The UNITA Leadership

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THE

UNITA LEADERSHIP by

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITA Jamba , Angola June, 1990

Univ . Library, UC Santa Cruz 1991

Copyright 1990 by UNITA, Jamba, Angola All Rights Reserved THE UNITA LEADERSHIP

by

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITA

LI

1428 215 MAP OF ANGOLA

1990

Cabinda

Sánza Congo ZAIRE

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AN

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AN

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LUANDA

LUNDA

Datatando

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Benguela

Huamboo

Bte

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BENGUELA

MOXICO

Olenongue

HOLA

Lubango Cuito Cuanavale

Mavinga

MOÇAMENJE

CUANDO -CUBANGO CUNENE

Ongiva Jamba

FREE ANGOLA

GUERRILLA AREAS

DESERT AREA

a

i

CONTENTS

Biographical Profiles Of UNITA Leaders Мар .

i

Preface

1

PART I

The UNITA President and Commander - in -Chief of the FALA - Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi

5

Part II Members of the Secretariat of the Central Committee

Miguel N'Zau Puna

Pedro NgueveJonatão Chingunji (Tito ). Alberto Mario Vasco Miguel (Kanhali Vatuva) Smart Gaston Mandembo Chata

Eugenio Antonio Ngolo (Manuvakola) Armindo Moises Kassessa

Odeth Ludovina Baca Joaquim Chilala César Pedro Kaliengue

Noé Kapinala (Andulo) IsalinaKawina .

15 17 19

.21 .23 .25 .27 .29 .31 ..33

Part III

Members of the Armed Forces

Arlindo Chenda Isaac Pena (Ben Ben) Andrade Chassungo Santos Altino Bango Sapalalo (Bock)

Renato Sianguenhe Sakato Campos Mateus Augusto Domingos Lutoki Liahuka (Wiyo) Peregrino Isidro Wambu Chindondo .

Jeronimo George Ngonga Ukuma Demóstenes Amós Chilingutila

Geraldo Sachipengo Nunda António Sebastião Dembo

Abílio José Augusto Kamalata (Numa) Carlos Tiago Kandanda . Jeremias Kussia Chinhundu

Carlos Jorge Veiga Morgado Daniel Zola Luzolo (Mbongo -Mpassi)

..37 .39 41 43

.45 .47 .49 .51 53 .55 57 .59 61 .63 65 iii

Part IV

Members of the Administrative Council Jeremias Kalandula Chitunda

Elias Salupeto Pena . Jorge Alicerces Valentim Tony Fwaminy da Costa Fernandes .. Fernando Wilson Fernandes dos Santos Aurélio João (Kalhas) Almerindo Jaka Jamba

Samuel Martinho Epalanga Ana Isabel Paulino Savimbi

Nicolau Chiuka Biangu Junior Agostinho Benguela . Henrique Afonso Raimundo Lourenco Pedro Makanga

Teodoro Eduardo Torres Kapiñala . Serafina Costa Pereira da Gama Paulo (Bebé) Judite Bandua Dembo

Georgina Clara Sapalalo Germana Melita Malaquias ( Tita)

.69 71 73

.75 77

.79 .81 ..83 .85 1.87 ..89 .91 .93 .95 .97

..99 . 100 . 102 104

Alda Juliana Sachiambo

Aniceto José Manuel Hamukwaya .

. 106

Part V

Members of the External Mission

Armindo Lucas Paulo (Gato ) Adolosi Paulo Mango Alicerces

Domingos Jardo Muekalia . Isaias Henrique Ngola Samakuva João Miguel Vahekeny Alcides Sakala Simões Marcial Adriano Dachala

111 113 115 117

119

Ernesto J. Mulato

121 123 125

José Jaime Furtado Goncalves Honório Van - Dunem de Andrade

127 129

Marcos Samondo

131

Abel Epalanga Chivukuvuku

133

Anibal José Mateus Candeia

135 136

John Marques Gabriel Kakumba Glossary

139

iv

Preface

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA ) was founded on March 13, 1966, by Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi in order to give new life to the liberation struggle within

Angola to gain independence from Portugal. One of the chief purposes of UNITA was to overcome the stagnation and inefficiency that paralyzed the anti-colonial struggle. The two existing Angolan political parties — the FNLA and the MPLA - were formed outside of Angola and were sending soldiers into Angola from bases in neighbor

ing independent African countries. This ineffective strategy

hampered the progress of the national liberation struggle. Initially, UNITA included a nucleus of 12 people, with politico military training, based in the liberated areas of eastern Angola . To day UNITA is a formidable political and military force whose

worldwide reputation was earned by successfully battling a Soviet and Cuban expeditionary force of 60,000 troops equipped with

billions of dollars worth of sophisticated weaponry. UNITA also en joys widespread popular support since it represents the Angolan peo ple's will for self -determination and economic development. UNITA , which has been ably led by Dr. Jonas Savimbi since its

founding, is an African political party which has developed in four chief areas: political, military, social and cultural. The success of

UNITA can be attributed to the party's far-sighted leadership and its heartfelt belief that the Angolan people are the source of its strength

and the reason for its existence. This faith in the Angolan people has inspired UNITA to overcome innumerable material difficulties and to produce the human resources that have brought some 60,000 Cuban troops and 2,500 Soviet advisers to a standstill.

UNITA has made self-sufficiency, especially in basic essentials such as food, a priority. Thus, while the MPLA regime is dependent

on imported food, UNITA has developed independent sources for nourishment and other essentials for the people in the territories it controls.

UNITA has also built technical schools which have successfully trained many of its people.

The phenomenal success of UNITA would not have been possible 1

without the talented and capable leaders of the party. This book in

cludes biographical sketches of 60 leaders in four areas: members of the Secretariat of the party; members of the armed forces; members of the Administrative Council; and members of the External Mission .

All of them have one common bond: they are working for peace, de mocracy and progress in Angola. The individuals included in this small book will someday be con sidered the heroes and heroines of Angola. They are courageous citi

zens, working without monetary compensation , in order to fulfill the mission of bringing peace, freedom and human dignity to Angola. We

pay tribute to them now in the hope that their work will soon accom plish a lasting peace and better days for the people of Angola .

2

Part I The UNITA President

Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi

4

Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi

Background Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi, the UNITA President and High Commander of FALA (Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola ), was born in Munhango in 1934. He is the son of Loth Malheiro Savimbi and Helena Mbundu Savimbi.

Dr. Savimbi attended Lutamo Primary School in Bela Vista, Atende Evangelical Centre and Chilesso Mission in Andulo. For his secondary education , Savimbi attended the Currie In

stitute of Dondi in Bela Vista, Marist Brothers' College in Bié and Diogo Cão Secondary School in Lubango. He completed his high school education in Portugal.

He distinguished himself as a brilliant student at all the schools that he attended .

He studied medicine for two years at Fribourg University in Switzerland, and later enrolled at Lausanne University where in July of 1965 , he graduated with honors in Political and Juridical Sciences. Dr. Savimbi also received military training at the Nanking Military Academy in the People's Republic of China. When he was young, his father taught him that Portuguese co lonialism , like all other forms of colonialism , was a form of slavery, and that it was necessary to fight in order to put an end to it.

The political career of Dr. Jonas Savimbi is inextricably linked to two major periods in Angolan history: 1) the courageous task of eradicating the truculent and anachronistic Portuguese colonial

system , and 2) fighting against the recolonization of Angola by the Soviets and the Cubans. His entire life has been dedicated to the

struggle for freedom for his country, and his accomplishments are a glorious chapter in the contemporary history of Angola. A declared opponent of the colonial-fascist regime of Salazar and Caetano, Jonas Savimbi left his homeland for Portugal in 1958 with the aim of finishing secondary school and beginning a course in medicine. 5

At the time when the future leader of the Angolan Resistance ar rived in Portugal, the Portuguese dictator was being pressured by a strong decolonization movement to which he refused to yield .

Antonio Salazar's intransigence in not recognizing the colony's right to independence led the young intellectuals to intensify their clandestine political activities.

Jonas Savimbi distinguished himself among the young anti colonialist intellectuals. Due to his political activities, he was

persecuted by the brutal Portuguese secret police (PIDE). After being detained on three different occasions, he fled Portugal and sought refuge in Switzerland.

While still pursuing his academic interests, Dr. Savimbi became preoccupied with seeking the best way to participate in the liberation of Angola. He contacted the representatives of the two major libera tion movements at that time, the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) and UPA (the Union of the Angolan People). He

asked the MPLA, which was then based in Conakry, Guinea, for infor mation about its program , but did not receive satisfactory answers. In 1960, he was chosen by the General Union of Angolan Stu

dents to attend an African students' conference in Kampala , Uganda. It was in the Ugandan capital that he met Tom Mboya, who took him to Kenya and introduced him to the legendary Kenyan leader, Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta advised him to join UPA . On February 1 , 1961 , Savimbi travelled to Leopoldville (now Kin

shasa) and joined UPA. He was appointed Secretary General and undertook an intense diplomatic campaign to win recognition by the African states for UPA . He helped bring together UPA and the PDA (Angolan Democratic Party) into a single liberation movement which

became known as the FNLA. He also played a decisive role in the crea tion of the Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile (GRAE ). From May 22-25, 1963, during the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), Dr. Savimbi chaired the African Liberation Movements Committee. In this capacity, he drafted a memorandum addressed to the African Heads of State which was read before the

assembly of the OAU by Oginga Odinga, Vice President of Kenya's KANU .

The Liberation Movements Committee that Dr. Savimbi chaired

also included Mario Pinto de Andrade ( of the MPLA ), who served as Secretary, and Julius Kianu of KANU's Central Committee, who was

a principal spokesman . 6

Despite FNLA's initial fervor, which was at the root of the 1961

uprising, Dr. Savimbi believed that this movement would not secure victory over Portuguese colonialism by continuing to carry out suicidal attacks on Portuguese economic and military establishments which had attracted world attention . The anti- colonialism movement

must also include recruitment, intensive political education , the crea tion of competent health infrastructures, social welfare programs, education for the civilians and, above all, the organization of a struc tured and thriving guerrilla war . Dr. Savimbi was also opposed to the ethnocentrism and anti- intel ->

lectual attitude of Holden Roberto and his close collaborators. Dr.

Savimbi stated that for a guerrilla war to be successful, the move ment's leaders had to be based inside Angola in order to live among

the people. This concept of anti- colonialism was diametrically opposed to that of Holden Roberto and some of his supporters, who lived under the grandiose illusion that they should be ministers in an Angolan government based in exile.

On July 6, 1964 , on the occasion of the OAU Conference in Cairo, Dr. Savimbi resigned from UPA saying the following: I, Jonas Malheiro Savimbi, until now Minister of

Foreign Affairs of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile, as my conscience obliges me, decide, before

the highest African Assembly, to resign from my duties which are no longer in the interests of the Angolan people

and brotherly African countries who have sacrificed themselves to help the Angolan cause .

Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Delegates, before I withdraw , I call your attention to the fact that I dedicate

myself in body and soul to the liberation of my country and ask you to reconsider the Angolan problem , insisting on the need to immediately summon a conference of all active forces.

In this statement, Dr. Savimbi emphasized to the Organization of African Unity : 1. The need for a new revolutionary strategy in Angola. 2. The need for the formation of a United Front of all Angolan 7

Movements and patriots in order to fight more efficiently against the Portuguese colonial system .

3. The need for the total integration of all leaders and intellectuals among the people inside the country .

This position immediately won the support of Presidents Gamal

Nasser of Egypt, Kwamer Nkrumah of Ghana, Sekou Touré of Guinea, Ben Bella of Algeria, as well as other African Heads of State. Following his resignation from the FNLA , President Savimbi re

turned to Brazzaville where he met with Dr. José João Liahuka. Sup ported by Angolan intellectual youths, they made public the famous Manifesto of Friends of Angola, Amangola, which invited all An golans to take part in and aid the new strategy, since the FNLA and MPLA had already failed .

Having verified the support of the Manifesto by many Angolan cadres, Dr. Savimbi undertook a tour of various countries - Algeria,

Tanzania , Egypt, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and the Soviet Union - in order to seek aid for the training of cadres for the new organization. However, a positive response to this request came only from the People's Republic of China, through its ambassador in Cairo, which opened its doors to Dr. Savimbi.

In January of 1965 , the first cadre of 11 Angolans, together with the leader of the future organization , went to receive military training in the People's Republic of China.

After they returned from China, they organized the founding Congress of UNITA at Muangai, in the eastern province of Moxico , on March 13, 1966. On December 4 , President Savimbi commanded the first UNITA attack against the outpost of Cassamba. On December

25, 1966, the town of Teixeira de Sousa on the Benguela Railway in the Moxico Province, was attacked by the UNITA forces. Due to the

size of Teixeira de Sousa and its political and economic significance, the attack was a major event and had great national and international repercussions, particularly regarding the stability of this important railway line. The movement's Central Committee met in order to analyze the situation and reassess the overall strategy. It was agreed that the President should undertake a mission abroad in search of understand

ing and support. Dr. Savimbi crossed the border into Zambia on March 27, 1967 , and was well-received by President Kenneth Kaunda and his Prime Minister, Mainza Chona. 8

The Zambian leaders were convinced of UNITA's sincere inten

tions and showed their desire to give it support under the condition that it did not attack the Benguela Railway. They also contemplated

the possibility of opening a UNITA office in Zambia on the condition that the movement did not staff it with Angolans already residing in Zambia, but rather with those Angolans coming from the outside. President Savimbi knew that it would be nearly impossible to im mediately halt attacks against the Benguela Railway since it generally took weeks or sometimes months for messengers to transmit the lead

ership’s instructions to the commanders who operated along the rail way line.

He was given a passport and went to meet President Nasser, who

promised to study the possibility of providing UNITA with arms. Next he went to China where, in Yunnan Province, he met with Mao

Tse -tung, who emphasized the importance of Savimbi's winning the support of the peasants. Besides financial assistance, Mao also con sidered the possibility of shipping weapons to UNITA via Tanzania .

Following his extended diplomatic journey, Dr. Savimbi returned to Lusaka in early July. On his arrival, he was arrested . The Por

tuguese had influenced the Zambian government to ban UNITA , because of attacks against the railway. Some Zambian officials wanted to hand Dr. Savimbi over to the Portuguese authorities, but, in aa telegram to Kaunda, President Nasser asked that Dr. Savimbi be deported to Cairo.

He returned to Cairo, where he mobilized international opinion and Angolan cadres. In the Egyptian capital, he created UNITA's Ex ternal Council.

In July of 1968, he organized his return to Angola in defiance of the Zambian government which had prohibited his return . Accom panied by Miguel N’Zau Puna, he passed through Tanzania and Zam

bia and clandestinely returned to eastern Angola. During his absence, the struggle inside the country had suffered

considerable setbacks. Opportunists of all kinds raised their defeatist voices. This culminated in grave betrayals, like those of Muanangola

and Sachilombo, two former members of UNITA who appealed to tribalism to undermine the movement and who finally cooperated

with the Portuguese secret police (PIDE). Dr. Savimbi had to carry out the profound task of reorganizing the movement and the armed forces. At the same time, he used

UNITA's close links with the peasants to carry out a mobilization cam 9

paign. All of this made UNITA “the most dangerous movement " ac cording to the reports of the Portuguese authorities. The UNITA President never left the maquis from that time on

ward . Following the coup d'état in Portugal on April 25, 1974 , UNITA was the only liberation movement which was fighting inside Angola, and Dr. Savimbi was the only leader who was personally leading the struggle against the colonialists. After April 25 , UNITA made a concentrated effort to consolidate

the national unity and internal peace. To this end, Dr. Savimbi skillfully led a series of initiatives aimed at bringing together the three Angolan liberation movements:

1. The signing of an agreement of Reconciliation and Cooperation between UNITA and the FNLA in Kinshasa on November 22, 1974 .

2. The signing of an agreement of Reconciliation and Cooperation between UNITA and the MPLA in Luso on December 22, 1974 .

3. The conclusion of an agreement between the three Angolan liberation movements in Mombasa, Kenya, on January 1 , 1975, which established a common platform for negotiations with the Portuguese.

4. The success of the Alvor negotiations resulting in the creation of the only coalition government in Angola's history. It brought together the three patriotic forces which had been fighting against Portuguese colonialism .

5. The holding of the Nakuru meeting and the accord which bears its name on June 15, 1975, to avert a civil war which appeared immi nent on a national scale. UNITA managed, once more, to bring to gether the three Angolan liberation movements to search for an end to hostilities.

The MPLA leadership headed by Agostinho Neto violated all of these agreements and imposed upon the Angolan people a disastrous civil war that allowed the Soviets and Cubans to occupy Angola.

The MPLA's anti-patriotic attitude is the reason for the current national resistance struggle which UNITA has been waging suc cessfully since 1976. In the course of this struggle, Dr. Savimbi has once more distinguished himself by his qualities as a clear-sighted political leader, eminent strategist, able diplomat and outstanding statesman .

In 1976, Dr. Savimbi appealed to the people of Angola to wage relentless resistance against the Soviet and Cuban invaders. 10

The Angolan people from Cabinda to Cunene resolutely accepted

the challenge of supporting UNITA's struggle. Politically, UNITA strengthened itself inside and outside of Angola. Its strategy con tinues to constitute the only way for the moral, cultural, social and economic recovery of the nation . On the military front, General Savimbi reorganized FALA, which is now one of the best armies on the African continent.

In addition to his leadership abilities, the UNITA president is also a talented writer and poet. Among his published works are : Military and Political writings: Guerrilla's Handbook

Quo Vadis Our Angola Historical-Political works:

What Is the Spirit of Bissau ?

Angolans' Resistance, In Search of a New Nation Collection of Poems:

The Day When the Land Will Smile Again

In May of 1976, shortly after the occupation of Angola by the Soviets and Cubans, Dr. Savimbi wrote in the famous Cuanza Manifesto :

“We know that our mission is thorny and our path tor tuous. But we also know that our efforts will decide the day when our beloved country will emerge from the darkness of the social-imperialist oppression, when we will be able to live as happy men with the right to choose our own leaders and system of government in our country . The victories already achieved in the popular resistance struggle show us that we shall win and go back to reunite with our friends,

relatives and all compatriots in aa re-united Angolan family." As time has passed, the facts have proven that Dr. Savimbi is a great leader and an eminent unifier of the great Angolan family. He has shown himself to be the greatest exponent of the deep aspirations

of the Angolan people. Dr. Savimbi has earned the title of " Spokes man of A People in Search of Freedom .”

11

Part II

Members of the Secretariat of the Central Committee

Miguel N’Zau Puna

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 2/23/33 Civil Status : Married Education :

University Training in Agronomy, School of Agriculture Tunis , Tunisia In UNITA since : 1967

Current Position:

Secretary General of UNITA

Background Miguel N’Zau Puna was born in 1933 in the province of Cabinda. He is the son of José Cabinda and Margarida Swaly. He completed his primary schooling at the Catholic Mission of Ca binda and Malange. His university studies were at the Moghrane School and at the School of Agriculture in Tunis, Tunisia. In the early 1960s, several popular uprisings against the Portu

guese colonial system occurred. Many Angolan youth joined the liberation movements to assist in attaining independence from Por tugal.

At that time, Puna joined UPA ( The Union of Angolan People), which was then operating in Zaire. However, he and many other young Angolan intellectuals became disillusioned with UPA's politics and strategy. Puna left Zaire and pursued his studies in Tunisia.

Puna maintained an active interest in political developments in 15

Angola and joined Dr. Jonas Savimbi at a meeting in Cairo in 1967. This marked the beginning of a long career of service to UNITA . After political-military training in the People's Republic of China, Puna entered Angola with Dr. Savimbi in July of 1968 .

In 1969, during the II Ordinary Congress of UNITA held in Sa chimbanda, Moxico province, he was appointed Political-Military Commander of Region 1. For the next few years, Puna was a key

player in two major struggles against tribal divisionists led by Muanangola and Tiago Sachilombo. In addition , together with other UNITA cadre members like Carlos Kandanda and Eduardo Sakwanda, he toured areas of Angola to generate grassroots support for UNITA .

Puna was later elected Secretary -General of the movement. In 1974, after the coup in Portugal, Puna led a UNITA delegation to Zambia which met with Presidents Kaunda, Nyerere and Mobutu . Puna returned to Angola in June at a time when the ceasefire with the

Portuguese authorities had been signed . In that year he also par ticipated in the signing of the Luso Agreement between UNITA and the MPLA .

As Secretary -General, Puna led the UNITA delegation to the swearing-in ceremony of Angola's Transitional Government on January 31 , 1975. In February, he led the first UNITA delegation

visiting Cabinda, and in the same year he headed other missions abroad, including the following:

• The delegation to the African Solidarity Conference in Guyana, South America

• The delegation to the Liberation Committee of the Organiza tion of African Unity (OAU), in June • The delegation which visited the Federal Republic of Germany • The delegation to the PNUD Conference in June More recently, Puna was a member of delegations that traveled

abroad. He led the UNITA delegation that negotiated with Cuba for the release of two Cuban pilots captured by the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FALA) in Abidjan , Ivory Coast.

Miguel N'Zau was promoted to Division General on November 11 , 1986 .

16

T

Pedro Ngueve Jonatão Chingunji ( Tito )

2

:

Biographical Data

T

Date of Birth : 5/28/55 Civil Status : Married Education :

J

.

Courses in Administration and Commerce, Industrial and

I

1

Commercial School of Mocamedes

E

In UNITA since : 1967 Current Position:

1

d

Deputy Secretary General of UNITA

de

25

2.

Background

2.

1

Tito Chingunji was born at Chissamba Mission in 1955. He is the

son of Eduardo Jonatao Chingunji and Violete Jamba Costa Chitundo.

el

Chingunji completed his primary schooling at Chissamba

DI

Evangelical Mission and at Leua boarding school. He began secondary

je

school in Luso.

1

Tito was imprisoned in Luso and in Luanda while still a student because of his links to UNITA, which at that time was still a

clandestine movement. He was then exiled to Moçamedes. Notwithstanding many difficulties, he enrolled in the Industrial and Commercial School of Moçamedes where he completed the General Course in Administration and Commerce .

Tito joined FALA in August 1974 in Sakalemba, Moxico. From 1976 to 1978, he attended courses in guerrilla warfare conducted by 17

President Savimbi at Chissilo , Malengue and Mukunha bases in Angola. In 1979, he was appointed Representative in North Africa . In 1980, he became Assistant-to -the -Secretary for Foreign Affairs based at that time in Paris. In that same year, he was appointed UNITA Representative in England.

In 1982, he was appointed Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs . >

In 1984 , he was nominated as Permanent Secretary of the movement.

In 1986, at the 6th Congress, he was appointed as Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Representative in the United States. Pedro N.J. Chingunji is currently UNITA Deputy Secretary Gen eral. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

18

Alberto Mario Vasco Miguel (Kanhali Vatuva )

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 7/3/56 Civil Status: Married Education :

Economics course, Pinheiro

Chagas Commercial Institute, Lubango, Huila In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Administrative Secretary of UNITA

Background Mario Miguel, better known as “ Kanhali Vatuva," was born at Chilume in 1956. He is the son of Vasco Sacato Miguel and Laura Kapula Tomas Miguel.

He completed his primary schooling at Kafungo in Moxico and

Teixeira de Sousa. His secondary school studies were completed at Luso Industrial and Commercial School, and he studied economics at

Pinheiro Chagas Commercial Institute in Lubango, Huila. He joined UNITA in 1974 in Lubango, where he carried out politi

cal activities within the JURA youth organization and was appointed its Administrative Secretary in Huila. In 1975 , he joined FALA. Following UNITA's strategic retreat

from the cities, he joined the Military Intelligence and was later 19

transferred to the Special Operations Branch where he exercised the functions of Regional Commander of Urban Guerrilla Warfare. Miguel was subsequently appointed as Political Director and eventu ally Commander of BATE (Explosives Action Group ). In 1985 , he was appointed Secretary of the Central Committee Secretariat.

He was also Military Commander in several areas of the country from 1986 until February 1988 when he was appointed Administra tive Secretary of UNITA . Miguel was elected as a member of UNITA's Central Committee at the 5th Congress in 1982. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Division General.

20

Smart Gaston Mandembo Chata

Biographical Data 1

Date of Birth : 3/13/34

1

Civil Status :

Married Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1966 Current Position :

UNITA Secretary of Mobilization

Background Smart Chata was born in Safuka, Moxico province in 1934. He is the son of Meleka Mandembo and Yesa Luisa Safuka.

He completed his primary and secondary schooling in Zambia. Because of the forced labor system of the Portuguese colonial re gime, his parents migrated to Zambia in search of better working con

ditions. While he was completing his education, he became involved in assisting Angolan refugees in Zambia. With the emergence of the African nationalism of the 1960s, the

Angolan emigrants in Zambia were beginning to organize themselves politically in order to participate in the liberation of their country. In July 1962, Chata went to Kinshasa where he joined the FNLA liberation movement.

He later returned to Zambia, where he continued assisting the 21

mobilization activities of the emigrants.

Chata became drawn to the vigor of UNITA, and viewed it as the most effective way to combat the Portuguese colonial system . The UPA was becoming rife with ethnocentrism and fatigued with the struggle. UNITA and its leader, Dr. Jonas Savimbi, impressed Chata as Angola's best hope. Thus, in 1970, Chata entered the bush and joined the other liberation fighters.

After the coup in Portugal on April 25, 1974, Chata was part of the UNITA delegation which signed a ceasefire agreement on June 14 with the Portuguese armed forces. In 1975, he was appointed Military Commander for Moxico pro

vince, a function he exercised until UNITA retreated strategically to southeastern Angola to resume national resistance to the new foreign occupation . With the invasion of Angola by Cuban troops in 1976, Chata was

appointed Commander of the military region south of Moxico pro vince. In 1979, at UNITA's Annual Conference, he was appointed Secretary for Mobilization .

Chata has participated in several of UNITA's foreign delegations, including President Savimbi's two missions to the United States in 1986 and 1988. He is an officer of FALA, UNITA's military forces, with the rank of Division General.

22

te Eugenio Antonino Ngolo (Manuvakola ) The ta

hat: hindi

Biographical Data Date of Birth :

rto

le 14

PIP

lyt

reig

6/7/47 Civil Status : Married Education :

3rd year of Medicine at Luanda University In UNITA since :

2 Wa

PRO

inte

1975

Current Position :

Secretary for Political and Administrative Strategy

tions

tesi

Orces

Background Eugenio Ngolo, better known as “Manuvakola,” was born in 1947 at Chikulo, Bocoio, Benguela province. He is the son of Antonino

Kavita Ngolo and Albertina Essenje Chivala Ngolo. Manuvakola completed his primary schooling in Monte Belo , and his secondary studies in Dondi, Bela Vista and at Norton de Matos High School in Nova Lisboa, Huambo. He studied three years at the School of Medicine in Luanda until 1975 .

Manuvakola joined UNITA in January 1975 in Huambo, and was appointed to work in the UNITA office in Luanda. In March , he was a

delegate to the National Conference of JURA (UNITA's youth organi zation) held in Huambo, where he was elected Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the National Committee of JURA.

In June 1975 , he was a member of the UNITA delegation to the 23

25th Conference of the OAU Liberation Committee, held in Rabat, Morocco.

On March 13 , 1976, Manuvakola was in Gago Coutinho, Moxico province during the bombardment by Soviet - Cuban jet fighters; and he was a member of President Savimbi's column which marched into

the interior of the country to organize the beginning of the armed re sistance to foreign occupation. At the historical Cuanza Conference in May of 1976 , Manuvakola

was promoted to Major and appointed Commander of the Cuanza Military Region .

In January 1977, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Col >

onel, and was assigned the position of Commander of the Huambo Military Region . He also was a delegate to UNITA's IV Congress held in March at Benda, Huambo province. In July , he left Mukunha and went abroad as part of a delegation led by President Savimbi. Manuvakola was also aa member of the first group to be trained in anti-aircraft artillery in November of that same year, in the Maghreb , North Africa. In 1979, he was successively appointed Commander of the

military region located west of Cuando Cubango province, teacher at the political training school and commander of the military region lo cated southeast of the Moxico province.

In 1980 , he took up duties as Chief of National Logistics. As a delegate to the 13th Annual Conference in November, he was ap pointed Coordinator General of Political and Administrative Affairs. In 1981 , he was nominated as UNITA's Secretary, assigned to the Secretariat of the Central Committee. In 1982 , he was a delegate to

the V Congress and was appointed as Permanent Secretary of the Central Committee. He was later appointed Secretary of Organization at the Secretariat of the Central Committee.

In 1986, as delegate to the VI Congress, he was appointed Informa

tion Secretary of UNITA. In 1988 , he was reappointed Secretary of Organization and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier. In November 1989 , he was promoted to the rank of Divisional General . He has been a member of the UNITA Central Committee since the

Magna Conference held in Bié, in December 1975 , and has been an alternate member of the Political Bureau since the Extraordinary Conference held in Jamba in November of 1988 .

24

Armindo Moisés Kassessa

01

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 7/7/50 Civil Status :

12

ti

Married

at

Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1974

ati

Current Position :

ef

JURA (UNITA's Youth Organization ) Secretary -General

ft er

lon.

261 12

Background to ate

Armindo Kassessa was born in Chinjamba, Luvemba (Bailundo ). Mat He is the son of Joel Kalundungo Kassessa and Salomé Vissolela .

fo

He completed his primary schooling at Luvemba Evangelical Cen OLI tre and the Bailundo Evangelical Mission . Secondary school studies 27 were done at Currie Institute of Dondi, initially, and later at Sarmen to Rodrigues Industrial and Commercial School in Huambo. He fin sios ished his secondary school studies at Huambo National Secondary School.

In 1974 , he was appointed Deputy Delegate of the UNITA Com

tenmittee in Bailundo. Following the Soviet-Cuban invasion, he joined lick the resistance in the area of Luvemba with a group of intellectuals who had fled from Huambo and Bailundo.

After initial political and technical-military training, he became 25

editor of The Trumpet of Freedom (Lumbeta Lueyovo), the regional magazine.

In 1977, he was appointed political organizer in the area of Hu ambo. In this capacity, he conducted various political courses for the cadre in the region . In the same year, he was appointed regional head of finances.

In October 1978, Kassessa was designated Chief Correspondent

of the Southern -Central Front, covering the area southwest of the Benguela railway

In August 1979, he was appointed Editor -in -Chief of the UNITA magazine Kwacha. In June 1981 , he was appointed Secretary of In formation . In April 1982, he became Director of the Military School for the Training of the Cadre.

In November of 1984 , he was appointed Secretary for the Cadre and elected to UNITA's Central Committee. In addition , Kassessa was

a member of the Permanent Commission of the Strategic Operational Command, COPE, and the Secretariat of the Central Committee. In December 1985 , he was appointed head of the General Direc torate of Personnel (DGP -COPE ). In June 1986 he became Chief of

Military Administrative Affairs. In March 1987 , he was appointed Secretary of Organization . On the occasion of the Extraordinary Conference held in Novem

ber 1988 , he was appointed Secretary -General of JURA (UNITA's youth organization) and elected as an alternate member of the Politi cal Bureau of the Central Committee.

26

Odeth Ludovina Baca Joaquim Chilala

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/5/59 Civil Status:

Married Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1974

3

Current Position :

LIMA (Angolan Women's League) President

I

I

Background Odeth Ludovina Baca Joaquim Chilala was born in Bela Vista in

1959. She is the daughter of Lourenço Chinhangua Joaquim and Marta Joaquim .

She completed her primary education in Bela Vista and her secon dary school studies in Bié and Huambo .

Chilala joined UNITA in 1974. In 1975, she enrolled in JURA , the UNITA youth organization , and participated in mobilization cam paigns in the cities of Bela Vista, Huambo and Sá da Bandeira. After UNITA's strategic retreat in February of 1976, she re mained in one of the villages on the outskirts of Bela Vista to assist in UNITA troop movements.

In December 1977, she travelled to Benda where she became President of JURA. 27

In 1980, she became a secondary school teacher. At this time,

Chilala became affiliated with the Angolan Women's League (LIMA) where, from 1981 to 1982 , she assumed the duty of Administrative Secretary. She was transferred to Cuando Cubango province, where she began working in the administrative branch of LIMA.

During LIMA's 1985 Conference held in Jamba, she was elected the women organization's National President. On the occasion of UNITA's VI Congress, Chilala was elected as an alternate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Com mittee.

28

| César Pedro Kaliengue

*

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/15/35 Civil Status: Married

Education :

High School In UNITA since: 1966 Current Position :

Director, Department of Political Orientation in the Secretariat of Mobilization

Background César Pedro Kaliengue was born in 1935 in Chinguar. He is the son of Kaliengue and Rosa Chilombo.

He completed his primary schooling at Samasseka, the Chissamba Evangelical Mission and the Currie Institute of Dondi, Bela Vista. He did his secondary school studies at the São Bento College in Luso .

Kaliengue is one of the founding members of UNITA , having joined the organization in the city of Luso in 1966. In addition to pro

viding his financial support, his position as a train locomotive operator on the Benguela railway made it possible for him to inform

people about UNITA and to collect information which was channeled to the guerrillas in the bush . After President Savimbi returned from Cairo in July 1968 and re organized the guerrillas, Kaliengue participated in setting a new 29

direction for the clandestine organization that was operating in the cities.

Because of the increasing number of military victories by UNITA, it became nearly impossible to keep the activities of the then -clandes tine organization confidential. Thus Castro Bango, an agent of PIDE

(the Portuguese secret police) managed to infiltrate UNITA . Bango met with Savimbi and subsequently gathered information about UNITA's members and plans. As aa result, PIDE was able to arrest all the members of the Luso network , which had been created along the Benguela railway up to Huambo. Moreover, President Savimbi's base was bombed .

César, along with other members of the network in Moxico pro vince, was imprisoned in Luso and later transferred to São Paulo jail in Luanda. He was subsequently taken to Tarrafal jail on the island of

Santiago, Cape Verde. In April 1974, following the overthrow of the Salazar -Caetano

regime, César and his companions were released after five years of physical and psychological torture. In March of 1975 , César Kaleingue became UNITA's Deputy Delegate for Huambo province. In November, he was appointed the UNITA Delegate chosen to direct the Benguela railway, a job which he held until 1976. At this time he also became involved in the

resistance to the occupation of Angola by Soviet/Cuban troops. In March 1977, César participated in UNITA's IV Congress dur

ing which he was appointed the Political Liaison officer in Huambo province.

Since 1979, César has been Director of the Office of the Secretary General of the Movement (1979-1980), Secretary for Local Organiza >

tion of the Movement ( 1980-1982) and Central Committee Secretary for the Organization of the Movement (1982-1984).

During UNITA's VI Congress in Jamba in 1986, César Kaliengue was reelected to the Central Committee.

30

Noé Adolfo Kapinala

Biographical Data

0

Date of Birth :

8/16/30 Civil Status : Married

Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1965

Current Position :

e

First Secretary of UNITA'S Regional Committee in Cuando

Cubango province

ut

Background

ET

1

Noé Adolfo Kapiñala was born in Sambinga, Luongo (Andulo ), in

ET

1930. He is the son of Adolfo Kapitia Kapiñala and Chulu Nangana. He completed his primary and secondary schooling at Chilesso

Evangelical Mission in Andulo, Currie Institute in Dondi and Dom João II College in Luanda .

In 1960, having witnessed numerous atrocities which PIDE-DGS

(the Portuguese secret police) committed against the Angolan people, Kapiñala and his compatriots set up a cell in the city of Lobito in order to inform independent African countries about the atrocities and massacres which were being perpetrated by the Portuguese in Angola, mainly at Ambaka prison in Benguela. The information was being

sent in writing and given to crewmen of ships which left Lobito for the port of Matadi. 31

Although it was very successful initially, a PIDE agent infiltrated the network in 1964 and discovered explosives sent by nationalist organizations for use against military targets in the province of Benguela. Kapiñala was forced to flee to Zaire.

After a short stay in Zaire, President Savimbi summoned Kap iñala and his group to Lusaka to assist in recruiting Angolans in exile.

Kapiñala was put in charge of organizing and mobilizing cadre and committees among Angolan refugees in Zambia and Zaire. He became actively involved in clandestine work, including raising money for the

purchase of weapons, ammunition and medicine. In the course of this clandestine political work, Kapiñala was jailed three times in Zaire and once in Zambia.

In 1974 , following the April coup d'état in Portugal, Kapiñala returned to Angola. He was posted to the port of Lobito, where he re mained until the Soviet-Cuban invasion. In 1976, he sought refuge in the areas of Nova Sintra and departed from there to join UNITA guer rilla bases in Bié province. In March of 1979, he was transferred to Cuanza Sul to mobilize

the people. In January 1982, he was moved to Huambo province as a delegate of the Secretariat for Public Affairs.

In 1983, he was appointed Justice Delegate and First Secretary of UNITA's Regional Committee in Cuando Cubango province.

Following the VI Congress in August of 1986, he was elected a member of the Central Committee .

Kapiñala is a FALA officer with the rank of Captain .

32

Isalina Kawina Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/11/53

1:

Civil Status: Married

In UNITA since :

1:

1967

Current Position :

LIMA Secretary for Social Affairs

It

1

er

3:

51

Background Isalina Kawina was born in Luso, Moxico province in 1953. She is

the daughter of Kufuna Kaunda and Elisa Massozi. She completed her primary schooling at Samussengue and Mas sivi schools.

In 1967, she joined UNITA and became very involved in the youth movement.

In 1969, she left for UNITA bases. At Massivi, she acquired her

political and military training. As a member of JURA — the UNITA youth organization - she continued to dedicate herself to the organiza -

tion and mobilization of young people. In 1973 , during UNITA's III Congress, LIMA - the organization

of UNITA women - was founded. Kawina was elected president of this organization and a member of the Central Committee. After the Luso Conference in 1975, she remained a member of the Central Committee and became Treasurer of Lima until 1979. Kawina is an FALA officer with the rank of Lieutenant. 33

Part III

Members of the

Armed Forces

Arlindo Chenda Isaac Pena (Ben Ben )

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/17/55

Civil Status : Married Education :

High School Graduate In UNITA since : 1968 Current Position : Chief of Staff of FALA

Background "

Arlindo Chenda Pena, better known as “ Ben Ben,” was born in Caricoque in 1955. He is the son of Isaac Pires Pena and Judite Malheiro Pena.

He completed his primary schooling at Chilesso Mission and his secondary school education at the Industrial and Commercial School

and the National High School of Bié.

In his early years, he lived with his grandfather, the late Loth Malheiro Savimbi, who was later imprisoned by the Portuguese. As Pena grew up, he began to understand the reason for the injustice perpetrated against his grandfather and joined UNITA in 1968 at the age of 13.

His early involvement with UNITA included various clandestine activities, such as channelling correspondence and acting as a link be tween the UNITA guerrillas operating in the bush and the popula 37

H

tions in the towns, and disseminating information about the libera tion struggle to students and workers.

In 1974 , he left for UNITA's Central Base in eastern Angola.

Later he returned to Bié and Huambo with the mission of mobilizing the students and the youth in these regions. In 1975, Ben Ben went to Europe with a group of Angolan youth

to obtain basic military training. After he finished his training, he was integrated into FALA where he successfully led various groups at

the Cela and Benguela battle fronts. From the time of the strategic retreat in 1976 until the IV Con

gress (March 1977) he comanded guerrilla units in Huambo province. After the IV Congress, he went to Morroco for training in ar tillery, and returned to Angola qualified to be an instructor in this field . Soon afterwards, he was nominated Military Commander of the Strategic Forces in Cuando Cubango province.

After the UNITA Extraordinary Congress in 1984, Ben Ben was nominated Chief of Staff for the Northern Front. At the end of 1985 ,

he became Deputy Chief of Staff of FALA. On November 11 , 1986, he was promoted to the rank of Division General.

In December 1989, General Ben Ben became Chief of Staff of FALA .

.

38

Andrade Chassungo Santos 1

Biographical Data

E

Date of Birth :

1

1/4/55

Civil Status : Married Education :

Higher Industrial Institute In UNITA since : 1974

t

Current Position :

Deputy General Chief

8

of Staff

1

Background Andrade Chassungo Santos was born in 1955 in Bela Vista . He is

the son of Manuel Sandongua Santos and Janet Camía Santos. He completed his primary schooling at Bela Vista and Huambo, secondary schooling at Huambo Secondary School, Sarmento Rodrigues Industrial and Commercial School, and at the Huambo In dustrial Institute.

He joined UNITA in 1974 and was integrated into FALA . In September 1976, he participated in a radio transmission op erator's course and was appointed chief of a signal station . In July of that same year, he was promoted to captain . In September 1977 , he was sent abroad for a communications management course . He returned to the country in 1978 and was promoted to the rank

of Major and appointed Commander of the Military Communications Service . 39

At the 12th Annual Conference in 1979, he was appointed a member of the Coordination Office (GACO) and became a member of the Strategic Operational Command (COPE). In 1980, he was elected to the Central Committee.

In June 1981 , he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Directorate of Personnel.

In March of 1982 , he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and assumed the position of Commander of the Military Communications Service .

In November 1985, he was appointed UNITA Representative in Africa.

He was reelected to the Central Committee during the VI Con gress of the Movement and on April 25 , 1987, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier. He now holds the rank of General.

J

40

Altino Bango Sapalalo (Bock)

2

Biographical Data

I

Date of Birth : 11/5/54 Civil Status : Married

:

Education :

One year of studies in veterinary medicine, University of Luanda In UNITA since: 1974

Current Position : Secretary for Military and Security Strategy

Background Altino Bango Sapalalo, better known as “ Bock ,” was born in An dulo, Bié province in 1954. He is the son of Nunes Sapalalo and Cata rina Salumbo.

He completed his primary schooling at Ganda and his secondary schooling at São José College in Bié, at the Bié National Secondary School and at the Huambo National High School. Afterwards he en rolled in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Luanda.

In 1974 , he interrupted his studies in order to contribute to the

liberation of the country, and began military training at UNITA's Massivi Base in eastern Angola.

In November of that year he was appointed Director for Political Affairs in the UNITA Office in Lobito and in January 1975 , President

of JURA (UNITA's youth organization) for Benguela province. In May of the same year, he went to Europe for a basic military course. 41

1

In October 1975 , Bock participated in the fighting at the Cuma, Lobito, Cela and Luso fronts against the Cuban expeditionary forces until 1976, when he was promoted to the rank of Captain .

In May of 1976, he took part in the Cuanza Conference, which outlined the new strategy for the National Resistance struggle against the Soviet -Cuban occupation .

From June through August of 1976, Bock was a participant in President Savimbi's historic long march . In March 1977 , he was elected aa member of the Central Commit

tee of UNITA at the IV Congress. From September to November of that year, he joined the presidential delegation on a trip abroad .

In June 1978, he lost his left hand in a battle in the Menongue area . In June 1979, during the 12th Annual Conference, he was ap >

pointed Treasurer of UNITA and promoted to the rank of Major. In

December, he became Coordinator of the Brigade of Immediate Ac tion and Explosives (BATE).

In August 1980 , he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and ap pointed Military Commander of the South -Central Front. During the V Congress in 1982 , we was made Chief of Military Logistics. In July 1984, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier and from

August until November 1985 , he took part in the fighting at Cazombo and Mavinga .

Following the VI Congress in August 1986, he was elected a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and on November 11 of that year, he achieved the rank of Division General.

42

Renato Sianguenhe Sakata Campos Mateus

2

I

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 4/8/47

I 2

Civil Status: Married Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

d

Inspector-General of FALA

7

c

Background

C

Renato Mateus was born at Salvador (Mussende), Cuanza Sul pro vince, in 1947. He is the son of Campos Kaliki Mateus and Lucia Jamba Mateus.

His primary schooling was at Nova Sintra, Vouga and Bié, which were schools along the Benguela railway where his father was a worker. He did his secondary school studies at Huambo National

Secondary School. In 1974, he joined UNITA . After taking part in mobilizing ac tivities in the eastern part of the country, he performed duties in the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Transitional Government in 1975 .

In March of 1975 he joined FALA, later taking part in several military campaigns at the Luso (Moxico ), Benguela and Cela (Cuanza Sul) fronts. 43

After UNITA strategically retreated into the maquis in 1976, he remained as ommander in the southern area of Moxico (Muie) for six months. From November 1977 to September 1978 , he was Chief Mili tary Instructor in the General Staff. From October 1978 to June 1980, he was the Coordinator of the

military regions in Huambo, Benguela and Cuanza Sul provinces. From 1982 until 1984 , he was the head of the Operations Office.

Following the VI Congress in August of 1986, he was elected to the Central Committee and appointed Inspector-General of FALA.

In January 1988, he was promoted to the rank of Division General.

44

.

2

Augusto Domingos Lutoki Liahuka (Wiyo )

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/23/48 Civil Status: Married Education :

Technical Course in Agriculture In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Head of the Political Department of the Armed Forces

Background Augusto Domingos Lutoki Liahuka, better known as “Wiyo ,” was born at Elende Evangelical Mission in Cuma, Huambo province. He is the son of Paulino Gonga Liahuka and Maria Sofia Liahuka.

Wiyo completed his primary schooling at Elende Evangelical Mis sion and his secondary schooling at Currie Institute of Dondi and Nor ton de Matos Secondary School in Nova Lisboa. He did his profes sional training at Chivinguiro Agricultural School in Sá da Bandeira. He joined FALA in 1975 at Massivi. After completing an inten sive political course , he was appointed Military Commander in

Benguela Province and promoted to Lieutenant. In August of that same year, he was transferred to the town of

Cuma. At the outbreak of the civil war, he was part of the military 45

convoy which recaptured the towns of Ganda, Cubal and Benguela. In October of 1975, he was promoted to Captain. Following the strategic retreat, Wiyo joined the early stages of the national resistance struggle in the Chinhama area where he had arrived in May of 1976. In August, he was appointed Commander of the K Sector of the Cubango Military Region.

In March 1979, he was designated Commander of the North

Central Front. In June of that year, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and at the beginning of 1980, he was appointed Commander for the Central Military Region . The following year, after the creation of new military fronts, Wiyo was appointed Commander for the Keve Front and in March of

1982 , he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. In this same year, he

was a delegate to the V Ordinary Congress of the Movement and transferred thereafter to the Lunda Front as Commander.

From October 1983 until March 1984 , he participated in the

Political Reorientation , Strategy and Operational Tactics course ad ministered by President Savimbi. After completion of this course, he returned to Lunda in the capacity of Chief of Operations for the area .

In October 1984 , after the Extraordinary Congress of the Move ment, he was appointed Chief of Staff for the Central Front.

In November 1986, after the VI Congress of the Movement, he was promoted to Brigadier and was made Chief of Operations-COPE. In March 1988, he was transferred and appointed Chief of Staff for the Bie Front.

46

Peregrino Isidro Wambu Chindondo

1

Biographical Data

2

Date of Birth : 5/3/58 Civil Status : Married

[

Education :

High School

2

In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Chief of Military Intelligence & 2

N

1:

Background Isidro Wambu was born in 1958. He is the son of Pedro Sanjan guela Chindondo and Idalina Beatriz Chindondo. He completed his primary schooling at Dondi and the 35th Primary School in Bela Vista, and secondary school at the Technical School of Bela Vista , Teresiano College (Bela Vista) and Huambo Na tional Secondary School.

Isidro joined the movement in 1974, first engaging in youth mobilization activities.

After the invasion of the country by the Soviets and Cubans, he joined the resistance in Huambo province.

At the end of 1976, he went to Cuando Cubango province to meet with the leadership which had just concluded the “ Long March . ” In April 1977 , he attended a course in military intelligence abroad. Upon his return in 1978, he was appointed Chief of SMI (Military 47

Intelligence Services). In this capacity, he took part in the battles of Cuangar, Luengue, Rivungo and Mavinga as a Military Intelligence Officer of the General Staff, 1979-81 .

In 1983, Isidro participated as a military intelligence officer in the historic battle of Kangamba. On the occasion of the VI Congress of the Movement in 1986, he was confirmed as Chief of Military In

telligence Services and was elected aa member of the Central Commit tee . In 1987 , he also assumed the job of Chairman of the Sports Association of the Angolan National Resistance (ADRNA). Isidro Wambu currently holds the military rank of Division General.

48

Jerónimo George Ngonga Ukuma 2.

Biographical Data

1

Date of Birth : 5/24/53 Civil Status : Married

Education :

Administration and Commercial General Courses In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Chief of Logistics of FALA

Background Jerónimo Ukuma was born in 1953 in Lépi. He is the son of

Rufino George Chakulimba Ukuma and Maria Georgina Nalumbo Pedro Ukuma.

He completed his primary schooling at Katanda Primary School in Cuma and Essukula Primary School in Vila Flor. Secondary school studies were done in Huambo. He took a General Administration and Commercial course at the Cubal Commercial School.

In October 1974 , Ukuma joined the movement in Cuma, >

dedicating himself to mobilization and political training of the youth. He became JURA Administrative Secretary in December of that same year.

In May 1975 , he left for the UNITA Central Base at Massivi in eastern Angola where he specialized in Communications. He headed the signal station in Luso until the clashes of August 15, 1975 . 49

Following the strategic retreat in February of 1976, he chose the path of the national resistance and entered the bush in May of that

year in the area of Sambo, in Huambo province. After military training, he joined a guerrilla group until October of 1976 , when he was appointed Chief of Military Intelligence in the military region covering the Bié province. He was a delegate to the IV UNITA Congress in March of 1977 , after which he was appointed Chief of Communications of the then Central Front.

In 1981 , he was promoted to the rank of Major and appointed

Deputy Commander of the Communications Service, a job that he held until April of 1984 , when he assumed command of the communi cations service ad interim . In December of that same year, he was pro moted to the rank of Colonel and assumed full command of the com munications service .

He was a Delegate to the VI Congress of the Movement in 1986.

He is a member of the Operational Strategic Command, COPE. In April of 1987 , he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier.

50

Demóstenes Amós Chilingutila

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/30/48 Civil Status :

E

2

1

Married AU

Education :

Technical Institute , Luanda In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Chief of Operations

Background Demóstenes Amós Chilingutila was born in 1948. He is the son of António Amos dos Santos and Violeta Lili dos Santos.

He completed his primary schooling at Kamundongo Evangelical School and completed high school studies at Dondi Technical School. He took an electricity course at the Industrial and Commercial School of Bié and furthered his studies at the Technical Institute in Luanda.

From November to December 1974, he attended a UNITA politi cal training course at the Massivi base in eastern Angola, after which he was appointed UNITA Delegate in Bela Vista.

In April 1975 , he returned to Massivi for political-military train ing. Afterwards he was appointed provincial military commander for Cunene, a post which he held until UNITA's strategic retreat in 1976.

In 1977 , he was promoted to Major, elected to the Central Com mittee and nominated Commander of the “Venceremos Military Col 51

umn ,” which created military bases in the region which covers Ben

guela province and part of Huambo province. Chilingutila participated in UNITA's IV Congress which was held

at Benda (Huambo province). At that time he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and elected a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

He was appointed interim Chief of Staff in 1977 and held the

position until March 1978. In October 1978 he was nominated 2nd Commander of the Western Front, a post which he held until Decem ber of the same year.

In January 1979, he was appointed Commander of GACO ( The

Office of Operational Coordination ) and was a member of COPE (Op erational Strategic Command ). In April 1979 , he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and ap pointed Chief of Staff of FALA .

In 1984, he was nominated Chief of Operations of COPE and served in Lunda province as Military Commander. In November of 1986, Demóstenes Amós Chilingutila was pro

moted to the rank of Division General, and appointed again as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola.

52

Geraldo Sachipengo Nunda Biographical Data Date of Birth : 9/13/52 PRO

Civil Status : Married Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1974

i

Current Position :

Commander of the Western Front

Background Geraldo Nunda was born in 1952 in Sapessi, Nharea, Bié pro vince. He is the son of Feliciano Sahango Nunda and Befilia Minihe.

He completed his primary schooling in Bié and his secondary studies in Huambo.

Nunda joined UNITA on September 13, 1974 ..

In October of that year, he participated in the conference of Uria, where important decisions relating to the new situation prevailing in

Angola were taken following the June 14 cease- fire between UNITA and the Portuguese authorities. In January of 1975, Nunda was promoted to Second Lieutenant and appointed Second -in -Command of the area covering the provinces of Huila and Moçamedes. In July of that same year, he was promoted to the rank of captain and became the military commander of the above -mentioned provinces. 53

In January 1976, he was appointed Political Director for Huila

province, a post that he held until the strategic retreat of February 8, 1976. He then went to Huambo as a Political Director, and became a

troop commander in Huambo province.

In 1977 , Nunda was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel

and was appointed Military Commander of Bié province. At the end of that year, he was transferred to the military command of the Lunda area, where he remained until October of 1978.

From October 1978 until May 1979 , Nunda was a Political Di rector for the Central-East Front.

In June of 1979 , he assumed the duties of Political-Military Direc tor of FALA. He was appointed a member of COPE and elected to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

In 1981 , he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier. In May 1983 , he was nominated Chief of Staff of the Eastern Front and, much later,

commander of the same front. General Nunda conducted the military operations which led to the capture of Kafunfu, Andrada and other strategic areas and helped to expand the guerrilla activities in the northeastern part of the country.

From December 1986 through February 1987 , he participated in the first commander-cadres' course, conducted by UNITA President Dr. Jonas Savimbi.

In February 1987, he was appointed Chief of Staff for the Bié front and in March of 1988, Chief of Staff for the Central Front. In June 1988 , Nunda was promoted to the rank of Division General.

54

António Sebastião Dembo

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/25/44 1

Civil Status :

Married Education :

Completed three years of University studies in radio electronics engineering

1

In UNITA since :

CE 1970

Current Position :

Military Front Chief of Staff

i I

Background António Sebastião Dembo was born in 1944 in Nambuangongo, Luanda province. He is the son of Sebastião Dembo and Muhemba Kabuko .

He completed his primary schooling at Muxaluando and Quimai Methodist schools. His secondary schooling was done at El Harrach and the Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs et Tecniciens d'Algérie, ENITA , in Algeria. He then enrolled at the Ecole Nationale de Radio-Electron ique in Paris.

From the time he joined UNITA in 1970, he carried out various political activities in Paris . In 1974 he was appointed UNITA Dele gate in Luanda and much later held the same position in Uige. In 1975 , he was appointed Minister of Labor in the Transitional Government of Angola. On the occasion of the Cuanza Conference held in 1976 , Dembo 55

was appointed Secretary of the Central Control Commission and at the end of 1976 he became Deputy Military Commander for Cunene province.

In 1977 , he was appointed UNITA representative in Africa, carry

ing out intensive activities involving the maintenance and building UNITA's links with the outside world and mobilizing Angolans for the resistance cause.

Dembo returned to the country in 1982 and resumed military duties . Among other functions, he was the Commander for the North

ern Front. He is currently the Northern Front Chief of Staff. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Division General.

56

Abílio José Augusto Kamalata (Numa) Biographical Data Date of Birth :

8/31/55

1.

Civil Status:

Married Education :

High School In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Member of the Military Front Command

Background Abílio Kamalata (Numa) was born in 1955 in Cubal, Benguela pro

vince. He is the son of Ernesto Kamalata and Rita Chipondia. He completed his primary schooling at Babaera Catholic School. His secondary education was obtained at Espirito Santo Seminary and at Adamastor College in Huambo. Numa joined the movement in 1974 at Sakalemba, where he ac

quired his political-military training. He was then sent to Cubal as a Political Director.

Following the strategic retreat from the cities in 1976, he joined the guerrilla groups until 1978. Working in Communications, he was Deputy Chief of one Sector.

In 1977 , he was a delegate to the IV Congress held in Benda. He also participated at the V Congress, which took place in 1982. In that 57

same year Numa again underwent military training - this time -

specializing in strategy and operational tactics. In 1986, he was appointed a member of the Strategic Operational Command (COPE). As a military commander, he led FALA units at Cuito , Kazombo, Munhango and Kanage battle fronts. At the VI Congress of the movement, held in Jamba in 1986,

Numa was appointed an alternate member of the Political Bureau. He presently holds the rank of Division General.

58

E:

Carlos Tiago Kandanda Biographical Data Date of Birth : 1/4/47 Civil Status : Married

Education : High School In UNITA since : 1966

Current Position :

Chief of Military Administration

Background Carlos Kandanda was born in Moxico in 1947. He is the son of Tiago Kandanda Linangua and Kamba Maputa Kandanda. He began his primary school studies at the Mission of Muye and

completed them at Gago Coutinho. Afterwards, he fled to Zambia be cause of persecution by the PIDE. He completed his secondary school

ing in 1966 at Saint John's Secondary School in Mongu, Zambia. Kandanda joined UNITA in 1966 while he was in Zambia and he served there as UNITA's Deputy Representative. Six months later he returned to Angola . In 1969, at the Movement's II Congress, he was elected aa member

of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and Secretary for the Cadres.

During the III Congress of UNITA , held in 1973 , Kandanda was appointed the Secretary for Organization. In November of the 59

previous year he had lost one of his legs after detonating a landmine, but nevertheless, he continued to exercise the duties of Military Com mander along with his political activities. During the last offensive of the colonial army in April of 1974 , he administered the Volonguelo Central Hospital and commanded the FALA unit stationed there.

After the Portuguese coup d'état on April 25 , he was promoted to the rank of Major. In August 1975 , he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

After the strategic retreat to the maquis, he was appointed Com mander for the Kangombe area. He also attended the IV Congress at Benda. In 1979, Kandanda was appointed UNITA Representative in West Germany, based in Munich . On the occasion of the Extraordinary Congress in 1984, he was appointed Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs and at the VI Con gress of the Movement in 1986 , he was elected an alternate member

of the Political Bureau and the movement's Secretary for Organiza tion .

In January of 1988, he reassumed the job of Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Kandanda is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

1

60

Jeremias Kussia Chinhundu

}

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/8/34

1

Civil Status :

Married Education :

High school courses In UNITA since : 1966

Current Position :

Chairman of the War Veterans Bureau

Background Jeremias Kussia Chinhundu was born in 1934. He is the son of Arão Chinhundu and Eunice Nanhime.

He completed his primary schooling in Bailundo and secondary schooling at Currie Institute in Dondi and at the Vasco da Gama Col lege in Luanda. He did his military training at Nanking Military Academy in China.

Chinhundu pursued a nursing career after the premature death of his mother, but soon became aware of the rampant and inhumane ex >

ploitation of the Angolan people on the coffee plantations where he was stationed .

From that point , he began to carry out clandestine work at the

port of Lobito, where he worked as a nurse. With the help of other compatriots, he organized a clandestine committee, which made it 61

possible for many persons persecuted by the Portuguese colonial authorities to escape abroad. He also maintained contact with the ex

ternal missions of nationalist organizations based in neighboring African countries .

After his clandestine network was exposed by a PIDE agent, he

was forced into exile on April 6, 1964 , along with some of his compan ions, among whom were Oliveira Chinhama and Luciano Cassoma.

In December of 1964, he met with Dr. Jonas Savimbi. He was part of the first group of 11 which went to the Nanking Military Academy in China. Upon his return , he was imprisoned in Zambia and sen tenced to 90 days of hard labor. However, he managed to convince the Zambian police that he was an Angolan refugee and was handed over to the United Nations which in turn sent him to a refugee camp. He

then was able to escape successfully to Lusaka where he was met by Dr. Savimbi. He reentered Angola to fight against the colonial system . Instructed to contact some UNITA sympathizers in the Cazombo salient, Chinhundu was betrayed by a PIDE agent. He was captured

and transferred to PIDE prisons in Teixeira de Sousa, Luso, Bié, Huambo and Luanda.

In Luanda he was set free but placed under house arrest. Despite this, he still carried out mobilization work which resulted in the crea tion of one UNITA clandestine committee.

In 1970 , he was arrested again by the PIDE, and without trial, was sentenced to 10 years of prison in São Nicolau, where he stayed

until April 25 , 1974, the date of the Portuguese coup against Caetano. On April 15 , 1986, he was elected a member of the Central Com mittee during the IV UNITA Ordinary Congress. Chinhundu is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

62

Carlos Jorge Veiga Morgado ].

Biographical Data Date of Birth :

1/1/60 Civil Status : Married

Education :

Degree in Medicine 1.

In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Director of the Department of Health for the Armed Forces

ite

EX

el

Background Carlos Jorge Veiga Morgado was born in 1960 in Luanda. He is

the son of Acácio Morgado and Ilda Lopes Castro Veiga. He completed his primary and secondary school studies in Luan

da, at 107 Primary School and Paulo Dias Secondary School. He has been a UNITA supporter since 1974 when he defended UNITA's position in secondary school student associations in Luanda

and participated in political mobilization in the Katambor compound. In 1975 , due to the situation of insecurity in Luanda, Morgado left for Portugal, where he remained attached to UNITA through the movement's activities in Lisbon and Porto .

In 1981 , he was appointed Representative of the UNITA Youth in northern Portugal. 63

Having finished his medical studies, he carried out political activi ties while completing his internship in medicine. Morgado returned to Angola in November of 1986 to work as a medical doctor at the Jamba Central Hospital.

In March 1987 , he was appointed Director of the Department of Health for the Armed Forces .

Morgado is a FALA officer and holds the rank of Colonel.

0

$ 4

64

1

Daniel Zola Luzolo Mbongo-Mpassi Biographical Data Date of Birth : 12/15/49 Civil Status: Married Education :

Aeronautics Training In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Deputy Chief of the Logistics Office of the High Command

‫ܐ‬

1

Background Daniel Zola was born in Maquela do Zombo, Uige province on De cember 15, 1949. He is the son of Daniel Mbongo -Mpassi Ntony and Maria Mbote.

Zola completed his primary schooling in Angola and Zaire and his secondary studies in Zaire. He was trained in aviation in Poland, Egypt and Canada. Zola, the son of political refugees in Zaire, engaged himself in the political activities of UNTA ( The National Union of Angolan

Workers), an Angolan labor organization with headquarters in Zaire.

Through UNTA, he won a scholarship that enabled him to receive aeronautical training in Poland and obtain a diploma in piloting and mechanics.

Upon his return to Zaire, he found serious differences within the 65

leaders of UNTA on whether the organization should affiliate itself with the MPLA or the FNLA. It was decided that the group to which he belonged and which had sent him to pilot's training would join the FNLA. This movement promised a post-graduate course to the group and, as a result of this opportunity, Zola went to Egypt where he trained at the Military College of Cairo. He graduated as a Flight Lieu tenant and mechanic for medium -sized aircraft.

Upon his return to Zaire in 1969, he was imprisoned by the FNLA

until 1971. He managed to escape from prison and travelled to Braz zaville, the Canary Islands, Mauritania and other African countries, settling later in Senegal.

After April 25, 1974 , he returned to Angola and joined UNITA . In 1975 he was appointed to the Transport Department where he per formed the function of mechanic and co-pilot, from 1975 until March

of 1976. At the time of the strategic retreat, he left with UNITA for the maquis in order to take part in the resistance against the Soviet Cuban occupation.

Until 1977 , he had been responsible for logistics in eastern Angola. He was then sent abroad to the external mission in Africa , where he remained until 1986 .

In 1987 , he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Logistics Depart ment.

He is a FALA officer with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

66

Part IV Members of the

Administrative Coordination

1

1

11

2

)

Jeremias Kalandula Chitunda

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 2/20/42 Civil Status :

Married Education :

)

Degree in Mining and i

Geology Engineering, University of Arizona , U.S.A. In UNITA since : 1966

Current Position : Vice- President of UNITA and Chairman of the Administrative Council

I

Background Jeremias Chitunda was born in 1942 in Chimbuelengue. He is the son of Emilio Chitunda and Rosalina Kalombo.

He completed his primary schooling at Chimbuelengue and Dondi .

Mission, Bela Vista, and secondary school at Dom João de Castro Col lege and at Huambo National Secondary School. Due to the persecution of young Angolan intellectuals, he left Angola in the 1960s for neighboring Zaire. He later obtained a scholarship to the University of Arizona in the United States. Having been inspired by President Jonas Savimbi, who already at

that time was the symbol of the aspirations of Angolan patriotic youth, he was advised by the UNITA President to complete his studies.

He participated in efforts aimed at informing the international community about the Angolan people's resistance to the Portuguese 69

colonial oppression. Thus, from 1966 until 1974 , he represented UNITA in the southwestern section of the United States and Canada.

After a brilliant academic career, he obtained his degree in min

ing engineering and subsequently worked in the mining industry in North America. He has published monographs on the technical and scientific aspects of the mining industry, in particular the methodol ogy and stabilization systems of underground excavations.

From 1971 to 1974 , he was head of the Department of Industrial Engineering and Mines of a large mining company. From January to August of 1975 , he was appointed by the >

UNITA leadership to the post of Minister of Natural Resources of the Transition Government of Angola. From August 1975 to January 1976, he was the UNITA observer at the United Nations .

After the strategic retreat, he was appointed Representative in

the United States, a post which he held until 1977 . During UNITA's IV Congress in March 1977 , he was appointed >

Secretary for Information and Representative in France. In 1980, he was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Representative in the United States, a post which he held until August 1986.

In this capacity he was primarily charged with the task of mobiliz

ing and informing American public opinion, creating the conditions for the repeal of the Clark Amendment by the United States Congress

and seeking U.S. support. He was also in charge of an international in formation campaign aimed at promoting a better understanding of the Angolan conflict in the international community. In this capacity,

he was sent by President Savimbi on diplomatic tours to Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Oman , Quatar, Egypt,

Sudan, Somalia , Kenya, Morroco, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Togo, Latin America and Western Europe.

Chitunda participated in the drafting of numerous informative documents of the Movement and in a number of symposiums and con

ferences. He was a member of President Savimbis delegation during various diplomatic tours to Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and America.

In August 1986 , during the VI Ordinary Congress of UNITA, he was appointed Vice President of UNITA . He was also appointed to head the Administrative Council.

He is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

70

Elias Salupeto Pena Biographical Data

>

Date of Birth : 4/9/52 Civil Status : Married

Education :

Degree in Agriculture Engineering, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Paris, France In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Secretary for Economic Planning !

Background Elias Salupeto Pena was born in 1952 in Caricoque, Bie province. He is the son of Isaac Pires Pena and Judite Malheiro Pena.

He completed his primary schooling at Chilesso Mission. His se condary studies were done at the Bie Industrial and Commercial

School and at the Commercial Institute of Lubango. He graduated with a university degree from the National Superior School of Agron

omy of Abidjan , Ivory Coast and the National Institute of Agronomy in Paris, France.

Pena joined UNITA in 1974 as director of mobile youth groups, which had the objective of mobilizing and organizing youth commit tees and the recruitment of cadres for the movement.

Elected President of JURA-UNITA's Youth organization - in 1975 , he organized the youth on a national level. Within FALA, he was a member of the Regional Military Staff in Huambo. -

71

In December 1975 , he was wounded in combat. In 1976, he was

evacuated to Zambia for medical treatment. After recovering, he re mained in that country as the movement's Representative. From 1978 until 1983, Pena was JURA Secretary for External

Relations and was in charge of UNITA students abroad . He mobilized compatriots who were studying externally and at that time was able to establish strong contacts with various youth organizations in Euro

pean countries: Portugal, France, Sweden , Holland, Spain and Greece . Having finished his studies, he returned to Angola in 1987 and

was appointed Secretary for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. In this capacity he worked intensely to apply the UNITA program of "

“ Food Self-Sufficiency .” Pena is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

72

Jorge Alicerces Valentim Biographical Data Date of Birth : 5/29/37 Civil Status :

I

Married

Education :

Degree in Political Science

Universite Libré, Brussels In UNITA since : 1966 Current Position :

Secretary for Information

Background Jorge Alicerces Valentim was born in 1937 in Lobito, Benguela province. He is the son of Valentim Chipeco Chimuco and Alda Chi tula Chimuco .

He completed his primary schooling in Lobito. His secondary schooling was done at Nuno Alvares College in Benguela and Diogo Cao Secondary School at Sá da Bandeira. He did his degree studies at the Free University of Brussels.

In 1966, as an Angolan student abroad , he demonstrated his soli darity with the anti -colonial struggle by rendering his services in in forming and mobilizing student circles in the West and in Africa, in favor of the national cause and UNITA's political program . In October of 1974 , he was among the first group of UNITA mili tants abroad to return to Angola, in response to the appeal made by the movement's leadership. He was a member of the UNITA delega 73

tion led by Dr. Jonas Savimbi, which negotiated the Alvor Accords,

putting an end to colonial rule in Angola. He was the UNITA Delegate in Lobito between November of 1974 until February 8, 1976. From that time on, he participated in the resistance struggle against the occupation of the country by the Soviet Union and Cuba.

Since then he has held, among other posts, the position of Secretary for Information and Secretary for Education. More recently he was a member of the presidential delegation which visited the United States of America in 1988.

After the 1989 Gbadolite Summit in Zaire, Valentim was ap

pointed to lead UNITA's delegation which worked with the Joint Ne gotiations Commission for National Reconciliation, along with the MPLA delegation and the delegation from the Republic of Zaire, which was a mediating country in the negotiations. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Colonel .

74

Tony Fwaminy da Costa Fernandes

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 4/26/42 Civil Status : Married Education :

3rd year of University studies in Political and Social Sciences, Fribourg, Switzerland In UNITA since :

1965 Current Position : Secretary for Foreign Affairs

Background Tony Fernandes was born in 1942 in Cabinda. He is the son of A. Mamkafi Fernandes and Ilda Mazissa da Costa .

He completed his primary school studies in Cabinda and attended the Luanda seminary . He later attended the University of Fribourg in Switzerland where he studied political and social sciences.

In order to escape persecution from PIDE, he fled Angola to the then Congo-Leopoldville disguised as a priest. On reaching Kinshasa, he contacted Dr. Jonas Savimbi, then Sec

retary General of UPA, and enrolled immediately in the youth wing of that organization .

With his other colleagues, he understood very early that being in .

UPA was to row against the tide. In 1962 , he was granted a scholar

ship to study in Switzerland, where he concluded his secondary school studies and, in 1963 , joined the Faculty of Political and Social Sci

ences at the University of Fribourg. 75

In 1964 , in a gesture of solidarity with the National Union of Angolan Students (UNEA ), he abandoned UPA and its student body, where he had served as Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

In October of 1964 , he had the privilege and honor to be in Cham paix, where Dr. Savimbi conceived the skeleton of UNITA. From July through October of 1965, Fernandes underwent mili tary training in the People's Republic of China. Appointed Spokesman of the Movement abroad , he returned to Switzerland where he also continued with his studies. After the deten

tion of Dr. Savimbi in Zambia in July 1967, and faced with the dif ficult and uncertain period that UNITA was going through, he aban

doned Switzerland and joined President Savimbi, then exiled in Cairo, after the Zambian government had impeded him from returning to Angola.

He was the UNITA Representative in Cairo from 1968 until 1973 ; Representative in Lusaka from 1973 to 1974 ; the movement's Infor mation Secretary in 1975 ; Representative in London from 1976 to 1979; Secretary for Internal Commerce from 1984 to 1985; and Depu ty Information Secretary from 1986 through 1987. He was also the Secretary for Public Affairs.

Fernandes has carried out many missions and has participated in several delegations on visits abroad, among them the one led by Presi dent Savimbi which negotiated the Alvor Agreement.

Very recently, as Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission , he was special envoy of the UNITA leadership in a series of diplomatic >

tours.

He is an officer of FALA with the rank of Division General.

1

76

Fernando Wilson Fernandes dos Santos

Biographical Data

1

Date of Birth : 11/3/51

Civil Status : Married

Education : Degree in Social Sciences, Switzerland In UNITA since : 1972

3

1

Current Position :

Director of the Press and Audio - Visual Media of the Secretariat of Information

1

I

5

Background Wilson dos Santos was born in 1953 in Benguela. He is the son of Arnaldo Jesse Alfredo dos Santos and Maria das Dores F. Santos.

He did his primary and secondary school studies in Benguela, School Number 30, P. Vicente College and Commander Peixoto Cor reia National Secondary School. Higher studies were completed at the Law Faculties of the Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra and the

University Institute of Development Studies, Geneva, where he graduated.

He supported UNITA's struggle from 1970 in Lisbon , where he had access to the first publications and reports from people with links to UNITA leaders in Europe.

He fled to Switzerland in 1972 after having decided to take a more effective involvement in the struggle for the liberation of Angola and formally joined UNITA as a member in August of that same year.

77

Dos Santos was the Administrative Secretary of the UNITA sec tion in Switzerland . As a member of the leadership of the Federation of Black African Students in Switzerland, he also introduced UNITA in student groups and in African and other circles from this country. After the contact with the UNITA leadership in the maquis of

eastern Angola, he took part in meetings and missions aimed at the transition of Angola to independence, under the leadership of UNITA President Jonas Savimbi.

He was the UNITA Delegate in Luanda during the transition

period to independence. He has served as the UNITA Representative in Portugal and as Secretry of Information.

With the withdrawal from the cities in February of 1976, dos San

tos joined the Resistance. He was later dispatched to the Cuanza area as a political activist. After the Cuanza Conference, which defined the new paths for

the struggle, he was nominated Representative in Senegal. Upon his return to the country and after a period of military

training in Morocco in 1978, he attended the 12th Annual Conference where he was appointed Deputy Secretary for Information .

In 1981 , dos Santos was appointed Representative in Belgium . In 1982 , he was again sent to Portugal as Representative, returning in 1985 to exercise functions in Information and more recently, Secretary for the International Cooperation. He is an officer in the FALA with the rank of Colonel.

78

Aurélio João (Kalhas)

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 10/4/50 Civil Status : Married

Education:

High School In UNITA since : 1977

Current Position :

Director of the VORGAN Broadcasting Station and KUP News Agency in [

the Secretariat of Information

Background Aurélio João was born in 1950 in Babaera, Benguela. He is the son of João Evangelista Sendala and Julia Ekuva.

He completed his primary schooling at São Miguel primary school in Lobito and in Longonjo Mission in Caala . His secondary school studies were finished at Quipeio Seminary and Salvador Correia Secondary School in Luanda. Kalhas joined UNITA in 1977 in the Military Region which covers

the Bié province. He received his military training during that same year .

In January of 1978, he was placed in charge of information in

JURA (UNITA's youth organization ). Following that assignment, he was appointed JURA Coordinator in the same military region, a post that he held until October of that year. 79

On the occasion of the 12th Annual Conference of the Movement,

he was appointed JURA Secretary General. In August of 1986, following the holding of UNITA's VI Con

gress, he was appointed Political Director for the Cuando Cubango Military Region, a position which he held until March of 1987 , when he was appointed Secretary for Mobilization . In November of 1987 , he was appointed to the post of Permanent Secretary of the Central Committee Secretariat. He is a member of the Armed Forces and holds the rank of Colonel.

80

Almerindo Jaka Jamba

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 3/21/49 Civil Status: Married Education :

Degree in Liberal Arts

( History and Philosophy) , Lisbon , Portugal 1

In UNITA since : 1969

Current Position :

Secretary for National Education

Background Jaka Jamba was born in 1949 in Dondi (Bela Vista ). He is the son

of Tavares Hungulo Jamba and Ruth Beatriz Simbovala .

After primary school studies in Cachilengue and Chinguar, Jam ba did his secondary school studies at the Teresiano College in Bela Vista, at the Currie Institute in Dondi and at the Huambo National Secondary School. Due to economic hardships, his academic career was difficult. He obtained a scholarship from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation . He left for Portugal, enrolling in the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Lisbon's

Classic University, where he received a degree in Philosophy. In 1968 , he established his first contact with UNITA's missions in Europe. Jamba left for Switzerland in 1973 after refusing to enlist in the

Portuguese Army. He subscribed to the manifesto promulgated by the 81

UNITA student youth in 1974 which fought against attempts to discredit UNITA.

After the coup d'état of April 25 in Portugal, he returned to Free Angola and was appointed by the movement's leadership as UNITA's Delegate in Luso (the capital of Moxico province). On January 31 , 1975 , he was nominated by the UNITA leader ship as Secretary of State for Information in the Transitional Govern

ment. In October of that same year, he became the dean of the Uni versity of Huambo. In March of 1976, following UNITA's retreat to the bush , he was engaged in mobilization activities of people located south of Moxico province . He also participated in "The Long March of the Freedom Fighters .”

From Cuando Cubango, Jamba was transferred to Bié province, where he was charged with organizing the education services; later he was appointed Secretary for Information .

During the 12th Annual Conference held in May of 1979, he was selected Secretary for Foreign Affairs. At the Fifth Congress, he was appointed to the Foreign Affairs

Commission and also became the Secretary for Information, a post which he retained until the 1st Extraordinary Congress. At that time

he became the Secretary for Education and Culture. At the VI Congress of the Movement, held in Jamba from August

to September 1986, he was designated Secretary for Information and Spokesman of the Movement. Jamba is an officer in the FALA with the rank of Colonel.

82

2

Samuel Martinho Epalanga

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 5/28/43 Civil Status : Married Education : Technical-Professional School

of Benguela Railway In UNITA since: 1966 Current Position :

Head of the Personnel Department

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Background Samuel Epalanga was born in 1943 in Kanjungo, Sambo, in Vila Nova. He is the son of Martinho Sanches Epalanga and Florinda Mangui.

He completed his primary schooling at Dondi Mission in Bela Vista . He then trained as a locksmith and machine operator at the

Technical- Professional School of the Benguela Railway's Mechanical Division in Huambo .

In 1965 , in protest against the Portuguese colonial system , he left the country and went to Zaire in the company of Mateus Gregorio and Severino Sawenda. From Zaire, he went to Lusaka, Zambia . After

receiving political training, he left Zambia for eastern Angola in 1966 , accompanied by Nascimento Neleho, the late Major Grivas. After military training under the direction of President Jonas Savimbi , Epalanga was appointed Commander of Lumai, Lutembue 83

and Lucusse and took part in the famous Cassamba attack on Decem ber 4 , 1966 .

From 1966 through 1968, he was engaged in military combat and

political mobilization activities. In 1976, he became the Regional Chief of Staff for the Huambo province.

After that assignment, he served in several capacities, including Military Commander in Cuando Cubango, Head of Civilian Ad

ministration, Chief of the Personnel Department and Secretary for Natural Resources .

Samuel Epalanga is an officer in FALA and holds the rank of Division General.

84

Ana Isabel Paulino Savimbi

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 12/18/57 Civil Status :

Married Education : High school instruction In UNITA since :

1974 Current Position :

Member of the Foreign Affairs Commission

Background Ana Isabel Paulino Savimbi was born in 1957 at Bambi, Nondolo.

She is the daughter of Paulino Elundula and Violeta Kambanjela.

She did her primary and secondary school studies in Huambo at Bomba Alta and São João primary schools and Luis de Camões Se condary School. Later she transferred to Bela Vista Technical School. She joined UNITA in August of 1974. In October of that same

year, she left her studies and went to Massivi, UNITA's Central Base 1

in eastern Angola, where she participated in a political orientation course .

In January 1975, she underwent military training after which she was appointed JURA (UNITA's youth organization ) Director at Sachipopa base in Kangumbe. In March of that year, she was trans ferred to Luso and placed in the Department of Information. Much later, within the framework of mobilizing the people in Moxico pro 85

vince , she participated in the installation of the UNITA Mission in Portugalia, Dundo and Andrada. In June of 1975 , she went to Ivory Coast where she took secretar

ial courses. Upon her return in January of 1976, she worked in the

Cooperation Department in the city of Bié until February 8, 1976 . She entered the maquis and after the Cuanza Conference in May of 1976, she was appointed Secretary to the General Staff, a job which

she held until the IV Congress of the Movement. Ana Savimbi left Angola for military training in May of 1978. In 1980 , she was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and then ap pointed Presidential Secretary . In September 1981 , she advanced to the rank of Captain . In 1985 , she married President Savimbi.

She accompanied Dr. Savimbi during the UNITA leader's historic visit to the United States in January of 1986. At the VI Congress of the Movement held in Jamba in August 1986, she was elected a member of the UNITA Central Committee

and was also appointed a member of the Foreign Affairs Commission with the position of Public Relations Officer. In

86

nuary of 1988, she was promoted to the rank of Major.

Nicolau Chiuka Biangu

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/1/26 Civil Status:

Widower In UNITA since : 1965

Current Position :

Chief Coordinator of Rural Affairs

Background :

Nicolau Chiuga Biangu was born in 1926 in Kavili, Kamakupa, Bié. He is the son of Luis Biangu and Laurinda Lussati.

He studied at Currie Institute of Dondi and at the Moçamedes Se condary School.

Biangu was a teacher, and later became a clerk for the Benguela Railway (CFB). In 1963 , after becoming aware of the oppression of

the Portuguese colonial government, Biangu went to Zaire to assist the UPA in mobilizing grass roots support. On June 8, 1963, in the city of Elizabethville ( today called Lubum bashi, Zaire ), he met President Jonas Savimbi, who was then the Sec >

>

retary General of UPA .

He resigned from the UPA at the same time as Dr. Savimbi.

In January 1965, Biangu met with President Savimbi in Lu saka. Shortly thereafter, he went to the Nanking Military Academy 87

in China for military training. After completing this course in September of 1965, he returned to Angola (via Zambia) with the goal of mobilizing the Angolan people. However, he was not successful because he was taken prisoner by

Zambian police in Sakambunje, Mukonda before he reached Angola. Set free before being recognized as a guerrilla fighter, he managed to return to Lusaka. From there he became involved in organizing clandestine activities in Zaire. Here he was denounced by Tshombe

followers and once again jailed , this time at Dilolo, Kolwezi and Kar via prisons. He was later freed . In June 1966 , he left Lusaka and on July 10 of that year he man aged to return to Angola.

Biangu was appointed as a commander. Shortly thereafter, he fell victim to an ambush led by Portuguese secret agents. He was taken prisoner yet again and jailed in Luanda. In Luanda he was sentenced to 12 years of forced labor and was exiled to São Nicolau. There, he formed clandestine cells and mobilized the other prisoners. After the

coup d'état in Portugal on April 25, 1974, he was set free and im mediately headed for eastern Angola, where he joined UNITA . He was appointed Provincial Secretary for UNITA in Bié until the strategic retreat in 1976. In 1980 , he exercised duties as Commander of the Luando Front.

In 1981 , he left for the Kazombo salient, where he was military commander until 1982. Then he became Director of the Guerrilla

Commanders' course , and the Political Director of Commander Monteiro Camp in Jamba. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Brigadier.

88

Junior Agostinho Benguela Biographical Data Date of Birth : 7/17/44

Civil Status : Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position : Director General of Civil Administration

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Background Junior Benguela was born in 1944 in the Evangelical Mission of Kamundongo, Bié province. He is the son of Agostinho Benguela and Emiliana Raquel

He did his primary education at Kamundongo Mission and his

secondary studies at Currie Institute of Dondi, Marist Brothers Col lege in Bié and at the National Secondary School of Huambo. He joined the movement in August of 1974 in Massivi. In January

of 1975, he took a military training course . Following completion of the course, he was appointed as Chief of General Supplies, with head quarters in Kangumbe.

In August 1975, he was appointed a member of the Operational Command of Bié and in November of that year was stationed at Mussende as Second -in -Command of the Mussende Front. 89

In September 1976, he was transferred to Cuando Cubango pro vince as a military instructor. In March 1977, he was a delegate to UNITA's IV Congress held in Benda, in Huambo province. In January of 1978, he assumed the duties of Chief of Personnel. From 1981 through 1983, he was Director General of Personnel.

In January 1986, he was appointed a member of the Operational Strategic Command (COPE) and in October of that year he was ap pointed Secretary for Natural Resources. In March 1987 he became the Mayor of Jamba and later the Deputy Secretary for Internal Ad ministration and Social Affairs. He is an officer with FALA and holds the rank of Division General.

90

Henrique Afonso Raimundo

**

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 4/15/44

Civil Status : Married

Education :

Degree in Medicine In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position : 1

Medical Doctor

Background Henrique Raimundo was born in 1944 in Benfica compound, Ben guela. He is the son of Joaquim Afonso Raimundo and Rita Essenje.

He completed his primary and secondary school studies in Ben guela. He began his university studies in Luanda and concluded them at the Classic University of Lisbon, Portugal. He also attended a

surgery specialist course in London , England . Raimundo joined UNITA in Luanda in 1974 while he was still a medical student. Thoroughly embittered by the violation of the Alvor Accords by the MPLA and by the Soviet-Cuban invasion /occupation,

he left Angola in order to pursue his studies in Portugal. In 1977 he received his degree in medicine and then enrolled in a tropical medicine course which he concluded in 1978. He became a 91

surgeon at Santa Maria University Hospital in Lisbon after complet ing his training in London at the Royal College of Surgeons. He participated as a UNITA delegate to the Conference Against Soviet Expansionism in Africa, held in Lisbon in 1979. He later became the Secretary for Health and Social Welfare in the Free Land of Angola as well as the Secretary for Internal Admin istration and Social Welfare .

He is an officer of the FALA with the rank of Colonel.

92

Lourenço Pedro Makanga Biographical Data Date of Birth :

5/4/46 Civil Status : Married

Education :

High school; medical studies In UNITA since : 1971

Current Position : >

Mayor of the Jamba Municipal Council

Background 1

Lourenço Makanga was born in 1946 in Quessua, Malange pro vince. He is the son of Pedro João Makanga and Joana Pedro Mateus. He did his primary school studies at Amor, Alegria and Luz School, in Quessua and secondary schooling in the same locality and also in Luanda .

In 1969, he deserted the Portuguese Army in order to join the freedom fighters outside the country. Arriving in Congo -Brazzaville, he stayed in the MPLA ranks for six months, from which he abruptly

left for the capital of the Central African Republic due to assassina tion attempts against him .

In June 1971 , he joined UNITA after contacts with the Organiza 1

tion's leaders in Switzerland. During this same year, he was appointed Secretary of SUNITAS (the UNITA branch in Switzerland) and later in that year became the organization's treasurer. 93

In 1975 , having successfully completed a Technical Assistant's course in Radiology and Radiotherapy in Lausanne, Switzerland, he enrolled in a medical course at the University of Lagos in Nigeria. After persecution by the MPLA , he left Nigeria for Angola in 1976. On February 8 he went to the Muye -Muesse areas where he was appointed Head of the Education Services. From 1977 to 1979, he exercised the functions of Political Direc

tor of the region covering the southeastern parts of Bié province and southwest of Lunda province.

In 1978, he was wounded in combat during the attack on the Cuiva river bridge. In 1980, he was appointed Camp Commander for Kakuchi in Cuando Cubango province.

In 1981 , Makanga became a member of the teaching staff of the Polivalente Institute, which was at that time based at Katapi. During

the same year , he was appointed Head of the Department of War Materiel in the Logistics General Directorate. In 1984 , during the Extraordinary Congress, he was elected a member of the Central Committee.

In 1985, he was designated Head of Administration in Likuwa. In 1988 , he was appointed Director of the Department of Public Works. In October of that same year, he was appointed a member of

the Permanent Political Commission of the UNITA Leadership. He is an officer of the FALA and holds the rank of Colonel.

94

Teodoro Eduardo Torres Kapiñala Biographical Data Date of Birth : 3/28/38 Civil Status : Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position : Secretary for Natural Resources

Background 1

Torres Kapiñala was born in 1938 in Kayovo- Catabola, Bié pro vince. He is the son of Eduardo Torres Kapinala and Maria Eugenia Chilombo.

He finished his primary schooling at Kazombo Catholic Mission . His secondary school studies were taken at Currie Institute in Dondi,

Bela Vista, the Marist Brother's College in Bié and Gabela Secondary School. He attended a teacher's training institution in Bié. Kapiñala joined UNITA on November 14, 1974 in Gabela and his first activities involved mobilizing the people. When the UNITA Of fice was opened in Gabela, he was appointed Chairman of the UNITA Committee in that town.

Following the MPLA /FNLA confrontations in July of 1975 , he was taken prisoner by the MPLA . After being released, he left for

Huambo city, where he was an administrator at the Industrial Insti 95

tute. During the same year , he was sent to the Chissamba mission

where he was the school director in that locality, until the strategic retreat in February of 1976 . Later, he underwent military training and joined the guerrilla forces which were carrying out military actions in the Cuanza region in Bié province.

From November of 1976, he served as a political officer in several military regions.

In 1979, he was a delegate to the 12th Annual Conference. In July of 1981 , Kapinala became Regional Commander of the Military Region covering the area of the Huambo province. He held that position until 1983. Then he was recalled to take up the post of 2

Director of the Operations Office.

In 1985, he assumed the position of Head of the Personnel De

partment. And in 1986, he was appointed Secretary for Natural Resources, a post he still holds. He is an officer of FALA with the rank of Colonel.

96

Serafina Costa Pereira

da Gama Paulo (Bebé)

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 2/18/50 Civil Status : Married Education :

Degree in Medicine In UNITA since: 1974

Current Position :

Medical Doctor

Background Serafina Gama Paulo , better known as “ Bebé," was born in 1950 in Luanda. She is the daughter of Manuel Pereira de Gama and Maria Abreu Pereira da Gama.

Bebé did her primary school work in Luanda, her junior secondary schooling in Cabinda and completed the girls' secondary school of Dona Guiomar de Lancastre in Luanda . In 1972 she enrolled in the

School of Medicine at the University of Luanda.

She interrupted her studies in 1974 when she joined UNITA and went to the central base in Massivi (eastern Angola). She joined a

traveling mobilization brigade of JURA and went on a mission in Bié province. In 1975, she performed duties in the UNITA Missions at Huambo and Luanda, and later she worked as Technical Adviser to 97

the Ministry of Education and Culture before becoming a Secondary School Teacher.

After the strategic retreat in 1976, she left Angola for Portugal

where she completed her studies in medicine in 1980. During that time she continued to be active in political affairs along with other ex iled students living in that European country. In 1985 , she was appointed head of the Sector of Social Welfare of the Angolans exiled in Portugal. During the following year, she returned to the UNITA liberated

areas and started working as a medical doctor at Jamba Central Hospital until January 1988 when she was appointed Secretary for Technical and Higher Education . She is currently at the Jamba Cen tral Hospital

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98

Judite Bandua Dembo

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/15/54

Civil Status : Married Education :

.

Degree in Political

Administrative Science In UNITA since : 1966

>

Current Position :

Secretary for Higher and Technical Education

Background Judite Bandua was born in 1954 in Katika -Cahala, Huambo . She

is the daughter of Jeremias Antonio Bandua and Valeriana Sapi Tan ganica Bandua.

Judite did her primary school studies in the cities of Huambo and Luso and concluded her studies at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire.

She joined UNITA on March 13, 1966 and then dedicated herself to doing clandestine work for UNITA along the borders between Angola, Zaire and Zambia. Forced into exile during 1976 after the invasion of Angola by the Cuban troops, she engaged in activities in the UNITA missions in Africa .

She returned to Angola where she was a teacher at the Jamba Na

tional Secondary School and the Kapembe Secondary School between 1

1984 and 1988.

She currently holds the position of Secretary for Higher and Technical Education. 99

Georgina Clara Sapalalo

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 3/21/56 Civil Status :

Single Education :

Courses in Business

Administration and Accounting In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position:

Secretary of Finance

Background Georgina Clara Sapalalo was born in Bié on March 21 , 1956. She

is the daughter of Nunes Kachipui Sapalalo and Catarina Kassova Salumbo.

She completed her primary schooling at Number 37 Primary School in Ganda and secondary school studies at Our Lady of Peace College and the Industrial School in Bié. She later enrolled in a nursery school teachers course at the Pius XII Institute in Luanda.

She interrupted her studies in 1974 to join UNITA . In February 1975, she went to the Massivi base where she was in tegrated into aa Mobile Action Group for the mobilization of Angolan

youth. Later she was sent to Luso and to Luanda, where she took part in the creation of Action Committees in the shanty compounds. In June of that same year, she was sent abroad, where she took an

intensive secretarial course. She returned to the country in February 100

+

of 1976. Then she entered the bush , having participated in the his toric “ Long March .” After the IV Congress of UNITA , she was again sent abroad where, between 1978 and 1981 she took courses in Business Admin istration and Accounting. On her return to Free Angola, she assumed positions as a secre tary and secondary school teacher. She is currently UNITA's Secretary of Finance.

101

Germana Melita Malaquias ( Tita) Biographical Data Date of Birth : 4/23/53 Civil Status:

Single Education :

Secondary and Technical School In UNITA since : 1967

Current Position :

Secretary for Manpower

Background Tita Malaquias was born in 1953 in Lobito. She is the daughter of Mimoso Malaquias and Amélia João.

She completed her primary schooling in Luso. Her secondary school studies were done at the Luso Industrial and Commercial School and Huambo Industrial and Commercial School.

Tita began her political career at the young age of 14 in 1967. She

assisted in the clandestine activities of UNITA in Luso, along with her parents. In October of 1969, Tita was forced to interrupt her admission ex aminations to the Sá da Bandeira Commercial Institute and was im

prisoned by PIDE-DGS . Forbidden to pursue her studies in Sá da Bandeira, she enrolled in a laboratory course and her training ended in Huambo in 1973 . In September of 1974, three months after the cessation of 1

02

hostilities with the Portuguese government, she joined the UNITA ranks at the Massivi Base, where she became part of the first Mobile Group of political mobilization . In that same year, she headed the se

cond group of political mobilization and was a delegate to the Uria Conference.

In 1975 , she headed a group to prepare people for the electoral campaign . She was a participant in the historic " Long March .” From 1977 to 1978, she assumed the duties of JURA Secretary for Social Affairs.

In 1979, she was chief manager in the office of GACO ( The Office of Action and Operational Coordination ). She was also a delegate to the 12th Annual Conference of UNITA .

During the following year, she was in charge of the UNITA Radio Station , the Voice of the Black Cockerel, a position which she held un

til 1981. At that time she was appointed Director of Publications of the Secretariat of Information .

From 1982 until 1985 , she was a member of the Commission for Social Affairs of the Movement and a member of the Permanent Ex

ecutive of the National Committee of LIMA (The League of Angolan Women ) and was in charge of political education for that organiza tion.

In 1986, she taught secondary school and then was appointed head of the office of the Administrative Coordination .

She is currently Secretary for Manpower. She is a FALA officer and holds the rank of Captain .

103

Alda Juliana Sachiambo

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 9/25/56

Civil Status : Divorced Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position : Director of the Office of the

Secretary for planning

Background Alda Juliana Sachiambo was born in 1956 in Dondi, Bela Vista, in Huambo province. She is the daughter of Florindo Sachiambo and Ana Paulo Sachiambo .

She completed her primary schooling at Bela Vista and secondary school studies in the same town at Teresiano College, and at Bié Na tional Secondary School. Sachiambo joined UNITA in June 1974 in Bié. After her integra tion into a youth mobilization group at the provincial level, she was appointed Provincial Vice Chairman of JURA — the UNITA youth organization.

After finishing her studies in July of 1975, she taught at the then Polivalente Institute in Dondi-Bela Vista until February 1976, when the Soviet-Cuban invasion forced UNITA into a strategic retreat. Hav ing chosen the path of resistance, she carried out mobilization ac 104

T

tivities among the population in the military region which covers Huambo province. In March 1977 , she was a delegate to the IV Congress of UNITA

and later attended various political training courses . In November of that same year, she took part in political mobilization of the masses in Cuando Cubango province. In January 1978 , she went to the movement's central base, where she carried out administrative duties until 1979. At that time she was

appointed to a commission for the reorganization of LIMA (UNITA's organization for women).

Also during 1979, she was a delegate to the 12th Annual Con ference of UNITA and was appointed the movement's 3rd Secretary in charge of grassroots organizations. In 1980, she became LIMA president, a job she held until Novem ber of 1985.

In 1986, she was a delegate to the VI Congress of UNITA where

she was appointed a member of the Directorate of Commander Samanjolo Secondary School.

In January of 1988 , she was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Secretariat of Work and Supplies .

She is currently the Director of the Office of the Secretary for Economic Planning. She is a FALA officer with the rank of Captain .

105

Aniceto José Manuel Hamukwaya

Biographical Data Date of Birth :

9/20/56 Civil Status : Married

Education: Degree in Law In UNITA since : 1975 Current Position :

Secretary for Culture and Scientific Research

Background Aniceto José Manuel Hamukwaya was born in 1956 in Xangongo, Cunene. He is the son of José Hamukwaya and Rosaria Deolinda Di mukwetele Hamukwaya. He completed his primary schooling in Benguela. His secondary school studies were done at the Alexandre Herculano College in Huambo and the Commander Peixoto Correia Secondary School in Benguela. He was a student-worker, completing his senior secondary school education in stages. Much later, he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at the Classic University in Lisbon, where he completed his law studies

in the field of juridical and economic sciences in 1983 . In August of 1975 , he went to Massivi, Moxico, and on his return to Benguela, he particpated in several political activities carried out by JURA in this city . 106

In July 1976, he was taken prisoner, following the attack and de struction of the UNITA delegation in Benguela by the MPLA forces. Two months later, he escaped from prison and managed to flee to Por tugal.

Once in Portugal, he continued as a UNITA activist and as Secre tary General of UNITA youth exiled in Portugal. In 1985 , he visited for the first time the Free Land of Angola and,

in January 1987, he finally returned to the country and took up the post of Deputy Secretary for Information. In January of 1988, he was appointed Secretary General of Ad ministrative Coordination .

He is currently the Secretary for Culture and Scientific Research . He is an officer with FALA and holds the rank of Lieutenant Col onel.

107

Part V Members of the

External Mission

Armindo Lucas Paulo (Gato) Biographical Data Date of Birth : 5/13/54

Civil Status: Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs

Background Armindo Lucas Paulo, better known as “Gato ,” was born in 1954 . He is the son of Zacarias Sanjolomba Paulo and Lussinga Paulo.

He did his primary and secondary school studies in Huambo. In 1975 , he joined UNITA and worked as Deputy Chief of the Per

sonnel Department of the Central Base in Massivi. In August of that year he was dispatched to Kambandua to take command of a special unit and he remained there until November 1975.

In 1978 , he was appointed Deputy Chief of Military Intelligence for the Central Front.

He was designated JURA Secretary for Information in 1979 and, later, Secretary General of JURA. He was also elected a member of the Central Committee.

In 1980, he was appointed Director of the President's Office. On 111

the occasion of the V Congress held in 1982, he was elected an alter nate member of the Political Bureau and appointed Head of the

General Directorate of Personnel of the Strategic Operational Com mand (COPE) and promoted to the rank of Colonel. He was appointed to the position of Representative in Europe in July of 1983. He is currently the Deputy Secretary for Foreign Af fairs.

Gato is a FALA officer with the rank of General.

112

Adolosi Paulo Mango Alicerces Biographical Data Date of Birth : 4/24/53 Civil Status :

Married Education:

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

UNITA Representative in Portugal

Background Adolosi Alicerces was born in 1953 in Benguela. He is the son of Paulo Bartolomeu Alicerces and Natália Chitaca Adolosi.

He completed his primary schooling at Number 109 Primary School in Cavaco. His secondary education was obtained at Com

mander Peixoto Correia National Secondary School in Benguela. Soon after joining UNITA on September 16, 1974 , at Sakalemba, he attended the first cadre's training course at Massivi. At the end of

this course , he was appointed General Instructor of UNITA bases and later, Instruction Director charged with the training of soldiers and the preparation of political activists.

He was appointed Military Commander for the Benguela province in January of 1975. From Lobito he proceeded to collect all weapons still in the possession of former soldiers of the Portuguese Army in an effort to maintain public order which at that time was being threat 113

ened by disturbances created by the FNLA and MPLA. He carried out this task until March of that same year. He was later transferred to Luso on the same mission.

Later, he returned to the guerrilla bases at Uria where he was

once more involved in the training of soldiers. From August to December of 1975, he took part in the military campaign to liberate Luso in his capacity as Company Commander. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of Captain and appointed Director of Military Instruction for the Moxico Front which was head quartered at Chicala . He held this post until the strategic retreat of February 8, 1976 .

Until the end of 1977, he was alternatively Company Commander on the Muangai Front, Head of Logistics of the General Chief of Staff, Sector Coordinator for Bié and Commander of Kutupo Central Hospital From 1978 to 1980, he served as a UNITA Representative abroad . In June of 1983, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and ap pointed Head of the Department of Cadres. In July of that year he was appointed Director of the Office of the President. At the Extraordinary Congress of the Movement, held in 1984 , he was elected aa member of the Executive Council and promoted to the rank of Colonel. In November of 1988, he was appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

In April of 1990 he was appointed Representative to Portugal and Head of the UNITA delegation to the peace talks. He is a FALA officer with the rank of General.

114

Domingos Jardo Muekalia

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 9/20/59 Civil Status : Married

Education:

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Chief Representative to the United States

Background Jardo Muekalia was born in 1959 in Mungo. He is the son of Abias Muekalia and Belina Pandombela Muekalia .

He completed his primary schooling in Bela Vista and his secon

dary school studies at Huambo National Secondary School. In 1974 he joined UNITA as a member of JURA.

He joined FALA in 1976 after military training courses in Chinhama base.

In August of 1979, he was part of a group which went for military training in Morocco, wherehe specialized as a commando.

In 1980 Muekalia was the officer responsible for the security of two captured Soviet pilots. Later in 1981 , he served as liaison officer hosting journalists and other foreign visitors who travelled to Free Angola. 115

In July 1983 , he was appointed UNITA Representative in The United Kingdom . After serving two years in London , he returned to Jamba in 1985 .

In January 1986, Muekalia was designated the movement's

Representative in the United States of America. In February of 1987 he was transferred to The United Kingdom . In January 1989 he returned to the United States, where in August of 1989 he was ap

pointed Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He is currently the Chief Representative to the United States. Muekalia is an officer in FALA and holds the rank of Colonel.

116

Isaías Henrique Ngola Samakuva Biographical Data Date of Birth :

7/8/46 Civil Status:

Married Education :

Course in Business and Accounting Current Position :

Representative in The United Kingdom

Background Isaías Samakuva was born in 1946 at Cunje outpost. He is the son of Henrique Ngola Samakuva and Rosilia Ani Ulondo . He completed his primary schooling at Chissamba Evangelical Mission . His secondary school studies were done at Dondi's Currie In stitute, Bié Industrial and Commercial School and Huambo Industrial School.

He joined UNITA in 1974 in the city of Bié. At that time he mobilized and organized the population . Following the invasion of

Angola by the Cuban expeditionary troops, Samakuva joined UNITA bases in Bié province.

In February 1977 , he was appointed to the military region cover ing Huambo province and served as the head of the Department of Recruitment and Mobilization . In June of that same year, he was plac

ed in charge of logistics for the Southern Front. 117

In August of 1979, he was sent abroad to exercise duties en trusted to him by the movement.

In 1979, he was also a delegate to the 12tn Annual Conference of the Movement and was elected a member of the Central Committee.

In 1984, he was appointed Vice Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission and a member of the Strategic Operational Command (COPE).

In 1984, Samakuva was a delegate to the 1st Extraordinary Con gress of UNITA and was elected as an alternate member of the Political Bureau. The following year, he became Head of the General Directorate of Logistics. At the VI Congress of the Movement in 1986, he was appointed

Permanent Secretary of the Movement. He was also serving as the Director of the Office of the President.

He is currently a UNITA Representative in The United Kingdom . He is an officer in the UNITA Armed Forces and holds the rank of

Brigadier.

118

João Miguel Vahekeny Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/24/49

Civil Status :

Married Education :

Degree in Geology, Switzerland In UNITA since : 1969 Current Position :

Secretary for International

Organizations

Background João Vahekeny was born in 1949 in Namakunde, Cunene pro vince. He is the son of Miguel Vahekeny and Nina Ngondumbo.

He completed his primary schooling in Ndjiva and secondary school studies at Jau Seminary and Diogo Cão Secondary School in Huila province. His higher education was completed at the univer

sities of Coimbra (two years of law) and Lausanne (geology). He joined UNITA in 1969 at a time when he was finishing secon dary school. He then went to Portugal to study law where he pro moted UNITA's programs on the university campus. In 1972, he fled from Portugal to Switzerland in order to avoid

the military obligations which were imposed upon him by the colonial

Portuguese regime. Therefore, he continued his political activities through SUNITAS ( the UNITA branch in Switzerland ). 119

After April 25 , 1974 , he returned to Angola and became Provin cial Delegate for Huila and Moçamedes.

At the end of January 1975, he was appointed by UNITA to exer cise the job of Deputy Minister for the Interior in the Transition Government.

In October of 1975, he was once more appointed by the leadership to represent UNITA in Moçamedes province and he was moved to the post of Minister of Public Works after November 11 .

He served the movement's Representative in Europe in 1976. In 1977 , he was promoted to Deputy Secretary for Foreign Af fairs.

At the VI Congress in 1986 , he was elected an alternate member

of the Political Bureau and appointed Secretary for International Or ganizations and Representative to Switzerland.

He is currently the Secretary for International Organizations.

120

Alcides Sakala Simões

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 12/23/53 Civil Status : Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1975

Current Position :

UNITA Representative to the European Economic Community (EEC)

Background Alcides Sakala Simões was born in 1953 at Bailundo. He is the son of Armando Simões and Alice Simões.

He completed his primary schooling in Bailundo. His secondary school studies were done in Huambo.

He joined UNITA in Huambo in January of 1975 , later going to Massivi where he was integrated into a group of cadets who took a 10 month military training course in Arusha, Tanzania. On his return to the country in November of the same year, he was promoted to the rank of Captain and stationed in the Military Command of the

Eastern Front, headquartered at Chikala . He took part in the military campaign for the capture of Luso, where he remained until February of 1976, when the strategic retreat into the maquis began. After having accomplished several missions in Cubando Cubango 121

and Bié provinces, Simões was transferred to Cunene in 1978 as Of fice Director of the Chief of Staff, with the rank of Major. At the beginning of 1980, he was responsible for political affairs in the Bié Military Region. By the middle of the same year, he had

become a member of the teaching staff of the Military School for Training in Jamba.

Toward the end of 1980, he was appointed Representative abroad, where he exercised duties as Deputy Representative in the United

States and headed the UNITA Mission in West Germany. In 1984 he was transferred to Lisbon where he served as

Representative until April of 1989. He is currently the UNITA Representative to the EEC . Simões was elected a member of the Central Committee at the VI

Congress and in 1987 was promoted to the rank of Colonel.

122

Marcial Adriano Dachala

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/11/56 Civil Status : Married Education :

Two years of university In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Representative in Europe

Background Marcial Dachala was born in 1956. He is the son of Morais

Dachala and Debora Chitula Dachala .

He completed his primary schooling in Bela Vista. His secondary school studies were done at the Huambo National Secondary School and the Classic Secondary School of Abidjan. He later attended the National University of Ivory Coast. He joined UNITA in 1974, exercising the function of JURA 1

(UNITA's youth group ) President in Bela Vista. In May of 1975, Dachala was sent to London for aa military course . When the civil war began , he joined the Armed Forces for the Libera tion of Angola (FALA ). He specialized as an artillery instructor. In January of 1976, he went abroad for another military course.

Upon his return to Angola, he entered the maquis and attended the Cuanza Conference in May of that year. 123

He was a member of the group led by Dr. Savimbi in Masseka,

which became the target of aa large-scale military offensive that even tually led to the “ Long March .” In 1977, he accompanied President Savimbi on a mission abroad where he remained until 1985 to pursue his academic studies. He returned to Angola and became the Commander of the Bié Sector and later Secretary General of JURA. During the VI Congress of the Movement, he was elected a mem

ber of the Central Committee . He is currently a UNITA Representa tive in Europe. He is a FALA officer with the rank of Colonel.

124

1

Ernesto Joaquim Mulato Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/12/40 Civil Status : Married Education :

Degree in Civil Engineering, London, U.K. In UNITA since : 1966 Current Position :

UNITA Representative in Germany

1

Background Ernesto Mulato was born in 1940 in Bembe, Uige. He is the son of Pedro Ernesto Mulato and Isabel Makaya Kengue.

He obtained his primary education at Songo Primary School, Uige, and at the Catholic Mission of Salazar (now known as Ndala tandu ), in Cuanza Norte. He did his secondary school studies at Beiras College, and continued his studies in the United States (Brooklyn Polytechnic) and in the United Kingdom (Northeastern Polytechnic of London ).

Son of a great UPA spokesman and very popular among the peo

ple in northern Angola , he was active in youth clandestine groups dur ing his time as a student in Luanda.

When PIDE began imprisoning patriots, among them per sonalities involved in " Processo dos 50" (the Judicial Process of the 50), many young Angolans were forced to flee. This led Mulato to 125

leave Luanda in August of 1960 and return to his birth place, Bembe,

where he planned his escape to Congo -Leopoldville. In UPA, he met with other compatriots, such as Tony Dacosta Fernandes, Miguel N'Zau Puna, Jose Ndele and others. It was during this time in UPA that he met Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi in 1961 .

Mulato abandoned UPA and joined Dr. Savimbi in his endeavors.

When UNITA was officially founded on March 13 , 1966, he was already part of the group of followers of President Savimbi. He served from then on as a liaison in the solidarity between

UNITA and the black American community in the United States, from which he received financial aid for UNITA .

In 1970, he went to study in London and represent the movement. After finishing his university work, he returned to Angola in 1975. In December of 1975 , he was appointed Permanent Secretary of the Central Committee Political Bureau and in May 1976 was ap pointed as Chairman of the Economic Commission.

Mulato has held several other positions of responsibility in the movement, among then 2nd Secretary of the Central Committee Sec

retariat, Secretary for Public Administration, Secretary of the Ad ministrative Coordination , Secretary for Agriculture and Deputy Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

He has been part of many delegations on working tours abroad ,

among them the historical journeys led by Dr. Savimbi to the United States in 1986 and 1988.

At the 6th Congress of the Movement in 1986 , he was reelected as a member of the Central Committee Political Bureau .

He is an officer of the FALA with the rank of Brigadier.

126

José Jaime Furtado Gonçalves Biographical Data Date of Birth : 1/29/44 Civil Status: Married Education:

Two years of university studies ( International Relations) In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Head of Mission in Rabat , Morocco

Background Jaime Furtado was born in 1944 in Moçamedes. He is the son of Alexandre Furtado Gonçalves and Maria Cristina Simeao . He completed his primary schooling in Mocamedes . His secondary school studies were done at Conego Zagalo College of Porto Alexandre

and Diogo Cão Secondary School in Huila . He later studied for two years at the Institute of Higher International Studies in Paris, France. Furtado joined UNITA in 1974 .

At the beginning of 1975, he served in the Transition Govern ment as Deputy Director in the Office of the Minister for Natural

Resources. He withdrew from Luanda on August 6, 1975 , after sur >

viving the massacre of a convoy at Dondo by MPLA and Portuguese troops.

Later, he was appointed UNITA's Regional Delegate in

Moçamedes. Afterwards, he was called to Huambo in order to takeup 127

-

the position of Director General in the Ministry of Public Works of the Government. He remained in that job until the strategic retreat from the cities in February of 1976. At a meeting of UNITA's leadership held in Gago Coutinho in

March of 1976, Furtado was assigned to work at the UNITA mission in Zambia.

He was Assistant to the Heads of other Missions in Africa and

Europe and represented UNITA in Paris at the beginning of the 1980s. He is currently the Head of UNITA's Mission in Rabat, Moroc CO .

At the VI Congress of the Movement in 1986, he was elected a member of the Central Committee.

128

1

Honório Van -Dunem de Andrade

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 1/1/38 Civil Status : Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1968

Current Position : Chief of Mission in Dakar. Africa

Background Honorio Van -Dunem de Andrade was born in 1938 in Luanda . He is the son of Samuel Pacheco de Andrade and Isabel de Sousa Van

Dunem de Andrade.

He completed his primary schooling in the town of Chibia. His secondary studies were done at Patria and Academic Colleges in Lubango and completed at Dr. Fragata College in Luanda. He was forced to abandon his career as a civil servant because of

political persecution by the Portuguese secret police (PIDE ). After he became a UNITA soldier, Van Dunem de Andrade was imprisoned by the PIDE from 1961 to 1963.

On April 25 , 1974 , he became UNITA's Secretary for Information in Luanda and in this capacity represented UNITA at a conference on 9

decolonization held in Lisbon in 1975 .

From November 11 until February 8, 1976, he was the Director 129

General of Information in the government set up in Huambo .

In 1976, he was nominated to be UNITA Representative in Europe. In 1977, he was appointed UNITA Representative in Africa. He currently serves as Chief of UNITA's mission in Dakar.

At the VI Congress of UNITA held in Jamba in August of 1986, he was elected a member of the Central Committee.

130

Marcos Samondo

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/3/56

Civil Status : Married Education :

Degrees in Economics and Management Science In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

Representative in the United States

Background Marcos Samondo was born in 1956 in Huambo . He is the son of

Jovende Samondo and Cecilia Samondo .

He completed his primary and secondary schooling in Huambo. He then went to the United States and studied at Georgetown Uni versity and The American University in Washington, D.C. He holds a

B.A. degree in Economics from American University and an M.A. in Management Science from the National Graduate University in Arl ington, Virginia. He joined UNITA in 1974 in Huambo and participated in the ac tivities of the movement's youth. During his university studies in the United States, Samondo was president of the Angolan Students Association.

After completing his university studies in economics, Samondo 131

put himself at the disposal of the movement in the struggle against

the Soviet-Cuban invasion of Angola and was appointed UNITA Rep resentative abroad.

From 1981 until 1984 , he was Deputy Representative in the United States and served as UNITA Representative in London from 1985 to 1986.

He took part in preparations for the UNITA President's visits to the U.S. in 1979 , 1981 , 1988 and 1989.

He was a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of the Move ment in 1984 and to the VI Congress of UNITA in 1986. At that time he was elected a member of the Central Committee. After the VI Con

gress, he returned to the United States as UNITA Deputy Represen tative.

Samondo has travelled extensively in Europe, Africa and the United States on many UNITA missions.

132

Abel Epalanga Chivukuvuku Biographical Data Date of Birth : 11/11/57 Civil Status: Married

Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974

Current Position :

UNITA Representative to the U.N.

Background Abel Chivukuvuku was born in 1957 in Luvemba . He is the son of

Pedro Chivukuvuku and Margarida Chivukuvuku . He completed his primary schooling in Bela Vista. His secondary school studies were done at the Huambo National Secondary School.

He joined UNITA in 1974 in Huambo and participated in the mobilization of the youth in that province.

In 1976, Chivukuvuku joined FALA (the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola). During the following year , he became a member of the movement's Communication Services.

He was sent abroad as a Representative of the movement in Africa in 1979 .

He returned to Free Angola in 1986 and joined the movement's

Military Intelligence as Deputy Chief. He held that position until 133

January of 1988, when he was appointed Deputy Representative in Lisbon and later Deputy Representative in London . He is currently the UNITA Representative at the United Nations in New York .

He is an officer in FALA with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

134

Anibal José Mateus Candeia

Biographical Data Date of Birth : 8/21/54 Civil Status :

Married Education :

High school In UNITA since : 1974 Current Position :

Representative in Europe (Based in Munich )

Background Anibal Candeia was born in 1954 in Dondi, Huambo province. He is the son of José Caiombe and Emilia Eyala. He completed his primary schooling in Huambo . His secondary school studies were done at Sarmento Rodrigues Industrial School and Huambo National Secondary School.

Candeia joined UNITA in 1974, dedicating himself to the mobilization and political education of youth, and holding the post of JURA Deputy Secretary General in Huambo province. In 1975 , he went to Europe for a basic military training course.

During the following year , he was integrated into the movement's Communication Services. From 1977 until 1984 , he carried out various missions abroad .

He is currently a UNITA Representative in Europe, based in Munich , West Germany. 135

John Marques Gabriel Kakumba

Biographical Data Date of Birth: 8/15/42 Civil Status :

Married Education:

University studies in Political Science In UNITA since: 1972

Current Position :

Undersecretary for African Affairs

Background John Marques Gabriel Kakumba was born in 1942 in Catumbela, Benguela. He is the son of José Martins Kakumba and Maria Rosalia Fragoso Chiugujo Kakumba.

He began primary school studies in Catumbele. He left Angola clandestinely in 1958 to enter Ghana. There he was placed in charge of sheltering the groups of Angolan students coming from Portugal to Ghana. In 1958, he attended the Pan Africa Peoples Conference in Accra, Ghana. Kakumba left Ghana in 1960 for the United States where he at

tended the Lincoln University in Oxford , Pennsylvania, for three years, studying political science. He joined UNITA in 1972. He was appointed UNITA Representative to Western Africa and was based in Ivory Coast. 136

In this capacity he carried out duties as a special envoy of the UNITA leadership to several heads of state. In 1975, he attended the Alvor Conference.

Kakumba was a member of the UNITA Presidential delegation to the United States in 1981 , 1986 and 1988.

Currently, he is Undersecretary for African Affairs as well as a UNITA Representative in Ivory Coast.

137

Glossary

All Africa Peoples Conference. A Pan African Conference hosted by Ghana in 1958 which dealt with the issue of African liberation.

Cassamba Attack . The first attack by UNITA forces, led by Dr. Jonas

Savimbi against the Portuguese colonial army in 1966. COPE . Strategic Operational Command created by Dr. Savimbi in the early 1980s to oversee the expansion of the liberated territory.

Cuanza Conference. Held in 1976, this was the first meeting held by UNITA after the retreat from the towns to discuss and lay out the strategy for the armed resistance against the Soviet /Cuban invasion.

Extraordinary Congress. A Congress held outside of the normal timing to respond to specific developments in the overall political, military and

diplomatic situation which require redefinition of policies for which the leadership needs a mandate from the people. Extraordinary Congresses were held in 1984 and 1989 .

Long March or Strategic March . President Jonas Savimbi led the Long March of UNITA, which began with 2,000 civilians and military on March 14 , 1976 at Gago Coutinho, Angola, and ended on August 28, 1976 at the

UNITA stronghold of Cuelei with only 79 persons. The five-month march

covered some 3,000 km . Of the original 2,000 persons, some died, some were dispersed for guerrilla activity in other areas, and some women and children were sent to areas for their own safety. UNITA members marched on foot and were able to evade the MPLA and

Cuban forces who had superior technological equipment - airplanes, helicopters and jeep patrols, by using jungle and marching skills. The column would march back the way it had come for 10 to 15 minutes, circle and

spread out along the trail. They wore leaves and branches as a disguise. Clothing and other possessions to be abandoned were buried carefully in the jungle, wrapped and labelled with the owner's name. In the final days of the march Dr. Savimbi and his column wanted to

march quickly and quiety to their guerrilla base, but the villagers gathered and marched with them, singing and dancing along the route to Cuelei.

Luso Conference. A meeting held in December, 1974 between delegations led by Dr. Savimbi and the late Dr. Neto respectively at the initiative of

UNITA to improve mutual understanding and begin working out a common platform for negotiations with the Portuguese.

139

Maghreb. Region of North Africa including such Arab countries as Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia .

Magna Conference. Meeting held by UNITA in Bie after the Alvor Accords in 1975 to prepare its members for the electoral process and decide on policies.

Maquis/ Bush . In the context of this work, it is the area where guerrilla bases are located .

Massavi Base. The main base for political and military training. Located in

the Moxico province, it opened soon after the ceasefire agreements with the Portuguese in 1974 .

Ordinary Congress. A conference held every four years to which delegates representing the people, the party, the administration and the army, come from every region of UNITA -controlled territory, guerrilla areas and from the external mission . The meeting assesses progress of the previous four years, defines overall policies and strategies for the following four years, and

gives a mandate for implementation to the leadership. UNITA Ordinary Congresses have been held in 1966 (the Founding Conference), 1969 ( II Con gress), 1973 ( III Congress), 1977 (IV Congress ), 1982 ( V Congress), and 1986 ( VI Congress). UPA - Union of the People of Angola. A liberation movement founded by Holden Roberto which later became the FNLA .

140

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