The Birds of Africa [5] 0121373053, 9780121373054

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The fRDSoi FR/CA VolumeV

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Edited by

EMIL K. URBAN

Department of Biology, Augusta State University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

C. HILARY FRY

Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

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STUART KEITH

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Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

Colour Plates by Martin Woodcock Line Drawings by Ian Willis Acoustic References by Claude Chappuis Bibliography and Index by Lois L. Urban

ACADEMIC PRESS

San Diego · London · Boston · New York · Sydney · Tokyo · Toronto

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This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright© 1997 by ACADEMIC PRESS

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ ISBN 0-12-137305-3 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 97

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Editorial and production services by Moira Fisher, Ringwood, Hampshire Maps produced by Hardlines, Charlbury, Oxford Typeset by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Colour plates printed in the UK by George Over Ltd, Rugby Printed and bound in the UK by Mackays of Chatham PLC, Chatham, Kent

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As in previous volumes we are extremely grateful to our authors for the tremendous amount of time and effort spent in researching their species in the field, museum and library and in writing accounts to exacting standards; and for their patience and goodwill as we edited their accounts. We express our sincere thanks and appreciation to them. During the preparation of species accounts authors have drawn heavily upon the special knowledge of numerous colleagues who have given them access to unpublished and prepublished works, their valuable time to referee the accounts and also their hospitality. We particularly appreciate all those who sent us unpublished field notes from recent trips; their contributions have helped make this volume more complete. For all their help we take great pleasure in thanking: J. S. Ash, the late D. R. Aspinwall, T. Aversa, G. C. Backhurst, N. and L. Baker, M. Bellatreche, L. Bennun, S. Bensch, A. Berruti, L. Birch, C. G.R. Bowden, the late R. K. Brooke, A. Brosset, T. M. Butynski, M. Carswell, C. Carter, the lateR. T. Chapin, C. Chappuis, R.A. Cheke, P. Christy, P.A. Clancey, B. D. Colahan, P.R. Colston, N. J. Cordeiro, G. Cowles, H. Q. P. Crick, A. J. Cruickshank, P. Davidson, W.R. J. Dean, J.-P. Decoux, A. Devez, R. J. Dowsett, F. Dowsett-Lemaire, R. J. Douthwaite, C. Dranzoa, M. Dyer, C. Erard, J. and H. Eriksen, T. Evans, the late J. Farrand Jr, L. D. C. Fishpool, K. L. Garrett, M. E. Gartshore, J. P. Gee, C. M. Gichuki, D. Goodall, A. A. Green, L. G. Grimes, D. Halleux, D. B. Hanmer, D. Hasselquist, P.A. R. Hockey, C. W. Hustler, M. P. S. Irwin, G. Jarry, B. L. Johnson, E. D. H. Johnson, J. Kalina, D. Kelly, A. C. Kemp, R. Kettle, P. C. Lack, B. Lamarche, J.-M. Lernould, M. Louette, A. J. Manson, R. Martin, A. N. B. Masterson, G. Mauersberger, the late J. Mendelsohn, R. Medland, J. Miskell, G. J. Morel, D. C. Moyer, P. J. Mundy, R. de Naurois, G. Nikolaus, T. B. Oatley, S. L. Olson, U. Olsson, P. E. Osborne, R. K. Panza, D.A. Parkes, K. C. Parkes, J. R. P axton, H. P enry, the late A. P rigogine, R. Quantrill, P. A. Rodewald, D. Sargent, K. Schulze-Hagen, L. L. Short, N. J. Skinner, K. de Smet, D. W. Snow, E. H. Stickney, R. Stjernstedt, S. N. Stuart, L. Svensson, W. Tarboton, P. B. Taylor, M. Thevenot, B. J. Tigar, M.A. Traylor, D.A. Turner,A. Tye, G. D. Underhill, J.-P. Vande weghe, J. D. R. Vernon, R. Vernon, J. Vincent, Y.-M. de Vivies, M. P. Walters. Special thanks are due to D. A. Zimmerman for refereeing the Cisticola texts, and to D. J. Pearson for checking the Cisticola maps. Again we are greatly indebted to the many museums holding African avian collections. For study facilities and specimen loans we thank the Trustees and staff of: The American Museum of Natural History, Department of Ornithology (and the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund for financial support for C. Erard); Natural History Museum (London), Department of Ornithology (Tring); Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Durban Natural History Museum; Field Museum of Natural History, Bird Division; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles (Brussels); Los Angeles County Museum, Bird Division; Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris); Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren); Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard); National Museums of Kenya; National Museum of Zimbabwe; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Stockholm); Peabody Museum of Natural History (New Haven); P hiladelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; Royal Ontario Museum; Smithsonian Institution, US National Museum of Natural History, Department of Ornithology; Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde (Stuttgart); Transvaal Museum, Bird Division; Zoologishes Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig (Bonn); Zoologisches Museum (Berlin); and Zoologisk Museum (Copenhagen). For copious assistance with literature we (and particularly Hilary Fry) thank L. Birch and the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford University; also J. Hinshaw, The Josselyn Van Tyne Memorial Library, Wilson Ornithological Society, University of Michigan. We are especially grateful to Aberdeen University Library and Augusta State University Reese Library for inter-library loan services. For supplying bird sound recordings we are grateful to R. Ranft and the British Library of Wildlife Sounds; G. F. Budney and the Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell University; P ercy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; the Transvaal Museum Bird Department; and most especially C. Chappuis and F. Dowsett-Lemaire. We owe special thanks to K. L. Garrett and P. I. LaFollete (Los Angeles County Museum) and L. B. Kiff (Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology) for providing printouts of their specimen collections and to J. S. Ash, R. J. Dowsett, G. Nikolaus, S. P. Rodwell and S. J. R. Rumsey for giving us substantial amounts of unpublished weight data. We acknowledge with thanks R. D. Wassenaar, Euring Data Bank and Netherlands Institute Ecology for providing European-African ringing data. We would especially like to acknowledge P.R. Colston of the Natural History Museum, Tring, who has willingly supplied authors with information on numerous occasions. L. G. Grimes provided valuable editorial support in researching literature from the Edward Grey Institute Library in Oxford. The following sources were used in the preparation of line drawings: photo by P. W.Atkinson in Bird Conservation International 1991, 1 (Amaurocichla bocagei); drawings in G. L. Bates, Ibis 1927 (flycatcher bills); drawings by F. M. Benson inA. W. Vincent, Ibis 1947, 89 (Apalis nests); drawings in The Birds of the Western Palearctic 1992, VI, with kind permission of Oxford University Press (Cisticolajuncidis, Scotocerca inquieta); photo in J. P. Chapin, The Birds of the Belgian Congo 1953 (Schistolais leucopogon); photo in R. T. Chapin, Revue de Zoologie Africaine 1978, 92 (Muscicapa lendu); photos by A. Devez inA. Brosset, La Vie dans la Foret Equatoriale 1976 (several nests); drawings in C. Erard, Ecologie et Comportement des Gobe-mouches (Aves: Muscicapinae, Platysteirinae, Monarchinae) du Nord-Est du Gabon 1987 (flycatcher and batis behaviour); photo by J. Eriksen and H. Eriksen (Hippolais languida); sketch by V

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

M. Gartshore in An Avifaunal Survey of Tai" National Park, Ivory Coast 1989 (Melaenornis annamarulae); drawings by D. Goodall in D. A. Parkes, Honeyguide 1993, 39 (Sylvietta nests); photos in P. J. Ginn, W. G. Mcllleron and P. le S. Milstein, The Complete Book of Southern African Birds 1989 (several nests and portraits); drawings in T. Harris and G. Amott, Shrikes of Southern Africa 1988 (Batis capensis, Lanioturdus torquatus); photo by Eric Hosking (Prinia gracilis); sketch in P. Kunkel Zeitschriftfar Tierpsychologi,e 1974, 34 (Eminia lepida); photo by I. Makatsch in British Birds 1965, 58 (Ficedula parva); photos in C. W. Mackworth-P raed and C. H. B. Grant, African Handbook of Birds I (2) 1960, II (2) 1963 and III (2) 1973 (many nests); photos by G. L. Maclean (Bradypterus baboecala, Eremomela icteropygi,alis); skins in Natural History Museum (London) (heads, tails); sketch by R. de Naurois (Prinia molten,); photo in K. Newman, Bird Life in Southern Africa, 1979 (Priniafiavicans); photos by W. Nicholl (Sylvietta rufescens) and C. J. Uys (Parisoma layardi) in P. J. Ginn, W. G. Mcllleron and P. le S. Milstein (eds), The Complete Book of Southern African Birds 1989; photo by R. Noller in Bokmakierie 1975, 27 (Batis pririt); photo by P. Petit in Alauda 1993, 61 (Cisticola juncidis); photos in V. G. L. van Someren, Days with Birds 1956 (nests); and drawings reproduced from L. Svensson, Identification Guide to European Passerines 4th ed 1992, with kind permission of the author (wings). Colour plates are the work of Martin Woodcock, and line illustrations are mainly by Ian Willis with some by Hilary Fry (Amaurochichla bocagei, Scotocerca inquieta, Ficedula parva), Lars Svensson (wings) and Martin Woodcock (warbler and flycatcher bills and heads). The artists, like the authors, have accommodated all referees' and editors' demands, and we are particularly grateful to them for their skill and ready cooperation. Emil Urban, as 'primus inter pares' editor for Volume 5, wants to thank especially Jane Millward, Lois Urban and colleagues at Augusta State University for all their help in coordinating the entire work and in preparing much of the front and back matter. Stuart Keith is extremely grateful to M. G. Fugate for providing accommodation during his visits to New York, and Emil Urban to J. and M. L. Schmidt for doing likewise during his visits to Washington, D.C. Again it is our pleasure to thank C. Chappuis for preparing the acoustic references, Lois Urban for preparing the bibliography and indexing the book, our wives Lois Urban, Kathie Fry and Sallyann Keith for their ever-present support, encouragement and understanding, and Andrew Richford of Academic P ress (London) Ltd., who continues to be the driving force behind this project. January 1997

Emil K. Urban C. Hilary Fry Stuart Keith

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

V

LIST OF PLATES

Xl

INTRODUCTION.

Xll

ORDER PASSERIFORMES Turdidae, thrushes (C. H. Fry, S. Keith, P. C. Lack, R. de Naurois, A. Prigogine and E. K. Urban) Sylviidae, Old World warblers (C. Erard, C. H. Fry, L. G. Grimes, M. P. S. Irwin, S. Keith, P. C. Lack, D. J. Pearson and A. Tye)

1 57

Muscicapidae, flycatchers (C. Erard, C. H. Fry and D. J. Pearson)

432

Monarchidae, paradise-flycatchers and monarchs (C. Erard, S. Keith and R. de Naurois)

508

Platysteiridae, shrike-flycatchers, wattle-eyes and batises (C. Erard and C. H. Fry)

548

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.

General and Regional References

607

2.

Family References

616

3.

Acoustic References

639

ERRATA TO PREVIOUS VOLUMES

643

INDEXES 1.

Scientific Names

645

2.

English Names

662

3.

French Names

667

Vll

Authorship by family

TURDIDAE C. H. Fry: Monticola. S. Keith and A. Prigogine: Zoothera. P. C. Lack: Turdus tephronotus. R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Turdus olivaceofuscus. E. K. Urban: Psophocichla, Turdus (remaining 9 species).

SYLVIIDAE C. Erard: Hyliota violacea. C. H. Fry: Cettia, Bathmocercus, Schoenicola, Cisticola juncidis, Regulus, Sylvia leucomelaena, S. nana, S. rueppelli, S. melanocephala, S. melanothorax, S. mystacea, S. conspicillata, S. deserticola, S. undata, S. sarda, Parisoma, Hyliotafiavigaster, H. australis, H. usambarae. L. G. Grimes, C. H. Fry, and S. Keith: Bradypterus, Melocichla, Sphenoeacus, Incana, Heliolais, Urolais, Spiloptila, Drymocichla, Phyllolais, Urorhipis, Poliolais, Camaroptera, Calamonastes, Eminia, Hypergerus. M. P. S. Irwin: Cisticola rufilatus, C. subruficapillus, C. pipiens, C. fulvicapillus, C. angusticaudus, C. melanurus, C. textrix, C. dambo, Phragmacia, Prinia (except P. molleri and P. gracilis), Oreophilais, Schistolais, Apalis, Malcorus, Artisornis. M. P. S. Irwin and C. H. Fry: Prinia gracilis. S. Keith: Hemitesia, Chloropeta, Cisticola chubbi, C. hunteri, C. nigriloris (and Field Characters and Voice for all Cisticola species), Scotocerca, Euryptila, Graueria, Macrosphenus, Hylia. P. C. Lack: Eremomela, Sylvietta. R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Prinia molleri, Amaurocichla. D. Pearson: Locustella, Acrocephalus, Hippolais, Phylloscopus, Sylvia (remaining 7 species). A. Tye: Cisticola (remaining 31 species).

MUSCICAPIDAE C. Erard: Fraseria, Melaenornis edolioides, M. pallidus, M. microrhynchus, Muscicapa striata, M. caerulescens, M. cassini, M. olivascens, M. epulata, M. sethsmithi, M. comitata, M. infuscata, Myioparus. C. H. Fry: Melaenornis (remaining 9 species), Empidornis, Muscicapa (remaining 7 species), Stenostira. D. Pearson: Ficedula.

MONARCHIDAE C. Erard: Erythrocercus mccallii, Elminia, Trochocercus, Terpsiphone (except T. atrochalybeia). R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Terpsiphone atrochalybeia. S. Keith: Erythrocercus holochlorus, E. livingstonei.

Pl.ATYSTEIRIDAE C. Erard: Megabyas, Bias, Dyaphorophyia, Platysteira. C. Erard and C. H. Fry: Batis senegalensis, B. poensis, B. minima, B. ituriensis. C. H. Fry: Batis (remaining 12 species), Lanioturdus.

viii

Species authorship by contributor

C. Erard: Hyliota violacea, Fraseria, Melaenornis edolioides, M. pallidus, M. microrhynchus, Muscicapa striata, M. caerulescens, M. cassini, M. olivascens, M. epulata, M. sethsmithi, M. comitata, M. infuscata, Myioparus, Eythrocercus mccallii, Elminia, Trochocercus, Terpsiphone (except T atrochalybeia), Megabyas, Bias, Dyaphorophyia, Platysteira. C. Erard and C. H. Fry: Batis senegalensis, B. poensis, B. minima, B. itun·ensis. C. H. Fry: Monticola, Cettia, Bathmocercus, Schoenicola, Cisticola juncidis, Regulus, Sylvia leucomelaena, S. nana, S. rueppelli, S. melanocephala, S. melanothorax, S. mystacea, S. conspicillata, S. deserticola, S. undata, S. sarda, Parisoma, Hyliota (except H. violacea), Melaenornis (remaining 9 species), Empidornis, Muscicapa (remaining 7 species), Stenostira, Batis (remaining 12 species), Lanioturdus. L . G. Grimes, C. H. Fry and S. Keith: Bradypterus, Melocichla, Sphenoeacus, Incana, Heliolais, Urolais, Spiloptila, Drymocichla, Phyllolais, Urorhipis, Poliolais, Camaroptera, Calamonastes, Eminia, Hypergerus. M. P. S. Irwin: Cisticola rufilatus, C. subruficapillus, C. pipiens, C. fulvicapillus, C. angusticaudus, C. melanurus, C. textrix, C. dambo, Phragmacia, Prinia (except P. molleri and P. gracilis), Oreophilais, Schistolais, Apalis, Malcorus, Artisornis. M. P. S. Irwin and C. H. Fry: Prinia gracilis. S. Keith: Hemitesia, Chloropeta, Cisticola chubbi, C. humeri, C. nigriloris (and Field Characters and Voice for all Cisticola species), Scotocerca, Euryptila, Graueria, Macrosphenus, Hylia, Erythrocercus (remaining 2 species). S. Keith and A. Prigogine: Zoothera. P. C. Lack: Turdus tephronotus, Eremomela, Sylvietta. R. de Naurois and C. H. Fry: Turdus olivaceofuscus, Prinia molleri, Amaurocichla, Terpsiphone atrochalybeia. D. Pearson: Locustella, Acrocephalus, Hippolais, Phylloscopus, Sylvia (remaining 7 species), Ficedula. A. Tye: Cisticola (remaining 31 species). E. K. Urban: Psophocichla, Turdus (remaining 9 species).

ix

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240

544

241

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256

560

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561

- Breeding or resident Migration - Dense non-breeding

Sparse non-breeding

? x

Occurrence uncertain Extralimital record

--+- Points to isolated occurrence � Migration route

WESTERN SAHARA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA

LESOTHO

fig 2

XIV

NORTHWEST AND WEST AFRICA

Fig. 3. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Northwest and West Africa. Morocco 1. Rif Mts 2. Merja Zerga 3. Middle Atlas 4. Central Plateau 5. High Atlas 6. Souss 7. Anti-Atlas 8. Cap Draa For a map see Thevenot et al. (1982). Western Sahara 9. Cap Boiijdour Algeria 10. Djurdjura Mts 11. Tell-Atlas 12. Sahara-Atlas 13. Grand Erg Occidental 14. Grand Erg Oriental 15. Hoggar Mts; Atakor Nat. Park 16. Tanezrouft For a gazetteer see Ledant et al. (1981). Tunisia 17. L. Ichkeul 18. Cap Bon Peninsula

19. Kroumirie forests 20. Djebel Jugurtha 21. Metlaoui Mts 22. Chott el Djerid For a map see Thomsen and Jacobsen (1979). Libya 23. Jebel Nafusa 24. Wadi Turghat 25. Jafra Oasis 26. Sebha 27. Jebel Akhdar 28. Kufra Oasis 29. Jebel Awainat 30. Tibesti For maps see Bundy (1976). Mauritania 31. Banc d'Arguin Nat. Park 32. Cap Timirist 33. Aftout-es-Sahel 34. Lac d'Aleg 35. Rkiz Massif 36. Erg d'lguidi 37. Aouker Depression For maps and a gazetteer see Gee (1984), Lamarche (1988).

NORTHWEST AND WEST AFRICA

Mali 38. Adrar des lforhas 39. Niger Delta inundation zone 40. Boucle du BaouleNat. Park 41. MandinguesMts For map and a gazetteer see Lamarche (1980). Niger 42. W Nat. Park 43. Tenere Desert 44. Ai:rMts 45. TermitMassif For a gazetteer seeGiraudoux et al. (1988). Chad 30. Tibesti 46. EnnediMassif 47. Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Fauna) Reserve 48. L. Fitri 49. ZakoumaNat. Park 50. MandaNat. Park For a gazetteer see Salvan (1969). Senegal 51. DjoudjNat. Park 52. L. Guier 53. Delta du SaloumNat. Park 54. Basse-CasamanceNat. Park 55. Niokolo-KobaNat. Park For maps and gazetteers seeGore (1990), Morel andMorel (1990). Gambia 56. Kiang WestNat. Park For maps and gazetteers seeGore (1990), Morel andMorel (1990). Guinea-Bissau 57. Cantanhez Forest Guinea 58. BadiarNat. Park 59. Fouta Djallon Plateau; Mt Loura 60. ZiamaMassif 61. MtNimba For maps and a gazetteer see Demey (1995) and Hayman et al. (1995). Sierra Leone 62. Sula Hills 63. LomaMts 64. TingiMts 65. Gola Hills Liberia 66. LofaManoNat. Park 67. WologiziMts 61. MtNimba 68. SapoNat. Park For a map seeGarter (1988). Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) 61. MtNimba 69. Mt Sangbe 70. ComoeNat. Park 71. Mt Pekoe 72. Tai"Nat. Park; N'Zo Forest Reserve 73. Yapo Forest For a gazetteer see Thiollay (1985). Burkina Faso 74. PoNat. Park

75. ArilNat. Park 42. W Nat. Park For maps and a gazetteer see Thonnerieux (1998b), Holyoak and Seddon (1989). Ghana 76. MoleNat. Park 77. BuiNat. Park 78. DigyaNat. Park 79. Shai Hills 80. BiaNat. Park For maps and a gazetteer seeGrimes (1987). Togo 81. KeranNat. Park 82. Fazao-MalfakassaNat. Park; FazaoMts 83. TogoMts For maps and a gazetteer seeCheke and Walsh (1996). Benin 42. W Nat. Park 84. PendjariNat. Park 85. AtakoraMts 86. KouffeMts 87. Lama Forest For maps and a gazetteer see Brunel (1958) and Claffey (1995). Nigeria 88. BorguGame Reserve 89. Funtua 90. L. KainjiNat. Park 91. Omo Forest Reserve 92. Badagri 93. AnambaraCreek 94. OldOyoNat. Park 95. Nindam Forest Reserve 96. YankariNat. Park 97. Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands 98. BulaturaOases 99. Mambilla Plateau; GotelMts 100. Gashaka-Gumti Nat. Park 101. Obudu Plateau 102. StubbsCreekGame Reserve 103. Ohan Hills;Cross RiverNat. Park For maps and a gazetteer see Elgood et al. (1994). Cameroon 104. WazaNat. Park 105. BenoueNat. Park 106. Mandara Highlands 107. Adamawa Plateau 108. MtOku 109. TchabelMbabo 110. KorupNat. Park 111. Rumpi Hills 112. MtManenguba;MtNlonako; MtKupe 113. DjaGame Reserve For a gazetteer see Louette (1981). Gabon 114. Makokou; M'Passa; lvindo Basin; Mt Sassamongo 115. Lope-OkandaNat. Park; Mt Iboundji 116. Sette-Cama Reserve For a map see Rand et al. (1959). Congo 117. OdzalaNat. Park 118. Mt Fouari 119. Conkouati Fauna) Reserve 120. Kouilou Basin 121. Mayombe 122. Lefini Fauna) Reserve For a gazetteer see Dowsett (1991).

XV

XVI

NORTHEAST AND EAST AFRICA

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Fig. 4. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Northeast and East Africa.

52

-

NORTHEAST AND EAST AFRICA

Egypt

1. Matruh 2. Siwa Oasis 3. Qattara Depression 4. L. Maryut 5. L. Burullus 6. L. Manzala 7. Wadi elNatrun 8. L. Qarun 9. Wadi el Rayan 10. Farafra Oasis 11. Bahariya Oasis 12. Gebel Uweinat 13. L. Nasser For a gazetteer seeGoodman and Meininger (1989) . Sudan

14. GebelElba 15. Red SeaHills 16. DinderNat. Park 17. Jebel Marra Massif 18. Malakai 19. Jonglei Canal 20. BomaNat. Park 21. Bengengai Forest 22. Aloma Plateau 23. lmatong Mts; Didinga Mts; Dongotona Mts; Lotti and Talanga forests; MtKinyeti For a gazetteer seeNikolaus (1987). Central African Republic

24. Bamingui-BangoranNat. Park 25. Manovo-Gounda-St. FlorisNat. Park 26. Dar Challa Massif and Andre FelixNat. Park 27. Ouossi R. (Baroua) 28. Bongo Massif 29. Adamoua Massif 30. Dzanga- Sangha Forest 31. Mbaere-Bodingue-Ngota Forest 32. Lobaye Prefecture 33. Bangui 34. Haute Sangha Prefecture For a map see Carroll (1988). Eritrea

For a gazetteer see Smith (1957). Ethiopia

35. Simien Mts and Mt Ras Dejen 36. Chercher Mts andHarar 37. AwashNat. Park 38. Abijata-Shala LakesNat. Park 39. Arsi Mts and Mt Chilalo 40. Bale MtsNat. Park; Mt Batu; Harenna Forest 41. Gambela 42. Omo and MagoNat. Parks 43. NechisarNat. Park 44. Yabelo For a gazetteer see Urban and Brown (1971). Djibouti

45. Foret du Day 46. Mabla Mts For maps see Welch and Welch (1984a) and Laurent (1990).

Somalia

47. Zeila Wildlife Reserve 48. Wagger Mts andGaan Libaah Forest 49. Daalo Forest 50. Ahl Mescat Mts and WarsangeliEscarpment For gazetteers see Ash and Miskell (1983), Clarke (1985) and Douthwaite and Miskell (1991). Socotra and Abd-el-Kuri

51. Abd- el-Kuri 52. Socotra For a map see Ripley and Bond (1966). Uganda

53. KidepoNat. Park 54. Mt Moroto 55. MtKadam 56. MtElgon 57. Murchison FallsNat. Park 58. Budongo Forest 59. Bugoma Forest 60. Bwamba (Semliki) Forest 61. Itwara Forest 62. Kibale Forest 63. Rwenzori Mts and Forest 64. Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest 65. Maramagambo andKalinzu forests 66. Bwindi-lmpenetrable Forest andNat. Park 67. Malabigambo Forest 68. Mabira Forest For maps and a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Short et al. (1990). Kenya

56. MtElgon 69. MtKulal 70. Mt Marsabit 71. Ndoto Mts 72. CheranganiHills 73. Kakamega andNandi forests 74. L. Nakuru 75. Mau Forest 76. NgurumanHills 77. Aberdare Mts 78. Laikipia Plateau 79. TaitaHills 80. ChyuluHills 81. Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 82. ShimbaHills 83. Diani Forest For maps and a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Lewis and Pomeroy (1989), Short et al. (1990). Rwanda

84. 85. 86. 87.

VolcanoesNat. Park Gishwati and Mukura forests AkageraNat. Park Nyungwe and Cyamudongo forests

Burundi

88. RuziziNat. Park 89. KibiraNat. Park; Mt Teza; ljenda Forest 90. MtHema 91. RuvubuNat. Park 92. Mt Bururi and Bururi Forest 93. Rumonga-Vyanda andKarehe forests For a map seeGaugris et al. (1981).

XVll

xvm

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

39

•so

99 101

143 138

Fig. 5. Some localities, many mentioned in text, in Central and Southern Africa. Zaire 1. Luki Forest 2. Salonga Nat. Park 3. Garamba Nat. Park 4. lturi Forest 5. Lendu Plateau 6. Mai:ko Nat. Park 7. Virunga Nat. Park; Rwenzori and Lubero forests 8. Virunga Volcanoes 9. Kahuzi-Biega Forest and Nat. Park 10. ltombwe Forest and Mts; Mt Mohi 11. Mt Kabobo 12. Upemba Nat. Park; Mulumbe Mts; Mt Kibara 13. Marungu Mts; Mitumba Mts; Mt Lusale 14. L. Mweru 15. Kundelungu Nat. Park For a map and a gazetteer see Chapin (1954), Lippens and Wille (1976). Tanzania 16. Minziro Forest 17. Crater Highlands

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

N and S Pare Mts Wand E Usambara Mts Nguru Mts. Kiboriani and Ukaguru Mts Uluguru Mts; Lukwangule Plateau; Kinole, Bagilo and Kimboza forests 23. Pugu Hills 24. Kirengoma Forest 25. Rubeho Mts 26. Uvidunda Mts 27. Udzungwa Mts; Mwanihana and Magombera forests 28. Mahenge Forest 29. Kungwe-Mahari Mts 30. Ufipa Plateau 31. Poroto Mts and Mt Rungwe 32. Mdando Forest 33. Matengo Highlands; Livingstone Mts 34. Rondo and Nyangamara forests 35. Ngezi, Mwilu Mkuu and Ras Kiuyu forests 36. Jozani and Muyuni forests For a gazetteer see Britton (1980), Short et al. (1990).

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Cabinda Milando Special Reserve Kisama Nat. Park Kangandala Nat. Park Gabela and Amboim forests and Angolan Escarpment Luando Integral Nature Reserve Kameia Nat. Park Bailundo Highlands; Mt Soque, Mt Moco, Mombolo Plateau 45. Serra de Chela 46. Mo�amedes Partial Reserve 47. Bikuar Nat. Park 48. Mavinga Partial Reserve 49. Iona Nat. Park 50. Mupa Nat. Park 51. Cuando-Cabango Coutadas Controlled Hunting Area 52. Luiana Partial Reserve For a map and gazetteers see Traylor (1963), da Rosa Pinto (1983),Dean et al. (1988). Zambia

53. Lusenga Plain Nat. Park 54. Nyika Plateau; Mt Makutu; Mafinga Mts 55. L. Bangweulu 56. Kasanka Nat. Park 57. Lavushi Mantle Nat. Park 58. Luangwa Nat. Park 59. Muchinga Mts and Escarpment 60. Mwinilunga 61. West Lunga Nat. Park 62. Liuwa Plain Nat. Park 63. Kafue Flats; Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar Nat. Parks For a gazetteer see Benson et al. (1971). Malawi

64. Misuku Hills; lgembe Hills; Musisi Hill 54. Nyika Plateau; Mafinga Mts; Jembya Plateau 65. North Viphya Plateau; Kaningina Hills 66. South Viphya Plateau; Kuwilwe Hill 67. Kasungu Nat. Park 68. Nkhota-kota Game Reserve 69. Chipata Mts; Ntchisi Mts 70. Dzalanyama Range 71. Chongoni Mts;Dedza Mts 72. Namizimu Hills; Mt Mangochi 73. Chikala Hill; Malosa and Zomba Mts 74. Kirk Range 75. Thambani and Zobue Hills 76. L. Chilwa 77. Chiradzulu Mts; Hills around Blantyre; Mt Thyolo 78. Mt Mulanje 79. Malawi Hills For a gazetteer see Benson and Benson (1977). Mozambique

80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.

Niassa Game Reserve Njesi Plateau; Mt Unango MtDomue Mt Namuli Mt Chiperone Gile Game Reserve Gorongoza Nat. Park; Mt Gorongoza Marromeu Game Reserve Chimanimani Mts; Mt Binga Sofala coastal forests; lnhamitanga Forest Zinave Nat. Park Banhine Nat. Park Lebombo Mts

Namibia

93. Kaokoland 94. Owambo (Ovamboland) and CuvelaiDrainage 95. Kavango 96. Caprivi East 97. Skeleton Coast Park 98. Etosha Nat. Park 99. Damaraland 100. Waterberg Plateau Park 101. Swakopmund 102. Walvis Bay 103. Namib-Naukluft Park 104. Namaland 105. Fish River Canyon For a map see Winterbottom (1971a). Botswana

106. Chobe Nat. Park 107. Moremi Wildlife Reserve 108. L. Ngami 109. Nxai Pan Nat. Park 110. Makgadikgadi Pans Nat. Park 111. Central Kalahari and Kutse Game Reserves 112. Gemsbok Nat. Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve For a gazetteer see Penry (1994). Zimbabwe

88. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117.

Chimanimani Mts.; Melsetter Highlands L. Kariba Hwange (Wankie) Nat. Park lnyanga (Nyanga) Mts Wedza Mts Vumba Mts; Banti Forest Reserve; Stapleford Forest Reserve 118. Great Zimbabwe Nat. Monument 119. Chirinda Forest 120. Mt Buhwa For a gazetteer see Irwin (1981). Swaziland

121. Malolotja Nature Reserve 122. Mbabane Lesotho

123. Maseru 124. Mokhotlong 125. Sehlabathebe Nat. Park 126. Senqu Valley For a gazetteer see Bonde (1993). South Africa

127. Kalahari Gemsbok Nat. Park 128. Karoo Nat. Park 129. 'Die Bos' Nat. Reserve, Prieska 130. Lambert's Bay 131. Goegap Provincial Nat. Reserve 132. Langebaan; West Coast Nat. Park 133. Helderberg and Rondevlei Nat. Reserves 134. Cedarberg Wilderness Area 135. Augrabies Nat. Park 136. Tsitsikamma Coastal Nat. Park 137. Knysna 138. Dwesa Nature Reserve (Transkei) 139. Golden Gate Highlands Nat. Park 140. Kruger Nat. Park 141. Wakkerstroom Reserve 142. Barberspan Nat. Reserve 143. Ngoye Forest 144. Giant's Castle Game Reserve For maps see Cyrus and Robson (1980), Earle and Grobler (1987), Tarboton et al. (1987), Hockey et al. (1989), Harrison (1995).

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Monticola rupesm·s

Genus Monticola Boie Thrushes of mountains, rocky terrain and woodland in Afrotropical, Palearctic and Oriental regions: ranging in size from that of chats such as redstarts (Phoenicurus) to typical thrushes (Turdus). Bill slender, straight, hook-tipped; nares basal, round, not concealed; wings rather long, PIO variable in size but always less than half length of P9; tail short and square-ended. Sexes differ markedly, except in M. rufocinereus. rather alike, blue-grey with orange bellies and tails, M. saxatilis with white back, M. gularis and M. cinclorhynchus (Asia) with blackish back and white in wings; western races of M. solitarius all blue. 2 2 are variously mottled brown, and incubating birds can be highly cryptic. Bulky cup nest, in rock crevice, tree cavity, or beneath rock overhang. 13 species: 4 endemic to Africa, 1 to Africa and SW Arabia, 2 in NW Africa, S Europe and Asia (both wintering in Africa), 3 in Madagascar and 3 in Himalayas and E Asia. Ranges of 10 are parapatric or allopatric (M. exp/orator, M. brevipes, M. angolensis and M. rufocinereus in subsaharan Africa, M. sharpei, M. bensoni and M. imerinus in Madagascar, M. saxatilis from W Mediterranean to E Asia, and M. rufiventris and M. gularis in E Asia). All African populations except M. solitarius were treated by Meinertzhagen (1951) as a single species; and most of the 10 are generally regarded as composing a superspecies (Hall and Moreau 1970, Harrison 1982, Cramp 1988). o plumages are quite alike but 2 plumages are dissimilar from each other, subtly or strikingly so; moreover, habitats and foraging behaviours of African rock-thrushes differ importantly, and so we consider that the 7 species dealt with are independent, not comprising any superspecies. Monticola may be distantly related with redstarts Phoenicurus (like them, M. saxatilis and M. rufocinereus quiver the tails). Placed by Sibley and Monroe (1990) in Muscicapidae: Turdinae, in sequence Neocossyphus, Monticola, Myiophonus, Zoothera, Sialia, Myadestes, Catharus, Turdus and Alethe.

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Monticola rupestris (Vieillot). Cape Rock-Thrush. Monticole rocar. Turdus rupestris Vieillot, 1818. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 20, p. 281; Table Mountain near Cape Town.

Range and Status. Endemic resident, S and E South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and just into Botswana and Mozambique. Locally common, from Cape Town to Swaziland and N Transvaal. Cape Province: in SW Cape mainly in mountains but occurs down to sea level; occurs north to De Aar district where widespread in mountains and occasional in grassland and gardens; widespread in Cape Province east of De Aar. Natal: widespread on rocky hill sides; near coast confined to gorges; uncommon east of 31 °E, absent north of St Lucia. Orange Free State: locally common in moun­ tains in east, in Warden-Harrismith-Clarens areas; iso­ lated populations between Bloemfontein, Ladybrand and Wepener, near Zastron, around Bethulie, and between Bloemhof and Hoopstad. Transvaal: wide­ spread in Magaliesberg, Waterberg, Soutpansberg, Magato Mts, Sekukuneland, on Escarpment, and in other mountains; absent west of 27 °E; in E and NE, absent from areas below 1000 m. Lesotho, uncommon lowlands, foothills and upland river valleys. Botswana, only between Kanye and Mafeking. Mozambique, a few in S Lebombo Mts on Swaziland border.

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