The Birds of Africa Volume VI 9781472926975, 9780121373061

Citation preview

PLATES Plate

Facing Page

Facing Page

Plate

1

Picathartes, babblers, rockjumpers

14

19

Shrikes (Lanius)

286

2

Bab bIers (Illadopsis)

15

20

Shrikes, sugarbirds

287

3

Babblers (Turdoides)

30

21

Bush-Shrikes (Malaconotus)

334

4

Babblers (Turdoides)

31

22

Bush-Shrikes (Malaconotus)

335

5

Tits

78

23

Bush-Shrikes (Telophorus), nicators

350

6

Tits, penduline tits

79

24

Tchagras

351

7

Tits, nuthatches and others

94

25

Puffbacks

398

8

Sunbirds (Anthreptes) ..

95

26

Boubous, gonoleks (Laniarius)

399

9

Sunbirds (Anabathmis, Hedydipna)

142

27

Bush -Shrikes, boubous (Laniarius)

414

lO

Sunbirds (Cyanomitra) .

143

28

Helmet -Shrikes

415

11

Sunbirds (Chalcomitra)

158

29

Orioles

462

12

Sunbirds (Nectarinia)

159

30

Drongos, choughs and others .

463

13

Double-collared sun birds

206

31

Piapiac, crows, ravens. .

478

14

Sunbirds (Cinnyris)

207

32

Starlings (Poeoptera, Onychognathus)

479

15

Sunbirds (Cinnyris)

222

33

Starlings (Cinnyricinclus, Onychognathus)

526

16

Sunbirds (Cinnyris)

223

34

Starlings (Lamprotornis)

527

17

White-eyes

270

35

Starlings (Lamprotornis, Spreo) .

542

18

Shrikes, fiscals (Lanius)

271

36

Starlings (Sturn us and others), oxpeckers

543

VI

Plate 1

-

6 in 14

15 em

White-necked

Plate 2

Puvel's Illadopsis (p. 26) Illadopsis puveli puveli

Pale-breasted Illadopsis (p. 12) Illadopsis rufipennis

1-_ _ _ _ _ _6~in:.....-_ _ _ _ _____,J1 15 em I

15

Plate 3

15 em

Plate 4

Scaly Babbler (p. 56) Turdoides squamulatus

T. f. acaciae

6 in 15 em

I

I

31

Plate 5

Parus cinerascens

Stripe-breasted Tit (p. 81) Parus fasciiven ter

Parus rufiventris

15 em

Eurasian Penduline Tit (p. 120) R emiz pendulinus

Forest Penduline..Tt (p. 107) A nthoscopus flavifr~ns 'fl.avifrons

Yellow Penduline Tit (p. 109) Anthoscopus parvulus

roli

Sennar Pend . e Tit (p. 110) Anthoscopus punctifrons

Cape Penduline Tit (p. 115) Anthoscopus minutus

Grey Penduline it (p. 112) Anthoscopus caroli

6 in 15 em

Tit-hylia (p. 121) Pholidornis rushiae

79

Plate 7

Long-tailed Tit (p. 76) Aegithalos caudatus irbii

Eurasian Nuthatch (p. 125) Uta europaea atlas

Algerian Nuthateh (p. 124) Sitta ledanti

Wallcreeper (p. 127) Tichodroma muraria Spotted Creeper (p. 128) Salpomis spilonotus

94

6

in

15 em

Plate 8

Fraser's Sunbird (p. 153) Deleornis /raseri

6 in 15 em

I

95

Plate 9

Reichenbach's SunbirH (p. 155) nabat mis reichenba ii

Principe SunbirB (p. 57 A nabathmiS'-hartlaubii

Collared Sunbird (p. 219) Hedydipna collaris

142

6 in 15 em

Sunbird (p. 178)

6 in 15 em

143

Plate 11

Green-~'OflJt~· Sunbird

(p. 185)

Chalc

158

6 in 15 em

Plate 12

Plate 13 Rwenzori Double-collared Sunbird (p. Cinnyris stuhlmanni

50)

. reichenowi preussi

'UI"J1IU

206 15 em

(p. 235)

Plate 14

Orange-tufted Sunbird (p.

Cinnyris bouvieri

c. p. pulchella

207

Plate 15

222

I

I

Plate 16

15 em

Plate 17

Cameroon Speirops (p. 323) Speirop5 melanocephalus

Fernando Po Speirops (p. 325) Speira 5 brunneU5

. rincipe Speirops (p. 324) Speirop5 leucophaeus

Annobon White-eye (p. 313) Zosterops griseovirescens

• z. s. jacksoni

Z. s. anderssoni

Z.

5.

5tenocrita

Z. s. senegalensis

Zosterops senegalensis

.....

~

Pemba White-eye (p. 310) Zosterops vaughani

z. p. kaffensis

z. p. mbuluensis

Z. a. jlavilateralis

.. z. a. abyssinicus Abyssinian White-eye (p.314) Zoslerops abyssinicus 270

z. p. pallidus Z. p. capensis Cape White-eye (p. 318) Zosterops pallidus

Plate 18

Lanius collaris

6

in

15 em

Plate 19

286

6

in

15 em

Plate 20

Plate 21

Yellow form Orange form

Green-breasted Bush-Shrike (p. 393)

Malaconotus gladiator

M. b. approximans

M. b. hypopyrrhus

M. b. catharoxanthus

M~unt Kupe Bush-Shrike (p. 395) alaconotus kupeensis

Uluguru Bush-Shrike (p. 394)

Malaconotus alius

334

6 in

15 em

Plate 22 o Grey phase

M. m. batesi

o

Yellow phase

Many-coloured

J)usn··;:tJlD'U~C:

Malaconotus multicolor

:.tW. n. manning;

a

Red phase

6 in 15 em

335

Plate 23

patched Shrike ( . 416) Telophorus cruentus

o Yellow phase

o

Red phase

oherty's Bush-Shrike (p. 411) Telophorus dohertyi

Bokmakierie (p. 412) Telophorus zeylonus zeylonus

Neolestes torquatus

Eastern Nicator (p icator ~laris

350

6 in 15 em

~

3)

Plate 24

~

Three-streaked Tchagra (p. 424) Tchagra jamesi jamesi Blackcap Bush-Shrike (p. 418) Antichromus minutus minutus

T. a. emini

T. a. souzae T. a. ansorgei

Brown-crowned Tchagra (p. 421) Tchagra australis

T. s. tchagra

T. s. natalensis

T. s. remigialis

'Southern Tchagra (p. 425) Tchagra tchagra Black-crowned Tchagra (p. 426) Tchagra senegala

T. s. habessinica

T. s. orienta/is

T. s. armena

6 in 15 em

351

Plate 25

398

Plate 26

(p. 445)

15 em

Plate 27

Laniarius bicolor stricturus

414

r-_____-:-6~in~-----r1 15 em

I

Plate 28

~_ _ _ _ _6_in_ _ _ _ _--r1

15 em

I

415

Plate 29

0. a. auratus

Western Black-headed Orio e Oriolus Machyrhynchus

sinian Black-headed Oriole (p . 513) Orio/us monacha m nacha

~

462

6

in

15 em

Plate 30

G. g. minor

6 in 15 em

463

Plate 31

15 em

Plate 32

6

in

15 em

479

Plate 33

526

6

in

15 em

Plate 34

6 in 15 em

Plate 35

542

6

in

15 em

Plate 36

Common Starling (p . 653) Sturn us vulgaris

6

in

15 em

543

AUTHORSHIP

C. H. Fry: Picathartidae, Chaetops frenatus, Ptyrticus, Turdoides, Phyllanthus, Lioptilus, Kupeornis, Horizorhinus, Panurus, Aegithalidae, Parus fasciiventer, P. major, P. fringillinus, P. funereus, P. albiventris, P. leuconotus, P. leucomelas, P. cristatus, P. ater, P. caeruleus, Remizidae, Sittidae, Salpornithidae, Certhiidae, Anabathmis, Dreptes, Anthobaphes, Cyanomitra, Chalcomitra, Nectarinia, H edydipna collaris, H. platura, H. metallica, Cinnyris, Zosteropidae, Promeropidae, Lanius collaris, L. newtoni, L. dorsalis, L. somalicus, L. cabanisi, L. mackinnoni, L. excubitoroides, L. gubernator, L. souzae, Corvina, Urolestes, Eurocephalus, Malaconotus, Telophorus zeylonus, T. cruentus, Dryoscopus, Laniarius, Nilaus, Oriolidae (except O. oriolus), Ptilostomus, Pica, Garrulus, Nucifraga, Pyrrhocorax, Poeoptera, Onychognathus (except O. morio, O. neumanni and O. nabouroup), Lamprotornis cupreocauda, L. purpureiceps, L. purpureus, L. chalcurus, L. chaly baeus, L. chloropterus, L. acuticaudus, L. ornatus, L. splendidus, L. caudatus, L. purpuropterus, L. mevesii, Speculipastor, Grafisia, Neocichla, Creatophora, Zavattariornis, Sturnus, Acridotheres, Buphagidae. S. Keith: Field Characters and Voice Sections; and Illadopsis, Kakamega, Pseudalcippe, Telophorus viridis, T. dohertyi, Neolestes, Nicator, Corvus frugilegus, C. monedula. D. Pearson: most Description Sections; and Lanius nubicus, L. minor, L. meridionalis, L. isabellinus, L. collurio, L. senator, Antichromus, Tchagra, Oriolus oriolus, Dicrurus, Pholia, Cinnyricinclus. A.

J. F. Craig:

Onychognathus morio, O. neumanni, O. nabouroup, Lamprotornis nitens, L. corruscus,

L. australis, Spreo bicolor. L. Grimes: Chaetops pycnopygius.

M. P. S. Irwin: Anthreptes, Hedydipna pallidigastra. D. Wiggins: Parus griseiventris, P. cinerascens, P. afer, P. thruppi, P. rufiventris, P. carpi, P . niger. R. Wilkinson: Lamprotornis iris, L. unicolor, L. regius, L. shelleyi, L. hildebrandti, L. superbus, L. fischeri, Spreo albicapillus. E. K. Urban: Prionops, Corvus (remaining species).

Vll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A work as large and complex as even a single one of this series of volumes could not be contemplated, and certainly not brought to a timely conclusion, without its many contributors drawing upon the help and expertise of a small army of specialists. The editorial process is essentially one of constructive criticism and adaptation. It says a great deal about those specialists, colleagues, biologists, birders, authors, artists, soundrecordists and other colleagues and friends, that they have responded with enthusiasm and goodwill to the editors' demands on their patience in researching a vast literature and writing multiple drafts. For the skills, cooperation, tolerance and kindliness of all of the other members of the team, the editors and the Publisher are sincerely indebted. David Pearson has become 'our man at the museum' and has taken descriptions and measurements of most species and subspecies in this volume, working on the collections of the Natural History Museum (formerly the British Museum of Natural History), Department of Ornithology, in Tring, UK. For access to specimen and library holdings and other facilities, and for the ready help and guidance of administrators, curators and librarians of this and other museums and libraries, we are most grateful to: the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History (Department of Ornithology), Durban Natural History Museum, Field Museum of Natural History, Josselyn Van Tyne/Wilson Ornithological Society Library, Kendal Natural History Museum, Liverpool Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles County Museum (Bird Division), Maidstone Museum, Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren), Namibian Scientific Society, National Museums of Kenya (Nairobi), National Museum of Zimbabwe (Bulawayo), National Museums of Scotland (Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh), North of England Zoological Society, Transvaal Museum (Bird Division, Pretoria), US National Museum of Natural History, Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, and Zoological Society of London. The editors are further indebted for facilities at, and the support of, their respective institutions: Aberdeen University (Department of Zoology), American Museum of Natural History (Department of Ornithology) and Augusta State University (Department of Biology). Authors David Wiggins and Roger Wilkinson are similarly indebted respectively to Uppsala University (Department of Ecology) and North of England Zoological Society (Chester). Martin Woodcock, almost as much at the museum as

in his studio, whose commitment to the project has done so much to enrich it, is most grateful to Robert Prys-Jones, Mark Adams and Frank Steinheimer at the Natural History Museum and to Ed Jarzembowski at Maidstone Museum. Linda Birch and Mike Wilson of the Alexander Library of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford University, have become indispensable to the project in supplying literature not otherwise readily available to the executive editor. With much generosity Neil Baker provided painstakingly detailed, point-plotted maps and distributional notes on nearly all Tanzanian species in this volume. Robert Dowsett and Fran~oise Dowsett-Lemaire have taken a particular interest in the entire project for almost as long as have the editors, and during the preparation of Volume VI have helped in numerous ways, from tape-recordings to hospitality and from refereeing to biology. At our behest Michael Irwin made a comprehensive review of the taxonomy of sun birds (Nectariniidae) and we have adopted his arrangement. As work on sun birds progressed, many draft accounts were exchanged with Robert Cheke, who is monographing the family. Robert Dawson contributed new observations on the biology of Tchagra senegala. Tony Harris was to have written the tchagra shrikes but circumstances prevented him from doing so; instead, he kindly provided us with copious notes and abundant data about them. Louis A. Hansen provided voluminous moult, mens ural and weight data, from Tanzania, and so did Michael King of the Gambia Ringing Project. Tom Huels gave his unpublished research data on Lamprotornis superbus, and David Bygott and Geoffrey Field did likewise with L. unicolor and Cinnyricinclus leucogaster. For refereeing species accounts we thank Chris Bowden (picathartes, several Cameroon bush-shrikes and sunbirds), Peter Davidson (Socotra birds), Richard Dean (some babblers), Fran~oise Dowsett-Lemaire (several babblers, Nicator, Neolestes, many bush-shrikes and Onychognathus starlings and numerous sunbirds), Colin Jackson (Tacazze Sunbird), Morne du Plessis (some babblers), David Pearson (all babblers and most sunbirds) and Roger Wilkinson (long-tailed starlings). For critiques of the colour illustrations we and Martin Woodcock are most grateful to John Ash, Alec ForbesWatson and John Miskell. Besides the above-named people who have particular areas of expertise, there are many who gave their time and invaluable help in answering a host of questions, or who willingly provided taxonomic and other advice,

Vlll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

tape-recordings, ringing and nest-record data, access to museum material, information on particular species or regions, museum specimen data printouts, weights, longevities, reprints, translations, contacts, hospitality and field assistance. Editors, authors and artists alike take pleasure in recording their heartfelt thanks to: Gary Allport, Phil Angle, John Ash, John Atkins, Graeme Backhurst, G. Balan