The Birds of Africa Volume V 9781472927026, 9780121373054

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As in previous volumes we are extremely grateful to our authors for the tremendous amount of time and effort spent in researching their species in the field, museum and library and in writing accounts to exacting standards; and for their patience and goodwill as we edited their accounts. We express our sincere thanks and appreciation to them. During the preparation of species accounts authors have drawn h eavily upon the sp ecial knowledge of numerous colleagues who have given them access to unpublished and prepublished works, their valuable time to referee the accounts and also their hospitality. We particularly appreciate all those who sent us unpublished field notes from recent trips; their contributions have helped make this volume more complete. For all their h elp we take great pleasure in thanking: I. S. Ash, the late D. R. Aspinwall, T. Aversa, G. C. Backhurst, N. and L. Baker, M . Bellatreche, L. Bennun, S. Bensch, A. Berruti, L. Birch, C. G. R. Bowden, the late R. K. Brooke, A. Brosset, T. M . Butynski, M . Carswell, C . Carter, the late R. T. Chapin, C. Chappuis, R. A. Cheke, P. Christy, P. A. Clancey, B. D . Colahan, P. R. Colston, N . I. Cordeiro, G. Cowles, H. Q . P. Crick, A. I. Cruickshank, P. D avidson, W. R. I. Dean, I.-P. D ecoux, A. D evez, R. I. Dowsett, F. Dowsett-Lemaire, R. I. D outhwaite, C. Dranzoa, M. Dyer, C. Erard, I. and H. Eriksen, T. Evans, the late I. Farrand Jr, L. D . C. Fishpool, K . L. Garrett, M . E. Gartshore, I. P. Gee, C. M. Gichuki, D. Goodall, A. A. Green, L. G . Grimes, D. Halleux, D . B. Hanmer, D. H asselquist, P. A. R. H ockey, C. W. Hustler, M. P. S. Irwin, G . Jarry, B. L. Johnson, E. D . H . Johnson, I. Kalina, D . Kelly, A. C. Kemp, R. Kettle, P. C. Lack, B. Lamarche, I.-M. Lernould, M . Louette, A. I. Manson, R. Martin, A. N. B. Masterson, G. Mauersberger, the late I. Mendelsohn, R. Medland, I. Miskell, G . I. Morel, D. C. Moyer, P. I. Mundy, R. de Naurois, G. Nikolaus, T . B. Oatley, S. L. Olson, U. Olsson, P. E. Osborne, R. K. Panza, D . A. Parkes, K. C. Parkes, I. R. Paxton, H . Penry, the late A. Prigogine, R. Quantrill, P. A. Rodewald, D . Sargent, K . Schulze-Hagen, L. L. Short, N. I. Skinner, K. de Smet, D . W. Snow, E . H . Stickney, R. Stjernstedt, S. N . Stuart, L. Svensson, W. Tarboton, P. B. Taylor, M. Thevenot, B . J. Tigar, M . A. Traylor, D . A. Turner, A. T ye, G. D . Underhill, I.-P. Vande weghe, I. D . R. Vernon, R. Vernon, J. Vincent, Y.-M. de Vivies, M . P. Walters. Special thanks are due to D . A. Zimmerman for refereeing the Cisticola texts, and to D . I. Pearson for checking the Cisticola maps. Again we are greatly indebted to the many museums holding African avian collections. For study facilities and specimen loans we thank the Trustees and staff of: The American Museum of Natural History, D epartment of Ornithology (and the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund for financial support for C. Erard); Natural History Museum (London), Department of Ornithology (Tring); Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Durban Natural History Museum; Field Museum of Natural History, Bird Division; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles (Brussels); Los Angeles County Museum, Bird Division; Musee National d 'Histoire Naturelle (Paris); Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren); Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard); National Museums of Kenya; National Museum of Zimbabwe; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Stockholm); Peabody Museum of Natural History (New Haven); Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; Royal Ontario Museum; Smithsonian Institution, US National Museum of N atural History, Department of Ornithology; Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde (Stuttgart); Transvaal Museum, Bird Division; Zoologishes Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig (Bonn); Zoologisches Museum (Berlin); and Zoologisk Museum (Copenhagen). For copious assistance with literature we (and particularly Hilary Fry) thank L. Birch and the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford University; also I. Hinshaw, The Josselyn Van T yne Memorial Library, Wilson Ornithological Society, University of Michigan. We are especially grateful to Aberdeen University Library and Augusta State University Reese Library for inter-library loan services. For supplying bird sound recordings we are grateful to R. Ranft and the British Library of Wildlife Sounds; G . F. Budney and the Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell University; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; the Transvaal Museum Bird Department; and most especially C. Chappuis and F. Dowsett-Lemaire. We owe special thanks to K . L. Garrett and P. I. LaFollete (Los Angeles County Museum) and L. B. Kiff (Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology) for providing printouts of their specimen collections and to I. S. Ash, R. I. Dowsett, G . Nikolaus, S. P. Rodwell and S. I. R. Rumsey for giving us substantial amounts of unpublished weight data. We acknowledge with thanks R. D. Wassenaar, Euring Data Bank and Netherlands Institute Ecology for providing European-African ringing data. We would especially like to acknowledge P. R. Colston of the Natural History Museum, Tring, who has willingly supplied authors with information on numerous occasions. L. G. Grimes provided valuable editorial support in researching literature from the Edward Grey Institute Library in Oxford. The following sources were used in the preparation ofline drawings: photo by P. W. Atkinson in Bird Conservation International 1991, 1 (Amaurocichla bocagez); drawings in G. L. Bates, Ibis 1927 (flycatcher bills); drawings by F. M . Benson in A. W. Vincent, Ibis 1947, 89 (Apalis nests); drawings in The Birds of the Western Palearctic 1992, VI, with kind permission of Oxford University Press (Cisticolajuncidis, Scotocerca inquieta); photo in I. P. Chapin, The Birds of the Belgian Congo 1953 (Schistolais leucopogon); photo in R. T. Chapin, Revue de Zoologie Ajricaine 1978, 92 (Muscicapa lendu); photos by A. Devez in A. Brosset, La Vie dans la Foret Equatoriale 1976 (several nests); drawings in C. Erard, Ecologie et Comportement des Gobe-mouches (Aves: Muscicapinae, Platysteirinae, Monarchinae) du Nord-Est du Gabon 1987 (flycatcher and batis behaviour); photo by I. Eriksen and H. Eriksen (Hippolais languida); sketch by v

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

M . Gartshore in An Avifaunal Survey of Tar National Park, Ivory Coast 1989 (Melaenornis annamarulae); drawings by D . Goodall in D . A. Parkes, Honeyguide 1993, 39 (Sylvietta nests); photos in P. J. Ginn, W. G. McIlleron and P.le S. Milstein, The Complete Book of Southern African Birds 1989 (several nests and portraits); drawings in T. Harris and G. Arnott, Shrikes of Southern Africa 1988 (Batis capensis, Lanioturdus torquatus); photo by Eric Hosking (Prinia gracilis); sketch in P. Kunkel Z eitschriftfiir Tierpsychologie 1974,34 (Eminia lepida); photo by I. Makatsch in British Birds 1965, 58 (Ficedula parva); photos in C. W. Mackworth-Praed and C . H. B. Grant, African Handbook of Birds I (2) 1960, II (2) 1963 and III (2) 1973 (many nests); photos by G. L. Maclean (Bradypterus baboecala, Eremomela icteropygialis); skins in Natural History Museum (London) (heads, tails); sketch by R. de Naurois (Prinia molten); photo in K. Newman, Bird Life in Southern Africa, 1979 (Priniafiavicans); photos by W. Nicholl (Sylvietta rufescens) and C. J. Uys (Parisoma layardt) in P. J. Ginn, W. G. McIlleron and P. Ie S. Milstein (eds), The Complete Book of Southern African Birds 1989; photo by R. Noller in Bokmakierie 1975,27 (Batis pririt); photo by P. Petit in Alauda 1993,61 (Cisticola juncidis); photos in V. G. L. van Someren, Days with Birds 1956 (nests); and drawings reproduced from L. Svensson, Identification Guide to European Passerines 4th ed 1992, with kind permission of the author (wings). Colour plates are the work of Martin Woodcock, and line illustrations are mainly by Ian Willis with some by Hilary Fry (Amaurochichla bocagei, Scotocerca inquieta, Ficedula parva) , Lars Svensson (wings) and Martin Woodcock (warbler and flycatcher bills and heads) . The artists, like the authors, have accommodated all referees' and editors' demands, and we are particularly grateful to them for their skill and ready cooperation. Emil Urban, as 'primus inter pares' editor for Volume 5, wants to thank especially Jane Millward, Lois Urban and colleagues at Augusta State University for all their help in coordinating the entire work and in preparing much of the front and back matter. Stuart Keith is extremely grateful to M . G . Fugate for providing accommodation during his visits to New York, and Emil Urban to J. and M . L. Schmidt for doing likewise during his visits to Washington, D.C. Again it is our pleasure to thank C. Chappuis for preparing the acoustic references, Lois Urban for preparing the bibliography and indexing the book, our wives Lois Urban, Kathie Fry and Sallyann Keith for their ever-present support, encouragement and understanding, and Andrew Richford of Academic Press (London) Ltd., who continues to be the driving force behind this project. January 1997

Emil K. Urban C. Hilary Fry Stuart Keith

Authorship by family

TURDIDAE C. H. Fry: Monticola. S. Keith and A. Prigogine: Zoothera. P. C. Lack: Turdus tephronotus. R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Turdus olivaceoJuscus. E. K. Urban: Psophocichla, Turdus (remaining 9 species).

SYLVIIDAE C. Erard: Hyliota violacea. C. H. Fry: Cettia, Bathmocercus, Schoenicola, Cisticola juncidis, Regulus, Sylvia leucomelaena, S. nana, S. rueppelli, S. melanocephala, S. melanothorax, S. mystacea, S. conspicillata, S. deserticola, S. undata, S. sarda, Parisoma, Hyliota jiavigaster, H . australis, H. usambarae. L. G. GriInes, C. H. Fry, and S. Keith: Bradypterus, Melocichla, Sphenoeacus, Incana, Heliolais, Urolais, Spiloptila, Drymocichla, Phyllolais, Urorhipis, Poliolais, Camaroptera, Calamonastes, Eminia, Hypergerus. M. P. S. Irwin: Cisticola rufilatus, C. subruficapillus, C. pipiens, C. Julvicapillus, C. angusticaudus, C. melanurus, C. textrix, C. dambo, Phragmacia, Prinia (except P molleri and P gracilis), Oreophilais, Schistolais, Apalis, Malcorus, Artisornis. M. P. S. Irwin and C. H. Fry: Prinia gracilis. S. Keith: H emitesia, Chloropeta, Cisticola chubbi, C. hunteri, C. nigriloris (and Field Characters and Voice for all Cisticola species), Scotocerca, Euryptila, Graueria, Macrosphenus, Hylia. P. C. Lack: Eremomela, Sylvieua. R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Prinia molleri, Amaurocichla. D. Pearson: Locustella, Acrocephalus, Hippolais, Phylloscopus, Sylvia (remaining 7 species). A. Tye: Cisticola (remaining 31 species).

MUSCICAPIDAE C. Erard: Fraseria, Melaenornis edolioides, M. pallidus, M. microrhynchus, Muscicapa striata, M. caerulescens, M. cassini, M. olivascens, M. epulata, M. sethsmithi, M. comitata, M. infuscata, Myioparus. C. H. Fry: Melaenornis (remaining 9 species), Empidornis, Muscicapa (remaining 7 species), Stenostira. D. Pearson: Ficedula.

MONARCHIDAE C. Erard: Erythrocercus mccallii, Elminia, Trochocercus, Terpsiphone (except T. atrochalybeia). R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Terpsiphone atrochalybeia. S. Keith: Erythrocercus holochlorus, E. livingstonei.

PLATYSTEIRIDAE C. Erard: Megabyas, Bias, Dyaphorophyia, Platysteira. C. Erard and C. H. Fry: Batis senegalensis, B. poensis, B. minima, B. ituriensis. C. H. Fry: Batis (remaining 12 species), Lanioturdus.

viii

Species authorship by contributor

c.

Erard: Hyliota violacea, Fraseria, Melaenornis edolioides, M. pallidus, M. microrhynchus, Muscicapa striata, M. caerulescens, M. cassini, M. olivascens, M. epulata, M. sethsmithi, M. comitata, M. infuscata, Myioparus, Eythrocercus mccallii, Elminia, Trochocercus, Terpsiphone (except T atrochalybeia), Megabyas, Bias, Dyaphorophyia, Platysteira.

c. Erard and C. H. Fry: Batis senegalensis, B. poensis, B.

minima, B. ituriensis.

C. H. Fry: Monticola, Cettia, Bathmocercus, Schoenicola, Cisticola juncidis, Regulus, Sylvia leucomelaena, S. nana, S. rueppelli, S. melanocephala, S. melanothorax, S. mystacea, S. conspicillata, S. deserticola, S. undata, S. sarda, Parisoma, Hyliota (except H. violacea), Melaenornis (remaining 9 species), Empidornis, Muscicapa (remaining 7 species), Stenostira, Batis (remaining 12 species), Lanioturdus. L. G. Grimes, C. H. Fry and S. Keith: Bradypterus, Melocichla, Sphenoeacus, Incana, H eliolais, Urolais, Spiloptila,

Drymocichla, Phyllolais, Urorhipis, Poliolais, Camaroptera, Calamonastes, Eminia, Hypergerus.

M. P. S. Irwin: Cisticola rufilatus, C. subruficapillus, C. pipiens, C. fulvicapillus, C. angusticaudus, C. melanurus, C. textrix, C. dambo, Phragmacia, Prinia (except P. molleri and P. gracilis), Oreophilais, Schistolais, Apalis, Malcorus, Artisornis. M. P. S. Irwin and C . H. Fry: Prinia gracilis. S. Keith: Hemitesia, Chloropeta, Cisticola chubbi, C. hunteri, C. nigriloris (and Field Characters and Voice for all Cisticola species), Scotocerca, Euryptila, Graueria, Macrosphenus, Hylia, Erythrocercus (remaining 2 species). S. Keith and A. Prigogine: Zoothera. P. C. Lack: Turdus tephronotus, Eremomela, Sylvietta.

R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Turdus olivaceofuscus, Prinia molleri, Amaurocichla, Terpsiphone atrochalybeia. D. Pearson: Locustella, Acrocephalus, H ippolais, Phylloscopus, Sylvia (remaining 7 species), Ficedula.

A. Tye: Cisticola (remaining 31 species). E. K. Urban: Psophocichla, Turdus (remaining 9 species).

ix

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LIST OF PLATES Plate

Facing Page

Plate

Facing Page

1 Rock-Thrushes ..

32

17 Warblers (Camaroptera and others)

320

2 Ground-Thrushes

33

18 Warblers (Eremomela)

321

3 Thrushes (Turdus)

48

19 Warblers (Sylvietta)

336

4 Thrushes (Turdus)

49

20 Warblers (Macrosphenus and others)

337

5 Warblers (Bradypterus, Cettia)

96

21 Warblers (Phylloscopus, Regulus)

400

6 Warblers (Bathmocercus and others)

97

22 Warblers (Parisoma, Sylvia)

401

7 Warblers (Acrocephalus) ..

112

23 Warblers (Sylvia) ..

416

8 Warblers (Chloropeta, Hippolais)

113

24 Warblers (Sylvia) ..

417

9 Warblers (Cisticola)

160

25 Flycatchers (Melaenornis, Empidornis)

480

10 Warblers (Cisticola)

161

26 Flycatchers (Muscicapa, Fraseria)

481

11 Warblers (Cisticola)

176

27 Flycatchers (Muscicapa and others)

496

12 Warblers (Cisticola)

177

28 Flycatchers (Elminia and others)

497

13 Warblers (Cisticola, Incana)

240

29 Flycatchers (Trochocercus, Terpsiphone) ..

544

14 Warblers (Prinia and others)

241

30 Wattle-eyes (Platysteira, Dyaphorophyia) ..

545

15 Warblers (Apalis)

256

31 Batises

560

16 Warblers (Apalis)

257

32 Batises

561

xi

Plate 1

rti ocinereus

Ad. d breeding

32

6 in 15cm

Plate 2 Abyssinian Ground-Thrush (p. 23) Zoothera piaggiae

z. p.

z. p. ruwenzorii

z. g. chuka

z. c. kibalensis

z. c. graueri

P 1. simensis

15 em

33

Plate 3

Imm.

T. o. smithi

Kurrichane Thrush (p.41) Turdus libonyanus libonyanus

48

Plate 4

Gulf of Guinea Thrush (po 31) Turdus olivaceofuscus

/

Mistle Thrush (po 50) Turdus viscivorus deichleri

Redwing (po 46) Turdus iliacus iliacus

Fieldfare (po 52) Turdus pilaris

T. m. merula

/ \

dwinter

49

Plate 5 Little Rush-Warbler (p. 63) Bradypterus baboecala ----

~~ Grauer', swamp - w a r b l e r - 2 __----::z...(p.67) Bradypterus graueri

~---:J

White-winged SwalIlp-Warbler (p. 65) B radypterus carpalis

--~ Ja River Scrub-Warbler (p. 68) B radypterus grandis

B . c. mildbreadi

B. b. godfreyi

Barratt's Warbler (p. 75) Bradypterus barratti

B. b. priesti

0:rgreen-FO..... Warbler (p. 70) ~_-'-......

B.I. lopezi

I 96

6in

15 em

Bradypterus lopezi

Plate 6

Cape Grass-Warbler (p.87) Sphenoeacus afer

ockrunner Achaetops pycnopygius (see Volume VI)

L. I. luscinioides

Savi's Warbler (p. 94) Locustella luscinioides Locustella Jluviatilis

6in 15cm

97

Plate 7 Eurasian Reed-Warbler (po 104) Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Basra ReedWarbler (po 116)

Lesser SwampWarbler (po 120)

Clamorous Reed-Warbler (po 118)

A. r. rufescens

stentoreus stentoreus

Greater SwampWarbler (po 119) A crocephalus rufescens

Fresh ads

Great Reed-Warbler (po 114) Acrocephalus arundinaceus

6in 15 em 112

A. a. z arudnyi

Plate 8 African Yellow Warbler (p. 123) Chloropeta natalensis

Melodious Warbler (p. 134) H ippolais polyglotta

~--­

H. p. elaeica Fresh, spting

6in 15cm

113

Plate 9

Cisticola erythrops

Cisticola nigriloris

6in 15cm

Plate 10 Boran Cisticola (po 163) Cisticola bodessa bodessa

Cisticola restrictus

Ashy Cisticola (po 166) Cisticola cinereolus schillingsi

Grey-backed Cisticola (po 169) Cisticola subruficapillus

Tinkling Cisticola (p. 167) Cisticola rufilatus

Churring Cisticola (po 165)

C. t. lais

Wailing Cisticola (po 170) Cisticola lais

6in

15 em

161

Plate 11 Winding Cisticola (p. 17~) Cisticola galactotes

~vaiUant"

Chirping Cisticola (p.178)

Ci,ticola (p. 1SO)

Carruthers's Cisticola (p. 179)

Stout Cisticola (p. 182) Cisticola robustus

Cisticola natalensis

176

6in 15cm

Plate 12

Rufous Cisticola (p. 193) Cisticola rufus

Cisticola troglodytes troglodytes

Cisticola nanus

Red-pate Cisticola (p. 187) Cisticola ruficeps Neddicky (p. 195) Cisticola fulvicapillus

Cisticola melanurus

Cisticola angusticaudus

6in 15cm

I

L-----------------~------------------_rl

177

Plate 13

Pale-crowned Cisticola (p. 212) Cisticola cinnamomeus

Cisticola dambo kasai

Pectoral-patch Cisticola . (p.210) Gisticola brUnnesGens

CisticoIa (p.207) Cisticola eximius

Socotra Cisticola (p.203)

Cisticola haesitatus

Cisticola aridulus 240LI----------------~~--------------_.~ 15 em

Tawny-flanked Prinia (p. 221) Prinia subflava

V'-~

. f. ~. ~

~~C - . .

'

ortleppi

Nonbreedin

.

Bl~c~-cheste~'C-'

Pnma (p. 226)

(7

\

. -J {

- --.-~

Pale Prinia (po 225)

//1 ./ , / ~

Prinia somalica

L-' -

,~

Prinia flavicans

White-chinned Prinia (po 246) Schistolais leucopogon

Banded Prinia (po 232) Prinia bairdii

Narnaqua Warbler (po 219) Phragmacia substriata

'~ Streaked '''"'"'\ Scrub-Warbler ~ '------~ (po 216) S cotocerca inquieta

S';y

---~ ~.

6in 15 em

erythroptera erythroptera

I

I

241

Yellow-breasted Apalis (p. 262) Apalis flavida

Plate 15 Masked Apalis (p.265) Apalis binotata

Rudd's Apalis (p.261) Apalis ruddi ruddi

256

Black-capped Apalis (p. 271) Apalis nigriceps 6in 15cm

Plate 16 Black-headedAp~s

(p. 272)

-- ~- , Apalis melanQC(p~

roated Apalis (p. 279) Apalis rufogularis

257

Plate 17 Buff-bellied Warbler (p. 250) Phyllolais pulchella

Red-winged Grey Warbler (p. 249) Drymocichla

can Tallorbird (p.

2~

Anisornis metopias metopias

-fronted Warbler (p Urorhipis rufifrons rufifrons

C. u. irwini

d

320

breeding

~

~-.

~

[\~ .!.

Calamonastes jasciolatus jasciolatus

6in L-------------1~5~c-m-------------r

Grey Wren-Warbler (p.303) Calamonastes simplex

Plate 18

Senegal Erernornela (p.325)

Green-backed Eremornela (p.326)

Green-capped Eremomela (p.328)

~

Eremomela canescens

Eremomela scotops

Eremomela pusilla

rernornela (p.329) "

.)

Eremomela gregalis gregalis

Erernornela (p.324) Eremomela salvadorii

Yellow-vented Erernornela (p.323) Eremomela flavicriss a lis

Yellow-bellied Erernornela (p. 318) Eremomela icteropygialis

Burnt-necked Erernornela (p. 331) Eremomela usticollis

Black-necked Erernornela (p.334)

Eremomela (p.332) Eremomela badiceps

Turner's Erernornela (p.333) 6in 15 em

321

Plate 19

Red-capped Crombec (p. 346) .--Sylvietta ruficapilla

-....

Lemon-bellied Crombec (p.349)

7> Red-faced rombec (p. 340) Sylvietta whytii

Long-billed Crombec (p. 343) Sylvietta rufescens

336

Plate 20 White-talled Warbler (p. 292) Poliolau lopesi P. I. lopesi

Oriole Warbler (p. 375) Hypergerus atriceps

ellow-bellied Hyliota (p. 422) Hy liota jlavigaster jlavigaster

Green Hylia (p.428) Hy lia prasina prasina

bocagei

6in 15cm

337

Plate 21

P. u. umb"Tovirens Brown WoodlandWarbler (p. 362) Phylloscop s umbrovirens

400

Plate 22

Brown ParisOIna (p. 420) ~ ~ Parisoma ~ - , lugensjacksoni ''-. ";c:

r -'·.;s

Chestnut-vented Warbler (p. 418) Parisoma subcaeruleum

Common Whitethroat (p. 388) Sylvia communis Garden Warbler (p.383) Sylvia borin

S. c. curruca

Lesse Whitethroat (p. 392 Sylvia curruca 6in 15cm

401

Plate 23

1st winter

• Ad. d

Orphean Warbler (p. 379) Sylvia hortensis

Sardinian Warbler (po 398) Sylvia melanocephala v;:"~

. m. melanocephala

Menetries's Warbler (po 403) Sylvia mystacea mystacea

Cyprus Warbler 416

(po 397) Sylvia melanQthorax

6in 15cm

Plate 24

Subalpine Warbler (p. 404) Sylvia cantillans

Spectacled Warble.: (p. 407) Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata

Dartford Warbler (p. 410) Sylvia undata toni

Marmora's Warbler (p. 412) Sylvia sarda sarda

6in 15cm 417

African Grey Flycatcher (p. 453) Meloenomis microrhynchus

Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher (p.441) Melaenomis chocolatinus chocolatinus

Southern Black Flycatcher (p.446) Melaenomis pammelaina pammelaina

480

Plate 26 African Dusky Flycatcher (po 476) Muscicapa adusta

Spotted Flycatcher (po 462) Muscicapa striata

White-browed Forest-Flycatcher (po 435)

Fraseria cinerascens . cmerascens

Fraser's For stFlycatcher (po 432) Fraseria' ocreata 6in 15cm

481

Plate 27

Ashy Flycatcher (p.467) Muscicapa caerulescens

European Pied Fly£atcher (p.500) ~_",,- Ficedula hypoleuca

Red-breasted Flytatcher (p. 506) Ficedula parva parva

Semicollared Flycatcher (p. 505) Ficedula semitorquata 496

6in 15 em

Plate 28 Stirike-~ycatcher

(p.548) M egabyas fiammu tus

jlammulatus

Livingstone' s Flycatcher (p. 512)

Chestnutcapped Flycatcher (po 509) Erythrocercus mccallii mccallii

White-bellied Crested Flycatcher (po 522)

Dusky Crested Flycatcher (po 519) Elminia nigromitrata

6in 15cm

White-tailed Crested Flycatcher (po 523) Elminia albonotata

497

Plate 29

Blue-mantled Crested Flycatcher (p. 526) Trochocercus cyanomelas bivattatus

Rufous-vented Paradise-Flycatcher (p.538) T~rpsiphOne

rufocinerea

Bates's aradiseFlycatcher (p.540) Terpsiphone batesi batesi

Red-bellied aradise-Flycatcher (p.542) Terpsiphone rufiventer

544

6in 15 em

Plate 30

Brown-throated Wattle-eye (p. 567) Platy steira cy,anea

Chestnut Wattleeye (p. 555) Dyaphorophyia castanea castanea

White-fronted Wattle-eye (p. 570) Platysteira albifrons

D . ,. """"'"

l:l Yenow-bemed Wattle-eye (p. 5~ Dyaphorophy ia concreta

/ ~

Red-cheeked Wattle-eye (p. 562) Dyaphorophyia blissetti Whitespotted Wattle-eye (p.558) Dyaphorophyia

6in 15 em

545

Plate 31

Cape Batis (p. 579)

Batis capensis

East Coast Batis (p.587) Batis soror Pririt Batis (p.589)

Batis pririt pririt

6in 560

15 em

Plate 32

Senegal Batisi'ld"-_ _..... (p.591) Batis senegalensis

Grey-headed Batis (p. 594) Batis orientalis orientalis

Pygmy Batis (p.596)

Angola Batis (p.597) Batis minulla

Verreaux's Batis (p. 598) Batis minima

Bioko Batis (p. 601) Batis poensis

6in

I

L---------------~~----------------,rl 15 em

561

INTRODUCTION This volume includes the four genera of thrushes (Turdidae) not dealt with in Volume IV (Monticola, Zoothera, Psophocichla and Turdus) and the families Muscicapidae, Monarchidae and Sylviidae, Platysteiridae. The periodical literature has been reviewed comprehensively up to late 1995, and reference has also been made to some 1996 publications. Noteworthy contributions to African ornithology since Volume IV appeared, in 1992, are the landmark works 'Checklist of Birds of the Mrotropical and Malagasy Regions', by R.J. Dowsett and A.D. Forbes-Watson (1993), and its companion volume 'A Contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy Birds' by R.J. Dowsett and F. Dowsett-Lemaire (1993a). Other major contributions include the sixth edition of 'Roberts' Birds of Southern Mrica' (Maclean 1993) and the second of 'The Birds of Nigeria' (Elgood et al. 1994), the 'Bird Atlas of Botswana' (Penry 1994), and checklists for Lesotho (Bonde 1993) and Bioko (Perez de Val et at. 1994). The final four volumes of 'The Birds of the Western Palearctic' (Cramp 1992 and Cramp and Perrins 1993, 1994, 1994) have also appeared. Welcome events have been the formation of the Avian Demography Unit in the University of Cape Town and of the Mrican Bird Club, and the publication of their respective journals Bird Numbers and the ABC Bulletin. The only stylistic novelty in this Volume is that in the maps breeding ranges are shown in red . Figure 1 shows the shading conventions.

Thanks to the suggestion of M.P.S. Irwin, we present detailed maps below of Northwest and West Africa (Fig. 3), Northeast and East Mrica (Fig. 4), and Central and Southern Mrica (Fig. 5). These show hard-to-find localities, including recently-gazetted national parks and forest and game reserves, and forest islands, wetlands and other threatened habitats which have been featured in recent IeBP and IUCN publications (Collar and Stuart 1988, Stuart and Adams 1990, Anon. 1991, Bibby et al. 1992, Sayer et al. 1992). For other localities, the reader should refer to gazetteers and maps in references given for many of the nations in Figures 3-5; complete details of these references are in the General/Regional References in the Bibliography of this volume. Political change in Mrica has resulted in some new regional names. We usually use the new names, but this may not be feasible when the sources cited refer to former political entities whose boundaries are not congruous with the new ones. Data may be given for 'Ethiopia' without distinguishing between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and data for Senegal and Gambia may be lumped under ' Senegambia'. We continue to use the old names for South African provinces because these are the areas referred to in standard works such as Maclean (1993). Figure 2 updates the political map of Mrica. For French names we follow Devillers and Ouellet (1993). Our use of English names is discussed in the introduction to Volume II; for this volume, Sibley and Monroe (1990), Short et al. (1990) and Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) have been fruitful sources.

Systematic Treatment

_

For higher taxa we generally follow the traditional classification of Campbell and Lack (1985), although we raise wattle-eyes and relatives to family level, the Platysteiridae, and place it after the Monarchidae. We consider Lanioturdus to be a platysteirid close to Batis. Achaetops pycnopygius appears on Plate 6 but we are transposing its text to Volume VI, where it will appear incertae sedis in Timaliidae (babblers). At the genus, species and subspecies levels authors have made their own decisions after discussions, often lengthy, with the Editors. No single classification is followed, but the new Afrotropical list of Dowsett and ForbesWatson (1993) is proving to be a very valuable guideline.

Breeding or resid ent

0IlIlIIl Migration _

o

Dense non-breeding Sparse non-breeding Occurrence uncertain Extralimital reco rd

-

Points to isolated occurrence

==> Migration route

Fig. 1. Shading, symbols and arrows used on maps. Xli

INTRODUCTION

'~" -

o

Madeira~

WESTERN SAHARA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA

SWAZILAND

---I----t----+---n --'.,;;..O/-----!----1--- 30

o

LESOTHO

fig 2

Fig. 2. Political map.

500

1000 mil es

0~1-----5Tbo--~'L-10TiO-0----1'50~~km

Xlll

XIV

NORTHWEST AND WEST AFRICA

10 11 24

8

25.

9 .26

28

•

32 51

Fig. 3. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Northwest and West Africa. Morocco 1. Rif Mts 2. Merja Zerga 3. Middle Atlas 4 . Central Plateau 5. High Atlas 6. Souss 7. Anti-Atlas 8. Cap Draa For a map see Thevenot et al. (1982) . Western Sahara 9. Cap Boiijdour Algeria 10. Djurdjura Mts 11 . Tell-Atlas 12. Sahara-Atlas 13 . Grand Erg Occidental 14. Grand Erg Oriental 15 . Hoggar Mts; Atakor Nat. Park 16 . Tanezrouft For a gazetteer see Ledant et al. (1981). Tunisia 17. L. Ichkeul 18 . Cap Bon Peninsula

19 . Kroumirie forests 20. Djebel Jugurtha 21 . Metlaoui Mts 22. Chott el Djerid For a map see Thomsen and Jacobsen (1979) . Libya 23 . Jebel Nafusa 24 . Wadi Turghat 25 . Jafra Oasis 26 . Sebha 27. Jebel Akhdar 28. Kufra Oasis 29. Jebel Awainat 30. Tibesti For maps see Bundy (1976) . Mauritania 3l. Bane d'Arguin Nat. Park 32. Cap Timirist 33. Aftout-es-Sahel 34. Lac d'Aleg 35. Rkiz Massif 36. Erg d'Iguidi 37. Aouker Depression For maps and a gazetteer see Gee (1984), Lamarche (1988) .

N O RT HWEST AND WEST AFRICA

Mali 38 . Adrar des Iforhas 39 . Niger Delta inundation zone 40. Boucle du Baoule Nat. Park 41. Mandingues Mts For m ap and a gazetteer see Lamarche ( 1980). Niger 42 . W Nat. Park 43 . Tenere Desert 44 . AIr Mts 4 5. Termit Massif For a gazetteer see Giraudoux et al. (1988 ) . Chad 30. Tibesti 46. Ennedi Massif 47 . Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve 48 . L. Fitri 49. Zakouma Nat. Park 50. Manda Nat. Park For a gazetteer see Salvan (1969) . Senegal 51. Djoudj Nat. Park 52. L. Guier 53. Delta du Saloum Nat. Park 54. Basse-Casamance Nat. Park 55. Niokolo-Koba Nat. Park For maps and gazetteers see Gore (1990), Morel and Morel (1990). Gambia 56. Kiang West Nat. Park For maps and gazetteers see Gore (1990), More! and More! (1990). Guinea-Bissau 57. Cantanhez Forest Guinea 58. Badiar Nat. Park 59. Fouta Djallon Plateau; Mt Loura 60. Ziama Massif 61. MtNimba For maps and a gazetteer see Demey (1995) and Hayman et al. (1995) .

Sierra Leone 62. Sula Hills 63. Lorna Mts 64. Tingi Mts 65 . Gola Hills liberia 66. Lofa Mano Nat. Park 67 . Wologizi Mts 61. MtNimba 68 . Sapo Nat. Park For a map see Gatter (1988) . Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) 61 . MtNimba 69 . Mt Sangbe 70 . Comoe Nat. Park 71 . Mt Pekoe 72 . Tal Nat. Park; N'Zo Forest Reserve 73. Yapo Forest For a gazetteer see Thiollay (1985) . Burkina Faso 74. Po Nat. Park

75 . Aril Nat. Park 42 . W Nat. P ark For m aps and a gazetteer see Thonnerieux (1 998b), Holyoak and Seddon ( 1989). Ghana 76 . Mole Nat. Park 77 . Bui Nat. Park 78 . Digya Nat. Park 79. Shai Hills 80. Bia Nat. Park For m aps and a gazetteer see Grimes (1 987). Togo 81. Keran N at . P ark 82 . Fazao-Malfakassa Nat. P ark; Fazao Mts 83 . Togo Mts For maps and a gazetteer see Cheke and Walsh (1996). Benin 42 . W Nat. Park 84. Pendjari Nat. Park 85 . Atakora Mts 86. Kouffe Mts 87. Lama Forest For maps and a gazetteer see BruneI ( 1958) and Claffey (1995). Nigeria 88 . Borgu Game Reserve 89 . Funtua 90 . L. Kainji Nat. Park 91 . Omo Forest Reserve 92 . Badagri 93. Anambara Creek 94. Old Oyo Nat. Park 95. Nindam Forest Reserve 96. Yankari Nat. Park 97 . Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands 98 . Bulatura Oases 99. Mambilla Plateau; Gote! Mts 100. Gashaka-Gumti Nat. Park 101. Obudu Plateau 102. Stubbs Creek Game Reserve 103. Oban Hills; Cross River Nat. Park For maps and a gazetteer see Elgood et al. (1994 ) . Cameroon 104. Waza Nat. Park 105. Benoue Nat. Park 106. Mandara Highlands 107. Adamawa Plateau 108. Mt Oku 109. TchabelMbabo 110. Korup Nat. Park 111. Rumpi Hills 112. Mt Manenguba; Mt Nlonako; Mt Kupe 113. Dja Game Reserve For a gazetteer see Louette (1981) . Gabon 114. Makokou; M 'Passa; Ivindo Basin; Mt Sassamongo 115. Lope-Okanda Nat. Park; Mt Iboundji 116. Sette-Cama Reserve For a map see Rand et al. (1959) . Congo 117 . Odzala Nat. Park 118. Mt Fouari 119. Conkouati Faunal Reserve 120. Kouilou Basin 121 . Mayombe 122. Ufini Faunal Reserve For a gazetteer see Dowsett (1991) .

xv

xvi

N O RT H EAST AND EAST AFRI CA

~

.

," ,

';'--_..1 .

1...

53

\\ 1 \

54.\

~\ 55. \ 1

56,' I

"

51

39

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38

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...... _--1

- \--./---,,,, .... .....

I

I

/

"

.70

1 1

•71

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

'" 81

Fig. 4. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Northeast and East Africa.

52 -

NORTHEAST AND EAST AF RICA

Egypt 1. Matruh 2. Siwa Oasis 3. Qattara Depression 4. L. Maryut 5. L. Burullus 6. L. Manzala 7. Wadi el Natrun 8. L. Qarun 9. Wadi el Rayan 10. Farafra Oasis 11. Bahariya Oasis 12. Gebel Uweinat 13. L. Nasser For a gazetteer see Goodman and Meininger (1989) .

Sudan 14. Gebel Elba 15. Red Sea Hills 16. Dinder Nat. Park 17. Jebel Marra Massif 18. Malakal 19. Jonglei Canal 20. Boma Nat. Park 21. Bengengai Forest 22. Aloma Plateau 23 . Imatong Mts; Didinga Mts; Dongotona Mts; Lotti and Talanga forests; Mt Kinyeti For a gazetteer see Nikolaus (1987). Central African Republic 24. Bamingui-Bangoran Nat. Park 25. Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris Nat. Park 26 . Dar Challa Massif and Andre Felix Nat. Park 27. Ouossi R. (Baroua) 28. Bongo Massif 29. Adamoua Massif 30. Dzanga-Sangha Forest 31. Mbaere-Bodingue-Ngota Forest 32. Lobaye Prefecture 33. Bangui 34. Haute Sangha Prefecture For a map see Carroll (1988) . Eritrea For a gazetteer see Smith (1957). Ethiopia 35. Simien Mts and Mt Ras Dejen 36. Chercher Mts and Harar 37 . Awash Nat. Park 38. Abijata-Shala Lakes Nat. Park 39. Arsi Mts and Mt Chilalo 40. Bale Mts Nat. Park; Mt Batu; Harenna Forest 41. Gambela 42. Omo and Mago Nat. Parks 43. Nechisar Nat. Park 44. Yabelo For a gazetteer see Urban and Brown (1971). Djibouti 45. Foret du Day 46. Mabla Mts For maps see Welch and Welch (1984a) and Laurent (1990).

Somalia 47 . Zeila Wildlife Reserve 48 . Wagger Mts and Gaan Libaah Forest 49. Daalo Forest 50. Ahl Mescat Mts and Warsangeli Escarpment For gazetteers see Ash and Miskell (1983), Clarke (1985) and Douthwaite and Miskell (1991). Socotra and Abd-el-Kuri 51. Abd-el-Kuri 52. Socotra For a map see Ripley and Bond (1966). Uganda 53 . Kidepo Nat. Park 54. Mt Moroto 55 . MtKadam 56. MtElgon 57 . Murchison Falls Nat. Park 58. Budongo Forest 59 . Bugoma Forest 60 . Bwamba (Semliki) Forest 61 . Itwara Forest 62 . Kibale Forest 63 . Rwenzori Mts and Forest 64 . Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest 65 . Maramagambo and Kalinzu forests 66 . Bwindi- Impenetrable Forest and Nat. Park 67 . Malabigambo Forest 68 . Mabira Forest For maps and a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Short et at. (1990) . Kenya 56. MtElgon 69 . MtKulal 70. Mt Marsabit 71. Ndoto Mts 72. Cherangani Hills 73 . Kakamega and Nandi forests 74. L. Nakuru 75. Mau Forest 76 . Nguruman Hills 77. Aberdare Mts 78. Laikipia Plateau 79 . Taita Hills 80. Chyulu Hills 81. Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 82. Shimba Hills 83. Diani Forest For maps and a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Lewis and Pomeroy (1989), Short et al. (1990). Rwanda 84. Volcanoes Nat. Park 85. Gishwati and Mukura forests 86. Akagera Nat. Park 87. Nyungwe and Cyamudongo forests Burundi 88. Ruzizi Nat. Park 89. Kibira Nat. Park; Mt Teza; Ijenda Forest 90. MtHema 91. Ruvubu Nat. Park 92. Mt Bururi and Bururi Forest 93. Rumonga-Vyanda and Karehe forests For a map see Gaugris et at. (1981).

XVll

xviii

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

Fig. 5. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Central and Southern Africa. Zaire 1. Luki Forest 2. Salonga N at. Park 3. Garamba Nat. Park 4. Ituri Forest 5. Lendu Plateau 6. MaIko Nat. Park 7. Virunga Nat. Park; Rwenzori and Lubero forests 8. Virunga Volcanoes 9. Kahuzi-Biega Forest and Nat. Park 10. Itombwe Forest and Mts; Mt Mohi 11 . Mt Kabobo 12. Upemba Nat. Park; Mulumbe Mts; Mt Kibara 13. Marungu Mts; Mitumba Mts; Mt Lusale 14. L. Mweru 15 . Kundelungu Nat. Park For a map and a gazetteer see Chapin (1954), Lippens and Wille (1976) . Tanzania 16 . Minziro Forest 17 . Crater Highlands

18. 19 . 20. 21. 22.

Nand SPare Mts Wand E Usambara Mts Nguru Mts. Kiboriani and Ukaguru Mts Uluguru Mts; Lukwangule Plateau; Kinole, Bagilo and Kimboza forests 23. Pugu Hills 24. Kirengoma Forest 25. Rubeho Mts 26. Uvidunda Mts 27. Udzungwa Mts; Mwanihana and Magombera forests 28 . Mahenge Forest 29. Kungwe-Mahari Mts 30. Ufipa Plateau 31. Poroto Mts and Mt Rungwe 32. Mdando Forest 33. Matengo Highlands; Livingstone Mts 34. Rondo and Nyangamara forests 35. Ngezi, Mwilu Mkuu and Ras Kiuyu forests 36. Jozani and Muyuni forests For a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Short el al. (1990) .

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola 37. Cabinda 38. Milando Special Reserve 39. Kisama Nat. Park 40 . Kangandala Nat. Park 41 . Gabela and Amboim forests and Angolan Escarpment 42 . Luando Integral Nature Reserve 43 . Kameia Nat. Park 44. Bailundo Highlands; Mt Soque, Mt Moco, Mombolo Plateau 45 . Serra de Chela 46. Mo~amedes Partial Reserve 47. Bikuar Nat. Park 48 . Mavinga Partial Reserve 49 . lana Nat. Park 50. Mupa Nat. Park 51. Cuando-Cabango Coutadas Controlled Hunting Area 52. Luiana Partial Reserve For a map and gazetteers see Traylor ( 1963), da Rosa Pinto (1983), Dean et al. (1988 ). Zambia 53. Lusenga Plain Nat. Park 54. N yika Plateau; Mt Makutu; Mafinga Mts 55 . L. Bangweulu 56. Kasanka Nat. Park 57. Lavushi Mande Nat. Park 58. Luangwa Nat. Park 59. Muchinga Mts and Escarpment 60 . Mwinilunga 61. West Lunga Nat. Park 62 . Liuwa Plain Nat. Park 63 . Kafue Flats; Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar Nat. Parks For a gazetteer see Benson et at. (1971 ). Malawi 64 . Misuku Hills; Igembe Hills; Musisi Hill 54. Nyika Plateau; Mafinga Mts; Jembya Plateau 65 . North Viphya Plateau; Kaningina Hills 66. South Viphya Plateau; Kuwilwe Hill 67 . Kasungu Nat. Park 68 . Nkhota-kota Game Reserve 69 . Chipata Mts; Ntchisi Mts 70. Dzalanyama Range 71. Chongoni Mts; Dedza Mts 72. Namizimu Hills; Mt Mangochi 73 . Chikala Hill; Malosa and Zomba Mts 74. Kirk Range 75 . Thambani and Zobue Hills 76. L. Chilwa 77. Chiradzulu Mts; Hills around Blantyre; Mt Thyolo 78. Mt Mulanje 79 . Malawi Hills For a gazetteer see Benson and Benson (1977) . Mozambique 80. Niassa Game Reserve 81. Njesi Plateau; Mt Unango 82. MtDomue 83. Mt Namuli 84. Mt Chiperone 85 . Gile Game Reserve 86. Gorongoza Nat. Park; Mt Gorongoza 87 . Marromeu Game Reserve 88. Chimanimani Mts; Mt Binga 89. Sofala coastal forests; Inhamitanga Forest 90 . Zinave Nat. Park 91. Banhine Nat. Park 92 . Lebombo Mts

Namibia 93. Kaokoland 94 . Owambo (Ovamboland) and Cuvelai Drainage 95. Kavango 96. Caprivi East 97. Skeleton Coast Park 98 . Etosha Nat. Park 99. Damaraland 100. Waterberg Plateau Park 101. Swakopmund 102 . Walvis Bay 103 . Namib-Naukluft Park 104. Namaland 105 . Fish River Canyon For a map see Winterbottom (1971a). Botswana 106. Chobe Nat. Park 107 . Moremi Wildlife Reserve 108 . L. Ngami 109. Nxai Pan Nat. Park 110. Makgadikgadi Pans Nat. Park 111. Central Kalahari and Kutse Game Reserves 112. Gemsbok Nat. Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve For a gazetteer see Penry (1994). Zimbabwe 88. Chimanimani Mts .; Melsetter Highlands 113. L. Kariba 114. Hwange (Wankie) Nat. Park 115. Inyanga (Nyanga) Mts 116. Wedza Mts 117 . Vumba Mts; Banti Forest Reserve; Stapleford Forest Reserve 118 . Great Zimbabwe Nat. Monument 119 . Chirinda Forest 120. Mt Buhwa For a gazetteer see Irwin (1981). Swaziland 121. Malolotja Nature Reserve 122. Mbabane Lesotho 123. Maseru 124. Mokhotlong 125. Sehlabathebe Nat. Park 126. Senqu Valley For a gazetteer see Bonde ( 1993) . South Africa 127. Kalahari Gemsbok Nat. Park 128. Karoo Nat. Park 129 . 'Die Bos' Nat. Reserve, Prieska 130. Lambert's Bay 131. Goegap Provincial Nat. Reserve 132. Langebaan; West Coast Nat. Park 133 . Helderberg and Rondevlei Nat. Reserves 134. Cedarberg Wilderness Area 135 . Augrabies Nat. Park 136. Tsitsikamma Coastal Nat. Park 137 . Knysna 138. Dwesa Nature Reserve (Transkei) 139 . Golden Gate Highlands Nat. Park 140. Kruger Nat. Park 141. Wakkerstroom Reserve 142. Barberspan Nat. Reserve 143 . Ngoye Forest 144. Giant's Castle Game Reserve For maps see Cyrus and Robson (1980), Earle and Grobler (1987), Tarboton et at. ( 1987), Hockey et al. (1989), Harrison (1995) .

XlX

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Monticola rupestris

Genus Monticola Boie Thrushes of mountains, rocky terrain and woodland in Mrotropical, Palearctic and Oriental regions: ranging in size from that of chats such as redstarts (Phoenicurus) to typical thrushes (Turdus). Bill slender, straight, hook-tipped; nares basal, round, not concealed; wings rather long, PI0 variable in size but always less than half length ofP9; tail short and square-ended. Sexes differ markedly, except in M. rufocinereus. 00 rather alike, blue-grey with orange bellies and tails, M. saxatilis with white back, M . gularis and M. cinclorhynchus (Asia) with blackish back and white in wings; western races of M. solitarius all blue.