The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland for 1898 [1 ed.]

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18

18 9

9 8

8

THE

JOURNAL

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAXD •

FOR

18 9 8

.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 22,

ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W. MDCCCXCVIII.

STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PKIMERS, HERTFORD.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

—The

King of Siam’s Edition By Robeht Chalmers

Aut.

I.

Art.

II.

—The^ Archaeological By

Work. Art. III.

— The

IV.

—A

11

By

M.R.A.S

17

Languages not yet reduced

to

Morris, M.R.A.S

23

Contemporary Account of the Great Storm

By

Calcutta in 1737.

— Detailed

Art. VI.

its

Sanskrit Grammarians.

By Henry

Writing.

Art. V.

for

Ceylon and

W. Geiger

Professor

Jatakas and

— Alphabet

1

Survey of

Professor F. Kielhorn,

Art.

of the Pali Tipitaka.

C. R. Wilson,

of

M.A

29

Survey of the Languages and Dialects

spoken in certain portions of British India.

By

Robert NEEnHAii Cust, LL.D Art. VII.

—Marco

Polo’s Camadi.

By

35

General A. Houtosi

ScHINBLER Art. VIII.

— On

43

the Will in

By

Buddhism.

Mrs.

Rhys

Davids Art. IX.

— Some

47

Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of

By Edward

the Hurufi Sect.

G. Browne, M.A.,

M.R.A.S Art. X.

..

—The Language of Somali-land. CusT,

Art. XI.

LL.D

95

—On a Jain Statue in the Homiman Museum. Professor F. Kielhorn,

By

M.R.A.S

— Tathagata. By Robert Chalmers XIII. — The Origin and Early History of

101

Art. XII. Art.

103 Chess.

By

A. A. Macdonell, M.A., M.R.A.S

Art.

117

—The Iron PiUar Dhar. By V. A. Smith XV. — On the Mahabharata MSS. the Whish Col-

Art. XIV.

61

By Robert Needham

of

.

.

143

in

lection of the

Royal Asiatic Society.

Winternitz, Ph.D

By M. 147

— CONTENTS.

VI

PACE

Notices of Books

Buddhismo.

Paolo Emilio Patolini.

Beviewed by

D

Rh.

151

Supplement (Texte Person) au

Chaeles Schefee.

de

gouvemement,

Siasset-nameh,

on

compose pour

Sultan Melik-Chah par

le

Traite

By

Nizam oul-Mulk.

E. G.

le

Vizer

B

152

Asadi’s neupersiscbes "Worterbuch Hoen. “ Lughat-i-Eurs ” nach der einzigen vaticani-

Paul

By

schen Handschrift.

E. G.

B

The Assemblies

Dr. E. Steingass.

153 of Hariri.

By

H. Hieschfeld

155

M. T. De Goeje. edidit,

Arib Tabari continuatus quern

indicibus

et

glossario

instruxit.

By

H. Hieschfeld Professor

By

I.

D.

Guidi. S.

Arabic Description of Antioch.

Maegoliouth

157

Pervaya kniga kroniki Ioanna Malaly.

V. IsTEiN.

By

156

An

E. D.

M

169

Stanley Lane-Poole.

Catalogue of the Collection of

Arabic Coins preserved in the Khedivial Library

By

at Cairo.

Daeab

0.

C

Artakhshir-i Papakan. (1)

173

Dastue Peshotan Sanjana.

Karname - i By E. W. West ....

175

Hoemdzd Rassam. Asshur and the Land of Nimrod. (2) John Pdnnett Petees, Ph.D., Sc.D., D.D. Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates. By T. G. Pinches

Le Comte Goblet d’Alviella. d

la

Ce que I’Inde

Grecc

E. J. Rapson.

183

doit

188 Indian Coins

189

CoEEESPONDENCE.

By Ru. D

1.

A^gana.

2.

liar Paraurl.

3.

Indian Sects or Schools in the time of the Iluddha.

By

T.

By Waltee Lupton

W. Rhys

Davids

191

194

197

—

—

—

CONTENTS.

Vll PAGE

4.

Water (Watura)

5.

The Kingdom

6.

Who Found

By

in Sinhalese.

W. Rhys

T.

Davids

198

III.

Oldham..

By A. Fukeeh,

Waddell

By

199

Andrew

7.

History of Pegu.

John

204

A Muhammedan Encyclopaedia. ByH.HiRSCHFELD.

207

9.

Persecution of Buddhists.

R. F. St.

By

St.

R. Sewell

208

THE QhAETER.

General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic Society

..

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

221

J.

Legge, D.D.,

LL.D

223

IV. Notes and News

225

233

V. Additions to the Library

XVI.

—The

Early Commerce of Babylon with India

700-300 Art. XVII.

By

B.c.

J.

Kennedy

241

—Notes on Alafikara Literature.

Part III.

By 289

Colonel G. A. Jacob, Indian Staff Corps

Art. XVIII.

— The

Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist

Temples.

Art.

.211

Obituary Notice

The Rev.

Art.

198

8.

JfOTES OF

II.

C. F.

Buddha’s Birthplace?

Ph.D., and L. A.

I.

By

of Kartrpura.

XIX.

By

T. Watters,

Al-Muzaffa^iye tribution to the

E. D. Ross,

M.R.A.S

containing

:

a

329

Recent

Study of ‘Omar Khajryani.

Con-

By

Ph.D

349

Correspondence. 1.

Water (Watura)

in

Sinhalese.

By

Donald

Ferguson 2.

The Conquests

3.

The Language King

367 of

Samudragupta.

of Somall-land.

•

By J. F. Fleet By Major J. S.

369

370

CONTENTS.

Vlll

PAGE

Proposed Corrections in the “ Catalogue of Persian MSS. in the British Museum ” of Dr. C.

4.

Two

5.

A

6.

Malay Terminology

7.

Talk’s

8.

The Indian Boomerang.

Rieu.

Malay

By Wixliam

373

Irvine

Parallel to the Culla-Paduma-Jataka.

By 375

P. E. Pavolini

9.

10.

11.

By

Otto Bxagden

376

By Donald Ferguson By B. Sewell The Text of the Mahabharata. By R. Sewell Ganesa in the Mahabharata. By M. Winteenitz A Note on the Kings of Pragjyoti?a. By F.

377

Bay and

of Chess.

C.

Strait.

.

.

.

.

Kielhoen

13.

385

By V. A. Smith

386

Note on a Recently Discovered 6akya

By

G.

Buhlee

Note on the Catrang-namak.

387

By

E.

W.

"West

.

.

By Robeet Chalmees

16. Tathagata.

17.

Shawe

F. B.

Samudra Gupta. Inscription.

15.

380

384

By

12. Tathagata.

14. Preliminary

379

379

389 391

Gotama in the Avesta. By Daeab Dastue Peshotan Sanjana

391

Notices of Books. R.

W.

LL.B.

Feazer,

Reviewed by

Sir

Literary History of India.

Raymond West

395

Zapiski Vostotchnago otdeleniya Imperatorskago Russ-

By E.

kago Arkheologicheskago Obshestva. Bengal Sanskrit

Series.

By

M B.

Memoirs

Le Mahavastu.

of

414

Edward Heron-Allen. The Ruha'iyat Khayyam. By E. G. B Senart.

By

T.

of

Omar 415

W. Rhys

Davids Dr.

Fritz

409 412

G. A. J

James Howard Thornton, C.B., Seven Campaigns

ilMiLE

D. M.

420 Rosen.

Grammar.

By

Modern E. G.

B

Persian

Colloquial

425

— CONTEXTS.

l.K

PAOK

Caul Brockelmann. Geschichte der Arabischcn teratur. By H. Hirschfeld

Schafiitischer J.

Davis,

E. G.

B

434

Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, the British

Alfred

By

429

M.A. Osmanli Proverbs and Quaint

By

Sayings.

426

Mohammedanisches Recht nach Lebre. By H. Hirschfeld

Eduard Sachau. Rev. E.

Lit-

Museum.

En

Boissier.

By

etc.,

in

T. G. Pinches

Cappodoce.

436

Notes de voyage.

T. G. Pinches

439

G. Paramaswaran Pillai.

Albert Grunwedel.

Representative Indians

.

.

Buddhistische Studien

Baron Caura de Vaci.

439

440

L’Abrege des Merveilles.

ByM. G

441

Rev. H. G. Tomkins.

Abraham and

his

Age

443

Bruno Meissner.

Supplement zu den assyrischen Wdrterbiichem. By T. G. Pinches

Asstriologt.

Dr.

By

T. G. Pinches

443 444

H. Dalman. Aramaisch - Neuhebraisches Worterbuch zu Targum, Talmud, und Midrasch. G.

By M. G Cowell and F. W. Thomas. of Bana. By E. J. Rapson

E. B.

446

The Harsa-carita 448

Notes of the Quarter. I.

General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic

II.

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

III.

Society.

453 434

Notes and News Objects of the Society

455

Dr. Stein in Buner

458

Angana again

461

IV. Additions to the Library List of

Members

463 1-32

X

CONTENTS. PAGE

Aet.

XX.— The

Northern Frontagers

Henet H. Howoeth,

Aet.

—Kausambi and

XXI.

M.K Aet.

XXII.

of

By

China.

Sir

K.C.I.E., M.P., D.C.L.,

Sravasti.

By Vincent

A. Smith,

503

A.S., Indian Civil Service

—Kapilavastu

in the Buddhist Books.

By

T.

533

Wattees Aet.

XXIII.

—The

Piprahiva Stupa, containing relics of

By William Claxton Peppe, Esq. Buddha. Communicated, with a Note, by Vincent A. Smith, I.C.S., M.R.A.S

Aet.

XXIV. — Vasco

Aet.

XXV. — The By

573

By H. Reade, F.R.G.S.

da Gama.

.

589

.

Origin of Village Land-Tenures in India.

B. H. Baden-Powell

605

COEEESPONDENCE. 1.

2.

The Red Sea: King

An

Why

so Called.

By Major

J. S.

617

By

the Malakhand Pass.

Inscription from

619

E. J. Rapson 3.

The Sambodhi in Asoka’s Eighth T. W. Rhys Davids

4.

Angana

as

now

used in Western India.

By

Edict.

619

By W.

F.

623

SlNCLAIE 5.

The Settlement of the Danes at Tranquebar and Serampore. By Donald Feeguson

6.

An

7.

Query, “ Sagri.”

8.

The

By

VV. F.

By

The Tliupavamsa.

TNI.

N. Chatterjka

Gane9a Legend Winteknitz

629 630

Sinclaie

late Dr. Biihler on the

Mahabbarata. 9.

By M.

Archaeological Problem.

625

in the

631

By Don Mabtino dk Zilva 633

WiCKREMASINGIIE 10.

Gotama

11.

Asoka’s Bhabru Edict.

in the Avesta.

By Daeab Dastuu Pksuotan 637

Sanjana

By

T.

W. Rhys Davids.

.

639

— XI

CONTENTS.

TAUK

Notices of Books. of Sanskrit Phonetics

641

Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies (by the Abbe J. A. Dubois). Reriewed by T. W. Rhys Davids

642

Manual

Dr. C. C. Uhlenbeck.

Heney K. Beauchamp.

Joseph

Buddha:

Dahlmann.

ein Cultur bild

des

646

Ostens copied from the Stones collected by King Bodawpaya, and placed near the Arakan

Inscriptions

St.

Dr.

By

Mandalay.

Pagoda,

R.

F.

St.

Axdeew

John

648

Nagy.

Albixo lungen

des

Die

Ja'qub

Abhand-

philosophischen

ben

Ishaq

Alkindi.

By

H. Hirschfeld Rev.

I.

651

Arexdzex, D.Pb.

Cultu

Imaginum

Tbeodori

libellum

e

Abu Kurra de codice

arabico.

By H. Hieschfeld

W. M.

Feiudees

653

Pet-eie,

from the Tell

el

D.C.L.

Amarna

Syria and Egypt

Letters.

By

T. G.

Pinches

655

Le Marquis de Vogue. Notes d’Epigrapbie araineenne.

By

T. G. PixcHES

Michael Keeney. List of

657

Bibliotheca Lindesiana.

Oriental Manuscripts

and Turkish.

By

Lafcabdio Heaen.

0.

— Arabic,

HandPersian,

C

659

Gleanings in Buddha-Fields ....

660

Gexeeal Meetings of the Royal Asiatic Society

663

Notes of the Quarter. I.

Anniversary Meeting Special Meeting II.

III.

:

Medal Day

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

663 684 693

Obituary Notices

Georg Buhler Pandit Sankara Balkeishna Dikshii

695 708

XU

CONTENTS. PAGE

News

IV. Notes and

709

V. Additions to the Libeaey

Aet.

XXVI.

—Tarlkhs

711

By

or Eastern Chronograms.

C. J.

Rodgees, M.R.A.S Aet.

XXVII.

—The story By

setthi).

Aet.

Aet.

merchant Ghosaka (Ghosaka-

Professor E.

Haedt, Ph.D

—

XXVIII. The Geography of the Kandahar By John Beames, B.C.S. (retired)

XXIX. —The Northern By

Art.

of the

715

Sir

XXX. — The

Syro

-

Inscription.

795 (Part X.)

Frontagers of China.

Heney H. Howoeth, Armenian

741

K.C.I.E., M.P.

By D.

Dialect.

.

.

809

S.

Margoliouth

839

Correspondence. 1.

The Language

By R. Sewell By Richard Burn

of Somali-land.

..

863

2.

Omar Khayyam.

3.

Tathagata.

865

4.

The Piprahwa Stupa.

868

5.

By Emile Senart By V. A. Smith The Common Tradition of Buddhism.

By

865

C.

Bendall 6.

870

“The Buddhist Praying Wheel.”

By William 873

Simpson 7.

A

Babylonian Tablet referring to the Sharing of Property.

By

T. G. Pinches

876

Notices of Books.

M. Winternitz. of the

W.

1).

11.

FERTf;.

The Mantrapatha,

Apastambins.

S.MIRNOW.

or the Praycrhook

Reviewed by

J.

N. Reuter

Lungues Orieutales

886

By H.

Vie de Sultan Husain Baiqara.

Beveridge llERiiEur Baynes.

881

Manuscrits Turcs de I’lnstitut des

889 Ideals of the East.

By

C.

M. R.

892

xm

CONTENTS.

TAOK

Rev. C. H.

By

W.

Assyrian Deeds and Documents.

Johns.

893

T. G. Pinches

The Soul H. Fielding. Rhys Davids Handbook

of

People.

H. PoGNON.

W.

Burma, and Ceylon

904

Mandaites des coupes de

By H. Hirscufeld

Louis de la Vali.£e Poussin. Materiaux.

By

903

of

By Wm. Irvine

Inscriptions

Khoubair.

T.

The Akbamama

I.C.S. (retired).

Abu-l-fazl.

By

901

for Travellers in India,

H. Beveridge,

et

a

Bouddhisme

E. J. Rapson

907 :

Etudes 909

Notes of the Quarter. I.

II.

III.

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

917

Obituary Notices.

Theodor Schultze

918

Dr. E. B. Landis

919

Notes and News

IV. Additions to the Library

Index Alphabetical List of Authors.

920 927 931

—

:

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC

1898

1

SOCIETY.

.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS. PAGE

Baden-Powell.

The Origin

of

Village

Land-Tenures

in

India

The Geography of the Kandahar Inscription .... Bhowne. Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of Beames.

the Hurufi Sect

Chalmers.

The King

61 of Siam’s Edition of the Pali Tipitaka

Tathagata

1

103

Detailed Survey of the Languages and Dialects spoken

CcsT.

in certain portions of British India

35

The Language

95 47

of Somali-land

W. Rhys). On the Will in Buddhism .... The Archaeological Survey of Ceylon and its Work Hardy. The story of the merchant Ghosaka (Ghosakasetthi) Howorth. The Northern Frontagers of China. (Part IX.) Davids (Mrs. T.

Geiger.

(Part X.) Jacob.

605 795

Notes on Alahkara Literature.

(Part III.)

Kennedy. The Early Commerce of Babylon ivith India 700-300 B.c Kielhorn. The Jatakas and Sanskrit Grammarians On a Jain Statue in the Horniman Museum .... Macdonell. The Origin and Early History of Chess Margoliouth. The Syro- Armenian Dialect Alphabet for Languages not yet reduced to Writing Morris. Peppe and Smith. The Piprahwa Stupa, containing relics of Buddha Reade. Vasco da Gama Rodgers. Tarikbs or Eastern Chronograms Ross. containing a Recent Contribution to AI-Muzaffariye the Study of ‘Omar Khayyam Schindler. Marco Polo’s Camadi Smith. The Iron Pillar of Dhar Kausambi and SravastI Watters. The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples Kapilavastu in the Buddhist Books Wilson. A Contemporary Account of the Great Storm of Calcutta in 1737

On

the Mahabharata MSS. in the Collection of the Royal Asiatic Society

WiNTERNiTZ.

1

741

467 809 289 241 17

101 117

839 23 573 589 715 349 43 143 503 329 533 29

Whish 147

JOURNAL OP

THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

Art. I

.

— The

Though

King of Siam’s Edition of By Egbert Chalmers.

four years have passed

the

since the

Pali Tipitaka.

publication,

at

Bangkok, of thirty-nine volumes of the Pali Canon, under the auspices of His Majesty the King of Siam,' it was not till a more recent date that, thanks to His Majesty’s munificence, copies of this monumental work reached the Eoyal Asiatic Society, and other libraries in Europe, and The so became available for study by AYestern scholars. recent visit of the

King

to this country

gave

me an

oppor-

tunity of discussing the genesis and circumstances of the

witb H.R.H. Prince Sommot and I now desire communicate to the Royal Asiatic Society the information which I owe to the Prince’s scholarship and courtesy.

edition

;

to

The value of that information is

stated that Prince

Sommot

will be recognized is

King, served on the Editing Committee, and to

when

it

Private Secretary to the

the Priest-Prince Yajiraiianavarorasa,

who

is

brother

has edited

eleven out of the thirty-nine volumes already published. ' His Majesty has informed the Society that there will foUow in due course an edition ol the Atthakathas and Tikas.

j.B.A.s. 1898.

1

!

;

THE KING OF

2

The

matter which I

first

SIAil’s

sought to clear up was the

purport of the Siamese preface prefixed to every volume.

This preface, though written in Siamese, contains so con-

an admixture of Pali words and idioms that

siderable

The following

for its comprehension.

“ Faiistiim Sit fortnight

it

sound knowledge of Pali as well as Siamese

a

requires

Dated Saturday, the

the waning

of

a translation

is

moon

day of the

first

Magha month

in

—

:

of the

Mouse year, 2,431 years since the Buddha died. “ King Culiilahkarana, son of King Maha-Makuta, bethought him how all the teachings of the Buddha, which the followers of the Buddha have learned and fulfilled from earliest times till now, have all sprung from the Tipitaka. From the beginning it has ever been the wont of royal kings to

maintain

who were Buddhists and

the

faith,

successive Councils,

to

first to

support

professed Buddhism,

the Order, and to aid

purify the Canon (such has been

the royal custom uninterruptedly), and thereafter to compile a book of the scriptures as the authoritative exemplar and

accepted standard for all Buddhist lands. “ In early times Buddhist kingdoms were

pendent;

the

king

each

of

was

endowed and supported Buddhism. man)' countries, books,

that

so

accident

portions

of

inde-

still

and both

Buddhist,

This was the case in

Ceylon, Burma, Laos,

to wit, Siam,

When

Cambodia.

a

or

injury

the

the

befell

Canon were

and

sacred

each

lost,

kingdom was able and was wont to borrow from others, and so to restore its own copy to a complete state and such exchange was mutual. But in the present time Ceylon and Burma have come under English dominion ;

the governors of those countries are not Buddhists

measures

to

foster

the

secular

rather

than

;

they take

the

spiritual

and they do not maintain Buddhism as did the old Buddhist kings. Thus it has come to pass that Buddhist priests have from time to time and, set up different sects according to their own lights as the bad naturally outnumbered the good, the faith has

welfare

of

the

people

;

;

EDITION OF THE PALI TIPITAKA. been perverted, now

now

one direction,

in

one

3 in

seemed good to each under French dominion, so that the people

as

maintain

not

the

in

faitli

the country of Laos, which

the princes and

As regards

kingdom of Siam,

the

a

professed

distorted form

the worship

errors as

sucli

and demons, and therefore cannot be regarded

of angels

having authority. “Tlius,

nowhere it

included

could

tliere

vigour.

full in

is

people there

of the faith, which

as

its

another,

Cambodia came

turn.

in

as

the text of the Tipitaka

if

in doubt, there is

be found that with which to compare and

to

Hence

before.

stands

is

inviolate.

follows,

It

a fitting time to look into

amend

Siam that Buddhism

only in

is

it

then,

that

present

the

is

the scriptures, to purge them,

and to multiply copies of them for circulation, so as to form an immutable standard of true Buddhism for future Any word or precept which the Buddha taught is times. indeed precious and conducive to salvation from suffering; it is

very truth and beyond price

seek after in order that they it,

and

profit thereby,

they master in

times

ought

it.

;

this it

learn

it,

is

that the wise

ponder

follow

it,

according to the measure in which

Assuredly, too, learners will not be lacking

come.

to

may

Wherefore the Buddha’s teachings

be preserved for posterit5^

to

“ It has been the custom in Siam, in past times, to issue

the sacred books as manuscripts written on palm-leaves to

make them

durable.

But

tlie

task was laborious

a single volume took a long time to complete difficult to it

has

multiply copies for distribution.

always

been

the

;

and

even

;

it

was

Furthermore,

Siamese custom to employ the

Cambodian character, which has thus come as the essential vehicle for fact,

to be regarded Buddhist writings, whereas, in

the character in which the texts are written

is

im-

any character can he used. Indeed, the various other Buddhist countries Ceylon, Burma, Laos, Cambodia have been accustomed to use each its own character. material

;

—

—

“ Such,

then, were the considerations which led His Majesty the King of Siam to conceive the plan of examining

;

THE KING OF SIAm’s

4

and purifying the text of the Tipitaka, with a view to it in Siamese character, some books in a single volume, some in two or more. For His Majesty failed not printing

to see that

such a plan must

command With

greater advantages

than the writing on palm-leaves. of type,

such

many hundreds

printed

of

are

copies

in a single printed volume. less

copies can be struck off;

more easy

convenient to consult, since

a single setting-up

many

to

carry and

fasciculi' can be

While

it is

and more

comprised

true that paper

is

durable than palm-leaves, yet with a single setting-up

of type the printing-press can strike off a great copies,

and these with care can be preserved

number

of

for centuries

multiplication of copies can, therefore, readily be ensured.

By

these

means the

scriptures can be diffused throughout

by His Majesty to be a great His Majesty gave orders to print and circulate the Tipitaka, feeling that this was a great service to render to the Buddhist faith for the future. “Moreover, it was in contemplation to complete the printing by the close of the twenty-fifth year of the King’s reign, and so to mark that Jubilee by celebrating the happy consummation of so pious an undertaking. It was beyond human foresight to know whether His Majesty would survive until the date in view but the plan of collating, printing, and distributing the Tipitaka seemed to His Majesty to be conducive to the good of mankind, and to be a meritorious work rightly conceived and calcuSiam, and this was seen advantage.

Consequently,

;

lated to ensure the fulfilment of his hope.

“ So there

came

a

Royal Order

to

Prince Bhanuraiigsi-

svahgvaihsa to be President of a Committee

to

arrange

and orders were given to iss\ie invitations to the Princes who were in the priesthood, and to Abbots, and to the learned in each degree of the for the printing of the Tipitaka,

clergy, to assemble to divide

and hear the King’s wishes, and then the work of examining and settling

among them

the text for the press.

i.o.

twenty-four palm -leaves.

— 5

EDITION OF THE PALI TIPITAKA. “ That work has

now been

King

the

done, as

and tnav the merit which has been gained

by

desired,

the fulfilment

of the work of issuing these scriptures be shared by all

mankind

Long may

!

Such, then, prefixed

to

” !

purport of this interesting preface,

the

is

every

the work endure

volume.

As above

are

there

stated,

thirtv-nine of these volumes, and the contents,

etc.,

according to the Siamese arrangement, are as follows

of each, :

9

No. OF

Pages of Text.

I I

Editor.

Title.

i

VoL.'

!

I

I.

1

2 3

'

4 5

TINATA-PITAKA.

Mahaiibhanga Maharibhabga Mahavagga ... Mahavagga ... CuUavagga

Vajirananavarorasa

...

Vajirananavaroras:!

...

...

Prince Prince Prince Prince

...

Kittisara

...;

...j

...

Vaprananavarorasa

...

Vajirananavarorasa

...

•

••I

i

6

I

7 8

i

Cnllavagga Parivara Parivara

II.

...

Kitti.«ara

...

Prince Vajirananavarorasa ... Prince Vajirananavarorasa ... Total of Vinaya-Piteka

...

434 485 372 321 340 387 487

I

I

I

I

!

SrTTA-PITAKA.

I

I

I

DTgha Nikata: Silakhandhavagga

(Ariyavamsagatafiana and ...

"I

10

Mahavagga

...

11

Patikavagga

...

Ahimsaka Ahimsaka Ahimsaka 1,059

.

Majjhixa Nik-ata: Mulapannasaka Majjhimapannasaka Uparipanuasaka

12 13 14

...

Udaya

...j

...

TTdaya

...'

...'

Udaya

...i

580 665 494 1,739

SAliTVTTA NikAta: \

15 I

16 1 7

18 19

I

!

Sagathavs^ga Nidanavagga Khandhavaravagga Salayatanavagga

...

... ... ...

...

I

Mahavaravagga

...

Ahimsaka Ahimsaka Ahimsaka Ahimsaka Ahimsaka

... ... ...|

... ...

303 254 248 484 448

THE KING OF SIAM’s

No. OF

Pagbs of

Editor.

Text.

VoL.

II.

SUTTA-PITAKA {continued).

Angcttaua Kikaya;

'

20

(Prince Arunanibhagnnakara and( (Prince SirTsugatagatyanuvatta j Prince Ar unanibhagunakara

Nipatas, 1-3

21

Catukkanipata

22

I

Nipatas 5 and 6 Prince Arunanibhagnnakara and Prince Thavaraririyavatta

23

Nipatas 7-9

24

Nipatas 10 and 11

390

)

I (

...

^ Prince Arunanibhasrunakara

...

I

355 308 159 151 211 127 328

2,029

Khuddaxa Nik.vya: ’

Khuddaka Patha

...

Dhammapada 25

Udana

457

Edava

Itivuttaka Suttanipafa

26 27 28

Udaya Udaya

Maha-Niddesa Cula-Niddesa

490 320 508

... ...

Abinisaka Vitndnavatthu Petavatthu The^-agaihd Therigaihd

Unedited.

Jdtaka

Apaddna huddhavamsa Cariydpitaka 1

Total published) of Sntta- Fit aka III.

I

,

1^0

8,339

ABHIDHAMMAPITAKA.

Dhammasangani

29 30 31

Vibhaiiga (

Dhatukatha

(

Puggala-paniiatti

32 33

Kathiivattliu

34 35

Yaniaka

36 37 38 39

Patthana Patthana Patthana Pat tana

...

...

Yamaka Yamaka

TOTAL

(pubUshed)

Prince Vajirananavarorasa Prince Vajiraiianavarorasa

120 103

Udaya Kittisara

Prince Vajirauanavaroraiia Prince Vajirananavaroraiia Prince Vajirananavarorasa Kittisara Kittisara Kitti-sara

Abiinsaka Total of

381

546

Abhidhamma Pitaka

OF TIPITAKA,

608 347 348 380 329 408 372 376 4,31i

15,749 Pages of Text.

;

EDITION OF THE TALI TIPITAKA. It

will

have

been

Khuddaka Nikiiya be edited in order

noticed

(about

eight

the

in

fexts

1,300 more pages) remain

make

to

that

7

to

Their

the edition complete.*

omission, I believe, was due solely to the inability of the

small body of editors to cope with their task in before the King’s Jubilee.

may

omissions

Majesty

be

It

to

is

made good

now

and

forthwith,

will not leave his building

its

entirety

be hoped that these that

Ilis

without a coping-stone.

some of the main features of the the fact that the King of Siam Cambodian for the native Siamese has abandoned the exotic character. To Europeans this may seem a small matter I pass

to indicate

Chief of these

edition.

to the average

Siamese

is

it

is

a revolution.

Centuries ago,

when the Siamese took their Buddhism from Cambodia, they took with it the Cambodian character and the result ;

has been to give to the latter a sacrosanct significance in the eyes not only of the unlettered but even of the cultured

Thus it was a bold step to adopt the Siamese and the disappearance of the old “sacred” character marked a triumph for rationalism. To a Siamese there is nothing sacred in the Siamese character, and accordingly he can view the new volumes printed in the Siamese character without any of the superstition which gathered round the old MSS. in the Cambodian character he can tuck one of the new volumes under his arm without the sense of impiety which would assuredly have dogged him, had he so treated the same scripture in Cambodian MS. Siamese.

character;

because

Partly

the

edition

is

printed

in

the

common

and partly because of the prestige which the royal undertaking has given to Pali scholarship, an impetus has been given to the study of Pali and Buddhism in Siam which it would be difficult to overestimate. One early character,

fruit

of

the enterprise,

subsequent

success,

was

and a condition the

essential

establishment

of

the

to

its

Pali

* It has been questioned whether the Patthana as edited is complete, owinj; to the absence ot manuscripts at one part. AVhether this be so or not, 1 am unable to say, as there is no Pali Text Society’s edition wherewith to collate

the Siamese.

THE KING OF SIAM’s

8

College, from which already there has sprung so strong and universal a community of scholarship throughout Siam

may

that important national results of fixing the language

The is

second,

and

to

the nature of the

follow in the directioit

and fostering a literature. Europeans more important, point materials

A

of the King’s edition.

used

in

settling

the text

cursory glance at almost any

one of the volumes will show that

the editor had before

him not only a the Burmese and

also

local

but

text

Sinhalese

gratifying to note) with

editor not infrequently cating the variants of “ Si ” ( Burmese), and “ (= Bama

=

P.T.S.).

But,

so

are

appends

= Sihala =

a

(it

footnote

is

as

I

indi-

Sinhalese), “

Yu ” (= Yuropa

far

ascertain, these variants,

together

character,

in

the Pali Text Society’s edition.

The

i.e.

manuscripts

have

=

been

B”

Europe, able

to

taken from non-Siamese sources,

merely noted, and have not been taken into serious

consideration in the settlement of the text adopted.

That

text, with unimportant exceptions, has been settled from Siamese sources. Ratlier more than a century ago the

king who in 1781 founded the royal city of Ratanakowe know by the less stately name of Bangkok),

sindra (which

caused the learned priests of his day to purge the text of

This the canon, and produce an authoritative redaction. was done, and some two or three exemplars were prepared. It is from these and copies made therefrom that the present Siamese edition has been prepared by the scholars w'hose

names appear on the

title-pages of the

several volutnes.

It appears that the learned editors did not feel

at liberty to prepare

of the Tipipjka

;

what we should

themselves

call a critical edition

they restricted themselves, very naturally

and intelligibly, to restoring the national redaction, and to removing the errors which had marred the work of the last century. From the European point of view this self-imposed restriction is one of the most valuable features of tliis most valuable edition. In the present Siamese redaction we have from the divergent recensions of Siam, Burma, and Ceylon on the contrary, we have

no

eclectic text pieced together

;

EDITION OF THE TALI TIPITAKA.

embodying

a purely Siamese text,

9

a very high pitch, of

to

accuracy* the ancient traditions of Siamese scliolarship.

my

Space prevents

discussing in the present article the

characteristic

features of the

made

^ly conclusions

public.

stand about

midway between

Siamese recension now are, that the

first

Siamese readings

the Ilurmese and the Sinhalese

readings, the regular divergences of which are indicated in

the preface to the Pali Text Society’s edition of the

In the case of a

Vililsinl.

the authenticity of which

mentary,

it

will not

proved by Huddhaghosa’s com-

he found that the Siamese text evades

the difficulty, after the

On

an easier reading.

passage or a rare word,

difficult

is

Sumahgala

Burmese

fashion,

by conjecturing

the other hand, as Pali scholarship

Siam has never been overshadowed by Sanskrit, the

in

Siamese

text

does

not

fall

into

the

Sinhalese

trick

of

introducing Sanskrit sandhi. After collating some hundreds of pages of the Majjhiraa Nikiiya, I am disposed to regard

new Siamese

the

value of edition

text as being on the whole nearer to the

than any other text now available,^ though the

original

the best Sinhalese

cites)

will

always be

MSS.

(which

recognized

the

by

Siamese

scholars

in

crucial questions of readings.

While these qualities in the King of Siam’s edition appeal more directly to an editor than to the reader of an edited text, it has other features, which must evoke universal To a Western gratitude from Pali scholars in Europe. eye

it

divided

is

a very great gain to find into

punctuated sentences,

the text intelligently

with

the

component

words of each sentence duly separated one from another. The difference in appearance is that between barbarism

and

civilization.

*

A

*

As a

Another point

is

the excellent scheme of

table of errata (sodhanapatta) is prefixed to each volume. rule the readings of Buddhaghosa represent the best standard for

In the following case we can go behind him to an authority seven hundred years older, viz., to the inscriptions sculptured on the temple of Bharhut. The 83rd Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya (like the 9th Jataka) relates to the king called Makhadeva in Sinhalese MSS. and Magshadeva in Burmese MSS. In the Siamese edition this king’s name is spelled Maghadeva, as it is at plate xlviii (2) of the “ Stupa of Bharhut.” (Apparently, Buddhaghosa follows the Sinhalese spelling.) settling a Pitaka text.

KING OF Siam’s edition of the pali tipitaka.

10

with

transliteration

which,

(kittanapatta),

precedes

paged table

a

of

contents

the text of each volume.

With

the aid of this very useful key to the Siamese character, the Pali text can be read without difficulty by European scholars,

who

will

be grateful for the consideration thus

shown to their needs by Siam. The “ get-up ” of the volumes

Though

been. is

suitable,

the paper

is

is

is

a slightly larger margin is

a

been in

it

might have

well chosen

great and lasting purpose of the

it

not what

and the binding bad, and quite unworthy of the

the format

undertaking.

Perhaps

should have been allowed, and

question whether the

title-pages should not have

Pali.

But these shortcomings success with

which

this

are too petty

editio princeps of

to

mar

the signal

the Tipitaka has

In Pali scholarship the edition will always remain a great landmark on the path of proalike in Europe and gress, and an enduring monument

been produced in Siam.

—

in

Siam

— to

so excellent

the Buddhist

King who conceived and executed

an undertaking.

11

Art. II

.

— The Archaeological Survey of Ceylon and By

Amongst

many

the

occupied

that

objects

Congress of Orientalists

International

its

Work.

Professor AV. Geiger.

Eleventh

the

held

Paris,

at

it

had the opportunity of noticing also the admirable work done by the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon. According to a proposal which I made in the afternoon meeting of the Indian Section on September 10, the Congress accepted a resolution to express

Government

in

warmest thanks

its

Colombo

varied

the

for

to

the British

and

efficient

assistance afforded to the historical inquiry about the island

by publishing the Archaeological Reports, as well as by editing the Mahavamsa and similar documents. The Congress hoped also that the work which has been undertaken so auspiciously, will be continued by the Government, and carried out in the same manner. Now I beg to add a

few

remarks

to

that

and

its

purpose.

origin

its

caused

by the anxious

resolution,

These

desire

Archaeological Survey of

which may explain remarks are only

make

to

the work

of the

Ceylon as useful as possible to

the scientific world, and they are based upon the experiences which I myself had in making use of its publications for my own historical and linguistic studies. First of

all,

I

am

sorry to observe that the Reports of

the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon are by no means so

well

known

scholars, as

to

in Europe, and so much studied by European we should expect and as they deserve. I beg

mention but one instance.

ment published Mr. H.

In the year 1892 the Govern-

C. T.

Bell’s

most interesting and

comprehensive “ Report on the

Kegalla

Sabaragamuwa Province.”

I

But

am

District

sorry I

of

the

could not

THE AECHAEOLOGICAL

12

STTR^TIY OF

even find this work quoted in the German Oriental Bibliography, though the editors of this journal always took the

utmost trouble to make their

much

of

that

list

of books as complete as

and though they mention a good many papers

possible,

scientific

less

winter

the

in

importance.

1895-6,

know very

I

when

was

I

myself

well in

by the indefatigable Archaeological Commissioner, Mr. Bell, had led to very important results, and I suppose that in the meantime some detailed report has been printed on these operations. But I have not seen it up to the present day, though I am very anxious to hear more about the subject.^ Ceylon,

excavations

the

at

Slgiri}'a,

undertaken

All scholars, I think, will therefore agree with it is

extremely desirable to give

much more

me

that

publicity to the

printed reports of the Ceylon Government than they seem

have at present. This can be done by various means. But first of all it will be necessary that the Ceylon Government should give orders for the regular dispatch of the to

Archaeological Reports to this Society and to the British

Museum, and it might number of booksellers in with the sale of

its

also

officially

entrust

a certain

the different countries of Europe

publications.

I suppose, of course, that

an arrangement of that kind has ali’eady been made for England but as regards Germany, Mr. Otto Harrassowitz, ;

Leipzic,

at

no doubt would come

first

into consideration,

because he already has in his hands nearly the whole book trade

between our country and the Oriental publishers. am allowed to judge from the most amiable

Besides, if I

liberal assistance which I ever found in may, perhaps, add the suggestion that, as is

and

reception

Ceylon, I

done by the Indian Government with their publications, the publications might also be sent direct to such scholars as are especially I pass

now

engaged in Sinhalese studies. form and the contents of the publications

to the

themselves, and I wish at '

I

know

draw

particular attention

only Mr. Bell’s “ Interim Report on the Operntions of the Archaeoin 185)6,” printed in the J.R.A.S., Ceylon Branch,

Survey at Sigiriya No. 46, S. 44-66. lonpcal

first to

CEYLON AND

WORK.

ITS

13

Inscriptions work done in Ceylon. which have been newly discovered, or which now can be explained in a more satisfactory manner than formerlVt

the

to

epigraphical

are at present generally published in

tlie

Reports of the

Archaeological Survey, together with the other materials.

The

third part, for instance, of the Report on the Kt^galla

District,

one,

which

and

I

mentioned above,

is

merely an epigraphical

amongst other documents, the imof Dewanagala, which alludes to some

contains,

it

portant inscription

historical events in the reign of

Pariikrama Bahu

quite

I,

Mahavamsa. be edited and translated

Other

in accordance with the statement of the

new

inscriptions

used to

J.R.A.S., Ceylon Branch

not

;

papers on old Sinhalese the

in

J.R.A.S.

in

a

happy

one.

The

According

to

my

of

Muller’s

Rhys

articles

the

Davids’,

printed in

This arrangement, I think,

is

not

materials are spread far and wide, and

inquiry

the continuity of

and

in

Rhys Davids’

formerly published

Inscriptions,

England,

G. Goldschmidt’s, and Edw. the Indian Antiqiiar//.

speak of

to

opinion,

is

it

in danger of being lost. would be best to separate the

epigraphical part totally from the purely archaeological work,

and

to publish

the

inscriptions

and whatever belongs

to

their

Thus a kind of “ Epigraphia Ceylonica” would be established, and I am sure that it would find the unanimous approval of all European students of It is hardly necessary Sinhalese and of Indian epigraphy. to add that not only the newly discovered inscriptions or those which will be discovered in future, should be published in these periodical reports for which I heg to suggest the study in particular reports.

title

“ Epigraphia Ceylonica.”

inscriptions already printed

in

and

There are a good many translated, as for instance

Edw. Muller’s “ Ancient Inscriptions of Ceylon,” which new study, and which can be edited now with

require a

many improvements

both in the text and in the translation.

I do not doubt that even those scholars

this point.

who made

the

first

agree with me on The “ Epigraphia Ceylonica ” must, therefore,

steps in that rather dark field will

he accessible to everybody

full}^

who might be

able to contribute

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEEVEY OF

14

to the elucidation of Sinhalese inscriptions in

the TVest as

For by common labour only, and particularly by the common labour of European and of well

the East.

as in

Oriental scholars, can satisfactory results be attained.

But there passed

still

is

over

in

one important point which cannot be It

silence.

quite indispensable

is

that

each imcription to be published or newly explained in the

“Epigraphia” should be reproduced in a good facsimile. Mere transliterations are of comparatively small value, and would be sufficient only in quite exceptional cases. We cannot accept statements without having the opportunity of controlling them, for even the

may make

careful scholar inscriptions,

which are

The

most trustworthj" and most

a mistake in reading Sinhalese

and a misreading may lead him wrong.

to conclusions

totally

of the “Epigraphia

edition

Ceylonica ”

must,

of

course, be entrusted to a man who combines practical knowledge with scientific method and I am sure that the Ceylon Government has at its disposal more than one scholar who possesses those qualities. But I hope that nobody will find in this remark anything like a reproach ;

against the present editor of the Archaeological Reports.

We

are

service

all

health and his

if

life,

My

ingratitude.

publications of

be glad

much

so

obliged

he has rendered

to

him

for the

invaluable

the science, even risking his

to

that any reproach would be equal to

suggestions touch only the form of the

the Archaeological Survey

;

and

I

should

they would be approved by Mr. Bell himself.

For the edition and translation of inscriptions discovered by him, Mr. Bell always made use of the assistance of some native scholars, and he has repeatedly mentioned this useful service with the warmest acknowledgment, although it

unfortunately does not

appear

in

responsible for the particular piece of

The epigraphical

inquiry, however,

I think, by a systematic

the Sinhalese

done in

history.

this respect

studj-^

The

each case

who

is

work.

must be supplemented,

of the literary sources of

chief

part has

already been

by the edition and translation of the

:

CEYLON AND

we

^[nltavamsa, wliich

But

that

believe

I

15

ITS 'WORK.

may call a stamlard work. now time to publish also the

really is

it

secondary sources in their oris;iual text, to»jether with an Enjrlish translation, as for instance the Pnjavaliya, Attana-

galavamsava, Rajaratnakaraya, Rajavaliya, etc. I am fully aware that some of these books have already been edited

But

in Ceylon itself.

Besides,

think

I

it

is

sometimes not very easy

the Riijavaliya

these editions;

a

that

to get

not yet printed at

is

translation

of

these

all.

works

is

many scholars will make use sources, who are not able to read As to the form original language.

hardlv superfluous, because

them

of

as

historical

Sinhalese books in the

of these publications, I would propose to print them,

just

like the inscriptions, periodically in separate parts, but with one general title, as “ Monumenta Ilistoriae Ceylonicae ”

these

“Monumenta” would

about Ceylon and

its

include even interesting passages

Greek and Latin,

people, taken from

Arabic and ^Chinese, and even from older Portuguese and

Dutch authors, together with a in the J.R.A.S., Ceylon

Even such a treatise Kandyan Kingdom)

as

we

I

think

it

better to

scientific

inquiries.

I

call

Appendix

appear sometimes

to

Branch; but

the Journal for what

reserve

and geographical

historical

Papers of that kind used

commentary.

(Constitution of

the

Report, already quoted, the right place in the “ Monumenta,” and in

Bell’s

would be in would be studied by many more scholars, no doubt, than can now be the case. In fact, I hope it will be possible, ” course of time, to collect in the “ Monumenta the

in

the

all

history I

materials

took

I suppose, in

on which our knowledge of Sinhalese

based.

is

the

by

Sinhalese

liberty all

to

express

studies,

regarding

the

Archaeological Survey of Ceylon. to

make

its

excellent

works

accessible to the scientific world.

that

my

few

a

felt,

are engaged

publications

My

more

wishes,

who

the European scholars

of

the

purpose was only fruitful

Xobody

and

more

will say, I hope,

suggestions are merely utopian ideas which never

can be realized, because the expenses required by them

THE AECHAEOLOGICAL SUEYET OF CEYLON.

16

would be extraordinary. They chiefly touch, as I have already said, the outer form of the publications. I wish to separate on one side those materials which are somewhat different, and on the other, I wish to concentrate divergent

the

working of

labours

same

in the

course, appear

as

such

of

scholars

are

as

really

The “ Monumenta ” would, sufficient material was collected and field.

Government funds were available for the publication, and the same would be the case with the “ Epigraphia.” I admit that some more money would be required by the proposal

to

add good plates

But

published therein.

each of

to

would he

it

the work quite slowly, provided

that at least a

till

money

part of the

believe

I

will be necessary to print a greater

each report than has been done

inscriptions to

publish

published in a perfect

it is

and entirely satisfactory manner.

the

sufficient

also

that

it

number of copies of now. But I am sure spent thereon

w'ill

be

recouped by the greater publicity, and by the better sale of the publications in Europe, according to the arrangement

which I propose above. To summarize, finally, quite

have

I

all

revspectfully that the

said, I

Government

of

beg to suggest Ceylon might

resolve to sepai'ate the Reports of the Archaeological Survey into three different publications

(1)

Archaeological Reports,

and sculptural (2)

containing the architectural

results of the excavations

Epigraphia Ceylonica, containing inscriptions, or

new

tions as are already (3)

:

Monumenta

tlie

known

;

Jlistoriae Ceylonicac, a

kunde,” containing Sinhalese Ceylon in the original

text,

kind of “ Quellen-

historical

other literary sources belonging

commentary.

newly discovered

interpretations of such inscrip-

to

the

books and history

of

with translation and

—

:

17

Art.

III.

— The

Jdlnhas and Sanskrit

By

Grammarians.

Professor F. Kielhorx, M.R.A.S, Gottingen.

The charming

volumes which we owe

“ guild of Jiitaka translators ”

to the distinguished

have allured

me

peruse

to

the stories of the Buddha’s former births in the original.

In the course of this reading, the

me

of certain

passages and

Occasionally, too,

text has reminded

have suggested an

rules

from that of the

differs

Not being

mentary.

own

Panini’s

which

interpretation

Piili

phrases in the Mahabhiisya.

Piili

com-

a Piili scholar, I should hardly venture

submit the following observations of mine to the Society, were I not encouraged to do so by my friend Professor

to

Cowell. I begin with

some verses of the Mahabhiisya.

According sthd,

of

to a Yiirttika on Piin., i, 3, 25, the verb tipain the sense of “ to worship,” takes the tenuinations

In commenting on

Atmanepada.

the

Patafijali, to

this

Yiirttika,

bring out more clearly the difference between

the Parasmaipada and Atmanepada, quotes the following

dialogue

:

Bahuniim apy acittiinam eko bhavati

cittaviin

I

pasya viinara-sainye ’smin yad arkam upatisthate Maivaiii maiiisthiih sacitto ’yam eso ’pi hi yatha

etad apy as}’a kiipej'aiii yad

“Among is

the senseless creatures

one

Amidst

upatisthati

all,

this

monkey

“Don’t think he

endowed with sense

troop,

is

behold!

he’s worshipping

” I

endowed with sense; he’s

like us, that

clear

To warm himself

is

apish, so

the sun he draweth near

{upatisthati).” j.R.A.s.

I

II

:

{upatisthate) the sun

is

arkam

II

vavam

1898.

2

THE JATAEAS AED SANSKRIT GRAilHARIANS.

18

These verses apparently presuppose a story like the one in (No. 175), and the wording of

the Adiccupatthiina-Jataka

the second

my

line, in

opinion, can hardly leave

grammarian knew some such verse

that the

that Jiitaka (vol.

ii,

as

it

we

doubtful read in

p. 73, v. 47)

Sabbesu kira bhiitesu santi sllasamiibita, passa

“ There

See

sakhamigam jammaih, no

is

how

iidiccam upatitthati.^

tribe of animals but has its virtuous one

this wretched

monkey here

stands worshipping

the sun! ”2

Again, a Yilrttika on Pan., locative case

an action

is

may be

used

to

ii,

3t5,

3,

teaches that the

denote that to obtain which

performed, provided the thing sought after

joined with, or

is

found

Patanjali illustrates

this

in,

the object of the action.

rule

is

And

by four examples, grouped

together in the verse

Carmani dvipinam hanti dantayor hanti kunjaram ke^esu camarim hanti simni puskalako hatah

I

II

“

The tiger for his skin he The camarl for her tail musk.”

Now,

slays, the elephant for his tusk is

the musk-deer for

slain,

its

®

in the Mahiljanaka- Jiitaka (vol.

vi, p.

61, v. 269)

we

read

Ajinamhi hannate dipl, niigo dantehi hannati, dhanamhi dhanino hanti aniketam asanthavaih, phall ambo aphalo ca te satthiiro ubho mama ;

and again, in the Siima-Jiitaka

Ajinamhi hannate

dipi, niigo

(ibid., p. 78, v.

300)

dantehi hannati,

atha kena nu vannena viddheyam

mam

amahnatha?

In the Rfunayana, Ro. Ed., vi, 27, 44, we have adityam upatif(hati in the “ he worships the sun.” In the so-called epic Sanskrit there are not a few forms and constructions which seem to me to bo I’uli rather than Sanskrit. ^ From Mr. Rouse’s translation. '

sense of

s Ilaradatta would take the last I’ada to mean “ The post ground in order that the boundary may he known thereby.*’ ;

is

driven info the

THE JATAKAS AXD SANSKRIT GRAMMARIANS. ITere, then,

the

first

line

of either verse

is

1

!)

identical in

meaning with the first line of the verse of the Muhabliiisva, and in ajinamhi haiimte dipt we have the very construction that is taught by Kiltyayana a construction which in Moreover, as Sanskrit, to say the least, is most unusual. the text stands,* the words dhanamhi dhanino hanti of the

—

first

verse are the exact counterpart of Patanjali’s can/iani

ddpiiiain hanti, etc.

circumstance

This, surely, cannot be a

mere accidental

either the authors of the Jatakas

:

verse of the Mahabhiisya, or

more probable

— Katyayana

—and

this

seems to

knew the

me

rather

and Patanjali knew, and based

their rule with its examples on, just such verses as

we

find

in the Jiitakas.

Turning to the prose, I should like to draw attention to somewhat peculiar phrase of the Mahabhasya, which has

a

often been misunderstood.

In the

first

Ahnika, after telling us what the course of

study was in former days, Pataiijali proceeds thus adyatve na tathd

;

:

Tad

vedam adhitya tmritd vaktaro bhavanti veddn

no vakWxdh sabddh siddlid Idkdc ca laitkikd anarthakain vydka-

ranam iti. The phrase vaktdro bhavanti in this passage has been variously translated by “ they become teachers,” “ they (of Sanskrit),” etc. But it really means ” people are in the habit of saying,” “ they will (or would) say,” or simply “ they say,” and the sense of the whole

become speakers

passage

is

:

“ This

not so nowadays.

is

After learning

their Yeda, being in a hurry (to marry, etc.), people will

say

:

‘

We

common to us.’ ” vol.

i,

p.

have got the Vedic words from the Veda, and the

ones from

common usage

;

Vaktdro bhavanti occurs

we have

the

is of no use same sense in

pp. 272 and

417 of the Maha-

sthdtdro bhavanti,

“ they are in the

250, and vol.

bhasya, and

grammar in

ii,

habit of staying,” “ they will stay,” in vol.

i,

p.

391, lines

6 and 16.

’

The learned

dhanl ko.

editor of

the Jataka

suggests

the alteration of dhaniiio to

THE jItAKAS AXH SANSKRIT GRAMMARIANS.

20

Xow,

among

that

Sanskrit writers Kumarila also should

have used vaktdro bhavanti and similar

cannot seem strange, considering

pressions,

versed as he was in the Mahabhasya, this

phrase which he has adopted from surprised

when

I

came

i,

p. 134,

the Jataka, vol.

it.

ex-

periphrastic

But

is

I

deeply

that,

not the only

was not a

little

across the identical vattdro honti in 1.

21

:

Tassa ddhdvitvd paridhdvitvd

vicaramkdle kelunandale kilantassa evain vattaro honti nrppi-

— “ And

tiken ’ain/id 2J(tkatd

ti

when he could run about and

was plaj’ing in the playground,

would say,^ Here any doubt as to the meaning of vattdro honti would at once be removed by the fact that in vol. vi, p. 33, 1. 16, in an analogous case, the ‘

This fatherless fellow has hit

instead

writer,

vattdro honti,

of

we might

Sanskrit

(his pla 5'mates)

us.’

”

uses

vadanti,

just

as

in

substitute vadanti for vaktdro bhavanti,

wherever that phrase occurs.

must leave

I

it

to Pali scholars to say

like vattdro honti are

common

whether phrases

They seem

in Piili.^

ordinary correct Sanskrit, and the question

to

Patau jali himself has followed here that restrict

and correct which

A

we may

piriori,

common

foreign

whether

is

usage, to

the object of grammar.

is

well suppose that Pali has preserved

and Piili has been proved to some of Panini’s rules which have not been verified yet from Sanskrit texts. On the other hand, an example may show that the interpretation of the more ancient Piili texts may sometimes be benefited by the certain idioms, lost in Sanskrit

;

vield instances for

teachings of Sanskrit grammarians.

In the

Jiitaka, vol. v, p. 90,

vanam

Allan ca

ufichiiya

we have

the verse

madhu manisaih migabilam

yadahariimi tarn bhakkho, tassa niin’ ajja niidhati.

So

far as I

can

make

verse the following

'

*

^Ir.

out, the

meaning

:

commentator assigns

“ The honej' and meat,

translates, more freely, “a cry would arise.” the Viuuya, and in such suttas as Majjhima, i, 469-472

Chalmers

[UltfU

ill

.

to this left

by

— Rh.D.]

THE JATAKAS AND SANSKRIT GRAMMARIANS. wild animals, which, gleaning in the forest, I bring, husband’s) food

;

now

surely

(body) withers {npntuppati,

(when he does not obtain

iiiildi/ati,

like a lotus

21

is

(my

it)

his

burnt by

tlie

sun’s rays).”

Now

upntdpa

is

indeed one of the meanings assigned to the

root ndth or nadh in the Dhiitupatha, but I feel sure that

a Sanskrit grammarian, on seeing the last Piida of this verse,

would

at once be put in

mind

of Panini’s rule,

ii,

3, 55, dsisi

ndthah (which teaches the employment of the genitive case in construction with ndth, ” to long for ”), and that, in

accordance with that rule, he would unhesitatingly translate the words tassa nun’ ajja nddhati by “ for that (food) he surely

is

now longing.”

I have other verses for the interpretation of which, in

opinion, some assistance

may

perhaps, not always in so direct a manner. present I must content myself with recording a

close

But

my

for the

belief that

study especially of the metrical portions of the

Jatakas will

amply repay the student

and expressing

upon

my

be got from Panini, though,

my

of Sanskrit

grammar,

regret at being unable myself to enter

a field of labour

which seems so

full of

promise.

23

— Alphabet

IV.

Art.

The

Council

the

of

of

After careful consideration the

the

into

has

gave their

thej’’

Roman

the

recommended by the Oriental Congress

at

Society.

approval

alphabets of

character,

the

occupied

lately

Royal Asiatic

the

system for transliterating

lan£rua