The Alalakh Cylinder Seals: A new catalogue of the actual seals excavated by Sir Leonard Woolley at Tell Atchana, and from neighbouring sites on the Syrian-Turkish border 9780860541615, 9781407327570

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The Alalakh Cylinder Seals A new catalogue of the actual seals excavated -by Sir Leonard Woolley at Tell Atchana, and from neighbouring sites on the Syrian-Turkish border Dominique Collon

BAR International Series I 3 2 1982

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S132, 1982: 'The Alalakh Cylinder Seals'

©

Dominique Collon, 1982

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541615 paperback ISBN 9781407327570 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541615 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C ONTENTS Page List

o f

i i

Figures

i ii

Acknowledgements I ntroduction

1

Chronology

3

The

present

l ocation

of the

s eals

3

The

ancient

l ocation

of

s eals

4

Dimensions The

and materials

d evelopment

I ndex

the

of

5

glyptic

s tyles

a t Alalakh

of Motifs

6 1 6

Abbreviations

1 7

B ibliography

1 8

Concordance

o f

excavation

and

c atalogue

numbers

2 3

C oncordance of numbers published i n Woolley's c atalogue ( 1955, Pls. LX-LXVII) a nd i n the present catalogue

2 4

S eals

2 5

previously

unpublished b y Woolley

Concordance o f museum : and Catalogue numbers Hatay Müzesi, Antakya • Ashmolean Museum, Oxford British Museum, London •

S eals

the

Missing Lists

present

and

of

location

discarded

s eals

s eals

a ccording

Catalogue Plates

: Photographs Drawings

o f which

to

i s

unknown

2 5 2 6 26 2 7 2 7

l ocus

2 8 3 3

2 :1 1 :1

'

L IST OF

F IGURES Page

F ig.

1 : The early d evelopment s eals

Fig.

2

The

F ig.

3

Antlers

F ig.

4

Winged

Fig.

5

howing the Plan of Alalakh s o of the s eals i n r elation t buildings

F ig.

6

b ouquet-tree

and

of Mitannian

other trees

9

1 1 1 3

discs

1 4 l ocation the main

S ketch-map i ndicating the s ites where the s eals i n this catalogue were f ound

11

30-31

3 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would not have been able to produce this c atalogue had i t not been f or the help and encouragement g iven to me by the curators o f the c ollections i n which the s eals f rom Alalakh are now housed : Bay Vahit Mest iog 'lu a nd his s taff a t the Hatay Museum i n Antakya, Dr R oger Moorey a t the Ashmolean Museum i n Oxford and Dr Edmond S ollberger i n the Western Asiatic Department o f the B ritish Museum i n London. The B ritish I nstitute o f Archaeology i n Ankara helped to smooth my way a nd o btained the necessary permits f or me. S ince most o f the B ritish Museum s eals i n this catalogue a re to b e i ncluded i n Volume I V o f the museum's catalogue o f the c ylinder s eal c ollection, which Edith Porada i s preparing, I am most grateful t o her f or a llowing me to publish them here a s well. I t was a lso n ecessary for me to s tudy the Alalakh archives -t he F ield notes and ' negatives -w hich are now housed in the l ibrary o f the Institute o f Archaeology i n London. I should l ike to thank the l ibrarians past and present for their help and patience. I a lso wish to thank Mr Peter D orrell o f the Institute's Photographic Department f or providing me with prints, from Woolley's e xcavation negatives, of those s eals which I was unable to photograph myself. Although I c ollected the Antakya material i n 1 971, I had to wait f or a number of years before having an opportunity of s tudying the British Museum and Ashmolean s eals. In 1 978 I was visiting l ecturer a t the University of California i n B erekeley and was a ble to work on the material with two s eminar s tudents, Jyl B aldwin and Pierre B ikai; I have appended their i nitials t o the catalogue entries to which they c ontributed. I t was a t that time that I prepared the plates. I n December 1 979 I was awarded a generous grant from the S even P illars o f Wisdom Trust to e nable me to c ontinue working on the catalogue. Indeed, what I had a t first e nvisaged a s a l engthy j ournal a rticle, was expanding i nto s omething rather more s ubstantial and I am grateful to Dr Roger Moorey f or putting me i n touch with the e ditors o f B .A.R. Miss B ernadette H enry typed the camera-ready c opy s wiftly and efficiently. In addition to t hose mentioned a bove, I s hould l ike to thank the f ollowing for more s pecific c ontributions to the catalogue : f or the cuneiform i nscriptions, Anne Draffkorn-Kilmer,' Wolfgang Heimpel, Douglas K ennedy, W .G. Lambert and Christopher Walker; f or the H ittite,

ii i

J . D. Hawkins, Massimo Poetto a nd Ruggiero S tefanini; f or the E gyptian motifs, Carole Andrews, G eorge H art a nd K ent Weeks; f or Palestinian c hronology and p ottery, Jonathan Tubb; f or d emons with c rossed l egs ( No. 1 16), Madeline Noveck. Many o f the i deas which a re i ncorporated i n this c atalogue I owe t o s eminars I a ttended a t C olumbia University i n New Y ork when I was a s tudent o f Edith P orada's f rom 1 968 t o 1 971. I t i s-difficult, a fter a n i nterval o f years, t o remember whose t he various c ontributions were. May those who r ecognise their i deas i n t he f ollowing pages f ind here a n e xpression o f my t hanks f or t he many f ruitful d iscussions we had t ogether. T o E dith Porada, who i nstigated a nd i nspired t hese d iscussions, I d edicate t he p resent v olume -a s equel t o the t hesis which I prepared while I was her s tudent.

i v

I NTRODUCTION The preparation o f this catalogue g rew naturally out o f my i nterest i n the s eal impressions o n jar-sealings and on the tablets found by S ir L eonard Woolley a t Tell Atchana, the ancient Alalakh, on the S yrian-Turkish border between Antioch and Aleppo ( Collon, 1 975 a nd Woolley, 1 955). These impressions were f ound, with but f ew e xceptions, i n c ontexts datable to the late 1 8th a nd the greater part o f the 1 7th c enturies B .C. o n the one hand, and to the 1 5th c entury B .C. on the o ther. The a ctual s eals, however, are f ound throughout the history o f the s ite, but what s truck me was the d iscrepancy b etween the s tyles i llustrated b y the s eal i mpressions and those to which the a ctual s eals bore witness. On the whole, the quality of the former i s far higher but t he variety of the l atter i s greater and many more unusual s tyles are represented. This discrepancy exists wherever l arge numbers o f s eal impressions and s eals have been excavated : Mari and Nuzi are prime examples ( e.g. Parrot, 1 959, p . 1 46 ff.; Porada, 1 947 and c f. S tarr, 1 939, Pls. 5 5, 1 18, 1 19). Furthermore, i n only a f ew cases do we have the a ctual s eal which made an ancient impression ( Parrot, 1 966, pp. 33-335; Frankfort e t a l., 1 940, p . 1 45 no. 1 2: M oore 1 28 3 and c f. S peleers, 1 943, no. 6 60 i f this really i s an ancient impression). The only possible explanation i s that the s eals were buried with their owners. Few c emeteries have b een f ound and the Alalakh necropolis was never l ocated. I t may l ie well below the water-table i n the a lluvial d eposits a t the f oot o f the mound, or i t may have b een ransacked and robbed l ong-since, thus c ontributing t o the wealth o f f ine S yrian s eals which have f ound their way i nto the museums and private c ollections of the world. Furthermore, i f I was c orrect in suggesting that L evel V II Alalakh was the summer residence of the kings o f Aleppo, many of the • seals u sed on the envelopes of the L evel V II tablets may well have b een buried with their o wners i n Aleppo ( Collon, 1 975, p . 1 39 f .). C ertainly, the burials excavated by Woolley were not particularly rich and were i ntra-mural. Relatively f ew c ontained s eals ( 18 s eals i n 1 4 graves out o f a published " selection" of 1 22 graves which, Woolley s tresses, were those o f the poorer s ection of the population - Woolley, 1 955, pp. 2 01-203). Large numbers of s eals were f ouhd in both the L evel V II a nd the Level I V palaces which had been sacked and d estroyed by f ire. Many were found i n the private houses o f the various l evels e xcavated by Woolley and a f ew were f ound

1

i n the temple l evels

ruins of the temples and may have treasure, and these l atter b elong to have produced s eals.

b een part of a t o the earliest

I t i s interesting that relatively f ew s eals were f ound before L evel V II and i t s eems probable that this was not only because the s oundings b elow this l evel were restricted i n area. I t i s l ikely t hat Alalakh, and probably most of S yria, had l ittle u se for s eals b efore that period though admitedly we know v ery l ittle a bout earlier S yrian glyptic, a s the r ecent f inds a t Ebla are making u s realise. I t seems that i n the 3 rd millennium B .C., many S yrian seals were made o f perishable materials : wood, bone or i vory, and v ery f ew of these have survived ( Ben-Tor, 1 978, p . 3 7 f f.; a c arved fragment of wood, possibly part of a s eal, was found a t Ebla -P. Matthiae, personal c ommunication). Though few of the Alalakh s eals c ome f rom below Level V II, nevertheless i t i s true that s everal e arly s tyles are represented and on of these No. 7 was largely r esponsible f or Woolley's a ttributing a higher date f or the early l evels at Alalakh than t he evidence fact warranted : the earliest l evels e xcavated at Alalakh go back to about 2 000 B .C. ( Mellink, 1 957, p . 3 97).

i n

Woolley catalogued the s eals from Alalakh, together with s elected impressions, a ccording to the l evels i n which they had been found. In this c atalogue, the a ctual s eals are arranged more or l ess chronologically, according to s tyle and s ubject-matter. I t i s c lear that i n many cases s eals are f ound out o f c ontext and Alalakh provides a good example of how dating based on glyptic s hould be avoided except where there i s a l arge body of material. A s Woolley himself pointed out ( 1955, p . 2 58), a s eal will only give a t erminus post qm em , and even then i t i s possible that a s eal has s lipped o r rolled down a n animal hole, a crack or a drain and has e nded up i n a l evel which i s earlier than the one to which i t s hould belong. If c ontexts are not t o b e dated by the s eals f ound i n them, then the c onverse i s true and t oo great a reliance on c ontext f or the dating of a s eal s hould a lso be a voided. Neither proviso a pplies to impressions o f s eals which, particularly when they o ccur on tablets, provide u s with a s ecure framework f or dating c omparable s eals. A s we have s een, however, the types o f s eals f ound and those of which we have impressions, rarely c orrespond. I n the catalogue which follows, preference has b een given t o parallels drawn from e xcavated material, wherever possible, s ince this provides u s with the g eographical d istribution of a type, even if i t does n ot help with the dating. Distribution patterns are important i f we are to a ttempt to e llucidate the origins o f the various s tyles which appear on the Alalakh seals

2

and which reflect the c osmopolitan nature of i ts p opulation and c ontacts, an " international character which i ts geographical position imposed upon the s ite" ( Woolley, 1 953, p . 2 3). CHRONOLOGY The Middle Chronology has b een u sed throughout this catalogue, a s i t was i n the catalogue of the s eal impressions from Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, p . 1 43 n . 2 ). The chronological s cheme suggested by Woolley ( 1953, 1 955) has had to be substantially revised, particularly f or the early p eriods ( Mellink, 1 957). The dates suggested for the various l evels are a s f ollows : L evels

X VII-VIII

-c.

2 000

-c.

1790

P. P.

L evel

V II

-c. 1 720 -l ate 1 7th c entury B .C. d estruction o f the Level V II Palace by Hattu nli I .

Level

V IV

-l ate 1 7th c entury B .C. -c. 1 500 B .C. I drimi makes Alalakh his capital.

L evel

I V

-c. 1 500 -c. 1 365 B .C. Niqmepa's Place d estroyed H ittite capture o f Mukish c . 1 365 B .C.

c . 1 400 B .C. ( Alalakh),

Level

I II-II

-c. 1 365 -f irst c entury B .C. destruction.

L evel

I

-s econd quarter o f 1 3th c entury -f irst years o f the 1 2th c entury B .C. d estruction b y the S ea Peoples.

a s of

quarter

o f

1 3th

Further d etails of the political history o f Alalakh, i t relates to the s eals, will be f ound i n t he d iscussion the development of glyptic s tyles, below. THE

PRESENT

L OCATION

OF

THE

S EALS

The objects excavated a t Tell Atchana before the S econd World War were d ivided between the Hatay Museum i n Antioch, which also received a ll the o bjects f rom the p ostwar excavations, and the e xpedition. The e xpedition's s hare was further divided, principally b etween the Ashmolean Museum i n Oxford and the British Museum i n London. S ome objects, but apparently no s eals, went t o Melbourne i n Australia. As a result, the majority of the s eals f rom Alalakh i s now i n the Hatay Museum i n Antakya. My brief, while I was there i n 1 968 and 1 971, was to work on the s eal impressions, and there were s ome technical d ifficulties a ttached to my s-E udying the a ctual s eals s ince most o f these were i n a g lass case s crewed to the wall o f t he exhibition gallery. However, on the last day o f my

3

s econd v isit to Antakya, the c ase was removed from t he wall and I was able to make impressions and take photographs of those s eals f or which there were i nadequate r ecords; time precluded my making new impressions o f a ll t he s eals and in s ome c ases this i s particularly unfortunate. I was a lso a ble to make new impressions and photographs of the British Museum and Ashmolean s eals. The o ther Antakya s eals and the f ew I was unable t o l ocate, are here published with new prints made f rom Woolley's g lass negatives which are preserved i n the l ibrary o f the I nstitute of Archaeology i n London. THE ANCIENT

L OCATION OF

THE

S EALS

I n Woolley's report o f the e xcavations, there a re c ertain d iscrepancies regarding the place where a s eal was f ound ( e.g. No. 1 3). I n this catalogue, the F ield notes have been c onsulted wherever possible and an a ttempt has been made to resolve these d iscrepancies. However, the F ield notes are s ometimes misleading -f or i nstance the Niqmepa Palace of L evel I V was s imply called " the Palace" until the e xcavation, i n 1 939, of the Level V II o r " Yarimlim" Palace, s o that the date o f discovery i s an important c lue a s to where a s eal was f ound. Furthermore, the L evel V II Palace was f irst thought to be a Temple a nd f inds made i n i ts ruins were r egistered accordingly. S ite names u sed in the early s easons were s ubsequently a bandoned but i t i s probable that AT refers to the House s ite, i .e. the area of private housing along the c ity wall, while NH i s l ikely to be the Fortress area further north, though i t c ould o verlap with the L evel I V Palace. S ite H was down to the s outh, near Trench H ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 40 F ig. 5 4 and c f. Pl. XXII). Three s eals ( Nos. 41, 67 and 1 07) were f ound during a preliminary s ounding on the mound in 1 936. Two 6 0 m . trenches had been dug to a d epth o f s ome 2 m . ( Woolley, 1 937, Pl. I I); one was extended t o c over an area above part of the Level I V Palace ( Woolley, 1 936, p . 1 29 a nd c f. Woolley, 1 955, Figs. 6 0 and 4 4; i n the fill was f ound the s word i llustrated on Pl. LXX) while the main f eature of the o ther was s ubsequently to be known a s Room 3 o f House 3 7/A ( Woolley, 1 936, p . 1 29 F ig. 1 and c f. Woolley, 1 955, Fig. 6 8). The s eals c ould have c ome from e ither trench. I n the 1 937 s eason a grid was laid out. The s quares were i dentified from east to west by l etters and f rom n orth to s outh by numbers, and s ubsequent f inds were related t o the grid. However, on a ll the plans drawn i n 1 937 and on s ome o f those drawn i n 1 938 the numbers i ndicated r efer to the posts marking the c orner o f the s quares and not t o the s quares themselves. Thus, f or e xample, t he post numbers on F ig. 6 7 ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 92) are a ctually written to t he right o f the grid l ine when they s hould, l ogically, be written to the l eft a nd E 1 9 and E and F 2 0 are written in s quares E 1 8 and F 1 9 respectively, while the angle o f 4

the town wall falls into s quare G 1 6 ( not H 1 6 -s ee F ig. 6 3 and Pl. XXII where i t i s represented by the d otted l ines o f L evel I V buildings). The s ame ambiguity e xists i n c onnection with Figs. 5 5, 6 0, 6 2, 6 5 and 6 8 and l ed Woolley himself i nto making mistakes ( see Nos. 6, 7 6 and 8 8 f or examples). Later plans provide c hecks -f or instance F ig. 5 5 and Pl. X IV; Fig. 6 0 and Figs. 5 9 and 6 9). L ists a ccording to l ocus will be found i n the i ndices on pp. 2 9, 3 2 -together with a Plan ( Fig. 5 ). D IMENSIONS AND MATERIALS Dimensions have been given i n c entimeters a nd a ll the s eals which I have been a ble to l ocate have b een remeasured, except for a f ew of the Antakya s eals for which I have had to u se Woolley's measurements i n his catalogue o r i n the F ield n otes. Materials have b een g iven o nly i n t he case of the Ashmolean s eals ( quoted f rom B uchanan, 1 966) and British Museum s eals, r ecently analysed by Margaret S ax i n the Research Laboratory there ( see b elow f or her r eport). In all o ther cases, a d escription o f the s tone has been prefered to the u se o f t erms l ike " steatite" which, i n the a bsence of analysis, a re misleading, but an e xception has b een made i n the , case of haematite though this terms c overs the l ess c ommon, but s imilar, magnetite and goethite. The term " composition" has been adopted i n c onsultation with Miss Mavis B imson of the B ritish Museum Research L aboratory, f or those s eals for which terms s uch a s " frit", " paste", " faience" and " Egyptian blue" are variously u sed, s ince i t covers a ll of them and i s appropriately nonc ommital a s to the process of manufacture i nvolved i n each i ndividual case. The s eals i n this category i n the B ritish Museum have been described a s " sintered quartz" in t he Laboratory Report which f ollows. R EPORT O N T HE S CIENTIFIC E XAMINATION O F S EALS F ROM A LALAKE ( Department o f W estern A siatic A ntiquities) by Margaret S ax ( British Museum Research Laboratory) I NTRODUCTION T he nomenclature u sed i n d escribing this c ollection o f s eals f rom Alalakh i s based on the s cheme i ntroduced i n the British Museum Catalogue of S assanian s eals. The material was p owder analysis.

i dentified

by means

o f

X -ray

d iffraction

N OTES O N T HE M ATERIALS I DENTIFIED S intered q uartz

( 'Egyptian f aience') 5 0%

Half t he number ( : ) . seals i n this group are o f the s intered quartz body frequently referred to a s " faience" or " composition". The body material i s without e xception in

5

a friable c ondition and survive on the s urface. C hlorite

( Mg. A1,Fe)

1 2

only

( Si,A1)

fragmentary

8 02 0

) (CH)

1 6

r emains

o f

g laze

2 9%

This group o f minerals c onsists of hydroxy magnesium s ilicates o f the s heet s ilicate t ype which frequently o ccur i n massive, fine-grained f orms of medium hardness a nd a re thus v ery suitable for u se a s s eals. The c olour, which may be green, brown or black i s chiefly d ue t o t he i ron c ontent. S everal different though c losely r elated minerals may be represented under this group heading, but t his s implified designation s eemed preferable to c hoosing which of two members of a s eries was more c losely related to the unknown on the basis of X -ray diffraction i nformation alone. Precise designation i s particularly d ifficult i n this group s ince there i s widespread s ubstitution o f o ther e lements, e specially o f i ron, in the crystal lattice. These c hlorite s eals from Alalakh may be c lassified a s thuringites. H aematite

( iron oxide)

Haematite ' streak'.

i s

Fe 2 03 4%

a lustrous,

D amaged i ron o xide s eals

grey-black mineral with a dark r ed

1 3%

In addition to the s ingle haematite example there a re a further three s eals which have been shown b y X -ray d iffraction powder analysis to c ontain haematite a nd/or goethite ( hydrous i ron oxide, Fe0.0H) a s l isted below. However, these s eals d o not exhibit the t ypical a ppearances of the i ron oxide minerals and i t s eems probable t hat they have b een damaged, possibly by f ire, s ubsequent to manufacture. Although samples taken f rom s eal no. 1 26065 were s hown by X -ray d iffraction powder analysis t o c ontain haematite, the s eal i s magnetic, s uggesting that the body i s probably a c ombination of magnetite ( magnetic i ron oxide, Fe 3 04 ) and haematite. Q uartz

S iO

2

4%

C halcedony i s a microcrystalline f orm o f quartz which i s extremely widely d istributed; i t has a porous s tructure and easily absorbs impurities, g iving rise t o a wide range of c olours d epending on the nature of the impurities present. Jasper i s o paque chalcedony. THE

DEVELOPMENT

OF

GLYPTIC

S TYLES AT ALALAKH

7 e earliest s eals from the s ite ( Nos. 1-7: 24 and 2 5) b ear - i tness t o s ettlements of s ome i mportance i n t he vicir y , i n the l ate 4 th and early 3 rd millennia B .C. When e n in r elationship to the c ommercial c entres which we n c kn ( w existed along the Euphrates trade-routes ( Habc i K fd pira, S amsat), they gain i n s ignificance a s e vide c e or trade west of the Euphrates, probably a long

6

the same route which passed, and s till passes, through Aleppo and Antakya to the s ea and thence, on the e vidence o f Nos. 2 and 3 , to Egypt ( Moorey, f orthcoming). The s eals cannot have c ome from Tell Atchana i tself s ince o ccupation of the mound d oes not antedate c . 2 000 B .C. Nos. 8 and 9 are the f irst s eals to which a 2 nd millennium date can be a ssigned on the basis o f s tyles, and No. 8 was a ctually f ound i n Level X II, which would tie i n well with the S yro-Cappadocian a ffinities d isplayed by N o. 9 which i s c losely r elated to i t. There are no c lose parallels e lsewhere f or the c ombination of motifs on these two s eals and they may therefore r epresent a l ocal s chool i nfluenced by Mesopotamia and, predominantly, by Anatolia o f the l ate 2 0th and 1 9th c enturies B .C. The n ext three s eals, Nos. 1 0 -1 2, b elong to a s tyle which i s f ar more widely d istributed and -f or which a 1 9th c entury B .C. date i s l ikely ( see N o. 1 0 f or d etails) hut only N o. 1 1 was f ound i n a c ontext chronologically c ompatible with such a date. N os. 1 3 a nd 1 4 also probably belong to the 1 9th c entury and No. 3 5 may b e only s lightly l ater while Nos. 1 5 -2 3 a re the types of s eal which would not be out of place i n the L evel V II archive ( cf. C ollon, 1 975, Pls. V -X) but i t should be noted that Nos. 1 3 and 1 5 a re the only two inscribed s eals i n this catalogue. In v iew of the variety of subjects and s tyles i llustrated, the r eader i s referred to the i ndividual entries for further d etails. Level V II a t Alalakh was a period o f prosperity f or the c ity which s eems to have c ome under the direct i nfluence of the kings of Aleppo from a bout 1 720 onwards ( Collon, 1 975, p . 1 43). However, the s eal impressions bear witness t o a far more flourishing g lyptic tradition than i s evidenced i n the s eals. An exception i s No. 1 5 but i t had obviously been kept a s an heirloom and was f ound out of c ontext i n Level I V. Nos. 1 6 -1 8 a re of a good quality but a re worn and damaged and two of them do not c ome from the excavations but were brought i n from neighbouring s ites ( Nos. 1 6 a nd 1 8). Nos. 2 0 a nd 21 are to be r elated to t he impressions d epicting the s ame theme ( Collon, 1 975, Nos. 3 2-45) but No. 21 i s a v ery poor relation. No. 1 9 was f ound in a late c ontext and a lthough i conographically i t i s related to the L evel V II r epertoire, s tylistically i t s hould perhaps be c lassed with the emerging group from L evels V I-V ( see below and Fig. 1 ). Geometric motifs are often difficult to date. Two belong to t he 3 rd millennium ( Nos. 24 and 2 5) but i t i s difficult to know where, within the 2 nd millennium, to s ituate Nos. 2 6 a nd 27. As we have s een, a 1 9th or early 1 8th c entury B .C. date s hould probably be a ttributed to No. 3 5 but the dating o f No. 34 i s more problematic. Nos. 3 6 a nd 37 also pose problems since their clear Level V II context s eems a t variance with the chronological place which would b e a ttributed to them on purely s tylistic grounds; we can only a ssume that they represent the g lyptic trends at the time of the d estruction o f the L evel V II

7

Palace, possibly late i n the 1 7th c entury B .C. ( see C ollon, 1 975, p . 1 43 where the destruction of Alalakh was a ssumed to be no l ater than 1 650 B .C. and c f. Na'aman, 1 976, p . 1 30 where a date later i n the reign o f Hattu nli I i s d iscussed). The period between the d estruction of L evel V II s ome t ime between 1 650 and 1 615 B .C. and the next period of prosperity at Alalakh, when I drimi made i t his capital i n about 1 500 B .C., i s a " Dark Age" i n S yria, c overed a t Alalakh by Levels V I and V . S ome of the buildings of the l ater phase of L evel V went on being u sed i n L evel I V ( Woolley, 1 955, pp. 1 61, 1 63, 1 74-175) s o that the l evels overlap to s ome extent, particularly s ince the p eriod o f greatest building activity i n L evel I V i s a ttributed t o Niqmepa and his reign probably falls in the middle o f t he 1 5th c entury B .C. ( Collon, 1 975, pp. 1 67-169). T here a lso s eem to have been two phases i n L evel V I but the e vidence i s s canty ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 73 and F ig. 6 1). A number of s eals are dated by Woolley t o t hese l evels ( Woolley, 1 955, Nos. 2 2 -4 6 = our Nos. 2-4 , 9 , 2 4, 2 7, 3 5, 5 0, 5 1, 5 3, 5 7, 6 0, 6 9, 7 6, 7 7, 91 a nd 1 19). The s eals are the only p ublished group from an e xcavated s ite i n this " Dark Age" a nd therefore a ssume a s pecial importance i n an a ssessment o f the g lyptic d evelopment which took place during this p eriod. There must have been such a d evelopment because by t he t ime we reach L evel I V, we find evidence o f a fully e laborated Mitannian s tyle. Of the s eals f rom L evels V I and V , N os. 2-4 , 9 , 2 4 a nd 3 5 a re survivals f rom a n earlier a ge, N o. 27 cannot be dated s tylistically i n a ny c ase and may a s well belong t o this period a s t o any o ther, while No. 1 19 i s c ertainly i ntrusive from a much later period. We have no d etails regarding the c ontext of No. 4 9, f ound i n L evel V I, but there are s ome i conographical r easons f or l inking No. 5 0, f rom a L evel V I grave, with i t. Nos. 51, 53 a nd 60 a ll c ome from the same grave which i s s aid to belong to L evel V but parallels with Nuzi would suggest a 1 5th c entury date and the l evel from which the grave was dug may well have been wrongly e stablished i n an area where the s tratigraphy s eems to have been extremely c onfused ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 98; s ee also Buchanan, 1 966, p . 1 84). The c ontext o f No. 5 7 is a lso problematic and Woolley's L evel I V-V attribution reflects this uncertainty. No. 6 9, however, is stylistically q uite different from anything a t Nuzi with the exception of one impression among the earliest f rom t hat s ite ( Porada, 1 947, No. 4 6). L ikewise No. 7 0, though f ound out of c ontext, i s difficult to parallel a t Nuzi but a s eal from Assur ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 66), a nd the one s eal impression from Alalakh a ttributed t o L evels V I-V ( Collon, 1 975, No. 1 87) combine to f orm a group i n which a f igure holds " a distinctive type of s pear a lso f ound on No. 7 6, t o which a Level V I-V date was a ssigned ( see a lso No. 50, discussed a bove, where a f igure holds a s tandard). I f t he early a ttribution of No. 7 6 i s a ccepted ( and i t should b e noted that the Nuzi . parallels a re f ew), then there i s n o ate proposed for No. 77. The problem i n a ccepting the early d L evel V I a ttribution of No. 91 i g a lso p ossible : the t ype

8

5 0

6 9

N u z i

\ . " 7 0

A l a lakh

A s u r s

7 7

7 6

1 9

9 1 F ig.

1

only occurs i n Level I X, the e arliest l evel t o have produced Mitannian-style s eals a t B eth S han, and the c omposition i s not unlike that of No. 50. S o we have a fairly c oherant group emerging, t o which can p erhaps be added No. 1 9 ( see F ig. 1 ). Although No. 48 d oes n ot b elong to this group, i t i s probably a lso to be dated to the p eriod preceding L evel I V. Even i f the texts had not provided s ynchronisms between I drimi and the i st generation a t Nuzi, and N iqmepa and the 2 nd generation ( Collon, 1 975, pp. 1 67-168), a sufficient number of s eals of Mitannian t ype has b een excavated a t Alalakh t o make i t c lear that a p eriod o f major activity c oincided a t b oth s ites. I t i s i nteresting that whereas at Nuzi we have an a bundance of s eal impressions and v ery f ew equivalent s eals, a t Alalakh we have many " Nuzi type" s eals but only two c lose parallels among the i mpressions ( Collon, 1 975, Nos. 2 02 a nd 2 32). There i s, i ndeed, an almost c omplete disparity b etween the extant s eals and impressions. At Alalakh, family and dynastic s eals, often r ecut, were impressed on the tablets a nd j ar s ealings ( Collon, 1 975, pp. 1 66-167), but n one has s urvived, unless we i nclude N os. 1 2 a nd 1 5 i n this c ategory. 4, 3 9 -9 1 a nd About 6 0 s eals of Mitannian t ype ( Nos. 28 -3 mostly i n Porada's C ommon S tyle and made o f s intered quartz ( composition), c ome from the excavations a t Alalakh and f orm the largest s ingle group of s eals from the s ite, but only 1 8 of them were f ound i n Level I V ( 7 from graves, 5 from the Palace, 4 f rom the House s ite and one each f rom the F ortress and the Temple); a ll the o thers a part from those f rom L evels V I-V a lready d iscussed, came from l ater l evels, mostly Level I I, from graves or, predominantly, from the House s ite, and one probably c ame f rom a rubbish pit dug down i nto the L evel V II Palace ( No . 6 4). 9 4 -9 6),

Not surprisingly, i n v iew o f Alalakh's g eographical position, there i s evidence, among t he s eals, f or c ontacts with Palestine to the s outh. Though s eals of the type i llustrated by Nos. 28 -3 3 o ccur a t Nuzi, their pattern o f d istribution would i ndicate a s outhern o rigin, and this s eems c ertain f or No. 3 9, though the p opularity of this type outside Palestine i s evident. An eastern, north Mesopotamian, origin i s probable f or s eals 3 8, 4 7, 5 1 -6 3, 7 2, nd 87 -90, while seals 4 0 -4 3, 64 -67, 7 4, 7 5 and 7 9 -8 6b ridge 7 3 a t he gap between east and s outh-west, and may have been made i n, and diffused from, one or more north S yrian c entres. No. 5 1 may f all into this same c ategory but i t s eems more l ikely that i t was a popular s outhern s tyle t hat s pread t o north S yria and further east. In c onnection with No. 7 8 i t has been suggested that the theme of marching or dancing men may have o riginated i n northern S yria i n the 1 9th o r 1 8th c entury B .C. and have s pread eastwards but, p erhaps because i t did not form part of the ritual i n Palestine, i ts popularity there s eems to have been l imited. I n s upport of this theory are s eals such a s Nos. 7 6 a nd 7 7 which bridge

1 0

t A e P

4 8 6 9 1 9

3 6a

0 0 0‘

0

3 9

5 7

4 5

7 5

0

, 0

5 2

6 1

3 7

3 6b

5 3

8 3

I g 7 3

/ a 7 4b

5 5

5 1

12

5 6

1 08

Fig.

5 8

8 6

1 05

1 7 4a

4 0

I I 6 2

1 09

2

5 9

10

5 4

6 0 9 0

7 1

1 1 1 20

the c hronological gap ( see above and F ig. 1 ). N o. 7 8, therefore, could just a s easily be of l ocal manufacture or have c ome from an eastern site, s ince i t b elongs t o a p eriod when the subject was c ommon to both areas. Until t he publication of the vast c orpus of Ugarit s eals, however, a ny a ttempt a t reconstructing the patterns o f d iffusion o f the mass-produced C ommon S tyle Mitannian s eals i s b ound t o b e t entative but s ome i nteresting points emerge, particularly i n connection with Nos. 3 9, 4 4, 5 4, 5 6 and 62. Cross-reference t o discussion o f the various c ategories o f s eal will b e f ound i n the catalogue entries. T he b ouquett ree, which appears on many s eals, i s d iscussed i n c onnection with No. 51. The evolution of s tylised trees f rom L evel V II o nwards i s shown on F ig. 2 ( and cf. C ollon, 1 975, P l. X LVIII). N os. 48, 1 9 and 3 6a do not belong t o a specific t ype t hough No. 3 6a may be d erived from the Egyptian l otus. T he t ype with v olutes d evelops from Level V II ( Nos. 3 6b a nd 3 7) t o Nos. 7 3, 8 6 and 4 6 which are probably late 1 5th or 1 4th c entury i n date, with survivals on N os. 1 05 a nd 1 07 ( 14th to 1 3th c entury B .C.). The bouquet-tree a lso s hows a n e volution. The type d iscussed i n c onnection with No. 3 9, from Palestine, o ccurs only once. T he s tandard b ouquet-tree c onsists of five globes : f our globes arranged i n pairs, herring-bone fashion, on either s ide of a c entral s tem, with a g lobe a t the top, s ometimes also a t the l ower point o f j uncture, s ometimes a t the bottom of the s tem. On N os. 57 ( an a bbreviated f orm), 61 and 8 3 , the f ive g lobes f lare o ut from a c entral point -a type which b ecomes c ommon o n l ater s eals ( Nos. 4 5 onwards). Nos. 5 2 and 7 3 have s even g lobes i nstead of f ive. The s tandard bouquet-tree a lso o ccurs w ith " bindings" ( No. 73 onwards) and can b e d ivided i nto two distinct e lements ( see the discussion i n c onnection with Nos. 51 and 7 1). F inally the later t ype which, a s s tated above, fans out from a c entral point, often has a s traight top. Chronologically the two t ypes overlap a nd both a re found on No. 74. On three s eals there are " fruit" hanging below the point of juncture, reminiscent of those o n t he tree with v olutes. The Assyrian palmette on t he s eal f rom Al Mina ( No. 1 20), belongs to another tradition. Many o f the f igures which o ccur on Mitannian s eals a re connected with the bouquet-tree, but i t i s not c lear which, if any, are d eities. The kneeling f igures are d iscussed i n c onnection with Nos. 51 and 88. The s uppliant g oddess, with both hands raised ( e.g. No. 8 5), has b een taken t o b e a goddess on the basis of Old Babylonian a nalogies ( e.g. N o. 1 5), a nd s he often wears a pointed head-dress which presumably d enotes divinity. However, on No. 6 6 s he wears a round h eaddress with a double brim which i s that most often worn o n the Mitannian seals from Alalakh. On such s eals as No. 8 7 t his " brim" l ooks v ery much l ike horns a ttached to t he head-dress, but does this mean that we have, on No. 8 7 , a procession o f d eities? I s the robed male f igure on s eal No. 6 6 a k ing, a d eified king or a g od? I t s eems l ikely that beneficial minor d eities are often represented, who protect the tree o f l ife and intercede f or the owner of the s eal. Major d eities,

1 2

i ncluding the e ver-popular weather-god, a lmost n ever a ppear on the Mitannian s eals f rom Alalakh ( but s ee Nos. 47-49), are rarely f ound a t Nuzi and are not even indicated by s ymbols on the normal run o f Mitannian s eals. Animals a re the o ther main i ngredient of Mitannian s eals. They a re generally highly s tylised horned quadrupeds and the e xact s pecies i s o ften d ifficult to d etermine. Antelopes ( or i s i t goats ? ) s eems to predominate. S tags o ccur on a number o f s eals with a remarkable variety i n the way the antlers are d epicted.

SN ) 5 9

6 6

6 7

6 8 F ig

9 5

1 0 1

3

The l ions and e specially the bulls, s o c ommon i n Mesopotamia, are s urprisingly rare. The animals most o ften occur i n pairs, antithetically placed, g enerally c onfronted and turning their heads back. On s tone s eals of the Elaborate S tyle, the s tylisation i s based, to a l arge extent, o n the possibilities afforded by the drill : horns a nd tails are produced by tilting a tubular drill s o that only a s ection o f the c ircle i s i ncised ( e.g. Nos. 46, 94-96) and the s corpion gains in popularity on s uch s eals ( e.g. Nos. 46 and 9 6). These animals are g enerally c losely c onnected with the s tylised tree with volutes and a lthough they appear o n s eals with the bouquet-tree, they are not a lways i n such c lose proximity to i t. In view of the d epredations of these animals, which are largely responsible f or d eforestation i n the Middle East, i t s eems to u s, with our hindsight, a s trange a ssociation, but they are there to reinforce the s ymbolism o f the tree's bountiful resources of f ertility, the Tree o f Life. B ulls, l ions and s tags are l isted i n t he i ndex a t the e nd o f this s ection but not the o ther quadrupeds, whose i dentification i s too tentative, and which o ccur o n the vast majority o f s eals. The winged animals, monsters a nd winged f igures which appear on s ome o f our s eals are a lso mentioned in the i ndex and are discussed more fully i n the r elevant catalogue entries. The winged frequently

f ound

disc, on

often

s eals

s upported

f rom Alalakh

1 3

on

a pillar,

( see

Fig.

i s

4 and

9 5

1 05 *ik lr e i t

10

8 5 8 4

17

!

1 07

Fig.

4

cf. C ollon, 1 975, Pls. XLVII-XLVIII). The motif has b een discussed i n great d etail by Porada ( 1947, p . 1 14 f f.), and parallels are g iven i n c onnection with No. 7 5. The " scooped out" wings which appear on the l ate g lyptic f rom Alalakh owe their origin to Middle Assyrian i conography ( I am i ndebted to Mlle Dominique Pareyre for this observation; s ee No. 1 05 f or references). O ther s ymbols will b e found i n the i ndex a t the end of this s ection, and the reader i s referred to the r elevant catalogue e ntries. I n a ttempting to e stablish a chronology f or the s eals from the l ast two c enturies of Alalakh's history, we a re hampered by the fact that s o f ew s eals c ome f rom a wells tratified c ontext. However, e ven when we have s uch a c ontext, i t d oes not, a s we have s een, date the s eal. Only s ix s eals c ome from graves and the o thers c ome from the upper l evels of the H ouse s ite and the areas a bove the two palaces. However, we can be reasonably s ure that the s eals antedate the d estruction of the c ity just after 1 200 B .C. and their s tyle reflects, t o s ome extent, the political s ituation i n northern S yria before that e vent. Dynastic s truggles weakened the hold o f the Mittannian rulers of Alalakh i n the earlier part o f the 1 4th c entury B .C. and i t s eems that, a s capital o f Muki , the c ity c ame under H ittite c ontrol during S uppiluliuma's f irst S yrian

1 4

c ampaign ( before 1 365 a ccording to the C AH, vol. I I, 2 , p . 9 ). C ertainly by c . 1 360, Alalakh was f irmly i n Hittite hands and Niqmadu of Ugarit came t o Alalakh to pay hommage to S uppiluliuma ( CAN I I, 2 , pp. 1 5 and 1 38). This p eriod o f H ittite d omination, and the building activity which a ccompanied i t, c orrespond to L evel I II. There does not s eem to be a c lear break between L evels' II and I I. The major building o f L evel I II was the I F ortress and that c ontinued to be u sed i n L evel I I. The L evel I II town wall was rebuilt i n L evel I I and there a re two building p eriods i n the House s ite but the plans r emain the same and there i s e very e vidence of c ontinuity ( see Woolley, 1 955, pp. 1 67 and 1 83). Only the Temple s eems t o have been built and rebuilt to different plans during L evels II and I I, but i t i s difficult to a scertain whether the I various rebuildings c oincided c hronologically throughout the s ite. The break between Levels I I and I i s marked much more c learly s ince L evel I I was d estroyed by f ire and Woolley has suggested that this might have been due t o a pro-Egyptian revolt a t the time of the battle o f Qadesh c . 1 300 B .C. (CAN I, 2 , p . 2 53 for the date a nd Woolley, 1 953, p . 1 54 I f .). S eals such a s Nos. 94 -9 6, which b elong to the Mitannian Elaborate S tyle, are probably to be dated to the 1 4th c entury B .C., a s are Nos. 97 -9 9. All these s eals rely on the e xtensive and unmasked u se of the drill and cutting wheel but they, and Nos. 45 and 4 6 where o ther tools were u sed a s well, belong to a l ocal tradition. However, with s eals 1 02 -1 09 a nd 113, we f ind a new s et of i conographical motifs appearing. I t would be tempting to a ssociate these with the period of Hittite domination a t the s ite and a t first g lance this s eems to be the case. Figures raise their arms to s upport the winged idsc ( though the s upporting c olumn and s tylised tree s urvive) and these supporting figures are f ound in Hittite art ( for a discussion and references, s ee No. 1 06). Another feature which appears regularly on these s eals i s the f igure holding one o r two animals upside down, by the hind-legs, which has good Anatolian antecedants ( see No. 1 02). However, both these f eatures, together with the " scooped out" f orm of the winged disc, a ppear on Middle Assyrian s eals o f the early 1 4th c entury B .C. onwards, for i nstance on the s eal o f Eriba-Adad ( 1392-1366 B .C.; Porada, 1 979, Fig. 1 1), which pre-date the Hittite campaigns i n S yria. I t may therefore be due to c ontact with Assyria and, more e specially, w ith northern S yria, that these motifs eventually became part o f l ater Hittite i conography. Although these s eals probably date to the 1 4th-13th c enturies B .C. and cannot be far removed i n date f rom Nos. 9 4 -9 9, i t i s r emarkable that there i s l ittle e vidence o f the u se o f the cutting wheel and drill and none of the tubular drill s o c haracteristic of those s eals. The s tyle of Nos. 1 06 a nd 1 07 i s purely l inear with the figures outlined but not c arved i n intaglio, reminiscent of the technique u sed 1 5

on Egyptianizing s eals from Palestine, f or i nstance the s eal of Ramses I I from B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, No. 3 0). Even the o ther s eals i n the group s how l ittle modelling and a v ery flat treatment of the s urface ( e.g. No. 1 08). Exceptions are Nos. 110-112 and 116 which a re l inked t o the "Hittite" group by i conographic f eatures but which are executed i n a much more rounded and " Mitannian" s tyle. I t i s interesting that t he f igures are n o l onger f irmy anchored to a base-line : they vary i n s ize and o ften f loat i n the f ield ( e.g. Nos. 1 05, 1 08, 1 10, 1 13, 1 16). This f eature g oes back to the 1 5th c entury and the s eal of S austatar o f Mitanni ( Porada, 1 979, F ig. 2 = ANET 7 05). The s eals are not of a high quality and do not belong to well-defined s tyles; s eals s uch a s Nos. 9 2, 93, 100 and 1 01 c annot be c lassified, or have been recut to s uch an e xtent that the original s tyle has been l ost. No. 1 14 ( and p erhaps No. 1 15), however, i s c lose t o the t ype of 1 3th c entury H ittite s eal f rom s uch c entres a s Carchemish ( Schaeffer, 1 956, Figs. 3 0-37) and Emar ( Beyer, 1 980). A v ery f ine Egyptianizing s eal ( No. 1 17) has, a las, d isappeared but s everal impressions s urvive, both i n England and i n Antakya. I t i s c losely allied t o the tradition which was, a f ew c enturies l ater, to produce the Phoenician s tyle of i vory carving. No. 119, though f ound, a pparently, i n an earlier context, i s probably a 1 3th c entury s eal with parallels i n C yprus, Palestine and S yria, while No. 1 20 c omes from Al Mina on the c oast, and belongs t o a p eriod which i s not represented a t Alalakh. The s ite was not r e-occupied after i ts d estruction by the S ea Peoples j ust after 1 200 B .C., apart from a f ew s quatters and a grave o r two : the i st millennium s ettlement was l ocated on the prehistoric mound of Tell Taynat, a cross the road. Although they reflect the political history of Alalakh, the s eals f rom the last two c enturies of i ts existence are, f or the most part, interesting rather than beautiful. I NDEX O F MOTIFS Indeterminate quadrupeds i ncluded i n this l ist. Ankh : 20, 117, 118, 120 Astral s ymbols : 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 14,

and most

1 4,

1 5,

figures

27?,

8 9,

94,

have

9 5,

not

9 7,

been

1 09,

B all-and-staff : 15, 47, 1 16 B ird : 9 , 22, 23, 3 0-32, 3 3?, 58, 65, 9 9, 1 13, 1 14, 1 20 B ow : 114, 119 Bull : 20, 56, 57, 65 Bull -man : 92?, 1 05, 1 07 Chair or s tool :6 , 7 , 1 4, 2 1, 47-49, 92, 1 01, 1 06, 1 14 C hariot : 17, 119 F ish : 1 9, 28, 2 9, 3 3?, 3 4?, 7 5Guilloche : 15, 1 6, 22, 2 6, 28, 4 6, 5 0, 5 5-59, 61, 62, 7 2, 7 3, 9 6

Hand Hare

: 46, : 22,

51 3 5,

1 12,

1 20

5 9

1 6

9 5,

Head

, : 9

1 5,

3 5,

41,

4 3,

4 5?,

64,

68,

7 1?,

1 01,

1 09,

1 10,

1 12,

1 13,

1 20

H erringbone : 25, 32, 34, 3 5, 63, 7 2, 91, 92, 1 01 L ion :4 , 9 , 1 6, 1 7, 23, 43?, 63-68, 7 2, 94, 1 12 L ion-headed eagle : 8 , 9 L ion-scorpion ? : 1 01 Monkey : 9 , 21, 47? Musical i nstruments : 47 N et : 33, 88 Nude goddess : 9 , 1 2, 1 6, 5 1, 6 6 Nude hero :15, 18, 51-56, 65-68, 73, 75, 84, 86, 88, 120 Offering table : 22, 71?, 85? Rhomb : 45, 71, 99, 110, 113?, 115 R os e tte : 3 , 1 4, 4 5, 47, 1 03-105 S corpion : 1 , 9 , 1 8, 3 5, 4 6, 93, 9 4, 9 6, 1 01, 1 14? S nake : 2 , 27?, 1 05 S pear : 9 , 1 8, 1 9, 2 1, 63, 7 0, 7 4, 92 S phinx : 74, 7 5, 93, 94, 9 5, 1 05, 1 09, 1 10, 1 13, 1 16 S tag : s ee Fig. 3 S tandard : 9 , 1 5, 1 8, 1 9, 48, 4 9, 5 0, 1 07, 1 13, 1 20 Tree : s ee Fig. 2 Weapons ( see a lso B ow and S pear) : 9 , 1 5, 2 0-23, 9 4, 1 01-105,

Weather-god : Winged animal Winged disc : Winged f igure

2 0,

21,

1 07-110,

1 00?,

12-114, 1

19 1

1 00?

: 73-75, 77, 105, s ee Fig. 4 : 20, 21, 46, 98,

1 06,

1 08,

10, 1

13, 1

1 04,

1 06,

12, 1

16 1

15, 1

16, 1

ABBREVIATIONS A ASOR Af0 A JA AMI ANEP

A OAT A shmolean A SOR B erlin B M B rett C AB C orpus I LN M oore N ewell N uzi O IP P SBA R LA ( J. B.), ( P.B.)

= A nnual o f t he A merican S chools o f O riental R esearch . = A rchiv f ur O rientforschung . = A merican J ournal o f A rchaeology . = A rchäologische M itteilungen a us I ran . = J . B . Pritchard, T he A ncient N ear E ast i n P ictures R elating t o t he O ld T estament ( Princeton, 1 969) . = A lte O rient u nd A ltes T estament . 7 - Buchanan, 1 966. = American S chools of Oriental Research. 7 - Moortgat, 1 940. = B ritish Museum. ▪ von d er O sten, 1 936. ▪ C ambridge A ncient H istory , 3 rd edition ( Cambridge, 1 975) . = Porada, 1 948. = I llustrated L ondon N ews. = Eisen, 1 9 140 . = v on d er O sten, 1 93 1 4 . = Porada, 1 9 147. = nstitute P ublication , C hicago. - Oriental I = Proceedings o f t he S ociety f or B iblical =A r chaeology. =R ea l lexikon d er A ssyriologie. =S ee Acknowledgements.

1 7

1 20

B IBLIOGRAPHY A kurgal, E ., 1 962 : T he A rt o f t he H ittites ( London ). he E xcavations o f T ell B eit M irsim ( AASOR X VII) A lbright, W .F., 1 938 : T A lexander, R .L., 1 973-1976 : " The T yskiewicz g roup o f s tamp-cylinders" ( Anatolica V ), p p. 1 41-215. 980 : L a g lyptique m jsopotamienne a rchaique Amiet, P ., 1 961 a nd 1 ( Paris). lam ( Auvers-sur-Oise). A miet, P ., 1 966 : E 1 972 : G lyptique s usienne ( Memoires d e / a Dj . . l jgation A rchjologique e n I ran X LIII, P aris). 973 : B as-reliefs i maginaires d e l 'ancien o rient d 'aprZs A miet, P ., 1 l es c achets e t l es s ceaux-cylindres ( Paris).

A miet, P .,

B aramki, D .C., 1 969 : " Temples o f t he B ekaa" A rchaeology 2 316), p p. 2 6-27.

( ILN Aug.

2 1 969,

B arnett, R .D., 1 939 : " A C ylinder S eal f rom S yria" ( Trag V I), p p. 1 -2 a nd P l. I , 2 -4. igurines e t r elief s e n t erre c uite d e l a B arrelet, M .-Th., 1 968 : F M 5sopotamie a ntique I ( Institut f ra 7vais d 'arch ologie d e ome B eyrouth , B iblioth que a rchjologique e t h istorique , T L XXXV, P aris). roblems i n t he g lyptic a rt o f P alestine B eck, P irhiya, 1 967 : P ( Columbia U niversity D issertation, N ew Y ork). ylinder s eals o f T hird -M illennium P alestine B en-Tor, A ., 1 978 : C ( AASOR S uppl. S eries 2 2). B ran, T ., 1 957 : " Assyrische G lyptik d es 1 4. J ahrhunderts" ( ZA 1 8), p p. 1 41-215. B eran, T ., 1 964 : " Fremde R ollsiegel i n B ogazk ' dy" i n B ittel, K . e t a l. orderasiatische A rchäologie , A nton M oortgat ( ed.), V F estschrift ( Berlin), p p. 2 7-38; P ls. 6-8 . B eran, T ., 1 967 : D ie h ethitische G lyptik v on B4azköy I ( Berlin). iminaires s ur l es e mpreintes d e s ceaux d e B eyer, D ., 1 980 : " Notes p re-l e M oyen E uphrate ( Actes M eske 'n " i n Margueron, J .Cl. ( ed.), L

d u C olloque d e S trasbourg ( 10-12 m ars 1 977) , T ravaux d u C entre d e r echerche s ur l e P roche-Orient e t / a G r ce a ntiques 5 , U niversitj d es S ciences H umaines d e S trasbourg, L eyden), p p. 2 65-283. B leibtreu, E . ( ed.),

ollsiegel a us d em V orderen O rient : Z ur 1 981 : R S teinschneidkunst z wischen e twa 3 200 u nd 4 00 v or C hristus n ach B eständen i n W ien u nd G raz ( Sonderausstellung d er

Ä gyptisch-Orientalischen S ammlung i n Münzkabinett d es K unsthistorischen Museums i n W ien). ie H ethiter ( Munich). B ittel, K ., 1 976 : D ie E ntwicklung d er G lyptik w ährend d er A kkadB oehmer, R .M ., 1 965 : D Z eit ( Berlin). B oehmer, R .M ., 1 974 : " Orientalische E inflüsse a uf v erzierten

B ossert,

M essergriffen a us d em P rädynastischen Ägypten" p p. 1 5-40. ltsyrien ( TUbingen). H . T h., 1 951 : A

( AMI N .P.

7 ),

1 966 : C atalogue o f A ncient N ear E astern S eals i n t he A shmolean M use u m ( Oxford).

Buchanan, B riggs,

B uchanan, B ., 1 970 : " Cylinder s eal i mpressions i n t he Y ale B abylonian C ollection i llustrating ' a r evolution i n a rt c . 1 700 B .C."

( Yale U niversity L ibrary G azette), p p. 5 3 -6 5 . :E arly N ear E astern S eals i n t he Y ale B abylonian C ollection ( New H aven a nd L ondon).

Buchanan, B riggs,. 1 981

1 8

Buchholz,

H .G., 1 967 s hipwreck"

S ociety ,

: i n B ass,

G .,

" Cape G elidonya

:A B ronge Age

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n ew s eries

5 7/8).

C esnola, A . P . d i, 1 882 : S alaminia C ollon, D ., 1 972 : " The Smiting g od

( Cyprus)

( London). :a s tudy o f ab ronze i n t he

P omerance C ollection i n N ew Y ork" P late i n L evant V .

( Levant I V), p p.

11-134;

1 975 : T he s eal i mpressions f rom T ell A tchana/Aialakh ( AOAT 2 7, K evelaer a nd N eukirchen -V luyn). C ollon, D ., 1 982 : C atalogue o f t he W estern A siatic S eals i n t he B ritish M useum , I -Cylinder S eals , A kkadian a nd U r I II P eriods ( London).

C ollon,

D .,

C ollon,

D ., f orthcoming c entury B .C."

:" A S yrian s eal-cutting w orkshop o f t he

1 8th

( Ugarit F orschungen). C ontenau, G ., 1 922 : L a g lyptique s yro -h ittite ( Paris). C ontenau, G . a nd G hirshman, R ., 1 935 : F ouilles d u T jpj-G iyan ( Paris). Dalley, S ., Walker, C .B.F., a nd H awkins, J .D., 1 976 : T he O ld Hertford, B SAI). B abylonian T ablets f rom T ell a l R imah ( D e C lercq, L . a nd M enant, J ., 1 888 : C ollection D e C lercq , C atalogue r aisonnj d es a ntiquitjs a ssyriennes , I-C ylindres Paris). o rientaux ( atalogue d u M usje G uimet : C ylindres o rientaux D elaporte, L ., 1 909 : C ( Annales d u M usje G uimet XXXIII, Paris). D elaporte, L ., 1 910 : C atalogue d es.cylindres o rientaux e t d es c achets d e l a B ibliothec Lue N ationale ( Paris). usee d u L ouvre , C atalogue d es c ylindres D elaporte, L ., 1 920 : M Paris). o rientaux , I-F ouilles e t M issions ( D elaporte, L ., 1 923 : M usje d u L ouvre, C atalogue d es c ylindres o rientaux , I I -A cquisitions ( Paris). D ornemann,

R .H.,

1 978

: " Tell Hadidi

:A B ronze Age C ity o n t he

( Archaeology 3 1 N o. 6 ), pp. 2 0-26. ouilles d e B yblos 1 926 -1 932 ( Paris). Dunand, M ., 1 939 : F Dunand, M ., 1 950 : F ouilles d e B yblos 1 933 -1 938 ( Paris). E isen, G .A., 1 940 : A ncient O riental a nd o ther s eals w ith a d escription o f t he C ollection o f M rs. W illiam H . M oore ( 0IP XLVII, Euphrates"

C hicago). 1 967 : C uneiform T exts f rom B abylonian T ablets i n t he B ritish M useum XLVII - O ld-Babylonian Naditu R ecords ( London). ylinder S eals ( London). F rankfort, H ., 1 939 : C F rankfort, H . e t a l., 1 940 : T he G imilsin T emple a nd t he P alace o f t he LIII, C hicago). R ulers a t T ell A smar ( 0IP X F rankfort, H ., 1 951 : T he b irth o f c ivilization i n t he N ear E ast

F igulla,

H .H.,

( London).

tratified C ylinder s eals f rom t he D iyala R egion H ., 1 955 : S hicago). ( 0IP LXXII, C aterialen z ur I konographie d es L öwenadlers A nzuFuhr, I ., 1 972 : M Munich). I mdugud ( G ardiner, A ., 1 950 : E gyptian G rammar ( London). G arelli, P . a nd C ollon, D ., 1 975 : C uneiform T exts f rom C appadocian I ( London). T ablets i n t he B ritish M useum V 977 : " Typology o f M esopotamian s eal i nscriptions", i n G elb, I ., 1 eals a nd S ealing G ibson, M cG. a nd B iggs, R .D. ( ed.), S ( Bibliotheca M esopotamica V I, Malibu), p p. 1 07 -1 26. G ibson, M cG., a nd B iggs, R .D., 1 977 : S eals a nd S ealing i n t he A ncient N ear E ast ( Bibliotheca M esopotamica 6 , Malibu). F rankfort,

1 9

G orelick, L ., a nd G winnett, A .J., 1 978 : " Ancient S eals a nd M odern S cience -Using t he s canning e lectron m icroscope a s a n a id i n t he s tudy o f a ncient s eals" ( Expedition W inter 1 978), p. 3 8) 47. p G orelick, L ., a nd G winnett, A .J., 1 979 : " Ancient L apidary -A S tudy u sing S canning E lectron M icroscopy a nd F unctional A nalysis" ( Expedition F all 1 979), p p. 1 7-32. G orelick, L . ,and G winnett, A .J., 1 981 : " Functional a nalysis o f d rilling u sing s canning e lectron m icroscopy" ( Annali d ell' I stituto O rientale d i N apoli ) 4 1), p p. 3 27-333, P lates I -VI. H achmann, R ., 1 980 : K amid e l-Loz 1 968-70 ( Saarbrücker B eitr j ige z ur A ltertumskunde 2 2, B onn ). ., 1 938 : " Die K unst d es z weiten J ahrtausends i n H erzfeld, E V orderasien, I I. T eil" ( AMI I X ). H iggins , R ., 1 967 :M inoan a nd M ycenaean A rt ( London ). ., 1 962 : T ell H alaf I V :D ie K leinfunde a us h istorischer H rouda, B Z eit ( Berlin ). K eel, 0 ., 1 980 : C hap . X IV : L a G lyptique i n B riend, J . a nd H umbert, J .B. ( eds.), T ell K eisan ( 1971-1976) ( Fribourg/Suisse), p p. 2 57-195, P lates 8 8-90 a nd 1 36. K enna, V .E.G., C atalogue o f t he C ypriote S eals o f t he B ronze A ge i n t he B ritish M useum ( Studies i n M editerranean A rchaeology ) Q:3, G öteborg). K ühne, H . ( Catalogue o f a n ed .), 1 980 : D as R ollsiegel i n S yrien ( e xhibition i n T übingen). .-R., 1 961 : L 'iconographie d u d ieu A murru d ans l a g lyptique K upper, J d e l a I re d ynastie b abylonienne ( Acadjmie R oyale d e B elgique , C lasses d es l ettres e t d es s ciences m orales e t p olitiques , M emoires L V/I, B ruxelles). L ambert, W .G ., 1 979 : " Near E astern s eals i n t he G ulbenkian M useum o f O riental A rt, U niversity o f D urham" ( Iraq X LI), p p. 1 -45. L aroche, E ., 1 960 : L es h ijroglyphes h ittites ( Paris). L egrain, L ., 1 925 : T he C ulture o f t he B abylonians ( PBS X IV, P hiladelphia). ., 1 936 :A rchaic S eal-impressions ( Ur E xcavations I II, L egrain, L L ondon ). L egrain, L ., 1 951 : S eal C ylinders ( Ur E xcavations X , L ondon). L ewy, J ., 1 937 :M usee d u L ouvre, D epartement d es A ntiqu i ,tes o rientales - T extes c unjiformes X XI - T ablettes II, 2 ( Paris). c appadociennes I Excavations a t B rak a nd C hagar B azar" M allowan, M .E.L., 1 947 : " ( Iraq I X ). M azzoni, G .S., 1 975 : " Tell M ardikh e u na c lasse g littica s iroa natolica d el p eriodo d i L arsa" ( Annali d ell' I stituto O rientale d i N apoli 3 5 -N.S. X XV), p p. 2 1-43. M azzoni, G .S., 1 979 : p roposito d i u n s igillo i n s tile l inearec orsivo d a M ardikh I IIBa ( Studi E blaiti I /3) 4), p p. 4 9-64. M cCown, D .E., e t a l., 1 967 : N ippur I ( 0/P L XXVIII, C hicago). M ellink, M .J., 1 957 : R eview o f W oolley, 1 955 ( AJA 6 1), p p. 3 94-400. M 011er, E ., 1 980 : " A R evaluation o f t he O riental C ylinder S eals f ound i n C rete" i n B est, J .G .P. a nd d e V ries, N .M .W . ( eds. I nteraction a nd A cculteration i n t he M editerranean ( Amsterdam ), V ol. I , p p . 8 5-104; P lates i n V ol. I I. M oorey, P R .S., 1 979 :. " Unpublished E arly D ynastic s ealings f rom U r i n t he B ritish M useum" ( Iraq X LI), p p . 1 05-120.

20

M oorey, P .R.S.,

f orthcoming

P rehistory

: " On t racking c ultural t ransfers

F ourth M illennium"

i n R owlands, M .J.,

P eriphery R elations i n Prehistory, M oortgat, A .,

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i , t )" B ahriy -

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E .G.,

: "S eals

1 979

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D .,

ö zg 1 4,

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N .,

München

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S eptember 1 976,

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L IX-LXV.

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1 966"

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N .,

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I, I

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i m B ritischen

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1 32i n L e

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p. p

1 64-172.

2 1

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2 2

W oolley,

C .L.,

1 938

: " Excavations

a t T al A tchana,

( Antiquaries J ournal X VIII), p p. W oolley,

C .L.,

W oolley,

. ( Antiquaries J ournal XXVIII) pp C .L., 1 953 :A F orgotten K ingdom H armondsworth).

1 948

1 937"

1-2 8.

: " Excavations a t A tchana-Alalakh,

1 939"

1 -19 ( seals o n P l. ( Baltimore a nd

I X).

W oolley,

C .L., 1 955 :A /a/akh , A n A ccount o f t he E xcavations a t T ell A tchana i n t he H atay , 1 937-1949 ( Oxford), s eals o n p p . 2 58n P ls. L X -L XVII. 2 68 and o W oolley, C .L., 1 965 : T he K assite P eriod a nd t he P eriod o f t he A ssyrian K ings ( Ur E xcavations V III, L ondon). Y adin, Y . e t a l., 1 961 : H azor -The t hird a nd f ourth s easons 1 9571 958 ( Jerusalem ).

C ONCORDANCE 1 936 :

AT AT

4 75 4 79 ?

1 937

1 938

AT 9 AT 2 0 AT 2 1 AT 2 2 AT 2 7 AT 4 1 AT 6 5 AT 8 2 AT 9 6 AT 9 7 AT 1 49 AT 1 80 AT 1 81 AT 1 85 AT 2 14 AT 2 20 AT 2 29 : AT/38/ 5 AT/38/ 1 0 AT/38/ 1 1 AT/38/ 1 9 AT/38/ 2 2 AT/38/ 2 5A AT/38/ 2 5B AT/38/ 3 9 0 AT/38/ 4 1 AT/38/ 4 2 AT/38/ 4 5 AT/38/ 4 1 AT/38/ 5 5 3 AT 1 AT/38/ 6 4 AT/38/ 6 3 AT/38/ 8 9 AT/38/ 8 2 AT/38/ . 9 AT/ 3 8/109 AT/38/119

O F EXCAVATION AND = 107 •

4 1

•

67

= 42 = 111 M issing D iscarded = 105 = 116 = 98 = 83 •

3 4

= 10 = 80 Discarded Missing = 99 = 32 = 54 Discarded ▪

52

=

68

•

44

•

3 1

=

2 8

•

9 6

1 939

= 79 = 58 = 108 =

7 3

Discarded = 1 15 ▪

7 1

•

4 0

▪

8 2

=

2 6

D iscarded 8 5 =

7 0

= 1 12

Missing =

1 5

2 3

CATALOGUE

N UMBERS

AT/ 3 8/127A 1 02 AT/38/127B 4 5 AT/38/139 95 AT/38/144 1 04 AT/38/159 1 00 AT/38/170 1 10 AT/38/184 7 5 AT/ 3 8/189 47 AT/38/190 43 AT/38/191 3 9 AT/38/195 5 5 AT/38/201 3 3 AT/38/233 93 AT/38/234 1 01 AT/38/241 8 4 AT/38/247 1 09 AT/38/248 = 90 AT/38/258 Missing AT/38/281 = 7 2 : AT/39/ 2 = 25 AT 1 7 = 1 06 AT 4 3 • 94 4 9 AT • 97 3 AT/39/ 5 ▪ 57 5 4 • 62 AT 5 9 AT • 8 6 0 • 6 AT/39/ 6 5 • 4 AT/39/ 6 AT 6 8 = 1 17 M issing 7 2 AT • 1 2 = 3 0 AT/39/ 7 3 AT/39/ 8 9 • 48 8 = 8 AT/39/ 9 3 AT/39/109 Missing AT/39/129 • 2 0 AT/39/130 • 1 = 3 5 AT/39/131 AT/39/132 • 1 9 AT/39/134 • 6 9 AT/39/140 • 92 M issing = 8 9 AT/39/161

AT/39/163 AT/39/166 AT/39/167 AT/39/168 AT/39/169 AT/39/170 AT/39/176 AT/39/177 AT/39/181 AT/39/184 AT/39/188 AT/39/191 AT/39/200 AT/3 9 /2 0 1 AT/39/205 AT/39/206 AT/39/207 AT/39/215 AT/39/223 AT/39/226 AT/39/229 AT/39/230 AT/39/231 AT/39/232 AT/39/233 AT/39/258 C ONCORDANCE ( 1955, Pl.

Pl.

P l.

LX

L XI

L XII

= =

2 9

Discarded = 37

1 946

=113 =103 •

8 1

•

7 8 Missing

•

23

▪

87

•

5 6

•

3 6

•

63

•

60

•

51

•

53

= •

61 3

Discarded 7 -

6 6

=

64

=

50

▪

7 6

=

91

Missing

LX-LXVII)

1 2 3 6 8 1 0 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 / 2 6 1 2 7 2 8 3 0 3 1 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8' 3 9

AND

AT/46/ 2 6 AT/46/ 7 3 AT/46/199 AT/46/213 1 947 : AT/47/ 1 AT/47/ 2 3 AT/47/ 8 5 AT/47/ 9 6 AT/47/122 AT/47/132 AT/47/152 AT/47/172 1 948 : AT/48/ 1 AT/48/ 3 2 AT/48/ 6 0 AT/48/ 6 3 AT/48/ 7 0 AT/48/ 7 6 AT/48/ 9 3 1 949 : AT/49/ 9 Al Mina : MNN 1

IN

I N WOOLLEY'S

THE

PRESENT

7 8 1 1 1 3 1 4 3 7 2 0

Pl.

LXIII

5 1 2 3 3 6 2 1 64 9 4 9 = - 50 •

Pl.

91 4

z

2 4 2

▪ =

69 27

7 - 77 •

= 1 18 ; 7 -

2 7

7 - 24 =

3 8

Discarded

OF NUMBERS PUBLISHED

Pls.

AT/3 9 /2 7 7 AT/39/286 AT/3 9 /2 9 9 : AT/46/ 4

6 5

Discarded

7 6

2 4

LXIV

•

4 6

•

2 1

7 4 = 1 19 •

1 3

• ▪

2 4 9

•

5

•

7

•

1 4

•

7 7

▪

9

▪

5 9

▪

1 7

•

1 8

▪

1 6

▪ 7 _

8 2 2

= 1 14 •

1 1

= 1 20

CATALOGUE

CATALOGUE

4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 6 5 2 5 4 5 5 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 7 2 7 3 7 5 7 6 8 0 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9

=

60

z

5 1

z

5 3

▪

3 5

7 -1 19

z

5 7

z

6 6

=

7 5

=

85

. 7-1 12 z

5 9

« 7-5 8 z -43 •

3 9

z1 01 z

9 9

z

4 7

z48 z

1 5

z

1 2

z 26 z

3 3

z

61

z

63

« 7 -

8 8

=1 18 =

3 0

( see

100)

Pl.

9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14

LXV

Pl.

LXVI

This i s a total published twice S EALS

= 74 = 86 = 1 9 = 82 = 78 = 94 = 56 = 62 = 58 ( see = 71 = 65 = 113 = 87 = 89 = 81 = 1 0 = 31 = 108 = 104 = 46 = 97 = 44 =100 of 9 6 over.

1 15 16 1 1 18 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 24 1 25 1 26 1 27 1 28 1 30 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 1 40 1 41 1 42 1 43 1 44

5 9)

Pl.

s eals,

LXVII

three

= 93 = 115 = 29 = 1 05 = 116 = 42 = 109 = 110 = 1 03 = 92 = 98 = 34 = 1 17 = 17 = 22 = 54 = 111 = 38 = 1 06 = 84 = 25 = 83

o f which have been

PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED

BY WOOLLEY

S eals marked with an a sterisk are in the Ashmolean and have therefore been published i n that museum's catalogue: 6 ,

28,* 3 2,

4 0,* 41,* 45,

5 2, * 5 5, * 67,* 68,

7 0,

7 2,

73,

7 9,

8 0,

9 0,

The following s eals are i ncluded i n the present catalogue but do not, i n fact, c ome f rom Alalakh 1 6 - T ell Ledis, 18 - Jisr al Hadid ( Demir Köprü), 114 Sabuniye, 1 20 - Al Mina ( published Woolley, 1 936 and Barnett, 1 939).

95,

9 6,

( The

1 02,

1 07.*

C ONCORDANCE O F MUSEUM AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS dates refer to the year when the s eals were HATAY MÜZESt,

1 937

1 938

: 7 962 7 963 7 965 7 966 7 967 7 968 : 7 977 7 978 7 979 7 980 7 982 7 983 7 984 7 985

= 54 = 42 = 80 = 1 0 = 99 = 98 = 79 = 93 = 82 = 1 10 = 115 = 44 = 71 = 70

2 5

excavated)

ANTAKYA

1 939

.

:

7 986 7 987 7 988B 7 989 7 990 7 991 7 992 7 993 7 994A 7 994B : 8 003 8 004 8 006 8 007

= 33 = 43 = 58 = 47 = 2 6 = 90 = 75 = 112 = 120 = 45 = 65 = 12 = 25 = 57

1 946

8 008 8 009 8 010 8 011 8 012 8 015 8 016 8 018 8 019 8 020 8 021 8 022 8 023 8 024 8 025 8 026 8 027 8 028 8 036 : 8 093

= 86 = 20 = 89 = 6 = 4 = 50 = 35 = 66 = 103 = 36 = 76 = 37 = 81 = 87 = 88 = 64 = 24 = 30 = 5 6 = 46

1947

1 948

1 949

8 139 8 170 8 182 : 9 953 9 975 1 0033 1 0045 1 0071 1 0081 1 0101 1 0120 : 1 0212 1 0243 1 0270 1 0272 1 0279 1 0285 1 0302 1 0460

= 74 = 21 =1 19 = 13 = 2 = 49 = 5 = 7 = 14 = 77 = 9 = 5 9 = 17 = 1 8 = 1 6 = 8 = 22 =1 14 = 1 1

The missing s eals ( see p . 2 7) may well be i n Antakya and gaps in the numbering might c orrespond to t hese s eals. F or instance Antakya 7 964 might b e o ur No. 1 11 and Antakya 8 005, 8 013, 8 014 or 8 017 might c onceivably b e Nos. 7 8, 92 or 117, but there i s no missing s eal f rom the 1 938 e xcavations to c orrespond to 7 981. Two s eals from t he 1 946 e xcavations bore the numbers Antakya 6 093 and 6 139 but the s equence o f numbering indicates that the numbers s hould have been 8 093 and 8 139 ( our Nos. 46 and 74 respectively). ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, 1 936

1 937.375 1 937.378 1 937.379 1 938.187 1 938.191 1 939.404 1 939.542 1 939.543 1 939.544 1 939.545 1 939.546

1 937 1 938

= 41 = 107 = 67 = 83 = 52 = 40 = 55 = 3 9 = 28 = 1 09 = 1 01

1 938

:

:

1 26064 1 26065 1 26066 1 26067 1 26068 1 26173 1 26174 1 26175 1 26176 1 26177

1 939.547 1 948.562 1 948.563 1 948.564 1 948.565 1 948.566 1 948.567 1 948.568 1 948.569 1 948.570 1 948.571

1 939

BRITISH MUSEUM,

1 937

OXFORD

L ONDON

= 1 20 ( Al Mina) = 116 = 1 05 3 2

=

3 4

1 939

1 5

= 1 08 = .1 94 = 96 = 84

2 6

= 1 00 = 3 = 97 = 1 06 = 1 9 = 27 = 91 = 62 = 69 = 1 18 = 53

:

1 26178 1 26179 1 26180 1 26181 1 26182 1 30648 1 30649 1 30650 1 30651 1 20652

= = = . = = = z . = = 7 -

7 2 3 1 8 5 7 3 6 8

1 61 5 1 2 3 4 8

1 30653 1 30654 1 30655 S EALS

THE

= 94 = 63 = 1 13

PRESENT

1 938 L OCATION OF WHICH

:

1 30656 1 30657 1 38130

= = =

2 9 6 0 9 5

I S UNKNOWN

17 ( AT/39/68), 9 2 ( AT/39/140) a nd 78 Nos. 1 11 ( AT/37/20), 1 ( AT/39/181) were not f ound i n the c ollections of the museums l isted a bove ( but s ee the note appended t o the l ist of s eals f rom Antakya). There were a pparently no s eals s ent to Melbourne i n Australia.

MISSING AND D ISCARDED

S EALS

The f ollowing i s a l ist, drawn mainly from t he Field notes, o f s eals f or which there were no excavation photographs and which i t has n ot been possible t o i nclude i n the catalogue because they are e ither missing ( probably discarded) o r , a ccording to the i nformation i n the F ield notes, were discarded by Woolley. The s eals are l isted according to date of excavation. AT/37/21

-C omposition;

four figures;

d iscarded.

ATG/37/37d Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 09; no i nformation i n Field notes. From a s imple adult burial under Room 5 o f Level I V House 3 7 ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 76 Fig. 6 2 and note that the numbering of the squares has to be amended i n a ccordance with the c onclusions reached on p . 4 f .); belonging to L evel I V. C ylinder s eal of glazed c omposition, d ecayed and indecipherable. AT/37/149

-C omposition; House s ite);

2 .8 x 1 .0 cms.; AT L evel two figures; d iscarded.

I B

( i.e.

AT/37/180 ( part of) Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 16; no information i n Field notes. Found i n ATG/37/27, the s imple grave o f a child in S q. D 1 8 " 1.85 m . below the foundations of the Level I II house wall; probably of Level V " ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 15, c f. pp. 1 89 and 1 87 Fig. 6 5 and note that the numbering o f the squares has to be amended i n a ccordance with the c onclusions reached on p . 4 f.). Half a c omposition c ylinder s eal with a row o f birds. AT/37/220

-B lack " steatite"; 2 .5 tree ? ; discarded.

x 1 .2

cm.;

AT/38/

4 1

-G reen " steatite"; 1 .9 Room 1 0, f loor l evel; discarded.

cms.; three

Level IV Palace, " pin" f igures;

AT/38/

6 4

-B urnt c omposition; 1 .4 cms.; L evel I V Palace, Room 1 7; decorated herring-bone and s imple

2 7

fragmentary;

guilloche between l ine borders ( cf. No. 7 2); d iscarded. Mentioned b y Woolley ( 1955, p . 1 22) but wrongly g iven number AT/38/69. AT/38/109

-G reen " steatite"; from s treet Houses 3 9A and 3 91 3; L evel I V;

AT/38/258

-G reen s tone ? ; burnt; one gold c ap; 2 .8 x 1 .2 cms.; f ound i n wagon, from e xcavation of L evel V II Palace; blank s eal.

AT/39/166

-W oolley, 1 955, p . 1 91 and c f. p . 1 90 F ig. 6 6; found i n S q. L 1 4, in L evel I I House 3 9C, c . 1 .10 m . below the s urface; f ound with AT/39/168. White " steatite"; 1 .9 x 0 .8 cms.; very worn and indecipherable -2 animals ? ; d iscarded.

AT/39/168

-F ound with AT/39/166 a bove. White c omposition ? ; 1 .8 x 1 .0 cms.; very poor; horned animal, head reversed, and three s eated f igures ( ?); discarded.

AT/39/226

-W oolley, 1 955, p . 2 62 No. 3 0 but note that the i llustration i s of our No. 4 ; f ound i n S q. L 1 2 in ATG/39/81 ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 20); d iscarded. Very worn white " steatite"; 2 .1 x 0 .8 cms.; s tanding f igure, one hand b ehind him on hip, l ong s kirt, right l eg bare and f orwards; remainder of the s cene not c lear.

L ISTS OF THE S EALS ACCORDING T O ( excluding the Missing and Discarded N umber

L evel

T EMPLE S ITE 8 1 1 1 4 5 G RAVES 3 1 4 5 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 6 0 6 1? 6 2

S quare/Room

N umber

:8 s eals ( chronological o rder) X II 2 X II 5 9 V II 4 6 V II Q 1 3 3 8?

1 8 s eals ( numerical o rder) I-IV T rench H 6 5 I I P 1 0 + 102 6 6 V I L 1 3 6 9 V M 1 2 + 53+60 8 1 I ? 9 5 V M 1 2 + 51+60 9 7 V M 1 2 + 51+53 9 9 II-IV L 1 3 1 02 I I L 1 + 97 1 03 I

( ?) dividing rough.

L OCUS S eals L evel

( Fig. 5 ) l isted above) S quare/Room

V I-V I V I 0 1 2 I Ia bove P hase A f loor

I I I V V I I I I I I I V I I

M 1 3 L 1 3 H 1 5 M 1 2 R 1 2 L 1 F 2 1 P 1 0 ? .

+ 62 + 45

I ARIMLIM P ALACE, L EVEL V II ; 7 s dals ( numerical o rder) 1 R oom 9 3 6 R oom 1 2 0 R oom 1 0 3 7 R oom 1 4 2 1 R oom 2 9 6 4 ? R oom 3 5 2 3 R oom 1 2 8

L evel

S quare/Room

FORTRESS AREA AND S ITE NH Y

IV

NH

NIQMEPA PALACE,

4 seals (numerical order)

:

9

7 7 1 01

LEVEL IV

1 5

Room

2 6

Room

:

S quare/Room

9 or 1 0 seals

1 6

V

U 1 2

IV

V

( numerical o rder)

4 7

8

9 NH

Room C 6

7 2 probably f rom Fortress

3 3

north of Room 2 6

7 5

Room C 4

3 9

Room C l

8 5

Room

43

Room C l

1 12

Room

ABOVE THE NIQMEPA PALACE 28

I I

40

I I

: 1 9

7 9

I I

8 2

I II

8 4

?

o r a bove

9 6

I I

1 00

I I

P 1

1 04

I I

P 1 0

1 08

I I

1 10

I

. 115

I I

0

4 4

I I ?

5 5

topsoil west

58

I I

68

topsoil

7 0

topsoil P 1 0

7 1

I I

7 3

I I

House

1 05 3 2 6

:

s ite

?

of s ite

I -II

E-D

1 8-19

IV

E-F

1 9-20 House

IV

F 1 8

II I

G 1 7

1 2

IV

G 1 7-F

( -F

3 5

V

G 1 6

IV

G 1 6

48

IV

G 1 6

1 09

I C

G 1 6-F

1 6

I -IV?

G 1 6-G

1 7

1 7)

( or H 1 6)

1

House

1 3

X

K 1 5 d eep s ounding

V

K 1 5

I

K 1 5

XIII

K-L

V !

L 1 6

7 4

II I

L 1 5

2 9

I I

L 1 4 House

87

I I

L 1 3

1 3-15 deep s ounding

63

II-IV L 1 3 House I

91

VI

8 6

II I

L 1 2

I I

N 1 2

5 7

V-IV

N 1 1

7 6

VI-V

N 1 1

13 1

1 06

3 9/C Room

1 5

3 9/C Room

1 8

L 1 3

( or Mt1)

II-II N 1 I

4

VI

1 0

I I

3 4

IB

N

3 9/B Room

4

rl

19 1

Q 1 1

3 7 Roam 1 1

27 7

7

1 7

88

92

T

3 7 seals ( square o rder)

94

3 0

( numerical o rder)

S 1 1

54

HOUSE S ITE

s eals

7 1 6

9A0 qV

7 2

VI

L evel

1 0

2 9

Ta il

9

N umber

Gaered I IA

N umber

Z Y

X

W V U . T

S R

G P O

6 7

ie9 V e» 2 : . .› . 103> i> » A t

0. . 0, 41 N

4

=

e i.

•• . 7, . . •: • . . . , 0,

d e .

3 4 BM

1 26068

( 1938.7.5,81)

1 .7 x 1 .0 c ms. Woolley,

C hlorite.

1 955, No.

1 30.

AT l oose i n s oil i n L evel I B

1 955, p .

2 65 and Fig.

( Field n otes);

" House s ite"

( Woolley,

6 8).

D ivided i nto two r egisters by a n arrow h erring-bone d esign. a re f our c ouchant,

h orned q uadrupeds,

A bove

t urned t owards t he l eft.

T he

l ower r egister i s d ivided v ertically by t he s ame narrow h erring-bone d esign i nto f our r oughly s quare p anels i n which a re e liptical s hapes,

n otches a nd l ines -perhaps r epresenting f ish a nd w ater.

L ine b orders.

Division i nto panels i s not a frequent design-scheme. A d etailed discussion will be f ound i n C ollon, 1 975, p . 1 02 n . 1 . A s eal from Tell Fara ( south), Tomb 5 65, i s d ivided b y a s imilar herring-bone pattern i nto panels c ontaining d ebased hieroglyphs but the date proposed f or this tomb i n the 1 7th c entury B .C. i s c onsiderably earlier than the c ontext i n which our s eal was found ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 7).

6 4

r z

•

e

‘1

. ..‚

z

s

1 1 4' .

'3"4

4

4 44 4

. 4 4444 4.4, . . . ., 0 4* 4 •4 4• •44 •44 4

..

£) §

3. 4: » 4 4d0/8 4

44 1: 14 :

• *1 J ' ••• 14 4*:32 82 4

34 : »4 4 1;

Cr \

•- • •

3 5

W1 C41

.63

" •

AT/39/131 3 .0 x 1 .8 c ms.

W oolley, S q .

G rey-green s tone; worn a nd c hipped a t t he t op.

1 955, No.

4 3.

G 1 6 l ow d own i n L evel V ( Field n otes);

i .e.

H ouse s ite

( Woolley,

1 955, Fig. 63). D ivided i nto t hree r egisters by a n arrow h erring-bone d esign between parallel l ines.

Above a re a v ertical s corpion,

h eads f acing r ight,

f ive h orned a nimal

a damaged motif a nd a c ouchant

s phinx o r l ion;

i n

t he middle a re twelve s tylised human h eads f acing l eft; below a re f our c ouchant g oats a s nake

( ?)

f acing l eft a nd a f ifth a nimal f acing r ight w ith

b efore i t.

T he a nimals a ll have d istinctive undulating

backs.

Division i nto horizontal registers by means of a narrow herring-bone or notched l ine o ccurs on a number o f related s eals i n museum c ollections ( Buchanan, 1 981, Nos. 1 178 a nd 180 and c f. No. 1 179; Louvre A .931 and A . 939 -D elaporte, 1 1 923, Pls. 9 7:3 and 9 7:12), a ll with rows of undulating rabbits and human heads. A s eal from 9ata1 Hüyük i n the Amuq shows human heads and s corpions i n the upper register and a S yro-Cappadocian s tyle s cene i n the l ower ( Frankfort, 1 939, Pl. XLId). The a nimal heads are paralleled on a s eal impression from Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, No. 1 54), o ne i n Yale ( Buchanan, 1 981 2 No. 1 176) both related to a s eal impression from Acemhöyt ik ( Özgü9, 1 980, Fig. 1 11-17) i nscribed with the name of a s ervant of Aplahanda of Carchemish. Another s eal from this s ite ( Fig. 1 11-19) emphasises the Anatolian c onnections of our s eal which s hould probably be dated to the 1 9th or early 1 8th c entury B .C. : i t i s therefore c onsiderably earlier than the c ontext i n which i t was found.

6 5

3 6 AT/39/200 1 .75 x 0 .9 c ms. W oolley,

1 948,

Dark b rown s tone. P l.

I X;

i d .,

F rom t he L evel V II Palace, f ound w ith N o.

1 8 but n ot mentioned o n p . 1

1 02.

( the t ablet r oom);

2 3.

Two g oats back t o back, r aised,

1 955, No.

o n t he f loor o f R oom

s itting o n their haunches w ith o ne f oreleg

l ook back o ver t heir s houlders a t the s tylised t ree which

r ises between t hem;

i n f ront

o f t hem i s

a nother t ype o f s tylised t ree.

The animals can b e paralleled by s eals o f the 1 8th t o 1 7th c enturies B .C. s uch a s C orpus 9 86 and our No. 1 9, but the trees are unusual. That on the l eft, with i ts pairs of v olutes c urving away from e ach o ther with f ruit ( ?) between them, o ccurs on Mitannian s eals ( e.g. Frankfort, 1 939, Pl. XLIIb and o ) and the l ittle shoots on e ither s ide a re g enerally also a l ate f eature ( see the discussion i n c onnection with No. 3 7). The tree on the right l ooks l ike a more e laborate version of that on No. 1 9. I n view o f the c ontext i n which the s eal was found, we can only s uggest that we have here the early e vidence f or a tradition which was to develop more fully o ver a c entury later ( e.g. C ollon, 1 975 Nos. 2 13 and 2 28 and Porada 1 949 Nos. 5 27 and 9 24). ( J. B.) 3

3

3 7 AT/39/169 Antakya 8 022 1 .75 x 1 .0 c ms.

B lack s tone.

Woolley, 1 955, No. 1 0. F ound i n the L evel V II Palace,

R oom

1 4 " on t he f loor o f t he p assage,

c lose t o t he s tair-head i n t he S E.

block"

c f.

3 5).

p .

1 03

Two g oats

" in t he f ill",

a nd F ig.

( Woolley,

1 955, p . 2 62 a nd

s tand o n t heir h ind l egs f acing e ach o ther a nd r esting t heir

6 6

f orelegs o n t wo v olutes o f a s tylised t ree w hich r ises b etween t hem . L ine b order t op a nd b ottom o verlapped b y t he g oats' h orns a nd h ooves. T he s eal w as c ut b y a t hick t ool w ith a d ouble p oint s o t hat t he e xecution a ppears c oarse. As

with

this

the

seal

i s

previous the

seal,

tree,

the

which

i s

expect in a Level VII context. flanked by animals, does indeed

most not

distinctive of

a type

feature

which we

of would

The central part of the tree, occur on a seal of probably

1 8th century B .C. date from Aleppo ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 8 64), but the shoots which spring up on either side are only found, at such an early date, on another seal in the Ashmolean ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 8 74) from North S yria, which i s stylistically quite unrelated. However , other examples of "tripartite" trees belong well into the second half of the 2nd millennium B .C. ( Legrain, 1 951, Nos. 5 77 and 5 78 from Ur ( glass); Bossert, 1 951, No. 8 34 from Ugarit; Ward, 1 910, No. 7 13). ( J. B.)

3 8 A T/46/4 D iscarded. 1 .9 c ms.; f aience ( Field n otes) 1 40 ( see b elow). W oolley, 1 955, N o rongly n umbered i n W oolley's c atalogue ( Woolley, 1 955, T his s eal i s w p . 2 66 -cf. o ur N o. 1 02); t he n umber b elow t he f ield p hotograph ( AT/46/5) i s a lso w rong s ince i t a pplies t o a s tone c elt i n t he F ield n otes. T he c orrect F ield n ote e ntry, h owever, i nforms u s t hat t he s eal w as d iscarded . T he f ind-spot i s g iven a s " Fill o f R m. 5 a bove P hase A f loor" a nd p robably r efers t o t he T emple s ite, a nd p resumably t he d ifferent r ooms o f t he P hase I B T emple ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 8 3 F ig. 3 ) 4c) w ere g iven n umbers d uring t he e xcavation. T he f act t hat w e a re t old s pecifically t hat t he s eal was f ound a bove a P hase I A f loor w ould m ean t hat i t w as f ound i n t he c ella o r o ne o f t he a nte-cella r ooms. D ivided i nto p anels b y v ertical l ines; i n o ne i s a g oat s tanding o n i ts h ind l egs a nd l ooking b ack o ver i ts s houlder t owards t he l eft; i n t he o ther a re t wo v ertical r ows o f t hree d ots e ach l inked b y a n e lliptical m otif t o f orm a t ype o f g uilloche. A seal impression from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, No. 4 92) shows a goat and the same type of guilloche a s part of a seal design. Our s eal probably also dates to the 1 5th century B . C., considerably earlier than the late 1 3th context in which it was ( presumably) found.

6 7

century

3 9 A T/38/191 ( N .B. t he e xcavation n umber u nder t he f ield p hotograph i s i ncorrect). A shmolean 1 939.543 2 .4 x 1 .0 c ms. G lazed ( originally g reen) c omposition. W oolley, 1 955, N o. 6 1 a nd p . 1 28; B uchanan, 1 966, N o. 9 40. F ound i n R oom C l o f t he L evel I V P alace w ith N o. 4 3. T wo s tags, w ith a d agger ( ?) p ointing u pwards b etween t hem, s tand f acing e ach o ther b ut l ook b ack o ver t heir s houlders t owards a s tylised t ree w hich f orms a t erminal t o t he s cene. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom . This s eal and the next, No. 4 0, are c losely related a s far a s subject i s c oncerned but the d etails ( for instance the e yes and antlers) are n ot c omparable. A s tylistically c lose parallel to the present s eal c omes, s urprisingly enough, from K ish ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 39) i n a l ate c ontext. This s eal has two horned quadrupeds and two different t ypes o f trees : one l ike that on the present s eal and one, c loser to that on No. 4 0, which i s also found on s eals from Tell Abu Hawam ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 01) and Marlik ( Negahban, 1 979, Figs. 1 and 2 ) which are very c lose to our s eal and which both have an unidentifiable o bject ( a dagger ? ) between the two c onfronted animals. Alternatively, this feature may have derived from the raised forelegs of animals, for e xample a s on our No. 3 6, with s ubsequent duplication. B eth S han has produced the largest c ollection of related s eals with e xamples i n e very l evel f rom X to V I ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 4 0, 4 4, 5 2, 5 4, 7 9 and 1 14) and s tags appear on two of these and on s eals of this t ype from Megiddo and Fara ( south) ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 4 0, 1 14, 1 25, 1 27) though on these the antlers are more l ike those on No. 4 1 than those on Nos. 3 9 and 4 0. Ugarit ( Kühne, 1 980, No. 4 9), Lachish and Tell e l H esi ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 1 05 and 1 10) have also produced this type of s eal and the tree i s paralleled a t Tell Abu Hawam and Gezer ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 9 and 1 17). There i s a lso a s eal impression from Nippur 9 ( McCown, 1 967, Pl. 1 20:6), but i n s pite of the Mesopotamian and I ranian examples, i t s eems that the t ype was a t home i n Palestine. The fact that there i s o nly one c lose Nuzi parallel ( Porada, 1 947, No. 1 64) would s trengthen this

6 8

a ssumption and t he B eth S han e vidence would i ndicate that t he theme was p opular d uring the s econd half o f the 2 nd millennium B .C. though o ur s eal would date t o t he e arlier p art o f this t ime-span, j udging f rom t he c ontext i n which i t was f ound. ( J.B.)

4 0 AT/3 8 /5 1 A shmolean

1 939.404

3 .1

c ms.

G lazed c omposition.

1 966,

N o.

x 1 .1

Buchanan,

i n Woolley,

9 41;

1 955,

P .

t his

e xcavation number i s w rongly a ttributed,

2 83, to a knife.

F ound i n a g roup w ith e ight

s trings o f beads;

t ogether w ith Mycenaean vases;

L evel I I

Palace a rea,

Sq.

S 1 1,

( Field n otes).

Two s tylised t rees a lternate w ith a g azelle a nd a s tag, b oth f acing l eft and l ooking back o ver t heir s houlder.

L ine border t op a nd bottom.

F or s eals d epicting a s imilar s cene, s ee No. 3 9. S tylistically, however, this s eal i s o nly d istantly r elated the animals a re more e longated and l ess rounded . a nd the s tag's a ntlers are f ar more e laborate a nd o ccupy a greater p roportion o f t he s eal's h eight ( see a lso No. 4 2). ( J.B.)

4 1 AT

( 1936 s ounding)

4 79

1 937.375 omposition. 1 .8 x 1 .0 c ms. G reen glazed c

A shmolean B uchanan,

T op l evels

1 966,

N o.

see p . (

9 47.

) 4)

6 9

:

T hree s tags' h eads t urned t owards t he l eft. b ottom .

L ine b order t op a nd

Animals' heads in rows were a c ommon s ubject for s eals of the 1 9th and 1 8th c enturies B .C. ( e.g. C ollon, 1 975, No. 1 54), but they are not c ommon i n the 1 5th c entury B .C. which i s the date which s hould be a ssigned to this s eal on the basis of the s tylisation of the antlers and heads, which i s i dentical to that on a number o f s eals from Palestine ( for references, s ee No. 3 9). A s eal impression on an Assur tablet, dated to c . 1 400 B .C. ( Moortgat 1 947, Pl. D ,3), s hows a division into panels f illed with s tags' heads, while an actual s eal f rom the s ame s ite has a lternating bulls', antelopes' and human heads i n panels ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 79). A s ealing from Nuzi has a row of bulls' h eads below a guilloche a s part of an ancillary motif, while another has a s tag's h ead in the f ield ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 1 87 a nd 7 10 and c f. No. 68). Thus, while s tylistically No. 4 1 is r elated t o the west, i conographically i t i s c loser to the e astern glyptic of the times.

4 2 AT! 3 1/9 Antakya 7 963

2 .5 x 1 .0 cms. White c omposition. 1 955, No. 1 22.

W oolley,

S urface s oil a bove " road" between t he h ouses a nd t he c itadel w all L evels F ig.

I -II

( Field n otes);

s ee a lso Woolley,

1 955, p p.

1 93 and 1 94

6 8.

T hree s tylised h orned q uadrupeds back o ver t heir s houlders s tand o n t heir backs.

a dvance t owards t he l eft a nd l ook

a t three i ndistinct r obed f igures

( ?) who

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

The horns of the quadrupeds a re r endered b y a s eries o f three l inked drill-holes and the prominance g iven to them, t ogether with the e longated proportions of the animals, recall s eal No. 4 0. The i ndistinct s hapes above the animals are d ifficult to i nterpret a s anything other than human, probably facing right i f the d iagonal l ines on the l ower parts o f their bodies i ndicate the borders o f a robe wrapped round the body. For a c lose parallel f or both the f igures and the horned quadruped, but arranged i n a

7 0

d ifferent c omposition, s ee No. 8 3, where the q uestion o f date i s also discussed. Animals with s imilar horns o ccur on one s ealing f rom Nuzi but o therwise there i s no s imilarity between the Nuzi example and ours ( Porada, 1 947, No. 3 21).

4 3 A T/38/190

7 987

Antakya

2 .2 x ? c ms. W oolley,

White c omposition.

1 955, No. 6 0 a nd p .

F ound i n R oom C l

1 28.

o f t he L evel I V Palace w ith N o.

Two w ild g oats r ear up t owards c ross,

e ach o ther s o t hat t heir f orelegs

a nd l ook back o ver t heir s houlders.

a pproaches w ild boar

f rom t he l eft; ( ?)

3 9.

A q uadruped

a bove i ts back i s a b ird

a nd i n f ront o f i t

i s a c entre-dot

( ?)

( dog o r l ion ? ) o r t he h ead o f a

c ircle.

L ine b orders

t op a nd b ottom .

The a ttitude of the animals, with their c rossed f ore-legs and their necks a t right-angles to their bodies a s they turn to l ook back over their s houlder, i s n ot paralleled a t Nuzi or i n Palestine, and the s tyle i s unusual. I t i s uncommon for a nimals to occur on their own a t Nuzi but we do f ind this i n Palestine, s o i t may be that this s eal belongs more t o the western o rbit than to the e astern. S ince i t was f ound i n a L evel I V c ontext, i t s hould probably be dated to the 1 5th c entury B .C.

4 4 AT/38/10

7 1

7 983 2 .3 x 1 . 1 c ms. B lue c omposition ( "imitation o f l apis l azuli" -W oolley, 1 955, P. 2 65), i .e. " Egyptian blue." Woolley, 1 955, No. 1 13.

Antakya

Palace s ite,

L evel I I.

A c ouchant a ntelope a nd s tag a re s hown a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield s o t hat t heir h eads,

s hown parallel t o t he e dge o f t he s eal,

t ouch.

S eals with horned quadrupeds s hown a t right-angles t o the f ield were popular from the 1 5th c entury B .C. onwards. There are five examples f rom B eth S han from L evels I X to V II and one each from Lachish, Megiddo and T ell Abu Hawam ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 4 2, 5 0, 5 3, 7 3 and 7 6; 8 9; 9 2; 9 8), while three were found i n the sanctuary of the Canaanite T emple a t Hazor ( 14th -1 3th c enturies B .C.; Yadin, 1 961, P l. C CCXXI: 5 -7), and one i n the t emple a t Kamid e l-Loz ( Hachmann, 1 980, P l. 2 9:13). One may have been b ought i n Ephesus ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 44), and one f rom S yria i s a lmost i dentical to one of the B eth S han examples ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 45), there i s one from Tarsus, now i n the Adana Museum ( Tunca, 1 979, No. 3 5), and one f rom Enkomi i n C yprus ( Porada, 1 971, No. 3 ). There are impressions from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, No. 8 7) and Nippur ( Legrain, 1 925, Pl. L II No. 4 98), a c ylinder s eal f rom Kuyunjik ( BM 1 23347 -u npublished), one from Nippur ( McCown, 1 967, Pl. 1 13:3) and two f ound in graves a t Marlik ( Negahban, 1 979, Figs. 3 -6). G enerally the a nimals are not antithetically placed, a s on our s eal, but when they are, a s on one o f the B eth S han, on the Kamid e l-Loz a nd on the S yrian e xamples, they s hare a head or e ven ( as on another o f the B eth S han s eals) a body. The B eth S han, Megiddo, Hazor , Kamid e l-Loz , Tarsus and Ephesus examples s how s tags, the Lachish, Nuzi, Marlik and one o f the Hazor e xamples, gazelles, and only the Kuyunjik, Nippur and Tell Abu Hawam s eals have a lternating gazelles and s tags but the Nippur s eal i s c losest to ours i n e xecution though the animals are not antithetically placed. This t ype o f s eal probably originated i n Palestine, judging from the numbers f ound there. S ee also Nos. 5 9, 6 1, 6 7 a nd 7 4.

4 5 AT/38/127B

7 2

7 994

Antakya

2 .55

x 1 .2 c ms.

Material n ot r ecorded.

1 955, p . 2 05. , Palace Level Sq. P 1 0, R oom 2 ; F rom G rave 5

W oolley,

( Field n otes).

a ttributed t o L evel I

T his was t he i nhumation burial o f a n a dult a nd a c hild

a nd i s p robably t he g rave mentioned by Woolley d ug d own i nto t he r uins

p ots mentioned t here d o n ot O n W oolley's F ig. P 1 0 but

o ccur i n t he l ist

i t

p .

1 96)

o f g rave-goods

i s

i ndicated,

a s b eing o n p .

2 05.

s till i n Sq.

i s n ot mentioned i n t he t ext.

t hat t he s eal was

L evel I H ouse

" a " Burial 5

6 9, h owever,

, but i n R oom 5

t herefore,

( 1955,

o f R oom 2 o f H ouse 3 8/B but t he t hree LM I IIB

I t d oes

s eem,

f ound i n a g rave d ug b elow t he f loor o f

3 8/B but whether we a re d ealing w ith a burial b eneath

t he f loor o f R oom 2 o r R oom 5 i s n ot

c lear.

N o.

1 02 was

f ound i n t he

s ame g rave. T wo a ntithetically-placed c ouchant g azelles, which l ook back o ver t heir s houlders,

a lternate w ith a bouquet t ree a nd b ranches

I n t he f ield a re a c ircle, bull's h ead, by e ight

two r hombs,

and a r osette

a d rill-hole

( ?

o f v egetation damaged)

( ?)

o r a

made u p o f a c entral d rill-hole s urrounded

s maller d rill-holes

( see N o.

4 7).

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

iscussion of the general c ompositional l ay-out, s ee For a d No. 4 6. The rhomb has been discussed by van B uren ( 1945, 15-119) and has variously been e xplained a s a n e ye, pp. 1 v ulva, grain or c orn or s ymbol of earth. I t o ften o ccurs a s a f illing motif on c ylinder s eals but not on kw i l A ru and not on the Nuzi s eal impressions. I t also o ccurs on Nos. 1 7 1 a nd 10. A 1 4th c entury B .C. date i s t entatively s uggested f or this s eal and f or No. 4 6.

4 6 AT/46/26 Antakya 8 093 2 .25 x

0 .85

Woolley, Sq.

0 1 2;

W oolley,

e ms.

1 955, No.

B lack s tone. 11.

b elow t he s tone f oundations

1 955, p .

1 38 F ig.

t he L evel V II T emple

( cf.

6),

i .e.

o f the L evel I A wall a bove t he n orth-east

W oolley's F igs.

3 3 and 3 5); L evel I I.

T wo a ntithetically-placed h orned q uadrupeds l ook b ack a t a w inged f igure which s tands w ith h ead

t urned t o t he l eft.

s corpion,

a f ive-spiked s hape

( a g oat a nd a g azelle)

a stride t heir h ind-quarters

B etween t he two a nimals

t ree w ith a s piral l inking two d ots

a bove

( a hand ? )

b order t op a nd b ottom.

7 3

( see c orner o f

i t.

i s

a s tylised

I n t he f ield a re a

and f our d rill-holes.

L ine

The i nspiration for this s cene was probably the Early Dynastic I II and later representations of eagles, g enerally l ion-headed, grasping the hind-quarters o f c ouchant animals ( e.g. Porada, 1 948, Nos. 9 7-102, 1 09, 1 1114, 2 67). The type o f s tylised tree dates to the mid 2 nd 1 millennium B .C. or later and i t i s not c lear whether the s eal-cutter misunderstood his earlier prototype and misinterpreted i t, or whether he reinterpreted i t. S ince the motif i s known on s eal impressions from Level I V a t Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, Pl. XLV) t he l atter e xplanation s eems the most l ikely. The l ay-out i s s imilar t o that o n No. 4 5 a nd i s found on many s eals of the p eriod but i t a lso has i ts roots in the past ( e.g. Porada, 1 948, Nos. 9 7 a nd 9 8). S ee also B leibtreu, 1 981, No. 8 4. L ike No. 4 5, i t s hould probably be dated to the 1 4th c entury B .C.

4 7 AT/3 8 /18 9 ( wrongly n umbered AT/38/184 o n the e xcavation p hotograph)

989 Antakya 7 2 .3 x 1 .18 cms. Pale-blue c omposition. W oolley,

1 955,

N o.

7 2.

F ound i n R oom C 6 o f t he L evel I V Palace. A g oddess

i n a p leated r obe s its

work s ides, s tands

a nd r aises

f acing r ight o n a s eat w ith l attice-

a g lobular p ot i n her l eft hand.

B efore h er

a s uppliant g oddess w ith both hands r aised a nd beyond i s a

g roup c onsisting o f a nude g oddess a s mall f igure who i s

( ?) who i s p laying a t ambourine,

j uggling w ith a ball a nd d ancing,

a nd a r obed

f emale f igure, wearing a r ound hat, who i s p laying a v ertical harp. I n t he f ield a re a d rill-hole,

a s tar,

a r osette made up o f a c entral

d rill-hole s urrounded by e ight s maller d rill-holes, a p ot a bove a ball-and-staff, o ne unidentifiable o bject, p erhaps a d rum, before t he n ude f igure, f e t

a nother behind t he s eated g oddess a nd a t hird a t h er

( a s mall monkey ? ).

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

Although the globe-topped head-dresses of the deities a re reminiscent o f those on C ypriote s eals ( e.g. K enna, 1 971, c p s. 3 6-38), they are a lso known f rom Elam ( Amiet, 1 966, F ig. 2 32). The type of s eat with l attice-work s ides i s also k nown i n Elam, a s i s the s triated rendering o f the s eated f igure's dress ( Amiet, 1 972, No. 2 035; Delaporte, 1 920, Pl. 5 3:2 and 6 = D .106 a nd 1 10). The harp may a lso b e of Elamite type ( Porada, 1 980). H owever, s imilar s eats and head-dresses a ppear o n s ealings f rom Nuzi ( Porada,

7 4

1 947, Nos. 1 8, 1 9, 5 60, 6 18 and 6 63 and two harpists, a ssociated with s mall f igures, are found on another s ealing f rom the same s ite ( No. 7 11), dated early i n the 2 nd g eneration. I t s eems l ikely that our s eal s hould b e dated t o the f irst half of the 1 5th c entury B .C. a nd a n e astern o rigin f or i t s eems probable.

4 8 AT/39/89 B M

1 30652

( 1939.6.13,120)

2 .35 x 1 .25 c ms. W oolley, S q .

G 1 6,

L evel I V. A g od i s

1 955, N o.

C hlorite.

7 3 a nd p .

1 80.

H ouse 3 9/B, Room 4 ( see Woolley, Found w ith N o.

s eated o n a s tool,

g oblet i n h is l eft hand.

1 955, p .

1 79 F ig.

6 3).

8 8. f acing r ight,

a nd h olds a l arge,

f ooted

A vertical b ranch o f vegetation o r t ree

s eparates h im f rom a g roup c onsisting o f a f igure i n a h orned h eadd ress a nd a s kirt who r aises h is l eft hand a nd f aces t he weather g od who i s n aked e xcept f or a horned h ead-dress, d own h is back, he h olds

a nd s tands

has h is h air i n a c url

i n t he S miting P osture.

I n h is r ight hand

a s ymbol which may be a c ombined mace a nd l ightning s ymbol

o r g od s ign;

below i t

i s a q uartered d isc.

L ine b orders t op a nd

b ottom .

S ee Nos. 2 0 a nd 2 1 f or o ther e xamples o f the weather-god and f or reference to the Smiting Posture. A s tar-shaped s ymbol, not unlike the one on our s eal, i s held by figures on s eals 4 9 a nd 5 0, b oth dated to L evel V I. The l inear s tyle of this s eal i s unusual and s o i s the c omposition with two f igures facing each o ther and not the s eated deity. This c omposition, but not the s tyle, i s found on a s eal o f the i st generation a t Nuzi, re-used i n the 2 nd ( Porada, 1 947, No. 6 63), where the s eated deity faces right, a s on our s eal. The S miting god i s fairly c losely paralleled on a s eal impression from Level I V a t Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, No. 2 15). I n v iew of the early dating of s everal o f the s eals with s imilar f eatures, we would s uggest a date i n the l ate 1 6th or e arly 1 5th c entury for this s eal.

7 5

4 9 AT/47/85 Antakya 1 0033 2 .2 x 1 .05 c ms. W oolley, L evel V I.

White c omposition.

1 955, No. 2 4; S afadi,

1 974,

N o a dditional d etails

N o.

8 .

i n F ield n otes.

A r obed f igure, who wears a w ide-brimmed h ead-dress w ith a p ointed c rown,

s its f acing r ight a nd holds a s tar-emblem i n h is l eft h and.

T wo c onfronted,

h orned q uadrupeds l ook back o ver t heir s houlder;

between t hem i s a n unidentifiable o bject

( perhaps a b ird ? ).

L ine

b orders t op a nd bottom .

S ee

No. 4 0 f or reference to c onfronted animals. S ee No. and, e specially, 5 0 f or s imilar e mblems. They a lso o ccur on s ealings from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, e .g. Nos. 3 54 2A), and on a s eal from Beth S han i n Level IX ( Parker, 1 949, No. 3 5), but none i s c lose to the present s eal. This may be because our s eal i s earlier than the 1 5th t o 1 4th c entury range of s eals but unfortunately no c lear L evel V I c ontext i s given for this s eal; No. 5 0 has a lso b een a ttributed to Level V I ( See pp. 8 -10 f or a discussion o f the date).

4 8

5 0 AT/39/231 Antakya 8 015 2 .1 x 0 .8 c ms.

White c omposition

( "steatite" a ccording t o Woolley,

1 955, pp. 220 and 2 62). 1 955, Nos. 25 and 2 6 a nd p . 2 20; o n p . 2 62 t he s eals a re n umbered a a nd b s ince Woolley d id n ot r ealise t hat the p hotographs

Woolley,

w ere o f d ifferent

i mpressions

o f t he s ame s eal.

7 6

S q.

L 1 3,

( Woolley,

f rom a s imple i nhumation g rave o f o ne a dult,

G /39/91

2 20), belonging to Level VI.

1 955, p .

A f igure w earing a r ound hat a nd a k ilt, g rasps a s tar-emblem i n h is l eft hand. p assant t owards t he r ight,

s tands f acing r ight a nd Two l ong-hoi -ned a ntelopes,

l ook back o ver t heir s houlder;

they s tand

o n a d ouble base-line below which i s a r ow o f f ive d rill-holes b y d ouble l ines.

l inked

L ine b order t op a nd bottom .

S ee the discussion i n c onnection with No. 4 9. Two s eals from L evel I X a t B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 3 5 and 4 1) and one from S usa ( Amiet, 1 972, No. 2 052) provide the c losest parallels for what must have b een a n early type o f Mitannian s eal. S ee also pp. 8 -10.

5 1

A T/39/206 B M 1 30650 ( 1939.6.13,118) 2 .35 x 1 .23 c ms. S intered q uartz ( i.e. c omposition). 955, N o. 4 1 and p . 2 16. Woolley, 1 F ound i n g rave G /39/80,

t ogether w ith N os.

o f two s imple i nhumations R oom

1 2 a nd 2 .50 m .

i n S q. M 1 2

5 3 a nd 6 0, w ith t he l ater

( above the L evel V II Palace,

a bove t he l evel o f t he R oom

1

f loor).

B elonging

t o L evel V . Two male f igures,

naked e xcept f or a hat a nd t riple belt,

kneel o n

o ne k nee o n e ither s ide o f a bouquet-tree a nd g rasp i t by the s tem w ith o ne hand. t o the r ight,

A nude g oddess, s tands w ith hands

s hown f rontally . with h er h ead turned c lasped.

a bove a s tag which l ooks back o ver i ts

A hand,

s hown h orizontally,

s houlder a t t he g oddess.

L ine

border t op a nd b ottom . The t erm bouquet-tree was u sed i n c onnection with the numerous Nuzi s eal impressions on which i t appears and has b een d iscussed i n s ome detail by Porada who s uggests i ts d erivation f rom the Old Babylonian l ion-club, ( 1947, pp. 1 7, 4 7-48). The d ifferent types which o ccur a t Alalakh a re i llustrated on F ig. 2 . One f igure kneeling and grasping the tree i s found a t B eth S han i n L evels I X-VIII, Gezer and Megiddo ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 3 8, 4 7 and 5 1; 5 9; 1 25), Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 2 23-242) and two f igures a lso o ccur a t Nuzi ( Nos. 2 43-283) but they g enerally have their l egs crossed a s on our No. 5 7. T hus i t-would s eem that the

7 7

motif was more a t home a t Nuzi than i n Palestine. An e xample from Tepe Giyan ( Contenau and Ghirshman, 1 935, Pl. 3 8: 4) i s fairly c lose to No. 5 5. S tags make up the ancillary motif on the s eal a t present under discussion, on No. 5 2, on a s eal from B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, No. 3 8) and on s ealings from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 2 43 and 2 64), but i t s hould be noted that the way the antlers a re d epicted on Nos. 5 1 and 5 2 belongs t o a very d ifferent tradition f rom that typified by s uch s eals a s No. 4 1. A hand a bove a s tag and a s imilar nude goddess a lso o ccur on a s eal f rom Megiddo ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 28). The meaning of s cenes c entred o n a bouquet-tree i s uncertain. Mallowan ( 1947, p . 1 40) s uggested that they d epicted a c eremony i nvolving a maypole and that the horizontal or crossed l ines which s ometimes o ccur a cross the bouquet-tree ( e.g. on Nos. 5 6, 5 9 a nd 6 2) may have been c eremonial b indings on the maypole ( but c f. No. 7 1 f or an a lternative s uggestion applicable to s ome o f the s eals). The kneeling f igures may be holding t he maypole i n position or may be involved i n a dance round i t. I t s eems fairly c ertain that i t i s a s ymbol o f f ertility but i t s hould be noted that, e xcept on No. 7 4 which i s p robably l ate i n the s eries, animals are not s hown i n the s ame relationship to i t a s to the s tylised tree ( cf. Nos. 7 5 and 8 6). On s ome s eals the bouquet-tree i s approached w ith reverance by robed figures, whether private i ndividuals, rulers o r even d eities, i s uncertain, but i n view o f the f act that these male figures s ometimes appear with a suppliant goddess ( e.g. on No. 6 6), we would o pt f or the f irst two alternatives, with a preference for the s econd ( see Nos. 5 9, 6 2 and 9 0), the f igures on No. 6 0, however, may well be g ods, judging from their dress and hair-style. The fact that s o many s cenes i nvolving the bouquet-tree o ccur on 2 nd generation impressions from Nuzi, together with i ts appearance on an impression f rom L evel I V a t Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, No. 2 02) would s upport a date i n the 1 5th c entury B .C. for this group o f s eals from Alalakh ( Nos. 5 1-62, 7 1 , 7 3, 7 4, 8 3 and 9 0), with Nos. 7 1 and 7 4 probably the latest i n the s eries. On the e arly dating proposed by Woolley for this and o ther Mitannian s eals f rom Alalakh, s ee pp. 8 -10. ( J.B.)

5 2 A T/37/229 A shmolean 1 938.191 1 .7 m ax. x 1 .0 c ms. G lazed, o riginally g reen, c omposition; t he l ower p art o f t he s eal i s m issing.

7 8

Buchanan,

1 966,

N o.

9 28.

F ound w ith a g roup o f b eads i n burial l ocate;

1 2 which I have b een unable t o

i t might be t he unnumbered burial i n R oom 2 o f H ouse 3 7/C

( Woolley,

1 955, p .

1 87 F ig.

6 5 a nd p .

1 88).

T he upper part o f a male f igure, who wears kneels

on o ne knee;

c ouchant

s tags,

S ee No.

5 1

a hat a nd b elt,

a nd p robably

h e g rasps a bouquet-tree by t he s tem.

l ook back o ver t heir s houlder.

f or r eferences

Two c onfronted,

L ine b order.

r elating t o t his

s cene.

( J.B.)

5 3 AT/39/207 A shmolean

1 948.571

2 .15 x 0 .9 c ms. Woolley,

G reen-glazed c omposition;

1 955, No.

4 2 a nd p .

F ound i n g rave G /39/80,

2 16;

Buchanan,

t ogether w ith N os.

o f two s imple i nhumations

i n Sq .

M 1 2

i rregular a nd d ecayed. 1 966, N o.

9 31

a nd p .

1 84.

5 1 and 6 0, w ith t he l ater

( above the L evel V II Palace,

R oom 1 2 and 2 .50 m . a bove t he l evel o f t he R oom 1 f loor).

B elonging

t o L evel V . A male f igure,

n aked e xcept f or a hat a nd a d ouble b elt, k neels

knee a nd g rasps a b ouquet-tree by the s tem. q uadrupeds,

back t o back,

l ook back a t e ach o ther;

c ouchant bull f acing l eft.

o n o ne

Two c ouchant, h orned a bove t hem i s a

L ine border t op a nd b ottom.

N ote t hat

t he i mpression p ublished h ere s hows the p resent

c ondition o f t he

s eal which has h as d eteriorated c onsiderably a s

c omparison w ith

Woolley's photograph w ill s how; many o f t he d etails v isible t here a re n o l onger i dentifiable.

S ee No. 5 1 f or r eferences r elating to this s cene, Nos. 60 and 8 6 f or a s imilar grouping o f a nimals. a lso p p. 8 -10 c oncerning t he dating o f this s eal.

7 9

a nd S ee ( J.B.)

5 4

A T/37/214 A ntakya 7 962 2 .0 x 1 .0 e ms. W hite c omposition. W oolley, 1 955, N o. 1 38. A T N ? ( Field n otes); " Above t he N iqme-pa p alace; l evel u nknown" ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 66). Am ale f igure, n aked e xcept f or a h at a nd a n b elt, k neels o n o ne k nee a nd g rasps a b ouquet-tree b y t he s tem . T wo a ntithetically-placed, a dorsed, r ampant, h orned q uadrupeds l ook b ack a t e ach o ther. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom . S ee No. 51 for references relating t o the kneeling figure and tree. The c losest parallels f or two horned quadrupeds a dorsed ( i.e. not part o f a frieze a nd without a s tylised tree between them) o ccur on a s eal f ound i n the Gula Temple a t I sin ( Nagel-Strommenger and Hrouda, 1 974-1977, p . 2 25 and Abb. 7 ) together with an i dentical bouquet-tree, but the male f igure i s s tanding, and on a s eal from Ugarit ( Kühne, 1 980, No. 4 1), a gain with an i dentical tree but with a s eated f igure, a s eal that i s c losely paralleled by one i n Kayseri Museum which was found i n the Diyarbakir a rea ( Özg l i9, 1 974, Pl. 1 7:4). F inally, the Nuzi impressions have provided three parallels ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 21, 4 56 and 7 30 -2 nd to 3 rd generation). F or the type of bouquettree, d ivided i nto two parts, s ee No. 71. ( J.B.)

5 5

A T/38/195 A shmolean 1 939.542 2 .3 x 1 .05 e ms. W hite c omposition. B uchanan, 1 966, N o. 9 30. W est o f P alace s ite; t opsoil ( Field n otes).

8 0

A male f igure,

n aked e xcept f or a hat a nd a d ouble b elt, kneels o n o ne

k nee f acing l eft a nd g rasps a bouquet-tree b y t he s tem.

Two c ouchant,

c onfronted, h orned q uadrupeds l ook back o ver t heir s houlder; b elow t hem i s a t riple g uilloche r ound three c entre-dots. a nd b ottom .

L ine b order t op

S ee No. 5 1 f or references relating to this s cene and s ee particularly a s eal f rom Tepe Giyan ( Contenau and Ghirshman, 1 935, Pl. 3 8:4 = Frankfort, 1 939, Pl. XLIIIf). ( J.B.)

.

5 6

• ••.• .. . . . . .

AT/39/191 Antakya 8 036 2 .2 x 1 .1 W oolley,

c ms. 1 955,

White c omposition; badly c hipped. N o.

9 8.

F ound i n wagon; b elow L evel I I

( Field n otes);

a ttributed t o L evel I II.

A male f igure, n aked e xcept f or a hat, h alf k neels o n o ne k nee o r s tands

( not c lear b ecause o f c hip),

s tem .

B elow a d ouble g uilloche r ound t hree c entre-dots,

a dorsed bulls which l ook back a t

a nd g rasps a b ouquet-tree b y t he

e ach o ther;

l ie two

t heir t ails c ross.

L ine

b order t op and b ottom.

S ee No. 5 1 f or references relating to this type o f s cene. The a ncillary motif i s paralleled by No. 5 7, by a s eal f rom Gezer and one from B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 5 9 and 6 1), by one i n Adana Museum ( Tunca, 1 979, No. 3 3), one from Tell Chuera ( Kühne, 1 980, No. 4 3), impressions from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 1 61, 2 89 and 3 40), and a s eal from Hassan Z amini i n the Persian Talyche ( Schaeffer, 1 948, p . 4 10 Fig. 3 0:1). On a s eal from Ugarit, the two bulls have hatching b etween them and are a lmost i dentical to those on No. 5 7 ( Schaeffer, 1 935, Pl. XXXV, top l eft; i d ., 1 948, p . 410 Fig. 3 0: 5). ( J. B.)

8 1

5 7 AT/39/53 Antakya 8 007 2 .5 x 1 .25 c ms. W oolley, Sq.

N 1 1,

White " steatite".

1 955, No.

4 6.

p latform f illing

2 00 where t he c ontext

i s

( Field n otes

s aid t o be c onfused).

T wo male f igures, wearing hats, hands t ree.

a nd c f.

a nd c ross l egs i n a d ance;

1 955, p .

Woolley, L evels

I V-V.

d ouble b elts a nd o pen s kirts,

B eneath a d ouble guilloche r ound f our c entre-dots,

a dorsed bulls which l ook back a t

l ink

between t hem i s a d iminutive b ouquete ach o ther;

t here i s h orizontal hatching between t hem.

t heir t ails

l ie two c ross a nd

L ine b order t op a nd bottom.

See Nos. 5 1 a nd 5 6 f or parallels. A s mall b ouquet-tree a lso o ccurs o n a s eal impression f rom Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, N o. 3 05). These a bbreviated v ersions would s upport t he 1. ( J.B.) i nterpretation p ut f orward i n c onnection with No. 7

5 8 AT/38/25B Antakya 7 988B 1 .9 x 0 .95 c ms. Woolley,

White c omposition;

1 955, N os.

Palace a rea,

L evel I I,

N iqme-pa palace,

c hipped.

5 9 and 1 00 ( see below). d iscarded

L evel I I"

s eal was photographed twice,

( Field n otes);

1 955, p . 2 65 N o.

f rom d ifferent

w ith t he w rong number AT/38/265) publishing t he s eal twice

( sic!)

( Woolley,

" Above t he 1 00).

i mpressions

T he

( one o f t hem

a nd t his m isled Woolley i nto

:h is N o.

5 9 a cquired y et a nother w rong

number AT/38/281 which b elongs t o o ur N o. 7 2 ( not published by Woolley) s o t hat t he i nformation c ontained i n t hat e ntry o n p . 2 63 i s

e rroneous.

8 2

A male f igure, wearing a hat,

a d ouble b elt a nd a n o pen s triped s kirt,

e xtends a hand t owards a bouquet-tree.

T hree l ong-necked, l ong-legged

b irds passant beneath a d ouble guilloche r ound t hree c entre-dots. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom .

References for the f igure and tree will be found i n the e ntry for No. 5 1. The birds, guilloche and bouquet-tree a ppear on a s eal from S hechem ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 11) and, without the tree, on a s eal i n the Newell Collection ( von d er O sten, 1 934, No. 2 93) and on an impression f rom Nuzi, while the whole s cene i s fairly c losely paralleled on another Nuzi impression ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 7 1 and 6 2 and s ee also No. 1 32) and on a s eal from Tell Ghassil i n t he L ebanon ( Baramki, 1 969, p . 2 7 No. 5 ). ( J.B.)

5 9 A T/48/1 Antakya

1 0212

2 .05 x 0 .95 c ms. W oolley,

White c omposition.

1 955, N o.

5 8.

I n t he f oundations o f t he c entral wall o f t he L evel I II T emple; I V ( see W oolley,

1 955, p . 7 3 f f. a nd F ig.

A male f igure, w earing a h at a nd r obe, b efore a bouquet-tree.

V ertical

6Z '

s tands w ith h ands c lasped

a nd

6S '

two r ows o f t hree l inked c entre-dot c ircles. a bove i t,

a c ouchant

L evel

3 2).

g uilloches made u p o f A c ouchant h are w ith,

s tag s et a r ight-angles t o the f ield a nd l ooking

back o ver i ts s houlder t owards t he hare.

L ine border t op a nd bottom .

lso Nos. 5 1 a nd 6 1. The s ame c omponents are arranged See a differently, with the g uilloches horizontal, on a s eal from Megiddo, and the guilloches are a lso f ound a t B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 9 5 and 5 7 respectively). A s eal from Nuzi i s also fairly c lose ( Porada, 1 947, No. 4 92) and s o i s an unprovenanced s eal i n the Louvre ( Delaporte, 1 923, Pl. 9 7:21 -A .949). The c ontext i n which our s eal was f ound a grees with the 1 5th c entury date g enerally a ccepted f or the o ther e xcavated examples. ( J.B.)

8 3

6 0 AT! 3 9/205 BM 1 30657

( 1939.6.13,125)

2 .45 x 1 .25 c ms.

W oolley,

S intered q uartz

1 955, N o.

4 0 and p .

Found i n g rave G /39/80,

t ogether w ith N os.

o f two s imple i nhumations Room

1 2 and 2 .50 i n .

( i.e. white c omposition).

2 16.

i n Sq. M 1 2

5 1 and 5 3, w ith t he l ater

( above the L evel V II Palace,

a bove t he l evel o f the R oom

1

f loor).

B elonging

t o L evel V . Two f igures

i n hats a nd f lounced r obes

e ither s ide o f a bouquet-tree.

s tand w ith hands f olded o n

Two c onfronted,

q uadrupeds l ook back o ver t heir s houlder;

c ouchant, h orned

a bove t hem i s a t hird,

passant t owards the l eft, w ith i ts h ead d own.

L ine b order t op a nd

bottom . See No. 5 1 f or a d iscussion o f t his t ype o f s eal. A c lose parallel i s provided b y a s eal i mpression f rom T ell a l R imah where t he animals a re bulls, two o f them a dorsed ( Parker, 1 977, No. 4 2A), the a rchive i s dated t o the 1 3th c entury B .C. s o i t i s l ikely that the s eal was a n h eirloom. A fragmentary, unphotographed a nd unpublished s eal i mpression on a s herd f ound i n Room 6 o f the L evel I V Palace a t Alalakh ( AT/38/266) s hows, a ccording t o the s ketch i n t he F ield notes, two r obed f igures o n e ither s ide o f a b ouquett ree, but the rest o f the s cene i s missing. F or t he a rrangement o f the a nimals, s ee Nos. 5 3 a nd 8 6. O n t he q uestion o f t he e arly date f or t his a nd o ther Mitannian s eals f rom Alalakh, s ee pp. 8 -10. ( J.B.)

8 4

6 1 A T/39/215 B M 1 30649

( 1939 .6 .13 ,117)

2 .7 x 1 . 25 W oolley, S q .

L 1 3,

l avatory)

c ms.

1 948,

S intered q uartz P l.

I II-IV

I X;

( Field n otes);

o f H ouse 3 9/C

( i.e.

c omposition).

i d ., 1 955, N o . 8 5

a nd p .

p .

1 8 1

F ig.

6 ) 4 );

" Level I II

belonged t o a g rave o f t hat d ate" o n p .

1 8

( the

" and j udging by t he s tratification was more

l ikely t o belong t o L evel I V t han t o L evel I II" 1 82 a nd c f.

1 82.

" found j ust o utside" R oom

( ?).

( Woolley,

2 07 Woolley a scribes t he g rave

L evel I " a nd a ssociates t he c ylinder c omment.

( Woolley,

1 955, p . 2 6) 4 N o.

( G/39/90)

t o L evel I I,

8 5) but " not t o

s eal w ith the burial w ithout

Two male f igures, wearing hats a nd s triped s kirts, s ide o f a b ouquet-tree a nd t ouch i t.

1 955, p .

I t was n ear a nd p erhaps

a ny

s tand o n e ither

Two c ouchant a ntelopes,

b ete-

beche a nd s et a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield, between g uilloches t he running s piral t ype ( below) a nd o f t he 4S ' a nd 4Z ' d ot c ircle t ype ( above). L ine b order t op a nd b ottom .

o f

l inked c entre-

As has been s een, there i s s ome doubt a s to the l evel to which this s eal s hould be a ssigned, whether II, III(?) or I V! No. 5 9, which p rovides a c lose parallel to this s cene, was dated to Level I V and we would tend to opt f or a s imilar date for the present s eal, particularly a s there i s no mention o f any a ssociation with a grave, i n the Field notes. No. 6 3, f ound n earby, i s s tylistically related and i s a scribed to Levels The c omments applying to No. 51

and 5 9

angles to the No. 4 4; c lose

relate field

to

this

have

seal

been

also

and

discussed

in

animals

at

connection

rightwith

parallels, i n a s imilar c ontext, a re provided by s eal i mpressions from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 3 20, 3 21 and 3 30 -a ll 2 nd g eneration) and by a s eal f rom B rak ( Mallowan, 1 947, Pl. XXII Nos. 1 and 2 and pp. 1 36-141). ( J. B.)

8 5

6 2 AT/39/54 A shmolean

1 948.568

2 .0 x 0 .9 c ms. W oolley, S q .

G lazed c omposition.

1 955, No. 9 9 and p . 2 07; B uchanan, 1 966, N o. 9 26.

L 1 1, below a nd p resumably f rom G rave G /39/18 -a

i nhumation a ttributed t o L evel I I but p erhaps W oolley,

1 955, p . 2 07).

A f igure wearing a hat b ouquet-tree.

F ound w ith N o. ( ?)

( see

9 7.

e xtends

o ne hand t owards a

B eneath a d ouble g uilloche r ound t hree c entre-dots,

a re two c ouchant a ntelopes, s houlder.

a nd r obe,

s ingle

f rom L evel I II

f acing l eft a nd l ooking back o ver t heir

L ine border t op a nd bottom .

There a re s everal close parallels for this s eal : one from Tell Hadidi i n S yria ( Dornemann, 1 978, p . 2 3), one from Ur ( Legrain, 1 951, No. 5 80), and one from Nimrud i n a late context ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 27). A f ragmentary impression from Nuzi s eems c lose but generally the s cene i s more e laborate a t Nuzi and i nvolves two f igures ( Porada, 1 947, No. 2 07 and cf. for e xample Nos. 2 03-206); i ts frequency, however, would make i t l ikely that the i nspiration for our s eal came f rom the east rather than from Palestine, s ometime during the 1 5th c entury B .C. S ee also the discussion i n c onnection with No. 5 1. ( J.B.)

6 3 AT/39/201 BM

1 30654

( 1939.6.13,122)

2 .6 x 1 .3 c ms. Woolley,

1 948,

S intered q uartz P l.

I X;

i d .,

( i.e.

white c omposition).

1 955, No. 8 6 and p . 8 6

1 82.

F ound i n R oom

1 8

( a l avatory)

i n H ouse 3 9/C a nd " more l ikely t o

belong t o L evel I V t han t o L evel I II" a lso N o.

( Woolley,

1 955, p .

1 82).

S ee

6 1 which was f ound n earby.

Two f igures w earing h ats a nd f ringed r obes a nd f ace e ach o ther w ith, b etween t hem, s pear-head s tuck i n a ball

s tand w ith hands f olded

a s mall o bject

s haped l ike a

( an a bbreviated b ouquet-tree ? -s ee

b elow).

A t hird f igure a dvances t owards the l eft a nd r aises o ne h and;

h e wears

a hat a nd a n o pen p leated s kirt.

Two l ions

i n c onflict b elow

a band o f h erring-bone, w ith a human h ead b etween t hem 6 4).

( see a lso N o.

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

A fairly close p arallel i s provided by a s eal f rom Assur ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 64), where the herring-bone band i s replaced by a guilloche and the head between the l ions and the s pear b etween the main f igures a re both replaced by bouquet-trees. The l ions a lso appear a t Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 1 78, 4 22 and 4 26) but only o n the f irst of these do they c ross their paws, a s on our s eal, o n a s eal from Enkomi i n C yprus ( Porada, 1 971, No. 3 a) and o n a s eal f rom B eth S han ( Parker, 1 949, No. 6 8). The dancing f igure on the Enkomi s eal recalls those on No. 5 7. I t i s i nteresting that the l ion i s found a t S usa s ince f igures with arms ending i n s pear-shapes a lso o ccur there ( Amiet, 1 972, No. 2 047 and Nos. 2 001-2006). A 1 5th c entury date s eems l ikely f or the Alalakh example, probably i n the s econd half of the c entury.

6 4 AT/39/230 Antakya 8 026 2 .6 x 1 .3 c ms. Woolley, Sq .

2 1;

S afadi,

N 1 3 below L evel V I

t he west N o.

White c omposition.

1 955, No.

2 1).

o f r oom

1 7

( Sq.

N 1 3),

7 .

" From Y arim L im's p alace,

L evel V II"

( Woolley,

1 955, p .

t o

2 62

T his means t hat the s eal would have been f ound i n the

r egion o f R oom 3 5 which was f loor

1 975, No.

( Field n otes);

( Woolley,

1 955, Fig.

d estroyed by a r ubbish-pit a nd had n o

3 5 and p .

1 06).

Two s uppliant g oddesses, w earing f lounced r obes c ounterweights,

a nd n ecklace

a lternate w ith a r ampant w ild g oat which l ooks back

o ver i ts

s houlder t owards t he r ight,

( see N o.

6 3) which have a bull's h ead between t hem.

a nd a p air o f l ions

f rieze c onsisting o f a p air o f f ighting a ntelopes,

8 7

i n c onflict

A bove i s a t heir h orns

i nterlocked,

a nd a s tag c harging t owards the r ight w ith i ts h ead d own

a nd i ts f orelegs tucked up.

L ine border t op a nd bottom.

This s eal, and Nos. 65-67, have f igures with animals a bove them. The s eal-type s eems to have been popular a t Alalakh but l ess s o i n Palestine ( Parker, 1 949, No. 8 6 f rom Tell Z akariyah) and a t Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 19, 4 72 -s ee drawing on Pl. L I, 5 47). For the s tags, s ee particularly No. 4 19 from Nuzi ( early 2 nd generation), and s ee o ur No. 7 5 for an animal's head between winged l ions. I n view o f the Nuzi parallels, we would choose to discount Woolley's early d ating for this s eal, based o n a c ontext which, there are reasons f or thinking, i s unreliable. A 1 5th c entury date s eems l ikely f or this s eal a nd for the o thers i n this g roup which were found i n L evel I V or l ater.

6 5 AT/39/163 Antakya 8 003 2 .8 x 1 .4 c ms. W oolley,

White c omposition.

1 955, No.

1 02 a nd p .

2 06.

F ound i n a s imple i nhumation burial o f a n a dult, 1 3,

a pproximately

1 .70 m .

G /39/64,

i n Sq. M

b elow t he s urface, r esting o n the L evel

I II f loor a nd belonging to L evel I I

( see Woolley,

1 955, p . 1 38 F ig.

5 3). Two f igures f ace e ach o ther; f ringed l ion

r obe,

( slightly c hipped)

r ampant,

t hey w ear hats a nd r obes

s tands w ith hands

f acing r ight,

a lso f acing r ight.

( one o f t hem w ith

f olded ); between t hem i s a r ampant a nd t o t he r ight

A male f igure,

i s

a g oat

n aked e xcept f or a hat

a nd t riple b elt, kneels o n o ne knee a nd h olds a n i nverted hare o r a ntelope ( ?) by t he h ind-leg ( see N o. 1 02). A bove i s a f rieze c onsisting o f a g oat,

a b ird a nd a bull.

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

For a d iscussion o f o ther s eals of this type, s ee No. 6 4. Two s ealings o f the 2 nd to 3 rd g eneration a t Nuzi provide fairly c lose parallels a s does a s eal f rom Assur ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 24 and 5 47; Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 74). A 1 5th c entury date i s l ikely for this s eal a lso.

8 8

6 6 AT/39/229 Antakya 8 018 2 .35 x 1 .2 c ms. Woolley, Sq.

L 1 3.

L evel V I

H ard white c omposition.

1 955, No. 5 2 and p . 2 10. T he s imple i nhumation o f a youth f rom L evel I V;

1 955, Pl.

C IV a nd s ee a lso F igs.

A male f igure,

s tands

1 38 a nd

( Woolley,

1 81).

a dvances t owards the

i n a f rontal posture w ith hands

r obe, w ith both h ands r aised, h e i s

d ug d own i nto

A nude g oddess, wearing o nly a h at a nd

h er h ead t owards t he r ight. r obe;

5 3 and 6 4 on pp.

n aked e xcept f or a hat a nd b elt,

r ight a nd raises o ne hand. d ouble b elt,

( G/39/86),

f ound w ith Nuzi Ware p ot ATP/39/217

c lasped a nd turns

A s uppliant g oddess i n a h at a nd f lounced f aces a male f igure i n a hat a nd f ringed

f lanked by rampant antelopes

o r g oats a nd that o n the r ight

i s a bout t o be a ttacked by a rampant l ion.

Above i s a f rieze c onsisting

o f o ne s tag and t wo o ther h orned q uadrupeds, p robably a ntelope o r g oat. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

F or a d iscussion o f o ther s eals o f t his t ype, s ee No. 6 4. Note that the Tell Zakariyah s eal quoted there has a robed figure, suppliant goddess and horned quadruped which are paralleled on this s eal.

6 7 AT ? ( 1936 s ounding)

1 937 .379 2 .75 x 1 .4 c ms. C omposition. Buchanan, 1 966, N o. 9 37.

A shmolean

T op l evels

( see p .

0 1 1.

) 4 f.).

8 9

A g oddess i n a r ound h at a nd f lounced r obe,

a nd a male f igure,

n aked

e xcept f or a h at a nd d ouble b elt, who k neels o n o ne k nee a nd r aises o ne h and, f ace a male f igure i n a hat a nd f ringed r obe. a re a s tag passant t owards t he r ight a nd a d rill h ole.

A bove t hem T he r est o f

t he s cene i s o ccupied by two c onfronted, c ouchant l ions w hich l ook back o ver t heir s houlder w ith, a bove t hem, two c ouchant a ntelopes A A t ete-beche, s et a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom. For

a discussion

For

animals

at

of

other

seals

right-angles

to

of

this

the

type,

field,

see

see

No. 6 4.

No.

4 4.

6 8 AT/38/5 BM 1 26182

( 1938.7.5,90)

1 .65 x 1 .15 c ms.

S intered q uartz

( i.e.

c omposition); b roken.

U npublished. Palace a rea,

t opsoil.

D iscarded

( sic!)

( Field n otes).

Two male f igures, w earing h ats and f ringed r obes, r aised a nd o ne w ith h ands c lasped,

i s t he h ead o f a s tag b elow which a re t he h orns ( broken). b elt,

A male f igure,

h e may h ave a c urved w eapon o ver h is s houlder a nd t here

i s a d rill-hole i n t he f ield beyond t he l ion. o ver a w ild g oat A kneeling

( horns o nly v isible).

figure

( Moortgat,

different. seal

o f a n a ntelope

n aked e xcept f or a p ointed h at a nd t riple

k neels o n o ne k nee f acing l eft a nd g rasps t he f orepaw o f a

r ampant l ion;

Assur

o ne w ith o ne h and

s tand f acing r ight; b etween t hem

For

probably

and 1 940,

rampant No.

detached

belongs

to

stag

5 73)

stags' the

A s econd l ion l eaps

L ine b order. occur

but

the

heads,

1 5th

or

on

a seal

style see

early

No.

i s 4 1.

14th

from

rather The

century

B . C.

6 9 AT/39/134 A shmolean 1 948.569 2 .1 x 0 .9 c ms. White c omposition w ith a n o live g laze.

T he s urface

o f t he s eal h as d eteriorated a nd t he e xcavation p hotograph s hows

9 0

d etails w hich a re n ow b arely v isible. W oolley, 1 955, N o. 3 6; B uchanan, 1 966, N o. 9 34. " From S q . H 1 5, L evel V . F ound a t t he n eck o f ab ody, n ot p roperly b uried, u nder t he L evel V f loor" ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 63 -no m ention o f t his b urial i s t o b e f ound i n t he c atalogue o f g raves, n or i s t he L evel V f loor e asy t o l ocate f rom t he d escription o n p . 1 7 ) 4f.). A c ouchant, h orned q uadruped, w ith a b ranch o f v egetation r ising v ertically a bove i ts b ack, l ooks b ack t owards t wo f igures w hich a pproach f rom t he r ight. B oth w ear p ointed h ats a nd r obes, t he f irst r aises o ne h and t owards t he v egetation a nd t he s econd s tands w ith h ands c lasped. The s tyle of the s eal i s unparalleled i n Palestine o r a t Nuzi, and a s eal bought i n Lower Egypt does not help t o f ill the gap ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 33). I n particular, the animal's raised c ouchant position i s unusual. I t o ccurs on a much earlier s eal from ça t , al Hüyük i n the Amuq ( Frankfort, 1 939, Pl. XLId) which belongs to the s ame c lass o f s eal a s those discussed i n c onnection with No. 3 5, and on one s eal impression from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, No. 4 6 i st to 2 nd generation). This i s probably o ne of the rare e xamples of an e arly Mitannian-style s eal and the c ontext i n which i t was f ound would s upport this a ttribution. For a fuller discussion, s ee pp. 8 -10.

7 0

A T/38/89 A ntakya 7 985 1 .85 x 0 .75 a ms. W hite c omposition; v ery w orn . U npublished. S q . P 1 0, P alace s ite, t opsoil ( Field n otes). A k ilted f igure h olds a s pear. T wo c ouchant, a dorsed a ntelopes l ook b ack a t e ach o ther; a bove t hem a nd b etween t heir h orns i s a n o utlined s quare w ith a c entral n otch i n i t. T races o f al ine b order a bove ? There are no c lose parallels f or this s eal, perhaps because i t s hould belong to a s tage i n g lyptic d evelopment prior to Level I V. O ther s eals i n this group are discussed on pp. 8 -10 and i llustrated on F ig. 1 . If we are c orrect i n this a ssumption, then a date i n the 1 6th c entury B .C. i s probable.

9 1

7 1 AT/38/45 Antakya 7 984 1 .9 x ? c ms. Woolley,

C omposition;

1 955, No.

A bove the L evel I V Palace, Two r obed f igures

b roken.

1 01. i n L evel I I.

( heads l argely m issing)

s tand f acing r ight w ith

o ne arm hanging d own a nd o ne a rm f olded a cross the b ody; a re a s tylised t ree h ead

( ?).

( upper part m issing)

Two c onfronted, h orned q uadrupeds

l ook back o ver their s houlder; c lose t ogether t hat i ndicated;

b etween t hem

a bove a s tylised a nimal's ( horns l argely m issing)

t hey s tand o n a base-line a nd a re s o

o nly o ne n eck a nd o ne pair o f f orelegs a re

a bove the back o f t he r ight-hand a nimal i s a r homb.

L ine

b order.

s tylised animal's head, i f this i s what i t i s, resembles the Early Dynastic I II way of showing l ions' heads a s i f s een from above ( e.g. Amiet, 1 961, Nos. 9 86, 1 109-1114), with the omission of the l ines i ndicating the j owls. For s tylised bull's heads which are chronologically c loser to our s eal, s ee Nos. 1 09 a nd 1 10 and Porada i n Gibson and B iggs, 1 977, p . 1 1 Fig. 2 . However, the possibility r emains that the upper tree and the l ower " head" s hould be s een a s a whole ( cf. Delaporte, 1 923, Pl. 9 7:21 -A .949), and the the bouquet-tree with horizontal " ceremonial binding" ( Mallowan, 1 947, p . 1 40) i s, i n s ome cases, a tree, bush or flowers i n a pot on a n o ffering-table ( see F ig. 2 and cf. Nos. 5 4 a nd 5 7). For the rhomb, s ee No. 4 5. Similar ealings f rom Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, animals appear on two s Nos. 2 37 and 9 33). The abbreviated renderings may i ndicate a rather l ater date than s ome o f the o ther s eals s howing bouquet-trees and c onfronted animals, and this s eal may b elong to the early 1 4th c entury B .C., a date bourne o ut by the late Nuzi occurences. ( J.B.) The

9 2

c z = , O

C

A1

V

r

o

b)

7 2 AT/38/281 BM

1 26178

( 1938.7.5,86)

2 .05 x 0 .9 c ms. U npublished.

N o.

5 9);

( i.e.

o ur N o.

c omposition);

( Woolley,

1 959, p . 2 63 N o.

5 9)

= N iqmepa Palace

( Woolley,

p robably,

i n f act,

v ery worn.

5 8, was wrongly published under

( Field n otes)

t his number NH L evel I V

S intered q uartz

N .B. AT/38/25B,

1 955, p .

2 63

f rom t he a djacent a rea o f t he F ortress.

Two f igures, wearing hats a nd f ringed r obes, o n e ither s ide o f a s tandard.

A l ion

( ?

s tand f acing e ach o ther

-s ee N o.

l ies below a guilloche o f t he r unning s piral type,

7 3)

f acing r ight

a nd a bove a

d ecorated herring-bone motif a nd a guilloche o f t he l inked c entred ot c ircle t ype.

T races

o f a l ine border s urvive a bove t he g uilloche.

Parallels for this type o f c omposition and e xecution are to be f ound a t Nuzi among the late 2 nd and early 3 rd g eneration s ealings ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 1 05 and 3 16) while the guilloche and decorated herring-bone o ccur f requently together a t that s ite i n the 2 nd g eneration ( e.g. Porada, 1 947, Nos. 2 74, 3 00, 3 01 and 3 16) but Parker has only one example from Palestine ( 1949, No. 9 4, from Gezer) though that s eal and one f rom Megiddo ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 08) s how related c omposition and subject matter, a s does a s eal f ound i n the Diyarbakir area of eastern Turkey, now in the Kayseri Museum ( Özg , 1 974, Pl. 1 7:3). Our s eal e vidently belongs to the east Mitannian g lyptic tradition f lourishing i n the 1 5th c entury B .C. and this date a grees with the c ontext i n which i t was f ound.

7 3 AT/38/40 BM

1 26181

( 1938.7.5,89)

9 3

1 .95 x 0 .95 c ms. Unpublished.

S intered q uartz

A bove t he L evel I V Palace, A male f igure, knee a nd g rasps

( i.e.

c omposition); worn.

i n L evel I I

( Field n otes).

n aked e xcept f or a hat a nd d ouble b elt, a bouquet-tree.

A w inged l ion,

b eneath a guilloche o f t he l inked c entre-dot

k neels o n o ne

f acing r ight,

l ies

c ircle t ype a nd a bove

a p seudo-guilloche c onsiting o f f our l arge b racketed d rill-holes. T races o f a n e rased f igure r emain, l ooking back o ver i ts

S ee

Nos. 5 1 and

7 2

p ossibly a r ampant g oat which i s

s houlder a t t he l ion.

for discussions

of this

type

of

s eal.

7 4 AT/46/73 Antakya 8 139 3 .0 x 1 .35 c ms.

G reyish-white c omposition.

9 0. S q . L 1 5, Level I II ( House s ite).

Woolley,

1 955, N o.

D ivided by a l ine i nto two r egisters. a ntelopes t ete-beche, t ree b etween t hem,

a nd two c ouchant,

which l ook back a t

e ach o ther.

a nd robes, w ith hands e mblems;

Above a re two c ouchant

a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield, w ith a bouquet-

f olded,

a dorsed,

B elow,

h orned q uadrupeds

t hree f igures wearing h ats

a lternate w ith two s pear-shaped

two w inged s phinxes r ampant o n e ither s ide o f a s tylised

t ree on a mountain.

L ine border t op a nd b ottom.

For a s imilar division i nto registers, s ee No. 7 5 a nd an unprovenanced s eal i n B erlin ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 75). There are impressions from Nuzi belonging to the 3 rd a nd 4 th generations, which s eem t o s how s tylistically c omparable s eals divided i nto two registers, but a ll a re unfortunately fragmentary ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 87, 4 88, 5 03, 5 26, 7 86). S phinxes o n e ither s ide o f a tree are found on Pls. XLII-XLIII of the Nuzi publication and a tree on a mountain o ccurs o n No. 8 84 and o n a s eal impression from Alalakh ( Collon, 1 975, No. 2 24). F or animals s et a t right-angles to the f ield, s ee No. 4 4. F or a s imilar procession of f igures a lternating with s pears, s ee a s eal f rom Tell e l Hesi ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 09). A

9 4

date in the l ate 1 5th or early 1 4th c entury B .C. i s l ikely f or this s eal and for No. 7 5. S ee also the discussion i n c onnection with No. 5 1.

7 5 A T/38/184

( N.B.

t he number o n t he e xcavation p hotograph i s w rong)

A ntakya 7 992 2 .65 x 1 .35 c ms. W oolley,

1 955,

W hite c omposition.

N o.

5 ) 4

a nd p .

1 29.

F ound i n R oom C 4 o f t he L evel I V Palace. D ivided i nto two r egisters by a h orizontal l ine. f igures,

e ach o ther o n e ither s ide o f a w inged e mblem; w inged s phinx a nd r ampant, l eft.

A bove a re two male

n aked e xcept f or a hat a nd b elt, k neeling o n o ne k nee f acing a ttacking l ion,

B elow a re two w inged,

a v ertical f ish;

a g oat,

a ll a dvancing t owards t he

c ouchant l ions f acing e ach o ther o n

e ither s ide o f a n a nimal's h ead ( cf. N o.

6 4);

t wo c ouchant g oats

f acing e ach o ther o n e ither s ide o f a s tylised t ree.

L ine b orders

t op a nd b ottom.

or references. The winged c olumn o ccurs o n See No. 7 4 f Nos. 8 4 and 8 5, o n a s eal from B eth S hemesh ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 23), on a s eal from S usa ( Amiet, 1 972, No. 2 048) and on impressions f rom Nuzi ( e.g. Porada, 1 947, Nos. 9 5, 5 47). I ts importance i n Mitannian i conography i s i ndicated b y the fact that a version o f i t o ccurs on the s eal impression of S austatar ( Porada, 1 979, Fig. 2 =ANEP 7 05). S ee a lso Fig. 4 . ( J.B.)

7 6 AT/39/232 Antakya 8 021 2 .2 x 1 .0 c ms.

Pale-blue c omposition.

9 5

1 955, No. 3 9. S q . N 1 c . 5 .00 i n . a bove p lace o f Palace, a bove wall b etween 3 9 P alace ( = L evel VII Palace) Rooms 1 2 a nd 1 3. L evels V -VI ( Field

Woolley,

n otes).

I t

i s more l ikely t hat t his

n o part o f N 1

s eal was

i s a bove t he wall mentioned.

f ound i n Sq. M 1 P erhaps t his

s ince

i s a nother

e rror which c an be a ttributed t o t he c onfused n umbering o f t he s quares ( see p . ) 4 f. a bove). A p rocession o f t hree f igures, w earing h ats a nd s et a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield.

T erminal,

a v ertical s pear-shaped o r f loral o rnament.

L ine border t op a nd bottom . the type o f s pear-emblem, held by two men a longside a garbled cuneiform i nscription, s ee a s eal from a g rave i n Assur, found with B abylonian Kassite-type " frit" v essels ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 66); s ee a lso No. 7 0. Marching f igures o ccur frequently on S yrian s eals o f the 2 nd millennium B .C. ( Collon, 1 975, pp. 1 40, 1 89 and P l. XXXIV) and i t has been suggested that they a re participating i n s ome sort o f ritual dance. S et a t r ight-angles t o the f ield, they are not particularly c ommon, however, a nd a ccount for o nly a s ixth of the Nuzi s eal impressions d epicting this s ubject ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 3 52-411). There i s one S yrian e xample with a s tag a s t erminal ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 36) and the type was a lso f ound a t Marlik ( Negahban, 1 979, Figs. 9 -10). For the o ccurence of this s eal in an e arly context a t Alalakh, s ee p p. 8 -10. For

7 7 AT/47/152 Antakya

1 0101

1 .95 x 0 .8 c ms.

W oolley, Sq.

U 1 2,

S acra'

White c omposition.

1 955, N o .

3 8.

l ater T emple a rea,

a rea"

just by t he

( Woolley,

L evel V ( Field n otes);

1 955, p .

2 63 N o.

3 8).

' Serai G ate' which was p robably built

u sed i n L evel I V.

T here i s

i t

a rea,

a lthough

o f t he N iqmepa

n or i s t here a ny mention o f a l ater t emple i n t he a rea w hich was,

s eems,

F ig.

' Via

U 1 2 i s

i n L evel V a nd r e-

n o mention o f a ' Via S acra'

i n T 1 2 t here was a " tiled f ootpath by t he wall" Palace,

" From t he

I n f act Sq.

on t he l imits

5 7 and p .

o f t he e xcavation

A p rocession o f t hree f igures, T erminal,

( Woolley,

1 955, p .

1 52

1 61).

a winged s phinx,

s et a t r ight-angles t o t he f ield.

f acing l eft.- L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

9 6

For marching f igures s et a t right-angles to the s cene, s ee No. 7 6. Marlik, which produced one of the f ew parallels, also has a s eal with s phinxes i n procession not unlike the s phinx on the present s eal ( Negahban, 1 979, F igs. 9 -10); note that the s phinxes on Nos. 7 4 and 7 5 are very different. A s eal from Gezer also provides a fairly c lose parallel f or the s phinx ( Parker, 1 949, No. 34). A s eal from Ugarit s hows two horizontal marching figures with a s phinx a s terminal but the s tyle i s not the s ame ( Schaeffer, 1 935, Pl. XXXV). I t i s i nteresting that this s eal and the previous one, though f ound i n different c ontexts and a t d ifferent times, s hould both have been a scribed to Level V ; s ee a lso pp. 8 -10.

7 8 A T/39/181 P resent l ocation u nknown. 2 .2 x 0 .9 c ms. W hite c omposition. W oolley, 1 955, N o. 9 4. L evel I II. A p rocession o f a t l east f ive m arching m en. b ottom .

L ine b order t op a nd

For parallels and a discussion, s ee No. 7 6. The c losest parallels are provided by s ome o f the Nuzi impressions ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 3 75-389, e specially No. 3 88 -2 nd t o 4 th generation). The s eal i s therefore l ikely to date to the s econd half of the 1 5th c entury o r f irst half o f the 1 4th. Although the s ubject o ccurs on Palestinian s eals, i t i s not c ommon and the parallels are not c lose ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 3 2, 7 4, 9 3 from Megiddo and B eth S han), s o that a Palestinian origin f or the motif s eems unlikely. S yrian antecedants for the subject may i ndicate that i ts origins were l ocal and that i t was enthusiastically adopted i n the east. S ee a lso p . 1 1.

9 7

7 9 AT/38/25A

7 977 1 .8 x 1 .0 cms.

Antakya

White c omposition;

c hipped.

Unpublished. Palace a rea,

L evel I I.

D iscarded

( sic!)

( Field n otes); • i .e.

a bove

the L evel I V Palace. P rocession o f f our male f igures,

i n r ound,

t heir hair i n a p ig-tail c urling u p behind, t highs,

o r wearing a k ilt,

f olded.

d ouble-brimmed hats, with e ither n aked w ith t hick

a nd s tanding f acing r ight w ith h ands

A horizontal l ine l inks t hem a t s houlder l evel and t here

i s a l ine b order t op and b ottom .

of marching men have b een discussed i n connection with No. 7 6 b ut the present s eal i s not paralleled by any of the numerous e xamples f rom Nuzi. The proportions o f these s quat f igures are c loser t o those on Palestinian s eals ( cf. Parker, 1 949, Nos. 3 9, 1 09, 1 18, 1 64) but there are no really c lose parallels. A date i n the l ate 1 5th or early 1 4th c enturies B .C. i s l ikely.

Processions

8 0 AT/37/97

7 965 2 .6 x 1 . 1 cms.

Antakya

G rey s tone;

b roken i n half l engthways.

U npublished. AT

( i.e.

H ouse s ite),

l oose i n s oil,

l evel uncertain

( Field n otes).

O n t he r emaining half o f t he s eal a re two male f igures, wearing k ilts w ith tassels hanging d own o n e ither s ide a nd b etween t heir l egs, h olding c urved w eapons l eft hands

( ?)

i n t heir r ight hands a nd raising t heir

i n ' which t hey h old undefinable o bjects.

T he f ragments

d esign t o l eft a nd r ight s eem t o i ndicate t hat t hey f ormed part p rocession o f a t l east f our f igures. A

s eal

from Lachish

i s

more

L ine b order t op a nd

highly

9 8

s tylised

o f

o f a

bottom .

and the

f igures

s tand i n the Smiting Posture but they wear s imilar garments; one from B eth S han shows a c omparable procession o f figures holding a bird, beads ( ?) and an axe ( ?) i n their raised right hand ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 1 50 a nd 1 31 respectively). The type of dress i s that worn b y S yrian tributaries on Egyptian wall-paintings of the X VIIIth Dynasty ( AAEP 45) and a 1 5th to 1 4th c entury date i s probable for our s eal.

8 1 AT/39/177 Antakya 8 023 1 .95 x 1 .15 c ms.

1 955, No.

W oolley, Sq.

M 1 2,

White c omposition. 1 06 and p .

g rave G /39/70,

t o L evel I I

( see W oolley,

2 06.

t he s imple i nhumation o f a n a dult; belonging

1 955, p .

1 84 a nd F ig.

5 3 on p .

1 38).

A p rocession o f t hree r obed male f igures, wearing hats, w ith e normous h eads r ight.

i n p roportion t o t heir bodies,

T erminal,

d irection,

a n antelope rampant,

a dvance t owards t he

a dvancing i n t he s ame

l ooking back a nd d own i n a c ontorted way.

L ine border

t op a nd b ottom .

Although Nuzi has produced a wealth o f impressions s howing processions o f figures ( see No. 7 6), a gain there are no parallels from that s ite though heads s ometimes occur in the ancillary s cenes. However, s eals o f this t ype o ccur a t B eth S han where heads only are s hown, and the type o f figure and dress ( but better proportioned) i s a lso a ttested there and a t G ezer ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 8 2 and 1 15 on the one hand and 8 0, 9 0 and 3 4 on the o ther). H eads only also appear on an unprovenanced s eal i n Damascus Museum ( Kühne, 1 981, No. 4 2). The animal i s a variation o f an earlier type ( e.g. B uchanan, 1 981, No. 1 256 = N ewell No. 3 48 and S eyrig, 1 956, p . 1 69 -p robably b oth f rom the s ame workshop, the l atter recently a cquired by the University o f Fribourg i n S witzerland).

9 9

8 2 AT/38/53

979 Antakya 7 2 .5 x ? c ms. " Steatite". 1 955, No. 9 3.

W oolley,

Palace s ite,

L evel I II

( Field n otes);

P rocession o f f our s tylised,

i .e.

a bove L evel I V Palace.

r obed f igures,

a dvancing t owards t he l eft.

L ine border t op a nd b ottom.

There a re no parallels among t he n umerous processions o f f igures f rom Nuzi o r from Palestine ( see No. 7 6 f or r eferences). I f we a ccept L evel I II a s t he c ontext i n which t his s eal was f ound, then i t s hould n ot b e l ater t han t he 1 4th c entury B .C. a nd may be s omewhat e arlier.

8 3 AT A shmolean

1 938.187

2 .8 x 1 .2 c ms.

G reen-glazed c omposition;

i rregularly s haped a nd

d ecayed. Woolley,

1 955, No.

1 44;

Buchanan,

1 966,

N o.

9 25; Mazzoni,

1 979, F ig.

1 8. AT,

i .e.

H ouse s ite

( Field n otes);

l evels w ere e xcavated i n

l evel unknown,

but

o nly t he u pper

1 937.

P rocession o f t hree f igures,

wearing r obes w ith d iagonal borders

hats t ilted a t a n a ngle, who a dvance t owards t he r ight; o ne o f t hem i s a b ouquet-tree a nd i n f ront s implified,

c ouchant,

h orned q uadrupeds,

1 00

a nd

i n f ront o f

o f t he o ther two a re h ighly

s et

a t r ight-angles

t o t he

f ield, w ith their h orns

f orming a v ertical, beaded l ine.

L ine

b order t op and bottom .

Another s eal in t his group i s No. 4 2, with t he s ame d istinctive figures and animals with beaded horns, but a rranged i n a different c omposition. The s imilarity b etween the present ' seal and those grouped together by Mazzoni ( 1975), prompted me to s uggest to her that this s eal might also belong and she therefore i ncluded i t i n a s ubsequent publication ( 1979). S ince then I have had a c hance to examine the s eal and I am no l onger c onvinced that i t i s part o f her group. The bouquet-tree and the s tylisation o f the animals a re not paralleled on any of her s eals. The f igures are s tylised in a remarkably s imilar way, but the diagonal l ines a cross • the bodies run i n the o pposite direction on Nos. 4 2 a nd 8 3 : t hey represent the borders o f a later kind of wrap-around garment ( cf. A NEP 4 9 and 5 2), whereas i n Mazzoni's group ( see f or example our Nos. 1 1 and 1 2 which d o belong) they i ndicate the fringes on the vertical e dge o f an open garment. Although the possibility remains that we have here two s eals which bridge the gap between Mazzoni's group, datable to the early 2 nd millennium B .C. a nd more probably to t he 1 9th c entury, and the 1 5th century Mitannian s eals, the fact that both were f ound i n the u pper l evels o f the e xcavation during the f irst full s eason o f work a t Atchana, make i t more l ikely that Nos. 4 2 and 8 3 belong to the s econd half o f the 2 nd millennium B .C. They may be products o f a l ocal workshop which, c onsciously or not, reproduced a s tylisation o f the human f igure which had been c urrent s ome c enturies before i n S yria and Anatolia.

8 4 1 AT/3 8 /2 4

1938.7.5,85) 1 26177 ( 2 .5 x 1 .2 c ms. S intered quartz ( i.e. c omposition). Woolley, 1 955, No. 1 42. F ound i n Sq . T 7 ; l evel uncertain. BM

A r ow o f f our n aked f igures, b etween them, t owards

the f oremost r aises o ne hand

a c olumn s upporting a p air o f wings

f lanked by r ampant c ouchant

s tanding s houlder t o s houlder w ith,

r ows o f t hree d rill-holes;

a ntelopes.

a ntelopes.

( and a d isc

A bove t he f igures

L ine border t op a nd bottom.

1 01

? ) which i s

a re two c onfronted,

The position of the upright antelopes, on e ither s ide of a tree or s tandard, goes back to the Old Babylonian p eriod and beyond ( e.g. Frankfort, 1 939, Pls. XVIIh and XXVII). An animal in this posture appears on a 3 rd g eneration s ealing from Nuzi on which a winged c olumn also a ppears, and there are two c onfronted horned quadrupeds on a mid 2 nd generation s ealing from the s ame s ite ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 9 5 and 1 95) and on s eals from B eth S han and Megiddo ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 5 5 and 1 28). For a s imilar row o f f igures a pproaching a s tylised tree, s ee No. 8 6 while No. 8 5 d isplays many of the same e lements but the c omposition a nd s tyle are very different. ( P.B.)

8 5

A T/38/83 BM 1 26180 2 .0 x 1 .95 c ms. Woolley,

S intered q uartz

1 955, N o.

5 5 and p .

( i.e.

c omposition).

1 19.

F rom t he L evel I V Palace, R oom 7 ;

f ound a t f loor l evel.

Two s uppliant g oddesses, wearing pointed hats a nd p lain r obes w ith n ecklace c ounterweights,

s tand with b oth hands raised o n e ither s ide

o f a c andelabrum o r o ffering s tand a bove which i s a w inged c olumn. B elow a nother w inged c olumn a re two a dorsed, l ook back a t e ach o ther.

r ampant

a ntelopes w hich

L ine border t op a nd bottom.

S imilar figures appear i n a procession on a s eal f rom Tomb 5 4 at Tell an Na bah, dated to the 1 0th c entury B .C. and, on e ither s ide of a winged c olumn and e longated antelope's head, on a s eal from Beth S hemesh, but the proportions of our f igures are best paralleled on a s eal from Megiddo ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 1 19, 1 23 and 1 28) though two s ealings from Nuzi are also c lose ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 94 -l ate 2 nd generation, and 4 59 -3 rd generation). F or the a dorsed antelopes s ee No. 5 4 and f or the winged c olumn s ee No. 7 5. The object below i t i s probably an o ffering s tand on the e vidence o f the B eth S hemesh s eal where a n animal's head ( standing for the offering) i s s ubstituted for i t. I ts resemblance to the ball-and-staff o f an e arlier period i s probably f ortuitous, but i t a lso l ooks a s though i t may be a s implified l ion-club ( cf. Porada, 1 947, No. 9 4 and the discussion on p . 1 7) i n which case i t might, a ccording to Porada, be related t o the b ouquet-tree.

1 02

8 6 A T Antakya 8 008 2 .7 x 1 .15 c ms. W oolley, S q .

L 1 2,

1 955, p .

" Egyptian B lue"

c omposition.

1 955, No. 9 1. l evel o f s tone f oundation 1 8 ) 4 and F igs.

T hree male f igures,

6 4

a nd

( Field n otes

6 6 - House

n aked e xcept

a nd c f.

Woolley,

L evel I II.

f or a r ound hat,

t he r ight a nd r aise t heir l eft h and. o n e ither

s ite).

a dvance t owards

B efore t hem i s a s tylised t ree

s ide o f which a re two a dorsed,

c ouchant a ntelopes

( Arabian o ryx ? ) which l ook back a t t he t ree, while a bove i s a t hird c ouchant antelope turned t owards t he l eft.

L ine b order t op a nd

b ottom.

elated s cenes s howing p rocessions o f men t owards a For r t ree o r s tandard s urrounded b y antelopes, s ee No. 8 4 a nd s ealings f rom Nuzi o f the l ate 2 nd and 3 rd g eneration ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 4 56 a nd 4 70). F or the g rouping o f t he 3 and 6 0. A l ate 1 5th o r e arly 1 4th a nimals, s ee Nos. 5 c entury date i s l ikely f or t his s eal, f or which t here a re no c lose Palestinian parallels.

0 „ , „ C > : »C b e i.

C ea

g e = 3 .C N v i»

8 7 AT/39/188 Antakya 8 024 2 .85 x 1 .4 c ms. Woolley, Sq.

L 1 3,

White c omposition.

1 955, No.

1 04.

L evel I I.

T he s cene i s d ivided by a l ine i nto two r egisters I n t he l arger r egister,

a bove,

i s

o f unequal h eight.

a p rocession o f s even male f igures,

1 03

wearing r ound hats and p leated r obes, c lasped, h eads

t owards t he r ight.

o n t he g round,

a nd a dvancing, w ith h ands

B elow a re t hree c ouchant g oats w ith t heir

f acing l eft.

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom.

Nos. 3 49-351 from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947) s how s eparate registers o f animals above, with s tanding f igures, arranged i n groups, b elow. A closer parallel to our s eal i s perhaps provided by Nuzi s ealing No. 5 98 which has a procession o f winged animals below but the upper register i s l argely missing. Generally, however, the division i nto registers i s l acking. In v iew of the c ostume of the f igures and the way the animals are represented, a date i n the 1 5th c entury B .C. i s l ikely.

8 8 AT/39/93 Antakya 8 025 2 .25 x 1 .1 O n p .

c ms.

White c omposition.

1 955, No. 87 and p . 1 80.

Woolley, 2 64

( Woolley,

1 955)

and i n t he F ield n otes the s eal i s

s aid t o

1 6 ( Level I V-III), but o n p . 1 80 Woolley s tates t hat t he s eal was f ound i n R oom 4 o f H ouse 3 9/B, t ogether w ith

have b een f ound i n Sq. N o.

4 8,

H

a nd t his would be Sq.

e xample o f t he p roblems

G 1 6.

T his

i s p robably yet a nother

c aused by the numbering s ystem a dopted o n t he

plans d rawn u p d uring t he f irst

s easons

o f e xcavation.

a bove f or a f ull d iscussion a nd c ompare Woolley's F igs. where t he s ame s quare

( note t he b end i n the wall)

one and H 1 6 o n the o ther where, m isleadingly,

eg, the p

i s l abelled G 1 6 o n

n ot t he s quare.

E ach i s

f illed by a male f igure,

and a belt, who kneels hand.

4 f.

6 3 a nd 6 7

the l etter a pplies t o

T he d esign i s d ivided i nto vertical panels by w ide bands hatching.

S ee p .

o f c ross-

n aked e xcept f or a hat

( ?)

o n o ne knee f acing r ight a nd r iases h is l eft

O ne o f t he f igures

i s

s maller t han t he o ther a nd t he s pace

a bove h im has b een f illed by a horizontal band o f c ross-hatching. L ine b order t op a nd b ottom .

On a s ealing f rom Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, No. 1 7), a s imilar s pace e nclosed by bands o f cross-hatching, c ontains a " mace-standard" s o that i t s eems l ikely that a s hrine i s i ntended and that the divine s ymbol i s housed i n i t. I s the kneeling f igure on our s eal a worshipper s hown b oth outside and i nside the shrine, or i s he a minor d eity fulfilling his protective functions i n b oth c ontexts, or i s one f igure a worshipper and the o ther a minor deity interceding on his behalf, or even a s tatue ( cf. ANEP 6 22)

1 04

?

8 9 A T/39/161 Antakya 8 010 2 .0 x 0 .9 c ms.

White c omposition.

1 955, No.

W oolley,

1 05.

B elow t he f oundations T he d esign i s i s

o f t he L evel I II t own wall;

d ivided i nto two p anels by v ertical bands,

d iagonally hatched while the o ther c ontains

s tars.

L evel I II-IV. o ne o f w hich

f our s uperimposed

A f igure i n a r ound hat, w ith o ne a rm b ent,

s tands

panel f acing a r ampant a ntelope i n t he o ther, which r ests a gainst t he f rame o f i ts panel.

i n o ne i ts

f orelegs

L ine border t op a nd bottom.

iagonally hatched panels are d iscussed i n Vertical, d connection with No. 9 0; the panel with s tars i s f ound, together with a s imilar figure, on a s eal from B eth S han, L evel I X, and on one from Lachish ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 4 3 and 1 00) and, t ogether with antithetically-placed quadrupeds, on two o ther s eals from B eth S han, L evels I X and V III ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 4 4 and 5 0). A date i n the 1 5th c entury B .C. s eems probable.

9 0 AT/38/248 Antakya 7 991 2 .0 max.

x 1 .1

c ms.

White c omposition; b roken.

Unpublished. S ite H ,

l oose i n t opsoil

( Field n otes).

A male f igure, w earing a hat b ouquet t ree.

Two r ampant,

d own o ver t heir s houlder. panel.

a nd a f ringed r obe, a dorsed,

T erminal,

L ine b order a t t he t op;

s tands

f acing a

h orned q uadrupeds l ook back a nd a v ertical,

r oughly hatched

the l ower half i s broken.

F or o ther s eals o f this t ype, s ee the d iscussion r elating to No. 5 1. The adorsed quadrupeds bear no relation t o those discussed i n connection with No. 5 4 but a re c loser

105

i n s pirit to the c ouchant animals s et a t right-angles t o the field ( see No. 4 4 f or a d iscussion and c f. Nos. 6 1 a nd 6 7). The v ertical panel i s not c ommon o n this type o f s eal; i t does o ccur on a s ealing from Nuzi, a lso i n c onnection with a f igure and bouquet-tree, and a n a nimal related to those on our s eal appears on two o ther s ealings f rom that s ite ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 2 12; 1 58 and 2 02 r espectively, a ll but t he l ast of which belong to the l ater g enerations). I t i s a lso found o n two s eals from Hazor, e ach s howing one f igure, a bouquet-tree and an animal ( Yadin, 1 961, Pl. CCXX:2 and 3 ), which were f ound i n the s anctuary o f the C Canaanite Temple, dated to the 1 4th t o 1 3th c enturies B .C., a nd on a s eal from Enkomi ( Kenna, 1 971, No. 5 8) which probably c ame f rom the s ame workshop a s a B eth S han s eal with a s lightly d ifferent panel but i dentical f igure ( Parker, 1 949, No. 3 4). All these s eals s hould probably b elong t o the later 1 5th o r e arly 1 4th c entury B .C.

9 1 AT/39/233 A shmolean

1 948.567

2 .25 x 0 .95 c ms. Woolley,

G lazed

1 955, No.

2 7;

( now b rown)

Buchanan,

A bove I arimlim's Palace,

S q.

c omposition.

1 966,

L 1 3;

N o.

L evel V I

9 35 ( N.B. n ot AT/39/223). ( Field n otes).

T he d esign i s d ivided i nto two unequal panels by v ertical l ines. t he n arrower o ne i s

a male f igure s triding t owards t he r ight;

a h at but

c lear whether h e i s

k ilt.

i t

i s n ot

I n t he u pper p art

I n

h e wears

n aked o r wearing a t asselled

o f t he w ider panel i s a n a ntelope p assant

t owards the l eft a nd l ooking back o ver i ts

s houlder;

t here i s

a

d rill-hole i n f ront o f i t a nd a h orizontal c hevron d ecorates t he l ower part o f t he panel.

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom .

This s eal type i s very c ommon i n Palestine a nd a ll f our e xamples from B eth S han c ome from L evel I X which would t ie i n with an e arly provenance f or the Alalakh s eal. There are three e xamples from Lachish, one from Gezer and one unprovenanced ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 3 5, 3 9, 4 1, 4 3; 1 00, 1 04, 1 81; 1 18; 1 82). I t s eems that the animal i s i n an e nclosure and s ometimes a guilloche replaces the net pattern -a parallel u sage to t hat found i n c onnection with rows o f fish or birds ( see Nos. 2 8 -3 3). The unprovenanced s eal quoted a bove has a s tar where a d rill-hole appears our s eal. Although the type i s probably Palestinian i n

1 06

origin, there are s ome o ccurences from Nuzi ( Porada, 1 947, Nos. 3 5-37) belonging to the 2 nd g eneration. On the question of dating this and o ther s eals from early c ontexts at Alalakh, s ee pp. 8 -10.

9 2 AT/39/140 P resent l ocation unknown. 2 .7 x 1 .0 c ms. Sq.

G rey-green s tone.

1 955, No.

W oolley, K 1 5,

1 27.

a bout 0 .30 m . d own;

L evel I ? ( Field n otes).

The l inear s tyle makes t he s cene d ifficult t o i nterpret. ( perhaps a bull-man) on a c hair;

h olds a s pear a nd f aces

A f igure

a f igure who i s

s eated

between t hem a re e ither a h orned q uadruped r ampant,

f acing r ight o r,

a lternatively,

a p ot w ith d rinking tubes o n a s tand.

I n t he f ield a re various l ines which d o n ot s eem t o be part o f t he main d esign. T erminal, a h erring-bone pattern. L ine b order r ound the t op.

Althouth l ess haphazard i n i ts a rrangement of l ines than No. 93, this s eal does not belong to a recognised s tyle and i t i s c orrespondingly difficult to parallel and date. I t presumably belongs to the 1 4th or 1 3th c entury B .C.

9 3 AT/38/233

A ntakya 7 978 2 .2 x ? c ms. W oolley, S ite H , a rea

D ark s tone.

1 955, No.

15. 1

L evel I o r I I

( see W oolley,

( i.e.

1 955, p .

t he s outh-west

c orner o f t he e xcavated

1 40).

T he c rude l inear s tyle makes t he s cene d ifficult t o i nterpret.

1 07

Two

s corpions,

s et v ertically w ith t heir heads d ownwards a nd a v ertical

l ine between t hem;

a winged s phinx s tanding f acing l eft;

s corpion between v ertical l ines f acing r ight.

( ?);

a s econd s phinx

L ine b order t op a nd bottom.

( ?)

a t hird s tanding

I mpression i ncomplete.

The crude technique makes i t unlikely that this s eal belongs t o any recognisable type. For tentative parallels which may have no chronological s ignificance, s ee a s eal f rom Kish ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 1 039) and two from the Diyala ( Frankfort, 1 955, Nos. 2 60 and 2 62 of Early Dynastic date).

9 4 AT/39/43 BM 1 30653

( 1939.6.13,121)

2 .05 x 1 .3 c ms. Woolley,

Damaged i ron-oxide s eal c ontaining g oethite.

1 955, No.

9 7.

O n l ine G 1 7-F

1 7

p .

F ig.

2 65 a nd c f.

( Field n otes);

Two w inged s phinxes

6 5).

G 1 7"

( Woolley,

1 955,

s it back o n their haunches a nd f ace e ach o ther

beneath a q uartered d isc t owards t he r ight,

" From S q.

L evel I II.

a nd a s corpion.

A h orned q uadruped,

i s b eing a ttacked b y two l eaping l ions,

d iagonally i n t he f ield a bove;

t he u ppermost l ooks back o ver i ts

s houlder while i n f ront o f t he f oremost

i s a h orned a nimal's h ead.

A h ero i n a " cottage-loaf" h ead-dress a nd t asselled k ilt p rotecting t he q uadruped; a weapon i n h is l eft h and.

passant

s et

i s p resumably

h e f aces t he l ions a nd s eems t o b e h olding L ine border t op a nd bottom.

The s tyle bears witness to the unmasked u se of the cutting wheel, drills of a t l east f our different s izes a nd a widediameter tubular drill. S eals of this type ( see a lso Nos. 9 5 a nd 9 6) a re l inked by s ubject-matter to the Mitannian repertoire and they s eem to reflect a t echnical a dvance which e nabled the rapid manufacture o f s eals u sing drills, tubular drills and c utting-wheels of various s izes, on hard s tones ( haematite, j asper, agate, carnelian and c halcedony). I t s eems, therefore, that the mass-production of s eals made f rom s intered quartz ( composition) was replaced, to s ome e xtent a t l east, by mass production i n a harder, more durable material, but owing to the a ccidents of d iscovery, we do not have a c omparable body o f dated o r provenanced s eal impressions of this t ype. Nuzi 8 35-880 ( Porada, 1 947), which are all 3 rd g eneration or l ater, may provide the antecedant f or the drilled s tyle, but with l ess o bvious u se of t he tubular drill f or s uch d etails a s tails and horns ( but s ee No. 8 38), and the way the wings

1 08

are depicted i s far more l inear than on the Alalakh e xamples. This s tyle i s a bsent among the Level I V i mpressions from Alalakh. There i s only one possible impression f rom Assur ( Beran, 1 957, Abb. 1 02) b a an a ctual s eal from t hat s ite ( Moortgat, 1 940, No. 5 79) shows a u se o f the tubular drill to form borders s imilar to that found on No. -9 5 a nd Moortgat ( 1940, p . 6 2) and B eran ( 1957, p . 1 95) have produced c onvincing evidence for a date a round 1 400 B .C. f or the Assur s eal. A s eal from a burial i n Ugarit has b een dated c . 1 450-1350 B .C., while the only e xample from Palestine was found i n a rubbish pit a ssociated with S tructure I II o f the F osse Temple at Lachish, c . 1 325-c.1230 B .C. ( Parker, 1 949, No. 1 07). There i s an unstratified s eal f rom Tell Halaf ( Hrouda, 1 962, Pl. 2 3:7), a s eal impression from a Mitannian l evel a t Tell Brak ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 20) and s everal o f the A shmolean examples were bought by Woolley i n north S yria ( Buchanan, 1 966, Nos. 9 11 and ' 9 14, s aid to b e from Arslan Tash, 9 17 from Deve Hüyük) but the largest g roup o f s eals o f this type, i n the Pierpont Morgan Library C ollection, i s unprovenanced ( Porada, 1 948, Pls. C LVIIIC LXI). A north S yrian origin and a date i n the 1 4th c entury B .C. ' s eem to be l ikely f or this s eal. An a dditional piece of dating evidence i s p erhaps provided by the s eal's c ondition : i t i s badly damaged, probably by fire, which might i ndicate that, l ike No. 95, i t had once been part of a cremation burial. Our s eal was f ound i n Level I II and although no c remation burials a re l isted f or Level I II, they did, a pparently, occur ( Woolley, 1 955, p . 2 02).

9 5 AT/38/139 BM

1 38130

( 1938.7.5,125)

2 .2 x 1 .2 cms.

Damaged i ron o xide s eal c ontianing haematite a nd

s ome g oethite

1 955, p .

Woolley,

( presumably damaged d uring c remation), b roken.

2 06.

F ound i n g rave G /3 8 /7 -a c hild", " Sq.

R 1 2,

, Woolley, ( ATP/3 8 /17

2 .0 m .

1 955, Pl. C IIc), i n

a bove t he d estruction l ayer o f t he Palace" a ccording t o

t he F ield n otes, but a t

c remation burial o f " a n ot v ery y oung

i n a Nuzi Ware p ot o n p .

2 06 Woolley s tates t hat t he burial was

b elow t he s urface

o f t he L evel I V palace".

" in Sqq.

R 1 4-S

1 3,

just a bove t he rubble

W e would o pt f or t he f irst l ocation s ince

R 1 4 a nd S 1 3 a re well t o t he s outh o f t he L evel I V Palace ( see 955, p . 1 15 F ig. ) 4 5). A ttributed i n the F ield n otes t o W oolley, 1 L evel I a nd,

i n the f inal r eport,

( Nuzi Ware d oes n ot

t o L evel I I r ather t han L evel I II

o ccur i n L e i /el I ).

1 09

T he l ower p art o f t he s eal i s missing, but the u pper l ine b order, i rregular r ow o f l inked c ircles e xecuted with a tubular d rill, a nd d ouble l ine may well have been r epeated b elow, but o nly o ne l ine n ow r emains. B etween t he borders, a t d ifferent l evels, a re a w inged, c ouchant l ion o r s phinx b eneath a f our-pointed s tar,

a c ouchant

a l ion a ttacking a c ouchant a ntelope which l ooks back a t

s tag,

i ts a gressor

b eneath a w inged d isc. See

No.

f or

9 4

a discussion

of this

type

o f

s eal.

9 6 AT/38/22 BM

1 26176

2 .3 x 1 .1

( 1938.7.5,8 ) 4) e ms.

Quartz var.

c halcedony

( brown and white j asper);

badly c hipped. Unpublished. Above t he L evel I V P alace; B eneath a w inged d isc t owards t he l eft;

L evel I I

( Field n otes).

a nd a s implified g uilloche i s a bull passant

a h and

( ?)

a bove a s corpion.

L ine b order t op a nd

bottom .

tubular drill has been extensively u sed : for the guilloche, the disc, the s corpion's pincers a nd the b ull's horns. S ee No. 94 for a discussion o f this type o f s eal. The

0

9 7 AT/39/49 A shmolean 2 .25 x 1 .0

1 948.563 ( 1.1)

e ms.

G rey s tone

( "steatite")

953, No. 1 12; B uchanan, 1 966, N o. 1 016. W oolley, 1 S q. L 1 1, G rave G /39/18, a ttributed t o I I ( Field n otes a nd p . but

c f.

p .

2 07 w here Woolley s tates t hat

1 10

2 65,

" ...the g rave m ight a lmost

a s well b elong t o L evel I II b elow t he bones

Two k ilted p in-figures s played f ingers

..") ;- o ur N o.

6 2 wäs f ound i mmediately

i n t his g rave.

( not

s tanding with o ne a rm d own a nd o ne u p, w ith

c lear o n t he photograph),

h orned q uadruped a nd a bird ( ? a nimal(?)"), both s et a t

a lternating w ith a

- d escribed by Buchanan a s

9 0° t o t he r est

o f t he s cene.

" a h orned

I n t he f ield,

s even d rill-holes - two a bove and f ive below -a nd a s mall b ird d escribed by Buchanan a s

( ? -

a " horned a nimal h ead(?)")

A s eal from B yblos ( Dunand, 1 950, No. 1 1475, Pl. CXCIII a nd p . 4 50 - L evee X ), two ( one a s eal-ring) f rom T ell B eit Mirsim ( Albright, 1 938, Pl. 3 3:1 and 2 and § 80 S tratum C ), one from Megiddo and one f rom Lachish ( Parker, 1 949, Nos. 1 48 a nd 1 49), one from Meskene, the a ncient Emar ( Beyer, 1 980, No. 1 3), and one from Alaca H üyük i n Anatolia ( Delaporte, 1 909, No. 1 28 ) provide parallels f or this a rrangment o f s tick figures and animals a t r ight-angles t o e ach o ther a nd for the odd a ttitude o f the a rms, and i ndicate a probable date i n the 1 4th to 1 3th c enturies B .C. - a date which i s not at variance with that proposed by Woolley for the grave. The s eal type s eems t o be a t home i n Palestine but a s imilar d esign o ccurs o n a s eal b earing an i nscription i n Cypriote s cript and f ound i n the B ronze Age C emetery a t Paraskevi i n C yprus ( Sayce, 1 905, p . 2 54) and o ther Cypriote s eals bear related designs but their e xecution i s l ess l inear. However, a g roup o f s eals from Khafajeh and S usa challenges the above c onclusions not only geographically but also c hronologically s ince they date f rom the Early Dynastic period ( Amiet, 1 961, Pl. 7 3 Nos. 9 65-970); they probably have no relevance t o the s eal we a re discussing.

9 8 AT/37/41

7 968 1 .75 x 0 .95 c ms. C arnelian. Woolley, 1 955, No. 1 28.

Antakya

Upper Mycenaean l evel i n AT

( i.e.

t he H ouse s ite);

L evel I ( Field

n otes) .I d id n ot,

unfortunately, make a n ew i mpression o f t his

Antakya a nd t he F ield n otes

s eal i n

s ketch s hows t hat t he d esign c onsisted

o f a v ery s ummary r endering o f two f igures s tanding w ith o ne f oot f orward and o ne a rm r aised o n e ither s ide o f a w inged n ude g oddess

11 1

a nd n ot o ne f igure o nly a s t he e xcavation p hotograph p ublished b y W oolley w ould s uggest. T he a ccompanying d rawing i s a c onflation o f t he s ketch a nd t he p hotograph. Seals of this type show the u ltimate s implification o f the Mitannian Elaborate S tyle s eals ( see No. 9 4) based o n the u se of the drill and cutting wheel, but not the tubular drill. Examples are to be found i n the C orpus, Nos. 1 0371 039 and 1 052-1057. They are probably to be dated to the 1 4th c entury B .C.

9 9 A T/37/181

967 Antakya 7 S hiny b lack s tone. 2 .8 x 1 .35 c ms. 1 955, No. 6 3 and p . 2 12. F rom g rave G /37/33, a s imple i nhumation o f o ne b ody i n S q. F 2 1 c lose t o t he L evel I V h ouse wall ( see Woolley, 1 955, p . 1 76 F ig. 6 2).

W oolley,

A ttributed t o L evel I V. A f igure i n t he Smiting P osture a dvances t owards t he l eft a nd h olds a n a nimal b y i ts h ind-quarters(? ) . Beyond a re t wo b irds a nd two r hombs, two h orned q uadrupeds f igure,

a f ly,

s et d iagonally i n t he f ield,

a d rill-hole a nd a r homb.

a n i nverted h uman

L ine b order t op a nd b ottom .

p entirely of drill-holes l inked b y design i s made u l ines made with a narrow cutting wheel. The wear patterns on the drill-heads can be s een quite c learly ( see Gorelick and Gwinnett, 1 978, 1 979 and 1 981). S ee No. 98 f or d etails. Close parallels are provided by two unpublished and improvenanced s eals i n the British Museum ( BM 8 9773 and 1 03237), by a s eal s aid to c ome f rom Arslan Tash ( Buchanan, 1 966, No. 9 11) and by a s eal from Ugarit ( Kühne, 1 980, No. 4 0) dated 1 450 to 1 350 B .C. by the e xcavator. The

12 1

1 00 AT/38/159

1 939.547 2 .8 x 1 .2 c ms. G rey s tone ( "steatite"). , 955, No. 1 14 ( N.B. n ot AT/3 8 /1 5 ) 4); Buchanan, W oolley, 1

A shmolean

1 966,

N o.

1 034. A bove t he L evel I V Palace,

S q.

P 1.

P robably o riginally a r ow o f f igures t he s eal, was

L evel I I. o ccupying t he whole h eight o f

o ne o f which may have been b randishing a s pear.

T he s eal

e xtensively r ecut, w ith a h orizontal l ine r ound the m iddle

d ividing i t

i nto two r egisters

o f l ines a nd d ots.

T races

a nd turning t he d esign i nto a p attern

o f a l ine border t op a nd bottom.

recutting h as c ompletely o bliterated t he s eal's o riginal s tyle w ithout bestowing u pon i t a ny r ecognisable c haracteristics.

The

\ V

, . : 4 ?0

p

4 1 % f ‘a V

e

i
C I 9 4

9 3

9 2

9 5

9 7

9 6

9 8

A

g z ( . ( ‘v . e v« e t e : «e l l

9 9

1 0 1

1 00

1 02

1 04

1 03

1 05

1 07

1 06

1 4/ 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 7 '

1 09

1 08

10

12

13 1

11

14

16

15 1

17

1 19

1 18

1 20