Mechanical Seals.

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Engineering Industrial Business Concern “STRAZH”

MECHANICAL SEALS REFERENCE MANUAL

ENDORSED BY V. KRYLOV, PHD. IN TECHNICAL SCIENCES

MOSCOW INTERCRIM-PRESS 2014

Reviewed by: G. Sayenko, Deputy Chief, Russian IM Criminal Expertise Center A. Gromov, Deputy Chief, Russian IM Criminal Expertise Center, Moscow HQ V. Bushuyev, Deputy Chief, Forensics Academic Complex Dept., Russian IM Moscow University, Cand. Sc. Law A. Korenkov, Head of Commercial Service in Freight Transport, PhD. Cand. Sc. Economics Endorsed by V. Krylov General Director of “STRAZH” Co., PhD. in Technical Sciences Authors: A. Monin, A. Yermylov, A. Sukharev, A. Krylov, E. Pozdnyakov, R. Pushko Mechanical Seals: Reference Manual / “STRAZH” Co. / Endorsed by V. Krylov, PhD. in Tech. Sciences; [authors: A. Monin, A.Yermylov, A. Sukharev, A. Krylov, E. Pozdnyakov, R. Pushko]. – M.: InterCrim Press, 2014. – 196 p. 127 ill. ISBN 978-5-9286-0138-6 This reference manual contains an analysis and generalization of the rich yet disarranged published material providing a cohesive idea of the role and place that mechanical seals and sealing devices (SDs) have in security systems protecting various objects. The book traces the primary stages in the evolution of seals, regularities in the appearance and tendencies in the improvement of SDs, information about the design, working principles of their locking mechanisms, specifications, security properties, and purposes. The material is based on the terminology and definitions developed under the active inter-state and Russian standards. The book covers in sufficient details forensic aspects related to the detection of covert methods used to commit cargo theft and expert analysis of the modern SDs. The book is intended in the first place for the professionals providing cargo transportation security, security personnel at protected objects, developers and manufacturers of SDs, employees of testing laboratories and certification bodies, forensic experts, as well as professors and law students. ISBN 978-5-9286-0138-6 © A. Monin, A. Yermylov, A. Sukharev, A. Krylov, E. Pozdnyakov, R. Pushko, 2014 © “STRAZH” Co., 2014 © design by ZAO INTERCRIM-PRESS, 2014 Translated by S. Tkachenko Edited by S. Kalmykov Illustrations by D. Divin Layout by M. Ryzhukhin Color correction by A. Uspensky Proofread by K. Zaytsev

Content FROM THE AUTHORS.................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1 EVOLUTION OF The SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS............... 8 Historical stages of the emergence and development of security seals................................................... 8 Modern seals: the concept and prerequisites ..................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2 SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS........................................ 26 General terminology and definitions................................................................................................. 26 Classification of sealing devices......................................................................................................... 31 Technical, technological, and operational features of LSDs............................................................... 36 Chapter 3 SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS....................................................................................... 41 Functional features of the locking mechanism................................................................................... 41 Locking and sealing devices used in cargo transportation................................................................... 49 Security design and technological features......................................................................................... 61 Chapter 4 RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES.................................................................................... 68 Procedures for installing and removing sealing devices...................................................................... 68 Schemes and methods of sealing in cargo transportation.................................................................... 73 Controlling sealing devices in use...................................................................................................... 76 Procedures for operational inspections.............................................................................................. 76 Typical signs of illegal access:............................................................................................................ 77 Methods of control during operation................................................................................................. 79 Management, control, and disposal of sealing devices....................................................................... 80 UCC provides for:............................................................................................................................ 82 Chapter 5 QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIMINAL RESISTANCE FOR SEALING DEVICES........................................................................................................................................ 89 Chapter 6 EXAMINATION AT SCENE OF CARGO THEFT INCIDENT ................................... 94 Inspection and examination of locking nodes and other storage facility parts providing cargo security.94 Inspection and examination of sealing devices................................................................................... 98 Chapter 7 FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SEALING DEVICES.........................................................109 Objects and research objectives for trasological analysis of sealing devices.........................................109 Trasological study of external surfaces of sealing devices...................................................................115 Disassembling LSD body and examination of their inner surfaces.....................................................121 Capabilities of mechanoscopic analysis of sealing devices.................................................................127 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................136 REFERENCE LIST.......................................................................................................................137 Appendices......................................................................................................................................141 Domestic and foreign manufacturers of sealing devices.....................................................................141 Locking and sealing devices used by Russian Railways......................................................................158 Symbols used in transport logistics...................................................................................................181 Markings on main LSD types used by Russian Railways...................................................................184 Schemes and methods of sealing......................................................................................................185 Forensic and operational specifications of locking and sealing devices..............................................191

MECHANICAL SEALS

FROM The AUTHORS This book is a result of a long-term creative union between Engineering Industrial Business Concern “STRAZH” and various organizations, whose scope of interest is related to security sealing, law enforcement and forensic analysis. These include in the first place the Transport Internal Affairs Directorate of the Russian Ministry of the Interior; MI Criminal Expertise Center; forensic science centers and laboratories of the  Russian Ministry of Justice; MI law schools that teach forensic analysis. In addition, we received significant help in conducting research from the autonomous non-profit organization Scientitic Center Issledovaniya, Sertifikatsiya, Konsultatsiya i Razvitiye (Moscow, Russia), and the  limited liability partnership Ekspertnye Tehnologii i Sertifikatsiya Produktsii (Saratov, Russia). Today, “STRAZH” Co. is an acknowledged leader in the development and manufacturing of security seals, while its product range is constantly being expanded and now reaches hundreds of items. Besides its own manufacturing facilities, the company has a testing laboratory, a forensic science center, and engineering, scientific, and technological departments – that is, its infrastructure is that of a completely developed manufacturing company. Therefore, this form of cooperation provided for a unique body of like-minded experts in their own field: professional design engineers, manufacturing technicians, security seal developers, as well as employees of certification bodies and testing laboratories, forensic scientists and experts. Joint efforts and converging interests of almost every organization related to security seals in the domestic market is a new stage of integration eventually directed against cargo/freight crimes and at protecting the secure facilities. The purpose of this reference book is to bring together the vast yet segmental and partially published material to create a unified image of the role of security seals as a key element in the sealing of objects. Comprehensive coverage of subject-related theoretic and methodological problems allows the reader to take a look inside the development of the domestic sealing system. This book retrospectively considers historic stages of the appearance of security seals, and design solutions for metal and polymer crimp seals. Depending on the tasks to be solved, the book deduces the regularity of appearance and tendencies in the development of security seals. It also contains information on mass produced types and makes of seals, their design, working principles, and specifications. Security seals described are carefully grouped by design and working principle. The authors attempted to completely exclude subjective or promotional characteristics, a large amount of which is present in numerous promotional booklets, and provide the reader with the most valuable consumer-directed overviews of the security seals based on such quantitative indicators and the “tamper resistance coefficient” or the price-to-quality ratio. Sufficient attention was paid to forensic aspects related to the  expert analysis of security seals, and possibility of diagnosing the  cases where seals were broken and subsequently re-installed. The  authors aimed to uncover the  traits of the  general methodological approach to the expertise of security seals as a relatively new object for forensic analysis. It was shown that an analysis of a seal must be based on traceological

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FROM The AUTHORS

analysis of the production and technological traces. The possibility of detecting nondestructive criminal tampering using technical diagnostic methods is also described. The material includes a terminology and definitions developed withing the current intergovernmental and national standards. The reference list includes open normative documents that regulate the  use of security seals at the  moment of publishing. Besides, the  book contains illustrated appendices with information on foreign and domestic security seal manufacturers and their products including the necessary information for forensic experts. Therefore, this publication can be used as an official reference book. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for valuable comments and ideas that helped improve the contents of this book, hoping it will prove useful to all readers, and look forward to their comments and suggestions.

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INTRODUCTION This book is dedicated to mechanical security seals and their role in the system of protecting secure facilities. Around the world, more then a billion of security seals of different class and purposes are used annually. Among them are heavy-duty seals, barrier class seals, tamper-evident seals, security labels, security plastic bags, and electronic seals. These are widely used for different types of transport and logistic tasks, and all industries and population life support systems; security seals are employed to help manage cargo and secure premises, oversee control and supervision functions, as well as customs and fiscal and tax procedures. The term “security seal” has been long used in the  domestic standards, normative materials, and specialized literature; however, it is little known to the regular reader. This is not surprising, as even professional workers from organizations that have a well developed sealing system continue to traditionally use such terms as “seal”, “bolt seal”, “label seal”, or “control symbol”. Recently, their lexicon has borrowed such foreign terminology as “tamper indicating device”, “tamper indicator”, “signal device”, “security seal”, “numbered security seals”, etc. Today, the demands of the global security seals market are catered by about 300 companies from the USA, Europe, and Asia that produce nearly 10,000 various seals that have different purposes, properties, and characteristics. Due to a more liberal nature of our external economic activities, the variety security seals delivered to the Russian market is growing non-stop and is at least one thousand items offered in producer’s booklets (see Appendix 1). Besides, to identify the secure object, labels and various security symbols are used that visually resemble security seals but have other purposes. Dealing with such a multitude is hard even for professionals, let alone selecting the right seal for the right purpose and secure object correctly and with minimal expenses. There are dozens of models that seem identical and have similar specifications, while their prices, reliability, and tamper resistance are different. The  consumer, in turn, given the variety and often a lack of information, naturally is unable to select, assess and purchase the right high-quality product for the specific area of use. Obviously, the ambiguity of terminology, unclear specifications and purposes of seals have a negative effect by disorienting the potential consumer. Security seals have been used in the domestic and international haulage practice for a long time. Security systems use seals as tamper-evident indicators and security from vandal access; in logistics, seals are used as a universal information key to solve tasks in logistics, accounting, and control over vehicles (objects) and freights, and to track, store, and locate the latter. At the same time, seals, as mentioned before, are material evidence of compliance with the customs and border regulations; sanitary, quarantine, veterinary and phytosanitary measures; unification of fiscal measures and tariffs in global trade; they are a factor of separation between the material and legal liability of international trade organizations and haulage companies. Assessing the effectiveness of using security seals shows that they can compete with the high-tech security devices and instruments. Over the recent years, a number of federal normative documents were passed to protect state and commercial interests. These include federal laws, standards, departmen6

INTRODUCTION

tal orders, instructions that regulate, in particular, the  use of security and indicative devices in different areas of the economy. The issues of modernizing the domestic sealing system are constantly discussed at international and inter-agency events, conferences, meeting, and seminars that feature representatives of law enforcement agencies and major haulage companies. These forums have repeatedly stressed that the mass use of modern security seals is defined by their low cost and high performance in all conditions. However, despite the measures taken, the tactical situation in the area of freight security remains tense. Cargo thefts are becoming more “intellectual”, carefully thoughtout and involving the use of specialized tools; also, counterfeit security seals have been recovered that never surfaced before. An analysis conducted by the Main Directorate of the  Transport of the  Ministry of Internal Affairs showed that the  railroad system of Russia is facing more cargo thefts due to an insufficient security level of the rolling stock. Seminars conducted in 2012 together with “STRAZH” Co. featuring visits to various transport directorates showed that the worsening technical and commercial condition of the rolling stock and containers formed a negative tendency not of the least importance. Unfortunately, the accumulated positive experience within the national security sealing system is not fully employed by the  organizations directly involved in providing cargo security in the first place. There are objective reasons for this related to the departmental disunity of organizations and a necessity for continuous monitoring, analysis, systematization for all processes in this segment of the economy. A certain part of the technical and forensic information is purposely not distributed leading to forensic experts not having information on the specifications of a certain type of seals as well as the typical transportation defects that affect cargo security. These negative tendencies pose serious problems for the development of the entire security system, since the latter’s practical component is left out of its jurisdiction. Therefore, considering the wishes of operatives and forensic experts of the Directorate of the Transportation, we compiled this book to fill any gaps in information on many important issues related to security seals. These include mainly the technical and forensic characteristics of security seals, their analysis, and information from the crime scenes related to cargo theft.

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Chapter 1 EVOLUTION OF The SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS Historical stages of the emergence and development of security seals

In the Russian language, the words “seal” and “sealing” became common only at the end of the 18th century. They applied to the lead seal used to obsign valuable documents and goods, seal chests and depositories. Later, seals became all control signs put on the depositories of valuables that indicated, if damaged, unauthorized access to the sealed object1. Seals perform the  functions of controlling the  condition of the  secure object and maintaining its genuineness and indicating ownership. In historical sciences, the seal is either the seal itself or paint, wax or clay impressed with the seal applied to paper. The seal, in turn, is a metal plate (usually a disk) impressed with a matrix or seal used for sealing goods, rooms, etc. We will be using these terms and their variations according to the historically developed terminology, accenting the difference only where it is necessary for the purpose of clarity. The  history of seals begins in the  distant ancient times, while their appearance is tightly linked to the history of humanity. Literary sources contain presumptions that the  man used primitive seals back in the  neolithic period, when the  society shifted from hunting and fathering to agriculture (around 9,500 BCE in the  Middle East). This cultural progress had important consequences for the overall modus vivendi of man: higher productivity of labor, formation of armed groups to protect territory, faster circulation of goods, and proprietary rights in the first place. Some researchers believe that seals existed long before writing, yet appeared somewhat later – six or eight thousand years ago. The only thing we are certain about is that as soon as the society started to divide during the evolution, groups of men appeared who possessed valuables in need of protection. To protect their property in any situation, they had to come up with various tricks and security devices such as guarded territories, covert vaults, sophisticated locking mechanisms. Yet not a single lock can provide perfect security against lock-picking, while the secrets of where the vaults are located and guards’ schedule are related to the human factor, the weakest link of these Today, these words produce two associative images: one related to dentists (dental sealants), the other related to security against crimes. There are several opinions on the unity of the terminology in these two rather different fields. Some believe that they are identical in protecting the sealed objects from external impact. However, despite that dental sealants protect the inside of the teeth from the environment, the etymology of these words is related to the material long used to manufacture all seals – lead (Germ. Plombe, Lat. Plumbum, Fr. Plomb). In both cases, the unique plasticity of this metal was utilized, while lead has been know to man since very ancient times. 1

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Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

security methods. Therefore, there was need for additional security with the function of registering access to the object. This condition became the prerequisite for the very first seals in the ancient times. The oldest of discovered seals are believed to be the clay seals protecting different packages and rooms in the 4th millennium BCE in Ancient Egypt and Assyria. Sealing required a seal with an original raised image, the imprint of which was reproduced on the raised lump of wet clay attached to the object’s surface. There also was another method that involved pendent style seals. In this case, the secure objects were tied with a rope, to which a piece of clay was attached subsequently stamped with the seal. Choosing clay as the molding material was defined by its availability in nature and ease of use. After sealing, wet and yielding clay quickly hardened when exposed to air, and became fragile, which would make it impossible to open the seal without visibly damaging it (Ill. 1.1).

Ill. 1.1. Ancient pendant-style seals (made with a bulla)

At the same time, the entire ancient Middle East already had a system of recording and transmitting information. For the counting of, most likely, cattle, hides, or jars with provisions there were used small (1-3 cm) clay tokens. Each token corresponded to a certain amount of the items being counted. Sometimes, these tokens were placed in hollow clay spherical vessels with a diameter of about 10 cm, or the so-called bulla2. This was likely done for better security of the tokens. Later on, tokens placed inside bullae were first imprinted into the clay surface. The next innovation were tiny clay tablets placed near the bullae, on which numbers and icons were carved using sharp sticks that presented a schematic image of the objects being counted. These tablets were found in Sumer, Assyria and modern northern Syria and Iran in the layers dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BCE. Such archaeological evidence shows that in the 3rd millennium BCE, ancient Sumerians applied raised control symbols made of wet clay or river silt to various objects using stamps carved from stone. In Pakistan and India, there were also found ancient seals made of steatite, while the rulers of the ancient Hittites (Asia Minor) in the 2nd millennium BCE already began to seal important interstate documents. 2 Bulla (from Lat. Bulla – seal, literally “bubble”) – originally, a bag or capsule for the seal or seal itself, attached to the documents. In the Middle Ages, bullae were the metal seals on the ruler’s act, or the name of the act itself (imperial or papal), and later – only important decrees and solemn messages from popes.

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As shown by the excavations in Egypt, the first seal appeared there during the days of the Pharaohs (the early 4th millennium BCE) and was a simple clay seal on the doors of treasuries in the tombs with an impression of the Pharaoh’s signet. In ancient Greece, seals depicting animals, name of the manufacturer, or the brand name were placed onto objects of worship, amphorae with wine, olive oil, utensils and other valuable goods. Artworks in some cases were protected with seals against forgery, the seals bearing the name of the author in this case. There were also cylinder seals with a raised or dented pattern, or a set of different characters that reflect the owner’s affiliation to a particular clan. To apply the image, these seals were rolled over the surface. They were succeeded by regular stamps or signet-rings. The most famous of these was the “Papal ring” or the “fisherman’s ring” (Lat. anulus piscatoris), which since the 13th century has been a constant part of the regalia of the Pope (Ill. 1.2).

Ill. 1.2. The “Fisherman’s signet” and its imprint

Manufacturing materials for seals included wood, bone, soft stone (eg, chlorite, limestone, gypsum); also found were instances of the harder rocks: rock crystal, amethyst, jasper, etc. Seals were applied using such plastic materials as wet gypsum or heated beeswax along with clay. These materials were available, inexpensive and easy to use, and so used in many countries: Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia and Medieval Europe, and the Roman Empire. The Romans did impressions on wax, and the Greeks used for the same purpose a mixture of clay and wax, called malta. In the Middle Ages, beeswax dominated others as a material for seals. The color was dependent on the content of the letter: wedding invitations had white, while black was used for tragic messages. The sealing technology was also simple: a barrel, chest, papyrus, or scroll was bound with a rope, then the curable material was poured in and stamped with the seal of the sender. However, these seals had significant drawbacks: they could be easily counterfeiter, and were not resistant to environmental factors (for instance, wax seals could melt in the sun). With the rise of crafts and later industrial equipment, the range of the materials used became broader and more diverse. Between the 8th and 11th centuries in Europe, seals were applied using sealing wax, a colored fusible mixture of resins and fillers. Wax seals 10

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

protected contracts, agreements, letters and other important documents. For this, papers were folded in a roll, bound with a string, and the seal was placed on the knot or braid. (Later, wax seals were placed directly on the enveloped letters – one in the center or in the center and one in each corner) Wax seals are still used for the sealing of mail to this day (Ill. 1.3.).

Ill. 1.3. Sealing wax seal

In ancient Russia, wood was used as a cheap and available material. During excavations in Veliky Novgorod, wooden seal were found dating back to the  9-11th centuries that had an original design – a wire locked with a wedge. These were 80100 mm wooden tubes wit a diameter of about 60 mm with an additional transverse locking hole for the wedge. On the outer surface of these seals were carved the names of owners and heraldic symbols. These seals were put onto bags with furs and other valuable goods. The wire put around the bag was tied in a knot, both ends were put towards each other through the longitudinal opening of the tube, and then the ends were put through the transverse hole and tied in a knot. Thereafter, the knot was dragged into the  tube, while the  transverse hole was closed with the  wedge that reliably secured the wire, and the outside portions of the wedge were cut flush with the surface of the tube. Such a seal could only be removed by cutting the wire or splitting the wooden tube (Ill. 1.4).

Ill. 1.4. 10-11th century wooden seal with a wedge locking the wire: a – general view, b – section view

Clay, wax, and sealing wax seals have existed for many centuries almost unchanged, indicating their relevance to many areas of human activity. (Moreover, counterfeited seals belonging to different historical periods were discovered, manifesting the constant “interest” in them from the underworld). In the case of regular seals, only the material used have been improving, with an addition of various types of mastics and sealing wax. Pull-tight seals, more versatile and 11

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popular, also underwent some modernization. The fragile clay and sealing wax seals were replaced with more reliable bullae made of soft, ductile metal. In the  17th century, Benedictine monks  – collectors and publishers of medieval manuscripts, historical authenticity of which had to be established – created the science of seals, sphragistics (from Greek sfragis – seal). In sphragistics, bullae were classified according to the  material used: a gold bulla was called hrisovula, silver – argirovula, and lead – molindovula. The most common was molindovula, but sometimes there were gold bullae belonging to the  Byzantine emperors or medieval monarchs and used only for documents of extreme importance. The shape of metal bullae (seals) was very diverse: round, oval, square and triangular seals were fixed on a cord with special pincers (bullotirii) that had raised contact surfaces. There are also various bicomponent seals of different structures such as two hollow cylinders with grooves that formed a circular or diamond-shaped hole when combined. After inserting the wire, the cylindrical cavity of the seal was filled with wax. In some cases, a wedge was hammered into the mid-section of the end planes, making it impossible to remove without damaging the seal. For sealing fabrics, lead seals were used consisting of two metal discs. One of the disks had a hole, while the second had a projecting peg. The fabrics were located between the disks, and the peg, when pressure was applied, would flatten to reliably fix the seal. Gradually, a new trend emerged in the evolution of seals – differentiation by the seal’s purpose. For example, during the 14-15th centuries, metal bullae used to authenticate documents were driven out by wax seals, as well as impressions of the metal seals. To simultaneously verify the signature and to protect the document from opening until it reaches its destination in the Middle Ages, more reliable metal seals were often used. These seals became widely common in the  regulation and quality control of commodity trading operations. During that period, a huge amount of goods was sealed: sacks of grain and flour, boxes of tea, oil barrels, containers with honey, and bales with textiles. Every merchant had a unique type of seal. Metal seals were also used by the custom services for sealing parcels and bales with goods after the customs fee was paid. The  circle of persons entitled to own a seal also changed. Previously, it included the senior hierarchs of the state; now, the right of ownership of seals became available to individuals. Therefore, the  nature of seals also changed from rings, signets (a sign of a privileged social position) to large cylindrical or mushroom-shaped carry-on seals to produce impressions on documents using mastic, wax or paint. Lead seals have existed for a long time practically unchanged. Only the shape and dimensions gradually came to the optimum – a small cylinder with through channels, with a wire connecting the sealed object and seal. Attaching lead seals is always accompanied by their compression using special sealing devices, which in addition to forming control impressions securely fasten the wire in the body of the seal. As currently numerous other indicative seals are applied that differ in design characteristics and methods of application, all seals that need to be crimped there is a general term – crimp seals (Ill. 1.5). 12

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

Ill. 1.5. Lead crimp seals used in the 9-20th centuries in Russia

Until the middle of the 20th century, crimp seals were the main functional type of seals. To date, they have ceased to be universal in sealing, but still remain widespread and are used in some sectors of the economy. Crimp seals can differ both in the working mechanism and the material, but they always consist of two parts: the body and wire. When the seal is attached, the wire is passed through the eyelets, rings, or other openings in the locking elements and then inserted into the body seals and crimped. For a long time, lead was the most appropriate material for the body of seals. Due to the high plasticity, it reproduces well enough the raised work surfaces of the crimping tool and is barely subjected to the environmental impact. Apparently, this fact predestined the everyday Russian name for the seal – “plomba” (compare to “plumbum”) that is the term for all seals regardless of their design and material. Later, because of lead’s relatively high cost and toxicity, other metals and alloys have been used such as aluminum or the nitrocalcium Babbitt metal (named after the American inventor, Isaac Babbitt (1865-1933), as well as polymer materials. Moreover, the Babbitt metal seals traditionally continue to be called lead seals. The wire is generally a durable twisted thread, fishing line, annealed steel wire, or made of composite materials (Ill. 1.6).

a b Ill. 1.6. Several types of modern polymer (a) and lead (b) crimp seals

The design and rules for applying metal and plastic seals have much in common, but there are differences. Polymer crimp seals made of polyethylene are cylinders 17 mm in diameter with a height of 8-9 mm (larger seals) and 11 mm in diameter with a height of 8-9 mm (smaller seals). The body has two inlet and one outlet holes in the side of the cylinder. The inlet holes look like two channels passing into a chamber, which in turn is connected to 13

MECHANICAL SEALS

the outlet. Furthermore, in the larger seals, the middle portion of the chamber has a reinforcement clamp made of a soft metal as a rectangular loop. Lead seals have two types of design. In the first case, the body, similarly to polyethy­ lene ones, has two inlet holes, a chamber, and one outlet hole. The second type has two through parallel channels. Both structures lack the reinforcement clamp. Lead seals are also available in two versions: larger, 16-17 mm in diameter, and smaller, 9-10 mm in diameter. Most often, the wire used to apply seals is a thermally treated (annealed) soft wire 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter. When applying polyethylene seals, a solid core wire is used, while for lead seals the wire is twisted into two strands so that one centimeter of length accounts for about four turns. The rules for applying seals with inlet and outlet holes and a chamber are not dependent on the material of the seal’s body. The ends of the wire are inserted into the inlet holes, then twisted together into two turns and retracted all the way into the chamber. After this, the seal is crimped with the crimping tool. When attaching a lead seal with two parallel channels, the twisted wire is simply inserted once or twice into the channels (Ill. 1.7).



a b c Ill. 1.7. Design and methods of applying crimp seals : a – with through channels, b – reinforcement clamp, c – with a chamber

To improve the reliability of sealing, the wire is passed through the holes twice, for­ ming a loop. Furthermore, in rail transport, the distance between the fixing element and the seal body is regulated to be less than 4 mm when sealing cars and less than 25 mm when filling the dome covers of the cistern or containers. The ends of the wire should not be protruding beyond the body for more than 10-20 mm. There are other designs of crimp seals: bars, tubes, bands. Compared with traditional lead seals, they have a different shape, size, direction of the channel, but are not fundamentally different in terms of reliability and ease of use. A good example is a lead band seal. The seal consists of a narrow steel strip with longitudinal slits at one end which has a wider surface. It contains the sealing unit, which consists of two holes in the strip with a lead peg pressed into one of them. When sealing, the narrow end of the tape is passed through the holes of the locking elements. The cap of the sealing unit is passed through one of the longitudinal slots and put on the lead peg, which is crimped with conventional tools. The exceptional low cost of lead band seals justifies their use in the inter-department traffic of parts, units, and finished products inside manufacturing plants (Ill. 1.8).

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Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

Ill. 1.8. Lead band seals

For crimping seals, several kinds of special sealing devices are used: crimpers with and without control symbols and crimping tools. Crimpers are designed to crimp larger diameter seals and contain a system of levers. The short arms of the levers have mounted matrices with engraved mirror text, the long levers are equipped with handles. In the center of one of the plates is a rectangular cutout, under which a drum is located. The drum allows using a special wrench to change the control symbols that may have 3- and 4-digit alphabetic or numeric notations. The plates contain the following information: name of the shipper, railroad, station, control number, crimper serial number. Smaller crimping tools are used to crimp seals with a diameter of 10-11 mm that seal collection bags, storage facilities, gas, water and electricity meters, switches, and other similar objects. Depending on the particular application, the plates carry such information as the company’s name, shift numbers, warehouse number, date, etc. By adjusting the working gap of the crimping tool, such a degree of crimping is achieved when the body of the seal has distinct impressions on both sides, and the wire is securely attached (Ill. 1.9).

a b Ill. 1.9. Crimpers (a) and crimping tools (b) for metal and plastic crimp seals

Until recently, crimp seals were used in the sealing of railway freight cars in conjunction with a segment of annealed steel wire 6-8 mm in diameter inserted into the seal’s openings. After installation, the wire is twisted using a special plate with 15

MECHANICAL SEALS

two openings. This combination performs two functions simultaneously: it provides security against physical impact and indicates tampering. The  problem-solving technique in collecting evidence of tampering and secondary use of crimp seals is fairly well developed and described in many forensic journals. From the perspective of showing the traces of criminal intrusion, these seals are ideal objects thanks to the plasticity of their body an use of compression when they are applied. All known criminal manipulations (cutting the wire at the inlet, pulling the knot through the outlet opening, extending the body of plastic seals using high temperatures) result in characteristic traces. Studying these easily allows to determine if the seal was opened access and re-used. At the same time, crimp seals have one major drawback, which negates all their advantages – their low resistance to forgery. They become unique only after the control impressions are formed, while their components are in free circulation. Therefore, using crimping tools, one can create multiple copies of the seals, which by definition do not differ from the original seal. All this suggests the possibility of previously applied seals being fraudulently replaced with a copy that contains the same control symbols. High-quality counterfeit working parts of the sealing tools can possibly be produced using modern technologies, such as laser engraving or spark. In other words, the reliability of the crimp seal depends on the many components of the sealing process, including the human factor. Therefore, the further development of the sealing system led to new sealing solutions.

Modern seals: the concept and prerequisites As the brief historical review above shows, the evolution of seals can be divided into several stages. The first stage relates to the invention of a method to protect property rights and copyrights through sealing and the appearance of seals made of brittle materials such as clay or wax. This security method was undoubtedly innovative and had positive results. During the same distinct historical period, the concept of sealing was virtually defined and the practical significance of seals was confirmed. Since all kinds of seals that leave impressions in the surface were handmade, each of them was a unique product and its forgery was associated with certain technical difficulties. To covertly access the sealed object, usually non-destructive actions were undertaken such as steaming or scraping wax seals off envelopes, unbinding documents, etc. Ancient fragile seals, of course, could also be subject to counterfeiting, but to do this, the criminal needed to have the original seal for some period of time. The  second stage of development coincides with the  appearance of plastic crimp seals, originally made of lead and other metals and later various polymers. This sealing method is considered more reliable and widely used hitherto. However, experience has shown that there are many ways to open crimp seals without visibly damaging them. These methods are described in textbooks for criminologists, based on them recommendations were developed for forensic experts for researching seals. Crimp seals are not unique products and have almost lost their purpose, that is to guarantee that unauthorized access to the object is detected, while their control symbols do not allow them to be used in freight logistics systems. 16

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

Unfortunately, the national sealing system was very conservative. The territory of Russia and abroad annually receives over 700 million seals of various types, classes, and purposes. Lead seals correspond to over 70% of total consumption. The  majority of these primitive lead seals are prohibited in the global practice, such as by European Union Directive 2002/95/EC. They do not meet the  requirements of the  national GOST 12.1.005-88, GOST 31281-2004 and ISO 17712 international standards for unique identification, resistance to criminal access, counterfeiting, and efficiency in the external environment. The substitution of lead seals is also not a problem. Numerous websites at the same time advertise lead seals and offer such services as manufacturing of sealing devices with the desired impression. However, to the detriment of the safety of the transport, staff and passengers, cargo, and valuables, managers in a number of industries and departments make illogical decisions to use lead seals. The third stage in the evolution of seals began in the 1960s, when the primitive crimp seals were gradually pushed out by modern seals with pre-applied individual identification numbers. They are disposable closable seal, the application of which no longer requires a special tool. These seals have a built-in locking mechanism that can not be opened without visible damage, which defined their name – numbered or indicative seals. With their appearance, personally identifiable devices were created that split the legal and material liability for the safety of the protected object between several parties: the shipper, freight carrier, consignee, etc. Sophisticated production equipment is utilized in the manufacturing of these seals, virtually eliminating the possibility of fraud and secondary use of seals. Using indicative seals revolutionized the  sealing system, significantly increased the level of security and led to a reduction in financial and time losses, especially for cargo transportation. It is interesting to note that the emergence of these seals in historical terms means the completion of a full spiral coil and return to seals with unique features at a new level of technical progress. First, the  locking mechanism in each seal completely eliminates the  need for a crimping tool, the instrument for “cloning” seals. Secondly, numbered seals have regained the  property of “fragility” in the  broad sense of the word, or any type of criminal actions that produce the characteristic external features. Some seals have even specially weakened portions of the  structure (the so-called weakest link) for a more reliable indication of tampering. Finally, the control symbols applied in advance, in addition to protective properties (several degrees of security), allow the use of mechanical seals in freight logistic systems. Originally, mechanical indicative seals made of metal or plastic appeared in circulation. These seals were created to detect unauthorized access to protected objects, as well as accounting for and controlling their condition. Each seal has a unique number, and its installation does not require using any tools. Moreover, mechanical indicative seals have several structural types, each optimized for a specific place, purpose, and conditions of use (Ill. 1.10). 17

MECHANICAL SEALS

Ill. 1.10. Several indicative seal models

Seals used for sealing mail and other protected objects without special sealing nodes – boxes, cabinets for personal use, office supplies, etc – have also undergone substantial modernization. Brittle or plastic seals made of wax, clay, and later plasticine were replaced with indicative labels that are numbered stickers and adhesive tapes not inferior in their reliability to mechanical seals, and in some cases even surpass them. Security labels vary in size, design, chemical characteristics and glue composition, and their adhesive properties are adapted to a variety of coatings used on protected objects. The relatively large surface of the label allows applying a barcode, individual labeling, date and signature of the responsible party. Such labels have protective properties in the form of an inscription, for example “OPEN VOID”, that appears when one tries opening or peeling them off. These inscriptions do not disappear when the label is reapplied (Ill. 1.11 (b)). Some labels indicate if high temperatures different solvents were used to access the contents. For shipping confidential mailings, specialized plastic security bags and containers were developed. Security bags are used to protect documents and valuables from unauthorized access during storage and transportation. They are made of an opaque laminated durable 18

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

material that makes package contents invisible. A tamper-evident protective thread shows a distinguishable inscription if the contents are illegally accessed. Each security bag has an individual number with several degrees of protection, which is duplicated on the security valve and tags. A security container is a reusable package that provides reliable storage and transportation of various valuables and confidential documents. The locking mechanism of the container is usually sealed with indicative numbered seals to protect it from unauthorized access (Ill. 1.11 (a, b, c)).

a b c Ill. 1.11. Security lables in rolls (a), in working condition and after tampering (b), appearance of security labels (c)

Indicative seals are not a serious mechanical barrier to intruders, furthermore, their use for sealing the doors of vehicles require additional protection for the lock. Mechanical loads, external climatic factors, random physical impact on the route can damage the “fragile” numbered seal. It is not by accident that lead and polymer crimp seals have always been used in combination with a solid twisted wire that provides resilience of the sealed unit to mechanical stress. Therefore, mechanical seals designed for the transport industry have acquired new technical and functional purposes and specifications, becoming a single-use locking mechanism with control functions. In fact, there appeared a new class of sealing devices with high structural strength. Primarily, these devices were intended to reinforce the technical protection of cargo transported by truck from criminal attacks. They not only signal about unauthorized access to a protected object, but also create an additional obstacle to the criminals. That is, they function as a physical deterrent against unauthorized actions with the goods being transported. It should be noted that there were other proposals for sealing vehicles, for example, attempts were made to substitute the barrier seal with a tandem of an indicative seal and a mechanical lock (similar to crimp seals and twisted wire). But this method of sealing soon proved to be ineffective because of problems with storage, shipment or possible unauthorized duplication of keys to the locks used. Thus, two types of numbered seals appeared, each with a different purpose: - Devices with control functions that allow only to detect and confirm illegal access to the protected area or lack thereof; 19

MECHANICAL SEALS

- Barrier devices that combine the functions of monitoring and physical security for the protected object from unauthorized access or intrusion. A common name for these products has been proposed – sealing devices (SDs), which combine the barrier and indicative seal. The first to experience the economic effect of upgrading the protection for cargo transported by truck were foreign companies in the 1970-90s. Those who ventured to replace traditional lead crimp seals with more expensive but much more reliable barrier seals gradually came to the conclusion that a reduction in losses from theft much covers operating costs. This fact stimulated the emergence of increased demand for these products, numerous foreign manufacturers of new seals, and specialized organizations conducting testing and certification of seals to determine their potential in accordance with the particular application. Unfortunately, in those years, the domestic industry was not prepared to offer the necessary range of numbered seals for use in various fields of the national economy. This is due to the fact that the problem was neglected by the national industry, as well as uniform requirements for sealing devices were not available. The nation was suffering gigantic losses, especially those related to the theft of transported cargo – the number of registered thefts on the railways of the country was more than 60 thousand a year. However, the unsatisfactory criminal situation in Russia in the early 90s contributed to the rapid development of modern protective equipment by domestic small businesses. The main freight carrier, the Ministry of Railways at the time, developed specifications for locking and sealing devices and in 1991 announced a competition. More than three thousand proposals from domestic and foreign manufacturers were received. The bid evaluation committee found eligible for use on the Russian railways only a few SDs, including Sprut-Universal, Klesch, Skat produced by “STRAZH” Co. (Ill. 1.12). The combination of a unique identification number, modern manufacturing techniques, security marking, and high resistance to mechanical stress and criminal intrusion led to a sharp reduction in the theft of goods transported by rail. For example, in 2004, as compared with the early 90s, losses from theft during transportation decreased by almost 30 times.

Ill. 1.12. Some of the first SD models considered suitable for use in the Russian railway transport 20

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

The further development of mechanical numbered seals led to numerous reliable SD models (Ill. 1.13). According to some reports, new seals were invented almost daily around the world, which differed both in appearance and in the construction of locking mechanisms. Most of them have remained experimental samples, and some were brought to industrial production and mass produced in batches. In spite of that, the production and use of locking and sealing devices of various types continue to grow rapidly, with new types of SDs being developing, as well as expanding the range of objects that are subject to sealing.

Ill. 1.13. Some domestic and foreign SD models intended for sealing containers

In the 90s and later on, there was a sharp increase in the consumption of sealing devices in the Russian Federation and abroad. For instance, the needs of OJSC Russian Railways account for more than 14 million SDs, while industrial and trade organizations and banking institutions consume more than 50 million indicator seals. Several million SDs are used annually in the activities of the customs authorities of Russia and urban organizations. This has contributed to the emergence of the country’s numerous commercial organizations, the main interest of which is the maximum profit from the sale of sealing devices. Many of them paid no attention to the improvement of the protective properties of products, and some just did not have its own production base and supplied to the Russian market cheap, but competitively priced products of foreign manufacturers. There have been cases when SDs were sold with doubled serial numbers, as well as unregistered runs of doubles. Security devices removed from train cars and left on the tracks were used by criminals for duplication to commit cargo theft. This led to a sharp increase in cases of unsecured transportation. It became clear that in itself any device, as perfect as it may be, could not solve the security problems without legal regulation of all processes associated with its use, control and supervision of compliance. Only a systematic integrated approach could provide a reliable solution for security tasks. Applied to sealing devices, the systematic approach solves the tasks at various levels – state (legislative, regulatory, structural) and international. 21

MECHANICAL SEALS

To date, a major change has been made to the regulatory system by developing national standards for sealing devices, which contain a detailed classification, terminology, definitions and operating conditions for SDs. OJSC Russian Railways, using the company’s rich experience, was working hard to improve the quality of locking and sealing devices supplied to railways, tightening requirements of technical standards for SD production and inspecting finished products. One of the main criteria for assessing seals is their resistance to unauthorized access. SD types, rules for their application and removal are regulated by Russian Railways Decree #2423p “On Approval of Types of Locking and Sealing Devices Used for Sealing of Wagons and Containers Used by OJSC Russian Railways” (see Appendix 2). Sealing cargo and vehicles with numbered seals became a common procedure in the transportation process. The sealing device is regarded as an important element of the security system, which provides an indication of criminal intervention and protection for the object from unauthorized access; identification, registration and control of objects and goods; logistic solutions; division of responsibility and liability between the parties responsible for the security of the object. Perfectly matching these requirements is a new generation of mechanical barrier seals: Strazh-1C, Strazh-2C, Scat-mini, Scat-Universal, Kobra-M, Sprut-999, Klesch- 1200M, Zakrutka-Universal. The high-tech design solutions incorporated in these products ensure high reliability and criminal resistance of seals to a wide range of external climatic, mechanical and special factors during the operation, and also deliberate unauthorized actions. Along with the traditional identification marking and number, logos of the manufacturer and consumer, additional bar-coded information is used. This innovation allowed to automate the processing of information and transferring it to the information management network (at the stations, port, or logistics center) to solve accounting and storage problems and retrieve missing or stolen goods (Ill. 1.14).

Ill. 1.14. A new generation SD, Strazh-2C with a bar-code

Nevertheless, according to the developers and manufacturers, the construction and mechanical properties of mechanical SDs have reached the limit of their development. It is practically impossible to develop a new mechanical seal, which would provide better protection against unauthorized actions or greater ease of use. Therefore, further improvement is associated with the introduction of innovative technologies into the sealing system, for example, the creation of electronic sealing devices (ESDs). To date, there appeared several promising directions in the development of ESDs. The first modern direction to ensure the safety and security of cargo is the actively introduced RFID (radio frequency identification) system. 22

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

The electronic seal is an optimal symbiosis of robust mechanical seals with electronic information management tools to identify and register an intrusion. Electronic seals register the date of installation and opening, and information exchange with electronic seal is carried out via a reader. Due to the high cost of electronic seals, they are mainly used to protect dangerous objects and valuable cargo. The most versatile electronic sealing devices are mono-block designs with a flexible metal cable. They are made on the basis of existing sealing devices and have the same resistance to force, but further comprise an electronic control unit (microchip). The electronic unit is equipped with sensors that register such conditions as the closure of the ESD, violation of the integrity of the flexible shaft, violation of the integrity of the body and elements of the locking mechanism. All changes in the sensors are recorded in the memory chip, and their original state can not be restored by mechanical means. Therefore, ESDs have fundamentally new functions compared to regular SDs. In addition to the simple logical functions of electronic recognition and identification (“friend or foe” principle), electronic sealing devices allow recording information about the condition of not only the seals (intact, opened, etc.), but also the object as well as its positioning in space, which is very important for the safety of transportation and transported objects. The electronic seal not only stores the necessary information, but also allows reading it remotely and automatically send it to the control point. However, practice has shown that the full application of ESDs is only possible when the entire traditional system of sealing is changed. In fact, the use of ESDs required a whole range of new hardware, which in addition to the seal itself includes a programming device and readers located along the transportation route (Ill. 1.15).

b

a c Ill. 1.15. Electronic sealing devices: a – BLOK EZU, b – Sprut-Universal, c – Strazh-2E 23

MECHANICAL SEALS

Much greater capabilities are provided by the electronic sealing complexes, currently undergoing tests on the Russian railways. The design of such electronic sealing complexes integrates modern advancements in microelectronics, satellite navigation systems (GLONASS, GPS, GALILEO, COMPAS), real-time locating systems (RTLS) for indoor objects or objects out of sight for navigation satellites, mobile wireless communication systems based on cellular networks (3G) and satellite communications, cellular data network topologies (ZigBee), etc. This direction in the radio and electronic technology of sealing is developing rapidly and looks very promising. At present, “STRAZH” Co. is testing a new electronic sealing complex, Big Lock, which combines a reusable electronic module and a reliable, time-tested disposable seal. This combination results in a slightly increased cost for the seal and does not change the order of installation, removal, accounting, and disposal of the SD (Ill. 1.16).

a

b Ill. 1.16. Big Lock electronic sealing complex by “STRAZH” Co.: a – Sprut-777-Navigator, b – Scat-Navigator

The project is based on the basic infrastructure of the sealing system used in the transportation industry, yet complemented with navigational and logistic functions. This allows obtaining fundamentally new functionality for the sealing system, providing remote real-time monitoring of vehicles and cargo, automated solutions for numerous problems in logistics and transportation security, and availability of the results for parties involved in the transportation process (Ill. 1.17).

24

Chapter 1. EVOLUTION OF THE SEAL: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN DAYS

Central database

Satellite system

Sectoral information system

Transportation unit User

Ill. 1.17. Structural implementation of Big Lock

Among the advantages of this approach are: - the use of organizational and technical platform of the sealing system that has a legislative and regulatory framework. The  framework is understandable to the  user and has repeatedly proven itself in the transportation sector; - reliance on the developed structure of supply, control, and use of SDs, as well as a centralized automated accounting system for Russia and CIS; - availability of a domestic industrial production base for modern SDs and electronic means of navigation and logistic monitoring; - application of commercially available SDs and navigation and communication units by Russian enterprises, that use domestic GLONASS receivers, GSM and satellite modems; - availability of forensic laboratories, testing facilities, and SD certification bodies that have methods of evaluating quality, reliability and conformity of sealing devices. Thus, over the several century-long historical period, seals evolved from the simplest design – a plastic material (clay, wax, lead, resin, aluminum, etc.) with a protective imprint – into mechanical hardware of metal and structural polymer that carries unique information using factory codes, bar-codes, microchips, or microelectronic modules. To control the use of modern seals by consumers and their servicing (especially for seals with a microchip and microelectronic modules), an entire infrastructure is being established, including legislative and regulatory support, technical means for col­lecting, processing and transmitting information, and information databases.

25

MECHANICAL SEALS

Chapter 2 SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS General terminology and definitions Since 2002, Russia has had a system of state standards that establish uniform requirements for sealing devices. The adopted and enacted standards define the terminology and classification of sealing devices, establish technical requirements for all classes of seals (barrier, indicative, electronic). For the first time in domestic and international practice, these standards included the  stability characteristics of forensic sealing devices (resistance to tampering and forgery), which are crucial in assessing their reliability and suitability for protecting objects. These indicators should be assessed and confirmed during the certification testing of sealing devices and inspected at forensic examinations using various measurements and special techniques. To coordinate the  initiative of “STRAZH” Co. with the  support of PROMTR ANSNIIPROEKT by the  Ministry of Transportation and top management of TC 246 Konteinery at Gosstandart, a specialized subcommittee, №6 “Sealing Devices”, was established. This allowed developing a system of national and interstate standards with common technical and forensic requirements for seals in a short time. The  system, classified within group ARCS 13.310 “Protection against Crime”, is implemented as 14 standards for sealing devices and contains a detailed classification of SDs, technical requirements for them, complex test methods, and operating conditions throughout their life cycle. The preparation of standards also involved leading experts of Rosatom, OJSC Russian Railways, Rostekhnadzor, the Interior Ministry, and other agencies and organizations (Table 2.1). Introducing the standards allowed: - excluding low quality products from the Russian market; - transport organizations and forwarding agents to obtain quality (security) certificates; - creating a database on the SDs used in international transportation of goods; - raising awareness of parties involved in the transportation process and shipment tracking by the transport inspection services, law enforcement and customs. Below is the  terminology with the  necessary explanations outlined in interstate standard GOST 31282-2004 “Sealing devices. Classification”, which in addition to the Russian Federation applies to Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine. These terms and definitions are to be used in all areas of document management in these countries, including regulatory and procedural documents.

26

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Table 2.1

State standards establishing uniform requirements for sealing devices ITEM NUMBER 1 2

GOST

NAME

INTRODUCED

GOST 31282-2004 GOST 31281-2004

Q1. 2006 Q1 2006

3

GOST 31283-2004

4

GOST 31315-2006

5

GOST R 52365-2005

6

GOST R 52326-2005

7

GOST R 52525-2006

8

GOST R 52734-2007

9

GOST R 53021-2008

10

GOST R 53418-2009

11 12

GOST R 53424-2009 (ISO 17712:2006) GOST R 53787-2010

13

GOST R 53888-2010

14

GOST R 54302-2011

Sealing devices. Classification Locking and sealing devices for the transportation of general and specialpurpose containers. General technical requirements Indicative seals. General technical requirements Electronic sealing devices. General technical requirements Sealing devices. Requirements for methods of testing protective properties and resistance to tampering Sealing devices. Accounting, control and disposal Sealing devices. Composition and requirements for sealing systems Sealing devices for hazardous cargo. General technical requirements Sealing devices. Methods of testing strength and resistance to tampering for cable sealing devices Sealing devices. Procedure for monitoring the status of sealing devices during operation Mechanical sealing devices for cargo containers. General technical requirements Methods of testing strength and resistance to tampering for bolt sealing devices. General requirements Sealing devices. Methods of testing resistance to tampering for indicator sealing devices. General requirements Methods of testing resistance to environmental and mechanical factors for power sealing devices

Q1 2006 Q1 2007 Q1 2006 Q1 2006 Q3 2006 Q1 2008 Q4 2008 01.01.2010 01.07.2010 01.01.2011 01.07.2011 01.07.2011

Sealing devices (SDs): Personally identifiable single-use devices that protect the object (vehicles, containers, tanks, rooms, equipment, etc.) from unauthorized access by indicating intervention and preventing a certain degree of penetration. Sealing: The process of installing a sealing device onto the existing locking mechanism of the object that indicates unauthorized access and prevents penetration, accounting, and condition control. Sealing of cargo allows (basic functions of sealing): - Confirming if the protected object was accessed or not; - Ensuring, where appropriate, physical protection of the object from unauthorized access (penetration); 27

MECHANICAL SEALS

- Dividing legal and material responsibility for the cargo during its transportation between the shipper, forwarding agent, carrier, and consignee as well as other members of the transportation (customs, Russian Transport Inspection, etc.); - Providing more information to law enforcement authorities to investigate the theft and for decision-making; - Reducing the  frequency of checks (counts, taking measurements) that confirm the presence of the cargo; - Simplifying inspection and inventory procedures associated with the transportation and storage of cargo. Stages of the sealing process: - Registering of received seals; - Technical inspection of seals before installation; - Installation of seals; - Registering installed seals; - Control of the authenticity and integrity of seals before removing; - Removal and disposal of seals. Locking and sealing devices (LSDs): SDs that perform tamper indicating functions and prevent a certain degree of unauthorized (criminal) penetration by breaking. Indicative devices (control seals (CS), indicative seals (IS)): SDs that mainly provide an indication of unauthorized access to protected objects by identifying its integrity; these have weak protective properties against external mechanical impacts. Indicative devices may have a fixed or changing working surface made of metal, plastic, or combinations of these materials. SDs with a fixed working surface are commonly used for vehicles and general-purpose and regular containers, but can be used on other objects. Control and indicative seals are used for indication, control, and access management (authorized and not) for the object. Individual identification markings may be applied both in the factory, and when installing with a crimping tool (stamps, mar­ kers, etc.). These seals tend to have a weak link that collapses in the case of procedural opening or unauthorized access, but is durable enough to resist external impact on the seal during its operation (transportation, storage, installation). Electronic sealing device (ESD): SDs with electronic memory, logic, and information transfer that automatically generate additional identification features (radio-frequency and optical), security signals and signals for opening the SD. The information about the  object is automatically transmitted (or processed) at the  remote control station. ESDs contain a set of technical means, including memory elements, power supply, modulator, encoder, decoder, transceiver, etc, and external means for transmitting (encoding) and removing information from ESDs, info processing (decoding) and transferring to the control station. External hardware comes either in stationary or portable versions. 28

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Reinforced barrier SDs: Indicative SDs that support the stress of more than 20 kN (over 2000 kgf). Such seals cannot be removed by hand, they are mainly used for longhaul vehicles and cargo containers, as well as to protect long-term storage facilities. Reinforced seals can provide protection against tampering and possible theft. Barrier SDs: Indicative SDs that support stress between 10 to 20 kN (1,000 to 2,000 kgf). Regular SDs: Indicative SDs that support stress between 1.0 to 10 kN (100 to 1000 kgf). Moderate SDs: Indicative SDs without barrier functions [stress between 0.2 to 1.0 kN (20 to 100 kgf)]. Fragile SDs: Indicative SDs without barrier functions [stress between 0.05 to 0.2 kN (from 5 to 20 kgf)]. Cable seals: Seals based on a steel cable. One end of the cable is fixedly mounted in the body. Different methods of fixing the other end of the cable are used, for example, cam or helical clamps. Bolt seals: Bi-component bolt seals that have a locking bolt connected to the lock body designed as a protection against all kinds of impact, including planned actions. Impact is considered an integral characteristic when force is applied to separate the components of the seal, and it leaves a visual trace on one or both sides of the seal. Lock seals: Seals in the  form of a disposable coupler lock that lock and seals the facility. Impact is considered an integral characteristic when force is applied to unlock the components of the seal, and it leaves a visual trace on one or both sides of the seal. Metal band seals: Seals manufactured mainly from galvanized sheet steel and may include polymer elements. These seals a bi-component or whole metal body seamed or welded in the production process. Signs of unauthorized access must be easily identified during the regular checking of seals on the route. Plastic seals and wire seals: Seals that support little stress but have improved indicative properties. Film seals: Polymer indicative seals that support stress between 0.05 to 0.2 kN (5 to 20 kgf). Resistance to tampering and forgery: The ability of the seal to resist duplication by means of technology and equipment, other than those specified in the regulations and assessed by processing individual identification characteristics of the SD. Resistance to unauthorized (criminal) non-destructive opening: The  ability of the seal to prevent unauthorized (criminal) penetration of the protected object that 29

MECHANICAL SEALS

forms stable traces of impact on the SD or attempts to access the object. The property is measured in time required to open the SD and re-install it on the object. The resistance of the SD to non-destructive criminal opening is measured in time required to open the installed SD using standard or special tools by exposing the SD to special agents, including chemicals, temperatures, etc. Partial destruction of the body may take place to provide for unauthorized opening, masking the traces and re-installing the SD on the object. The resistance is calculated when the  SD is procedurally installed and not for processed SDs prepared for opening before installation. Opening of the SD by manipulations: Unauthorized opening of the device without leaving obvious traces or disguising them to re-install the SD. Level of mechanical protection against criminal penetration by breaking: The ability of the seal to resist external mechanical stress without failure within the established limits (tensile, bending, torsion, blows, etc.). The level of mechanical protection against criminal penetration by breaking is determined by the  parameters of external mechanical impact that the  SD withstands without breaking. Identification feature of the SD: A controlled set of parameters and characteristics of the SD inherent to it specifically that indicates its authenticity and integrity and is broken when removing the SD from the object. Identification features of the SD are determined by its design and manufacturing technology. The key identification features are usually applied during the manufacturing process. Additional identification features may be applied to the  SD during installation. For certain types of SDs (indicative seals), core identification features may be applied during installation. External identification features include shape and size, color, markings, individual alphanumeric code, logos, holographic images, bar codes, and other special characters and images, their shape, size, color, detail, and location on the SD. Internal identification features include material, coating, special protective design elements and details. The degree of security against forgery is determined by the number, complexity and uniqueness of individual identification features inherent to a particular SD and controlled during the installation, removal and examination of SD. The more unique and complex features the SD has, the higher the level of technology of their performance, and the higher the degree of security against forgery. Identification of SDs: Checking the authenticity and integrity of the SD based on its characteristic individual features, as well as absence of changes in the  location of the SD on the object by visual inspection or by general and specialized technical means, and with or without the use of special techniques. Unauthorized access (UA): Violation of regulated access to the object. The GOST R 52365-2005 “Sealing devices. Requirements for Methods of Testing Protective Properties and Resistance to Tampering” national standard sets terms and identifies relevant factors for the factory tests and expert studies of SDs. 30

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Impact traces: Chips, cracks, deformations, changes in size, color, and markings, extraneous spots and foreign substances, change or violation of protective features, etc, defined sensorily or using special tools and techniques. Masking of traces: Hiding (destruction) of visible signs of impact. Re-installation of LSDs: The reassembly of the previously opened SD on the locking mechanism of the object (car, container, premises, containers, packaging, etc.) in order to conceal the traces of unauthorized access to the object. Criteria for LSDs unfit for use: Deterioration (cracks, chips in the locking mechanism and locking parts, etc.), extrusion or separation of components due to stress, broken cables, increased size of the loop in the cable in closed state under the stress smaller that the defined limit. This reference manual uses the following abbreviations: SD – sealing device LSD – locking and sealing device IS – indicative seal CS – control seal MOT – methods of testing UA – unauthorized access DD – design documentation TOR – Terms of Reference S – specifications LM – locking mechanism of the SD It should be noted that in transportation of goods, a wide variety of indicators are used that are not seals by definition since they are not designed to indicate access to the object. These include indicators of careful product handling that register rotation and physical impact on (dropping, etc.) the cargo, as well as indicators of temperature conditions during transportation and storage. These devices will not be considered in the manual due to being beyond its scope.

Classification of sealing devices The modern classification of SDs is determined by several regulatory documents, the main of which is GOST 31282-2004 “Sealing Devices. Classification.” This standard is used in the design and manufacturing of SDs, but the classification provided along with concepts, definitions and terminology are also important virtually for all activities associated with sealing and investigating cases of unauthorized access. By combination of the functions performed, properties, characteristics, and performance, sealing devices are divided into five levels: - By functional purpose into classes; - By the level of mechanical protection into species; - By the strength of protective properties into groups; 31

MECHANICAL SEALS

- By resistance to unauthorized (criminal) non-destructive opening into subgroups; - By design features into types. At each level, differentiation is based on the most significant technical criteria with an alphanumeric coding system. In addition to the above-mentioned criteria, the code includes information about the design, construction materials and corrosion resistance. Thus, the code of any SD consists of 8 sequential characters, which completely determine its specific type. Based on their function, SDs are divided into three classes: electronic SDs (ESDs), barrier SD (LSDs), indicative SDs (IS, CS). Sealing devices with elements of electronic memory, logic and transmission of information automatically generates additional identification features (radio-frequency and optical), signals for the safety and opening of the SD, and the information about the object’s condition is automatically transmitted to the control center. These devices are called electronic sealing devices (ESDs). Class code E. Sealing devices that indicate access and prevent unauthorized (criminal) penetration by breaking within the established stress limits are called barrier or locking and sealing devices (LSDs). Class code C. Indicative devices include control seals (CS) and indicative seals (IS) that generally indicate if unauthorized access to protected objects took place by identifying its integrity. This type of sealing devices has weak protective properties against external mechanical impact. Class code I (Ill. 2.1).

b

a

c

Ill. 2.1. Sealing devices Scat-Navigator (ESD, a), Octopus-777 (LSD, b), and PC-91 OP (LSD, c) 32

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

By the level of mechanical protection, SDs are divided into five species. Reinforced barrier SDs – indicative devices that support the stress of more than 20 kN. Such devices cannot be removed by hand and are mainly used on long-haul vehicles and cargo containers, as well as to protect long-term storage facilities. Barrier SDs also are indicative, but can support the stress of 10 to 20 kN. Regular SDs are indicative and support stress from 1.0 to 10 kN (Ill. 2.2).

a

b

c Ill. 2.2. Sealing devices Klesch-60SC (RBSD, a) Scat (BSD, b), and Cobra (RSD, c)

The category of moderate and fragile SDs includes indicative devices that have virtually no barrier functions since they can carry stress from 0.2 to 1.0 and 0.05 kN to 0.2 kN, respectively (Ill. 2.3). The codes for the listed species are numbers from 1 to 5, where 1 represents reinforced barrier SDs, and 5 is for fragile SDs.

33

MECHANICAL SEALS

a b Ill. 2.3. PK-91RH (moderate, a), and PK-91OP (fragile, b)

By the strength of protective properties, SDs are divided into six groups. This division is based on the number of identification features controlled by special methods, devices, or visually. For example, the first group of SDs (strongest) includes those that have more than one feature controlled by special methods, more than three features controlled using devices, and more than six features controlled visually. For the very strong SDs, these figures are 1, up to 3, and more than 6. For strong SDs – 0,1 to 3, and more than 6. Normal strength SDs – 0,1, and more than 6. Moderate strength SDs – 0,0, and from 3 to 6. Low strength SDs – 0,0, and up to 3. The strength code is numbers from 1 to 6 in accordance with the listed sequence. Identification features of SDs are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. In terms of resistance to unauthorized (criminal) non-destructive opening, SDs are divided into four subgroups . The resistance is measured in labor minutes, or the time required for opening the SD without leaving visible traces or their subsequent disguise. The highest resistance SDs correspond to 60 to 100 minutes. High resistance SDs – 31 to 60 minutes. Moderate resistance SDs – 11 to 30 minutes. Low resistance SDs – 3 to 10 minutes. The stability code is numbers increasing from 1 to 4 as the labor minutes become fewer. Testing is carried out according to GOST R 53021-2008 “Sealing Devices. Methods of Testing Strength and Resistance to Tampering for Cable Sealing Cevices”, GOST R 53787-2010 “Methods of Testing Strength and Resistance to Tampering for Bolt Sealing Devices. General Requirements”, GOST R 53888-2010 “Sealing Devices. Methods of Testing Resistance to Tampering for Indicator Sealing Devices. General Requirements.” By design features, SDs are divided into seven types: Cable seals: seals that have a steel cable, one end of which is fixedly mounted in the body. Various methods of fixing the other end are used in the installed state, for example, by using a cam or helical clips. 34

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Bolt seals: bi-component bolt seals that have a rod connected with locking body. Lock seals: seals in the form of a disposable coupler lock, locking and sealing the locking mechanism of the facility. Wire seals: seals, the envelope element of which is a piece of wire. Band seals: seals made mostly of galvanized sheet steel and may include constituent elements of plastic. These seals have a bi-component or one-piece metal body seamed or welded in the production process. Security labels: seals made on a single-layer or multilayer film with an adhesive coating on one side. Other composite seals: these include structural characteristics inherent to SDs of other types listed above – such as disposable locking devices without identification features. Type codes are numbers from 1 to 7 according to the listed sequence (Ill. 2.4).

1

3

2

4

5

6 7 Ill. 2.4. Structural types of SDs: 1 – cable, 2 – bolt, 3 – lock, 4 – wire, 5 – band, 6 – film, 7 – no identification features

Types of sealing devices may also be divided by design, main structural materials used, and corrosion resistance.

35

MECHANICAL SEALS

In addition, SDs can be produced as a single block or multi-component design. Single-block seals represent a single structure that does not require additional assembly before installation and sealing of the object. Multi-component SDs consist of two or more components connected when installed on an object. Different types of SDs are divided further based on the main structural material in the units and parts such as locking mechanism, body, and the weak link. In addition, all manufacturing companies agree that the classification of consumer qualities should include additional grounds. Technical documents and brochures offered further classify SDs by the  functional features of locking mechanism, and primarily by the method of fixing the envelope element.

Technical, technological, and operational features of LSDs The main regulatory document defining the characteristics of LSDs used used by the Russian Railways are “General Requirements for Mechanical Locking and Sealing Devices Used in Rail Transport When Sealing Train Cars and Containers” (hereinafter – General Requirements). The document was developed in accordance with Article 28 of the Federal Law dated January 10, 2003 № 18-FZ “Charter of the Railway Transport of the Russian Federation” and includes a number of provisions and definitions that establish the technical, technological and operational parameters for LSDs, providing the necessary transportation security. General requirements used in the  design, manufacturing, and operation of mechanical LSDs designed for sealing of train cars (hereinafter – cars) and containers in accordance with the rules of cargo transportation by rail in order to control and prevent unauthorized access to the cargo through the sealing devices of the cars and containers. The  methodology and procedure for verification of compliance of the  LSD to the General Requirements are developed by the carrier in accordance with applicable standards. We will focus on the most important provisions of the General Requirements, as they are crucial for manufacturers of sealing devices. Terms and definitions Sealing – process of installing the LSD on the car and container in accordance with the technical specifications for the LSD approved by the carrier. Identification of LSDs  – visual detection of authenticity and integrity of LSDs by their characteristic individual features defined by the technical specifications for L­SDs, checking the conformity of the  control marking on the LSDs with the  data indicated in the delivery note. Elongation of a closed cable LSD under stress – an increase in the size of LSDs mounted on the latch assembly (container) in accordance with the specification requirements for the LSD, in the direction of the applied forces. Specialized tanks – cisterns with a diameter less than 6 mm, intended for the carriage of liquified gases, acids and other chemical products. 36

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Relief height (depth) of LSD markings – distance between the surface of the component on which the marking is applied and the highest (lowest) point in the relief profile forming the markings. Technical requirements LSDs should provide a single-time use as intended to prevent the possibility of their removal from the car or container without destroying the structure and the integrity of the LSD. LSDs should provide for visual identification and the ability to check the authenti­ city of their closed state by attempting to opening them manually. Installing LSDs on cars or containers must be carried out manually without the use of additional tools. Removal of LSDs should be done with a special tool by destroying the structure of the LSD. Design requirements LSDs must provide for locking the cars and containers with a force not exceeding 60 N (6 kgf). LSDs mounted on cars or containers shall be resistant to the maximum allowable tensile stress equal to: 20 kN (2,000 kgf) – for LSDs installed on cars, except for specialized tanks; 12 kN (1,200 kgf) – for LSDs installed on containers; 3.5 kN (350 kgf) – for LSDs installed on specialized tanks. When the locked cable LSD is placed under the maximum allowable tensile stress, the total elongation shall not exceed 15 mm. Closed bolt LSDs must be resistant to the maximum permissible bending moment of 50 Nm. The weight of different LSDs must not exceed the following values: 250 g – for universal and bolt LSDs, except for LSDs for specialized tanks; 70 g – LSDs for specialized tanks. LSDs on containers must resist three strokes with an energy of 100 J and subsequent stretching with a force of 12 kN. LSDs on containers must resist a single shock of 200 J, and remain in closed state. Security requirements LSDs should have visually controlled identification features and features checked using devices. Visually controlled features include: - Abbreviated name of the carrier; - Individual control features of the LSD in an irregular font approved by the carrier; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Individual appearance of the LSD; - Last digit of the year the LSD was manufactured; - Name of the LSD. 37

MECHANICAL SEALS

To improve the security features of LSDs, additional means of security are allowed. The design of LSDs should exclude the possibility of: - Disassembling the LSD into its constituent parts and separating parts with individual features without destroying the structure; - Manufacturing LSDs outside the production conditions of the manufacturer; - Opening without visible traces under mechanical impact, heating, cooling, or use of surfactants. The design of LSDs should provide protection against deliberate making of subtle reversible or masked changes (introduction of foreign objects, mechanical processing) prior to installation of the LSD on the car or container. The resilience of the LSD to opening without destroying its constituent elements with the possibility of re-application must be at least 60 minutes and correspond to Subgroup 1 of GOST 31281-2004. Methods for testing resistance of protective properties and resistance to tampering should correspond to GOST R52365-2005. Usage requirements LSDs installed on cars or containers must be resistant to the  following types of external mechanical factors: sine random vibrations, single shocks corresponding to group M25 of mechanical performance in accordance to GOST 30631-99. Parameters of random sinusoidal vibrations have the following values: frequency range Hz  displacement amplitude mm  maximum amplitude of acceleration m/s2, (g)  rigidity  Parameters of single shocks have the following values: peak shock acceleration, m/s2, (g)  duration of the shock acceleration, ms  rigidity 

0.5-100; 0-22,8; 10; 10 b.

30 (3); 2-20; 1.

LSDs must be manufactured according to GOST 15150-69 for use in rail transport in the macro-regions with temperate and cold climates and be resistant to the following types of climatic factors: upper limit of the working ambient temperature given the surface heating by the sun  +55° C; lower limit of the working ambient temperature  -60° C; variation of the ambient temperature from the lower to the upper limit with passing 0°C for at least 2 times; upper limit of humidity at 25° C and atmospheric pressure of 84-106.7 kPa condensation, rain, frost, ice  80%; 38

Chapter 2. SEALING DEVICES: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

LSDs must maintain their performance under the separate and combined impact of mechanical and climatic factors. Ergonomic requirements LSDs should ensure their usability when installed on a car or container, verification of their presence, control of their condition during operation, and removal from the car or container. Removing LSDs must be calculated to be performed by one person of average physical abilities according GOST R 50658 (height of 165-180 cm, weight of 50-70 kg) u­sing certified special tools. Special tools should provide for removing LSDs from the car or container by destroying the structure of the LSD by applying forces not exceeding 200 N (20 kgf). Special tools should exclude the possibility of fire or cargo explosion when removing the LSD. Individual identification features on the LSD should be readable from a distance of 1.0-1.1 m in natural and artificial light with luminous emittance of not less than 50 lux, taking into account the standards established by SNIP 23-05-95 9 (Table 1). The rest of the markings on the LSD must be readable from a distance of 0.5-0.7 m. Requirements for materials, coatings, and components Materials, semi-finished products, and purchased products used in the manufacture of LSDs must comply with the standards or other documents defining requirements for the  products supplied. This compliance should be confirmed by quality certificates, passports, or other similar documents issued in due course. The  manufacturing of LSDs does not allow the  use of materials, semi-products and components with an expired warranty period and residual maturity of less than the lifetime of the LSD. Paints, galvanizing coatings and other types should provide anti-corrosive protection according to GOST 15150-69. Coatings must meet the requirements of GOST 9.301-86 and GOST 9.032-74 . The composition of coatings in agreement with the carrier may include special additives that protect LSDs against counterfeiting and detection of tampering traces. LSDs used for the sealing of cars and containers with hazardous cargo at the request of the carrier can be painted with warning colors. Requirements for safety and reliability The  lifetime of LSDs must be at least 24 months from the  date of shipment to the customer, including up to 12 months from the date of installation on the car or container. Materials and coatings used to manufacture LSDs should not cause chemical reactions and form chemical compounds with the  cargo including petroleum, fuel, oil, and cause them to set on fire.

39

MECHANICAL SEALS

LSDs must meet security requirements in production and operation in accordance with GOST 12.2.003-91 and have no adverse effect on the staff and environment. Requirements for patent clearance The  design and industrial specimen of LSDs should be protected by patents of the Russian Federation. The name of the LSD must be confirmed by a certificate of the Russian Federation issued for the trademark (service mark) of the LSD. Patents should be applied for the structure of the LSD as a whole. Markings requirements Requirements for individual control features and other information applied to the LSD during manufacturing are set by the carrier. Individual control features must be marked in a manner providing a raised image of characters with a height (depth) of the raised markings of not less than 0.2 mm. The  remaining parameters of the  font used for other information on the  LSD are specified in the technical specifications and design documentation for the LSD. The safety of the information on the LSD should be provided for during the entire period of its operation, as well as in case of violation of the paint and coating. The manufacturing of LSDs with the same, as well as incomplete individual control features is not allowed. The technology of applying individual control features on to LSDs should provide the ability to detect tampering or forgery, as well as destroyed or falsified individual control features and letter abbreviation of the carrier. The  Department of Commercial Cargo at the  Russian Railways together with the  manufacturers conducts systematic work to improve the  quality of serial locking and sealing devices supplied to the Russian railroads, to tighten requirements for technical standards by which manufacturers produce LSDs and conduct inspection of finished products. Current activities helped to select the highest quality products to ensure the necessary level of cargo security regulated by Russian Railways Order № 2423p “On Approval of the List of Types of Locking and Sealing Devices Used for the Sealing of Cars and Containers for Cargo Transportation”.

40

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

Chapter 3 SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS Functional features of the locking mechanism Domestic and foreign commercial manufacturers produce thousands of varieties of mechanical seals, but the functional features of their locking mechanism (LM) are reduced only to a few basic principles. Locking mechanisms in inexpensive control and indicative seals, working with which requires continuous or repeated access (inter-plant assembly, in-plant flows, etc.) have their own peculiarities. These seals are made of polymer, thin metals, or a combination of both materials, and possess little protective properties against external mechanical impact. They are tamper indicative and used primarily for access control and managing facilities equipped with regular locking devices. “STRAZH” Co. has developed several dozens of models of such seals: based on polymers such as PK-91; made of a pressed metal strip such as MK-01; combined with a body of reinforced plastic and a wire female member such as PC-91RH and Cobra. Despite the diversity of the CS and IS, among this class of products there can be distinguished three types of seals, which differ by the design of the locking mechanism: pull tight seals, locking seals, and rotary seals. The  first two types of seals are single-block and consist of a female element rigidly connected with the locking block. Rotary seals consist of two blocks and have a wire (sealing wire, cable) and the locking block. The locking mechanism in pull tight seals is based on a four-leaf collet located in a special tunnel withing the  locking block. The  collet is made of either metal (for products like PK-91T25, PK-91 OP, PK-91 T45) or of a heat-resistant material called Delrin by DuPont (PK- 91P, PK-91O, PK- 91T, PK-95 M, etc.). To produce the female element and the locking block, polyethylene or polyethylene fiber reinforced with nylon are used. For a more reliable locking, female elements with a polymer collet are made profiled to prevent unauthorized access without any visible traces of opening or breaking the seal. Sealing and removing these types of seals is performed manually. The locking block is marked with a 5 to 7-digit individual number and series consisting of 1-2 characters applied either by thermal transfer or with a laser. The main applications of these seals include warehouses, vehicles, containers, catering containers, sea and rail containers, safes, cabinets, cash collection bags, fire extinguishers, etc. (Ill. 3.1, 3.2).

41

MECHANICAL SEALS

Ill. 3.1. Control seal PK-91OP and its locking mechanism: 1 – petal of the metal collet; 2 – tunnel locking unit; 3 – female element

Ill. 3.2. Control seal PK-91 TP and its locking mechanism: 1 – tunnel of the locking block; 2 – body; 3 – female element; 4 – petal of the polymer collet

Locking seals are also designed for sealing and removal without using specialized tools. In these devices, the female element is fixated by forming a solid structure upon the engagement (recess) of the parts of the locking mechanism and the female element. By construction, locking mechanisms can be divided into 3 types, in which engagement is carried out: - Using perforated or bent structural elements (mainly used in tin band seals); - Using wire spring-like clips (seals with spring expander rings or U-shaped wires, etc.); - Using spring-elastic antennae on the female element that connect to the protrusions in the inner cavity of the body, or antennae in the body cavity that connect to the protrusions on the female element. Tin band SDs based on fixing the female element by connecting perforated and bent structural elements have been known for a long time. However, they are still present on the market due to their low cost and sufficient reliability (Ill. 3.3). 42

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

Ill. 3.3. Locking seal with the perforated elements connected

One end of the tin band has a T-shaped hook (locking tab) formed using a punching die that, when the band is inserted into the body, is interlocked with an identical hook on the other end of the band permanently connected to the body with a flared piston. The upper part of the body has two round perforated holes with the tabs bent out to prevent reaching into the body with flat probes and to visually inspect the moment of locking. The  second type of LMs, in which the  female element is connected by means of spring wire clips, has several modifications. The first thing to mention is the SDs with spring rings in cocked position that sink into a hole cut in the band when the band inserted into the body. The female element of the majority of these SDs are manufactured as a band, one end of which is retained in the locking unit by a shaped claw. The other end of the band has a through hole. Parameters of the metal elements are designed so that when force is applied to the female element, the body of the locking unit is destroyed in the first place. Band locking seals are one of the most successful models from the viewpoint of applying the security markings. The female element can carry almost any marking such as logos, advertising texts, individual numbers. To improve the  reliability of seals, the individual number may be applied to the body of the locking block (Ill. 3.4) .

Ill. 3.4. Locking seal with spring rings: 1 – body; 2 – spring ring; 3 – band female element

Locking mechanisms with spring rings are very similar in the working principle to the locking node that uses as the retaining element a spring made of two parallel lines of bent wire. The place where the wire is bent is retained on the band with elements carved and bent on the band (Ill. 3.5).

43

MECHANICAL SEALS

Body Band

Retaining hole

Spring

Ill. 3.5. Locking seal with a spring locking mechanism

Another modification of the LM with a wire spring retainer are SDs with U-shaped wires. In these SDs, one part of the female element, namely the ends of the U-shaped wire, is simultaneously the retaining latch connecting with the tabs formed in the inner cavity of the body and preventing extraction of the wire from the body. Currently, many foreign companies produce a whole range of such SDs that differ only in the degree of resistance to criminal opening (Ill. 3.6).

Wire retainers

Ill. 3.6. Locking seal with U-shaped wires

Equally diverse are the  modifications of the  LM in which the  female element is retained using springy antennae in the end portion of the band connected to the tabs inside the body cavity (Ill. 3.7). Body

Retaining tabs

Antennae

Female element

Ill. 3.7. Locking seal with springy antennae

Rotary seals have proven to be the  most reliable devices. They are used to seal the money in bank vaults, meters, speedometers, tanks and pipelines for petrol stations, scales and other measuring devices. The operation principle of rotary seals is based on a ratchet mechanism that provides one-sided rotation of the elements of the locking mechanism. The cable as a component of the rotary seal has a diameter of 0.4 to 1.0 mm. It may be made of metal (steel, copper) or be a cable consisting of multiple braided filaments. Each seal is individually numbered, with a large color difference in rotary inlays provides an extra degree of protection against counterfeiting. Installing a rotary seal does not require special tools, and removal usually requires scissors or clippers (Ill. 3.8). 44

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

Ill. 3.8. Rotary seal PK RX-91 and the locking mechanism: 1 – body; 2 – rotary inlay knob 3 – sealing wire (cable); 4 – sealed object; 5 – rotary inset; 6 – ratchet mechanism; 7 – seal label

The vast majority of the LM in barrier sealing devices can be divided into 4 classes, in which the fixation is carried out by: - Stopping; - Locking; - Wrenching; - Combined methods (Table 3.1) . Table 3.1

Fixation methods used in the LM of barrier sealing devices Stopping

Locking

Wrenching

Combined method

Type of stopping elements

Collets

Screw with a detachable head

Stopping or wrenching

Number of stopping elements

Retaining rings

Location of stopping elements

Springy elements

Ratchet mechanism

Ratio between their sizes

Locking mechanisms based on stopping These devices include most LMs of the cable sealing devices. In these devices, the cable is fixed via the interaction of the locking members with the cable and the wall of the wedge cavity. When the cable is fed into the body, its end moves the stopping elements towards the expanding end of the wedge cavity. The distance between the stop45

MECHANICAL SEALS

ping elements becomes larger than the diameter of the cable, and it becomes possible to move it by a desired length. If the cable is being retrieved from the LM, the stopping elements are moved by the spring towards the narrowing end of the wedge cavity and begin to pinch the cable, preventing its removal from the body. The larger the force applied to the cable, the tighter the cable is clamped by the stopping elements (Ill. 3.9).

Ill. 3.9. Locking mechanism based on stopping with three balls

Besides the above-mentioned example, where balls are used as the locking elements, the latter may be manufactured in the form of rollers, cams, gears, collets (including stamped or made of bent wire). Their amount generally ranges from one to four, but usually they are two or three, and in some constructions, their dimensions may vary – for example, two balls of different diameters. Sometimes, locking elements can be separated, that is, placed in a special container – the separator (Ill. 3.10).

a b Ill. 3.10. Locking mechanism with two balls placed in a separator (a) and one ball (b)

The locking mechanism of any security seal, in which the cable is retained by locking, is based on the following technical solutions: - When the LSD is installed, the split spring ring (1) sinks into the annular groove in the shank of the flexible shaft (Ill. 3.11);

46

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

1

Ill. 3.11. Locking mechanism with the cable retained using a split spring ring

- When the LSD is installed, the petals of the spring collet (1) sink into the annular groove in the shank of the flexible shaft (Ill. 3.12); 1

Ill. 3.12. Locking mechanism with the cable retained using a spring collet

- The locking element formed as a rotating object on a spring (ball, roller) or pin (1) sinks into the profiled groove in the shank of the flexible shaft (Ill. 3.13). 1

Ill. 3.13. Locking mechanism with the cable retained using a stopping element on a spring

Locking mechanisms based on wrenching This class should include the locking mechanisms, in which the female element is retained by rotating some structural element of the LSD. Unlike indicative rotary seals, in which the core is rotatable within the body in one direction only, LSDs have more reliable fixation of the female element. Usually, it is carried out by fixing wrenching a screw with a detachable head into the rope or rod (Ill. 3.14).

Ill. 3.14. Locking mechanism with the cable retained by wrenching: 1 – body, 2 – cable, 3 – screw with a detachable head 47

MECHANICAL SEALS

The body of the LSD has a transverse hole, into which the free end of the rope is inserted, and along the longitudinal axis of the body is a threaded bore aligned with the transverse one. Into the threaded hole the screw with a pointed end is wrenched that interacts with the cable, preventing its removal. The screw has a handle, which separates (breaks off) from the screw after wrenching it all the way in thanks to the slackening construction of the annular groove. Locking mechanisms based on fixation using a combined method In some cases, to improve the resistance to tampering of sealing devices (primarily reinforced barrier SDs) locking mechanisms are used, in which the female member is retained using a combined method, i.e. a combination of two of the three above-listed LMs. The most common is the combination of stopping and wrenching, which leads to a significant increase in the resistance of the LSD to unauthorized non-destructive (criminal) opening. Commonly used is the locking mechanism, in which fixation is carried out by stopping the rope by means of locking elements arranged in a slanted channel. Additionally, a LM is introduced into the LSD, in which fixation is performed by rotating the locking screw. For this purpose, the wall of the body has a threaded hole into which the screw with a detachable handle is placed. During the installation, the screw is wrenched into the body, and its pointed tip penetrates the strands of the cable, fixing it securely in the body. Combined fixing methods make the LSD best resistant to criminal opening by manipulating elements of the locking mechanism through technological gaps between the cable and the body (Ill. 3.15).

Ill. 3.15. Locking mechanism based on a combined method (simultaneous stopping and blocking of the cable)

Thus, analyzing the structure of modern SDs allows us to formulate the following brief conclusions. According to their function, mechanical SDs are classified as indicative, which indicate access to the sealed object, and barrier that also function as a lock. Numbered barrier (cable, bolt, or lock) seals are the most reliable mechanical sealing devices. Numbered indicative seals are available in two types: plastic, metal or composite seals with a female element (a shank or cable) and self-adhesive seals – security tape and labels. 48

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

Of course, these examples do not cover the variety of the mechanical SDs in circulation. However, they can serve as a reference to study the principles of how other locking mechanisms in LSDs work, while the present terminology corresponds to the patent and technical documentation, which makes it possible to use it in expert studies.

Locking and sealing devices used in cargo transportation This section discusses the design and industrial and technological characteristics of barrier sealing devices. The section’s emphasis is on the LSDs regulated by Russian Railways Order № 2423r “On Approval of the List of Types of Locking and Sealing Devices Used for the Sealing of Wagons and Containers for Cargo Transportation”. After a series of tests, Russian Railways representatives selected 14 types of mechanical seals by domestic producers that meet the requirements of cargo transportation and security technologies. Annual consumption of LSDs in railway traffic is continuously growing, and the demand for specific models of seals depends on many factors, but the main of these is resistance to criminal non-destructive impact (Table 3.2). Table 3.2

Domestically produced LSDs that meet the transportation and safety technology requirements of Russian Railways Item number

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. 7 8 3. 9 10 11 4. 12 13 14

Name, LSD type

Manufactured by

Universal LSDs Sprut-777 “STRAZH” Co. Sprut-777M “STRAZH” Co. Blok-Garant-M ZAO KZMI Ohra-1 OOO SOTEK KOMTSENTR TP-50 OOO TRANSPLOMBIR TP-2800-02 OOO TRANSPLOMBIR LSDs for cisterns with winged lids Sprut-Universal-8 “STRAZH” Co. Lavr-Garant-2M-8 ZAO ENERGET & CO Bolt LSDs for containers Klesch 60SC “STRAZH” Co. TP-1200-01 OOO TRANSPLOMBIR LaVRik ZAO ENERGET & CO LSDs for specialized cisterns Skat “STRAZH” Co. TP-350-01 OOO TRANSPLOMBIR Gaz-Garant OOO ENERGET & CO

Amount of the LSDs supplied to the Russian railroads, pcs During 2012 During the first 9 months of 2013 10,272,088 10,256,192 4,485,303 4,443,853 396,619 720,650 2,029,965 1,804,718 1,396,393 1,345,340 300 5,330 1,963,508 1,936,301 25,900 47,112 23,650 39,401 2,250 7,711 556,623 519,100 432,800 409,900 50,600 26,300 73,223 82,900 3,282,692 3,557,457 1,604,002 1,731,906 895,350 801,401 783,340 1,024,150

We will study several types of LSDs, which at one time have established themselves as the first domestic high-reliability developments. They were the  prototypes for numerous subsequent modifications with improved performance. Their production technologies, principles of operation of the  locking 49

MECHANICAL SEALS

mechanism, technical and technological characteristics, and main compounds are considered foundational. They were and are still used today by manufacturers to design mechanical barrier seals, while affordable solutions are of interest primarily to forensic experts, as well as law enforcement agencies to ensure the safety of the cargo. Cable Sprut-Universal is one such single-use security products that was commissioned in 1994. This LSD is considered reinforced barrier and is resistant to forgery (substitution), and has the highest resistance to non-destructive criminal opening. It is designed to block the doors of commercial vehicles with a diameter of holes in their locking nodes of not less than 6 mm. Its design is protected by four patents of the Russian Federation. Sprut-Universal consists of three basic elements: female element (cable with a control washer and shank), connector (spacer), fixing element (clamp) (Ill. 3.16). 2 1 5

4

3

Ill. 3.16. Sprut -Universal: 1 – cable; 2 – spacer; 3 – clamp; 4 – control washer; 5 – shank

The female element is a segment of a barrier cable, one side of which has a control washer attached using a shank. Anchoring is ensured by inserting a heat-treated pin in the aligned holes of the cable and shank at a distance of about 3 mm from the surface of the control washer, and additionally by crimping the shank around the cable. The diameter of the pin is about 2.5 mm. The other side of the cable has a 10 mm long cone-shaped tinned portion at the end. The barrier cable has a diameter of 5.8 mm and consists of seven strands: one central (core) and six braided ones twisted around the core. Each braided strand contains 19 steel filaments with a diameter of 0.4 mm twisted in the direction opposite to the weaving of the strands. The central strand consists of 18 steel filaments and one copper wire inside an enamel insulation of the same diameter, which serves as a reference mark. The barrier cable may be 300, 450, or 850 mm long. (Measured from the free end of the cable to the surface of the control washer). The control washer has a diameter of 34 mm and thickness of about 4 mm. Its surface facing the shank has two diametrically opposed triangular shaped protrusions 3 mm in height. The control washer and female element are treated against corrosion. The shank is 28 mm in height and has a complex shape: at 5 mm above the surface it has a circular cross section with a diameter of 10-12 mm, and above that – a hexagonal cross section with the distance between the opposing planes varying from 9 to 50

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

11 mm. At the top of the shank is a 2.5-3 mm hole. The end of the shank has a domelike shape. The spacer is a metal plate with two holes 7.5 mm in diameter. Prior to 2001, spacers were available in sizes 60x20x4.5 mm, and later 45x20x4.5 mm. The spacer is angled by about 120-150 degrees, and the  vertex of the  angle is located at its middle part. The spacer’s surface is painted. Spacers can be used repeatedly. The  clamp consists of the  body and a locking device. The  cylindrical body is 45 mm in height with a maximum diameter of 25 mm and the smallest diameter of 17 mm; the body is made of carburized steel. The surface of the body is painted. (The cylindrical portion 13-15 mm in height has a better surface finish compared with the  conical portion. Removing the  coatings clearly makes visible the  traces of processing of the latter in the form of concentric lines, spaced by increments of about 0.5 mm.) Inside the body is the locking device consisting of a shaped washer, control ring, three balls, and three springs. The springs are made of wire 0.6 mm in diameter, are 28 mm in height, and have a diameter of 4.6 mm. The control ring is made of a ductile metal and has a diameter of 10.5 mm and a height of 6.5 mm. The locking device ensures free movement of the clamp on the cable in one direction (conic part first) and rigid fixation when trying to move it in the opposite direction. A properly installed LSD can withstand a tensile breaking force of not less than 2,000 kg. The body of the clamp has a laser marking, which contains: - “STRAZH” Co. trademark; - Last two digits of the year in a double circle; - Advertising information about “STRAZH” Co.; - A seven-digit serial number and letter code – for example, the code of the railway (Ill. 3.17).

a 2

3

4

5

1

b Ill. 3.17. Markings (a) and locking mechanism of Sprut-Universal (b): 1 – body; 2 – spring (3 pcs); 3 – ball (3 pcs); 4 – control ring; 5 – shaped washer

Laser marking of the  body results in formation of traces not only on the  layer of paint, but also on the  surface of the  metal body. (When the  ink layer is removed, melted fragments are visible on the metal characteristic for the influence of powerful laser radiation...) 51

MECHANICAL SEALS

The upper surface of the control washer has markings applied in various ways: - Seven-digit serial number (stamping); - “STRAZH” Co. trademark (casting); - Last digit of the year of manufacturing (casting); - Abbreviated name of the railroad. The seven-digit serial number is impressed, and the rest of the marking are raised. The bottom surface of the washer bears a raised inscription reading “Sprut-Universal”. The two opposite faces of the shank of the control washer have raised inscriptions “STRAZH” Co. and “PATENT RF” respectively. Starting 2006, the changing markings on the body of the clamp have been applied using pneumopercussion. This method of applying markings is the most progressive in terms of the security properties, and each discrete marker sign is rigidly attached to the coordinates of a specific font. Currently, the most popular is the modification named Sprut-Universal 8 with a 800 mm long cable designed for sealing winged hatches on cisterns. Lavr-Garant-2M-8 manufactured by ZAO ENERGET & CO (Ill. 3.18) is used for the same purpose. The seal consists of a body (1) designed as a hollow cylinder with a closed bottom, on the opposite side the body is closed with a crimped stopper (2). The locking mechanism consists of a spring-loaded clip (3), in which the fixing disc elements are located (4). The female element comprises a length of rop, one end of which is rigidly fixed in the tip (5), which is a plate with a through hole. 1

3

4

5

2

Ill. 3.18. Schematic of the locking mechanism of Lavr-Garant-2M-8

To date, the range of cable LSDs by “STRAZH” Co. has expanded considerably, but the most important thing is that their reliability has significantly improved along with security and performance. Among the latest developments are such models as the Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, Sprut-M4, Sprut-500, Skat, Skat-M, Zakrutka, Kobra, and the whole line of Strazh 1 to Strazh 5. The most common device used in rail transport is Sprut-777, and this fact is not accidental. Behind the device is a great amount of work by a whole team of design engineers, technologists, testers who have created a product that stands apart from the competition in terms of “price to quality”. Sprut-777 is related to the universal SDs designed to block the doors of all types of railway wagons and containers, vans, warehouses, and hazardous objects with a 52

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

diameter of the sealing holes of not less than 5 mm. The device is highly resistant to mechanical stress and criminal opening due to its original design and application of an advanced industrial manufacturing technology and assembly of the main elements. The LSD is single-block consisting of a durable metal body, inside which is located the locking mechanism, and a sealing cable, one end of which is rigidly attached to the body. The breaking tension is over 2000 kgf, sealing cable diameter – 4.7 mm, cable length – 500 mm, body dimensions – 50x24x12 mm, weight – 110 g. The irreversible fixing of the sealing cable is carried out simultaneously using two steel balls of different diameters supported by a pullback spring. This design of the LM (Ill. 3.19) provides for a more secure fixation of the cable inside the body. Fixing the sealing cable (1) is carried out using two steel balls (2) of different diameters arranged in an oblique groove in the body and supported by a spring (3). When the LSD is installed, the locking mechanism elements are fixed in an inclined slot with a steel plug (4). Near the inlet a curly washer is placed (5), which is one of the security features of the structure. 5 3

2

4

1

Ill. 3.19. Schematic of the locking mechanism of Sprut-777

The surface of the body is marked using two methods: - Permanent markings containing the product name, manufacturer’s logo, advertising information and year of manufacturing made using laser engraving; - Variable markings containing the individual product number, abbreviated name of the railway branch made using mechanical pneumopercussive marking (Ill. 3.20).

a b Ill. 3.20. Body of Sprut-777 showing the variable (a) and permanent (b) markings

Sprut-777M has even higher rates of resistance to various types of criminal influences. Its design uses two locking mechanisms, which fix the female element in two ways – by jamming and wrenching (Ill. 3.21). 53

MECHANICAL SEALS

Ill. 3.21. Sprut-777M. The arrow shows the detachable handle of the screw

In this structure, the main locking mechanism is also used in which fixing is based on jamming the cable using two balls placed in a tilted groove similarly to Sprut-777. Additionally, the design of the LSD has a locking mechanism, in which fixation is based on wrenching the locking screw similarly to another LSD, Zakrutka. For this purpose, the body wall has a threaded hole, into which the screw with a detachable handle is placed. During the installation of the LSD, the screw is wrenched into the body and its pointed tip penetrates the strands of the cable. After this, the handle is separated from the screw’s threaded portion, while the remaining working part of the screw (1) is overlapped by means of a spring-loaded pin (2), which makes it impossible to extract from the body. The spring-loaded pin (3) is locked with a steel plug during the assembly (4); the plug has a spherical shape and therefore resistant to drilling. The combined method of fixing makes the LSD virtually invulnerable to criminal opening by impacting the elements of the locking mechanism through technological gaps between the cable and the body (Ill. 3.22).

1

2

3 4

Ill. 3.22. Schematic of the locking mechanism of Sprut-777M

LSDs, the locking elements of the LM of which are placed into a separator, have a different construction. The most common ones are TP 2800-02 and Blok-Garant. TP 2800-02 is a single block consisting of a body with a locking mechanism and a flexible bolt. 54

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

The body of the sealing device has a length of about 46 mm, the largest width of about 37 mm, and thickness of about 16 mm. The surface of the body is marked using two methods: - Permanent markings containing the product name, logo, and the manufacturer’s name applied using laser engraving; - Variable markings containing an individual product number, abbreviated name of the railway branch and the year of manufacturing applied using mechanical stamping with a pneumopercussion machine (Ill. 3.23).

a b Ill. 3.23. Body of TP 2800-02 showing the variable (a) and permanent (b) markings

TP 2800-02 (Ill. 3.24) has a wedge cavity (2) inside the body (1) that hosts the locking mechanism designed as a spring-supported separator (3), inside the lodgement of which are two rollers (4) interacting with the walls of the cavity and cable (5). The bolt is a flexible metal cable, the free end of which has a pressed cap, and the other is fixed inside the body. The cable has a diameter of 5.2 mm and length of about 500 mm. The passive end of the cable is permanently fixed in the lug of the body via plastic deformation. The tip (6) of the working portion of the cable is a cap formed by pressure reduction. The separator is made of plastic and has cylindrical projections on both ends. On these protrusions directed towards the inlet opening, is a plastic rotating sleeve (7), the inner cavity of which has a shape identical to the shape of the section of the cable, the so-called star. The body, near the side with the smaller cross-section, has a lid (8) with an inlet opening coaxial with the through hole of the separator and the outlet opening of the bottom of the body. 1 3

2

5

6

8

4

7

Ill. 3.24. Schematic of the locking mechanism of TP 2800-02 55

MECHANICAL SEALS

Blok-Garant is a single block consisting of a body and a cable, one end of which is rigidly fixed within the body, but is axially rotating. The steel rectangular body with a conical cross-section is painted bronze. The body has a height of 36.5 mm, width of about 40 mm, minimum thickness of 15 mm, and maximum thickness of 25 mm. The side of the body (Ill. 3.25) is labeled with individual seven-digit numbers and letter code of the railway branch. The opposite side of the body has a metal plate (control cover) with identical markings. The face side near the cable has markings indicating the model, Blok-Garant. All the markings are produced by stamping with a depth of 0.1-0.3 mm.

a b Ill. 3.25. Body of Blok-Garant showing the control cover (a) and the side (b)

Inside the body (Ill. 3.26) is the locking mechanism comprising a cone (1), a plastic separator (2) with two balls (3), springs (4), and the tab washer (5). At the front of the body, the locking mechanism is protected with a cover (6) fixed in the body by curling. To insert the cable, the body has a through-hole with a diameter of about 5.6 mm. The locking mechanism has an additional polymer washer and two shaped D-washers (9) arranged between the spring and the tab washer. The 5.2 mm cable with a length of 455 mm is secured within the body with the sleeve (7) crimped around the cable by means of cylindrical punches. On the outside, the cable has a clamp (8), which limits the retraction of the cable into the body. 2

3 1

5 4 6 9 7

8

Ill 3.26. Schematic of the locking mechanism of Blok-Garant

Modified Blok-Garant M (Ill. 3.27) differs from the former only in appearance and method of fixing the cable in the body; the LM remained unchanged except for the materials used to increase structural stability to external impacts. In this model, 56

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

the cable is rigidly fixed in the cylindrical body, and the variable markings are applied according to the modern requirements by Russian Railways and applied using pneumopercussion machines.

a b Ill. 3.27. Body of Blok-Garant M (a) and schematic of the locking mechanism (b)

Ohra 1 (Ill. 3.28) is a single block made of two steel cups welded together, the smaller of which containing a flexible the support of the female element (cable). Inside the larger glass is the locking mechanism comprising: - Spring-loaded separator made of a steel strip and having a closed section in the form of a frame with two central holes (1); - Two shaped wedge-shaped blocks (2), which are the fixing elements; the trenches in the blocks have two locking projections to improve adhesion with the cable; - Two shaped inserts embedded in the body and fixed by arrangement and pulling inside the body, respectively (3); - A conical wedge supported by a spring mechanism (4); - A curly washer (5) near the inlet opening, which repeats the profile of the cable. The flexible female element is bedded in the smaller cup. (The sleeve on the cable is fixedly crimped and placed in the cavity of the cup closed with a plug. The cable with the sleeve rotates freely.) Identification data is applied by laser engraving and pneumopercussion on the smaller cup. 4

1

3

2

5

a b Ill. 3.28. General view of Ohra 1 (a) and schematic of the locking mechanism (b)

The most common SDs for specialized tanks are SKAT (Ill. 3.29). It is a single block with a flexible closing bolt built into the flat aluminum alloy body 46 mm in length, 30 mm in width, and 8 mm thick. The body consists of two halves fastened together via 4 rivets. The surface of the body is marked in two ways: - Permanent markings containing the product name, the name and logo of the manufacturer, and year of manufacture applied with a laser; 57

MECHANICAL SEALS

- Variable markings containing an individual product number and abbreviated name of the railway branch applied by mechanical stamping using pneumopercussion machines.

a b Ill. 3.29. Body of SKAT showing the permanent (a) and variable markings (b)

The flexible rod is steel cable with a diameter of 2.2 mm and a length of 300 mm or 1500 mm, which is retained in the body by the sleeve (1). The cable is wedged in the body from both sides provided by two spring-loaded balls (2) arranged in the inclined grooves. This design provides greater stability of the locking mechanism to criminal opening by manipulations with the locking elements (Ill. 3.30). 1 2

Ill. 3.30. Schematic of the locking mechanism of SKAT

For the same purposes, Gaz-Garant and TP-350-01 are used. Gaz-Garant is a single block consisting of a body with a flexible female element (cable) with a diameter of 2.2 mm built into it. The body (Ill. 3.31) has two locking elements in the form of rollers (1) which cooperate with a spring-loaded plunger (2) and, when in working order, wedge the cable inside the wedge.

2

1

Ill. 3.31. Schematic of the locking mechanism Gaz-Garant 58

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

TP-350-01 (Ill. 3.32) has a locking mechanism of a similar structure, except the body shape, cable sealing method, and that the fixing rollers that are located inside the separator.

Ill. 3.32. Schematic of the locking mechanism of TP-350-01

The most popular bolt LSD for sealing cargo containers is Klesch-60SC. It consists of a bolt and a body (sleeve) with a locking element (retainer) inside. The device’s weight is 100 g, with the axial breaking force of not less than 2000 kgf. The bolt of the device has a circular or a hexagonal head and a tapered bore on the locked end. The bolt’s diameter is 8 mm. Near the head of the bolt is a cylindrical boss inserted into the aligned holes of the locking unit of the storage. The surface layer is reinforced by cementation that provides protection from sawing with a hacksaw. The lateral surface of the head and the end of the bolt have laser-applied markings: device name, trademark (logo) of the manufacturer, abbreviated name of the railway branch, digital code, and the last digit of the year of manufacture. All markings are duplicated on the body, and the abbreviated name of the branch and digital code are applied using pneumopercussion machines. The body (sleeve) of the device has the shape of a hexahedron with a part-through opening 8.5 mm in diameter for inserting the shank of the bolt. Inside the sleeve is a spring clip (collet). The working principle of the device is as follows (Ill. 3.33). When the end of the bolt with a conical groove (1) is inserted in the opening of the spring clip (2), its blades are compressed, and the inner projection of the collet enters the conical opening in the end of the bolt, keeping it latched in the body (3). 2 3 1

Ill. 3.33. Schematic of the locking mechanism of Klesch-60 SC

For transportation in railway containers, bolt TP-1200-01 and LaVRik (Ill. 3.34) are also permitted for use, which differ in the design of the LM. Fixation of the bolt in the body of the device occurs by means of a spring-loaded cutting sleeve (1), which interacts either with the annular groove on the bolt (TA-1200-01) or angled teeth (LaVRik).

59

MECHANICAL SEALS

1

a b Ill. 3.34. Schematic of the locking mechanisms of TP-1200-01 (a) and LaVRik (b)

It should be noted that in addition to the LSDs permitted for use by Russian Railways, there is also a category of seals approved for use in the Russian railroad system. This category includes seals made in the neighboring countries: Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Moldova, Latvia, and Lithuania. Manufacturers of these devices include Vinnitsatranspribor, Universal, Korporatsiya Nuker, AMANAT ZPU KORPORATSIYASY, UTIPLOMB, TASHROSTRANS, and Dalko. To date, more than 30 products have been approved, many of which are manufactured using specifications and patents of the Russian and foreign producers (see Appendix 2). Among them are: Varta-A (UA), Varta-M (UA), Varta-Universal-M (UA), Varta-Universal-M (AZ), Varta-Universal-M (MD), Varta-Sekyur (UA), Lyuks (UA), Skat (KZ), Skat (LV), Skat (EE), Sprut-777 (KZ), Sprit-777 (LT), Sprut-777 (EE), Sprut-777M (LV), Sprut-777M (LT), Sprut-M4 (KZ), Sprut-Universal (KZ), Universal-1 (KZ), Universal-1M (KZ), Kapkan (UA), HUMO-1 (UZ), Bakuvvat (UZ), Nuker-Garant (KZ), Nord-Garant (KZ), Blok-Garant-M, Blok-Garant (BY), Blok-Garant (LT), Komplekss-U (LV), PNV (LV). In this category of seals, most widespread on the Russian railways are Varta-Universal M (Vinnitsatranspribor, Ukraine) and Komplekss-U (Dalko, Latvia). Varta-Universal M (Ill. 3.35) is classified as a universal seal and used to seal covered wagons, tanks, hopper cars, and containers with sealing holes having a diameter of not less than 6 mm. Structurally, the LSD consists of a body (1) with a locking mechanism (a spring-loaded separator with three balls), seal washer (2), and cable (3).

1

2

3

a b Ill. 3.35. Appearance (a) and schematic of the LM (b) of Varta-Universal M

Komplekss-U (Ill. 3.36) is designed for locking and sealing covered refrigerator cars, cars used to transport vehicles, tanks, containers of all types, and other objects 60

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

with a diameter of holes in the sealing nodes of not less than 6 mm. Structurally, the LSD has a body (1) and a cable with a pressed tip (2) rigidly fixed on a plate (3). 1 3

2

a b Ill. 3.36. Appearance (a) and schematic of the LM (b) of Komplekss-U

SeCUrItY DeSIgN aND teChNOLOgICaL FeatUreS Studies by the working groups of experts from Russian Railways and “STRAZH” Co. on the impact of SD design parameters on their performance characteristics resulted in significant progress in ensuring that the quality of the LSDs supplied to Russian railways complies with the indicators established in the “General Requirements for Mechanical Security Seals for Sealing Train Cars and Containers of the Russian Federation”. The experts worked in several most important areas. The studies have found that the resistance of LSDs to external climatic influences, typical of the moderately cold climate in most of the Russian Federation and CIS countries (UHL 1 according to GOST 15150-69) may be provided by combined protection of the body with galvanic and lacquer coatings (Ill. 3.37). The results of studies on climate stability of LSDs were confirmed by conclusions at scientific (ARIAM) and educational (MISA) institutions that comply with the standards of the “Unified System of Protection from Corrosion and Aging”: GOST 9.301-86, GOST 9.303-84, and GOST 9.032-74.

Ill. 3.37. Body of Sprut-777 with combined galvanic and lacquer coatings

Statistical data from investigations of the unsafe freight rail transportation cases, cited by law enforcement agencies, show the feasibility of counterfeiting the control marking on LSDs produced using laser engraving by most manufacturers. The studies have shown that the markings applied using a special secure font by a combination of laser and percussive methods. Here, the laser is used to apply the name of the LSD, trademark of the manufacturer and other permanent informa61

MECHANICAL SEALS

tion. A high-speed percussive method is used to apply the individual control number and freight forwarder code used to identify the LSD. The introduction on September 1, 2005 by the decision of the Department of Commercial Cargo Business of Russian Railways of the method of percussive application of markings to LSDs significantly enhanced the security features of LSDs used in rail transport and created conditions for the use of existing techniques of forensic investigation to determine the authenticity of LSDs and forgery detection. The technological process of high-speed percussive marking was first used in the serial production of Sprut-777, Klesch-60SC and Scat for applying variable information. This marking technology allows saving the previously approved font type and size, and does not affect the structural and operational characteristics of the LSD. Moreover, it is possible to recover the marking after its visible destruction. The recovery of markings is only possible in those cases when their application makes changes to any physical and mechanical or other properties of the material: residual stress (strain) of the crystal structure, solubility, residual magnetization, density, conductivity, etc. It is important to note that for a successful recovery of markings on the products of these changes should be seen in the structure of the material (not only in the uppermost layer directly near the signs, but also in the lower layers, ie, in fibers remaining on the product after removal of the top layer of material with the markings). The underlying layers thus have the information needed to restore the markings, as changing the material’s structure preserves the covert images of the markings. The analysis of test results on the resistance of SD protective properties shows that the markings applied percussively (Ill. 3.38) allow a high degree of certainty to repair damaged or completely destroyed original marking even when removing the metal layer to a depth of 0.6 mm.

Ill. 3.38. Pneumopercussion markings on Skat recovered after removal of the surface layer of the metal body to a depth of 0.6 mm

The results of the research and study of forensic practices became a basis for the decision by the technical committee of the Department of commercial cargo business of Russian Railways on the transition of the railways of the Russian Federation on September 1, 2005, to a new quality of products. LSDs mandatorily required a lacquer coating and control markings produced by percussion. This decision is a significant result of the joint work by LSD manufacturers and Russian Railways and significantly improved the quality of LSDs authorized for use on the railways of the Russian Federation. 62

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

However, the control technology for LSDs at commercial inspection locations (CIL) and destination stations in force until recently did not allow the acceptance and delivery agents to quickly identify counterfeit LSDs, which complicated and delayed the investigation of unsafe transportation cases. Studies have shown that further enhancing the protection of the LSD can be achieved in quite simple and reliable way – through the introduction of the coating additives containing luminophores. Luminophores are widely used in the banking industry to protect banknotes and securities, as well as to protect the authored products (CDs, etc.) from illegal replication. Under the influence of a special source of artificial UV light, luminophores emit light in a specific wavelength range of the visible spectrum, giving the painted surface of the seal an additional photoluminescent glow. This glow has a different color from the basic color tone of the painted surface of the product that allows visually determining the authenticity of the LSD and identify unauthorized access. Also, and this is important, physical and chemical properties of inorganic and organic luminophores are not changed during the application of the combined coating (if consistent with the processing method), as well as operating under a moderately cold climate (Ill. 3.39).

Ill. 3.39. View TAL combined coatings containing phosphor

The color of luminescence depends on the wavelength of the external excitation source and chemical composition of the luminophore used. “STRAZH” Co. uses a special composition glowing in different colors (blue, turquoise, yellow, green, orange) under an external UV excitation source with a wavelength of 365 nm. There are options for the full protection of the whole body of the seal or a partial protection for the markings and point of access to the locking mechanism, as well as choosing a luminescence color individually for each type of the LSD (Ill. 3.40).

Ill. 3.40. Luminescence of the coating of Klesch-60SC and Sprut-777 under UV light

The production of luminophores with constant spectral characteristics is a complex technical task possible to be solved by employees highly skilled in this field at specialized production facilities equipped with unique physical and chemical equipment. This virtually eliminates the possibility of unauthorized reproduction. 63

MECHANICAL SEALS

The main parameters of the luminescent material, such as shape of the spectrum, wavelength of the spectral peak, chromaticity coordinates, precise indication of the color tone, and duration of the afterglow of radiation may be quantified using high-precision laboratory instrumental methods. Authenticity of LSDs protected by luminophores can be visually detected by the acceptance and delivery agent directly at the car through using a portable UV irradiation source on the former. Excitation sources are constructively made in the form of lamps, laser and light-emitting diodes that have a portable version (Ill. 3.41). The presence of luminescence shows authenticity of the seal and absence of light means forgery or criminal action taken on the seal.

a b c Ill. 3.41. Sources of UV light : a – lamp, b – LED emitter, c – laser emitter

The method of protecting LSDs and indicative seals with luminophors was patented and perfected in pilot production and operation under real conditions at the customer’s objects. At the meeting of the working committee of the CM Russian Railroads, the application of luminophores in LSDs supplied to the railways received a positive assessment and approval. On February 1, 2006 “STRAZH” Co. started mass producing and supplying customers with LSDs with a special protective coating containing luminophores. The most important structural parameters of the LSD indirectly affecting the safety of rail transportation is the size of designed and technological clearances between the body and the locking element (Ill. 3.42). These are defined by tolerances specified in the engineering documentation (ED). Increasing the clearance by a millimeter contributes to a sharp decrease in the stability of the LSD to criminal impact and as a consequence increased number of unsafe transportation cases. This deficiency in varying degrees happens in all both currently used and newly implemented LSDs. According to the documentation for the specific types of LSDs used on railways, such a gap can reach the size from 0.24 to 1.5 mm. In large-scale production, LSDs have clearances ranging between 0.4 to 2.0 mm.

64

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS Cable diameter according to GOST – +6/ -1% of the nominal diameter Inlet opening diameter for mass production according to H12 – +0.12 mm

d min – minimum diameter of the cable D max – maximum diameter of the opening Z – C  learance appearing as a result of the addition (subtraction) of tolerances in mass production

Ill. 3.42. Formation scheme of the technological clearance between the body and the locking element of the LSD and a real-life clearance on the production model

The presence of large clearances allows impact on locking mechanism by various manipulators (probes, split pipes, wire, plates) with a thickness of 0.15-0.20 mm, as well as chemical and cryogenic methods. Long-term practice of using LSDs on railways confirms this conclusion. However, this parameter is not subject to standards or tested by the manufacturers when approval of finished products for compliance with CD. This does not provide full compliance with the requirements for resistance to criminal opening established by GOST R 51913-2002 (6.3) and the  General Requirements. It becomes quite a paradoxical situation: LSDs commercially available that comply with the  CD and specifications do not comply with section 3 of the “Safety Requirements”, General Requirements approved by the Ministry of Railways. Calculations, design works, and laboratory tests of various LSD models carried out by experts at “STRAZH” Co. involving forensic practitioners of the Ministry of the Interior led to several important conclusions and proposals aimed at improving the design parameters and performance characteristics of LSDs. The first is that mass production techniques currently used without significant capital investments and radical modernization of LSD designs does not provide the optimal amount of clearance and protection for LSDs from opening. The second is that simply minimizing clearances in locking mechanisms does not exclude or preclude the possibility of tampering using non-destructive instrumental or cryogenic methods. The third is that to solve problems of improving LSD reliability, it is necessary to use fundamentally new technical solutions, further protecting the  locking mechanism from external impact to open the LSD.

65

MECHANICAL SEALS

Finally, depending on the technical features specific to particular types of LSDs, their design must include one or a combination of different structural and technical methods to protect the locking mechanism as a way of increasing resistance to criminal influences. Such methods of protection have been found and are embodied in the form of several models belonging to a subgroup with the highest resistance to opening. The technical solutions implemented in this subgroup are protected by several patents of the Russian Federation. Among these models, the highest rates of resistance to opening of all the methods known to expert practice belong to Sprut-777M (Ill. 3.43). It utilizes a combined locking mechanism (stopping and wrenching), providing almost absolute guarantee against opening by manipulations and re-installing without visible traces. When any impact occurs, the working fragment of the screw (1) forms breaks and dynamic traces of individual filaments on the surface of the cable that allows confidently diagnosing that the device was opened and re-installed.

1

a

b Ill. 3.43. Locking mechanism of Sprut-777M and traces formed on the cable during the installation (a) and after opening (b)

Changing some elements of the LM and adding new elements also allowed to bring Sprut-777 to a new level of stability to criminal opening. To manufacture the balls fixing the cable, a technology was used that allows creating a programmable degree of roughness (corrugation) of the surface (Ill. 3.44). This change led to the fact that when the cable is retrieved from the closed device, a group of clearly visible traces is formed on the latter as longitudinal indentations produced by the balls.

Ill. 3.44. Appearance of the fixing ball and marks it leaves on the cable (marked by an arrow) when extracted from the body of Sprut-777 66

Chapter 3. SEALING DEVICE DESIGNS

The second constructive innovation that eliminates the possibility of impacting the LM through the inlet opening is an accessory curly washer (1) added to the design. The washer has a profile opening of virtually the same contours that the female element (cable) has, is rotatable within the body, and reduces the technological clearance typical for earlier models by several times (Ill. 3.45).

a b c Ill. 3.45. LM (a), curly washer (b), and its location on the cable (c) in Sprut-777

A significant increase in the resistance of the LSD to tampering is achieved using other design solutions. For example, Skat -Universal has the original scheme that is used to form a double loop of the female element. The first loop formed by the cable similar to the conventional devices when the seal is installed. The loop is tightened to a minimum size, and the cable is then reintroduced into the body and tightened so that it is recessed into a special groove in the body. In this case, there is no protruding portion of the second loop, which completely prevents pulling the cable out of the device (Ill. 3.46).

a b Ill. 3.46. Body of Skat-Universal with the sealing diagram (a) and a schematic of the locking mechanism (b)

Currently, production volumes and usage of different types of LSDs are continuously growing, new types of seals are being developed expanding the range of objects subject to mandatory sealing. Modern production technologies and sometimes even relatively simple modifications of the design lead to a significant improvement in the performance of seals. High resistance to opening makes modern LSDs essential for safety in any field. However, despite that Russia created an entire industry for sealing devices, not all manufacturers of seals give due attention to their improvement. The security seal market is mainly determined by consumer demand from commercial structures, which often are attracted not to the reliability of the seals, but to their price. The market sector represented by the state and commercial customers interested in high reliability of seals still remains relatively small. 67

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Chapter 4 RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES Procedures for installing and removing sealing devices Sealing is the process of installing a sealing device on the regular locking mechanism of the object that indicates unauthorized access and prevents penetration, accounting and control of the seal’s condition. Objects subject to sealing are classified and characterized considering: - Industry to which the  sealed object belongs: transportation (rail, road, air, sea, river, pipeline); oil and gas facilities; energetics; communications; banking; mining complexes; metallurgy; metalworking; chemistry; electronics; medicine; education; trade; service; utilities and sustenance systems; ecology; fiscal (FCS) and control and monitoring bodies (Rostekhnadzor, Energy Commission, fire, sanitary and transport emergency agencies); control of explosives, weapons and drugs; Border and Migration Service, etc.; - Purpose of the  object: train cars, automobiles, holds, decks, containers, tanks, reservoirs, buildings, structures, premises, storage facilities, safes, containers, packaging, machines, devices, equipment, control systems, measurement and control tools, radiation monitors, scales, cash registers, computers and communications equipment, etc. (see notation in Appendix 3); - Criteria for technology-related, terrorist and criminal risks, predicted damage; operating conditions in terms of the impact of environmental factors (climatic, mechanical, electromagnetic, ionizing radiation, reactive materials, etc.); - Access to the sealed object by personnel and unauthorized persons, duration of sealing, frequency, methods and control of sealing; - Availability and performance of security systems at the object. Sealing of objects is carried out in order to: - Indicate criminal tampering with and access to the protected object. - Authorized or criminal opening of the  SD leads to its destruction easily determined visually. The SD is therefore a simple and yet reliable indicator of external impact on the object. Electronic and optical SDs additionally provide remote signaling when the object is accessed. - Register the  traces of criminal actions. Any criminal intervention leaves stable traces perceived by specialized elements. These traces on the SD allow with high confidence detecting the  fact of criminal penetration and tools used by the  criminals. Therefore, the SD is a “witness” and is considered by law enforcement and judicial authorities as important evidence of criminal activities.

68

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- Provide unique identification for: cargo; objects; various processes and procedures performed on them or with them (for example, customs checks, audits by tax authorities; adjusting the controls of the object; verification of measuring instruments; implementation of state technical supervision, monitoring the  technical condition of the object, etc.); parties involved in the sealing process responsible for the operation of the object and its safety. After all, each SD is a universal impersonal identifier manufactured using modern security and anti-counterfeiting technologies. The individual control markings on the SD applied in the production environment allows the use of the seal as a means of control, accounting and logistics. - Provide personification and separation of responsibility and liability between the entities responsible for the safety and condition of the object. - Provide protection from the damaging (vandalic) penetration by breaking in. Barrier SDs can resist significant destructive forces (more than 2 tf) and blows (more than 200 J). Barrier SDs serve as a very strong single lock protecting the  property from vandalism and criminal attacks by obstructing the penetration of the object. - Provide data compatibility and adaptation to intelligent security systems and information networks serving security facilities and logistics centers. The SD is an element in the  information supply chain. The  barcode on the  SD simplifies accounting and logistics operations. The use of microchips in SDs provides remote information exchange between the seal and security control center and allows receiving, processing and transmitting real-time objective information about the SD and object. - Reducing the  number and frequency of inspections (counting errors, measurements) of the object to simplify the inspection and inventory procedures associated with the control objects. The  sealing of facilities must be performed by the  parties involved in the  sealing process: - Owner of the object (cargo) or an authorized representative; - Organizations (parties) providing security and protection for the facilities; - Shipper (receiver) for all types of freight; - Forwarder providing cargo transportation services under a contract of transport expedition to the shipper or receiver; - Customs after inspection of cargo at customs terminals; - Authorized enforcement agencies (governing borders, immigration, public health, environment, energetics, trade, etc.); - Russian Transport Inspection after inspection of the goods at control points; - Organizations (parties) engaged in installation, construction, repair and maintenance works at facilities, conducting debugging, acceptance and adjustment of machines, components, equipment, instruments, verification, and calibration of measuring instruments. At all stages of the sealing process, sealing agents provide for management, integrity and security of SDs. All cases of theft, damage, tampering, and breaking SDs are investigated and taken into account in the prescribed manner.

69

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In order to implement the functions of sealing the sealing party appoints responsible persons who have the necessary knowledge and skills in the field of sealing, including knowledge of: - Provisions of the rules and requirements of GOST 31281-2004, GOST 3128322004, GOST 31283-2004, GOST 52326-2005, GOST 52525-2006, GOST 527342007, GOST 53418-2009, GOST R 53424-2009; - Procedure for managing SDs; - Organization of storing and dispensing SDs; - Monitoring the technical condition of the SD in operation; - Locations, schemes, methods of installation, removal and disposal of the used SDs. The sealed object must be provided with parts, components and structural elements (hereinafter – sealing nodes) for the installation of SDs in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory documents. Sealing nodes should: - Eliminate access to the object without removing (“bypassing”) the SD. - Remain durable, not break down and or be deformed under operating loads, d­uring the installation and removal of the SD, not transfer additional loads onto the SD, not create stress concentrators in the mechanism of the SD. - Not damage the SD during the installation, removal and maintenance. Sealing nodes adjacent to the SD should not have sharp edges, burrs and other disorders that may damage the  seal. Surfaces intended for the  installation of indicative seals and stickers shall be cleaned of grease and chemicals. - Withstand the impact of climatic and environmental factors and special factors (chemically active substances, electromagnetic fields, and ionizing radiation, etc.) associated with the specificity of the object (cargo). - Provide ease of installation, management, and removal of the  SD, not block the control information contained by it. Depending on the purpose and structure of the object its security category, sealing nodes scan be implemented in various types. The most common of these are: - Openings in the body and the part blocking access (door, hatch, cover, cap, sash, panel curtain, etc.) or connecting fasteners (screws, nuts). The dimensions of the ope­ nings in the sealing nodes designed for mounting seals must be greater than the maximum size of the blocking element of the seal (bolt, cable, wire, tape, etc.) in order to provide a smooth installation for the SD without jamming. - Staples and lugs with holes of different shapes additionally installed on the locking node of the object or its connected parts. - Regular elements of the locking node of the object (latch hooks on train cars; pins and blinds covering the  keyhole; latch locks and deadbolts, latches, zipper sliders, hinges on the bags; grooves in soft packages and containers made of plastic). The process of sealing an object is paired with the following mandatory measures: - Registration and storage of the SDs received; - Technical inspection of the condition of SDs before installing them on the object; 70

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- Installation of SDs at the facility; - Managing the SDs installed on the object; - Controlling the condition, authenticity and integrity of the SDs in the facility; - Removal of the SDs from the object, their utilization and management in the accounting systems. Objects are sealed with SDs corresponding to regulatory requirements for specific types of SDs developed in accordance with the standards of the “Sealing Devices” by GOST 31281-2004, GOST 31283-2004, GOST R 52734-2007, and GOST R 53424-2009. For sealing objects, SDs are not allowed for use that: a) do not provide sufficient protection against tampering, forgery, and recording traces of unauthorized access; do not have individual unique identification mark set by the standards for SDs. For example: wheels, tubes, cups, petals made according to GOST 18677-18670-73 “Sealing Parts” may be used as a crimp seals only if the requirements are met by the presence of a unique individual identification mark; b) containing hazardous substances (lead, mercury, etc.) covered by RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC, GOST 12.1.005-88 and other documents in the  field of environment and health protection. For example, these are lead seals. Operating rules for SDs define processes and installation schemes for SDs on specific objects, methods for their removal, input control methods to monitor SDs in service. In accordance with applicable laws, the rules contain procedures for conducting examinations of SDs tampered with during the operation or having signs of forgery and opening. Russian Railways, as the main freight carrier in the country, controlling more than 80% of the goods transported, issued Order №2423r of December 25, 2007 “On Approval of the List of Types of Locking and Sealing Devices Used for the Sealing of Wagons and Containers for Cargo Transportation by Russian Railways”. This order establishes procedures for monitoring compliance with the requirements for the use of the proposed types of LSDs installed in rail transport, which served as a significant barrier to the use of low-quality and counterfeit products. The list which includes 14 LSD models and rules for sealing and removal of seals is governed in accordance with Article 28 FZ of the “Charter of the Railway Transport of the Russian Federation” and “Rules for Sealing of Wagons and Containers for Rail Transport”, approved by Order № 24 of the Russian Ministry of Transportation on June 17, 2003. In accordance with Article 28 of the “Charter of the Railway Transport of the Russian Federation”, loaded wagons and containers should be sealed with security seals. Installation of LSDs is carried out on serviceable locking devices of cars and containers. Sealing of wagons and containers must follow these rules in order to retain the smooth visual reading of information printed on the LSD. 71

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Locking and sealing devices must have the following markings: - Abbreviated name of the carrier; - Individual control seven-digit number; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture of the LSD; - Name of the LSD (see Appendix 4). Also, in accordance with Order № 785r of Russian Railways dated 03.05.2007, end‑to-end management of LSDs in the  accounting software systems of Russian Railways providing for the transportation process, and automated software complex of the RR uniform consolidating center for management, storage, and disposal of LSDs (hereinafter – UCC) is carried out using the identification data on the LSD. This data corresponds to the markings on the LSD, and includes the following characters: abbreviated name of the carrier – Russian Railways, individual seven-digit number and one alphabetic character of the Russian alphabet indicating the range of indivi­ dual control characters selected by the UCC for this particular manufacturer of LSDs. The types of LSDs used and procedures for their management, registration, storage, and disposal are set by Russian Railways: 1. All-purpose boxcars, specialized insulated wagons (refrigerators and insulated cars), covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizers, cement, covered wagons for transportation of cars – TETRON, Blok-Garant M, Ohra 1, Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, TA 2800-02, TP 50. 2. All-purpose tanks – TETRON, Blok-Garant M, Ohra 1, Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, TA 2800-02, TA 50; 3. All-purpose tanks with winged lids – Lavr-Garant-2M-8, Sprut-Universal-8; 4. All-purpose and specialized containers – TETRON, Block-Garant M, Ohra 1, Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, TA 2800-02, TP 50. 5. All-purpose containers – Klesch-60 SC, LaVRiK, TA 1200-01; 6. Specialized tanks for liquefied gases, acids, and other chemicals – Gaz-Garant, Skat, TA 350-01. 7. Loaded all-purpose covered and specialized cars and tanks; containers with cargo to be transported in accordance with the Rules of sealing of wagons and containers on rail without LSDs; empty wagons and containers after unloading cargo in cases determined by the relevant rules for transportation of goods by rail – Zakrutka, TA 40, Zakrutka-Fal. Sealing of objects depending on the design of the locking nodes, as well as type of the LSD is provided by various schemes and methods shown in detail in Appendix 5. Typical schemes and ways of sealing in cargo traffic are presented in Table 4.1. The  reliability of sealing is achieved with mechanical cable LSDs when tightening a loop of the smallest possible size, or the body of the seal must be pulled up close to the node. The second important factor is the serviceability of the sealing node. These components of the sealing process are crucial in ensuring the safety of the transported cargo and will be discussed in detail in Chapter 6. 72

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

Table 4.1

SCheMeS aND MethODS OF SeaLINg IN CargO traNSpOrtatION

Sealing cars with an all-purpose cable LSD such as Sprut

Sealing cars for transportation of valuable cargo with a high-reliability cable LSD with a combined LM such as Sprut-777M

Sealing containers with a bolt LSD such as Klesch

Sealing specialized cicsterns for liquefied gases, acids, alkalis, reactive substances with an LSD such as Skat

Locking empty wagons, wagons and platforms during transportation of bulk and low value goods with LSDs such as Zakrutka

Sealing hopper cards with all-purpose LSDs such as Sprut

73

MECHANICAL SEALS

Sealing containers for transportation of chemicals, liquids and powders with LSDs such as Scat-Universal

Locking lower flaps of the hatch of a gondola car with an LSD such as Zarkutka-Universal

Removal of sealing devices is one of the important components of the sealing system. The removal process is strictly regulated by relevant rules and regulations, in particular, to remove an LSD, railways apply only tested clamp pliers, scissors, bolt cutters, and cable cutters. Strazh pliers (Ill. 4.1) are designed to remove LSDs such as Sprut-Universal, Sprut-777, Sprut-777M from various types of locking nodes of wagons, containers, vans, warehouses, storage facilities, etc.

ll. 4.1. Strazh pliers

Strazh pliers have undergone a full range of tests and taken into operation in units of railways involving receiving and shipping of goods. They differ from the known analogues with the applied material of cutting blades and a unique manufacturing technology, which can significantly increase their lifetime. The maximum diameter of the bars to be cut: without surface hardening – 12 mm, with surface hardening (HRC 40 ... 45) – 8 mm. Tros-3 cable cutter (Ill. 4.2) are designed to remove LSDs such as Scat, Cobra 1.0 and Strazh-2.C from the locking nodes of different types of cars, containers, vans, warehouses, storage facilities as well as cutting steel wirer with diameters of up to 3.4 mm.

Ill. 4.2. Tros-3 cable cutter

Tros-3 is easy to use, with its small size and weight allowing the owner to cut tightened ropes in LSDs with minor effort on the handlebars and using knives made of special tool steel, and can withstand a large volume of cutting. (The greatest force on the handles – 260N (26kgf.) 74

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

Certificate of Compliance № ROSS.RU.MI02.N01626 dated 20.06.2004. Tros-5 cable cutters (Ill. 4.3, 4.4) is used to remove LSDs such as Sprut-Universal, Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, Straz-4.C, Strazh-5.C, locking devices such as Zakrutka from the locking nodes of various types of wagons, containers, vans, warehouses, storage facilities as well as cutting steel wire with diameters of up to 5 mm.

Ill. 4.3. Tros-5 cable cutter

Ill. 4.4. Methods of removing Sprut-777, Sprut-777M

Tros-5 is easy to use, with its small size and weight allowing the owner to cut tightened ropes in LSDs with minor effort on the handlebars and using knives made of special tool steel, and can withstand a large volume of cutting. The greatest force on the handles – 100N (10 kgf.) Utility Model Certificate №17462 dated 10.04.2001; Patent № 2196028 dated 10.01.2003; Certificate of Compliance №ROSS.RU.MI02.N01627 dated 20.06.2004. Bolt cutters are designed to remove bolt LSDs from the locking nodes of railcars, containers, vans, warehouses, storage facilities as well as for cutting metal bolts, wire and metal reinforcement (Ill. 4.5).

Ill. 4.5. Using bolt cutters to remove bolt LSDs

Bolt cutters have a reliable construction with a double-lever mechanism. High quality material of the cutting blades coupled with their heat treatment allow cutting unhardened steel bolts with a diameter up to 13 mm, and with surface hardening (35 HRC) of 75

MECHANICAL SEALS

up to 8 mm. The material and special coating of the bolt cutter blades eliminate sparks or particles of the decaying element to prevent fire or explosion when working in hazardous conditions. A special design also allows eliminating the risk of crushing hands.

Controlling sealing devices in use Procedures for monitoring the status of sealing devices during operation is determined by GOST R 53418-2009. The standard is applied during inspections of SDs in operation, as well as in laboratory tests, acceptance tests, and certification tests. During the operation, SDs are subjected to the following types of inspections: - Incoming; - Operational; - Expert. Incoming inspections are carried out with the purpose of receiving and registering SDs, determine the suitability for their intended purpose, and their conformity with the technical documentation. Operational inspections are carried out to determine the correct installation, serviceability, and integrity of the SD, the possibility of its further operation at the object, detection and registering the visible traces of unauthorized actions. Expert inspections are carried out in order to: - Authenticate SDs; - Validate the properties of the SD set in the technical documentation; - Identify, describe, and register traces of tampering; - Determine if opening and re-installation of the SD took place. Expert inspections are performed in the following cases: - Signs of opening of the SD were found; - Unauthorized access to the object was detected; - A detailed study of the revealed irregularities during the incoming and operational inspections; - Inquiries from consumers and regulatory bodies, as well as cases determined by the current legislation.

Procedures for operational inspections Operational inspections are carried out directly at the object where the SD is installed in accordance with GOST 15150. The  inspection is performed visually and using instruments. During operational inspections, the following is checked: - Compliance of the SD type with the records; - Compliance of the identification markings with the records; - Correct installation of the SD on the object ; - Integrity of the SD; - Presence or absence of any indication that unauthorized access and forgery took place; - Balance of SDs according to the accounting documents. 76

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

The  compliance of the  SD type with the  records is check by comparing the  SD with the available technical documentation or an approved sample. At the same time, the design of the SD, color and texture of the coating and markings, and dimensions of the SD are inspected. The markings are verified by reading the identification numbers (control characters) on the SD and comparing them with the technical documentation. The correct installation of the SD is checked visually comparing it to the installation scheme defined by the manufacturer in the technical documentation for the SD. The integrity of the SD is checked by: - Visually checking for the presence of ruptures and cracks; - Trying to manually shift the body in a direction opposite to the closing; - Manually checking the presence/absence of clearances present in the design.

Typical signs of illegal access: - Presence of body and coating deformations similar to those left by the clamping devices; - Presence of foreign matter in the joints of SD components (cable, sleeves, caps, and lids in the body); - Changes in the color and texture of the coating; - Change in the state of the plastic parts; - Loss of two or more strands of the cable, unwound strands; - Absence of or smudged individual elements of the  markings; irregularities in the marking; symbols and font configuration different from the specimen; double and curved lines in the markings. Authenticity of the SD, or the absence/presence of signs of forgery, is checked by visual assessment and external device control of hidden security features described in the technical documentation. The  manufacturer is required to indicate in the  specifications for the  product the protective properties of the SD in accordance with GOST 31282-2004 (Section 4.5), compile a list of controlled identification features and protective characteristics against replacement and counterfeiting, as well as methods of controlling them. The controlled identification features and protective characteristics against replacement and counterfeiting should be grouped by type of control: - Visual; - Instrumental; - Special methods of control. Within each group, the controlled features and protective properties are subdivided into types: - Structural; - Technological; - Chemical; - Physical. 77

MECHANICAL SEALS

Visually controlled features and characteristics must be described in the passports for the SD, instructions for use (sealing), in advertising and other free-access documentation provided to the consumer. Features and protective characteristic controlled using instruments as well as nonstandardized methods of control typical for this type of SDs are provided by the manu­ facturer at the request of customers and other stakeholders in order to: - Make decisions on the introduction and application of new types of SDs based on departmental acceptance tests; - Choose a particular type of SDs from the variety offered by various manufacturers based on departmental comparative tests of different groups of SDs; - Restrict the  use or decommission potentially insecure types of SDs based on the incoming inspections by the consumer; - Certify SDs or confirm the declaration of conformity by the manufacturer; - Verify the authenticity of SDs in service, as well as to investigate cases of tampe­ ring related to forgery. Features and protective characteristics controlled using special methods, as well as the methods themselves are provided by the manufacturer at the request of the competent organizations: - Law enforcement and consumer safety services to investigate cases of tampering related to forgery; - Certification bodies and testing laboratories competent to certify SDs or to confirm the declaration of conformity by the manufacturer. A generalized list of controlled features and security characteristics against counterfeiting and replacement is shown in Table 4.2.

General list of sd controlled features and security

Table 4.2

characteristics against counterfeiting and replacement Name of the security features and characteristics Unique appearance of this type of SDs Overall and mounting dimensions Protective coating on the outer surfaces Markings indicating SD type Individual control markings Protective optical UV and IR tags Type of the locking mechanism Basic shaping technology Hidden duplicates of the control markings Hidden structural security elements (keys) Special materials and purchased components

Depending on the SD type, production technology, and the desired security levels, the design may include other protective features and characteristics. For example, to protect locking and sealing devices used by Russian Railways to seal cars and con­ tainers against counterfeiting, in 2009, at the suggestion of the Russian MI Depart78

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

ment of Transportation Security, Russian Railways commissioned ZAO OCV to develop a technology to apply additional visual protection to LSDs. This technology was developed, and put into use by Russian Railways Order №1451r dated July 5, 2010. The technology involves applying a protective label with two areas to the body of the SD (Ills. 4.6, 4.7). The first contains the name of the carrier, inscription “UCC” and alphanumeric number unique to each label. The second, control are, contains the inscription “ZPU KONTROL” (“LSD CONTROL”) and a latent (invisible ) image applied to a special polymer substrate that is not visible to the naked eye. The latent image is verified using a special polarizing filter (film polaroid).

Ill. 4.6. Security label

Ill. 4.7. An LSD with a security label

The manufacturing technology of security labels excludes their duplication, copying, and counterfeiting. In order to strengthen the control and automation of technological operations during the SD lifetime, it was decided to move to using new types of protective labels with an applied QR code (Ill. 4.8).

Ill. 4.8. A security label with a QR code

MethODS OF CONtrOL DUrINg OperatION The unique appearance of the SD corresponding to this type of SDs is controlled by comparison with the approved specimen, dimensional drawings, descriptions, and photographed appearance provided by the manufacturer. When controlling the dimensions, body dimensions, diameter and length of the flexible bolt (cable), diameter of the holes in the body are checked. When inspecting the protective coating of the exterior surfaces, the color, texture (shiny, matte, sharkskin) are visually controlled. The markings indicating the SD type (permanent markings) is visually checked for compliance with an approved sample or description. At the same time, the com79

MECHANICAL SEALS

position and content of the markings, and technological method of application are checked. The placement coordinates of the markings on the body and dimensions of the primary elements are controlled instrumentally. The  individual control markings (variable markings) are checked for compliance with an approved sample or description. Here, the headset (writing style) and content of the  markings, and technological method of application are checked. The  placement coordinates of markings on the body and dimensions of the symbols, distance between the  symbols, size of the  basic elements (dots, lines), pitch, and depth are controlled instrumentally. Protective optical UV and IR tags are visually checked under UV or IR light with the excitation wave length corresponding to the type of the luminophore. At the same time, the glow color, placement and size of the tag area, and uniformity of the glow are checked.

Management, control, and disposal of sealing devices The  specificity of locking and sealing devices reflecting their legal status (“dividing the measure of responsibility and liability (GOST 31282-2004)”), a special role and place of the seals in the security systems determine the need to set up and conduct strict management of SDs by all stakeholders. This includes all stages of their life cycle, including design, manufacturing, distribution, use, removal, and disposal. The requirements for the management of sealing devices, procedures and rules are set by GOST R 52326-2005 “Sealing Devices. Management, Control, and Disposal.” Failing to follow these requirements leads to negative consequences. For example, increasing the amount of LSDs needed for sealing of cars and containers, and supplying LSDs to shippers through numerous intermediaries spawned shady schemes for their implementation and counterfeit and poor-quality products. There have been cases when LSDs with duplicated serial numbers were used, as well as unregistered runs of doubles sold for cash. This led to a sharp increase in the cases of unsafe transportation. The LSDs removed from cars and left on the road are used by criminals for making duplicates of them to commit cargo theft. Procedures for the  management, control, and disposal of SDs are developed according to the requirements of GOST R 52326-2005 and include: - Requirements for the structure and contents of the inventory database; - Formats and procedures for the transfer of accounting information; - Procedures for de-registration and disposal of the used SDs; - Forms of control and responsibility for SD management. SD management systems should provide: - Efficiency of SD management and record updates; - Completeness and accuracy of data for SD identification; - Efficiency of searching and retrieval of data on SDs according to certain criteria (details); - Information about the safety of SDs within the defined period; - Confidentiality and preventing unauthorized access to information about the SD. 80

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

Management of SDs is carried out at all stages of the  life cycle from production to disposal and de-registration. The storage term of SD management information is 5 years. Participants in the management system are manufacturers, suppliers, and consumers (enterprises, organizations, industries). Each of the  participants of this system manages SDs on their own. The  procedures for managing, accessing information, and updating are defined in the normative documents (charters, rules, instructions, etc.), adopted by the participant. The basic data (details) for SD management includes: - Type (model name); - Control marking (number); - Manufacturer (supplier); - Date (year) of manufacture; - Object (location) where the SD is used; - Date of installation. Depending on the nature and volume of the problems to be solved by the SD ma­ nagement system, the managing organization may use other additional data needed to perform their functions. SDs removed from the object or deemed not complying with the technical documentation by acceptance tests by the manufacturer, SDs that have become unusable during the operation (transportation, storage, use) are subject to de-registration and disposal. Information about SDs subject to de-registration and disposal includes the  name of organization or body collecting SDs to be sent to disposal, SD number, date of removal, manufacturer’s name, position of the employe disposing of the SD, and other user-defined data. SD users are in charge of de-registering SDs subject to disposal. De-registration means introducing information on cancellation of the individual SD control markings to the  management system to exclude the  possibility of their repeated use. The work on disposing of SDs is organized and conducted by the users or manufacturers of SDs. A positive example is the experience of Russian Railways in introducing a system of management, control and disposal of SDs. At the initiative of Russian Railways in cooperation with the Russian Ministry of the Interior, ZAO Otraslevoy Tsentr Vnedreniya Novoy Tehniki i Tehnologiy (ZAO OCV) and manufacturers of SDs designed and introduced a regulatory document entitled “Procedures for Management, Storage, and Disposal of Locking and Sealing Devices Used for Sealing Russian Railways Cars and Containers”. The  procedures were developed in accordance with the  provisions of the  Federal Law “Charter of the Railway Transport of the Russian Federation” and Rules of Railway Transportation, and as of today has been approved by Russian Railways Order № 1544r dated 01.08.2012. These procedures establish a system for the management, storage, and disposal of LSDs with individual control markings in accordance with rules for numbering lock81

MECHANICAL SEALS

ing and sealing devices used for the sealing of Russian Railways cars and containers approved by Russian Railways Order №785r dated May 3, 2007. The works on management, storage, and disposal of LSDs are carried out by the Russian Railways Uniform consolidating center for management, storage, and disposal of LSDs (hereinafter – UCC), operating according to the regulation approved by Russian Railways Decree № 184r dated February 12,2007. The  functions of the  UCC have been performed by ZAO OCV since 2007 and until now. The activities of the UCC are coordinated by the Department of commercial business at the Central Directorate of freight traffic control, a branch of Russian Railways (hereinafter – CDM), and Commercial cargo business service at the Regional directorates for freight traffic control, a structural unit of the Central Directorate for traffic control (hereinafter – Service).

UCC provides for: - Issuing sets of individual control markings to be placed on the SD by contracts with manufacturers, providing quality control and distribution management; - LSD management using an automated software system (hereinafter – ACS UCC) integrated with automated systems for management and security of the transportation process at Russian Railways; - Registration of LSDs; - Monitoring of LSD storage conditions; - De-registration and disposal of LSDs; - Setting up Regional accounting and recycling centers (hereinafter – RARC) on regional railways (Russian Railways branches) ensuring coordination between their activities and interactions. LSDs used for sealing cars and containers must be registered according to checks by RARC on the LSD types, their individual control markings, as well as other information provided by the  manufacturers, including information about the  official authorized LSD suppliers (hereinafter – suppliers), Russian Railways branches, and structural railway divisions (hereinafter – RR divisions), shippers (senders), names of the railway stations (hereinafter – stations) from which the sealed cars and containers were sent. Suppliers and RR divisions under contracts with LSD manufacturers inform RARC about the  names and individual control markings of the  LSDs supplied, receivers, shippers, stations from which the sealed cars and containers were sent. This information about the LSDs is immediately entered into ACS UCC for registration. Registering is confirmed by an extract from the  ACS UCC (hereinafter  – register), which contains information about the type, model, individual control markings, shipper and stations from which the  sealed cars and containers were sent (Ill. 4.9). The registry is issued to each shipper.

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Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

Ill. 4.9. Registered LSD registry

Transferring LSDs from one RR division to another or from one shipper (sender) to another is allowed within one railroad after their registration in the RARC. Reregistration is implemented by amending the registration information on the LSD in the ACS UCC. Re-registration is confirmed by the registry. Management information about the LSDs used for sealing cars and containers, as well as detection of violations of the procedures is carried out in the ACS UCC based on information from the automated control systems and Russian Railways shipping documentation (Ill. 4.10).

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MECHANICAL SEALS

Insurance Companies Shippers Manufacturers of LSDs

RUSSIAN RAILWAYS UNIFORM CONSOLIDATING CENTER FOR LSD MANAGEMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL (RR UCC)

MI General Administration for Transport SRT RF (security of railway transport of the Russian Federation)

CENTRAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVEL

Automated software system for LSD management and control (ACS USS)

REGIONAL ACCOUNTING AND RECYCLING CENTERS (RARC)

AUTHORIZED SHIPPERS

Branches of Insurance Companies Russian Railways Branches Branches of FSE “SRT of Russia” Line Internal Affairs Dept.

MANUFACTURERS OF LSDs Shippers

Structural railway divisions

Ill. 4.10. LSD management system at Russian Railways

Using LSDs not listed in the ACS UCC as well as expired or lost is not allowed for sealing cars and containers. In case of revealing a loss, damage or detecting damaged LSDs mounted on cars and containers, including during the transportation process, the name and individual control markings of the lost and damaged LSDs are immediately forwarded: - By the shippers, consignees, Russian Railways divisions to the station; - By the station to the Service and RARC; - By the Service and RARC to the CDM and UCC respectively. The de-registration of LSDs, or annulling the individual control markings, is performed by the ACS UCC using the information received on the operation of the LSD, as well as on lost, damaged. and expired LSDs. LSDs should be stored in boxes indoors equipped with special means of ensuring their safety. Russian Railways divisions keep record of LSDs in a special journal entitled “Reception and Issuance of LSDs”. The journal is shown in the Appendix to the current procedures. For shippers (senders), the procedure of keeping the journal comes as a recommendation. 84

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

Used, damaged, as well as expired LSDs are stored in locations designated by an authorized employee of the Russian Railways division, shipper (sender), consignee (recipient). Collection of used, damaged, expired LSDs to be disposed of, managing their names and individual control markings in the  ACS UCC is carried out by RARC under contracts. The disposal of LSDs is changing their condition to exclude the possibility of reusing and destroying the individual control markings. LSDs are not disposed of by the general procedure, but must still be de-registered in the following cases: - They were installed on cars and containers for international traffic, followed by their removal outside of the Russian Federation; - They were withdrawn by the law enforcement and other authorized bodies; - They were used by the shippers (senders) for purposes not related to the sealing of Russian Railways cars and containers, as well as in the case of lost LSDs. UCC provides for centralized quality inspections of all LSDs intended for sealing Russian Railways cars and containers. Incoming inspections are carried out by the RARC and help prevent the use of devices that have obvious defects and double numbering, not authorized for use, or with other abnormalities. The ACS UCC is integrated with the management systems of manufacturers and automated systems servicing the transportation process at Russian Railways (Ill. 4.11). Management Systems of Manufacturers Manufacturing Selling

Issuance of Individual Control Markings

ACS USS Registration

Usage Incoming inspection Registration Collection Disposal

ACS USS Computer Workstations in RARC

Installing LSDs on cars/containers

ACS providing for the  transportation process ACS of the main body

ACS at control points

ACS at the station

UACPS (Unified Automated Claim Processing System)

Electronic waybill

Ill. 4.11. Automated LSD management on the Russian railways

The UCC provides authorized access of all participants in the circulation of LSDs to the system via a dedicated web service (Ill. 4.12).

85

MECHANICAL SEALS

Ill. 4.12. A screenshot of the online access page to the ACS UCC

The ACS is a source of information about the life cycle of each LSD designed for sealing Russian Railways cars and containers (Ill. 4.13).

Ill. 4.13. Electronic document for managing the life cycle of LSDs contained in the ACS UCC

To date, the ACS UCC represents: - A client software package; - A database of current information about the  life cycle of more than 90 million LSDs; 86

Chapter 4. RULES FOR SEALING, MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, AND DISPOSAL OF SEALING DEVICES

- A system integrated with the transportation process information systems at Russian Railways and management systems of the LSD manufacturers; - A system of statistical and analytical reports on LSD management formed both promptly at the  request of Russian Railways divisions (manufacturers, consumers) and provided at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, yearly) to the organizations involved. UCC provides authorized access to the ACS UCC to the employees of the Russian Railways divisions (about 2000 accounts as of today) and other involved organizations through an online service. Regulatory and other information about the use of LSDs in the rail transport, as well as checking the legal status of LSDs, is available on the official site of the UCC (www.zpu-center.ru) (Ills. 4.14, 4.15).

Ill. 4.14. Screenshot overlooking the main page of the official website of JCC

87

MECHANICAL SEALS

Ill. 4.15. A screenshot of the main page of the “Checking the legal status of LSDs” service on the official website of the UCC

Checking the  legal status of LSDs (presence of due registration, restrictions on the use of LSDs (repeated use, defects, numbers of lost and stolen LSDs, etc.) is carried out by entering the individual control marking. In addition, Russian Railways and the Directorate of the Railway Transport Council of the CIS member states posted on the UCC website and keep up to date a list of locking and sealing devices used on the railways of the CIS, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Centralized LSD management and logical control of their legal status before use is an effective means of preventing unsafe transportation.

88

Chapter 5. QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIMINAL RESISTANCE FOR SEALING DEVICES

Chapter 5 QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIMINAL RESISTANCE FOR SEALING DEVICES At the International Salon Integrated Security 2008 taking place from May 14 to 18, 2008, “STRAZH” Co. presented its concept of creating the National Sealing System. The concept is based on the unique properties and characteristics of sealing devices (SDs), making them an element of the security system that indicates tampering and protects the  object (cargo) from unauthorized access, helps identify, manage, and control objects and goods. It also provides for logistics solutions, division of legal and material liability between parties providing security for the object. It was shown that the use of sealing devices in security and logistics allows and must ensure: 1. Indication of tampering and access to the protected object. Removal of the SD, both authorized or criminal, leads to its destruction easily determined visually. 2. Registration of traces from criminal actions. Any criminal intervention leaves stable traces detectable by the special design elements. Therefore, SDs are considered by the courts as one of the most important types of evidence. 3. Unique identification for objects; cargo; various processes and procedures performed at or with the objects (eg customs checks, tax audits; setting object controls; verification of measuring instruments, implementation of state technical supervision, monitoring the technical state of the object, etc.); parties responsible for the operation of the object and its security. 4. A certain degree of security from vandalic penetration by breaking-in. For example, barrier SDs serve as a very strong single-use lock that protects the object from criminal force impact. 5. Information compatibility and adaptation with intelligent security systems and information networks as part of the information supply chain. Mass application of modern SDs is determined by their relatively low cost and the  ability to successfully carry out its functions under any conditions. Evaluating the effectiveness of SDs by the “price to anti-criminal effect” criteria shows that they can aggressively compete with high-tech protective equipment and devices, and in some cases show better results. However, any technical device by itself, no matter how perfect it may be, is not able to solve the security problems without legal regulation of all processes associated with its use and providing for the  execution, monitoring and supervision of compliance with established requirements. Only a systematic, integrated approach will ensure a reliable solution to security problems. In terms of SDs, the systematic problem-solving approach has various levels: - Legislative: the development and adoption of technical regulations to provide anti-terrorist and anti-criminal security for facilities, property, citizens using the sealing systems; 89

MECHANICAL SEALS

- Regulatory: continuing to create national standards for sealing systems and their harmonization with the international standards ISO 17712 and ISO 18185; - Structural: the  organization of the  State Specialized Commission jointly by the  MI, FSS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Transport, Gostechnadzor, Federal Agency on Technical Regulation and Metrology regulating and controlling the sealing processes; - Integrative: the development of contacts with the Security Seal Industry Association. The concept presented also notes that one of the key elements of the sealing systems are legal documents regulating all the life cycle processes for SDs, including development, production, testing, circulation, management, control, and disposal, as well as the categorization of objects protected by seals. At the moment, this area has undergone a major change. The subcommittee Sea­ ling Devices of Technical Committee TK 246 Containers developed a system of national standards entitled Sealing Devices, which combined 14 national standards into the classification group RCS13.310 “Protection against Crime.” Among them is GOST R 53021-2008 “Sealing Devices. Methods of Testing Strength and Resistance to Tampering for Cable Sealing Devices. General Requirements”. It is noteworthy that during the preparation of the standard, the experience of expert studies on tampered sealing devices was summarized for the first time. This allowed including the  methods of diagnosis and testing of sealing devices for resistance to the actual existing types of criminal actions into the standard. According to this standard, testing resistance to tampering is carried out consecutively, starting with the simplest kinds of destructive effects using household tools and improvised means followed by increasingly more complex types of impacts. Upon obtaining a negative result at any stage, determined by the opening of the seal (hence its vulnerability to this type of impact), the tests are terminated. That is, resistant to tampering is estimated by the time the seal withstands the influence of a certain group of external criminal factors without breaking. However, the time indicator is very sensitive and depends on many factors: know­ ledge, experience and training of the testing expert, availability and quality of tools and equipment used in the tests, quality of preparations to use this method, and environmental conditions during the test. Not least is also the  specific type of non-destructive effects, which can be either quite simple in execution or more complex. The consequence is a considerable scatter in the values of stability of specific SD types calculated by different testers. In other words, the time indicator of sustainabi­ lity does not provide the necessary accuracy, repeatability, and precision of measurements and cannot serve as the metrological characteristic of the test. The joint work by the MI Criminal Expertise Center, MI SLU, and “STRAZH” Co. in 2007-2008 was to assess the degree of resistance of various SD types to criminal actions (criminal resistance). This allowed reaching a new level of quality and expressing this parameter in quantitative terms specific to particular types of SDs. Some results of this work were first announced at the  Interdisciplinary Specialized Conference Criminal Resistance of Modern Locking and Sealing Devices in Conditions of Increasing Criminal Threats. Detection and Countermeasures held on 90

Chapter 5. QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIMINAL RESISTANCE FOR SEALING DEVICES

February 19, 2008 at the initiative of the Russian MI DTLE and later at the Interdepartmental Scientific Seminar Theoretical and Practical Problems of Trasological Mechanoscopic Analysis held in June of the same year. The  proposed method allows ranking SDs based on the  relative dimensionless parameters expressing the  coefficients of criminal resistance (Kr). By its nature, the criminal resistance coefficient (Kr) is a complex characteristic of SDs reflecting the ability of its construction to withstand certain criminal influences, relative labor costs of training and testing for resistance to tampering, as well as the degree of difficulty to identify and study the traces of the impact. The criminal resistance coefficient (Kr) is defined by the following formula: n Kr = ∑(Kssi x τi), where i=1 Kssi is the structural security coefficient; τj – complexity coefficient (selected in accordance with Table. 5.1). The structural security coefficient (Kssi) is a complex function, which determines the  ability of the  SD design to resist certain types of criminal actions. It depends on the type of the locking mechanism, structure of the locking node, structural elements of the  body, precision of the  manufacturing technologies, presence and size of the  clearances in the  construction, engineering materials, hardness and surface roughness of the connected parts, and other parameters. Therefore, the values of Kssi for different types of criminal actions were determined empirically based on the numerous studies of various types of SDs (Table 5.1). Table 5.1

Values of Kssi for different types of criminal impact on SDs Item number

Types of impacts

1

Mechanical destructive impact on the locking mechanism (ruptures, blows, bending, cutting, twisting, vibrations) Twisting, contracting, knocking down the body Impact on the locking mechanism through structural clearances with simple everyday objects (needles, awl, probes for gap inspection, etc.) and auxiliary materials (wire, ribbons, strips, foil) Impact on the locking mechanism through structural clearances using specially made instruments Thermal effects (heating, cooling) Chemical exposure (acids, alkalis, grease) Removal and replacement of the unmarked structural elements (cable, caps, and plugs) outside the manufacturing plant Changing the identification number and other identification markings Removal and replacement of structural elements carrying the individual control marking and identification information (body, cover) outside the manufacturing plant Impact on the locking mechanism through artificially created holes Blocking the locking mechanism before installing for subsequent nondestructive opening and re-installation Making a duplicate at the factory

2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

Structural security coefficient (Kssi) 0.025 0.025 0.050

0.050 0.050 0.075 0.075 0.150 0.10

0.10 0.150 0.150

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MECHANICAL SEALS

The complexity coefficient (τj) reflects the relative labor costs for training and testing, and identifying traces of external actions, and depends on the time required for the opening of the seal. The complexity coefficient (τj) is shown in Table. 5.2, according to the division of SDs into 4 groups by the stability to non-destructive (criminal) opening depending on the time required. The absolute time indicators are established by the interstate standard GOST 31282-2004 “Sealing Devices. Classification”, while the  specific values of τj were determined by us experimentally based on repeated measurements of labor in the tests (Table 5.2).

Experimental values of the complexity coefficient τj Resistance to non-destructive (criminal) opening according to GOST 31282 – 2004 Subgroup Normative stability in minutes High stability more than 60 to 100 Stable 31–60 Moderate stability 11–30 Poor stability 3–10

Table 5.2

Complexity coefficient (τj)

1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2

The testing methodology does not differ from that described above. The only important thing is that the sequence of actions (steps 1 to 12) must be strictly maintained, as well as the standard times for terminating the tests. For example, for the poor stability SDs, tests should be terminated after 11 minutes, for moderate stability SDs after the 31 minutes, etc. The higher the criminal resistance coefficient of the SDs defined by the results of forensic tests, the higher their reliability and less vulnerability to various criminal influences. As can be seen, the accuracy and objectivity of the resulting forensic characteristics of sealing devices are inextricably linked to the integrated approach based on normative unity, determined by the requirements of the national standards “Sealing Devices”. They are also linked to methodological unity that reflects the appropriate test procedure requirements of GOST R 52365-2005 “Sealing Devices. Requirements for Methods of Testing Protective Properties and Resistance to Tampering”; systematic unity and unity of purpose that defines the properties of the SDs as a complex of their forensic and technical characteristics. The studies have established a classification system for sealing devices by the criminal resistance parameter. In addition, they allowed determining their quality and re­ commendations for their use in certain locations based on this gradation (Table 5.3). Table 5.3

Classification system of sealing devices by criminal resistance Sealing device type according to GOST 31282-2004

Criminal resistance

-

-

-

92

Cl. A according to GOST R 51053-97

Criminal resistance coefficient (Kr)

Features of the class. Recommendations for use

0.025 to 0.050

Simplest keyless lock, latch, tag, or label. Locking of empty premises, objects, and vehicles on routes of lesser priority

0.05 to 0.20

Keyless locks, twisted wire. Locking empty pre­ mises or premises, facilities, and vehicles containing goods and items of little value

Chapter 5. QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIMINAL RESISTANCE FOR SEALING DEVICES

И

III – IV Normal resistance

0.20 to 0.45

Indicative and control seals. Sealing premises, containers, vehicles and packages for repeated access over a timed period to indicate access, process performed at the facility (eg checking meters, setting controls, maintenance of fuel trucks, etc.), or to identify the person working with the object. The object is mandatorily equipped with these seals along with the regular locking devices.

И

II – III Normal resistance

0.45 to 0.60

Sealing devices for control blocking. Used to confirm the fiscal control and supervisory functions (FCS, Rostechnadzor, law enforcement,etc.). Sealing cars, air freight containers, tanks for liquified gases and reactive materials, as well as limited access facilities where high resistance to external factors and indicative properties are required.

С

I – II High resistance

0.60 to 0.80

Locking and sealing devices. Sealing limited access facilities, including long-term storage of all types of transport containing valuable and dangerous goods, items, valuables

Э

I Highest resistance

0.80 to 1.0

Locking and sealing devices with elements of double and combined blocking, integrated electronic unites for monitoring the condition of the seal, registering the opening of the seal, performing information and logistics operations. Electronic sealing devices. Sealing the most closed and strategic facilities, including long-term storage of all types of transport containing especially valuable and hazardous goods, items, valuables

Introducing quantitative assessments of criminal resistance for sealing devices allowed using methods of numerical analysis at different stages of the life cycle of SDs, including development, production, testing, certification and expert research. The proposed quantitative characteristics of SDs can be used in the following cases: - Assessment of excellence and reliability of SD designs at the initial stages of development; - Comparison of different seals of the same class and purpose; - Optimal selection of SD models for use on a particular object; - Summing up the testing and certification of SDs; - As an additional classification base and for planning expert actions during the forensic analysis of SDs; - Early detection and removal of potentially unreliable sealing devices. Currently, special techniques for testing seals have been developed for each of the 12 kinds of actions shown in Table 4.1; tools and test equipment for testing have been developed and standardized; specifies requirements for experts and their training programs at specialized educational institutions are being defined. These activities are carried out with the purpose of eliminating the other subjective factors (methods, instructions, test equipment, qualification of experts), as well as to obtain reliable data with a high degree of convergence of the  results. The activities take into account the various interests of producers, users, insurance companies and expert services. Some results of these studies are shown in Appendix 6 of this manual.

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MECHANICAL SEALS

Chapter 6 EXAMINATION AT SCENE OF CARGO THEFT INCIDENT Inspection and examination of locking nodes and other storage facility parts providing cargo security

The  present period is characterized by a sustainable economic growth in Russia, expanding relations between business entities, a substantial increase in the volume of trade and cargo transportation via all types of transport, development of inter-state relations and global trade. Under these conditions, security and countering criminal activities are a priority for all levels of government and businesses. One of the main tasks of transport security is to increase the efficiency of forensic aid for detection, investigation, and prevention of crimes involving cargo theft. Inspection of the scene is the most important investigative activity aimed at the detection of traces of the crime, physical evidence and other circumstances relevant to the investigation of the crime. In general, the scene of the incident is the area or premises within which traces related to the events under investigation were found. The scene of the incident does not always coincide with the crime scene, which is considered to be the area where the crime was committed. That is, the crime can be committed elsewhere. When investigating crimes related to cargo theft, the latter circumstance is especially important because of the high dynamics of transport. There are a number of negative circumstances that impede the investigation of cargo theft in railway traffic. Primarily this includes the gigantic length of the Russian railroads complicating timely detection of crimes and locations where they were committed, as well as victims or witnesses. This also should include a large amount of technological cargo processing operations. These operations involve a high number of railway workers and financially responsible persons from other organizations that have a negative impact on the accuracy of detecting the crime scene and the circle of suspects. Secondly, the non-stop operation of railway transport creates an increased danger for cargo transportation, especially at night. In addition, at certain points at railway stations, a large amount of wealth is concentrated that can be accessed by many railway workers and employees of the servicing companies, as well as other parties. An analysis by the MI General Directorate of Transport showed that the main factors contributing to cargo theft on the railways of the Russian Federation are: - Shortcomings in the security, control, and inspection of the means of delivery of goods at stations, terminals, ports, sorting facilities; - Mechanical wear of the rolling stock and design flaws in the locking mechanisms of the doorways and hatches that allow accessing cargo and bypassing the SDs; 94

Chapter 6. EXAMINATION AT THE SCENE OF THE INCIDENT RELATED TO CARGO THEFT

- Purposeful violation of the  sealing rules by incompletely tightening the  cable, blocking the locking mechanism before installing the seal, partial redesign of the seal after it is installed, and others; - Design and technological shortcomings in seals such as increased technological clearances, design flaws in the  locking mechanism and connecting parts; flaws in the security characteristics, poor resistance of the identification markings. Cargo theft has become more “intelligent” and thorough. Criminals use mobile communications, specially made hardware, cordless tools, preconditioning of the sealing nodes, doors and hatches, as well as composite materials to mask the tra­ ces of their criminal actions. Conventionally, all methods of cargo theft can be classified by the directions, groups and types of impacts. The most general classification base is the direction, with only two of them existing: - Bypassing the sealing devices; - Impacting the sealing devices. The first direction includes two separate methods of theft. The first contains thefts, for which the criminals use the technical condition of the rolling stock (cars, containers, tanks) created due to the normal wear and tear or violating repair regulations (Ill. 6.1).

Ill. 6.1. Numerous welds in the sealing nodes and damages to the car

When committing cargo theft from cars in this technical condition, the criminals simply cut down parts of the sealing nodes, remove patches on the walls, and then reinstall them by welding. Because determining the time and place of these actions is not possible, such crimes often go unsolved. This group may include theft of liquids from tanks through the bottom drain device with the help of special tools. Here, criminals utilize the shortcomings of the rules for sealing tanks, that currently do not require the installation of seals on the drain valve (Ill. 6.2).

Ill. 6.2. Types of devices used to drain oil through the bottom drain device 95

MECHANICAL SEALS

The second group of theft methods is associated with the preliminary preparation of structural elements of the locking and sealing nodes to reduce their protective properties and in violation of the sealing rules. This group includes the following types: - Sawing the eyelets of the sealing nodes; - Replacing individual parts of the hatch clamps; - Replacing rivets and axles of the container locks; - Imitating the fastening bolts; - Violating the design of the locking nodes. Sawing the eyelets of the sealing nodes is often found on railway tanks with winged hatches. The cuts can be wide (have a width equal to the diameter of the SD cable) or narrow (have a width equal to the cutting part of the tool). To extract the cable, the eyelet is bent, and then returned to its original state. In both cases, the cut is masked by using various types of mastics such as Cold Weld similar to the color of the metal. Besides the cut, an examination normally shows tra­ ces of the working parts of the tools and traces of substance left after masking (Ill. 6.3).

Ill. 6.3. Sealing nodes of tank hatches. Arrows show the disguised cuts in the eyelets

Replacing individual parts of the  fixing elements of the  hatch covers is made for the criminal purpose of opening the cover without violating the structure of the SD. To do this, the criminal environment has long ago “designed” easily removable parts that only imitate a sturdy mount. Most often replaced are the regular axes of the screws securing the winged hatches (non-separable). They are replaced with collapsible forgeries. In expert practice, forged axis of different levels of manufacturing complexity have been found, ranging from the  ordinary bolt and nut designs to those skillfully mi­ micking the original axle, but with internal threaded connections (Ill. 6.4).

Ill. 6.4. Forged axles of the screws securing the winged hatches with threaded connecting parts 96

Chapter 6. EXAMINATION AT THE SCENE OF THE INCIDENT RELATED TO CARGO THEFT

With the same purpose to open the door of the container without violating the structure of the SD, rivets of the centerline of container locks are replaced. The preliminary preparation is that the nominal axle of the lock is removed by drilling, and in its place, a forgery is installed, which can be easily removed from the hole. Sometimes, to mask the traces of replacing the axle, the area of drilling is painted or simply smeared with mud. The  replacement of the  axis is accompanied by the  following symptoms: excessive traces of dirt and dust, presence of additional dyes, different shape and size of the flared part of the axle, heterogeneous flaring, and traces of drilling (Ill. 6.5).

Ill. 6.5. Replacing the right-hand axle of the container locking strap with a forgery

Imitations of the  fasteners of permanent joints in the  locking nodes is also often found when investigating container theft. This type of preconditioning involves the removal of the bolt nut on the inside of the container. Then, the bolt is put back in place or replaced with a bolt of a similar size. Sometimes, on the outer side, the mount is colored to conceal the mechanical stress during the works (Ill. 6.6).

Ill. 6.6. Imitation of the mount of the container locking node

Violating the design of the locking nodes is typical for cars with sliding doors. Most often found is cutting down the  axle near the  wall of the  car, which allows opening the door without breaking the structure of the SD. For this, the outer bracket with the  remaining half-axis is folded so that the  latch hook is removed, releasing the door (Ill. 6.7). 97

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Ill. 6.7. A locking node with the axle of the latch hook cut down and external bracket bent

Inspection and examination of sealing devices The inspection and examination of SDs are intended to detect traces and characteristic signs indicating unauthorized impact on them such as breaking or opening with re-installing the SD and masking the traces. Breaking means destructive mechanical effects (tearing, hacking, hitting, bending, cutting, twisting) with the aim of reaching the protected cargo. With breaking, criminals do not mask the traces, so detection of tampering is not difficult. The most common are the traces of the working parts of tools and instruments used for breaking. They are well visible on the outer surfaces of the seal. However, the correct preliminary study at the scene is only possible if a complete set of the existing traces was registered. It is recommended to register and seize the traces found not only on the seal, but also on the sealed nodes. To achieve this goal, criminals often use a combination of different methods of breaking. The selection of a method or combination of methods in each case depends on the strength properties of the SD, skills of the criminals, time available, and conditions (a train station, town, deserted area, the presence or lack of protection or escort, etc.). When the LSD was broken using percussion instruments, such features are observed as dents, prints of the  contact surface of the  tool on the  outer surface of the  LSD, cracks, metal fragments, flattened wire of the  cable, bent bolts, compressed fragments, and traces of pressure on the fixing element and internal surfaces of the seal. Removing LSDs using lever-based tools leads to the formation of traces of pressure, prints of the contact surface of the tool on the outer surfaces of the LSD, bent or broken bolt with a rough granular surface of the metal, traces of pressure on the details of the locking mechanism. When a hacking tool was used, such effects are observed as incisions, cuts on the outer surfaces (the metal surface in the cut is smooth), presence of traces of the defects from the cutting edge of the blade. When a sawing tool was used, the outer surface of the LSD may have gashes and filings. The separation surface is formed by alternating straight or curved traces and smooth areas (Ill. 6.8).

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a b Ill. 6.8. Broken sealing devices: with the lever-based tool guns (a) and saw (b).

The  signs that appear as a result of cutting the  bolt or cable are depressed blade traces on the outer surface of the LSD, counter-shifting and thickening of the metal, dynamic traces in the form of trails, prints of the defects in the blade edges. Breaking the LSD may be accompanied by the  presence of particles (chips, sawdust), as well as parts that are separated from the breaking tools. These circumstances are important, as they allow assessing the location of breaking, methods, qualification of the criminals, and the amount of time spent. Therefore, it is necessary to register all the traces as any of them could potentially be subject to expert research in establishing the circumstances related to the breaking of the LSD. Selecting the  method of registering the  traces of breaking is determined by their type, resistance, ability to be preserved during the inspection of the scene. Here, any experimental actions with the seals, sealing nodes, random objects and tools should be avoided. During a preliminary investigation of the traces of breaking, the inspection protocol for the scene records: - Method of breaking; - Consistency of the actions; - Types of the tools used for breaking, dimensional characteristics and parameters of their working parts; - Obvious individualizing features of the hacking tools visible in the traces. If the examination of the scene showed that the protected cargo was stolen, but there is no sign of breaking, measures are taken to detect, register and seize the criminal traces of opening the SD. The main task of the preliminary stage of investigation is to establish the fact and its possible form of criminal action. Methods of theft associated with opening and re-installing the LSD include the following types of criminal actions: - Imitation of sealing; - Intentional violation of the sealing rules; - Dismembering or removing the cable from the body and re-connecting it (gluing); - Impact on the locking mechanism through artificially created openings; - Production of mock seals; - Replacement of unmarked and marked components of the SD; - Forging the identification number; - Thermal effects (heating, cooling); 99

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- Impact on the locking mechanism through structural clearances items for household purposes and specially made tools. Imitation of sealing means installing seals without forming permanent connection between the elements of the sealing nodes. This preliminary preparation for the theft is easily detected during inspection and is typical for all types of rolling stock. The calculation of the criminals in this case is based only on the negligence of the persons controlling the SD after loading and along the route (Ill. 6.9).

Ill. 6.9. Imitation of the sealing of a tank hatch cover and sealing node of a container

Intentional violation of the sealing rules is performed to access the protected cargo; after the theft, the seal may already be installed correctly to hide traces of the crime. Usually, criminals installing the  LSD do not fully tighten the  noose of the cable (to the minimum size), that is, leave a larger noose on the sealing node. Experiments show that elongating the noose by only a few centimeters makes it possible to open the hatch of the tank or penetrate the sealed car without affecting the SD (Ill. 6.10).

Ill. 6.10. Locking nodes of a cistern and car sealed with a violation of the rules (larger noose)

The  method of dismembering or removing the  cable from the  body and re-connecting it has several varieties. The simplest of these were “designed” in the criminal environment for crimp seals, and later for numbered indicative seals. An example are the  well-known to experts criminal methods of removal and re-installation of single-block polymer seals. Dissection of the female element in its middle part. Masking traces of the cut during the re-installation is performed by welding the polyethylene element, for which 100

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the cut ends are simultaneously pressed to the heated surface, and then firmly pressed against each other (Ill. 6.11). The resulting tear-resistant compound has a set of cha­ racteristic features: - A color change in the seam; - Kinks or ledges (in some cases); - Annular thickening formed by the extruded solidified material; - Reduced resistance to bending deformations.

Ill. 6.11. Dissection of the female element of a plastic seal in its middle part followed by welding

Dissection of the female element close to the inlet opening (Ill. 6.12). Re-installation in this case is carried out by fixing the separated portion of the female element in the body of the locking mechanism. For this example, it is melted in the flame of the lighter and is inserted into the inlet opening of the body. During the solidification of the melted plastic, a thickening is formed, which quite firmly holds the female element and simulates normal use of the seal. Traces of thermal effects on the  external surfaces of the  seal are subtle but easily detected in the study of the internal surfaces of the body.

Ill. 6.12. Dissection of the female element close to the inlet opening with subsequent gluing

To break single-block LSDs, criminals mainly use methods of dismembering the cable near its fixed attachment to the body. 101

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To do this, the cable is cut near the body, and then the part left in the body is removed using either drilling or consecutively removing the filaments, which is possible in some designs of seals. When reinstalling the LSD, the cable is inserted into the body and can be quite firmly retained in it, which leads to partial masking of the traces of tampering. However, a closer inspection shows traces of adhesive filaments or fragments of the cable filaments that formed during the dismemberment (Ill. 6.13).

Ill. 6.13. Traces of the adhesive substance and dismemberment of the cable near the body of the LSD

Sometimes, to extract the cable, criminals split the body of the LSD with tools with a cutting disk. When the reinstalling the LSD, the cut is carefully disguised with surround curing compounds (epoxy resins and gels, Cold Weld, etc.) and painted. Nevertheless, the traces of such actions are often found even in the preliminary study of the LSD at the scene (Ill. 6.14).

Ill. 6.14. Traces of the body partially destroyed where the is cable mounted followed by masking

Impact on the locking mechanism through artificially created openings (Ill. 6.15) is characteristic of all cable LSDs, and the location of the openings depends on the model. The opening in the body is created using a drill to block the LM and extract the cable from the body. After reinstalling the seal, to hide the traces of criminal actions, the opening is often masked. An undisguised opening in the body is easily detected by a detailed examination of the LSD at the scene.

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Ill. 6.15. Artificially created openings (indicated by arrows) to access the locking mechanism of Sprut-777 and TP 2800-02

If the opening is masked, finding it at the stage of preliminary studies is difficult. Exceptions are the LSDs whose body is painted with luminophore-containing dyes manufactured using modern technologies. Under UV light, the masked holes (area of the removed factory paint) clearly stands out due to the quenching of luminescence (Ill. 6.16).

a

b

c Ill. 6.16. LSD body with a masked artificial opening (a); after removal of the masking dye (b); under UV light (c)

Cases of the production of mock seals (fully DIY devices that imitate factory LSDs) in expert practice are rare. Nowadays, there are literally a handful of examples of this method of tampering. However, to completely rule out the counterfeits is impossible due to the improvement of production technologies and better possibility of making the mock seal resemble the factory LSD. Mock seals are always created as reusable devices, that is, the factory designed LM is replaced with a separable connection, the simplest of which is a screw connection. Identifying mock seals when inspecting the scene employs the external design features: dimensions, coloring, marking, and sometimes the magnetic properties of the metal (Ill. 6.17). 103

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Ill. 6.17. Reusable Mock Klesch 60-SC

Replacement of unmarked and marked components of the SD is performed after opening the body to mask traces. This method of criminal opening is only possible for those LSDs, which have an assembled body composed of several parts connected at the factory. The second precondition for using this method is that one of the parts must lack the variable markings with the identification number. In this case, the body is disassembled so that the labeled part remains free from visible impact, and the unmarked part (damaged when opened) is replaced by a similar one taken from another item. Usually, to cause minimal damage to the labeled part of the body, criminals use specially made pullers designed for opening a particular LSD. After opening, the damages are masked by painting the body, or sometimes are left as they are unobtrusive, and an inspection of the seal may not reveal them (Ill. 6.18).

Ill. 6.18. A special cap puller for TP 2800-02 (a) and traces of tampering on the body (b)

Forging the identification number of the seal is performed in cases where the criminals have the same SD models as those used to seal the attacked objects. In this case, the original LSD is broken, and the seal with a forged identification number (counterfeit) is installed. In practice, there are forgeries of various quality, ranging from the most primitive with the number applied with numerous deviations from the factory technology (method of marking, size, and style of characters, location, etc.), to a high quality level of the forged markings (Ill. 6.19).

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a

b

c Ill. 6.19. Types of forged individual numbers on LSDs: a – made by punching; b – with a needle matrix simulating pneumopercussion markings; c – with a bur

Thermal impact on the LSD is performed to corrupt the LM, and then open and reinstall the seal. The criminal environment has “developed” 2 kinds of impact, heating and cooling. Under the influence of heat, the polymer parts of the LM melt, whereupon it ceases to function and the female element is removed from the body (Ill. 6.20). This method of opening was typical for some cable LSDs with polymer separators or pushers.

a b Ill. 6.20. Changes in the colored body of the LSD (a) and melting of the polymer separator (b) after heating with a portable gas burner

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Currently, most manufacturers take into account the current drawback of the LSD designs and replaced the polymer LM parts with those made of metal, so that exposing the seal to heat is applied most frequently to the polymer control and indicative seals. Opening by cooling is also applicable only to cable seals with a LM based on stopping and with the locking elements supported with a spring. The purpose of this method is to corrupt the LM using the ice formed inside the body during freezing. In some models, fixing the spring leads to the possibility of extracting the cable from the body by force, but there remain traces of the fixing elements and instruments used to open the seal. Detecting the traces of impact on the locking mechanism through structural clearances (manipulations) during the inspection and assessment of sealing devices is much more complicated than the traces of the above-described methods of opening. Such objects are used as household devices (wire, strips, foil, awls, needles, etc.), and specially constructed instruments (lock picks) (Ill. 6.21). To break the seal with a lock pick requires the criminal to have a certain “qualification” and the crime itself is usually planned in advance. The type of tools made depends on the model they are used to open, and some tools are labor consuming and can be used repeatedly. Here, the traces display stable general and specific features of the working part of the tool that allows identifying it.

Ill. 6.21.Specially made tools to open LSDs by manipulating

The characteristic traces of such manipulations usually remain on the internal surfaces of the body and LM details, so they will be discussed in detail in the next chapter on the expert studies of seals. However, in some cases, the traces of manipulation can be detected and investigated during the pre-inspection of the scene. This means the physical evidence that remains at the scene (Ill. 6.22). During inspection of the scene, such obvious traces should be mandatorily registered in the protocol by a specialist.

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a b Ill. 6.22. Physical evidence (syringe needle (a) and a split pipe (b)) found during the inspection of an LSD

It should be noted that the LSDs with a combined locking method is much more reliable and resistant to almost all types of criminal actions. For example, when properly installed, Octopus-777M is not affected by most criminal methods aimed at the locking mechanism, the cable is not extracted, and preliminary preparation of the LSD to reduce its security properties is also impossible. Furthermore, all attempts to increase the diameter of the cable noose by force leads to formation of stable traces sufficient to diagnose the removal and re-installation of the LSD. Parties involved in the examination of the scene should also pay attention to other traces related to the crime. In the first place, these are the papillary picture on human skin, which can be used to identify the person (Ill. 6.23). Papillary picture on the hands can remain on the outer surfaces of the LSD when masking the manipulations. Similar traces may remain on different hardening mastics that the criminals use to disguise the damaged locking element. Here, traces from gloves may be found as well.

Ill. 6.23. 3D traces of the human papillary picture on the painted body and hardening mastic used to disguise a cut in the eyelet

At the scenes of cargo theft, traces of the criminals’ footwear and traces of vehicles used to transport the stolen cargo are often found (Ill. 6.24).

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Ill. 6.24. Footprints (a) and vehicles (b) left at the scene of cargo theft

It should be noted that the latter group of traces (human traces, clothes and shoes, traces of vehicles) may be even more informative for the investigation of crimes involving cargo theft than the signs of damage on the locking elements of storage facilities or tampering with the LSDs.

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Chapter 7 FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SEALING DEVICES Objects and research objectives for trasological analysis of sealing devices

The main tasks in the forensic research of sealing devices are diagnosing their condition at the time of research and discovering facts of tampering. Usually, these problems are solved in a judicial trasological expertise arranged during the criminal proceedings by a court decision or investigator; in arbitration and civil procedure this is decided only by court. Along with forensic analysis, extrajudicial trasological analysis of SDs is often used. It uses scientifically based expert techniques to get reliable answers to the questions1 related to the possibility of opening the device without forming traces, the ability of the protective markings to recover from intentional modifications etc. Practice shows that this form of research is most appropriate for the stage of selection and procurement of sealing products, where there are no wrongful components associated with the implementation of the protective functions of these products. In any case, the trasological study of SDs is inherently forensic, being based on the teachings and techniques developed in criminology in order to obtain evidence on the investigated objects relevant to the investigation of crimes or trial. In connection with the above objectives, the objects of trasological studies are SDs in a different state (prior to installation, after scheduled removal from the protected object, after unauthorized removal or breaking) and parts, parts of the storage locking nodes, the occasional special tools applied for breaking and opening, and sample SDs. To address these challenges, the expert needs to address the following questions: - Were the rules violated when the LSD was installed on the vault? - Are there any traces of external impact on the LSD? - Was this the object that left he traces of tampering on the female element of the LSD or locking nodes? - Was the studied SD subjected to nondestructive opening and re-installation? - Is it possible to remove the cable from the body without compromising the integrity of the LSD and parts of the locking mechanism with the tools studied? - What method was used to apply the markings and does it meet the requirements of the production technology? - What information do the markings on the SD contain? - Were the markings on the SD changed, and if so, what was the initial content? - Are there parts and elements of the SD made in violation of the manufacturing technology? 1

Appendix 7 contains a complete list of Russian MI forensic units. 109

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- Did the studied objects previously comprise a single sealing device and what type? - Does this SD provide controlled access to a particular protected object and should it be used? These issues imply that the study in addition to the SDs can concentrate on the locking nodes of storage facilities, tools designed to apply force to the SD, and various kinds of tools for non-destructive criminal opening. To answer these questions, the expert requires very extensive expertise related to the design of SDs of different structural types, operation of the locking mechanisms, technology, industrial production etc. Therefore, besides the access to various reference materials, assistance from specialists in the relevant fields, such as engineers, designers and operators of processing units is needed. In some cases, to discover counterfeit parts, elements or the entire device, comprehensive examinations involving the aforementioned professionals can be assigned. In the course of the trasological research of sealing devices, identification and diagnostic problems can be addressed. For numbered disposable seals installed manually, identification studies are mainly carried out with the aim of identifying the tools used for breaking or equipment used for their removal. Practice shows that for these examinations, the methods of forensic research of traces left with breaking tools are quite applicable. In this case, the SD should be considered as a carrier of trace information, i.e. identifying the object. The specificity of this study involves only the method of searching for traces of tampering or opening the seal, a correct interpretation of the trace formation mechanism, and establishing certain actions of the criminals. The most common diagnostic tasks are to determine the current condition of the SD at the time of research, operating capability of the LM, detecting criminal opening and re-installation. (The current condition is defined as ensuring that all parts of the SD are present, and the installation method and markings correspond to those defined by the technology of the manufacturer; identifying counterfeit parts or entire SD.) Detecting criminal opening and re-installation of the SD is the most difficult and at the same time – the most important problem in investigating and solving crimes. To solve it, a methodology was developed in mechanoscopic research for forensic analysis of seals, locks and, manufacturing and technological traces. The study establishes admissibility, possibility, or necessity of a specific case of opening and re-installing the SD under these conditions. The following sequence of actions is suitable for experts in conducting trasological analysis of SDs: - Study presented materials and, if necessary, obtain more information from the case. - Obtain from the official or organization assigning the expert studies a permit to disassemble the SD or change its appearance, such as those associated with the procedure of chemical etching of the surface casing. - Carry out an external inspection of the SD, necessary measurements, and record the design parameters using large-scale photography. Check (if required) the luminescence of the painted surface. 110

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- Using reference materials, determine the type, model and manufacturer of the tested SD. Determine the working principle and design of the LM, rules of installation and removal of the SD. - Determine the method of applying the security markings, their location, and content of the manufacturer’s specifications. At the expert initiative, the number of the SD can be verified online on the website of the Russian Railways UCC. - Conduct a detailed microscopic examination of the external surfaces of the SD. Check the operation of the LM. Register the traces of external impact not related to the operation. In case traces of tampering or opening were detected, establish the trace formation mechanism to identify the identification features of the tool. - Open the body of the SD using disassembly guidelines for a particular model. - Carry out a detailed study of the LM, check if it is working properly (all the elements and details, provided in the design are present, mobile, and interact with the female element (cable, bolt)). Reveal traces of external impact, establish the trace formation mechanism. Detect the presence of foreign substances and objects. - Compare the identified structural and functional features with reference materials or SDs of the sample collection. Reveal signs of tampering, opening, re-installation of the SD. - Conduct an analysis of the identified group of traits for relevance, completeness, and adequacy to formulate valid conclusions. - Formulate the conclusions and if necessary, prepare an expert’s report, providing it with illustrative material. Trasological expert studies of SDs are based on the general methodological positions developed in forensics, which currently is an independent scientific direction. The general procedure for expert research consists of five stages: preparatory, analytical, expert experiment stage, and comparative evaluation stage, which are held strictly sequentially. The preparatory stage provides the informational, organizational, technical, and material base and the conditions for a successful expert study. At this stage, preliminary studies are conducted, during which the expert gets an idea about the pro­ perties of the objects, clarifies the problem, and determines the procedure of the examination. Depending on the questions, the examination can be either identification or diagnostic. For identifying trasological examinations, there are characteristic questions of three types: - Is this the object that was used to leave the traces? (Received for the study are the trace-forming object (a tool used for scheduled removal of the SD, specially made tools for breaking or opening, etc.) and seal with traces and marks.) - Were the traces left with the same object? (Received for the study are several SDs with traces of tampering or opening, and the identification is performed in the absence of the trace-forming object.) - Did the parts previously submitted for the study comprise a single SD? (Received for the study are fragments and parts of the disjointed SD.) 111

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The absence of the above questions posed to the expert means that the analysis is diagnostic. If the objects were received in packaged form, the study begins with the packaging. Its appearance, size, existing labels, and stamps are described. The presence or absence of visible damage to the packaging is also noted. The package is then opened, and the incoming objects are matched to those listed in the analysis documents. The inspection of objects determines their number, name, state, and external features. The usability of the SDs submitted for research is determined, and their numbers are compared with the numbers shown in the decision on the appointment of expertise. If necessary, a request is sent for additional materials: - Missing SD parts; - Sealing assemblies and parts thereof in contact with the elements of the SD. In some cases it is advisable to request an expert examination of these objects at the scene; - Samples for comparative analysis and experiments; - Instruments used for the scheduled removal of the SD; - Information about the installation and removal of this SD model; - Reference data for individual SD features, design and security features, markings, marking methods and sample fonts. - Other materials containing the necessary information: protocols of the inspection at the scene, photographs, expert conclusions, etc. The original appearance of objects presented is recorded using large-scale photography. The analytical stage (in the case of an identification examination – the stage of a separate study) is the most basic and informative for the entire study. The main objectives of this stage are the description of the studied objects; identification of their individual characteristics and the actual condition; determination of the trace formation mechanism, studying the trace features; establish facts of breaking or opening the SD and, if necessary, issue a decision on the suitability of the traces for an identifying research. In most cases, it is advisable to start with a separate study of the trace-receiving objects (SDs, locking nodes, parts and pieces, 3D prints of the traces, surface copies of the traces on various transferring materials). Using the design features, sizes, colors, markings, expertise and reference materials, the expert establishes the relation of each object to a particular class, type, model. Then the surface of the objects is examined in order to detect and identify traces on them that are information carriers for this expert study. Wherever possible, the shape of the trace-forming object or type of impact is determined, such as a sharp metal object, traces of mechanical or thermal impact, etc. If necessary, experiments (dismantling or opening the body to establish the presence of the main parts of the LM, etc) or diagnostic examination of the object can be carried out to determine its actual condition at the time of the study. If the expert faces the question of the suitability of the traces for identifying the trace-forming object, then additionally the degree of importance of the identified general and individual features in the traces is analyzed toe tracks to separate them 112

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into group and individualizing. On the basis of the criteria described above, features are found that are essential for establishing the identity of the object, that is, identification features. Then, the identification features found are analyzed to form a group. Based on the analysis, the expert concludes the suitability or unsuitability of each trace for identifying the trace-forming object (Ill. 7.1).

Ill. 7.1. Seals with traces of opening seized from different scenes of incident in 2011-2012. The traces on the seals were suitable for the identification of the tool used

After that, the objects being identified (if any) are studied separately. The research process is similar to the above except that the conclusion about the suitability of these objects for identification is not required here, since it is obvious. During the study, it is recommended to use photographic and other physical methods of investigation first since they will not affect the state and the nature of the objects (non-destructive methods). Only after that the objects may be subjected to full or partial dismantling or mechanical destruction of the body and locking and sealing parts and other changes. It is only necessary to remember to consecutively record the state of the object undergoing the modification. This usually requires large-scale photography for the objects, their parts, mechanical parts, found defects, etc. During the investigation of cargo thefts in the rail transport can also be assigned fingerprint examination. The objects of this research are the fingerprints left in most cases on the packaging (cardboard, control tapes, and various polymer films, Ill. 7.2). As it was shown in the previous chapter, the 3D fingerprints often remain on parts of the locking devices and SD themselves when the traces of the mechanical impact are being masked with paint or plastic materials. Furthermore, the painted metal surfaces of the body often contain sweat and oily fingerprints of persons holding them, but the preservation of these traces depends on the particular conditions. Fingerprints have great value in identification, as they often display papillary patterns that allows determining a number of important factors for the investigation. Such factors include: - Identification of the person using the fingerprints found at the scene; - Finding that the offense was committed by a group of persons; - Establishing the criminal actions at the time of the theft; - Solving and prevention of specific types of crimes. 113

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a b Ill. 7.2. The papillary pattern of a human hand on the outer surface of Ohra 1 (a) left while forging the individual number (b)

The expert experiment and comparative study stages are optional and characteristic mainly for identification studies. The need for an expert experiment occurs when identifying and identified objects are presented for the study, and the expert raises the question of whether these objects (tools, picks, breaking tools) left the traces. As only homogeneous objects (such as surface dynamic traces with surface dynamic traces) can be compared, the expert needs to obtain an experimental trace of the identified object, which is called the comparative study sample. The main requirement for obtaining such samples is that the conditions of the expert experiment should be as close to the conditions of the traces presented for studying as possible. When solving diagnostic tasks, the experiment can be carried out to test the hypotheses on the trace formation mechanism; establish the causal link between the facts or the possibility of certain actions; establish the usability of the sealing devices, etc. The experts practically reproduce the phenomena and events that, in their opinion, could occur when the traces were left at the scene. For example, to determine the breaking method for an SD, the expert can make a cut or incision in similar objects and ensure the specificity of trace formation. In other words, during diagnostic studies, processes of opening or breaking the SD are simulated and the specific methods of tampering with seals and locking storage nodes are determined. Based on the objectives of the study, the data is compared with the previous results of the research, and the preliminary findings on the opening or breaking method are clarified or refuted. The comparative study stage is important and characteristic for all types of identification trasological research. At this stage, the issue of the identity of the trace-forming object to itself is addressed. Obviously, the traces compared must be homogeneous in terms of parameters – for example, both traces lie on the surface, are static, and formed with a laminated substance of a certain color, etc. When comparing the object with the sample, it should be remembered that the model should be positive. This condition is satisfied, for example, with the working surface of the breaking tool or a squeeze of the 3D traces seized from the scene, where the raised (depressed) areas of the object correspond to those of the squeeze.

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Depending on the properties of the objects being compared, the expert chooses methods of comparing the individual features. When performing a trasological analysis of SDS, the following methods of comparing are used: - Alignment for dynamic traces; - Comparing for static traces (Ill. 7.3).

2

1

2 3

3

4

4 1

Ill. 7.3. Comparing the individual features in the traces left with a specially made tool on the external surfaces of seals seized from different scenes. (Numbers refer to the corresponding features.)

After the necessary studies, the final evaluation stage takes place, which consists of two parts: evaluation of the results and issuing conclusions. According to the degree of certainty, the expert conclusions can be: categorical (positive and negative), probable (positive and negative), or concluded impossibility of solving the problem in essence. The conclusion of the expert or specialist is usually accompanied with an appendix containing all pictures obtained at different stages of the research that are demonstrative and promote the objectivity of the results of their perception. The pictures are drawn up in accordance with the generally accepted rules of forensic photography (general view of the seals, locking assemblies and breaking tools, traces of tampering on the outer and inner surfaces of the SD, comparison of traces, etc.). Each photograph is numbered, signed, and may contain indication of the matching of differing individual features and descriptions. Photographs obtained using digital cameras or scanners can be placed not in the appendix, but directly in the text part of the conclusion.

traSOLOgICaL StUDY OF exterNaL SUrFaCeS OF SeaLINg DeVICeS Initially, the sealing device (or part thereof) is investigated in order to establish its model. To do this, the appearance of the device is described with specified dimensions and material of the parts, presence and type of the markings on all parts of the SD. Using 115

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reference data, such as official handbooks, manuals and brochures from manufacturers, and sample collection, the expert determines the full name of the SD. The working principle and design of the LM are also determined. The luminescence of the painted surface and compliance of the markings with the manufacturer specifications are verified. Sample description and analysis of the external surfaces of the SD presented for analysis: Locking and sealing device Sprut 777RZhD №U 4906 .... was submitted for analysis in a white paper envelope, the valve of which is taped and covered with a piece of paper imprinted with a round seal (blue dyes) with the text on the rim: “* TD of Russia for FEFD * Khabarovsk Directorate of Transport”, “Police control room” in the center, handwritten “Witnesses: 1 / signature / 2/ signature Investigator / signature / “, in blue and black. The envelope has a handwritten explanatory text in blue dyes “Sprut LSD-777-U490 seized during incident site inspection 20.03.2013, at Volochaevka-2 station.” The package was not damaged (Photo 1).

Photo 1

Sprut-777 № 4906 ... was presented in locked state. Structurally, it is a single-block system consisting of a body with a locking mechanism (LM) and the female element (cable). Surface of the body is covered with white paint, corresponding to RAL 9016. The body has the following dimensions: maximum length – 51.3 mm, width – 30.0 mm, thickness – 13.2 mm. The cable channel has the diameter of 5.02 mm, the hardness of the metal casing is 45 HRC. The lateral surfaces have alphanumeric text and images printed with a laser and using pneumopercussion, as follows: - One side has the control number У 4906...; - The opposite side contains the product name – “Sprut-777”, letter “C”” stylized as the trademark of the manufacturer – logo of “STRAZH” Co.; manufacturer’s website www.strazh.ru, “Russian Railways”; last digit of the year of issue “2” in a circle, as well as protective stamp with an individual number: “AE 6064151” (Photo 2).

Photo 2 116

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The variable and permanent information was applied at the locations provided by the specifications. The flexible cable is made of metal with a diameter of 4.80 mm to 4.84 mm and is composed of two pieces the total length of 500 mm. One piece of of the cable (45 mm) is fixed within the body by crimping, the second piece of rope (455 mm) is clamped in the locking mechanism, the dividing line formed by cutting, is deformed, strands are unwound. Under UV light (using Shag-4), luminescence is observed uniformly over the entire surface of the tested seals except for the side with the control number. This surface suppresses luminescence (Photo 3).

Photo 3

Studying the LSD visually and using magnifying devices (forensic magnifier, MBS-10 microscope) established that the surface with the number and no lacquer coating has numerous slide traces in the form of ridges and grooves of varying width and depth, mostly parallel to each other. This allows concluding that the body was subjected to mechanical impact with an abrasive tool on the side with the number. Further studying the control number visually and using magnification tools (forensic magnifier, MBS-10 microscope) revealed that it is composed of dots of different diameters (from 0.6 to 1 mm), depths, and spacings from 0.5 to 1.2 mm. The digits are of different heights and widths, vary in the method of applying identical font elements, and the font does not match that approved for use by Russian Railways, which suggests that the marking of the control number does not match the technology of the manufacturer. The shape, dimensions, and deviations of the discrete markings suggest that they were applied manually using a stamping tool. The surfaces and bottom of the recesses do not display enough individualizing features of the trace-forming object that does not make these traces suitable for identification analysis. The traces of abrasive processing of the control number with a stamping tool leads to the conclusion that the original markings on the LSD were removed and new ones were applied (Photo 4).

Photo 4 117

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In order to restore the original control number, chemical and electrochemical etching methods were used. As a result of this, discrete features of the original markings appeared applied with a font corresponding to the specifications for Sprut-777 by “STRAZH” Co. (Photo 5).

Photo 5

The following letters and digits are readable: “P”, the first digit is “9”, second and third”8”, fourth “2” or “9”, fifth and sixth “0”, and the last is “6”, that is, the original control number is either R9882006” or R9889006. Then, the technical condition (operation capability) of the locking mechanism is determined by the following preconditions. First, all elements of the LM must be present in their correct position and interposition. Second, there should be no damage or deformations, and correct conjugation must be according to the specifications of the specific SD model. These conditions are necessary but not sufficient for a conclusion on the actual state of the locking mechanism. LSDs require a more thorough investigation because the process of fixing the female element affects the dimensional characteristics of elements and the design parameters of their locking mechanism: surface hardness of the balls or walls of the through channel, spring, and the clearances between the constituent elements, diameter of the retainer (rollers, balls), cable diameter and length, etc. The conclusion on the technical condition of the LM can be justified only when all of the above facts are determined. Therefore, the final conclusion about the condition of the LM can be made only after the removal of the SD. The previous chapter discussed various ways to bypass the sealing devices: breaking, non-destructive opening by manipulation, improper installation, and bypassing SD seals, impact on the locking assemblies, doors and walls of the storage facility. It was shown that SDs (as trace-receiving objects) are capable of displaying a variety of traces from impact. Some of them can be detected by examination of the scene, but the identification of individual traces is only possible in the laboratory. Therefore, a detailed and microscopic examination of the external surfaces of SDs is carried out. The purpose of this examination is to identify and record the traces of external impact on the surfaces not involved in the use of the SD. For barrier sealing devices, traces detected on the outer surfaces of the seals in the laboratory are mainly associated with the effects aimed at recovering the female member from the body (Ills. 7.4, 7.5).

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Ill. 7.4. Traces on the external surfaces of the body of Skat-Universal, formed by removing the cable by force and then masked by painting the body

Ill. 7.5. Traces of re-installing the cable and subsequent masking by painting the body of TP 2800-02

The further study of the LSDs requires dismantling their bodies. While dismantling or opening the durable body of the LSD is a time-consuming operation, at the same time, for a correct expert study this action is necessary. Only studying the internal surfaces of the seal, parts and components of the LM can determine the seal’s operation capacity, confirm the preliminary findings on the opening and re-installing the SD, separate technological traces and traces from unauthorized activities. Therefore, recommended ways dismantling the LSD body will be discussed in the next section. The trasological study of control and indicative seals is a little different from the above. Due to the fact that most SDs are applied manually without the use of special tools, all markings are preliminary applied during the manufacturing process. Therefore, with regard to these devices, generally, diagnostic tasks are solved related to the availability of the markings, their form and content, efficiency of the locking mechanism, as well as establishing the fact of criminal removal and re-installation. After describing the seal and determine its model, the external surfaces are studied (including the surface of the female element) to detect traces of tampering: traces of impact with a sharp object, thermal effects, and other changes in the external surfaces. This comparison is best carried out with a similar seal not yet installed. The existing markings are studied, and their compliance with the technical requirements is established. For example, the series and individual numbers can be applied using thermal printing or with a laser (raised image). 119

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Next, the operation of the locking mechanism should be checked. The plate is secured to in a vice, and the female element is shifted manually by 5-7 mm in the direction from the inlet to the outlet opening. Then, it is necessary to attempt moving the female element in the opposite direction with a force of 200 N, which corresponds to the upper limit of the breaking force for weak SDs, regulated by the state standard. With a fully operating locking mechanism, the female element should move easily in the first case and be securely held in the second. If at least one of these conditions is not met, the locking mechanism is considered faulty and unusable. In any case, the internal surfaces of the seal are also studied. These include the inner surfaces of the body containing the locking mechanism, surfaces of the collet, and surface of the female element located at the time of the study within the body. If the locking mechanism has been previously found to be defective, these studies are aimed at establishing the specific type of fault. The main goal of analysis with a fully working LM is to establish the presence of traces of manipulations indicating criminal removal and re-installation. For this, the seal is cut with a sharp instrument (scalpel, knife) in the middle of the cylindrical casting to complete separate it. This operation is usually not difficult for experts, so we will not go into the details here. The internal surface of the body are examined for presence of foreign objects and substances, traces of the intrusion and following masking. The collet clamp is studied for compliance with the technological requirements for the deflection angle of the collet petals from the ground plane and presence of traces of external impact with metal objects on its surface. Studying the female element establishes its uniformity in diameter and presence of melted regions (Ills. 7.6, 7.7).

a b c Ill. 7.6. Morphological traces of opening the seal: a – collet of a control seal; b – collet of an analyzed seal with curved petals; c – traces left by an object (indicated by arrows)

Ill. 7.7. Presence of an adhesive substance inside the body of the LM and slide traces on the female element of the seal (indicated by arrows) 120

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A comparative study of the trails formed when the seal is installed and those formed by the experimental actions. The sharp distinction between these traces in their depth and severity, presence of traces of the opposite direction (as the loop increases) indicate the possibility of criminal removal and re-installation of the seal by reducing its resistance to criminal impact.

Disassembling LSD body and examination of their inner surfaces

Disassembling the body of the LSD is performed during an expert analysis, technical tests, and performance monitoring. Therefore, every manufacturer develops an optimal technology for disassembling the body of their products in terms of labor costs. However, during the expert studies, the main criterion for the following disassembly is that the LSD should be opened so that the details of the LM and, most importantly, trace-receiving inner surfaces received minimal damage. This section mainly focuses on the cable and bolt LSDs (GOST 31281-2004) that are most difficult to disassemble. For them, the most correct methods of disassembling LSD are defined for forensic investigation, testing for resistance to tampering without breaking or with partial damage to the design and masked traces, as well as tests for resistance to destructive impact. Depending on the design of the LSD, during the expert study, several methods of dismantling the body are used: - Sawing the body along the selected planes using saws for metal, a cutting disc, or rotary cutters; - Drilling, milling to remove rivets, pins, fastening body parts; - Grinding the flared parts with manual or electric tools. In order to avoid losing or altering the traces and other important information when performing any type of body disassembly into two or more fragments, the expert must: - Study the design documentation of the sealing devices; - Conduct a thorough inspection, measurement of all elements of the seal and photograph the existing traces on the external surfaces; - Choose the method of disassembly and necessary tool in accordance with the recommendations for disassembling the body and removing the parts of the locking mechanism; - Apply markings that define the plane of separation of the seal. Of all the LSDs approved for use on the Russian railways, the most commonly used are Sprut-777, Sprut-777M, Skat, Klesch-60 SC, Blok-Garant, Ohra 1, TP 2800-02. Sprut-777 and Sprut-777M are single-block consisting of a durable metal body, inside which is the locking mechanism fixing the cable with two balls. One end of the cable is rigidly secured in the body with a two-way three-point crimp. The sealing cable diameter is approximately 4.7 mm, length – 500 mm, body dimensions – 50 x 29 x 13 mm, weight – 110 g. Sprut-777M has an additional locking device in the form of the screw holding the cable in the body (see Ills. 3.20, 3.22). 121

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With respect to the LSDs with a through channel housing the cable moving along the locking device, it makes sense to cut along the axial plane, for example, for Sprut-777 it its 9 mm from the top edge of the body on both sides. The cutting width shall be not more than 1.5 mm, and the best results are achieved when using a cutting wheel (Ill. 7.8).

Ill. 7.8. Body of Sprut-777 with markings showing the parting plane and the body part with the locking mechanism

In this method, the inner surface of the body and elements of the LM receive minimum damage, which allows keeping the necessary trace information. After removing the balls and springs, they are studied and photographed. If the LSD was opened by manipulations, the inner surfaces contain a large number of traces formed by the working parts of the tools. However, the appearance of these tracks only says that there has been impact with foreign objects on certain parts of the locking mechanism. Determining whether the opening of the LSD was completed is only possible based on the study of the features in conjunction with other detected traces (Ill. 7.9).

Ill. 7.9. Traces on the balls inside the LM and the inner surfaces of the inlet opening formed upon exposure to foreign objects (indicated by arrows)

In a similar manner, other single-block LSDs with the LM based on stopping and with an inclined slot are disassembled. The traces of opening by manipulations are clearly visible on the same structural parts (Ill. 7.10).

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Ill. 7.10. Traces of opening on an inner surface of the inlet opening of the working channel

Moreover, after disassembling, a more accurate method of determining the opening method becomes possible that is associated with the separation of the cable with it subsequently being inserted in the body (Ill. 7.11).

Ill. 7.11. Traces of opening and re-installation of cable LSDs specific to the following sequence of actions: separation of the cable near the body, drilling the cable residues out of the body, gluing in the main part of the cable (marked by arrow)

Skat has a flat body made of an aluminum alloy consisting of two parts connected by four rivets. The body rigidly fixes one end of the female element, a metal cable with a diameter of 2.2 mm and a length of 300 mm or 1500 mm. Body dimensions are: length – 46 mm, width – 30 mm, thickness – 8 mm (see Ills. 3.29, 3.30). To disassemble the body of Skat, the expert needs to determine and mark the point of drilling, drill out the rivets fastening the enclosure, and separate them with a sharp instrument. Then the elements of the locking mechanism are available for study and photography (Ill. 7.12).

Ill. 7.12. Skat after disassembling the body. Arrows indicate the most probable location of traces formed by opening the body of the seal by manipulations

Bolt Klesch-60 SC consists of three structural elements: body, bolt, and collet. The bolt has a length of 80 mm and consists of a head and a working part. The head of the bolt has a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 8 mm, and has a conical shape on the 123

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side of its working part. The steel body is a hollow regular hexagon with the planes of 37 mm in length and 11 mm in width, and the distance between the opposite planes 19 mm. The outer surface of the body has a coating (see Ill. 3.33). To study traces formed on the inner surfaces of the body of Klesch-60 SC, the expert should be marking the plane of separation and cut the device along the axis of the body from three sides to achieve its full separation and release the collet (Ill. 7.13).

Ill. 7.13. Disassembling the body of Klesch-60 SC

Disassembling the bodies of all bolt and cable LSDs with a shutting LM is similar. It should be noted that the collet bolt seals are most resistant to opening by manipulations. Powerful petals of the collet securely hold the shaped head portion of the bolt in the body, and detaching them even with the help of a specially made tool is virtually impossible. Subject to criminal opening to a greater extent are the bolt LSDs that have different rings and springs in the LM. Impact on these elements leads to the formation of a characteristic group of traces on the internal surfaces of the body and the bolt. The most informative are the traces left with an instrument on the cylindrical surfaces of the shaped head of the bolt. When removing spring elements of the LM from the channel, the working part of the tool is tightly pressed against the surface of the cylinder and leaves the trace, the direction of which clearly indicates the opening of the seal (Ill. 7.14).

a b Ill. 7.14. Traces of opening a bolt LSD that has a spring retainer with a specially made tool: a – on the shaped head of the bolt, b – on the internal surfaces of the body

To disassemble the bodies of Blok-Garant, Ohra 1 and TP 2800-02, it is recommended to use grinding 2-3 mm of the flared fragments along the perimeter of the end 124

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plane. This method of disassembling helps the internal surfaces and trace-receiving elements of the LM receive minimal damage, allowing keeping the necessary trace information (Ill. 7.15).

Ill. 7.15. Bodies of Ohra 1, Blok-Garant after disassembling and TP 2800-02 showing the flared parts on on the end

After disassembling the bodies of the studied seals, it is necessary to make sure that all parts of the LSD are present, and then consistently produce photographs and inspection of their surfaces in order to study the trace information (Ill. 7.16). In case of detecting tampering, it is necessary to establish the trace formation mechanism and locate the identification features of the tool. Pay special attention to changes in the diagnostic features of changes in the original state of the LSD, such as traces of re-using, altering the LM, falsification of structural elements, as well as the presence of foreign substances and objects.

Ill. 7.16. Blok-Garant disassembled: 1 – lower cover; 2 – metal label with the number of the seal; 3 – top cover; 4 – body; 5 – cable clamp; 6 – cable; 7 – locking sleeve; 8 – spring; 9 – tab washer; 10 – polymer washer; 11 – shaped D-washer; 12 – separator with balls; 13 – cone 125

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Sample description of disassembling and studying the inner surfaces of the LSD presented for analysis: ...To further investigate the LSD, the body was disassembled by removing 2-3 mm of the flared parts along the perimeter of the end plane, after which all parts of the locking mechanism were examined with a MBS-10 microscope (Photo 6).

Photo 6

The study did not reveal any traces of tampering on the locking mechanism of the LSD and area around where the cable is attached. When comparing the identified structural and technological features with reference materials and SDs from the sample, it was found that all the details of the LM were present, in place, did not have any defects and interacted, ensuring efficiency of the device. Thus, Ohra  1 № ******* presented for analysis was not tampered with or re-used. The absence of some of the elements and damages detected affecting the technical condition of the locking mechanism lead to concluding that the level of the protective properties of the LSD does not meet the regulatory specifications. In addition to the dimensional characteristics of the spring (wire thickness, winding pitch, length, diameter), elasticity is important. Based on the totality of the measured parameters, the presence or absence of falsified elements of the locking device is concluded. Establishing the presence of counterfeit LSDs or their elements only on the basis of design parameters is quite difficult. There are several reasons. First, industrially manufactured parts of the LSD can be made by various enterprises, the specifics of which imposes conditions on the quality of processing the LSD parts. Secondly, they may vary in size within the manufacturing tolerances. 126

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Therefore, to obtain reliable results about the fact of falsification is possible only on the basis of a comparative analysis of all the design parameters and technological features that appear on the parts of the LSD in the manufacturing process and pointing to their common origin. Common origin implies common technological conditions. That is, the fact that the products are manufactured in the factory in compliance with certain technical parameters within a single process.

Capabilities of mechanoscopic analysis of sealing devices The known methods of non-destructive criminal opening and re-installation of LSDs are very diverse. The practice of the forensic department at “STRAZH” Co., where more than 100 studies of SDs tampered with are performed each year, shows that the most common ways are: - Impact on the locking mechanism of the device by manipulations to reduce the level of mechanical protection or temporarily make the LM inoperable; - Reduced resistance to unauthorized (criminal) opening by intentionally violating the installation rules, damaging the barrier components, or temporarily replacing parts of the locking device; - Destruction followed by repairing or replacing the main elements or LSD with forgeries. Usually, female elements (cables, bolts) are the ones destroyed with their subsequent gluing in and the traces masked. Additionally, there are varieties of this method involving partial unobtrusive changes in the design (protective case, elements locking mechanism) followed by the masking of the following traces: - Opening by using small artificially formed holes and cracks in the body followed by their masking; - Opening by disconnecting parts of the LSD by force in the area of welding, flaring, riveting followed by restoring the appearance of the LSD; - Opening with a subtle change in the shape and size of the body and (or) individual parts and components; - Impacts mentioned above with a prior administration of chemicals or compounds into the body; - Using various combinations of the above methods. Reduced resistance of the LSD to criminal opening is typical for situations where the sender enters a conspiracy with the criminal group and purposefully incorrectly installs the LSD, removes or replaces certain parts of the locking device, by which allows criminal non-destructive removal and re-installation of the LSD. However, diagnosing these methods of opening is usually not difficult during the study of the internal and external sealing surfaces. In most cases, experts give answers to the questions about the opening and re-installation of the seal in a categorical form. In contrast, determining that the LM was made temporary inoperable (by manipulation) and thereby determining the fact of the opening is the most difficult task, as we mentioned above. 127

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Impacting the elements of the locking mechanism by manipulations can involve using a specially made tool. In addition, non-destructive criminal opening can use special means which include: chemicals, thermal effects, magnetic fields, mechanical vibration, or a combination thereof. The methods of impacting the locking mechanism are very diverse. According to the test method, to determine the resistance of LSDs to non-destructive opening are: - Manipulations using probes and dip rods through natural openings and technological gaps; - Using shock and vibration manipulators; - Impact on the locking mechanism by improper loads (impulse, torsional, tensile, compressive, and various combinations); - Manipulations with preliminary introduced special items into the clamp that block elements of the locking mechanism; - Manipulations with preliminary introduced lubricants, chemicals or compounds into the locking mechanism that change the properties of materials, but do not alter the body’s integrity (changes in the structure of the material, coefficient of friction, coefficient of linear expansion causing elastic deformation of parts, etc); - Manipulations mentioned above in combination with thermal impact (heating, cooling, thermal cycling); - Using various combinations of the above methods. Therefore, based on the above-listed methods of non-destructive criminal opening, it is expected that in the course of an expert study all kinds of trasological traces can be found: objects (special items and fragments thereof introduced into the case of the LM), substances (residues of chemically active reagents and lubricants), and trace images. For their detection, a variety of external and internal surfaces of parts LSD should be examined, but attention should be paid to the body and parts of the locking mechanism in the first place. Objects can be detected as a result of the following: - Removing the cable from the body; - Removing elements of the LM. Substances may be left: - On the parts of the cable inside the working channel of the body; - On the external surfaces of the LM and internal surfaces of the body. Trace images are formed, as a rule, with various devices, probes, and dip rods on the parts of the LM and inner surfaces of the working channel of the body. The found objects and substances must be described in the research part of the conclusion and sent to the appropriate forensic experts or professionals (developers, design engineers, technologists, experts, manufacturers). Attached should be the questions about whether the metal fragments found in the clamp of the LSD belong to parts of the locking mechanism; purpose of objects (or fragments thereof) and how it is positioned inside the LSD; chemical composition of the detected substance, its meaning and possible consequences of its use, etc. 128

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The results of these studies sometimes allow establishing the facts of reducing the resistance to criminal opening, or blocking the LM. Thus, the fact of opening and re-installation of the LSD can be diagnosed only in a few cases: - Detection of traces of disconnecting parts of the LSD by force with their following masking; - Detection of artificial holes created in the body of the LSD with their following masking; - Detection of blocking elements within the body of the LSD impeding the proper functioning of the LM. In other cases, the conclusion about the opening and re-installation of the LSD can be probable. Much greater opportunities for establishing the fact of opening the seal after the initial installation and re-installation on the protected object are provided by a me­ thodological approach developed in trasological mechanoscopic analysis. Mechanoscopic means the study of objects “acting using a mechanism, or similar to a mechanism”. The methodology of trasological mechanoscopic analysis is based on a broader interpretation of the trace than in classical trasological analysis, as any material reflection of properties of things and phenomena, which allows judging about these properties. And as researched objects, here are not only morphological, but also the substantial functional properties of complex technical systems. That is, this system is able to transmit and receive information from the outside by changing its morphological, functional, and the substantial properties, which are sometimes combined in the concept of “integrative properties”. This means in parti­ cular that the features of the process of criminal opening can appear in traces on complex mechanical trace-receiving object more fully compared with a monolith object. Obviously, the category of the objects in mechanoscopic analysis includes sealing devices currently by their technical characteristics relating to precision mechanics products. After manufacturing and assembly, their locking mechanisms are a technologically adjusted complex mechanical system consisting of a large number (sometimes dozens) of parts. Their operation in normal mode practically does not depend on the human actions. The task of identifying the fact of opening and re-installation of the LSD are classified as diagnostic, and to address them mechanoscopic analysis used methods of technical diagnostics. Technical diagnostics means the recognition of the technical condition and properties of the object using typical indirect indicators (diagnostic parameters). Technical diagnostics includes three types of the problems of determining the state of the object. The first is the problems of determining the current real-time state of the object – diagnosis. The problems of the second type are prediction. They predict the state of the object, in which it would be at some future time. 129

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What is essential is that technical diagnostics also provides a solution of the third type of tasks – genesis, the name coming from the Greek word genesis, which means “origin, appearance, process of formation.” Genesis defines the state in which the object was at some time in the past. In addition, the branch of knowledge addressing the problems of the third type has a special name – technical genetics. As it can be seen, the task of detecting the facts of criminal opening of the LSD fall into the category of genesis tasks. These tasks are the most complex of all the types. In general, their solution is related to the identification of possible and probable histories, leading to the present state of the object. Before using the existing methods of technical diagnostics in mechanoscopic analysis, it is important to define the essence of the “diagnosed state of the object”. For our purposes, this concept will apply to the locking mechanism or mechanisms of irrevocable fixation of the LSD. Each technically complex product can be in several well-defined conditions, which can be regarded as its integrative properties (Table 7.1). In technical diagnostics, these states are considered as a function of time and are defined as follows: Table 7.1

Main terms and definitions of diagnosed states of object (LSD) Term

Definition

Operative state

State of the object in which it meets all the requirements of the technical and (or) design documentation

Inoperative state

State of the object in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements of the technical and (or) design documentation

Serviceable state

State of the object in which the parameters characterizing the ability to perform the device’s functions comply with the technical and (or) design documentation

Non-serviceable state

State of the object in which at least one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the device’s functions does not comply with the regulatory technical and (or) design documentation. Note. For complex objects, there can be several non-serviceable states. Within these, partial non-serviceable states are separated in which the object is able to partially perform the required functions.

In addition to determining the state of the object, it is also possible to diagnose the working algorithm or function of the product, or as it is often called, checking for proper functioning. Detected deviations from the working algorithm for technically complex objects are described as a partially non-serviceable state in which the object is capable of performing the required functions with reduced performance, perform only part of the required functions or go to the undue operation state (Ill. 7.17).

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Diagnosed states of object Operative state

Inoperative state

Functionally unfit state

Non-serviceable state

Serviceable state

Partially non-serviceable state

Correct operation state

Functions with reduced performance

Partial functions

Undue operation state

Ill. 7.17. Diagnosed states of object

It should be noted that the possibility of diagnosing the undue operation state (UOS) in the forensic aspect is the most important. This is due to the fact that criminal impact on the locking mechanism by manipulations often leaves the studied objects in a serviceable and properly functioning state. Therefore, the only possibility of detecting non-serviceable states of an object in the past is related to studying the traces of deviations from the working algorithm followed by the interpretation of the results. The dynamics of changes in the state of the SD is shown in Ill. 7.18. Yellow color marks the states and modes of operation provided by the technical specifications, i.e. the open seal with a working LM is installed on the protected object and becomes locked. Red color shows the possible states in which the SD is left after criminal impact, and green shows the states of undue operation. The left branch corresponds to the preliminary preparation of the SD before installation by violating the serviceabi­ lity of the locking mechanism. The right branch represents the opening of the SD by manipulations.

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Dynamics of changes in SD state

Original state (serviceable, unlocked)

SPS

Final state (serviceable, locked)

UOS 1

UOS 3 SPS Temporary non-serviceable state (3)

Non-serviceable locked state (1) UOS 2

Serviceable unlocked state (2)

UOS 4

SPS – standard performance state UOS – undue operation state

Ill. 7.18. Dynamics of changes in SD state

As it can be seen, the functioning of the irrevocable fixation mechanism occurs only at the time the SD is installed on the protected object or during criminal actions. Because the device has a single use (sometimes called a “one-time padlock”), after its installation on the protected object, the parts of the locking mechanism are in a quasi-static state. Any further operation of the mechanism is not planned, which ensures that the female element is securely fixed in the body of the SD. No intermediate states (partial non-serviceability) can occur, that is, these devices can only be in two alternative states – serviceable and non-serviceable. Therefore, any manipulation leading to a non-destructive opening of the SD should be seen as driving it into non-serviceable state and then forcing the SD out of it. Identifying these non-serviceable states of the SD and states of undue operation is a prerequisite for solving the problem and determining the SD was opened criminal non-destructive methods. The diagnosis of non-serviceable and undue operation states is based on the study of functional signs displayed in the traces of interaction between the parts of the locking mechanism. For barrier SDs, the signs of the undue operation state (UOS) most often appear in the traces on the channel walls of the locking mechanism left by springs, pushrods, and rotating elements (balls, rollers). The main difference from the standard performance state (SPS) is a larger amplitude of the moving parts of the locking mechanism. Indeed, under the influence of tools or lock picks, the moving parts move a little more, or as needed to fully release the female element, such as the cable. In the standard performance state, when the SD is installed, the cable constantly interacts with 132

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the parts of the locking mechanism, so the amplitude of their movement will be somewhat smaller (Ill. 7.19).

b a Ill. 7.19. Nominal displacement amplitude for the rotating elements of the LM in the standard performance state (a), one of the undue operation states (b), during the opening of the SD with a lock pick. The arrow shows the direction of the impact

If in the course of the study it was found that the parts of the locking mechanism were positioned so that the cable could be easily removed from the body, the SD was temporarily non-serviceable. Practically, this means a completed opening of the SD and the ability to answer the questions categorically. Since the body of the SD and parts of the locking mechanism are made from metal of high hardness, the traces of their interaction are usually not noticeable. However, they are clearly visible in the presence of corrosion in the channels of the body or surfaces of the locking mechanism, the appearance of which is due to the weather conditions or intentional introduction of chemicals into the body (Ill. 7.20).

Ill. 7.20. Traces of undue operation of the LM formed at the time of opening of the SD by manipulations

Visualizing the traces is also helped by the presence of a lubricant, which is often introduced in the SD by the criminals to facilitate opening. Sometimes in the bodies of SDs, there appear fragments of objects that were used for the preliminary design changes in the locking mechanism or a violation of its serviceability. Thus, during the opening of the SD, a large number of traces is formed by the working parts of the tools on the external and internal surfaces. However, these tra133

MECHANICAL SEALS

ces have much less information for the diagnosis of the possible states of the object of study. The appearance of these traces only says that there has been impact on the details of the locking mechanism with foreign objects. Determining whether the opening of the SD was completed is possible based on the study of the remaining functional features. For diagnosing an undue operation state of the locking mechanism, studying the substances found is also important. In this case, the signs of a UOS are a certain quantity of substances, the presence of which is not specified in the technical operating conditions for the SD. The appearance of these substances should be considered only as a possibility that the locking mechanism is functioning in an undue state. To diagnose the UOS, it is necessary to detect the substances, the presence of which indicates the locking mechanism became inoperable, which is equivalent to its opening. The substantive features of a UOS are most pronounced in control and indicative pull-tight seals with a metal collet. This is due to the design of the seals and the presence of these parts differing in hardness. Here is an example of establishing that the seal was opened by preconditioning or making changes to the locking mechanism. Expert practice shows that for these seals, the most common method is unfolding the petals of the collet using a pointed object. The collet is impacted through the inlet opening, which increases the distance between the petals and results in a possibility of pulling the female element out of the body. When re-installed, the petals return to a position that ensures serviceability of the locking mechanism. The collet usually retains traces of such impact, but their occurrence should be considered only as a necessary condition for a completed opening of the seal (see Ill. 7.6). Also informative enough to diagnose the opening of the SD are the traces formed because of undue operation of the locking mechanism. These include numerous scrapes of the material on the female element in the form of chips near the outlet opening of the locking mechanism, as well as the appearance of dynamic traces showing the displacement of the female element in the direction of tightening the seal (Ill. 7.21).

Ill. 7.21. Traces of opening found on an indicative seal: chips near the inlet side of the LM and dynamic marks on the surface of the female element along the increasing direction of the noose (indicated by arrows) 134

Chapter 7. FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SEALING DEVICES

The identified set of traces allows concluding that the LM studied was made temporarily non-serviceable after the initial installation, which means determining that is was opened and re-installed. Thus, sealing devices as complicated mechanical systems have a certain set of states that can be defined as the sum of their properties. Clearly, such systems are able to perceive information from the outside by changing these properties, meaning that their ability to record information are much higher compared with a monolith object. Solving some types of diagnostic problems, e.g. determining the SD was opened by manipulations may be based on the diagnosis of certain states of the mechanical system in the past. It is sufficient to only diagnose a temporary transition of the locking mechanism of the SD into a non-serviceable state.

135

MECHANICAL SEALS

CONCLUSION In recent years, many countries have faced a number of challenges and threats that emanate from crime, aimed at the vulnerable links of the international transport system, and directly affect the sovereignty and economies, and the lives and safety of their citizens. These include pirate attacks on ships, destruction of vehicles and infrastructure by terrorists, illegal immigration, transportation of hazardous cargo, weapons, and drugs. The issues of economic security should include threats aimed at undermining the economic foundations of the state, such as the smuggling of goods, false declaration of goods; non-payment of taxes, customs duties, and fiscal charges on goods during border crossing; theft of goods and vehicles. Transportation technologies are characterized by complex interactions of the many participants in the process of delivery, industries, regulatory agencies, types of transport, operating systems, financial obligations, legal bases, etc. Accordingly, transportation security can be ensured only by joint actions legally backed up by the responsibility of all parties involved in the transportation. Any failure in one of the links undermines the safety of the circuit in general. In protecting the interests of the state there can not be trifles. Even technical means such as seals have long been used for a systemic solution to security and logistics tasks. The seal, as a material carrier of information, effectively serves as an indicator of that the object’s protection was penetrated; a universal identifier (of the vehicle operator; cargo; person responsible for security); and a key link in the information supply chain. Hence, it can be used as evidence for the material and legal responsibility of various parties in the process for the object in the transportation system. Therefore seals are considered by the courts as evidence of illegal actions during transportation. Under these circumstances, the seal is an important element of security systems. Its obligatory use is prescribed by charters of the transport sectors (rail, sea, river and air transport), legislative and regulatory acts by various agencies and organizations (FCS, Ministry of Finance, central bank, law enforcement). However, the effectiveness of the currently used seals depends largely on the management procedures based on visual inspection of the seal numbers and manual transfer of information into the carrier’s ACS. This is clearly outdated and a hindrance in the development of traffic management systems. Information technologies used in transport logistics require automated process control, management and de-registration of seals, and exclusive delivery of information to the participants of the transportation process. The modern direction of goods flow management and safety and security of cargo delivered is represented by the actively implemented system of radio frequency identification (RFID). Practical results received in many countries (USA, China, Japan, Korea, Germany, Australia, etc.) led to the possibility of the operation of RFID systems as part of an extensive information network with a variety of logistics information. The system of real-time monitoring of technological processes in container transportation using multifunctional electronic seals in conjunction with a global network environment increases the efficiency and safety of transportation, provides quick access for all participants in the transport chain (such as cargo owners, shipping companies, ports, customs, the Border Service and others) to the information resources of the system in order to address specific security issues. According to many experts, this trend in the RFID technology is very promising and rapidly developing and will ensure high efficiency of security systems. Currently “STRAZH” Co. is testing several options for systems of electronic sealing of vehicles using UHF-band RFID tags, functions of global positioning (GPS, GLONASS) and wireless telecommunications (Wi Fi, GPRS / CDMA) with managing databases and information networks including the Internet. Given the broad integration and active role of Russia in world trade, we consider it our extremely urgent priority to the implement such systems in the transport sector of Russia. 136

REFERENCE LIST Regulatory documents 1. Federal Law dated 10.01.2003 #18-FZ Transport Charter of Russian Railways. – Collection of Russian Federation legislation. 13.01.2003. #2. Art. 170. M. 2003. 2. GOST 31282-2004 Sealing Devices. Classification. – 2006 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 12. 3. GOST 31281-2004 Locking and Sealing Devices for Transport Containers of General and Special Purposes. General and Specification Requirements.  – 2006 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 14. 4. GOST 31283-2004 Indicative Seals. General Technical Requirements. – 2006 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 14. 5. GOST 31315-2006 Electronic Sealing Devices. General Technical Requirements.  – 2008 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 8. 6. GOST R52326-2005 Sealing Devices. Management, Control, and Disposal. – 2006 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 7. 7. GOST R52365-2005 Sealing Devices. Requirements for Methods of Testing Protective Properties and Resistance to Tampering. – 2006 – 01 – 01. – Moscow: Standards Press. – p. 11. 8. GOST R52525-2006 Sealing Devices. Composition and Requirements for Sealing Systems. – 2006 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 7. 9. GOST R52734-2007 Sealing Devices for Hazardous Cargo. General Technical Requirements. – 2008 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 11. 10. GOST R53418-2009 Sealing Devices. Procedure for Monitoring Status of Sealing Devices during Operation. – 2010 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 11. 11. GOST R53424-2009 (ISO 17712:2006) Mechanical Sealing Devices for Cargo Containers. General Technical Requirements. – 2010 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 16. 12. GOST R53787-2010 Methods of Testing Strength and Resistance to Tampering for Bolt Sealing Devices. General Requirements. – 2011 – 02 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 12. 13. GOST R53888-2010 Sealing Devices. Methods of Testing Resistance to Tampering for Indicator Sealing Devices. General Requirements. – 2011 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 16. 14. GOST R54302-2011 Methods of Testing Resistance to Environmental and Mechanical Factors for Power Sealing Devices. – 2011 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 14. 15. GOST 15895-77 Statistical Methods for Quality Control. Terms and Definitions.  – 1978 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 16. 16. GOST 15467-79 (ST SEV 3519-81) Quality Management. Basic Concepts. Terms and Definitions. – 1979 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 22. 17. GOST 20911-89 Technical Diagnostics. Terms and Definitions. – 1991 – 01 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 11. 18. GOST 27002-89 Reliability in Technical Means. Basic Concepts. Terms and Definitions. – 1990 – 07 – 01. – M.: Standards Press. – p. 24. 19. BS 7480:1992. Specification for Security Seals. – 1992 – 02 – 28. 20. MIL  – STD  – 810F. Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests. – 2000 – 01 – 01. – USA. Department of Defense Test Method Standard. – p. 539. 21. ASTM F946-85 (Reapproved 2010). Standard Guide for Establishing Security Seal Control and Accountability Procedures.  – 2010  – 05  – 01.  – ASTM Book of Standards. Vol. 15.08.  – p. 3. 22. ASTM F1158-88 (Reapproved 1994, 2001). Standard Guide for Inspection and Evaluation of Tampering of Security Seals. – 1988 – 08 – 01. – ASTM Book of Standards. Vol. 15.08. – p. 2. 23. ASTM F1699-96 (Reapproved 2001, 2008). Standard Classification for Passive Fiber Optic Seals. – 1996 – 01 – 01. – ASTM Book of Standards. Vol. 15.08.  – p. 1 (currently 2). 137

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24. ASTM F 832-90 (Reapproved 2008). Standard Classification for Security Seals  – 2008 – 10 – 01 – ASTM Book of Standards. Vol. 15.08. – p. 4. 25. ISO/PAS 17712-03 (Reapproved 2005). Freight Containers  – Mechanical seals.  – 2006 – 07 – 01. – ISO/PAS 17712: 2006 (E). – p. 20. Educational publications and monographs 1. T.V. Averyanova – Forensics: Course of General Theory. – M., 2006. – p. 480. 2. A.P. Babichev, etc. – Reference Book for Engineers in Mechanical Engineering. – Rostov-on-Don, 2005. – p. 541. 3. R.S. Belkin  – Forensics Course: 3 vols. 1: General Forensics Theory.  – M., 1997.  – p. 408. 4. G.V. Vershitskaya, A.V. Stalmahov, R.Y. Trubitsin, A.N. Frolov – Picking Material Traces and Their Preliminary Study during Legal Actions: Textbook. Saratov: RIM Law Institute in Saratov, 2010. – p. 132. 5. I.B. Vorobyova, N.I. Malanyina – Footprints at Scene. Saratov, 1996. – p. 120. 6. K.E. Demin, V.Y. Fedorovich  – Trasological Analysis: Peculiarities of Issuing Expert Conclusions: Textbook / Ed. N.P. Maylis. – M., 2003. – p. 97. 7. A.M. Zinin, N.P. Maylis – Forensics: Textbook. – Moscow, 2002. – p. 320. 8. Y.G. Coruh  – Forensic Diagnostics in Crime Investigation: Scientific & Practical Guide. – M., 1998. – p. 288. 9. N.P. Maylis – Forensic Trasological Analysis: Textbook for Law Students. – Moscow, 2003. – p. 272. 10. N.P. Maylis  – Forensic Trasological Analysis: Reference Manual for Experts.  – M., 2000. – p. 58. 11. N.P. Maylis – My Profession is Legal Expert. – M., 2006. – p. 168. 12. S.I. Ozhegov – Russian Dictionary. – M., 1983. – p. 796. 13. N.T. Rogatnev – Security Seals as Effective Means to Protect Cargo from Theft. – Moscow, 2001. – p. 118. 14. E.R. Rossinskaya – Forensics in Criminal, Civil, and Arbitral Processes. – M., 1996. – p. 224. 15. Collected Rules of Railway Transportation. M.: Gosudarstvo i Pravo, 2003. – p. 280. 16. A.G. Suharev, A.V. Kalyakin, A.G. Egorov, A.I. Golovchenko – Trasological Analysis: Textbook. Saratov: RIM Law Institute in Saratov, 2010. – p. 420. 17. A.M. Chugunov, B.N. Morozov  – Locking and Sealing Devices and Their Forensic Investigation: Training Manual. Saratov, 2001. – p. 96. 18. Expert: Guide to Internal Affairs and Justice / Ed. T.V. Averyanova, V.F. Statkus.  – Moscow, 2003. – p. 592. Articles, Patents, Decrees, Websites 1. A.N. Blazhenov, A.V. Ermilov  – Seals: Myths and Realities in Insurance Business // RZhD-PARTNER. #21 (145) November 2008. – pp. 88-91. 2. A.P. Bykov, R.G. Semenov – Modern LSD: Certification, Testing, Production // RZhDPartner. #7 (131) April 2008. – pp. 52-53. 3. Y.M. Dildin, E.Y. Sinitsyn, A.V. Ermilov, A.V. Krylov, A.G. Suharev – Classification of Sealing Devices Based on Quantitative Criminal Indicators of Resistance // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. #4 (16), 2008. – pp. 24-31. 4. A.V. Ermilov  – On Standardization of Sealing Devices Used in Transport // Modern Sealing Devices as Forensic Research Objects: Abstracts of International Scientific Conference / Ed. A.G. Suharev. – Saratov, 2005. – pp. 47-55. 5. M.O. Kozlov – Recovering Destroyed Markings on Metal Products Electrochemically / / Theoretical and Applied Issues of Forensic Activity: All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference – SPb., 1999. – pp. 215-217. 6. Y.G. Koruhov – Correlation of Forensic Diagnostics and Recognition // Forensic Means and Methods in Detection and Investigation of Crimes: Abstracts of III All-Russian Scien138

tific & Practical Conference on Forensic Science and Criminalistics. Vol. 1. – M., 2006. – pp. 91-95. 7. A.V. Kochubey, Y.A. Efremova – New Method for Detecting Remote Relief Images on Metals // Issues in Modern Forensics Stage: Abstracts of Inter-University Scientific Conference / Ed. V.A. Yarmak – Volgograd, 2003. – pp. 115-118. 8. V.V. Krylov, A.V. Ermilov  – Cargo Transport Safety and Security  – Urgent Issues of Modern Transport: Modern Technologies of Protecting Sealing Devices // RZhD-Partner. 2006. #2. – pp. 78-80. 9. V.V. Krylov, A.V. Ermilov – Sealing Devices as Structural Element in Complex Security System // Transport Security & Technology. 2008. #3 (16). – pp. 16-21. 10. V.V. Krylov  – To New Century with New Technology // RzhD-Partner. 2009. #24 (171). – pp. 65-66. 11. V.V. Krylov, A.V. Ermilov – New Aspects of Use of Seals in Security Systems and Logistics Transport Industry // Transport Security & Technology. 2009. #3 (20). – pp. 18-19. 12. V.V. Krylov, A.V. Ermilov – Sealing Devices in Transport Security Systems // Transport Security & Technology. 2011. – #2(25). – pp. 42-43. 13. N.S. Kudinova  – Regulatory Requirements Defining Level of Protection and Sealing Devices of Forgery and Spoofing // Modern Sealing Devices as Objects of Forensic Research: International Scientific & Practical Conference / Ed. A.G. Suharev  – Saratov, 2005. – pp. 56-61. 14. N.S. Kudinova – Forensic Classification of Sealing Devices // Current State and Prospects of Development of Criminology and Forensic Sciences: Abstracts of International Scientific & Practical Conference. – St. Petersburg, 2005. – pp. 385-387. 15. A.G. Monin, A.G. Suharev, A.V. Stalmahov, R.Y. Trubitsyn  – Technical Aspects of Expert Research of Locking and Sealing Devices // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. 2011. #2 (26). – pp. 80-90. 16. Countering Criminal Attacks and Cargo Theft in Transport // RZhD-Partner. 2008. #6 (130). – pp. 50-54. 17. A.G. Suharev, A.V. Ermilov, A.V. Kalyakin – Classification of Electronic Sealing Devices and Their Potential Forensic Research // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. 2006. #2. – pp. 88-94. 18. A.G. Suharev, A.V. Kalyakin, N.R. Vaychus, A.G. Monin  – Constructive Types of Modern Indicative Seals // Urgent Issues in Trasological and Forensic Ballistic Examinations: Abstracts of Inter-University Scientific & Practical Conference – Volgograd, 2006. – pp. 141-143. 19. A.G. Suharev, A.V. Kalyakin, A.G. Monin  – Design Features and Classification of Modern Sealing Devices // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. 2008. #2 (14). – pp. 53-64. 20. A.G. Suharev – Subject and Objects of Trasological Mechanoscopic Analysis // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. 2008. #4 (16). – pp. 7-18. 21. A.M. Chugunov, A.V. Kalyakin, A.G. Suharev – New Generation of Locking and Sealing Devices and Features of Their Forensic Research // Forensic Enquiry. Scientific & Practical Journal. #2. – Saratov, 2003. – pp. 34-38. 22. Rules for Wagon and Container Sealing (RF Transport Ministry Order # 22C dated 12 April 1999) “Bulletin of Federal Agency Regulations” #51 20.12.1999 23. RZD OJSC Directive #1544p dated 1 August 2012 “Management, Storage, and Disposal of Locking and Sealing Devices Used in Wagon and Container Sealing for Goods Carriage by Russian Railways”. 24. Patents: Russian Federation  – Flexible Security Sealing Device: pat. 2109185 Russian Federation #97119612/28; filed 03.12.1997; publ. 20.04.1998, Bull. #11. p. 279; Flexible Locking and Sealing Device Gaz-Garant: pat. 2144155 Russian Federation #99105932/28; filed 01.04.1999; publ. 10.01.2000, Bull. #1. p. 431; Locking Device ZAKRUTKA-FAL: pat. 2134826 Russian Federation #98119360/28; filed 28.10.1998; publ. 20.08.1999; Bull. #23. 139

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p. 264; Cable Seal: pat. 2196212 Russian Federation #2001120762/12; filed 25.07.2001; publ. 10.01.2003; Bull. #01. p. 315; Padlock Seal: pat. 2175706 Russian Federation. #2000115263/12; filed 16.06.2000; publ. 10.11.2001; Bull. #31. p. 358; Plastic Padlock Seal: pat. 2181825 Russian Federation. #2000129236/12; filed 23.11.2000; publ. 27.04.2002; Bull. #12. p. 289; Rotary Seal: pat. 2180385 Russian Federation #2001104149/12; filed 15.02.2001; publ. 10.03.2002; Bull. #07. p. 226; Flexible Locking and Sealing Device (types: pat. 2165551 Russian Federation. #2000119944/28; filed 27.07.2000; publ. 20.04.2001; Bull. #11. p. 342; USA – One-time use plastic lock: US3149869 A; filed 21.11.1962; publ. 22.09.1964; Security seal and lock: US5222776; № US07/973,788; filed 9.11.1992; publ. 29.06. 1993; Padlock-type security seal having a locking insert fixed in a hollow body and method of making same: US5314219 A; № US 08/023,576; filed 26.02.1993; publ. 24.05.1994; Tamper resistant shackle seal with multiple locking components: US5568952 A; № US 08/537,393; filed 02.10. 1995; publ. 29.10.1996; Tamper resistant shackle seal with multiple locking components: US5568952 A; № US 08/537,393; filed 02.10.1995; publ. 29.10.1996; Tamper resistant seal and method of sealing an object: US5762386; № US 08/561,411; filed 21.11.1995; publ. 09.06.1998; Tamper resistant seal and method of sealing an object: US5762386 A; № US 08/561,411; filed 21.11.1995; publ. 09.06.1998; Tamper resistant seal and method of sealing an object: US5762386 A; № US 08/561,411; filed 21.11. 1995; publ. 09.06. 1998; Tamper evident security seal: US6494508 B1; № US 09/447,692; filed 23.11.1999; publ. 17.12.2002; European patents – Reusable seal for use with rod: № EP0713596 B1, № PCT/ US1994/008371; filed 25.07.1994; publ. 23.12.1998; Padlock type marking seal: EP0824746 B1; № EP19960913394, № PCT/BR1996/000017; filed 03.05.1996; publ. 01.12.1999; Security device: EP0932135 A3; № EP19990100009; filed 02.01.1999; publ. 19.07.2000; Self-locking wire seal: EP1085488 A3; № EP20000650127; filed 07.09.2000; publ. 13.06.2001; Tamper evident buckle: EP1037191 B1; № EP20000301850; filed 07.03.2000; publ. 15.12.2004; Sealing device: EP0921513 B1; № EP19980307599; filed 18.09.1998; publ. 21.07.2004; France – Strip-shaped seal: 2678100 (A1); № FR19910007441 19910618; filed 18.06.1991; publ. 24.12.1992; Guarantee strip designed to protect merchandise or other articles against unauthorized use or tampering: 2712716 (A1); № FR19940013776 19941117; filed 17.11.1994; publ. 24.05.1995; 25. Information and reference materials by AcmeSealsLtd, StoffelSealsCorporation, Envopak, ITWLtd (UK); E.J.BrooksCompany, BrammalTydenSealInc. (USA); Unisto (Germany); W.A. DeutsherPTY.Ltd (Austria); HarcorSecuritySealsRTY (Australia); ELC (USA, Italy, Brazil); StobaAG (Switzerland); Oneseal (Denmark); Energet & Co. CJSC, Krasnooktyabrsky Zavod Metalloizdely, Transplombir Ltd. (Russia); Vinnitsatranspribor (Ukraine); Nuker (Kazakhstan). 26. Online resources: http://www.zpu.ru; http://www.strazh.ru; http://vostokoved.spb. ru; http://www.пломба-киров.рф/tovar/boltorezy.html; http://plomba.org.ua/catalog/pl/ pozichek.php; http://www.rusplomba.ru/rzhd_seals; http://www.siltech.ru/SY; http://www. expeditor-pro.ru/sealing-cargoes.php; www.transafety.ru; http://russianchange.narod.ru/ sfr/pl.html; http://www.enoth.narod.ru/enc/1/1_19.html; http://www.gravirovshik.ru/articles; http://ru.wikipedia.org; http://www.globez.ru/gruzy.html.

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Appendices

Appendices Appendix 1

Domestic and foreign manufacturers of sealing devices #

Manufacturer

1

“STRAZH” Co.

2

Products

Address

RUSSIA Control plastic seals: 27/1 Ferganskaya Str., Moscow, 109507 door and safe locks for domestic use and www.strazh.ru high-risk objects; locking devices and security seals with a wide range of applications Cable and bolt LSDs Office 15,18 Furmanny for Russian Railways Per., Moscow, 109004 www.transplombir.ru

Telephone, Fax, E-mail Tel.: 8 (495) 372-30-81 (Secretary) +7 (495) 765-77-77 (Planning Dept.) Fax: +7 (495) 220-76-28 Tel.: +7 (499) 995-75-63 +7 (499) 995-75-63

Transplombir Ltd. 3

Security seals and locks and ironmongery

Office 428, 17/1 Tel.: Presnensky Val, Moscow, +7 (499) 579-83-38 123557 (Sales Dept.) www.kzmi-zpu.ru

ZAO Krasnooktyabrsky Zavod Metalloizdely 4

5

6

Security seals Ohra-1. Since 2002, the Sotekkomtsentr Ltd. main activity was the organization of production and supply of spare parts for freight wagons Numbered signal plastic and metal devices, numbered SILTEK Ltd. LSDs, reusable combined signal devices, sealing devices for special purposes, sealable soft security containers, numbered signal stickers and ribbons, numbered indicator bracelets Tsentr Sistem Numbered plastic Oplombirovaniya Ltd. seals, sealing stickers and adhesive tapes

15/25 Naberezhnaya Akademika Tupoleva, Moscow, 105005 www.sotek.ru

Tel.: +7 (495) 933-99-09 +7 (495) 660-10-79 (Sales Dept.)

36/3-2 Myasnitskaya Str., Tel.: Moscow, 101000 +7 (495) 995-82-30 www.siltech.ru +7 (495) 628-15-16

Office 403, 4 Artyuhinoy Tel.: Str., Moscow, 109390 +7 (499) 179-56-31 www.inseal.ru

141

MECHANICAL SEALS

7

Garant Ltd.

8

Locking and sealing devices (LSDs for Railways), plastic numbered control seals, control seals of metal, stretch film, a tool for removing the LSDs, cable cutters, control tape and stickers, self-adhesive labels for cars, security envelopes Security seals, control and safety systems, LSD removal tools, parts

86/1 Ryazansky Prospekt, Moscow, 109542 www.garantplomba.ru

Tel.: +7 (495) 795-54-77 +7 (495) 517-20-14

10B-5 Polimernaya Str., Moscow, 111394 www.energet.ru

Numbered plastic seals, barrier cable seals, indicative seals, security envelopes, crimping tools, tools, sealing devices, products for CIT, storage keys, barrier bolt seals, metal tape seals Control seals, control tape, control labels, security envelopes, bracelets, engraving

Office 195, 2A Bolotnikovskaya Str., Moscow, 117556 (legal and postal address) Office 3, 18A Remizova Str., Moscow, 117186 (actual address) www.plombway.ru

Tel.: +7 (495) 730-40-91 +7 (495) 301-31-86 +7 (495) 302-64-00 +7 (495) 303-05-68 +7 (903) 584-28-75 +7 (903) 580-22-74 Fax: +7 (495) 303-05-68 Tel.: +7 (495) 972-06-93 +7 (495) 972-89-61 +7 (929) 909-88-78 E-mail: zakaz@ plombway.ru

ZAO Energet & Co.

9

PlombVey Ltd. 10

Fleksosil

11

REMKOS-M

142

4 2nd Paveletsky Proezd, Tel./Fax: Moscow, 115114 +7 (495) 723-74-56 www.flexoseal.ru +7 (495) 651-84-06 E-mail: info@ flexoseal.ru Locking and sealing (Borets plant entrance) Tel.: products – means of 6 Skladochnaya Str., +7 (495) 725-41-23 sealing, indication Moscow, 127018 +7 (901) 516-34-22 and control of www.plombarus.ru E-mail: remkosm@ opening and access, mail.ru (orders) labels and opening [email protected] access stickers, sealing (inquiries) indicative tape, plastic numbered seals, security and courier bags, lead seals, sealing devices for doors, etc.

Appendices

12

Rusplomba Ltd.

13

ACEPLOMB GROUP

14

Zolotoy Klyuch Ltd.

Control seals, warranty seals, numbered seals, lead seals, security labels, indicative tape, security envelopes, LSDs for Russian Railways, crimping tools, crimpers, sealing wire, plastic seals, disposable seals, indicative seals, security seals, rotary seals, seals for bags, seals for railway cars and trucks, tamperevident courier bags, numbered tape, reinforced seals Numbered metal seals, numbered plastic seals, numbered seals for bags, numbered seals, numbered wire-based seals, reinforced seals, special purpose seals, sealing tape, sealing labels, sealing wire, special envelopes, bags with a sealing device

32/1 Khoroshevskoe Tel.: Shosse, Moscow, 123007 +7 (495) 988-10-78 www.rusplomba.ru +7 (495) 739-80-77 E-mail: sales@ rusplomba.ru

Indicative numbered seal PL-2H, seal Uzel, indicative seals Uzel-K and Uzel-D, indicative stickers, seal PL-3, indicative numbered seal PL-3

Moscow www.zkluch.ru

88 Shosse Revolyutsii, St. Petersburg, 195279 (head office) 4 Artyukhina Str., Moscow, 109390 (branch) Office 307, 109 Tekucheva Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344018 (branch) www.ace-plomb.ru

Tel.: +7 (812) 337-51-27 +7 (812) 337-26-22 E-mail: info@ aceplomb.ru (head office in St. Petersburg) Tel.: +7 (495) 662-16-91 +7 (499) 179-56-31 E-mail: moscow@ aceplomb.ru (branch) Tel.: +7 (863) 232-54-79 +7 (863) 291-34-24 E-mail: rostov@ aceplomb.ru (branch) Tel.: +7 (916) 830-44-23 +7 (910)-419-86-87 Skype: stiv43ra

143

MECHANICAL SEALS

15

Gravirovshik

16

BROOKS LM

17

Security seals (lead, plastic numbered, stickers, adhesive tape); sealing devices, storage devices for keys; wax and tools for working with wax; cash boxes, currency detectors

Office 217, 2nd floor, 49 Bolshaya Semyonovskaya Str., Moscow, 107023 (Instrument Research Institute building) (head office) Office 409, 17 Italyanskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 191011 (branch) 620027, Office 215a, 9 Shevchenko Str., Yekaterinburg (branch) Office 4, 7/1 Sibrevkoma Str., Novosibirsk 630102 (branch) www.gravirovshik.ru

Barrier LSDs, plastic numbered seals, warranty numbered stickers, adhesive tape, numbered security envelopes, seals indicating shock or impact for cargo in transit Lead seals, jewelry seals, plastic indicative seals indicator, sealing tape, security envelopes, security labels

36/3-2 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000 www.brooxlm.com.ru

14/18 Ostashkovskaya Str., Moscow, 129345 www.mosinkasplomb.ru

Tel.: +7 (495) 545-09-31 +7 (495) 231-48-42 E-mail: 495@ gravirovshik.ru (head office), Tel.: +7 (812) 318-15-97 +7 (952) 264-21-13 E-mail: 812@ gravirvshik.ru (St. Petersburg branch), Tel.: +7 (343) 378-22-08 +7 (343) 388-06-63 E-mail: 344@ gravirovshik.ru (Yekaterinburg branch) Tel.: +7 (383) 209-26-56 E-mail: 383@ gravirovshik.ru (Novosibirsk branch) Tel.: +7 (495) 928-15-16

Tel.: +7 (495) 771-07-37 +7 (495) 773-55-25 +7 (499) 271-70-01 E-mail: info@ mosinkasplomb.ru

Mosinkasplomb Ltd. 18

Lead seals, plastic, Office 11, 8 Konstantina metal, rotary, and bolt Zaslonova Str., St. seals, security stickers Petersburg, 191119 www.mirplombir.ru Mir

144

Tel./Fax: +7 (812) 904-38-67 +7 (812) 575-86-43 E-mail: zakaz@ mirplombir.ru ICQ: 638-164-685 Skype: m904867

Appendices

19

Alfa-Kazan

20

Research Institute of Technical Protection of Information

21

TOO Universal

22

Indicative selfadhesive seals, plastic numbered seals, special reusable sealing containers (RSC), special reusable sealing bags (RSB), lead seals and plastic seals D10 mm CIS Fiber-optic electronic seals

78 Hadi Taktasha Str., Kazan 420107 www.alfakazan.ru

Tel.: +7 (843) 253-59-73 +7 (843) 278-06-60 E-mail: alfakzn@ rambler.ru

26/2 Pervomayskaya Str., Minsk, 220088 Republic of Belarus www.niitzi.by

Security seals for railroad cars, tanks, containers, warehouses, etc., control indicative sealing systems for electricity and water meters, warehouses, etc.

79 Aytieva Str., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan (Sales Dept.) www.plomba.kz

LSDs, security seals designed for different types of meters, as well as other objects of the national economy

Office 80, 72 Rozybakieva Str., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan www.nuker.kz

Tel.: (017) 294-16-84 Fax: (017) 285-31-86 E-mail: info@ niitzi.by Tel.: (727) 375-87-97 ext. 105 (727) 375-51-71 (727) 375-92-55 (727) 375-50-99 E-mail: universal@ plomba.kz URL: www.plomba.kz Tel.: (727) 258-44-90 (727) 258-44-91 (727) 258-44-93 (727) 379-33-47 (Fax)

Locking and sealing device Nord-Garant

3 Dombrovskogo Str, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan www.zpu-center.ru

Tel.: (727) 260-66-85 E-mail: amanat. [email protected]

Security seals, seals

1 Geroev Stalingrada Square, Vinnitsa, 21100 Ukraine www.vtranspribor.com.ua

Tel.: 375 (0432) 27-3781 375 (0432) 63-22-49 375 (0432) 63-27-87 375 (0432) 61-29-20 (ext. 22-65) E-mail: vtransvinnica@ mail.ru

TOO Nuker Corporation 23

TOO AMANAT ZPU KORPORATSIYASY 24

State Enterprise Vinnitsatranspribor

145

MECHANICAL SEALS

25

TM Sistemy Plombirovaniya

26

Numbered indicative plastic seals, numbered security seals, special-purpose sealing devices, numbered security envelopes, numbered security stickers and numbered tape, temperature indicators, indicators for careful handling of cargo, numbered bracelets Locking and sealing device Bakuvvat

5 Skladskaya Str., Tel.: Donetsk, 83059 Ukraine (050) 753-99-35 www.plomba.donetsk.ua (062) 348-79-74 (062) 385-92-68 (062) 385-92-69 (066) 404-03-44 (095) 721-77-55 (098) 025-67-77 E-mail: andrey@ plombaua.com sergey@plombaua. com slava@plombaua. com 12 Tarobiy Str., Tel.: Tashkent, 100090 (998 94) 925-83-27 Republic of Uzbekistan

Locking and sealing device HUMO-1

64 A. Kadyrova Str., Tashkent, 100005 Republic of Uzbekistan

UTI PLOMB Ltd. 27

Tel.: (998 71) 299-93-23

TASHROSTRANS JV 28

Olimp Ltd. 29

30

Mega Fortris (Malaysia) Sdn.Bhd. Secseals S. A.

Plastic, cable, bolt seals

Plastic seals South

31

SURE SECURITY SEALS

146

Control and sealing Olimp SRL Republic devices, RFID passive of Moldova, Chisinau, electronic seals MD-2002, Calea Besarabei 28/2 str. www.olimp/md/ru FOREIGN COMPANIES Mega Fortris Australia Plastic, metal, Pty Ltd. Unit 63, 176 electronic seals, South Creek Road security envelopes, security labels, RFID Cromer NSW 2099 Australia passive electronic megafortis.com.au seals

550, A. Juan Tanca Marengo KM 5, 5 Guayaquil, Marengo, Guayaquil, Ecuador ec100760436.fm.alibaba. com/ 6 Kayburn Ave Randburg 2169 South Africa www/sureseals.co.za

Tel./Fax: (373 22) 38-43-57 E-mail: info@ lock1n.com sales@ lock1n.com

Appendices

32

Plastic, metal, cable, bolt seals, electronic seals, security labels, sealing tape, security envelopes, RFID active electronic seals

D5-5-5, Solaris Dutamas 1 Jalan Dutamas 1 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.abric.com

Plastic and metal seals, cable and bolt LSDs, reusable seals, security envelopes

ITW Envopak, A Division of ITW Envopak Limited, Edgington Way, Sidcup Kent DA14 5EF, UK. www.itw-envopak.com Design and Technology Centre Innova Science Park 8 Kinetic Crescent, Enfield, Middlesex United Kingdom EN3 7XH (head office) www.secureseal.com Acme Seals Limited, Unit 9, Rosewood Business Park, Eastways, Witham, Essex, CM8 3AA, United Kingdom (head office), Malaysia, Acme Seals (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd No. 37, Jalan Layanglayang 4, Bandar Puchong Jaya, 47100 Puchong, SelangorDarul Ehsan, Malaysia www.acmeseals.com One Seal ApS Vibe AlleW 2 DK-2980 Kokkedal Denmark (branch), USA, One Seal USA 500 Matrix Parkway Piedmont South Carolina USA 29673 (USA Office) Canada, One Seal Canada, Customer Service, Mark Rennison, Mississauga, ON, Canada (branch) www.oneseal.com Germany Stanley Black & Decker 1000 Stanley Drive New Britain, CT 06053 (US head office) www.dewalt.com

ABRIC 33

ITW Envopak 34

OEM GROUP & secureseal™

35

Active electronic RFID seal

Plastic seals, metal seals, bolt and cable LSDs, lead seals, clamps Acme Seals (Malaysia) Sdn.Bhd.

36

Plastic, cable, bolt seals, barrier seals, RFID active electronic seal One Seal

37

GSM padlock seals

DeWALT

Tel.: 8 (860) 225-5111 (US head office) E-mail: Russia. dewalt@sbdinc. com (Russian representative)

147

MECHANICAL SEALS

38

Delta Seals & Elecrticials

Plastic, lead seals

Bolt seals

39

445, Sadhu Vaswani Nagar, Indore. 452001 (M.P) India 63 www.deltaseals.com Unit No.14, Shah Industrial Estate, Plot No.10 B, Deonar, Mumbai-400088, Maharashtra, India www.vikraminds.com

VIKRAM INDUSTRIES 40

Plastic seals

Atlas Plastic

41

Plastic, metal seals

22, Madhuram Complex, Subhash Bridge, Nr. Keshavnagar, Ahmedabad – 380 027. India (office) India, D-65/2-A, Diamond Park, Naroda GIDC, Ahmedabad-380830. India (manufacturing) www.atlassecurityseal. com 111 Vihar Estate, Off Saki Vihar Road, Saki Naka, Andheri (E), Mumbai-400072 India www.secureseals.in

Secure Seals 42

Plastic seals

405, Kalpataru Plaza, Chincholi Binder Road, Malad (W), Mumbai – 400 064 INDIA www.sunbirdseals.com

Plastic seals, bolt seals, barrier seals

Kohli House, 6-D, Nesbit Road, Mazagaon, Mumbai – 400010, Maharashtra, India www.warnerseals. tradeindia.com

Sunbird Seals & Plastics Pvt. Ltd. 43

WARNER INDUSTRIES 44

45

Jhas Industries Aades Enterprises

46

Canary Seals

148

Various types of seals: Patel Nagar, Agra Road, ALIGARH – 202001 plastic, bolt Uttar Pradesh, India www.jhasindustries.com Plastic seals

Plastic, metal, bolt seals

27, GIDC ESTATE, PANCHMAHAL Kalol, Gujarat, 389330, India www/aadesenterprises.in No. 26, Chakravarthy Nagar, Ayanavaram Chennai-600023, Tamil Nadu, India Seals www.canaryseals.in

Appendices

47

Container Seals & Industries

48

Prachi Export & Industries

49

Quality Metal Suppliers 50

51

LEGHORN S.R.L. Bulldog Technologies, Inc

Plastic, cable, bolt seals. padlock seals

No. 22 Subedar Hussain Street, Royapetta, Chennai, TN, India-60001 www.containerseals.in Plastic seals No. 2 A / 234/2, Lodhi Vihar Coloney, Opposite Road Of Water Tank, Mathura Road, Sasni Gate Aligarh – 202001, Uttar Pradesh, India www.prachiindustries. com Lead seals No. 16-20, 2nd Cooper Street, Near JJ Hospital, Opposite HP Petrol Pump Mumbai – 400003, Maharashtra, India www.qualitymetalsuppliers. com www.indiamart.com/ enquiry. html?q=qualitymetalsuppliers No. 34/36, Via degli Numberless seals, numbered plastic and Arrotini-57121 Livorno metal seals, cable and Tuscany Italy www.leghornseals.com bolt seals, reusable seals, sealing tape Electronic seals

Remote electronic GPS seals

52

11120 Horseshoe Way, Suite 301 Richmond, British Columbia V7A 5H7 Canada www.bulldog-tech.com Add: Room 325. Runnong Business Center, 2S. Daguan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China. (510660) www.londshunchem.com

Guanngzhou Longsun Tecnology Co., Ltd. 53

Plastic, metal, cable, bolt seals, padlock e-Sun Industrial Co., seals Ltd

54 Wenzhou Thunderseal Container Fittings Co, Ltd.

Plastic and metal seals, cable and bolt LSDs

No.8, Building 6-3, Huaqiao Commercial City, Gongyi Road, Huadu District, Guangzhou, China www.e-sunlock.com www.74338.tradebig.com Xinguang area, Liushi Yueqing Wenzhou Zhejiang, China www.allsecurityseal.com

149

MECHANICAL SEALS

55

56

Shanghai Xinfan Container Fittings Co Ltd. Yoseal (Yiwado Security Seals Co., Ltd.)

57

Plastic and metal seals, cable and bolt LSDs, sealing stickers, barrier seals

Shanghai Jinshan Industrial Zone, Office: Room 201, No. 768 Chang An Road, Shanghai 200070, China www.xfseal.com

Plastic bolts, cable, metal seals, padlock seals, bar seal, meter seals

Room J-3-1-201, No.415 Gudun road, Hangzhou city 310012 Zhejiang province, China (310012) (company address 1); China, No.165 Lize Avenue, Weizhong town, Jiashan County 314116 Zhejiang province, China (314116) (address 2) www.yoseal.com Add: No.7, Lane 680, Liucun Rd, Dayu Village, Malu Town, Jiading Dist., Shanghai, China www.jtseal.com www.chinashseal.com

Plastic, bolt, cable, metal seals, padlock seals, bar seal

Shanghai Jinfan Container Seal Co. Ltd. 58

Plastic seals Tengen Printing

59

150

Foshan Shunde Ying Li Industrial Company Limited

Plastic seals

Guangdong Tengen Printing CO., LTD, NO.172 Shangyuan Road, Songgang Industrial District Qingxi town City Of Dongguan, Guangdong, China (head office), Malaysia, TENGEN PLASTIC ASIA SDN BHD, 55‑1, NZX Commercial Centre, Jalan PJU 1A/41B, Ara Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia (Malaysia office) www.gdtengen.net No.50 East Changde Rd, Rongli Industrial Zone, Ronggui Tow, Shunde, Foshan City, Guangdong, China www.fslx.com www.chinayumai.com www.gdfsym.com

Appendices

Plastic, bolt, cable, metal seals, padlock seals, meter seals

60 MaiTeng container seals Co., Ltd. 61

Plastic, bolt, cable seals, padlock seals, meter seals, RFID padlock seals

Yongjia Star Seal Co., Ltd. 62

Plastic, bolt, lead seals

Foshan Shunde Jilian Plastic Product Co., Ltd. 63

64

65

66

015 Technology Drive Tong Road, Buji, Longgang District (518000) China www.mtseal.com www.qiye.com Lingxia Village, Huangtian Street, Oubei Town, Yongjia County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (Mainland) (325101) www.starseal.cn www.cnsecurityseal.com starseal.en.alibaba.com No. 42 Desheng Rd., Rongqi Economic Dev. Zone, Ronggui, Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, China (528303) www.sdjilian.cn

Bolt seals, sealing TamperSeals Packing tape, security stickers, (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. security envelopes Factory: 77 Building, Lai Wushan Industrial Zone, Longhua Town, Bao’an District, 518109 Tamper Seals Packing Shenzhen, P.R.China (RU) Co., Ltd. www.tamper-seals.com ORIENT SUCCESS Plastic, metal, bolt, No. 11/F., Kiu Kin CONTAINER SEAL cable seals, padlock Mansion, 566 Nathan FACTORY seals Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong www.seals.orisuc.com Building. 8, Xinchengda Plastic, cable seals Industrial Park, Wuhuan Road, Dongxihu Dist., Wuhan, Hubei, China (Mainland) (430040) www.sinicline.net snhanger.com www.snseal.com Wuhan Sinicline sinicline.en.alibaba.com Industry Co., Ltd. Plastic, bolt, cable No. 2 Lane 12, Qianjia seals, padlock seals, Rd. Loudong St. Ouhai, Wenzhou Gcseal Co., meter seals, RFID Wenzhou, China Ltd. padlock seals, barrier (325000) seals www.cngseal.com http://c432712.tootoo. com

151

MECHANICAL SEALS

67

Plastic, metal, bolt, rotary, cable, lead seals, padlock seals, Yongjia Liaoseal Co., barrier seals Ltd.

68 Chnseal Huangshan Co., Ltd. 69

70

Plastic, cable, bolt seals, barrier seals, RFID Shenyang Shining Fortune Container Seal Co., Ltd. Tamper Seals Packing Plastic, cable, bolt, Co., Ltd rotary seals

71

Shanghai Yingsai Industry Co., Ltd. 72

73

74

152

Plastic, metal, cable, rotary, bolt seals, padlock seals, barrier seals

Flat / Rm 709, Hong Kong, (41-47) http://hk108212137. fm.alibaba.com Plastic, metal, cable, Area A, No.2162, Zhu bolt seals, barrier seal, 2, HanWu Country, FengJing Town, padlock seals JinShan, Shanghai, China (mainland) (201502) www.winseal.com Plastic, bolt, cable, lead seals

Yongjia Oukai Seal Co., Ltd Wenzhou Hengyue Seal Co., Ltd

Huangyu Industry Zone, Shangtang Town, Yongjia County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China www.cnleadseals.cn/ Gantang District, Huangshan Industrial Zone, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, P.R. China www.chnseal.com No.39-11C, Guang Rong Street, Heping District, Shenyang, China www.sfseal.org

Plastic, cable, bolt seals, padlock seals

Huangyu Village, Shangtang Town, Yongjia County, Wenzhou, China www.okseals.com

No.3 Huanyi Zhong Road, Yaoxi Town, Longwan District, Wenzhou, China (mainland) (325013) www.chnyseal.com www.xingfaseal.com Yueqing Changher Plastic, metal, cable, Room 302, Unit 2, Import & Export Co., rotary, bolt seals, Wanshuan Garden, Ltd. padlock seals, security Qingyuan Road, Yueqing stickers, security tape, City, China (325600) electronic RFID seals www.woven-plastic.com http://yueqingchangher. en.ywsp.com/

Appendices

75

Plastic, cable, bolt seals, padlock seals

Room 636, JinQiao Business Mansion, No.255 JinQiao (New) Road, Shanghai, China (201206) www.shzscn.com

Plastic, metal, bolt, cable, rotary seals, padlock seals, clipbox seals

No.2742 Pudong Avenue, Shanghai, China (mainland) (200136) www.doseal.com Yongjia, Wenzhou City, Zheiland Province, Mongolia WUNIU Town Industrial Park, China (325100) www.hbseal.com Room 3164, Olympic Sports Center Stadium, East of Jingshi Road, Jinan Shandong Province, P.R. China www.cnsbln.preview. alibaba.com / New Bridge Jiangxia Big Flower Ridge Industrial Park Area B B1 Wuhan City, PRChina (430212) www.whgulong.com

Shanghai Zhenshang Industrial & Trade Co., Ltd. 76 Doseal Co., Ltd.

Plastic, lead, rotary, cable, bolt seals

77

Yongjia Harbor Seals Co., Ltd. 78

Weifang Shengbolun Rotary, lead seals International Trading Co., Ltd.

79

Rotary, bolt seals

Wuhan Gulong Electrical Equipment Co., Ltd. 80

81

Plastic, bolt seals

Ningbo Zhongan Forging Co., Ltd. Suzhou Skyland Plastic, metal, bolt, Hardware MFG Co., cable seals, padlock Ltd. seals, barrier seals

Industrial Park, Ningbo Camel Electromechanical Shengxing Road 378, China www.cnzhongan.com

Yangbigang Village, Jinjiaba, Fenhu Town, Wujiang / Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China (215217) www.sklboltseal.com

153

MECHANICAL SEALS

82

83

84

Jiangshan City Zhengda Plastic Co., Ltd. Dalko

Al Saada Plastic L.L.C.

85

Plastic seals

Lulai Village, Wanyao Town, Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province, China (324100) www.jszdsj.com

Security seals, seals and related materials for sealing Cable, bolt seals

Lives iela 14, Riga, Latvija, LV-1002 www.dalko.lv PO Box No: 191094 Dubai United Arab Emirates (191094) http://ae101937429. fm.alibaba.com/ contactinfo.htm Al-Jameelia St., PO Box 186, Aleppo, Syria (Syrian Arab Republic) http://www.silkroadltd. com http://19671127. fm.alibaba.com 16650 Westgrowe Drive, Suite 600, Addison, TX 75001 USA www.axcessinc.com

Plastic seals

Silk Road Ltd. 86

RFID active electronic seals Axcess International Inc.

87

VMS Products 88

Bolt seals, electronic C-TPAT seals, common seals, metal seals, multi-purpose seals, plastic seals, plastic security envelopes, plastic postal envelopes Plastic and metal seals, bolt and cable LSDs, security tape and stickers

American Casting & Manufacturing Corporation 89

Plastic, metal seals, pallet seals

Dickey Manufacturing Company

154

PO Box 724 Sioux Falls, SD (South Dakota), US (57101) www.wmsproducts.net

51 Commercial Street, Plainview, New York 11803-2401 USA (main office) AC & M Exports PO Box 24 Bangor MI (Michigan) 49013 USA (export office for orders outside North America) www.seals.com 1315 East Main Street, Saint Charles, IL (Illinois), 60174 USA www.securityseals.com

Appendices

Plastic, metal seals

90 Emedco 91 Tyden Brooks Security Products

92

Nova Vision Inc.

93

Loran Tecnologies Inc.

94

Various types of plastic, metal seals, cable and bolt seals, security labels, security tape

Various types of plastic, metal seals, cable, bolt seals, security labels, security tape, pallet seals contact electronic GPS seal

active electronic RFID seals Canberra Industries Inc.

95

Semi-passive electronic RFID seal

P.O. Box 369 Buffalo, NY (New York). 14240 USA www.emedco.com 227 North Route 303 Congers, NY (New York) 10920 409 Hoosier Drive Angola, IN (Indiana) 46703 (North American branch); Berrow Green Road Martley Worcestershire WR6 6PQ UK (European branch) www.tydenbrooks.com www.tydenbrooks.eu 524 East Woodland Circle Bowling Green, OH (Ohio) 43402 USA www.novavisioninc.com

9428 Eton Ave Suite J Chatsworth, CA 91311 USA www.lorantechnologies. com 800 Research Parkway, Meriden, CT (Connecticut) 06450, USA (head office) Canberra Packard Trading Corporation Office 406, 16/10-32 Mikluho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, 117437 (Moscow branch) www.canberra.com www.canberra.ru Morgan Hill 18220 Butterfield Blvd. Morgan Hill CA (California) 95037 USA www.alientechnology. com

Alien tecnology 96

Passive electronic RFID seals TransCore – Rail and Intermodal Automatic Equipment Identification

USA, 8158 Adams Drive Liberty Centre – Bldg. 200 Hummelstown, PA (Pennsylvania) 17036 USA www.transcore.com

155

MECHANICAL SEALS

97

Active electronic RFID seals

1445 Research Blvd, Suite No. 150 Rockville, MD (Maryland) 208506153 USA www.higtek.com

Electronic satellitecontrolled seals

221 WS quantum St Quincy, Massachusetts 02171-2820 USA www.navitag.com

Contact electronic seals with an electronic key

1011 W Wade Hampton Blvd Greer, SC (South Carolina) 29650-1239 USA www.portertecnologies. com PO Box 841003 Pembroke Pines Fl (Florida) 33084 USA www.americanseals.com 23847 Industrial Park Drive Farmington Hills, MI (Michigan) 483351197 USA www.brooksutility.com

Hi-G-Tek, Inc 98

Navi Tag Tecnologies Cargo Tracking Unit (CTU) 99 Porter Technologies Llc. 100

American Seals Inc.

101

Brooks Utility Products Group 102

Plastic, metal, cable, rotary seals, security stickers Plastic, cable, rotary seals, padlock seals, active electronic RFID seals Passive electronic RFID seals

27 Roulston Rd, Windham NH (New Hampshire) 03087 USA www.cettech.com

Active electronic RFID seals

Eisenhower Avenue, Suite 280 Alexandria, VA (Washington) 22304 USA (head office); UK, Savi (UK) Ltd. c / o Chapman Associates 31 Northwick Circle Harrow, Middlesex HA3 OEE UK (United Kingdom) (representative for Europe, Middle East and Africa) www.savi.com

CET Technology Llc. 103

Savi

156

Appendices

104

Stoffel Seals Corporation 105

Plastic, metal, cable, bolt seals, electronic seals, security labels, security tape

N.Route 227 303 Suite 101 Congers, NY (New York) 10920 USA www.stoffel.com

Passive electronic RFID seals

No.268, Sec. 3, Wucyuan W. Rd., Nantun District, Taichung City 408, Taiwan (ROC) www.astag.com

Asia Smart Tag Co., Ltd. 106

Temalar Ltd. 107

Ivedik OSB – Ozpetek Sanayi Sitesi, 1406. (Eski 622.) Sokak, No.36 Yenimahalle, ANKARA, Turkey www.temalar.com Rotary seals (exported Istanbul, Turkey, 34000 from China) http://www. manufacturerss.com/ company581767.html # sthash.fUO4bclQ.dpuf Majakovskeho 651/13 Plastic, cable, bolt 460 06 Liberec Czech seals Republic www.eurosealgroup.com Plastic seals

Iskenbayke

108

Euroseal Group 109

Unisto Limited 110 Security4 Transit

Plastic, bolt, rotary, cable seals, padlock seals, barrier seals, security tape, active electronic RFID seals Plastic and metal seals, bolt and cable seals, padlock seals

Postford Mill, Mill Lane, Chilworth, Surrey, GU4 8RT, United Kingdom www.unisto.co.uk 11-13 King Street, Oakleigh, VIC (Victoria) Australia 3166 www.security4transit. com.au

157

MECHANICAL SEALS

Appendix 2

Locking and sealing devices used by Russian Railways KOMPLEKSS-U Latvian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

Dalko all-purpose LSDs more than 18 kN 5 mm 350, 500 mm 140 g, 155 g

Purposes Komplekss-U is designed for locking and sealing covered, insulated wagons and containers of all types of cars for transportation of vehicles, tanks, and other critical objects with a diameter of holes in the locking and sealing nodes of not less than 6 mm.

Design Komplekss-U is single-block consisting of a fixed tip on a die pressed to the cable, and selflocking head. The LSD contains: seven-digit control feature, abbreviated name of the railroad – LDZ, last digit of the year of manufacture, trade mark of the manufacturer and the name. This information is applied on both sides of the tip pressed to the cable. Additionally, the neck of the tip has a raised trademark of the manufacturer on both sides. The seven-digit feature is also applied to the body of the self-locking head.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes in the locking nodes of the object to form a noose that could be tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (cutters).

158

Appendices

BLOK-GARANT-M Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable lenght:  Weight: 

ZAO Krasnooktyabrsky Zavod Metalloizdeliy all-purpose LSDs not less than 20 kN (2 tf) 4.7 mm 500 mm not more than 140 g

Purposes Blok-Garant-M is intended for sealing doors, hatches, wagons, containers of the following types: - all-purpose boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizer, cement; - Covered wagons for automobiles; - all-purpose tanks; - all-purpose and specialized containers.

Design Blok-Garant-M consists of a body with a locking mechanism and a cable, one end of which is rigidly fixed in the body. The body has a through hole to insert the free end of the cable. The body of Blok-Garant-M has the following markings: - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Name of LSDs; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture of the LSDs; - Individual control feature consisting of letters and seven digits. The body also has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Installing the LSD is performed on undamaged locking devices of the wagon or container. When using Blok-Garant-M, the free end of the cable is passed through the aligned holes of the locking nodes of the wagon or container, and then through the longitudinal bore in the body and tightened into the smallest size loop. After installing Blok-Garant-M on the wagon or container, the reliability of its closure is verified by attempting to manually eject the rope out of the body. With proper installation, backward motion of the cable is impossible. 159

MECHANICAL SEALS

BLOK-GARANT Belarusian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable lenght:  Weight: 

ZAO Krasnooktyabrsky Zavod Metalloizdeliy, Belintertrans. all-purpose LSDs not less than 20 kN (2 tf) 5.2 mm 350-450 mm not more than 170 g

Purposes Blok-Garant is a single-use security device used for sealing covered and refrigerated cars, tanks, hopper cars, covered wagons for cars, large-and medium-duty containers.

Design Block-Garant is a single block consisting of a body with the locking device and cable (flexible member), with a length of 350 mm or 450 mm and diameter of 5.2 mm. The body has tag and a control cover. One end of the cable is secured in the body. Where the cable is attached to the body, a bracket is installed. The following information appears on the body: - Seven-digit control number of the LSDs; - Abbreviated name of the railroad («БЧ-21»); - Name of LSDs; - Trademark of the manufacturer of the product. Similar information is available on the control cover and body under the cover.

160

Appendices

VARTA-M Ukrainian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

Vinnitsatranspribor specialized LSDs more than 3.5 kN 2.2 mm 350-550 mm 50-55 g

Purposes Varta-M is used to seal specialized tanks, can be mounted on objects that have holes for sealing with a diameter greater than 3.0 mm.

Design Varta-M consists of a body, cable, and a locking mechanism located in the body. The body carries: a seven-digit serial number, name of the LSD, and other information.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object to form a noose that could be tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (cutters).

161

MECHANICAL SEALS

VARTA-SEKYUR Ukrainian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

Vinnitsatranspribor all-purpose LSDs more than 18 kN 5.2 mm 350-1700 mm 155-290 g

Purposes Varta-Sekyur is used to seal covered wagons, tanks, hopper cars for grain, hopper cars for cement, and containers having a diameter of the sealing holes of at least 6 mm.

Design Varta-Sekyur consists of a body, steel cable, and a locking mechanism located in the body. The body carries: a seven-character number consisting of a letter and six numbers, abbreviated name of the railroad («УЗ»), device name, and other information.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSDs is successively passed through the holes of the sealing nodes of the object to form a loop that could be tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters.

162

Appendices

VARTA-UNIVERSAL М Ukrainian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

Vinnitsatranspribor universal LSDs more than 18 kN 5.2 mm 250-1,700 mm 144-305 g

Purposes Varta-Universal M is used to seal covered wagons, tanks, hopper cars for grain and cement, and container having a diameter of the sealing holes of at least 6 mm.

Design Varta-Universal M consists of a body, cable, washer, and a cable locking mechanism located in the body. The body carries: a seven-character number, which consists of one letter and six numbers, abbreviated name of the railway («УЗ»), name of the device, last digit of the year of manufacture, three-dimensional trademark «МДМ». The washer carries: full or abbreviated name of the railway («УЗ», not more than 13 cha­ racters), station name (full or abbreviated, not more than 13 characters), name of the shipper.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes of the sealing nodes of the object to form a noose that could be tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (pliers).

163

MECHANICAL SEALS

GAZ-GARANT Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Diameter of the body:  Weight: 

ZAO Energet & Co specialized LSDs not less than 350 kgf 2.2 mm 500 mm 45 mm 0.5 kg

Purposes GAZ-Garant is intended for sealing the following types of cars: - Dedicated tanks for liquefied gases, acids and other chemicals in tanks with the sealing holes with a diameter of less than 6 mm; - Specialized covered hopper cars for the transportation of technical carbon.

Design GAZ-Garant is a single block consisting of a body (locking device) and a built-in flexible element with a diameter of 2.2 mm, the free end of which has a conical shape. The information on the body includes: - Name of the LSD; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД” (Russian Railways); - Control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture. The body also has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The flexible element of the LSD is consistently passed through the holes of the sealing nodes of the object (car, container, etc.) and then through the inlet opening in the body, forming a loop that could be tightened to a minimum size. Simultaneously with the movement of the free end of the flexible element, the controller in the body of the LSD is pushed outwards. Repeated insertion of the flexible element through the holes of the locking node of the object is allowed to form multiple loops. Removing the security seal is performed by cutting the flexible element with scissors or other tools that do not produce sparks. 164

Appendices

KLESCH-60SC Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Dimensions of the locked LSD:  Diameter of the bolt:  Weight: 

“STRAZH” Co. bolt LSDs more than 12 kN (1,200 kgf) 22 x 85 mm 8.5 mm 110 g

Purposes Bolt Klesch-60SC is intended for sealing all-purpose containers.

Design Klesch-60SC consists of two elements: bolt and sleeve with a locking member (latch). The bolt and sleeve with the locking element are made of steel and have a corrosion-resistant coating. The surfaces of the sleeve and the bolt carry: - Name of the product; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД” (Russian Railways); - Control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Trademark and name of the manufacturer, “ЗАО “ИПК Страж””. The body of the sleeve has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Klesch-60SC is closed manually as follows: the bolt is passed through the aligned holes of the locking node; the sleeve is put on the bolt until tight, it is recommended to apply axial force in addition to rotation. The correct locking is verified by testing for free rotation of the bolt in the sleeve in closed state, and by testing for contraction of the sleeve from the shaft. Removing Klesch-60SC is performed by cutting the bolt with the Strazh wire cutters. The design of Klesch-60SC is patented in the Russian Federation: № 2053601. Priority dated 16.02.1995, № 2975111 dated 26.10.1994, № 2117998 dated 11.03.1997, № 2142546 dated 27.01.1999.

165

MECHANICAL SEALS

LAVR-GARANT 2М Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

ZAO Energet & Co. universal limited-use LSDs not less than 2,000 kgf 5.8 mm 850 mm 0.32 kg

Purposes Lavr-Garant 2M is designed for sealing railway tanks with hatches that have winged locking devices equipped with restraining arms.

Design Lavr-Garant 2M consists of two elements: - Flexible seal, or female element; - Body, or locking element; The seal consists of a flexible section of a power cable, with a control seal on one end with information applied by the manufacturer. The cylindrical body is the locking element, which, after the installation of the flexible seal on the object, moves freely along the cable, and as the noose tightens, is firmly fixed on its surface when the body is attempted to move in the opposite direction. The body has the trademark of ZAO Energet & Co and Lavr-Garant 2M. The surface of the control seals has: - “ЛаВР-Гарант 2M” on one side - Trademark of “ЗАО “Энергет и Ко””; last digit of the year of manufacture; abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits on the other. The surface of the body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Lavr-Garant 2M is installed as follows: the pointy end of the flexible bolt is successively passed through the holes in the locking nodes of the object and the hole in the control seal, forming a tightening noose; the body is placed on the free end of the cable cone forward, which is then moved in the direction of the seal to form a control loop of the minimum size. Removing Lavr-Garant 2 is performed by cutting the cable using an alligator shear. Russian Patent #2156388.

166

Appendices

LAVRiK Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Dimensions:  Weight: 

ZAO Energet & Co. core LSDs not less than 1,200 kg not more than 75 mm not more than 0.1 kg

Purposes Bolt LAVRiK is intended for sealing all-purpose containers.

Design LAVRiK consists of a body with a locking mechanism and a bolt. The body and bolt of the LSD carry: - Name of the LSDs; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and seven digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Name of the manufacturer. The surface of the body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The bolt is passed downward through the holes of the locking nodes of the object, the body is placed on the end of the bolt until tight. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. The LSD is removed by snapping the bolt with cutters. RF Patent #2053570.

167

MECHANICAL SEALS

NORD-GARANT Kazakhstan railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length (cable):  Weight: 

AMANAT ZPU KORPORATSIYASY universal LSDs more than 18 kN 5.2-5.7 mm 400-560 mm 130 g

Purposes Nord-Garant is designed for locking and sealing boxcars, refrigerator cars, tanks, grain cards, hopper cars, covered wagons for automobiles, and containers.

Design Nord-Garant is a single block consisting of a body with a built-in locking device and a flexible element, or cable. The body carries: - Abbreviated name of the railway – “КЗХ”; - Name of LSDs; - Stamp of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Control seven-digit marking.

Operation The flexible steel cable of the LSD is sequentially passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object forming a loop tightened to the minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. The LSD is removed by cutting the flexible cable with cable cutters (cutters).

168

Appendices

NUKER-GARANT Kazakhstan railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length (cable):  Dimensions:  Weight: 

Nuker Corporatiion universal LSDs more than 18 kN 5.2-6.0 mm 350-530 mm 36 x 35 x 24 mm 120 g

Purposes Nuker-Garant is designed for locking and sealing boxcars, refrigerated cars, tanks, hopper cars, covered wagons for automobiles and containers.

Design Nuker-Garant is a single block consisting of a body with a built-in locking device and a flexible element, a steel cable. The body carries: - An individual six-digit number; - Abbreviated name of the railway – “КЗХ”; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Name of the LSDs.

Operation The flexible steel cable of the LSDs is sequentially passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object forming a loop tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. The LSD is removed by snapping the flexible cable with cable cutters.

169

MECHANICAL SEALS

OHRA 1 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable length:  Dimensions:  Weight: 

SotekKomTsentr Universal LSDs more than 20 kN (2,000 kgf) 4.6 mm 500 mm 21 x 37 x 46 mm 150 g

Purposes Ohra 1 is designed for sealing doors, hatches, cars, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizer, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

Design Single-block Ochra 1 consists of a body with a locking mechanism for irreversible fixation and a flexible bolt (cable), located in the body. The body of the locking and sealing device carries: - Name of the product; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and seven digits; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Trademark of the manufacturer. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Sealing objects with Ohra 1 is done manually without any tools by threading the rope through the holes of the locking nodes and the inlet opening of the body, followed by tightening the rope to form a loop of the minimum size. Verifying the closed state of the LSD is performed by attempting to shift the body to the side along the cable as the loop becomes smaller. The LSD is removed by cutting the cable with cable cutters or specialized clippers. The design is protected by RF Patent #90830. 170

Appendices

SKAT Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable lenght:  Weight: 

“STRAZH” Co. specialized LSDs more than 3.5 kN (350 kgf) 2.2 mm 500 mm 45 g

Purposes Skat is intended for sealing the following types of cars: - Dedicated tanks for liquefied gases, acids and other chemicals in tanks with the sealing holes with a diameter less than 6 mm; - Specialized covered hopper cars for the transportation of technical carbon.

Design Single-block Skat consists of a body with a double locking mechanism and the female element rigidly fixed in the body in the form of a flexible bolt (cable). The body is spark-proof made of an aluminum alloy and has increased corrosion resistance. The surface of the body carries: - Name of the product; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Name of the LSD and trademark of the manufacturer – “ЗАО “ИПК “Страж””; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Information on patenting. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Skat is installed manually as follows: the flexible bolt (cable) is passed through the aligned sealing holes of the node, then the free end of the flexible bolt is introduced into the inlet of the body, extending through the bolt through the body and tightening the noose until tight. Removing Skat is performed by cutting the cable using cable cutters or side cutters. The originality and novelty of the design are protected by RF Patent #2178051 dated 09.06.2000.

171

MECHANICAL SEALS

sPrut-777М russian railWaYs

sPECifiCations Manufacturer: Type: Breaking tension: Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable): Cable length: Dimensions: Weight:

“STRAZH” Co. Universal LSDs more than 20 kN (2,000 kgf) 4.7 mm 500 mm 50 x 29 x 13 mm 130 g

PurPosEs Single-block Sprut-777M with additional reinforcement of the locking mechanism with a screw is designed for sealing doors, hatches, cars, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizer, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

dEsign Single-block Sprut-777M consists of a body with a locking mechanism and an additional locking screw as well as a flexible bolt (cable) firmly fixed in the body. The body carries: - Name of the product; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Trademark and name of the manufacturer, “ЗАО “ИПК “Страж””. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

oPEration Sealing objects with Sprut-777M is done manually without auxiliary instruments by successively threading the cable of the flexible shaft through the sealing holes of the locking node and inlet body followed by tightening the loop. Verifying the closed state of the LSD is performed by attempting to shift the body along the cable as the loop becomes looser. The cable is additionally fixed inside the body with the screw tightened until the handle is removed. Removing the LSD is performed by cutting the cable with cable cutters (clippers). The original technical solutions implemented in the design are protected by RF Patent #2175707 dated 22.03.2001, Utility Model Catent #34598 dated 20.08.2003. 172

Appendices

SPRUT-М4 Kazakhstan railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length: 

TOO Universal Universal LSDs more than 20 kN 4.7-5.2 mm 350-1,000 mm

Purposes Sprut-M4 is designed for locking and sealing boxcars, refrigerated cars, tanks, hopper cars, covered cars for automobiles, containers and other objects with a diameter of the holes in the locking and sealing nodes of not less than 6 mm.

Design Sprut-M4 is a single block consisting of a body with a cable segment rigidly fixed in it and a retaining element interacting with the cable inside the body in the process of sealing. The body carries: individual seven-digit number, abbreviated name of the railway – “КЗХ”, last digit of the year of manufacture, trademark of the manufacturer, name of the LSD, patent clearance (ПАТ.РК), security label.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object forming a loop tightened to the minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (clippers).

173

MECHANICAL SEALS

SPRUT-UNIVERSAL Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Weight: 

“STRAZH” Co. Universal limited-use LSDs more than 20 kN (2 tf) 5.8 mm 850 mm 280 g

Purposes Sprut-Universal is designed for sealing railway tanks with hatches with winged locking devices equipped with restraining arms.

Design Sprut-Universal consists of three main elements: female element – a flexible bolt, connecting element – die, fixing element – a clamp. The bolt consists of a flexible section of heavyduty cable, one side of which has a fixed sleeve bearing factory control information: - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Name of the LSD; - Trademark of the manufacturer – “ЗАО “ИПК “Страж””; - Information on patenting. The clamp has information identical to the information on the sleeve of the bolt. The clamp also has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Sprut-Universal is installed as follows: the flexible bolt (cable) is first inserted in the holes of the locking unit, then the free hole of the die, and the noose of the bolt is tightened. Then the plastic clamp is torn from the plastic retainer and placed while rotating it on the free end of the flexible bolt cone first all the way to the plate. Removing Sprut-Universal is carried out by cutting the shank (cylindrical part of the control washer) using the Strazh cutters near the washer and removing it from the flexible bolt (cable). The design of Sprut-Universal is protected by patents of the Russian Federation № 2053600 dated 16.02.1995, № 2072929 dated 17.04.1995, № 2090402 dated 22.01.1996, № 2098585 dated 02.09.1996.

174

Appendices

SPRUT-777 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Cable length:  Dimensions:  Weight: 

“STRAZH” Co. Universal LSDs more than 20 kN (2 tf) 4.7 mm 500 mm 51 x 25 x 12 mm 110 g

Purposes Single-block Sprut-777 is intended for sealing doors, hatches, cars, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizer, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

Design Single-block Sprut-777 consists of a body with a locking mechanism providing irreversible fixation and a flexible bolt (cable), firmly fixed in the body. The body of the LSD carries: - Name of the product; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Trademark and name of the manufacturer – “ЗАО “ИПК “Страж””. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation Sealing objects with Sprut-777 is done manually without additional tools by threading the cable through the holes of the locking bode and the inlet opening of the body, followed by tightening the noose formed by the cable until tight. Verifying the closed condition of the LSD is performed by attempting to shift the body along the cable as the noose loosens. Removing the LSD is performed by cutting the cable with cable cutters (clippers). The original technical solutions implemented in the design are protected by RF Patent #2175707 dated 22.03.2001.

175

MECHANICAL SEALS

TETRON Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Body diameter:  Body thickness:  Weight: 

MIR Universal LSDs more than 20 kN (2 n) 5.2 mm 500 mm 45 mm 12 mm 200 g

Purposes TETRON is designed for sealing doors, hatches, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizers, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

Design TETRON is single-block consisting of a flexible element has one end fixedly connected to the body. The locking device located within the body interacts with the free end of the flexible element when the LSD is locked and forms a permanent loop. The outer bottom side and cover can be used for markings. The information provided on the body includes: - Name – TETRON; - Letter abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits; - Name and trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture LSDs. The surface of the body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The flexible element of the LSD is passed through the hole of the locking node of the car or container and then through the inlet opening of the body resulting in a closed-end loop. Removing the LSD is performed by cutting the flexible member with scissors or other nonsparking tools. 176

Appendices

TP 350-01 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable length:  Weight: 

Transplombir specialized LSDs at least 3.5 kN 2.2 mm 500 mm not more than 30 g

Purposes TP 350-01 is intended for sealing the following types of cars: - Dedicated tanks for liquefied gases, acids and other chemicals in tanks with the sealing holes with a diameter less than 6 mm; - Specialized covered hopper cars for the transportation of technical carbon.

Design Single-block TP 350-01 consists of a body with a locking mechanism and a flexible bolt (cable), one end of which is rigidly fixed in the body. The body carries: - Name of the LSD; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and seven digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Logo of the manufacturer. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object to form a loop tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by spanning the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (clippers).

177

MECHANICAL SEALS

TP 1200-01 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Bolt diameter:  Weight: 

Transplombir bolt LSDs not less than 12 kN 9 mm not more than 110 g

Purposes Bolt TP 1200-01 is designed for sealing universal containers.

Design TP 1200-01 consists of a body with a locking mechanism and a bolt. The body and the bolt carry: - Name of the LSD; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and seven digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Name of the manufacturer. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The bolt is passed downward through the holes of the locking nodes of the object, the body is placed on the end of the bolt until tight. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. The LSD is removed by cutting the bolt with cutters.

178

Appendices

TP 2800-02 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Cable diameter:  Cable length:  Weight: 

Transplombir Universal LSDs not less than 20 kN (2 ton) 5.2 mm 500 mm not more than 150 g

Purposes TP 2800-02 is designed for sealing doors, hatches, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizers, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

Design Single-block TP 2800-02 consists of a body with a locking mechanism and a flexible bolt (cable), one end of which is rigidly fixed in the body. The body carries: - Name of the LSD; - Individual control marking consisting of a letter and seven digits; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Name of the manufacturer. The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The flexible bolt (cable) of the LSD is successively passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the object to form a loop tightened to a minimum size. Sealing is done manually without extra tools. Removing the LSD is performed by snapping the flexible bolt (cable) with cable cutters (clippers).

179

MECHANICAL SEALS

TP-50 Russian railways

Specifications Manufacturer:  Type:  Opening force:  Diameter of the flexible bolt (cable):  Flexible cable length:  Dimensions:  Weight: 

Transplombir Universal LSDs more than 20 kN (2 tf) 5.2 mm 500 mm 47 x 37.7 x 17.5 mm 165 g

Purposes TP-50 is designed for sealing doors, hatches, containers of the following types: - Universal boxcars; - Specialized refrigerator cars (insulated cars and refrigerators); - Covered hopper cars for grain, fertilizers, cement; - Covered cars for automobiles; - Universal tanks; - Universal and specialized containers.

Design TP-50 is a single block consisting of a flexible member, one end of which is rigidly fixed in the body. The locking mechanism located in the body interacts with the free end of the flexible element when the LSD is closed forming a permanent loop. The front side of the body carries (applied using a punch marker): - Abbreviated name of the carrier – “РЖД”; - Control marking consisting of a letter and 7 digits. The back side of the body carries (applied using a laser): - Name of the LSD; - Trademark of the manufacturer; - Last digit of the year of manufacture; The body has a special means of protection against counterfeiting.

Operation The flexible element of the LSD is passed through the holes of the locking nodes of the car or container and then the inlet opening of the body resulting in a closed-end loop. The cable is additionally fixed inside the body with a clamp. Removing the LSD is performed by cutting the flexible member with scissors or other nonsparking tools. 180

Appendices

Symbols used in transport logistics

Appendix 3

Locking and sealing devices for Russian Railways

Tanks (cars) and everything related to the transportation of hazardous cargo by rail

Warehouses and offices

Various types of magnetic cards

Boxcars, transportation of general cargo by rail

Banks, CIT, and everything related to money

Various types of keys

Transportation by water

Transportation of mail, parcels and everything related to the post

Special re-usable sealing containers (RSC)

Transportation by air

181

MECHANICAL SEALS

Fire extinguishers and fire safety

Different types of bags, briefcases, and everything related to the transportation and storage of valuables and documents

Road haulage, general cargo trucking

Computers, office equipment, household appliances and everything related to electronic equipment

Transportation of automobiles

Transportation in tanks, trucking of hazardous cargo

Gas storage, gas cylinders for household and special purposes

Boxes, transportation and storage in boxes

Transportation in containers

Pharmacology, pharmacies, and the pharmaceutical industry

Various types of doors and everything related to sealing doors in rooms

All types of instruments and meters, scales

182

Appendices

Different types of magnetic media (disks)

Banks, CIT, and everything related to money (in terms of application for packages)

Gas stations, tanks, and everything related to fuel

Documents and everything related to papers (in terms of application for packages)

Transportation of mail, parcels and everything related to the post

Different types of cases for storing keys

Various types of magnetic media (floppy disks)

Safes and everything related to the storage of valuables (in terms of application for seals, stickers and adhesive tape)

Hopper cars (cars) and everything related to the transportation of goods by rail

Refrigerator cars (cars) and everything related to the transportation of goods by rail

Various types of special and normal folders and everything related to the transportation and storage of valuables and documents

183

Markings on main LSD types used by Russian Railways

Appendix 4

MECHANICAL SEALS

184

Appendices

SCheMeS aND MethODS OF SeaLINg

Appendix 5

Sealing cars with a universal cable LSD such as Sprut

Sealing cars transporting valuable cargo with a high-reliability cable LSD with a combined LM such as Sprut-777M

Sealing containers with a bolt LSD such as Klesch

185

MECHANICAL SEALS

Sealing specialized tanks for liquefied gases, acids, alkalis, chemically active substances with an LSD such as Skat

Locking empty cars, gondola cars, and platforms while transporting bulk and low value goods with an LSD such as Twist

Sealing hopper cars with a universal LSD such as Sprut

Sealing bags for mail delivery with indicative pull-tight plastic seals

Sealing airline catering containers with plastic indicative seal 186

Sealing BT blocks and cash register with indicative tape and stickers

Appendices

Sealing plastic extinguishers with a pull-tight seal such as PK-91

Sealing cartons using tightening tape with universal cable seals such as Strazh

Sealing electrical meters and connectors with a rotary seal with wire BE

Sealing bags for storing keys and transportation of valuable documents with indicative seals such as Ziplock, Clicklock, Spiderlock

Sealing wooden and cartons packages with indicator tape seals (“numbered scotch”)

Sealing metal packages, special containers, and wooden containers with LSDs such as Skat

187

MECHANICAL SEALS

Sealing containers for transportation and storage of waste and garbage with a pull-tight plastic seal such as PK-91

Sealing containers for transportation of chemicals, liquids and powders with an LSD such as Skat-Universal

Sealing metal and plastic packages with an LSD such as Strazh

Sealing containers for transportation of chemicals, liquids and powders with a flag crimp seal such as PK-07F

Various types of sealing electrical panels and counters with plastic seals and numbered security labels

188

Appendices

Sealing the CNC unit of the processing center

Fragment of sealing a control unit with a rotary seal with wire

Fragment of sealing the control unit of a machine with a plastic seal

Sealing an electrical capacity meter

Sealing electrical circuit breakers and power network switches with a pull-tight plastic seal such as PK-91

Sealing electrical connectors with a rotary seal such as PK-91rh with wire

189

MECHANICAL SEALS

Sealing electric meters with a pull-tight plastic seal such as PK-91

Sealing electric meters with a rotary seal with wire

Sealing BT blocks and cash register with indicative tape and labels

190

Sealing the bottom flaps of the car hatch with a Zakrutka-Universal

0.74

“STRAZH” Co.

SprutUniversal

4

0.425

“STRAZH” Co.

Skat

3

0.775

Cable fixation scheme

“STRAZH” Co.

Sprut-777

2

Photo

0.925

Sprut-777М

1

Manufacturer

“STRAZH” Co.

Name

Item #

Appendix 6

2.19

4.54

4.65

3.49

-/+

-/+

-/+

+/+

Moderate stability

Stable

protective washer (gear)

Stable

protective washer (gear)

-

High stability

Secure cable fixation mechanism

1. Art. 8.3.1 2. Art. 8.3.2

1. Art. 8.3.2 2. Art. 8.3.3

Class IIIIV Normal resistance

Class I-II High resistance

1. Art. 8.3.1 2. Art. 8.3.2 3. Art. 8.2.6

1. Restoring continuity of cable

Class I-II High resistance

Class I Highest resistance

Classifica- Main methods Resistance of criminal tion acCrimi- Price- Credi­ Addition- to criminal opening decording to bility of tonal reopening al protecquantitative tected during sistance quality forensic (Art. 4.6 tion from indicators testing samples ratio analysis coefGOST criminal according of criminal reficient (Rp31282opening to GOST resistq)** sults**** (Kr)* 2004) R53021-2008 tance***

Forensic and operational specifications of locking and sealing devices

Appendices

191

192

Klesch-60 SC

TP-50

TP 2800-02

TP-1200-01

Ohra-1

5

6

7

8

9

0.76

0.71

0.425

0.625

0.675

“STRAZH” Co.

Transplombir Ltd.

Transplombir Ltd.

Transplombir Ltd.

Sotekkomtsentr

2.077

1.58

4.54

2.49

1.5

-/+

-/+

-/+

-/+

-/+

Stable

Stable

protective washer (gear)

Moderate stability

Stable

Stable

-

-

-

-

1. Art. 8.2.1, 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.3.2 3. Art.8.2.6

1. Art. 8.2.2

Class I-II High resistance

Class IIIIV Normal resistance

Class I-II High resistance

1. Art. 8.1.1, 8.1.2 2. Art. 8.3.2 3. Art.8.3.1

1. Art. 8.2.1, 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.3.2 3. Art. Restoring continuity of cable

Class I-II High resistance

1. Art. 8.3.1 2. Art. 8.3.2

Class I-II High resistance

MECHANICAL SEALS

Mir Ltd.

Vinnicatranspribor

Tetron

VartaUniversal-M

Komplekss-U

11

12

13

14

Dalko

ZAO KZMI

Blok-Garant

10

ZAO KZMI

BlokGarant-M

0.69

0.66

0.425

0.64

0.725

2.19

2.92

2.12

2.48

2.58

-/+

-/+

-/+

-/+

-/+

-

Stable

2. Art. 8.3.1 3. Art.8.3.2

Stable

protective washer (gear)

Class I-II High resistance

Moderate stability

-

1. Art. 8.2.1, 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.3.2 3. Art.8.2.6

1. Art. 8.2.6 2. Art. 8.3.1 3. Art.8.3.2

Class IIIIV Normal resistance

Stable

-

Class I-II High resistance

1. Art. 8.2.1, 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.3.3 3. Art. 8.3.1

Stable

Class I-II High resistance

-

1. Art. 8.2.1, 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.3.3 3. Art. 8.3.1 4. Making a copy

Class I-II High resistance

Appendices

193

194

Zakrutka

16

0.2125

0.185

“STRAZH” Co.

“STRAZH” Co. 4.93

83

-/-

-/+

-

-

Poor stability

Moderate stability

1. Art. 8.2.2 2. Art. 8.2.6 3. Art. 8.3.1 4. Art. 8.3.2

1. Art. 8.3.1

Class IIIIV Normal resistance

Class А according to GOST R51053-97

**** “+” – unequivocally, “-” – equivocally. Numerator – by visual inspection, denominator – during the opening of the product.

*** Forensic Enquiry 2008 #4, pp. 24–31.

** Calculated using the methods by ISSKRA Scientitic Center

* Calculated according to the table values of the structural security coefficient and coefficient of difficulty of preparing and conducting the tests (Forensic Enquiry Academic Journal 2008 #4, p.28); values range between: 0 < Кss