Anything goes? Postmoderne Medientheorien im Vergleich: Die großen (Medien-)Erzählungen von McLuhan, Baudrillard, Virilio, Kittler und Flusser [1. Aufl.] 9783839424391

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Sonja Yeh Anything goes? Postmoderne Medientheorien im Vergleich

Edition Medienwissenschaft

Für meine Eltern

Sonja Yeh (Dr. phil.) hat am Institut für Kommunikationswissenschaft an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster promoviert. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Medienkultur, Medienphilosophie, Medien- und Kommunikationstheorien.

Sonja Yeh

Anything goes? Postmoderne Medientheorien im Vergleich Die großen (Medien-)Erzählungen von McLuhan, Baudrillard, Virilio, Kittler und Flusser

Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Förderungs- und Beihilfefonds Wissenschaft der VG WORT D6

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2013 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Danksagung | 11 Abbildungsverzeichnis | 13 Tabellenverzeichnis | 15 Einleitung | 17 1.1 Problemstellung, Erkenntnisinteresse und leitende Fragestellung | 19 1.2 Forschungsstand | 27 1.2.1 Postmoderne Medientheorien – Ein umfassender Überblick | 28 1.2.2 Zum Stand des Theorievergleichs | 44 1.3 Aufbau der Untersuchung | 49 1.

Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen | 53 2.1 Setzung und Voraussetzung – Ein Beobachterprinzip | 53 2.2 Postmoderne – Zur Bestimmung eines Begriffs | 58 2.2.1 Jean-François Lyotard und das Ende der Metaerzählungen | 64 2.2.2 Anything goes! Feyerabend oder Feierabend mit der Wissenschaft? | 76 2.2.3 Medientheorie und Postmoderne – Ein unabdingbarer Konnex | 82 2.3 Relative Inkommensurabilität – Zur Möglichkeit des Vergleichs von Disparitäten | 88 2.

Vorgehensweise | 101 3.1 Auswahl der postmodernen Medientheoretiker und ihrer Werke | 101 3.2 Methodik des Theorievergleichs – Vergleichsdimensionen | 111 3.

4. Systematische Rekonstruktion und kritischer Vergleich | 125 A) Inhaltliche Dimension (objekttheoretische Ebene) | 125

4.1 Problemhinsicht Medienwandel – Gegenwartsentwürfe und Zukunftsszenarien | 125 4.1.1 Marshall McLuhan: The medium is the message/massage | 126 4.1.2 Jean Baudrillard: Simulationsthesen | 135 4.1.3 Paul Virilio: Dromologie | 146 4.1.4 Friedrich A. Kittler: Medienarchäologie | 153 4.1.5 Vilém Flusser: Kommunikologie | 162 4.1.6 Resümee der Problemhinsichten und kritischer Vergleich | 172 4.2 Problemlösungen – Subversive Strategien und ethische Forderungen | 188 4.2.1 Marshall McLuhan: Von schwebenden Urteilen und Meeresstrudeln | 188 4.2.2 Jean Baudrillard: Von Straßenprotesten zur Verführung | 190 4.2.3 Paul Virilio: Unfälle, Unterbrechungen und Entschleunigung | 198 4.2.4 Friedrich Kittler: Austreibung des Geistes aus den Geisteswissenschaften | 202 4.2.5 Vilém Flusser: Technoimaginieren | 204 4.2.6 Resümee der Problemlösungen und kritischer Vergleich | 209 B) Strukturelle Dimension (metatheoretische Ebene) | 215

4.3 Begrifflichkeiten und theoretische Voraussetzungen – Medien und Kommunikation | 215 4.3.1 Marshall McLuhan: Medien als Extensionen des Körpers | 215 4.3.2 Jean Baudrillard: Medien als Produzenten von Nicht-Kommunikation | 219 4.3.3 Paul Virilio: Medien als Fahrzeuge und Katalysatoren von Geschwindigkeit | 224 4.3.4 Friedrich Kittler: Medien als Aufschreibesysteme | 227 4.3.5 Vilém Flusser: Medien als Codestrukturen | 231 4.3.6 Resümee der Begrifflichkeiten und kritischer Vergleich | 242 4.4 Abstraktionsgrad und Reflexionstiefe | 250 4.5 Strukturmerkmale | 253 4.5.1 Marshall McLuhans Mosaikmethode | 254 4.5.2 Jean Baudrillards verführerischer Diskurs | 264 4.5.3 Paul Virilios militante Logik | 269 4.5.4 Friedrich Kittlers Technikfachjargon | 276 4.5.5 Vilém Flussers nomadisches Denken | 281 4.5.6 Resümee der Strukturmerkmale und kritischer Vergleich | 287

C) Kontextuelle Dimension (hintergrundtheoretische Ebene) | 295

4.6 Soziale Voraussetzungen – Eine sozial- und theoriegeschichtliche Einordnung | 295 4.6.1 Marshall McLuhan: Von Kunst, Literatur und der Toronto School | 296 4.6.1.1 Marshall McLuhans soziohistorischer Kontext: Die 60er Jahre und die Popkultur | 296 4.6.1.2 Marshall McLuhans theorie- und ideengeschichtlicher Kontext | 299 4.6.2 Jean Baudrillard und das Ende der politischen Utopien | 306 4.6.2.1 Jean Baudrillards soziohistorischer Kontext: Die Maiunruhen 1968 | 306 4.6.2.2 Jean Baudrillards theorie- und ideengeschichtlicher Kontext | 309 4.6.3 Paul Virilio: Von Kirchen, Bunkern, Architektur und Krieg | 323 4.6.3.1 Paul Virilios soziohistorischer Kontext: Kriegserfahrungen | 323 4.6.3.2 Paul Virilios theorie- und ideengeschichtlicher Kontext | 326 4.6.4 Friedrich Kittler: Von Foucault bis zur Informationstheorie | 333 4.6.4.1 Friedrich Kittlers soziohistorischer Kontext: Die apolitischen 1968er und der Kalte Krieg | 333 4.6.4.2 Friedrich Kittlers theorie- und ideengeschichtlicher Kontext | 335 4.6.5 Vilém Flusser: Persönliche und akademische Entwurzelung | 345 4.6.5.1 Vilém Flussers soziohistorischer Kontext: Bodenlosigkeit | 345 4.6.5.2 Vilém Flussers theorie- und ideengeschichtlicher Kontext | 350 4.6.6 Resümee der sozialen Voraussetzungen und kritischer Vergleich | 359 4.6.6.1 Resümee des soziohistorischen Kontextes | 359 4.6.6.2 Resümee des theorie- und ideengeschichtlichen Kontextes | 361 Zusammenfassung der zentralen Ergebnisse | 367 5.1 Postmoderne Medientheorien und die These der relativen Inkommensurabilität | 367 5.1.1 Ergebnismatrix des Theorievergleichs – Eine tabellarische Synopse | 373 5.1.2 Vergleichslogische Ergebnismatrix | 373 5.2 So far – Diskussion und kritische Relektüre der postmodernen Medientheorien | 374 5.2.1 Anything goes! Unsere postmoderne Postmoderne | 374 5.2.2 Die großen Medienerzählungen der Postmoderne | 377 5.2.2.1 Die Metaerzählung des medialen Fortschritts – Marshall McLuhan | 378 5.

5.2.2.2 Die Metaerzählungen des Endes – Jean Baudrillard und Paul Virilio | 379 5.2.2.3 Die Weiterführung der Metaerzählung Materialismus, eine moderne Kippfigur – Friedrich Kittler | 385 5.2.2.4 Das Ende der Metaerzählungen – Vilém Flusser | 389 5.2.2.5 Fazit | 391 5.3 And from now on? – Wissenschaftliche Anschlussfähigkeit | 393 6.

Fazit, Ausblick und Bewertung der eigenen Arbeit | 415

7.

Literaturverzeichnis | 421

„Man darf nicht zögern, Theoretiker zu sein; man muß auf allen Fronten angreifen. Eine Überdosis Theorie erzeugt eine eigenartige Dynamik.“ (HOUELLEBECQ 2001: 45)

„Die Wissenschaft ist eine der vielen Lebensformen, die die Menschen entwickelt haben, und nicht unbedingt die beste. Sie ist laut, frech, teuer und fällt auf.“ (FEYERABEND 92004 [1975]: 385)

  

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16 | A NYTHING GOES? P OSTMODERNE M EDIENTHEORIEN IM V ERGLEICH

Tabelle 28: Tabelle 29: Tabelle 30: Tabelle 31: Tabelle 32: Tabelle 33: Tabelle 34:

Soziale Voraussetzungen Virilio | 332 Kittlers Interpretation von Lacans Psychoanalyse| 341 Soziale Voraussetzungen Kittler | 345 Soziale Voraussetzungen Flusser | 359 Zusammenfassung Soziale Voraussetzungen von Theorien | 366 Ergebnismatrix des Theorievergleichs – Eine tabellarische Synopse | 373 Vergleichslogische Ergebnismatrix | 373



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170 | A NYTHING GOES? P OSTMODERNE M EDIENTHEORIEN IM V ERGLEICH

als Programmierte begreifen. Letztere haben noch nicht gelernt, formal-kalkulatorisch zu denken. Sie sind noch im diskursiv-historischen Denken verhaftet. Auf sozialer Ebene droht daher einerseits das Dominiertsein durch den Code und eine „fascistische [sic!] Gesellschaft“ (Flusser 21989 [1985]: 24), in der die diskursiven Kommunikationsstrukturen vorherrschen, doch andererseits besteht die Möglichkeit, sich selbst zu entwerfen und Freiheit zu entfalten, indem man alternative Welten realisiert und dialogische Kommunikationsstrukturen schafft. Durch die dialogischen Strukturen wird die negativ entropische Tendenz der Informationsspeicherung und -vermehrung gefördert, während die diskursiven Strukturen diesem negativ entropischen Prozess zuwiderlaufen, da die Empfänger der Informationen nicht selbst wieder zu Sendern werden und Informationen somit nicht gespeichert und vermehrt werden können.43 Solche rein diskursiven Kommunikationsstrukturen sind insofern „total und totalitär“ (Flusser 32003 [1996]: 267) und begünstigen eine faschistische Gesellschaft. Der Faschismus, den Flusser befürchtet, ist bei ihm nicht von politischer, sondern vielmehr von technischer Natur. Jedoch kann diese apokalyptische Tendenz verhindert werden, indem der Mensch sich der neuen Codes bedient und die diskursiven Kommunikationsstrukturen in ein dialogisches Netz zu einer Art „kosmischem Gespräch“ (Flusser 21989 [1985]: 68) umwandelt. Mit dem Technocode ist die Möglichkeit gegeben, den diskursiven Strukturen zu erliegen oder aber die durch die Massenmedien implementierten Diskurse in Netzdialoge umzuwandeln: „Siegt die erste Tendenz, dann wird sich unsere Kommunikationssituation zu Totalitarismus und Massifizierung verfestigen. Siegt die zweite, dann ist eine unvorstellbare (und daher unbegreifliche) Öffnung für eine neue Daseinsform gegeben. […] Infolgedessen müssen wir uns, wenn wir uns für eine menschenwürdige Gesellschaft engagieren, mit den neuen Techniken auseinandersetzen.“ (Flusser 32003 [1996]: 229 f.)

Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass Flusser Mediengeschichte als Umbrüche von Codes konstruiert. Diese sind stets mit einer Revolution von Kommunikationsstrukturen verbunden. Die Codes können grundsätzlich als Apriori für gesellschaftliche und kognitive sowie epistemologische Strukturen verstanden werden. Für die Daseinsform des Menschen und die soziale Ausgestaltung der Gesellschaft ist dabei entscheidend, auf welche Weise die Codes genutzt werden, um die Gegenwart und Zukunft zu formen.

43 Die Unterscheidung zwischen Dialog und Diskurs gebraucht Flusser, um die gesellschaftlichen Kommunikationsstrukturen zu beschreiben. Die Termini werden in Kapitel 4.3.5 näher erläutert.

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