

Z s i tv a

Do

A u s t r i a

P

Kassa

Nyitra

H

Vienna

Bug

P O L A N D

an

n

rva

e

b

bs

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Salzburg

Berchtesgaden

Dan u

s

un

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Tra

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a

h rc

Ma

e

g

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Lower-

Mo

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Upper-

n

OF

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In

Inn

C O M M O N W E A L T H Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

ny

B A V A R I A

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

ya

je

a

Dy

Késmárk

Va h

Th

BOHEMIA

Passau

Bártfa

R A V I A

Vá

E M B O H MO

THE

Rhetymno

Cretan State

•••

OF

n

L A N D S

PASSAU

P O L A N D Sa

D o nau Isar

O W S INL E S I A C R

N

I A

Knossos

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Cape Sideros

Nicosia

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C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

S

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

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T

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es

m

t

i

aM

or i n u L a k e DD S re r i on i r a n i

a

u

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Thessaloniki

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n t

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in Bla c k D r

O B

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a

av

a

tva

sk

tje

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re Ne

N

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es

m

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a

i

n

a

Sz

Scutari

a nn

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b

ok

o

A

je

d

O

d

a pe r Pu lat i Up l

in

a

Jan

Lovča

r

d

lnic

Lake Ostrovo

o

ga

Po l

Peć

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Dr

40

Skopje

ma

Bla

na

in

Boja

Dr

Dulcigno

ti

na

h

a

ni

S tru

AO d r i aT t i c T

Boja

R

Se

m

Antivari

rin

o

m

i n retake Niš, continuing north to Valjevo where they defeat the Austrians at the end of 1737. In 1738, the Ottomans recapture Belgrade. 5.2a - On 20 October 1737, D the Ottomans a

Scutari

n

vo

Iske

Lake Scutari Sofia

Dulcigno

so

2

Antivari

Lake Prespa

Li

ka

Bay of Spizza

Du

Whi t e D

e

n

Turnu Magurele

area

Giurgiu

Ko

Du

de

ma

a

i

C

S tru

c

Brda e k a

T

Ve

Va r d a Axios (

a

Budua

B

Žabljak

va

M

taro

L

t

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ra

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r

MONTENEGRO

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at di C o e h tar Bocc Cat

Lak e Och rid

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a

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hr RI b a

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rin

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ta

Cavtat

r

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Ol

Ti

na Du

ina

r

c

L

ar

a S ut o

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Ze

(B

B

Brassó

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na Uva

Craiova

a

ra

a

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in

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il

rd

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jic

ra

ri

Dr

D

va Zs

a r n i ca

Mo

Po l

M o r aca

ra

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Mo

K o l uba Szeben

m

Va

zn

Ta

om

n)

vo

Lake Scutari

a

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

so

Brda

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Stalać

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ka

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m

m bi

Alt

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ta

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2 Sh k u

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ar

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MONTENEGRO

Li

i

yK

a

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OH e r z e g o v Ti n a

RAGUSA

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r n i ca

Nikšić

1732

Ju

ag

S av üküllő

Belgrade n Du

s

SO l Wt e ne i

K

b

a

Szabács

Turnu Severin

na

Melida

rav

govina Durazzo

Ta r a

2

Mostar

garia

a

ra

Orsova

Dunav

Dri

Mo

Zimony

M o u n t n a a i n s h i padna t a Sarajevo a its way to besiege Vidin is divertedZ by the flooding (S 5.1b - In 1737, an Austrian army p on eSofia r rb Danube and capturesaNiš instead. Čačak ia C n

je

n)

Titel

Karánsebes

ul

r

Pelagosa Isls

ma

Po l

c

n

M O

Maros Karlóca

Srebrenica

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S t. G

a

A

ut

a

Bucharest

Maros

ea nar

D nD a n ie u b e st r

Brăila

Pr

ov

L

eszterce

ld

A

CM OMo L

Jalo

S o u t h e r n Bug

Balta Bran c h

Ismail

a

u

I

H

COSSACK

ra ia n u m mT lu

Kilia

r

M o u n t a i n s

D n je s t e r v

l utu Pr A l u t a

B u dB u gz h a k l

a

Va

i

a

l

ZAPOROZHIA

u

o

Pruth

d

D u n a rea

o

Iuzh

ie

Kamieniec Podolsk

Akkerman

L I T H U A N I A)

ny

üküllő

P

(A N D

th

a

N P O L DA N D re

K gy

Se

A

estr

Dnie ster Lima n

Bug

OF

Akkerman

Pru

Kreitz

ukovina

Balta

a

Dn

et

ie

r

Sir

th

J e d i s a n

ut

tru

Pr

Suceava

r

Nis

a

Botosani

st

h

b

Baia

a

r

ov

Se

A

V

I

A

i

D

ld

M OMo L

et

Iaşi

a

Agiud

Bender

Roman

Ochakov

Dn

is

Bacau

te

r Dnies ter Liman

Se re

Akkerman Pruth

th

Birlad

B u d z h a k v

i l l ko

lu

ra ia n u m mT

l

M

Focsani

Va

Alt

Kilia Rim

Galati

na

Brăila Bu

za

u

Ki

lia

Bran c h

nube Tulcea

Sulina

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

rg

e s Bra

nc

h

Baba Dagh

eo

St.George

A

Hirsova 6.3 - On 7 July 1770, theJ aRussians defeat a much larger army of Crimean Tatar cavalry and Ottoman infantry at the Battle of Larga. Two lomi t s a victorious at Battle of Kagul (1 August 1770), which leads to their conquest of all major Ottoman forweeks later, the Russians are again tresses in the region, including Bender, Akkerman, Kilia, Ismail, and Brăila.

u

j

I

Călărași

e

Danu

Giurgiu

Magurele

be

V a l l um

b

dz

Silistria

Constantsa

r

Bucharest Ar

Küçük Kaynarca

Tr a i

an u

m

o

Turtucaia

av

D

Rustchuk Zimnica

Da

Isacea

Tirgoviste

H

Măcin

D u n a rea

a i n s

Ismail

a

Brassó

Du

n

Sistova Shumla Varna Jan

Black

tra

a

n s i a o u n t Sliven Tu

n d zˇ a

i

r

A M

it

ar

a

Tu n d

ga

Stara Zagora

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

Arda

N

sa

Adrianople

Kirklareli Midiia

Lüle-Burgas

45

S e a

Gulf of Edremid

A e g e a n

pe

le val

Pinios (Salamvrias)

y

E

thern

arissa

Lemnos

M

P

Lesbos

S e a

Skyros

Tenedos

IA

A e g e a n

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

Gulf of Volos

Chios

Gulf of

Lamia

At

al

an

ti

Ca

na

Andros l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Petalia

Tenos

Kea

M en d e r e s

Samos

Chalkis Eur

Lesbos

S e a

Skyros

Bay of Cesme

Euboea

Gulf of Edrem

iz

Smyrna

Northern Sporades

N A RT

Be si ka Ba y

ip

Chios

Ikaria

os

C

6.4a - On 5 July and 7 July 1770 two naval battles take place between the Russian and Ottoman navies just north of the Bay of Çeşme. The Ottoman fleet almost entirely burns down. It is one of the most serious naval defeats the Ottomans had ever suffered. An estimated 11,000 Ottomans lost their lives.

Kithnos

Myconos

Rinia

Athens

Delos

Korinthos

Salamis Saronic Gulf Paros

Serifos

al

Siros

an

Corinth

Russian fleet

or Gulf of Aegina

r

Spetsai Folegandros

Serifos

Russian fleet

Santorini

Rinia Delos

Russian fleet

Naxos

Paros

Anafi

Amorgos

ta s

Sifnos Kimolos

Monemvasia

Gulf of Kos

Kos Myconos

Stampalia

ro

a

Siros

Kithnos

Kimolos Kranidi Ios Gulf of Hydra Sikinos Polyaigos Nauplia

Ikaria

Tenos Kalymnos

Amorgos

hi

Melos

Gulf of Mendela

Bodrum Kea

Bu

ds

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Naxos

Aegina

Nauplia Sifnos

Bay of Cesme

Patmos

Polyaigos

Sikinos

Ios

Gulf of Melos Folegandros Laconia 6.4b - From 1770 to 1775, the Russian ships conducted the Arkhipelago Campaigns, instigating the so-called “Orloff Insurrection” (1770-1774) against the sultan on several islands,

of

C r e t e

SantoriniScarpanto

including Mykonos and Hydra.

Suda Bay

Suda

Anafi

Cerigo 46

Spinalonga

7. 1774-1783 G a l i c i a

SILESIA

g

r

a g

n

y

D an ub

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t

ra

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l

Va

u

r ga

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s

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Lake Tachino

Constantinople ˇ ce Büyük Çekme Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

ic

u

Bosporus

E rgene

g

l

i

Thessaloniki

S e a

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli ¸

C.

Samothrace

Gulf of

Al

ia

sa

k

p

t e s i o

pe

l

S u

r

Larissa

o

rfu

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eios

M

P

na l

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Parga G u lf o f Vo lo s

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Vonitsa

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mos

op

Santa Maura

A e t o l i a

S e a

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

ti

Ca

na

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

S i c i l i a

Athens

Korinthos

Aegina

(Pe l opon ne sos)

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

ios

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

M o r e a Al p h e

r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Eur

Patmos

Delos Serifos

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Bodrum Amorgos

o

Kalymnos Kos

ta s

Pylos Methoni

Myconos Rinia

Hydra

Spetsai

Misthra

Gulf

Kranidi

Ikaria

Tenos Siros

Kithnos

Messenia

Koroni

Monemvasia

Maina

Ios

Sikinos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

and e r

M en d e r e s

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Bu

ds

Me

Bay of Cesme

al

Zante

os

an

Patras

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

iz

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G u lf o f C o ri n t h

Ach a i a

a n d s

Ged

Smyrna

Chalkis Eur

Rrhion

Naupaktos

Gulf of Smyrna

C

Pa tra s Gu lf of

E A N A T O L I A

S e a

Skyros

Euboea

Ithaca

Cephalonia

I s l

At

Aspr

I o n i a n

La mi a

R

Gulf of Edremid

Lesbos

Sporades

G u lf o f

Tenedos

Besika Bay

Northern

o

o

ta

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

A e g e a n

s

Ca

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ik

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i

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Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

va ll

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

rit

n

mo

T h e s s a l y

E

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Folegandros

Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Rhodes

Santorini

M

Anafi

Cerigo

Kastellorizo

E

D I T

E

47

Gulf of Chania

R

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

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Sphakiotes

A

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Chania

R

of

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Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

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Cretan State

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sa

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a

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KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN

m

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i

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Bay of Va l o n a

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an u

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it

s

A

a

n

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Lake Ostrovo

ti

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n

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St.George

a

n d zˇ a

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a

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rda A x i o s (Va

m bi

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a

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i

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o

p

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in

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n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

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n

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a

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be

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va

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Bay of Spizza

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t

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nc

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va

i

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Becskerek D a n ube

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Brazza Makarska Lissa

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Temesvár

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v

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SAN MARINO

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Karlovac Generalate

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P A P A L

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s

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s Beszterce am o

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Fiume

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Fe

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u pa

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Gulf of

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up a

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Babócsa

C r o a t i a

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e

rm

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mos

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te Tr ies

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Balta

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C a r n i o l a

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S o u t h e r n Bug

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Debrecen

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Klagenfurt Dráv a

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Hollókő Nógrád Szanda Vác

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Military Province

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48

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Skopje

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Black

tra

n s i a t M o u n

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so Whi t e D

n

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a

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m

Ismail

Brăila M o u n t n a a i ervárad i n s Bu t h es za a u p r Titel 7.1 In October 1774, the Austrians occupy a region in northwest Moldavia. Its annexation as a separate Habsburg district is formalized in 1775, when it is renamed Bukovina. a Karlóca C Tirgu-Jiu A Becskerek

lu

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ie

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s

h

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sa

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t e s i o

km

Al

Gulf of Saloniki

Te m

v a ll pe

l

u

r

Joanina

ey

o

Pin

eios

E

M

s

Souli

Trikala

Larissa

Parga

Volos

Imbros

Çanakkale

Gulf of Kasandra

T h e s s a l y Pinios 8.2b - Survey map of military events ( S a l a m v r i ain s ) 1788-1790. Meluna Pass

i

Goumenitza

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Sus

rit

Argyrocastro

o

n

ist

Leskovic

Holy Mount Athos

Troy Lemnos

P

I

A e g e a n

Tenedos

Besik a Bay

51

f Ismid Gulf o

Marmara

Enos

Samothrace

ˇ mec e Büy ük Çek Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Rodosto

¸

C.

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Bosporus

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Gulf of Orphani

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sa

s

B

Lake Ostrovo

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t s .

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iti

res)

Florina

a

Lake Doiran

n

Lake Prespa

i

mo

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r

i

M

aR

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o

n

it

ar

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e

a

M

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ar ek

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e M

r

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o

rd

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a

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ic

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h

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rg

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ka

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ri

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n)

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er

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dz

er

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a

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Bucharest Ar

t

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nube

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of

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o

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h

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l

Va

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ag

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r

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ér

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is

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i

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s

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ad

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(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

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B

o

s

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Bo

su

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i

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a

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a

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Budua

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Lake Scutari

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m

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Bay of Spizza

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Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

a

Li

Dr

Scutari

in

ri

n

O

Antivari

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i

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n

Sea

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a

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na

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in

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m bi

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Florina

Se

m

n

a

it ra St

b

a

c

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Berat

l

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52

Pristina

je

MONTENEGRO et

M o r aca

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rin

ka

(Dubrovnik)

to

r n i ca

Z

RAGUSA

a S u

ma

To p l i c a

vo

Melida

jic

i

so

isn

Kruševac

Ko

eb

b

Bijelo Polje

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Tr

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r

c

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Metković Klek (Neum)

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e

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ar

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ot

bi

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a

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in

t

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re

t

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Republic of Poglizza

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M

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s

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A

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in Spalato a Almissa

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na

A

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of

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Sarajevo

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Srebrenica

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D

S

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8.3a - Szabács and Belgrade remain under Habsburg rule until 1790.

n

Zimony

Sokol

Vrlika

A

a

Pétervárad

de

a

Becskerek

Bács

s

Zvonigrad Knin

Ostrovica

Tolentino

sz

a na

sz

B

Becse

Eszék

M o r a v

Nadin

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Ipol

Z s i tv a

l

o

o F

a rb

a

A

Požega

an

Sana

I

ina

C

N

Sa

D

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Kucevac

E

O

-S a yrmi Gradiška an

V

Rmanj

Novigrad Zara

ni

V

Udbina

Starigrad

SAN MARINO

av

A

Temesvár

a

a

Krupa

Bosnian Dubica

vo

L

áv

Un

Gospic

va

i k

ba

L

Pago

Novi

la

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Karlobag

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Kostajnica New Novi

Bihać

Pli tvi cka - Jez era

S

B o r d e r

Drežnik

Otočac

Rab

Dr

ros

Csanád

Siklós

S

Ma

Mohács

Sisak

u pa

Cetin Furjan

O

Q u a r n e r o

Zengg

bi

Pécs

Verőce

Generalate

S

Slunj

Karlovac Generalate

m

Szigetvár

Babócsa

Dr

rt

Co

s

Szeged

Bodrog

Glina Petrinja a i n B a n u s’ Gl

d ne

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er

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ng

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up a

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Kőrös Djurdjevac

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ato

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l e Ba

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of T G u lf

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s Aquileja Trieste e

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pos

o

g

ur

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o

n

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Ka

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

zo on I s G ör z & Görz G ra di šk a

av 6

Egerszeg Kapornak

Kanizsa

Pi Hans Hermann Arnold Hötte fecit, 1942-200

M

Veldes (BRIXEN)

C a r n i o l a

To r c e l l o

Vasvár

Debrecen

Egervár

Marburg

Campo Formio

Gyöngyös

Hatvan

Pest

Buda Fehérvár

Ónod

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Buják

Rák os r i v e r

r

Lavant

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Nógrád Szanda Vác

Visegrád

a

Szombathely

Klagenfurt D r(St.Andrae) áva

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a

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r

i

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e Komárom

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r

Tyrol

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ub

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m

r

t Mu y

Kőszeg e pc Ré

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Ikv a

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an

D

Salza ch

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Lake Fe r t ő

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SALZBURG

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nau

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Do

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g

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Vienna

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Lower-

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Upper-

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B A V A R I A

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BOHEMIA

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m

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r

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d

o

l

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a

B

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th

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et

st

ut h

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a

r

ov

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V

I Iaşi

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i

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ie

r

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RUSSIA

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a

(A N D L I T H U A N I A) ny

i

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P

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e

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Dn

Kolozsvár

is

Bacau

te

r Dniest er Liman

Se re

Pruth

B u d z h a k

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M o u n t a i n s

Galati

na

Brăila za

u

A

Craiova

Hirsova

dz

Călărași

e

Ol t

Danu

de

Giurgiu

Bran c h

Tulcea

Sulina

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

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rg

e s Bra

St.George

u

a

Bucharest Ar

Ve

mits

lia

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be

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r

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L

Jalo

Ki

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Ol

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H

C

A

I

Da

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Ismail

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W

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nc

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ros

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ag

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Zimnica Nikopolis

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nar

av

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o

8.3b - The Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia in August 1787. On 19 February 1788, the Russians take Iaşi, but they soon abandon it when a Tatar relief force approaches. At thatTurnu pointMagurele the Austrians join the war. On 22 September a joined Austrian-Russian army defeats the Ottomans at Focsani. Rustchuk Du

n

Sistova Shumla

Plevna

Varna Jan

B

I

Lovča

sker

a

Black

tra

Tu

n d zˇ a

h

o

S tru

n

t s .

ga

g

it

ar

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M

M

Me

e

r

A a

o

p

Tu n d

M

d

ma

O

a

Arda

N Adrianople

sa

Kirklareli Midiia

53

Lüle-Burgas

E rgene

E

o

s

Marits

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

i

Stara Zagora

Pazardžik

S e a

a

i n s a t Sliven M o u n

l k a n

Sofia

R

T

o

Bosporus

m

G a ra

Lak

e

lu

ra ia n u m mT

Du

a

j

u N

r Tr a i

s ba

na B os

Bo

su

Karlóca

t

ina

Szabács

s

n

Jajca

i na

Black

S e a Sokol

of

Rudnik

na

Orajevac

s N e ret

va

Li

Dri

apadna

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tva

Priboj

e

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r

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a n Karanovac )M or ava

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re

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ra

Nikšić

a

Mo

54

P

a S Klobuk ut Midiia or in a

r n i ca

vo

jic

ma

so

isn

W

n)

eb

To p l i c a

Ko

Melida

K

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ar

H e r z e g oo v i n a

Brza Palanka Curzola

Zs

Vidin

Deligrad

Ib

Novi Pazar Bijelo Polje

Metković Klek (Neum )

1 Kladovo

Vrgorac

Paraćin

a

ra

Duare

2 Turnu Severin

Negotin

in

t

Lagosta Adrianople

Gabela

Republic of Pogliz

h i t pa r T C a Tirgu-Jiu

Lesina

Orsova

B e l g r a d e

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er

Klis

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Golubac

Pljevljato the sultan’s domains. Vrgorac8.5b - After the Treaty of Sistova, Szabács and Belgrade were returned Ta

A

Lissa

garia

iza

Ceh

S

(S

Sinj

Brazza Makarska

ul

eb

Tr

na

Mostar

m

Passarowitz

Kragujevac

Z

Gyulafehérvár

in Spalato a Almissa

I

Ostružnica

Požega

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

Duare

Titel

K o l u b a ra

Užice

s Vrlika

Karánsebes

T

es

P a s h a l i k

ri

ba

Srebrenica

t

Šumadija

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’)

Sarajevo

Republic of Poglizza

N

Zvornik

D

Vr

a

A

Trau

M o r a v

Varna s Bo Travnik

a

S

Kolozsvár

s

- Körö

Lugos

B éga

e

Belgrade na Du Smederevo

a va

s

s

Scardona

Rogosnizza a n a

Zimony Dr

o

Shumla

B

D a n ube

r

o

Sebenico

Pétervárad

de

s

Becskerek

va

D

o

b

Küçük Kaynarca

Military Bor Brod

B

Temesvár

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m

t e -Kör ö

Feh

Maro

Sa

Vr

an u

V

mos

a rb

a

t

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V a l l um nav Syr Tolentino a mian Gradiška

Eszék Constantsa

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8.5a - on 4 August 1791 the Treaty of Sistova Lippa was signed by the Austrians and the OttoDéva mans. Novi and Bosnian Dubica were returned to the Ottomans. ros Ma

Becse

A

a Grad

Ce

Požega

ia

Silistria

I

e ek

Arad

ros

Te m

d ne bi m Co

O

n

Zvonigrad Ostrovica JenőKnin

es

V

F

m

A

ja

T

L

Zrman

M

v

on Călărași

Bosnian Dubica

Makarska

Tisza

L

la

S

vo av

Huszt

Nagyvárad Sebes -Körös

s

Csanád

Bodrog both cities having failed, Bender surrenders in November 1789, Akkerman falls soon after. In the meantime, the Russians have advanced further south, taking Kilia on 30 October Dr á 1789. Ismail falls on 22 December 1789. v a

S

a

a sz

na

D u n a rea

St.George

h

E

Ma

Kucevac

la

Bosnian Dubica

Sza

Rmanj

Szeged

Mohács Verőce G e n e r a8.4 l a -tThe e Russians also attack in the Yedisan and Budzhak regions. Ochakov falls on 16 Siklós December 1788. Bender Hirsovaand Akkerman are besieged next. Ottoman attempts to relieve

Ancona

a

Krupa

ér

Bra

nc

Wa raždi n

Sulina

A

Djurdjevac

pos

nube Măcin pos K aIsacea Branch Szászvár Sulina Berzence Tulcea S t. G eo Szigetvár rg es Babócsa BabaPécs Dagh

Csurgó

lék

el Udbina rm

Nadin

Ti

Da

Brăila

r a n c h Kalocsa a B

Ka

Kőrös

li Ki

Gospic

Novigrad Zara

D

Sea

Ismail

Kanizsa

ráva

K örö

Kilia Galati

i k

Starigrad

l

n

F

o

Pölöske

ato Bal

Va

Focsani

Danu

Pruth

m

r

Egerszeg Kapornak

L

Pago Szolnok

B u d z h a k

Egervár

sz

oly

r

e

Vasvár

S

a

Körmend entgotthárd

Karlobag

Csep el Isl.

va

dr i a t i c

Lussin

Fehérvár

r

Sana

Novi

Ripać

Debrecen

e

Tisza

É

Akkerman

be

Szombathely

O

Pest

Buda

Birlad

P li tv ic k a - Je ze ra

m

Un

Hatvan Dnies ter Liman

Kostajnica New Novi

Bihać

ba

Rá kos r i v e r

B o r d e r

Nagykálló

R

Q u a r n e r o Ip

o a

Gyöngyös

Latorca

Drežnik

Ónod Otočac

Eger

og

Cetin Furjan

Ochakov

Buják

Rab

is Visegrád te r

B

r od

Ti

u

Esztergom

Győr

Zengg

m

bi

Ungvár

Glina Petrinja a i n B a n uMunkács l s’ G

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Generalate

o

Sz

n

a D u nCherso

Nógrád Szanda Vác

ce

p Ré

R

Párkány

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u pa

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g

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H

l

a

y

e Komárom

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Karlovac G e n e rMiskolc alate

Gyarmat Szécsény

o d AIvanic

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D

ub

A

g

a

h

Ma

rva Mo

rt

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an

Lake Fe r t ő

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Érsekújvár Bender

T

Kassa

Ogulin

Pa

i

Cs all ók öz

Karlovac

er

b

Iaşi

Nyitra

I

Eperjes

up a

Civil Croatia

ng

h

Fiume

C r o a t i a

Szepesvár

Lőcse

J e d i s a n

Istria

Pozsony

Leit h a

Kőszeg

an

Te

tru

ut

A

V e nn a iu c e Sopron

Gr

r

Bártfa

K

Nis

a

Pr

VD o I

g

y

rc

Gulf of

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Vá

tr

Z s i tv a

je

Va h

ZagrebL

S ava

Késmárk

C

ya

Balta

K

ra

Th

es

Žumberak Zips

Zakopane

n

ni

g

Sa

OZlin W Aquileja RTrieste s n C Tri e s t e o Brünn of a N H E M I A MGOu l Rf A V DI A

B

Iske

a

r

l

P O L A N D d

o

l

o

l

i

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

B

Kreitz

rut

P D n je st e r

e

Hotin

s

Tsjernivtsi

P

Kreitz

h rut

h

a

D

tru

b

Nis

J e d i s a n

tru

I

A

i

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a

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a

et

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Roman

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i

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r

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V

b

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et

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D

r

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h

a

h

ov

A

a

r

Se

ov

D

ld

L

a

o

M OMo L

ld

M O

M

ut

Baia

Baia

Pr

Suceava

r

ut

8.6a - Even after the Treaty of Sistova, the Russians hold the fortress of Hotin. Botosani

st

a

Suceava

ie

Pr

et

Dn

r

Bukovina

st

Balta

a

Botosani Sir

Balta n S o u t ihee r n B u g

s

et

Southern Bu

RUSSIA

B ug

r

Bukovina

Sir

Iuzh

s

Kamieniec Podolsk

a

B ug

OF

ie

d

C O M M O N W E A L T H Bug D n je s t e r

ny

o

a

B e Hotin P O L A Ns D Tsjernivtsi

l utu

P

i

Kamieniec Podolsk

ie

Pr

o

Iuzh

ny

P

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

Ochakov

te

Dn

Dn

is

Bacau

r

is

Dnies ter Liman

Bacau

te

r

Se re

Akkerman

th

Birlad

re

Pruth

Se

th

Birlad

v

uta

i l l ko

ra ia n u m mT

B u d z h a k

Kilia

t a s i nBrassó

M

Galati

i l l ko

Brăila

Ismail

Rim

u

Jalo

na

S t. G

Galati

Brăila

eo

rg

a

e s Bra

Dan

A

Nikopolis

Du

n

Sistova

Ol t

de

Turtucaia

Jan

tra

Küçük Kaynarca

mits

a

an u

m

a

r Tr a i

Hirsova

Bucharest Ar

Plevna

Ve

Jalo

V a l l um

u

C

Zimnica

H

Silistria

Rustchuk av

Turnu Magurele

I

A

Constantsa

dz

e

Călărași

Shumla

Dan

e ub

Varna

V a l l um

55

Black

Silistria

Constantsa

r

Giurgiu

e ub

Tulcea

Sulina

Baba Dagh

b

de

D u n a rea

u

ze

li Ki

Tr a i

an u

S e a

Küçük Kaynarca

ran c h a B

nube

Isacea

D

Ve

b

rd

Călărași

Ismail

o

Tirgoviste A

Da

Kilia

m

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

eo

rg

e s Bra

h

A

Bucharest

ra ia n u m mT

nc

C

St.George

Măcin

Bu 8.6b - In the Budzhak area too, all places captured by the Russians returnz atou the Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Sistova.

H

lu

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

Baba Dagh

Hirsova

mits

Tulcea

h

Tirgoviste

A

nube

Isacea za

ran c h a B

nc

M o u n t a i n sI

Măcin

a

Bu

FocsaniD a

li Ki

l

na

Va

Rim

j

Alt

v

oA l uut a n

Focsani

D u n a rea

Brassó

lu

l

M

Va

Alt

Pruth

B u d z h a k

j

ő

St.George

56

9. 1792-1796

g Vá

y

a

g

y

e

a sz

É

Zvornik

Szabács

Belgrade na Du Passarowitz Smederevo

a

P a s h a l i k

Sokol

D

K o l u b a ra

ri

Ju

Lake Scutari

i

l

aR

Crn

A

S re

n

t s .

l

Seres

i

Lake Tachino

u

Thessaloniki

Pruth

l

Va

a m

S e a

Midiia

Lüle-Burgas Bosporus

E rgene

g

Ev ro

Kavalla

Dedeağaç

Constantinople ˇ ce San Stefano Büyük Çekme Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Rodosto

S e a

o f

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

Enos

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Gallipoli

Gulf of Saros

¸

Bursa

C.

Samothrace

W

rit

n

ist

mo

p

t e s i o

va ll

l

S u

r

Joanina eios

na

Parga

G u lf o f Vo lo s

Arta Prevesa

Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

Sperchei

mos

o

A e t o l i a

n ia

Rrhion

Zante

Ca

na

l

Livadia

Kalavryta

r

Gulf of Nauplia

Eur

Kranidi

Messenia

Patmos

Delos Serifos

o

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Sifnos

Bodrum Amorgos

Kalymnos Kos

Melos

Gulf of Adalia

Rhodes

M

Santorini Anafi

Cape Malia

Kastellorizo

E

D

of

S e a

Cerigotto

I T

Gulf of Chania

Scarpanto

Kyrenia

Suda

Sphakiotes Sphakia

N

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Chania

A

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cerigo

Bay GramvousaKissamos

R

Ios

Sikinos

Gulf of Laconia

Cape Matapan

57

Myconos Rinia

Hydra

Monemvasia

Maina

R

Siros

Kithnos

Spetsai

Koroni

E

Ikaria

Tenos

Kea

Cape Sounion

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

ta s

Pylos Methoni

hi

Me

Bay of Cesme

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Bu

ds

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Gulf

Manisa

Smyrna

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

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B a y o f Navarino Navarino

iz

os

Aegina

Argos

Tripolitza

Kalamata

Ged

Chios ip

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Lala

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Gulf of Smyrna

Psara

Athens

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(Pe l opon ne sos)

ios

Eur

G u lf o f C o ri n t h

M o r e a Al p h e

(N e g r o p o n t e)

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A N A T O L I A

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Boeotia

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ti

al

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

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a n d s

al

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an

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At

E

C

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Gulf of Edremid

Northern

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op

rna

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o

ta

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s

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P

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l

Paxos

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s

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Troy Lemnos

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o

rfu

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ik

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ey

i

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pe

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Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

Al

ia

sa

k

T h e s s a l y

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E

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

Corfu

MALTA

an u

Kirklareli

Adrianople

sa

s

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Lake Doiran

Arda

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Lake Ostrovo

a

n

a

ti

i

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KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN

M

n

a

n

res)

m

of

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o

mo

b

d

Florina

Se

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Gulf of Burgas Burgas

i

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it

ar

e

a

Lake Prespa

Butrinto

C a l a b r i a

a

e

sta

ek

rda A x i o s (Va

c

Monastir

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ni

n d zˇ a

r M

Me

ar

a

A

o

p

rd

Lin Lake

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a

M

d

a

ma

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in

m bi

it ra St Span. Bourbon

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lnic

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Durazzo

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KINGDOM of NAPLES

Tu

O

o

ga

T

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T

h

O

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St.George

a

n s t a i Sliven M o u n

l k a n

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n

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na

ri

in

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e s Bra

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tra

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in

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Dr

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a

Sofia

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rg

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Bay of Spizza

eo

ga

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s

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a

B

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m

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a

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ka

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n

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r Iske

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je

MONTENEGRO et

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a

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va

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Jan

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rin

r n i ca

lia

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ra

to

ma

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Z

RAGUSA

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a

vo

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ji c

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a

e

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so

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mits

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nube

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n Du

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eb

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a Su

t je

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tva

i

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de

n)

re

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ar

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ra

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a

Ne

b

u

Bucharest

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Jagodina

Metković Klek (Neum)

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I t a l i a

ot

r

c

a n Karanovac )M or ava

garia

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bi

in

t

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e

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Da

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I

H

C

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L

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il

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ul

na

iza

Vrgorac

(S

m

S

D ri

Mostar

eb

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padna

Zs

W

t

a

Drăgășani 1

Ol

na

Duare Tr

Za

Požega

Li

Bu

Tirgoviste

Turnu Severin

2 Kladovo

B e l g r a d e

Kragujevac

Užice

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va

i

A

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of

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s

C et

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Srebrenica

Orsova

Dunav

Ostružnica

Bre

Bos

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Ismail

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Mehadia

Šumadija

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’)

ra ia n u m mT

j

ina

a

lu

u

Zimony

Galati

na

r

r C a Tirgu-Jiu

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M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h pa

Focsani

Tu n d

t

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t

i l l ko

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es

M

D u n a rea

a

B u d z h a k

Alt

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b

n

üküllő

D

a

yK

ros

Lugos

B éga

e

Ma

ag

o

Déva

Titel

Karlóca

Sarajevo

Brazza Makarska

r

Akkerman

ic

su

Dr

i

Travnik

Republic of Poglizza

na Spalato Almissa

T

te

Birlad

er

Bo

va

na

n

Sinj

Klis

is

t

Ti

na

D a n ube

r

Gyulafehérvár

Karánsebes

Pétervárad

de

s

Becskerek

Bács

ba

M

Trau

Bender

av

C

sz

a

Military Bor

- Körö

s

Lippa

B

Becse

Eszék

Vr

L

Scardona Sebenico Rogosnizza

Sz

D an ub

na Du

A

Brod

B os

Zvonigrad Knin

The Russians urge the Tatar population to move east.

Bender

Roman

Ol

A

O

I

Maro

M o r a v

ja

A

Iaşi

Dniester Liman

Temesvár

Te m

K

R

N

s

s

Vrlika

A

Ti

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a y

o R

r

e

m

r o

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O

Požega

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Maros

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o

I

h

ba

V

Bacau

Arad

ros

a

va

Novigrad Zara

A

A

Ancona

E

V

áv

a

T T

A

-S yrmi Gradiška an Vr

A

r

Kolozsvár

ös

a

ba

Gospic

L

an

Sana

B

D

S

Sea

i k

a

ni

Ma

Csanád

Mohács

Un

L

Pago

SAN MARINO

Tuscany

Bihać

Plitvic ka - Jezera

Karlobag

Krupa

S

vo av

New Novi

Kr

Adr i a t i c

Rab

Lussin

la

J e d i s a n

nc

Ravenna

Kostajnica

Novi

Otočac

S

S

Zengg

Pécs

Dr

Bosnian Dubica

R U S S I A

Dn

rt

Veglia

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io

Glina a B a n u s’ B o r d e r

-Kör

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es

Pa

Lake Comacc h

Karlovac Generalate

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in

ete

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m

er

P A P A L

Ve n i c e

Gl

Se

Jenő

T

ng

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k Fe

Szászvár

Sisak

u p a Petrinja

K

Fiume

Te

Istria

Gulf of

Po

T

I

D

Beszterce

v

Karlovac up a

Civil Croatia

e

A

C r o a t i a

r

s

Tisza

of

M O Mo L

s am o

Nagyvárad Sebes -Körös

th

e

Gu lf

ellék

rm

K örö

Kap o s

Babócsa

Wa ra ždi n Generalate

Suceava

re

av

Adig

o

Szolnok

ér

Pi

o

g

Zagreb

S ava

st

Baia

Kalocsa

Berzence

Kőrös Djurdjevac

C i v i l Žumberak

te Tr ies

ie

et

mos

Debrecen

at on

Csurgó

Sava

s Aquileja Trieste

n

Dráva

Varasd

Dn

S ir

Bukovina

Se

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

zo on I s Gör z & Görz Grad iška

Campo Formio

C a r n i o l a

Venice

B al

Kanizsa

Ferma

Sza

pos

Pordenone

La ke

Pölöske

ur

Hatvan

Balta

Ka

Terra

M

Veldes (BRIXEN)

F

Marburg

VENICE

Tisza

th

Botosani

Egervár Egerszeg Kapornak

P ru

et

Klagenfurt (St.Andrae) Dráv a

S o u t h e r n Bug

Tsjernivtsi

Csepel Isl.

Fehérvár

Vasvár

B ug

Dnj este r

Hotin

a

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Ra a b

Gyöngyös

Iuzh

Kamieniec Podolsk

a

ov

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i

ld

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C a r i n t h i a

l

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Nagykálló

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o

l

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utu

d

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Hollókő Nógrád Szanda

Pr

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Miskolc

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Vác Duna Esztergom Visegrád

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og

o

tru

a

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i

a

h

r

r

i

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

ut

t Mu y

Kőszeg

Z s i tv a

l

Érsekújvár

e Komárom

dr

Bo

Sajó Gyarmat Szécsény

ce

Tyrol

S

ub

r

P O L A N D

Pr

Seckau

r

Ikva

Leoben

p Ré

SALZBURG

D

Salza ch

an

m

Nyitra

Csallók öz

Lake Fe r t ő

Sopron

ns

Dni e s t r

Ungvár

n

Wa a

u

Pozsony

G a ra

nau

Leit h a

Tyrol En

Kassa

OF

Bug

e

Munkács

H

Do

Yb

Enn

rva

Vienna

bs

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

g

rc

b

e

Dan u

C O M M O N W E A L T H

m

an

h

e

s

un

Gr

o

Çerna

je

Lower-

Ma

Danub

d

Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

ie

Upper-

Tra

Mu

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

r

n

Innviertel

n

ya

L o

ny

In

Inn

&

Bártfa

Késmárk

Va h

a

Passau

B A V A R I A

Berc htes gade

Dy

O R A V I A

Th

BOHEMIA

Mo

Isar

B O H E M I A NM

OF THE

Zips

Rhetymno

Cretan State

(Heraklion) •••

L A N D S

PASSAU

C

Brünn

Neu Sandec

Zakopane

Zlin

n

D o nau

R

Sa

České Budějovice

G a l i c i a

SILESIA

N

W

O

Knossos

Spinalonga f y o ll o Ba abe M ir

Cape Sideros

Nicosia

Kasos

T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

Gaudos

S

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

Kostajnica New Novi

Sana

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R

Rudnik

Orajevac

Dunav

B o s C O M M O N W E A L T H

et

a Sinj (B

Iuzh

i

The Russians urge the Tatar population to move east.

Metković Bender Klek (Ne um) isn

Se

Melida

re

is

jic

te

r

Sofia

a S ut o

RAGUSA

Pruth

th

Birlad

a

l

K

Lagosta

eb

r

H e r z e g o ov i n

Dn

je

Bacau

Tr

B

Iske

na

t

va

iza

ra

eb

Mo

Mostar

GabelaBender

Curzola

Dri

J e d i s a n

tru

R U S S I A

h

z

n)

r

et

Po l

üküllő

N e ret

Roman

ka

yK

st

ut

A

Whi t e D

er Pu la ti

ie

a

vo

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

Dn

ov

so

Maros

a

Balta

ld

Ko

Beszterce

Sarajevo

Niš na Botosani Spalato Duare Almissa Suceava To p l i c a Tr Brazza Makarska M o O L D A V I AVrgorac Se Lissa r Lesina Iaşi Baia

B ug

S o u t h e r n Bug

Republic of Poglizza

C et

ar

s am o

Zvornik

va

Klis

zn

Pr

Ib

I

a

s

Trau

i

Nis

Sir

M

m

i

Ju

th Sebenico Pru

T

Li

b

Kruševac

garia

r

n

(A N D L I T H U A N IVidin A)

Ćuprija

Vrlika Paraćin )M D n je st e r or Hotin ava Scardona Deligrad Tsjernivtsi

Rogosnizza Bukovina

A

OF

Bug

Kamieniec Podolsk

Kreitz

A

il

Jajcaadded to the Treaty of Sistova, the sultan ceded Orsova to 9.1b - In a separate agreement the Habsburg Emperor. Bos Travnik

ul

M

sza

c

u

Negotin

lb i i Karanovac an a

tul

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MONTENEGRO e Cavtat 9.1c - A separate peace with the Russians, the Treaty of Iaşi (Jassy), is signed on 9 January 1792. The Ottomans recognize the(Dubrovnik) Russian annexation of the Crimea, and the sultan cedes B u d z h a k r Cetinje Yedisan to Russia. The Ottomansi n recover Hotin. Alt Tr a i a n u m Dr m Pelagosa Isls lu in M cutari i l l k o Focsani a t Alu Castel Nuovo Kilia Brassó Szeben (Hercegnovi) ro R iSkopje mn atta Galati a Brda Ismail ra h d i C he ro a Budua t t Bocc Ca ag

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Imotski 10.2a - On 18 October 1797 Austria and France sign the Treaty of Campo Formio whereby France obtains the former Venetian territories along the Dalmatian Mostar Tr Brazza coast. Venice, which ceases to exist as an independent state, Istria and Dalmatia come under Habsburg rule. In northern Italy, the Cisalpine Republic is created, Makarska which would exist until 1802.

I

S

Kanina

Spalato na Almissa

T

a

A

G e n e 8r a l a Brod

s

Zvonigrad Knin

Trau

Rogosnizza

I

áv

Požega

an

Vr

O

Dr

tje

Q u a r n e r o

A

Sebenico

A

Tolentino

L

Scardona

M

STAT E S

Span. Bourbon

Otranto Zrman j Karin a

L

Ancona

Starigrad

KINGDOM of NAPLES Novigrad Zara

A

PAPAL

i Gospic k

ni

a

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) ay of B BVa l o noa

a

Tuscany

1

D

Sea

(Habsburg)

Pago

b

SAN MARINO

Lussin

a

Adr i a t i c

L

Karlobag

vo

Ripać

r

1796-’97 1797 - 1802

Novi S a n

Krupa

la

av

New Novi

Un

Apulia

Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

Bihać

Pl itv ick a - Jez er a

K

CIS-PADANIAN CIS-ALPINE REP.REP.

S

S

Otočac

Rab

Glina a 11 B a n u s’ B o r d e r

S

m bi

Su

K

rt 2

Petrinja

a

L a

Pa

Ravenna

K

er

Zengg

Cherso

io

Karlovac Generalate

Brindisi

Veglia

Sh k u

Čaz ma

Sisak

10

4

Mohács

Verőce

5

in Gl

Slunj

Pécs

Babócsa

Generalate

u pa

it ra St

ng

Ve n i c e

Ogulin

3

Szigetvár

6

Wa ra žd i n

C r o a t i a

Szászvár

Berzence

Durazzo Djurdjevac

Kőrös

a

up a

Te

Istria

Fiume

n

Kap o s

Csurgó

Karlovac C i v iCivil l C r Croatia oatia

ato

Dráva

Varasd

C i v i l Zagreb S a vC r o a t i a

4

Bal

a

Žumberak

ieste o f Tr Gulf

Gulf of

Lake Comacc h

ur

C i v i l

Trieste

e

Po

M

e Lak

b

e

o

Kapornak

Pölöske

l

C a r n i o l a

Egervár

Fehérvár

Kanizsa

Sea

Sava

Vasvár

na

av

Adig

o

s

orva

e

(St.Andrae)

Dráv a

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

in

A

Pi

g

n

Dr

Scutari

a

Szombathely

S t y r i a

zo on I s G ö rz & Görz G ra d iš k a

Ráb

na B o j a Egerszeg

Veldes (BRIXEN)

M on fa lc on e

To r c e l l o

a

Dulcigno

Raab

Adr i a t i c

1797 Campo Formio

D

Győr

Scutari

Kőszeg

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Marburg

Pordenone

e Komárom

in

Lavant

C a r i n t h i a

Terra Ferma

ub

Dr

Gurk

Klagenfurt

Érsekújvár

Antivari y Montenegro 10.1 - On 22 September tribes defeat the Ottoman Pasha of Scutari at Graz 1796 B a the the Battle of Krusi. As a result, the Montenegro territory expands.

L ie n z

Tyrol

i

Paštrovići

an

Up pe r Pu la ti

Ikv L a ake

ce

r

t M uy

Brda

Budua

Semm ering P.

Nyitra

Cs all ók öz

Fe r t ő

Sopron

taro

Pozsony

Leit h a

p Ré

Mu

S

o n aSpuž u

Lake Žabljak

Seckau

S ALZB URG

ta

D

Salza ch

Drau

Cetinje

at di C o e h c t a rLeoben Boc Cat

E

Ze

m

a

Yb

Enn

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) nns

Tyrol

Li

MONTENEGRO 1796 D

r

Pelagosa Isls

Ta r a

rc

Vienna

bs (Dubrovnik) Cavtat A u s t r i a

Salzburg

aden

Dan u

RAGUSA

n rau

s

T B e rc h te sg

e

e

Innviertel

Nikšić

M o rh aca

Danub Mezzo (Lopud)

a S Klobuk Lowerut or in ab

M

Melida

Inn

jic

ya

Ma

Upper-

n

a r n i ca

je

m

In

isn

A V I A

o

Lagosta

Dy

F

B A V A R I A

eb

om

r

Passau

H e r zOFe gTHEo v i n a a

Tr

E M H B O M O R

Zlin

Th

BOHEMIA

I A

Z s i tv a

a Su

tje

sk

tva re Ne

Isar

ra

Brünn

K

Curzola

N

a

České Budějovice Gabela P A S S AU Metković L Klek A N(Neum) D S

D o nau

Venice

Ta

O C R

ot

in

Lesina

Ceh

e

u

na

Vrgorac

t

A

Lissa

iza

Makarska

S

Dri

eb

I

Tr

l

A

Veria

Kanina W

rit

km

ia

sa

Otranto

o

n

ist

E p

t e s i o

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

Pin

E

Souli

Larissa eios

l

na l

Gulf of Volos

Arta

A e

Skiathos

Northern

Skopelos

Preve za

Gulf of Arta

Voni tsa

rna

Aspr

Aka

a n d s

Ca

Euboea na

l

Livadia

Thebes

Kalavryta

ip

d

( Pe lop onn e s os )

os

Athens

Korinthos

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Aegina

Lala

s

ios

Eur

Gulf of Corinth

M o r e a Al p h e

(N e g r o p o n t e) Chalkis

Boeotia

Vostitsa

ti

al

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

an

n l a I s

Acha i a

al

C

Naupaktos Rrhion Pa t ra s f o lf Cephalonia G u Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi

Zante

Lamia Boudonitza

Gravia

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

Sporades

Lamia Gulf of

Agrinion

nia

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

o

op

o

t

Sperchei

os am

s

I o n i a n

I s l

M

Volos

Parga

Paxos

I o n i a n S e a

(Kithera)

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Trikala

o

rfu

(Kerkyra)

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

Joanina

r

Co

Corfu

S u

P h t ilia

val pe

i

Butr into

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y

Delvino

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

Al

Span. Bourbon

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

o a nt Otr

KINGDOM of NAPLES

f

Apulia

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

r

a

n

Astra

d

C o t

Pylos Methoni

i

o

Messenia

Koroni

Monemvasia

n

e Maina

n

Gulf of Laconia

t

a

Hydra

ta s

n

Eur

Gulf

Kranidi

Spetsai

Misthra

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

l

M

D

E

D

I

T

Cape Matapan

e

p

e

n

d

e

n

c i es

Cape Malia

Cerigo

S e a

Cerigotto

Kissamo s Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

Chania

10.2b - By the Treaty of Campo Formio the formerly Venetian islands of Corfu, Santa Maura, Cephalonia and Zante become French.

63

E

R

Sphakiotes

R

A

N E

A

N

Leoben

r

i

a

C a r i n t h i a

Körmend Szentgotthárd

Raab

C a r n i o l a 4

L a

up a

Fiume

K

er Pa rt

a Un

Q u a r n e r o

2

Bihać

Pl itv ick a - Je ze ra

Krupa

V

O

Vr

ba

N

I

A

Požega

-7 S y r a Gradiška m i a n

a

G e n Brod

s

B os

Un a v a

B

Karin

o

s

n

Jajca

Zvonigrad Knin

ja

Travnik

i Bos

Vr

Klis

N e ret

Republic of Poglizza

i

Spalato na Almissa

va

Trau

Rogosnizza

C et

A

T

Tolentino

s

Sebenico

M

REPUBLIC STAT E S 1798-1799

ba

Scardona

L

Ancona

Novi S a n

A

an

A

PAPAL ROMAN

Novigrad Zrman Zara

D

Sea

Tuscany

i Gospic k

Starigrad

SAN MARINO (Habsburg)

1

ni

L

a

Pago

a

Adr i a t i c

L

Karlobag

Lussin

vo

Ripać

b

1796-’97 1797 - 1802

S

av

New Novi

r

CIS-PADANIAN CIS-ALPINE REP.REP.

la

Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

Otočac

Rab

S

S

Zengg

Slunj

K

Ravenna

Karlovac Generalate

Veglia

Cherso

io

Sisak

Glina Petrinja a 11 in Gl B a n u s’ B o r d e r

ng

Ve n i c e

Verőce

Ča zm a

10

4

Babócsa

5

u pa

Ogulin 3

Szigetvár

Djurdjevac

Generalate

K

C i v iCivil l C r Croatia oatia

Berzence 6

Wa ra žd i n

C r o a t i a

Te

Istria

Gulf of

Lake Comacc h

C i v i l

Zagreb S a vCa r o a t i a

Karlovac

e

Po

Kőrös

C i v i l

ieste o f Tr Gulf

Kap o s

Csurgó

S ava

Trieste

ton

Lesina

Vrgorac

t

A

Lissa

Tr

iza

Brazza Makarska

Mostar

eb

I

Imotski

tva

e

Adig

Dráva

Varasd

Žumberak

la e Ba

re

av

o

g

o

n

ur

Lak

Ne

Pi

Venice

s

Pölöske

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

M on fa lc on e

To r c e l l o

M

S t y r i a

zo on s I G ö rz & Görz G ra d iš k a

Egerszeg Kapornak

o

Dráv a

Veldes (BRIXEN)

1797 Campo Formio

Pordenone

R Egervár

(St.Andrae)

Marburg

Terra Ferma Venezia

Vasvár

F

Klagenfurt

e

Lavant

r

Gurk

a

Szombathely

Graz

L ie n z

Tyrol

Ráb

na

r

m

r

t M uy

ce

Mu

S

Kőszeg p Ré

S ALZB URG

Drau

Ikv a

Seckau

r

Salza ch

Gabela Metković Klek (Neum)

Curzola

Tr

Lagosta Melida

eb

isn

jic

Mezzo (Lopud)

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik)

Herz a S u

to

rin

a

Cavtat

Pelagosa Isls Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) h Bocc

ar Catt e di ro a t t a

o

C

10.3a - At the beginning of 1797 the French capture and occupy Ancona. On 19 November of the same year the Anconine Republic is established there, under French protection, in violation of the Treaty of Campo Formio which had stipulated that Ancona and its surroundings be restored to the Papal State. The Anconine Republic merges with the Roman Republic on 7 March 1798. 64

Adr i a t i Sea

Požega

va Szabács

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’) Sokol

a va

Šumadija

D ri

Rudnik

in

Pazardžik

n

Me

a

ar

aca

n

sta

n

aR

e

d

o

n

ti

l

B

Lake Ostrovo

A

Korça

l

Seres

i

Lake Tachino

u

sa

g

Kavalla

Ev ro

s

ni

res)

Florina

Se

S re

n

Lake Prespa

a

Lake Doiran

Arda

N esto

Monastir

i

mo

b

c

Crn

a

a

a

arda A x i o s (V

M

Ochrid

a

Valon a

Ochrid

ek

t s .

it

ar

rd

e

N

M

a

M

r

A

o

p

a

M

d

Va

i

O

o

a

ma

lnic

T

h

ga

Lin Lake

m

Thessaloniki

Veria

Enos

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

W

rit

km

sa

Otranto

o

n

ist

o a nt Otr

Kanina

ia

of

E p

t e s

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y

Delvino

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

Al

Span. Bourbon

T

Skopje

S tru

O

Marits

Prilep

m bi

Troy

Pinios (Salamvrias)

y alle

Lemnos

mp e l u n a P aOsman ss TePaswanoğlu 10.3b - The Ottoman Empire alsoButrin faces is a warrior who conducts unsanctioned raids into Serbia and Wallachia. Tenedos i o from within. For example, nearM Vidin, to threats P h t ilia Ali Pasha Besi ka Bay When Sultan Selīm III, whose reforms PaswanoğluJoanina opposed, wants to punish him, the raider rebels. At the end of 1794,(Kithera) he captures Vidin and effectively becomes the ruler of Upper Larissa Bulgaria. Negotiations with him proving fruitless, Selīm III sends an army ofTrikala 100,000 men against him. The campaign fails, however, and Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 forces the Corfu s neio sultan to come an agreement withGoumenitza Paswanoğlu, who is promoted to the rank ofP iPasha of three tails in 1799. ev

E

r

S u

l

i

rfu

o

Co

Souli

P

na l

Gulf of Vo l o s

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonits a

mos

o

Gulf of

op

rna

Aspr

Aka

a n d s

Ithaca

nia

Gravia

Agrinion

A e t o l i a

an

Ca

Euboea na

Livadia

Eur

Salamis Saronic Gulf

d s

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Bu

ds

r

a

n d

65

C

Misthra

Bay of Cesme

Astra

hi

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Aegina

Lala

Kalamata

os

Athens

Korinthos

(Pelo po nnes o s )

Psara Chios

ip

Gulf of Co ri nth

Kalavryta

ios

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Thebes

M o r e a Al p h e

l

S e a

Chalkis

Boeotia

Vostitsa

ti

Skyros

al

n l a I s

Ac h a i a

al

Gulf of Edremi

Lesbos

an

Naupaktos Rrhion P a tr a s Cephalonia G u lf o f Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

L ami a Boudonitza

R

C

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

Zante

Northern

Sporades

Lamia

o

ta

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Skiathos Skopelos

Prevez a

I

A e g e a n

Volos

Parga

Paxos

I s l

M

s

Ca

(Kerkyra)

I o n i a n S e a

n d zˇ a

ga

ri

in Bla c k D r

in

na

it ra St

KINGDOM of NAPLES

Tu

Sofia

Durazzo

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

i n s a t Sliven M o u n

l k a n

s

Dr

Scutari

Sh k u

Apulia

a

Debar

Sea

r

tra

ic

a sk tje Su

Mor

Upp er Pula ti

Dr

r i a t i c

Boja

Lovča

Stara Zagora

Antivari Dulcigno

Ali Pasha

R

zza

va

Bay

pi of S

Iske

B

ra

2

Lake Scutari

Paštrovići

Mo

Brda

Budua

Jan

je

o

Peć

B i P e cs s tri ca

Whi t e D

Žabljak C

m

Spuž

n

Sistova

ka

Cetinje

ta

Du

Niš

Po l

Li

MONTENEGRO 1796

Rustchuk Zimnica

n)

To p l i c a

Turtucaia

Plevna

vo

a

Ze

ttar i Ca he d ro atta

Ta r a

D

Nikopolis

so

in

Du

a

e

de

Turnu Magurele

ea nar

a

(B

Ko

or

a r n i ca

Nikšić

Klobuk

a

garia

Pasha of Bosnia ar

a S ut

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

Brindisi

i

zn

Ib

om

Cavtat

Bocc

b

Ju

Ve

dz

Giurgiu

Serbians

mits

Obilesti

Vidin

a of Belgrade

Jalo

Bucharest Ar

Deligrad

Kruševac

a

jic

in

Dubrovnik)

isn

ra

Pash

Paraćin

Herzegovina K

eb

ot

r

a n Karanovac )M or ava

A

A

L

L

C

Craiova

Bre

na

Ta

e c

Jagodina

ul

S

Dri Ceh

bi

m Uva

Brza Palanka

il

Negotin Ćuprija

er

Zs

W

H

er

va

Li

Kladovo

t

Požega

ret

Tr

padna (S Za

a

Turnu Severin 1

Ol

na

Užice

Kragujevac

Drăgășani 2

of B e l g r a d e

Takovo

Sarajevo

Dunav

Orasac

P a s h a l i k K o l u b a ra

Orsova

I

M

Zvornik

S

Belgrade na Du Passarowitz Ostružnica Smederevo

M o r a v

Bos

Klek (Neum)

Tirgoviste

Mehadia

Çerna

ina

Zimony Dr

a

na

i

ravnik

r C a Tirgu-Jiu

3

1

Sa

n

Titel

Karlóca

t

Tu n d

su

B

av

Bo 9

es

t

na B os

9

Ol

Pétervárad D a n ube

G e n e 8r a l a t e Brod

Te m

n

M o u n t a i n s

a n h i t pa

y

Cape Sounion

Kithnos

Gulf of Nauplia

Kranidi

Spetsai

Ikaria

Tenos

Kea Siros

Myconos Rinia

Delos

Hydra Serifos

Paros

Naxos

A

Samothrace

Veria

Kanina W rit

km

ia

sa

Otranto

o

n

ist

E p

t e s i o

Joanina

Trikala

o

rfu

Pin

Souli

l

pe

val

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

E

Larissa eios

na l

Gul f of Vol os

Arta

M

P

Gulf of Arta

rna

Aspr

Aka

Skiathos

Northern

a n d s

Ca

Livadia

na

l

Eur

ip

G ul f of Corint h

Kalavryta

d

( Pe lo p o n n e so s)

os

Athens

Korinthos

Aegina

s

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Lala

ios

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Thebes

M o r e a Al p h e

r

ds

n

d C o

Eur

Gulf

t

Pylos Methoni

Gulf of Nauplia

i

Rinia

Hydra Serifos

Paros

Sifnos

o

Messenia

Koroni

Monemvasia

n

e Maina

n

Sikinos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

Folegandros

t

a

Kranidi

Spetsai

Misthra

Siros

Kithnos

ta s

n

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

hi

Tenos

Kea

Cape Sounion

Bu

a

Astra

Kalamata

S e a

Euboea

al

Zante

Vostitsa

ti

an

n l a I s

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

Chalkis

Boeotia

Patras

Ac hai a

al

Skyros

C

Cephalonia

f G u lf o

Naupaktos Rrhion

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi P a tr a s

La m ia Boudonitza

Gravia

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

Sporades

Lamia Gul f of

Agrinion

nia

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

o

op

o

t

Sperchei

os am

s

Vonit sa

I

A e g e a n Skopelos

Prevez a

I o n i a n

I s l

(Kithera)

Volos

Parga

Paxos

I o n i a n S e a

Lemnos

s

Ca

(Kerkyra)

Goumenitza

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

Ali Pasha

r

Co

Corfu

S u

P h t ilia

i

Butri nto

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y

Delvino

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

Al

Span. Bourbon

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

o a nt Otr

KINGDOM of NAPLES

f

Apulia

l

M

D

e

E

D

I

T

p

e

n

d

e

n

c i es

Cape Malia

Cerigo

of

S e a

Cerigotto

Kissamos Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

C r e t e

Suda Bay

SudaParga 10.3c - In October 1798, Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha attacks Preveza, slaughtering the French garrison which had been stationed there. The inhabitants of Souli makeChania an alliance with to resist ʿAlī Pasha. At the same time, a combined Russian-Turkish fleet captures the islands of Cerigo, Zante, Cephalonia and Santa Maura by September 1798. From October 1798, this fleet besieges Corfu too, conquering the island bit by bit until the last French vestiges surrender on 3 March 1799. Rhetymno

E

R

Sphakiotes

R

Sphakia

A

N E

A

N

Cretan State

Gaudos

S EGYPT

66

•••

179 8

Cape Matapan

E

o

op

aR

Crn

Lake

T

i c aO s t r o v o Salona aln (Amphissa) g

Bre

l A

Aspr

l

S u

n

Al

a

n

a

b

Boeotia

r W

ist

Vostitsa

l

Al

aR

s Joanina Florina

Nauplia d s Tenedos hi Trikala Bes ika Bay

r

Gulf Pof Nauplia

aVerian g e Misthra A eKalamata E

Parga

W

rit

Messenia

sa

n

Skyros

km

o

S e a

Al

i

Koroni Gulf of Arta

ta s

ist

Pylos Methoni S pPrev o r aeza des

uro

GulfArta

n

l

I B A li Pas h a

Lake Ostrovo

Souli

s

na

P

Astra

ia

S u

Crn

n

a

b

Argos Lemnos Tripolitza

eio

o

M

Meluna P

Bu

Prespa

r

t

l

S u

an

s

D

r

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Hydra

ley

Larissa

Naupaktos Rrhion

Castel Tornese Siros ios P i n e Rinia

t

os am

Aka rna nia

n

ni

Agrinion

Sperchei

Serifos

R

Myconos

Paros

Sifnos

R

M o

Delos

o

s

E

Gulf of Arta

a

Io

I

t

ta s

n

cu

sso

o

Oc

Santa Maura

eios

Andros

Kithnos

Zante

s

n

Ru

C

ma

o

val

A e t o l i

Pin

d

pe

Matapan

TrikalaMesolonghi

Cape Sounion

d

tto

d

T

Arta

Te m

Pa t ra s Cephalonia G u lef o fn Patras c i eTenos As c h a i a Kea

o

n

-O

n l a I s

Bu

a

sso

Kranidi Gulf of Prev eza Nauplia

pIthaca e n

al

o

E

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Agrinion

nia

C

r

os

Psara

M e l u n a Pa s sC a p e

Gulf of Petalia

hi

op

rna

i

ip

Athens

I

Aspr

Aka

n

p

M

Eur

Spetsai Von itsa

Misthra

Eur

a Maura Chalkis l

Thebes

Nauplia

ds

T h e s s a l y

o

e

n

al

op

l

Korinthos

cT ehkae e ds s oa ln y i

M o r e a

i

Ca

A

sa

n

rit

Kalavryta

a

Holy Mount Athos

Skopelos

E

Argos

67

Corin th Samothrace

A c h a Prilep ia

Aspr

Bre

a

i

L a mia Boudonitza

Gravia

d

Arda

Gulf of

da

s

ia

e

a

Gulf of Volos

Florina

ar

Al

ia

A

aca

Mor

aR

Crn

ek

aMonastir

Patras

Oros

Goumenitza

t

tio

o

VN e s t o

Kavalla

B a y o f Navarino Navarino N o r t h e r n

n

pa

op

a

s Lala t e Monastir o i ( Pel o p o n n es o s ) L a k e A l pAli Pasha h

p

rfu

o

cu

Aspr

a

l

T

Korça

M

E

Co

S u

i

a

sk

tje

Su

tva re Ne

a

ar

i

rd

n

Va

A c

s

m

a

va

je

sta

nia

b

ra

Po l Me

rna

l

Mo

vo

in

so

Aka

n

A

n)

aca

garia

sa

Mor

ul

rit

Bla c k D r

Ko

mo

(Kithera)

Souli

Parga

I o n i a n Gulf

E

o P r e s p a Lamia

g

Pasha I s lAliJoanina a n D de s

Goumenitza

Tripolitza

Messenia

M

A e t o l i a

Skiathos

Korinthos

( Pe l o p o n n e so s)

Kalamata

Whi t e D

ist

ar

o d o ka h Whi D te

Ochrint rid o But

a

Oc Gulf of Corinth

Astra

I o n i a n

W

Ib

sR

m

C

ilia

Paxos

ios

Ali Pasha

Stara Zagora

S p eLr ac khee i

t Skopje s.

the Ochrid Hagion

an

a n n i l I o na Ca Ph t

rfu

s

Al p h e

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos

l

Gulf of Orphani

s t eSanta o i Livadia

Boeotia

M o r e a

d

Ru

179 9

d

Delvino

Vostitsa

Lala

n

n i Agrinion ti

Paxos

Co

n l a I s

Pine i o s

(Salamvrias)

os Von itsa Lamia A t ʿAlī Pasha fails to impose his will on Parga, which becomes an indea m Gulf of 10.7a Tepedelenli t a Boudonitza Euboea la ti pendent city under nOttoman rule in 1800. C Maina Laconia (N e g r o p o n t e)

Salona (Amphissa)

10.6 - By 1800, Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha has captured Butrint, Preveza and Vonitsa, but the Ac h ai a Suliotes remain rebellious. Kalavryta (Kerkyra) Castel Tornese Zante

Volos

Gulf of Volos

But rint o

Corfu

M mos

Naupaktos Rrhion

Korça

n Lamia

Mesolonghi

Naupaktos Rrhion ras o f Pa t lf u G Cephalonia Patras

1 79 8

n

o

Gravia

A e t o l i a

ta

LakG eu l f o f d r a Kasan

ni (Kerkyra) ti

Gulf of

Agrinion

ley

Prilep

Ochrid

Och rid

Mesolonghi

I o n i a n

mos

val

pe

Te m

Larissa

M

Lin Lak e

Lake Tachino

P h t ilia

Se Corfu

ma

Ithaca

Sperchei

o n i a n S e a nia

a n d Is

rna

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

Kanina

s

koa a n tA Otr

Bourbon

ta

Se

Seres

Lin

E

a

Al i Pa sh aVal ona

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) ArtaB a y o f Va l o n a

tr

T

Pazardžiki n e i o s P a r Ma its

A li Pa sh a

O

i

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

tto

l

Voni tsa

Te m

val pe

Larissa

eios

O

Castel Tornese Delvino Gulf ofP i n e i o s

Saloniki

-O

Pin

Jan

DebarTrikala

e

Debar Cephalonia G u

Zante

s

sso

na

I o n i Span. a n I s l

Trikala

Preve za Otranto Gulf of Arta

n

u

d

Ca

KINGDOM of NAPLES

r i a

Joanina

Parga

ri

p

KaninaIthaca

Gulf of

m bi

M e l u n a Pa s s

Ali Pasha

A p u l i aSouli

Paxos

mo

Ru

rfu

(Kerkyra)

T h e s s a l y

a

a t r a sVonitsa too. Butrint follows 10.5 - In 1799, Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha takes in the same year. Gulf of Thessaloniki Thasos lf of P

a n

k

sa

Co

Corfu

S re

a n d s

B

Sh k u

i

n

Veria

M e l u n a Pa s s

Arta

Veria

t e s i o

P AR TE N O P AE IC RE PU BL IC Goumenitza 17 99 -1 80 6

ma

I S ass e n o l

Ostrovo

a

Lake Doiran

Val ona

O

Gulf of Arta

in Bla c k D r

d

rit

Brindisi

S tru

ist

P h t ilia

o

W

os f ito ra r S tp i E

Butr into

in

a

Sea

oSantan Maura i

res)

KINGDOM of ni 10.4 - By 1798 Montenegro expanded considerably. t i has NAPLES Korça Otranto Valo na (Span. Span. Durazzo Bourbon) Kanina Bourbon

a

Von itsa

Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a Lake

Florina

Delvino

eza DPrev rin

Va r d a Axios (

e

a

n

Lake Prespa

m

Glossa nguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

i s l Dr I o a nr a n t n iO t I oo f

c

ek

Monastir

Se

m bi

Prilep

I o n i a nM a Apulia S e a i a t i c Ochr id

r

Antivari

P AR TE N O P AE IC Dulcigno RE PU BL IC Ochrid na Lin Lake 17 99 -1 80 6 Boja

m bi

Sh k u

I o n i S cau t a rni

a

Brindisi

i

ar

of

Up pe r

a lnic

Joanina

tric

Parga

Paxos a Puglat

Ali Pasha

B i P e cs Souli s

T

Durazzo

rd

Bay

zz Spi

Va

2

Lake Scutari

Paštrovići

it ra St

in Bla c k D r

in

Brda

T

ri

J uPlevna zn a (B

a i nBosnia Pasha of o Niš Lovča r m e k Isk Gulf of B Skopje a Saloniki To p l i c a l k T h e s as an l y M o u n t a Pinios

Peć

Goumenitza

l

Dr

Debar2

Skopje

Žabljak

Budua

tar

Spuž

m

na

Cetinje

(Kerkyra) 1796

ta

Ca

Ze

e s t Sofia i o

i

SMONTENEGRO ea

Li

rfu

O

ro atta di C o Cat

P h t ilia

Ta r a

Corfu

n

Dr

a

ri

D

he Bocc

Butr into

Co

rin

na

p

to

rin Cavtat

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

Adr

Boja

a r n i ca

Nikšić

Klobuk

E

a S u

e s t r i cs ca

Antivari

Sh k u

va

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Scutari

Durazzo

a

jic

Mezzo (Lopud)

na Boja

ra

isn

Bi

Upp er Pul ati

Dulcigno

Mo

eb

PećP

Whi t e D

Lake Scutari

Delvino

Adr i a t i c

Spuž

Žabljak Melida

Dulcigno

ka

ta

Tr

Kruševac

b

Dr

Scutari

in

Ze

om

K

MONTENEGRO 1796

m

r

Ali Pasha

Herzegovina

Metković Klek (Neum) Li

olje oo P a n ts o v

Ta r a

a

Ko

r n i ca

e

Up pe r Pu lat i

Lake Scutari

n)

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Span. Bourbon) Bourbon Gabela

garia

t

ina

Žabljak Uva c Kanina Niš Brda Budua

S

na

iza

rgorac gov

OI b ta r r

a a

a

Saseno aro C a pBosnia e dGi lCo as st ta Pasha of e ( L h i n g u e t tt aa r)o t Bocc B aC ay o f C e hPaštrovići Va l o n a To p l i c a o t za 22 Otranto piz Ta ay of S Antivari rB

Mostar

eb

ar

a

(B Val ona

ul

ot

in

T rT

i

Dri

Ceh

Nuovo e A p u l i arCastel b (Hercegnovi)

of

S Imotski

Lala Lamia Naxos

Al p h e

(Pelop

ios Gravia

i r

rfu

Goumenitza

Pin

Souli

na l

Paxos

eios

Al i Pa sh a

s

Ca

(Kerkyra)

o

Co

Corfu

Parga

Gulf of Volos

Arta Preve za

Gulf of Arta

Voni tsa

Sperchei

mos

o

Gulf of

op

rna

Aspr

Aka

a n d s

Ca

na

l

Livadia

Thebes

Kalavryta

d

Ru

( Pe l o p o n n e so s)

os

s

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Aegina

Kea

Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

r

ni

e h n nc i re t n F n tio o f o pa r t C cu a Oc p d n ow n ma s n a tto d - O slan I

sso

Io

Astra

an

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Siros

Kithnos

Gulf of Nauplia

Kranidi

Hydra Serifos

Spetsai

Paros

Sifnos

ta s

o

Messenia

Koroni

Monemvasia

Maina

Sikinos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

Folegandros

t

a

Eur

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

hi

Misthra

Kalamata

n

M

Il

ip

Athens

Korinthos

Lala

ios

Eur

Gulf of C orinth

M o r e a Al p h e

(N e g r o p o n t e)

al

Zante

Vostitsa

ti

S e

Euboea

an

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

C

n l a I s

Ac h ai a

al

Skyros

Chalkis

Boeotia

Mesolonghi

Naupaktos Rrhion atras P f o Cephalonia G u lf Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

Lamia Boudonitza

Gravia

Agrinion

nia

I s l

Northern

Sporades

Lamia

o

ta

Santa Maura

a n n i I o

n i a n S e a

Skiathos Skopelos

s

I o n i a n

A e g e a

Volos

ly

ri

E

D

I

l

an

D

Pr

ov

T

Cape Matapan

e

in

p

e

ce

n

d

e

n

c i es

Cape Malia

Cerigo

Kissamo s Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

Chania

E

of

S e a

Cerigotto

Suda Bay

Suda

10.7b - In the year 1800, the Ottomans and the Russians create the independent Septinsular Republic as a tributary state to the Ottoman Empire under Russian protection. Parga is transferred to Ottoman rule, but the inhabitants of Parga refuse to submit to Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha. Sphakiotes

R

R

Sphakia

A

N E

A

N

C r e

Rhetymno

Cretan State

Gaudos

S EGYPT

68

Danu

a

Szolnok

S av

a

na

ka

es

a

Craiova Kolozsvár

Vidin

a o f B eFleghr a d e

- Körö s Paswan Oglu =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin

a

Gyulafehérvár

Lippa

(B

Déva

Temesvár B éNiš ga e

A

il

s

Jenő

s

ro Ma

s

Lugos

n)

m

Mo

es

To p l i c a

Karánsebes

ra

B

va

Ko

r

Iske

a

l hk i t pa r C a Tirgu-Jiu Sofia

Ali Pasha

aca

Mor

a

aR

Crn

i

n

a

Çerna

Bre

ina

Dr

b

a tje

sk

Te m

Mo

ra

l

a

A

va

Ko

so

ona

Veria

sta

ar

m

K

Nikšić

B

n

i

a

Lake Doiran

res)

n)

Ib

Florina

Niš

Me

a

Prespa

a

(B

e

Paswan Oglu =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin

S re

u

Thessaloniki

Ali Pasha

l

Seres

i

Lake Tachino

n

Pasha ofL a kBosnia e

o

S To p under l i c a Ottoman control. 10.9 - By the end of 1804, only the majore cities along the borders of the Pashalik of Belgrade remain Lake ni ti 69 O s trovo Korça om a r n i ca Val

rzegovina

o

Monastir

d

p

mo

i

na

d

Deligrad

cJ u z e kae

o

b

Ochrid

a

Kruševac

h

M

il

Craiova

Vidin

a of Belgrade

Serbians

Paraćin Prilep

OA Zs

W

Negotin

Va r d a Axios (

in

ra

Ćuprija

a n Karanovac )M or ava

Och rid

Pash

garia

r

Lin Lak e

Jagodina

ul

ot

e c

l

ar

S

m bi

Uva

ga

nica

rd

na

na

Ta

bi

Va

ri

Dri Ceh

na p a dDebar (S er Požega

Za

´

T

Brza Palanka

of B e l g r a d e

(Karadjordje) (Karadjordje)

m

Sh k u

T

Turnu Severin 1

ma

D

Užice Li

Skopje

2

Kladovo

K o l u b a ra Rudnik By 1802 the janissaries in control and Serbian privileges renounced By 1802 the janissaries in control and Serbian privileges renounced Takovo Kragujevac a

rajevo Durazzo

Orasac

P a s h a l i k in Bla c k D r

in

Sokol

O

Orsova

Dunav

R

Šumadija

M o r a v

Dr

a

Belgrade a un D Passarowitz r iOstružnica n Smederevo

S tru

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’)

a S av Dr in

Mehadia

Whi t e D

Scutari

Antivari Zvornik

Su

3

je

Sa

Up pe r Pu lat i Szabács

Lake Scutari

n Boja

1

e s t r i cs ca

Zimony

Brda

Dulcigno

es

ka

Bi

Spuž

Žabljak

a

Karlóca PećP

m

Titel

Po l

9

ta

9

vo

Li

su

so

Bo

va

Saseno

zn

T

ar

D a n ube

MONTENEGRO t 1796

za

i

Ib

K

l a t e

aštrovići

Ju

Brza Palanka

Negotin

Deligrad

Becskerek y

t e -Kör ö

Zs

W

10.8 - In 1802 anti-Janissary discontent in the Pashalik of Belgrade had led to local revolts, which turn into the First Serbian Uprising led by Đorđe Petrović from 1804. It soon spreads Pétervárad Ta r aPashalik of Belgrade. throughout the

Nikšić

Cetinje

Maro

Pasha of Bosnia

Bács

e ek

Serbians

Paraćin

b

Becse

a r n i ca

Ze

Arad

a

ra

z e g oEszék vina om

Ćuprija

garia

ot

in

Ta

a

sz Ti

na Du

na

Ceh

r

c

Pash

ul

e

Tisza

Dri

S

Jagodina

Szeged (S er biMa a n Karanovac ros )M or ava Csanád Kruševac

1

Kladovo

ér

Z

´

apadna

m Uva

Nagyvárad Severin S e b e2s - K ö r öTurnu s

Orsova

Dunav

M o r a v

ri

pos Li

Bodrog

a

ellék

of B e l g r a d e

(Karadjordje) (Karadjordje)

D

Ka

Užice

Mohács

áv

Mehadia

F K o l u b a ra Rudnik Kalocsa 1802 janissaries control and Serbian privileges renounced ByBy 1802 thethe janissaries in in control and Serbian privileges renounced Takovo Kragujevac a

Požega

Dr

3

rös

Kö Orasac

P a s h a l i k

Szászvár

Pécs

rm

Belgrade na Du Passarowitz Ostružnica Smederevo

Šumadija

Sokol

Debrecen

Zimony

Szabács

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’)

es

1

Cse pel Isl.

ina

Titel

Sz

be

t

Dr

Zvornik

Karlóca

Pest

Sza

Çerna

Sa

va Fehérvár

9

i a h mos a t p r a C Tirgu-Jiu

sz

Hatvan

É

su

Buda 9

a

Pétervárad

Karánsebes Nagykálló

Ti

Z

Bo

Gyöngyös

y

Rá ko sD arni vueb er

t e

Ónod

Eger Becskerek

Buják

Te m

Eszék Párkány Bács Vác Duna Esztergom Visegrád

B

Iske

a

r Gulf of Orphani

l

S t y Becse r i a

C i v i l Zagreb C S av r o a 1 t i a

Sa

C r o a t i a

S av

Te

Fiume

K

Dr

C i v iCivil l C r Croatia o a tSzabács ia ng er Pa rt

Zvornik

G

Sokol

V

O

-7 S y r a Gradiška m i a n

New Novi

(Karadjordje)

a

ri

Un

D

na

na os BNegotin

Pasha of Bosnia

a

a

Travnik

(B

Ib ar

Bos

Zvornik

t

Szabács

Sa

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’) Sokol

Niš

B

na

tje

sk

tva

Su

a

Cat

n

aR

Crn

a

i

aca Mor

a

Boja

Lake Doiran

na

S re

Seres

i

l

ni

70

ti

Korça

Lake Ostrovo

B

n

u

Thessaloniki

a

b Se

n

Sea

mo

l

n

in

o

Adr i a t i c

Florina

a

A

Antivari

Monastir Och rid Lake 10.11 - In 1806 theLOttoman Sultan Selīm III deposes the pro-Russian hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia and sides with ake Tachino France. The Russians P r equickly s p a conquer Herceg Novi and Cattaro by sea from the French, occupying both places between Durazzo 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807.

m

Val ona

d

e

Scutari Dr

Lin Lak e

Ochrid

e

a

s)

a l i a

m bi

za

Dulcigno

ek

p

Up pe r Pu lat i

sta

piz of S

e Va r d a r Axios (

Sh k u

c

Spuž

Lake Scutari

Paštrovići

Prilep

a

ta

Brda

Budua

Bay

M

Ze

Cetinje

m

i

at di C o tar

22

Durazzo

MONTENEGRO 1796 Žabljak

taro

O

Li

Me

ar

he Bocc

lnic

Debar

t

T

a

Ta r a

o

Bre

aca

a

rin

Nikšić

Klobuk

Cavtat

Castel Nuovog a (Hercegnovi)

rd

i

a S ut o

d

Pelagosa Isls

jic

a r n i ca

o

(Dubrovnik)

Va

in Bla c k D r

in

T

isn

h

Skopje

eb

Mezzo (Lopud)

RAGUSA

om

ma

O

Melida

Herzegovina

S tru

Dr

B

a ojan

Tr

Lagosta

n

Antivari Dulcigno

e c

Ne

Curzola

R

in

Gabela Metković Klek (Neum)

K

Scutari

ri

l k

Uva

a

re

t

zza

Dr

a

in

iza

je

Lake Scutari

Paštrovići

Whi t e D

Brda

Up pe r Pu lat i

a

eb

Po l

ka

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N e ret o m 10.10 - An attempt to restore Ottoman authority fails whenTrau an army Klis led by Hafiz Pasha is defeated by the Serbian revolutionaries at the Battle of Ivankovc, close to Ćuprija,Lon 18 AuRepublic of Poglizza Rogosnizza im a rgust n i c a1805. ( ) Spalato na Nikšić Ta r a Almissa Imotski Mostar Tr Brazza Li m Ceh Makarska ot PećP Sofia Ze 1796 ta B i e cs Vrgorac s tri Lissa Spuž Ta ca Cetinje Lesina ra

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Paraćin 10.14a - Russian armies sweep again, takingZimnica Hotin, Iaşi, Bender, Akkerman, Kilia, Ismail, and Bucharest by the end of 1806. The sultan declares Paswan Oglu through Moldavia and Wallachiaa ronce ea n Santa Maura =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin Du n Agrinion war on the Tsar. Deligrad Du Kruševac Nikopolis Ju zn 71 Sistova a garia

b

Negotin

a of Belgrade

L

n I o

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10.13 - Soon after the French take control of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), it is besieged by a combined Russian-Montenegrin expeditionary force. By November 1816 the siege has been broken. Debar

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10.14c - The Ottoman Sultan Selīm III is deposed on 29 May 1807. Less than a month later Veria the Turkish forces suffer defeat at the hands of the Russians Sliven at the Battle of Obilesti in June 1807, whereby an Ottoman attack on Bucharest T u is fenced off.

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Castel Nuovo Žabljak 10.17 - In 1807-1808 the Ottomans seek a diplomatic solution to the Serbian uprising, but negotiations fail. In 1809 Kara George declares Serbia’s independence with Belgrade as its (Hercegnovi) o Upp er Pul r a ati tt Brda i Ca d e capital. h Budua Gulf of Adalia ro Bocc a t t a Ios Lake ri Sikinos C Stampalia S c n u tari Paštrovići Dr in Scutari za 22 Bay

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Kladovo

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D

Vr

Bay of Cesme

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K o l u b a ra Rudnik By 1802 the janissaries in control and Serbian privileges renounced By 1802 the janissaries in control and Serbian privileges renounced Takovo a Kragujevac

Chios Sarajevo

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city, to cede the Danubian Principalities to Russia, and to surrender the Ottoman navy to Becse Vtan Selīm O NIII refused I A to evict the French ambassador from the d Eszék failed. i m e r the Britain. The British operation d E f o Karánsebes G u l f Bács Becskerek Požega

g e a n

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Be sik a Ba y Temesvár Dr Lugos B éga áv a e 10.16 - During the Dardanelles Operation in September 1806 a British navy contingent sails up the Dardanelles threatening to bombard Istanbul, if Sul-

A

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K o l u b a ra R u d n iS ke a 1802 janissaries control and Ser ByBy 1802 thethe janissaries in in control and Serbi

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Nikšić GTaur al f o f E d r e a S Klobuk u t o naval base for regional operations. Afterwards the depopulated island is Mezzo Russians (Lopud) 10.18 - In 1807 a combinedVolos Russian-British fleet occupies the island of Melida Tenedos, which the use as their rin a Li restored to the Ottomans. m Peć RAGUSA G u l f of Ze Skiathos 1796 ta B i P e cs (Dubrovnik) Cavtat Vo l os s tri Spuž ca Cetinje Northern Pelagosa Isls Skopelos Lesbos Mor

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l

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n Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

Val ona

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Gulf of Mend

ti

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Ali Kalymnos Pasha of Joan Kos

Stampalia

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Cape Malia

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t e s i o

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10.19a - The French are superior in the Adriatic after the Russians have withdrawn folGoumenitza lowing the Treaty of Tilsit (July 1807). The British navy(Kerkyra) manages to disrupt the French to Souli some extent, so the French send reinforcements over land and by sea.

Kissam os Bay Gul f of Gramvousa Cha nia

Chania

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l

of

S e a

na

c i es

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s

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n

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o

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e

Ali Pasha

i

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Cerigo

Corfu

d

ni

p

Cape Matapan

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E

KI NG DO M KINGDOM of NA PL ESof NAPLES (Span. Span. Bourbon) Bourbon Melos

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P AR NO P EAE PA RTTE EN O PA I CIC RE PU BL IC R E P U B L I C Serifos 17 99 -18 06 1799-1806 Paros

ta s

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Cape Sounion

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or Gulf of Aegina

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74 Suda Bay

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Gulf of Volos

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or Gulf of Aegina

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e h n nc i re t n F n tio o f o pa r t C cu a Oc p d n ow n ma s n a tto d - O slan I

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o

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s

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(Kerkyra)

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Corfu

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Ali Pasha

i

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Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

p Te m

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

T h e s s a l y

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Butr into

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Gulf of Orphani

Veria

Ali Pasha of Joanina

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u

res)

m

(Span. Bourbon) Bourbon

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

o a nt Otr

KIN GD OM INGDOM NA PL ESof

of

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NO P EAE AAR RTTE EN O PA I CIC RE R E PU P UBL B LIC IC 179 9-1 80 6 1799-1806

Florina

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ly

ri

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Cape Matapan

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in

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d

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Cape Malia

Cerigo

Kissamo s Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

R

10.19b - In 1807 British vessels successfully blockade French-held Corfu, but by February 1808, the French navy breaks the blockade.

75

R

Suda

Sphakiotes Sphakia

A

N E

A

N

C

Suda Bay

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of

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p Ré

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Gulf of O r pS ha a n i Novi na

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76

M

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Gulf of Volos

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s

Küçük Kaynarca

Silistria Zvonigrad Karin (Kithera) Turtucaia Knin ja

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Holy Mount

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Obilesti a s a n d r a K 1807 Călărași 1805

a

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Volos n 10.21b - In the Dalmatian Campaign of 1809 D u the French overrun Civil Croatia between Nikopolis April and May, before joining Napoleon for the Battle of Wagram. Sebenico

1803 to Francd France

Preve za Tolentino Gulf of Arta Voni tsa

Se

o

Rim

Pl itv ick a - Jez er a l o m i t Bihać sa a Ripać

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d eM e l u n a Pa s s

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2

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n)

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1808 To Italy

a

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P A PGoumenitza AL Souli ROMAN

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10.21a - In Deligrad January 1810 the Ottoman garrison of 650 men at Brza Palanka surrenders to Parga a 1808 toB Italy R E P U LIC Kruševac the combined Serbian-Russian army marching on the city. Paxos Ju zn

ist

A

i

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Corfu

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km Lussin

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i La

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Tuscany

annexed by Vidin France 1807 . KINGDOM of ETRURIA 1801-1807 France 1807 to(Kerkyra) Paswan Oglu (Span.Bourbon) (PAPAL =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin STATES)

Zengg Veria

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1796-’97 1797 1797-’1802 Z s- 1802 1802-'05 il

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ITALIAN CIS-PADANIAN ITALIAN REPUBLIC REPUBLIC CIS-ALPINE REP.REP.

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Ali Pasha of Joanina Drăgășani W

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of

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a of Belgrade

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trol and Serbian privileges renounced ol and Serbian privileges renounced a Kragujevac Ćuprija

1

e

pS a r e C a Tirgu-Jiu n

3

of B e l g r a d e

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mAbdi i g

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Belgrade KIN n a GD OM of D uKINGDOM Dunav of NA PL ES Passarowitz NAPLES Smederevo Otranto (Span. Span. Bourbon) Bourbon (Karadjordje) (Karadjordje)

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P AR NO P EAE PA RTTE EN O PA I CIC RE R E PU P UBL B LIC IC 179 9-1 80 6 1799-1806

av

Temesvár B éga e

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in Bla c k D r

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10.20 - 1809-1810: By 1809,Kthe areaŽabljak affected by the First Serbian Uprising has spread beyond the borders of the Pashalik of Belgrade. In the Battles of Kladovo (1809), Brza (or Birsa) Castel Nuovo ör (St.Andrae) t e -and e ö Palanka t(January 1810) several other places, troops stationed in the area, but from then Klagenfurt on the rebels (Hercegnovi) D rare Upp erthe k Kolozsvár s PulSerbs á v aon the defensive. ati are aided by Russian taro e a C Brda F i d e h Budua taro Bocc Marburg Lake ri Cat M Bacau Scutari n Paštrovići Dr ur i S n c u t a r i 2 za 2 Jenő z i p Veldes (BRIXEN) Terra Ferma of S Antivari Bay Skopje Feh V e n e tz i a) a (V (to Salzburg) Dulcigno Arad 1797 l l ő Laack a(FREISING) - Körö kü s a ü Varasd K o lnic Campo g y Formio n Pordenone nz a a j g a Laibach o o B Maro I s G ö rz & Gyulafehérvár s Sava G ra

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Lake Fe r t ő

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ka

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va

MONTENEGRO 1796

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m

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ra

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ns

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th Pru Paswan Oglu s b =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin

n Serbians rau

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16-11-1805 1805

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from 18 09

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to Bava rta

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of Bosnia

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( 18 1802 janissaries control and Serbian renounced 03 to Baprivileges Munkács ByBy 1802 thethe janissaries in in control and Serbian renounced vaprivileges ri a)u l t nn Takovo I u a r KragujevacP Inn Jagodina Latorca ´

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Karánsebes

Becskerek

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s

s

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Sporades

Brazza

rna

a n d s

Vostitsa

Ca

Livadia

na

(N e g r o p o n t e)

l

Thebes

Eur

Kalavryta

d

Ru

s

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

ds

r

Astra

an

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Eur

Pylos Methoni

Messenia

Delos

Hydra Serifos

Spetsai

Naxos

Paros

Sifnos

o

Koroni

Monemvasia

Ios

Sikinos

n

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

Maina

Folegandros

Santorini

t

a

Rinia

ta s

Gulf

Kranidi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Siros

Kithnos

hi

Misthra

Kalamata

Tenos

Kea

Cape Sounion

Bu

e h n nc i re t n F n tio o f o pa r t C cu a Oc p d n ow n ma s n a tto d - O slan I

ni

M

ly

ri

l

an

E

179 8

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Aegina

(Pelo po nnes o s )

sso

Io

Il

os

Athens

Korinthos

Lala

ios

Psara Chios

ip

Gulf of Co ri nth

M o r e a Al p h e

S e a

Euboea

al

Zante

ti

an

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

C

n l a I s

Ac h a i a

al

Skyros

Chalkis

Boeotia

Mesolonghi

Naupaktos Rrhion P a tr a s Cephalonia G u lf o f Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

La m i a Boudonitza

Gravia

Agrinion

nia

I s l

Aspr

Aka

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

Sporades

G u l f of

op

Ali Pasha

I o n i a n S e a

mos

o

ta

s

Vonits a

D

1799

I

Cape Matapan

D Pr

ov

Cape Malia

e

in

p

e

ce

T

n

d

e

n

Cerigo

Kissamos Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

C r e t e

of

S e a

Cerigotto

c i es

Suda Bay

Suda

Chania

W N

S I L(Heraklion) ESIA 10.22 - On 1 October 1808 British naval forces land on Cephalonia, swiftly forcing the French garrison to surrender. Within days the islands of Ithaca, Zante, and Cerigo areRalsoOtaken by Rhetymno C the British. Sphakiotes Cretan State

g

Pozsony

Leit h a

n

r

i

a

Raab

Dráv a

Marburg

(to Salzburg)

zo

on I s G ö rz & Görz G ra d iš k a

ur

S t y r i a

y

Egerszeg Kapornak Pölöske

Lak

l e Ba

ato

y

Kalocsa

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

Varasd

Dráva

Kap o s

Csurgó

Sava

Szászvár

Berzence

10.23 - The Battle of Aspern takes place on 21 and 22 May 1809, when Napoleon tries in vain to cross the river Danube close to Vienna. The Habsburgs defeat the French Emperor, but 6

e

a

g

o

o

n

s

Trieste

ieste o f Tr Gulf

Žumberak

4

C i v i l Zagreb S a vC r o a t i a

a

C r77o a t i a

Karlovac

Babócsa

Wa ra žd i n 5

Generalate

Verőce

Pécs

na

av

Venice

To r c e l l o

C i v i l

e

Du

Pi

Kőrös Szigetvár K I N Gallow D O C aSixr weeks n i olater l aNapoleon does manage the river crossing and wins a decisive M on himM to withdraw with most offahis army intact. victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Wagram Djurdjevac lc on

(5-6 July 1809).

Csep el Isl

n

pos

Pordenone

M

Veldes (BRIXEN)

1797 Campo Formio

Vasvár

Ka

Terra Ferma V e n e tz i a) a (V

Fehérvár

Egervár

(St.Andrae)

o

Klagenfurt

Buda

r

C a r i n t h i a

Rá kos

a

e

Lavant

Körmend Szentgotthárd

N

Duna Esztergom Visegrád

Szombathely

Graz Gurk

Ráb

Párkány

be

r

Kőszeg

Drégely

Danu

t M uy

L ie n z

Tyrol

Drau

Ikv a

ce

r

e Komárom Győr

p Ré

Mu

S

ub

R

Leoben Seckau

SS A al ( 1809 Lzt obZ uBrUg R G B a v a r ia )

an

r

Salza ch

Semm ering P.

Gy

Ipol

a

Érsekújvár

o

ns

m

En

from 18 09

F

to Bava rta

Lake Fe r t ő

Sopron

m

u

Cs all ók öz

D

Tyrol

Nyitra

G a ra

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

nau

Z s i tv a

Do

l

to Ba Bava vari riaa

As pe rn

Vienna

Wa a

b

bs

T

g

rc

Wag ra m

H

Dan u

s

n

Enn

u Tra

g

EGYPT

e

Innviertel

Lower-

e

E Ay

h

Danub

S

r

Ma

Inn

je

Hollabrunn

Upper-

n In

ya

Yb

( 1803 to Ba va ri a)

N

a

16-11-1805 1805

Dy

Gaudos

M O R A V I A

Th

BOHEMIA

Passau

B A V A R I A

THE

N BE O H A

Zlin

a

OF

E MAusterlitz

Brünn

rva Mo

)

A

N

Knossos

Sphakia

I A

02-12-’05 1805

Vá

R

L A N D S

(tooSABA (t LZBVAURG) RIA

aden

•••

P A S S AU

Isar

B e rc h te sg

R

České Budějovice

D o nau

Le ft ba n k Sa lz ac h

E

Mohács

Bodrog

Čaz ma

D

Valo na

Kanina

Orphani

Veria

Ali Pasha of Joanina

W

o a nt Otr

ist rit

km

ia

sa

Otranto

o

n

Saseno Cape Glossa (Linguetta) Bay of Va l o n a

A

of

Apulia

Al

Gulf of

E p

t e s i o

ei Pin

Souli

l

na

val

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

Parga

os

Gulf of Volos

Preve za

Gulf of Arta

P

A e g e a

Skiathos

Northern

Agrinion

nia

Thebes

Eur

ip

os

Athens

Korinthos

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Aegina

ds

r

E

D

10.24a - Situation in 1809: The Ionian Islands are now under British protection.

Kalavryta

ios

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Gulf of Corinth

( Pe l o p o n n e so s)

Al p h e

Astra

Eur

Gulf Messenia

Kea

Cape Sounion

D

Pr

ov

T

p

in

e

ce

n

d

e

Kranidi

Hydra Serifos

Spetsai

Sifnos

o

Monemvasia

n

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

Cape Matapan

e

Kithnos

Gulf of Nauplia

Koroni

Maina

l

hi

Misthra

Kalamata

an

I

l

Bu

M

ri

na

ta s

t n e h n n nc io i re ct t n F te n tio o f r o o pa r t P C cu a i s h Oc p i t d n ow Br n ma s n e r a tto d d s - O lan un d s s o n Ibs l i c Ru i ap u o nR e dI s

an

ly

Euboea

Lala

Isl

Il

Livadia

M o r e a

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos Methoni

a

Ca

Chalkis

Boeotia

Vostitsa

ti

al

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

an

an

ian

n l a I s

Ion

Ac h ai a

al

Skyros

C

Naupaktos Rrhion ras o f Pa t lf u G Cephalonia Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi

Zante

Lamia Boudonitza

Gravia

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

Sporades

Lamia Gulf of

op

rna

Aspr

Aka

a n n i I o

a n d s

o

o

ta

Sperchei

mos

s

Voni tsa

Santa Maura

I s l

M Skopelos

Ali Pasha

o n i a n S e a

(Kithera)

Volos

Arta

I o n i a n

Lemnos

E

Al i Pa sh a

l

Paxos

e mp

Larissa

Trikala

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Te

Joanina

o

rfu

(Kerkyra)

M e l u n a Pa s s

Ali Pasha

r

Co

Corfu

S u

P h t ilia

i

Butr into

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

T h e s s a l y

Delvino

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

c i es

Cape Malia

Cerigo

Kissamo s Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Chan ia

R

of

S e a

Cerigotto

Suda

Sphakiotes

R

Sphakia

A

N E

A

N

C r

Suda Bay

Chania

E

Folegandros

Rhetymno

Cretan State

Gaudos

S EGYP

78

p

P

Souli

l

na

ley

E

os inei

A li Pas h a

l

Paxos

al ev

Larissa

Trikala

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Joanina

o

rfu

(Kerkyra)

M e l u n a Pa s s

Ali Pasha

r

Co

Corfu

S u

P h t ilia

i

i

But rint o

p Te m

Parga

Gulf of Volos

Skiathos

Northe

Skopelos

Prev eza

Gulf of Arta

o

t

o

10.24b - Between 22 March and 16 April 1810, a British force captures the fortress of Santa Castel Tornese Maura, thereby securing the entire island. Pine i o s

an

Livadia

Thebes

Kalavryta

ios

Eur

ip

Gulf of Corinth

os

Athens

Korinthos

( Pe lo po nne sos)

Al p h e

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Gulf of

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Aegina

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Tripolitza

Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

r

M

E

D

I

l

Astra

Eur

Gulf Messenia

an

D

Pr

ov

T

in

p

e

ce

n

d

e

Hydra

o

Monemvasia Gulf of Laconia

Cape Matapan

e

Kranidi

Spetsai

Koroni

Maina

l

Gulf of Nauplia

Misthra

Kalamata Pylos Methoni

hi

ta s

t n e h n n nc io i re ct t n F te n tio o f r o o pa r t P C cu a i s h Oc p i t d n ow Br n ma s n e r a tto d d s - O lan un d s s o n Ibs l i c Ru i ap u o nR e dI s

Isl

ri

na

Lala

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

ly

Ca

Euboea

Chalkis

Boeotia

Vostitsa

ti

M o r e a

Zante

Il

an

an

ian

n l a I s

Ion

Acha ia

al

C

Naupaktos Rrhion ras t a P f Cephalonia G u l f o Patras

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi

a

Lamia Boudonitza

Gravia

A e t o l i a

Ithaca

Sporades

Lamia Gulf of

Agrinion

nia

a n d s

os am

op

rna

Aspr

Aka

a n n i I o

Santa Maura

Sperchei

s

Von itsa Ali Pasha

I s l

M

Volos

Arta

I o n i a n

(Kithera)

n

c i es

Cape Malia

Cerigo

Cerigotto

S e a

Kissam os Bay Gul f of Gramvousa Cha nia

Chania

E 79

R

Sphakiotes

R

A

N E

er

Pa rt 2

Zsit

Danu

-7 S y r a Gradiška m i a n

a

Vr

N

I

na a

A

Eszék

Požega

Bács

G e n e 8r a l a t e Brod

s ba

na B os

Bo 9

su

t

va ina Dr

o

s

n

Jajca

Zvonigrad Knin

j Karin a

i

a

Travnik

Bos

Zvornik

Mali Zvornik (‘Little Zvornik’)

D

Y

O

a a

ri

By 1802

na

Vr Li

Mostar

na a sk tje

Ta

Melida

eb

om

isn

jic

Mezzo (Lopud)

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik)

a S ut o

rin

Cavtat

h Bocc

Nikšić

Klobuk

a

(6)

Pelagosa Isls Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

a r n i ca

MONTENEGRO 1796 Ze

Cetinje

ta

Spuž

Žabljak

e di

aro Catt

tar Cat

o

Brda

Budua

22

Lake Scutari

Paštrovići

pi of S Bay

zza

Sea

Boja

na

Durazzo

in

80

Scutari Dr

Adr i a t i c

Upp er Pul ati

Antivari Dulcigno

10.25a - The French Illyrian Provinces along the coast of the Adriatic Sea in 1810.

Ta r a

Mor

Lagosta

Herzegovina K

Tr

ra

aca

Gabela Metković Klek (Neum)

Curzola

S

ot

a

Vrgorac

Ceh

in

Lesina

t

A

Lissa

Tr

iza

Brazza Makarska

Dri

Imotski eb

I

I t a l i a

m

i

Spalato na Almissa

N e ret

Republic of Poglizza )

va

(

T

Tolentino

Sarajevo

Sebenico (6 ) D a l m a t i e Klis Trau C et

Rogosnizza

s

M A

To Italy

ba

L

Scardona

1803 to Francd France

Su

L

Krupa

V

Un

v

a

A

av

A

an

A

RE C REPU S TBALTIECS 1798-1799 1808

I T

Novi S a n

B

Novigrad Zrman Zara

D

1808 P U toB Italy LI

Ancona

i Gospic k

Starigrad

SAN MARINO

SI Te AaL Y

1

ni

L

a

Pago

b

Adr i a t i c

L

Karlobag

Lussin

vo

Ripać

r

1796-’97 1797 1797-’1802 - 1802 1802-'05

S

áv

Sa

Pl itv ick a - Jez er a

C ro a ti e M il it a ir e (5 )

TALIAN REPUBLIC CIS-PADANIAN ITALIAN REPUBLIC OF CIS-ALPINE REP.REP.

APAL ROMAN

r

Bihać

K

Ravenna

la

New Novi

Otočac

Rab

S

Kostajnica

a

Cherso

O F

Petrinja

Un

Q u a r n e r o

io

Zengg

Dr

S

Lake Comacc h

Karlovac Generalate

Veglia

4

Bodrog

Sisak

in Gl

Slunj

Mohács

Verőce

Čaz ma

K

ng

Ve n i c e

Pécs

Babócsa

5

Glina a 11 Croa tie Milit aire (5) B a n u s’ Bosnian B o r d e r Dubica

Ogulin

Szászvár

Szigetvár

6

Djurdjevac

Generalate

u pa 10

3

Kap o s

Berzence

Wa ra žd i n

a 4 (5) C r o a t i a

Te

Istria

Fiume

Kőrös

C i v i l Zagreb S a vC r o a t i a

up a

C i v iCivil l C r Croatia oatia

ton

Kalocsa

Csurgó

Cr oa ti e Ci vi le (4 ) Karlovac

) Cr oa tie Ci vi le (4

la e Ba

Dráva

C i v i l

Žumberak

Lak

Ne

L a

Is tr i e (3 )

Gulf of

Pölöske

pos

ieste o f Tr Gulf

Csep el Isl.

Ka

e

e

C a r n i o l a

P r o v in c e s I ll y r ie n n e s Trieste

K1 I N G D O M

Egerszeg Kapornak

ur

Varasd

C a rn io l e (2 )

Is tr i e (3 )

av

o

Vasvár

Sava

M on fa lc on e

s

Fehérvár

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING) Laibach

zo

on I s G ö rz & Görz G ra d iš k a

Pi

o

g

n

M

S t y r i a

(to Salzburg)

1797 Campo Formio

OF K I N G D O M ITALY

Venice

Dráv a

Veldes (BRIXEN)

V e n e tz i a) a (V

Pest

Buda

Egervár

(St.Andrae)

Marburg

KTerra I N G Ferma DOM

Pordenone

Raab

o

(1 )

Körmend Szentgotthárd

F

C a ri n th ie

Klagenfurt

Rá kos

a

e

Lavant

C a r i n t h i a

Ráb

Szombathely

Graz Gurk

To r c e l l o

a

Du

r

i

na

r

tva

r

t M uy

re

S

Kőszeg

K

Tyrol

Ikv a e pc Ré

Mu

Duna Esztergom Visegrád

Győr

be

Leoben Seckau

L ie n z

Drau

Semm ering P.

Nógr S Vá

Párkány

R

Salza ch

SS A al ( 1809 Lzt obZ uBrUg R G B a v a r ia )

b e Komárom

o

ns

nu

r

En

from 18 09

m

to Bava rta

Fe r t ő

Sopron

y

yrol

l

i

Turnu Magurele

ea

Zimnica Nikopolis

n)

Huszt

Mo ra

va

a j

er

Sz

Bre

u r

b

s

ic

Birlad o f

M

Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Akkerman

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

an

WB o e o t Zi sai l A

Salona (Amphissa)

ti

Ca

na

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

L

Livadia

ip

C

Gulf of Corinth

Ve

an al

Korinthos

Vidin

Aegina

Lala

( Pe l op o n n es o s )

Paswan =Pasha Pasha of ofVidin =Pasha Pasha ofVidin Vidin

Argos

Nauplia

Tripolitza

r

Astra

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Eur

Messenia

B

Nikopolis

Hydra

Sistova

Serifos

Plevna

Iske

r

a

Myconos

Cerigo

eo

rg

e s Bra

Va

a

St.George

Manisa

iz

Slobozia

be

V a l l um

Küçük Kaynarca

Silistria

Constantsa

Tr a i

an u

m e and e r M

M en d e r e s

Samos

Patmos Gulf of Mendela

Ios

Shumla

Bodrum

Varna

Kalymnos

Amorgos

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Kos

tra

Black

S e a

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

a

Santorini

Anafi

Cape Malia

l

Sus

Ged

n s i a t Sliven M o u n

l k a n

S t. G

Baba Dagh

Călărași

Naxos

Sikinos

Melos

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

Ikaria

n Du BatinDelos 1810

Paros

Lovča

Monemvasia

Danu

Rinia

Jan

Cape Matapan

Rhodes (Acre)

Kastellorizo

10.25c - In 18010 the Russians, under a new commander, do manage to take SilistriaT u(30 1810) and in early June besiege Shumla even before defeating a large Ottoman army at the Sofia n dMay zˇ a as f o f B u r g surrenders G u lRustchuk Battle of Batin (26-27 August 1810). In October the Russians also capture Lovča, but they abandon it again. On 9 September and Giurgiu follows soon. Varna is Burgas Stara Zagora besieged but not captured. Cerigotto c i es

Kissamos Bay Gulf of Gramvousa Pazardžik

R h

o

S tru

d

ma

i

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Chaniai t s a

Mar

M

Suda

Sphakiotes Sphakia

Rhetymno

Cretan State

A

(Heraklion) Knossos

r

Spinalonga

M

a

o

R

O

of

S e a

Scarpanto

ga

n

Chania

TR

Siros

Sifnos

Gulf of Laconia

Maina

e

Zimnica

Tulcea

Smyrna

Turtucaia Rustchuk

Tenos

Kithnos

o

Koroni

d

Giurgiu

ta s

Gulf

Kranidi

eaCape n ar Sounion

Spetsai

Misthra

Kalamata

Ali Pasha

Du

Bu

ds

Andros

Isacea

Bergama

a

1807 1805

e

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10.26 - In the course of 1810 Russian forces for the first and last time actively supported the First Serbian Uprising in Serbia. Under the command of the Irishman Count Joseph Dulcigno O’Rourke the Russian troopsa assisted Kara George in battle near his headquarters in Deligrad. At the end of Septemberl n1810 i c a in the northeast the Ottoman garrison at Brza Palanka a n a j g o B capitulates to Russian forces, and so does Kladovo. The Ottomans withdraw from Negotin, but hold on to Shumla and Vidin.

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Russians win the Battle of the Danube near Rustchuk, but because they tactically withdraw afterwards the Ottomans think they have won. Some months later the Grand Vizier, now with 70,000 men, crosses the Danube. This had been anticipated by the Russian Prince Mikhail Kutuzov who soon encircles the Ottoman army. Kutuzov allows the Grand Vizier to get away with his life so that he can participate in peace talks. These eventually lead to the Treaty of Bucharest, signed on 28 May 1812.

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Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Adrianople

sa

s

S

s

N

N esto

Eu A

r

C

Sphakia

l

it

Heraklion

g

Lake Tachino

an d e r

s

ga

i

n

N

a

Lake Doiran

res)

a

A

i

mo

A

B

Lake Ostrovo

ti

n

an u

N

r

Arda

t s . Rhetymno

Sphakiotes

St.George

Gulf of Kos

ic

Bre

Re

Kalymnos

er

ek

a

Suda Bay

n

e s Bra

Varna

M

c

aR

a

Crn

M

av

Çerna

rop

o

a

t

m

es

m

Asp

Gulf of Saros

W

mo

rit

n

ist

k

l

Ph t

ilia

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

v a ll

Co rfu Ca

Goumenitza

P

Mount Athos

E

os inei

M

P

l

Parga Gulf of Volos

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

mos

op

At

Aspr

I o n i a n Santa Maura

Lamia

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

S e a

ti

Ca

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Naupaktos Rrhion

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Zante

Kalavryta

os

Korinthos

Aegina

( Pe l o p o n n e s os )

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

ios

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Kithnos

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

o

Messenia

Koroni

Maina

Gulf of Laconia

Rhodes

M

Santorini

Cerigo

Kastellorizo

E

D

of

S e a

I

T

Gulf of Chania

Chania

C r e t e

Suda

Sphakiotes Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Suda Bay

Heraklion

A

Gulf of Adalia

Anafi

Bay GramvousaKissamos

R

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cape Malia

Cerigotto

R

Ios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

E

Polyaigos

Melos

Kalymnos Kos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Bodrum Amorgos

Sifnos

ta s

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Misthra

Eur

Patmos

Delos

Siros Serifos

Kalamata

Ikaria

Tenos

Kranidi

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

Me

Bay of Cesme

Athens

M o r e a Al p h e

ip

al

Ac h ai a

a n d s

Smyrna Chios

Gulf of Corinth

Patras

iz

an

Pa tr as G ul f of

Eur

Ged

C

Cephalonia

Gulf of Smyrna

Chalkis

Ithaca

A N A T O L I A

S e a

Skyros

Euboea na

E

Gulf of Edremid

Lesbos

Sporades

Gulf of

R

Besika Bay

Northern

o

o

ta

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

Tenedos

A e g e a n

na

Paxos

ik

Lemnos

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

Joanina

S u

Butrinto

t e s i o

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of

Al

ia

sa

o a nt Otr

¸

C.

Samothrace

Gallipoli

Sus

ina

Dr

a sk tje Su

Ol

a

sz

l

on

M

sta

n

Gulf of Chania

Chania

arda A x i o s (V

a

e

A

C r e t e

ar

Me

R

n d zˇ a

Anafi

M

p

o

i

d

ma

ar

Ochrid

Gramvousa

a

Mo f a

S e

Kissamos Bay

rd

b

o

S tru

h

Va

E

O

R

g

a

T h e s s a l y

I s l

Tu

Marits

rg

Bodrum

Naxos

Rhetymno

Cretan State

•••

na

Ti

S u

je

in

T

ic aln

Paros

Cape Malia

T

Tr a i

M en d e r e

Gulf of Mendela

Santorini

Cerigo

T

Skopje

I

Bla c k D r

O

Patmos

tra

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

Silistria

Kimolos

Melos

Monemvasia Sofia

Gulf of

V a l l um

nAmorgoss t a i n Ios u o M Polyaigos Sikinos

l k a n

eo

A N A T O L I A

be

Sifnos

Laconia

a 1683-1699

(Kerkyra)

a

Passavâ Kelapha

Se

l

tas

Po l

M o r aca

va

vo

Koroni

Sulina

Branch

Ikaria

n

Jan

•••

Du

ra

o

iz

Samos

Delos

Lovča

r

Bran c h

Myconos

Kithnos Siros

Iske

B

Du

lia

S t. G

D u n a rea

n a b

l

Mo

so

Pylos Methoni

Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a

Corfu

Tenos

n)

Ko

Eur

e

Rustchuk

Kea

Kranidi

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Lake Prespa

m

of

Saseno

Du

Ged

of Smyrna

Ki

nube Sulina

Giurgiu

Andros

Cape Sounion

mits Gulf a

Danu

Serifos

Kalamata

A

Bay of Cesme

Turnu Magurele

ea nar

dz

de

Maina

Lake Ochrid

ni

t

garia

ar

in

n

m bi

it ra St Otranto

Niš

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Durazzo

Sh k u

pulia

Gulf of Nauplia

Porto Kayio

D

jana

Whi t e D

E

Scutari

e s t r i cs ca

ri

Ve

Gulf of Petalia

Jalo

E

u

Bucharest Ar

Aegina Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

za

Da

Brăila

C h i o s

os

Gulf or

Bu

I

H

C

A

L

L

A

il

Saronic

a

ka

Bi

Dr

in

Sea

Bo

To p l i c a

PećP

Upper Pulati

Dr

Dulcigno

m

M

Antivari

e

ul

Ib

ta

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

r

o

a

Ze

Spuž

Brda

i a t i c

Li

n

Athens

Korinthos

R

a

ra ia n u m mT

Ismail

Gulf of Edremid

e

S

t e (E ub oia )

l

Zs

o

Vidin

Al p h e io zn s a (B

in Ta r a

Žabljak

j bal G rBudua

Ju

p

of

Kalavryta

M

a

c

r n i ca

Cetinje

rav

na

o

Eur Craiova ip

Gulf

Castel Tornese

)M o

Ca

r

Corinth

Pi n e i o s

an

g

al

bi

ti

Ol

er

e

an

an

na

(S

Rrhion

Patras

al

W

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

ot

Nikšić

At

Turnu Severin

A c h a i a

a

m

ra

Lamia

Skyros

C

M o r a v

ri

K

ma

Gulf of

Salona

a n p da d n a s Za

Orsova

Dunav

Gulf of Patras

Zante

N

na

Lesbos

Sporades

lu

Kilia

I

Northern

B u d z h a k

i l l ko

Rim

Mt h i a n P

o

Mehadia

Mesolongi

K o l uba

D

a

Ta

os

Brassó

Dniester Liman

Akkerman

h

Belgrade na Du

Cephalonia ra

D r in Ceh

m ta

Tenedos

Besika Bay

M o u n t a i n s

a r p C a

Gulf of Volos

M

r

i

nc

Vonitsa

Zimony

S p erchei

E

Dn

Versec

Ithaca

Uva

MONTENEGRO

C

t

Karánsebes

Szeben

n

a

e

g

e

Aluta

lt

te

v

Arta Gulf of Arta

H e r z e g o ov i n a

o ttar i Ca he d ro a tt a

a

Mezősomlyó

Lemnos A

A

Dard ane lle s

F.

s

ro Ma

Déva

(Salamvrias)

iğ i r l

Imbros

a

Kasandra

s

S e a

Li

Bocc

T

Pinios

ey

is

Gallipoli

th

Preveza

SzabácsSanta Maura (Levkas) a S av

I s l

a

Samothrace

re

Sa

a

Klobuk

Facsáde m

v a ll pe

Gulf of Ismid

Gulf of Saros

Se

Karlóca

I o n i a n

rin

ér

n

es

a

Te

Titel

I o n i a Mitrovica n

Sarajevo

to

Border

Meluna Pass Temesvár Lugos B éga e Csák ios e n i P

m

B

D aPaxos n ube

Srebrenica

Su

sa

t e s i o

Parga Pétervárad

Bo rde Bo r s

va

i

s

Lippa

o f

S e a

Bender

M a r m o r a

Mar mar a

Mount Athos Gulf of the üküllő Medgyes a g i o n O r o sg y K H

Gulf of Gyulafehérvár

Saloniki

l

y

ut

na B os

Maro

Büyü k Çekm ece Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Holy

Gulf of

Military

Csanád

Becse Óbecse Goumenitza Becskerek

Bács

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

na

ar

Maros

Kolozsvár

T

Eszék

it

Corfu

Corfu

Tisza-

it

P h t ilia

a

Brod

n

Border

Butrinto

tr

Maros

Bodrog

ros

Ca

il

s

Feh Világos k - Körö ia s Solymos Al

is

áv

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Military

Zombor

A

W

TiszaSzabadka

rfu

M

Szeged

Baja

Tisza

I

Lake Tachino

on

Jenő

Co

N

a

e s to s

pos

o a n t O t r Dr

be

O

e -Kör ö

i

n

im

a

Ka

of

V

Kanina

or Linguetta Szekszárd Bay of Valona

Baranyavár

A

L a k ke e t O s tFr eo v o

Gyula

o

d

Sebes -Körös

Thessaloniki

Mohács

Siklós

ti

e

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1683 to 1815 A

Cape Glossa Szászvár

Pécs SzigetvárOtranto

ni

rös

c

ares)

m

Kalocsa Valona

Saseno

Lake Prespa

V ard os (

i t r a S t

Simontornya

a

Kaposvár

Kö

Se

a

M

Ochrid

Knossos

Spinalonga f y o llo B ar a b e Mi

Cape Sideros

Nicosia

Kasos

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

S

b 1699-1703 96

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

ic er

C.

Sus

Pruth

l

Va

a

j u

r b

N

t

St.George

o

an u

m

Me

and e r

D

Black

S e a

Gulf of Kos

Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Gulf of Burgas

Rhodes

av

ga

Kastellorizo

Cretan State

N

S

Thasos

Tu n d

s

osporus B Nicosia

Kasos

C y p r u s

Larnaca

ˇ ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

E A Samothrace

Gulf of Saros

Famagusta

Constantinople

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

f Ismid Gulf o

Limassol

Gallipoli ¸

C.

Gulf of Orphani

ne

ic

s

A

Cape E rge Sideros

T roödos Mnts.

N esto

Nu E

E v ro o

f y o ll B ar a b e Mi

Knossos

Scarpanto

Adrianople

sa

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Rhetymno

N

er

Bre

D u n a rea

n

ia

aR

a

i

M

a

n

i

Ol

Te m

o

Çerna

l

S u

op

Aspr W

rit

n

ist

mo

Gulf of

Al

ia

sa

k

l

Ph t

ilia

t e s i o

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

v a ll

Co rfu Ca

E

Larissa

Goumenitza

P

os inei

M

P

l

Parga Gulf of Volos

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

mos

op

At

Aspr

I o n i a n Santa Maura

Lamia

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

S e a

ti

Ca

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Naupaktos

Ach ai a

a n d s

Gulf of Mega Spileon Corinth

M o r e a Al p h e

( Pe l o ponn e s os )

ios

Aegina

Argos

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

r

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Myconos

Kithnos

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Messenia

Zarnata

o

Koroni Kielefa

Maina

Polyaigos

Melos

Gulf of Laconia

M E

D

of

S e a

I

T

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

Suda

Sphakiotes

Rhetymno

Knossos

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Suda Bay

Heraklion

A

Rhodes

Santorini

Kastellorizo

Chania

R

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Cerigo

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

R

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Anafi

Cerigotto

E

Ios

Sikinos

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kalymnos Kos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Passava

Bodrum Amorgos

Sifnos

ta s

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Misthra

Eur

Patmos

Delos

Siros Serifos

Kalamata

Ikaria

Tenos

Kranidi

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

Me

Bay of Cesme

Athens

Korinthos

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Zante

Lavra

al

Patras

os

an

Pa tr as G ul f of

iz

Smyrna

Chios ip

Ged

C

Cephalonia

Eur

Rrhion

Gulf of Smyrna

Chalkis

Ithaca

A N A T O L I A

S e a

Skyros

Euboea na

E

Gulf of Edremid

Lesbos

Sporades

Gulf of

R

Besika Bay

Northern

o

o

ta

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

Tenedos

A e g e a n

na

Paxos

ik

Lemnos

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

Joanina

S u

Butrinto

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

ina

Dr

Al

a

sz

Ti

na Du

a sk tje Su

a

Crn

Sphakia

g

Lake Tachino

n

b

Suda

t s .

l

i

Thessaloniki

T h e s s a l y

I s l

Suda Bay

n

Arda

•••

na

M

b l A

S re

mo

A

s)

A

a Lake Doiran

B

Lake Ostrovo

i ardare A x i o s (V

l

M

it

ar

Gulf of Chania

Chania

Sphakiotes

R

Se

a

M

e

sta

a

n

n d zˇ a

r

A C r e t e

Kissamos Bay

Me

o

R

Tr a i

Stampalia

Santorini

o

p

a

Mo f

S e a

d

d

Lake Prespa

Bay of Va l o n a

(Kerkyra)

ma

ar

e

ti

O

o

rd

c

Ochrid

c 1703-1711

Corfu

S tru

Va

T a

Marits

Cerigotto

Gramvousa

E

Tu

Cerigo

h

a

e s Bra

Bodrum Kalymnos

Anafi

R

ic aln

rg

Varna

n s t a i n Ios u o M Polyaigos Sikinos Folegandros

eo

M en d e r e s

Gulf of Mendela

t r aNaxos

Cape Malia

T

V a l l um

Kimolos

Melos

iz

Silistria

Amorgos

•••

M o r aca

ta s

I

Saseno

Gulf of Laconia

Sulina

Branch

Patmos

Sifnos

l k a n

Bran c h

h

va

D

Lake Ochrid

ni

t

r

ra

E

g

ek

a

o a nt Otr

Otranto

T

Skopje

M

m

of

(Span. Bourbon)

Mo

je

O

a

Monemvasia Sofia

Cape Matapan

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of

Koroni

Po l n

m bi

it ra St pulia

Messenia

Paros

Sulina

Babadagh

be

Delos

Lovča

r

lia

Ikaria

Myconos

Jan

Ki

nube S t. G

Samos

Tenos u n D

Kithnos

Da

Smyrna

Rustchuk

Siros

Iske

B

o

Maina

Durazzo

Sh k u

Eur

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

a

ra ia n u m mT

A N A T O L I A

Giurgiu

Keos

Kranidi

Misthra

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

vo

jana

ri

in

in Bla c k D r

in

Sea

Bo

Dr

Scutari Dr

Dulcigno

Upper Pulati

Du

Cape Sounion

Serifos

ka

Antivari

e s t r i cs ca

Whi t e D

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

dr i a t i c

PećP

Bi

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

M

Brda

Budua

C

m

Podgorica

Žabljak

o ttar i Ca he d ro a tt a

ds

Niš

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

so

ta

Castel Nuovo (Herceg Novi)

Li

Spuž

Cetinje

To p l i c a

Ko

Ta r a

MONTENEGRO

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

mits

Bay of Cesme

Turnu Magurele

ea nar

Jalo

Danu

de

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Saronic Gulf

a

Kalamata

r n i ca

Ze

a

Korinthos

A

Bucharest

os

Ve

Dniester Liman

Kilia

Brăila

u

I

H

lu

Ismail

Isacea za

Chios Ar dz e

Athens

Vidin

Kalavryta

Bu

C

A

L

L

AChalkis

il

Gulf of Corinth

( Pe l o ponn e s os )

Al p h e ios zn a (B

Zs

n)

ra

Nikšić

Klobuk

in

i

W

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

E

na

Gulf of Edremid

S e a

Euboea na

Bu

b

Ju

ar

or

a

garia

r

rav

Ca

M o r e a

Ib

a S ut

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

)M o

a

jic

ma

an

ti

Skyros

Ol

bi

an

al

er

ul

e

ot

(S

al

an

ac

Zante

in

isn

Cavtat

Bocc

Za

At

Eur Craiova ip

Patras

Ach ai a

Lamia

Turnu Severin

Salona (Amphissa)

Naupaktos Rrhion

Pa tr as G ul f of

a

H e r z e g o ov i n a K

eb

a n dp a d n sa

Dunav

Gulf of

Rim

Lesbos

C

Cephalonia

na

a

Tr

Ta

Uv

S

D r in Ceh

m

Mehadia Orsova

i l l ko

R

Besika Bay

F.

M o u n A e g t ea i an sn

Sporades

r

Akkerman

nc

t

M o r a v

K o l u b a ra

ri

va

Li

a

Ithaca

D

Sarajevo t

n Du

Dn

Belgrade

M

Tenedos

I

Brassó

te

¸

B u d z h a k

Northern

o

Dardanelles

v

Santa Maura a S av

Imbros

P

Szeben

i a n t h

a r p C a

Gulf of Volos

os am

Aluta

M

Karánsebes

Sperchei

th

Vonitsa

Zimony

re

Gulf of Arta

S e a I s l

Se

Prevesa

M

E

s

V ersec

Arta

is

ik i g˘i r l

F. Lemnos A l t

s

Szabács

Srebrenica

Mostar

s

es

a

eio Pin

Mezősomlyó

es

v

e mp

s aro

f Ismid Gulf o

Gallipoli

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

Kasandra

Pinios ( S a l a mDéva vrias)

y a ll e

Lugos

B éga

e

Csák

Titel

I o n i a n

Bos

N esto

Joanina

o f

S e a

Bender

M a r m o r a

Marmara

Medgyes Holy Gulf of Mount Athos the üküllő Hagion a g y K Oros

Gulf of Gyulafehérvár

Saloniki

Border

M e l u n a PaFacsád s s Te

Temesvár

Becse Óbecse Goumenitza Becskerek

Karlóca

I o n i a n

i

n

t e s i o

Parga Pétervárad Paxos D a n ube

ut

Sa

n

Büyü k Çekm ece Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of

Lippa

m

(Kerkyra) Bács

Bo rde Bo r s

va

Maros

Kolozsvár

ér

M

T h e s s aar o s l y

T

y

Brod

na B os

sa

ar

rit

Eszék

it

Military

l

Kobaš

Corfu

ist

a

Nagylak

na

il

u

Thessaloniki

s

Feh o Világos - Körö km s Solymos

Ca

M

Požega

áv

A

W

I

P h t ilia

Arad

Maros

Csanád

Tisza

Dr

N

Border Butrinto

Zombor

Tisza-

ros

rfu

O

Military

Bodrog

Co

anu be

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Maros

Baranyavár

V

Szeged TiszaSzabadka

Mohács

Siklós

Lake Tachino

Jenő

Baja

Pécs

B

t e -Kör ö

mo

pos

o a nt Otr

Bourbon)

L a k ek e O s tFr eo v o

Gyula

Bay of Szekszárd Va l o n a

Otranto Szigetvár

A

ti

Glossa Szászvár or Linguetta

Kap o s KINGDOM of

L

Lake Prespa

rös

´

Saseno

Cape

ni

a

Kalocsa

Ka

of

Kaposvár

Kö

Se

m

Simontornya

pulia

Sebes -Körös

Ochrid

s)

it ra St

to n

ardare A x i o s (V

Tihany la e Ba Lak

Spinalonga f y o llo B ar a b e Mi

Cape Sideros

Nicosia

Kasos

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

S

d 1711-1718 97

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

ic er M

C.

Sus

l

Va

a

j u

t Ol

D u n a rea

r

b

m

Me

o

and e r

D

Black

S e a

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia Gulf of Burgas

Rhodes

Sphakia

Cretan State

E v ro o

f y o ll B ar a b e Mi

Knossos

A

N

Cape E rge Sideros

ne

osporus B Nicosia

Kasos

S

C y p r u s

Larnaca

ˇ ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

E A Samothrace

Gulf of Saros

Famagusta

Constantinople T roödos Mnts.

Thasos

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

f Ismid Gulf o

Limassol

Gallipoli ¸

C.

Gulf of Orphani

Scarpanto

Adrianople

sa

s

g

it

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Rhetymno

Tu n d

ga

Kastellorizo

ic

Bre

Kos

er

aR

Crn

a

i

M

Çerna

..... ......

o op

Aspr

Pruth

n

ia

es m

a i

n

a

b

t s .

Arda

s

A

an u

Gulf of Kos

N

r ar

a

Suda

Lake Tachino

N u E

A C r e t e

N esto

l

av

l

S u

Al

a sz Ti

W

rit

n

ist

mo

Gulf of

Al

ia

sa

k

t e s i o

p l

r

S u

Ph t

ilia

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

v a ll

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

rfu

eios

M

P

na l

Parga Paxos

Gulf of Volos

Arta Gulf of Arta

Vonitsa

mos

op

At

Aspr

I o n i a n Santa Maura

Lamia

al

an

Salona (Amphissa)

S e a

ti

Ca

l

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Naupaktos Rrhion

os

al

Bay of Cesme

Aegina

( Pe l o p o n n e s os )

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

ios

r

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Messenia

Serifos

Russian fleet

o

Russian fleet

Melos

Bodrum Kalymnos Kos

Polyaigos

Gulf of Laconia

Gulf of Mendela

Amorgos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Patmos

Naxos

Paros

Sifnos

Koroni

Maina

Myconos Rinia Delos

ta s

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Siros

Hydra

Spetsai

Misthra

Eur

Kranidi

Ikaria

Tenos Kithnos

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Ios

Sikinos

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea

Bu

ds

Me

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis Saronic Gulf

M o r e a Al p h e

ip

Athens

Korinthos

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Zante

Smyrna

an

Ac h ai a

a n d s

iz

Chios

Gulf of Corinth

Patras

Ged

C

Pa tr as G ul f of

Gulf of Smyrna

Chalkis Eur

E A N A T O L I A

S e a

Skyros

Euboea na

Ithaca

Cephalonia

R

Gulf of Edremid

Lesbos

Sporades

Gulf of

Tenedos

Besika Bay

Northern

o

o

ta

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Prevesa

I

A e g e a n

s

Ca

Pin

ik

Lemnos

E

Larissa

o

Co

Goumenitza

Joanina

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

i

Butrinto

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Sus

ina

Dr

a sk

N

b l A

na Du

M o r aca

n d zˇ a

Santorini

•••

tje

St.George

h

a

Suda Bay

l

i

Thessaloniki

T h e s s a l y

E

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Rhodes

M

Santorini Anafi

Cerigo

Kastellorizo

E

D I

T

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

E

Gulf of Chania

R

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto

Suda

Sphakiotes

A

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Chania

R

of

S e a

Cerigotto

Rhetymno

Cretan State

(Heraklion) •••

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

I s l

Tu

M

Gulf of

Chania MChania n

sta

a

e 1718-1739

A

S re

n

m

of

B

Lake Ostrovo

a

Lake Doiran

res)

it ra St

Se

i

Tr a i

Bodrum Kalymnos

Amorgos

Mo f

Sphakiotes

mo

Rn

Lake Prespa

ti

e

Me

o

e s Bra

M en d e r e s

Gulf of Mendela

n s t a i n Ios u o M Polyaigos Sikinos

S e a

o

e

arda A x i o s (V

c

rg

nc

d

p

ar

a

O

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

rd

M

a

iz

V a l l um

Kimolos

Marits

Cerigotto

ma

Va

T Ochrid

ek

Rd

v

o

S tru

a

h

ic aln

eo

Silistria

t r aNaxos

Cerigo

T

Sulina

Branch

Varna

Jan

Folegandros

Bran c h

Patmos

Anafi

R

I

in Lake Ochrid

ni

th

Su

re

ta s

D

g

E

Dn

Se

va

T

Skopje

a

s

r

ra

O

Myconos

Melos

lia

S t. G

Samos

Delos

Sifnos

l k a n

Ki

nube

Ikaria

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

(Kerkyra)

Monemvasia Sofia

Gulf of Laconia

Maina

a

Da

be

Rustchuk

Paros

ra ia n u m mT

Kilia

Smyrna

Tenos u n D

Lovča

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

a

Giurgiu

Kithnos

Bu

Mo

n

m bi

Corfu

o

mits

Bay of Cesme

Kea

r

Dniester Liman

A N A T O L I A

A

Danu

de

Siros

Iske

B

Koroni

Durazzo

Saseno

Eur

je

ri

in

Du

Cape Sounion

Jalo

lu

Ismail

Brăila

u

I

H

Turnu Magurele

ea nar

r

Akkerman

Sulina

za

Chios Ar dz e

Andros

Kranidi

Misthra

Messenia

Po l

e s t r i cs ca

Bla c k D r

in

jana

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

Gulf

E

Dr

Scutari

Sh k u

Otranto

Aegina

ds

Bu

Bucharest

Serifos

Pylos Methoni

vo

Upper Pulati

Ve

E

na

Gulf of Edremid

os

Gulf of Petalia

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Rim

C

A

L

L

AChalkis

il

Saronic Gulf

Niš

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

so PećP

Bi

Dr

Sea

To p l i c a

Ko

Antivari

Bo

m

Zs

Korinthos

a

Kalamata

Li

(N e g r o p o n t e)

n)

ar

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

i a t i c

i

l

R

Besika Bay

S e a

Skyros

Euboea na

Vidin

Kalavryta

( Pe l o p o n n e s os )

Al p h e ios zn a (B

garia

b

Ju

Ib

Brda

Budua

a

ik i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

i l l ko

Lesbos

Athens

M o r e a

Paraćin

rav

Ca

W

M

o ttar i C a C a tt a ro he d

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

)M o

r

c

Whi t e D

Bocc

an

ti

I

Brassó

t

bi

an

al

er

Ac h ai a

al

Gulf of Corinth

Patras

ul

e

Uva

Spuž

Žabljak

At

Eur Craiova ip

ka

a

Lamia

Turnu Severin

Salona (Amphissa)

Naupaktos Rrhion

a

Z

Cetinje

Dunav

Gulf of

Tenedos

Northern Sporades

te

¸

B u d z h a k M

M o u n A e g t ea i an sn

i a n t h

o

Orsova

P

Szeben

Ol

(S

Ta r a

MONTENEGRO et

M

a r p C a

Mehadia

Aluta

an

Zante

Pa tr as G ul f of

a

r n i ca

a

E

Larissa

t

M

C

Za

Imbros

Lemnos A l t

s

Cephalonia

a n dp a d n sa

ot

Nikšić

Klobuk

t

os am

Belgrade na Du Passarowitz

Santa Maura a S av

na

rin

s

Sperchei

in

to

ér

Vonitsa

Zimony

ri

K

Su

Lugos

eio Pin

Arta Gulf of Arta

H e r z e g o ov i n a ma

es

Prevesa

m

ra

a

Te

v

s aro

Gulf of Volos

M o r a v

D

a

Ta

m

Titel

K o l u b a ra

S

D r in Ceh

M e l u n a Pa s s

e mp

Ithaca

I s l Li

n

is

Gallipoli

Gulf of Saros

Samothrace

Kasandra

Pinios ( S a l a mDéva vrias)

y a ll e

f Ismid Gulf o

Marmara

Holy Gulf of Mount Athos the üküllő Hagion a g y K Oros

Gulf of Gyulafehérvár

Saloniki

B éga

e

T

Szabács

Srebrenica

Gulf of

Karánsebes

Te

S e a

Sarajevo

sa

a

rit

Karlóca

t

I o n i a n

N esto

ist

Parga Pétervárad Paxos D a n ube

I o n i a n

i

s

s

su

a

o

Bo

- Körö

Bender

M a r m o r a

o f

S e a

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

l

r

Joanina

Becskerek

na

de

Ca

va

(Kerkyra) Bács

s

Temesvár

B

Becse Goumenitza

rfu

Sa

na B os

Co

Corfu

Eszék

t e s i o

r

a

P h t ilia

Thessaloniki

T h e s s Lippa a l y

i

áv

Military Bor Brod

n

Butrinto

Zombor

A

Maro

p

Bodrog

Tisza

Dr I

Feh o

km

Arad

ros

s

Büyü k Çekm ece Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Kolozsvár

Csanád

E

Mohács

N

Ma

n

W

Bay of Va l o n a

Pécs

B

t e -Kör ö

Maros

Jenő

Greece and the islands from 1683 to 1815 Szeged

Siklós

O

L a k ek e O s tFr eo v o

ti

mo

a

pos

o a nt Otr

Otranto Szigetvár

V

ni

l

Lake Tachino

u

res)

m

Ka

of

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

A

Kö

Se

Lake Prespa

rös

Kalocsa

Saseno

Szászvár

arda A x i o s (V

it ra St pulia

Sebes -Körös

Ochrid

Knossos

Spinalonga f y o llo B ar a b e Mi

Cape Sideros

Nicosia

Kasos

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

E

A

N

S

f 1751-1774 98

E A

Limassol

Famagusta

Larnaca

ic er M

C.

Sus

Va

l

e s Bra

St.George

a

j

u

r

b

o

m

Me

and e r

M en d e r e s

Black

S e a

Gulf of Kos

Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

i

Rhodes

Kastellorizo

N

Tu n d

Lüle-Burgas Spinalonga

S

Cape E rge Sideros

s

E v ro o

f y o ll B ar a b e Mi

Knossos

Dedeağaç

E A

Thasos

Midiia

ne

C y p r u s

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

f Ismid Gulf o

Limassol

Gallipoli

Gulf of Saros

¸

Bursa

C.

Al

ia

sa

Te m

M e l u n a Pa s s

pe

v a ll

l

S u

r

rfu

eios

na

Parga

Gulf of Volos

Arta

Vonitsa

o

Gulf of

op

rna

Aspr

Aka

I o n i a n Santa Maura

Gravia

Agrinion

A e t o l i a

nia

S e a

Naupaktos Rrhion

Ca

Livadia

Euboea na

l

Eur

ip

Tripolitza

r

Kranidi

Myconos

Patmos

Rinia

Delos Serifos

o

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Sifnos

Bodrum Amorgos

Kalymnos Kos

Koroni

Monemvasia

Maina

Melos

Gulf of Adalia

Rhodes

M

Santorini Anafi

Cerigo

Kastellorizo

E

D

of

S e a

I

T

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

Gulf of Chania

Scarpanto

Suda

Sphakiotes Sphakia

N

C r e t e

Suda Bay

Chania

A

Folegandros

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cape Malia

Cerigotto

R

Ios

Sikinos

Gulf of Laconia

Cape Matapan

R

Siros

Kithnos

ta s

Messenia

E

Ikaria

Tenos

Hydra

Spetsai

Misthra

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

hi

Gulf of Nauplia

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea

Cape Sounion

Bu

ds

Me

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Astra

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Manisa

Bay of Cesme

Aegina

Argos

Eur

iz

os

Salamis Saronic Gulf

Lala

Kalamata

Ged

Smyrna

Athens

Korinthos

( Pe l o ponn e s os )

Gulf of Smyrna

Chios

Gulf of Corinth

Kalavryta

ios

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Thebes

M o r e a Al p h e

S e a

Skyros

al

Castel Tornese Pine i o s

Zante

Vostitsa

ti

A N A T O L I A

Lesbos

Chalkis

Boeotia

Patras

Ach ai a

a n d s

an

E Bergama

an

Pa tr as G ul f of

al

R

Gulf of Edremid

C

Cephalonia

At

Salona (Amphissa)

Mesolonghi

Ithaca

Lamia Boudonitza

Tenedos

Besika Bay

Northern

Sporades

Lamia

o

ta

Sperchei

mos

I

A e g e a n

Skiathos Skopelos

Prevesa

s

I o n i a n

P

Volos

l

Paxos

M

s

Ca

Pin

Souli

Lemnos

E

Larissa

Trikala

o

Co

Goumenitza

Joanina

Troy

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

ik

Çanakkale

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

i

P h t ilia

Gulf of

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Sus

rit

n

ist

t e s i o

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Larnaca

Mnts. d o sStefano T r o öSan

ˇ ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Rodosto

W

k

p Butrinto

mo

T h e s s a l y

E

o a nt Otr

Tepeleni

Famagusta

Constantinople

Enos

Samothrace

osporus B Nicosia

Kasos

ic

Gaudos

Scarpanto

Kirklareli

Adrianople

sa

er

Bre

rg

ga

Cretan State

Gulf of Orphani

Veria

a

M

aR

Crn

Rhetymno

Kavalla

A

Thessaloniki

an u

Stampalia

N

s

N u E

D u n a rea

t Lake Tachino

eo

D

Aspr

op

Çerna

Te m

o

Ol

av

l

S u

a i

n

a

Pruth

n

ia

Al

a sz Ti ina

b

Sphakia

l

Seres

i

it

(Heraklion)

N esto

l

S re

n

A

g

t s .

Rhetymno

Cretan State

(Heraklion) •••

Dr

N

b l A

na Du

M o r aca

Kalymnos

n d zˇ a

r Arda

•••

sta

A

Suda

n

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

Bodrum

ar

M

Sulina

Varna

Santorini Stara Zagora

a

Suda Bay

Chania

Tulcea

Constantsa

Tr a i

Küçük Kaynarca

Silistria

Gulf of Mendela

M

Me

a

Lake Doiran

s)

a

B

i

Gulf of Chania

Sphakiotes

mo

Rn

V a l l um

t r aNaxos

A C r e t e

o

e

Bran c h

h

a

Mo f

S e a

lia

nc

a

v

sk

th

tje

re

t

al

Ol

an

Su

Dn

Se

na

a

s

C

Marits

d

ma

p

o

Lake Ostrovo

Korça

Delvino

I s l

Folegandros

Ki

nube

Patmos Shumla

Tu

Melos

ra ia n u m mT

Ikaria

s a i n u nIos t Sliven M o Sikinos

l k a n

O

o

e

Monastir

Leskovic

(Kerkyra)

S tru

c

a

Florina

Argyrocastro

Corfu

Jan

Hirsova

iz

Samos

Pazardžik

h

a

Rd

be

Amorgos

a

Ged

Turtucaia

Myconos

Paros

Lovča

r

Dniester Liman

Akkerman

Baba Dagh

Smyrna

Rustchuk

Sistova Siros Rinia

Da

Măcin

Călărași

Giurgiu

lu

Ismail

Brăila

Gulf of Smyrna

a

Bucharest

Zimnica Tenos u n D

Nikopolis

r

Kilia

Galati

Delos

Kissamos Bay Gramvousa

Lake Prespa

ti

mits

Bay of Cesme

Serifos

R

M

Se

m

of

Bay of Va l o n a

a

ardare A x i o s (V

Ochrid

Ochrid

ni

Jalo

de

Kithnos

Iske

A

I

Turnu Magurele Kea

te

¸

A N A T O L I A

Danu

Hydra

Cerigotto

ar

E ek

Valona

g 1774-1783

ic aln

T

rd

Lin Lake Berat

Saseno

r

Va

T

it ra St Otranto Bourbon

g

I

Elbasan

KINGDOM of

T

Skopje

Prilep

m bi

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Du

E

na

Lesbos

Andros

ea nar

Focsani

u

Chios Ar dz e

Plevna

Kranidi

ta s

O

Tirana

Sh k u

Ve

Gulf of Petalia

Cerigo n

Dardanelles

Isacea za

Anafi

D

Alessio

Durazzo

Gulf of Laconia

Bu

os

or Gulf of Aegina

Monemvasia Sofia

Pristina

ik i g˘i r l

Birlad

Gulf of Edremid

H

C

A

L

A

Eur Craiova ip

B

Koroni

Debar

Sea

pulia

va

ri

in

in Bla c k D r

in

Bo

Dr

dr i a t i c

jana

Chalkis

Bu

ra

Dr

Scutari

Medua

il

Salamis Saronic Gulf

o

Maina

Antivari Dulcigno

Eur

Messenia

E

Bay of Spizza

Misthra

Mo

Upper Pulati

Lake Scutari

Zs

Athens

hi

n)

Brda

Paštrovići

l

Drăgășani (N e g r o p o n t e)

Spetsai

je

Budua

C

ds

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Po l

o ttar i Ca he d ro a tt a

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

na

Rim

S e a

Skyros

i l l ko

R

Besika Bay

Tirgoviste

Euboea

Nauplia

Niš

ka

Žabljak

e s t r i cs ca

Whi t e D

Bocc

Bi

Spuž

Ca

I

Brassó

M

Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi)

a

PećP

ti

W

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

m

an

Aegina

a

P

M

Tenedos

Northern

Vidin

Deligrad ( Pe l o ponn e s os ) Al p h e ios zn a (B

To p l i c a

vo

Z

Cetinje

Li

al

M o r e a

garia

Bijelo Polje

Ta r a

MONTENEGRO et

i

Ju

Pljevlja

r n i ca

a

Cavtat

b

Kruševac

At

Korinthos

Paraćin

Novi Pazar

Nikšić

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as

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ld

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i a n t h pa r C a St.George

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mos Sr

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üküllő

s

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ava

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l

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ov

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rc

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ag

t

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r

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ot

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Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) Bo

eo

CRIMEAN

ul

Ceh

Medgyes

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padna

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Branch

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OF THE

J e d i s a n

Dniester Liman

Kilia

K

M OMo L

Beszterce

a

m Uva

a

iza ya

je

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a ili

KHANATE

r

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h

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eb

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l

st

et

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r

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Balta

ie

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a

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nc

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niestr D(Dubrovnik)

is

Versec

Belgrade na Du

Za

a r W S INL E S nI Atar a a 1699-1703 R O r e k Klek s C I H e r z e g o ov i n a Curzola ma Tr r n i ca eb N isn B Lagosta A jic Nikšić a l a I Klobuk Su Melida to k rin E M s a OF THE B OaC HOn MRAGUSA N MM OORM A VW oI AEu A nL Tt Ha i OnF Lesina

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ea

s

t

Dunai

Zimony

Giurgiu

va

i

Vrgorac

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Turnu Magurele

aN er r e t

a

Mezősomlyó

K o l u b a ra be Danu

e

Srebrenica

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Tr

dz

na

de

Duare

Brazza Makarska

n

Brăila

Te

Titel

Jalo mits a Szabács a S av

ri

t

C et

Spalato Salona n a Almissa

n

Karlóca

D

Ol

Ve

s

Du

Republic of Poglizza

a

s

h rut

Maros

u d B zo r d ehr a k

Temesvár Lugos B éga e Csák Ismail

M o r a v

Ar

ba

Sinj

Klis

u

I

n s am o

a

H

C

Sarajevo

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za

Mitrovica

va

a

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sB

Lippa

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t

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na

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nL

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a

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s

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i

o

s

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na

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b

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Vrlika

A

u

B

Zvonigrad Knin

ba

Maro

Becskerek

D a n ube

Military

es

Eszék

Sa

Vr

i

d

COSSACKS

Dn jes ter

s

TATARS

Feh Világos K örös Solymos

Arad

Maros

Nagylak

m

Rim

Becse

Bosanska Gradiška

Krupa

Tisza-

e

Hotin

Sir

T

Novi

rau

tr

B o r di lel rk o

S

av

New Novi

urnu Severin Rmanj

a

MA il

M

Zombor

Dr áv a Brassó

I

Jase nov ac

Bosnian Dubica

Kostajnica

o

r

N

Bodrog

ros

Csanád

Tisza

O

Ma

v

V

th

A

re

L

e

t e -Kör ö

ke

Se

Fogaras

Military

Bács MPožegao u n it a n t a a ir y n s Pedalj h i a Gradiška Kobaš t Bo a Brod rde Cazin r Sapna Blagaj Bo r su C a s G

a

et

S

Fe

Szeged

Magyarkanizsa

Maros

Siklós Alt Baranyavár

va-Danub e

Szeben Sa

Ustilonja

TiszaSzabadka

s

na Hrastovica a B a n u s’ lin

Al u ta

Baja

Mohács

s

n

o

x

a

Sisak

Gora

h

a

S

Petrinja

vic

Verőce

Generalate Szászszebes

Pécs

y

Gyulafehérvár Wa ra žd i n

Ao s ar

k ü llő y K ü Szigetvár ag NBabócsa Segesvár

Medgyes

B

l

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

mos

Jenő

l

Berzence

I

ov

Szekszárd

a

Tisza

Nagyvárad

s

Kap o s

Csurgó

n

Szászvár

e

aros

Sza

k

Kaposvár Segesd Marosvásárhely

i

OF THE

ellék

I

Gyula

Kalocsa

l

Dn

Körös S e b e s -Bender

s K örö

o

P

KHANATE

Nagykálló

CRIMEAN

V

pos

M

Kőrös

M

rm

d

Iuzh

Tiszabecs

Ka

Dráva

Varasd

Tisza

J

A

Szolnok

r

i

e

Csáktornya Kanizsa

C r o a t i a Déva

Se

utu

o

(A N D L I T H U A N I A)

Kamieniec Podolsk

Huszt

Debrecen

a

Ba

Maros

z

e Lak

n la to

T r a n s Kiskomárom y l v a n i aSimontornya

C i v i l nexae Zagreb

M Csepel o Isl. ld

Tihany

Jászberény

Pr

Dolha

S o u t h e r n Bug

Latorca

HAJDÚ ´ VAROSOK

D

t

Beszterce Egervár

Egerszeg Kapornak Pölöske

Kolozsvár

ur

n

Veszprém

Vasvár os am

Ónod

Gyöngyös

Hatvan

Pest

Csákvár Buda Csókakő Fehérvár Palota

S

M

L

og

D Tokaj ni es tr

ut

Pápa

u

Körmend Szentgotthárd

O

s

Eger Pr

e pc Ré

a

Nógrád

Buják

dr

Miskolc

s

Somoskő Salgó

Hollókő

o

Ráb

Gyarmat Szécsény

M

Bo

Ajnácskő

P

COSSACKS

N is

M

Győr

Szentmárton

Saxon

Ikervár

nexae

Ság

Drégely

Sárospatak

Sajó

e

Si re Szanda Párkány t Vác Duna Esztergom Visegrád Tata Rákos r i v e r Gesztes

e Komárom

B ug

Munkács

Fülek

P O L A N D

r

a

n

D

ub

B Kékkő th

Pru

Bug

ZAPOROZHIAN

er Divény D n j e s t

Hotin

l

a

Ikv a

Kőszeg Szombathely

Marburg

an

Iuzh

Kassa

i

Annexae

Ra a b

L I T H U A N I A)

n ra Podo lski KamiGeniec

a

Komját Érsekújvár

Csall óköz

Lake T i sFzear t ő

Sopron

mos

i

Nyitra

u

hPozsony

Leit h a

Wiener Neustadt

Sza

Vá

h Ma

rva

nau

ul

ut Nagyszombat Pr

Mo

Do

l

o

d

OF

Dni e s t r

ie

t

Partes

Huszt

o

P

rc

(yA N D

r

C O M M O N W E A L T H Eperjes

Szepesvár

Lőcse

ny

a

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

ie

p

Vienna

kács

Trencsén

P O L A N D

a

ya

je

ower-

str

Bug

ny

r

Dnie

a

a

Dy

Th

C

Bártfa Késmárk

OV aFh

n

THE

Sa

OF

N I A M E B O H C O MM OMR AOV N I A W E A L T H

tra

KosVarna

Black

a

n s Anafi t a i M o u n Santorini

n d zˇ a

S e a

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Tu

Gulf of Kos

Rhodes

Kastellorizo

i

Gulf of Burgas

P O L A N D

P G a l i c i a

a

Pruth

l Va

t

Ol

j u r

o

D

Çerna

j

ga

S e a

o f

Marmara

Bender

Gallipoli

C.

Black Koroni

Mo

ra

va

a

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

Sus

te

r

Rim

Bu

or Gulf of Aegina

Ve

Kea

Kranidi

Hydra

Du

nar

Russian fleet

o

ea

Monemvasia r Iske

M a i n aRhodes Laconia

Cerigo Sofia

B

Pruth

u

Ar

de

dz

Siros

a

Serifos

Paros

D

Polyaigos

Melos

Sikinos

Folegandros

Jan

Ios

l

rg

e s Bra

St.George

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rc

Sza

Va h

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

y r

LOo

Bug

Ti

ya

je

OF

n

Th

Dy

Bártfa

VWI E A A L T H

Dni e s t r

&

Sa

C A MMNOOR NA B O H E MC OI M

M

SILESIA

W N R O

av

Budzhak from 1683 to 1815

KosVarna

tra

Black

a

n s t a i Anafi M o u n Santorini

n d zˇ a

S e a

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Tu

Gulf of Kos

Rhodes

Kastellorizo

i

Gulf of Burgas

Budzhak from 1683 to 1815 d

o

m

Bug

e

Dni e s t r

r

P Pr

utu

o

o

l

i

a

B

l

e

Hotin

s

P

Kreitz Sir

Bukovina

U S S I A B ug

S o u t h e r n Bug

s

h rut

Balta

a

Dn

et

ie

st

r

Tisza

Iuzh

R

Dn jes ter

Tsjernivtsi

Huszt

J e d i s a n

tru

ut

Suceava

r

Nis

a

Botosani

mos

Pr

Sza

d

Kamieniec Podolsk

ie

a

ny

i

h

b

Baia

DS

A

er

ov

a

V

I

Iaşi

A

et

Sz

L

o

i

M

ld

M O

s am o

Bender

a

Beszterce Maros

Roman

Dn

Kolozsvár

is

Bacau

te

Odessa

r Dniester Liman

Se

Akkerman

re Birlad

üküllő

B u d z h a k

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

u

A

t

Ol

Sulina

Sulina

Branch

S t. G

eo

rg

e s Bra

St.George

Hirsova

Slobozia

dz

t

Danu

de

Giurgiu Turnu Magurele

V a l l um

Tr a i

Küçük Kaynarca

Silistria

Turtucaia

an u

m

av

D

Rustchuk Zimnica

Nikopolis

be

Constantsa

r

Călărași

e

o

Ol

Ve

ea

Tulcea

Obilesti

idin

nar

nube

Baba Dagh

a

Bucharest Ar

Du

mits

Ki

Bran c h lia

j

Jalo

Da

Măcin

Isacea za

I

H

Craiova

idin

Ismail

a

Bu

C

A

L

L

A

il

ra ia n u m mT

h

Zs

W

lu

nc

Drăgășani

Galati

na

Brăila

Tirgoviste

urnu Severin

Focsani

Kilia

Brassó

Szeben

i a n t h pa r C a Tirgu-Jiu

i l l ko

v

Aluta

l

M

Va

Alt

b

a Déva M

u

ros

D u n a rea

N

a

Pruth

th

Gyulafehérvár

K gy

n Du

Sistova Shumla

Plevna

Varna

Iske

B

Jan

i 1796-1815

r

a

Lovča

Black

tra

a

n s t a i Sliven M o u n

l k a n

Tu

Sofia

n d zˇ a

o

S tru

h

ga

M

d

ma

S re

mo

n

Lake Tachino

Lüle-Burgas

g

Thessaloniki

Bosporus

s

Ev ro

Kavalla

M

S e a

f Ismid Gulf o

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

Gallipoli

Gulf of Saros

¸

Bursa

C.

Samothrace

ˇ ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Rodosto

Enos

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Constantinople San Stefano

s

u

Midiia

E rgene

N esto

l

Seres

i

Kirklareli

Adrianople

sa

ic

a

Lake Doiran

Arda

er

sta

i

t s .

it

ar

Me

Holy Mount Athos

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

ik

Çanakkale

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

i g˘i r l

Dardanelles

Imbros

Sus

n

n

N

M

a

e M

r

A

o

p

a

Tu n d

O

R

T

Marits

Gulf of Burgas Burgas

i

Stara Zagora

Pazardžik

S e a

Troy Lemnos

(Salamvrias)

E

(Kithera)

M

P

Skiathos

al

an

ti

Ca

l

Bergama

(N e g r o p o n t e)

Thebes

Eur

Gulf of Smyrna

Psara

Ged

iz

Manisa

Smyrna

Chalkis Livadia

A N A T O L I A

S e a

Skyros

Euboea na

E

Lesbos

Sporades At

R

Gulf of Edremid

Northern

Skopelos

Lamia Boudonitza

Tenedos

Besika Bay

A e g e a n

Volos Gul f o f Vo lo s

I

Chios ip

os

C an

al

Bay of Cesme

Athens

Korinthos

Salamis Saronic Gulf

hi

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Aegina

or Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Cape Sounion

Kranidi

Spetsai

Ikaria

Tenos Siros

Myconos

Patmos

Rinia

Delos

Hydra Serifos

Gulf of Mendela

Naxos

Paros

Sifnos

Bodrum Amorgos

Kalymnos Kos

Monemvasia

Sikinos

Melos Cape Malia

Cerigo

Folegandros

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Kea

Kithnos

Gulf of Nauplia

Me

Ios

Stampalia

Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Rhodes

Santorini Anafi

(Acre)

103

Kastellorizo

Index Symbolen Đorđe Petrović (Kara (Black) George) 4, 10, 69 ʿAbdülhamīd I 12 ʿAbdülmecīd I 12

A Acquisto Nuovo 7 Admiral Meḥmed Pasha 8 Adriatic Campaign 11 Adriatic Sea 3, 80 Aegina 7, 35 Aḥmed III 12 Akkerman 9, 10, 45, 54, 71 Albania 4 Alexander I 12 Alliance, Holy 7 Anatolia 4 Anatolian 4 Ancona 64 Anconine Republic 64 Anna 12 Antivari 7 Arkhipelago 9, 46 Arsenije Čarnejović 3 Arta 7, 8, 37 Aspern 11, 77 Augustus III 4 Austerlitz 10 Austria 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 62, 85, 86 Austrian 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 36, 37, 40, 50, 53 Austrian Military Borders 14 Austrians 7, 8, 9, 29, 36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 53, 54 Austro-Ottoman 7 Austro-Turkish War 3, 8, 36, 58 Azov (Azak) 4, 8, 9, 32, 41

B Balkan 4 Banat 7, 8, 9, 36 Bánát 17 Banate 3 Banate of Temesvár 3 Banja Luka 9, 40 Bánus 16 Bánus’ Border 17 Battle of Aspern 11, 77 Battle of Austerlitz 10 Battle of Banja Luka 9, 40 Battle of Batin 11, 81 Battle of Çeşme 9 Battle of Grocka 9 Battle of Ivankovc 10, 70 Battle of Kagul 9, 45 Battle of Karánsebes 9 Battle of Koroncó 7 Battle of Kozludzha 9 Battle of Krusi 62 Battle of Larga 9, 45 Battle of Nagyszombat 28 Battle of Obilesti 11, 72 Battle of Szentgotthárd 8, 29 Battle of Trencsén 8, 30 Battle of Wagram 11, 76, 77 Battles of Dolha 28 Becse 7 Becskerek 7 Belgrade 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 37, 40, 50, 52, 54, 69, 73, 76, 85 Belgrade, Pashalik of 4

Bender 8, 9, 10, 45, 54, 71 Bessarabia 4, 11, 14, 84 Birsa Palanka 11, 76, 82 Black Sea 4, 8, 10, 13 Bocche di Cattaro 7, 11, 15, 86 Bohemia 17 Bohemian Crown 18 Bosnia 7, 8, 9, 13, 15 Bosnian Dubica 50, 54 Bosporus 10 Bosut 7 Brăila 9, 45 Brezán 28 British 10, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79 Bucharest 9, 10, 11, 71, 72, 83, 84, 85 Budua (Budva) 7 Budzhak 9, 54, 55 Bukovina 9, 15, 18, 48 Bulgaria 10, 65 Bushati family 4 Butrint 7, 8, 10, 13, 35, 37, 67 Byzantine Empire 4

C Calvinism 3 Carinthia 17 Carniola 17 Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) 7 Catherine I 12 Catherine II 12 Catherine the Great 4 Caucasian 4 Caucasus 4, 8 Cephalonia 10, 63, 66, 77 Cerigo 10, 35, 66, 77 Cetina River 8, 32 Charles VI 12 Charles XII 8, 32 Christians 7, 9 Cisalpine Republic 10, 62 Civil Croatia 11, 76 Cloşca 3 Coburg 9 Constantine I 12 Constantinople 10 Corfu 7, 8, 10, 34, 35, 63, 66, 75 Corinth 8 Cossacks 8, 32 Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov 9 Count Friedrich van Seckendorff 8 Count Joseph O’Rourke 11, 82 Craoiva 9 Crete 4, 7, 8, 34, 35 Crimea 8, 9, 10, 58 Crimean Khanate 4 Crimean Tatar 45 Crişan 3 Croatia 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 76 Croatian 14 Csanad 7 Ćuprija 10, 70 Cyprus 4

D Dalmatia 7, 10, 11, 15, 62 Dalmatian coast 8, 10, 11, 24, 32, 62, 86 Dāmād ʿAlī Pasha 8 Danube 7, 8, 9, 11, 28, 36, 40, 77, 83 Danubian 7, 10, 73 Dardanelles 10, 73

105

Debrecen 3 de facto 7 Deligrad 11, 72, 82 Dimetoka 8 Dnieper River 9, 41, 44 Dobruja 14 Dolha (Dowhe) 7, 28 Duare 7 Dubica 7, 50, 54 Dubrovnik 10, 11, 86 Dulcigno (Ulcinj) 7 Duma 4

E Egypt 4, 10, 65 Einrichtungswerk 3 Elizabeth 12 E. Mount Athos 7 English 4 Eperjes (Prešov) 3 Epiros 59 Europe 3, 8, 9, 13, 15

F Ferdinand I 12 Ferdinand l 17 Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich 8 Fiume 16 Focsani 9, 53 France 4, 9, 10, 11, 62, 70, 86 Francis I 12 Francis II 3, 10, 12 Francis II Rákóczi 3 French 3, 4, 10, 11, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 86 French Republic 15 Fürst von Siebenbürgen 16

G Gabela 7, 8, 32 Galicia 18 Georgia 9 German 3 German Empire 18 Giurgiu 11, 81 Görz & Gradiška 17 Gradiska 18 Grand Embassy 4 Grand Vizier Amcazade Köprülü Huseyin Pasha 3 Grand Vizier Dāmād ʿAlī Pasha 8 Grand Vizier Laz ʿAzīz Aḥmed Pasha 11, 83 Graz 16, 17 Great Britain 9, 10 Great Northern War 3, 4 Great Turkish War 3 Greek 4 Gubernium 3 Gulf of Arta 7 Győr 3

H Habsburg 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 28, 48, 52, 58, 62, 77 Habsburg Empire 4 Hafiz Pasha 10, 70 Hajdúváosok 7 Hekimoğlu ʿAlī Pasha 9 Herzeg novi 8 Hofkammer 17

Hofkriegsrat 17 Holy Roman Empire 14 Hotin 9, 10, 41, 44, 55, 58, 71 Hungarian 7, 14, 28, 29 Hungarians 7, 28, 29 Hungary 3, 7, 8, 11, 16, 26, 85 Hydra 9, 46

I Iaşi 9, 10, 41, 44, 53, 58, 71 Illyrian Provinces 11, 80, 86 Imoski 8 Inner-Austrian 16 Ioanina 10, 59 Ionian Islands 7, 10, 78 Iran 8 Ismail 9, 10, 45, 54, 71 Istanbul 8, 9, 10, 11, 73, 81 Isthmus 8 Istria 10, 17, 62 Italy 10, 62 Ivan Stepanovič Mazepa 8, 32 Ivan VI 12

J Jacobins 3 Jacques Lauriston, General 10 Janissaries 4 János Bottyán 7 Joseph I 12 Joseph II 3, 9, 12

K Kagul 9, 45 Kara Black George (Đorđe Petrović) 10, 11, 73, 82, 85 Kara Mahmud Pasha Bushati 4 Karánsebes 7, 9 Karlóca 7, 20, 24 Karlovac Generalate 17 Karlowitz 7, 8, 13, 20 Karlstad 8 Khanate of the Crimea 14 Khan of the Crimean Tatars 9 Khurshid Pasha 11 Kilia 9, 10, 45, 54, 71 Kingdom of Hungary 4 King of Albania 4 King to Poland 16 Kladovo 11, 76, 82 Klek (Neum) 7 Knin 7, 8, 32 Koroncó 7 Kőszeg 3, 7, 29 Krbava 17 Krupa 8, 36 Krusi 62 Küçük Kaynarca 9 Kuruc movement 7 Kutuzov 11, 83

L Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan 16 Larga 9 Leopold II 3, 9, 12 Leopoldinum 3 Leopold VI 12 Lika 17 Linea Grimani 7, 15, 24 Linea Nani 15 Lipót Kollonitsch, cardinal 3 Lippa 7 Lodomeria 18 Lovča 11, 81

Lower Danube 3 Lugos 7 Lutheranism 3

M Macedonia 10 Magyar 16 Magyarkanizsa 7 Maḥmūd I 9, 12 Maḥmūd II 12 Makarska 15 Maria Theresa 3, 12 Maros 7 Maximilian 17 Mehadia 9 Meḥmed Pasha Ćelić 8 Meḥmed Rāg̲ h̲ib Pas̲h̲a 9 Metković 8, 32 Michael I Apafi 3 Michael II Apafi 3 Moldavia 9, 10, 11, 14, 41, 44, 48, 70, 71, 84 Montenegrans 50 Montenegrin 10, 11, 86 Montenegro 4, 7, 9, 32, 62, 67 Moravia 7, 17 Morean War 8 Morea (Peloponnese) 7, 8, 34 Moscow 11 Munkács 8 Muṣṭafā II 12 Muṣṭafā III 12 Muṣṭafā IV 11, 12 Mykonos 9, 46

N Nagykálló 7, 28 Nagyszombat (Trnava) 3, 7, 28 Napoleon 4, 10, 11, 13, 65, 76, 77 Napoleonic era 15 Napoleonic Era 18 Napoleonic Wars 3 Negotin 11, 82 Nemirov 9 Neoacquistica Commissio 3 Nicholas I 12 Nikšić 50 Niš 8, 9, 40, 41 Nizam-i Djedid 4 Nogay 14 Novi 7, 10, 50, 54, 70

O Obilesti 11, 72 Ochakov 9, 54 Oltenia 15 Orloff Insurrection 9, 46 Orsova 10, 58 Orthodox Romanians 3 Osman III 12 Osman Paswanoğlu 4, 10, 65 Ottoman 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 32, 35, 41, 44, 45, 50, 53, 54, 55, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 Ottoman Empire 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 55, 65, 68, 84 Ottomans 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 50, 53, 54, 58, 68, 73, 74, 82, 83 Ottoman sanjaks 14 Ottoman suzerainty 15

P Papal State 64 Parga 7, 10, 66, 67, 68 Pashalik of Belgrade 4, 10, 11, 69, 76

106

Passarowitz 15 Paswanoğlu 4, 10, 65 Paul I 12 Peć, Patriarch of 3 Peloponnese 4, 35 Persia 3, 4 Peter II 12 Peter III 12 Peter Lacy, General 8 Peter the Great 4 Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) 8, 36 Podolia 7 Poland 4, 7, 8, 30 Polish Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski 50 Poltova 8, 32 Pragmatica Sanctio 3 Prevesa 7, 8, 10, 35, 37, 66, 67 Prince Eggenberg 18 Prince Eugene 8, 36, 37 Prince Eugene of Savoy 8, 36 Prince Josip Friedrich Sachsen-Hildburghausen 9 Prince Mikhail Kutuzov 11, 83 Prince of Coburg 9 Prince of Transylvania 3 Principality of Transylva 3 Proclamation of Brezán 28 Prussia 9, 10 Prussians 9 Pruth River 8, 32

R Ragusa (Dubrovnik) 7, 10 Rákóczi 7, 8, 15, 28, 30 Rákóczi II Francis 7, 28 Rákóczi’s War of Independence 3, 7, 8, 28, 30 Revolt of Horea 3 Risano 7 Roman Catholic Church 3 Roman Republic 64 Royal Hungary 16 Russia 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 32, 41, 53, 58, 73, 84 Russian 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 32, 41, 44, 46, 53, 58, 66, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 81, 82, 83 Russian Empire 4 Russians 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 41, 44, 45, 53, 54, 55, 58, 68, 70, 72, 74, 81, 83, 84 Rustchuk 11, 81, 83

S Sabor 16, 17 Safavid Empire 8 Santa Maura (Levkas) 7, 8, 10, 35, 37, 63, 66, 79 Sava 7, 8, 36 Sava-Danube 17 Savoy 8, 36 Saxon 16 Saxons 3 Sea of Marmara 10 Selīm III 4, 10, 11, 12, 65, 70, 72, 73 Septinsular Republic 10, 68 Serasker Kara Muṣṭafā Pasha 8 Serbia 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 65, 73, 82, 84, 85 Serbian 3, 4, 10, 11, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 82, 84, 85 Serbian Uprising 10, 11, 69, 76, 82, 85 Seven Years’ War 3 Shumla 11, 81, 82, 83 Sick Man of Europe 3 Signoria 7 Silesia 17 Silistria 11, 81 Sinj 7, 8, 32 Sistova (Zistowa) 9, 54, 55, 58 Slavonia 16 Slunj 17

Smolenice 7 Souli 10, 59, 66 Southern Albania 4 Spinalonga 7, 34 Styria 17 Suda 7, 34 Süleymān 15 Sultan Maḥmūd II 11 Sultan Muṣṭafā III 9 Sultan Osman III 9 Sultan Selīm III 4, 10, 11, 65, 70, 72, 73 Sutorina 7, 8 Sweden 10 Swedes 8 Swedish 4 Swedish king 8, 32 Syria 4 Syrmium 7 Szabács 50, 52, 54 Székely 16 Székelysz 3 Szentgotthárd (Saint Gotthard) 8, 29

V

T

Y

Tatar 8, 9, 32, 53 Tatar Khans 8, 32 Tatar nomad tribes 14 Temesvár 7, 8, 9, 17, 36 Tenedos 10, 74 Tenos 7, 8, 35 Tepedelenli Ali Pasha 4 Tepedelenli ʿAlī Pasha 10, 59, 66, 67, 68 Thessaly 10 Thököly’s principality 15 Tilsit 10, 74 Tiszabecs 7, 28 Tisza-Maros 17 Tisza River (R. Tisa, G. Theiss) 7, 17 Toulon 10 Trajan 14 Transylvania 3, 7, 8, 16 Transylvanian Court Chancellery 3 Treaty of Adrianople 8 Treaty of Amiens 10 Treaty of Belgrade 3, 9 Treaty of Bucharest 11, 83, 84, 85 Treaty of Campo Formio 10, 62, 63, 64 Treaty of Iaşi 10, 58 Treaty of Karlóca 7, 24 Treaty of Karlowitz 3, 7, 8, 13 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 4, 9 Treaty of Niš 9, 41 Treaty of Passarowitz (Požarevac) 3, 7, 8, 9, 37, 38 Treaty of Saint Petersburg 8 Treaty of Sistova 9, 54, 55, 58 Treaty of Szatmár 3 Treaty of the Dardanelles 10 Treaty of the Pruth 8, 32 Treaty of Tilsit 10, 74 Trencsén 8, 30 Trieste 17 Tsar Alexander I 10 Tsarina Catherine of Russia 9 Tsar Peter the Great 8 Turkish 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 35, 36, 58, 66, 72 Turks 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 32, 41, 44, 84, 85 Turnu Magurele 11, 81 Tyrol 17

Yedisan 9, 10, 54, 58

Valjevo 8, 40 Varna 11, 81 Veliko Brdo 7 Venetian 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 24, 34, 35, 62, 63 Venice 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 37, 62 Vidin 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 40, 65, 82 Vienna 3, 11, 16, 17, 77 Vonitsa 8, 10, 35, 37, 67 Vorarlberg 17 Vorderösterreich 17 Vrgorac 7 Vrlika 7

W Wallachia 9, 10, 11, 14, 65, 70, 71, 84 Warazdin Generalate 17 War of the Holy League 4 War of the Polish Succession 4 War of the Spanish Succession 3, 7 Western 4

Z Žabljak 50 Zante 7, 10, 63, 66, 77 Zara 11, 86 Zumberak 17 Zupa 7

U Ukrainian 9 Una 7 Una-Sava-Tisa-Maros line 7 Union of Three Nations 16 Unitarianism 3

107