The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland for 1896 [1 ed.]

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1896

189

6

THE

JOURNAL OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 22,

ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W. MDCCCXCVI.

STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PRINTERS, HERTFORD.

—

.

CONTENTS.

Art.

I.

By Art.

PAGE

— Chinese

II.

J.

Translations

Takakusu

— Outlines tology.

Art.

III.

— Chao

of

—Hotes

Tibeto-Burman Linguistic PalaeonB.A., M.R.A.S.

Ju-kua,

—Arabic Henry

Art. YI.

\k

2

3

M

M-

Pali Miscellany, part

i,

p. 55.

CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF THE MILINDA PANHO.

17

and Professor Rhvs Davids 1 have discussed the transition of Menander to Milinda, and the identification of the two

names

“ as clear as that of Candagutta with Sandro-

now

is

kottos.” “

Nanda,” of our book, again confirms the

identification

representing the original in quite a different way.

This

having a comparatively early date, shows us that the

sutra,

memory

King Nanda-Milinda and

of the story of the

saee Nasasena

the

survived in the time of the author of the

still

Original Avadanas (which was translated into Chinese in a.d. 472),

and induced him

to

bring their famous discussion

in his tales.

I give in the following pages a translation of the

The date

in question. as

we have

earlier

”

liuda

Avadana

of the Samyukta-ratna-pitaka sutra

just seen, as early as a.d. 472,

is,

and may be much

than the Chinese translations of parts of the “ Miitself.

III

.

— The

Samyukta-ratna-pitaka sutra.

Translated by Ki-kia-ye (Kiiikara), an Indian sraraana, and

Than-yao, a Chinese priest of the Northern (a.d.

The date

386-534).

The number

in Nanjio’s Catalogue, 1329.

Yol.

The

Wei dynasty

of its translation, a.d. 472.

viii.

Discussion between

The King Nanda

of

Avadana CXI.

King Nanda and Nagasena.

old was an

intelligent

and well-

informed man, and there was nothing in which he was not skilled. He thought to himself that what he knew was (so

wide that) no one could surpass. ministers

if

there were a

man

Thereupon he asked

his

of great wisdom, intelligence,

and eloquence, who could answer any question that might be asked by him. 1

j.r.a.s.

1896.

Milinda, part

i,

pp. xviii, six.

2

CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF THE MILINDA PANUO.

18

was a minister who was accommodating and supporting an old Bhiksbu 2 for some time. TheBhikshu was not of wide learning, but his conduct was very pure. He had then an interview with the king. The King asked Can oue find out the truth (lit. “ win the way ”) while living at home, or is it necessary to become

At

that time there

1

:

a homeless one ?

The Old Bhikshu answered Yes, both can obtain the same path. The King If so, why have you left your home ? The Old Bhikshu was silent, for he did not know how to :

:

answer. 3

Thereupon Nanda became more proud and conceited than ever.

Then the ministers told the king that there was a Bhikshu named Kagasena, who was endowed with an unequalled intelligence and wisdom, who was at that time living in a forest. The king wished to try him. Accordingly he sent a messenger “ full ” of ghee. to him and presented him a jug which was The king meant that his own wisdom was so “ full ” that no one could add to

it

or excel him.

Kagasena on receiving the

ghee understood what was meant by

it.

He

then collected

and put them into the ghee, without causing it to overflow. He sent the jug (with both ghee and needles in) hack to the king, who also understood what was meant by the action. Again the king sent a messenger to invite Kagasena, who soon came to the king according to his command. Nagasena was tall and fat, and was above the average height, and consequently noticeable. The king was proud and haughty (he would not receive the Bhikshu at home), and falsely declared that he would see him on the way, as he would be going a-hunting. But when he saw from afar that Xagasena was gentle and tall, the king took another way (and shunned him). So he did not speak 500 needles from his

1

1

disciples

Chan-mi-li-wang-chun by name, according to the Chinese text of Milinda. Ayupala by name, according to the Pali text, and Ya-ho-la (Ayupala) in

the Chinese text. 3

Compare Rhys Davids, Milinda, part

i,

p.

32 (S.B.E. vol. xxxv).

CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF THE MILINDA PANHO. with the Bhikshu, and wished to defeat him by

one

“ no householder ”)

(lit.

himself, pointing to his

know

own

No

silence.

knew what was meant by him Nagasena, however, said

avoiding the meeting).

(in so

19

breast with his finger

:

to

“ I alone

it.”

Now King Nanda was about to call Nagasena to his palace, and prepared a small room, and made its door very small and low so that Sena might, he hoped, bend his body and throw But this Sena knew him (and making him bow

himself prostrate before the throne the king’s wish of ensnaring before the throne)

room

;

and

1

.

avoid this) Sena entered the

(to

backwards.

King Nanda next prepared

food and drink for him.

First

he gave him a roughly cooked food. spoonfuls of each course, and said

:

Sena ate three or five “ I had enough.” After-

wards the king gave him a fine and delicious food, and Nagasena ate it. The king thereupon questioned him,

“You

saying:

you

said that,

eat again as before ?

food, but not of the fine

you had enough; why is it that ” “I had enough of the rough food,” was the answer. Further,

he illustrated his meaning to the king in

men

in the Court

come

this wise:

“Now

no So all the men in the Court were called together, the hall was filled by them, and there was no more room left for anyone. The king came after-

let all

room

the

is left

to the hall, so that

there for anyone.”

wards and wanted

to enter the hall.

All those present were and made room for him by pressing one “by contracting their bodies”) and then there

afraid of the king

another

(lit.

;

was room for many more. Sena said to the king “ The rough food is like the subjects, and the fine food like the king who among the subjects would not keep out of the way when they see the king coming ? ” :

:

The king then questioned Which of the two, i.e. he who his home (pravrajita) and he who remains at home (upasaka), will reach the path ? :

had gone forth from

Perhaps Nagasena did not

like to

submit himself

to the king.

CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF TnE MILINDA PANnO.

20

Sena answered: Both can obtain the object. The King If so, why have you left your home

?

:

Sena

:

Suppose we are going to a place 3,000 miles away

Can

from here.

a

young and strong man, on horseback, all the necessary instruments and

with provision and with

Aveapons, reach the place very quickly ?

The King: Yes, he Sena

:

What

if

will.

an old

horse without provision

The King

Even

:

man

Avere to

go there riding an old

?

he had provision,

if

to reach the place of destination

Avould he difficult

it

how much

;

less

without

provision. to reach the path by leaving one’s home is young man’s journey (eas}^), Avhile to seek the path by remaining at home is like that old man’s travel (difficult). The King I now turn to the matter concerning our bodies. Am “ I ” permanent, or am “ I ” impermanent ? Answer me satisfactorily.

Sena: Well,

like that

:

In reply Sena raised another question

If there were an

:

an-ba-la (ilmra, mango) tree in the Royal Palace, would the fruit he sweet or sour P

The King you ask me

There

:

if

is

the fruit

Sena: Even so

is

no such tree in is

my

garden

:

how can

sweet or sour ?

None

your oAvn question.

of the five

skandhas (form, sensation, perception, discrimination, and consciousness)

ask

me

if

“ I”

The King the dead

and

is

there,

:

is

“ I

am As

there

is

no “

I ”:

then

how can you

(you are) permanent or impermanent

we hear

to all the hells,

?

that the body of

torn asunder by swords and throAvn away here and yet the soul lives. Is this possible or im-

possible ?

woman

She eats an example. and also drink, but she When she becomes pregnant, the assimilates them all. embryo, Avhile called “kalalam” (immediately after conWhy does it grow large ception), is as minute as dust. Sena

cakes,

:

Let us take a melon,

meat,

as

vegetables,

Avithout being assimilated ?

The King

:

That

is

the power of

Karma.

CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF THE MILINDA PANHO. Sena

So

:

it is

with the hells

;

21

the soul lives through the

Karma. The King The sun shines above, and its body is one. Why is it that the summer is so hot and the winter is so cold ? And further, why is the summer day so long and the winter day so short ? Sena The Mount Sumeru has two ways, above and below. In summer-time the sun passes through the higher way, which is longer than the lower, and therefore goes slow (i.e. the day is long). Moreover, it shines against the “Gold Mountain,” and therefore the summer day is so hot, besides being long. In winter-time the sun passes through the lower way, which is shorter, and therefore it goes down soon. influence of

:

:

Besides,

it

shines against the water of the “ Great Ocean,”

and therefore the winter day Compare Rhys Davids, part no such answer as this given.

1

is

ii,

is so

v, 7,

cold, besides

being short. 1

24 (S.B.E. xxxvi, p. 112), where there

[The following note arrived from the author just as we were going

to press.

—

h.D.] Krausnickstr.

4

IV ,

Nov. 22, 1895.

Dear Professor Rhys Davids, me as

of St. Petersburg, answei’ed of the Chinese text of “ Sir,

—

— Professor d’Oldenbourg, Russian translation

to the

Milinda as follows

:

am

only a few days back to St. Petersburg, and have Iwanowsky (the Russian translator), to compare our Chinese Milinda with your translation * it is the same text etc.

asked

my

I

friend, Prof.

—

Yours

,

—

truly, S.

d’Oldenbourg.”

This shows again that we have no third text in existence.—

Yours

faithfully, J. This

is

Takakusu.

a translation of the Introductory part of Milinda.

23

Art. II

— Outlines of Tibeto-Burman Linguistic

.

By Bernard Houghton, It

is

Palceontology.

B.A., M.R.A.S.

proposed in the present essay to give a brief outline,

based on linguistic evidence only, of the state of civilization

by

attained

Tibeto-Burman

the

previous

race

the

to

migration of the great Southern branch, and also to throw

some light on the probable time in

course,

such inquiries anthropological

all

Of

of that migration.

evidence

is

now, and rightly, held to be a much more trustworthy guide than facts derived from the comparison of two or

more

languages,

but

from philological

obtained

results

data alone are by no means to be altogether

contemned.

In the present case the geological exploration of the two countries

Burma

practically

is

phj'sical

in

infancj^,

its

yet been systematically undertaken. that

we

shall

whilst

have

to

known, however, both the

physical

syncrasy of the two peoples are is

in

It

is

clear, therefore,

wait a quite indefinite time before

any anthropological data are forthcoming.

thus there

even

measurements of the population bave not

little

fear that in

type

So

far

and the

as

is

idio-

remarkably similar, and

comparing their languages

we

shall

for

language and race are here, I think, nearly coterminous.

be trespassing against

the canons

of ethnology,

All Tibetan or Burmese speaking people are not, of course, ethnically Tibetans or

that

the

bulk

of

Burmans, but there can be no doubt

them

are,

and

that

formerly

they

constituted but one race on the high plateau north of the

Himalaya.

The anthropological

evidence, so far as

it

goes,

OUTLINES OF TIBETO-BURMAN

21 points

way,

that

whelming.

I

whilst

evidence

the linguistic

take

therefore,

shall,

is

over-

conclusion

this

for

Burmese tradition of descent from either a myth pure and simple, like

granted, regarding the

Indian Kshatriyas as

the corresponding one

of the Manipuris,

or

at

most, as

being based on some small immigrations of warrior Hindus,

who, after

conquering

perhaps

the

tribes,

local

became

altogether absorbed in them.

As

is

known, the pronunciation of Tibetan now

well

considerably from

differs

portion

the country,

of

plentifully

phonetic

harsh

utterances

so

The researches

consonants.

the words enough the sounds of the Tibetan was reduced to writing (a.d. 632),

as spelt render accurately

language at the period

former

the

make

however,

character,

throughout a large

simplified,

besprinkled with

of Jaeschke,

written

the

decay having very much

it

though at the same time

probable that

it

am

I

inclined to think that the

vowels had formerly, as now, more gradations of sound

than would appear from the alphabet.

The Burmese language, which

much from

phonetic

decay

;

was,

I

apprehend,

first

had then already suffered

about the same time,

written

indeed,

in

some cases the

sounds had become remarkably similar to those of modern

There is no reason to doubt that the written words represent truly their pronunciation at that time, except that final ach and ah were pronounced as atn and ah, Tibetan.

vowel

the

sound

approximating

closely

infrequently happens before a palatal

pronounced now as 6 when represented

the

support of

these

would

be

out

modified

of

therefore, to take

final

and

vowel

«.

suppositions place

them

are

here.

I

for granted,

;

to

i,

as

not

and that the vowel as ai otherwise, then

The rather

arguments elaborate,

in

and

must ask the reader, as also the following

showing equivalent Tibetan and Burmese consonants. is, perhaps, needless to state that in comparing the

table It

two languages the written character, as representing the oldest

known

pronunciation,

is

alone followed.

LINGUISTIC PALAEONTOLOGY.

Jc,

(initial)

g

Notes.

Burmese.

Tibetan. k,

25

k,

li

U

h

,

sometimes

dis-

appears.

g ft,

ft,

ft,

ft

(initial)

ft

(final)

cli, cli

,

d

(initial)

t,

t\

(final)

p

,

ft,

ft,

ft

ft,

ft,

ft

t,

cli

,

— ats sometimes.

in— ah. j

d

t\

t

b (initial)

p,

b (final)

m m

ig

ch,

j, ts, fs, dz, z (initial)

d p,

k

(final)

p,

p, 1

(initial)

m

(final)

VI,

b\

b,

iv

t

ft,

ft

s, s, s (initial)

s

s (final)

ats,

y, r, l (initial)

V, r, l

r (final)

y

l (final)

y,

h

h

or disappiears

ar~e

sometimes.

n

'

b (before r), db,


nlX 12 DX'tp

4,

32

nap

8, 8 8,

16

9, 4.

o

14, 15. 16

0°

12, 13 4,

6,

8.

1,

9

11, 23 11, 8,

24

'X

10, 33

11

25

11, 8,

9

r

ppp's

X'na DIDST

’3

'X'lSS

10, 13

20, 5

6,

n'Disp

xiaip

8, 8

24

6,

34

9,

35

x 'jx'X'iiap

6,

34

9,

12

8,

30

'X ^X'X'DlX'lp

^X’SpSp

33

xi'n^p

xaip nxaip

l

18, 6. 8

naps? “nsap

IXBlp

11, 28

mn lnnsns pm pm pms

nx ?x'ps 2 p

D.iaip

rn^np

^xmipamt

n'in

11, 13

9

'3

"nams

’3

10, 29

8, 9

\iiidx

21

n'ist

"dxs

xmp

bx'ximnp mDBinp

8,

Dins

XD'p

8, 9

'x

D'ins

‘wnanisps imxp 'nnnp ’3 Dn^3p

'ani'pp

m

niX3U ions

imsw

15, 32

‘jX'XMDinp

17

12

5,

2,

ianp

"sninp nsninp

4,

js*?p

pitpp

is

22

23

's

li,

12, 7

3,

”S

32

2,

Dp'^p

29

inians

16

10,

31

5

,

3,

4,

8,

maps

’3

xnnap

16, 17. 21 DXl'I'p

12, 15

9,

7,

'Up Dixnmip

'mans

's

niasx

20

10, 6

Dans

’3

n'SDns maipis

29

10, 11

5,

13, 7. 8

in'iis

Dinnx

7, 1

’Sp

8,

r

17

9,

'anaiip

msiDnipp Vx'xapp

'D1D1S

10, 6

12

'x

'111S

16, 12. 14

11, 6

11, 27

dbis

D1D11B

10, 14

4,

mnnx

mn

14

9,

in 'ni'ip

nns’ip

impX

'3

X'DUp n,ni'ip

mn

x'mbip IBHp

'S

11, 30

’X

bX'Xl'tSIp

18, 32. 19,

1

^X'Xl'ttHp

16, 31. 32

aimmnp

XXXIII 9,

8

'K113S

9,

10

mms

3,

31

.TD1 11'1'lJS

3,

31

.TDlll'l'llB

9,

17

t3ins

10, 4

Btyini '3 D131BD

8,

23

innmBSD

I,

2,

K'IDinK

11, 5

7,

34

ns

5,

1

21

nil ins

2,

25

'isxins

16, 26. 27

mi

8,

23

9,

2

9,

10

8,

32

9,

18

pis

9,

19

'B21B

1,

8

x

17

6, 1. 7, 10. 6,

31

'3

]1TBBD

8,

6

KB1D1D

1B1BXBD

8,

30

8,

13

VK3D1D

K'DtPSD

8,

12

'3D1D

2,

20

D'plD

3,

26

D'plD

8,

13

n'DmD

3,

22

mi 'rmo

4,

31

K'lons

2,

33

PpD mn'D'ipD

'Dims

8,

10

'11D

nK'BIB

8,

28

Dinnnns Dinnnns

30

'B

niK3X K'llD Dn'3B

10, 26

’3

DilllD

n'npiniD

15

3,

bK'nDiniffD

‘iKininiy

4,

19

‘jKMDinSll?

9,

i

mm

17

lbK3'B

ni's

19, 15

9,

17

KTB

10, 23

pi3^o

D1KTS ims

10, 17

,l 'K ?XK '3 D1BTJ?

—

8,

7 'tf'JSB '3

16

K ‘jK'Kn'pt'B

11, 31 19, 1. 2 9, 5 9,

10, 18 10, 29

112'B

29

8,

15

17

'B'B 'X

nK'B'B ]in'B

11, 6

‘PS

14, 26

"l^S

8,

14. 13,

12, 4 1,

4.

.

nmm

16. 6, 20

29

13

3,

2

9,

10

9,

9

5,

11

ninpDB

9,

10

33

'BBS

8

2

6,

30

'BKXB

8

yxs 3

,

,

]1B'D

'i^D

nin "i^D

mn

nx'nmi'jD

'K

'pK'K'npBD

^K'K'npDD

^xnp'nujD '3

IpD'JD

O'psy

8,

13

DD HDD SK3DD

mn nmnsy

9,

21

K'UID 13 D'333DD

"msxjj

9,

21

x K'flBDn

11, 9

nmissy

7,

’3

n'n

34

D'lliy 13

)py ^Kntry

11

IKS

,

21

pDD |BDD

14, 3

' '3

8,

6,

‘jK'BDll'inS

n'nDinD

io, 16

— 13

10, 12-

2,

3, 1

K'DBBD

'3

20

15.6,17.7,16n'K'ininD

mniKS m^KS D1B1BKB 'IKS

6

10, 6

nxill

'3

K13B

8,

33

8

11

,

11,

30

'3 ',1JDC

DDSDD 'K

^K'K'JJDDyD

nnm' II, 35. 19, 11

ijN'nBTiDyD

XXXII ^YiDno

9,

9

7

NnDDl

6,

33

,TVK3-1»

8,

33

8, 7

n'nnDDi

9,

16

rrn 'Bistta

18—9 HKBBK

10, 8,

mn

is

9,

'2

20, 7

DaiBBl

11, 26

’« ‘jK'K’aiptyB

18,

27

‘?K’N'Bipty»

DK32'B

18, 28

^NTaiptyo

9,10.14.17.19,21.33.34

11, 13

,t Vxn'ptyB

9,

1

ninaana

2,

35. 4, 16

"flB

7,

33

DB'B

n'in “pKinananB

8,

22

^N2'B

10

^NDBpl

18

Tijuana

10, 8 r

K

Dotyna

33

10, 29

«D

15, 29

12

8,

13 8

31B2SD

9,

32

inansD

8,

17

1XD

32

DnvmvK

'2

11

8,

9, 16,33

n,

20

20

nna

7,

20

nmna

4,

19

‘jx'naaDa nna

“ptoanD

8,

14

Nina nin K'nnima

mns$>

14

9,

8

8,

29

"DBID

'S

11, 5 11, 20

DB3D

11, 22

9, 8

7

1

35

'aia

JVIKDB '2 D23D

27

n,

mn«

‘aK'N'nm

pD

8,

1

aa

8,

9

Dinaaa

xiy ‘jN'aao '2

p'B-'Bia

.Tisy ^nri'nia

S 33 D

nn’aao

nmrp fwro&aD

8, 11 8,

1

11, 30

,

11

KDDDB1D

4,

16

rpsn-niD

5,

11

8,

8

nn'DiaBB

5,

'2

nn'nbya

DNpJVB

13

’«

11, 27

6,

19, 26. 29 8,

9

6,

32

wsb nmnnnsB

8,

23

^'ninsta

nnaa'a

7,

21

msspipa

4,

16

pBBpB

13

n'nKHD

9,

2

'if

proBUPaa'a

12, 14

7,

34

K^B'SHD

11, 18

.Ts'apa

VK'X'ano

8,

7

8,

33

's

's

yrnno

?K'sip'a

n'asjj V>«apn’a

16, 34. 17, l

TBISB

5, 2

8,

11, 25

’Ki^BB

^KimaoBB

n'in

6,

12, 16

17--18

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15

12, 10

D’a^a

33

v, n

13

in 'KBi.Ta

11,

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14

11,

11

6,

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nmBDB

22

no

D^IDB

H'

10, 25 n’n-iDB '2 n"a'Dta

9,

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n'nmaDB 4

9, 7

3,

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11, 13

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22

3

8, 12. 13,

vnrp 'BimD

,

^K'NDDinaa

'K

9, 7

21

11

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9, 9

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11 , 8

8,

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8,

9,

10, 35

32

6,

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11, 15

4,

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^x'K'nan'B

’K

n'isj>

n\n niniD

,

n'n’B

11, 31

11, 20

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‘pnb’B

]nnnD«a nnxa

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14

9

10

12, 32. 33

36

10, 9

6,

11, 11

2,

8,

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ltr ‘jtova

anD

’2 'Diyaa

'laanD

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4, 17

34

17

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11, 10

’2 aaD.xa

‘asanp'aa

4,

nKip.TB

’S

’ipamBX

19

10, is

'2

DD32'B

'2

5--6

10,

10, 33

17, 32. 34 6,

16, 32.

wn'asn dw'

N'N'nnWD

D'^'DND '2

N'anD'O

h’dxd

1BDN3

17, 13. 14

nin nnfyna

15, 31

9,

10, 14 12, 6

4,

'2 t32tt>B

21

7,

9,

8, 11.

K3'BB

DaiBB3

'2

1,

16

33

tm«

5,

9,

laena

b«'NDS'B1BtD

20, 5

10, 14

N^Bl

14, 30.

vib»b

^KTniB "i

10, 31

'Dnui

11, 28

nnin'

Diptya

32

4-

11, 32

^x'nnp'SDioyj

16, 24. 26 10, 11

nVT33

naa

KnD23

nmaa

DKIpB Danp»

19, 22-—23 12, 8 1,

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n'in

^'nuanana

4

‘jN'ranta

5, 24. 7, 5.

12, 8

18

^"iib

n'in bKinDPyaiB

XXXI x

11, 26

bx'x^atro

25

8,

33

nnixn ?

8,

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8,

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?

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1X"6

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18, 21. 22(?) 1

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11, 3 11, 23

'x "jx'x'p

11, 31

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17, 14. 16

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10, 31

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13, 22.

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5

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34

11, 6

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18, 28

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18, 16. 21

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10, 9,

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17, 23

[.

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31 X'3»'P33X

11, 17

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17, 20. 21

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29-•30 34

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11, 12

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11, 8,

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30

11, 9,

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r>’

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io, 4 pin

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16, 6. 8

10,

10,

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36

11,

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P'P 'PD3 PIP'

3, 2

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30

17, 12. 13

11

9, 9

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6,

20. 8, 5

11, 6

6

8, 7

5,

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IP P31P'

15

DP'3'PB'

4,

17

20

5,

21

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11, 12

2,

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8,

nin 'xpa

7, 10.

P'PP"

5

20. 8, 4

32

^XIP'

8,

5,

1, 8

5,

18

l?X'3P'3 P3'

5

P'Ppxy ^X'PIBD

4,

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17

17

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4,

8,

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20

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8,

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4,

7,

34

10, 3

9,

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11, 5

6,

30—•31

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P'P131 p133'

10, 28

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25 P'PB3p"

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15, 29

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32

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6,

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10,

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11, 3

12,

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14, 8. 10

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?

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8,

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5,

p'pvid"

8, 27. 13, 24.

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9,

2,

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?

^X'PpPXU'

17

14, 26. 29

P'31D1D"

27

1

4,

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11, 3

7,

23

8,

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19

1

8,

1

11, 12

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?

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8, 7

8,

?

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5—6

8, 6. 18,

1

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10, 16--17 '3B33 ’3 33D1 9,

p'p^pp"

13, 21. 22 8,

rims “jx'xnpB

11, 21

'3

XXX v-mm? ’mm*

7,

16

8,

27

3,

22

5,

11

xaipmnm nnant

4,

11

m mnaim

nix3s

18, 10. 12

2,

28

8,

28

3,

25

6

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7

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?x'ntwiX3 ?n

5,

25

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bX'XJIDn

8,

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6,

29

12, 2

9,

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5,

mm

1

3,

23

11, 18

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13, 31.

7,

33

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11, 14

12, 8

n'in ‘jKinDB'B

11, 34

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DIX^B

8, 2

V'«‘?B

10, 6,

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5,

10

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9,

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8,

18

mi'jm

32 nj?

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14

11,

19

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3,

3

bx 'iya

6,

16

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nxBptin

n'linp

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'3

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nxi' 'B'Din

pmmm

13,

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'3

10

10,

2,

26

'x “ix'X'n'Bin

mn

34 25

26

DX'Bnm D'Bnm

10

bxmtxi

'psin

tanin

13, 2. 3 8,

nam

Diiain

n'Din

DDnii^n

11,

XI

Dimn

'3

's

11, 7

m'sspn nyxy ‘jx'ponn

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5, 1

nmn' ^xmiDjatn

7, 6

9,

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'mn

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30

8,

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10, 27

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29

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mn

19

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DID'B

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9,

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12

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mnni?

30

5, 3

32

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8,

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2,

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3,

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m'.n'iin

4, 8

bxin'Bpan

20

4,

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10, 26

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l

3

12, 4

11, 29

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l

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22

11,

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nmm

18, 24. 26

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2

tirmn

6,

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32

bX'XDBID-in

6,

^

8,

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ini'bn

30--31 "DH"

4,

18

xw

34

1,

8,

4,

29

13, 2,

DpXB n'linp ino

34

ppm

nnp’n

21

23

n'D'bn

nDin

‘px'in

9,

10

19. 29. 7, 5. 18

36

maxi

8,

5,

2,

10, 12

11,

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'i'mn

^x'X'n'ian

30

XBDpniD'n 26

mtsy ^x'JDBn

mp'im

10,

34

mnx 7X'mn

11, 19

33

6,

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17

10, 19

4,

4, 8

11, 21

7,

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8, 1

7, 5.

p'.n

‘jxinant in'

•x

'tt\n

2

ii, 5. 17, 24.

nixss ianin

11, 27

18. 13, 9

8,

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mm

12, 6

n.

8,

9,

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2,

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2,

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1,

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9,

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5,

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3,

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in n'i'n

3,

15

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m

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—26 "id'd

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n'DllBlIB

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11, 8

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8,

27

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8, 2

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3,

15

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3,

2

‘iX'-ltS'l

8,

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9,

11

8,

23

7, 5

mn

DxinB bx'iWB

9,

10

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2,

22

8, 7

19

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8, 32.

13, 33. 14, 1 S D1X'

11, 7

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6,

8, 7. 8 4,

10

8,

34

11, 15

10, 2 4,

n'335? bx'iipnt

mn '

ox'nn

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7

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8,

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3—-4 nmn' ‘ixmnxjat nmn'

12, 3 12, 9

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17

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3,

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11, 1

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30

19,

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xiDnxnx ' 1

12, 33

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33

12,

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bx'Disyt

33

11, 6,

2

17, 1. 3 11, 29

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nm

inbi’n

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mi'.n 'XlB'n ’x ’jx'xnlj'n

XXIX Dfinsan

8, 16

17, 16. 18 10, 32

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4,

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4,

32

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pon

10, 11

7—8

10,

11, 16

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DXT.1 '2"nt3Dn

nnny bxomtso

14, 16

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10, 17

20

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10, 21

14

9,

a

oiitrx

ppira

"Dura

run

‘wiPipro

18, 12 [14?]

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11, 17

i'nto

9,

11. 8, 22

9,

6

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4,

18

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in

6,

33

30

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'2

11, 5

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nxnxm

11, 3

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maimi

io, io niynitp '2 4,

\T1

32

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7, 6 7,

33

4,

30

6,

14

8,

14

DXtSpl'l

DX'ip

8, 2 9,

4

6,

34

8,

1

8,

14

xmu nnnpy bxmmbn

1

16

11, 9,

5

9,

13

D3!3'1

9, 8 9,

— 17

XplD'1

8, 1

9, 5

9, 9,

6

9,

10

XB1

nm

DBtapi

'B'3'2

IXBD'2

xnso r

18, 22.

24

11, 29

l

1

l

l

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3X'Xm 332 7X'Xm 332

8,

20

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9,

20

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1201333

9,

20

1032

31

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8,

13

n'BlD2

11, 9

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8,

13

26

n'3'33

;inxn

10, 14 17, 26. 9,

'2

131I3D13 ’2

28

18

11, 14--15

11, 19

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10, 18

nxmy

DI3D3

5, 2

DBD3

17, 6

'(3113

10, 22

‘px'mnni

xnp ^x'nmm

11

'inn

12, 2

nmn' ?x'3nnD2i

win

10, 5

Dnnn3x

8,

X3D'X1

2

?XB'BD2

X'3D3

'3)313

18, 8. 10

'X31D2 l

11, 17

X'3D3

'»nin

7, 6

'1H'2

32

33

11, 6 7,

20

6,

16, 29

^x'x»iD3in

S X'1B'3

27 [29?]

Dpl'2

17, 3. 4 9,

4,

nnonxn

bxmmi

1t3X1B'2

'xiibu

13, 29

2--3

kj>

'DD'2

20

18,

2—-3 K'imB

11, 14

20

9,

—3

10,

10

9,

no

10, 32-

16,

11, 33. 19, 5.

1x0 nn'3

a

x'Dian®

]nxn

bx\nBtt>p2n

'j)i'2

'B)3'2

20

pnxn

15, 5

a

N'nim

20

19

3

20

n'o ix '2

9,

15, 3 6,

nm

24

10, 9,

a pnD2

nj)22

9,

5,

»,

l

Dimia

'nm

9, 6

—

X'1B13

11, 3

8, 29. 13,

0pi12

bxmB&bn

n'in

16

9,

'Dimi2

’2

23

’S

1'I33D1

Dinmna 22 xdi 26—27

10, 20

—

nm

18

Xp'3'1

XD'1

10, 22

12, 6

11, 6

— 21

xmono 17, 5

XfB'1

msxy ^xmin

11, 16

11, 20

nna

X3J3'1

.TXIXa'1

nosy bxmirn

mtsBimi imnini

8,

1'122

18

35

]'l2't3'1

xmn

9,

11, 3 2,

Dinnx

^X'123

7,

6,

a

1

o'oi ?®

I'nto

33—34 14

nmx pnx

33

10, 5

15, 5. 8

9,

2

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nxn minx

11, 7

bx,i23

nx

11, 10

7,

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2

2,

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20

to

8, 6

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8,

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9, 6

7,

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17

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15, 19. 21 9,

28 X'D33n 12 n‘?'X1"12

12, 4 10,

l

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l

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'a

5,

nmn' ^xmpD3i2

20 11

15, 22. 23

D1in»

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0p12

now

12

X'ni2

XXVIII 9,

D'pIDN

10, 11

N'DnBN

8,

20

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3,

32.

4

N'DD3D1

10, 4

17, 18

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N'3312

‘aN'DipN

23

8,

p'lniampN

15, 31 9,

31

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5,

20

nnspN

20

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15, 16

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10,

4,

20

10

3.

,

11

11, 6 4, 3. 10. 8,

4

DinpN

8,

33

2,

33

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12, 5

8,

19

D.11N

10,

9,

4

4 3. 10.

3, 32. 8,

5,

2

8,

12

n’D'DN

8,

33

10, 28 9, 7

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7

DID'nDN

4 'DDN

8,

p'jDDN

10, 1 10, 9

'3

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8,

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11, 12

DIN

6,

12

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11, 3

3D1N

7,

16

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9

NDt'IN

l

11, 19 9,

9

4,

30

8,

32

6,

11

8,

34

.I'DSJ?

8,

31

7Np5?pN

4,

31

1,

8.

9,

3

'2

’2

n'in

DpIN DniN

10, 22

1

?

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13

11, 11

15, 12

'31BN

9,

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'dwnd IB 'Dins

11, 11

'll

8,

14

D'nN

8,

12

Di'nN

9,

26

bin’nND 13 i'»nN

9,

8

14, 18. 19 9,

3

15, 14 9,

25

'2

pninDaN 26

15,

[.

.

.

N3 28?]

DinaN

N'3312'DDN

7,

‘rNDpanaN

11, 11

]1'DN

'niDIN ’3 )1'DN

11, 2

nNnn

4,

anaN

23

11,

’N ‘jN'NanaN

laisnaN

32

'DiwnaN 18. 14 34. 15, 3 NDN n3lNDN 9 nin nmaaDN 13

9,

5 D'abstt '3 'absN

9,

8,

15

'NlbSN

9,

D'D'aasN

9,

D'D'aasN

16, 4. 6

3.

14 ,11

'3

’s

'ano'BN

D3DN

9, 8

10, 22

tn’rjJS '3

16, 29. 31 10, 15

MUnN

6,

1DDDN

7, 1

'D3DN

nftlDDN

10, 3

,1'aiDBN

6,

3

.IND'DSN

9,

4

4 , 4. 10.

8,

4

D11DN '3 '1'

18, 2. 5

15

n'DaiDN

n'n'IDN

11, 10

1,

npnN 3, 32.

15, 14

Dials ’3 nttIDDN

34

^N'naN

'ini'

34

34 34

MiinN

]N

12, 7

24

16, 30

DIN 'ND1N

12, 5

9,

17, 9. 10

nmv

14, 17. 18

6 n'in ‘tn.iddddn

'NinpN

9

11, 11 9, 7.

15, 33

)ND1N

24

9,

,1'DDN ’2

26

'1D3N

'B113DN

19

8,

'2

N'nianD ’3 d^ddn

d'Vddn "DDDN DDN

11, 3

9,

,1'n'N

''n'n'N

'3113DN

24?

16, 8,

N'DN in'DN

'3

23

16,

‘rNp'^pnpN

16, 8 [12?]

N'IDDn

10, 10 'D11DD2N '3 9,

5

D11DN

^NnDN ^N.IDN

'nnDN nn'aiDN

1DDN 'D1DDN N'DN

INDEX OF THE MYSTICAL NAMES.* 36

"^18

11, 2

lfi!?18

7, 9

119118

6,

7,

8, 9.

13, 1. 2

"81018

11, 5

35

10,

29

11, 2

o'nsix

11, 2

"2D118

9,

26

,17101718

1,

24

1,11128

1"S!X118

6,

32

l't'71',128

12, 6

I'll !>81,1'1'28

'2

"21718 '2 "2117118

10, 17

"D81B18

i'2"j.i»

p,T1B8

10, 31

8,

6

18

8,

17

'8 !>'8"1'18

9,

35

n'ripD31',18

9,

30

19, 7

11, 12

*?8"228

16, 15. 17

D2D228

10, 7 "271111190 ’2

D2D228

'71',

—

28--29

9,

17

811818

9,

18

8118

6, 31. 7, 23.

11918

9,

25 8"80118 12

,T18

9,

25 "B1H8 12

9, 9

6,

30

118

9, 6

10, 23

wan

Dio!?',18

nn':n8

'2

—

DIO,10

pi1228

'2

)',18

9,

18

1128

8"D'i8

9,

24

\T2t78 12 1D128

11, 1. 9, 19

’2 'rrri8

Op^S

87l'X182 ’2

12 81DD128

9,

24

8B27117I"

6,

15

ty',i8

9,

36

,181'D17in71 ’2

D'iBit98

5,

16

nts',18

9,

33

4

D’D'108

16, 32

"2117'18

9,

22

3

8D1B108

17, 6. 7

7,

34

9,

4

9,

11

9, 8,

8198

Dp1t98t98

mn

V811D1008 32

9, 1

’2

DD08

"S

11B08

7,

33

"711018

9,

19

"7iiD,i8

10, 14

"21B8 12 1(20718

9,

29

"11B18 12 "211718

36

o!>28'1 ’2 DD22'8

8,

11

"Dii"8

6,

27

D'211'8 81t"8

34

*?82D18

28

9,

6,

—

22—-23

21

35

nni8 12

?]

"B^

Dirmpp 12

'2

in’8'8

9,

25

—

t?mb'8

10, 27

BM1^"8

9, 2

D1D"8 "!>

"B '8

7, 1

,i"tnip "B '8

7, 1

1'D211B"8

7, 1

n'in'8

The Numbers

22

5,

8'211718

14, 10. 11

12 "D1in8

"D127I8

26

D1822D 'S

14, 13 7,

34

19, 17. 19

10, 7

refer to

""7111718

page and

9,

"28

27—-28

15, 12

t77l28

9,

6

1'118

5,

1

717112118

8, 8

10, 5

18 18

9,

19

9,

19

line.

OB'128

D22D"2 12 10^7128

D'l"1,18

D111118

*\"28

DD28

16

*?8171'1218

26

12 ODD28

8"pD8*11'28

11, 10

7!"2"1,18

D12finiD ’2 18^1118

8, 6. 15, 24.

"Dp28 12 "B128 DDpJ)l7

9,

9,

9,

14

15, 8. 10

pD128

(?) "0128

"D718

9,

4

10, 9

11

D'2'108

34

9,

8,

8,

18

"71",

’S \>ipt98

8,

16, 21 [22

10, 1

11, 12

12, 9. 19, 23. 19, 26 8,

22

DD228

yiTI'718

9,

11,

812128

"2118

"201"

'2 8t7"2118

JM18 1"118

9,

19

1118

4,

33

"2118

XXVI

APPENDIX

B.

«bn Knan hktdk ^nan ana trr» “jb «anp k:k nwa'b snoaK Kapil Knap rra Karr era kt» wnp kjk *]b Kniianna .Taisai n’ryai rrana s'n's map Tn bnui K\n kbwk -oan Kb DKi ntnaa ’kps k’d n’b ntyni n’ipni n’iapnpm rp}ts6 oi birris pKba Knana ’by mtob n’lanan K’a n’b panni p*?tn by Kbiyn pbrm pK 2 ’niapi “pi’i’npK nK’ns ?khds bKmi 1 ?

,

5

nw

Ki’ya KiKn s's’sb nvY* lb’api n’onan (!)kpd K’a

Kiyna>» ’iKnaa

p

lp’nSK

KynK

“inp

p

’s

k»p nn na’a

K’»a> ltriSriKI

.n’b

wnsKi nrrniK

bd’b

v

D'K'K

,nKia6

by aina

K &3 KynKI K’Bt?

ptwn

3 v-,ntO

p'by

10

p p p K’ai KnaD’ p k»’ nansnKn iaai n”a p "n lansriKn Kino p Kawi Kaitrn p Kmmi kbd’ p K’b’bi Knabi p Kmai 'ao nn p nn pup lansKi nrrmK b'S'b p sd’s wtbk p nn

iaa

“in

pnrr

bd'si

isnsKi

sd's

Knn:

pnbm

Knaty ’bp Kyaan K’b’b (!)bnK nbni K»»’n ]’ya> na>y ’mn b’wb kbpi kbp ba Kbap pa> pwom i’B’bp yaan Knn’ ’»p K 3 Kb» biPEDT! DSD! K 3 Kb» b’K 3 K’l Dt^m K 3 ED K 3 Kba bKEDEBn 'aDi b 2 bKaxnt aa>ai b"a jpriKn dbdi KaKba “jianKt dbdi ansKi Kst’nnm Karan Knpps byi kid ’by paan KaKba bKaar

15

n

f

rr

p

Kanaab

pba’ Kbi

ppp

ppnn’i nn’raK sd's

on vynsa nnai .'-into 3

1.

niapi

2

pa

p

bd’s 20

nna

,nb>

1

p

XXV riiirip» it is]

m

rpaps dm

rij

riri

m m

'in

in' miiariri

nintri

mat? intit naa> msat jnv nnst? "pnyatyn ana dm mh at biff ini naa> swpni eats list' sit nsa6 ns isv sit? ti's njnat* yatyn ast? p'iy 'so nnnnnm nmtaxi ;mij> ana nns 5

ast imapa psn nap nnt mat “ptri mas plan nnn nns 'is mayat nsmn 1

itmas ity

ntistst fpt

“jay 10

si

sit *)j»s

a'sitnn

ip

nsta

nn ti'iis ntena

"

'is

*

p

i» minis is *p'S

's

'is

'is

'is

'inst nns it?

aassa

sit

atm

sit

nnya

nw:

ti'sn

ntyj;

m pm m

nn ssyn

*]snn

mat taa6 ntry ps (!)ainas sit

ntsass sit

a"pt 'nisan

npyn

iip 'nppst

pptnp •pnyspn ttubpsi “j'stnst isn pns ynist \nis mn in ini bps “jsntp 'is sip ssyn sit atn npynt mam 'i ibpb natna nns ntsp 'si *pn bps snm nanit “pmap isa ppm ]si'v tPims *pt in' npya is is nnnt isn na'i mr tat m ass Dan 'itn is's ''p'ia 'nba ia ririspa ppk pn'nt snpi mrss 'n mn nma ppia tpimst omn tnp s'Bii'asa m mn t\n "m m mn' mn' mn' mn m mn' tn in mn v mn' latest anp ]'an *piy as jrspe nt' mn' n' mn 'n t' inn nmsi junta Ptmaa isnp tsnai tmssi [f. 66 a] isnp nanit ii"Dts insanp paaps n'a'isn s'ias as is tpjn't inns' tna'sat 'Dis asas "n bps "tins tniss pp" ptnns p'anan p'aay 's m n' in mm m n' nn '.mi mm nn mn' ppis tpimsi mn mnn n' mnn m n' n'm t'.n tm \n 'tn mm mn mi mn \n 's “ppi tnss't tn'ns' ism " nj7t aityi tntsia mss bp *pns "nan ns ssynt ntsyn sip “piy 'na"pt 'nntit mystvn *jns'n (!)*p Blips “piy 'na"pt 'nntit myspm 'na"pt 'nmti isa nipn sit n' in m ts tn nn nt' nsn nss ns si n' an tn' \n 's \n tm bps " 't’i'B’S'P ns nm 'ia “jnn'as nypa nnss sit atipi niy mm bps ap.n ptnpt p'iy pns mn m mn' mn' ns bps nssnan 'iiii bpsi ampn nt'n bps nan ntsnya \nis ntsas '”'

mm

*

T

15

t

20

•

25

•

*

30

m

mi bpsi ntsas is nns n' m 'S' m nps s'.n' \n nps '.m ns 's tm nps 's snnaty ]'ins tntsia mns a'B nns niiin mn an sin m taty ]'an

n

'"'

•

nns 's

pn

n'

nps ms vr

'.ns

bpsi

'.ns

•

apap ist pn mns nps mns

"t

n

np

nti'n ’t

't

•

35 jtsjnt ss's ”

'is

ns

pypst sa'

'is

p

(!)pit't

pssm ppnnn

snn'a

prm

)'iaat ]'n'trt

strat? 'strnn

'i'nn

't'tyt

pm pmn sijtst^a snti 1.

?pr*

1

XXIV nra

'tya

h’h

wa

tymsa

h’hih hhb na’a

tymsa

hs’aann riabaa

h’hi

naB

nairia

\“iv

riabria

haps

na’3 irma

tymsa

’aas

.t

•

nin hs’s rm

hs’aap

’!

abah

ppia

tymsa

na’a pna’an

tymsa

hih

’aaans

'in’

tymsa

*

m

hih

h’h pi inbp nan

nisa

*

rm rm

hih

mhi m hhapa ’ia'3 anas tymsa *

rm

an ihmihp

msa

hs’sn

hhabpn nan

hsnar msa hmaaaas na’a hiri’i rm ih’’ty nimsi nnnni ann haty nntyy nyansa y’atya wsn by I’pipn pa nyansi ana pnsi a’aty ’man (!) aih ha ini mmaan pns rhn v aa pa ini ’rib aaih p lh’si nvnn riahp mtyns hya hh ’ha tyty abari mshsa hya hb’bp yans by hiyn hya ppipn pa nyansi mini nai ri’ia Ttmp mtynp »np hih in iha hhb ’hi p lh’si * saa mnn \nhs hs mns h’a naan pans n’ns mns rm ribpp aa abb ppipn 'm n’ahan ’aha iha maas [f. 65*] npny p ns n’nhsn anayai iah’ nnaha niasa nvnn naa anaiyn n’asisn ’nna n by dd aa iaabs ha hy n’hty [) nj; nsa shai shsna rwym man ’ha phy aa>iai maim pis [n’aa>] ma>j? sha> ny nna saa ha *paa shi pst? *i’nia^ati> anna maty 'ha “jsmp ’as aw naty mnai pns hy h’ hs h’nh maa pain ityn’B nn nnsa pin pa nhyah “[h ina plans mhs mnty tyatyy mamma h’ hs n\n in in ab’ia y’atya m hs m nw nin nnsns “jams n’ hs nnsi m )yaa tysa mama phty mnisty pniaty 'n naaa maty na yby ’as rmi’ nnsi nhiy nnsi maa snaa nhyah mssiyi tysa ^myhia hbhhs pnmni pip’ai )tyims *]ai n’asn nty pa ia’a’ shty na h’ nihaaia ’hs arm m h’ hih hnp bib’hp m h’ hih bb’ia

nmaia ’mi

•

30

f

•

1.

mohn

1

3S

XXIII

nym mt

m’pa onan tynin osa ‘rn

Toym

1

nbaoi

"jb

?

"i

m

pty oyo

Nn

*]»6 b

toi

nnni ann

iniN

pm

mnn

nine

.typno nnNty

hp ns s

io

non Vnan

py'ntyn

'Vn«

1

ity’ ?#

n

*n’py

i>Nty

npnm nnm

no

.III

nbyo ’n mt6 rrbib pis ? ti^ nosn nys on b 'os* nwi nmyi nonn ninii>ym noo n®’ npnoi N’i>03 bno Nin “ns nty '3 ibis nbiyn nnti6 typm ’nrnn nn« nitons ni’pan ni>iy btp ini® os’? mtym nmy Tom nbyo Sty “t'n oipo i>nn my nantyty 'sb (!)ioip mnnn nNTi now mnn nytyn ommty mnn nymty nns by in p’pto onn n nmo Ninty tin ni' noynn on nam in tyontyn ? 'osy p’pto no «3 *ynis n.ti np p n®’ i maty hn anp’ ni’.n iniN ? mipi tv noyn nm lmnn ®’ minn^i nmn moo n,t n^i nmn no’N nty ns’by on ymtyo ynty’ty mip -iono nNis ny nmn nan *1®'

ni>yn

1

•

1

1

nnm mpa

15 yaiai

rii

riaasb

ri’

nnm

nnNi

"

pin

ity

ontyon tyontyn ?

]i’by

ririvi

iri

ri’

[f.

64

s

»

onn

maty

ntyn

’3

pp aab ri\ri bpaN ri’

]

tin noNn oimnsn ion by

i>ty®i

nnna

nina

nmiN nm

mat

20 iy»ty’ty

ion

nym nmn

nnNty

1

nnnan ntyn

ppob

n ’3 tam

nomo

yiasi>

miam

hhii

iri

ri’

n^i op’tn Nriy

nan

la’Nty

tnpaty ntn

ririp

ri’

riiri’

oity’ynn

Nil

’3

ptnna

yntyo

ins nniN ymtyo mtnn nno Nnat in ltyyno inner linnm ntn ntyn ninn ’3 n“?o i>33 torn^i pis Ninty no» ri’ psb it ’ri •oho os ? mtroi ~\yi n’isn hp N’ntw trnp on i ? ntn pate on j?’ 3 tro nno N33 by mi hp nto ni>ijr btp on nttit irii

1

1

25 ’r6’Ntn ’m’ta nyinty Ni>i

n^i

o’rn'rnn

poNnNi

ptnriNi

01m ? 1

i>3pm

on’jnn

’nw nun

onon Ni>i my o’tnNn nsmn nnnVi tyNn fjiotyN

n^i

byy

30

ri’.ri

iri

aa

’ri

tyynn isttpo

n "’3

1

“i

niN’na

nn 35

?

ria

ri’.ri

NTip

nm

n” 0 3 i

i’ri

ityn’n iri

’ri

on mty p’nonb

ntyn®

’

nbbb ’O’n

i’

"

onan

“jnty

bbbty 2

*nn’

f)’Dinty

’.ri

’ri

Tnmo inn nyo

po’ON tynoo * ri’ri binbb ’0’3 )nam tynso 2

mam

"pty

nyinty.m

myt ten ni>aa

oa bnp

(!))ipn’s

‘r’n’

•

ainy

n^i piN.n

nnNty

’ia’ni

tyniso

mym

iiri

ri’

nmsn

n’yan'ri

pmtyo

nnSnon

nob

1

noN iri

aa’

nn ?

n’N’nai>

ynnoi

nty.ni

1

nntym Ntea *py

t

1.

b

nion ? ont^i oi>nni>

n^i n’

n’tim "jm

[oon] pprni?

o’bnnn n“?i N^on ’ntrpni nt?y nnyn n^i ’‘omp njro’ n^i ’noip ynn Nbi

»

riiri

I’nioty 15

64 ] moipn’s [f.

’ri

.jns’i nisi Dis’i ’03 ysis

1

irio

XXII

mmnm D'D bmn DPn

'3

nm

in

lb

nt Kin naK .11 npiy stop npa bp nann n pab n'baa ami dopd *bn nbmi

mam

“jniK low Kim naKn iniK 2 mapi iKisam pan Kb Knn'Kb dki 1 nrn obiyn ms bna "jb'sa Kim mmn Kbi ? np dki 2 • pmi papn nbyan ’'ays m vby nmn maKi nny yy maKi bKap to man np'yi dyi ;a bin np Dan nnKb mnn do ibnb nmn dki 3 bmn "pbpnp Dipan pn )m jmby nmn iniK nipi Kbnsa yy np ppyn iniK mppi at? am in

pm mn 1

s

mm

pmb mm pmn pmn

dki 4

oanm

nibpn ksi

•

nmn

vby

*jbi

'oki

mm

ppm kik 'k D'annn nmn to nm j" iniK mnpb nm dks pnsim anas isnmi men by nin mn 6 mn (?)bKnnb pnnpai paapn pool paoap oa pyp by it ma nmn hdki “apn "jymtK mn os nbaan mm 3-jaty nKn Kmi s bKap no ppon ym np bnpn *pnb mm dki 7 maKi 63 papn Kmp ty mi Damn 4 mni nmn Disi Tiisnn iniK bian Km td mym npnn nmn maKi pb mm nanb )pyi a do' [f.

;ni

*

10

]

•

15

(

paobnoK ]bp np Dibn nb'KPb dki 8 *]ais*o an nK nnm on asb nmn mini pp'tfjh'K )bp np bio dik bsK Knb “pun dki 9 dki

10

nmn

ib yatmi *pmi n'bKBP.n maKi

6

iaa by

pn

pm

np bnpn

npn np nPKa p'k posnb nnon dki 11

mt bp anpn maKi mn

nm

]npapn by

bmn

Kba

.

ms^yi lay mmi soonp by mm

•

no

jn'b

non

mn'i pnti -pmn nnpn Kb 8 nKm pop by nmn maKi 7-pan nan bp nmn mm ranai tnypa npi nnsy bp oa np “pap bonb dki 12 po' Kbi pipn ibnb non dki j 3 pnmi nnonn non pi maKi byip nb npi -jasy ]pyi noi D'apm poNmanK np anK maKi D’bm nm may *pby nyo Dpi do non dki^ ksi nmn asb mm' 'bmi pyn ik onnn ik oan mm D'paia Dm nm om by nmn mn *jKap nnpb non dki 1 * * ynan Kbi moan mpyb non dki 16 inon jbpm omn niai HKb Din: Kbp mn bn npy'i papn nna nm maKi (I)dib'B'tk “poo mi bn npy D'mnnbi mi bnn nbsmi nynp [f. 63 b] D'a' lasy iPK bnn nbsn pm ipsjb yasm nymp bna “jasy mapi niisa a Dis'pa msa nmK pniK " )iaap pyp " prn " npyn o Knm bKap yr ^n by mn pnK ]am mn 0 Dnn amao ntb

20

nt

25

•

p

1.

D'D-ip 5

1.

pnti

4

1.

rttsts 3 1.

njni

1.

8

mtswi

2

,-\n

7

.bib 1.

ini

30

wi

1

pern

6

35

XXI Dotson

‘psia

Ti

•

!?s'as

mna m'n ?

^mann nna's maas

1

-pasa ns'is saaas nnnn snsa

a'S

'ansa

'is

*]sns

'a*?sa

nsmaa *pn ns asn mpn i^nsn ms «r nsnnn mm pmnn ^««nn« ns as ? nnmi jma nsa mpn mssiB nnsp saias m~i«ta asa nusa pnnas .“6'm n^as mas an'BS 'asa man p mm ma naaa npia mtran pane aans ps n^s isms 1

5

ms nm

mas

]sa

bsnn

^>sa

town ans p'is 'basa a'P' trs ’as rvcbv sa sas snnn *)S'D'nn )s pnn msans min’? teim^a mas ? ns'a*?a psiis masa snm 'iaans na 'bs masa snns asas Vm'i *)sa annas amans sai snsa anas ? ^s'nss annas nas'n mate ^nas nm ‘mnnsa 'iasa a'i'nis torts mais 1

io

1

r

aa *jsnas

1

ns' ?

amms 15

jsaisi

‘an

pi'is

pnn anas

*js'

amnsi pniis ami torann

anssa sans

n'B'si

‘asnanta

“ana's

manna

snaa

ma' nnas

ma

sna mto* msnsn's ^>anapi psanan

tons

'a

‘asms tonaa -jann m*a» saa's

'aaan’a

by a'ton snai sai'sb

snms

natp

b'^bh nai spaan

20 by B'ton "

nai

"

samn

n

‘js'nasa sitos by

sann ns'

[f.

•

62 a]

mna

aa'pa by sasbai

n'^tn

by

*paans ‘asnm 'saaa

jibs'

by n'ton nai saa ssip by vffjvn nai by

maans

niaaan

savs ain

towna saaaaa snvn nai

ais'ian

*

tartan nai

•

sterna

‘assasa main

na nans 2 amiana ‘asman snna by a'ton atsua *ajaa ^snaa snnia by a'tosn na 'ana 'pan '“ax' nyw nttm naa sap' s'a^n naan nan saa nap n'n^a’a aas ? aw npty ‘aa nb mai tra pa ? aa pa t?is by strap snnaty nsa aaasi as sain sn'ap snptr a )'ptr s’as pip ]p ]p3 d^>b> )as npaasi nsa n“an inmiaoi SB'pm )iDaui p'psaDss sa'i sas ‘ap'a'aa sas san aiaaiaa's sa ia saai's saiD'S trs sVi'a sa s"aiDa 'Vvs nail raaas n’ani ais S'n it's nsisa a iin j]p pp sia 'a'S spas sa in ib's ass sta nappa 'V'as paai mns 'i'aa ia naos at?s Va 'npatyn mam ni'asn inia iVas nappa I'jas panpa 'as» nwpn ninian nans 'npatrn maisnn napi nsi aat ns na'^p nai

nap

‘as'BD

ni'i by s'iiaa by

n'topa "

1

1

25

,l

,!

30

nt^a

[‘rs'aai]

'npatrn 35

aa

'bz

maisnn

[“?sa'a] ]ai

mm mm m

'n

niaasn *?'nn

^'nn

'n

aiai

p nnsn

aiai

'"'

ntya

]a

[f.

62 b ]

41'Vp

'j'b'sn 4

so in Ms.

3

1.

ntra

‘pssa

“?s's

mtrpn ninian nans "

1.

'"'

K'30D3

4

pi'p ’^b

?na

1

XX may' xV nmaiyai,*.TVy xnVxa ate anay p na>aV naanxn nos nnayi ninm xnam xtan mxVa nm x^an^xV anpn 'V ppaty»i nm ptaV*^ pVw v p'^a &'bn

nasi

by

k'b

‘psnaK nyi

a^nn smsp ? 1 ^ v pVap k'b pa'n

'‘aai pma 'n p pna 'n no "K p pmty 'bki pma 'n p by pro 'a pa'K 12m nia pnn sanp

p

'n

ri

nsy 20 sanp naya’? 10 *

wsp2p

i(

pint pmsK^> prin

•.•'ns

nym

'saa

piT

na 'nan

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[f.

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'

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2

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s

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199

CORRESPONDENCE.

The Aritthaka Stone.

1.

Cher Monsieur Rhys Davids, Commentaire du Samyutta-nikaya I; §§ 2,

3

—Voici

terraes

les

:

Maha

makanto

ti

Aritthako

kalako

ti

Man!

ti

evam

assa sisam hotT

piisane

evam

ti

(sic)

tassa kajavanna-kutiiga-

ra-pamana-maha-pasana-sadisam sisam koti

La

tete de l’elepkant ressemble

ayant

les

1

y.

done a une “ rocke noire

dimensions d’une kaute maison.”

Cette explica-

tion ne confirme nullement 1’kypotkese de elle

du

Mara-samyutta,

relatifs a

M. Windisch

:

s’approche de la votre, mais elle en differe en ce qu’elle

afHrme

la

couleur

avez ckercke la

couleur noire, tandisque vous

Yous jugerez, sans doute comme moi,

blanche.

que le “ noir ” est preferable, puis qu’il s’agit de faire peur, et que le “ blanc ” en general, en particulier ckez l’elephant, est

un signe de benediction, un signe

L’interpretation du Commentaire naturelle, et juste.

Ce qui

rassurant.

me

n’est ni

parait claire, simple, juste,

ni

naturel, ni

du texte aritthako parfaitement M. Windisck a chercker

simple, ni clair, e’est l’emploi des mots

mani, qui autorisait

— un

peu

pretation.

1

loin, peut-etre

Qui

se serait

—son

ingenieuse et savante inter-

imagine que aritthako mani designe

Bibliotheque nationale, Fonds Pali, No. 622,

f.

tam

,

11.

2-4.

CORRESPONDENCE'.

200

—

tout simplement une “ roche noire”? Le sens de arittho “ grain kalako, de riz noir, tache,” etait inconnu mani est ;

connu pour designer un joyau, une pierre precieuse, et non une pierre sans valeur. On oppose meme mani a pasana il est, done, etonnant de les voir donnes comrne synonymes. Parrai les sens de arittha, celui de “ heureux, de bon augure ” peut se transformer en son oppose, “ malheureux, de mauvais augure ” e’est ce dernier sens tres

;

;

qu’il doit avoir ici

donne par

le

de

;

Commentaire.

Maintenant, on peut

Commentaire, toute arittho

sans doute l’equivalent kalako

la

demander

se

l’explication

si

du

satisfaisante qu’elle est, est la vraie, si

mani n’a pas un sens obscur

commentateur, pour

se

tirer

et

d’affaire,

Mais

secret,

auquel

le

aura substitue une

une question qui Commentaire en general; je n’ai pas a la traiter. Yous m’avez simplement demande “ 1’ opinion de Buddhaghosa je suis beureux d’ avoir pu vous la donner. Crovez, cher Monsieur, a mes meilleurs interpretation de son cru.

touebe a

la confiance

que merite

e’est la

le

—

sentiments.

L.

2.

Feer.

The Several Pali and Sinhalese Authors known as Dhammakitti.

December 2nd.

—

Sir, In the course of preparing Catalogues of Sinhalese books and MSS. in the British Museum, I have come across

the

name

of

Dhammakitti Thera

as the author of several

ancient works in the Pali and Sinhalese languages.

Judging from their contents and the style in which they are written, it becomes obvious, even to a beginner as I am, that they cannot have been written at one period, and still less

by one and the same person. Further research into the and the historical records of Ceylon has con-

literature

firmed

this

view.

It

appears

that

there

have been no

CORRESPONDENCE. less

than

five

Buddhist

201

bearing

friars

name who

this

distinguished themselves as authors, and held at different

times high positions in the Buddhist Order.

The

earliest

of

them was Dhammakitti Thera, a pupil The latter is well known

of Sariputta of Polonnaruwa.

scholars as the venerable author of (1)

to Pali

dlpanl, (3)

(2)

Saratthaman j usa

Yinayasangaha,

and

is

(4)

itself

a

grammar of Candragomin.

copy of the Panjikalankara has as yet been met with

in Ceylon. 3

however, have been extant in the

It must,

fifteenth century, for

Sri

Sarattha-

Manorathapfiran!),

a commentary on Patnamati’s commentary on the Cilndravya-

1

karana, the valuable Sanskrit

No

tlka on

Abbidhammattha-Saiigaha-Sanna, 2

1

Panjikalankara,

(5)

Panjika, which

(a

sRa hula’s

we

find references to

grammatical

work

it

in

Totagamuve

“ Moggallayanapahjika-

We have thus another work on Candra’s grammar, which must be added to those mentioned by Dr. Bruno Liebich in his learned essa} on the subject. 5 Sariputta lived at Polonnaruwa in the reign of King Parakrama-bahu the Great (1164-97 a.d.). He had several disciples Sangharakkhita, Sumangala, Vaglsvara, Dhammakitti, and others who were themselves celebrated authors. Sangharakkhita wrote (1) Khuddasikkha Abhinava

pradipaya. 4

r

—

Tlka,

(2)

—

Subodhalankara,

(3)

Yuttodaya, (4j Susaddasiddhi,

Sambandha Cinta, 6 and took a prominent part in the convocation of monks held under the auspices of King and

(5)

Magha

or

Kalinga Vijaya-bahu (1215-36)

for

the

sup-

first,”

was

pression of schisms in the Buddhist Church. 7

This Dhammakitti,

whom we may

call

“ the

the composer of the well-known Pali poem, Dathavamsa, on the Tooth-relic of Buddha.

He

wrote

it

at the request of

1 Colophon to Dathavamsa (edited and tr. hy Sir Mutukumara Svami), p. 81. See also P.T.S. Journal, 1884, p. 151, verse 1. 2 Introd. to Anuruddha-s'ataka (ed. 1879, p. 2), hy Pandit Batuvantudave. 3 L. de Zoysa’s Catalogue ot Pali, Sinh., and Skt. MSS., p. 24. 4 Subhuti’s Namamala, p. xxxv. 5 Die Nachrichten der k. Gesellschaft der TVissenschaften zu Gottingen Philo. Hist. Xlasse, 1 8 9 o Das Candravyakarana. 6 Introd. to Yimalajoti’s echtion of Yuttodaya. 7 Nikaya-sahgraha, p. 23. :

CORRESPONDENCE.

202

who

the minister Parakrama,

restored Lilavatl, the

Parakrama-bahu the Great,

to the

The second Dhainmakitti

lived

of

throne in

1

widow

in 1211.

the reign

of

King

He

Pandita Parakrama-bahu of Dambadeniya (1210-75).

“ Tamba-rata,” or, according to Mayurapada’s Pfijavaliya, from “ Tamalingamuva,” at the

came

to the

island from

The following

the king.

invitation of

the Mahavamsa, clothed, as

language “

And

is

is

the account in

to be expected, in religious

:

it

came

to pass that of the

who dwelt always

many and

pious priests

Tamba, there was a certain great elder known as Dhainmakitti, who had become famous by his great zeal and piety. And when the king heard that a lotus had once sprung up in the path of this elder as he went on his way begging, he was greatly astonished, and sent religious gifts and offerings of perfumes and sandal ointments, and such substances that were touched against the Tooth-relic, and other royal gifts also, to the Tamba country, and caused the great elder to And when the king be brought to the island of Lanka. saw him he was glad and rejoiced greatly, as if he had seen an Arahat, and made great offerings unto him, and ministered

monastic

carefully,

this

with

unto him

life,

and honour.”

And

iu the country of

four

the

who was

requirements

of

a

a vessel worthy of offerings

2

Buddhist

saint

may have been

the

same

Dhainmakitti who, under the patronage of the king, compiled that portion of the

Mahavamsa which

treats of the

history from the period of Mahasena, a.d. 275-301, to his

own

his

A

times.

Dhainmakitti seems to have flourished during

third

the reign of Bhuvaneka-bilhu I (1277-88). to the fraternity of at

Putabhattasela

He

(Palabatgala),

but

he

resided

monastery near Gangasrlpura (Gampola). 3 1

2 8

belonged

Buddhist monks whose chief seat was

Dathavamsa, Pali Text Society’s edition, w. 4-10. Wijesinha’s Mahavamsa, p. 284, vv. 11-16. Saddhammalahkara, Brit. Mus. Or. 2277, fol. Ini.

in

a

CORRESPONDENCE.

203

He lived at His pupil was Dhammakitti the fourth. reigns during the of Parakrama-bahu Y Gadaladeni Yihara and Yikrama-bahu III (1351-72), aud was the learned author of Paramimahasataka, an important Pali poem on

He was the Sangharaja and held a great convocation of

the ten Paramitas of Buddha. (hierarch)

of

his time,

monks in 1369 under the auspices of the Nissankha Alagakkonara, 1 and effected reforms in the Buddhist Church. The fifth known Dhammakitti and the last of the Buddhist

minister

succeeded his master in

series,

He was

the

of

office

Sangharaja.

Devarakkhita or Jayabahu Maha-thera, and Jived in the reigns of Bhuvaneka-bilhu Y and Yiraalso called

of

He was

(1372-1410). 2

bahu III

about six important works,

the

viz.

:

celebrated

author

Saddhammalaiikara,

Jinabodkavali, Sanrkhepa, Nikaya-sangraha, Balavatara, 3 and

probably

Gadaladeni-sanna

and

Saddhammasaiigaha.

conjuction with his colleague Galaturumula sthavira, he, further, held a synod of

by suppressing unorthodox doctrines great

service

in

the

is

Maitri

In

Maha-

Buddhist monks, and said to have rendered

purification

of the

Don M. de

Z.

religion.

— Yours

faithfully",

3.

'VYickremasinghe.

Mahuan’s Account of Bengal. 8, Christ

Church Avenue, Brondeshury, 29 th November, 1895.

—

It will be remembered that in my paper Mahuan’s account of Bengal, which appeared in the July number of this Journal, the names of the kings of that country sending embassies to China in 1409 and 1415 could not be determined with anything like certainty owing to the discrepancy of dates.

Dear

relating

Sir,

to

1

Nikaya-sangraha,

2

Ibid.

3

Saddhammalaiikara,

p. 28.

Brit.

Mus. Or. 2277,

fol. IriJ.

CORRESPONDENCE.

204 I stated that the

1409

was

called

which name seemed

who

but

king sending an embassy the

in

Chinese annals

to fairly represent

to

China in

Gai-ya-szu-ting,

King Ghiyas-ad-din,

did not appear to have been reigning in Bengal

at that time.

Mr. Beveridge, with whom I had a conversation and some correspondence on the subject, informs me that Ghiyas-ad-din coins of his

living

tens

up

In addition

812 (1410).

to

to

Beveridge sent

814 (1412), and there are

in

information

this

me an

kindly given me, Mr.

extract from his paper on the “

Kans,” which he wrote

for the

of Bengal, in vol. lxi, part

i,

Rajah

Journal of the Asiatic Society

No.

2,

1892, in which he fully

enters into the subject concerning the time that Ghiyas-

ad-din lived and reigned. If

we accept the dates given

Gai-ya-szu-ting of

the

in his paper as correct, the

Chinese annals

certainty be accepted as Ghiyas-ad-din,

may with almost who was king of

Bengal at the time the embassy was sent. Being thus tolerably certain as to the name of the king sending the embassy in 1409, I again turned my attention to the embassy of 1415, to see whether the initial character given in the name of the king sending it could be read in any other way. I stated that the Chinese annals called

^

him Kien-fuh-ting, but I am inclined that the name should be read Sai-fuh-ting, Uf % initial character

Kien,

)|g,

to

think

T;

the

being easily printed in error for

Sai,

The king would

be, in

of

Bengal thus sending the embassy

the

name given

we

are informed

ad-din,

in

1415

Chinese, Sai-fuh-ting and not Kien-fuh-ting, in

my paper.

Again quoting Mr. Beveridge,

that a Sai-fud-din, the

son of Ghiyas-

succeeded his father as king of Bengal in

lie reigned three years

1412.

and four months, and consequently

would be reigning in 1415, when the embassy started for China. In duly weighing the above facts, I think we are warranted in supposing that the Sai-fuh-ting of the Chinese annals

is

King Sai-fud-din

of Bengal.

CORRESPONDENCE.

205

There is now the question, what city was the capital of Bengal from whence these embassies came ? Mahuan gives no name to the capital, but simply its approximate distance Sonargaon in the Ming annals is also from Sonargaon. the starting-point for the capital, but the directions and distances given are misleading.

In jfjjj

Chinese

a

fH

§{§

[Ij,

Bengal, in which

is

be found a short account of

to

name

given the

is

from which I quote the following “ Sona-urh-kiang,

much

trade

there

is

It is a is

:

of the capital, and

—

walled

a

is

city,

;

resides,

S

fr

J|

walled city and

IK

W H

M

very large.

is

The king’s

very extensive, and the pillars supporting

of brass, on which

are

it

is

a raised dais, inlaid

with every kind of precious stone, on which the king crossed-leg with his sword lying across his knees.

and

all his officers

are

The characters can

Amoy

dialect

are

engraved figures of flowers and

In the throne-room there

animals.

where

beyond which [no direction given] of Pan-tu-wa, in which the king of the

[Bengal]

jp§.

Sonargaon,

carried on

the city

country palace

is

Yuen-chien-lei-han,

the

encyclopaedia,

there

sits

The king

Muhammadans.” also be read

Pan-du-wa, and in the

P'eng-du-wa.

Mr. Beveridge, informs

me

of the

description

whom

to

that he thinks

I submitted the above extract,

Panduah answers

of the Chinese

to the whole Pan-tu-wa except the

distance.

Mr. Beames, with

whom

have

I

been also in corre-

spondence, states that Panduah was the capital of Bengal at

the time the embassies went

the direction and

distance from

to

China, but, owing to

Sonargaon given by the

Chinese writers, hesitates somewhat in accepting Pan-tu-wa as representing

On due

Panduah.

consideration of the subject,

I think

it

would

be as well to dismiss the Chinese accounts of the direction

and distance of the

capital of

Bengal from Sonargaon, as

faulty and contradictory, and this being done, I think

we

should be warranted in assuming that the Chinese Pan-tu-wa

CORRESPONDEXCE.

206

Bengal Panduah, which, according to Hunter’s “ Imperial Gazetteer,” vol. xi, page 39, was at fairly represents the

the time the capital of that part of India of which

been treating,

My

viz.

best thanks are due to Dr. Codrington

Beames and Beveridge,

me

in

my

for

me

the help

and Messrs.

they have afforded

attempts to identify the names of the kings of

Bengal sending embassies aiding

we have

1409-1415.

to

China, and also for kindly

to identify the ancient

Bengal

with Pan-tu-wa of the Chinese annalists.

capital

Panduah

— Yours truly, Geo. Phillips.

207

NOTES OF THE QUARTER. (October, November, December, 1895.)

I.

General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic November 12th, 1895. It

Society.

— Dr. Thornton in the Chair.

was announced that—

Lady Brooke, Rani

of Sarawak,

Mr. Gazafar Ali Khan, Mr. Justice Khuda Baksh Khan Bahadur, Mr. Khuda Baksh, Dr. E. Hardy,

Captain Gerini,

Mr.

C.

Fernando,

Professor Mukerji of Jaipur,

Professor

M.

T. Quinn,

Mr. T. Callan Hodson, Mr. Rajesvar Mitra, and Dr. E. B. Landis

had been elected members of the Society.

The Secretary read a paper by Professor Hirth on Chao Ju-kua, a Chinese geographer of the thirteenth century.

In the discussion which ensued Professor Douglas, Mr.

Delmar Morgan, Sir William Wilson Hunter, Mr. Beveridge, Mr. Thomson Lyon, and Dr. Gaster took part. The paper appears in the present Number. Mr.

Herbert

Baynes

Buddhist inscription upon

exhibited it,

a

clay

from Burma.

tablet

with

a

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

208

December 10th, 1895. It

—

Dr. Thornton was announced that Mons. E. Blochet, Mr. Tahl Ram, and Mr. Abdullah ibn Yusuf Ali

had been

elected

members

in the Chair.

of the Society.

The Rev. Dr. Gaster read a paper on the newly discovered MS. of the “ Sword of Moses,” a mediaeval work on Magic. In the discussion Dr. Gollancz, Professor Bendall, and Mr. Mead took

The paper

part.

published in the present Number.

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals.

II.

1.

is

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandiscken Gesellschaft.

Band

Bacher (W.).

xlix,

Heft

3.

Die Anf'ange der hebraischen Grammatik

(Fortsetzung und Schluss).

Grierson

(G.

On

A.).

the

Phonology of the Modern

Indo- Aryan Vernaculars.

Burkhard (K.

Mahmud’s Gann’s

F.).

Jilsuf

Zulaikha,

romantisclies Gedicht in Kashmiri Sprache.

Oldenberg

Noch einmal der vedisehe Kalender

(II.).

und das Alter des Yeda. Mills (L. in the

On

II.).

the ambiguity of certain characters

Zend Alphabet.

2.

Journal Asiatique.

Tome

N.S.

vi,

No.

1.

Rapport Annuel.

Tome Sauvaire

Mely

(II.).

(F. de).

vi,

No.

Description de

2.

Damas

L’Alchimie chez

les

(suite).

Chinois et l’alchimie

grecque.

Levy

(S.)

(751-790).

and Chavannes

(E.).

L’itineraire

d’0»-K ong £

DR. H. N.

209

Obituary Notices.

III.

Dr. U.

The Nederlandsche

YAN DER TUUK.

IV.

van der

Tank.

Spectator contains an obituary notice,

by Professor Kern, of Dr. II. N. van der Tuuk, in whose death we mourn the loss of the greatest Malayan scholar Born in the Dutch East Indies, and of this century. educated in Holland, he brought out, as the fruit of eight

amongst the Bataks of Sumatra, a Batak and reader (the latter in four volumes), and Subsequently he spent a grammar of the Toba dialect. years’ residence

dictionary

some time of

in

London

in cataloguing the

Malay manuscripts

the East India House and the Pcoyal Asiatic Society

he brought out two aud several important treatises on the Lampong language and literature. Some twenty years ago he took up his residence at Buleleng, in the island of Bali, for the purpose of elaborating a Kawi-Balinese-Dutch dictionary. He had only just commenced to carry this important work through the Press when death overtook him. He was also the author of a revised edition of Yon de Wall’s Malay dictionary in three volumes, and con-

and before

Malay

his second return to India

text-books,

tributed

many

valuable

articles

to

the

Journal of

the

Royal Asiatic Society, and to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Batavia and of the Asiatic Society of the Hague. Dr. Trailokya Nath Ultra. Dr. Trailokya Nath Mitra was born at

2nd was and

of

May, 1844.

father,

Kounagur on the Babu Joy Gopal Mitra,

His was a large family, that he managed to Young Trailokya Nath grew into

a clerk in a merchant’s office. it

was not without

make both ends a

His

meet.

vigorous, diligent,

sent to

Serampur

to

and

difficulty

self-reliant

receive

his

boy.

He was

first

rudimentary education.

Subsequently he went to Htterparah, and was admitted into the local school on the 11th j.r.a.s. 1896.

May, 1855.

In April, 14

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

210

when he was

1859,

practical! v in the

Second

Class,

he passed

the Entrance Examination of the Calcutta University.

In I860 he went up for and successfully passed the Senior Scholarship Examination, heading the list of the successful candidates. In the next year, 1861, he passed the First Examination in Arts, and stood second in order of merit. In 1863 he passed the Examination for the Degree of

and secured the first place. In 1864 he obtained the Degree of Master of Arts, and again headed the list of the successful candidates. In 1865 he passed the Bachelor of Arts,

Examination

Degree of

for the

Law

Bachelor of

in the

In 1867

First Division, standing second in order of merit.

he received Honours in Law, and in 1877 the University of Calcutta conferred on

him the Degree

the highest honour

can bestow.

A

it

of

Doctor in Law,

career so brilliant could not pass without recognition.

In 1864, just

he had obtained the M.A. Degree, Dr. was appointed Lecturer in Mathematics

after

Trailokya Nath

This he held till 1865, when Lecturer and officiating Professor of

at the Presidency College.

he was appointed

Law

The Chair of PhiloPhilosophy in the Hughli College. sophy fell vacant when Mr. (now Sir Alfred) Croft went on and

leave,

it

was no mean compliment paid

learning and brilliant intellect of the young

was chosen

to

fill

He

it.

held

both

to the varied

man

these

that he

offices

for

about a year, when he resigned his appointment as Professor of Philosophy and joined the Bar, retaining his appoint-

ment

as

Law

was then appointment

Lecturer.

Director of

It

said that

in the higher grades of the

Service, but Dr. Trailokya fession of

is

Law.

Mr. Atkinson, who

Public Instruction, offered him an

And no

Nath chose

Bengal Educational to follow

the pro-

one can doubt that his subsequent

amply justified his choice. was in 1867 that Dr. Trailokya Nath joined the within a year he became a prominent Hughli Bar member, and, step by step, he rose to the very top of the He practised at Hughli for about eight years ladder. with great distinction and uniform success. We are

career It

;

DR.

informed that

TRAILOKYA NATH MITRA.

211

Mr. Justice Markby who advised High Court Justice Markby was then at Hughli on a

was

it

Dr. Trailokya Nath to try his chance in the Calcutta.

of

when the forensic talents and eloquence young Trailokya Nath made so favourable an impression upon him that he encouraged him to go and practise in the High Court. So Dr. Trailokya Nath secured a Law Lecturership in the Presidency College, and joined the Hi Oo-h Court in 1875. His achievements in this field need tour of inspection, of

not be dilated upon, but this

much may

be said, that his

was very high indeed, and that he was well within reach of the highest prizes which the profession can offer.

position

Dr. Trailokya Nath was

made

a Fellow of the Calcutta

University in 1879, along with his friends Dr.

Banerjee and Dr. Rash Bihari Ghosh.

Tagore

Law

He was

Guru Das appointed

Lecturer in 1879, and his work on the

Law

Hindu Widows is a standard work on the He was Chairman of the Serampur Municipality

relating to the subject.

for about ten years,

and greatly distinguished himself in

the Municipal Board,

Dr.

Lidderdale

in

especially

about

the

his

sanitation

controversy with of

Serampur,

in

won

for

connection with which he wrote a minute which

him

the admiration of

all classes,

even of the Times newspaper.

and

elicited the

He was

encomium member

elected a

of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

November, 1893. Lately, on the resignation of Dr. Rash Bihari Ghosh, the Faculty of Law of the University of Calcutta elected him as their President, and he was also elected a member of the Syndicate. He was a candidate for election to the Legislative Council of Bengal, and had in

a very good chance of of April, at

being returned; but on the 18th

1895, Dr. Trailokya

Bhowanipur.

The

Nath Mitra died

of

fever

which death indicate the high

universal expressions of regret

followed the announcement of his

esteem in which he was held by

all

who knew him.

Jogendka Nath Sen, M.A., B.L. (Yakil of the Calcutta

High

Court).

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

212

Notes and News.

IV.

The Buddhist Jatakas. with

vol.

vi of

— Professor Fausboll

his edition, fi00

is

far

advanced

pages having been struck

Meanwhile the Cambridge Translation is also provolume being already in type. Arabic Grammar. We hear that Professor De Goeje

off.

gressing, the second

—

(Hon. M.R.A.S.)

well

is

advanced with his new edition

Grammar, and the

of Wright’s Arabic

first

volume

will

probably appear early this year.

been forwarded to are

all in

—

A box full of squeezes of inscripSwat during the recent expedition has Hofrath Dr. Buhler in Vienna. They

Inscriptions in Swat.

tions discovered in

characters

unknown

in the rest of India, but the

technical execution of the engraving

belong to the Palestine

fifth

and sixth centuries Fund. — At

Exploration

is

the same as that of

the same district which

certain Sanskrit inscriptions from

a.d.

the

request

of

the

Honorary Secretary, the Library has been sujjplied with a copy of the Report by the accomplished Secretary, Sir W. Besant, of “Thirty Years Work of this Society” since its establishment. The amount of work done, or in course of being done,

is

wonderful.

The

Society has been

fortunate in securing the services of a succession of most

distinguished

co-operators,

Charles

Sir

Wilson,

Colonel

Conder, Professor Petrie, Mr. Bliss, and others: the subject is

really

an Asiatic one,

The discovery

pages.

and

deserves

allusion

in

our

of the so-called Ilittite Inscriptions,

and the Revelations of the Library of Cuneiform Tablets at Tel el-Amarna in Egypt, have aroused an interest in the

and it is important that the work of excavation and around Jerusalem should be vigorously prosecuted.

subject,

in

Purchase

of

the

Morris

MSS.

hitherto been able to purchase ones.

—

The Society has not any MSS., not even single

This quarter we are glad

to

be

able

to

announce

NOTES AND NEWS.

213

the purchase of a valuable collection of Pali, Sinhalese, and

Burmese MSS. from the executors Richard Morris, the well-known

of

the

Pilli

Rev. Dr.

late

scholar.

It

is

a

matter of great importance, in the interests of historical enquiry, that

MSS. should be

as our Society,

which

cautions, to lend its

engaged of the

MS.

The following

this

I.

1.

any scholar seriouslv

treasures to

in original work.

MSS. acquired by

in the hands of such bodies

always ready, under proper pre-

is

purchase

is

a detailed

list

:

Pali.

Miila paniiasa of the Majjhima.

280

Sinhalese

leaves.

letters. 2. 3.

Papanca Sudani. 410 leaves. Samyutta Nikiiya. Books i to

Sinhalese letters. iii.

106

iv

and

Sinhalese

leaves.

letters. 4.

Samyutta

Books

Nikaya.

v.

204

leaves.

Sinhalese letters. 5.

Sarattha Pakasinl.

6. 7.

Anguttara Nikaya. Anguttara Nikaya.

8.

Anguttara Nikaya.

413 leaves. Burmese letters. 323 leaves. Sinhalese letters. 330 leaves. Sinhalese letters. 7th, 8th,

and part of 9th Books. Burmese letters.

186 consecutive and 8 other leaves. 9.

10. 11.

Manoratha Purani. 385 leaves. Sinhalese letters. Manoratha Purani. 343 leaves. Sinhalese letters. 170 leaves. Sinhalese letters. Apadiina. 12 leaves.

12. Cariya Pitaka. 13. Cariya Pitaka

Yannana.

Sinhalese letters.

By Dhammapala.

157

leaves.

Sinhalese letters. 14.

15.

16.

Madhuratthappakasinl. Commentary on the Bodhi Vaijsa.

224 leaves. Sinhalese letters. Yissuddha-Jana Vilasinl. Commentary on the Apadiina. 272 leaves. Sinhalese letters. 50 leaves. Sinhalese letters. Dhiitu Katha.

17. Puffgala Pannatti. 18. Patthana.

19.

Katha

450

Yattliu.

32 leaves.

leaves.

152

Sinhalese letters.

Burmese

leaves.

letters.

Sinhalese letters.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

214

IT.

20.

Ummagga Jatakaya.

21.

Raja Walliya. 76

Sinhalese. Sinhalese translation.

History

of

Ceylon

142 leaves. Sinhalese.

leaves.

22. Dharama-cakka-ppavattana-Sutta.

40

in

Piili

and Sinhalese.

leaves.

23. Dhamma-cakka-ppavattana-Sutta.

Pali and Sinhalese.

47 leaves. 24. Hlnati

Kumbure’s

Sri Saddbanmadlisaya.

263

of the Pali Milinda.

Commentary in Sinhalese on

25. Madhurattha-Yilasinl.

Bodhi Yansa.

105

the

leaves.

Burmese.

III.

Khndda Sikkha

Translation

leaves.

In Burmese. 277 leaves. In Burmese. 300 leaves. 28. Mahosadha Jataka. Burmese translation. 165 leaves. 149 leaves. 29. Nissaya. Incomplete. In Burmese. 26.

Nissaya.

27. Parajika Nissaya.

IY. Transcripts from MSS. 30.

Buddhavamsa

31.

Puggala Pannatti. oO

(i-vii,

32. Sarny utta, Nidiina

33.

and xxii

Yagga. from

The following Suttas Majjhima Nikaya:

Dhamma-dayada

6000

leaves.

to the end).

the

beginning

of

the

Sutta.

Bhaya-bherava Sutta.

Anangana

Sutta.

Yatthliparna Sutta. Cetokhila Sutta.

Aniipanasata Sutta. 34.

Buddha Yamsa.

Anguttara Nipatas, i-iv. 36. Commentary on the Anguttara (copy of leaves ku-ke, go-ghe, and iia-ni). 37. Commentary on the Majjhima (copy of leaves ka-kr). 35.

38. Suttanta Bhajaniya.

NOTES AND NEWS.

215

Notes on Indian Literature. In the course of cataloguing the Sanskrit MSS. of the British

I have come across several points of literary may, I think, serve several useful purposes if

Museum,

interest.

It

I briefly note tivo of the chief of

them

here.

The Sanskrit Poem Siiryasataka.

1.

At p. 555 of last year’s (1894) issue of this Journal Prof. Rhys Davids called attention to this poem, under the impression that a MS. of the work, with a Sinhalese commentary, in his possession was unique in Europe. But there

is

copy of both

a

text

and commentary in

Museum (Or. 4147). It may be seen from my Catalogue of in the British Museum that a printed

the

British

text and

commentary

Had

in 1883.

Sanskrit Books of

edition

or paraphrase appeared at

both

Colombo

Rhys Davids had an opportunity

Prof.

preface to that edition by the D[on] A. de Silva [Batuvantudave], he would have discovered no disposition on the part of that eminent Sinhalese scholar to claim Mayura as a countryman and, given by Aufrecht s.v. Mayura indeed, the references in his Catalogus (including quotations from him by authors of reading the

Sinhalese

late

;

1

who

lived long before the thirteenth century) entirely pre-

clude the proposed identification with

Mayurapada. 2 A few words

as to the Sinhalese

Davids appears

to take

however,

Batuvantudave,

commentary

as

in

his

Sinhalese poet

commentator.

Wilgam-mula

‘

the

’

as a

preface

name

Prof. Rh. 3 ;

Pandit

describes

the

composed “ by a certain chief elder of the

1 Those who may look up the subject should not fail to read Mr. FitzEdward Hall’s delightful footnote on p. 8 of his Introduction to the Vasavadatta (ed. Dibl. Ind., 1859). 2 [It should have been mentioned that in the letter the possibility of two

—

clearly referred to. Rh. D.) [Not at all. Just as Galaturu-mula is used at the end of this note as a name, so Wilgam-mula, which is an epithet of a distinguished member of the

Mayuras was 3

Wilgam-mula it

fraternity,

may

be rightly used as a designation without supposing

name.

Rh.

D

to be a family

]

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

216

Vilgam-mula sect” ( Vilgam-mula nikayehi mnhatera kenekun about Saka 1200, i.e. at the end of the thirteenth century a.d. The commentary, nevertheless, states that the laic name, at all events, of its author was Parakramabahu, and that he was (as Prof. Rhys Davids points out) the pupil of Galaturu-mula Mahasvami. I find at p. 80 of the printed edition of the Nikayasahgraha 2 that a Galaturu-mula (probably the same person) was a contemporary of the author of that work, Devarakshita Dharmaklrti, and was living in a.d. 1396. 1

visin )

2.

Note on Al-Beruni’ s Indica.

In the Indica of Al-Beruni Sachau’s text, or

ii.,

(cap. lxxiv., sub fin.

— p.

286

174 of his translation) occurs a citation

from a Sanskrit work called Vishnu-dharma.

In the course

of a very elaborate review of Dr. Sachau’s translation [Ind.

Antiq., Nov.

1890

= vol.

xix.,

pares the reading of a Sanskrit

preserved at

Sacbau. ‘

This

may

MS.

Dr. Biihler com-

of the

Vishnu-dharma

Berlin with the Arabic as rendered by Dr.

reading

with

myrobalans,’

“this

403),

p.

is

the

vara,

rendered by Dr.

addition

the

possibly be

a

of

same

as

note

Biihler

stating

that

BerunI’s galangale.”

There can, however, be no doubt that the correct reading that which

is

Vishnu-dharma

Museum,

(British

Or. 2207), namely, vaca.

This agrees with the Arabic text that

is

preserved in a Nepalese copy (saec. xv.) of the

two independent authorities

wajj, 3

agree

and I in

may add

interpreting

Sometimes called samagama confraternity.’ See M. Dharmaratna’s preface Abhidhammattka-sangaha, p. 1 ad Jin., where the Uttaramhla and Vilgam-mula are given as the leading samagamas in the twelfth 1

1

to his edition of the

century a.d. 2 Edited at Colombo, 1890, by my friend Don M. de Zilva 'Wickremasinghe (Vikramasimha), whose kind assistance in the present note I have to acknowledge. It would be a most useful work if some of our frieuds in Ceylon (e.g. the Asiatic Society there) would undertake a translation, or at least an abstract in English, with an index showing names and chronology. 3

These are Udayachandra

Datta’s

“Hindu

Bohtlingk, and the Arabic writer Ibn al-Baitar,

“Notices given to

et extraits” (Bill. Nationale, Paris,

me by my

colleague,

Mr. A. G.

Ellis.

Materia

Medica ” cited

who may be

consulted

by in

tom. xxvi., p. 403), a reference

NOTES AND NEWS.

217

by Linnaeus.

these words by the herb called Acorns calamus

This appears to grow both in Europe and Asia, and

sometimes known here as the doubt belongs

and

I reserve

detail.

MS.

to

the very

seemed worth while

it

‘

first

to

be

Al-Beruni no

sweet-flag.’

rank of Oriental writers,

to save his credit,

some minor particulars

even in a small

as to the second

cited.

Cecil Bendall.

Philology.

Asiatic

Mr. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches

I.

in Mysore, has published a

kingdom

or inscriptions in the

the eighth century a.d.

and there

The

is

volume of Epigraphia Carnataca,

is

The date

Mysore.

of

postulated as that of the earliest,

a continuous series

down

to the present time.

inscriptions are exhibited both in the original written

character of the Karnata or Canarese, and in the

with an English translation. plates

follow

We

of

:

:

this

is

only

to

have a

full

forerunner

of

may be

many

to

anticipated.

review in a subsequent number.

Maspero’s Chaldsea.

“Dawn

the

importance

historical results of

hope

II.

volume

Roman,

There are other architectural

In his important volume on the

Maspero treats at great length upon Egypt, his peculiar Province, but his three chapters on Chaldma are of extreme importance allusion to them was omitted in the late Review of this book in our Journal, which of Civilization” Prof.

:

treated exclusively on Egypt, but the of Chaldsea should not be lost sight

Summary

of the history

of.

The Dutch Bible Society have published a translation Luke in the language spoken in the Island of Rotti, in the Malay Archipelago it belongs to the Malayan Family of Languages, and is an addition to our knowledge contributed by a Missionary. IY. Mr. E. B. Michell, legal adviser to the Siamese Government, has printed and published at Bangkok, in III.

of the Gospel of

:

1892, a Siamese-English Dictionary.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

218

African Philology.

A

Nyanja-English Vocabulary has been published by the

S.P.C.K. for the Mission at Likoina, on Lake Nyasa

:

it

is

the Vernacular of the inhabitants of the Island.

Seven years ago Mr. Holinan Bentley, of the Baptist Mission on the Kongo, published a Dictionary and

Grammar

of first-rate excellence of the great language spoken in that

and known by the name of the Great River. It was an admirable book, and marked an epoch in our knowledge of West African languages South of the Equator. A special interest was attached to it, as the wife of the Missionary, a most competent scholar, had largely conllegion,

tributed

Other books have followed, and and a bi-monthly Magazine in

the work.

to

translations of the

Bible,

the Vernacular, have been started years

make an

to

which

it

intellectual

:

it

has taken about ten

stride

in

took one thousand years in Europe.

West Africa, The necessity

of an appendix both to the Dictionary and the of this exceeding^ luxuriant language was soon

Grammar

felt.

New

by newly developed words without foreign loan words knotty points of grammatical construction had to be solved the tongues of men, women, and children had been let loose in the School, the Mission and it is the art of a true linguist Ilall, and the Village to catch words alive, as they issue from the lips of unMr. Bentley has now published in conscious barbarians. London an appendix of 4,000 words in addition to the ideas

had

to

be represented ;

:

;

previous

new

10,000

sounds.

A

the

:

Roman

young

native,

alphabet

is

adapted to suit

named Niemvo,

materially

contributed to the work of compilation and translation, and

The great Bantu them the stuff, which Education will develop into Culture and Civilization. Herr A. Seidel has published at Vienna, Pest, and Leipzig exhibited great aptitude and intelligence.

race are born orators, and have in

(Ilartleben’s Verlag)

African languages.

practical

Grammars

of

three South

NOTES AND NEWS. The Nama,

(1)

219

a Hottentot language of

Namaqualand,

South Africa. (2)

Herero, a Bantu language, South-west Africa.

(3)

Ndonga,

They

are in the

Bantu language, South-west Africa.

a

German language, accompanied by reading

Selectious and Vocabularies.

The same issued

accomplished and

two additional parts of

scholar

has

useful Zeitschrift

fur

indefatigable his

Africanische und Oceanische Sprachen at

Berlin in

the

German language. tD

Part III contains (1)

A

:

Vocabulary of the Tikuu

(a

new language) and

the Pokomo, both Bantu, in E. Equatorial Africa.

W

By (2)

F. urtz (German). Grammatical Note of

A

Bantu,

the

Chagga language,

E. Equatorial Africa.

in

By

A. Seidel

(German). (3)

A

Beast Story of the Bondei

Equatorial Africa.

By

tribe,

Bantu, in E.

A. Seidel (German).

(4)

Tales in the language of Ki-limani, in Portuguese

(5)

The place

By Pere Torrend, S.J. Temne language,

East Africa.

of the

Family.

By

language

is

(French).

Bantu

in the

Dr. G. A. Krause (German).

spoken by a tribe on the

This

West

Coast

North of the Equator, within the Negro and up to this time considered to belong to the Negro Language Group. In my “ Modern Languages of Africa,” 1883, I grouped it as Negro of Africa,

Pcegion,

on

the

then

information

best

supplied with

considerable

available

competent

scholar,

been

by a searching inquiry into

led,

:

it

is

by a most Dr. Krause has

literature

Schlenker.

certain

features of this language, to start the theory that it

belongs to the Bantu languages, South of the

Equator

:

the question

and must be

left to

is

time

a most interesting one, to decide.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

220

Preliminary observations to a comparative Vocabu-

(6)

Bantu Family Meinhof (German).

lary of the

Part

IV

of

By

Carl

Tikuu

and

Languages.

contains:

(1)

Continuation

(2)

Pokomo On the mode

Vocabulary

the

of

of

in Part III (German).

of

forming adverbs in

Mbundu

or

Bunda, a Bantu language on the West Coast of Africa, South of the Equator. By Heli Chatelain (German). (3)

Remarks on

the Bali, a

Kamerun Region, West Equator. (4)

Songs

(5)

An

in

By the

Bantu language, in the Africa, North of the

E. Zintgraft (German).

Pokomo,

Equatorial Africa.

By

a F.

Bantu

language,

E.

Wurtz (German).

obituary notice of Biittner, an unwearied con-

tributor to the study of African languages.

By

Carl Meinhof (German). (6)

The Fada language on guese

West

the River Geba, in Portu-

a Bantu language.

Africa,

By

Dr.

G. A. Krause (German).

Oceanic Philology. Zeitschrift

Part

iii,

No.

Texts of

fur Africanische

und

6.

the

languages of the Bismarck Archipelago,

Oceania, with translations by Sidney is

Oceanische Sprachen,

Ray

This

(English).

a most important contribution to our knowledge, in an

entirely

new

field,

by an industrious and promising

scholar.

Translation of the Bible into New Languages of Asia, Africa, and Oceania in 1894. A.

Asia.

In the Dehra Dun, North-west Provinces of British India, the language of Gurwali or Tiri is spoken by a rural I.

population, and a Gospel has been translated into

it

published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.

and

NOTICES OF BOOKS. In the same locality there

II.

221 language,

a

is

called

Jaunsari, which has also been honoured by becoming the

communicating the Gospel

vehicle of

to

an Indian

tribe.

In both these cases there has been a distinct addition

Whether

our linguistic knowledge.

with the lordly Hindi

will retain their position in collision

remains

to

be seen. B.

A in

to

these two languages

tribe exists

Africa.

on both banks of the great River Kongo

Equatorial Africa, not far from the confluence of the

River Kasai

:

their

name

is

Bangi

;

they have a distinct

language, and a Gospel has been translated into C. I.

The Dobu

Oceania.

are a tribe in British

language has been o o

their

it.

studied,7

New

Guinea,

and

and the translation of

a Gospel made.

The same may be

II.

said of the Panaieti, also in

New

Guinea.

These

facts

may seem

indicate

that

annually

small and unimportant, but they fresh

languages

are

being dis-

any rate, genuine, and furnish material for skilled Grammarians to find out new phenomena of linguistic variety in word-store and structure. covered

:

the

translations

are,

at

R. N. C.

Y.

Les

Memoires

Notices of Books.

IIistoriques

i>E

annotes par E. Chavannes.

We this

Semats'ien, traduits et Paris

:

Leroux.

cannot but admire the energy and ability with which

stupendous work

has been

accomplished,

and

it

is

wonderful that we have not long ago had some sinologist

who has been called the Herodotus of China, and whose Records really form the eager to translate the book of one

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

222

main source of our knowledge of the early history of that country. These Records, dating from primeval and mythical times, are the model on which subsequent dynastic histories have been compiled. M. Chavannes prefaces his labour with a long introduction in

In the

five chapters.

first

of

we have short biographies of the two Ssumas, father and son, and an attempt is made to determine the respective shares taken by each in the writing of the Records, the translator basing his judgment on the supposed difference of their religious opinions. He says that Ssuma Ch'ien was these

undoubtedly a Confucianist, as he gives the sage a place of honour in a part of his

work reserved

for the biographies

men, and refers to the enthusiastic manner in which the historian recounts a visit he paid to the temple while he remarks that any traces of Taoism of Confucius found in the Records must be assigned to the influence of of great

;

Ssuma Tan

He

alone.

opposed

he

is

of

the History of

about 120 years

the

after

revering

'specially

admits, however, that in this opinion

views of San Piao, father of the author

to the

Former Han Dynasty, who, living Ssuma Ch'ien, reproaches him for

Huangti

and

Laotzu

lightly of the five canonical books.’

ferred to

doubtless Huang-lao, literally

is

which occurs

so

and

often in the Historical

‘

Yellow

re-

ancient,’

Records.

I believe, this expression simply refers not to

Buddhism,

speaking

The phrase here If,

as

Taoism but

cannot of course be admitted, as M. Chavannes

it

says in the second chapter of his introduction, that there is

no passage

in the Historical

latter religion.

The author

the Chinese general a ‘golden

man’ from

Liangchow,

iu

the

Ho

is

Records which alludes

to the

speaking of the capture by

Chii-ping, in the year 121

B.c.,

of

a tribe of Hsiung-nu near the present

Kansu

province.

The Chinese com-

mentators on this passage think that this must have been

M. Chavannes ridicules the Buddhism having penetrated into China so early a Buddhist image, but

idea of as the

end of the second century b.c., and believes that the image must have been that of one of the ancestors of the King of

Ilsiuchu.

Now

on referring

to

the biography of

Ho

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

223

Former Hans, image referred to as the ‘Hsiuchu’s Heavenworshipping golden man,’ and it is more than likely it was Chii-ping, as recounted in the History of the

we

find the

Some nine

carried into the battle as a sort of talisman.

years ago I pointed out in the pages of the China Review that

Buddhism seems to have found its way when the ‘First Emperor’

China

into

as early as 221 B.c.,

cast bronze

images after seeing similar figures at Lintao in South-west

The

Kansu.

late

Dr. Lacouperie refers; to a story in the

T‘ai-ping-yii-lan (“ Origin of Chinese Civilization,” p. 2086)

emperor conversed with some persons,

to the effect that this

Hindu views on the beginnings and transformathe universe, who had come to Lintao by river

professing tions of

from Horth-west Szuch'uan, where recluses had

for

been established in caves, and thinks that there

is

between the two

nection

priests were certainly seen

near Laichoufu

;

years

a con-

In b.c. 219 Buddhist by the same emperor at Puhai,

stories.

and considering how actively the Buddhists

spread their tenets in

all directions, it

was

cannot be a matter of

known

China 100 of comand the interpolations and criticisms are gone into

surprise that the faith

years later. pilation,

The

sources of the Records, the

later chapters

fully in

fairly well

in

method

of the Introduction.

When

half

through the volume we reach the text of the translation,

must be admitted is very carefully worked out. 133 M. Chavannes observes in a note that the pond

which

On

it

p.

of Tuyeh, although referred to in the

dynasty, could not have been the year 115

B.c.,

so

known

to

time of

the

Hsia

the Chinese until

he forthwith marks the passage as

an interpolation by some one in the reign of the Emperor Wu, then living. There are plenty of other anachronisms,

and we may conclude that the only solution of the difficulties this that the whole history was forged after the year

is

115

—

b.c.

M. Chavannes

notices that the historian does not

mention the famous eclipse of the sun said to have occurred in

776

b.c.,

which

is

thought by some

to

be the

first

authentic date in Chinese history.

Herbert

J.

Allen.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

224

Priority of the Vedanta Sutra oyer the Bilagavad Gita. By Prof. T. R. Amalnerkar. Bombay, 1895.

The author the

the older of

only

Telang

Justice

not

convincing,

maintains in

but,

that

fact,

A

reconcileable with the contrary hj’pothesis.

are

Gita not

only

question of

kind cannot be properly discussed on the basis of one

this

or

the

considering:

for

two works, and

these

they

are

one by one the reasons adduced by

takes

Mr.

late

two isolated passages without due regard being paid whole of the works in question,

to the general tone of the

and the Professor very properly points out that the principal questions raised in the

Brahma Sutra have ceased to interest who is concerned, on the contrarj

the author of the Gita,

7

,

with quite other matters belonging to a later stratum of

The whole argument

thought.

is

well

thought out, and

time will probably show that the author of this interesting brochure

A

is

in the right.

Practical Hindustani Grammar. In Two Volumes. Compiled by Lieut. -Col. A. 0. Green. Clarendon Press

By

:

Oxford, 1895.

the courtesy of the manager of the Clarendon Press

a copy of this

new grammar, prepared on

a

new

system,

has been forwarded to the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society,

and

taken of well of

it

known

it

in

is

with great pleasure that notice

to all Anglo-Indians, as

the whole of

it

is

now

The language

our periodical Reports.

is

the lingua franca

is

India, and the special vernacular of the

it is a beautiful and highly refined Northern Provinces form of speech, having incorporated with the Hindi, which is its linguistic base, vast loans of words, sentences, and :

its other name from the Persian and Arabic “ Urdu,” or the Camp-language of the Mahometan

inflections is

invaders of India from the Regions

:

West

of the Indus.

Green was interpreter to the Bengal Sappers and Miners at Rurki, and, as far back as the jear 1875, formed a desire to write a grammar of this language, which was Col.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

225

upon the lines of such German, French, and Latin Grammars. For the convenience of the learner the book is divided into two parts. Part I contains a concise Grammar, the rules being illustrated by copious exercises, to which are appended Lis ordinary official vernacular, based

works

as

Otto’s

'

a well-known vernacular

and

subjects.

Romance

to be used as a

Reader,

Manuscripts on

various

These are printed in the well-known

Semitic

lithographed

of

selection

a

Arabic written character, with additional symbols to

re-

sounds of an Aryan language.

the peculiar

present

In

an appendix the author adds a few remarks on the Nagari square written character, which

or Indian

is

also used to

record the literature of this language.

Part II contains

Part I

these

:

Arabic character

a

key

the exercises and stories in

to

translations

not

are

in the regular

only printed in the

form adopted by the Press,

but lithographed in a written series of gradually increasing difficulty to

accustom the beginner

A

native letter-writers. also

free

Romance above

given of the

the handwriting of

to

translation

into

alluded

English

is

Part

I,

to in

and the other Hindi selections, and the handwriting is both transliterated and translated. The type and style of this work reflect the greatest is credit upon the Clarendon Press it a pleasure to :

a proficient in the Hindustani to read to predict

whether

this elaborate

will supersede its predecessors

:

It is impossible

it.

handbook

of the

Language

experience alone can decide

under any circumstances this is a most praiseworthy and creditable performance of one who knows the language, which he treats scientifically and thoroughly. this point

:

R. N. C.

The Budh Gaya Temple Messrs.

Newman

and

Co., of the

Caxton Press, Calcutta,

have published a complete report of case

in

a

j.r.a.s.

substantial 1896.

volume of

Case.

this

close

now

celebrated

upon 300 printed 15

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

226 pages of

foolscap

The

size.

ceedings and judgments

in

and legal

correspondence

As

course of the action.

includes

report

the

all

documents

referred

be in the

will

pro-

the

with

courts,

to

memory

all

the

in

the

of our

was not a civil one to claim the possession ancient Buddhist building for the Buddhists, but

readers, the case of this

Hindu Mahant who has taken

a criminal one against the

possession

interrupting

building

the

of

Buddhist

under a clause of

interruption of

forcible

and

the

purpose of violently

the

for

The

worship.

Indian Act

action was brought

directed

against

any established religious

the

service,

was held that the particular occasion in question did not come under the terms of the Act. the result

in

it

Hie Abessinier in Arabien und Afrika auf Grund NEUENTDECKTER INSCHRIFTEN, VOn Dr. EdUARD 210. Franz Munchen, 1895. Glaser. 8vo. pp. :

This book forms

a

welcome

very

supplement

Dr.

to

Glaser’s previous researches on the early history of Arabia. It is full of startling discoveries and ingenious theories, throwing light on ancient cultures hitherto shrouded in mist. Dr. Glaser’s aim is to demonstrate that the original

home

of the ^Ethiopians,

Habasat,

or

is

not Africa, but

and especially that part of Arabia which is now called Mahra. Apart from the material gathered from classical authors, as Herodotus, Eratosthenes, the Author of the “ Periplus,” and others, the demonstration is mainly built Asia,

on

incense

the

The

derivation

-

producing the

of

character

name

of

of

Sahaean plural, atyub 1 (pronounced atyob?),

1

This form

is

this

is

W\Aj, J .

>

cp. is

also

from a

uncommonly

not to be confounded with the JEthiopic plur. fract. aqtul,

which, according to Dillmann (Gramm, d. iEth. Spr., p. 241),

from Arab.

territory.

the ^Ethiopians

but in Sabic an

it

is

a development

seems to correspond with Arab.

w

s.

and

\

,

ZDMG.

xlvi,

537.

nothing but a differentiation from aqtul.

Perhaps the JEthiopie aqtul

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

As

convincing.

Arab.

to

Habasat, Glaser very properly thinks of

Now

to gather.’

‘

227

the existence of a

kingdom

Habasat, Glaser argues, cannot be disputed, as

of the

it

is

mentioned

in

the “Treaty Inscription” (Glaser, 1076), which cannot

in

several Sabaean inscriptions, in particular

have been composed

Axum

earlier.

later

than 100-50

mentioned, in

b.c., but probably “ Periplus ” was then

the

too insignificant to figure as an independent

power

in that

and therefore the country of the Habasat is not to be sought for in Africa, but in South Arabia, east of Hadhramoth. To make this evidence all the more striking,

treaty,

Glaser identifies Habasat not only with the Hbsti of the

Pwent) but also with Abasa of Pausanias and Uranius who likewise place it next to Hadhramoth— This Arabic kingdom of and the Abissa of Ptolemy. Habasat must have ceased to exist at the time of the author of the “Periplus” (i.e. in the second half of the first century of the present era), and was probably absorbed by Hadhramoth. Now in the Greek text of the bilingual old Egyptians (for

—

Axum as

inscription of

King Aizanas

greatly

is

previous p.

is

rendered by Habasat.

Dr. Glaser’s credit that in

writings

he

36)

to

already

iEthiopic text to

mentioned

one of his dominions, which in the parallel ^Ethiopian

text (written in Sabseau characters) It

JEtliiopia is

— of

Skizzen

(“

suggested

which

the

Geschichte

der

that

—

Arabiens,” before

the

was brought was known. From all

first

Europe only a short time ago

identity

one of his

squeeze

these items Dr. Glaser concludes that the Habasat, beginning

with those designated in the above-mentioned Hbsti, was the

general

name

employed

for

the

incense-producing

countries as

early as the second pre-Christian inillenium.

About

period

this

large

Arabia into Abessinia.

immigrations took

The

place

possible objection that

it

from

may

have been the reverse, Glaser justly meets with the counter evidence that there is no proof in favour of it, whilst everything advocates the movement towards Africa. question

is,

of course, in close connection with

The

that other

and more complicated one respecting the wanderings of

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

228 Semitic

the

The

tribes.

great

plausibility

Glaser’s

of

arguments has undoubtedly brought the solution of this question somewhat nearer. His book, although anything but bulky,

among

of other interesting details,

is full

which,

are explanations of inscriptions from which he draws his conclusions,

and

the Greek names of places mentioned

of

in the Adulis inscription.

word

final

still

In these matters, however, the

That Glaser

remains to be spoken.

also

took the opportunity of touching upon the famous Minaean question

not surprising, and his remarks certainly tend

is

The

to strengthen his theory.

sometimes

diction

An

rather polemical.

is

attractive,

though

index

excellent

ap-

is

pended. II.

The Ruling Races

Prehistoric

of

Hirschfeld.

Times

in

India,

South-western Asia, and Southern Europe. By J. F. Hewitt, late Commissioner at Chota Nagpore. Yol.

I,

Yol. II, 1895.

1894.

Westminster: Archibald

Constable and Company.

The

of these two remarkable volumes

is composed and the second volume is Each volume made up of a preface and three essays. is furnished with an excellent and very useful index.

of

a

first

preface

The

and

essays,

six

object of the essays in

author’s

words,

trying to

trace

“ to the

help

paths

the

first

who,

those

volume like

is,

in the

myself,

worn by the ruling

are

races

of

the world through the tangled jungles of past times, and tli

us to learn the real history of the childhood of

during the ages when journey towards

They

call

its

especial

supplied by social

national

ultimate attention

life

and, to

as

the

began

its

humanity troubled

unseen

goal.

chronological

data

yet,

laws and customs, mythic history and

and prove that these, when studied, provide guiding marks from which we can deduce, even in ages which have been hitherto called prehistoric, the order in which ritual

;

leading epochs of civilization succeeded one another.”

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The

first

how

tells

somewhat

is

of

229

an introductory character, and

the author was led to begin the inquiries which

have resulted deal about

in

In

these volumes.

George showing

St.

his

we

it

find a

good

development from a

rain-god, and also about the Cross.

Essay

treats

ii

of

“

The primitive

growth into the province, the its methods of record.”

The

third

essay

is

city,

devoted to

village, its

and

the

origin,

State,

and

“ The early history of

Egypt, and Southern Europe, by that of the worship of the Hindu Soma, the Zend Haotna, the Assyrian Istar, and the Egyptian Isis.”

India, South-western Asia, as taught

and learned, though rather confused, disquisition. In it the author claims to “have traced the history of the worship of the goddess Istar and of the god Soma, and have shown that both derived their origin from This

is

a long

two earth-mothers, the mother-grove communities and the mothermountain of the Northern races, and of the thunder- and storm-god as a father-god, the husband of the land.” He also shows that “ the history of the evolution of religion,

the worship of

of the

Indian

the

village

culminating in Soma worship, discloses a

form of

ascetic doctrine,

in

its

absorption into

which the desire

for per-

sonal holiness characterizing Semitic belief in the fatherhood

of the

The

God

of Righteousness predominated.” fourth essajr treats of “ Astronomical myths, showing,

on the evidence of early Akkadian astronomy, how the Hittites, Kushites,

Essay v

and Kushite-Semites measured the year.” “

The

rule

of

the

Kushite-Semite races as told in the early forms

of

the

Soma

is

entitled

history of

the

and the worship of the Sun-god Ra.” essay, which a very interesting and is ingenious one, is headed, “ The first coming of the fireworshipping Ileracleidae to Greece, their conquest of the festival

The

sixth

Dorians

and

Semites,

and

their

victorious

return

as

worshippers of the Sun-god.”

In of “

the

second volume we have Essay

The astronomy

of the Veda, and

vii,

which treats

its historical

lessons.”

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

230

The author shows how

the “ Indian conception

of history ”

as the records of events in the cycle year of destiny

is

repeated in Buddhist history and theology.

Essays

viii

and ix deal respectively with

history

as

the mythology of the Northern races and with the “ History of the worship of Ja or Yah, the all-wise told in

Fish-sun-god, as told in the mythology of the American Indians,”

it

etc.

From this short summary of the contents of this treatise may be seen that the author has taken a wide and com-

prehensive view of the origins or foundations of historical civilization.

tribes

he

In the mythologies handed down from primitive

sees history,

and he has endeavoured

to ascertain

and show what were the facts embodied in the mythologies. two volumes contain a vast amount of curious learning and ingenious conjecture. But facts, deductions, and conjectures seem to be all inextricably confused at times, and occasionally whole paragraphs are bewildering from this mixing up of things which should have been kept apart. Tlie

The author seems in the lands,

to

go too

far,

with regard to the present

knowledge, in the identifications which he makes

state of

matter of objects of worship in widely separated

and

in the derivation of religious

The. treatise

is

and cosmic

theories.

man with and many of the

the work of a great reader, a

wide sympathies and active imagination,

him are suggestive and curious. argument takes so much for granted that it is very difficult for the specialist in any one of the many fields he touches to follow it, and of course the book is not meant for anyone not a specialist.

analogies

pointed out by

But the method

of

T.

W.

The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan, 1398-1707. By Edward S. Holden, LL.D. 8vo. London, 1895. Dr. Holden has succeeded in writing a very pleasant hook, having used his materials with great skill and

The

first

paragraph of the introductory note was,

it

effect.

must

NOTICES OF BOOKS. be confessed,

a little disconcerting

look for from

a few miniatures of to tell

acquired

accidentally

Mogul emperors,

him something

what could we

for,

:

man who, having

a

231

casts about for

before the public within the twelvemonth (pp. v and

After that, surprise.

to

book

the

find

xiii) ?

good was an agreeable

so

the same time, be affectation

would, at

It

books

of their history, and lays the result

to

pretend, in this Journal, that Dr. Holden’s pages contain

any information not known before period.

Still, his

production

the French call vulgarisation

my

;

is

every student of the

to

effort at what more remarkable

an excellent

and

is

it

the

experience of such works, that

for the

fact,

there

hardly a statement to which a specialist could take

is

rare in

serious exception.

Whether a Shahjahan-namah (p. ix) could include portraits “by contemporary artists” of Babar, Humayun, and Akbar, is

a

little

doubtful, unless interpreted as

of such work.

I fulty agree with Dr.

we may have confidence in the portraits. They were not purely the early kings of

meaning “copies” Holden (p. xi) that

authenticity

Indian

of

like those of

fictitious,

They

Scotland at Holyrood.

to life, so far as the artist’s skill could carry

are true

him, and the

originals have been most faithfully copied ever since.

upon the researches

I

Mr. A. Constable, who put himself in direct communication with still-living painters, to whom these originals have rest

opinion

this

been transmitted from generation Constable

is

Mr. A.

who have

from

anyone who went into p.

of

generation.

It is one which,

On

India

one of the three or four Europeans

any intimate acquaintance with

cruel

in

its it

to

this

branch of Indian

art.

great interest, would well reward

thoroughly.

98 Dr. Holden asserts by implication that the of all heirs to the crown, so common

removal

throughout the Mogul period, sprang from

and not from the

Turk!

blood

of

the

the

reigning

Hindu, house.

might reverse the position. If he will read again Babar’s Memoirs or the book of Babar’s cousin, Mirza Haidar, the Tarikh-i-Rashidl I think he will confess

Here,

I

think, he

,

NOTES OF

232 that

Central

to

struggles

for

QUARTER.

petty

its

among

upholders

competitors

for

never-ending

and and

not to

the

throne.

finally

to this day, strong,

hereditary

of

states,

repeated

frequently

Hindus have long been, and are bigoted,

confused,

its

over

the

contests

disastrous

with

Asia,

lordship

due

were

India,

TIIE

right

and

;

in

even the

and small, they observe the rule of primogeniture, tempered by the gi’ant of appanages or fiefs to the younger sons. Being for the nonce a critic, “ I am nothing if not critical,” and would therefore suggest (p. 101) that Sind is not “the province just south of Kabul.” South of Kabul succession

we may

to

call

their

it,

states,

large

roughly speaking, but just south

it

there being the intervening province of Qandahar.

“the

successive raids, sieges, captures,

cease

four

centuries

ago,

when

manently established in India

flights”

is

not,

Again,

— did

they

Moguls were perIll) ? Did they not

the

(p.

rather continue as before, until the subversal of the dynasty

William Erskine’s work, quoted on “A History of Hidia under the Sovereigns of the House of Taimur Baber and

early in this century ? 125,

p.

two

is

first

Humayun

not a Life, but

—

”

:

the passage quoted,

see therein

ii,

‘Alamglr a much more characteristic portrait opposite p.

309 might have been given

:

I

530.

than

Of that

refer to one

Museum, Add. MSS., No. 18,802 (Rieu, 783), which shows that emperor as a decrepit, bowed old man, in British

just as Gemelli Careri

Dr. Holden remarks

known but

I

at the

saw him, clad (p.

Indian Court as

think the period

ail in

white.

165) that the Turk! language was

of

late as

such

use

Jahangir (1605-27); might be extended

safely to 1719, and possibly for forty years later. The harems were guarded by Qalmaq women, supplies of them being one of the most valued parts of the presents sent down from time to time by the various rulers of the Central Asian Khanates. These women were, no doubt, the source from which the knowledge of the language was maintained. There is direct evidence that in 1719, on an important occasion, one of the nobles, a native of Samarqand,

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

233

communicated with the emperor, Muhammad Shah, in a language not understood by the Hindustani

Turki,

nobles.

Holden that the Mogul Empire did

I would remind Dr.

not end with 1707 that

date,

;

there were at least nine emperors after

of

whom

Of

one,

authentic

could

portraits

easily

be

Shah ‘Alain IT, there is a personal description and character by an easily accessible European “ History of Hindostan,” ii, 497, writer, Alexander Dow produced.

—

1803

edition of

— who

gives also

(at

end of

the

We

portraits of five of these later sovereigns.

vol.

iii)

may now

hope that Dr. Holden, having once nibbled at the subject, will be tempted to devote further time and research to it, and provide us hereafter with a much-needed monograph on the history of figure-painting in Persia and India, its origin,

and to

the names, dates, and abodes of the chief artists,

a critical list of

their productions,

As Dr. Holden

us.

points

by Muhammad, and

prohibited

this discrepancy

out

so far

(p.

known

as

68), pictures are

to trace out the origin

of

between precept and practice would be one

of the not least piquant parts of a fascinating subject.

Before concluding I must say a word or two in praise of Sir

I

W. W.

admired

Hunter’s chapter, “ The Ruin of Aurangzeb.” it

when

I read

it

long ago in some magazine

;

and I have never forgotten the true though epigrammatic contrast (p. 319) between “ the ruddy men in boots ” from Central Asia and their it

is

full of felicitous phrases,

degenerate descendants, the “pale is

probable that

men

in

petticoats.”

It

I hold different views from those of Sir

William Hunter as to the amount of underground, or preparatory, work required before writing anything satisfactory in the way of Indian (Mahomedan) history; hut setting that on one side, no more admirable use of the readily available materials could be wished than we find in this short essay, where, as so seldom happens, the facts

are

stated

with

complete accuracy,

even

if

known it

be

only in outline.

As

Dr. Holden has found in America a liberal publisher,

NOTES OF TOE QUARTER.

234

who has brought out his book in such tasteful and becoming form, we trust that he will be encouraged to go into the subject more deeply, and treat in greater detail the question of Indiau portraiture.

William Irvine.

The DTna-T Mainu-T Khrat,

or the Religious Decisions

Wisdom. The Pahlavi text, edited by Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana, B.A. Bombay, of the Spirit of

1395.

This as

it

is

first

complete edition of the Pahlavi Minu-khirad,

been prepared chiefly

called in Persian, has

use of Pahlavi students at the

Bombay

Avesta and Pahlavi have recently been added of

classical

for the

University, to

where

the

list

languages prescribed for the B.A. and M.A.

examinations.

When

the complete transliterated Piizand-Sanskrit text

was published, with an English translation and glossary, in 1871, from the best existing copies of the versions prepared by Neryosang about the end of the twelfth century, there was no copy of the original Pahlavi text accessible. The few Pahlavi MSS. of the Minu-khirad then

existing in India were evidently only reproductions

But Westergaard, in manuscript miscellaneous had brought a of texts from 1843, incomplete copy of the Pahlavi Persia, one of which was an Minu-khirad written in 1569 and a facsimile of this text was published by Andreas in 1882. This Pahlavi version had been copied from an original which had already lost its first folio, and ten other folios of the copy had also disappeared. Its colophon states that it was derived, through two intermediate copies, from a manuscript in India. As though agreeing very closely with this Pahlavi text,

from Neryosang’s Pazand version.

;

Neryosang’s Pazand, supplies several small corrections of his manifest errors,

and one or two short passages which he it is derived from the

omits, there can be little doubt that

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

235

The contents of the as his Pazand version. same orio-inal © ten missing folios have been recovered from a Bombay copy of another Iranian

MS. which belongs

while the text of the

first

to

Ervad Tehmuras,

has been transcribed

lost folio

from the Pazand version. The Minu-khirad professes to be a selection from the

wisdom of the Mazda-worshipping religion, prepared by who had wandered from place to place in In response to his prayers, search of wisdom and truth. the Spirit of Wisdom presented itself and offered to be his guide and preceptor. The sage then propounds a series of 62 questions, or groups of questions, on religious and mythological subjects, which the Spirit of Wisdom duly answers. But, as the series terminates abrupt!}' and without any peroration, it is doubtful if the work be complete. a wise enquirer

As

age of this

to the

treatise,

we have

seen that both the

Iranian and Indian copies can, as yet, be traced back only

some Indian MS. of the twelfth century. But the work decidedly Iranian in character, though the internal evidences of age are slight and admit of much difference

to

itself is

The

of opinion.

allusion, in

18, to

i,

an

evil religion

which

harm to that of the Yazads, and the praise of wine, when drunk in moderation, in xvi, 25-29, 36-48, might

does

be considered as referring to prohibitions

Muhammadan

practices

and

but the descriptions of good and bad govern-

;

ment, in xv, 16-39, do not specially allude to any foreign

Perhaps the period

domination.

clearly indicated by

indications

are

conflicts of the

alluded to

to

afford

in

a

a.d.

550-625

scanty and

readily

that most

misunderstood.

Arumans and Turanians with xxi, 23-26, have been much

safe

is

the contents of the treatise, but the

clue

to

any

definite

The

the Iranians, too frequent

period for

their

occurrence.

The Pahlavi is

text has been carefully edited, and tbe book

dedicated to the

memory

of

the editor’s learned great-

grandfather, Dasturan-Dastur Edalji Darabji Sanjana, Parsi

High

Priest of

Bombay from 1830

and pedigree are given,

to

1847, whose portrait

as well as a metrical account of his

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

236 life

in Gujarati, which

is

Lamp

Cherage Dauesh, or

an abridged second edition of the of Learning, originally published

in 1854.

E.

W. West.

Fragments d’une Histoire bes Etudes Chinoises au XYIII e Siecle. Par Henri Cordier, Professeur a l’Ecole des

This

Langues Orientales vivantes.

pamphlet

is

reprinted

Paris, 1895.

from the “ Centenaire de

l’Ecole des langues orientales vivantes.” The Fragments are a supplement to M. Cordier’s “ Notes pour servir a l’histoire des etudes chinoises

en Europe, jusqu’a l’epoque

de Fourmont Paine,” published in the Nouveaux Melanges

Orientaux in 1886.

Together with these Notes, moreover,

the Fragments are part of the “Histoire des etudes chinoises

en Europe,” on which the author has been engaged for several years.

Among: the writers on Chinese matters in the eighteenth century were Fourmont and the missionaries Premare and Gaubil. The mention of the missionaries leads M. Cordier to take a short survey of the early history of the French missionaries at Peking. One of these, P. Noel (born 1651, died 1729), translated into Latin the Four Books, the Small Learning, and the canonical treatise on Filial Piety. P. Noel was also the author of works on the mathematical and physical theories of the Chinese, and of an important treatise on the Chinese knowledge of God, the ceremonies observed to the dead, and the ethics of the Chinese. Of the amateur sinologists of Europe in the first half of the eighteenth century we have Masson and Vandermonde, the former an eccentric theologian

who

affiliated

Chinese

Hebrew. Then we come to Fourmont, the one positively mean and wicked man among past sinologists. M. Cordier tells the story of Fourmont’s meanness towards Preinare, to

the missionary well

known by

his Notitia Linguae Sinieae.

We have notices also of the works of Daniel Webb and The latter, in 1639, published John Webb in England.

NOTICES OF BOOKS. Essay in which he endeavours primitive language of man.

his

the

237

show that Chinese

to

The

published a short treatise in which

former,

in

is

1787,

he gives reasons for

thinking that the Greek language was borrowed from the Chinese.

In China P. Parennin laboured at two dictionaries of the still slumber in MS. M. Cordier gives

language which

also bibliographical

the Chinese dictionaries of

notices of

dTncarville and P. de la Charme, and of the works

P.

Ven ta von. The great De Guigues,

of P. de

tinguished reserved for

and

and the disand Cibot, ai'e a future opportunity, and the pamphlet closes father

son,

Amiot,

Gaubil,

missionaries

with a short notice of Deshauterayes. in 1795, wrote against

De Guignes’

This

theor}’’

last,

of the

who

died

Egyptian

the Chinese, and he also translated the “ Spring and Autumn ” of Confucius.

origin of

The present pamphlet, works of M. careful, precise

may but

like

gives

Cordier,

manner.

other

the

and

dates

in

a

The information contained

in

it

be of an antiquarian rather than will

it

in

China and

a bad

Fragments

is

to

The

Chinese language and literature. of the

a practical value,

always be interesting to the student of the

missionaries

Jesuit

bibliographical

authorities

the workers

on the

career of the villain

exceedingly instructive, and shows

man may have good

T.

Die Chinesische Sprache zu Nanking. Kuhnert, Privatdocent an der k.-k. Wien. Wien, 1894. This pamphlet of is

of

a contribution

the

Imperial

thirty-eight

Academy

of

China

at

Von

W.

Dr. Fr.

Universitiit

in

pages with two tables

bv Dr. Fr. Kiihnert

author has lived in

how

teachers and good disciples.

to

the

Proceedings

The Peking and Nanking, and Sciences

of

Vienna.

he has been told by the Chinese Secretarv of the Belgian Legation at Peking that he speaks Chinese like a Chinaman.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

238

The Secretary has probably made a similar statement to who has tried to speak Chinese to him Dr. Kuhnert in this pamphlet uses a transcription of his

every foreigner

!

own

for the Chinese sounds, and it is one -which cannot be recommended. It is not good in itself, and the use of it would make the comparison of sounds impossible. The author gives a number of terms and phrases to illustrate Chinese as spoken at Nanking. But many of these seem to be the ordinary Mandarin used by those who talk that language in any part of China. At p. 37 we find an expression which we are told means, “ Whence

come you, sir, and whither go you?” This is shortened down, the author says, to Hsien-sheng-chu-lai-a “ Sir, whither whence ? ” 3$ D W)> which he says means, But as I have heard this question asked, it was used in the that sense of, “Sir, from going whither are you come?” But should not the word is, Where have you been to, sir ?

^^

—

na-li be inserted ?

Dr.

Kuhnert has some remarks on the tones

words and the rhythm of the sentences remarks, however, are of language,

for,

as

the

little

in Chinese.

of

the

These

use to the student of the

learned author would

admit,

the

proper and practical use of tones and rhythm can be learned only by hearing the natives and imitating them.

The two Tables give a syllabary of the sounds of Nanking Chinese expressed in the author’s peculiar manner. There

is

a third Table at p. 18, which gives

in the author’s

all

the syllables

transcription with the characters and Mr.

Mateer’s transcription. T.

W.

Die Philosophie des Kong-Dsy (Confucius) auf Grund des Urtextes.

Ein Beitrag zur Revision der bisherigen

Auffassungen.

Yon

Dr. Fr.

an der Universitat in Wien. This pamphlet author

—

is

— like

Kuhnert, Privatdocent Wien, 1895.

the one noticed above, by the same

an extract from the Proceedings of the Imperial

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Academy

Vienna.

of Sciences of

239

The author thinks

a revision of our translations of the Confucian justified

that

classics is

These venerable old books should

and required.

be interpreted according to reason and the authorized use

In his and construction of Chinese words and phrases. the work of revision Dr. Kiihnert contribution to present confines himself to the Ta Hsio or Great Learning. The transcription of Chinese characters which the author Thus, we uses is his own, and it cannot be recommended. have “ Kong-dsy ” for K‘ung-tzu, although the Nanking pronunciation of the character for the

title

of the

first syllable is

given

Keng and by Mr. Mateer as K‘ong. The ” Chinese work he gives as “ da-hj'o or “ dai-hjo,”

by Dr. Kiihnert

as

which he translates by Philosophy. This translation is not sanctioned by the words of any Chinese commentator, and it is at variance with the received meaning of the words.

Nor can high

the author’s distinction between

and

learning,

highest

dai-hjo,

great or

da-h'jo,

learning,

find

any

authority.

The Great Learning has a threefold scope according to Of its three objects the first is said to be ming-

the text.

ming

te (Bjj

clear

moral constitution

tation,

BJj

fjg),

restore

to

that

is,

to bring into clear evidence the

or,

;

according to another interpre-

constitution

this

to

its

original

clear

But Dr. Kiihnert takes the second ming here

brightness. to be

used as in such terms as ming-t‘ien, to-morrow

nien,

next year

;

that

is,

as

meaning future, not

ming-

;

present,

Then he makes ming-te denote merely a capacity But this is neither Confucian nor accordance with the general use of the terms. The word

coming.

or capability for virtue. in te

denotes the perfect moral constitution with which

is

endowed

qualities

generally.

at his birth,

or

virtues

of

It has also

and

also the

animate several

and

man

innate or inherent

inanimate

objects

secondary meanings,

such

as are given in the dictionaries.

Dr. Kiihnert proceeds to give his interpretation of the text,

with criticisms on Dr. Legge’s translation and com-

mentary.

At

p.

18 we find another instance of incorrect

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

240

The Chinese

rendering. (/L

f* ^)> ar*d

l=f

but the meaning

is,

sentence

this is

begins Fan-yen-te-cho rendered, “ Alle sagen te ist”;

wherever the word te

is

Then, on

used.

we have a very interesting passage from that clearest of writers, Chu Hsi (“ Tschu-hi ”), mistranslated in a hopeless manner. At p. 26 we have some remarks the same page

about the terms ta-jen

(A A) and hsiao-tzii (>]< A)> which show an imperfect acquaintance with the Chinese language and are misleading. The author gives to ta-jen and hsiao-tzu the meanings of men of superior and men of inferior mental endowments respectively. But this is undoubtedly wrong. A sentence is quoted from the beginning of Chu Hsi’s Preface, and Dr. Kiihnert translates it “Das Werk

—

die Philosophic der Alten, wodurch sie Menseheu lehrten.” But the words mean “The book Great Learning is the great learning of the ancients, the means by which men were educated ” (A 4||

‘Philosophic’

ist

die Gesetze der

:

itSiilSflSA-SS context shows that men

is

The

ffi).

the emphatic word here, and

if

Dr. Kiihnert had read the next page he would have seen that

Chu Hsi understood and taught

was

for adults of all sorts

At

32 there

p.

but

nonsense, original

is

a

wrong

translation

apparently due

to

Dr. Kiihnert prints

text.

the clause as

is

that the Great Learning

and conditions.

meauing that the

forgotten, but the correct text

a fg,

]|J)

makes

which

misprint

in

the

and interprets

move about move recklessly

spirit does not is

jj[j,

to

or at random. It

cannot be maintained that Dr. Kiihnert’s study on

the Great Learning tations.

earlier

is

The Chinese and the

But the book

later, itself

an improvement on existing interpre-

and the Commentaries, both the would repay a thoughtful reading.

text

must be taken,

as the

Sung

scholars

taught, as a part of the Confucian curriculum of education. It

Dr.

cannot

be read and understood

Kiihnert has

made some

by

progress

itself,

in

and when

the

study of

Confucian literature he may, perhaps, be able to give a satisfactory interpretation of the Great Learning.

T.

W.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

241

Materiaux pour servir a l’histoire DE la be esse Buddhique Tara. Par Godefroy be Blonay, Bibl. de

l’ecole des Ilautes

Etudes.

Paris, 1895.

Notwithstanding the modesty of

which

and

its title

subject,

its

apparently a very special one, the volume which

is

M. de Blonay has

just published

is

worthy addition

a

to

the series of memoirs devoted to the study of India in the

E tudes. /

library of

the Ecole des Hautes

among

the volumes of that collection which treats of

all

Buddhist history and religion, and

come

as a

is

many

the

is

persons

it

The only Buddhism known

revelation.

reading public

to

It

first

will

to the

the Pali Buddhism, so excellently described religion of the “ sons

by Rhys Davids and Oldenberg, the of Qakya,” with

its

monastic discipline,

impassive founder,

its

collection

given to meditation in place

thought

to self-training

more or

less

and

of

its

treatises

of doctrines,

its

upon

monks,

who gave equal and contemned that

prayer,

to charity,

mystical magic which takes such hold of the

temperament of the Hindu. The Buddhist civilizations are so numerous, the seeds sown upon fertile soil by the greatest of ancient spiritualists have produced such a luxuriant vegetation, that Buddhism, everywhere differing from itself, presents a unique spectacle in the variety of its forms amid the unity of its essential conceptions and of its sacred terminology. These ramifications are little known and barely understood. The worshippers of the mysterious signs of Barhut, the worshippers of the statues of Gandhara, the readers passionate, fiery

of

the

Lalita,

Tantrikas of themselves

the

the

contemplatives

different

Bhikshus, those

sects,

who

of

the

the

Prajna,

the

who called the name of

ascetics,

aspired

to

Amitabha, and all the Buddhist heavens are members

Bodhisattvas, the faithful devotees of those

who

aspired to

spiritual family, of which Buddha is the eponymous ancestor, whatever be the varied aspects in which he is regarded. Round Buddha, in the pantheon of new churches,

of

the

vast

j.h.a.s.

1896.

16

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

242

crowd a multitude of other

divinities,

and

threatened to eclipse that of the Master. nation continued

sage, the type of perfect

protecting

Popular imagi-

work, hand in hand with the enlightened

its

In place of the

piety of learned devotees.

a

their splendour

kind

goddess,

self-controlled

humanity, there was substituted

The

mother.

a

as

living

And

Bodhisattva took the place of the extinct Buddha. as the idea of the divinity changed, the rules of life

and

the conditions for gaining: salvation became modified.

The

faithful

is

now he who

loves,

and who prays

to,

any

Buddhist divinity whatever, the ishtadevata of his family,

monastery

his country, or his

nor by Jnana, that salvation

1 .

may

by Bkikshuta,

It is neither

be gained

the fervent devotion, the slavery

;

but by Bhakti,

both material

(diisatva),

and moral, of man with regard to the deity. But it is not in every environment that religion preserves this character of intelligent piety, which gives to certain Buddhist pages so striking a resemblance to numerous passages of the literature of the Bhiigavatas. the

superstitions

old

reappear

along

with

In India the newer

and prayer are both magic and sacrathe doctrines which teach Bhakti are mental operations in direct opposition to those called Tantric, in which the religions

;

sacrifice :

female divinities play so important a part.

From among

all

the

divine personalities belonging

to

Nepalese and Tibetan Buddhism, M. de Blona}r has signalled out one of goddess,

of

the

most characteristic

naturalistic

origin

— Tara,

(for

her

Brahmanic

a

name

signifies

a star), she who became the mystical spouse of the “ meditative ” Buddhas, the mother of the Bodhisattvas,

With a zeal Saviour, par excellence (yd tarayati). worthy of a devoted follower of the kind goddess, he he describes the Buddhist, Indian, and Tibetan Tara recounts or suggests the popularity of his heroine and the the

;

evolution of

gathers

the

worship paid to her.

together valuable information

In so doing he upon the internal

1 Compare the parallel evolution of orthodox Brahmanism the Upauisliads, the Yedantasutras, the Bhaktisutras.

:

the

Karmakanda,

NOTICES OF BOOKS. history of its

243

Buddhism, and notably upon the character of

monasteries during the seventh and eighth centuries.

For compiling a history of Tara, we have at our disposal documents of various kinds. I. Inscriptions and monuments, which supply a solid basis for chronological research. Three inscriptions, of which the second betrays a certain amount of literary influence the first, belonging to Java, ;

dated approximately 779

a.d.,

establishes

the

of Tara amongst the Mahayanist communities the Archipelago

the conquest of

1095 and 1219

popularity

who

achieved

the two others, dated

;

give proof of the survival in India of

a.d.,

the Buddhist religion and ideas, which has been hitherto

Hiouen-Tsang bears witness to the existence of Tara in Magadha and in the kingdom of statues of the name transcribed by the Chinese traveller Vaicali (Tarabodhisattva) is worthy of attention Tao-Suen (650 a.d.) indicates a stupa of Tara in the kingdom of TsauKuta, in the midst of Central Asia. Resemblances to contested.

;

—

will very probably be

Tilra

of Gandhara.

Buddhism, who was adopted her name, biography of them,

Blonay

the

found

Taranatha,

II.

among

relates

the

the

Tibetan

devoted to the

so

Masters of

according to

the

of

goddess that he

oftentimes

Buddhism.

sculptures

historian

marvellous

Nearly

him, were inspired by Tara.

all

of

M. de

has) gathered together the scattered matter relating

to the goddess,

and has thus compiled an interesting mono-

graph, notwithstanding the limited extent of his essay and the

small space

reserved

to

historical discussion.

Thus,

according to Taranatha’s account, Qantideva must have been a mystical Thaumaturgus, a pupil of Tara and of MonjucrI. According to the Russian orientalist, Taranatha wrote the life of Acaryas in a tendenzios style, and the actual example

proves

this

to

caryavatara, a

be the

work

of

case,

for

nothing in the Bodhi-

Qantideva, leads us to believe that

the author was a Tantrika, a worker of miracles, an adorer of Tara or of her sister divinities.

I do not

M. de Blonay

a rather exaggerated

criticism.

rejects these ideas of

doubt that

NOTES OF

244

Without

wishing

know

we

wide a problem in remark how very little the relation between the various sects When Taranatha relates the history of

may

these pages,

QUARTER.

TIIE

of

to

discuss

so

I be allowed to

and doctrines ? Asvabhava, the author

hymns

the

of

to

Tara, the

and

his

name

out the uncompromising character

itself points

But do we not

of his school.

fact

Madhyamika

appears to be incredible, for Asvabhava was a

find the pantheistic poet of

the Gita profess his faith in Krishna

The Buddhists

P

of

the South and the Santrantikas give as good a reason for the justification of the

Buddha — “As tinues to cure

worship which they paid to the defunct

the pole erected by snake-charmers

venomous

bites

charmer .”

1

The

existence

of

the sva bhava, admits

and adore

which

school

The

divinities.

still

con-

even after the death of the

idea

professes

that

of

deny

to

the

we may pray

to

made

to

the void

is

and with that of charity. The practice of Tantric ceremonies is not repugnant to believers in the most abstract spiritual theories. agree with

I think

that

some

to tradition.

of

adoration

credit

The

must be given, provisionally at least, and of the Taras

cult of the Bodhisattvas

The

certainly a very ancient one.

is

possessed a long history of their

schools of the

own

Yoga

before Asanga.

If

the details of the biographies of Taranatha appear to be in

many

cases doubtful, as were also

many

of the legends of

we believe that the type of the great Buddhism in the seventh and eighth centuries

the Middle Ages,

Master of

by the Tibetan author in the fourteenth. The latter had ancient documents at his disposal, the greater number of which are lost for ever, unless they be hidden in some Tibetan library. M. de Blonay has had the good fortune to discover a Sanskrit text which serves as a specimen of the sources from which Taranatha drew faithfully described

is

his

information.

This

is

the

commentary on the Srag-

dharastotra, full of details about Sarvajnamitra, author of

a

hymn

to Tara.

The comparison between 1

B.C.A.

is, 37.

this

commentary

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

245

and the history of Buddhism shows the antiquity of the from which Taranatha gathered and compiled

traditions

his information. III. Literary documents. literature consecrated to the

From the vast mass of Sanskrit memory of Tara, M. de Blonay

has chosen three texts, typical of the two principal styles of

sacred literature.

its

The

of these

first

The

Crown.”

a

is

hymn

“Wearer of the may be placed, with

to the

author, Sarvajnamitra,

certainty, at the

end of the seventh or at the beginning He was “a distinguished writer,

the eighth century.

of

who moves

easily amidst the

metre, and

who employed

a

difficulties

learned

a complicated

of

in the

st}de

an ardent faith and an exalted devotion.”

of

“ surpasses in

literary

His work

hymns which

merit the Buddhist

have been published so

service

far.”

Side by side with the commonplaces of classical poetry, this little

poem

sentiments.

'

It

delicate

full of

is

would be placed

and sometimes touching rank of any

in the front

anthology of Indian prayers.

The two other documents which M. de Blonay presents Kav3 a of Sarvajnamitra. “The praise of the hundred and eight names of us with offer a complete contrast to the

r

Tara ” and the eulogy in twenty-one verses are a string Tantric

of

fragments,

easily transferred “

“language, metre, and indifference.

We

composition of an

“a

litany

of

from one divinity reason

are

have no longer artist,

colourless

epithets”

to another,” in which,

to

abused” with equal do with the personal

but with extracts from a ritual of

which the essential object is to cast a spell upon a divinity by the material possession of a mudra. The India Office Library possesses a number of books consecrated to the Tantric Tara, in which these ceremonies are described. M. de Blonay has reserved the analysis of these works for a future volume.

the

Tara

who

He

has contented himself with indicating:

culminating point is is

in

Buddhism

but an instrument of

cult,

familiar with the mantras.

of

female divinity.

the docile slave of

Her

him

personality, so pre-

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

246 cisely defined in effaced, or

is

the Sragdharastotra, becomes completely

revived uuder different aspects according to

the fancy of theorists of represents

sisters,

the Yoga.

elements, and

the

She, with her four

plays a part in the

operation called the Yagrakayasadhana.

To conclude, this book, which touches upon so many problems at present insoluble, is a skilfully compiled and broadly conceived chapter in the history of later Indian Buddhism. Tara, by her Brahmanic and religious developments, and the

her literary

origin,

popularly of her worthy of our attention. She has found in M. de Blonay a learned and scrupulous historian.

worship,

is

L. G. Y. Poussin. Ghent, December, 1895.

YI.

Additions to the Library.

Presented by the India

Office.

Customary Law of the Main Tribes of the Sialkot District, by J. R. Dunlop-

Panjab Customary Law. Smith.

8vo.

Lahore, 1895.

Markham (Clements). Yoyage of Pedro Sarmiento Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan. 8vo.

Marriage, Divorce,

London, 1895.

Mahomedan Law

Mahomed Yusoof Khan.

Yol.

etc.

de

relating to

I.

8vo.

Calcutta, 1895.

Presented by the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Thirty Years’

Work

in the

Holy Land. 8vo.

1865-1895. London, 1895.

Presented by the Delegates of the University Press.

Green

(Lieut.-Col.

Parts 1 and

2.

A.

0.).

Hindustani 8vo.

Grammar.

Oxford, 1895.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Pope (Rev. Dr. G.

Payne-Smith

Translation,

pamphlet.

Herrick.

S.

Sura.

Yol.

I

of

Oxford 1895.

8vo.

Yol. I and

Thesaurus Syriacus.

(R.).

Yol. II, fasc. 6-9.

Arya

of Tamil by the Rev.

First Catecliism

TL).

Grammar with English D.

247

Oxonii, 1879-93.

fol.

Jatakamala, translated by

J.

Speyer.

S.

Sacred Books of the Buddhists,

by F. Max Muller.

edited

London, 1895.

8vo.

Presented by the Cambridge University Press.

W. H.

Translated by

Vol. II.

Jataka.

Roy. 8vo.

D. Rouse.

Cambridge, 1895.

Presented by the Authors.

Rodgers

Moghul Copper

(C. J.).

Coins.

pamphlet.

8vo.

Calcutta, 1895.

Coins of Musalman Kings of Malabar.

pamphlet.

Burgess

(Dr.

8vo.

Calcutta, 1895.

Transliteration

J.).

Alphabets.

Oriental

of

Leyden, 1894.

8vo.

Orthography of Foreign Place Names. pamphlet.

Holden

(Dr. E. S.).

Mogul Emperors 8vo.

Kiihnert (Dr. Fr.).

Grund

Die Philosophie pamphlet.

des Urtextes.

8vo.

1892.

of Hindustan.

New York, 1895. des Kong Dsy auf Wien, 1895.

8vo.

Die Chinesische Sprache zu Nanking. pamphlet.

Modi

(J. J.).

Charms

or

Amulets

Wien, 1894.

8vo. for

some Diseases of

the Eye, and a few ancient beliefs about the Eclipse.

pamphlet. Bas-relief

of

Rustam and the Horse Cordier (H.).

in

at

Naksh-i-

Ancient Iran.

8vo. Bombay, 1895. Fragments d’une Histoire des Etudes

Chinoises au xviii e Casartelli (L. C.).

en Pehlevi.

Bombay, 1894.

8vo.

Beharam Gour

siecle.

Note sur

8vo.

Paris, 1895.

la terminaison

pamphlet.

8vo.

ambigue

Leule, 1895.

NOTES OF THE QUARTER.

248

Tomaschek

Sasun und das Quellengebiet des pamphlet. 8vo. Wien 1895.

(AY.).

Tigris.

Presented by the British

Budge

Museum Book

A. AY.).

(E.

Trustees..

of the Dead.

London, 1895.

4to.

Presented by the Publishers. Glaser

Abessinier iu Arabien und Afrika.

(E.).

Munchen, 1895.

8vo.

Gribble

(J.

D. B.).

History of the Deccan.

A

Lady Burton and Mr.

I.

London, 1896.

8yo.

Presented by

Ar ol.

F. F. Arbuthnot.

bronze medallion of Sir Richard Burton.

Presented by Professor Tcheraz.

Rendelmann (Oscar Bey).

Le Cholera de

la

Mecque.

Angers, 1895.

8vo.

Presented by the Parsi Punchayat. Nirangistan, edited with an Introduction and Collation,

with an older Iranian MS., by D. D. P. Sanjana.

Roy. 8vo.

Modi

(J.

J

).

Bombay, 1894.

Dictionary of Avestic Proper Names. 8vo.

Bombay, 1892.

Presented by the Maharaja of Bliaunagar. Sanskrit and Prakrit Inscriptions.

4to.

Bliaunagar

Presented by Professor Rhys Davids.

Budk Gaya Temple

Case.

fol.

Calcutta, 1895.

Purchased.

Aniruddha.

Abhidhammatka Sangaha.

Rev. H. Devainitta.

Upatisya Stkavira.

Mahabodhiwansa. 8vo.

Solhita.

The Morris

8vo.

Collection of Pali and

Edited

by

Colombo, 1888.

Edited by P. Colombo, 1890.

Burmese MSS.

JOURNAL OF

THE ROYAL ASIATIC

Art. YII

.

— The Early

Safari Dynasty.

The most

By

SOCIETY.

Years of Shah Isma‘il, Founder of the E. Denison Boss, Ph.D., M.R.A.S.

exhaustive, if not the best known, source for

the history of Shah Isma‘Il the Safavl,

Habib-us-Siyar of Khwandamir.

is

Though

undoubtedly the

and Tihran and in Bombay, it is but too little known in Europe, where it has generally been regarded as a mere epitome of the this

large

important work

has

Rauzat-us-Safa

whereas, besides being an original source

for

much

;

valuable

been

lithographed, both

in

biographical and geographical matter,

many little-known dynasties. many respects more interesting

contains detailed accounts of

it

Khwandamir’s work

is

thus in

than the ponderous universal history of his grandfather

Now,

there

one copy 1

2 ,

Dr. Rieu

1 .

is a work, of which the British Museum possesses and the Cambridge University Library a second 3 ,

(see

“ Catalogue of the Persian

MSS.

in the

British

Museum,”

was the first to point out that Mlrkhwand was the grandfather of Khwandamir, and not his father, as hitherto generally supposed. 2 B.M. Oriental, 3248 (see Dr. Rieu’s Supplement). 3 Cambridge University Library, Add. 200 (see Mr. Browne’s Catalogue,

vol.

i,

p. 87)

p. 147). j.k.a.s.

1896.

17

THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH

250

which

devoted entirely to the biography of Shah Isma'il.

is

Neither MS. bears a in

nor gives any author’s name, and

title

no part of the work have I been able

MS. L

the author’s identity.

which

,

is

1

to find a clue to

bears the

title

taken from the Epilogue, and

^

in the very last line after

^ is

ISMA‘IL.

we read

which, according to Dr. Rieu,

most probably meant

the

for

and not the

transcriber

The work ends with a short account of the accession of Isma'll’s son Tahmasp, and with prayers for the prosperity and long life of the young prince. This author.

would lead one

fix the

to

completion of the history soon

Tahmasp Mirza in a.h. 930. On the other hand, on fob 277a of MS. L, we are told, in a momentary digression from the main narrative, that Mohammad Zaman Mirza was drowned in the Ganges in the year 947, on the occasion of Humayun’s retreat from after the

accession of

Bengal. 2

It does not

seem evident that our history was

completed after this date; and therefore this incident was probably added by some copyist.

Museum

a

history,

which

There

in

is

the British

MS. 3 containing the lives of Shahs Isma'Il and Tahmasp. It is the work of Mahmud, son of Khwandamir, Now I have and was commenced in a.h. 955 (fol. 55). attempted to show below that Mahmud made use of our

Mahmud

was

therefore

in

existence

many

mentions that he had used

compilation of his work, but of them

by name that of

Mahmud’s

his

is

a.h.

955.

the

he only mentions

In the opening pages of

father.

history there

all

in

histories in

much

close correspondence with

the beginning of the work we are discussing.

MS. A, 4 of

and B, fob 85, have a verbal agreement and then follows a passage of about one

fob 15,

several lines,

For brevity we will speak throughout Cambridge MS. as C. 1

of the

London MS.

as L.

and of the

3

See Elliot, v, 203. Oriental, 2939. I believe there in the libraries of Europe. 3

4

A = Historyof

Isma’il.

is

no other copy of

B = Mahmud’s

History.

this

work

to be found

THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH

ISMA'IL.

251

where the two MSS. only differ in this, that more ornate in style and contains two additional Hereupon in B follows a life of sentences in Arabic. Safl-ud-Dln Ishak, while A, no longer corresponding, gives some facts concerning Flruz Shah, of whom B says nothing. In A, fol. 85, and B, fol. 105, we have a folio in each,

B

is

description,

B,

fol.

19a

similar to

Sadr-ud-Dln, to

Safi-ud-Dln’s

dream.

contains a biography of

Shaikh

of

diction,

in

235,

fol.

whom A

devotes only half a page

(fol.

115).

I have given these details [and I give no more, for I think

them

sufficient

testimony]

order

in

to

show how

little

work of Mahmud, son of KhwandamTr, as was suggested by Dr. Bieu after a very cursory inspection of the two MSS.

probability there

is

of our history (A) being also the

A

comparison of our history (A) with the Habib- us-Siyar show that there is a very close correspondence in them nearly always in arrangement and not unfrequently in actual wording, which is especially remarkable in the opening sentences of chapters. The headings of chapters, though generally agreeing in matter, never correspond The verses which abound throughout our history verbally. are usually the same as those occurring in the correwill

sponding

passage

HabTb-us-Siyar,

the

in

cases the quotations are not so long.

This

but all

many

in

points very

clearly to a case of plagiarism.

On

the other hand,

there

are

many

biographical and

geographical details in our history which are not to he

found in the work of KhwandamTr, and which, therefore, go to prove that our author did not, at any rate, use the

Habib-us-Siyar

as

KhwandamTr completed Shah

before

his his

Isma'Tl’s death

;

he seems to have lived in

only history

up

till

model in

930

or

authority.

— one

this time, at

month

any

rate,

Khorasan, and we have no

mention of his having visited other parts of Northern He, therefore, did not probably obtain his

Persia.

information about Shah Isma‘11 on the spot, but got his facts

came

either to

from some of Shah Isma'Tl’s courtiers who from some contemporary history

Khorasan, or

THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH

252

unknown

He

to us.

ISMA‘IL.

quotes no authorities in his account

of the Safavis except in the case of the history of

Saf I-ud-Din

;

these

from

derives

the

he

details

large

biography of

[Khwandamlr

Safwat-us-Safa. 1

naturally

notices

and

that

Shaikh avowedly

saint

called

incidentally that

Maulana Abu Bakr Tihrani, a contemporary of Hasan Beg, wrote a history of that prince, but he, Khwandamlr, being unable to obtain a copy, gives no account of his reign.]

Thus weighing these considerations we may suppose that

man closely connected with and who, though taking the Hablb-us-Siyar as a general model, had personal acquaintance with the country of which he wrote, first-hand information and our history was written by a

the Safavis,

perhaps other histories

to

rely

on for his

details.

regard to the date of composition we would place

beginning of Tahmasp’s reign

at the

2

it

With either

or about the middle

950) according to the genuineness of the note on mentioned above.

(a.h.

Mohammad Mirza Zaman, The portion matter,

at

is

Much

at the time

I

had

offers the

most original

Shah

of this is

regarding this brave and no

less

bigoted king.

originally intended to publish a consecutive extract

the text

of

which

no doubt legendary and fictitious, mainly on historical fact and it is probably based any rate interesting as showing us the stories current

Isma‘11.

but

of our history,

that which deals with the early youth of

is

[ff.

20&-60« of the British Museum MS.] 3

with a translation, references to the general notes.

But on consideration

I

Habib-us-Siyar and have decided to give

the text and translation only of those passages that offer

and which may Khwandamir’s important account of

details quite foreign to the Habib-us-Siyar,

serve

as

addenda

to

—

See British Museum, Add. 11,745. This is certainly the more probable conjecture. The life of Shah Isma‘11, though most eventful, was a comparatively short one, and our author might have been a grown man at the time of Isma‘il’s birth (a.h. 892) and still have lived to write his history after the king’s death (a.h. 930). 3 In my notes L refers to the British Museum copy of our history and C = In the text I have used the following signs: ( to the Cambridge MS. ) peculiar to C ] = peculiar to L. [ 1

2

;

THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH

ISMA'IL.

253

which I would remark, in passing, a new critical edition would well repay the labour any one might bestow on it. After mentioning that Isma‘11 Bahadur Khan 1 was the fruit of the union of Sultan Haidar with Hallma Begum, known as ‘Alam Shah Begum, daughter of Amir Hasan Beg, the Turkoman, our author recounts a tradition concerning the origin of the name Kizil bash.

This

given in the Hablb-us-Siyar, which merely

not

is

us that

tells

Haidar fashioned a cap with twelve points out of crimson cloth, which was adopted by all his followers.

[MS. L,

205.]

fol.

A) A i—

«

It! o '.

1

y

*»_

—JLc

*A.i

^jj3

A^Aj[^J

* jmS b AiL*: j\ \j2f-\j

,

\ 1

i

La10 ^jJ

254

j^

1

^UaL-a *A*J

-

A^iJ (JjA-J A^Lx-j JUil)

^^Aj

Aw>rv-

1,

tA5*l-~

j^jLluJ

LlIAft

^ ^1

A

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