The Birds of Africa Volume III 9781472927002, 9781408190548

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express, first, our sincere appreciation of the authors. Researching their subj ects in field, mu seum and library, and writing species accounts to exacting standards, are extremely time-consuming. Authors' drafts have then been subjected to the seemingly endless process of revision by colleagues, referees and editors. Our authors have borne all this with patience and goodwill for which, and for their diligence, we warmly thank them . e. W . Benson, among the greatest of African ornithologists, died whilst researching and writing the P sittacidae, and we are particularly grateful to his widow, F. M. Benson, and to S . N . Stuart, for completing his work. W e are much indebted to referees, whose input has been meticulous and invaluable. R eferees for thi s volume have been : Psittacidae, G. A . Smith; Musophagidae, M. Candy, e. Erard, G . J . Morel, D . K . R ead and the late M . K . Rowan; Cuculidae, J. F . R. Colebrook-Robjent, e. J. Vernon and S. N . Stuart; Tytcinidae, A. e. K emp ; Strigidae, N . Collar, P . Colston, B. King, T . J. Roberts and P . Steyn; Caprimulgidae, the late e. W . Benson, J . F . R. Colebrook-Robjent and D . H . Jackson; Apodidae, J . S . Ash , R . K . Brooke, A. Brosset, R . M. Harwin , R . de Naurois, A. Prigogine, R. K . Schmidt, W . Serle, P . Steyn and E. K . Urban (we are especiall y grateful to R . K . Brooke, who commented painstakingly on all 22 species); Coliidae, H . Schifter; Trogonidae, A. Brosset; A1cedinidae, G . Arkell, D . Boag, A . Brosset, P . J . K . Burton, P . A. Clancey, R. J . D outhwaite, P . W. Greig-Smith, D. B. Hanmer, P . J. Jones, B. S . Meadows, R. de Naurois, H . U. R eyer and A . Tye; M eropidae, J . S. Ash, P . L. Britton, H . Q . P . Crick, G. R . Cunningham-van Someren, M . D yer, D . B. Hanmer, R . M . H arwin, R . E . Hegner, J . Krebs and T . J . Roberts; Coraciidae, J . S. Ash , M . P . S . Irwin, J . M . Thiollay and A . Tye; Phoeniculidae, e. H . Fry and S. K eith; Upupidae, D . M . Skead; Bucerotidae, e. H . Fry, J . K alina and M. I. K emp; Capitonidae, G. R . Cunningham-van Someren, also D . R. Aspinwall and H . Winkler; Indicatoridae, H . Friedmann, also G . R . Cunningham-van Someren, A . W. Diamond and H . Adan I sack; Picidae, G . R . C unningham -van Someren, F . D owsett-Lemaire, T. Oatley and H. Winkler. Again we are greatly indebted to the many museums holding African avian collections. For study facilities and specimen loans we thank the Trustees and staff of: The American Museum of Natural History, Department of Ornithology; British Museum (Natural History), Sub-Department of Ornithology; Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Durban Museum; Field Museum of Natural History, Bird Division; Los Angeles County Museum, Bird Division; Merseyside County Museum, Liverpool; Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, T ervuren ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn; National Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo; National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; Smithsonian Institution, US National Museum of Natural History, D epartm ent of Ornithology; and Transvaal Museum, Bird Department. For copious assistance with literature we thank especially the Edward Grey Institute, Oxford University. For the loan of bird sound recordings we are grateful to the British Library of Wildlife Sounds, the Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology, and the Tran svaal Museum Bird D epartment . We owe particular thanks to the following staff members of these institutions : P . J . K . Burton, P . A . Clancey, P . Colston, G . Cowles, G . R. Cunningham-van Someren , rFitzpatrick, I. e. J . Galbraith, F . B. Gill, J . Gulledge, A . Harris, M . P. S. Irwin, H. D . Jackson, A . e. Kemp, R . K ettle, A. Knox, P . Lorber, M . Louette, J . M endelsohn, P. Morgan, J . P . Myers, S. L. Olson, K. e. Parkes, R. Paynter , D . Read, H . Schifter, R . W . Schreiber, K.-L. Schuchmann, L. L. Short, W . R. Siegfried, D . Steadman, M . A . Traylor, M . W alters, G . E . Watson and D. S. Wood. During the preparation of species accounts, we have drawn heavily upon the special knowledge of numerous colleagues, who have given us access to unpublished and pre-published works, provided measurem ents, .weights, information on distribution and food, and library materials, and have responded to a hos t of queries. For their help we have pleasure in thanking: J . Anderson, J. S. Ash, D . R. Aspinwall, G . e. Backhurst, S. Baha el Din, D . Baird, P. e. Beaubrun, P. Becker, the late e. W. Ben son, P . Bergier, L. Bortoli, P . St. J. Bowen , J . Bradbury, R. Brereton, S. Brereton, M . de L. Brooke, R. K . Brooke, D. Brooks, A . Brosset, P . W . P . Brown e, M . D . Bruce, N . Bryant, P . J . K . Burton, M. Byrne, B. Campbell, M. Candy, J . Carver, M . A. Casado, R. Chancellor, K . A. Chapman, e. Chappuis, J . F. R. Colebrook-Robjent, N . Collar, D . R . Collins, P . R . Colston, J . Cracraft, the late S. Cramp, H . Q . P . Crick, A. A. Crowe, G . R. Cunningham-van Someren , W. R. J. Dean, M . J . Delany, I. Dillingham, J . E. W . Dixon, R . J . Douthwaite, R. J . Dowsett, F. Dowsett-Lemaire, E . K . Dunn, J. H . Elgood, e. e. H . Elliott, H. F. I. Elliott, e. Erard, H . Eriksen, H . Fanshawe, e. J . Feare, G. D . Field, D. Fisher, M. Fisher, R. W . Furness, K. L. Garrett, J. P. Gee, P . Geroudet, P. J . Ginn, S . M. Goodman, D . Gordon, H . H . Gray, A . A . Green, L. Grimes, J . Gulledge, S. I. Guttman, D. B. Hanmer, A . Harper, A . Harris, J . Harwin, W . J . Haswell , e. J. Hazevoet, S. H ead, J . Hinshaw, P . Hogg, D . J. Holmes, J. H . Hosken, S. Howe, R. Hudson , M . A. Huntley, L. Hyde, J . L. Ingold , M . P . S. Irwin, H . D . Jackson, M . e. Jennings, R. A . e. J ensen, R. John s,.3. D. H . Johnson , K. A. Joysey, J. Kalina, M. Kelsey, A . e. Kemp, M . I. Kemp, B. King, P . J . Knight, P . e. Lack, B. Lamarche, V . Lambert, H. Lapham, e. L evassor, A. Lewis, W . Liell-Cock, E . Little, G. Lodge, T . Lodge, P . Lorber , M . Louette, G. L. Maclean , e. Marais, G. J. Morel, A . Morris, R. de Naurois, J . H. van Niekerk, G. Nikolaus, T. B. Oatley, B. Ochando, R. O sborne, P . Pattie, R. B. Payne, J. R. Peek, E. H. Penry, M . W . Pienkowski, J . Plunkett, R . Plunkett, D . Pomeroy, v

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A. J. Prater, A. Prigogine, M. D. Rae, R. Ralph, M. I. Rawahy, J. F. Reynolds, M. Ridley, A. A. Ridley, D . Robel, T . J . Roberts, D . V. Rockingham-Gill, the late M . K . Rowan, R. G . Ryan, A . Sala, D . Schmidl, R. W . Schreiber, K. - L. Schuchmann, W. Serle, J. T . R. Sharrock, C. Sibley, W. R. Siegfried, C. J. Skead, N . J. Skinner, M. Smart, G . S. Smith, D . W. Snow, W . Stanford, T. Stevenson, P . Steyn, R. Stjernstedt, the late B. W. H. Stronach, S. N. Stuart, C. D. Taylor, R. B. Taylor, K. Thangavelu, M. Thevenot, J. M. Thiollay, D. H. Thomas, P. Thomsen, R. Thomsen , D . A. Turner, A . Tye, J . P . Vande weghe, C. A. Vaucher, C. Vernon, J. D . R. Vernon, C. Violani, L. Walkinshaw, M . Walters, G. E. Watson, A. J. S. Weaving, G. R. Welch, H. J. Welch, R. Wilkinson, M. Wilson and J . B. Wood . W e acknowledge with thanks the following sources of material for the preparation of black and white line illustrations : F . G . H. Allen in Birds of the World (1970) (Cypsiurus parvus, Apus caffer); F . V. Blackburn in British Birds ( 1975 )(Caprimulgus europaeus ); P. Blasdale (Caprimulgus tristigma); R . Bloomfield in Birds of the World (1970 ) (Lybius torquatus); D. Boag in 'The Kingfisher' (1982) (Alcedo atthis); D . Bromhall in 'Devil Birds' (1980) (Apus apus ); A . Brosset and R . Darchen in Biologia Gabonica (1967) (Halcyon badia); J . Carr in Birds ofthe World (1970 ) (Bucorvus abyssinicus ); R. W . Carroll (Caprimulgus binotatus); J . P. Chapin in 'Birds of the Belgian Congo ' (1954 ) (N eafrapus cassini, Cypsiurus parvus and Tachymarptis aequatorialis); A . Christiansen in Birds of the W orld (1970 ) (Psittacus erithacus ); D . M . Cottridge in British Birds (1981 ) (Apus pallidus); H . Q. P. Crick (Merops bullocki ); J . P . D ecoux (Coliidae); N . J . Demong (M erops bullockoides); A. D evez in 'Vie de la Foret Equatoriale' (1976 ) (Scotopelia bouvieri, Apaloderma aequatoriale, Campethera caroZz· and C. nivosa); M . Dizerens in Tierwelt (1982) ( Tachymarptis melba ); R. J . D outhwaite in Journal of the East African Natural History Society (1978) (Ceryle rudis ); J . Echevarri and M. Olano in Natural History (1981 ) (M erops apiaster); F. Erize in Birds of the World (1970) (Lybius leucomelas); M. Fogden in Birds of the World (1970) (Gymnobucco bonapartei); R. Fothergill in Honeyguide ( 1984 ) (Agapornis lilianae ); O. von Frisch in Bonner Zoologische Beitrage (1966) (Coracias garrulus); C. H . Fry (Centropus senegalensis, Merops oreobates, M. breweri, M. albicollis, M . malimbicus), in Journal of Zoology (1969) (Macrodipteryx longipennis), in Ibi s (1980) (Halcyon leucocephala and H. chelicuti ) and in Ostrich (1982) (M erops nubicus); M. Gartshore (Merops breweri ); U. N . Glutz von Blotzheim and K . M . Bauer in ' Handbuch der Vogel Mitteleuropas' (1980) (Apus apus, Cuculus canorus and J ynx torquilla ); M. Goetz (Bubo africanus, Dtus leucotis); P . W . Greig-Smith in O strich (1978) (Halcyon senegalensis); M . Herremans and J . Stevens in Malimbus (1983) (Caprimulgus climacurus); F . Hoffer (Apaloderma narina); E . Hosking in Birds of the World (1970) (Trachy phonus darnaudii ); R . A. C. Jen sen in ' Birdlife of Southern Africa' (1979) (Clamator glandarius); P. Johnson in Birds of the W orld (1970) (Phoeniculus purpureus, Lybius leucomelas); J . Karmali in 'Birds of Africa' (1980) (Bucorvus cafer); A . K emp (Strix woodfordi, Bubo lacteus, B . africanus, Deus scops, D. senegalensis); J . D . Ligon in The Living Bird ( 1978 ) (Phoeniculus purpureus); H . Lohrl in D er Ornithologische Beobachter (1978) (Jynx torquilla); J . Markham in British Birds (1961 ) (Caprimulgus europaeus); H . Mester and W. Priinte in Ornithologische Mitteilungen (1957) (Apus apus ); N . M yburgh in ' Birdlife of Southern Africa' (1979) (Geocolaptes olivaceus); R. de Naurois in Alauda ( 1985 ) (Zoonavena thomensis ); G . N ewlands (Bubo africanus); K . Newman (Caprimulgus fossii), in ' Birdlife of Southern Africa' (1979) (Cuculus solitarius, Dendropicosfuscescens) and in Birds of the World (1970) ( Trachy phonus levaillantii ); K . Newman and P . Steyn in Bokmakierie (1970) (Cuculus solitarius); L. Norstrom in Birds of the World (1970) (Apus affinis ); C. E. Palmer in British Birds (1981 ) (Apus apus); M. Pforr and A. Limbrunner in ' Breeding Birds of Europe', Vol. 2 (1982) (Coracias garrulus ) and in ' Bird Life' (1979) ( Upupa epops); J. Pick in British Birds (1981 ) (Apus pallidus); D. C. H . Plowes in Birds of the World (1970) (Cypsiurus parvus and Phoeniculus cyanomelas); R. Reucassel in Bokmakierie (1970) (Sco topelia peli ); H . U . Reyer in Ostrich (1980) (Halcyon chelicuti ); J . F . R eynolds (Caprimulgus pectoralis), and in British Birds (1975) (Coracias garrulus); H. M . Salmon in British Birds (1969) (Apus caffer); H . Schouten in British Birds (1981 ) (Apus apus ); L. L. Short in American Museum Novitates (1985) (Indicator variegaeus, Trachyphonus ery throcephalus, T. darnaudii ); G . A. Smith in Avicultural Magazine ( 1972) (Psittacula krameri ) and in Ibis (1975) (Poicephalus spp. and Psiitacula krameri ); V. G . L. van Someren in ' Days with Birds' (1956) (Centropus superciliosus); J . Stannard in Bokmakierie (1971 ) ( Tauraco persa); P. Steyn (Caprimulgus f ossii and Centropus superciliosus), in Ostrich Supplement (1971 ) (Caprimulgus tristigma ), in Bokmakierie ( 1973 and 1976) ( Upupa epops), and in ' Delight of Owls' (1984) ( Tyto alba, T. capensis, Bubo africanus, B . capensis, B . lacteus, Scotopelia peli, Glaucidium perla tum and Asio capensis); J . F. and M . Terrasse in Birds ofthe World (1970) ( Tachy marptis melba ); W . Tarboton in Bokmakierie (1970) (Dendropicos namaquus); J. M. Thiollay in Annales d ' Universite d' Abidjan, series E, Ecologie (1971 ) (Halcyon malimbicus); R. Thompson in British Birds ( 1961 ) (Caprimulgus europaeus ); K . Voous in 'Atlas of European Birds' (1960) ( Tachymarptis melba); D. Waters (Psittacula krameri ); A. J . S. Weaving (Macrodipteryx vexillaria) and in Bokmakierie (1973) ( Upupa epops); and M. C. Wilkes in British Birds (1981 ) (Apus apus). All colour plates in this volume are the work of Martin Woodcock, and all black and white line illustrations except those given below were drawn by Ian Willis. Like the authors, the artists have accommodated all referees' and editors' demands, and we are particularly grateful to them for their skill and ready co-operation. The following line drawings in the text are by C. H . Fry: Caprimulgus binotatus (A, B), C. europaeus (B), C. pectoralis (A), Macrodipteryx longipennis (B), Neafrapus cassini (A ), Cypsiurus parvus (A), Apus apus (B), A. pallidus (A), A. caffer (A - right), A. affinis (A), Tachymarptis aequatorialis (A), T . melba (A), Colius striatus (C), C. colius (A), Apaloderma narina (A), Merops nubicus (A) and Upupa epops (A-D ). Martin Woodcock has spent many months on field sketching safaris in Africa, expressly to improve his

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

portraiture of birds in this work. He is grateful to all those friends and correspondents who have kindly offered criticism, help and information and especially photographs, in particular: the Editors and authors and, in Africa, N . E . Baker, Block Hotels, E . and A. Boswell, J. and A . J. Beakbane, W. and N . Cooper, M. A . C. and E. Coverdale, G . R . Cunningham-van Someren, K . B. Newman, D . J. Pearson , M . Ross, T . Stevenson and D . A. Turner. H e is especially indebted to the Trustees and staff of the British Museum (Natural History) Sub-department of Ornithology at Tring for the loan of specimens and for their help . Again it is our pleasure to thank C. Chappuis for preparing the acoustic references, Lois Urban for indexing the book, our wives Kathie Fry, Sallyann Keith and Lois Urban for their support and understanding, and lastly Andrew Richford of Academic Press (London) Ltd, himself an experienced ornithologist, who has done more to sti tch the entire work together than its readers can ever know . September 1987

C. Hilary Fry Stuart Keith Emil K. Urban

VII

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LIST OF PLATES Facing Page

Plate

Plate

Facing Page

1 Parrots . .

32

17 Kingfishers

304

2 Parrots ..

33

18 Bee-eaters

305

3 Turacos

48

19 Bee-eaters

320

4 Turacos

49

20 Rollers . .

321

5 Cuckoos

%

21 Wood-hoopoes and Hoopoe . .

352

6 Cuckoos

97

22 Hombills

353

7 Owls

112

23 Hombills

368

8 Owls

113

24 Hombills

369

9 Owls

160

25 Barbets . .

400

10 Night jars

161

26 Barbets ..

401

Night jars

176

27 Barbets ..

416

12 Swifts

177

28 Barbets and wrynecks .

41 7

Swifts

240

29 Honeyguides and honeybirds .

448

14 Colies

241

30 Piculets and woodpeckers

449

15 Trogons and kingfishers

256

31 Woodpeckers

464

16 Kingfishers

257

32 Woodpeckers

465

11

13

xi

This page intentionally left blank

Plate 1

Yellow-fronted Parrot (p.13) Poicephalus f lavifrons Ad.

~,------

! Niam-Niam Parrot (p.9) Poicephalus crassus Ad.

\

\j

'\

Brown-headed Parrot (p. 11) Poicephalus c. cryptoxanthus Ad.

Meyer's Parrot (p.7) Poicephalus meyeri

African Orange-bellied Parrot (p.IO) Poicephalus r. rufiventris

32

Plate 2

Rosy-faced Lovebird (p. 18) Agapornis r. roseicollis Ad.

~({

Grey Parrot (p.2) Psittacus e. erithacus

1['v~

Ad.

~

Black-collared Lovebird (p. 17) Agapornis swinderniana

Black-cheeked Lovebird (p.21) Agapornis t. nigrigenis Ad.

,~

~

Lovebird~~~ 20)

Fischer's Agapornis fischeri

Yellow-collared Lovebird (p.19) Agapornis personata Ad.

~Ad

/

"-f '{\ 30cm

33

Plate 3

C--~~\"--~

/",~\

.,.""

,

(r

/

/'

I

Purple-crested Turaco (p.44)

V

Musophaga p, porphy reolopha

:::",.

White-crested Turaco (p.38) Tauraco leucolophus

l~t

Tur",o (p.4.)

Musophaga violacea

,/

~~ \ Ross's Turaco (p.47) Musophaga rossae

\

\

Bare-faced Go-away Bird (p.53)

Eastern Grey Plantain-eater (p.57)

Gorythaixoides personata leopoldi

Grimfer zonorus

/

/ yW

Great Blue Turaco (p.27) Gorythaeola cristata ~"­

"'----

~~

-~---/

White-bellied Go-away Bird (p.54)

\?

Griniferoides leucogaster

/

)

I

48

---

Grimfer piscator

Grey Go-away Bird (p.51) Gorythaixoides c, concolor

-----------

L.

Western Grey Plantain-eater (p.55)

- ..

--~-'~~,~

\

-----

-_\ _ _ _ _ _ 12_in_ _ _ _.....,...I

30cm

Plate 4

.~ --------~'-~ Fischer's Turaco (p.35) Tauraco f fisch eri ~

~--=~ --~~ Black-billed Turaco (p.35) Tauraco schuetti emini

~/

( ----~" \

~

\

\ (~~ C-

\

\~

j \

~~

Bannerman's Turaco (p.38) Tauraco bannerm ani

~

Ruspoli's Turaco (p.42) Tauraco ruspolii

~'

"~,/

~

"

\

,

Red-crested Turaco (p.39) Tauraco ery throlophus \

/'

12in 30cm

49

Plate 5

cutus c.

can~ru s

~ I

c.

/

.

c. gabo nenSis I mm .

l African Emerald Cuckoo (p.83) Chrysococcyx c.

S

~r----~ _~=~~.'---.... ~ .~, '\

. Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo (p. 81) Cercococcyx monta nus

\

Ad .

rr ~'-----'

12in

96

30cm

i

I

Plate 6

Centropus grillii

Imm.

~u

!

Coppery-tailed Coucal (p . 94) Centropus cupreicaudus Ad. ) I

.... ~~

12in 30 cm

U i

!

97

Plate 7

I

;'

(

.

Rufous Fishing-Owl (p. Scotopelia ussheri

136~ P el's Fishing-Owl (p. 134) Scotopelia peli

(~ ~

Short-eared Owl (p. 152) Asio f f lammeus

~

s.

w.

~

~ood

\TawnYOw~)

S trzx aluco mauritanica

\

fr~~\j 12in

112

~ ,/~~ (p~

African Owl Strzx .woodfordii

u n \

,i",i"" ,i" \

30cm

I

I

Plate 8

l~ (

B . c. mackinderi (Mackinder' s Eagle-Owl)

Eurasian Eagle-Owl (p . 122) B ubo bubo ascalaphus

/

J

/

(

' Shelley's Eagle-Owl (p . 130) Bubo shelleyi

/

"'-~

Akun Eagle-Owl (p. 133) Bubo leucostictus

12in

30c m 113

Plate 9

Pearl-spotted Owlet (p. 139) Glaucidium perlatum licua

/

Little Owl (p. 144) A thene noctua glaux

\~--~

(

z

r\

White-faced Scops Owl (p.119) Otus I. leucotis

\

Chestnut-backed Owlet (p . 143) Glaucidium sjostedti

~

/~~\

~~

\

)

\

~'

CJ

~

\

Red-chested Owlet (p. 140)

G~um "Ph"n"u)" "\

Pemba Scops Owl (p. 118) Otus pembaensis

L

O.

1( Bruce',

ScoP'

Owl

30cm

(P.ll.!

O,u, brn,,; ",,"anu,

/

r

(\

Sao Tome Scops Owl (p.117) Otus hartlaubi

Sokoke Scops Owl (p. 114) Otus ireneae

160

c::J

\\

L£( ; -r v

12in

Plate 10

/'r ~ / c.

e. plum ipes Ad . 9

)

:l- /

~

Donaldson-Smith's Night jar (p. 174) Caprimulgus donaldsoni

,; ~:::::=ELW~>

--

30cm

~)

16 1

Plate 11

Brown Night jar (p. 159) Caprimulgus binotatus

~-~--

(

Caprimulgus t. tristigma

~----~--

Macrodipteryx vexillaria

Black-shouldered Night jar (p.171) Caprimulgus nigriscapularis Ad. 9

~

Rwenzori Night jar (p. 173) ~ Caprimulgus ruwenzorii

L---~

==--_______~~--.,._ -.. . ;;....,..~--.;;:::

176

30cm

Ad. 9

,~

.

~

~

Nigh~

Mountain Caprimulgus p. poliocephalus

~-~~

,.-'~

Plate 12

Note All species shown in dorsal and ventral views.

12in

30cm

177

Plate 13

12in

240

30cm

Plate 14

(\ White-headed Mousebird (p.254)

~

Colius l. leucocephalus

~

~

{~

White-backed Mousebird (p. 247~

\

Colius colius

(

,/.

\

~~

\

/~ue-naped Mousebird (p.245) /

30cm

Urocolius macrourus

24 1

Plate 15

::

r'

"

J

Miombo Pied Barbet (p . 447) Tricholaema Jrontata

/

~

/

Pied Barbet (p.450) Tricholaema I. leucomelaina

(

4r

Red-fronted Barbet (p . 445) Tricholaema d. diademata -

(?

Spot-flanked Barbet (p.451)

~m""

~

(~

duchaillu~' 442) ~

Yellow-spotted Barbet B uccanodon

~ /

/ 400

30cm

Plate 26

'~ltached Tinke~blrd

' ,Green Tinkerbird (p.430)

Green (p.431)

Pogoniulus simplex

Pogoniulus leucomyslax

~ Western Green Tinkerbird (p. Pogoniulus c. coryphaeus

~

43~ /

(

~

White-chested Tinkerbird (p.435)

~i;:{i

Yellow-throated Tinkerbird (p.434) Pogoniulus s. subsulphureus

... . ., ., . ~

--'1'

....-/./

i.

"' ......... ,-. \ ., ......... ' .

/

~.-. -.-.

'~

j

" / 'v' j i St"~ " ..d .- ·'-.·- ..../ ~ } NIGER) i . er ~ ....... -,;) -.~./ 1'/ C HAD r ' GA MBI~ '- . ~G' 1 c.~':::::- '9.:\ ~Ig .....-/ ~ ._ ~ I GUINEA- />--.~--. ........ ~. ('BURKINA - , - '