Stone Rows and Standing Stones, Parts I and II: Britain, Ireland and Brittany 9781407358727, 9781407358734, 9780860547082, 9781407348575

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Stone Rows and Standing Stones Britain, Ireland and Brittany Part I

A. and A. S. Thom Collated, with archaeological notes, by A. Burl

BAR International Series 5 60(I)

1990

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR S560 (I), 1990: ‘Stone Rows and Standing Stones’, Part I © A. Thom, A. S. Thom and A. Burl, 1990 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407358727 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407358734 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860547082 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407348575 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547082 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Dedicated to the memory of

RICHARD HANSFORD WORTH 1868 - 1950

of Plymouth, Devon, a pioneer of stone row studies.

iii

C arnac .

T he m ultiple r ows a t M enec, C arnac, B rittany. T .C. W orsfold. T he F rench S tonehenge. L ondon,

i v

1 901,

1 8

' And I r emember a fter d inner w alking d own t o t he g reat C arnac a lignments a nd i n t he m oonlight w andering a long t hose m iles o f s erried , l arge s tones, t heir d ark s hadows a r eminder o f t heir d arker p ast a nd o ur i gnorance o f t heir m akers a nd b uilders'. G lyn D aniel, L ascaux & C arnac,

1 963,

2 5-6

' However, t here i s n o d oubt t hat m any o f t he r ows o f m enhirs a re ' orientated'; b ut p erhaps n ot a lways f or a stronomical r easons...All t his d oes n ot s hed a ny v ery c lear l ight o n t he f unction o f t he m enhirs; w hether i solated o r i n g roups, t hey r emain e nshrouded i n m ystery . T his i s n o d oubt w hy t heir s tudy h as, u njustifiably , b een c omparatively n eglected'. P -R. G iot, B rittany, 1 960,

1 27

CO N T E N T S P art i L ists: F igures; T ables; M aps. A cknowledgements. A . B url. I ntroduction. A . B url. I ntroduction. A . &A .S. T hom . A cknowledgements. A . &A .S. T hom . P rofessor A lexander T hom ( 1894-1985). A bbreviations. A rchaeological p ublications o f A lexander T hom .

v iii 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 8

G AZETTEER. T he s ites o f A . &A .S. T hom . S tone R ows a nd S tanding S tones i n B ritain, N orthern I reland a nd B rittany.

2 1

E ngland. DS ites. T he M idlands. LS ites. N orthern E ngland. Ss ites. S outhern E ngland.

2 2 2 4 2 6 4 4

F rance.

8 0

N orthern I reland.

9 0

S cotland. AS ites. BS ites. GS ites. HS ites.

9 4 9 6 1 71 1 99 2 30

A rgyll r egion. N orth-east S cotland. S outhern S cotland. O uter H ebrides.

P art i i G AZETTEER. T he s ites o f A . &A .S. T hom. S tone R ows i n S cotland. M N O P Z

S ites. S ites. S ites. S ites. S ites.

W estern I sles. N orthern S cotland. O rkneys. P erthshire. S hetlands.

2 66 2 84 3 10 3 21 3 44 3 50

W ales. W S ites. G AZETTEER. A P reliminary G azetteer o f t he w estern E urope. A . B url.

S tone

R ows

I ntroduction. T he P roblems o f S tone R ows. D istribution. D ating. E xcavations. v i

o f

B ritain,

I reland

a nd 3 74 3 77 3 79 3 80 3 81

G AZETTEER. A . B url. C ontinued. D ating. C hronology. R adio-carbon d eterminations. A rt. A stronomy. C onclusions.

3 83 3 84 3 87 3 91 4 19

C ounty C oncordance.

4 21

P airs o f S tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 43 4 48

T hree-Stone R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 68 4 76

4 -6 S tone R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 90 4 96

S ingle R ows o f m any s tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 05 5 08

D ouble R ows o f m any s tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 14 5 17

A venues. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 20 5 26

M ultiple R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 32 5 36

A bbreviations.

5 42

B ibliography.

5 44

I ndex.

5 54

T he S ites o f A . &A .S. T hom.

v ii

LI S T S F igures 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

T ypes o f a stronomical f oresight u sed b y m egalithic m an. T emperature d ifferences t o b e a pplied. F our h istograms o f 0 v alues. H istogram o f A3 v alues f or r ising a nd s etting M oon s hown a bove a nd b elow a xis. ß i s t he a mount b y w hich 4 i s g reater t han 1 : (e+1). 5 . T he s um o f t he h istogram o rdinates i n F ig. 4 .

3 1 0 1 0

1 2 1 2

T ables 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

L ist o f t he 4 0 l unar l ines u sed. B asic d ata f or t he 4 0 l ines. S ample c alculations o f d eclinations. T ime o f y ear v ersus d eclinations. E xcavations i n s tone r ows. R adio-carbon d eterminations f rom s tone r ows. C upmarkings i n s tone r ows. A stronomical a nalyses o f s tone r ows.

6 7 9 9 3 81 3 85 3 88 3 92

M aps A lexander T hom 's g eographical r egions i n B ritain. S tone c ircles o n B urn M oor, C umberland. S ites n ear t he m ultiple r ows o f C arnac, B rittany. D istribution o f 3 -Stone r ows a round t he N orth C hannel.

v iii

i x 5 0 8 4 4 69

Z

i t

i I I

\

9

/

/ /

I00 0 M i Ie s

,,

-

0—

A .B

i x

.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS D uring t he e diting o f t his b ook a nd t he c ompilation o f t he G azetteer o f s tone r ows I h ad m uch a ssistance f rom o thers. I n p articular I m ust o ffer t hanks b oth t o L eslie M yatt w hose f ieldwork i n n orthern S cotland h as c larified m any o f t he p roblems c oncerning t he m ultiple r ows t here, a nd t o D r. S ean O 'Nuallain w ho h as u ntiringly v isited, p lanned a nd r ecorded t he s cores o f r ows i n s outhw est I reland.

t he

M y g ratitude i s a lso e xtended t o M iss K athleen R eynolds f or i nformation s he p rovided a bout t he D evil's A rrows i n Y orkshire.

O ther m aterial w as s upplied b y t he s taff o f L eeds P ublic L ibrary a nd b y t he l ibrarians o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f L ondon. M y w ife, J udith , m erits f ar m ore t han a c asual s entence. M aking n otes, h olding r anging-poles, t rudging u p h illsides, c lambering o ver t reacherous d rystone w alls, w arding o ff a ggressive b ullocks, l ike s o m any w ives s he h as s uffered t he w earying e nthusiasms o f a n a rchaeologist h usband w ithout c omplaint. ' Every m an.., l oves t o t hink t hat h e h as d one i t a ll h imself; a nd t he w ife s miles, a nd l ets i t g o a t t hat'. J .M . B arrie, W hat E very W oman K nows. A ubrey

B url.

O pposite. A m ap s howing t he l ettered r egions a nd n umbered a reas i nto w hich A lexander T hom d ivided B ritain. E .g. N = N orth, N i . C aithness; S = S outh, S i =C ornwall.

T he T ooth o f G argantua. A 1 3 f oot ( 4m) h igh s tanding s tone 1 0 k m s outh o f S t. M alo i n B rittany. I t w eighs o ver 2 5 t ons.

x i

I NTRODUCTION b y A . B url . T his b ook i s t he o utcome o f ap romise m ade s everal y ears a go t o P rofessor A lexander T hom a nd h is s on , D r . A rchie T hom , t hat I w ould a dd a rchaeological c omments t o t heir a nalyses o f s tone r ows a nd s tanding s tones. I t i s m y r egret t hat c ollegiate , d omestic a nd o ther p roblems h ave d elayed t he p ublication o f t he b ook . N or d id I a ppreciate t he d ifficulties f acing a nyone s earching f or m aterial a bout s tone r ows. U nlike s tone c ircles l ines o f s tanding s tones h ave n ever b een a p opular a ttraction . F ew p eople v isit t hem . I f t he e xistence o f S tonehenge h as s tirred o nlookers t o s peculate a bout t he d ate a nd p urpose o f m egalithic r ings n o c omparably e vocative l inear s ite h as e xcited s uch e nthusiasm . T his s hould n ot h ave b een t rue i n F rance w here t he p resence o f t he m a jestic l ines i n B rittany c ould h ave p rompted i nvestigation i nto t he p roblems o ffered b y t hose r anks o f m enhirs. I nstead , t he P alaeolithic w ith i ts c ave-paintings a nd t he p roto-historic I ron A ge w ith i ts R oman s ites h ave c ommanded m ost F rench a ttention . I t i s i ronical t hat i t w as l eft t o t wo S cotsmen , t he T hor ns, t o u ndertake t he d emanding t ask o f m aking t he f irst c omplete s urvey o f t he C arnac r ows. I n t he B ritish I sles a lso t here a re s ites t hat s hould h ave s timulated t he e nquiries o f a ntiquarians a nd a rchaeologists: T he t hree-stone r ow o f B allochroy w ith i ts s olar c onnection ; t he t owering p illars o f t he D evil 's A rrows t hat J ohn A ubrey b elieved w ere t he s urviving m onoliths o f a s tone c ircle ; t he m eandering D artmoor r ows, s o o ften l inked t o s tone c ircles a nd c airns; t he i mposing a venues a t A vebury , S tanton D rew a nd C allanish ; t he s trange m ultiple ' fans ' o f C aithness a nd S uherland w hose l ittle s tones s truggle u phill t owards a l ow a nd w orndown c airn ; a ll t hese h ave b een d escribed b ut i n i solation . E verything h as b een p arochial . F or t his r eason i t h as b een a p leasure t o a dd a rchaeological d ata t o t he o bservations o f t he T hor ns a bout t he p urpose o f s tanding s tones i n p rehistoric w estern E urope . G ood p lans a re e ssential t o a nyone i ntending t o m ake a s erious s tudy o f w hy e arly c ommunities s hould h ave r aised g reat p illars i n l ines s ometimes a m ile o r m ore l ong . T he p recise s urveys o f t he T hor ns f ulfil t his n eed a dmirably . H ere g athered t ogether , a re t heir p lans o f t he a mazing C arnac l ines, t he r ows l eading u p t o s tone c ircles a t B eaghmore i n C o . T yrone , a nd t he c omplicated s ettings o f n orthern S cotland . W ith e ach p lan i s t heir t ext, a nd w ith i t Ih ave i ncluded w hat i s r ecorded a bout t he d ate o f t he s ite , i ts a rtefacts, i ts c onstruction a nd a ssociations - i ncluding m any o f t he l egends t hat h ave a ccreted a round t hese a ncient l ines. T he b ook h as a lso p resented m e w ith t he o pportunity t o c ompile a p rovisional g azetteer o f t he h undreds o f r ow s, f rom p aired s tones t o c omplex s ettings i n B ritain , I reland a nd w estern E urope . T he ' corpus ' i s n ot c omprehensive . I t i s ap reliminary s urvey . B ut a s J ohn A ubrey r emarked l ong a go , t he e ssay g oes f arther t han a nything b efore i t . I t i s h oped t hat f uture r esearchers w ill w ish t o b uild u pon i t .

1

I NTRODUCTION M egalithic A lignments i ncluding S ingle S tone s ites B y A .

T hom a nd A .S. T hom.

I n o ur p revious B AR b ook , M egalithic R ings ( 1980a), w e g ive d etails f or a ll r ings f or w hich w e h old a ccurate s urveys. I n t his b ook w e s hall d eal i n a s imilar w ay w ith a lignments . I n s o f ar a s a n a lignment i s ar ow o f m enhirs a rranged t o s how a d efinite p oint o n t he h orizon a t w hich t he S un o r M oon r ose o r s et , i t c ould w ell b e r eplaced b y af lat-sided s lab p rovided t he f aces a re t rue e nough a nd l arge e nough t o g ive a n a ccurate a zimuth , o r b y a n o utlier t o ac ircle o r b y t he l ine j oining t wo c ircles, b y a t rack o r a r idge o n t he g round o r b y a l ine o f m ounds, a nd s o s urveys o f s labs, c ircles , t racks a nd m ounds h ave b een i ncluded i n t his b ook . W e h ave t ried t o b e f actual b ut o ur t erminology d epends o n t he a ssumption t hat a lignments w ere a stronomical , a nd s o w e d efine a f oresight a s a d istant o b ject o r m ark o n t he h orizon o n w hich t he o bserver a t t he b acksight c an s ee t he S un o r M oon r ise o r s et , a nd w e d efine a b acksight a s a m arker s howing t he p osition f rom w hich t he f oresight s hould b e v iewed . I f t here i s a n i ndication a t t he b acksight o f t he d irection t o t he f oresight , t hen t he f oresight b ecomes a n i ndicated f oresight . F ig . 1 c lassifies t he u sed . ( see , T hom , 1 980b ).

d ifferent

t ypes

o f

f oresights

a ctually

I n s ome" c ases i t i s n ot n ecessary t o h ave t he f oresight i ndicated ; i n m any t he S un o r M oon w ill d o t his i tself a s t he t urning p oint a pproaches a t t he s olstice o r a t t he s tandstill ; d ay a fter d ay i t w ould g et n earer a nd n earer t he f inal p osition a nd t he r ate o f a pproach w ould s low d own . I t i s, o f c ourse , q uite i mpossible f or a s mall g roup o f s urveyors t o s urvey a ll t he s tones i n t he B ritish I sles. I n f act , i t w ould b e d ifficult e ven t o v isit t hem a ll. H ere w e g ive p articulars o f t hose w e h ave v isited a nd s urveyed . S ome o f t hese a re i n d ifficult c ountry a nd w e d id n ot a lways f ind i t p ossible t o c arry a h eavy t heodolite . A zimuth o f a l ine h as u sually b een c alculated f rom a t imed o bservation o f t he S un . T oday w e n ormally c arry a T avistock t heodolite a nd a n e lectronic w atch . M any o f t he e arlier s urveys w ere d one , h owever , w ith a s mall t heodolite t hat w e h ave s pecially l ightened b y m illing , t urning , d rilling a nd f iling . T hese a zimuths m ay b e i n e rror b y am inute o r t wo . W hen m easuring u p al arge s lab t he b est m ethod i s t o s ight a long o ne o f t he f lat s ides, p ick a p oint o n t he h orizon a nd m easure t he a zimuth o f t his w ith t he t heodolite ; t hen t urn a nd l ook a long t he s ame s ide i n t he o pposite d irection , p ick a nother p oint a nd m easure t he a zimuth . T hese a zimuths s hould d iffer , o f c ourse , b y 1 80'; i f n ot , t ake t he a verage . I f i t i s a n i mportant s lab t he s ame p rocedure c an b e

2

T YPE I T YPE l a •

S . S .

S .

Y PEI ta

T :P EI I

Q

` \ T YPEI C Ia

T S E

-T YPE

T YPE Ma

3 r

F ig. 1 . T ypes o f A stronomical F oresight.

3

c arried o ut o n t he o ther f ace . T he a rrangement o f s tones a t m egalithic s ites m ay b e d ifferent t oday f rom w hat i t w as o riginally a nd a s hort a lignment w ould b e m ore l iable t o d isturbance t han a c ircle . T he f ollowing p oints s hould b e n oted :1 . S tones m ay h ave b een t aken a way b y f armers, b uilders a nd c ontractors. 2 . S tones m ay h ave f allen d ue t o n atural c auses. W e p ersonally k now o f t wo w hich a re r eported t o h ave b een b lown o ver i n r ecent y ears. 3 . M ovement o f t he g round . I t i s s aid t hat b oulder c lay c an s lide d ownhill w hen t he s lope i s a s f lat a s 1° . 4 . L ack o f d rainage a t t he b ase o f s tones m ay c ause t he s tones t o f all. 5 . T he c ontinual t hawing a nd f reezing o f g round m ay m ove a s tone . 6 . T rees, o f w hich t here a re n ow n o s igns, m ay h ave b een g rowing o n t he s ite a t s ome i ntermediate d ate . W e h ave s een a m enhir l ifted b odily i n t he r oots o f a t ree b lown d own i n ag ale . W hen s uch a t ree r ots a way t he s tone i s p eculiarly o ut o f p lace . 7 . S ystematic d estruction c arried o ut o n t he i nstructions o f r eligious a uthorities; f or e xample i n S kye , w here w e a re t old t he C hurch i nstructed t hat a ll s tones b e r emoved . 8 . T he g rowth o f p eat m ay h ave c ompletely c overed t he s maller s tones a nd a t l east o ne s ite w hich w e k now i s n ow a lmost s ubmerged i n s wamp . 9 . R ising l evel o f t he s ea i n r ecent c enturies h as s ubmerged s ome r ings, e .g . i n B rittany. I n E day i n t he O rkneys t he w eathering b ack o f ac liff b y w ave a ction h as e roded a f oresight . I n v iew o f t he a bove i t i s s urprising t hat w e h ave a s m any s ites a s i n f act r emain , b ut t he d estruction i s g oing o n m ore r apidly u nder m odern c ivilisation , e .g . d uring t he c onstruction o f h ighways t he c ontractors a ctually r emoved t wo s tone r ings ( at M oncrieffe a nd n ear I nverness) a nd b uilt t hem i n a nother p lace. T his k ind o f t hing i s p articularly m isleading. O ne h esitates t o e stimate h ow m any s ingle s tones h ave b een m oved i n t he s ame w ay . A r ing o f s tones h as p erhaps a g reater c hance o f s urvival t han o ne o r t wo s tones. A f armer w ill o ften r emove a n o utlier b ut l eave t he c ircle u ntouched . F allen l ong s tones a re s ometimes s et u p o n e nd , b ut p erhaps o n t he w rong e nd. W hen a s tone f alls t he t op m ay s ink d eeper t han t he b ottom b ecause t he b ottom e nd i s s upported b y t he s mall s tones t hat h ad b een p acked r ound t he b ase b y t he o riginal e rectors. W e d o n ot k now a nd p erhaps c an n ever k now h ow m any b een r emoved c ompletely w ithout t race .

s ites h ave

O ur s urveys s how o nly w hat a ppears o n t he s urface e xcept i n o ne o r t wo c ases w here w e u sed a b ayonet t o p rod. I n a g reat m any c ases m uch m ore c ould b e d iscovered b y c areful e xcavation b y e xperienced a rchaeologists. T he a bove p oints s hould b e k ept i n m ind w hen e xamining o ur s urveys. I n s ome s urveys i n M egalithic R ings ( 1980a) t here a re a lready

4

m easurements o r i ndications o f a zimuth . T here i s n o n eed t o r epeat t hese s urveys b ut w e h ave e xtracted t he a zimuth s a nd a ltitudes f or t his r ecord . T ables 1 a nd 2 c ontain d etails o f t hose l ines t hat w e c onsidered t o b e m ost w orthy o f n ote ( see , T hom , 1 983). W here t he f ield m easurements g iven i n t his b ook d iffer f rom t hose i n e arlier p ublished w ork t his m ay b e d ue t o m ore r ecent s urveys h aving b een m ade . W e f ind i t i mpossible t o s tudy t hese m onuments c arefully w ithout b eing c onvinced a bout t he a stronomical s ignificance o f m any o f t he s tones a nd a lignments. T his i s n ot t o s ay t hat a ll a re a stronomical . A fter a ll , t here a re m any m odern b uildings i n t his c ountry w hich a re n ot o bservatories . A ccordingly , w here w e f ind a n a stronomical s ignificance w e d escribe i t . F or d etails, r eference c an b e m ade t o o ur v arious e arlier p ublications. W hen a l arge s lab i s s tanding w ith i ts f aces a rranged n orth a nd s outh t hen i t i s s aid t o b e i n t he m eridian a nd w hen t he S un g razes a cross t he f aces i t i s l ocal a pparent n oon . W e h ave o n v arious o ccasions t ried t his o ut w ith e xisting m enhirs a nd f ound t he t ime o f m idday t o am inute o r t wo . A part f rom u sing t he m idday S un , m egalithic o bservers a ppear , a s f ar a s w e k now , t o h ave u sed o nly o bservations m ade o n t he h orizon , t hat i s w hen t he S un , M oon o r S tar r ose o r s et . W hen w e f ind a l ine w hich w e t hink i s a stronomical w e m ust c alculate a d eclination . T o d o t his w e n eed t he a zimuth o f t he l ine , i ts l atitude a nd t he a ltitude o f t he h orizon ; t he l atter m ust b e c orrected f or r efraction a nd p arallax . T he r efraction w e c an t ake f rom t he t ables p rovided b y t he N autical A lmanac . S uitable v alues f or t he p arallax a nd t he p erturbation c an b e f ound i n t he s tandard a stronomical t extbooks o r, b etter , i n L .V . M orrison 's p aper ( 1980c , S 65-S77). T he s olution o f t he s pherical t riangles i s t hen c arried o ut b y u sing s tandard t rigonometrical f ormulae . T hus w e f ind t he d eclination c orresponding t o e ach l ine . M any o f t hese d eclinations t urn o ut t o b e t hat o f t he S un a t t he s olstice o r e quinox . W here t he a lignment , b e i t a s tone r ow , o utlier o r s lab , i ndicates a d efinite m ark o n t he h orizon , t he m ark , o f c ourse , b ecomes a n i ndicated f oresight a nd w e a re e ntitled t o m easure i t u p a nd c alculate t he c orresponding d eclination b ut w here t here i s n o m ark o n t he h orizon w e a re o n l ess s ecure g round a nd m ust b e g uided b y w hat w e f ind , f or e xample G len P rosen [ P/31] a nd K ell B urn [ G9/13] c alled K ingside ( in , T hom , 1 965, 2 6). W e c onsider t hat i f a n a ccurate a lignment i ndicates, e ven w ithout a f oresight, a s ignificant d eclination , i t m ust b e r etained . I n T hom ( 1967, f ig . 8 .1) w e s how a h istogram w hich g ives m ost o f o ur m easured l ines. I t w ill b e s een t hat t here a re 1 6 c alendar d ates d efinitely m arked ( see a lso , T hom , 1 965; 1 982). A f ew f irst m agnitude S tars a re a lso m arked , b ut t hese a re , h owever , o f l ess i mportance t han t he l unar l ines o n w hich w e h ave r ecently c oncentrated . I n t he t ext t he i ntermediate c alendar d ates a re s ometimes r eferred t o a s n umbered e pochs o f w hich t here a re s ixteen .

5

Numbe r

Name

80

ß

Q

A 2 /8 A 2 /8 A 2 /8 A 4 /5 A 4 / 19 A 4 / 17 A 10 /5 L 1/ 16 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 P 1/ 10 P 1/ 10 0 1/2 A 7 /5 A 7 /5 G 3 /2 A 2 /8 A 4 / 14 A 4 /2 1 A 4 /23 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 P 3 / 1 P 4 / 1 A 4 /2 A 4 /2 N 1/ 17 N 1/ 17 N 1/ 1 N 1/ 1 G 9 / 13 A 4 / 1 B 3 /5 A 4 / 17 A 3 /8

T emp le Wood f r om S , T emp le Wood f r om Q T emp le Wood f r om S , B eacha r r Knock s tap le G igha t o A2 S t i l la ig B lake ley Moss R av ie H i l l f r om C ome t S tone R av ie H i l l f r om HT B rogar t o Kame L ower B rogar t o Kame Upper F ow l is We s te r F ow l is We s te r n o tch S t enne ss B a l l inaby L ower B a l l inaby Upper H agg s tone Moor A ,f r om L ong T om T emp le Wood t o B e l lanoch H i l l C ampbe l town S k ipne ss Dun ske ig B rogar L t o H e l l ia B rogar M t o H e l l ia B rogar Come t S tone t o M id H i l l B rogar JK t o H e l l ia B roga r M t o M id H i l l G len P rosen L und in L inks H igh P ark A1 H igh P a rk A2 D ir lo t t o S carab in A 1 D ir lo t t o S carab in A2 M id C ly th t o Durn H i l l M id C ly th t o C u lv ie H i l l K e l l B u rn E scar t K emp s ton H i l l G igha A 1 We s t L och T a rbe r t

2 9 ° 17 ' .9 2 9 °0 1 ' .3 2 8 °54 ' •9 2 9 °10 '4 ) 2 8 °53 ' .7 2 9 °25 ' .0 2 8 °53 ' •2 2 8 °44 ' .7 2 8 °47 ' .2 2 8 °52 ' .8 2 9 °27 ' .5 2 9 °24 ' .2 2 9 ° 17 ' .2 1 8 °46 '4 1 9 °07 ' .7 2 9 ° 16 ' •3 2 9 °24 ' .3 1 9 °09 ' .2 -28 °49 '4 ) -28 °45 ' .2 -29 °25 ' .2 19 °0 1 ' .3 18°51 ' .2 18°59 ' .8 18°51 ' .2 18°45 ' .2 18 °2 1 ' .2 -28 °55 ' .3 19 °0 1 ' .3 -29 °27 ' .5 -28°46 ' •6 -29 °19 ' .8 -28 °48 ' .9 -29 °09 '4 -29 °29 ' .5 19 °04 ' .2 -28 °40 '7 19 °0 1 ' .7 +28 °33 1. 0 -29 °07 ' .8

+ 16 ' .1 - 0 ' .5 - 6 ' .9 + 8 ' .2 - 8 ' .1 +23 '2 - 8 ' .6 15 ' .0 14 ' .6 - 9 ' .0 +25 ' .7 +22 '4 + 15 '4 + 2 ' .0 +23 ' .3 + 14 ' .5 +22 '5 +24 '4 3 + 12 ' .8 + 16 ' •6 -23 '4 16 ' .9 - 6 ' .8 15 '4 - 6 ' .8 - 0 ' .8 +23 ' .2 + 6 ' .5 16 ' .9 -25 ' .7 + 15 ' •2 18 ' .0 + 12 ' .9 - 7 ' .6 -27 ' .7 19 ' .8 +2 1 'l 17 ' .3 -28 ' .8 - 6 ' 4 )

+ 14 ' .8 - 0 ' .7 - 6 ' .8 + 8 ' .6 - 6 ' .8 +24 ' .0 - 6 ' .8 16 ' .2 16 ' .2 - 6 ' .8 +24 ' .0 +24 '4 ) + 14 ' .8 + 0 ' .7 +25 / .6 + 14 ' .8 +24 'O +25 ' .6 + 16 ' .2 + 16 ' .2 -24 ' .0 16 ' .2 - 6 ' .8 16 ' •2 - 6 ' .8 - 0 ' .7 +24 ' .0 + 6 ' .8 16 ' .2 -24 ' .0 + 16 ' •2 14 ' .8 + 16 ' .2 - 8 ' .6 -24 '4 1 ) 16 ' .2 +25 '6 16 ' .2 -25 '4 6 - 8 ' .6

( ß- Q ) C la s s + 1 ' .3 +0 ' .2 -0 ' .1 -0 '4 1 ' .3 -0 ' .8 1 ' .8 + 1 ' .2 + 1 ' .6 -2 ' .2 + 1 ' .7 1 ' .6 +0 ' .6 + 1 ' .3 -2 ' .3 -0 ' .3 -l ' .5 -0 ' .8 -3 ' .4 +0 ' .4 +0 ' .6 -0 ' .7 01. 0 +0 ' .8 01. 0 -0 ' .1 -0 ' .8 -0 ' .3 -0 ' .7 1 ' .7 1 ' .0 -3 ' •2 -3 ' .3 + l '0 -3 ' .7 -3 ' .6 -4 '5 1' .1 -3 ' .2 +2 ' .6 Ave rage 1 '44

I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I

2 3°53 ' .1 i= 5 °08 ' •7 2 9 °0 1 ' .8 E- i = 1 8 °44 '4 ß = 80- ( E+i ) Q= A t s o ls t ice s , 4= 1 0 ' .0 , s- 1 5 ' .6 ; a t e qu inoxe s , 4= 8 ' .6 , s= 1 5 '4 . I nforma t ion a s t o r i s ing o r s e t t ing i so b ta ined f r om T ab le 4 ,c o lumn 5 . E =

E -Fi =

T ABLE 1 . L ist o f t he f orty l unar l ines u sed.

6

Numbe r

N ame

A 2 /8 A 2 /8 A 2 /8 A 4 /5 A4 / I9 A4 / 17 A 10 /5 L I/ 16 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 P I/ 10 P 1/ 10 0 1/2 A 7 /5 A 7 /5 G3 /2 A 2 /8 A 4 / 14 A 4 /2 1 A 4 /23 0 1/1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 0 1/ 1 P 3 / 1 P 4 / 1 A 4 /2 A4 /2 N 1/ 17 N 1/17 N I/1 N 1/1 G9 / I3 A4 / 1 B 3 /5 A4 /17 A 3 /8

T emp le Wood f r om S , T emp le Wood f r om Q T emp le Wood f r om S , B eacha r r Knock s tap le G igha t o A2 S t i l la ig B lake ley Moss R av ie H i l l f r om Come t S tone R av ie H i l l f r om HT B roga r t o Kame L ower B roga r t o Kame Uppe r F ow l is We s ter F ow l is We s ter n o tch S tenne ss B a l l inaby L ower B a l l inaby Uppe r H agg s tone Moo rA , f r om L ong T om T emp le Wood t o B e l lanoch H i l l C ampbe l town S k ipne ss Dun ske ig B roga r Lt o H e I l ia B roga r M t o H e I l ia B rogar Come t S tone t o M id H i l l B roga r JK t o H e I l ia B rogar M t o M id H i l l G len P rosen L und in L ink s H igh P ark A 1 H igh P ark A , D ir lo t t o S ca rab in A1 D i r lo t t o S ca rab in A 2 M id C ly th t o Durn H i l l M id C ly th t o C u lv ie H i l l K e l l B urn E sca r t K emp s ton H i l l G igha A , We s t L och T a rber t

O .D . l e ve l 1 00 f t 1 00 f t 1 00 f t 2 82 f t 4 50 f t 0f t 4 00 f t 7 00 f t 0f t 0f t 0f t 0f t 8 00 f t 8 00 f t 0f t 1 50 f t 1 50 f t 7 40 f t 1 00 f t 2 00 f t 3 00 f t 3 00 f t 0f t 0f t 0f t 0f t 0f t 1 000 f t 5 0 f t 4 50 f t 4 50 f t 3 00 f t 3 00 f t 4 50 f t 4 50 f t 9 50 f t 1 00 f t 4 00 f t 0f t 0f t

L a t i tude

A z imu th

5 6 07 ' .3 5 6 07 '3 5 6 '07 '3 5°37 ' .7 5°2 1 ' 1 5°42 '4 5°51' .5 5 4 °30 ' -8 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 6 °24 '3 5 6 °24 '3 5 8 °59 ' -7 5°49 ' .0 5°49 '4 ) 5°00 ' -2 5 6 °07 ' -3 5°25 ' -9 5°46 ' -6 5°45 ' -2 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 9 °00 '1 5 9 °00 ' -1 5 6 °43 ' -6 5 6 ° 12 ' -8 5 5°28 '3 5 5°28 '3 5 8 °25 ' .0 5 8 °25 ' .0 5 8° 19 ' -7 5 8° 19 ' -7 5 5°52 ' .0 5 5°50 ' .8 5 6 °59 ' .7 5°42 '4 5°51' .0

3 17 °52 ' .5 3 17 ° 12 ' .6 3 16 °59 ' .0 3 26 °38 ' .0 3 26 '09 '4 ) 3 4 ° 15 10 3 26 °00 ' .0 3 25' 12 '4 ) 36 °23 ' .0 36 °47 ' .0 2 4 ° 13 ' -2 2 4 °40 ' -0 3 0 °55 ' -0 2 99 °20 ' .0 3 07 °35 ' . . 5 3 28 °49 ' -2 3 27 °28 '4 Z : 1 3 04 °25 ' .0 2 07 °56 ' .0 1 77 °20 '4 ) 1 59 °04 ' -3 1 29 °03 'S 2 27 °36 '4 ; 1 2 27 °13 ' .0 1 35°07 ' .5 2 27 °50 ' .0 1 33°27 ' -8 1 97 °57 ' .0 1 26 °49 ' -0 1 56 °20 ' -0 1 52 °40 ' -0 1 91°54 ' -0 1 94 °25 ' .0 1 58°30 ' .0 1 60 °05 ' .0 1 29 °50 ' .0 2 07 °17 '4 ) 2 31°24 ' .0 3 23°45 ' .0 1 66 °29 ` .0

T ABLE 2 . B asic d ata f or t he f orty l ines.

7

Obse rved a l t i tude 4 °37 ' -2 4 °37 17 4 °37 ' .7 0 °39 10 0 '20 ' .0 1 ° 14 ' .0 0 °44 ' .0 -0 °03 '4 ) 0 ° 15 10 0 ° 14 ' .0 0 °58 '4 1 °0 1 ' .5 003 2 10 2 °51 '4 ) 0 °27 ' .8 0 ° 11 ' .2 0 °44 '2 -0 °04 ' .0 0 ° 18 ' -0 5 °00 ' -6 1 °44 ' -5 1 ° 24 ' -6 1 °04 ' -6 1 °05 10 2 °08 ' -8 100 5 ,1 2 °00 ' .1 1 ° 58 ' .0 0 °08 ' .0 1 ° 20 '4 ) 1 °00 '4 ) 0 °59 ' .0 1 °08 ' -0 -0 ° 13 '4 ) -0 ° 12 ' .0 1 ° 39 '4 ) 0 °49 '4 ) 0 °36 ' .0 1 °06 ' -0 3 °17 ' .0

M any a lignments s how t he d eclination o f t he M oon a t i ts t urning p oints ( or s tandstills). T here i s a p eculiar w obble o r p erturbation i , o f t he M oon 's o rbit a mounting t o a bout ± 9 a rc m inutes. A t t he s tandstills t he M oon 's d eclination i s v ery c lose t o o ne o f t he v alues ± ( E ±i ) o r ± ( E -i ) w here c a nd i a re r espectively t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic a nd t he i nclination o f t he M oon 's o rbit t o t he e cliptic ( 5° 0 8 '.7). B ut t he w obble w e h ave j ust d escribed m eans t hat w e m ay f ind d eclinations b etween 8 a nd 1 0 a rc m inutes g reater o r l ess t han t hese v alues. Q uite a part f rom t his t here i s t he f act t hat w e h ave f ound l arge c lumps o f v alues c lose t o ± ( E ± i ) w ith o r w ithout t he s emi-diameter ( see: T hom , 1 980b). I f n o s emi-diameter i s i nvolved t hen m egalithic m an m ust h ave e mployed t wo o bservers, o ne f or t he u pper l imb a nd o ne f or t he l ower; h e t hen t ook t he m iddle p osition o n t he g round o n al ine p erpendicular t o t he l ine o f s ight. H e m ust h ave d ealt w ith A i n t he s ame w ay; a t t he e quinox t he M oon 's d eclination a t t he m ajor s tandstill i s ± ( E + i+A ), a nd a t t he s olstice i t i s ± ( E + i A ). S o i f m egalithic m an m arked t hese t wo p ositions o n t he g round, t he m id p osition g ave h im ± ( E +i ). I n t hese i ntroductory n otes w e r efer t o T hom ( 1983) w here a s tudy i s m ade o f 4 0 l unar l ines, t he a zimuths a nd a ltitudes o f w hich w e k new w e w ere c ertain. W e d ivided t hese 4 0 l ines i nto t wo c lasses: c lass I ( n = 2 6), w here t here w as a b acksight w ith s ome i ndication o f t he d irection t o t he f oresight; a nd c lass I I ( n . 1 4) w here t here w as n o i ndication o f t he f oresight ( see T able 1 ), W e d efine c lass Il ines a s ' reliable l unar l ines', F rom e ach l ine w e d educed w here ß= So - ( E ± i ), a nd t o e valuate ß w e m ust h ave a n a ccurate v alue o f 60 t he o bserved d eclination. W e s hall i llustrate t he m ethod o f o btaining So b y g iving t wo e xamples ( see: T able 3 ). F irst w e a ssume a v alue f or t he d eclination ( using p revious r esults f or E, t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic) a nd w ith T able 4 w e f ind t he s eason o f t he y ear ( March, J une, S eptember o r D ecember). T he h our a ngle i s t hen c alculated f rom t he a zimuth a nd o bserved a ltitude ( uncorrected f or r efraction e tc ( see b elow). T o t he h our a ngle w e t hen a dd t he l ongitude o f t he S un, t hus o btaining t he t ime o f d ay i n d egrees. D ividing b y 1 5 w e g et t he h our o f t he d ay. I f t his i s a d aylight h our w e e xclude i t a nd r etain o nly t hose t imes w hich o ccur w hen t he M oon w as a t t he n otch i n d arkness, f or b est v isibility. T imes o f s unrise a nd s unset c an b e o btained f rom t he N autical A lmanac. F ig. 2 s hows t he c orrection t o t he m ean a nnual t emperature f or t he t ime o f y ear a nd t ime o f d ay ( see: T hom , 1 983). U sing t he t ables a nd g raphs i n t he N autical A lmanac w e f ind t he r efraction f rom t he t emperature a nd a verage b arometric p ressure; t he l atter i s e stimated f rom t he h eight o f t he s ite a bove s ea l evel. W e a lso a pply a c orrection f or g raze. t hat i s, t he a mount t he r efraction i s i ncreased d ue t o t he r ay h aving p assed n ear t he g round. F inally w e a pply t he p arallax, 5 6 '.4 a t t he e quinoxes, a nd 5 7'.4 a t t he s olstices. W e t hus o btain t he g eocentric a ltitude f or e ach l ine. I t i s s ometimes n ecessary t o t ake t he m ean g eocentric a ltitude w hen w e h ave u sed, a t s ite A 37 f or e xample, M arch a nd J une d ates ( Table 4 ).

8

A 7 /5 B a l l inaby L ower O rdnance d a tum A z imu th Ob served a l t i tude L a t i tude A ssumed d ec l ina t ion

0 1/ 1 B roga r , C ome t S tone t o M id H i l l

t 150 f t 3 28 °49 '2 001 ' .2 5°49 '4 ) 2 9 ° 16 '1 3 e +i+s E qu inox Ma r . S ep t .

Mon th

0f t 1 35 °07 ' -5 2 °08 ' -8 5 9 °00 ' -1 — 18°51' -0 e —i+s—

S o ls t ice J une Dec .

E qu inox Mar . S ep t .

Hour a ng le L ong i tude Moon S um L ong i tude S un D if f erence Hour ( f rom m idn igh t )

4 14 ° 3 60 ° 5 4 ° 4 h

3 24 ° 9 0 ° 4 14 ° 4 14 ° 1 80 ° 9 0 ° 2 34 ° 3 24 ° 1 6h 2 2h

Mean t empe ra ture C or rec t ion ( F ig . 1 ) T empera ture ( T+0 °F )

4 8 ° —8 ° 4 0 °

4 8 ° + 3° 5 1 °

Ob served a l t i tude Mean r e f rac t ion B a rome tr ic a nd t empe ra ture c or rec t ion G raze P a ra l lax

0 ° 11 ' -2 —32 ' -1 —1 ' -0

0 ° 11 ' .2 —32 '1 +0 ' -1 — 1 ,0 5 7 '4

2 °08 ' -8 —17 ' -6

Geocen t r ic a l t i tude Mean g eocen tr ic a l t i tude Dec l ina t ion 8 „

0 °33 ' .5

0 °35 ' -6 0 °34 ' .5 2 9 °16 ' -3 2 9 °0 1 ' .8 + 14 ' -5 + 14 ' .8 —0 ' -3

2 °46 '1 9

5 6 '4

ß -Q

1 32 ° 4 14 ° 2 70 ° 1 44 ° 1 0h

4 2 ° 0 ° 4 2 ° 3 h 4 7 ° —8 ° 3 9 °

—1 '4 ) 5 6 '4

— 18°51 ' -2 — 18 °44 '4 —6 ' -8 0,0

T ABLE 3 . S ample C alculations o f d eclinations. Dec l ina t ion Nom ina l Numer ica l E Ii—s—d = 2 8°36 ' .2 e +i—s = 2 8°46 '3 = 2 8°51 ' -8 e +i—s+d = 2 8 °55 ' .0 e +i = 2 9°0 1 ' -8 = 2 9 °07 '4 e +i-hd = 2 9 °10 '4 2 9 °17 ' -3 e ±i+s1 -4 = 2 9 °25 ' -8 E1-S E-

i-

L I

e —i—s+d e —i e —i+s-J e —i+d e —i+s e —i+s+4

= = = = = = =

E =

=

1 8 '20 '4 1 8 °28 ' .9 1 8 °35 ' -8 1 8 °38 ' -8 1 8 °44 '4 1 8 °51' -2 1 8 °54 '4 1 8 °59 ' -9 1 9 ° 10 ' .0

T ime o fy ear J une a nd December Mean o fs o ls t i t ia l a nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lue s J une a nd D ecember March a nd S ep tember Mean o fs o l s t i t ia l a nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lue s J une a nd D ecembe r Ma rch a nd S ep tember Mean o fs o l s t i t ia l a nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lue s March a nd S ep tember Ma rch a nd S ep tember Mean o fs o l s t i t ia la nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lues Ma rch a nd S ep tember J une a nd D ecembe r Mean o fs o ls t i t ia l a nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lue s March a nd S ep tembe r J une a nd December Mean o fs o ls t i t ia l a nd e qu inoc t ia l v a lues J une a nd D ecember

2 3°53 ' -1 ( s ee A rchaeoa s t ronomy , n o . 2 ,S 86 , T ab le 2 ) 5 °08 ' -7

T ABLE 4 . T ime o f y ear v ersus d eclinations.

9

4 2 ° 1 80 ° 2 22 ° 1 5h

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se e

L i ced

T he t heoretical v alue o f ßw e c all Q . T he n umerical v alues o f Q a re s hown i n F ig. 3 ( taken f rom T hom , 1 983, S 62). N ote t hat t he v alues o f Q f or t he m ean o f t he e quinox a nd t he s olstices t o b e u sed w hen t here i s n o A i n t he n ominal d eclination a re s hown b y n arrow a rrows. T he v alues o f Qa re ± A ± s w here e ither o f t hese m ay b e z ero. I n t he c ross-hatched p art o f F ig. 4 w e s how a h istogram o f t he ß v alues f or t he r eliable c lass I l unar l ines. W e a lso a dded, t o t he c lass I l ines i n F ig. 4 t he ß - v alues f or t he c lass I I l ines, t hus m aking a c ombined h istogram o f t he ß - v alues f or a ll o f t he 4 0 l ines w orthy o f n ote. T he r esulting h istograms, F ig. 5 , a re s imilar i n t hat b oth s how h igh p arts a t ( + s+A ), a t ( +s), a t ( -s -A ), a nd a t ( -s). T he c ombined h istogram c ontains a p eak a t ( -s -A ) b ut t his d oes n ot o ccur a mong t he c lass I l unar l ines. D ata f or F igs. 4 a nd 5 c ome f rom s even o f t he e ight p ossible l unar b ands ( Thom , 1 982, F ig. 2 ), a nd l ooking a t t hese h istograms i t i s d ifficult t o c onceive o f a b etter p roof t hat t he m ajority o f t hese l ines a re a stronomical. T he a zimuth a t m any o f o ur s ites d epends o n m easurements m ade o n o ne d ay. T hey s hould a ll b e c hecked. A n a zimuth c an o nly b e c onsidered t o b e c ompletely c hecked w hen a n i ndependent d etermination i s m ade e ither b y a s econd o bserver, o r w hen i t i s d one o n ad ifferent d ay. O nly a f ew s ites c ompletely f ulfil t his c ondition. S ome r ows, f or e xample D ervaig B a nd C , h ave d efinite a stronomical s ignificance b ut t here a re m any f or w hich t his i s n ot t rue. O ne o f t he b est a lignments i s t he r ow o f s tones a t N ine M aidens S 1/9. H ow s traight a nd a ccurate i t i s c an b e s een i n o ur s urvey a nd y et t he o nly s uggestion w e h ave f or i ts u se i s t hat i t i ndicated a f irst m agnitude s tar. I t i s h oped t hat t his c ollection w ill b e o f u se t o f uture w orkers i n a rchaeoastronomy, s howing t hem s ome p laces w here t hey c an p rofitably w ork, b ut i t i s h oped i t w ill a lso b e u seful t o o thers M any o f t he h orizon p rofiles a nd o ther p articulars m ay b e s omewhat i naccurate, b ut w e g ive e nough t o s how t he p laces w here f uture w orkers c an p rofitably m ake a r esurvey. T he g reater n umber o f t hese s ites a re s imply w aiting t o b e r esurveyed b y a n i ndependent s urveyor, a nd t here a re m any o ther s ites f or w hich n o s urvey e xists. T he o bserver, h owever, m ust b e f ully q ualified t o u se a t heodolite i n s uch a m anner t hat a ll i nstrumental e rrors a re e liminated. T o o btain a zimuths w e o urselves d o n ot i n g eneral u se O rdnance S urvey c o-ordinates o f p oints o n t he g round. M any o f t he s ites d escribed i n t his b ook w ere s urveyed b efore w e r ealised t heir i mportance a nd s o w e d id n ot t ake t he s ame c are w ith t hese a s w e w ould t oday. W e s incerely h ope t hat s ome f ully q ualified p erson w ill c heck a ll o ur s urveys a nd s urvey t he r emaining s ites.

1 1

+ß 40 '

-30 '

-20 '

F ig. 4 . H istogram o f a bove a nd b elow a xis.

1 0 '

10

2 0 '

3 0 '

4 0

j v alues f or r ising a nd s etting M oon s hown f 3 i s t he a mount b y w hich do i s g reater t han + (e+i).

-ß

+ ß

F ig. 5 . T he s um o f t he h istogram o rdinates i n F ig. 4 .

1 2

A cknowledgement A g reat m any p eople h elped u s i n t he f ield w ork o n w hich t his b ook i s b ased a nd t his h elp h as m ostly b een a cknowledged e lsewhere . I n p reparing t he m anuscript w e w ere a ssisted l argely b y M rs. H .M . G ustin . I n f act, h er a ble a ssistance m ade t he p reparation o f t his w ork p ossible . A . &A .S. T hom , P uilldohran , B anavie , F ort W illiam .

1 3

A LEXANDER T HOM . 1 894 - 1 985 2 6 M arch , 1 894. B orn a t C arradale , K intyre .

1 901. P arents m oved t o

T he H ill , D unlop , A yrshire .

1 901-1908. A ttended D unlop S chool . 1 908-1911. A ttended K ilmarnock A cademy , a nd S kerries c ram-College . S eptember , 1 911 - A pril , 1 913. A ttended G lasgow R oyal T echnical C ollege c lasses i n C ivil E ngineering , i ncluding t he s ummer s urveying c amp . A pril , 1 913 - S eptember , 1 913 . C anadian P acific R ailway C ompany . E ngaged o n r ailway c onstruction a nd l ocation i n O ntario . E xperience o f s urveying a nd l evelling , c urves a nd t ransition c urves, e arth a nd r ock q uantities, M ass d iagram , b ridge a nd c ulvert c onstruction , t imber t restles, a nd r oad c onstruction . S eptember , 1 913 - A pril , 1 914 . A ttended R oyal T echnical C ollege F inal Y ear C ivil E ngineering c ourse . T he f inal c omplete d esign f or A ssociateship w as a s uspension b ridge . A pril, 1 914 - S eptember , 1 914. M essrs. F oreman e ngineers. E ngaged o n g eneral c ivil e ngineering b uilding c onstruction .

& M cCall , c ivil w orks, i ncluding

O ctober , 1 914 - A pril , 1 915 . C ourse a t U niversity o f G lasgow f or B Sc i n E ngineering w ith a dditional c ourse i n a stronomy . A pril , 1 915 - A ugust , 1 917. S ir W illiam A rrol & C o . E ngaged o n g eneral s tructural e ngineering d esign a nd d etailing w ork , i ncluding d esign o f f actory a nd w orkshop b uildings, g un s hops, h eavy M ammoth c ranes, c aissons , b ridges, s etting-out w ork . 1 916 . L ecturer i n e vening c lasses a t R oyal T echnical C ollege , G lasgow , i n M echanics, i ncluding l aboratory . A ugust , 1 917 - A pril , 1 919. N orman T homson F light C o , S ussex. E ngaged f irst a s al eading d raughtsman a nd l ater o n f lying b oat d esign a nd t he p lant f or t he p roduction o f t he s ame . A ugust, 1 919. E ngaged a s ad raughtsman b y D e H aviland A ircraft C o . H e w as a sked t o w ork i n G osport . S eptember , 1 919 - 1 921. E ngaged b y G osport A ircraft C o . a s a ssistant d esigner a nd c hief d raughtsman o n g eneral e ngineering w ork , l ight m arine e ngine i nstallation , m otor c ycle d esign e tc .

1 4

1 921 - 1 939. E ngaged a s L ecturer , l ater a s S enior L ecturer , b y U niversity o f G lasgow , t aking t he s ub jects o f C ivil E ngineering , C ivil E ngineering d esign , M echanics o f S tructures, A eronautics. A ugust , 1 939 . V olunteered t o v isit R .A .E . F arnborough f or a m onth t o l earn t he r opes. W ar b roke o ut w hile h e w as t here . 1 939-1945. E ngaged a s S cientific O fficer , t hen a s P rincipal S cientific O fficer , a t R oyal A ircraft E stablishment, F arnborough . I nitially h e w orked i n t he s mall L ow-Speed t unnels, b ut i n A ugust , 1 940 , h e w as a ppointed a s t he m an i n c harge o f t he H igh S peed T unnel. I n t his p osition h is e ngineering k nowledge c ame i n w ith a s mile , a nd h is e nthusiasm a nd d rive l ed t o t he c ompletion o f t he H igh S peed T unnel i n 1 942. L ater i n t he y ear t he f irst m odel a ircraft , a S pitfire , w as t ested i n t he t unnel . F rom t hen o n u ntil a fter t he w ar t he t unnel w as i n c ontinuous u se , n ormally s even d ays a w eek , a nd t here w ere n o b reakdowns. I n a ddition t o t he H igh S peed T unnel h e w as i n c harge o f a nother 4 ,000 H .P .Tunnel . T he i ntensive u se o f t he H igh S peed T unnel l ed t o g reatly i mproved u nderstanding o f t he p roblems o f h igh-speed f light . M ay , 1 944 . H e s uccessfully a pplied f or t he C hair o f E ngineering S cience a t t he U niversity o f O xford . H e w as g iven t he k eys o f t he c ellar i n B rasenose C ollege , a nd t ook u p h is t eaching a nd a dministration d uties i n t he a utumn o f 1 946. 1 961. H e r etired f rom H ill , D unlop t o l ive .

t he U niversity o f

O xford a nd r eturned

t o T he

D ecember , 1 983 . I t b ecame t oo m uch f or h im t o l ive a lone - h is w ife , J eanie h ad d ied i n 1 975 - a nd h e m oved t o l ive a t B anavie w ith h is d aughter , M rs. B eryl A ustin . H e d ied i n F ort W illiam H ospital o n N ovember 7 , 1 985 .

Al ist o f h is a rchaeological p ublications f ollows.

1 5

A BBREVIATIONS

A nt A nt J A rch A rch C amb A rch I re A rch J A rch S cot A rchs I nst H ist S ci

A ntiquity A ntiquaries J ournal A rchaeologia A rchaeologia C ambrensis A rchaeology I reland A rchaeological J ournal A rchaeologia S cotica A rchives I nternationales d 'Histoire d es S ciences

C aithness F C

C aithness F ield C lub

D& E

D iscovery a nd E xcavation , S cotland

GM G ents M ag

G lasgow A rchaeological J ournal G entleman 's M agazine

JA nthr I nst J BAA JBA str A ss J CHAS

J RSS

J ournal o f t he A nthropological I nstitute J ournal o f t he B ritish A rchaeological A ssociation J ournal o f t he B ritish A stronomical A ssociation J ournal o f t he C ork H istorical & A rchaeological S ociety J ournal o f t he G alway H istorical & A rchaeological S ociety J ournal f or t he H istory o f A stronomy J ournal o f t he K erry A rchaeological S ociety J ournal o f t he I nstitute o f N avigation J ournal o f t he R oyal A rchaeological I nstitute J ournal o f t he R oyal S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f I reland J ournal o f t he R oyal S tatistical S ociety

M ath G az

M athematical G azette

N ew S ci

N ew S cientist

P DNHAS

P roceedings o f t he D orset N atural H istory & A rchaeological S ociety P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety P roceedings o f t he R oyal I rish A cademy P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland P hilosophical T ransactions o f t he R oyal S ociety

J GHAS J HA J KAS JI nst N avig J RAI J RSAI

P PS P RIA P SAS P hil T rans R oy S oc

R CAHM-E R CAHM-S R CAHM-W

R oyal C ommission f or A ncient a nd H istoric M onuments , E ngland . i bid , S cotland i bid , W ales

1 6

T AMS T CWAAS T DA T GAS T DGNHAS T I nv S ci S oc

T ransactions o f t he A ncient M onuments S ociety T ransactions o f t he C umberland & W estmorland A ntiquarian & A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he D evonshire A ssociation T ransactions o f t he G lasgow A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he D umfriess & G alloway N atural H istory & A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he I nverness S cientific S ociety

U BSS U JA

U niversity o f B ristol S pelaeological S ociety U lster J ournal o f A rchaeology

W AM

W iltshire A rchaeological M agazine

1 7

AR C H A E O L O G I C A L PU B L I C A T I O N S OF AL E X A N D E R TH O M ( For a c omplete l ist o f A lexander T hom 's p ublications , s ee : R uggles, C .L .N . ( 1988a), 2 2-30). ( 1954a). ' The s olar o bservatories o f M egalithic M an ', J BAA 6 4 , 3 964 04 . ( 1954b ). ' Some r efraction m easurements a t l ow a ltitudes', J I nst N ay 7 , 3 01-4 ( 1955)7-T Ä s tatistical e xamination o f t he m egalithic s ites i n B ritain ', J RSS A 118, 2 75-95 . ( 1958). ' An e mpirical i nvestigation o f a tmospheric r efraction ', E mpire S urvey R eview 1 4 , 2 48-62 . ( 1961a). T he g eometry o f M egalithic M an ', M ath G az 4 5 , 8 3-93. ( 1961b ). ' The e gg-shaped s tanding s tone r ings o f B ritain ', A rchs I ntl H ist S ci 1 4 , 2 91-303. ( 1962). ' The m egalithic u nit o f l ength ', J RSS A 125, 2 43-51. ( 1964a). ' The l arger u nits o f l ength o f M egalithic M an ', J RSS A 127 , 5 27-33 . ( 1964b ). ' Megalithic g eometry i n s tanding s tones ', N ew S ci 2 1, 6 90-1. ( 1964c). ' Observatories i n a ncient B ritain '. N ew S ci 2 3, 1 7-19. ( 1966a). ' Megalithic a stronomy : i ndications i n s tanding s tones', V istas i n A stronomy 7 , 1 -57. ( 1966b ). ' Megaliths a nd m athematics ', A ntiquity 4 0 , 1 21-8. ( 1966c). ' Time-keeping w ith s tanding s tones', N ew S ci 3 2, 7 19-21 . ( 1966d). ' The l unar o bservatories o f M egalithiC 75 77-7 äture 2 12 , 1 527-8 . ( 1967a). M egalithic S ites i n B ritain . O xford . ( 1967b ). ' Contribution t o ' Hoyle o n S tonehenge ': s ome c omments ', A ntiquity 4 1, 9 5-6. ( 1968a). T he m etrology a nd g eometry o f c up a nd r ing m arks', S ystematics 6 , 1 73-89 . ( 1968b ). ' Prehistoric o bservatories ', N ew S ci 3 8, 3 2-5 ( 1969a). ' The g eometry o f c up a nd r ing-T a777,-T AMS 1 6, 7 7-87. ( 1969b ). ' The l unar o bservatories o f M egalithic-9 g 77-V istas i n A stronomy 1, 1 -29. ( 1969d). ' Glastonbury A p ossible m egalithic o bservatory '. i n : ( ed . W illiams, M .) G lastonbury : aS tudy i n P atterns. L ondon . 5 -7. ( 1970). ' Observing t he m oon i n m egalithic t imes ', J BAA 8 0 , 9 3-9 ( 1971a). M egalithic L unar O bservatories. O xford . ( 1971b ). & T hom , A .S. ' The a stronomical s ignificance o f t he l arge C arnac m enhirs', J HA 2 , 1 47-60 . ( 1972a). & T hom , A .S. ' The C arnac a lignments', J HA 3 , 1 1-26. ( 1972b ). & T hom , A .S. ' The u ses o f t he a lignment a t L e M enec , C arnac ', J HA 3 , 1 51-64 . ( 1973g)7 7 T hom , A .S. ' A m egalithic l unar o bservatory i n O rkney : t he R ing o f B rogar a nd i ts c airns ', J HA 4 , 1 11-23 . ( 1973b ). & T hom , A .S. ' The K erlescan c romlechs ', J HA 4 , 1 68-73. ( 1973c). , Thom , A .S ., M erritt , R .L ., & M erritt , / 6 J . 1 771 - T he a stronomical s ignificance o f t he C rucuno s tone r ectangle ', C urrent A nthropology 1 4 , 4 50-4 . ( 1974a). ‚ Thom , A .S. & T hom , A .S. ' Stonehenge ', J HA 5 , 7 1-90 . ( 1974b ). ' Astronomical s ignificance o f p rehistoric m onuments i n w estern E urope ', P hil T rans R oy S oc A 2 76, 1 49-56 . 1 8

( 1974c). & T hom , A .S . ' The K ermario a lignments', J HA 5 , 3 0-47. ( 1974d). ' A m egalithic l unar o bservatory i n I slay ', J HA 5 , 5 0-1. ( 1974e). ' Megalithic a stronomy '. R endiconti d el S emiT tiEr 5 d ella F acolta d i S cienze d ella U niversita d i C agliari, 4 4. B ologna . 1 -22. ( 1974 0. ' Reply t o t he p aper b y P atrick , J .D . &B utler , C .J ., ' On t he i nterpretation o f t he C arnac m enhirs a nd a lignments' ‚ Irish A rchaeological F orum 1 ( 2), 2 9-39. 4 0-44 ( 1975a). , Thom , A .S. & T hom , A .S . ' Stonehenge a s ap ossible l unar o bservatory ', J HA 6 , 1 9-30 . ( 1975b). & T hom , A .7 :-T r urther w ork o n t he B rogar l unar o bservatory ', J HA 6 , 1 00-14 . ( 1975c). ' Carnac , u n o bservatoire p rehistorique ', S ciences e t A venir 3 38, 3 78-85 . ( 1976 7 , Thom , A .S . &F oord , T .R . ' Avebury ( 1): a n ew a ssessment o f t he g eometry a nd m etrology o f t he r ing ', J HA 7 , 1 83-92. ( 1976b). & T hom , A .S . ' Avebury ( 2): t he W est K ennet a venue ', J HA 7 , 1 93-7. ( 1976c). , Thom , A .S ., T hom , A .S. & G orrie , J .M . ' The t wo m egalithic l unar o bservatories a t C arnac ', J HA 7 , 1 1-26. ( 1977a). & T hom , A .S . L a G eometrie d ei-Zignements d e C arnac ( Suivi d e P lans C omparatifs). R ennes ( 1977b). & T hom , A .S. ' A f ourth l unar f oresight f or t he B rogar r ing ', J HA 8 , 5 4-6 . ( 1977E)7-g T hom , A .S. ' The D uke o f E dinburgh l ecture : m egalithic a stronomy ', J N avig 3 0, 1 -14 . ( 1977d). ' Reply t o ' Thom 's s urvey o f t he A vebury r ing ' b y P .R . F reeman , J HA 8 , 1 34-5. 1 35-6. ( 1977e). & T hom , A .S. ' Rings a nd m enhirs : g eometry a nd a stronomy i n t he n eolithic a ge ', i n : ( ed . K rupp , E .C .). I n S earch o f A ncient A stronomies . N ew Y ork . 3 9-80 . ( 1977f). , Thom , A .S . &T hom , A .S. ' Stonehenge ', i n : ( eds. C ritchlow , K . &C hallifour , G . E arth M ysteries : aS tudy i n P atterns. L ondon . ( 1977g). & T hom , A .S. ' Geometrie d es a lignements d e C arnac ', i n : M etrologie e t A stronomie P rehistorique . R ennes. 1 -15. ( 1977h ). & T hom , A .S. ' The m egalithic y ard ', J I nst M easurement a nd C ontrol 1 0 , 4 88-92. ( 1978a). & T hom , A .S. M egalithic R emains i n B ritain & B rittany . O xford ( 1978b). & M erritt , R .L . ' Some m egalithic s ites i n S hetland ', J HA 9 , 5 4-60 . ( 1978c). & T hom , A .S. ' A r econsideration o f t he l unar s ites i n B ritain ', J HA 9 , 1 70-9. ( 1978d). ' The d istances b etween s tones i n s tone r ows', J RSS A 141, 2 53-7. ( 1979a). & T hom , A .S. ' The s tanding s tones i n A rgyllshire ', GM 6 , 5 1 0 . ( 1979b ). & T hom , A .S. ' Another l unar s ite i n K intyre ', A rchaeoastronomy 1 , S 97. ( 1980a). & T hom , A .S. ' A n ew s tudy o f a ll l unar s ightlines ', A rchaeoastronomy 2 , S 78 - S 89 . ( 1980b ). & T hom , A .S. ' The a stronomical f oresights u sed b y M egalithic M an ', A rchaeoastronomy 2 , S 90 - S 94 . ( 1980c). T hom , A .S. & B url H .A .W . ( 1980). M egalithic R ings: P lans a nd D ata f or 2 29 M onuments i n B ritain . O xford .

1 9

( 1981a). , Thom , A .S., M erritt, R .L . &M erritt, A .L . ' La s ignification a stronomique d u r ectangle d e C rucuno', K adath 4 2, 1 9-21. ( 1981b). & T hom , A .S. ' A s ite i n S utherland ', A rchaeoastronomy 3 , S 71 -S 72. ( 1982). & T hom , A .S. i n : ( ed . H eggie , 1 982. A rchaeoastronomy i n t he O ld W orld).'Statistical a nd p hilosophical a rguments f or t he a stronomical s ignificance o f s tanding s tones, w ith a s ection o n t he s olar c alendar ', 5 3-82 ( 1983). & T hom , A .S. ' Observation o f t he m oon i n m egalithic t imes', A rchaeoastronomy 5 , S 57-66. ( 1984a). ' Moving a nd e recting t he m enhirs', P PS 5 0, 3 82-4. ( 1984b). & T hom , A .S. ' The t wo m ajor m egalithic o bservatories i n S cotland ', A rchaeoastronomy 7 , S 129-44 . ( 1988). & T hom , A .S. ' The m etrology a nd g eometry o f M egalithic M an ', i n : ( ed . R uggles, C .L .N ., 1 988a . R ecords i n S tone . P apers i n M emory o f A lexander T hom ). 1 32-51. ( 1989). , Thom , A .S. & B url H .A .W . ( 1989). S tone R ows: P lans a nd D ata . O xford ( For p apers b y A .S. T hom a nd o thers i n w hich , a lthough h e d id n ot w rite t hem , A lexander T hom w as d eeply i nvolved i n t he b ackground p reparation , s ee : R uggles, C .L .N ., ( 1988a), 2 9-30).

2 0

S TONE ROWS

A ND S TANDING

S TONES

I N B RITAIN, N ORTHERN I RELAND a nd B RITTANY.

D ata b y A . &A .S. T hom w ith a rchaeological m aterial b y A . B url.

2 1

E NGLAND E xcept o n t he i solated u plands o f t he s outh-west p eninsula s tone r ows a re u ncommon i n E ngland . P airs o f s tanding s tones, t hree- a nd f our-to-six s tone r ows a re v irtually n on-existent, t he l inear s ettings o f t he D evil 's A rrows a nd t he F ive K ings i n n orth-east E ngland b eing i solated e xamples o f t hese s hort l ines. T he N orth C hannel t radition o f a stronomically a ligned r ows d id n ot r each i nto E ngland . T here i s a lso a n oticeable d ifference i n d istribution b etween t he s tone r ows a nd t he l arger s tone c ircles w hich m ay i mply a c hronological d istinction b etween t hem T he g reatest c oncentration o f r ows i s t o b e f ound o n t he p lateaux o f D artmoor i n D evon , E xmoor i n S omerset a nd B odmin M oor i n C ornwall. T hese t hree r egions c ontain a lmost 8 0% o f a ll t he l ines i n E ngland , l ong a nd r ather s traggling s ettings o f m any s tones, m ost o f t hem s mall e nough t o b e e rected b y ap arty o f v ery f ew w orkers. E ven b etween t hese t hree e nclaves t here i s r egional d ivergence . O n D artmoor , w here b y f ar t he g reatest n umber o ccur , t he r ows, w hether s ingle o r d ouble , a re f requently a ssociated w ith a c airn-circle a t t he u pper e nd a nd a t all t erminal s tone a t t he l ower. S uch h ybrid m onuments d o n ot e xist o n E xmoor w here , a lthough t hey a re o ften n ear a c airn o r b arrow , t he r ows n ever a pproach a m egalithic r ing. I nstead t hey m ingle w ith u nusual g eometrically-designed r ectangles a nd t riangles t hat r emain a lmost u ninvestigated . I t i s t o b e r emarked t hat t he o nly g reat s tone c ircle i n t he c ounty s tands w ell t o t he e ast o f E xmoor a t S tanton D rew n ear B ath . I n C ornwall u ntil r ecently i t w as b elieved t hat t he N ine M aidens n ear S t C olumb M ajor w as t he o nly s tone r ow i n t he c ounty . S everal o thers h ave n ow b een d iscovered o n B odmin M oor . N one , h owever , i s c onnected t o a ny o f t he b ig s tone c ircles t here. I t i s p ossible , t herefore , t hat s uch m egalithic r ings a s S tannon a nd F ernacre p receded t he b uilding o f l ines o f s tanding s tones. W ere o ne t o s eek a n o rigin f or s uch l ong r ows o ne m ight l ook t owards B rittany w here t here a re n ot o nly t he f amous m ultiple s ettings a round C arnac b ut s impler s ingle l ines a t t he C ordon d es D ruides n ear F ougeres i n t he n orth a nd a t L agatjar a t t he n orth-west. T he a rgument t hat t he D artmoor-type r ows d eveloped c enturies a fter t he c onstruction o f i mposing s tone c ircles i s g iven s ome c redence b y t he f act t hat t he o nly o ther m ajor f orm o f s tone r ow i n E ngland , t he d ouble-lined a venue , i s a lways a ttached t o a s pacious m egalithic r ing . W hether i n t he n orth-west i n C umberland , L ancashire a nd W estmorland , o r i n W essex - D orset , S omerset, W iltshire - t hese t winned l ines o f s tanding s tones l ead u p t o e normous c ircles l ike A vebury o r S tanton D rew . T hat t hey a re n ot l inked t o t he p utatively e arliest r ings o f a ll s uch a s t he s plendid e nclosures o f C astlerigg a nd S winside i n t he L ake D istrict, m ay b e a n i ndication t hat a venues w ere l ater e mbellishments, a dded t o s tone c ircles o f t he m iddle p eriod . T he t entative d ating o f a round 2 400 B C f or t he b uilding o f t he K ennet A venue a t A vebury, a r ing i tself u nlikely t o h ave b een b egun m uch b efore 2 600 B C , w ould a ccord w ith t his t hesis. A f limsy ' chesto f-drawers' c hronology m ight p ropose :- 3 200 B C f or t he e arliest r ings; 2 500 B C f or t he i ntroduction o f a venues; a nd 2 000 B C f or t he d evelopment o f t he l ong l ines i n t he s outh-west o f E ngland. W ithout a rtefactual p roof f or s uch a h ypothesis t he p roblem m ust b e l eft u nresolved .

2 2

C haracteristic d ouble r ows o n D artmoor.

2 3

M ITCHELL 'S F OLD , S hropshire ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

S O 3 05 9 83

D 2/1

L atitude 5 2 °. 58

F rom t his c ircle i t s eems l ikely t hat t he M oon a t i ts f urthest s outh p osition a t r ising a nd a gain a t s etting g razed C orridon H ill. T here i s a n o utlier 3 02.1 f t d istant a t a n a zimuth o f 1 78 ° . 5 . S ee a lso : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 2 4-5.

t o

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40

00

IT

L IU

s e 341 1 0 4

( 2) A . B url

MI TCHELL ' 5 FO LD SO 3051 t 3

2 . »

T he r ing s tands i n d ry h eathland a t t he S W e nd o f S tapeley H ill w ithin a f ew m iles o f t he L ate N eolithic-Early B ronze A ge p icrite s tone a xe f actory o f C wm-Mawr . I t i s 5m iles N E o f L ydham a t ah eight o f 1 083 f t ( 330m) O .D . I ts d oleritic s tones c ame f rom S tapeley H ill l ess t han 2 m iles t o t he E . M any o f t hem a re n ow f allen . T hose t hat s tand r ange i n h eight f rom 1 0 i ns ( 0 .3m ) t o 6 f t 3 ( 1.9m), a nd s tand i n a r ing 9 3 f t 2 ( 28.4m) i n d iameter . T he t allest i s a t t he S E . A mongst o ther l egends t here i s aq uestionable t radition t hat t here w as o nce a c entral s tone . T he n ame m ay d erive f rom im icel' o r ' mycel ', 0 .E . f or ' big ', r eferring t o t he l arge c ircle. I ntriguingly , a erial p hotographs h ave r evealed w hat a ppears t o b e m ediaeval r idge-and-furrows n ot o nly r unning u p t o t he r ing b ut a lso t hrough i t a s t hough t his ' prehistoric m egalithic r ing ' m ight p ostdate t he M iddle A ges ! 7 8 f t 9 ( 24m) t o t he S E i s aw eathered c ubical b lock o n a s mall c airn . B ibliography : H artshorne , J . S alopia A ntigua , 1 841, 3 0-2; G rimes, 1 963, 1 25-7; G rinsell, L .V ., M itchell 's F old S tone C ircle a nd i ts F olklore , S t . P eter P ort, 1 981.

2 4

R OBIN H OOD & Lu lu J OHN , H untingdonshire . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

T L 1 39 9 83

D 3/1

L atitude 5 2 °. 57

R obin H ood & L ittle J ohn a ppear t o b e t he o nly m egaliths b etween N orwich a nd B irmingham . A bout 3 f t h igh , b ut n ot v ertical , a bout a d ozen p aces a part, t he t wo s tones i ndicate a n a zimuth o f a bout 2 29 ° . 93 00 . 33 . C learly v isible f rom t he s ite , a t a n a zimuth o f 2 29 ° . 22 i s t he l owest p oint o f al ow s addle o n t he h orizon . T he c ol , F ig . 1 , s ubtends a n a rc o f a bout 0° . 67 o f a zimuth , o bserved m inimum a ltitude 0° . 21. F or a n e stimated t emperature o f 4 4° F ., c orrection f or r efraction a t s unset i s a bout 00 . 54 , a nd f or s olar s emi-diameter a nd p arallax o f r espectively 0° . 27 a nd 0° . 002 , t he " observed" d eclination i s f ound t o b e 23 ° . 92 , w hich i ndicates a d ate o f a bout 1 860 B C . N o p resently o bvious h orizon m arker w as e vident u pon i nspection o f t he o pen f ields f orming t he h orizon , b ut t his d oes n ot m ean t hat a f oresight w as n ever e rected . W ithout t he e vidence o f a f oresight i t c an n ot b e c laimed t hat t he t wo s tones w ere p laced f or a ccurate c alendrical r easons b ut u ndoubtedly t hey i ndicate b y t hemselves t he w inter s olstice . S ee : T hom , A .S . ' A s olstitial s ite n ear P eterborough ', J HA 1 1, 1 980 , 5 95.

9 1

- 30 .

I Ld i

I

20 '

40 '

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L . ;tt ie T o b t i l ,

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1 9/7

( 2) A . B url T hese t wo s tones s tand a lmost o pposite t he e ntrance t o P eterborough G olf C ourse , o n t he n orth b ank o f t he R . N ene n ear M ilton H all. L egend h as i t t hat t hey w ere a imed b y R obin H ood a nd L ittle J ohn f rom A lwalton c hurchyard 1 .12- m iles t o t he S SW . M egalithic m onuments o f a ny k ind a re e xtremely r are i n e astern E ngland s imply b ecause g ood s tone i s s carce . T he p resence o f t hese t wo s tones a t p resent , t herefore , r emains i nexplicable . T here i s r eference t o t hem i n D yer , i n R ainbird C larke 's E ast A nglia , 1 960 , o r i n F .M . P ryor 's P rehistoric M an i n t he N ene V alley , P eterborough , n .d .

2 5

i 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

f t Mos t n orthe r ly s e t t ing moon

0 4 2 9

M idsumme r s e tt ing s un

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6 C and lemas r i s ing s un M idw in te r r i s ing s un

D ia . 1 07 . 1f t

M os t s ou the r ly r i s ing moon 54° 36 .1 3° 05 -5

NY 2 9 1236

S u rvey a t b ases o f s tones

L I/ I

C astlerigg ( Carsles) s tone c ircle, K eswick.

2 6

C ASTLERIGG , C umbria . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N Y 2 91 2 36 L 1/1

L atitude 5 4 °. 60

O ur s urvey o f t his s ite i s g iven i n ( Thom , A , A .S . & B url , A ., 1 980 , 2 8), a nd a lthough i t i s a r ing , s everal a lignments a cross t his c ircle a re w orthy o f n ote , p articularly A B w hich s hows i n o ne d irection t he m idwinter s etting S un a nd i n t he o ther t he C andlemas r ising S un . T he c ross a xis s hows t he m ost s outherly r ising p osition o f t he M oon a nd t here i s a lso a d iameter s howing t he m idwinter r ising S un .

( 2) A B url T his m ay b e o ne o f t he e arliest s tone c ircles i n E urope . I t i s s ometimes w rongly c alled t he ' Caries' a s t hough t he s tones w ere h usbandmen p etrified f or s ome f orgotten s in b ut t he n ame c ame f rom a m isreading o f S tukeley ( 1776, 4 8) w ho , a fter v isiting t he r ing i n 1 725, w rote , ' They c all i t t he C arsles, a nd c orruptly I s uppose , C astle-rig . T here s eemed t o b e a nother l arger c ircle i n t he n ext p asture t oward t he t own '. I f i t e ver e xisted t his s econd r ing , w hether a s tone c ircle o r a n e arthen h enge , h as d isappeared . C astlerigg w as q uite p ossibly c onnected w ith t he M iddle N eolithic s tone a xe p roduction i n t he L angdales w here t he m ountainous s ource o f t he e pidotised t uff u sed f or t he a xes w as o nly a f ew m iles t o t he s outh . I n 1 875 a n u npolished s tone a xe w as f ound i nside t he r ing i tself , a nd i n 1 901 , p reserved i n t he p eat a t P ortinscale m iles t o t he W , f our r oughed-out a nd o ne p olished a xe w ere f ound n ear a p ile o f c hippings a nd a t hick l ong s tump w ith a b attered t op , a c ollection w hich i ts d iscoverer t hought m ust h ave b een a n a xe-maker 's w orkshop . T he r ing s tands o n al evel s tretch o f g round o n C hestnut H ill a t t he h eart o f t he L ake D istrict . I ts s tones a re o f l ocal m etamorphic s late a nd a re f rom 3 f t 3t o 7f t 6 ( 1-2.3m ) i n h eight . T he h eaviest , w eighing a bout 1 6 t ons, s tands r adially t o t he c ircumference a t t he S E . O riginally t here w ere s ome 4 2 s tones w ith a w ide g ap a t t he n orth w here t wo t all s tones f lank a n e ntrance . A t t he E SE i s a n i nternal r ectangular s etting o f l ow s tones w ithout p arallel i n o ther s tone c ircles ( Burl , i n : R uggles, 1 988, 1 878 ). A n 1 882 e xcavation d iscovered a p it i nside i ts W e nd c ontaining c harcoal . A s tone 3 f t ( 0 .9m ) h igh s tands 2 96 f t ( 90m ) t o t he S W b y t he h edge . F rom t he m any p lough-marks o n o ne o f i ts s urfaces i t i s p robably a s tone t hat o nce l ay s hallowly b uried i n t he f ield , d amaging p loughs a s t hey p assed o ver i t . R emoved t o t he h edgerow i t w as u sed a s as tile f or m any y ears u ntil i t w as f inally s et u pright a round 1 913. Q uite p ossibly , t he r ing , a cting a s a s ocial a nd t rading c entre , w as o nce t he f ocus o f s easonal c eremonies , t heir o ccasions d etermined b y t he i mportant r isings a nd s ettings o f t he s un a nd m oon . B ibliography : T CWAAS 5 , 1 879-80 , 5 0-5; T CWAAS 6 , 1 883, 5 05;TCWAAS 2 3 , 1 923, 2 53-4 ; B url, 1 988b , 1 75 , 1 78-9, 1 83, 1 89, 1 98-9.

2 7

2 8

S UNKENKIRK , C umbria. ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

S D 1 71 8 82 L 1/3

L atitude 5 4 °. 28

T he d efinite e ntrance t o t his c ircle s hows a d eclination o f 21 ° . 5 w hich i s v ery n ear t o t he s olar d eclination a t t he 1 1th a nd 1 3th e pochs o f t he c alendar . S ee : ( Thom , A , 1 967, F ig . 9 .2); a lso : ( Thom , A , A .S. & B url , A ., 1 980 , 3 4).

( 2) A B url A lso k nown a s S winside t his w ell-preserved r ing s tands i n t he S W c orner o f t he L ake D istrict 2 3 m iles S SW o f C astlerigg . I ts s tones o f p orphyritic s late c ame f rom t he a djacent f ells w here t hey a re p lentiful . L ocally t hey a re k nown a s ' Grey C obbles '. T he r ing i s a bout 9 3 f t 8 ( 28.6m) i n d iameter . 5 5 s tones r emain , 3 2 s till s tanding . T he t allest, a t apering p illar 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m) h igh , s tands a lmost e xactly a t t he N , ac ardinal p osition m arked i n s everal o f t he l arge C umbria s tone c ircles. D espite i ts s ize , h owever, t he s tone w eighs o nly a bout 5 t ons. T here i s a w ell-defined e ntrance a t t he S E c reated b y t he p resence o f 2 a dditional p ortal s tones p laced o utside t he c ircumference , a nother c haracteristic o f e arly C umbrian r ings s uch a s L ong M eg & H er D aughters n ear P enrith , t he G irdle S tanes i n D umfriesss hire, a nd a t B allynoe i n C o . D own a cross t he I rish S ea . A n e xcavation a t S winside i n 1 901 r evealed t hat t he s tones w ere b edded o n a l ayer o f r ammed p ebbles. T he o nly f inds w ere a s mall l ump o f c harcoal a nd a f ragment o f d ecayed b one . I nterestingly , h owever , t he e xcavation s howed t hat t he s ite h ad b een l evelled b y c utting i nto t he s lope b efore t he e rection o f t he s tones. I ts c ounterpart, t he I rish B allynoe , h ad a lso b een l evelled , i n t hat c ase b y t he c onstruction o f a n e arthen p latform . A n a lignment f rom t he c entre o f S winside a cross t he l ine o f t he t wo s outhernmost p ortal s tones h as a n a zimuth o f 1 34 ° . 5 a nd a d eclination o f 24 ° . 6, v ery c lose t o t he m idwinter s unrise . A s imilar p henomenon h as b een n oticed a t L ong M eg & H er D aughters ( Burl, 1 988b , 1 97) w here t he t hin o utlier , a pparently a m idwinter s unset m arker , i s n ot f ramed i n t he m iddle o f t he e ntrance b ut s tands i n l ine w ith t he t wo w esternmost p ortal s tones. I n t he G ough e dition o f C amden 's B ritannia , 1 806, 4 32, t here i s a r eport o f ac entral s tone b ut n o o ne b efore o r s ince h as r emarked u pon s uch a f eature . B ibliography : T CWAAS 5 , 1 979-80, 4 7-50 ; T CWAAS 1 985, 4 2-4; B url , 1 988b , 1 95 1 98.

2 9

2 ,

1 902,

5 3-63;

W ainwright,

J .,

S ee s ra te l a c i rc le s ep aA pns o f , B ,C a nd D

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N

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3 43 95 \ \ 348 90

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S ca tte r F EET

1 320

M ETRES

4 00

M O WS 8 00 y

T he s tone c ircles o n B urn M oor, C umberland.

5 0

8 00 * /

5 00 /

S W 4 12 2 74

B OSCAWEN U N , C ornwall. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

L atitude 5 0 °. 09

S 1/13.

T he o utliers o f t his c ircle h ave n ot b een m easured . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 9 6.

Z

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BOSCA WEN- UN 5 0 ° 05 •

S I /1 3

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( 2) A . B url T his f ine s tone ' circle ', w hich i s a ctually a n o void 8 2 f t 7b y 7 3 f t 2 ( 25.2 x 2 2.3m), h as a l eaning s tone n ear i ts c entre. I t i s b elieved t he p illar w as d isturbed b y t reasure-hunters d igging a t i ts b ase. T he s tones a re a ll o f l ocal g ranite e xcept o ne o f q uartz a t t he W SW . ' From i t t he M ay s un w as s een t o r ise o ver t he c entre o f t he c ircle ' ( Lockyer , 1 909, 2 92). T here a re s everal o utlying s tones n ear B oscawen-Un . 4 16 y ards ( 380m) t o t he n orth-east a t S W 4 14 2 76 i s t he L ong S tone, 8 f t 6 ( 2.6m) h igh , a s tout, b ent s tone j ust o ver t he b row o f t he h ill. H edges n ow h ide i t f rom t he c ircle b ut i ts t op w ould o nce h ave b een j ust v isible . L ockyer b elieved t hat f rom t he r ing i t m arked t he r ising o f C apella i n 2 250 B C ( 1909, 2 90-1). T here i s a f allen s tone i n t he h edge b y i t . T he t wo m ay h ave f ormed a p air l ike t hat a t H igher D rift ( SW 4 37 2 83) b etween w hich a g rave w as d iscovered ( Borlase , W .C . 1 872, 9 6). A lso t o t he n orth-east a t S W 4 17 2 77 i s ab ulky, c onical p illar, 7 f t 5 ( 2.3m ) h igh . A t S W 4 04 2 72 a t t he s ummit o f a r idge i s a nother o utlier . F rom t he c ircle i t a ppears v ery t all b ut i t i s, i n f act, o nly 4f t ( 1.2m ) h igh . B ibliography B orlase , 1 769, 1 91, 2 09; M ichell, 1 974 , 1 6-23; W eatherhill, 1 981, 2 0 ; B arnatt, 1 982, 1 59-62.

5 1

B url,

1 976,

1 24;

1 2 1

e et,

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( 3 IA.

s e t

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FT

1 0

0

10

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MERRY

30

4 - 0 FT

MA IDENS

50° 0 4 ! 5` 13 51

S

W

4 -3 3 1 . ,

5 2

S

1 4

S W 4 33 2 45

M ERRY M AIDENS, C ornwall.

L atitude 5 0 °. 07

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . S 1/14 .

T here i s a n o utlier a t 1 64 ° . 5, h orizon a ltitude = 0° . 7, d eclination 37 ° . 9. A l arge m egalith s tands 14 m ile d istant , n ot o n t he h orizon . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 9 8.

( 2) A . B url T he M erry M aidens s tone c ircle n ear S t. B uryan i s o ne o f t he m ost p erfect i n C ornwall. N ineteen s tones s tand o n t he p erimeter o f a p erfect c ircle 7 7 f t 9 ( 23.7m ) i n d iameter . A w ide g ap a t t he e xact e ast m ay i ndicate a n o riginal e ntrance . T he r ing i s s ometimes k nown a s t he D awn 's M en , a c orruption o f ' Dans M aen ' o r ' the s tone d ance ' r eferring t o t he l egend t hat t he s tones w ere g irls t ransmogrified i nto s tone f or d ancing o n t he s abbath . I t i s r eported t hat t here w as o nce a s econd c ircle c lose t o t he M erry M aidens a t o r c lose t o S W 4 31 2 44. I t s eems t o h ave b een d estroyed i n t he 1 9th c entury . P aired r ings a re n ot u ncommon i n C ornwall, e xamples b eing k nown a t t he H urlers o n B odmin M oor , a t W endron a nd a t T regeseal a t L and 's E nd . T he c upmarked c hambered t omb o f T regiffian s tands b y t he r oad d ownhill f rom t he c ircle . T here a re s everal s tanding s tones i n t he v icinity . N early a q uarter o f am ile t o t he n orth-east i s t he p air o f s tones k nown a s t he P ipers. T he n orth-east p illar i s 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m) h igh , t he t allest s tone i n C ornwall. I ts p artner, 3 17 f t ( 97m ) u p t he r idge t o t he s outh-west i s 1 3 f t 6 ( 4 .2m) h igh . A l ine e xtended t hrough t heir a xis w ould b e t angential t o t he n orth-west s tones o f t he M erry M aidens. D igging b y t he P ipers i n 1 871 p roduced n o f inds ( Borlase , W .C ., 1 872, 1 06-7). O ther o utlying s tones e xisted 3 50 y ards ( 320m ) t o t he s outh-west o f t he c ircle w here t here i s a p illar 1 0 f t 6 ( 3 .2m ) h igh a t S W 4 27 2 39 . T here w ere o nce t wo s tones h ere a t B oscawen R os b ut t hey w ere t hrown d own a nd o nly t he o ne w as r e-erected . T o t he w est o f t he M erry M aidens, a t S W 4 29 2 45, i s t he m enhir o f G oon R ith , ' Red D owns', s ometimes a lso k nown a s t he F iddler . I t i s 1 0 f t 6 ( 3 .2m ) h igh , a nd n ow s tands i n ah edge. B orlase d ug b y i t i n 1 871 b ut f ound n othing e xcept a b each p ebble. A cross t he r oad f rom t he M erry M aidens i s ah oled s tone a t S W 4 32 2 46 . I t h as b een r e-used a s ag atepost. B ibliography L ockyer , 1 909, 2 65-76; W eatherhill, 1 981, 2 5.

M ichell,

1 974 ,

5 3

6 4-9;

B arnatt ,

1 982,

1 55-9;

F or S 2/1, t he G rey W ethers s tone c ircles, s ee p . 5 6.

• 1 .0uthex k-

N

I S%

I I

O ut er 1 82 . 7 Z ft

mitrut t

1 0

to

3 0

40

r -

M ERR I VALL 5 00 3 31 -

5 X5 5374G

s z/ 2 _

4 1) 0 2: 1 6

5 4

S X 5 53 7 46

M ERRIVA TE , D artmoor , D evon . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

S 2/2.

L atitude 5 0 °. 55

T his w hole s ite m ust b e a ccurately s urveyed . I t c ontains a mong o ther t hings, t wo s tone r ows , e ach o f w hich m ay b e d ouble . I t a lso c ontains a g ood i ndication o f t he m eridian . A g ood d escription i s g iven i n W ood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 30-9. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 1 06.

( 2) A . B url S outh o f t he A 384 , 41 2 - m iles e ast o f T avistock , t here i s ag roup o f l arge h ut-circles t hat a re a ssumed t o b e o f I ron A ge d ate . A ttempts h ave b een m ade t o s hape s ome i nto m illstones. A n i solated e xample t o t he w est h as b een m isidentified a s as tone c ircle ( Penny & W ood , 1 975 , 2 05). B eyond t hem i s a d ouble r ow o n a n E NE-WSW a xis, 5 96 f t ( 182m ) l ong . T o i ts s outh i s a nother d ouble r ow , a lso E NE-WSW , 8 65 f t ( 264m ) l ong , w ith a s mall s tone c ircle n ear i ts c entre . I t s urrounds a l ow c airn. A s horter l ine , 1 39 f t ( 42m ) l ong , l eads N NE-SSW f rom t he r ow . A f urther 3 50 f t ( 107m ) t o t he s outh i s a f ree-standing s tone c ircle . E leven e venly-spacd s tones o f l ocal g ranite , t he h ighest a t t he w est o nly 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) h igh , s tand o n t he p erimeter o f a n e legant r ing 6 7 f t 5b y 5 8 f t 5( 20 .5 x 1 7.8m ) i n d iameters. S everal p its h ave b een f ound n ear t he c ircle , u p t o 1 f t 6 ( 0 .5m ) d eep . O nly o ne f lint f lake h as b een d iscovered . A lmost e xactly s outh o f t he c ircle 's c entre , a nd s ome 3 0 y ards ( 28m ) f rom t he r ing 's c ircumference , i s a n e legantly t all o utlier 1 0 f t 6 ( 3.2m ) h igh . N ear i t i s al ow c airn a nd t hree v ery l ittle s tones. 3 3 f t a way ( 10m ) i s ap rostrate p illar . I t w as r e-erected i n 1 895 b ut h as s ince f allen . A p lain s tone c ircle o f l argish s ize s uch a s t he o ne a t M errivale , ' the p leasant v alley ', i s u nusual f or t his p art o f D artmoor . I t h as m ore i n c ommon w ith t he b ig D evon r ings a round t he e dges o f t he m oor . B ibliography L ockyer , 1 909 , 1 47 , 1 53-4 , 3 09 ,349 , 3 68, 3 73 , 4 62 ; W orth , 1 967, 2 151 7, 2 44-6; E mmett , 9 8, 1 07, 1 11, n os. 2 7-9 ; W ood J .E . & P enny , A . ( 1975). ' A m egalithic o bservatory o n D artmoor ', N ature 2 57, 2 05-7.

5 5

G REY W ETHERS , D evon .

S X 6 39 8 31

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

S 2/1.

L atitude 5 0 °. 63

T hese 2 c ircles w ere s urveyed b y L ukis i n 1 879. T he s tones h e s hows f allen h ave n ow b een r e-erected . W e i gnored t hese e ntirely i n f ixing t he p osition o f t he c entre . T he a zimuth o f t he l ine j oining t he c entres i s 1 81 ° . 4 w hich i s s urprisingly n ear t he m eridian c onsidering t he d ifficulties w hich m egalithic m an m ust h ave f ound w ith t his d etermination . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 1 04 .

1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 00

Il l

f t

4

a • •

•

S tones i n o u t l ine o n ly a re s hown f a l len b y L uk is ( 1 879 )

0

C .

50 ° 3 7 '8 3° 5 55

S 2/ I

( 2) A . B url T hese p aired r ings, t ypical o f t he s outh-west p eninsula m ultiple s ites, s tand o n m oorland 2) m iles n orth o f P ostbridge . I t i s n oticeable t hat r espectively t hey a re o n e ither s ide o f a r idge f alling g radually a way t o n orth a nd s outh . T he g ranite s tones o f w hich t he c ircles a re c omposed p robably c ame f rom a c ollapsed t or j ust t o t he w est . T he s tones a re o f f airly e ven h eight , 4 f t t o 4 f t 6 ( 1.2 - 1 .4m ) h igh . A lthough e ntirely n atural t he j ointing o f t he s tones i s s o r egular t hat t hey a ppear t o h ave b een d ressed a nd s moothed . T he r ings w ere r estored i n t he e arly 2 0th c entury a t t he r equest o f t he k ing , G eorge V ( Allcroft, 1 927, 2 53, n ote 2 ). T hey s tand a bout 2 0 f t ( 6m ) a part , t he n orthern c ircle h aving a d iameter o f 1 04 f t 6 a nd i ts p artner 1 08 f t 9( 31.9, 3 3 .1m ). E xcavation d iscovered t hat t he i nteriors w ere c overed i n as pread o f c harcoal . P its u nder t wo s mall b arrows n earby a lso c ontained b urnt m aterial . B ibliography C rossing , 1 912, 2 44-5; W orth , 1 967, 2 58-60 ; B url, 1 976, 1 07-8. 5 6

S X 5 62 6 62

R INGMOOR , D artmoor , D evon . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

L atitude 5 0 °. 48

S 2/4 .

S2/2), s hould b e f ully s urveyed . T he r ows T his, l ike M errivale ( E , a zimuth 1 1 °. 0 , a ltitude 1°. 47, s how r unning f rom R ingmoor d eclination + 39 0. 7. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 1 10 .

D OU BL E k . =u5

R t r« , t Noc iR W 3 0 1 ° I N-.de

2 .ZE N

e r e-

Ro w 6- 3917

RI NG ,MOOR

e Z e_ _

9/

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( E)

5 0* 28 ' 4 .*

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4 1 .4

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5

0

t wit

0

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FT

1

( 2) A . B url Ac airn-circle , ak erbed c airn a nd a n i ncomplete s tone r ow l ie o n R ingmoor D own a bout 3 30 y ards ( 300m ) n orth o f t he f ine B risworthy s tone c ircle w ith i ts g raded s tones . T he r uinous L egis T or B ronze A ge s ettlement b y t he R iver P lym i s j ust t o t he e ast a t S X 5 73 6 54 . T he k erb-cairn , o nce o f s ome 2 0 c ontiguous s tones , l ies t o t he w est o f t he c airn-circle . T his i s 4 1 f t ( 12.5m ) a cross a nd s urrounds a b adly-damaged c airn . O f t he 1 1 s tones o f t he c ircle f ive w ere a dded f rom t he n eighbouring m oorland t o c omplete t he r ing w hen i t w as r estored i n 1 909. Ar ow o f l ow s tones, a t f irst d ouble n ear t he c ircle b ut b ecoming s ingle a s i t d escends t he s lope l eads d ownhill f or s ome 4 40 y ards ( 400m ). A t i ts n orthern e nd t here i s af allen t erminal s tone . B ibliography W orth , 1 967, 2 09 , 2 39-40, E mmett , 1 11, n o . 1 6 , B url, 1 976, 1 13-15 .

5 7

T ROWLESWORTHY , D artmoor , D evon . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

S X 5 77 6 40

S 2/5.

L atitude 5 0 0. 45

T he a zimuth o f t he d ouble r ow h ere f rom t he c ircle i s 1 88 ° , h orizon a ltitude 0 °. 2. I n t he r everse d irection , a zimuth 8° , t he h orizon a ltitude i s 5° . 4 . T here i s a lso a n i solated r ow a t a n a zimuth o f 8 2 °. 5, a ltitude 5° . 8, g iving a d eclination o f 5 °. 4 . I n t he o ther d irection , a zimuth 2 62 ° . 5 , a ltitude 0 °. 1 , t he d eclination i s + 9 °. 4 , s howing s olar c alendar e pochs a bout 1 a nd 7 . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 1 12. 5 2/5

TR OWLE SWORTN Y 5 4 3 `2 1 ' d

/ 4 \

2 7 .3 F T \ --

5K 5 ' 7L , G4 0

— I Jou cbLe ,

( 2) A . B url T he l ittle c airn-circle h ere , o nly 2 2 f t 4( 6 .8m ) a cross, i s k nown l ocally a s T he P ulpit . L eading t o i t f rom t he s outh i s ad ouble r ow , a bout 5 f t ( 1 .5m ) w ide w ith i ts s tones s paced r oughly 6 f t ( 1.8m) a part . T he r ow i s s ome 4 26 f t ( 130m ) l ong a nd b ecomes s lightly c onvex . I t w as d isturbed i n 1 859 b ut v ery l ittle d amage w as d one t o i t . 3 50 f t ( 107m ) t o t he w est o f t he s tone c ircle i s a s ingle r ow p ointing t owards t he r ing . T he l ow s tones a re s paced a bout 5 f t ( 1.5m ) a part a nd l ead d ownhill f or a bout 2 54 f t ( 77m ). A t t he w est e nd t here i s a s mall t erminal o r b locking s tone , 4 f t ( 1.2m ) h igh . A t t he e ast e nd o f t his r ow t here a re t he f aintest t races o f ac ircle p erhaps 2 0 f t ( 6m ) a cross. B ibliography W orth , 1 967, 2 08-9 , 4 55-6 ; E i n i tett , 1 11 , n os. 1 4 , 1 5 .

5 8

L EE M OOR , D artmoor , D evon . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

S X 5 84 6 22

S 2/7.

L atitude 5 0 °. 43

T he d ouble r ow h ere r uns f rom t he c ircle a t a n a zimuth o f 2 02 ° . 2, a ltitude = 0 °. 62 , g iving a d eclination o f 36 ° . 5 2/7 S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980, 1 12. LE E _ 50° Z6 3°

MO OR 4

S K 5- 54

f

Z t

t ,

_ R ,ov 4 202: 2 . ,

Re,ca .s€

( 2) A . B url K nown a s C holwichtown t he s tone c ircle a nd s tone r ow o n L ee M oor w ere b uried u nder t he w aste f rom c hina-clay w orking . B efore t heir o bliteration t he s ites w ere e xcavated i n 1 961 , T he s tone c ircle , 1 8 f t ( 5 .5m ) a cross, h ad c onsisted o f e ight q uite l arge u nworked s tones. T wo w ere m issing a t t he t ime o f t he e xcavation . T he d iscovery o f al arge a nd i rregular p it 7 f t w ide a nd 3 f t d eep ( 2.1 x 1 m ) a t t he c entre o f t he r ing c ontaining n othing b ut l oose e arth a nd s tones s uggested t hat t reasure-seekers h ad d ug t here . T here w as n o s ign o f a n o verlying c airn . L eading t o t he r ing f rom t he S SW w as a s ingle r ow 2 35 y ards ( 215m ) l ong w hich h ad c ontained a t l east 9 1 s tones. T he c ircle w as a t t he N NE e nd j ust b elow t he t op o f as pur . ' The a lignment r uns a long t he s ide o f t he s pur , p robably t o a void h aving t he e nd-stone o f t he r ow a t a h igher p oint t han t he c ircle ' ( Eogan , 1 964 , 2 5-6). P ollen a nalysis d emonstrated t hat t he c ircle h ad b een e rected i n a c learing a mongst a w ooded l andscape ( ibid , 3 4-8). D avidson a nd S eabrook ( p . 2 9) s uggested t hat t he g eometry o f t he r ing h ad b een t hat o f aT hom t ype I e gg ' based o n a3 , 4 , 5t riangle l aid o ut i n m egalithic y ards'. T hey f urther c oncluded ( ibid , 3 3) t hat f rom t he c ircle t he m inor s outhern m oon w ould h ave r isen o ver W estern B eacon w ith a d eclination o f 18 ° . 73 . ' The e xtrapolation l ength G ( Thom , 1 971a) w as f ound t o b e 8.8 f t . C uriously , t he l ength o f t he r ow , 7 05 f t , i s a lmost e xactly e qual t o 8 G ( 710 .8 f t) a nd h ence t he r ow c ould h ave b een u sed f or e xtrapolation , ap rime r equirement f or a ny l unar o bservatory '. B ibliography W orth , 1 967, 2 08, n o . 1 0 ; E ogan , G . ( 1964). ' The e xcavation o f as tone a lignment a nd c ircle a t C holwiChtown , L ee M oor , D evonshire , E ngland . P PS 3 0 , 2 5-38; P PS 3 5, 1 969, 2 03-19 ; D avidson , C .J . & S eabrook , R .A .G . ( 1973). ' Stone r ings o n s outh-east D artmoor ', P roc D evon A rch S oc 3 1 , 2-44 ; E mmett , 9 6 , 1 03, 1 0, 1 07, 1 11, n o . 1 0 .

5 9

S TANTON D REW , A von , S omerset . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

S T 6 01 6 31

S 3/1.

L atitude 5 1 °. 37

T his s ite i s d escribed i n T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 1 16-17, w here t he s urvey w as b y M ajor A .F . P rain . O ur s urvey s hows h ypothetical l ines w hich i ndicate p ossible a venues. T hat r adiating f rom c ircle A s imply d epends o n t he a ssumption t hat i t i s 1 2 m y w ide a nd t hat t he l ine t hrough t he s tones p asses 6 m y f rom t he c entre . T here w ere s o m any t rees a round t his s ite t hat i t w as n ot p ossible t o o bserve t he h orizon a ltitudes. N or w as i t p ossible t o s ight d irectly e ither o n t he C ove t hat l ies t o t he S W o r t o H autville 's Q uoit t o t he N E .

S TANTON

i l l

l it

DP LW

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4 53

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&ROMP S3 ,Q e lf

3 5- ( C tr c le )

C AMBRET M OOR

J E ST ,

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

K irkcudbrightshire .

N X 5 10 5 82

C 4/12

L atitude 5 4 °. 90

F rom t his f lattened t ype A c ircle t he r emains o f t wo o ther s ites w ere v isible o n al ine a t 2 96 °. 7, a ltitude 0°. 2, d eclination 1 6 °. 7 . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 2 84-5 .

CAMBRET M OOR \/ 54

S3

5

o

s

t o

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4, 7 ' ts "

N J

Sh : DSg i2 .

C4: 12 .

( 2) A . B url T his s tone c ircle , a lso k nown a s G lenquickan N orth , s tands o n l evel g rassland a nd i s c onspicuous f rom a ll s ides. I t i s n otable f or i ts i mpressive c entral p illar , a t all g ranite c ylinder , 6 f t 2 ( 1.9m ) h igh . A round i t i n a r ing m easuring 5 9 f t ( 18m) a cross E -W , b ut o nly 4 8 f t 7 ( 14.8m) N -S, a re 2 9 l ow b oulderlike s tones. T he i nterior o f t he r ing i s c obbled . T he s tones a re r oughly g raded u p t o t he E SE . Am ile a nd a h alf a cross t he m oor t o t he e ast i s a s imilar b ut s maller c ircle a t C laughreid ( NX 5 17 5 60). O nly 3 0 f t ( 9m ) a cross t he r ing c ontains a f allen c entre s tone 5 f t 5( 1.7m) l ong . T here w as a s econd c ircle t o t he n orth-west o f G lenquickan b ut i t w as d estroyed b efore 1 955. B ibliography P SAS 2 9, 1 894-5, 3 07-9.

2 14

D ALARRAN , K irkcudbrightshire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N X 6 39 7 91

G5/1 .

L atitude 5 5 %09

As ingle f lat s lab 8 f t x4 f t x1f t. A zimuth o f f ace o f s tone + 2 °. 5

( 2 ) A . B url N o i nformation .

C OMMUNION S TONES , K irkcudbrightshire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N X 8 60 7 90

G 5/10 .

L atitude 5 5 °. 09

T hese f our r ows o f s tones l ie n ear t he C ovenanters' M emorial . T hey a re a ll a t a n a zimuth o f 2 20 ° . 4. I t w as o nly w hen w e n oticed t hat t hey w ere s paced a t 2m y a part t hat w e w ere s ure t hat t hey w ere m egalithic . S o f ar w e h ave n ot f ound a ny a stronomical s ignificance b ut i t m ight b e t hat t hese r ows f orm a n e xtrapolating d evice s imilar t o t hat a t K eriavel i n F rance . S ee : T hom & T hom , 1 978, p ara . 9 .8. H owever i f t his i s s o , w here i s t he f oresight?

COMMUN ION

STONES

5 5 " 0 5S 3 " 4, 73

5

0

5

1 0

5

20

2 S

30

I I

3 5

4 73 r

( 2) A . B url T hese s tones, o f u nknown d ate , l ie o n S keoch H ill 71 2 m / iles W NW o f D umfriess . N o i nformation i s a vailable f or t hem .

2 15

A ULDGIRTH , D umfriess-shire .

N X 9 18 8 52

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom G 6/2

L atitude 5 5 °. 15

A c ircle w ith p ocket a nd c ist o n E ast s ide, c entral m enhir o ver o utlier t o k noll o n h orizon 2 81 ° . 2 a zimuth , a ltitude 3° . 3 , d eclination + 8 °. 9; c entral m enhir t o c ist a zimuth 9 0 °. 2, a ltitude 0° . 9 , d eclination 0°. 3 , c entral m enhir t o o utlier ( now r emoved), a zimuth 1 31 ° . 3, s hows d eclination o f a bout 23 ° , a ltitude u nknown . S ee: T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 2 90 . C .6/2 .

n

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( 2) A . B url A lexander T hom ( 1967, 1 37) n oted t his s ite a s a f ake . H e s uggested t hat t he c onstruction o f t he f olly h ad b een b ased o n t he r emains o f a n o riginal p rehistoric r ing. ' This c ircle i s r eputed t o b e af ake b ut w e b elieve i t t o h ave b een a n o riginal m egalithic s ite . T he w orkmen w ho r e-erected i t c ould n ot h ave d etermined t he a zimuth o f t he s mall c ist w ithin 0° . 2 o f d ue E ' ( Thom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 2 91). T he s ite s tands i n t he o val F riars C arse h illfort o n a k noll o n t he w est b ank o f t he R . N ith 7 m iles N NW o f D umfries. T he f ort h as d imensions o f a bout 2 00 f t b y 1 40 f t ( 60 x 4 3m). T he e ntrance i s a t t he e ast . ' Within t he f ort h as b een e rected a n i dealised s tone c ircle , t he e rection o f w hich i s d escribed i n a n M S j ournal e ntitled , " Antiquarian R esearches" b y t he l ate T homas J ohnstone, u nder t he d ate 1 827' ( RCAHMS D umfriess-shire, 1 920, 5 7, n o. 1 42. C aptain R iddel b uilt i t. ' Another o f h is i mitations w as a B ronze A ge s tone c ircle w hich h e e rected o n ak noll a s hort w ay u p t he r iver . I t i s n ow a m ost r ealistic a ffair , c orrect i n l ayout a nd s o w eathered a s t o t ake i n a nyone . I t s hould b e a w arning t o a ll a ntiquaries.' ( Balfour-Browne , W .A .F . ' Field M eetings ', T DGNHAS 2 5 , 1 948, 1 85. 2

B ibliography :

C ited a bove .

2 16

L OCH M ABEN S TONE , G retna , D umfriess-shire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

G 6/3 .

N Y 3 12 6 59 L atitude 5 4 °. 98

2s tones 7 f t a nd 3 f t h igh , 2 7 y ards a part a t a n a zimuth o f 2 3 °. T he 3f t s tone i s t o t he n orth e ast.

( 2) A . B url M ore p roperly k nown a s t he C lochmabenstane , ' the s tone o f M abon s, a C eltic d eity, t his h uge g ranite e rratic s tands 2 75 y ards ( 250m) f rom t he R . E sk a t t he h ead o f t he S olway F irth . I t i s 9f t 6 ( 2.9m) h igh a nd h as a c ircumference o f 1 8 f t 2 ( 5.6m). I ts w eight i s a bout 1 9 t ons. I n A D 1 398 E nglish a nd S cottish c ommissioners m et a t t he s tone t o d iscuss t he a rrangements f or a t ruce, a nd o ver t he c enturies i t b ecame a ccepted a s ap lace o f p ublic a ssembly. S tanding a s i t d oes a t t he n orthern t ermination o f t he m ost u seful f ord o ver t he E sk k nown a s t he S ulwath o r ' muddy f ord ' i ts p osition m ay h ave b een c hosen f or t hat r eason . I t, a nd a s maller s tone o nly 3 f t ( 1m) h igh 8 0 f t ( 24m) t o t he N NE ,are p robably t he r emains o f a l arge m egalithic o val w ith a n a verage d iameter o f 1 60 f t ( 50m). ' On t he f arm o f O ld G raitney a nd a t n o g reat d istance f rom t he c onfluence o f t he K irtle a nd t he S olway w as s een n ot m any y ears a go a n umber o f w hite s tones p laced u pright c ircling h alf a n a cre o f g round i n a n o val f orm . O ne o f t hem, t he l argest, i s a ll t hat n ow r emains, a s s ome s uppose , o f aD ruidical t emple , t he r est h aving b een r emoved f or t he c ultivation o f t he s oil. T his h as o btained t he n ame o f t he L ochmaben S tone , i t...must h ave b een b rought f rom a c onsiderable d istance ' ( Rev . J . R oddick , O ld S tatistical A ccount I X , D umfries, 1 841, 2 66-7). T he s tone f ell i n t he w inter o f 1 982 a nd f ollowing e xcavation o f i ts p resumed s tonehole i t w as r e-erected. C harcoal f rom t he h ole p rovided a r adio-carbon a ssay o f 2 525 8 5 b c , t he a pproximate e quivalent o f 3 275 B C i n r eal y ears. T he s ize o f t he s tone , t he d iameter o f t he r ecorded c ircle, t he d ate a ll f it w ell w ith t he s upposition t hat t his h ad b een t he s ite o f a c haracteristically l arge ' Cumbrian ' s tone c ircle o f t he L ate N eolithic , p erhaps a ssociated , i n p art, w ith t he t rade i n L angdale s tone a xes . I ts r eported o val s hape i s s imilar t o t hat o f t he e normous T welve A postles r ing 2 4 m iles t o t he w est. B ibliography R CAHM-S, D umfriess-shire ., 1 920 , 9 2-3 , n o. 2 63 ; T DGNHAS 5 8, 1 983 , 1 62 2Ö ; B url, 1 98gb , 1 84, 1 86, 1 88, 1 92.

2 17

M OFFAT , D umfriess-shire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N T 0 84 0 36

G 6/4 .

L atitude 5 5 °. 32

Ar ecent r e-alignment o f t he B eattock-Moffat r oad i s s aid t o h ave b een a rranged s o t hat t he " Three S tannin ' S tanes" w ould b e p reserved . T he l ine o f s tones h as a n a zimuth o f a bout 2 ° ( by c ompass) a nd c ould b e s aid t o i ndicate t he r ounded s ummit o f ah ill t wo o r t hree m iles a way, o bserved a ltitude 4° . 3 . F rom t he s outh w est t he s tones a re , p rogressively , 4f t 3 , 3f t 3 a nd 2 f t 7h igh , s paced 1 7 f t a nd 8 f t a part ( centres).

( 2) A . B url N ow e nclosed i n aw ooden r ailing a longside t he n ew s ection o f t he A 7 01 r oad t he t hree s tones s tand o n a r idge b etween t he R . A nnan a nd t he E van W ater . T he s ite i s am ile s outh o f M offat. R ather s trangely t he s tones a ll f ace i n d ifferent d irections b ut d o n ot l ie o n t he a rc o f ac ircle n or a re t hey i n ap erfectly s traight l ine. I t i s p robable t hat t hey a re a p rehistoric 3 -Stone r ow , t he t allest s tone a t t he S SW , p erhaps o n a l unar a lignment, b ut i t i s j ust p ossible t hat t hey a re t he r emnants o f s ome o ther f orm o f m egalithic m onument. B ibliography R CAHM-S, D umfriess-shire, 1 920, 1 45, n o . 4 26 ; F eachem , 1 977, 7 5.

2 18

W HITEHOLM R IGG , D umfriess-shire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N Y 2 17 8 27

G 7/2 .

L atitude 5 5 °. 13 .

T here i s a n e rect o utlier a t 2 28 °. 0 ; b ehind a b uried o utlier t here i s a d ip i n t he s kyline a t 3 34 °. 4 . T here i s a lso a d ip i n t he s kyline b ehind a n o utlier a t 4 5 °. 68, h orizon a ltitude 1°. 27, d eclination + 24 °. 3 , a nd a n u nmarked k nob o n t he s kyline a t 6 2 °. 7 , h orizon a ltitude 1° . 8 , d eclination 1 6 °. 4 . T here i s a lso a n o utlier a t a zimuth 0°. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 2 92.

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( 2) A . B url K nown a s t he ' Seven B rethren ' t his i nconspicuous r ing s tands o n a b road g rassy r idge o n a s tretch o f b arren m oorland n ot f ar f rom t he W ater o f M ilk . S even s tones r emain i n ad amaged c ircle 6 5 f t 6( 20m ) i n d iameter . T here w ere p ossibly t welve s tones o riginally . I t i s a t ypical p lain D umfriess-shire r ing . N o s tone i s m ore t han 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) h igh . A n e qually l ow o utlier s tands j ust o utside t he c ircle a t t he n orthw est . W ith a h eight o f h ardly 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) i t w ould n ot h ave b een a p racticable a stronomical m arker b ut i t d oes s tand i n t he r ight p osition t o i ndicate t he d irection t owards t he W ater o f M ilk t hreeq uarters o f am ile t o t he n orth-west . 1 3 f t ( 4m ) t o t he n orth o f t he r ing t here i s ap rostrate b lock 3 f t 5( 1m ) l ong . B ibliography R CAHM-S, D umfriess-shire , 1 920 , n o . 6 03 ; T DGNHAS 9 , 1 923-4 , 1 06.

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L OUPIN ' S TANES, D umfriess-shire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N Y 2 57 9 66

G 7/4

L atitude 5 5 °. 26

L ooking o ver c ircle P f rom Q s hows t he s etting m idsummer S un a nd l ooking f rom Q t o a s tone o n h igher g round s hows a pproximately w here t he m idwinter S un s et. T he l ine o f t hree s tones r adiating f rom P g ives ad eclination o ver V) t oo l ow t o b e l unar b ut w e a re n ot s ure o f o ur s urvey. T here i s e vidently m uch m ore h ere t han w e h ave r ecorded a nd t he w hole s ite a nd t he n earby h ill s hould b e c arefully s urveyed . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 2 96.

( 2) A . B url T his u nusual s tone c ircle s tands o n a f airly l evel h olm 6 00 y ards ( 550m) N NE o f t he ' Cumbrian ' r ing o f t he G irdle S tanes. U nlike t he G irdle S tanes w hich w as e rected s o c lose t o t he R . W hite E sk t hat t he r iver e roded t he b ank o n w hich s ome o f i ts s tones s tood t he L oupin ' S tanes s tands o n ar aised t errace a bove t he r iver . O f t he 1 2 s tones i n a r ing f lattened t owards t he e ast 1 0 a re l ow b ut t he t wo p illars a t t he S W a re e ach 5 f t 4 ( 1.6m) h igh . S imilar r ings w ith t wo d isproportionately t all s tones e xist e lsewhere i n t his p art o f S cotland ( Burl, 1 976, 2 10). T he ' circle ' m easures a bout 3 7 f t 7 , N -S, b ut o nly 3 3 f t 1 0 , E -W ( 11.5 x 1 0 .3m). T he s ite i s b anked u p n early a ll r ound t o c reate a l evel p latform f or t he c ircle, t he h illside h ere s loping d own t owards t he s outh-west w here i t i s a bout 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) l ower t han a t t he n orth-eastern e dge o f t he c ircle. S ome 9 0 f t ( 27m) s outh-east a re t races o f a s econd r ing o f e xtremely l ow s tones, a lmost t urf-covered. L ike t he c ircle t o i ts w est t his a lso m ay h ave c ontained 1 2 s tones. A p reliminary s urvey b y t he w riter i n A pril , 1 976, s uggested t hat l ike t he L oupin ' S tanes t his a lso m ight h ave b een a f lattened r ing, t hough h ere t owards t he s outhw est, w ith d iameters o f a pproximately 7 5 f t, N W-SE , a nd 6 1 f t N E-SW , ( 23 x 1 8.6m ). T hree l argish s tones a re p rostrate a t i ts c entre . R emains o f a p ossible t hird r ing m ay e xist 2 5 f t ( 7.6m) t o t he n orth-west o f t he L oupin ' S tanes. A s inuous a nd b roken l ine o f s tones l eads S SW d own t he s lope t owards t he G irdle S tanes 1 700 f t ( 520m) a way. I t i s j ust p ossible t hat t hese a re t he r emnants o f a n i ncomplete a venue . B ibliography P SAS 3 1, 1 896-7, 2 81-9 ; H yslop , J . & R . L angholm A s I t W as, 1 912, 1 74 6 ; R CAHM-S, D umfriess-shire , 1 920 , n o. 1 99; T DGNHAS 9 , 1 923-4, 1 06; T rans H awick A rch S oc , 1 952, 3 0-3 ; B url, 1 976, 2 10 .

2 21

W HITCASTLES, D umfriess-shire . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N Y 2 25 8 81

G 7/6

L atitude 5 5 °. 18

T his s ite w ill n eed t o b e f ully s urveyed b efore w e c an d ecide o n a lignments. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 00 .

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( 2) A . B url T he r uins o f t his v ery l arge r ing l ie o n o pen m oorland . I t i s p erhaps a l ate v ersion o f t he s pacious ' Cumbrian ' r ings s uch a s t he T welve A postles 1 8 m iles t o t he W SW a nd t he L ochmaben S tane 1 5 m iles t o t he S SE . L ike t hem i t i s n ot o nly a bove a verage i n s ize b ut i s a lso o val. N ine c umbrous b locks o f f ine-grained g ranite l ie a long t he c ircumference o f ar ing a bout 1 86 f t N E-SW b y 1 46 f t N W-SE ( 57 x 4 5m). T he s tones a re i rregularly s paced a nd s ome m ay h ave b een r emoved . T hose t hat r emain c ould h ave f allen b ecause o f p oorly p repared s toneholes. T his w as t he c ase a t t he L ochmaben S tane w here t he p it a ppeared t o b e a s hallow o void h ollow o nly 1 0 i ns ( 0 .25m ) d eep . ' A s ocket a s s hallow a s t hat u nder t he C lochmabenstane w ould h ave d isappeared a fter o nly a s hort p eriod o f c ultivation ' ( TDGNHAS 5 8, 1 983, 1 8). Ap ossible i ndication t hat W hitcastles i s i ndeed a n o utlier o f t he C umbrian t radition i s i n i ts e mphasis o n a c ardinal p osition . T he l argest s tone , 7f t 4l ong b y 4f t 3w ide b y 2f t 1 0 t hick (2.2 x 1 .3 x) .9m) a nd w eighing s ome 7 t ons l ies a t a lmost t he e xact n orth . B ibliography : R CAHM-S, D umfriess-shire, 1 920 , n o . 3 07; T DGNHAS 9 , 1 923-4, 1 06; H yslop J . &R . L angholm A s I t W as, 1 912, c hapter 1 ; F eachem , 1 977, 7 5.

2 22

D ERE S TREET , R oxburgh . ( 1)

N T 7 50 1 55

A . &A .S. T hom G 8/5

L atitude 5 5 °. 42

W e s how a q uick s urvey b ut e vidently B rown D ean L aw d oes n ot s how a r elevant d eclination . W e d o n ot k now t he e levation o f t he h orizon t o t he n orth-east b ut t his m ight s how a l unar d eclination . S ee : T hom , 1 966a , F ig . 2 0 .

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( 2) A . B url T his s ite k nown a lso a s B lack K nowe c airn . I t s tands o n t he e ast s ide o f B lack K nowe o n as light r idge t hree-quarters o f am ile W NW o f P ennymuir c rossroads. T he c airn i s as mall o ne o nly 2 7 f t ( 8.2m ) i n d iameter . T here a re f ive b oulders, f our o f t hem c lose t ogether i n t he S E q uadrant. T he s outh a rc h as b een w orn a way b y c attle . T he s tones a re 2 f t , 2f t 8 , 2 f t 7a nd 4 f t 6( 0 .6. 0 .8, 0 .8, 1 .4m) h igh . Af ifth s tone a t t he S W i s p rostrate . B etween 4 2 f t a nd 1 15 f t ( 13 - 3 5m) f rom t he c airn a re f our m ore b oulders, o ne o f t hem 4 f t 9( 1.5m ) l ong . T hese m ay h ave b een d ragged f rom t he k erb o f t he c airn . B ibliography R CAHM-S, R oxburgh I, 1 956, 3 84, n o . 8 12.

2 23

E LEVEN S HEARERS, R oxburgh . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N T 7 90 1 94

G 8/9

L atitude 5 5 °. 47

H ere t here i s a r ow o f 1 7 s mallish s tones s howing a d eclination o f + 0 °. 6 a nd t his i s a lmost e xactly t he d eclination a t M egalithic M an 's e quinox ( Thom , 1 967, 1 09, 1 10). C rossing t his t here i s as horter r ow g iving t o t he e ast a d eclination o f 8 °. 3 -a lmost e xactly t hat a t t he 9 th c alendar e poch . P erhaps t his l ine r adiates f rom t he l ump i n t he S E a nd s o g ives u s ad eclination o f a bout 835° ( altitude u nknown) i .e . t he 2 nd c alendar e poch .

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9 0 y ards ( 82m ) s outh-east o f t he H ownam R ing e arthwork w ith i ts l ong s equence o f r econstruction t owards t he e nd o f t he S cottish L ate B ronze A ge a l ine o f s ome 2 8 l ow s tones r uns W -E a cross a p lateau f or a bout 1 20 y ards ( 110m ). E leven o f t hem a re t urf-level, o thers a re d iminutive u pright b locks, r oughly s quared , 6i ns t o 3f t ( 15cm - 0 .9m) h igh . I t i s p robable t hat t hey a re t he g rounders o f a n a ncient f ield-dyke l ike t hose a t C rock C leugh a t N T 8 33 1 76 3 m iles W NW . B ecause t hey c ross a g entle c rest i t i s n ot p ossible t o s ee f rom o ne e nd t o t he o ther o f t he l ine . B ibliography R CAHM-S, R oxburgh I , 1 956 , 1 94, n o . 4 09; R uggles & W hittle, 1 981, 2 32 ; H eggie, 1 981, 1 24-5, 1 57, 1 60 .

2 24

B ORROWSTONE R IG , B erwickshire . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N T 5 60 5 21

G 9/10 .

L atitude 5 5 °. 77

T here a re t wo o utliers a t a n a zimuth o f 3 33 ° . 3, h orizon a ltitude 2° . 0 , d eclination 3 1 °. 9. S ee: T hom , T hom , &B url, 1 980 , 3 04 . omu luß A b O R R OVV S -1O N Z S tones 313% 1 16 b 1 354 nN o

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T o t he w riter 's k nowledge t his i s t he o nly s urviving s tone c ircle i n B erwickshire. I t i s a l arge r ing w ith a l onger E SE-WNW a xis o f 1 36 f t a nd a s horter o f 1 20 f t ( 41.5 x 3 6.6m). N one o f t he 3 2 o r s o s tones e xceeds 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) i n h eight . T he s ite i s A m iles e ast o f t he s ubo val O verhowden h enge w hose i nterior i s r oughly c omparable i n s ize w ith t hat o f B orrowstone R igg a nd w hose S E-NW a xis i s s imilar . T he L eader W ater s eparates t he t wo e nclosures. 2 00 f t ( 61m ) t o t he s outh o f t he s tone c ircle a re t wo s tanding s tones o f l ocal g reywacke , o ne o f t hem m easuring 3 f t b y 3f t ( 0 .6 x 0 .6m) b ut o nly 1 f t 3 ( 38cm) t hick . I t s tands 4 f t ( 1.2m ) f rom i ts p artner w hich l eans. T here i s as mall c airn b ehind t he s tones. 8 0 f t ( 24m) N NW o f t he s tone c ircle a re t he r emains o f a s mall c airn . B ibliography R CAHM-S, B erwick , 1 915, x xxi, n o . 2 26; A tkinson , R .J .C . ' Four n ew h enge m onuments i n S cotland a nd N orthumberland ', P SAS 8 4, 1 949-50, 5 96 2; H arding A .F . & L ee , G .E . H enge M onuments a nd R elated S ites o f G reat B ritain , O xford , 1 987, 3 43-5.

2 25

F or G 9/13, K ell B urn, s ee p . 2 28.

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1 902-3, 2 03.

N EWBRIDGE, M idlothian. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N T 1 23 7 26

G 9/14

L atitude 5 5 °. 98

S ite c onsists o f a n 1 f t h igh m ound w ith t hree s tones A , B a nd C , a nd o ne o utlier 1 048 f t a way. T wo l ong h ollows j ust v isible i n 1 965 i ndicate a n a zimuth o f 6 7 °. 5. W ith a n h orizon a ltitude o f 00 . 4, t his ' avenue' s hows a d eclination o f + 12 ° . 3. A rthur's S eat i s v isible f rom t he t op o f t he m ound o ver s ome b uildings i n t he f oreground. T o o btain t he w hole h orizon p rofile m ore s urveying w ork h as t herefore t o b e d one a nd s o, f or t he p resent, a zimuths e tc. h ave t o b e w orked o ut f rom t he r eadings t aken w ith t he t heodolite o n t he m ound. C alculations s how t hat t he s un w ould r ise, w hen o bserved f rom S tone C o ver t he o utlier w ith d eclination a bout + 0°. 63. O ne d ay's s olar d eclination c hange a t e quinox i s a bout 0° . 40 a nd a s M egalithic M an 's e quinox w as r ecorded w hen s olar d eclination w as a bout 00 . 5 ( see T hom , 1 967a, 1 10 ; T hom & T hom, 1 982, 7 2) i t c ould b e s aid t hat t he s ite r ecords t he e quinox. N o d ate c an b e i nferred f rom a n e quinoctial l ine. ( 2) A . B url T he c airn, s ometimes k nown a s H uly o r H eely H ill, h as r ecently b een e nclosed b y a w all c lose t o t he b usy A 8 r oad. I t i s 1 00 f t ( 31m) i n d iameter a nd 1 0 f t ( 3m) h igh. A n e xcavation i n 1 830 r ecovered a M iddle B ronze A ge r apier f rom i t. A r eport i n 1 794 d escribed t he c airn a s ' a c ircular m ound o f e arth s urrounded w ith l arge u npolished s tones a t a c onsiderable d istance f rom e ach o ther'. I t h as b een s upposed t hat t hese w ere t he r emains o f a s urrounding s tone c ircle b ut, i f s o, i t w as a n i rregular a nd v ery l arge m egalithic r ing. T hree s tanding s tones s urvive o f t his ' ring ' - 1 00 f t ( 31m) ( 49m) S W ; a nd 1 75 f t ( 53m) t o t he e ast. T hey a re r espectively 7 f t, 6 f t 7 a nd 4 f t 3 ( 2.1, 2 , 1 .3m) h igh. T he l ast s tone m ay b e b roken. 3 50 y ards ( 320m) t o t he e ast i s t he o utlying p illar, t he L ochend S tone ( NT 1 26 7 26), 9 f t 3 ( 2.8m) h igh. A s mall p erforated, t riangular s tone, l ess t han 3 i ns ( 7cm) i n s ize, w as f ound n ear i t i n 1 915 ( PSAS 6 3, 1 928-9, 3 64). T he o utlier i s n ow i n a n i ndustrial e state. N NE o f N ewbridge a s econd g reat c airn, t he E arl C airnie o r H arlow C airn, n ow m uch r educed b y s tone-robbing, c an b e s een i n w oods s outh o f H ound P oint a t N T 1 58 7 91. I n 1 791 i t w as d escribed a s b eing 1 60 f t a cross a nd 2 4 f t h igh ( 48.8 x 7 .3m). I t i s n ow a m ere 1 00 f t b y 1 5 f t ( 30 x 4 .6m). B ibliography W ilson, 1 863, I , 8 1; P SAS 1 0, 1 872-4, 1 51; i bid 1 2, 1 876-8, 5 0; i bid 3 7, 1 902-3, 2 01-4; R CAHM-S. M idlothian , 1 929, n o. F eachem , 1 977, 8 7; B aldwin, 1 985, 1 61, n o. 9 7.

2 27

4 491 31;

K ELL B URN , E ast L othian . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N T 6 45 6 41

G 9/13 .

L atitude 5 5 °. 87

T his r ow o f s mall s tones i s n ot o n t he O .S. m ap a nd w e d id n ot n otice a ny f oresight b ut w ith a zimuth o f t he l ine 1 29 ° . 83 a nd h orizon a ltitude o f 1° . 6 t he d eclination a bout 19 ° . 1 i s p robably l unar . T he a lignment m ay n ow h ave b een d estroyed ; w hen w e s urveyed i t a r ectangle ( four s tones) w as s een n earby .

( c )

G9/ 13

1 68 .5 f t

1 9 -4 f t

1 2 1 .8 f t

2 Mean A z i muth

h=299

1 29 ° 50'

A l ign ment

S tones a re d rawn e n larged

a t K ings ide

N o te a l so f our s tones i n r ectang le 1 0 x7 -5 f t n earby

5 5 °— 5 2 ' 2°34'

1 7 2

-

-

h =1 -6

NT 6 4564 1

( 2)

AB url

R oad-widening a nd t he c onstruction o f a r eservoir h ave d estroyed s everal l ittle s ites h ere . T he s tones s tood t o t he s outh o f t he r oad 6 50 f t ( 200m) t o t he e ast o f am inor r oad l eading N W t o G arvald . T hey w ere i n aw alled a rea j ust n orth o f K ingside S chool t hat h as a lso b een p ulled d own. F our s tones s tood o n e nd 9 i ns t o 1f t 5( 25cm x 0 .4m) h igh i n a r ectangle 1 0 f t b y 7f t ( 3 x2 .1m ). A s ingle s tone l ay b y t he s etting w hich w as t hat o f a t iny 4 -Poster s tone c ircle o f w hich t here w ere o thers i n t he n eighbourhood ( Burl, 1 988a , 1 24-5). B ibliography R CAHM-S, E ast L othian , 1 924, 1 43, n o . 2 46 .

2 28

A LLAN W ATER , R oxburgh .

N T 4 70 0 63

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . G 9/15

L atitude 5 5 °. 34

T here i s al ump o n t he h orizon t o t he s outh e ast s howing a s olstitial d eclination . I t s eems t o b e ' Maiden 's P ap ', d ecl . =24 °. 3 . S ee: T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 08 .

ALL AN 5 5* 2 .

WATE .R

o • i

t w 9 _5 3 --

NT 4700‘3

e _

e b - _

t ' 1414 :

41 1 ... 1

‘2 4. p

2o 1

( 2) A . B url A lso k nown a s B urgh H ill t he s ite h as b een d escribed a s t he m ost p erfect c ircle i n R oxburghshire. I n t he 1 9th c entury i t w as ' well e xplored b ut y ielded n othing o f a s epulchral n ature ' ( Trans H awick A rch S oc , 1 908, 2 5. I t i s n ot a c ircle b ut a n e llipse w ith a l onger S W-NE a xis. E rected n ear a n o utcrop i t s tands j ust t o t he e ast o f t he s ummit o f t he s teep-sided h ill. 1 3 o f t he 2 5 s tones s till s tand , m ost o f t hem s mall b ut o ne m uch b igger , 5 f t ( 1.5m ) l ong , l ies a t t he S W o f t he p erimeter . T he r ing m easures a bout 5 3 b y 4 3 f t ( 16 .2 x 1 3.5m). A s w ith o ther n on-circular r ings, i t i s p ossible t hat o ne o f t he a xes, i n t his c ase t he s horter W NW-ESE , m ay i ndicate a n a stronomical b earing , h ere t owards t he m idwinter s unrise . B ibliography R CAHM-S, R oxburgh I, 1 956, 4 46 , n o . 1 873-5 , 7 8; F eachem , 1 977, 8 5.

2 29

1 011; P roc B erwick N at F .C .

7 ,

\

T o C a l lan ish I ( s ee i n set )

3 32 °

3 33 °

3 34 °

3 35 0

3f eet %

3 0 f eet

I °

1

I °

Moon a t m ean f urthest n or th s et t ing o ver C a l lan ish I

4f eet * 4f eet I 4f eet T o S i thean a n A irg id ( s ee b e low )

20 L

1 61°

1 62°

T o A ir idh S ga irbh a nd O idrava l I 0 0 ° •7

1 64 °

1 63 °

I 6S°

1 66°

1 67°

Mor Mhonadh

L _

1 68°

1 69°

1 7 0 °

9 .90 m i les , S i thean a n A irg id —10 °

Moon r i s ing a t m ean f urthest s outh

_ . _ 1

C a l lan i sh V , H 1 / 5 , s ke tch p lan o fs i te .

C a l lan ish V ( 5 8 ° 1 0 ' .3 , 64 2 . 3 ) . P rof i le f r om n o r th s t one ( o r ien ta ted a bou t 37 ° ) ; t he moon s e t t ing a t ma jor s t ands t i l l .

2 30

C ALLANISH V , L ewis

N B 2 34 2 99

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . H 1/5

L atitude 5 8 °. 17

T he p rofile s hown i s t he s lope o f ah ill 8 .6 m iles d istant , m easured f rom t he n orth s tone ( orientated a bout 3 37 °) a t C allanish V . T he a pproximate p osition o f t he M oon s etting a t t he m ajor s tandstill i s s hown o n t he p rofile . A t p resent t he r eal p osition o f t he b acksight i s u nknown . S ee : T hom , 1 967a , F ig . 1 1.4 , 1 27; T hom , 1 971a , 6 8, 6 9 , F ig . 6 .14 ; a nd T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 72, 1 73 , F ig . 1 3 .4 .

( 2)

A . B url

S tanding j ust u nder h alf a m ile s outh o f G arynahine ( Callanish I V) s tone c ircle t he s tones h ere a re n ow d eeply e mbedded i n t he p eat . T he s ite i s b etween T hom 's C allanish V II a nd C allanish I X , ap air o f s tanding s tones. K nown a s A irigh n am B idearan , ' the s hieling o f t he p innacles ', t here a re t hree s tones q uite c lose t ogether i n aN NW-SSE l ine 3 0 f t ( 9m ) l ong . T hey s tand o n as teep s lope f alling t o t he e ast . T he s tones a re 2 f t 6 t o 3 f t 6 ( 0 .8 - 1 .1m) h igh . T here i s af ourth s tanding s tone 1 00 f t ( 31m ) t o t he N NE a nd a f ifth s tone 1 10 f t ( 34m ) s outhe ast o f t he S SE s tone . A lthough i n t he p ast , b ecause t he l ine i s n ot q uite s traight , t he s ite h as b een c onsidered t he p ossible r emnants o f a s tone c ircle ( PSAS 3 8 , 1 903-4 , 1 93 ; B url , 1 976 , 3 57, L ewis 2 ) t his i s a n u nlikely i nterpretation . I t i s m ore p robably a n i ntact 3 -Stone r ow w ith o utlying s tones. A n a lternative s uggestion h as b een t hat t he s tones a re t he f ew s urvivors o f af ield w all o r a n e nclosure ' but t hey m ay w ell b e s unken p rehistoric m enhirs ' ( Ruggles , 1 984 , 8 1). B oth t o n orth a nd s outh t he l ine h as a g ood a lignment t owards t he m ajor m oon . C lose t o t he s tones a re t he r emains o f ' a f airly w ell p reserved s heiling w ith l intel s till i n p osition ' a t N B 2 32 3 02 ( Callanish V II). C lose t o i t i s as heep f ank w hich i s i n c urrent u se , a bout 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a cross ( D &E , 1 973, 4 8). B ibliography R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 8-9 , n o . 9 4 ; 2 8; i bid , 1 984 , 2 1; R uggles, 1 984 , 8 1 ( LH24).

2 31

P onting , G . &M .

1 977,

B ERNERA B RIDGE ,Great B ernera , L ewis.

N B 1 63 3 43

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . 1 1/8.

L atitude 5 8 °. 21

S ometimes l isted a s 1 1/7 ( Thom , 1 967, T able 8 .1, 1 26; R uggles, 1 988a , 3 66) t he t hree s labs s tand o n t he t op o f t he c liff n ear t he b ridge a nd s eem t o i ndicate c airns o r h ill t ops. H eights o f M enhirs 1 0ft 7 ft 3 ft

O rientated

9 3° 2 36 ° 8 3°

F oresight A zimuth C airn 9 0° H ill 2 37 ° C airn 8 3°

A ltitude

0° . 7 10. 7 0° . 7

D eclination

+ 0 °. 2 15 °. 9 + 3 °. 9

T he 1 0 f t s tone l ooks l ike b eing e quinoctial . T he 7 f t s tone i s p ossibly f or t he d ip t o t he l eft o f t he a rrow a nd s o w ould g ive a d eclination l ess a lgebraically t han 15 °. 9. I t w ould t hen b e f or M ayday/Lammas. T he 3 f t s tone d oes n ot s eem t o f it u nless i t i s f or t he i ntermediate c alendar d ate. W e d id n ot v isit t he c airns a nd t hese m ay b e m odern . I t w ill b e u nderstood t hat a ll t he a bove m easurements a re r ough . S ee : T hom , 1 967, F ig . 1 1.3 ( H1/8). T here w as a s mallish s tone n ear t he f erry o n t he L ewis s ide p ossibly n ow r emoved f or t he b ridge . T he s ite s hould b e r esurveyed .

( 2)

A . B url

T he g round n ear t hese s tanding s tones h as b een d isturbed b y b lasting f or a w ater m ain a nd a n e lectricity p ole . T here i s a p air o f s tanding s tones h ere 9 f t a nd 7 f t 6 ( 2.7 , 2 .3m) h igh , 3 7 f t 3( 11.4m) a part o n aN E-SW a xis. 1 0 f t ( 3m) w est o f t he N E s tone i s am uch l ower s tone . K nown a lso a s T ursachan B arraglom , a nd C leiter , t he t aller s tanding s tone w as d isturbed a nd f ell. I t w as r e-erected , n ot q uite a ccurately , i n 1 985, a nd i n 1 987 w as r e-positioned a nd s et i n c oncrete . A p aved a rea w as d iscovered a nd w orked q uartz, a s mall p olished s tone a xe a nd a f lint a rrowhead w ere f ound . T he s ite i s k nown a s ' The G iants' ( Grinsell, 1 976, 1 93). B ibliography D & E , 1 976 , 5 7; i bid, 1 985, 6 4; i bid , 1 987, 6 1; P onting , G . & M . 1 977, 3 0; i bid , 1 9847-2 7; R uggles, 1 984, 7 7 ( L i IS); i bid , 1 988a, 3 66-8.

2 32

C LACH A N T RUSHEL , L ewis. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N B 3 75 5 38

H 1/12

L atitude 5 8 °. 39

T his i s p erhaps t he t allest s tanding s tone i n S cotland ( about 2 0 f t) b ut i t i s n ot a s lab . S ome o f t he s tones i n S teinacleit a re v isible a nd t he C lach a n T rushel m ight b e s aid t o b e o rientated i n t his d irection . T he S hepherd 's P ile i s v isible a t a bout 2 12 ° a nd t his m ight b e s olstitial . T his v ery l arge s tone m ay h ave b een a f oresight f rom a b acksight o n t he l evel g round b etween i t a nd t he s hore a nd t his g round s hould b e e xamined. R efer t o T hom , 1 967, 1 29.

F al i en

5t on f r i

SQ

CL .A CM

AN

TRu5 b 4r . . t .

L .w . w 5 A .5 8° 24 5a

( 2)

L 6

2 9 ' 3"

A . B url

T his i s a n i mpressive s tanding s tone s ome 2 0 f t h igh a nd 6 f t w ide ( 6.1 x 1 . % ). I t l eans s lightly t o t he s outh . I t i s s aid t o m ark t he p lace o f ab attle , ar aison d 'etre a ttributed t o m any s uch s tones. I n t his c ase t he c onflict w as b etween t he M orisons a nd t he M acAulays. A n e arly 1 9th c entury p rint s hows a d epth o f p eat b eing c ut a way a round t he s tone 's b ase b ut n o f inds w ere r eported . L arge s labs i ncorporated i n n earby w alls m ay b e t he r emains o f o ther s tanding s tones. B ibliography G rinsell, 1 976, 1 91; F eachem , 1 977, 8 1; P onting , G . & M . R itchie & H arman , 1 985, 1 43 , n o . 7 7; R uggles, 1 984, ' Ballantrushel '.

2 33

1 977, 3 1; 7 5 ( LHS)

D URSAINEAN , E ye P eninsula , L ewis.

N B 5 24 3 30

( 1) A . 8 ,A .S. T hom . H 1/13 .

L atitude 5 8 °. 22

T his p eculiar s ite i s i ntervisible w ith t wo o thers 1 1/14 a nd H 1/15.

DURSA I N AN - 1 2 °5 7L i t Se 1 - 1 /13

t o

tO

. 1 11

0

• • 0

o

0 4 2

4 11 .

e r t .

1 Z )

u s % ,

C :;3 1

4 f Z e

e

0

I reerv is i bk . t o

‘ 1 1

wi t i x

S te in ( , t i rorn

H I/ 15

c tbaut 600 y4 . 1 31 -9

( 2)

A . B url

T his s ite i s t he r uined H ebridean c hambered t omb o f G arrabost f rom w hich v irtually a ll t he c airn m aterial h as b een r emoved . T he s ite i s t urf-covered . F our s tones o f t he f acade s urvive , t he s outhernmost b eing 2 f t 9 ( 0 .8m ) h igh . T o i ts N E i s a t all s tone , 5 f t 3 ( 1.6m) h igh w hich o riginally w as p robably a s tone a t t he t omb 's e ntrance . V arious o ther s tones r emain i n s itu , s ome o f t hem k erbstones e nclosing a n a rea a bout 7 0 f t ( 21m ) i n d iameter . B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 1 6, ( LWS6); R uggles, 1 984, 5 0 ( LH30).

2 34

n o.

5 4;

H enshall,

1 972,

4 64-5

C LACH S TEIN , E ye P eninsula , L ewis.

N B 5 16 3 18

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . H 1/14.

L atitude 5 8 °. 20

T he m ain s tone h ere i s f allen a nd b roken b ut j udging b y t he s mall u pright s tone i t m ay h ave i ndicated S uilven 4 0 m iles d istant o n t he m ainland. T he d eclination i ndicated i s o nly i nteresting i f w e a ssume t he e xistence o f i ntermediate c alendar d ates. S ee : T hom , 1 967, 16.

CLACH

58° 1 2 '14:

ST E IN

L-

Th i t r no . In b ro i l e r b rol t itn

Th d t

o ri t se c i tec t

i s

f a l len

t r ev i t t

o r

Eb e '

I S 39 '

f a r t4

ter i c iht

Su i ly en

i s

( 40 m i te )

" "-

9 E r t y ,t r . " t 5.,

( 2)

-42

39 e ( _

A . B url

T his f allen s tone l ies o n m oorland h alf a m ile n orth-west B ayble. I t i s b roken i n t wo. I t o nce s tood 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h igh .

o f L ower

B ibliography P onting, G . &M . 1 977, 3 1; R uggles , 1 984 , 8 4 ( LH31) ' Lower B ayble '.

2 35

F or B 115, B urnside, s ee p . 2 38.

C lach M hic L eoid, H arris. H 2/2.

3 0 '

40 '

5 0 '

2 7 1°

I C Y

2 0 '

3 0 '

2 0 ' 1 0 '

0

N

20 '

Mi m

« NO

M

M .

MO M

O M »

ml. E»

'W M

« M»

• Im l •

ml ne

« M I>

B o re ray

M

M.

M

.,

%

a m i

5 5 -2 m ls

F rom C lach M h ic L eo id ( o r ien ta ted) H 2/2 1 00 f t

C LACH A N T URSA , C arloway , L ewis. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N B 2 04 4 30

H 1/16.

L atitude 5 8 °. 29

M enhir 8 f t x4f t x1 f t, o rientation a bout 1 53 ° w ith t wo 1 6 f t l ong s labs f allen f rom s ame l ine . T his s hould b e r esurveyed w ith h orizon a ltitudes; i t c ould b e l unar i n e ither d irection .

( 2)

A . B url

T he s tanding s tone a nd t wo f allen s tones a re p robably t he r emains o f a 3 -Stone r ow . T he p illar s tands 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m) h igh , a nd t he t wo p rostrate s tones a re e ach a bout 1 6 f t ( 5m) l ong. B oth a re s plit. T he r ow m ay o riginally h ave b een a bout 1 6 f t ( 5m) l ong , o rientated N W-SE . B ibliography P onting, G . &M . 1 977, 3 1; R uggles, 1 984 , 7 7 ( LH6).

C LACH M HIC L EOID , H arris.

N G 0 40 9 73

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom , H 2/2.

L atitude 5 7 °. 87

T his s tone i s o rientated a bout 2 80 ° a nd s o i ndicates B orerary w hich h as a d eclination o f 0 °. 03 ( Thom , 1 967, F igs. 9 .2 , 1 1.5, 1 14 T able 9 .2). T his m ay b e t he S un 's l ower l imb a t t he e quinoxes. T he s tone i s o n ah illside a nd s o m ay h ave m oved i ts a xis.

( 2)

A . B url

S ometimes k nown a s N isabost , o r C lach a n T eampuill, ' the t emple s tone ', t he s tanding s tone h ere i s 1 0 f t 6 ( 3.2m) h igh . 8 f t 6 ( 2.6m) t o i ts w est a re t wo s mall s tones a t r ight-angles t o i ts b road f ace . I n t his i t i s v ery s imilar t o t he s etting a t C errig D uon i n W ales ( W11/3). H alf a m ile t o t he s outh a re t he r emains o f t he H ebridean c hambered t omb o f C oir F hinn f rom w hich a h uman s kull w as e xcavated i n 1 860. ' On t he s ame p oint o f l and a s t he P ict 's h ouse [ Coir F hinn] s tands a s imple m assive p illar , 1 1 f eet h igh , s acred t o t he m emory o f s ome u nknown s aint o r s cholar ...We h ear t hat t his s tone i s t he O rd B arnach o r L impet H ammer , w hich a w itch w ho w as g oing t o t he s hore f or b ait t hrew a t s ome p erson w ith w hom s he w as e nraged ' ( PSAS 3 , 1 857-9, 1 41-2. B ibliography F eachem , 1 977, 7 8-9; H enshall, 1 972, 4 30 ( HRS3);Ruggles 1 981, 2 32; R uggles, 1 984, 8 4 ( LH36) ' Horgabost'.

2 37

& W hittle ,

B URNSIDE ( Alit n a M uilne), E ye P eninsula , L ewis. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N B 5 29 3 34

H 1/15.

L atitude 5 8 °. 22

T his s tone i s n ot s hown o n t he 0 .S. m ap . I t i s a bout 6 f t h igh . s tands o n t op o f am ound a nd i ts o rientation i s a bout 3 07 ° .

I t

1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 . 1 1 1I •

H i/ IS 0 « i b u i tm s o c . s i tu : ~ DIaltälettel E . AN

6 i t .h ; • ce %

S .

o r

t

3014, % PO I .ö t

(W e l f are I t"; h 4 01 10 t h armi w iten t 111

( 2)

Fror r %

c ist I

mou n d (3 .5 ),

2 : 4 )

a bout 6f t .h i sh ‘

A . B url

A bout 6 00 y ards ( 550m ) n orth-east o f t he r uins o f G arrabost c hambered t omb ( H1/13) t his s tanding s tone i s 5 f t 7 ( 1.7m) h igh w ith s ides m easuring 5 f t 1 0 b y 1f t 8( 1.8 x 0 .5m ). B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 , 8 4 ( LH29) ' Dursainean N E '; i bid , 1 988a , 3 77.

2 38

C LADH M AOLRITHE , B erneray . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 9 12 8 07

H3/1 .

L atitude 5 7 °. 71

T he l arge t hin 9 f t h igh s lab h ere i s o rientated o n ab oulder a nd t he l ine s eems t o p oint t o S puir , a n i slet i n t he o ffing t hat i s n ot h igh e nough t o c ut t he h orizon. T he d eclination + 13 ° i s p erhaps f or a n i ntermediate c alendar d ate . S ee : T hom , 1 967, T able 9 .4 .

2. 9 6

V

W>

H3/ 1

2=

29 4

5pu ir A pa x

2 . 2E : •8

,

( 312 .

T o 1 34 2ut r 8

5pu ir

I . T , " t : •m

, , . . . . . r Ma ker

268

9

.

.

: About . 1 ; ., .

CLADH ( s 5 1 4'

L

E . :Tc 1 4 )

t h lAot . R1 -n te _ .

E N ER ,e 4c R iN

I 9 "

( 2) A . B url S tanding n ext t o ar ectangular e nclosure t his i s af ine s tanding s tone 8f t 2( 2.5m) h igh a nd m easuring 3 f t 1 1 b y 1f t ( 1.2 x 0 .3m). B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 , 9 9 ( U16) ' Borve '.

2 39

C LACH A N S AGAIRT , N orth U ist. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 8 80 7 60

H 3/2.

L atitude 5 7 °. 67

T his l arge t hick s tone s et o n e dge w ith p acking s tones a t t he b ase i s o rientated 2 80 ° t o 2 87 ° a nd s o m ore o r l ess i ndicates B oreray w ith a d eclination o f a bout + 8 °. 73. I t t hus g ives a pproximately t he s olar d ate a t t he f irst a nd s eventh e pochs o f t he c alendar . S ee : T hom , 1 967, 1 14, F igs. 9 .2, 1 1.5(c). S ee a lso : T hom K T hom , 1 982, 7 6.

wIz 2 87' 1 0 '

2 0 '

3 0 '

4 0 '

S O ' 2 88°

+ 20 ' + 10 ' t i e —e -

o ' 1 0 20 '

S ea h or izon

2 .

\

B orerary a s s een f rom C lachan a n S agairt, 4 8.5 m iles a way.

( 2) A . B url T his m assive b lock i s d issimilar f rom t he m a jority o f s tanding s tones i n t he O uter H ebrides. I t c ould e ven b e af ree-lying b oulder . I t s tands o n as light r ise a bout 1 00 f t ( 30m ) a bove s ea-level. T o t he W NW a re s and-dunes c overing t he M achair R obach a nd, a cross t he L ingay S trand , t he M achair L eathann, r egions k nown t o h ave b een o ccupied s ince L ate N eolithic/Early B ronze A ge t imes ( Antiquity 5 1, 1 977, 1 24-36). T he s tone i s b y t he r oad t o P ort-f lan-Long a t t he w estern f oot o f B einn M hor. A L atin c ross h as b een c arved o n o ne o f i ts c orners. B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o . 1 70 ; R uggles & W hittle , R uggles, 1 984, 4 6 ( UI12) ' Clachan S ands '.

2 40

1 981, 2 33;

F IRBHREIGE , N orth U ist. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 70 7 03

1 3/5.

L atitude 5 7 °. 61

F rom h ere a n umber o f s ites a re v isible, b ut t he s tone m ight b e s aid t o i ndicate C raig H asten o r D easkeir I slet. T he d eclination s hown b y B en a C harra h owever i s 16 ° . 8 S ee: T hom , 1 967, 9 9.

H3 /5 0 I

5

1 0 r t

— 17

f ro m SE

h

f

)

7

F ron n SW

: J r

,

f ro m SF _

. e.

e I -

0

e ( C , o f i ° gre 7) n U2 G i Ng2 g W A , 51 ° 36 ' 2S

,4.

(

w )

L=

? AI3

2 . 6o i t . on D C4 3 32 -

( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo s tanding s tones h ere a q uarter o f a m ile n orth o f L och M hic G ille-bhride . T hey a re e ach a bout 3 f t 3( im) h igh a nd s tand W NWE SE a bout 1 20 f t ( 37m) a part. T heir n ame i s s imilar t o t he s tones o n S kye c alled ' Na F ir B hreige ' o r ' the f alse m en '. T his h as b een v ariously i nterpreted a s m eaning m en w ho w ere t urned t o s tone f or b eing u nfaithful t o t heir w ives, o r , a lternatively, t o s tones t hat f rom a d istance r esembled m en. B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, T oroghas'; G rinsell, 1 976, 1 94.

n o.

2 41

2 55;

R uggles,

1 984,

1 02

( 0123)

H3/9

N T o

S tone O r t

S .

t ee r aVo .

4

T o

De c isq eir

F ro m S t .

2 5 15?7 6 =

T i x

F ro r n t N IE

L . o n -5 :C .

Wa . i f t4 ) . . 1 4'e

gT f© Mg

e f il

f ggk lC 2

NORTH

L l isT

-5 1 35 '4 7 "

2 2 . '4 9 "

2 55° -0 92

g t üM9 2Uce

2 56°

2 . 3oe a c t

2 57°

- -4

0 94

• Nit 4 / 1

0 96

/

8 = 8 93

D easge ir f r om B .a C a r ra . 2 33f t

2 42

( o r ien ta ted )

N A F IR B HREIGE , N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N F 8 88 7 18

H 3/8.

L atitude 5 7 °. 63

T hree s tones l ined o n M aari A pex t o 2 88 ° . 9. C entre s tone o rientated o n B arpa n an F eannog a nd p imple 2 71 ° . 8 , h orizon a ltitude = + 0 °. 37, d eclination + 0 0. 8, t hus g iving t he e quinoctial s etting S un . E ast s tone r oughly o rientated o n M arrival g iving a d eclination o f 8 °. 2. S ee : T hom , 1 967, 9 9 .

( 2) A . B url T here a re t hree s tanding s tones h ere , a lmost i n as traight l ine o n t he l ower n orth-western s lopes o f B lashaval , 3 59 f t ( 109m ) O .D . N one i s m ore t han 1 f t 7 ( 0 .5m ) h igh t oday b ut t hey a re e mbedded i n p eat a nd s tood t aller i n a ntiquity . T hey a re a bout 4 9 f t a nd 1 15 f t ( 15, 3 5m) a part . T heir W NW-ESE a lignment i s a n u nusual o ne f or t he O uter H ebrides L ike F irbhreige ( H3/5) t hey a re k nown a s ' the f alse m en '. B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 , 1 976, 1 94 .

9 9,

1 03-4 ,

1 08,

2 79

B EN A C HARRA , N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

( UI19)

B lashaval ';

G rinsell

N F 7 87 6 91

H 3/9.

L atitude 5 7 °. 60

T he l arge s lab h ere , F ig . 1 , f ormerly c alled H 3/4 ( Thom , 1 966a , 3 0 , f ig . 1 50 s eems t o i ndicate t he n atural r ock C raig H asten , b ut i s p robably m ore a ccurately o rientated o n t he i slet o f D easkeir , F ig . 2 , i n t he o ffing . A z = 2 55 ° . 7, h or = 0 °. 3 , d ecl .= 8 °. 4 . O ther s tones a re i n s ight . S ee : T hom , 1 966a , 3 0 ; 1 967, 9 9.

( 2) A . B url T he p illar h ere i s 9 f t 2 ( 2 .8m ) h igh a nd m easures 5 f t w ide b y 2 f t t hick ( 1.5 x 0 .6m ). I t i s t riangular i n s ection a nd l eans s lightly t owards t he s outh . B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o . 2 53; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 02 ( UI26).

2 43

1 56°

'

+ 40 '

+2 0 '

— 1 +20 1

0

0

—2 0 '

— 20 '

I

“

/ (

—40 '

,. ,7 . e > 1„„ i c i se

B en T uath 3 36 f eet 1 3 .4 6 m i les

j

( b )

er C i

„ pfi f n " , 1 „ , „ „ 1 , „ , , 1 1 , 1 r , T o Wiay S ee p ro f i le

1 58°

+4 0 '

1 0f e e t

2 0 x 13 m y\ , 5'

1 57°

6 0 '

3 18°

3 19 °

3 20°

5 0 '

•( a )

4 0 '

a

, ( 2 . L . b

c

A d

2 0 ' ( c )

e

( a ) L eacach a n T igh Ch lo iche , H 3 / 11 ( 5 7 ° 3 4 ' 3 8 " , 7 ° 2 1 ' 1 7 " ) , s ca le s ke tch ; s i te i sa t 2 60 f tO .D . o n ar i dge r unn ing d own t oward s s ou th -we s t . ( b ) Moon r i s ing o ve r W iay ( i s land ) a t mean f u r the s t s ou th a s s e en f r om L eacach a n T igh C h lo iche . ( c ) M id s umme r s un s e t t ing o ve r t he s t one s o f L eacach a n T igh C h lo iche a s s e en f r om t he c en t re o ft he c i rc le a tS o rnach C o i rF h inn ( H3 / 18 ) ,w h ich h a st wo o r ien ta ted s t one si n s ide .A z imu th s a nd a l t i tude s 4 -2 ' .

1 56 °

1 57 °

+ 5 ' 0' — 5 ' — 10 '

— 15 '

3 0 '

3 0 '

3 0 '

W iay f r om L eacach a nT igh C h lo iche ,H3 / 11 , NF 8 00669 ( 5 7 ° 3 4 ' 3 8 " ,7 °2 1 ' 1 8 " ) .

2 44

L EACACH A N T IGH C HLOICHE , N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 8 00 6 69

H 3/11.

L atitude 5 7 °. 58

A bout 2 50 f t 0 .D . T he s lab h ere s tands o n t he r idge n ear t he ' House o f S tones ', a nd i ndicates B en T i lath o n W iay I sland . I t t hus s hows t he l unar d eclination w hen t he M oon i s r ising a t i ts f arthest s outh a t t he m a jor s tandstill. P resumably i n t he e xposed p osition t he w atchers w ould h ave s heltered i n t he ' house o f S tones' a s t hey w aited f or t he r ising M oon . F rom t he s ame s ite t he a pex o f H askeir I sland , a zimuth 3 04 ° . 1, s hows t he p osition o f t he S un s etting a t M ay D ay/La mas. S ee: T hom , 1 966a , 3 0 , f ig . 1 5g ; 1 967, 1 31, 1 32; 1 971, p ara . 6 .20 . 3 04°

3 05°

3 06'

-092 0 94 0 96

-

(

')

+1 6 98

-

Haske ir f rom L eacach a n T igh C h lo iche

( 2) A . B url

T he s tanding s tone i s 1 0 f t ( 3) h igh a nd i s ' playing-card ' i n s hape , 5 f t w ide b ut o nly 1 f t t hick ( 1.5 x 0 .3m). ' The d etached s tone i s 1 f eet 3 i nches i n t otal h eight a nd m ust h ave s tood s ome 1 0 f eet c lear o f t he o riginal s urface . I ts i rregular b ase i s s upported u nderneath w ith c hock s tones, a nd i ts s tability s ecured b y l ayers o f s labs l aid h orizontally t o f orm a t ight p avement a ll r ound t he f oot o f t he s tone a nd b earing o n t he l ower p art o f i ts v ertical f aces' ( Scott , L ., P SAS 8 2, 1 947-8, 1 0). A l arge p iece h as b een r emoved f rom i ts n orth s ide . T he p illar s tands 2 3 f t ( 7m ) f rom t he S W c orner o f t he H ebridean c hambered t omb o f U nival, o r L eacach a n t igh c hloiche , ' the h ouse o f s tones o n t he b are s ummit o f a h ill '. ' It s hould b e n oted , t hough w ithout s uggesting t hat i t n eed b e o ther t han a c oincidence , t hat f rom t he s tanding-stone a nd f rom t he c entre o f t he m ound, b ut n ot f rom t he m ound 's n orth-eastern e dge , t he c onspicuous c hamber t ombs o f C lettraval a nd B arpa L angass a re b oth v isible s imultaneously o n t heir r espective h ills ' ( Scott, L ., 2 ). T he t omb 's c airn i s s quare a nd s ome o f i ts u pright k erbstones s urvive. O n t he S E s ide a s hort p assage l eads t o a n i rregular c hamber f rom w hich t wo s keletons w ere r ecovered t ogether w ith N eolithic s herds, w orked f lint a nd q uartz d uring t he e xcavations o f 1 935 a nd 1 939. R emains o f a n i ntrusive I ron A ge s tructure c an b e s een i n t he N E c orner . I n e arly p rehistoric t imes t he a rea m ay h ave b een w ell-wooded ' since N eolithic l evels p roduced w illow , h azel, o ak , p ine, a nd p ossibly b irch c harcoals ' ( Scott, L ., 1 ). B ibliography R CA IN-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o . 2 28; S cott, L . P SAS 8 2, 1 947-8, 1 4 9; H enshall, 1 972, 5 29-34 ( UST34); R itchie & H arman , A85 , 1 54, n o . 9 1; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 02 ( UI28) ' Unival '.

2 45

C LACH M HOR A C UE , N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 70 6 61

1 3/12.

L atitude 5 7 °. 57

T his l arge s lab i s o rientated o n C raig H asten - a n atural f eature , b ut t he c ist a longside s eems t o o rientate o n B en a C harra s tone ( 1 43/9). T his i s p erhaps n ot o n t he h orizon .

H3/ 12 .

T o

C r.19

1 4a ston

' 28 19

t .ACM

Mb4of t C k st-

, 2

c

DU N

KA C A R N A ,V

S ca le _ Sketch

Cu a r tm

w a r p ao u i

DU N Ä - 51 - 34

eg

csi . e^5 t9 4A 16 .G 1

9-

l 948

Z4 t 4 '

( For a m ap s howing C raig H asten , s ee : H 3/21). ( 2) A . B url T wenty y ards ( 18m ) f rom t he s hore a t C laddach K yles, o verlooking K irkibost I sland , C lach M hor , ' the g reat s tone ' i s 8 f t 7 ( 2.6m) h igh w ith s ides m easuring 3 f t 1 1 b y 1f t 4( 1.2 x 0 .4m ). I t s tands o n as light r ise . S mall s tones a re p acked a round i ts b ase . I t i s 6 5 f t ( 19.8m) i n f ront o f t he H ebridean c hambered t omb o f D un n a C arnaich . T here i s a l ocal s tory t hat w rongdoers w ere t ied t o t he s tone d uring c hurch s ervices. T he s tone i s c ertainly n ear t o t he c hurch . B ibliography H enshall, 1 972, 1 976, 1 93 .

5 14

( UST16);

R uggles,

2 46

1 984 ,

1 02

( U131);

G rinsell,

C RINGRAVAL , N orth U ist. ( 1) A . & A .S. T hom

N F 8 16 6 45

H 3/14.

L atitude 5 7 °. 56

F rom t he t wo s tones ( orientated) t he M oon w ould r ise o n t he h ill C rogary M hor a t t he m ajor s tandstill. T o B arpa L angass ( H3/16) t he d eclination s eems t o b e a bout = 16 ° . 2, a n i ntermediate c alendar d eclination .

H3/ 14 N Cr a c 3ory M ko

O FT .

5 17g ,

C oc l e s ' P k \

e t ve

ee i gng t g k 9

NO T TO S CALE Ä = 5-7*3.S 2 1-

L. - 7° l ` j 35.

1 2 .4 3i t O .D .

( 2) A . B url T he r ound , g rass-covered s ite , n ear t he s ummit o f a h eather-thick h ill, w as o nce t hought t o b e t he r uined r emains o f ac hambered t omb . I t h as b een r econsidered a s t he c ollapsed w reckage o f a c ircular h ouse, p erhaps o f t he I ron A ge . N either v iew i s c onclusive . J ust t o t he W SW i s ad eep h ollow w hich m ay h ave b een a w ell. ' The t wo l arge p arallel s labs s et o n e dge o utside t he s tructure t o t he E a re u naccountable i n e ither i nterpretation o f t he m onument ' ( Henshall, 1 972, 5 34). I n v iew o f t he q uite f requent a ssociation o f s tanding s tones w ith H ebridean c hambered t ombs t his m ay b e t oo s evere a n o bservation . T he s ite i s a lso k nown a s S ornach C oir F hinn, ' the h eap o f h eavy s tones o f F inn 's c auldron '. B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o. 2 50; R uggles, 1 984, 5 1 ( UI34).

2 47

C LADDACH I LLERAY , N orth U ist. ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N F 7 95 6 46

1 3/15 .

L atitude 5 7 °. 56

O ne u pright s tone s tanding r oughly i n t he m eridian w ith f allen n eighbour , s urrounded b y ar ough r ing o f 6s tones o n t he g round a bout 2 5 f t d iameter .

4 3 /15 C entra l

S tone _

0

ur igh t ,O r ien toWd Nt e . ,S ,w t

io U e r

ne i e l aour

5 K ETC . 1 4

0 P t

O P

6 S tones

o .

N

S CALE_

C 0 1 :9 134 ,g ,

% .e . DC 2 10t sgb i =5 1 . 3S t B

i n 0 ,R in e) 2 . 5

TO

SU 5 F 'EC TE _C i

r ough ly

U 4 1

L = rr W

d in .

or

C A?

MR , Chl? .3 7"

AST .

60 i t . OD .

( 2) A . B url S tanding c lose t o t he m ain r oad, t he A 8 65, n ear t he s hore t his s ite h as b een s uggested a s a r uined s tone c ircle o f w hich o nly o ne s tone r emains n ear t he c entre . C entral p illars i n s tone c ircles a re r are i n t his p art o f S cotland ( Burl, 1 976, 1 24-5, 2 05-8) a lthough t here i s s aid t o b e o ne a t B oreray o n S t. K ilda a nd t here a re c ertainly c entre s tones a t C allanish a nd G arynahine o n L ewis. T hese a re o nly t hree o f s ome t hirty c ircles i n t he W estern I sles, t he o thers b eing p lain r ings. T hat t he s tone a t C laddach I lleray w as s uch a c entral f eature m ust t herefore b e o pen t o d oubt. T he s lab i s o nly 2 f t 7 ( 0 .8m ) h igh . T here i s a n a djacent p rostrate b lock . T he s urrounding ' circle ' m ay b e n o m ore t han n atural o utcrops. B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 , 4 7 ( UI36).

2 48

B ARPA L ANGASS, N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N F 8 37 6 57

H 3/16.

L atitude 5 7 °. 57

B arp . S tatistical A ccount N orth U ist , N o . 1 37. T ype A r ing a bout 8 2.5 f t d iameter . N ot s urveyed .

( 2) A . B url T his f ine H ebridean c hambered t omb h as a l arge r ound c airn a bout 8 2 f t ( 25m ) i n d iameter w ith s everal l arge k erbstones l ining i t . T he c airn i s s ome 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h igh . T he p assage a t t he E NE l eads t o ap olygonal c hamber u p t o 7 f t ( 2 .3m ) i n h eight . C remated b ones a nd p ottery h ave b een r ecovered f rom i t. B ibliography B everidge , E . N orth U ist. I ts A rchaeology a nd T opography , 1 911, 2 46-8; R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 7 3-50 4o . 2 24 ; H enshall , 1 972, 5 00-3 ( UST6); F eachem , 1 977, 4 9-50 ; R itchie & H arman , 1 985, 1 50 , n o . 1 50 .

0

0

5 . 0

l oo

F t

3 0

A fter : H enshall , 1 972 , 5 01 .

2 49

P OBULL F HINN , N orth U ist. ( 1) A . 8 ,A .S . T hom

N F 8 44 6 50

H 3/17.

L atitude 5 7 °. 56

T o s tone o n C ringraval a zimuth = 2 55 °. 5 a nd t o L eacach a n T igh C hloiche 2 88 ° . 8. L eacach a n T igh C hloiche a ppears o ver w hat i s p erhaps ad oorway a t 2 88 ° . 8. H 3/17

L eocach

To

h lo lche

a

n

e t

2 14 3. 18

- 4S

o

c z ,

0 ' To

5tone

C-ou o/at

e 3

N•

255‘. 6

ß -7

70

0

2 1 4, Ae s . 1 ‚P -

o

t o

3 3

3 o

4

t "

e c? P e e n 'e f 4 o2, i r e

PaBuLL

,r p

Fa o [A cA

r Aoei r ix i

k 9 9% ) i r s

5-1 -3 s s o

—

I r

7 n,

LTIE

N h

e

Eva i

5S t • IG

( 2) A . B url T his i s o ne o f t he m ost a ttractive s ettings f or a s tone c ircle i n t he B ritish I sles, t he r ing s tanding o n ah illside o verlooking a l andscape o f m oorland a nd l ochs. M easuring s ome 1 19 f t W NW-ESE b y 3 8 f t N NE-SSW ( 36 x 2 7m ) t he f lattened S SW a rc m ay h ave b een i mposed o n t he b uilders b y t he n eed t o a ccommodate t he r ing o n i ts l imited h illside t errace . H ere t hey d ug a way a s m uch a s 4 f t ( 1.2m) a t t he N NE , b anking u p t he a rtificial p latform a t t he S SW w ith b oulders a nd s tones t o c reate a l evel s helf. T oday s ome 2 4 s tones s urvive o f t he s ite , m uch o f t he n orthern q uadrants b eing d espoiled . T he t allest s tone , 6f t 9( 2.1m) h igh i s a t t he S E . A t hin 4 f t ( 1.2m) l ong s tone l ies j ust i nside t he e astern a rc , a nd o utside a t t he w est i s ap rostrate p illar 7 f t 2( 2.2m ) l ong . T here i s ap ossible e ntrance a t t he e ast w here t he t allest s tone i s c ircumferential a nd h as a nother o utside a t r ight-angles t o i t . T here m ay a lso b e as econd e ntrance o pposite a t t he w est . B ibliography B everidge , E . N orth U ist. I ts A rchaeology a nd T opography, 1 911, 2 596 0 , R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 3, n o . 2 50 ; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980, 3 10-11; R uggles, 1 984 1 02 ( UI33) ' Ben L angass '.

2 50

C allanish s tone c ircle, I sle o f L ewis. A fter P obull F hinn o n N orth U ist C allanish i s t he m ost e nticing s tone c ircle i n t he O uter H ebrides. I t h as a n a venue a nd t hree u nfinished r ows e xtending f rom i t. I t w as f irst e xcavated i n 1 857 w hen i t w as t hought t o b e a t emple o f t he D ruids, ' admirably a dapted, b oth b y i ts p osition a nd c onstruction, t o p roduce t he g reatest p ossible e ffect o n a v ast c oncourse o f p eople, a ssembled t o w itness t heir d readful s acrifices'. C ol. S ir H enry J ames,

2 51

1 866.

3 1

L s 0

4 ; 1 2

J )

U M IN I ACE I CO RR

l e . iet leo k

o f f

F EN R I MM

0

.0 •• •

f r /

0 a

0

r • '

c

> 0

c o

2 52

. 6

S ORNACH C OIR F HINN, N orth U ist. ( 1) A . & A .S. T hom

N F 8 29 6 30

H 3/18.

L atitude 5 7 °. 55

T his r ing i s s hown i n T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980, 3 12, b ut f or o ur p resent p urposes t he t wo s labs a re t he i mportant f eatures. T hey a re a lmost b uried i n p eat a nd a re p resumably l arge. O ne i s o rientated o n L eacach a n T igh C hloiche w ith w hich i t s hows t he s etting s olstitial S un. T he o ther o n C ringraval s hows a c alendar d ate . I t s hould b e s aid t hat i f t he p eat w ere c leared a way b oth t hese s tones m ight t urn o ut t o b e i n t he r ing p erimeter o f a f lattened c ircle.

r , i; 1 , I

P i

L - 1 ! i

! it

u i ‘ i t . i err c a tn t o '

o '

t 4

c

r

m [ n -r s

I

. 4 50 1 z te t .ACti •

t ram .

,

C Lr t

C9 IR

.

i f, -1 INN

H3 18

( 2) A . B url T his s tone c ircle , k nown a s L och a P hobuill, s tands 1 40 y ards ( 128m) e ast o f L och a P hobuill a m ile s outh-east o f C lachan a L uib . T he r in i s t hree-quarters o f a m ile W NW o f C raonaval c hambered t omb a nd 1 2 m iles s outh-west o f P obull F hinn s tone c ircle ( 1 13/17). O n a q uite c onsiderable b ank w hich h as p robably b een c ut i nto t he h illside l ike t hat a t P obull F hinn t here a re 1 3 e rect s tones i n a n o val a bout 1 30 f t N W-SE b y 1 15 f t N E-SW ( 40 x 3 5m). M any s tones a re m issing, p erhaps b uried i n t he p eat f or t he m ajority o f t hem a re l ow , n o m ore t han 1 f t t o 2 f t 3 ( 0 .3 - 0 .7m) a bove t he s urface . T he t allest, 5 f t ( 1.5m) h igh , i s a t t he e ast. I f t he r ing w ere t o b e c omplete i t w ould h ave c ontained a bout 5 0 s tones. B ibliography B everidge, E . N orth U ist. I ts A rchaeology a nd T opography, 1 911, 2 60;RCA II M-S 1 O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 3, n o. 2 49; R uggles, 1 984, 1 06 ( 0137) ' Loch a P hobuill'.

2 53

C RAIG H ASTEN , N orth U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 42 6 69

H 3/21.

L atitude 5 7 °. 58

T his i s ah uge n atural r ock s tanding o n a n e minence a nd s o f orming a n atural l andmark . I t m ight h ave b een u sed a s a n atural f oresight. O n t he g rass f ield b eside i t t o t he N E s tands a s lab 3 f t x 3 f t o rientated a bout 9 5 °. T here a re s everal p oints o n B en L ee t o w hich t his m ight r efer w ith ad eclination c lose t o z ero . S ee; T hom , 1 967, 1 30 , 1 62.

e e, •."4

. Z • ) •

„ nve 3

z r44 . A z `u

S .C le tträva I

N ort h i t L t w im i. 9 ,4

,

. . le>

F irA phre ige , ; ; ;„— m Ilke H 3/5/

H3 /21

AT L A N TI C

C lach M hor äC he H3/12 1 -\ \

OCEA N

C b

S ca le o f m i les 2

3

•

7

H 3-77P— S-c h a n T igh h lo iche •

H3 / 14 C r ingrav a l. H 3/ 1. S• - S c -

H3/8

r r y -H3/1 çJC h lo lche

B en äC härra H3/9

C ra ig H asten

H3 /6 B Arpa n an F eannag

Ui s t

n ach C o ir C zFh inn H3 /18 CZ;

a rpa L angass H3/I 6 F hi n n H3/I7

H3 / 9 H3 /20

3

( 2) A . B url T his i s ah uge r ectangular r ock o n as light h illock h alf a m ile s outh o f L och S andary . I t f orms a n atural l andmark . C lose b y a t t he s outhe ast i s ap robable l ow s tanding s tone . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o. 2 54; R uggles, 1 984, 4 7.

2 54

C ROIS M HIC J AMAIN , N orth t ust. ( 1) A . & A .S. T hom

N E 8 93 7 81

H 3/22.

T his s eems t o i ndicate s howing M ayday/Lammas.

L atitude 5 7 °. 69

a l ittle n otch

i n

t he h orizon

f or

t he

S un

•

H3/2 2 _ T o

i r %

r .or c _h

1t r ee

Kor " v 30 -

rn;l e _

5(.7 1 k r z IE N

Mound

6f t

W ‘ d äk

o e s

I N ‘ 9 % , x zc i •KG , "

I0 r

C . R0 15 NI H IC 3 N ORTH )- 5 1 .4 1 .t 8 "

L* T °1 2 :

AI N

U %ST A u9

1 9 49 •

( 2) A . B url O f t he t wo s tanding s tones h ere c lose t o t he b ay o f P ort n an L ong o ne i s a s lab 2 f t 1 1 ( 0 .9m) h igh a nd i ts p artner i s 1 f t 6 ( 0.5m) h igh . T hey s tand 2 0 f t ( 6m) a part o n a m ound . T he s lab f ell a nd w as r ee rected i n 1 981. H alf a m ile t o t he e ast i s B einn a C haolais. T here 2 s tanding a nd f our p rostrate s tones f orm w hat a ppears t o b e a n i rregular c ircle 6 0 f t ( 18m) i n d iameter . B ibliography R CA 1 1 / 1-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o. 2 43; 8 1, n o. 2 41; R uggles, 1 984, 9 9 ( UI9) ' Newtonferry '.

2 55

S UIDHEACHADH S EALGH , B enbecula . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N F 8 25 5 52

1 4 4/2.

L atitude 5 7 °. 48

F rom t his c ircle a t 4 7 f t+ 0 .D ., B orerary a pex a ppears a bove t he h orizon a t 3 02 °. 28, h orizon a ltitude = 0 °. 07, d eclination - 1 6 °. 2 . F oresight p robably t ype I IA . S ee : T hom & T hom , 1 980b , S 91, F ig . 1 . T o t umulus a t H acklett i s 1 20 ° . 75 , h orizon a ltitude = 00 . 25 , d eclination = 16 ° . 2. B oth o f t hese l ines s how a c alendar d ate . T he a zimuth o f t he s ummit o f B en E val i s 5 0 °. 05, i ts a ltitude i s 2°. 05, a nd d eclination + 21 ° . 8. T his m ay b e a c alendar d eclination . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 16 .

0

1 0

I LO

3,O r r

t 3an 8 0n -ern), 302' 1

S , k -7 -

Eve l

4 -. 211 1.

A pex ,

•

3

I t r:2

f l ro lder at

7 1 ",3

&

hd% t re

X

& •r tci t

T U.

U IV

t 1 .0. A

e

I t iudd r et F i • 1 5

1 .

-1 4 71

I . 0

SU I DH EAC H A OH M

E

S E AL G

N E3 E C

X -5 1" Z S ' 30

L

U

L

85 ri " ni .

R

5 5

A . , 23T

4 -7 r r .

0 .0

( 2) A . B url S uidheachadh S ealg , ' the h unter 's s talking-place ', i s a d ilapidated s tone c ircle o n t he f lat s ummit o f ab road r idge n ear G ramisdale . O nly o ne s tone r emains s tanding, 4 f t 1 0 ( 1.5m ) h igh a t t he s outh . N ine o ther s tumps a nd p rostrate s tones c an b e s een , m ost o f t hem i n t he w estern h alf o f ar ing o nce a bout 8 5 f t ( 26m) a cross. I nside t he c ircle b ut n ot c entrally p laced i s al ow , g rass-covered m ound s ome 3 9 f t ( 12m ) i n d iameter . O n i t a re t wo f lat s tones , 5f t 9 a nd 5 f t 6 ( 1.8, 1 .7m) l ong s et o n e dge. I t i s p ossible t hat t hese a re t he s urvivors o f ac ist o nce u nder a s mall c airn . A r ather s imilar s ite c an b e s een a t G ramisdale j ust o ver h alf a m ile t o t he n orth ( NF 8 25 5 61). T he r uined c ircle t here i s a bout 1 00 f t ( 31m) a cross. R CA le l-S,

O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 1 03-4, n os. 3 52, 3 53 ; 1 984, 5 1 ( UI43) ' Gramisdale '.

5 2 8 NS T 3 1 ) ;R uggles,

2 56

H enshall, 1 972 ,

A ERODROME , B enbecula . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

n ear N F 7 8 5 6 H 4/3

L atitude 5 7 °. 50

W hen t he a erodrome w as c onstructed a s tone w as r emoved . T his m ay h ave b een a b acksight f or D easkeir b ut t he s tone m ay h ave s tood a t t oo l ow al evel .

( 2) A . B url N o i nformation . B ibliography : R uggles, 1 984 , 5 4 ( 1141).

T HE R UEVAL S TONE , B enbecula . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

N F 8 14 5 33

H 4/4 .

L atitude 5 7 °. 46

T his s mall s lab i s n ot o n t he 0 .S.map b ut i s o rientated o n B oreray a nd w ith i t s hows a d eclination o f + 16 ° . 87. T his i s t he S un 's d eclination a t M ayday a nd L ammas , i .e . e pochs 2 a nd 6 o f t he c alendar . S ee : T hom , 1 967a , F igs . 9 .2 , 1 1.5(b ), p age 1 33, a nd T able 9 .2.

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

3 04 °

1 0 '

2 0 '

10 ' -

"

YC

_ 4L

_ I

20 '

+I 6 2 37 '

30 ' 40 '

B ore ray

5 2 -3 m ls

F rom o r ien ta ted s t one H 4/4 1 00f t

( 2) A . B url T his l ow s tone , o nly 3 f t 1 0 ( 1 .2m ) h igh , j ust a s b road , b ut o nly 1 f t ( 0 .3m ) t hick , s tands j ust n orth o f L och B a U na a nd h alf a m ile n orth o f t wo H ebridean c hambered t ombs , A iridh n a H -aon O idche a nd S tiaraval . B ibliography H enshall, 1 972 , ' Stiaraval '.

4 95 ,

5 27-8,

( UST1 ,

2 57

U ST29); R uggles,

1 984 , 1 06

( UI46)

A N C ARRA , S outh U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 70 3 21 1 5/1.

L atitude 5 7 °. 27

0 .D . 1 95 f t . T his l arge s lab , 1 6 f t h igh x 5 f t x 1 6 t o 1 8 i ns, i s o rientated a t a bout 5 3'. I t w as p erhaps u sed a s a f oresight t o t he N E , b ut i t s eems t o h ave a s econdary u se - f rom i t t he s ummit o f B oreray I sland n ear S t . K ilda g ives a d eclination o f 2 1 °. 97 a nd t his i s t he S un 's d eclination a t t he 3 rd a nd 5 th c alendar e pochs. S ee : T hom , 1 967, F igs. 9 .2 , 1 1.5(a), a nd 1 13 , a nd T able 9 .2.

315° 1 0 '

H5 / 1

2 0 '

3 0 '

4 0 '

5 0 '

1 ` ) SF T . 0 .0 . S ea h or izon •

-3 0 'H -

8 -+2 1° 4 5 "/

40

blt

1

I

A .1 .4

5 30

C E v

5 o ul-b 4

B oreray C arra,

c

a s s een f rom A n S outh U ist, 5 9.4 m iles a way.

i c : \

% . 3 15 -r

A=51 0 1 . 5 .5 3 " , L. , -7( 9 2 1 3 4 ]

( 2) A . B url T he s tone s tands o n t he w estern f lank o f ah ill 8 m iles W b y N f rom L ochboisdale. I t i s 2 00 f t ( 61m) a bove s ea-level a nd f rom i t t here a re l ong v iews t o t he w est. A nother l ocal n ame f or i t , O rd F iontach , ' Fiontach 's h ammer ', w as g iven b ecause i t w as s aid t o b e t he s tone u sed b y ag iant f or k nocking l impets o ff r ocks. B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o . 4 08; G rinsell, 1 976 , 1 95; F eachem , 1 977, 8 6 ; R uggles & W hittle , 1 981, 2 33; R uggles, 1 984, 1 06 ( UI49) ' Beinn a ' C harra '.

2 58

C ROIS C HNOCA B REACA , S outh U ist. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 36 3 38 L atitude 5 7 °. 28

1 5/2.

W e a re u ncertain o f t he o rientation .

50 r r . no .

e )

G

1

, ) 1 e, )

NOC A 5 RE .AC A W

A

-5-1 `21 E ;

5-r "

33' ,

( 2) A . B url T he s tone , C rois C hnoca B reaca , ' the s peckled s tone o n t he e minence ', i s a r ectangular p illar 7 f t 7 ( 2.5m) h igh , w ith r egular s ides m easuring 1 f t 6 b y 1 f t ( 0.5 x 0 .3m). I t s tands o n t op o f a l ow m ound . T here h as b een s ome c onfusion b etween t his s ite a nd t he c hambered t omb o f A iridh n a H -aon O idhche ( NF 8 17 5 25) 1 3 m iles t o t he N NE . M arked o n t he 0 .S. m ap a s ac hambered c airn t he s tone i s l isted b y H enshall ( 1972, 5 34) ' as a m ound w ith a s tanding s tone o n t he s ummit, a nd t here i s n o e vidence f or a c hambered t omb h ere n or i n t he i mmediate v icinity '. B ibliography

R CA 1 N-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 19, n o. 3 50; R uggles, 1 984, 1 06 ( UI48) ' Stoneybridge v.

2 59

N F 7 27 2 86

R U A RDVULE , S outh U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

L atitude 5 7 °. 23

1 5/3.

V ery l ittle r emains h ere e xcept t he l arge u pright s lab . B ut s ee : T hom , 1 967, 1 33.

( 2) A . B url V ery l ittle c an b e s een h ere e xcept f or t he s ingle s tanding s tone b etween L och K ildonan a q uarter o f am ile t o t he e ast a nd t he s ea a n e qual d istance t o t he w est . T he R oyal C ommission m entioned t he s tanding s tone , w hich s tood 7 f t ( 2.1m) h igh i n 1 914 a nd t wo f allen p illars, b ut b y 1 979 o nly t he t ip o f t he u pright s tone c ould b e s een a bove t he w indblown s and. I ts p osition w as m arked b y aw ooden p ost . I t i s p ossible t hat t he s ite w as o nce t hat o f a3 -Stone r ow . B ibliography R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 984, 1 06 ( UI50).

1 928,

n o .

2 60

4 07;

D & E ,

1 977,

1 8;

R uggles,

P OLLACHER I NN, S outh U ist . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 7 48 1 44

1 5/9.

L atitude 5 7 °. 10

N ot v isited . P hotograph s een . F rom t his s tone t o t he f all o f F iaray g ives a d eclination o f 22 °. 1.

( 2) A . B url T his s tone , 5f t 7( 1.7m ) h igh , f ell a nd w as r e-erected . B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 „ 5 4 ( UI56) ' Pollacher '.

2 61

B ORVE , B arra . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N F 6 54 0 14 H 6/1.

L atitude 5 6 °. 98

T here i s v ery l ittle l eft o f t his s ite b ut n ote t he h uge s lab ( H6/2) l ying i n t he p ass t hrough t he c ol. A s s een f rom ' the s tone i n t he g arden ' ( H3/2), t his m ight h ave b een e quinoctial. S tone X i s l ying f lat, a lmost p rostrate , w ith i ts l ong a xis d irected t owards t he m ound.

H6 /1 Mc un t i

-i =m a

To X

bur ied Srones

•

4 .14 _

P 0 51 r i On

of

5r one .

i n Fass

0 FT .

H 6/2 .

9618 , 1 000 t t i n

to

i

ak )

c i darc ien

r

S

torv it .

6 t r .

Stone . 312 ' .0 "

t,

Cal 0 110

V t . t r .

Va l len 5t one

9f t . t on,

3ITE Ä =5 E ;5 9le

AT

B O RvE .

B ARRA

3 0 16

t 9 4 49

( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo s tones h ere 2 6 f t 3 ( 8m) a part. T he s tanding s tone i s 5 f t ( 1.5m) h igh . T he o ther i s f allen a nd o nly i ts t ip i s n ow s howing i n t he g rass. ' In t he I sle o f B array t here i s o ne S tone , a bout s even f oot h igh , a nd w hen t he i nhabitants c ome n ear i t, t hey t ake a r eligious t urn r ound, a ccording t o t he a ncient D ruid c ustom !' ( Borlase , W , 1 769, 1 63). B ibliography R CAR M-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, n o. 4 01; R uggles, U I58) ' Borve l , ' Beul a lBhealaich ' [ a p ass].

2 62

1 984,

1 06 ( UI57 a nd

B REVIC, B arra, E ast s ide . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N L 6 88 9 88

H 6/3.

L atitude 5 6 °. 95

W e h ave h ere a N -S a lignment a nd a n a lignment t o t he S E f or t he r ising m idwinter S un b ut n o f oresight w as s een. S ee: T hom , 1 967, 1 34.

5

o

5

1 0

1 5

5 CALE _

butt

S CP . 1 . .

S KETCH

OF

( FT )

rE .

S

1 SG

A

A

To

4

r t e t _se

5-r an t e P t 10 F T

store _

1 2 .

a t '

"I t

e ,T\o

Cot

I N .Ao n .ed

on 3%S *

‘ nco r: 13on

hor i -s on t

&• . •

913 31' t o t o

\ 0

L. i 4

1 1 tGb 1

FT .

C er . tre _

,

1 Ao l

4

D ETA IL -

A T

ME G %A 1 1THS

1 2 3

11 / "S To

B REV I G ,B A R R A 5 6° 5 1 -7 No re* .-

1 3

1 -ac

‘ 1 0 r t3 o n

GI t

3 19k -tines

4sr, -) o.

td 's t o S

A t

c a ge, j tea , K o te .

o c . 1 i% ; s e rr .e Uc t e3

a r -

b

, -7° WrO

pr es u m o . My

j

1 as .

t o .rec

e s t . -

out L reps

t x or t t ,

H 6/3

e c •n i Von.

( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo s tones h ere, 1 6 f t ( 5m) a part. h igh . T he o ther i s f allen a nd b roken i n t wo. B ibliography R uggles, 1 984, 1 20 ( UI59).

2 63

O ne i s

8 f t 2 ( 2.5m)

B ERNERAY , B arra . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

N L 5 64 8 03 H 6/5.

L atitude 5 6 °. 79

A bout h alfway u p t he r ough t rack f rom t he l anding-stage t o l ighthouse , a nd i mmediately n orth o f t he p ath , a re t he r emains c ircle p erhaps 3 2 f t d iameter . P erhaps o utlier a t 3 42 ° . T here o bviously o ther r emains n earby b ut w e h ad t o c lear o ut b ecause i mpending b ad w eather a nd a v ery b ad a nchorage .

t he o f a re o f

( 2) A . B url A t R hubla G hralish o n t he s outh c oast o f B erneray , t he s outhernmost o f t he O uter H ebridean i slands, a re t he r uins o f ac ircular s tructure . N o c hambered t ombs a re r ecorded o n B erneray ( Henshall, 1 972, 1 17). N or a re a ny s tone c ircles ( Burl, 1 976, 1 40-55). I f t he s tones h ere a re p rehistoric t hey c ould p ossibly b e t he r emnants o f ac ircular k erbed c airn .They l ie a t t he h ead o f t he s teep c liffs. O n a h eadland o n t he w est c oast, a t N L 5 47 8 02 , i s a r uined g alleried p romontory d un, i ts f allen w alls s till 1 3 f t ( 4m) t hick . B ibliography F eachem , 1 977, 1 79-80 ; R uggles, 1 984 , 5 7 ( UI61) ' Leac a 'Langich l. ( "Standing s tone , p robably n ow r emoved , a nd a p ossible s tone c ircle" . N ot v isited).

N G 3 94 6 28

U IG B AY , S kye . ( 1) A . XA .S. T hom

H 7/1.

L atitude 5 7 °. 58

e o rientated 9 8 °. T he A s tone 5 f t h igh w hich m ight b e s aid t o b o rientation o f t he s tone i tself s hows a p eak a t 9 7 °. 63 , h orizon 5° . 97, a nd h ence d eclination = 0° . 83, j ust o ver t he d eclination o f t he e quinoctial S un ( 0 °. 6). T here i s a lso s ome t race o f al ine a t 1 4° .

( 2) A . B url N o i nformation .

2 64

S ORNAICHEAN C OIR F HINN, L och E yre, S kye . ( 1) A . & A .S. T hom

H 7/3.

N G 4 14 5 63 L atitude 5 7 °. 49

T wo s tones i n l ine e ach 6 f t h igh , a t a n a zimuth o f 3 29 ° . 0, h orizon a ltitude 1° . 2, l unar d eclination 2 9 °. 12.

( 2) A . B url T here w ere o nce t hree s tones h ere i n a s traight l ine , r unning N W-SE . T hey w ere e qually s paced. T heir r espective h eights w ere N W 3 f t 4 , c entre 5 f t, S E 5f t 1 0 l ong ( 1, 1 .5, 1 .8m). W hen, i n 1 906, a r oad w as l aid n ear t hem t he o wner o f t he s tones g ave o rders t hat t hey w ere n ot t o b e d isturbed. N evertheless, w ork w ent o n c lose e nough t o t hem t o r eveal p acking-stones a round t heir b ases. T he p rostrate s tone n ow s eems t o h ave b een r emoved. Av ague r eport o f t wo s tanding s tones i n t he v icinity o f L och E yre ( PSAS 4 4, 1 909-10, 3 86-7) s ays o nly t hat t hey w ere ' within a f ew y ards o f t he o ther, f acing t he s ea ' a nd m ay n ot r efer t o t he t wo s tanding a nd o ne p rostrate s tone o f t he o ther a ccount. T he n ame o f t he s tones c omes f rom t he l ocal b elief t hat t he t hree w ere o riginally u sed t o s upport t he c auldron i n w hich F hin M acCoul, t he m ythical G aelic h ero, w ould b oil h is m eat. B ibliography P SAS 4 6, 1 911-12 e 2 08-10.

2 65

Stone Rows and Standing Stones Britain, Ireland and Brittany Part II

A. and A. S. Thom Collated, with archaeological notes, by A. Burl

BAR International Series 5 60(II)

1990

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR S560 (II), 1990: ‘Stone Rows and Standing Stones’, Part II © A. Thom, A. S. Thom and A. Burl, 1990 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407358727 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407358734 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860547082 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407348575 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547082 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C O N T E N T S.

P art

i i

S tone R ows i n S cotland. A . &A .S. T hom . C ontinued. M N O P Z

S ites. S ites. S ites. S ites. S ites.

2 66 2 84 3 10 3 21 3 44

W estern I sles. N orthern S cotland. O rkneys. P erthshire. S hetlands.

3 50

W ales. W S ites. G AZETTEER. A P reliminary G azetteer o f t he w estern E urope. A . B url.

S tone

R ows

o f

B ritain,

I reland

a nd 3 74

I ntroduction. T he P roblems o f S tone R ows. D istribution. D ating. E xcavations. C hronology. R adio-carbon d eterminations. A rt. A stronomy. C onclusions.

3 77 3 79 3 80 3 81 3 83 3 84 3 87 3 91 4 19

C ounty C oncordance.

4 21

P airs o f S tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 43 4 48

T hree-Stone R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 68 4 76

4 -6 S tone R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

4 90 4 96

S ingle R ows o f m any s tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 05 5 08

D ouble R ows o f m any s tones. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 14 5 17

A venues. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 20 5 26

M ultiple R ows. I ntroduction. G azetteer.

5 32 5 36

A bbreviations.

5 42

B ibliography.

5 44

I ndex. T he s ites o f A . &A .S. T hom.

5 54

111

LI S T S

T ables 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

E xcavations i n s tone r ows. R adio-carbon d eterminations f rom s tone r ows. C upmarkings i n s tone r ows. A stronomical a nalyses o f s tone r ows.

3 81 3 85 3 88 3 92

M ap D istribution o f 3 -Stone r ows a round t he N orth C hannel.

i v

4 69

T he C amie S tane, A berdeenshire. P SAS 3 6,

1 901-2,

5 05.

T his g rey g ranite s tone, 2 m iles s outh o f I nverurie, s tands c lose t o a l arge r ound c airn. T he p illar i s 4 f t 8 ( 1.4m) h igh. N ot f ar t o i ts s outh i s a g reat b oulder, t he C loven S tane, w hich w as u sed a s a n a ssembly p oint i n m ediaeval t imes. ' This C ourt o f t he B urgh o f K intore h olden a t ye C loven S tane, u pon t he e lleventh d ay M arch M CVJ n yntie f yve y ears'. S tone c ircles a nd s tanding s tones f or C ourts o f J ustice i n n orth-eastern A ges ( Grinsell, 1 976, 5 1).

w ere o ften u sed a s S cotland d uring t he

p laces M iddle

Q UINISH , M ingary , M ull .

N M 4 14 5 52

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . M 1/3

L atitude 5 6 °. 62

T his a ppears t o h ave b een a 3 m enhir a lignment o f w hich a 1 0 f t h igh s tone r emains u pright , w ith t wo f allen . I t i ndicates C airn M hor 4 .1 m iles a way a nd g ives a l unar d eclination , a s c an b e s een i n T hom , 1 971a , F ig . 6 .12, p ara 6 .14 . P oint A o n t he p rofile s hows t he f urthest p ossible s outh p osition o f t he M oon 's l ower l imb . T he p rofile s hould b e r e-measured a s t he a zimuths a re s omewhat u ncertain ; w ith n o S un w e u sed t he c o-ordinates o f C ol l ighthouse . 1 90°

1 95 °

2 00 °

3° 2 0 ' 3°0 0 ' 2 °40 '

A

2 °20 '

C orn Mho r 41 mL

2 °00 '

P o ints measured Moon a t

mean

l owest d ec l inat ion s e tt ing o n C orn

1 9 1 °

1 90 °

s hown b y d ots Mhor

1 92°

2° 5 0' 2 °40 ' 2° 3 0 '

— 9 °2 9 ,

--

L

9 x 21 /2 f t f a l len

C orn

Mho r

W= 20

2 °20 ' D eta i l

a t

'

1 Oft h igh

eT o C orn Mhor

S umm it

( 2) A . B url T he s tanding s tone h ere i s 9 f t 2 ( 2 .8m ) h igh a nd i s a lmost r ectangular i n p lan , m easuring a bout 1 f t 6b y 1f t 4 ( 0 .5 x 0 .4m ). N earby a re t wo f allen s tones w ith a n a lmost c oncealed f ourth p illar . R eports s peak o f a f ifth s tone , n ow g one , s uggesting t hat t his m ay o nce h ave b een a 5 -stone r ow a bout 3 3 f t ( 10m ) l ong . I t w as p ossibly a ligned N NW-SSE t owards t he m a jor s outhern m oonrise . B ibliography R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , n o . 1 05 , R uggles, 1 984 , 1 23 , 2 06 ( ML2).

2 66

D ERVAIG A , M ull .

N M 4 35 5 31

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 1/4.

L atitude 5 6 °. 60

T his b eautiful h ill a lignment h as o nly 3 u pright s tones a ll a bout 7 f t h igh . O ne o ther f allen s tone r emains. A zimuth i s a bout 3 41 ° a nd h or = 0° .

M l / 4 0

1 0 f t

A pparent

l i ne o f s t ones \ 3 42 ° h . +0 °

&

, c) 7 ft . h igh G 7 ft . h i gh

‘ 5

S ke tch f r om S

7 f t h igh

\H or izon t o \S i s t oo n ear

A l ignmen t n r D erva ig M u l l X 5 6 °3 5 '5 9" L 6°1 0 '4 4"

( 2) A . B url T his i s a w ell-preserved s tone r ow r ecently e ngulfed i n a f orestry p lantation w hich n ow c onceals t he h orizon . O f t he f our s tones, t hree a re u pright , e ach a bout 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h igh w ith a f allen p illar a t t he N NW 7 f t 1 0 ( 2.4m) l ong . T he r ow i s a bout 3 3 f t ( 10m) l ong. I t i s a ligned N NW-SSE . B ibliography R itchie & H arman , 1 43; R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , n o . 1 04 ' Frachadil '; R uggles, 1 984, 1 27 ( ML9) ' Maol M o e.

2 67

D ERVAIG B , M ull .

N M 4 40 5 20

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 1/5.

L atitude 5 6 °. 59

T his i s a l ong l ine o f s labs w ith l engths u p t o 81 2 f / t , s ome o f w hich h ave f allen . I t p oints t o a n otch i n t he s outheast a nd v ery n early s hows t he r ising M oon a t t he m ajor s tandstill b ut f or t his t he h orizon a ltitude s eems t o b e al ittle h igh . P erhaps o bserved f rom t he n orth e nd o f t he l ine i t m ight b e a bout r ight . L ooking t o t he n orth t he h orizon s eems t o b e s lightly h igh t o s how t he M oon s etting a t t he m ajor s tandstill b ut a s s een f rom t he e xtreme s outh o f t he l ine i t m ight b e r ight . I f t he l ocal g round d oes n ot i nterfere t he f oresight w as p erhaps t he w est e nd o f C anna . A t t his s ite i t i s p ossible t hat t he s ame l ine o f s tones s erved f or t he m a jor s tandstill a t b oth n orth a nd s outh d eclinations b ut t he o bserver m oved f rom o ne e nd o f t he l ine t o t he o ther - a p erfectly n atural t hing t o d o . U ntil t he s ite i s r esurveyed t his m ust r emain s peculation . A ltitude 3 80 f t 0 .D . M l /5

x3 34 20 h . ,• Cf7 , x

\334 °2

8 =2929

y3 352 7

81 2 f / t I n c lud ing d e t3 i ls s upp l ied b y O r r

e

8 % 2f t\

0 , 0 \O

1 5 4 90 h .i ° 6 8 .-28 25

\ A f t

= • •

A l ignmen t n ea r D e rvo ig Mu l l 3 f t \a ) , X . 56 ° 3 5 '25" L .6 ° 1 019"

1 54°2

( 2) A . B url I n ac learing i n t hick f orest t here a re t he r emains o f a5 -stone r ow o nce n early 6 0 f t ( 18m ) l ong . T here a re t wo s tanding s tones 8 f t 2 a nd 7 f t 1 0 ( 2 .5 , 2 .4m ) h igh w ith t hree f allen s tones i n t he l ine , e ach a bout 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m) l ong . T he r ow w as a ligned N NW-SSE . I n l ine w ith i t , a bout 5 50 f t ( 168m ) t o t he S SE i s a s tone 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h igh w ith a m uch l ower p illar a f urther 4 00 f t ( 120m ) a way . B ibliography R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , n o . 1 01, R uggles, 1 984 , 1 27 ( ML10) ' Dervaig N orth '.

2 68

D ERVAIG C , M ull.

N M 4 40 5 19

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . M 1/6.

L atitude 5 6 °. 59

T hese a re n ot m uch m ore t han b oulders b ut t he n otch a t X i s i ndicated a nd h as a d eclination o f a bout 2 8 °. 5. A pplying p arallax , l unar d eclination i s a bout 2 9 °. 4 .

To D ip X

1

t i 09

P 4

34

P . 'S -8

1Z -9

ß To

3 30.,

I c e

Sto nes

‘n

11

V5

r bou lck at-5C Z ) r ossib ly c d1 -1 Qr

-

S C IUtS ; 11 NN C IU

SKETCH HR

o r

STONE , . .5

OV IRVA IG M ULL

5 e ,* 3 5* 1 2: .

IT

( 2) A . B url T his a ppears t o b e t he r emains o f a 3 -stone r ow o nce s ome 5 0 f t ( 15m) l ong . T wo o f t he s tones s eem t o b e b roken . T he p resent h eights v ary f rom 3 f t 3 t o 4 f t 3 ( 1 -1 .3m). I t i s r eported t hat t here w as o nce a f ourth s tone , 3 f t 7 ( 1.1m) h igh b ut t his c annot n ow b e f ound . ( RCAHM-S, A rgyll I . 1 971, n o 1 01). T he N NW-SSE a lignment o f t he r ow f ollows t he l ocal t opography b ut w ith a n a zimuth r ange b etween 1 56 ° . 4 a nd 1 57 ° . 8 t he s tones m ay h ave b een o rientated t owards t he m ajor s outhern m oonrise . B ibliography R uggles, f ig. 4 3.

1 984,

1 24,

1 25,

2 43,

2 68 ( ML11);

2 69

R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II,

1 980 ,

c ic 0 3 ' km o l.

m

Mu l l

=20

Y

S tand ing S tone S i tes S tand ing S tones

\ G lengo rm ' • Cas t le , _ x\

•

*

1G lengo rm 2Ou in ish 3 Mao l Mo r 4 De rva ig No r th 5 De rva ig Sou th 6 Ba l l isca te 7A rdnacross

. %

\ ,\ ' 1

l \l

' ,

' •

me t re

.y4,

A f fo res ta t ion

Ic0 \N , 01 M MI N IC = = =

S tanding S tone S ites i n n orth-west M ull.

S i te G r id Nor th

C rema te° b,Z1 6 . R ubb le . s p read .

c e ,

•" '

c g . dt,

c i oe c ?" 5m e t res 'O r ig ina l

0

' •

P oe t i c. Ms t one C

R ock c u t h o le •

1

Bed rock

•

S tand ing s tones

G lengorm . E xcavation p lan, 1 987-8.

J HA 2 0 ,

2 70

1 989

N M 4 36 5 71

G LENGORM , M ull. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 1/7.

L atitude 5 6 °. 64

D r. O rr s urveyed t his. S ee ' Standing s tones a nd o ther r elics i n M ull ', T rans G lasgow A rch S oc 9 ( 2), 1 937, 1 28-34 . H e r eported a t wo-stone a l i ement i ndicating a n otch o n t he h orizon , a zimuth 1 53 ° . 5, a ltitude 1 . 57, d eclination a bout 28 ° . 3.

( 2) A . B url E xcavation o f t his s ite i n 1 987-8 l argely c onfirmed D r . O rr 's c onclusions. T he t hree s tones h ave b eem r earranged a nd n ow s tand i n a t riangular s etting . O nly t he c entral s tone w as s tanding i n 1 882 b ut b y 1 942 t he n orthern s tone a lso w as e rect. B oth a re a bout 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h igh . B y t he 1 960s t he t hird s tone , as lab , o nly 2 f t 8 ( 0 .8m) h igh w as u pright . I t d oes n ot s tand i n l ine w ith t he o thers. J ust t o t he w est o f t he n orthern s tone i s a l ow c airn . N othing w as f ound i n i t . T he n orthernmost s tone s eems t o h ave b een s et u p n ear i ts o riginal p osition w hile t he s outhernmost h as b een d ragged 1 9 f t 7( 6m ) t o t he n orth-east a nd w edged u pright i n a c left i n t he b edrock . A s mall p it c ontaining c harcoal w as d iscovered n ear t he c entral s tone . I n i t w ere v itrefied p ebbles a nd p ieces o f a c lay p ipe m ade d uring t he r eign o f G eorge V ( 1910-35). O riginally t he t hree s tones s tood i n aN NW-SSE ( 156 ° - 3 36 °) r ow s ome 3 0 f t 9 ( 9.4m) l ong . 1 3 f t 9 ( 4.2m) t o t he s outh o f t he s outhernmost s tone a nd e xactly i n l ine w ith i t w as a s mall p osthole . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his m ay h ave b een a s ighting d evice . I t i s u nlikely t hat v egetation w ould h ave o bscured a ny a lignment. P ollen a nalysis i ndicated t hat n orthern M ull h ad a l andscape l argely c omposed o f g rasses, r eeds, f erns a nd o nly s cattered s tands o f t rees. T he p resence o f t he p osthole ' on t he a lignment t o t he s outh o f t he s tone a rguably s upports t he h ypothesis t hat t he r ow w as c arefully a ligned u pon a n a stronomical p henomenon . S everal y ears o f o bservations w ould h ave b een n ecessary b efore t he s tanding s tones c ould b e p laced i n p osition , a nd t hese o bservations w ould r equire t he u se o f t emporary m arkers' ( Rug( g les & M artlew , S 145). W ith i ts d eclination o f 28 ° . 5 t he a lignment w as n early b ut n ot p erfectly i n l ine w ith t he m ajor m idsummer m oonrise . I t w as, h owever , d irected t owards t he h ighest m ountain o n M ull, B en M ore , 1 51 /m 2 iles t o t he s outh . A s w ith o ther s ites t he p eople w ho c onstructed t he r ow m ay h ave b een a ttempting t o r econcile a c elestial o rientation w ith a s ignificant l andmark . B ibliography R CA I I I I-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8, n o . 1 05; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 23 ( ML1); D & E , 1 987, 4 2; R uggles, C .L .N . & M artlew , R .D . ' The N orth M ull p roject ( 1): e xcavations a t G lengorm , 1 987-8', J HA 2 0, 1 989, S 137S 149.

2 71

T OBERMORY , M ull.

N M 5 00 5 41

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 1/8

L atitude 5 6 °. 61

T he t wo r emaining u pright s tones a re w ithin 3° o f b eing i n t he m eridian .

M1/8

F ro m

E

Fa l len —e

SK E .TCN

O F 3 1TE . NEAR

TO I3EI R TIORY 5 6 4 3 3 E ;-7 L

E ° 4 6

At e I e aß

( 2) A . B url A s w ith s o m any 3 -stone r ows i n w estern S cotland t he c entral s tone h as b een p ushed o ver , p resumably t o ' christianise ' a p agan m onument. T he r ow i s 1 6 f t ( 5m ) l ong , a nd c onsists o f t wo s tanding s tones 8 f t 2a nd 5 f t 1 1 ( 2.5, 1 .8m ) h igh w ith a p rostrate p illar , 9 f t 2 ( 2.8m) l ong b etween t hem . T he o rientation i s o nly a f ew d egrees f rom N -S. W ith a n a zimuth r ange f rom 1 84 ° . 4 t o 1 86 ° . 2 t here i s a p ossible d eclination o f 28 ° . 0, p erhaps i ndicating a n i nterest i n t he m a jor s outhern m oonset o n t he p art o f t he b uilders. B ibliography R uggles, 1 984 , 1 23, 1 24, 2 43, ' Balliscate ', ' Sgriob-Ruadh '.

2 68,

2 72

2 72,

2 74 ,

2 75,

3 05

( ML4)

A RDNACROSS, M ull.

N M 5 42 4 91

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 1/9.

L atitude 5 6 °. 57

O nly o ne o f t he m enhirs i n t he 3 s tone a lignment i s n ow u pright a nd w e d o n ot k now i n w hich d irection t o l ook . I f i t i s t o t he s outh i t c ould b e a l unar l ine. T here a re s everal o ther i nteresting p ossibilities.

33;3

1 :

•Z :v

= 1

1 0

s• •32 .7

b , r + soy

h f i

out l eri

o r o po rt c a t , c ‘rd .ci

Oc avr a,

u t -

„ r i g e0 " To

outi ta t a • ( 3 ) a el a ta Yi and

—

t a ,

d ip

0

Ia .

1 ..t 5 3,a .

CZ

= = =

1 04. 4

c i

g.

3 . •-2 -

r .d

S K ETC H

OF

51 -1 "f . .

AT

MM IAW ACNOl e L. E ; 1 •1 1 . .

fa tt .. bey*, M

54 . 341

'wO

o

L.

c•re lc .

e do

A u, 1 941

( 2) A . B url T his c omplex c onsists o f t wo r uinous r ing-cairns, 1 8 f t a nd 1 3 f t ( 5.5, 4 .0m) i n d iameter w hich h ave b een r eported t o s tand ' in a n a venue o f l arge s tanding s tones o f w hich t he o ne b y t he c airns i s t he s ole u pright s urvivor ' ( D &E , 1 958, 7 -8). T he c airns l ie N W-SE- 7 -e ach o ther a nd a re b ordered b y t he r emains o f t wo 3 -stone r ows e ach o n aN E-SW a xis. T he r ows a re a pproximately 1 20 f t ( 37m) a part. E ach r ow i s a bout 3 3 f t ( 10m) l ong , o ne o f t hem w ith a n e rect p illar 7 f t 1 0 ( 2.4m) h igh . T he f allen s tones a re r oughly 6 f t 6 t o 9 f t 1 0 ( 2-3m) l ong . O riginally t hey w ere f airly e qually s paced 1 0 f t ( 3m) a part. T he m ean a zimuth o f 2 07 ° i s c lose t o t he m idwinter s unset. B ibliography R CARM-S, A rgyll II, 1 980, f ig . 1 8, R uggles, 1 984, 1 25, 1 27, 2 43, 2 79 ( ML12).

2 73

R OSS O F M ULL , M ull.

N M 3 54 2 24

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 2/6.

L atitude 5 6 °. 32

T his l arge m enhir p resumably g ives t he S un 's M ay D ay/Lammas d eclination b y i ndicating o ne o f t he t wo l ittle p eaks s hown .

( 2) A . B url T his s tone , 7f t 4 ( 2.4m ) h igh a nd 1 f t 1 0 b y 1f t 6 ( 0.6 x 0 .5m ) a long i ts s ides, m ay h ave b een e rected a s o ne o f a l ine o f p ilgrim m arker s tones o n t he r oute f rom G reen P oint t o I ona 8 m iles w ay . T he s tones w ere i ntervisible . T here a re s imilar p illars i n M ull a t R ossal ( NM 5 43 2 82), T aoslin ( NM 3 97 2 23), a nd A chaban H ouse ( NM 3 13 2 33). ' The t radition i s u niform a mong t he n atives, t hat t hey w ere i ntended a s g uide-posts t o s trangers v isiting I ona o n p ilgrimage ', o n a r oute f ollowed b y S t. C olumba. M any h ave b een o verturned b y a t reasure-seeker . T he l argest , n ear R ossal , w as t hrown o ver i n 1 864 b y q uarrymen . B ibliography MIL auchlan , T . ' Notice o f m onoliths i n t he i sland o f M ull', P SAS 5 , 1 862-4, 4 6-52 ; R CAHM-S 2 A rgyll I II, 1 980, n o. 6 1 ' Dail n a C arTa T iET ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 39 ( ML35) T irghoil

2 74

D AIL N A C ARRAIGH , M ull.

N M 3 71 2 18

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 2/7.

L atitude 5 6 °. 32

P erhaps t he r emains o f c ircle o r t umulus b ut t here a re 2 s tones s tanding o utside .

i t a a

1 ,6

Gen More .

o ' z.

b

i s I s o led

neco - t op

.......

14 FT .

‘ s to

6 • • .0

, , c5

-r o

_r z i f

4 .8

t c t , +210 *9 -8

DA IL NA CAR R A IC TH 1 949

X-

s e °

1 9

L

E ). 1 2 : 37'

( 2) A . B url C lose t o t he r uined f armstead o f S uie i s ad espoiled , t urf-covered o val c airn 7 5 f t a cross a nd s till 3 f t h igh ( 23 x l m). O n i ts S SW , w ithin t he c airn , i s a b roken u pright s tone 2 f t 6 ( 0 .8m) h igh , a nd c lose t o t he u ntidy N NE s ide o f t he c airn a re t wo s tanding s tones w ith t heir b roader f aces s et r adially t o t he c airn . T he S W s tone i s 3f t 6 ( 1.1m) h igh a nd i ts p artner, 4 f t ( 1.2m) a way i s 5f t 9 ( 1.8m) h igh . S ome k erbstones h ave b een r emoved f or a n earby b yre a nd ' it s eems l ikely t hat o riginally t here w as a c airn e dged b y a s etting o f t all u pright s tones, n ow a lmost e ntirely d ismantled a nd r e-used , b ut t here i s n o e vidence t hat t he c airn w as c hambered ' ( Henshall, 1 972, 4 67 ' Suie'). B ibliography R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, n o . 8 8, R uggles, 1 984, 1 39 ( ML34)

2 75

' Suie '.

F or M 2/8, B unessan, s ee p .

2 78. w o

t oo

100

1

r-r

4N

mu . ;

C tet it

7

\ c \

I SY S, S O & 5 1

l och 1 3u i c

0

;2

KE Y PL AN

t o

o

N

ee

C

Q

° 7 0

\ 1 4 ,7 4,

/ e :;14Z ,

2 1 t -t D ,.

0

l

e )

Et r -T RAmce .

To Out l ier C

S M A LL CI R C LE . 1.

C

O uTute P l kot i t -ts 44 r t . o t.

A

i 2 our an a L8L 2 44 '

te r

3 14 * .

r

3 ‘.

A3 im ,he

t ree %

1 5.

E R OP1

MA IN

13.

1 55-

4--T o cJ

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CI RCLE

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C E KE R E

Koch % Bu ie —J AR u N J I A

M2 ./ 1 4

G i825-1

2 76

L OCH B UIE , M ull.

N M 6 18 2 51

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 2/14.

L atitude 5 6 °, 35

A k ey p lan o f t he s ite i s s hown i n t he F igure o pposite . I t i s s een t hat t here i s o ne m ain c ircle , a s mall c ircle a nd 4 o utliers A , B , C a nd D , o f w hich B i s a bout 1 6 f t, C a bout 8 f t h igh . T hese g ive s ome i nteresting d eclinations e .g . ( 1) f rom t he m ain c ircle t o o utlier B a t a n a zimuth o f 2 23 ° . 6 a nd a n a ltitude o f 0° . 4 g ives a d eclination o f 23 ° . 75 w hich i s t he d eclination o f t he u pper l imb o f t he S un a t t he W inter s olstice . ( 2) f rom t he c ircle t o o utlier C a t a n a zimuth o f 2 37 ° . 0 a nd a n a ltitude o f 2° . 1 g ives a d eclination o f 16 ° . 0 w hich i s c lose t o t hat o f t he u pper l imb o f t he S un a t M ichaelmas/Candlemas. ( 3) f rom t he c ircle t o o utlier D a nd t o as tone h igh u p o n t he h orizon a t a n a zimuth o f 3 30 ° . 8 a nd a n a ltitude o f 1 4 °. 1 g ives a d eclination o f 4 2 °. 1 w hich i s t he d eclination o f A rcturus a bout 1 800 B C . ( 4) f rom o utlier C t o ap eak a t a n a zimuth o f 3 24 ° . 7 a nd a n a ltitude o f 1 6 °. 85 g ives a d eclination o f 4 2 °. 3, a gain v ery c lose t o t hat o f A rcturus a t 1 800 B C . ( 5) f rom t he s mall c ircle t o o utlier C w ith a n a zimuth o f 1 43 ° . 5 a nd a n a ltitude o f 4° . 8 g ives a d eclination o f 2 2 °. 1 w hich i s t he d eclination o f t he S un a t am ain c alendar d ate . ( 6) f rom C t o Do r t o s tone o n h orizon, a zimuth = 3 48 ° . 6, a ltitude 1 0 °. 25, a nd d eclination = 4 2 °. 9. D etails o f t he w hole s ite c an b e s een i n T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 18, 3 20 .

( 2) A . B url T he a ttractive s tone c ircle o f L och B uie s tands c lose t o a s heltered b ay b y t he F irth o f L orne . L ocally t he g round i s k nown a s ' The F ield o f D ruids'. P eat h as d eveloped a round t he s ite . O riginally t here w ere n ine s tones o f l ocal g ranite i n ar ing 4 0 f t 4 ( 12.3m ) i n d iameter . O ne h as b een r emoved . T he t allest p illar , 6 f t 6 ( 2m) h igh s tands a t t he e ast, t he o thers r anging f rom 3 f t t o 4 f t ( 1-1.2m) i n h eight. T he b uilders w ere c areful t o s et t he s tones w ith t heir s moother f aces i nwards t o c reate a n e legant e ffect. 8 30 f t ( 250m ) t o t he n orth-west t here i s as mall k erb-cairn . O utliers t o t he s tone c ircle c an b e s een 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m) t o t he S E , 2 f t 9 ( 0 .9m) h igh ; 1 25 f t ( 38m) t o t he S W , 1 0 f t ( 3m) h igh ; 3 50 f t ( 107m) t o t he S W , 7 f t 3 ( 2.2m) h igh b ut p ossibly b roken ; a nd 1 180 f t ( 360m) t o t he N NW , 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h igh , i ts t op b roken . T his p illar s tands i n l ine w ith t he o nly p ass, G leinn a ' C haiginn M hoir , t hrough t he m ountains t o G len F orsa, a nd m ay h ave b een a d irectional m arker . B ibliography S tukeley, 1 776 , p late 8 0b ; A rch J 5 , 1 848, 2 17; B url, 1 976, R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, 6 9-70 , n os. 4 9, 5 4 ' breac a chadh ' s peckled f ieldf , 1 10 ; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 39 ( ML 2 8).

2 77

1 41; [ the

S TONE N EAR B UNESSAN , T aoslin , M ull.

N M 3 97 2 23

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 2/8

L atitude 5 6 °. 32

S tone 6 f t h igh x 3 f t x1f t o rientated 3 30 ° . T here s eems t o b e a s mall s tone o n a n e minence a t 3 30 ° . 7, h orizon = + 0 °. 2 , d eclination = + 28 ° . 63. W ith l unar p arallax d eclination = 2 9 °. 52 w hich m ight b e t he u pper l imb o f t he M oon a t t he m ajor s tandstill. S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara. 6 .16. 4 ,

r ' 12 ./8 S tone(7 . 1 o n 3 3017 k =

1

4 2»,6

J i

0 2 e °

G5t L i R oss

X

OF M OLL

S E , * 1 9 1 0

L

€ 3. 1 2 : 5. _ , Z. D C Z

( 2) A . B url T his s tone , l ike t hat a t R oss o f M ull ( M2/6) m ay w ell b e o ne o f t he t rack-markers f or p ilgrims o n I ona. I t i s a r ectangular s tanding s tone 6 f t 1 0 ( 2.1m) h igh . B ibliography M 'Lauchlan , T . ' Notice o f m onoliths i n t he i sland o f M ull', P SAS 5 , 1 862-4 , 4 6-52; R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , n o. 1 14; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 39 ( ML30) ' Taoslin t.

U ISKEN , M ull . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N M 3 91 1 96 M 2/10

L atitude 5 6 °. 30

T his s tone i s 71i -f t h igh a nd 4 f t x 1 f t. I t i s o rientated o n a h eap o f s tones a nd a h illtop s howing 2 29 ° . 6, h or = 0° . 3, d eclination = 21'.2, a n i ntermediate c alendar d ate . T o s tone o n h orizon , 1 27 ° . 9 , h or = 0° . 87, p ossibly a l unar d eclination . ( 2) A . B url N o i nformation . B ibliography R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, n o. 1 16; R uggles, 1 984, 1 39, ( ML31).

2 78

B ALEMARTIN , T iree .

N M 9 74 4 26

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 4/2.

L atitude 5 6 °. 48

A s tone 1 2 f t h igh s urrounded b y w hat m ight b e a c ircle 6 5 f t d iameter. S ome 6 5 y ards a t 3 56 ° i s ar ing 1 8 f t b y 1 6 f t . T he p eak o f C arnan M hor a t a bout 1 90 ° s hows a l unar d eclination b ut t he e xact v alue d epends o n w hether w e s tand i n t he r ing o r a t t he s tone p resumably t he r ing . S ee: T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 6 .17, f or f urther d etails. ( 2) A . B url A t B alinoe t here i s a s tanding s tone l ift 1 0 ( 3 .5m ) h igh a nd p laying-card i n s hape, i ts s ides m easuring 6 f t 6b y 3f t 3( 2x1m). A n a pparent r ing o f s tones a bout 2 00 f t ( 60m) t o t he n orth m ay b e n o m ore t han n atural b oulders. B ibliography R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , n o. 9 1;

R uggles, 1 984, 1 23 ( CT9).

M IDDLETON , T iree .

N L 9 46 4 30

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 4/3.

L atitude 5 6 °. 48

A s ingle s tone 5 f t h igh w ith t wo d efinite f aces, o ne o f w hich i ndicates C arnan M hor , t he o nly h ill i n t his d irection a nd s hows t he m idwinter r ising S un . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 6 .17. ( 2) A . B url A t B arrapoll i s a s tanding s tone 5 f t h igh w ith s ides m easuring 2 f t 7b y 2f t ( 0 .8 x 0 .6m). B ibliography B everidge , E . C oll & T iree, 1 903, 1 07; R uggles, 1 984, 1 23 ( CT8).

1 30; R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II,

2 79

1 980, n o.

D UROR , A rgyll.

N M 9 87 5 45

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 7/1

L atitude 5 6 °. 64

T his m egalith i s a bout 1 11 2 f / t h igh a nd 31 2 f / t x 11 2 f / t. T here i s a lso o n t he n orth s ide o f L och C reran a l ong f allen s tone ( 1939, M 7/2).

t v r7/1 6 t .

c z 2 Fr -c bw i n

SE .

NARRA

D UR O R

A P P% I v 56° 3 E i Z i :

L e 5 `. -1 7 10 1f t

( 2) A . B url I n t he m eadows w est o f A charra H ouse , 5 m iles s outh-west o f B allachulish , i s am agnificent 1 1 f t 6( 3.5m) h igh s tanding s tone, i ts m ajor a xis N E-SW . I t i s k nown a s A charra D uror , t he h ard s tone ', a nd t he s ite o n w hich i t s tands i s c alled C noc n am A ingeal , ' Angel 's h illock '. I t i s p ossible t hat t his, a nd o ther s tones n ear L och C reran , o nce m arked a p rehistoric t rackway 41 /m 2 iles i n l ength . B ibliography P SAS 6 3, 1 928-9, 1 55, ' The p rehistoric a ntiquities o f B enderloch a nd A ppin , P SAS 6 7, 1 932-3, 3 20-23 , R uggles, 1 984 , 1 41 ( LN1) ' Acharra ', ' Cnoc n am A ingeal '.

2 80

L OCH C RERAN , A rgyll. ( North s ide).

N M 9 58 4 50

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 7/2.

L atitude 5 6 °. 55

A l ong f allen s tone ( 1939).

( 2) A . B url T his t hin ,prostrate s lab , 1 1 f t 6 ( 3 .5m) l ong, w as k nown t o b e e rect i n 1 860. I t l ies b y t he n orth s hore o f L och C reran n ear I nverfolla . L ike t he p illar a t D uror ( M7/1) i t m ay h ave b een a t rackway m arker . B ibliography P SAS 6 7, 1 932-3, 3 23; R CAHM-S, 1 984, 1 41 ( LN2) ' Inverfolia '.

A rgyll

I I,

1 975,

n o.

B ENDERLOCH , n ear B arcaldine , A rgyll .

1 18;

R uggles,

N M 9 44 4 08

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 8/3.

L atitude 5 6 °. 51

T he s tones a t t his s ite c over a n a rea o f a bout 1 2 f t b y 1 5 f t . N o o bvious c ircle o r a lignment p resents i tself. T here a re 2 o ther s tones n earby.

M8/3 F1 ‘ . ›r d el a ce ‘ N et5 t, C s i eet t o

s

5

S.

4 d 7

SKETC i 4 OF STRUCTURE

N R . .

13 ArkCA L OI N E t 93

( 2) A . B url T he t umbled s tones h ere h ave b een v ariously d escribed a s t he r emains o f a ' cromlech ', w hich t hey a re n ot, a s m odern f ield c learance , a nd a s t he d amaged r emnants o f a c airn , t he l atter b eing t he m ost p robable . B ibliography D&E , 1 968, 6 ;

R uggles, 1 984 , 4 8 ( LN4) ' Home F arm '.

2 81

L ISMORE I SLAND , L och L innhe , A rgyll . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . M 9/1.

N M 8 62 4 35 L atitude 5 6 °. 53

A s ingle s tone n ow b roken 3 f t h igh x 2 f t 8 i ns. A ccurately c ut a nd o rientated o n B en S gulaird , a zimuth 7 9 °. 23, h or = + 2 °. 57. T here i s a lso a p rominent k nob o r c airn a t 1 48 ° , h or = 0° . 3.

( 2) A . B url T his i s n ot a p rehistoric s tanding s tone b ut a d amaged m ediaeval c ross t hat o nce m arked t he b oundary o f t he s anctuary o f a m onastery f ounded b y S t . M oluag b etween A D 5 61 a nd 5 64 . T he s tone i s 2 00 f t ( 60m) t o t he e ast o f t he l ater c athedral. B ibliography R GAHM-S, A rgyll I I, 1 975, n o . 2 69;

2 82

R uggles, 1 984, 4 8 ( LN9)

' Clachan '.

4

T he w est f ace.

5

et

T he e ast f ace. P SAS 3 7,

1 902-3,

2 09.

T he C aiy S tane, M idlothian ( NT 2 43 6 83). T his f ine s lab, s ometimes k nown a s t he K el S tone ( 'the c hapel s tone'?) s tands a t F airmilehead o n t he s outhern o utskirts o f E dinburgh. A r ound c airn o nce l ay n ear i t. ' On d igging i n t he n eighbourhood o f t his p rimitive m onument, a q uantity o f h uman b ones w ere f ound ( Wilson, 1 863, I , 1 37-8). T he s tone i s o f l ocal, r oughly g ranulated r ed s andstone. I t i s ' playing-card' i n s hape w ith a l onger N -S a xis, m easuring 9 f t 7 i n h eight, 4 f t 3 w ide b ut o nly j ust o ver 1 f t t hick ( 2.9 x 1 .3 x0 .3m). I t w eighs s ome 3 t ons. L ow d own o n i ts b road e astern f ace a re s ix c learly-defined c upmarks i n a N -S l ine. T o t he n orth i s a g roup o f m ore w eathered m arkings w hich m ay a lso b e a rtificial. F acing e astwards a s t hey d o i t i s p ossible t hat t he c upmarks w ere m eant t o b e a ssociated w ith t he e quinoctial s unrise.

1 981,

D ecorated 1 47).

c ist

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P SAS 3 7,

2 83

r egion

( Morris,

1 902-3, 2 07-9.

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A M id C ly th , N 1 / 1 , s how ing l ayou t o f s e c tor s .

F or A stronomy:

2 84

s ee p .286

M ID C LYTH , H ill o 'Many S tanes, C aithness ( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/1

N D 2 96 3 84 L atitude

5 8 °. 33

T his s ite , F ig . 1 , i s a lmost c ertainly a n e xtrapolating s ector . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .2; a nd T hom A . &A .S., 1 978a , A ppendix B . F rom t he s tones n ear t his s ector o ne c an s ee 2 f oresights. T he o ne i n t he s outh i s 5 0 m iles a way a nd i s f or t he m ajor s tandstill ( see F ig . 2 ). I n t his f igure t he m easured p oints a re s hown b y s quares a nd w ere o f c ourse m easured d uring t he d ay. T he c alculated p oints a re s hown b y r ings a nd w ere c alculated f or n ight t ime . U sing t he t heory g iven i n T hom , 1 971a , p ara 3 .4, t he m easured v alues s hould b e r aised b y a bout 0° . 05 a nd t his w ould b ring t hem i nto a greement w ith t he c alculated v alues. T he o ther f oresight i s av ery s mall n otch 1 .8 m iles d istant ( Inset F ig . 1 ). T he e xtrapolation f or o bservations t o t his n otch c ould b e d one o n t he m ain s ector . I t h as b een a ssumed t hat t he r ow o f b oulders t o t he W est, N i/la , s howed p ositions f or a w arner b ut i t m ay b e p ossible t hat t his r ow o f b oulders w as a m ain o bserving p osition . A s w e d id n ot m easure a ltitude f rom h ere w e d o n ot k now . J udging b y t he 0 .S. m ap t here w ere o ther s tones t o t he e ast o f t he t op o f t he m ain s ector. A q uarry h as r emoved m ost o f t hese . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p aras. 9 .2 , 9 .4. ( la). A .S. T hom . 2 1 A ugust, 1 989 . A . T hom w as n ever a bsolutely h appy a bout t he M id C lyth p lan ( see: T hom , 1 971a , F ig . 9 .1.). T he s urvey w as m ade i n a ppalling , w indy w eather. H e w anted t o d escribe i t a s a n a pproximate s urvey , s aying h owever t hat i t a lmost f itted a n ew p lan m ade b y P atrick A shmore a nd N eil L ivingston i n 1 978. H e h ad c ompared t he t wo u sing h is p antograph .

( 2) A . B url , T his c omplex o f s tone r ows s tands o n a s outh-facing h illside 9 m iles S SW o f W ick . A p lan o f t he s tones b y S ir H enry D ryden w as d onated t o t he N ational M useum o f S cotland i n 1 872 ( PSAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44). I n 1 871 t here w ere 2 2 r ows w ith a n a verage o f 8 s tones i n e ach r ow , t he l argest c omplex o f s uch r ows i n C aithness a nd S utherland . I t i s c ustomary t o f ind a c airn o r c ist a t t he h ead o f t he r ows b ut n o s uch s tructure h as b een r ecorded h ere . T he r ows, w hich m ay b e m ultip hased , w ere a rranged i n a f anlike p attern w ith a m ajor N -S a xis. T he s tones, l ocal i n o rigin, a re a ll l ow . P rofessor R ichard A tkinson r emarked t hat i t w ould b e s urprising i f t he p ostulated e astern a nnexe t o t he r ows h ad b een a lmost t otally d estroyed , a nd h e c oncluded , t herefore , t hat t here i s ' no s urviving i ndicator o f t he r equired a zimuth a t M id C lyth i tself' ( Ruggles & W hittle , 1 981, 2 06). I t i s r eputed t hat a f armer f rom B ruan t ook o ne o f t he s tones f or a l intel o f a k iln b ut t hat t he s tone i mmediately b urst i nto f lames a nd w as r apidly r eturned t o i ts p rehistoric s etting ( Gunn , 1 915, 3 467 ).

2 85

B ibliography , R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 2 92; F reer & M yatt, C lose-Brooks, 1 986, 1 61, n o . 9 0 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 2 82-5.

1 982,

2 6 °

5 8-9 ;

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4 0 ' 5 0 ' 0 ' 1 0 ' 2 0 ' 3 0 '40 ' 5 0 ' 0 ' F rom B t o n o tch , 2 6 °41 ' .7 h =4 8 '0

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- 10 \ \• \ L2 1 : 1 -

H i l l o ' Many S tane s , M id C ly th , N 1 / 1 , ND 2 96384 ( 5 8 ° 1 9 ' .7 , 3 ° 1 2 '3 ) . P lan s how ing s t ance s f o r v a r iou s d ec l ina t ions .

1 59

16 0 '

3 0 '

3 0 '

F rom M id C ly th , N 1 / 1 . 0 = c a lcu la ted , L i= m ea sured .

2 86

S TONES A BOVE M ID C LYTH , C aithness

c . N D 2 92 3 84

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N i/la .

L atitude 5 8 °. 34

T his r ather r agged l ine o f b oulders l ies 1 000 f t w est o f M id C lyth . T he o verall l ength o f t he s ite w as n ot m easured b ut p aced . T he a zimuths h owever a re g ood . O nly t he e nd s tones o f t he r ow a re s hown o n t he p lan. I t w ill b e s een t hat t he r ow p oints t o t he n otch w hich w as u sed a t M id C lyth , N 1/1, t o i ndicate t he r ising p osition o f t he M oon a t t he m ajor s tandstill. S ince t his l ine i s o n h igher g round t han M id C lyth , t he M oon a s v iewed f rom t he e ast e nd w ould r ise a f ew s econds e arlier t han t hat a t t he m ain s ite a nd s o aw atcher h ere w ould b e a ble t o g ive w arning t hat t he u pper l imb w as a bout t o a ppear . T he g round s lopes u pwards t o t he w est a t n early 3° a nd s o am an a t t he w est e nd o f t he r ow w ould s ee t he M oon s till e arlier . S imilar w arning d evices w ere f ound a t K intraw , A rgyll. S ee : T hom , 1 971a, 4 0 , a nd F ig . 4 .3; a nd B rogar , O rkneys, s ee : T hom A . & A .S., 1 978a, p ara . 1 05.

N I/ IA S KETCH S TONES

S URVEY ON

H ILL

M ID

N E AR

STONE

S ECTOR T • f •

C LY1 H •0

A MU1

W W

Ht1 M ID C . 1111 1 t hC R W

0

rut

( 2) A . B url , N o i nformation .

2 87

'

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R o t . A 93

I n L0

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0

t 2

0 C,

ga m

4

m ay

e,

A CHAV M I C H

BOY

m e •

a .

z t *

M Y.

2 88

A CHAVANICH , C aithness. ( 1) A .

N D 1 88 4 18

A .S. T hom . N 1/2.

L atitude 5 8 °. 36

W e k now o f n o o ther a rrangement o f s tones l ike t his; a nd w e h ave n o e xplanation . T he s tones a re 3 t o 5 f t h igh a nd m ostly s paced a t a bout 9 f t i ntervals a nd t his d oes n ot s eem t o b e a nything i nteresting i n m egalithic y ards. I f t he h orizon i n t he s outh i s a s h igh a s 3° t hen a t t he m ajor s tandstill w hen t he M oon h ad i ts m aximum s outh d eclination, i t w ould n ot r ise a t a ll.

( 2) A . B url , T his u nusual h orseshoe-shaped m egalithic s etting s tands a longside t he r oad f rom A chavanich t o L ybster l ess t han a q uarter o f a m ile s outh o f L och S temster . A p lan o f t he s ite b y S ir H enry D ryden w as g iven t o t he N ational M useum o f S cotland ( PSAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44). T he s etting i s o pen t o t he s outh-east a nd a t i ts n orth-west a pex t here i s a n o pened c ist m easuring 5 f t b y 3 f t 9 ( 1.5 x 1 .1m). T he h orseshoe i s a bout 2 25 f t l ong b y 1 00 f t w ide (69 x 3 1m) a nd o riginally c onsisted o f s ome 1 00 l ocal s tones o f w hich 3 6 r emain . U nusually, t he s tones a re s et a t r ight-angles t o t heir l ine, a n u ncommon f eature i n r ows a nd c ircles a lthough i t o ccurs a t t he n earby h orseshoe o f B roubster ( N1/16) a nd a t t he t wo S utherland s tone c ircles o f C noc a n L iath-Bhaid a nd D ailharraild o ver 3 0 m iles t o t he s outhw est I n f ine w eather M ount M orven i s c onspicuous t o t he s outh a nd m ay h ave a cted a s af oresight ( MacKie , 1 975, 2 23 ' Loch S temster '). P ossible c ounterparts e xist i n o ther p arts o f t hese i slands, t he b est-known b eing t he t rilithon h orseshoe i nside S tonehenge . T imber h orseshoes h ave b een d etected i nside t he h enges o f A rminghall, N orfolk a nd L ugg , C o. D ublin; t here i s a n e arthen h orseshoe a t C owiemuir , M oray; a nd o ther s ites t o b e m entioned i nclude D un R uadh , C o . T yrone ; C roft M oraig s tone c ircle, P erthshire, a nd L oanhead o f D aviot, A berdeenshire . A s imilar s ite t o A chavanich s urvives a t B roubster ( ND 0 48 6 08) o nly 1 4 m iles t o t he N NW ( RCAHM-S,Caithness, 1 911a , n o. 1 63). O n a N NE-SSW a xis o nly 9 s tones o f a f ormer 3 2 s urvive o f a s etting a bout 1 40 f t l ong a nd 9 0 f t w ide ( 43 x 2 7m ) w ith i ts t allest s tone , 5 f t 6 ( 1 .7m) h igh a t t he N NE a pex . A f ine 7 f t ( 2.1m) h igh m enhir s tanding 1 30 f t ( 40m) S W o f t he w estern s ide m ay o nce h ave s tood n ear t he S SW t erminal . T he s tones s tand r adially t o t heir l ines. G iven t heir p roximity t o t he f amous C aithness m ultiple r ows w ith t heir u phill c airns, s ettings t hat m ay b e c ompared w ith t he s tone r ow/stone c ircle/cairn c omplexes o n D artmoor i n s outh-west E ngland , i t i s a rguable t hat b oth A chavanich a nd B roubster a re l ocal v ariants o f p rocessional s tone r ows l eading t o b urial m onuments o f t he B ronze A ge . T he i ncorporation o f s olar o r l unar a lignments i nto s uch f unerary r itual s ites w ould n ot b e u nlikely ( Burl, 1 983 , 3 8-46). B ibliography, G unn, 1 915, 3 45; B url, P SAS 1 02, 1 969-70 7 4; C lose-Brooks, 1 986, 1 60-1, n o. 8 9. 2 89

( 1974),

7 2;

F eachem ,

1 977,

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N .

.

.

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.

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N . N .

.

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0

2 90

D UNREAY , U PPER , C aithness

N D 0 11 6 60

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/3.

L atitude 5 8 °. 57

T his s ite l ies i n a s light h ollow . W e s uggest t hat i t c onsists o f an umber o f s traight p arallel l ines 7 .25 f t a part, i .e . 8 /3 m y a part. T hese a re a t a n a zimuth o f 1 21 ° b ut s eem t o b e c rossed b y t wo l ines a t a n a zimuth o f 1 61 ° . A s ingle m enhir 7 f t h igh x 4 ? -2- f t x 1 5 i ns s tands s ome 3 00 y ards t o t he w est b ut i t i s n ot i ntervisible w ith t he a lignments. T he a zimuth o f t he s tone i s a bout 3 5 °. 7 a nd t he h orizon a ltitude 0° . 4 . I n t he r everse d irection t he a ltitude i s a bout 1° . 0 a nd s o i t s eems t hat t he s tone h as b een s olstitial. S ee : T hom , 1 964a , F ig . 3 . M uch w ork n eeds t o b e d one o n t his s ite a nd i ts s urrounding h orizon b efore w e c an b e s ure o f i ts u se .

( 2) A . B url , A lso k nown a s C raig B reac , ' the s peckled s tone ', a t all p illar s tands t o t he w est o f s ome 1 3 r ows o f l ow s labs e xtending u p t he g entle s lope o f a s light d epression a t t he n orthern e nd o f C noc F reiceadain , ap art o f S hebster H ill . T he s ite i s a bout 3 m iles n orth o f R eay. A pproximately a h undred s labs s tand i n t he r ows w hich h ave a g eneral W NW-ESE b earing . T here m ay o riginally h ave b een a s m any a s 2 0 s tones i n e ach r ow . A s i s c ommon i n t hese m ultiple s ettings o f n orthern S cotland a c ist o f f our h eavy s labs s tands a t t he h ead o f t he r ows, p roviding a f ocus f or t hem . H alf a m ile t o t he s outh a re t he t wo i mpressive l ong c airns o f C noc F reiceadain ( ND 0 12 6 53). T hree u neven h umps i n t he p rofiles o f t heir m ounds s uggest t hat t hree e arly r ound c hambered c airns w ere i ncorporated i nto t wo l ater l ong c airns. I t w ould a lso e xplain t heir l ocal n ame o f N a T ri S hean , ' the t hree f airy m ounds' ( Henshall, 1 963 , 2 67; C lose-Brooks, 1 986, 1 67-8, n o. 9 6). B ibliography G unn, 1 915, 3 52; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 7 3 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 20 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 97-9.

2 91

3 97;

F eachem ,

1 977,

L OCH O F Y ARROWS , C aithness.

N D 3 13 4 40

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/7.

L atitude 5 8 °. 38

I n t he F igure w e s how a r eproduction o f a n a ccurate s urvey o f t he r emains o f t he s ector w hich l ies n ear t he n orth-east c orner o f t he L och o f Y arrows. S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .4 . T he e arly O rdnance S urvey m ap s hows m ore s tones t o t he n orth a nd p loughing m ay h ave n arrowed t he s ector . I n s pite o f s light s oil m ovement t he s uggested l ines s eem s atisfactory . T he f act t hat t here a re s traight c ross l ines i nstead o f c ircular a rcs w ould n ot a ffect t he s ector a s a n e xtrapolation d evice s ee a lso : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 8 .3 . F rom t he f urthest n orth s tone o f t he s ite t here i s o n t he 0 .S . m ap a c airn a t a n a zimuth o f a bout 1 91 ° . 0 .

MY

3 59 —4—

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t ,

8 00 f e e tt oc ent re_ _ 7 0 f ee t

S tone r ows a t L och o f Y ar rows , N 1 / 7 , ND 3 13440 ( 5 8 ° 2 2 ' .8 , 3 ° 1 0 ' .5 ) .

( 2) A . B url , O n f airly l evel g round n ear t he s hore o f t he l och t here a re r ows o f s mall l ocal s labs, n one o f t heir s tones b eing m ore t han a f oot ( 0 .3m ) h igh . T he l ines a re a rranged N -S a nd a mongst t hem i t i s p ossible t o c ount 7 0 e rect s tones a nd 3 f allen . P loughing o n t he a d jacent l and h as d estroyed p art o f t he c omplex . I n 1 915 G unn r ecorded 7 d istinct r ows, r emarking t hat e ven t hen t hey w ere i ncomplete a s s tones h ad b een r emoved f or b uildings a nd d rains. C haracteristically , t here h ad b een a c ist h ere , p robably b eneath as mall c airn . T his h as b een d ismantled a nd t oday t he p lace i s m arked o nly b y ag reener p atch i n t he t urf . P erhaps n ot s o r eliably , t here i s a t radition o f a f ight h ere , t he s ite s till b eing k nown a s t he ' Battlefield o f t he M ossie '. B ibliography R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 5 70 ; G unn , 1 982, 6 1-2, n o . 8 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 90-2.

2 92

1 915 ,

3 50 ; F reer & M yatt ,

L OCH O F Y ARROWS B , C aithness.

N D 3 16 4 31

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/8.

L atitude 5 8 °. 37

T wo s tones o n h illtop 7 f t a nd 1 0 f t h igh , 1 9 f t a part, a t a bout f t a bove O .D . T hese s tones c an b e s een f rom a ll r ound . T he a zimuth o f t he l ine j oining t he s tones i s a bout 1 63 ° . T he p rofile o f t he h ills a cross t he M oray F irth s hould b e e xamined n ear t his a zimuth f or a p ossible l unar d eclination . O n a p lateau j ust u nder t he t op o f t he h ill t here a re 4 o r 5 s tones w hich l ook l ike f allen m enhirs. A p ossible u se f or t hem i s g iven i n T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .4, p .99.

4 30

( 2) A . B url , P airs o f s tones s uch a s t hese a re r are i n n orthern S cotland . T he p illars s tand o n a r idge h alf a m ile s outh-east o f t he L och o f Y arrows, 5 J-m iles S SW o f W ick . T hey a re n eedlelike s tones o n as ite w hich c ommands w ide-spreading v iews. R espectively t hey a re 9 f t a nd 6 f t 6 ( 2.7, 2 m) h igh , 1 8 f t 6 5 .6m) a part w ith t heir b road f aces n orth a nd s outh . A ccording t o G unn , e ach i s s et 3 f t ( 1m ) i n t he g round . I n t he m id-19th c entury t reasures eekers d ug a round t hem b ut d iscovered n othing. I n l ine w ith t hem a nd a bout 5 0 f t ( 15m) t o t heir e ast w as a s mall c airn . B ibliography R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 5 67; G unn, 1 915, 3 49-50 ; F eachem , 1 977, 7 3.

2 93

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W ATTENAN , U lbster , C aithness.

N D 3 14 4 13

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/9.

L atitude 5 8 °. 36

U nfortunately w e h ave n ot h ad a n o pportunity t o r evisit t his s ite . W e d o n ot e ven k now i f t he s tone s hown a t t he N E c orner e xists. T he s ector g rid s hown f its r easonably w ell b ut t he t ransverse s pacing o f t he r adial l ines i s p eculiar . N o f oresight w as s een i n o ur s hort v isit a nd s ince t he l ength o f t he s ite i s u nknown w e c annot s uggest h ow f ar d istant s uch a f oresight m ight b e . S ee : T hom , 1 964a , 5 27, F ig . 2 . ( 2) A . B url, A lso k nown a s G arrywhin t hese r ows l ie a t t he e astern f oot o f G arrywhin H ill 7 m iles S SW o f W ick . S ir H enry D ryden 's p lan o f t hem i s n ow i n t he N ational M useum o f S cotland ( PSAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44). T here w ere o nce s ix c omplete r ows, a rranged i n a f anlike p attern r unning N E-SW . T he g reatest o f t hem i s 2 00 f t ( 60m ) l ong. T he c omplex i s t he m ost e xtensive s etting i n t he W atenan a rea . A s u sual i n t hese m ultiple r ows t he l ines l ead u phill t owards a s mall c airn , 1 8 f t ( 5.5m) i n d iameter . G unn c laimed i t h ad b een 3 5 f t a cross a nd 5 f t h igh ( 10 .7 x 1 .5m ). B eneath i t t here w as a c ist 3 f t 5 ( 1m) l ong i n w hich t here w ere c remated b ones, 2 o val f lint s crapers a nd s herds e ither o f a n A ll-Over-Corded b eaker o r a f ood-vessel o rnamented w ith t he " twisted t hong" t( PSAS 7 , 1 866-8, 5 03; C larke , D ., 1 970, I I, 5 16, 1 613F).. 2 00 y ards ( 180m ) t o t he S SW i s ah orned c hambered t omb , t he C airn o f G et, f rom w hich i nhumations a nd c remations w ere r ecovered ( Henshall, 1 963, 2 72; C lose-Brooks, 1 986, 1 66-7, n o . 9 5). J ust t o t he n orth o f t he r ows i s a n I ron A ge f ort w ith i mpressively t hick w alls a t i ts n orth e ntrance . B ibliography R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n os. 5 28, M yatt, 1 982, 6 2 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 85.

5 58;

G unn ,

L ATHERON W HEEL , C aithness.

1 915,

3 48;

F reer &

N D 1 80 3 50

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/13.

L atitude 5 8 °. 30

T here i s a n o utlier a t a n a zimuth o f 1 96 ° . 1 w ith a h illtop b ehind a t a n a ltitude o f 1° . 03 g iving a d eclination o f 29 ° . 7. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980, 3 24. ( 2) A . B url , T he l arge , o pen s tone c ircle h ere , k nown a s G uidebest , s tands a longside t he b urn o f L atheronwheel. I t i s o ne o f t he b iggest m egalithic r ings i n S cotland . B ibliography :

R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 2 79.

2 95

F or N 1/14, C a n ister, s ee p . 3 00.

• • •

•

•

•

T A

•

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a

0

5 0

1 00

1 50

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0

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1 4

B ROUBSTER , C aithness. ( after: R CAHM-Caithness, 1 911, n o.

2 96

1 63)

B RABSTER , C aithness.

N D 0 47608; N D 0 48601

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/16.

L atitude 5 8 °. 52

T here a re p erhaps s everal s ites n ear h ere . I t l ooks a s t hough t here w as a t l east o ne l unar l ine b etween t he e dges o f t he n orth a nd s outh s tones a t a bout 1 59 ° p ossibly s howing t he M oon r ising a t t he m ajor s tandstill , b ut t he w hole s ite m ust b e p roperly s urveyed .

( 2) A . B url , T his i s am egalithic h orseshoe v ery l ike t he b etter-known s etting a t A chavanich ( N1/2). I t s tands o n a m oorland r idge s ome 6 m iles s outh-east o f R eay , t hree-quarters o f am ile w est o f L och C alder , i n a r itual a rea o f c hambered t ombs, c airns a nd s tanding s tones. T he r uined v illage o f B roubster l ies n ear F orss W ater a m ile t o t he s outhw est. T oday o nly 9 s tones r emain s tanding o f s ome 3 0 t o 3 6. T hey a re r egularly s paced 1 2 f t ( 3.7m) a part i n a g reat N E-SW U -shaped d esign 1 40 f t l ong a nd u p t o 9 0 f t w ide ( 43 x 2 7m ). T he s ite i s g raded i n h eight w ith t he t allest s tone , a p illar 5 f t 6 ( 1.7m) h igh , a t t he h ead o f t he U o n r ising g round . B roubster s hares w ith A chavanich t he s trange t rait o f h aving i ts s tones s et a t r ight-angles t o t heir l ines i nstead o f s tanding a long t hem . T he h orseshoe i s o pen t o t he s outh-west . 1 30 f t ( 40m ) S W o f i ts w estern a rm t here i s a v ery t all m onolith 7 f t ( 2.1m) h igh . A s i t s tands n eatly i n l ine w ith t he o ther s tones o n t he w est s ide o f t he h orseshoe i t i s p ossible t hat t his w as o nce a b ig , t erminal s tone a t o ne s ide o f t he s etting, t he s mall s tones t o i ts n orth-east h aving b een r emoved . T here h as b een s ome c asual d igging f or p eat i n t he a rea b etween t he s tones. T hree-quarters o f a m ile t o t he s outh-east , n ear t he s hores o f L och C alder , a re s everal O rkney-Cromarty a nd C amster c hambered t ombs ( Henshall, 1 963 , 2 57-303). T here a re s tanding s tones a s hort d istance t o t he s outh o f t he h orseshoe . B ibliography R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a, n o. 1 63 ; F eachem , 7 1-2.

2 97

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1 90 ° 9

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9 0 ' 8 0 ' 7 0 ' 6 0 ' 5 0 ' , 4 0 ' 3 0 ' P rof i le m ea sured f r om t he t op o ft he r ow s a t D ir lo t , N 1 / 17 . Moon s e t t ing w i th d ec l ina t ion = = —29 ° 2 ' .5 .

2 98

D IRLOT , C aithness.

N D 1 22 4 86

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/17

L atitude 5 8 °. 42

T his s ector l ies o n t he g entle s lope a t t he t op o f al ow e levation s ome 4 00 y ards t o t he w est o f t he c emetery o n t he l eft s ide o f t he T hurso r iver . T he s ite c an e asily b e m issed a s t he l ow s tones c an b e h idden i n t he v egetation . E xtensive p rodding r evealed o ver 7 0 s tones b ut o ne h as t o g uard a gainst m istaking t he s toney g round b elow t he v egetation f or s tumps. W e p lotted o nly t hose d efinitely s howing a bove t he h ard g round . D ryden s howed a pproximately t he s ame n umber i n 1 871. C ontours h ave b een r oughly s urveyed a nd t hose s how t hat t he s ite , l ike t hat a t M id C lyth , h as t he n arrow e nd o f t he s ector a t t he t op o f t he h ill. W e h ave d rawn a p ossible s ector . T he r adial l ines a re s atisfactory b ut t he a rcs d o n ot f it e xcept a t t he b ottom w here i n t he m ore n early l evel g round t he s tones h ave n ot s lipped d ownhill. A t t he t op t here a re r emains o f t wo l umps o n t he g round a nd h ere D ryden s howed a c airn . T he h ill p rofile w here t he M oon s ets a t t he m ajor s tandstill h as b een m easured f rom h ere ( see F ig . o pposite). I t i s s een t hat t he e rectors s ucceeded i n f inding a n a pproximate p osition w ith f oresights f or b oth t he l ower a nd u pper l imb w hen t he d eclination w as (E + i ) = 29 °. 04 . P erhaps t hey e rected a n a rtificial f oresight a t A chkeepster w here t he 0 .S. s hows a s ite o f 3 s tones. T hese a re s till t here b ut t hey a re a f ew f eet b elow t he h orizon w hich i s b ehind , a s s een f rom t he s ector . T he a zimuth f rom t he t op o f t he D irlot s ector t o t hese s tones i s 5 2 °. 3 a nd t he a ltitude 0° . 2 . T hese v alues g ive a d eclination o f 1 9 °. 18 a lmost e xactly ( e i + s +A) t he d eclination o f t he u pper l imb o f t he M oon a t t he m inor s tandstill . I n T hom , 1 971a , i t i s s hown t hat t he r adius o f t he b ase o f t he s ector ( 394 f t) i s c lose t o t he t heoretical r adius ( 398 f t) f or a f oresight a t 3 .52 m iles d istant f rom t he b acksight . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .3 .

( 2) A . B url , T hree h undred y ards ( 275m ) S SW o f D irlot t wo s mall c airns, 2 0 f t a nd 1 5 f t ( 6 .1, 4 .6m ) i n d iameter s tand o n t he c rest o f as mall k noll . F rom t hem t he r emains o f a bout 2 0 s tone r ows r adiate d own t he g radual s lope , e ach o f t he s tones s et r adially a cross i ts r ow , a f eature a lready n oticed i n t he ' horseshoes ' o f A chavanich ( N1/2) a nd B roubster ( N1/16). T he a ssociation o f c airns w ith m ultiple r ows i s u sual i n n orthern S cotland . T he s etting h as b een m uch d isturbed . T he s outhern s ector i s b est p reserved w ith r ows o f u p t o t en s tones, o ne l ine b eing 1 00 f t ( 30m ) l ong . B ibliography R GAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 1 65 ; G unn , 1 915 , 3 52-4 ; F eachem , 1 977, 7 3; F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 6 2, n o . 1 0 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 93-5 .

2 99

C AMSTER , C aithness.

N D 2 60 4 38

( 1) A . & . A .S . T hom . N 1/14 .

L atitude 5 8 °. 38

S ome 1 40 y ards s outh f rom t he s maller o f t he w ell k nown G rey C airns o f C amster t here i s a s mall b urial c airn a nd 1 20 y ards s outh o f t hese s tones a re t he r emains o f w hat o bviously h as b een a s ector . D ryden s hows 3 3 s tones b ut a fter e xtensive p rodding w e h ad f ound o nly 1 4 d efinite a nd 9 s uspected s tones. T he s ite i s i n av alley w hich n arrows a s i t r ises t o t he s outh . A s ar esult t he M oon i n i ts e xtreme s outh p osition a t am a jor s tandstill w ould s how f or a s hort t ime o nly , a s i t c rossed t he g ap a t t he t op o f t he v alley . H ere o n t he h orizon o n t he w est s ide o f t he v alley j ust o ver a m ile d istant i s ab oulder o n t he s kyline . T his g ives t he l unar d eclination f rom a p osition j ust n orth o f t he r ows. I t i s s een t hat t he r adius o f t he s ector i s a bout 5 44 f t , b ut o bviously t he r ows m ay h ave e xtended f urther t o t he n orth . C areful e xcavation i s n ecessary t o f ind j ust h ow f ar t he r ows e xtended a nd h ow w ide t hey w ere . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .5 . I f t his w as u sed a s a n e xtrapolating s ector a nd i f o ur i nterpretation o f t he g eometry i s c orrect t hen t he d istance f rom t he b acksight t o t he f oresight m ust h ave b een r elatively s hort . S ee : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 9 .6 . • d e f in i te s t one o s uspec ted s t one

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S tone r ow s a t C ams te r , N 1 / 14 , ND 2 60438 ( 5 8 ° 5 2 ' .6 , 3 ° 1 5 ' .9 ) .

( 2) A . B url , S ome s ix r ows , s et i n a f anlike p attern , d istance o f a bout 5 45ft ( 166m ).

a re a ligned N -S

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B ibliography A nderson , 1 868, 5 03-4 ; P SAS 9 , 1 871-2, 5 30 ; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 5 61; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 2, n o. 9 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 86-7 .

3 00

C AMSTER , L OWER , C aithness. ( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom .

N D 2 60 4 59

N 1/18.

L atitude 5 8 °. 40

W e g ive a n a ccurate s urvey o f t hese 3 s tones b ut d o n ot a ttempt t o g ive a ny i nterpretation . T he d istances a re 3 2.0 m y, 2 7.0 m y a nd 2 7.0 m y w hich a re a ll w hole n umbers o f m egalithic y ards. i ce 3

7 3 . 5 ' 7 2 .7 '

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( 2) A . B url , N o i nformation .

H ALSARY , C aithness .

N D 1 77 4 96

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/19

L atitude 5 8 °. 43

T wo s tones s ome q uarter o f am ile a part. A zimuth 1 1 °. 3 . ( 2) A . B url , N o i nformation . S tones a re j ust e ast o f t he A 895.

3 01

C NOC N A M ARANAITH , C aithness.

N D 1 32 3 32

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/20

L atitude 5 8 °. 28

N ear t he c hambered c airn a t a bout 5 85 f t 0 .D . t here i s a9f t s lab m enhir o rientated o n af lat n otch a nd t his s hows w here t he u pper l imb o f t he S un s ets a t m idsummer . F or f urther d etails s ee : T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 71.

6 0 '

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3 1 f ee t x1 2i n ches

M idsummer S etting S un f rom t he M enhir n ear C noc N a M aranaith

( 2) A . B url , O n t he s ummit o f a c onspicuous h ill i s ar ound c airn , n ow i n a r uinous s tate b ut o riginally p robably c hambered . I t i s a bout 6 0 f t a cross a nd s ome 7 f t h igh ( 18 x 2 .1m ). I t h as b een d ug i nto . T wenty f eet ( 6m ) t o t he e ast i s ar ectangular s tanding s tone , i ts t op p ointed . I t i s 8 f t 4 ( 2 .5m ) h igh a nd ' playing-card ' i n s ection , m easuring 3 f t 4b y 1 1 i nches ( 1 x0 .3m ). B ibliography R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 7 6 ; H enshall, 1 963 , 2 69 .

3 02

T HE D OGS, B ORGUE , C aithness.

N D 1 26 2 67

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/21

L atitude 5 8 °. 22

T he D ogs a re t wo l arge b oulders p erhaps 4 o r 5f t d iameter o n t he m oor n ear B orgue . N ear t hese i s am agnificent m enhir p erhaps 1 3 f t h igh x 6 f t w ide x 2 2 i nches t hick . T he s ides a re f lat a nd p lane a nd s o o ne c an s ay t hat t he s lab i s o rientated a bout 2 1 °,w hich g ives a l unar d eclination a nd s o t he p rofile o f t he h orizon w as m easured f rom 2 3° t o 2 6 °. T his s eems u nsatisfactorily f lat b ut i t c ould h ave c arried a n a rtificial f oresight. S uch a n i mpressive b acksight m ust h ave u sed s ome m ore d efinite h orizon m ark t han s hown a nd t he a rea s hould b e g one o ver m uch m ore c arefully t han w e h ad t ime t o d o . S ee: T hom & T hom , 1 978a , p ara . 1 3.3.

( 2) A . B url, H alf a m ile t o t he e ast o f t his f ine s tanding s tone i s t he r ound C ams t er c hambered t omb o f A llt n a B uidhe. T he o vergrown b roch o f B orgue i s aq uarter o f am ile t o t he N NW . B ibliography G unn, 1 915, 3 42, H enshall, 1 963 , 2 57.

3 03

F or N 1/24, D irlot T hree R ows, s ee p . 3 06.

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S tone r ows a t L earable H ill, S utherland.

3 04

L EARABLE H ILL , S utherland .

N C 8 92 2 34

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 2/1.

L atitude 5 8 °. 18

T he s tones s hown l ie o n t he h igh g round t o t he w est o f S uisgil L odge . T here a re m ore s tones f urther w est a nd t he w hole s ite w ill d oubtless b e r esurveyed . T he m enhir i s n ot s hown i n i ts t rue p osition . T he a zimuth o f i ts f aces i s 3 58 ° . T hat p art o f t he s ite w e s how s lopes g ently d own t owards t he e ast b ut t he h orizon a cross t he v alley i s s o c lean c ut t hat t his w ould n ot p revent t he r ows b eing u sed . T he d eclinations a t t hree c alendar d ates a re c learly s hown , n amely t he e quinox b y d eclination 0° . 3, M ayday b y d eclination + 16 ° . 6, a nd t he s eventh e poch b y + 9 °. 5. T here i s a lso a c ircle l ower d own s ome d istance t o t he n orth w hich d oes n ot s eem t o b e w idely k nown . S ee : T hom , 1 967a , 1 58.

( 2) A . B url , N ine m iles W NW o f H elmsdale t he c onfused r ows o f L earable H ill l ead u phill, E -W , f rom t he R iver H elmsdale . A p lan o f t he s tones m ade b y S ir H enry D ryden w as p resented t o t he N ational M useum o f S cotland ( PSAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44). T here a re s everal o vergrown r ound c airns o n t he h illslopes h ere. T he r ows t hemselves a re c omposed o f l ow s tones a nd a re d ifficult t o m ake o ut i n t he b lowing g rass. T he p lan s hows r oughly o ne-third o f t he c omplex . A t t he h ill s ummit , a bout 1 15 f t ( 35m) s outh o f t he r ows i s a s tanding s tone 5 f t 3 h igh a nd 3 f t b road ( 1.6 x l m). I t h as b een ' christianised ' b y h aving a c ross i ncised o n i ts s ide . T he s ite i s a lso k nown a s ' Battle M oss' f rom t he b elief t hat P icts a nd S cots o nce w arred h ere . T o t he n orth-east o f t he r ows, 3 60 f t ( 110m) f rom t he s tanding s tone, a re t wo b adly-damaged s tone c ircles, L earable H ill N orth a nd S outh , ( NC 8 95 2 41 , N C 8 93 2 35), o ne w ith a s econdary i nternal c airn , t he o ther w ith a c upmarked s tone ( RCAHM-S, S utherland , 1 911b , 1 30-2, n os. 3 74 , 3 75 ; B url, 1 976, 1 57, 3 64). T hey w ere e rected i n S trath U llie , o ne o f t he i nfrequent p asses b etween t he e ast a nd w est c oasts o f n orthern S cotland . B ibliography P SAS 7 , 1 866-8, 2 93; R CAHM-S, S utherland, 1 911b , n o. 8 1; G unn , 1 915, 3 53; F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 26, n o. 1 8; C lose-Brooks, 1 986, 1 60 , n o . 8 8; M yatt, 1 988, 3 01.

3 05

D IRLOT , T HREE R OWS, C aithness.

N D 1 29 4 89

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 1/24 ( formerly p art o f N 1/17).

L atitude 5 8 °. 42

T here i s am ost p eculiar s ite n ear D irlot j ust t o t he e ast o f t he g raveyard . T he t hree r ows o f s labs h ere s eem t o h ave b een v ery c arefully e rected i n p erfectly s traight l ines - s o c arefully t hat w e w ere a ble t o d etermine t he a zimuth o f e ach t o am inute o r t wo. W e d o n ot t hink t hat t hese c an h ave b een s lab f ences b ut w e h ave n o s uggestion f or t heir u se . T he s tones a re l ow a nd b adly w eathered a nd i t i s s aid l ocally t hat s lab f ences f all d own r ather t han w eather d own. S ee : T hom , 1 971a , 9 7.

C • 6, 9 0

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R ows o f s labs a t D irlot ( 2) A . B url, A bout a q uarter n orth o f t he r uined f ortlet o f D irlot o n t he b anks o f t he R iver T hurso i s t he a bandoned c hurchyard o f D irlot . ' There s eems t o b e n o r eason t o s uppose t hat t he z igzag r ow o f s tones o n e dge t o t he E . o f t he g raveyard i s a nything b ut t he r emains o f ar elatively m odern s tone f ence . F ences m ade o f c ontiguous s labs o f t he l ocal f lagstone s urvive c ommonly i n t his a rea '. P rofessor R .J .C . A tkinson , i n : R uggles & W hittle , 1 981, 2 06. I n t he a bsence o f l ocal r ecords n othing c an b e a dded a bout t his s trange s ite .

3 06

S HIN R IVER , S utherland .

N C 5 82 0 49

( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 2/3.

L atitude 5 8 °. 01

T he l ine j oining t he t wo c ircles h ere s hows a d eclination o f a bout 2 7° i n o ne d irection a nd a bout 23 ° i n t he o ther a nd s o i s a lmost c ertainly s olstitial . N2/3 k =2 7

5H1 N

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NC 58204 -9 \

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( 2) A . B url, A bout a m ile s outh o f L airg c hurch t his p air o f r uined c ircles s tands o n al ow k noll b etween t wo s treams. T he s outh-east r ing i s s ome 2 0 f t 6 ( 6.3m) i n d iameter . 1 20 f t ( 36.5m) t o i ts n orth-west i s i ts p artner, a r ather b etter-preserved r ing a lthough i t l acks a t l east o ne s tone i n t he s outh q uadrant. I ts d iameter i s a bout 1 3 f t 6 ( 4.1m ). L ike t he n umerous p aired c ircles o f s outh-western E ngland a nd t he L ake D istrict t he c hronological a nd c ultural r elationships b etween t he t wo r ings r emain u nclear . B ibliography R CAHM-S, S utherland , 1 911b , 1 59-60, n o. 4 62; B url, 1 976, 3 65.

307

Az is tu±k 1 Q7 a

I

1 98 .

1 99 9

, 1 As imutA 207 °

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N C 940 i c i 51 3 . 06 f7

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V it t .

C LACH M HIC M HIOS, G len L oth , S utherland . ( 1) A . & . A .S. T hom . N 2/4.

N C 9 40 1 51 L atitude 5 8 °. 11

R efer t o T hom & T hom , 1 981b , S 71-S73. A bout 1 1 f t h igh b y 5f t w ide b y 1f t t hick , t his s ingle m enhir i s o rientated s ome 8° t o t he r ight o f t he f oresights s hown. A s t he f unction o f t he b acksight i s t o m ark a p osition , n ot a d irection , t here i s n o c hance o f i ts p oor o rientation m isleading a nyone b ecause t here a re n o p ossible f oresights i mmediately t o t he r ight o f B , F ig . 1 . T he M oon i s s hown s etting a t i ts m ajor s tandstill w ith d eclination ( + i ). T he m easured d eclination o f t he T ype I I n otch Ai , A2 ( see : T hom & T hom , 1 980b ) i s 28 ° . 79 w hich w ould i mply t hat t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic w as 2 3 °. 90 . I f t he e rectors w ere u sing n otch B , m easured d eclination 28 ° . 56, t he n ominal d eclination w ould b e (E + i - • - s ) w hich g ives a n e xpected d eclination o f 28 °6 0. T he 0°0 5 d iscrepancy f rom t he m easured v alue i s a lmost w ithin t he s catter o f r esiduals f ound p reviously ( Thom &T hom , 1 980b , S 81), a nd s o i t m ay b e t hat t he e rectors i ntended p oint Bt o b e u sed . T he e rectors c ould n ot a djust t he r elative p ositions o f t he t wo n otches b ut h ad t o t ake t hem a s t hey f ound t hem o n t he h orizon . S ufficient r oom e xists a t t he s ite t o e nable t he e rectors t o r ecord o n t he g round t he p osition m idway b etween t he p oint f ound a t t he e quinox a nd t hat f ound a t t he s olstice , n amely t he b acksight f or (G + i ) w ith n o T he t wo p oints o n t he p rofile Ai a nd A2 b oth g ive t he s ame d eclination . W e a ssume t he g raze a ngle t o b e 0 °0 08 a nd t he m ean p arallax t o b e 0°9 5. U sing t he d eclination t hat i s f ound t o b e 28 ° . 79, t aking t he s emi-diameter 0° . 26 a nd t he i nclination o f t he M oon 's o rbit 5° . 15 f ind t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic t o b e 2 3 °. 9. T reating t he p oint B t he s ame w ay a nd u sin, f . t he s ame c onstants w e f ind t hat t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic i s 2 3 . 84 . T he d iscrepancy i s a bout 3 a rc m inutes a nd t he o bliquity i s 2 3 °. 86. ( 2) A . B url, T his f ine p illar i s 7m iles N NE o f I t s tands a gainst a c luster o f s mall r esult o f p rehistoric f ield c learance . a nd i s ' playing-card ' i n s hape , i ts ( 1.5 x 0 .4m).

B rora a t t he h ead o f G len L oth . c airns w hich a re p robably t he T he s tone i s 1 1 f t ( 3.4m) h igh s ides m easuring 5 f t b y 1 f t 3

B ibliography R CAHM-S, S utherland , 1 911b , n o. 4 74 ; F eachem , 1 977, 8 7 ' Glen L oth '.

3 09

\N A 2 7

T o K ame o f C o r r igan \5 . 1 m i le s

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l f t

o i ien ta ted o n M id H i l l

1 973 a nd 1 974

S po t l e ve ls a r e f e e t a bove O rdnance D a tum .

S urvey o f t h e c a irns a nd r i ng a t B roga r .

2 28 '

3 0 '

2 27 '

8 0 '

7 0 '

6 0 '

5 0 '

Moon s e t t ing o n t he c l if f s a t H e l l ia a t t he m ino r s t ands t i l l .

1 34 °

1 35 '

3 0 '

3 0 '

Moon r i s ing o n M id H i l l , 3 74 m i le s d i s tan t , a t t h e m inor s t ands t i l l .

3 10

C OMET S TONE , B rogar , O rkneys.

H Y 2 94 1 33

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . 0 1/1

L atitude 5 9 °. 00

A part f rom t he s tones i n t he m ain r ing t here i s o nly o ne u pright s tone , n amely t he C omet S tone . T he d irections t o t he f oresights a re c learly s hown b y m ounds o f e arth , s ometimes t wo a nd s ometimes f our . T his i s o ne o f t he f ew p laces w here m ounds a re u sed i nstead o f s tones. I n F ig . 1w e g ive a p lan o f t he w hole s ite . I t w ill b e s een h ow t he f oresight o n M idhill ( Fig . 2 ) i s i ndicated b y t he a lignment M L L2J o n t he r idge , b y t he l ine o f t he 2 l arge m ounds A & B , b y t he f lat f aces o f t he C omet S tone a nd b y t he p eculiar r aised t rack w hich s eems t o p ass t hrough t he m ound a t t he C omet S tone . A n a ccurate s urvey o f t his r idge i s s hown i n F ig. 3 . A n e xamination o f F igs. 3 a nd 1 s hows t hat a w arner , s tationed t o a nticipate t he r ising M oon o n M id H ill, m ust s tand s ome d istance t o t he l eft o f t he o bservers a t t he C omet S tone , b ut t his g ives a p osition i n t he l och . A s t his w as i mpossible , m ound A w as b uilt, t o r aise t he w arner , g iving t he n ecessary e ffect. T he w arner w ould h ave b een t old t o o ccupy m ound A a nd l ook o ver m ound B t o s ee t he c oming M oon . T he d irection t o t he i mportant f oresight o n t he c liffs a t H ellia ( Fig . 4 ) i s s hown b y t he m ounds J , K , a nd t he d irection t o K ame o f C orrigal ( Fig . 5 ) i s s hown b y K L2 B a nd b y G , F , E , D . T he d irection t o R avie H ill ( Fig . 6 ) i s s hown b y CBa nd H FT . T he b est i ndicated f oresight i s t hat a t M id H ill. T he p osition o f a m an t o g ive w arning t hat t he M oon w as a bout t o a ppear o n M id H ill i s a lso s hown b y t he l arge m ound M f or t he o bserver a t g round l evel a t M . T he p osition o f am an t o g ive w arning o f t he M oonrise a t K ame o f C orrigal w as o n t op o f t he l argest m ound, S alt K nowe . T he r eason f or t he p ositioning o f S alt K nowe i s t hat i t h ad t o b e t o t he l eft o f t he o bserver 's s ight l ine b ut n ot t oo f ar t o t he l eft , a s t he g round f alls i n t his d irection . T he d ifficulty w as o vercome b y b uilding S alt K nowe . A c opy o f as urvey m ade i n 1 849 b y F .W .L . T homas i s s hown i n T hom &T hom , 1 978a , F ig . 1 0 .6. T here a re t wo s mall s tones o n t he m ound a t t he C omet S tone a nd t hese i ndicate a f lat p ortion o f t he h orizon w here t he S un r ose a t t he s ummer s olstice . S ee : T hom & T hom , 1 975b , 1 06; i bid , 1 978a , p ara 1 0 .3, T able 1 0.1.

F or :

( 2) A . B url , s ee o ver .

3 11

C OMET S TONE , O rkneys. C ontinued . ( 2) A . B url J ust n orth o f t he n arrow N ess o f B rodgar b etween t he l ochs o f H array a nd S tenness t hree s tones s tand o n a l ow o val p latform . T he s ite i s n early a m ile n orth-west o f t he S tenness c ircle-henge a nd a bout 4 00 f t ( 120m) E SE o f t he R ing o f B rodgar c ircle-henge . I n i ts i mmediate v icinity a re a d ozen o r m ore r ound c airns. B ronze A ge c ists, c inerary u rns a nd c remated b ones h ave b een r ecovered f rom t hem . T he p latform o n w hich t he t hree s tones s tand m easures a bout 4 5 f t b y 4 2 f t ( 13.7 x 1 2.8m). T he C omet S tone , o f l ocal s andstone , i s 5 f t 9 ( 1.8m) h igh , a nd ' playing-card ' i n s hape , i ts s ides b eing 2 f t 6b y 1 1 i ns ( 76 x 2 8cm). T he s tone h as a m ajor N W-SE a xis. T o i ts N W i s a b roken s tump w ith i ts b road f ace a t r ight-angles t o t he C omet S tone . T o t he s tump 's s outh-west i s a nother b roken s tone a lso a t r ight-angles t o t he C omet S tone . H ad t here b een a f ourth s tone a t t he s outh-west c orner t he s tructure w ould h ave r esembled a n a berrant F our-Poster s tone c ircle , l ess t han h alf t he s ize o f t he n ational a verage . T he n ame o f t he s ite i s o f 1 8th c entury d erivation . R eferring t o t he c ircle-henges o f S tenness a nd B rodgar J ohn T oland ( 1814 , 1 24) w rote t hat t hey w ere ' Two T emples, w here t he n atives b elieve b y T radition , t hat t he S un a nd M oon w ere w orshipt : w hich b elief o f t heirs i s v ery r ight, s ince t he l esser T emple [ Stenness] i s s emi-circular '. T oland s eems t o h ave p araphrased M artin M artin ( 1716, 3 65), ' Several o f t he I nhabitants h ave a T radition , t hat t he S un w as w orshipped i n t he l arger , a nd t he M oon i n t he l esser C ircle '. W ilson ( 1863, I , 1 54-5) s coffed a t ' these m odern a nd s purious d esignations' a nd h e w as c orrect. I n t he 1 7th c entury t here w as n o m ention o f s un o r m oon . ' They a re c alled b y t he p eople , t he a ncient T emples o f t he G ods' ( Aubrey , 1 665-93, I , 2 19). I t i s e asy, n evertheless, t o u nderstand h ow a s mall o void s etting b etween t he t wo e normous c ircle-henges o f t he ' Sun ' a nd t he ' Moon ' c ould b ecome t he ' Comet'. I f t he C omet S tone a nd i ts t wo p artners a re t he r emains o f a m utilated F our-Poster t hen i t w as t he m ost n orthern o f a ll ( Burl, 1 988a , 1 42-3). I t w as a lso v ery s mall a nd v ery a nomalous i n f orm , p erhaps n ot s urprising w hen s o f ar a way f rom t he o thers o n t he m ainland o f S cotland . T he F our-Posters i n s outh-west I reland a lso h ave m any a rchitectural d ifferences f rom t he ' classic ' s ites o f c entral S cotland . I t i s p ossible , h owever , t hat t he C omet S tone s etting , i nstead o f b eing a v ariant o f a F our-Poster , w as a t ype o f O rcadian ' Cove ' a kin t o t hat i nside t he S tenness c ircle-henge , a n u nroofed t hree-sided s tructure w hose d esign w as d erived f rom t he a rchitecture o f t he c hambers i nside N eolithic m egalithic t ombs ( Burl , 1 988c). G iven i ts p roximity t o t he R ing o f B rodgar , a nd w ith m any b urial c airns a round i t, a f unerary f unction w ould n ot b e u nlikely f or t his s trange s ite . B ibliography R CAHM-S, O rkney I I, 1 946, 3 04 , n o . 8 77; R itchie , G . & A . T he A ncient M onuments o f O rkney . E dinburgh , 1 978, 5 1; M arwick , E . T he F olklore o f O rkney & S hetland . L ondon, 1 975, 6 0 ; B url, 1 988a , 1 2, 2 5, 1 42-3, 2 10 .

3 12

. 14 .5

BROGAR COMET S TONE

S s 15 .5 x 1 55 \ \

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x

1 6 .0 x 1 59

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m

x P o in ts e s t i ma ted t o b e a t f oo t o f s l igh t ly r a ised a rea

1 4 .7

0 E s t ima ted c en t re o f r a ised a rea \

M idsumme r r i s ing s un

C o me t s t one

Two s t ones a bou t 1 f t h i gh 2• 0

R a ised a rea , 1t o 2 f t a bove g round

x1 6

x 1 5

\ N

x1 2 x\ 1 2

S po t l e ve ls a re f e e t a bove O rdance D a tu m

A z =1 34 ' • 5

T he C ome t S tone a nd r a i sed r i dge .

S tone w all, n early l evelled.

3° F t

8

0

T he C omet S tone, R ing o f B rodgar, O rkney. B url, 3 13

1 988a ,

1 42.

A z imu th 2 4

Obse rved a l t i tude

7 0 '

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C ompo s i te p rof i le o f Kame o f C o r r iga l l .

A z imu th 3 36

3 37

3 38

Moon s e t t ing n ear R av ie H i l l w i th d ec l ina t ion ( €-i ) . Mea suremen t s made a t c en tre o f r i ng a nd a t H h ave b een r educed t o C ome t S tone .

T runra tr T r ,nad c d .,

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P ar t o ft he s urvey made i n 1 849 b y F . W . L . T homa s , t aken f r om h i s A ccoun t o f s o me o f t h e C e l t ic a n t iqu i t ie s o f O rkney , A rcheo log ia , o r M i sce l laneous t r ac ts r e la t ing t o A n t iqu i ty , x xx iv ( 1 851) , 8 8136 .

3 14

F or 0 1/2, S tenness, s ee p . 3 16. S TANEYHILL , O rkneys.

H Y 3 20 1 56

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . 0 1/3

L atitude 5 9 °. 03

W ithin s ight o f B rogar t here i s a f lat s lab o n S taneyhill w hich p erhaps s hows t he s olstitial s unset o n t he h ills t o t he S W , b ut o n o ur v isits t o S taneyhill t he t ops w ere s hrouded .

( 2) A . B url T he s tone i s o n r ising g round n ear t he r oad f rom G rimeston t o B imbister. I t i s s ix m iles n orth-east o f S tromness. T he p illar i s 8f t ( 2.4m ) h igh a nd t apers f rom a t hick b ase t o a p ointed t op . I t i s ' playing-card ' i n s hape, i ts s ides m easuring 3 f t 9 b y 1f t 1( 1.1 x 0 .3m ). B ibliography R CAUM-S, O rkneys I I, 1 946, 2 3, n o. 3 9, F eachem , 1 977, 8 2.

C LYSTRAN H ALL ( Hall o f C lestran), O rkneys ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . 0 1/4.

H Y 2 93 0 75 L atitude 5 8 °. 95

T he f armer m oved t he s tone h ere f rom t he m iddle o f t he f ield . H e s aid i t w as t hreatening t o f all o n h is c attle . I t i s l ying a gainst t he w all t o t he s outh o f t he f ield . I t p ossibly g ave a c alendar d ate l ooking a cross t he l och t o t he p oint o f l and n ear S tromness.

( 2) A . B url S tanding n ear t he s eafarers v oyaging u p I t i s 7f t 9h igh N -S a xis i t l eans t o b ase .

c oast t his s tone m ay h ave a cted a s ag uide f or t he C lestrain S ound . b ut o nly 2 0 i ns w ide ( 2.4 x 0 .5m ). W ith a m ajor t he e ast. P acking-stones c an b e s een a round i ts

B ibliography R CAHM-S, O rkneys I I, 1 946, 1 76, n o . 4 87.

3 15

3 0T 1 0 '

2 0 '

3 0 '

4 0 '

Moon s e t t ing a t m inor s t ands t i l l o n c a irn a s s e en f r om S tenne s s C irc le w i th d ec l ina t ion ( E— i+ A ) .

3 16

S TENNESS R ING , O rkneys ( 1) A . & A .S

H Y 3 06 1 25

T hom . 0 1/2

L atitude 5 8 °9 9

T he c ircle h ere i s w ithin s ight o f t he m ain B rogar r ing . S ince i t w as i mpossible , o wing t o t he h igh l evel o f t he f oreground , t o e stablish a f oresight t o b e v iewed f rom t he B rogar r ing t o t he N orth W est f or t he M oon s etting a t t he m inor s tandstill, t he e rectors u sed t he S tenness r ing c entre a s a b acksight f rom w hich t o o bserve t his p henomenon , a s ad istant h orizon f oresight t hey e rected a m ound n ear t he R ing o f B ookan ( see F ig . A ). T he R ing o f B ookan i s n ot v isible f rom B rogar . B etween t he t wo c ircles t here a re o ther l arge s tones o r s ites o f s tones w hose f unction h as n ot b een s tudied . T he r ing o f S tenness w as o mitted f rom T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , a nd w e i nclude i ts p lan h ere . ( 2) A . B url . T he r emains o f t he c ircle-henge o f S tenness s tands a t t he s outhe ast e nd o f t he N ess o f B rodgar . T he b etter-preserved c ircle-henge o f t he R ing o f B rodgar i s v isible am ile t o t he n orth-west . B ecause o f d amage c aused b y v andalism S tenness w as e xcavated i n 1 973-4. T he h enge h as a s ingle e ntrance a t t he n orth . T he o uter b ank h as b een p loughed a way b ut t he d itch w ithin i t w as f ound t o b e 1 5 f t 3 w ide b y 9f t d eep ( 4 x2 .4m ), 4f t 6 ( 1.2m) o f i t b eing q uarried i nto t he s olid b edrock . I t h as b een e stimated t hat t he e ffort d emanded a t l east 5 0,000 m an-hours o f l abour . W ithin t he d itch a s tone c ircle w as c onstructed , 1 03 f t ( 31.4m) i n d iameter. T he i ntention , a pparently, w as t o p ut u p t welve t all p illars o f l ocal s andstone f rom a s ource a m ile o r s o d istant b ut t he s tone a t t he s outh-east w as n ever e rected ( Ritchie, 1 976, 1 0). W ith a g ently f alling s kyline b eyond i t ( Lockyer , 1 909, 1 23-32), t he s tonehole 's a zimuth o f 1 40 ° p roduces a d eclination o f 23 ° . 3, v ery c lose t o t hat o f t he m idwinter s unrise . A t t he c entre o f t he r ing t here w as a h earthlike s tructure o f f our l ow s labs a nd b y i t w as a ' Cove ' o f t hree u pright s tones a rranged l ike t he c hamber o f a n O rcadian s talled c airn ( Burl, 1 988c , 1 6). C -14 a ssays o f 2 238170 b c a nd 2 356265 b c s uggest t hat S tenness w as b uilt a round 3 020 B C i n t he L ate N eolithic p eriod . T he d iscovery o f ag rooved w are p ot i n t he d itch t erminal a greed w ith t his. T he s urviving s tones a t S tenness f orm a n a pparent c rescent, a n i llusion t hat l ed 1 8th c entury i nvestigators t o t erm t he r ing t he T emple o f t he M oon , t he c ircle a t B rodgar b eing t he T emple o f t he S un . A s quarish s lab , O din 's S tone , w ith a p erforation t hrough i t , s tood a t t he n orth-east o f t he r ing b ut w as d estroyed i n t he 1 9th c entury. O ther t all p illars, t he W atch S tone , 1 8 f t 6 ( 5.6m) h igh a nd t he B arns t one s tand n earby . T he r emains o f aL ate N eolithic s ettlement h ave b een l ocated c lose t o S tenness a t H Y 3 06 1 24 ( D &E , 1 986, 2 1, 1 987, 3 5). B ibliography R itchie , G . P SAS 1 07, 1 975-6, 1 -60.

3 17

A z i muth 2 2

2 3

2 4°

2 0 '

GREY H EAD 2 . 17 m i les

F ig.

1 .

M oon

r ising a t m ajor s tandstill w ith d eclination s een f rom S etter S tone, E day ( e = 2 3°53 ').

3 18

( e+1)

a s

S TONE O F S ElfER , E day , O rkneys.

H Y 5 64 3 71

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . 0 2/1.

L atitude 5 9 °2 2

T his s tone i s a bout 1 6 f t h igh a nd i n p lan 6 f t x2 1 i ns. I t i s o rientated a bout 2 83 ° , a nd t his w ith a h orizon a ltitude o f 2° . 1 s hows ad eclination o f a bout 7° , w hich i s c lose t o t he S un 's d eclination o ne M egalithic m onth a fter t he v ernal e quinox ( Thom & T hom , 1 982, 7 6). M uch m ore i mportant , h owever , i s t he v iew t o t he n orth , b ecause h ere a ppears t he p rominent v ertical c liff a t G rey H ead o n t he C alf o f E day ( Fig . 1 ). T he c liff i s a bout 4 0 f t h igh a nd f orms t he w est s ide o f a p romontory p ointing n orth . J udging b y t he c ontours o n t he 1 :10 ,000 0 .S. m ap , t he h ighest g round s hown i n F ig . 1 i s a t t he t ip o f t he p romontory . A ccording t o P . Y oung i n h is b ook S lopes ( London , 1 972), a c liff w ith t his e xposure i s l iable t o a n e rosion r ate o f a t l east l mm ( 0 .04 i ns) p er y ear a nd p erhaps m uch m ore . I n 3 ,500 y ears t here m ust h ave b een m any m etres e roded o ff b oth t he v isible c liff a nd t hat b ehind , t hus l owering t he p eak . S ince l m i s, i n F ig . 1 , a bout o ne a rc m inute , w e s ee t hat n o a ccurate e stimate o f d eclination i s p ossible b ut t he v alue c annot h ave b een f ar f rom ( E . +i ), w here a nd i a re r espectively t he o bliquity o f t he e cliptic a nd t he i nclination o f t he M oon 's o rbit . G round s pace i n t he v icinity i s a vailable f or f ree m ovement o f t he o bservers a nd t he e vidence i s s trong t hat t he s tone i s l unar . O ther u nconvincing s tones a re n earby . S ee: T hom , A .S. & F oord , T .R . ' The i sland o f E day , t he S etter S tone ', J HA 8 , 1 977, 1 98-199.

( 2) A . B url A bout 2 00 y ards ( 180m ) n orth o f M ill L och t his m assive s tone i s d eeply f urrowed b y w eathering a nd p resents a ' formidably a ncient a ppearance ' ( Ritchie , A ., 1 985, 1 53). I t i s s ome 1 5 f t h igh , 7f t w ide b ut o nly 1 f t 2t hick ( 4 .6 x 2 .1 x T he s ite i s a d ominating o ne w hich o verlooks s everal c hambered t ombs ( Henshall , 1 963, 1 97-8). ' Its c areful l ocation m akes c lear t he i ntention o f t hose w ho s et i t u p t hat i t s hould b ecome a f ocal p oint i n t he i sland l andscape a s v iewed f rom t he n orth a nd p erhaps e ven f rom t he s ea , w hence i t h as c ertainly t aken o n t he s tatus o f a f amiliar l andmark ' ( Ritchie , A ., 1 985). B ibliography R CAHM-S, O rkneys I I, 1 946, n o . 1 985, 1 53, 1 72, n o . 8 6.

2 12;

3 19

F eachem ,

1 977,

8 3 ;

R itchie ,

A .,

M USEITER S TONE , E day, O rkneys.

H Y 5 56 3 29

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . 0 2/2

L atitude 5 9 °. 18

B y t he B urn o f M usetter , t his s tone i s a bout 8 f t h igh a nd , a ccording t o l ocal i nformation , h as r ecently b een r e-erected . 2 k m a way t he t op o f F orseness H ill a t a zimuth 2 70 ° . 6 a nd a ltitude o f 1° . 0 g ives a d eclination o f 0° . 8, t he v alue o f M egalithic M an 's e quinox . N o d efinite m ark w as, h owever , s een o n t he f lat h illtop . T he c liff a t S tanger H ead o n W estray g ives a d eclination o f a bout 2 8 °. 1 a nd i t w ould b e s een t hat t he d eficiency f rom ( E + i ) i s t oo g reat t o b e e xplained b y e rosion o f t he c liff w hich i s 6m iles a way. S ee : T hom , A .S. & F oord , T .R . ' The i sland o f E day, t he S etter S tone ', J HA 8 , 1 977, 1 98-199.

( 2) A . B url T his s tone s tands a t t he h ighest p oint o f al ow r idge 2 m iles N NW o f t he B ay o f B ackaland p ier . I t i s n ear t he h ead o f t he a djacent b urn . I t i s 8f t 6h igh b ut o nly 5 i ns t hick ( 2.6 x 0 .3m). O f O rcadian f lagstone i t n arrows t o a p ointed t op . I t i s r eputed t o h ave b een t hrown d own a round 1 920 b ut r e-erected n ot l ong a fterwards. B ibliography R CAHM-S, O rkneys I I, 1 946, 5 4, n o. 2 13 ; F eachem , 1 977, 8 3.

3 20

D ALCHIRLA , M uthill , P erthshire .

N N 8 24 1 59

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . P 1/1. T his a lignment m inor s tandstill .

L atitude 5 6 °. 32

s hows t he d eclination o f t he M oon r ising a t t he

S t: i t S ' ‘vo

Outher 32 _72

0

27 5

1 0

1111111 H

+2 _8 f 0

OALCH 1 I R LA M UTH ILL ( 2) A . B url T he t wo s tones 5 m iles s outh-east o f C omrie a re m arked o n t he 0 .S. m ap a s a s tone c ircle b ut t here i s n o e vidence t hat t hey e ver f ormed p art o f a m egalithic r ing . T hey a re m uch m ore l ikely t o b e a t ypical P erthshire p aired s etting o f w hich t here a re m any e xamples i n t he c ounty ( Stewart , 1 966). 8f t ( 2 .4m ) a part t hey s tand o n aW SW-ENE a xis, t he w estern b eing 7 f t 6 h igh b y 4 f t 3b y 2 f t t hick (2 .3 x 1 .3 x 0 .6m ). B oth h ave b een s moothed b efore e rection . S uch s tones h ave b een i nterpreted a s a nthropomorphic , t he t aller , o r , a lternatively t he m ore p ointed , u sually a t t he w est , b eing t he m ale , t he l ower o r f lat-topped t he f emale . Al ow s tone b etween t hem h as p robably b een p loughed u p a nd d umped o ut o f t he w ay . 1 00 f t ( 30m) t o t he n orth i s at all p illar . B ibliography C oles, 1 911, 7 2 ; S tewart,1966, 1 43, n o .10 .

3 21

D OUNE , P erthshire .

N N 7 55 0 04

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . P 1/2.

L atitude 5 6 °. 18

A t hree s tone a lignment s howing a bout 3 3° N d eclination i n o ne d irection a nd 3 1° S i n t he o ther b ut t he a zimuth c omes f rom t he s tones o nly a nd s o c annot b e a ccurate . P erhaps t he l ine i s l unar t o t he h ill i n t he S W , ( 3 =30 ° . 4).

0

1 0

1 0

1 1 1 1 E 1 _ 1 1 1 1

1 3 °,s

1

B R OK E N

O FF ‚ ‘'

5 6 ' 4

1 95°

1 r

5

o% 4 3 0 %3

D U N a L A NE_

-3 1 5

P 1/2 T he s tanding s tones a t D oune, D unblane, P erthshire. ( 2) A . B url

H alfway b etween D oune a nd D aImore a nd a t hird o f am ile s outh o f G lenhead F arm t hese s tones s tand o n ah ill s ummit a t 3 60 f t ( 110m ) 0 .D . T he r ow i s o n an orth-facing s lope . T hree s tones s tand . A f ourth , p rostrate , 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) l ong , l ies a gainst t he N E p illar . T he r ow h as a N NE-SSW a xis. T he n orthernmost s tone i s 3 f t 6 h igh , t he c entre 4 f t , a nd t he S SW , c haracteristically t he t allest, 6 f t 6( 1.1 , 1 .2 , 2 m ). T he l ine i s a bout 2 7 f t ( 8.3m ) l ong . T he c entral s tone h as 2 3 c upmarks o n i ts t op a nd 4 m ore o n i ts w estern s ide . B ibliography A llen , 1 882, 8 7-8.

3 22

C OMRIE , P erthshire . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

N N 7 55 2 25 P 1/8.

L atitude 5 6 °. 38

T wo s mall s tones a bout 1 8 f t a part, a zimuth 2 96 ° . 8, h orizon = 5°. 35 . T his m ight b e l unar t o t he w est w here t here i s a l ittle p eak , b ut i t i s n ot a c onvincing s ite . T he s tones d o n ot l ie a long t he l ine .

( 2) A . B url S ometimes k nown a s T ullybannocher t he s ite h as v ariously b een i nterpreted a s t he r emnants o f as tone c ircle a nd , m ore p ersuasively , a s aP erthshire m egalithic p air . I t i s p ossible t hat b oth b eliefs a re m istaken . T he T hor n s v ery t entatively s uggested t hat w ith a n a zimuth o f 2 96 °. 8 a nd a h orizon a ltitude o f 5° . 3 t he d eclination w ould b e + 18 ° . 2 , t he n orth-western d irection o f t he p air p ointing t o t he m inor s etting o f t he n orthern m oon ( Thom , 1 967a , 1 00 , T able 8 .1). A s c an b e s een a bove , w ithout t he e xistence o f a d istant f oresight t hey d id n ot c onsider t he e vidence t o b e s trongly p ersuasive . M argaret S tewart l isted t he s ite a mongst h er P aired S tones b ut n oted t hat t he l ocation w as u ntypically s hut i n . S he n oted t hat b oth s tones w ere r oughly o f t he s ame h eight , 4 f t 3 ( 1.3m ), a t rait t hat w as n ot u sual a mongst t he P erthshire p airs. T he s tones w ere 1 9 f t 6 ( 5 .9m) a part , a nd o n t he e ast f ace o f t he S E s tone t here w ere 4 c upmarks. I t i s r eported , h owever , t hat o riginally t here w ere f our s tones h ere . B y 1 893 t he n umber h ad b een r educed t o t hree , a nd b y 1 910 o nly t wo r emained , t he t hird h aving b een r emoved b ecause i t w as a h indrance t o p loughing . T hree p ieces o f e vidence o ffer a p lausible e xplanation f or t he s ite . G iving t he e xistence o f f our s tones h ere a s l ate a s t he 1 9th c entury, t he c upmarks o n t he p redictable e astern s tone , a nd t he s pacing o f t he s urviving s tones i t i s q uite f easible t hat t he t wo s tones a re t he s urvivors o f a F our-Poster s tone c ircle ( Burl , 1 988a , 1 93) o f w hich t here a re m any i n t his p art o f c entral S cotland . B ibliography C oles, 1 93 .

1 911,

5 0-1;

S tewart,1966,

1 44 ,

3 23

n o .

2 6 ;

B url ,

1 988a ,

3 4,

3 6 ,

3 2 °

3 1°

3 0 °

6U

T o C reag n a C r iche" '' 3 0 °55 ' , h =3 2 ' s =29 ° 18 '

4U

C ron m e . C r iche 7 -3 m i les 2U -

4

0

0 0

0

2 68 °+1 0 .8 8 .4 -0 01

8 8 -0 ° 1 +0 .5 =

w '

2 96 '

0

c 2

2 97 °

c r o

0 u

2 98 °

2 99 '

3 00 '

340 '

3 "20 '

C O

3 "00 '

2 °40 '

1 0

0

II

1 0 t

2 0 f

F owlis W ester s tone c ircles, P erthshire.

3 24

3 0 I

4 0 1

5 0f e e t

F OWLIS W ESTER W EST , P erthshire . ( 1) A . & A .S. T hom .

N N 9 24 2 50

P 1/10 .

L atitude 5 6 °. 41

T he s ite i s d escribed i n T hom & T hom , 1 978a , p ara . 1 3 .6. T he f all o f C reag n a C riche a s s een p ast t he m enhir M f rom E , t he c entre o f t he r ing , a zimuth 3 0 °. 92, a ltitude 0° . 53, y ields a l unar d eclination o f a bout 2 9 °. 29 w hich i s c lose t o ( E + i+ s ). T here i s a lso a s hallow n otch i n w hich t he M oon s et a t t he m inor s tandstill a s s een f rom s tones A a nd B p ast L . T he l ine o f t he t wo r ings W a nd E s eems t o i ndicate t he e quinox i n b oth d irections. A t e quinoxes w e e xpect a d eclination o f a bout + 0 °. 5. ( Thom , 1 967a , c hapter 9 ). B ehind a w all a bout a m ile a way t o t he n orth-west t here i s am ound o n t he g round w hich m ust b e c lose t o t he h orizon , b ut w e d o n ot k now t he b acksight f or t his.

( 2) A . B url T he t wo r ings o n t he m oors n ear C rieff a re r elated t o t he k erbc airns o f A rgyll . T here i s as imilar s ite a t M onzie t hree m iles t o t he W SW . S uch s ites a re s mall, h ave c ontiguous k erbstones r ising i n h eight t owards t he S W q uadrant, a nd t here a re o ften c upmarks a nd s catters o f q uartz i n t hem . S igns o f b urning o ccur i n t he i nteriors o f t he s tones, a nd t here i s u sually a c entral c remation d eposit . O utlying s tones c ustomarily a re a ssociated w ith s uch m onuments a nd o ften s tand i n a stronomically s ignificant p ositions, f requently t owards a s unset ( Burl, 1 976, 1 98). A t F owlis W ester t he b uilders s et u p t wo c ircles, t he e astern e nclosing j ust s uch a k erb-cairn . A t t he w estern r ing s hallow p its w ere f irst d ug a nd w hite p ebbles w ere p laced i n t hem . S tones w ere e rected i n t hese i nadequate h oles a nd v ery s oon f ell d own . T he e xcavators ' p lan s howed t he r ing t o b e c ircular , 2 4 f t ( 7.3m ) i n d iameter . E ast o f t he s tone c ircle w as t he s tonehole o f a n e normous p rostrate o utlier . B eyond i t i s t he s econd s tone c ircle , t he e astern , 1 9 f t 4 ( 5.9m ) a cross, a nd e nclosing a n o val s etting o f k erbstones r esting o n q uartz c hippings. O n t he S SW k erbstone o f t his k erb-cairn a re t hree c upmarks h idden b elow g round . 3 1 f t ( 9.5m ) t o t he N NE i s a s econd o utlier , 6 f t ( 1.8m) h igh s tanding e dge-on t o t he r ing . I t i s i n l ine w ith t he c upmarked k erbstone a cross t he c ircle . A nalysis s uggests t hat i t w as e rected t o b e i n l ine w ith t he m ajor r ising o f t he n orthern m oon . B ibliography C oles, F ., 1 911, 8 9-93, n o. 3 3 , P SAS 7 7, 1 96-8, R uggles & W hittle, 1 981, 2 06=77- -

3 25

1 943,

1 74-84,

B url,

1 976,

F OWLIS W ESTER ( LOWER ), P erthshire . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

N N 9 20 2 40

P 1/11.

L atitude 5 6 °. 40

H ere w e f ind t wo l arge s tones 8 f t a nd 5 f t h igh , w ell b elow P1/10 . T he s tones a t P 1/10 w ere p ossibly o n t he h orizon f rom t his s ite .

( 2) A . B url C alled F owlis W ester S E b y S tewart ( 1966, n o . 1 6) a nd C rofthead b y C oles ( 1911, n o . 3 2) t his p air o f s tones s tands n ear a s tream b y C rofthead F arm o n F owlis W ester m oor . T hey a re a bout h alf a m ile S SW o f t he F owlis W ester s tone c ircles ( P1/10). 3 50 f t ( 107m ) t o t heir n orth-west ( NN 9 20 2 41) i s a nother p air , b oth f allen ( Stewart , 1 966, n o . 1 5). T he n orthern s tone i s c upmarked . B oth t he C rofthead s tones s tand o n p ronounced m ounds. T he s tone n earer t he s tream i s 5 f t 3 ( 1.6m ) h igh . I ts p artner , 1 1 f t 6 ( 3 .5m ) a way i s 7f t ( 2.1m ) i n h eight . T he s tones s tand o n aW SW-ENE a xis. B ibliography C oles, 1 911 , 8 7-9, n o . 3 2, S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 6.

_

_ ,

4 1

1 : ›J . .

-

. .e ,‘

1/ " 1 4

-.4

. 7. «

--

/

t i 7 4-

•\

i4 91

i

—

—4 . •-

n i

-

*‘

PZ P •

, ‘ ,„ , . _ _ _ _ . , _ , _ __ . . . . . . . c . . .

" .j_ • _

_ _ _a_ D __ .

.

-

C rofthead , F owlis W ester L ower. F rom t he e ast. P SAS 4 5 , 1 909-10 , 8 9 . F or a nother s ketch , s ee p age 1 04 .

3 26

G ELLYBANKS, P erthshire .

N O 0 82 3 13

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/12.

L atitude 5 6 °. 47

T wo s tones t oo c lose t o g ive a r eliable a zimuth .

h

0: 7

+ 1518

0

4 F T

ta i l]

GELLYBANKS 5 6 °2 . 1 :5 3°

P1/1 2

( 2) A . B url O n a n e ast-facing s lope o verlooking t he O rdie B urn t he t wo t hick a nd h eavy s tones a re l ess t han a f oot 0 .3m ) a part . T he E NE i s 3f t 2 i n h eight a nd i ts p artner i s s lightly t aller , 3f t 9h igh ( 1, 1 .1m ). B ibliography C oles, 1 911 , 1 07, n o . 4 1; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44, n o . 1 7.

-

-— • •

,

3

t

? ' '

1« 7 [ 1 4 1

_

-

) ? '

4 1 4 1,

•

F rom t he s outh-east.

3 27

P SAS 4 5 , 1 909-10 , 1 09.

MO

VI E,

P erthshire .

N N 8 82 2 42

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . P 1/13 .

L atitude 5 6 °. 40

Ar ing w ith t wo o utliers. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 41. F rom t he c up a nd r ing m arked s tone t o t he s outh w est t he w ould h ave s et o ver t he o utlier t o t he n orth w est a t m id s ummer .

S un

P I»3

vt i er 05'

ft ,

5

a hovt i oo

e d ft

M CD h4 . 7_1f-

1 -G •zö ,

3 ' A ".

git t e -2 .

I ri- T r rt-r — FT

L

-

-: 1 1°

( 2) A . B url M onzie , p ronounced M 'nee , i s ak erb-cairn . I ts t en l ow , g ranite b oulders, n one m ore t han 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) h igh , d emarcate a c ircle 1 6 f t 5 ( 5m ) a cross. O riginally t here m ay h ave 1 5 s uch k erbstones s et c ontiguously . J ust t o t he s outh-west i s al arge , f allen s tone o f l ocal m etamorphosed g rit , i ts u pper s urface l avishly c arved w ith c upmarks a nd c up-and-ring m arks. I t w as o nce c onnected t o t he k erb-cairn b y a r oughly c obbled c auseway 1 5 f t ( 4 .8m ) l ong. T he f allen s tone p resumably o nce s tood a t i ts e nd . 3 00 y ards 2 74m ) t o t he n orth-west i s a s econd o utlier 4 f t 9 ( 1.5m ) h igh . I n 1 938 t he s ite w as e xcavated . Af ire , p ossibly a p yre , o f h azel h ad b lazed i n t he i nterior a nd n ear t he c entre o f t he r ing w as a t iny c ist i n w hich t here w ere t he c remated b ones o f a n a dult a nd a c hild . F ragments o f w hite q uartz h ad b een s cattered a long t he i nner f aces o f t he k erbs. B ibliography C oles, 1 911, 8 2 ; P SAS 7 3, 1 938-9, 6 2-70 ; B url , 1 976, 1 96-8.

3 28

T ULLYBEAGLES, P erthshire .

N O 0 10 3 61

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/14 .

L atitude 5 6 °. 51

F rom t he e ast c ircle t o t he w est c ircle t he a zimuth i s 2 66 ° w ith a h orizon a ltitude o f 3°. 7 a nd a d eclination o f + 0 °. 6 . I n t he o ther d irection t he a ltitude i s 0°. 1 a nd t he d eclination + 1 0. 8 . T he f ormer s hows t he e xpected e quinoctial s olar d eclination . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 42. A N

k =o l 6er 1 1

5 4 -e f t bet ween

1 0

0

10

20

30

4 -0

c entres

F T

1

TULLY BEAGLES

5 6. ' 30 1 .4 S 36.3 O

o foic , /

P I /1 4

( 2) A . B url T his p air o f s mall s tone c ircles s tands o n a h igh a nd e xposed h illside 3 ;2- m iles s outh o f D unkeld . T he r ings l ie E -W o f e ach o ther 2 5 f t ( 7.6m ) a part. I n b oth t he s tones a re v ery n ear t ogether , a lmost c ontiguous, a nd i n t his t hey a re c lose t o b ecoming k erb-circles. T he w estern r ing i s b adly d amaged . I t i s a bout 3 2 f t ( 9.8m ) a cross a nd s eems t o b e r oughly g raded t owards t he s outh . I ts p artner i s 2 3 f t ( 7m) i n d iameter a nd a lso a ppears t o h ave i ts t allest s tone i n t he s outh q uadrant . S uch p aired r ings a re q uite c ommon i n c entral S cotland b ut a s e lsewhere i n B ritain i t i s n ot k nown w hether t he c ircles a re c ontemporary w ith e ach o ther o r e ven w hat t heir d ate m ight b e a lthough i t i s l ikely t hat , l ike t he F our-Posters o f P erthshire , t hey a re o f t he B ronze A ge . B ibliography C oles, 1 911, 1 02 .

3 29

F or P 1/15, t he P ulpit S tone, s ee p . 3 32. 2 0 1°

2 02°

-1

2 03°

2 04 °

1

2 05°

I

1

I

-1

9 0 1 --

8 0H

M ea l n am F uaran

B en n a G a in imh

—

/

N

/

feet

/ / /

2 /

67f e et

/

v

0 , L— t -- --

5 r- 2 -i- -

t

1 04et

C lachan a n D ir idh , P1 / 18 .

F rom t he w est. P SAS 4 2,

3 30

1 907-8, 1 09.

C LACHAN A N D IRIDH , P erthshire .

N N 9 25 5 58

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/18.

L atitude 5 6 °. 68

T he n ame o f t he s ite m ay h ave b een C lachan D ireach , ' the s traight s tones'. I n T hom , 1 967a , F ig . 1 2.14, w e g ave a p rofile o f t he s ky l ine c alculated f rom t he 0 .S. m ap a t t he l ine o f s tones b ut w hen w e r eturned t o m easure t he h orizon w e f ound t hat t rees h ad b een p lanted r ound t he s tones a nd s o w e f ailed . N evertheless t here i s l ittle d oubt t hat t his i s a l unar s ite s howing p erhaps (£ + i ± 4 1 1 1) a t t he m ajor s tandstill . C ould o ne s ide o f t he s outhern 6 f t h igh s tone p ossibly h ave i ndicated t he s etting p oint o f t he M oon a t m inor s tandstill? S ee : T hom , 1 967a , 1 58 a nd F ig . 1 2.14 ; T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 6 .24.

W ilson , 1 863 , I , 1 65. ( 2) A . B url K nown a lso a s F onab M oor t he t hree s tones a re t he r emains o f a F our-Poster e rected a t t he e dge o f a s teep t errace a t 1 170 f t ( 357m ) 0 .D . W hen W ilson ( 1863, 1 65-6) s aw t he c ircle i n t he m id-19th c entury h e c ompared t he s etting f avourably w ith S tonehenge . ' Amid t his w ild H ighland l andscape t he h uge s tanding s tones, g rey w ith t he m oss o f a ges, p roduce a s ingularly g rand a nd i mposing e ffect '. E ven i n h is t ime , h owever , t he N NW s tone w as m issing a lthough f ragments o f i ts b ase c an s till b e s een . T he t hree s urvivors, a ll o f l ocal s andstone , a re : N NE , 3 f t 3 ( 1m ); S SE ,5 f t 1 0 ( 1.8m ); a nd S W , 6 f t ( 1.8m) h igh . T hey s tand a t t he c orners o f ar ectangle m easuring 1 4 f t 6 b y 1 3 f t 7 ( 4 .4 x 4 .2m ) b ut w ere p robably s et o ut o n t he c ircumference o f ac ircle 2 0 f t ( 6 .1m ) i n d iameter . T here i s n o r ecord o f a ny e xcavation . B ibliography C oles, 1 908, 1 08-12; B url, 1 988a , 1 54-5.

3 31

N N 9 45 3 86

P ULPIT S TONE , P erthshire .

L atitude 5 6 °. 53

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/15.

T his m ight b e ac losed f igure . W e s how t he d eclinations i n t he t wo d irections. M eikle F indowie ( Thom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 44) i s o n t he h orizon , a zimuth 8 7 °. 5 .

5-r o l vc -5

ON

EA RTH

1 3

AN K5

-

I

G; •9

e 3 016

, C 23 -

i f

.

ME 1KLE F IA IDO W IE

S . 0 1 0 1 0 l e r mnm a to rmad F eet

P ULP IT

STONE

L ITTLE

F IN DOU / I

5 G 3 1 -7 ,3 4 2 .9

( 2) A . B url O n t he n orth s ide o f a t rack a q uarter o f am ile w est o f L ittle F indowie f arm i s as ite k nown u ntil t he e arly 2 0th c entury a s C lachan A oradh , ' the s tones o f w orship '. I t h as b een s uggested t hat t he s tones a re t he d isturbed f oundations o f a s mall c hapel m easuring a bout 3 6 f t b y 2 4 f t ( 11 x 7 .3m ). I n t he s etting i s a s tanding s tone 3 f t 8 ( 1.1m ) h igh . T wo f allen s tones m easure a bout 5 f t ( 1.5m ) i n l ength a nd t here a re s ix o ther m assive b locks. I t i s r umoured t hat t he s upposed c hapel h ad b een b uilt o n t he s ite o f a p rehistoric s tone c ircle , a n i nteresting e xample o f c hristianisation o f ap agan s ite . B ibliography P SAS 4 4, 1 909-10, 1 56-8, n o. 1 8.

3 32

C ROFT M ORAIG , P erthshire .

N N 7 97 4 73

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/19 .

L atitude 5 6 °. 60 .

T here a re t wo c lose o utliers, o ne a t a bout 1 01 ° . 7 , a ltitude 8° . 9 g iving a d eclination o f a bout + 0 0. 9. T he o ther s imilar o utlier a t 1 20 0 . 4 , a ltitude 9°. 8 s hows a d eclination a bout 7 °. 7 . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 48.

Cf - MF TrIC )RINI G

n

NN 42 0

PT

7 41473

01 .

< 9 e oe

rT

e t.

( 2) A . B url T he o utliers a re t wo s tones a rranged l ike a p ortal a t t he E SE o f a c omplex s tone c ircle w hich s tarted a s a 'h orseshoe ' o f u pright p osts. O utside i t w as a n e nclosing d itch w ith a n e astern e ntrance o f s hort t imber r ows. T he s ite w as r eplaced b y as imilar s etting , t his t ime o f s tanding s tones s urrounded b y ar ubble b ank o n w hich a l ong c upmarked s tone l ay a t t he S SW . I ts p osition i s r eminiscent o f t he r ecumbent s tone i n t he c ircles o f A berdeenshire . I n t urn t his s ite h ad a s tone c ircle e rected a round i t . T he r ing o f 1 2 l arge s tones w as a bout 4 0 f t ( 12.2m ) i n d iameter w ith t he t wo p ortal s tones 8 f t ( 2.4m ) a part s et u p 1 8 f t ( 5 .5m ) o utside t he c ircle . T he d iscovery o f p its b y t hem s uggested t hat b urials m ay h ave b een i nterred a longside t heir b ases. T he n ame , o nce C roft M orag , ' Mary 's C roft , h ints t hat t here m ay o nce h ave b een a c hapel d edicated t o t he V irgin M ary n earby . B ibliography C oles, 1 910 , 1 39-47, n o. 1 3 ; P PS 3 7, 1 971, 1 -15 ; B url, 1 976, 2 00-2.

3 33

F or P 1/20, M oncrieffe H ouse, s ee p . 3 36. Cup

r evark in e

• re 5 I

1 0

0

t o

t

3 0 F r

1 E1111111 1

EA ST 56

CUL T P 2 /7

331: 1

3* 30 %

ST ANO IN f a ST ONE . f . 5

EA N G1 CU LT

—

PE RTHSH .

"•

•

-

4 .• : , : >' ' : " : • . • • " : ; •

s e . ,

.46

P SAS 1 5,

3 34

1 880-1, 8 2.

E AST C ULT , D unkeld , P erthshire .

N O 0 72 4 20

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . P 2/7.

L atitude 5 6 °. 56

T he s tone t o t he e ast m ay h ave f allen f rom t he l ine . I f s o t hen t he l ine f rom i t s hows a pproximately m egalithic m an 's e quinox s ince t he a ltitude t o t he w est i s a bout 2° . 8.

( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo s tanding s tones o n t he h illside 11 2 m / iles N NW o f C aputh . A s u sual w ith s uch a P erthshire p air t he w esternmost i s t he t aller , 9 f t ( 2.7m ) h igh . S ome 3 5 f t ( 10 .7m) t o i ts e ast i s i ts p artner , 6f t 1 1 ( 2.1m ) i n h eight . A nother 3 9 f t ( 11 .9m) t o t he e ast i s a l arge , p rostrate s tone , f lat-topped a nd c overed b y n o f ewer t han 1 58 c upmarks, t wo o f t hem w ith r adial g rooves. T he s tone i s n ot e xactly a ligned w ith t he p air o f s tanding s tones b ut i s a bout 6 f t ( 1.8m ) o ff t heir a xis . T he s ite h as s imilarities t o S t . M adoes S tones ( NO 1 97 2 10) 1 5 m iles t o t he S SE . T hree s tones, o ne p rostrate , i n t he g rounds o f P itfour C astle f orm a N NW-SSE l ine , 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) l ong l ine . T hey r ise i n h eight t o t he N NW s tone w hich i s l iberally c upmarked . B ibliography P SAS 1 5, 1 880-1, 8 3-5 ; C oles, 1 2; P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 9 5-8.

1 908, 1 48-52;

S tewart , 1 966 ,

1 42-3 , n o .

•

9 T he c upmarked e ast s tone.

F rom t he w est.

P SAS 4 2 , 1 907-8 , 1 50-1.

3 35

M ONCRIEFFE H OUSE , P erthshire .

N O 1 34 1 94

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 1/20 .

L atitude 5 6 °. 36

T here i s a n o utlying s tone 3 80 1 25 ° . 88. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 50 .

f t

d istant

a t

a n

a zimuth

o f

D iame te r= 1 MY

c ; 1 >

T o s t one 3 80 f e e t , A z 1 25 °53 ' 5 1

11

0

5

( 2) A . B url O nce s tanding t o t he n orth o f t he B ridge o f E arn i n t he g rounds o f M oncrieffe H ouse t he c ircle w as m oved i n 1 974 t o m ake r oom f or t he b uilding o f t he M 90 . I t n ow s tands a t N O 1 36 1 93 n early 1 000 f t ( 300m ) f rom i ts o riginal s ituation . I t h ad b een a m ulti-phase s ite , f irst a s ingle-entrance h enge w ith a n i nternal t imber c ircle . T he s ite w as r eplaced b y a r ing-cairn i nside a s tone c ircle . I n at hird p hase t he r ing-cairn w as d ismantled a nd a l arger o ne c onstructed i n i ts p lace . A t ype o f r ecumbent s tone c ircle w as e rected a round i t , i ts e ight s tones ' beautifully g raded i n h eight '. F inally , t his r itual c entre w as d estroyed b y L ate B ronze A ge m etal-workers w ho t ransformed t he s ite i nto a n i ndustrial f oundry . B ibliography P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 9 2-5, P SAS 1 15, 1 985, 1 25-50 .

3 36

S HIAN B ANK , P erthshire .

N O 1 56 2 72

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 2/8.

L atitude 5 6 °. 43

T he 2 c ircles h ere a re s o a rranged t hat l ooking i n o ne d irection g ives t he s etting m idsummer S un a nd l ooking i n t he o ther d irection g ives 1 1th a nd 1 3th c alendar d ates. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 58.

( 2) A . B url T he t wo s tone c ircles s tand o n as light s lope a q uarter o f am ile s outh o f t he S hian b urn . P aired r ings s uch a s t hese a re n ot u ncommon i n c entral S cotland ( see ; F owlis W ester W est, P 1/10 ; T ullybeagles, P 1/14) a lthough t he S hian B ank r ings a re m ore w idely s eparated t han u nusual . T hey a re 4 3 f t ( 13m) a part. B oth a re a bout 2 7 f t 6( 8.4m ) i n d iameter . B oth w ere d amaged i n W orld W ar I I w hen p illboxes w ere b uilt a longside t hem . B ibliography T rans P roc P erthshire N at H ist S oc 1 1, 1 966, 1 6, 2 1.

3 37

D UNKELD ( New T yle), P erthshire .

N O 0 47 4 10

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 2/12.

L atitude 5 6 °. 55

T his t wo s tone a lignment s howed t he m idsummer s etting S un. T he s outh s tone m ay p ossibly , b y i tself, h ave s hown t he s etting M oon a t m ajor s tandstill .

DUNKELD

0 47 4 10 P 2/ 12

( 2) A . B url T wo v ery l arge s tones s tand o nly 9 f t ( 2.7m ) a part i n a n u nusually c losed-in e nvironment f or a P erthshire p air . T he g round r ises v ery s teeply t o t he e ast. T o t he w est t he s tones o verlook t he v alley o f t he R iver T ay . B oth a re o f l ocal q uartzose s chist a nd a re ' playing-card ' i n s hape. A s u sual i t i s t he w esternmost s tone t hat i s t he t aller , 7f t 2 ( 2.2m) i n h eight. I ts p eak t apers a lmost t o a p oint. C onversely, i ts p artner i s f lat-topped a nd o nly 4 f t 9 ( 1.5m) h igh . T he p airing o f s uch d issimilarly s haped s tones h as l ed t o t he i nterpretation o f t hem a s m ale a nd f emale p ersonifications. B ibliography C oles, 1 908,

1 46-8, S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 1.

3 38

D OWALLY , P erthshire .

N O 0 01 4 80

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . P 2/17.

L atitude 5 6 °. 61

T wo s tones e ach a bout 9 f t h igh , 1 2 f t a part . L ine o f s tones 2 88 ° . 0 , h orizon = 4° . 92, d eclination = 1 3 °. 7. R everse h orizon = 6° . 87, d eclination = 4 °. 1. T hese g ive p erhaps i ntermediate c alendar d ates, b ut w hy w ere s uch l arge s tones u sed f or t his?

( 2) A . B url T hese a re t wo v ery t all b ut s lender p illars o f l ocal q uartziferous s chist a t C lachan M ore o n t he e ast b ank o f t he R iver T ay . S tanding o n aW NW-ESE a xis t he s tones a re a bout 9 f t ( 2.7m) a part w ith t he W NW p illar p redictably b eing t he t aller , 8f t 4 ( 2.6m) h igh . T he e astern s tone i s 7 f t 4 ( 2.2m) h igh . B oth h ave t heir s moother f aces t o t he n orth . B ibliography C oles, 1 908, 1 44-5; S tewart, 1 966, 1 43, n o . 1 1; F eachem , 1 977, 8 4.

F rom t he N NE. P SAS 4 2, 1 907-8 , 3 39

1 44.

G LEN P ROSEN , A ngus.

N O 3 49 6 01

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . P 3/1.

L atitude 5 6 °. 73

T his l ine o f 4 s tones l ies a t a n a zimuth o f 1 97 ° . 95 1 : 00 . 1. N o f oresight w as n oted b ut t he h ill a ltitude i s 1° . 97 w hich g ives a l unar d eclination o f 2 8 °. 92 w hich i s v ery n ear ( E + i - s +41). S ince t he l ine i s o nly 1 7 °. 95 f rom t he m eridian a n e rror i n a zimuth o f 1° w ould p roduce a n e rror o f o nly 00 . 2 i n d eclination a nd s ince t he e rror i n a zimuth i s u nlikely t o b e § reater t han 0° . 2 t he e rror i n d eclination i s p robably n ot m ore t han 0 . 03 o r 0° . 05 . S ee a lso : T hom , 1 971a , p ara . 6 .21. 1 3 if t

3f t

1 97 57 ' h = 158 '

0

1 0

, r mn -m t— •

2 0

1f t

3 0 f e e t

=t — •

( 2) A . B url O n l evel g round j ust w est o f t he B urn o f C orogle f our l arge s tones a re p laced i n al ong s traight S SW-NNE l ine . I t l ies i n ag len b etween h igh h ills . T he s ite i s a lso k nown a s C orogle B urn . T wo b ig s tones a re p rostrate a t t he S SW 6 m ( 1.8m ) a part. B oth a re a bout 8 f t ( 2.4m ) l ong . T o t heir N NE , 6 5 f t ( 20m ) a way , t wo m ore s tones s tand 2 4 f t ( 7.3m) a part . T he o ne a t t he S SW i s 3 f t 4 ( 1m ) h igh a nd i ts p artner t o t he N NW i s 3f t 9( 1 .1m ) t all . T he s tones s tand a t t he N W a nd S W c orners o f aF our-Poster s tone c ircle o f w hich a t hird s tone a t t he s outh-east i s 3f t ( 1m ) h igh . A f ourth s tone a t t he N E c ompletes t he r ectangle b ut i t i s o nly 8 i ns ( 20cm ) a bove g round , c overed w ith h eather , a nd e asily o verlooked . I n t he s etting , w hich m easures a bout 2 4 f t b y 1 3 f t ( 7.3 x 4 m ), t here a re t races o f i ntervening , l ow s labs. A lthough t he s ite i s r ectangular i t w as, l ike m ost F our-Posters , s et o ut a s ac ircle ( Burl , 1 988a , 6 ), i n t his c ase o ne w ith a d iameter o f 2 7 f t ( 8.3m ). T he c ombination o f aF our-Poster a nd a n o utlying ' Perthshire ' p air i s p aralleled a t s everal o ther s ites s uch a s B agbie i n K irkcudbrightshire , a nd F erntower i n P erthshire . T wo m ore s uch s ettings o ccur i n s outh-western I reland . B ibliography C outts, 1 970 , 1 9 , n o . 7 ; B url, 1 988a , 1 08-9. 3 40

G ALABRAES, B athgate , W est L othian . ( 1) A . &A .S. T h .

P 7/2.

N S 9 88 7 01 L atitude 5 5 °. 92

T wo s tones, o ne 5 f t h igh a nd t he o ther a s tump 1 .12- f t h igh ( centres a bout 2 28 f t). A zimuth 8 6 °, 85. T he 5 f t s tone d oes n ot s eem t o b e o rientated o n t he o ther .

( 2) A . B url T he s tanding s tone i s v ery c lose t o t he w est s ide o f t he m inor r oad t hat p asses t hrough a w ood b etween G alabraes t o C airnpapple w hich i s o nly a m ile t o t he n orth . I t s tands o n a r idge a t 8 50 f t ( 259m) 0 .D . T he r ough a nd j agged s tone i s 5f t 3( 1,6m ) h igh . I n 1 902 t he f ragments o f as tone t hat h ad b een b roken i n 1 901 w ere n oticed s ome 3 00 f t ( 90m ) t o t he w est . I t h ad b een 4 f t 6 ( 1.4m ) l ong . I t w as s aid t hat y ears b efore t he b reaking o f t he s econd s tone t here h ad b een d igging a t t he f oot o f t he f irst a nd h uman b ones w ere f ound. T he s tone s tands n ear C linkingstane F arm . B ibliography P SAS 3 7, 1 902-3, 2 05-7.

F or P 3/3 , K nowhead , a nd P 4/1, L undin L inks, s ee p p . 3 42-3 .

3 41

' ' 401 50 30

o '

12 7.

, 0 0— i t -2 •

30 2 0

2 .o ' 3 0/

,

Z of t t == i

•

0

0 Ö

K .' 1 ; 5•

BASS R OC K Moon Ks ir t9 wa g .

,

‘ 3 . 2 92

3 . . 4 _4

v

z • i 4r t

g h

7

Sket ch o f s ite 2 330

2 .35

2340

N c f

1 . 8 m i les

1

r . d" N W •

\

Bj e

5 iL c . V , Tur v lu i l i

ST AN D IM G ST O NES O F LU ND !

S

2 0

o

1 0

0

l i

1

56 1 2 4 .8 , , 2°5 7 3G

O r DI ge

Moon s ett13 % mi t t .

/ V

‚ (

\ t o 4 0475 0 27 10

p 4 —f l

T he n orth s tone. T he s outh s tones.

F rom t he s outh-east. P SAS 3 7,

3 42

1 902-3,

2 14-15.

K NOWHEAD , A ngus. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N O 2 98 5 82 P 3/3.

8 20 f t O .D . u pright ( 61 2 x 3 / ½ f t) f allen f rom A zimuth o f t he s tone S trone H ill 1 93 ° . 5, s tandstill.

L atitude 5 6 °. 71

s tone 61i f t x 4 f t x 13 4 f / t . T here i s a s tone ards t o t he n orth . t he l ine a bout 6 y e dges 1 93 °± 5 °. h orizon = 2° . 6 p robably s hows M oon a t m ajor

( 2) A . B url N o i nformation .

L UNDIN L INKS, F ife . ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

N O 4 04 0 26 P 4/1.

L atitude 5 6 °. 21

T wo 1 4 f t s tones f orm a n a lignment w hich s eems t o p oint t o C ormie H ill a nd t he t umulus h ere s hows, b y u sing t he o ne-inch O .S. m ap , a d eclination o f 1 8 °. 30, i .e . a bout (E- i - s 4 1 1). T he r ising M oon g razed t he s houlder o f t he B ass R ock a t a n a zimuth o f 1 26 ° . 82 a nd a n o bserved a ltitude o f 0° . 13 w hen i ts d eclination w as (E - i ). M odern h ouses i nterfered w ith t he m easurement o f t he p rofile o f t he B ass R ock . T o o vercome t his w e m easured i t f rom t he h igher g round b ehind a nd c alculated t he n ecessary c orrection . T he m easurements s hould b e c hecked . ( 2) A . B url I t h as b een s uggested t hat t hese t hree s pectacular s tones, o f l ocal r ed s andstone , m ay b e a ll t hat r emain o f av ast s tone c ircle . T he S E s tone i s 1 3 f t ( 4m ) h igh , w ith 5 f t ( 1.5m ) w ide s outh a nd w est f aces. 3 0 f t ( 9m) t o t he S W i s a n e ven t aller p illar , 1 5 f t ( 4 .6) h igh a nd l eaning. T he N NW s tone , 1 00 f t ( 31m ) a way, i s t he t allest , a f ull 1 6 f t 8 ( 5.1m) h igh . I t m ust w eigh o ver 1 3 t ons. W ith o nly p rimitive e quipment t he e fforts o f 6 0 o r m ore l abourers w ould h ave b een n eeded t o e rect i t. T he s ite w as d ug i nto i n t he 1 8th c entury w hen c ists a nd p erhaps a r ound j et b utton o f t he B ronze A ge w ere d iscovered . T he s tones m ay j ust p ossibly b e t he r emains o f a n a berrant F ourP oster . W hatever t heir o rigin t heir a ppearance i s s o i mpressive t hat i t f ully j ustifies t he o bservation t hat t he s ite m ust h ave b een a ' focal p oint i n t he c ommunity, f or t he t ransportation a nd e rection m ust h ave i nvolved c onsiderable o rganisation ' ( Walker & R itchie , 1 987, 1 69). B ibliography W ilson , 1 863, I , 1 30 ; B url, 1 988a , 1 26-7.

P SAS

3 7,

1 902-3,

3 43

2 13-15;

F eachem ,

1 977,

7 7;

L UND ( Bordastubble), U nst , S hetland ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom

H P 5 78 0 34

Z 1/1

L atitude 6 0 °. 71

U nst i s t he m ost n ortherly o f t he i slands i n B ritain . N ear L und t here i s am egalith a bout 1 3 f t h igh . T he f lat f ace i s o rientated o n a f lat l ump a t a n a zimuth o f a bout 1 54 ° . 2. T his, w ith t he a ltitude o f 2° . 3, g ives a d eclination o f 24 ° . 2, a lmost e xactly t hat o f t he l ower l imb o f t he m idwinter r ising S un . I n t he o ther d irection , t here i s ap rominent l ump o n t he h orizon . T he u pper l imb o f t he m idsummer s etting S un w ould s how m omentarily i n t he d ip t o t he r ight o f t his l ump . A nother m enhir a t a zimuth 2 18 ° . 5 o n a h illtop a bout 3 / m 4 ile d istant y ields a l unar d eclination . T hus f rom t his s ingle m egalith t here a re 3 i mportant d eclinations, 2 s olar a nd o ne l unar . O ur s urvey h ere i s, h owever , u nsatisfactory a nd m ust b e p roperly d one . S ee a lso : T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 63, 1 2.2; T hom & M erritt , 1 978b , 5 4-60 .

( 2) A . B url M ost o f t he s tanding s tones o n U nst a re s quat b oulders. T here a re t wo e xceptions. T he B ordastubble m enhir a lso k nown a s S uccamires, n ear L und , i s t he m ost m assive o f a ll t he S hetland m onoliths, a h uge b lock o f g neiss 1 2 f t 6 i ns ( 3.8m) h igh a nd u p t o 8f t 1 0 i ns ( 2.7m ) t hick . I t s tands o n l ow-lying, m arshy g round . T he o ther t all s tone i s as lender s chist p illar a t U yea B reck ( HP 6 05 6 06), 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h igh . I t o verlooks S kuda S ound a nd t he i sland o f U yea . I t i s s ometimes k nown a s C livocast. I n ac ommanding p osition i t i s al andmark f or m iles a round . B ibliography P SAS 2 1, 1 886-7, 2 16; R itchie, A ., 1 985. 1 54.

P SAS

4 6,

1 911-12,

1 00-1;

F ojut,

1 981,

5 8;

T he C livocast s tanding s tone. P SAS 2 1, 1 886-7, 2 16 . 3 44

S TANYDALE , S hetland ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

H U 2 85 5 03 Z 3/1

L atitude 6 0 °. 23

D etails o f t his p eculiar S un T emple w ere g iven i n T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 64-5. ' This s ite w as e xcavated b y C .S.T . C alder w ho s tated t hat t he r oof h ad b een c arried o n 2 s pruce c olumns a nd t hat p ine a lso h ad b een u sed . T he m ain w all o f d rys t one i s a bout 41 2 m / y t hick a nd t he 5 s hort c olumns s hown i nside t he W e nd w ere e ach f aced w ith a s hort m arker . W e h ave s uperimposed 2 m egalithic e ggs, t he o uter i s 7 x 1 1 x1 3 m y, t he i nner 7 x 2 4 x 2 5 m y . T he r adius o f t he s mall e nd o f e ach e gg i s 31 /m 2 y s o t he r adii a t t he l arge e nd w ere 51 /a 2 nd 41 2 / m y . T he p erimeters c an b e c alculated t o b e 4 3.01 m y = 1 7.3 m r a nd 3 9.32 m y =1 5.7 m r . Am an s tanding a t S tone A w ould s ee t he f ull o rb o f t he s un a bove t he h orizon o n t he a xis o f t he p assage a s i t r ose j ust b efore t he v ernal e quinox . W hen t he s unrise p osition h ad a n a zimuth g reater t han t he a xis o f t he e gg-shapes t he s un c ould n ot s hine i nto t he b uilding . T he f irst d ay i n S pring w hen a r ay g ot t hrough t he p assage w as w hen t he d eclination o f t he s un w as 8 °. 3 a nd t his i s t he s un 's d eclination o ne m egalithic m onth b efore t he e quinox ( see: T hom , 1 967, T able 9 .1 a nd F ig. 9 .2). S imilarly , t he l ast d ay i n A utumn w hen t he s un s hone i nto t he b uilding w as o ne m onth a fter t he a utumnal e quinox '. S ee a lso : T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 65.

( 2) A . B url T he r uins o f t his s trange a nd i mportant m onument s tand a t 1 50 f t ( 50m) 0 .D . o n a n e ast-facing s lope . N ear i t a re t hree r uined h ouses. A f ourth , i n b etter c ondition , l ies o n t he a pproach f ootpath a cross t he r ough m oorland . F ield-walls a nd c learance c airns a re a ssociated w ith t he c omplex . T he h eel-shape o f S tanydale i s r eminiscent o f t he S hetland c hambered t ombs b ut i ts s ize o f 6 6 x5 4 f t ( 20 x 1 6.5m), i ts e xcellent c onstruction o f u ndressed b locks o f l ocal s andstone , s ome w eighing u p t o 6c wt ( 300kg), a nd t he l ack o f d omestic r ubbish s uggest t hat i t m ay h ave b een a r itual s ite a s i ts e xcavator b elieved . A n e ntrance t hrough t he s outh-east c oncave f acade l ed i nto a n o val c hamber w ith s ix w ell-built r ecesses a t i ts n orth-west. T wo l arge p ostholes o n t he c hamber 's a xis c ontained f ragments o f s pruce , p erhaps A tlantic d riftwood f rom N orth A merica . A s t here w as n o m asonry f rom a c ollapsed r oof i t w as c oncluded t hat t imber h ad b een u sed a nd h ad s ince d ecayed . I t i s p ossible , h owever , t hat t he h oles h ad h eld f ree-standing c arved p osts i nside a s tructure o pen t o t he s ky. C oarse , L ate N eolithic f lat-based w are a nd p ossible s herds o f A OC b eaker ( Clarke , D , 1 970 , I I, 5 21, 1 778F) s uggest t hat t he s ite w as i n u se a round 2 500 B C .

3 45

T he r emains o f s imilarly i mpressive b uildings e xist a t Y oxie a nd t he a d jacent B enie H oose ( HU 5 86 6 52, H U 5 87 6 52) a t P ettigarths F ield o n W halsay i sland 2 0 m iles N E o f S tanydale ( Ritchie , A ., 1 985 , 1 43-4). ' What r ites a nd o bservances w ere p ractised a re u nknown .., b ut a t a ll e vents t hese e arly c ommunities w ould s eem t o h ave d evoted s ome p art o f t heir t ime t o af orm o f w orship i n w hich t he t emples m et t heir s piritual n eeds i n l ife a nd t he m assive t ombs e rected l aboriously , p rovided f or t heir n eeds i n d eath - a nd a t t he s ame t ime b ear w itness t o t heir b elief i n a n a fter-life a nd t o t heir r everence f or t he d ead ' ( Wainwright , F .T ., 1 962, 3 6). B ibliography C alder , C .S .T ., P SAS 8 4, 1 949-50 , 1 85-205; W ainwright , F .T . T he N orthern I sles, L ondon , 1 962, 3 2-6 ; T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 65-6 ; T hom & M erritt, 1 978b , 5 7; F ojut, 1 981, 5 1-2; R itchie , A ., 1 985, 1 45-6 .

S TANYDALE , S HETLAND

T he e gg s hape s a re b ased o n t wo r iang le s

6 0 14 ' , 129 ' HU2850

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7x1 x1 3 my .

A l l d imen s ions m a rked D a r e a bou t

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3 46

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S tanydale, S hetland. •• • •• •• .-- •

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G IANT 'S S TONES, S hetland ( 1) A . &A . S . T hom

H U 2 43 8 05

Z 3/2

L atitude 6 0 °. 51

A s w as s uggested i n T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 67, t he r ow o f s mall s tones t o t he n orth-east o f t he p air o f s tanding s tones k nown a s t he G iant 's S tones m ay h ave a l unar s ignificance. I t h as a n a zimuth o f 2 0 °. 5. ' The l ine o f s mall s tones r unning f or 2 40 f t f rom t he r ing p osition a t a n a zimuth o f 2 0 °. 5 i s p erhaps a l unar l ine , b ut w e d id n ot m easure t he h orizon a ltitude . A p eculiarity o f t he s ite [ the r emains o f a p ossible m egalithic r ing] i s t he m anner i n w hich t he l arge s tones a re p laced a cross t he a rcs', T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 65. 1 0

o 1 0 2 o t

m

e

mo e e t

R ow o f 8s ma l l s t ones 2 40 f e e t l o ng

A rc ABC-107 5 9 MY-43 0 4 MR A rc CDA 52 6 9 MY=21 0 8 MR

F a l len

,

. , 8 ' 5 f e e t

/7, 1 f ee t

( 2). A . B url T he G iant 's S tones a re a p air o f u pright s labs 5 f t 1 0 i ns a nd 7 f t 1 0 i ns ( 1.8 a nd 2 .4m) h igh o n a n E -W a xis. A t hird s tone, r ecorded i n A D 1 774 , h as d isappeared . I t i s p ossible t hat t he s tones a cted a s s ailing-marks f or v essels i n t he b ay b elow . T o t heir n orth-east a re t he i nconspicuous r emains o f ar are S hetland a lignment. ' Several s maller s tanding s tones ( height b etween 3 0 a nd 6 0 c m) [ 1-2 f t] f orm o ne , p robably t hree s tone r ows i n S -N a nd S SW-NNE d irection n orthward o f t he G iant's S tanding S tones n ear H amna V oe . 1 7 s tones a re v isible ' D& E S cotland , 1 985, 3 2-3 . B ibliography F ojut, 1 981, 5 8.

3 48

W ORMADALE H ILL , S hetland ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

H U 4 05 4 65

Z 3/4

L atitude 6 0 °. 20

F rom t his i solated m enhir t he c liff , c alled t he N ev , a t F itful H ead ( NU 3 41 1 47) 2 0 m iles a way i s c learly v isible a t a n a zimuth o f 1 92 °. 02 a nd a n a ltitude o f 0 °. 36 . T his g ives a l unar d eclination b ut i t i s i mpossible t o b e s ure o f i ts v alue b ecause a t t his l ow a ltitude r efraction i s v ery u ncertain a nd t he c liffs m ay h ave e roded . F or m ore i nformation s ee : T hom & T hom , 1 978a , 1 66, 1 2.5.

( 2) A . B url ' Most o f t he u pright s tones i n S hetland o ccur s ingly , w ith a f ew p airs s ometimes s eemingly o f s imilar d ate . T hey a re v ery d ifficult t o d ate , b ut t here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat s ome m ay g o b ack t o t he l ate N eolithic . S tone u prights h ave b een u sed f or m any p urposes o ver t he y ears, e specially i n a n a rea w ith n o l arge t rees, a nd t here i s n o r eason w hy a N eolithic s tanding s tone s hould n ot b e ab oundary m ark , o r a B ronze A ge m onolith a n avigation p oint . W hatever t he m otives b ehind t heir e rection , a ll s tanding s tones f urnish u seful l andmarks i n al andscape o f g enerally u ndistinguished r elief '. F ojut , 1 981 , 2 8

3 49

W ALES S tone r ows a re r are i n W ales a lthough n ot a s u ncommon a s h as s ometimes b een c laimed . I n a c ountry d ivided b y s teep h illsides , m ountain r anges a nd f ast-flowing r ivers i t i s t o b e e xpected t hat q uite d istinct r egional f ashions s hould b e d iscovered , t he s trongest b eing t owards t he w estern s eaboard . W hat W ales l acks i n n umber h owever i t c ompensates f or i n v ariety . E xcept f or m ultiple s ettings e very t ype o f r ow c an b e s een h ere , p airs o f s tanding s tones, t hree-stone a nd 4 -6 s tone r ows - m ost o f t hem w ith i mpressive m onoliths - s ingle r ows a nd a venues. T he m ost c ommon i s t he s ingle p air ( 41%) w ith 4 -6 s tone ( 27%) a nd t hree-stone r ows ( 22%) c lose b ehind t hem . S uch s hort r ows a re m anifestly o f t he I rish S ea t radition . T he f act t hat s imilar m onuments a re n umerous i n s outh-west I reland , s outh-west S cotland a nd i n n orthe ast I reland p oints t o at radition p opular a long t he c oastlands . I t i s r ather o dd , t herefore , t hat G wynedd a nd A nglesey , t he c ounties s eemingly m ost f avourably s ituated t o r eceive s uch i nfluences , h ave f ew o f t hese i mposing r ows. L egends a ttach t o s ome r ows i n W ales. T he p air a t C wm g awr i n D yfed , s ometimes k nown a s C errig m eibion A rthur , a re s aid t o b e t he g raves o f t wo o f A rthur 's s ons. H arold 's S tones i n G went a re r eputed t o m ark t he s ite o f am urderous b attle . T he t hree t all , g oose-pimpled s tones h ere , t he c entral c upmarked , l ean l opsidedly , b ut l ike m ost t hree-stone r ows t hey a ppear t o b e a stronomically a ligned , l ooking s outh-westwards t owards t he m idwinter s unset . A lthough l argely u nstudied a s y et t here a re i ndications t hat o ther W elsh t hree-stone a nd 4 -6 s tone r ows f ollow t he w idespread s olar t radition . A n e quinoctial s unset l ine h as b een s uggested f or S aeth M aen i n P owys. R ather i naccurate a lignments t o t he m idwinter s unset a nd m idsummer s unrise h ave b een t entatively t hought p resent a t C efn G wernffrwd i n D yfed . S ingle l ines o f m any s tones a re s carce i n t he c ountry . N ot s urprisingly , i f t heirs w as a n o rigin e manating f rom t he s outh-west o f E ngland w here s imilar l ines a re a bundant o n D artmoor a nd e lsewhere , t he f ew W elsh e xamples a re i n t he s outh-west, t he b est-known b eing t he n ow-damaged l ine a t P arc y M eirw n ear F ishguard . I n e astern W ales t here a re i ndications o f i nfluences f rom W essex o r f rom C umbria i n t he f orm o f a venues a t t he s tone c ircles o f C errig D uon a nd R hos y B eddau i n P owys. W hat t hree-stone r ows a re t o b e f ound h ere a re o f a berrant t ype w ith o ne e normous e rect b lock l ike t hat o f M aen M awr a t C errig D uon , a nd t wo t iny s tones s et i n l ine w ith i t .

3 50

H arold 's S tones, T relleck, G went. F rom t he s outh-east. A f ine t hree-stone r ow n ear M onmouth. T he s tones a re r eputed t o m ark t he s ite o f a S axon b attle b ut a re, i n f act, p rehistoric a nd a ligned o n t he m idwinter s unset. T he c entral s tone i s c upmarked.

3 51

PE NM AEN -MAW R r4 A

-‹

e c , , A

-

c : 4 7 . › . „r

Q ) . t : n , -i _ _

) 0 C D

3 52

0

P ENMAENMAWR , G wynedd .

S H 7 23 7 46

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . W 2/1 ( C).

L atitude

5 3 °. 25

T he l arge r ing a t P enmaen-mawr i s s hown i n T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 72. A c omplex c ollection o f s tones a bout 3 00 f t t o t he W est o f t he m ain c ircle i s s hown h ere . A lthough n ear , t hese s tones a re n ot i ntervisible w ith t he m ain c ircle . S uperficially t hey c ontain a s mall c ircle o f d iameter 4 m y a nd a n a lignment o f 3u pright s tones b ut b oth o f t hese m ay b e f ortuitous. T he c entre o f S tone A i s 1 08 m y f rom t he c entre o f t he m ain c ircle . T he c entre o f t he s mall c ircle i s t herefore 1 12.3 m y f rom t he s ame c entre . T his i s a lmost e xactly 4 5 m r w hereas t he l ittle c ircle t o t he e ast o f t he m ain c ircle i s a lmost e xactly 1 22.0 m r f rom t he m ain c ircle . W ith a n a zimuth o f 6 0 °. 9 , a n a ltitude o f 0 °. 2 , t he d eclination o f t he l ine f rom t he m ain c ircle t o t he s mall c ircle i s + 16 ° . 3 . I t c ould a lso b e m entioned t hat t he d istances b etween t he 3 s tones i n t he a bove a lignment a re a bout 4 .0 a nd 5 .0 m y . T he a zimuth o f t he 3 s tones i s a bout 1 99 ° . 5 a nd s o t hat m ay b e l unar t o t he s outh . H alf a m ile n earer R ed F arm t han W 2/1 s tands a l arge s tone 6 f t x 7f t x3f t . ( 2) A . B url C ircle 2 78, a s i t i s k nown , a t S H 7 21 7 45, l ies 1 60 y ards ( 146m ) t o t he w est o f t he D ruid 's C ircle o n P enmaenmawr , ' the g reat s tone h eadland '. C ircle 2 78 i s ar ing-cairn. I t w as e xcavated i n J une , 1 959 ( Griffiths, 1 960, 3 18-22). A s ub-circular b ank , m ore p rominent t han t hat a round t he D ruid 's C ircle, s ome 3 5 f t t o 4 0 f t ( 10 .7 - 1 2.2m ) t hick o f l oose s tones b ut o nly 1 f t ( 0 .3m ) h igh , s urrounded a c entral s pace . T his w as l ined w ith c ontiguous s tanding s tones, t hat a t t he s outh-west, n ow f allen , b eing 4f t ( 1.2m ) l ong . K erbs l ined t he e xterior o f t he c airn a t t he N E . A lthough n othing w as d iscovered n ear t he c entre a n u rn w ith a c remation l ay a gainst t he i nner w all a t t he n orth-west. E xactly o pposite i t a t t he s outh-east w as a l ong s tone b y a s catter o f c remated b one . A t t he s tone 's e nd w ere c remated b ones, p robably o f a w oman. I t i s p ossible t hat t he l ine t o t he s outh-east w as o rientated o n t he m ajor s outhern m oonrise . C harcoal f rom t he e xcavation p rovided a ssays o f 1 405 1 55 b c a nd 1 520 1 45 b c , t he a pproximate e quivalents o f 1 780 B C . T he l ittle r ing m entioned b y t he T homs t o t he e ast o f t he D ruid 's C ircle i s a 5 -Stone c ircle , C ircle 2 75 ( SH 7 25 7 47). W ith i ts h eavier s outh-west s tone a nd i ts s catter o f q uartz i t i s a kin t o o thers i n s outh-west I reland ( Burl, 1 976, 2 68). A t R ed F arm , ( SH 7 32 7 50) a re t he r emains o f a m egalithic r ing w hich , l ike t he D ruid 's C ircle , w as p robably o val i n d esign . I n t he a djacent f ield t o t he s outh-west i s a n e normous s tanding s tone . B ibliography R CAHM-W , C aernarvon G rimes, 1 963, 1 16-18.

I ,

1 956,

n os.

3 53

2 76,277,278;

G riffiths,

1 960 ;

M OEL T Y U CHA , G wynedd .

S J 0 57 3 71

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 5/1.

L atitude

5 2 °. 92

T here i s a l arge s tone a t a n a zimuth o f 2 56 ° . 2 w ith a c airn s howing a n a ltitude o f + 0 °. 1, d eclination a bout 8 °. A nother s tone l ies a t a n a zimuth o f 1 7 °. 3, a ltitude o f 0 °. 2. S ee: T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 76. T he c ircle a t T yfos ( W5/2) i s n ot o n t he h orizon b ut t he p articulars a re : a zimuth = 2 98 ° . 63 , a ltitude = 0° . 6 a nd d eclination = + 16 ° . 9. I s t his i ntended f or t he c alendar d ates M ay D ay/Lammas? S6 h . -O °2 4

Outher A 7 4 4« B . t wo f a l l. s tone:

( 2) A . B url N ot q uite a t t he t op o f t he h ill a t a n a ltitude o f 1 375 f t ( 419m ) i s t he a lmost p erfect c airn-circle o f M oel t y U chaf. A bout 3 9 f t ( 11.9m) a cross a nd s lightly f lattened a t t he n orth i t w as p erhaps m eant t o b e s een f rom t he v alley b elow . I t s tands o n ah illock . 4 1 s tones f orm i ts c ircumference , o n a verage a bout 1 f t 6 ( 0.5m) t all. T here i s ap robable e ntrance a t t he S SW . A f inely-preserved c ist c an b e s een a t i ts c entre . 8 0 y ards ( 73m ) t o t he s outh a nd 5 0 f t ( 15m ) l ower d own t he s lope a re t he c leared r emains o f a c airn f rom w hich m uch w hite q uartz w as r ecovered . T yfos ( W5/2) c an b e s een i n t he v alley b ottom o pposite a t ah eight o f 5 50 f t ( 168m). B ibliography R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 8 4, n o . 2 25; B owen & G resham , 6 0 .

3 54

T YFOS, G wynedd .

S J 0 28 3 88

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 5/2.

L atitude

5 2 °. 94

F rom t his c airn c ircle t o M oel t y U cha ( W5/1) i s 1 18 ° . 65, h orizon = 4° . 97 a nd d eclination = 12 ° . 7. S ee: T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980, 3 78-9 .

( 2) A . B url T his s ite , p robably o f t wo d istinct p hases, s tands i n a g ently s loping f ield . I t h as b een i nterpreted a s ad enuded r ing-cairn ( Bowen & G resham , 7 8-9) b ut i t i s p ossible t hat t here w as a f ree-standing s tone c ircle h ere w ith o ver 2 0 s tones e nclosing a n a rea a bout 5 5 f t ( 16.8m) a cross. T o t his a c airn m ay h ave b een a dded m uch a s h appened a t B ryn C ader F aner ( SJ 6 48 3 53). I t i s s till 3 f t ( 1m) h igh . B ibliography B owen & G resham , 7 8-9; D yer , 3 28.

3 55

M EINI-HIRION , G wynedd ( 1)

A . &A .S. T hom

S H 5 83 2 70 W 5/3

L atitude 5 2 °. 83

T he l arge s tone h ere i s a bout 1 2 f t h igh , a nd i ts l ong s ides a re i n t he m eridian . T he s mall s tone l ies i n t he d irection o f an otch a t a n a zimuth o f 3 45 ° . 3, a ltitude 2° . 5.

( 2) A . B url T his s tone i s o ne o f a p air o f p robable t rackway m arkers, p resumably o f t he B ronze A ge , c rossing t he c entral h ighlands o f M erioneth f rom t he w est c oast . T he t aller , M aen H ir , 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m) h igh , s tands o n l evel g round b y t he R iver A fon A rtro. I t i s n ot l ocal b ut w as b rought h ere t o s tand a t a n i mportant l anding p lace f rom t he s ea. I ts s horter p artner i s a bout 6 f t 6i ns ( 2m) t all . T hese s tones a re t hought t o i ndicate t he a scent n orthwards t o t he s lab a t R hiw-goch ( SH 5 95 3 05), p ast t he t apered p illar o f C arreg ( SH 5 99 3 09), a nd t o t he t allest s tone a t S H 6 02 3 13. B eyond t hat p oint t here i s a r ow o f 5 l ow s tones i ndicating t he r oute t owards M oel G oedog h illfort a t S H 6 09 3 23. I n t he c hurchyard a t L lanbedr 3 30 f t ( 100m) t o t he s outh o f t he M eini-Hirion i s as tone s lab w ith a m egalithic s piral c arved o n i t . B ibliography B owen & G resham ,

5 7, 6 4, n o . 5 9 ; D yer , 1 981, 3 50; H oulder , 1 974, 1 01.

3 56

R HOS Y B EDDAU , P owys.

S J 0 58 3 02

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 6/2.

L atitude

5 2 °. 86

R adiating f rom t he c entre o f t he c ircle i s a l ong a lignment a t a zimuth 7 9 °. 1. P arallel t o t his b ut d istant 4 m y i s a nother a lignment a nd t hese a re c rossed b y a t hird , s horter a lignment a s s hown i n T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 83 . W e h ave s o f ar n o e xplanation f or t hese l ines. S ee a lso : T hom , 1 966a , F ig . 1 7.

MY 79e . 1 — 9 _ 0 --

4 2f td ia _

3 2 8i . . --

I—--A1 . --

-I r ""

-

\ , . -- I _-- \ c) _ _ -:-- --- 1 > • . . . .• -f c z

5 2° 5 17 3° 2 A S J 058302

-- f -0 --

1 0 1

0

1 0

2 0 I

3 0 I

4 0 I

5 0

60

1 1 f t

7 0

1

8 0

1

9 0

1

1 00

1

W6 /2

( 2) A . B url T his r emote r ing , m arked a s a ' cairn ' o n t he 0 .S. m ap , s tands a t t he h ead o f a l ong a nd s teep-sided v alley 1 2 m iles s outh-west o f L langollen . M uch o f t he g round a round i t i s b oggy a nd m any o f t he s tones a re d ifficult t o d istinguish . T he n ame m eans ' the m oor o f g raves'. T he s tone c ircle , 4 2 f t ( 12.8m ) a cross, a lthough o f s mall s tones i s i n g ood c ondition . E xtending f rom i t t o t he E NE a re t he r emains o f a n a venue . I t e nds 2 5 f t ( 7.6m ) f rom t he p erimeter o f t he r ing , p ointing t angentially t o t he s outh s ide o f t he c ircle . O n i ts n orthern s ide t here a re 1 5 s tones , 5o f t hem f allen , a nd o n t he s outh t here a re 2 4 s tones, 2 p rostrate . T he a venue i s a bout 1 62 f t ( 49 .4m ) l ong a nd b etween 8 f t t o 1 2 f t ( 2.4 - 3 .6m) w ide . B ibliography A rch C amb , 1 868, 1 76; i bid , 1 891, 1 52; R GAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, n o . 6 31; W heeler , R .E .M . P rehistoric & R oman W ales , O xford , 1 925, 1 04-5; G rimes, 1 963 , 1 20-2, n o . 1 3 .

3 57

F or W 8/1, R hosygelynnen, s ee p . 3 60.

V

5 24 ,0 h . 1 . 3 2 3P I

CIOR5 -FA W R 5 1° 5 E ; . 1 : 4 3 ' A

z

1 1 To

A

A

4 -4 - 59

FT

-3 9 ;2 T o a

4 88 .0 FT

eV .› .4 14 4 -7 -4 -

2 3 f0 6

44 . 14 4 .3 :49

I N . 0 79

a l?*

z ./

•

/

\ DI A • 7 3 .2 . F T

\\ ( 2

4 ,

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—

SN

342

Ft E -T

0

1 0

10

to

30

40

1

3 58

W 9/2

G ORS F AWR , D yfed . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom .

S N 1 34 2 94 W 9/2.

L atitude

5 1 °. 93

T here a re 2 o r m ore o utliers. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 86 . Ai s a t 1 5 °. 1 a zimuth , 3° . 0 h orizon , d eclination = 3 9 °. 2 . 3 70 9 Bi s a t 1 8 °. 9 a zimuth , 2° . 6 a ltitude a nd d eclination = T he l ine A B i tself ( A a nd B a re 5 0 f t a part) h as a n a zimuth o f 5 2 °. 0 , h orizon a ltitude 1° . 3 , a nd d eclination + 23 ° . 1. I n t he r everse d irection ( BA ) t he h orizon a ltitude i s 0° . 9, g iving a d eclination o f 21 ° . 9 , w hich i s t he S un 's d eclination a t e pochs 1 1 a nd 1 3 . S ee : T hom , 1 967a , T able 9 .2 . ,

,

( 2) A . B url G ors F awr , ' the g reat w asteland ', i s o ne o f t he f inest s tone c ircles i n W ales. I t i s av ery w ell-preserved r ing 7 3 f t ( 22 .3m ) i n d iameter o f 1 6 i ce-borne b oulders . M any s imilar s tones l ie o n t he s urrounding c ommon l and . T he p resent h eights o f t he s tones r ange f rom 1 f t t o 3 f t 9 ( 30cm - 1 .1m ) b ut , b ecause p eat h as a ccumulated t o a d epth o f 1 8 i nches ( 46cms) a round t heir b ases, o riginally t hey w ould h ave s tood s omewhat t aller . T he s pacing o f t he s tones v aries f rom 8 f t t o 1 7 f t ( 2.4 - 5 .2m) s o t hat t o c ompare t he c ircle t o a r egular ' g igantic s un-dial ' ( Arch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 19) i s m isleading . G ors F awr i s s lightly g raded i n h eight t owards t he s outh , a n i nterest i n a c ardinal p oint s hared w ith t he t wo D artmoor r ings o f F ernworthy a nd B risworthy 1 00 m iles s outh-east a cross t he B ristol C hannel. C amn M eini i n t he P reseli m ountains, f rom w hich t he S tonehenge b luestones p robably c ame , c an b e s een a f ew m iles t o t he n orth . I t h as p roposed t hat i ts d olerite w as c onsidered t o p ossess m agical p roperties a nd i t w as f or t hat r eason t hat t he s tones w ere t ransported t o S alisbury P lain . I f t hat w ere t rue i t s eems s ignificant t hat n either G ors F awr n or t he n earby M eini-Gwyr w ere b uilt o f s uch s tone d espite t heir p roximity t o C a ir n M eini . 4 40 f t ( 134m ) t o t he n orth-east o f t he r ing i s ap air o f s tanding s tones. T hey a re s ome 4 5 f t ( 13 .7m ) a part o n a N E-SW a xis. T hey a re v ery s imilar i n h eight , t he s outh-western p illar b eing a l ittle t he t aller , 6f t ( 1.8m ) h igh a gainst t he 5 f t 7 ( 1.7m ) o f i ts p artner . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t hey a re t he s urvivors o f a n o riginal a venue l eading t o t he r ing b ut t his i s a lmost c ertainly w rong . A stronomically , D one B ushell ( Arch C amb 1 1) s uggested t hat a s ightline b etween t he s tones f rom t he c ircle w ould h ave s hown w here A rcturus r ose i n 1 420 B C . T he a zimuth i s w rong . B ibliography A rch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 18-20 ; R CAHM-W , 7 31; G rimes, 1 963 , 1 45-6, n o . 3 2 .

3 59

P embrokeshire ,

1 925,

2 43,

n o .

R HOSYGELYNNEN , P owys. ( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 8/1.

S N

9 06 6 30

L atitude

5 2 °. 25.

T his s hort r ow h as o nly t hree s tones r emaining u pright . O ne o f t he f allen s tones i s a bout 1 1 f t l ong . T o t he e ast i t s hows a d eclination o f a bout 5° a nd t o t he w est a bout 3 °. I s t he 5° d eclination l ine p ossibly f or a n i ntermediate c alendar d ate? S ee : T hom , 1 967a , T able 9 .3 . I t i s u nusual t o f ind a c alendar s ite w ith s uch a l arge s tone e specially a s ite f or a n i ntermediate c alendar d ate .

5 f t 2 62 ° h ., 2 °2 8 —3 °4

•I 2 / 1

2 f t

8 2 °h =0 -6 8 =5 °f

1 13

S ca le a s W 1 1/ 1 5 2°1 5 ' 3° 3 6 '

R hosyge lynnen

( 2) A . B url T he 5 -stone r ow o f R hos y G elynen , ' the e nemy's m oor ', s tands n ear t he s ummit o f am ountain o verlooking C aban C och r eservoir t o i ts e ast. I t i s 5m iles s outh-west o f R hayader . O f t he f ive s tones t hree a re s mall, n o m ore t han 2 f t 3 ( 0 .7m ) h igh . T here i s a f allen s lab 4 f t 1 1 ( 1.5m) l ong a nd a m uch b igger p illar , n ow p rostrate , 7 f t 7 ( 2.3m ) l ong. T he r ow o riginally w as a bout 2 5 f t ( 7.6m) l ong w ith a W SW-ENE a xis. B ibliography R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 01, n o . 4 02; H oulder, 1 17 ( SN 9 02 6 29).

3 60

C WM G ARW , D yfed .

S N 1 19 3 10

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom .

W 9/3.

L atitude

5 1 °. 95

T he a zimuth s hown f or t he l ine j oining t hese s tones i s u ncertain b y a bout 4° .

W 9 /3 C WM

t i

F Z

. 5 ")* Si p ' .7 r 44 3

0

1 0 IT F 1 1 _ 1

• •

( 2) A . B url T his p air o f s tanding s tones c an b e s een o n t he s outhern s lopes o f t he P reselis a bout 1 m iles n orth-west o f G ors F awr ( W9/2). T he s tones, 2 5 f t ( 7.6m) a part, a re o n aW SW-ENE a xis. U nusually , i t i s t he e astern s tone t hat i s t aller, 8 f t 6 ( 2.6m) h igh a gainst t he 7f t ( 2.1m ) o f i ts p artner . T he s ite i s a lso k nown a s C arreg M eibion A rthur , ' stones o f t he s ons o f A rthur '. L egend c laims t hat t he p air w as e rected i n m emory o f A rthur 's s ons w ho h ad b een k illed b y aw ild b oar . T he r egion i s r ich i n p rehistoric s ites. A s w ell a s G ors F awr s tone c ircle t here a re t he B edd-yr-afanc a nd P entre-Ifan c hambered t ombs a t S N 1 13 3 46 a nd S N 0 99 3 70 r espectively . T he G roup X III s tone a xe f actory i n t he P reselis c an b e f ound a t S N 1 44 3 25. B ibliography B arber , C ., 1 982 , 9 , G rinsell, 1 976, 2 49.

3 61

F or W 9/6, l eynnon D ruidon, s ee p . 3 64.

2 99 °

5 '

3 00 °

3 0 1°

3 02 °

Moon w i th d ec t . =E

10 '

15 ' 20 ' 25 '_ 71

0

7S ei

a

h o r i on

I1II

T

—

B l ack Moun t

1 00 f ee t

II I

e

f th i gh • 8f t • .„ e b1 f t

A l ignmen t o f m enh i r s a t P ar c -y - Me irw , P emb roke sh i re , W 9 / 7 , SM 9 99359 ( 5 1° 5 9 ' .2 , 4 ° 5 4 ' .9 ) .

3 62

P ARC-Y-MEIRW , D yfed . ( 1) A . 6 ,A .S. T hom .

S M 9 99 3 59 W 9/7.

L atitude

5 1 °. 99

T he a lignment o f f our l arge m enhirs h ere c annot h ave b een u sed t o t he s outh e ast b ecause o f r ising g round .To t he n orth w est w e r ecognised t he l ine a s b eing l unar b efore w e k new a bout t he I rish h ills s howing a bove t he s ea h orizon b ut a bout 9 2 m iles d istant ( see : T hom , 1 966a , 4 5, F ig. 3 3c). W e a re t old t hat t hese h ills c an b e s een f rom h ere b ut w e t ook t he p articulars f rom t he o ld 0 .S. m aps. T he s pacing b etween t he s tones i s 1 09.0ft , 2 4.0 f t a nd 1 7.2 f t . N ote t hat 4 0 m y i s 1 08.8 f t a nd 1 5 m y i s 4 0 .8 f t, t hat i s, c lose t o t he s um o f t he t wo s horter s paces. I n c onnection w ith s ites l ike t his o ver t he s ea h orizon , b ear i n m ind t hat t he s ea l evel i s h igher n ow t han i t w as i n m egalithic t imes. S ee : T hom , 1 966a , F ig . 3 3; T hom , 1 967a , 1 57, 1 59; a nd T hom , 1 971a , F ig . 6 .19, p ara . 6 .26 .

( 2) A . B url T he r ow o f P arc y M eirw , ' the f ield o f t he d ead ', c an b e f ound a t t he s ide o f a l ane a m ile e ast o f L lan L lawer v illage . T he s tones w ere e rected a t t he e dge o f a s teep s lope d own t o t he w est . R ows o f s tanding s tones a re v ery r are i n W ales. T he l ine a t P arc y M eirw a ppears t o b e t he l ongest o f t hem . O riginally t here w ere e ight o r m ore s tones i n a r ow a bout 1 60 f t ( 49m) l ong o n a N W-SE a xis. F our s till s tand i n t he h edgerow , o ne a cting a s a g atepost. T he t allest i s 1 1 f t 6 (3 .5m ) h igh . F our o ther s tones l ie p rostrate i n t he r ow . B ecause t he u pright s tones a re n ow e mbedded i n a h igh e arthen b ank t heir o riginal h eights a re c onsiderably d iminished . A ccording t o t he R oyal C ommission w ho s urveyed t he s ite i n t he 1 920s t he h eights a nd l engths o f t he s tones f rom n orth-west t o s outhe ast a re : 1 2 f t 6 ( 3 .8m) l ong ; 1 2 f t ( 3.7m) t o t he s econd w hich i s 5 f t 2 ( 1.6m ) l ong ; 1 4 f t 9 ( 4 .5m ) t o t he f irst s tanding s tone w hich i s 1 1 f t 6 ( 3.5m) h igh . T here i s t hen a l ong g ap o f s ome 5 3 f t ( 16m) t o a f allen s tone 8 f t 3 ( 2.5m) l ong . 2 0 f t ( 6.1m) f arther t o t he s outhe ast i s a l ow s tone w hich i s j ust v isible i n t he b ank . T hen c ome t he t hree f inal s tones, a ll e rect, 8 f t 6 , 7 f t 6 a nd 9 f t 3 ( 2.6, 2 .3 , 2 .8m) h igh , t he r especive d istances b etween t hem b eing 2 5 f t , 2 0 f t a nd 1 6 f t ( 7.6, 6 .1, 4 .9m). T he r ow a ppears t o h ave b een a ligned t angentially o n a c hambered t omb , C oetan A rthur , ' Arthur 's Q uoit ', h igher u p t he s lope a t S N 0 00 3 60. T he c airn w as d estroyed i n 1 844 f or t he b uilding o f a h ouse i n w hich t he o ccupant n ever h ad a ny g ood f ortune . F olk s tories t ell o f a ' desperate b attle ' b eing f ought n ear t he s tones w hich m ay e xplain t he r eputed g hostly a ppearance o f a l ady i n w hite w ho i s s aid t o h aunt t he s ite . B ibliography R CAHM-W , P embrokeshire, 1 925, 1 73, n o . 1 986, 1 1; G rinsell, 1 976, 2 50 .

3 63

5 07;

H oulder , 1 82;

B arber, C .,

F FYNNON D RUIDION ( Rhos y C legyrn , S t N icholas), D yfed . ( 1) A . &A .S . T hom

W 9/6 ( and W 9/5)

S M 9 13 3 54 L atitude 5 1 °. 98

F rom t his l arge m egalith t o t he 9 f t o utlier a t W 9/5 a t a zimuth 2 16 ° . 0 , h = 0° . 9 , t he d eclination = 28 ° . 6 w hich i s c lose t o _ ( a+ _ s _•) , t he d eclination o f t he M oon a t t he m a jor s tandstill . W 9/5 i s ar uinous c ircle a bout 4 3 f t d iameter 2f t . T here i s h ere a 9 f t o utlier 5 57 f t d istant f rom t he c entre o f t he c ircle a t a zimuth 7 1 °. 4 . T here i s a lso a m ound o n t he h orizon a t 7 1 °f rom t he c entre o f t he c ircle W 9/5, h + 0° . 3, d eclination = + 11 ° , 4. W e d o n ot k now h ow t o s ort o ut t his s ite a nd t hat a t W 9/6 . S ee : S t . N icholas - T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 84 .

( 2) A . B url S ometimes k nown a s R hos C legyrn a m onolith 9 f t 2 i ns ( 2 .8m ) s tands a longside a r ound c airn . I t h ad b een e rected o n a n e arlier N eolithic h abitation s ite . T he a pparent ' circle ' i s, i n f act , t he r emains o f ad emolished r ound k erbed c airn f rom w hich a s mall B ronze A ge h ammer-stone w as r ecovered d uring r ecent e xcavations. I t w as a d elicate p estle-shape a nd w as p erforated . T here h ad b een t wo m a jor p hases o f a ctivity a t t he s ite , o ne o f h abitation , t he o ther o f ar itual n ature . F ollowing t he a bandonment o f s everal f limsy d omestic s tructures, s o s light t hat t hey s uggested o nly s easonal o ccupation , t wo s tanding s tones w ere e rected . A c omplex o f s tone s preads a nd p its g radually d eveloped a round t hem . ' A n umber o f t he p its c ontained m iniature u prights o f s tone o r w ood , s ometimes p aired , a nd s ometimes d eliberately r emoved i n a ntiquity ' ( Williams, 1 988, 9 1). T he c omplex i tself m ay h ave b een o f m ore t han o ne p hase , t he s tone s preads a ppearing t o h ave b een a l ater f eature . T he r itual a rea , w ith a c entral c remation , l ay b etween t wo c ircular m onuments. O ne o f t hem , p erhaps a n e mbanked s tone c ircle , l ay 4 9 f t ( 15m ) t o t he s outh-west o f t he a rea , t he o ther , s maller , 2 30 f t ( 70m ) t o t he n orth-east . S herds o f B ronze A ge c ollared u rn a nd f ood-vessels w ere r ecovered f rom t he p its w hose d eposits i ncluded s tone t ools a nd f ragments o f as late d isc . B ibliography G rimes, 1 963 , 1 50-1; A rch C amb 1 23 , 1 974 , 1 3-42; i bid 1 25 , W illiams, G ., 1 988, 8 9-91.

3 64

1 976, 1 62;

D OLAU M AIN , D yfed .

S N 1 58 3 13 .

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W9 /8.

L atitude

5 1 °. 95

T hese s tones a re b oth 735 f t h igh a nd d o n ot s eem b y t hemselves t o h ave a ny p articular s ignificance .

( 2) A . B url T his p air o f s tones s tands i n a v alley b etween F oel-drych a nd C arnmenyn o n t he l ower s lopes o f t he P reselis. T he s ite i s 2 m iles s outh-west o f C rymmych v illage . T he p illars, e ach a bout 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m) h igh a re a rranged o n aN NES SW a xis s ome 2 3 f t ( 7m a part). T he n ame o f t he s ite m ay m ean s tony m eadow. B ibliography : n o s ource f ound .

3 65

L LANGENDEIRNE , D yfed .

S N 4 57 1 51

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 10/1.

L atitude 5 1 °. 82

T wo s tones s ome 1 00 y ards a part, t hird n ot f ound . A zimuth 2 40 ° . 3 a nd a ltitude a bout 2° , w hich m ay g ive a M ay D ay/Lammas c alendar d ate , a s t he r esulting d eclination i s 16 ° . 4.

( 2) A . B url T hese s tones a re t o b e f ound 4 m iles s outh-east o f C armarthen o n a p lateau a bove t he R iver G wendraethfach . A nother s tanding s tone i s t o b e s een a t S N 4 39 1 38 a m ile w est o f L landendeirne v illage . B ibliography: N o i nformation .

S AETH-MAEN , P owys.

S N 9 49 6 02

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 11/1.

L atitude 5 2 °. 23

W e c ould n ever h ave f ound t his v ery s hort r ow h ad w e n ot b een t aken t o i t b y a n o bliging s hepherd . I t w ill b e s een t hat i t i s p ractically p arallel t o R hosygelyran ( W8/1) f rom w hich i t i s d istant s ome 5 m iles. I t s hows t o t he e ast a d eclination o f a bout + 7° a nd t o t he w est, 1 °. 4 . T his s ite h as s imilarities w ith R hosygelyran. W e c an n ot p retend t o u nderstand e ither .

3 0

imillItt?

1

1 4

( a ) 8 3* h =3?6

• 2 63?5 h :3 .8

5 2 °1 4 ' 3° 3 2 '

S ae th- M oen

( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo l ow s tanding s tones h ere a nd p ossibly f our m ore p rostrate . T hey o ccupy a W SW-ENE l ine , t he t aller s tones b eing a t t he w est. T he r ow i s 2 2 f t ( 6.7m) l ong . T he n ame m eans t he ' arrow s tone '. T he r ow s hould n ot b e c onfused w ith a nother o f t he s ame n ame a t S N 8 33 1 54. T hat , a m ile w est o f t he R iver T awe , c ontains s ix s tones s tanding o n af airly l evel t errace b etween t wo s teep h illsides. B ibliography : H oulder , 1 57.

3 66

YP IGUIN , T recastle , P owys.

S N 8 33 3 10

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . W 11/2.

L atitude 5 1 °. 97

A s urvey o f t his s ite i s g iven i n T hom , T hom & B url3 1 980 „ 3 90 . F rom t he S W c ircle t o a l arge f allen s tone ( azimuth 1 31 . 0 , a ltitude 0° . 9) a d eclination o f 23 °. 5 s hows a pproximately t he u pper l imb o f t he m idwinter r ising S un . O ther d eclinations w ill b e f ound o n t he s urvey p lan .

0

30

o

1 0

1 00

I iiIi 1111 1

h f id

-

NO T IL

Srones

o re

ho le,

o il

;

1 _ 4 . 4

i ts

. 1 .-

S O

3 0

1

3 0

1

4 0

1

1

r r

N

an dior

n ear ly

opposed

d 21;4

D s

.

- 76 .3 rr

4

1 3 1e,e, d,

Lar,e f . I I.

tre . se

I I

1 +

d i 0 ;

1 ' 5tore

4\

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a t l ia

D‘. . .

24 .3

rT

e

43 ,7

2 . 331 3 , I si .V '

t o ,z i •

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ft) / :t5 .

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0

4

[

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( 2) A . B url A p air o f s tone c ircles N E-SW o f e ach o ther s tand o n T recastle M ountain 41i m iles E SE o f L landovery . T he E NE r ing i s t he l arger , s ome 7 6 f t ( 23m ) a cross. A m ound n ear i ts c entre m ay c over a b urial . 9 4 f t ( 29m ) t o t he W SW i s t he s maller c ircle , o nly 2 4 f t ( 7.3m ) i n d iameter . I ts s tones, h owever , a re m uch l arger . 5 4 f t ( 16 .5m ) t o i ts s outh-west i s a n o vergrown a lignment o f f our t iny s tones o n a S W-NE a xis. I t i s a bout 6 0 f t ( 18m) l ong a nd , l ike t he a venue a t R hos y B eddau ( W6/2), p oints t angentially t o t he s outhern s ector o f t he s mall c ircle . T here i s ap rostrate p illar t o t he s outh-east o f t he c ircles. B ibliography A rch C amb , 1 30-1.

1 854 ,

1 25-6;

G rimes,

1 963,

3 67

1 35-6,

n os.

2 5a ,

b ;

H oulder ,

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3 68

R OW N EAR M AEN M AWR , P owys.

S N 8 51 2 06

( 1) A . &A .S. T hom . W 11/3.

L atitude 5 1 °. 87

T his r ow o f l ittle s tones l ies a longside t he e gg-shaped r ing o f M aen M awr. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 92. W ith a zimuth o f 2 1 °. 5, a ltitude o f 4° . 1 a nd d eclination o f 3 8 °. 5, i t d oes n ot s eem t o h ave a ny d irect a stronomical s ignificance . N ote t hat t he l ine f rom t he m ain c entre p ast t he w est s ide o f t he 61 2 f / eet h igh m enhir g ives a d eclination o f 4 2 °. 4 a nd m ay r efer t o V ega .

( 2) A . B url S tanding o n a k noll a bove t he n arrow v alley o f t he R iver T awe , s teep m ountainsides i mmediately t o e ast a nd w est , t he 6 0 f t ( 18m) s tone c ircle h as t wo s ettings o f s tones, o ne a s tanding s tone a nd a p air o f s tones, t he o ther a n a venue, c lose t o i t . T he c ircle i s k nown a s C errig D uon , ' black r ock '. T hirty f t ( 9m) t o i ts N NE i s am assive , t hickset b lock , M aen M awr , ' the b lack s tone ', 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h igh a nd n o l ess t han 4 f t 1 0 b y 3f t ( 1.5 x 1 m) a cross i ts s ides. I t m ust w eigh s ome n ine t ons. T he l onger a xis o f t his m onstrous b lock i s p ointed t owards t he r ing. J ust t o i ts N NE , 1 1 f t ( 3.4m) a way, t here a re t wo l ow s tones 2 f t ( 0.6m) a part w ith t heir l ong a xes t owards M aen M awr . S imilar 3 s tone s ettings w ith o ne h uge a nd t wo s mall s tones, a re t o b e s een a t N ant T arw ( W11/4) a nd N isabost o n H arris ( H2/2, ' Clach M hic L eoid '). F orty-seven f t ( 7.6m) t o t he e ast o f t he s tone c ircle i s t he b eginning o f a n a venue o f l ow s tones w hich a scends t he k noll f rom t he d irection o f t he r iver t o i ts n orth-east . T here a re t wo l ines o f v ery s mall s tones. A t t heir s outh-west e nd t he r ows a re 1 6 f t 6 ( 5m) a part b ut t hey d iverge a nd a t t he n orth-east t he w idth i s 2 1 f t ( 6.4m). T he e astern r ow o f 1 1 s tones i s a bout 8 1 f t ( 24.7m) l ong w hile t he w estern c onsists o f 1 6 s tones i n al ine 1 48 f t ( 45m) i n l ength . A lthough , i f e xtended , t he a venue w ould p ass w ell t o t he e ast o f t he s tone c ircle , m issing i t b y s ome 2 5 f t ( 7.6m), i t t akes t he m ost c onvenient l ine o f a pproach t o t he r ing u p t he g entle s lope . T he a ssociation o f s uch a venues w ith w ater h as b een n oticed e lsewhere ( Burl, 1 76, 2 63), l inking s tone c ircles w ith r ivers o r t he s ea . B ibliography T rans S wansea S ci S oc , 1 907-8, 1 55; G rimes, 1 963, 1 38-9, n o. 2 7; B url, 1 976, 2 60-2; H oulder , 1 56-7.

3 69

U SK W AltR , P owys.

S N

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . W 11/4 .

8 20 2 58

L atitude 5 1 °. 92

F rom c ircle B t o c ircle A i s 1 15 °. 3 a zimuth a nd a ltitude i s 2°. 9 h ence t he d eclination i s 13 ° . 2. T he r everse a zimuth 2 95 ° . 3 h as a n a ltitude o f 0°. 02 a nd g ives a d eclination o f + 15 ° . 9 . F rom B t o t he s tone C i s a n a zimuth o f 2 85 ° , a ltitude 1°. 5 , a nd d eclination + 10 0 . 1 . T he c ircle B i s o n t he h orizon a s s een f rom A . S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 94 . o

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( 2) A . B url T here a re t wo s tone c ircles a t N ant T arw , ' the b ull b rook ', a s tream t hat f lows n orthwards i nto t he U sk R eservoir 112- m iles a way . T he E SE r ing i s 6 8 f t ( 20 .7m ) a cross. 3 00 f t ( 90m ) t o i ts W NW i s t he s econd c ircle , 6 3 f t ( 19.2m ) i n d iameter . 2 8 f t ( 8.5m ) w est o f t he W NW a rc o f t he s econd r ing i s a3 -stone s etting r eminiscent o f t hat a t C errig D uon ( W11/3). A l arge p rostrate s tone , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) l ong , i s t he f irst o f as hort r ow o f o ne t all a nd t wo s mall s tones. B ehind i t o n aW SW-ENE l ine a re t wo d iminutive s labs , t he c entral o ne 1 f t 5 ( 0 .4m ) h igh , t he o ne b ehind o nly 1 1 i ns ( 0 .3m) h igh . T he r ow i s 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m ) l ong . B ibliography G rimes, 1 963 , 1 36-7, n os. 2 6a , b . 3 70

K NELSTON G OWER , G lamorgan .

S S 4 63 9 01

( 1) A . &A .S . T hom . W 12/1.

L atitude 5 1 °. 58

T wo s tones 6 14 .5 f t a part, o ne 5 f t h igh x 2 f t x2f t a nd o ne 8 f t l ong, f allen , a zimuth a bout 8 6° f rom t he w estern s tone , a s i t l ies a t p resent .

( 2) A . B url T hese s tones a re a m ile n orth o f K nelston o n t he G ower p eninsula . A rthur 's S tone , a n e rratic b oulder a nd a b urial c hamber ( SS 4 91 9 05) a re 1 4 m / 3 iles t o t he e ast , a nd P are C wm c hambered l ong c airn ( SS 5 37 8 98) i s 3m iles f arther t o t he e ast . B ibliography : H oulder , 1 60 ( Parc C wm ). S ee O ver .

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T here a re o utliers h ere , p erhaps g iving a lignments. S ee : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 98.

F or a p lan s ee p age 3 71.

( 2) A . B url T he s ite a t G ray H ill m ay o nce h ave b een a r ound c airn w ith a n i nternal c ist. A lthough t he m onument i s i n as adly r uinous s tate t oday t he s ituation i s a s plendid o ne o n a n e ast-facing s lope o verlooking t he p lain t owards t he S evern e stuary. T he s tones s tand o n M ynydd L lwyd , ' Grey H ill '. I f t his h ad b een a s tone c ircle i t w as a v ery s mall o ne o nly 3 2 f t ( 9.8m) a cross. S ome 1 3 s tones r emain , n one m ore t han 2 f t ( 0 .6m) h igh a nd a lmost c ontiguous, m ore a kin t o k erbstones t han t o af ree-standing s tone c ircle . W hen t he s ite w as d escribed i n t he 1 9th c entury t here w ere t wo u pstanding s tones i nside t he s outh-east q uadrant, t he l arger 6 f t 6 h igh a nd w ith s ides 3 f t 7b y 1f t 7( 2 x1 .1 x 0 .5m ). A s maller s tood b y i t. I t i s p ossible t hat t hese w ere t he s urvivors o f al arge c ist o r e ven a m egalithic c hamber . T oday b oth a re f allen a nd h ave b een m oved . O utside t he r ing t here i s a n o utlying s tone 8 f t ( 2.4m ) t o t he s outh-east . I t i s 5 f t 9 ( 1.8m) h igh . T o t he n orth-west , 1 80 f t ( 55m) f rom t he r ing b ut c learly v isible f rom i t i s a nother s tanding s tone w hich n ow l eans t o t he e ast . I t i s 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m ) h igh a nd t apers a lmost t o ap oint . U phill f rom t he r ing t here a re o ther s tones i n t he g orse. I f t here h ad b een a c airn a t G rey H ill t hen t he s tones o f i ts m ound w ere p robably r emoved t o b uild t he f ield b oundary i mmediately t o t he e ast . B ibliography B agnall-Oakeley, M .E . & W . A ccount o f R ude S tone M onuments i n M onmouthshire , 1 889, 1 6-17; C rawford , O .G.S. L ong B arrows o f t he C otswolds, G loucester , 1 925, 1 73 ; D aniel, G . P rehistoric C hamber T ombs o f E ngland a nd W ales, C ambridge , 1 950, 2 12; B arber , C . 1 982, 2 1.

3 72

3 73

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3 74

R OWS

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T he r ows a t M enec, C arnac-Ville, B rittany.

3 75

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3 76

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I ntroduction ' Large s tones i n t he f orm o f P yramids ( some o f t hem 9 f oot h igh a nd 1 4 t hick) s et a lmost i n a d irect l ine, a nd a t e qual d istances, f or a m ile t ogether. T hey s eem d esign'd t o p reserve t he m emory o f s ome A ction o r o ther; b ut t he i njury o f T ime h as p ut i t b eyond a ll p ossibility o f p ointing o ut t he p articular o ccasion'. W illiam C amden. B ritannia,

1 695, 8 08.

T he f ate o f t he i mposing m onuments a t S hap i n W estmorland t hat C amden s o p essimistically d escribed e pitomises t he n eglect a nd d estruction t o w hich s o m any s tone r ows h ave b een s ubjected. F ormerly t here m ay h ave b een t wo r ows h ere ( Clare, 1 978). O ne, p ossibly a s ingle l ine, l ed n orthwards f or a bout 8 60 y ards ( 785m) p ast t he c oncentric c airn-circle o f K nipe S car. T he s econd a nd g reater w as a n a venue t hat e xtended f rom S kellaw c airn, ' the p lace o f s kulls', s tretching s outh-eastwards a nd t hen s outh f or 1 m iles u p t o t he l arge s tone c ircle o f K emp H owe. P erhaps a s w ide a s 7 0 f t ( 21m) a nd w ith u prights s paced a bout 3 5 f t ( 11m) a part i t m ay h ave c ontained w ell o ver 4 00 s tones, m ost o f t hem g lacial e rratics f rom t he l ocality. W hen S tukeley s aw ' the g reat C eltic t emple' i n 1 725 m any o f t he s tones h ad a lready b een b roken u p. ' It p roceeds n orthwards [ from K emp H owe] t o t he t own [ Shap], w hich i ntercepts t he c ontinuation o f i t, a nd w as t he o ccasion o f i ts r uin; f or m any o f t he s tones a re p ut u nder t he f oundations o f h ouses a nd w alls, b eing p ushed b y m achines t hey c all a b etty, o r b lown u p w ith g unpowder' ( Stukeley, 1 776, 4 2). H e r eported t he c urve t he a venue m ade w estwards, s aw t he i mmense G oggleby S tone, b ut t he r ainy w eather, s o o ften t he a ccompaniment o f e ndeavours t o m ake s urveys o f a venues ( Burl, 1 979, 6 0), p revented h im f rom m aking w hat w ould h ave b een a v ery i nformative p lan o f t he r ows. A nd y et a s l ate a s 1 800 t here w as s till m uch t o b e s een. S ir R ichard C olt H oare r iding f rom S hap w rote ' ... o n t he l eft o f t he g reat r oad l eading t o K endall o ver t he m oors i s a m ost c urious a nd s ingular p iece o f a ntiquity. I t c onsists o f a l ong a venue o f l arge s tones, p laced a t d ifferent i ntervals a nd e xtending n early t wo m iles. O ne e nd s eems t o h ave t erminated i n t his c ommon, a s t he a venue c loses w ith a r ow o f s tones p laced i n s emi-circular f orm . [ This p resumably r efers t o t he a lready-slighted K emp H owe s tone c ircle]. T his e nd s tands n early s outh a nd f rom t hence t he a venue t akes a c urve i nclining t o t he w est. T he l ine o f t hese s tones m ay b e t raced t o t he v illage o f R asgill w here I s aw o ne o f t hem . M any o f t hose l ying i n c orn a nd m eadow l ands h ave b een b lown u p a nd r emoved. E nough h owever a re l eft t o a scertain t he d irection t hey t ook. T he s tone r esembles r ed g ranite. T hey a re a ll u nhewn. I h ave n ot y et h eard

3 77

a ny a ccount g iven o f t his s ingular p iece o f a ntiquity ' ( The J ourneys o f S ir R ichard C olt H oare 1 793-1810 , e d . M .W . T hompson , G loucester , 1 983, 1 38). F urther d emolition a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he a venue w as d escribed i n t he G entleman 's M agazine , I , 1 824, 3 , w here i t w as r eported t hat ' both r ows w ere t olerably p erfect t ill t he e nclosure o f t he c ommon i n 1 815'. A bout t wenty y ards ( 18m) f rom t he e nd o f t he r ows, a s mall c airn o f g ranite a nd c obblestones, q uite d ifferent f rom t he l ocal l imestone , a lso w as l evelled . T oday t here i s l ittle l eft . K nipe S car h as g one ( Wainwright, 1 985, 1 54), K emp H owe, a lready s poiled , w as f urther t runcated a nd d isturbed b y r ailway c onstruction i n t he 1 9th c entury . M ore s tones i n t he a venue w ere r emoved . S ome o f t hem w ere e normous. O ne o f t he s urvivors, t he G oggleby S tone , i s 7f t ( 2.1m) h igh a nd w eighs s ome 1 2 t ons. F ieldwork h as s uggested t hat t his t op-heavy t riangular g ranite b oulder m ay h ave s tood o pposite a r ectangular b lock . ' The p airing o f t abular s tones w ith t riangular o nes i s n ot u nknown i n a nalogous s ites w here t he t wo s hapes a re t hought t o r epresent m ale a nd f emale f orms' ( T . C lare , A rchaeological S ites o f t he L ake D istrict, A shbourne , 1 981, 1 6). S tukeley b elieved t he a venue t o b e o ne o f h is s erpentine t emples. F ergusson ( 1972, 1 47) l ikened i t t o A vebury 's K ennet A venue . C lare ( 1978, 1 3) p roposed a L ate N eolithic d ate f rom c omparisons w ith o ther s tone s ettings. A venues l ike t he o ne a t S hap a re g enerally c onsidered t o h ave h ad a p rocessional f unction , l eading t o t he a ssembly p laces o f s tone c ircles. F rom t he d escriptions t he m egalithic c omplex a t S hap m ust h ave b een c omparable t o t hat a t A vebury : b ut w ho b uilt i t, w hen, w hy t he a venue t hat s tarted a t S kellaw H ill s hould h ave p roceeded s outhe astwards o nly t o t urn a bruptly s outh t owards K emp H owe s tone c ircle , w hat t he c hronological r elationships w ere b etween t he c airn , t he a venue a nd t he c ircle, t hese q uestions h ave n o c onvincing a nswers. E lsewhere ( Burl, 1 979,217) i t h as b een h ypothesised t hat t he S anctuary s tone c ircle o n O verton H ill i n W iltshire h ad b een a m ortuary e nclosure f rom w hich f unerary p rocessions m oved a long t he K ennet A venue t o t he c ircle-henge o f A vebury. I t i s p ossible t hat s imilar c orteges l ed f rom S kellaw H ill, w here h uman b ones w ere d ug u p , a long t he a venue t o t he s tone c ircle o f K emp H owe t hat t oday i s aw reck o f b ig , t umbled p inkish b oulders l ying i n c onfusion b y t he r ailway l ine . S tone r ows a nd a venues r emain e nigmas. F ertility s ymbolism h as b een d educed f or t he s arsen p illars a nd l ozenges o f t he K ennet A venue. A stronomical a lignments h ave b een e duced f or t he r ows a nd a venue a t C allanish ( Ponting, G . & . M ., 1 984 , 5 1-2). L ey-lines h ave s educed t he c redulous a t t he D evil 's A rrows, a nd F rench a rchaeologists h ave b een r educed t o d espair b y t he m onstrous m ultiple r ows a t C arnac . T here h as b een n o s ystematic c ollation o f t he e vidence s o t hat, a s C amden o bserved , T ime i s e roding e ven t he m emory o f g randiose m egalithic s ettings s uch a s t he o ne a t S hap . O ur k nowledge e ven o f t he d istribution , l et a lone t he f unction , o f t hese m egalithic l ines, i s

3 78

v ery m uch a s i t w as w ith s tone c ircles t wenty y ears a go , u norganised .

v ague a nd

T here a re m any r ows o f s tones i n B ritain , I reland a nd B rittany . T hey r ange i n t ype f rom a s imple p air o f u prights t o c omplexes o f s everal l ong a nd s traggling l ines, t he l atter b eing p articularly c ommon i n n orthern S cotland a nd B rittany . I t i s al acuna i n m egalithic s tudies t hat n o c orpus h as b een m ade o f s uch l ines. T he r ows o f D artmoor h ave b een d escribed a nd a nalysed b y W orth ( 1946 , 1 947) a nd E mmett ( 1979); t he ' fans' o f C aithness a nd S utherland h ave b een r ecorded b y M yatt ( 1980 , 1 988); t he s hort , l inear s ettings o f s tanding s tones i n s outh-west I reland h ave b een c atalogued b y O 'Nuallain ( 1988); b ut t here h as b een n o o verall r esearch i nto t he r ows a nd a venues a long t he A tlantic s eaboards o f w estern E urope . Y et t here a re h undreds o f t hem . I n C ork a nd K erry a lone O 'Nuallain w as a ble t o l ist n early a h undred l ines o f 3 -6 s tones, a nd o ver a h undred p airs o f s tanding s tones. S imilar p airs e xist i n c entral S cotland ( Stewart, 1 966). S urprisingly , d espite t he m agnificence o f t he r ows i n B rittany n o d etailed i nventory o f t hem e xists. T he n earest t o i t c an b e f ound i n B url ( 1985). I t i s t ime t hat t hese i mpressive m onuments w ere b rought o ut o f o bscurity . O ne m ust b egin b y d ividing t hem i nto t heir v arious a nd d istinct t ypes. E mmett d id t his f or t he D artmoor r ows , h is T ype 1 b eing t he s ingle r ow ; T ype 2 t he d ouble l ines; T ype 3 t he s ettings o f t hree r ows; a nd T ype 4 t he r are c omplex o r m ultiple a rrangements o f l ines. O 'Nuallain s eparated t he t wo-stone s ettings f rom t he r ows o f t hree t o s ix s tones t hat a re c ommon i n t he c ounties o f C ork a nd K erry . F or a w ider s tudy t hat i ncludes c ategories o f r ow n ot t o b e f ound o n D artmoor o r s outh-west I reland a r ather m ore e laborate s ystem i s n ecessary a nd i t i s t his t hat i s f ollowed h ere . T he g roups s tart w ith t he s implest o f a ll ' lines ', t he p airs o f s tanding s tones f irst s tudied i n s ome d etail f or P erthshire b y M argaret S tewart ( 1966). T hese a re f ollowed b y t he r ows o f t hree s tones t hat a re t o b e f ound a long t he c oasts o f t he I rish S ea ( Burl , 1 989, 1 4-20). S ettings o f f our t o s ix s tones, w ith a c omparable d istribution a re l isted s eparately . T hen c ome t he l onger l ines , s ingle , d ouble , a nd a venues w hich a re d istinguished f rom t he d ouble l ines b y t heir a ssociation w ith s tone c ircles . F inally t here a re t he m ultiple r ows o f t hree o r m ore l ines. W ith t he e xception o f a f ew o n D artmoor t hese c omplexes a re a lmost e xclusive t o s outhern B rittany a nd t he n orthern S cottish c ounties o f C aithness a nd S utherland . T here a re m anifest d ifferences i n d istribution , a rt , a stronomy a nd , p resumably , f unction b etween t he ' short ' l ines - t he p airs, 3 s tone a nd 4 -6 s tone r ows - a nd t he l onger s ettings i ncluding t he c omplexes w ith s everal c onverging r ows. T his s eparation i nto t wo q uite d istinct t ypes b y d istribution , a rt a nd a stronomy i s d iscussed b elow . D istribution . I t i s a long t he w estern c oasts, i n t he w estern i sles, i n n orthern S cotland a nd i n s outh-west I reland t hat t he t radition o f s tone r ow

3 79

b uilding f lourished . W hen t his w as i s s till s omewhat u ncertain a lthough a t ime i n t he B ronze A ges i s l ikely f or t he m ajority o f s ettings. W ith t he e xception o f a venues s tone r ows a re a w estern s eaboard p henomenon . G eological i mperatives p revented t heir c onstruction i n w hat u sed t o b e k nown a s t he L owland Z one o f B ritain w ith i ts c halks a nd g ravels a nd l ack o f g ood s tone b ut r ows a re a lso m issing f rom s everal i mportant m egalithic r egions. O f a ll t he g roups o nly a venues a re k nown i n W essex d espite t he p resence o f g reat c ircles l ike t hose a t A vebury a nd S tanton D rew . I n C umbria w ith i ts m any s tone c ircles a nd a ssociated a venues t here i s o nly o ne p air o f s tones, a nd t hat o ne d ubious, a t t he G iant's G rave n ear K irksanton . S ignificantly, i t s tands w ithin t wo m iles o f t he I rish S ea. S imilarly , i n n orth-eastern S cotland w here o ver a h undred r ecumbent s tone c ircles h ave b een i dentified , t here i s o nly o ne a venue a t B roomend o f C richie a nd o ne s tone p air n ear t he c ircle o f C astle F raser . T hree-stone r ows, 4 -6 s tone r ows, s ingle, d ouble a nd m ultiple r ows a re e ntirely a bsent . E ach t ype o f r ow o ccupies a reas t hat o verlap b ut s eldom c oincide w ith o ther r egions i n w hich t here a re d issimilar l ines. P airs p redominate i n c entral S cotland a nd i n s outh-west I reland. T hree-stone r ows a re a p henomenon o f t he c oastlands a nd i slands a round s outhw estern S cotland a nd n orth-eastern I reland. 4 -6 s tone r ows c an a lso b e f ound h ere b ut a re m uch m ore c ommon i n t he h ills o f C ork a nd K erry . S ingle l ines a re a f eature o f D artmoor . T here a re a lso a f ew c ognate r ows i n n orthern B rittany. D ouble r ows a re a s econdary D artmoor s pecies. A venues, a s m entioned a bove , h ave a d istribution a lmost n orth-south a long t he e astern e dges o f W ales f rom t he L ake D istrict d own t o t he B ristol e stuary . M ultiple r ows a re t o b e f ound i n a ny n umbers o nly i n s outhern B rittany a nd n orthern S cotland, p arts o f w estern E urope a lmost 8 00 m iles a part. O nly i n n orth-eastern I reland d oes a m ixture o f a ll t ypes o f s tone r ow e xist. H ere t here a re p airs, 3 -stone r ows, s ome o f t hem i solated i n f ields, o thers c onnected t o s tone c ircles, 4 -6 s tone r ows, s ingle m eandering r ows l eading u p t o c ombinations o f l ow c ircles a nd c airns, a d ouble r ow a t M oymore i n C o . T yrone, a venues a t C avancarragh a nd F ormil i n C o . F ermanagh , e ven a u nique m ultiple s etting a t B rougher i n t he s ame c ounty, t hree l ines o f s mall s tones r unning t owards a t all s tanding s tone n early 7 f t ( 2.1m) h igh . T his v ast c ountryside o f U lster, i ts 2 00 o r m ore m iles o f c oastland a ccessible t o s eafarers f rom t he n orth-east , e ast a nd s outhe ast, a nd b y l and f rom t he w est, w as a lways e xposed t o i nfluences f rom S cotland , E ngland a nd W ales, a nd i t i s n ot s urprising t hat i t c ontains e very k ind o f s tone r ow . N owhere e lse i s t here s uch a v ariety. D ating . ( a) E xcavations. E xcavations a t s uch u npromising m onuments h ave b een f ew a nd t he f inds f rom t hem g enerally s carce a nd u nhelpful . ( Table 5 ).

3 80

T ABLE 5

E xcavations i n

S tone R ows

C HANNEL I SLES G uernsey . C rocq , L e . P . S herds a nd q uernstones. E NGLAND C ornwall. H igher D rift . P . 1 871. E mpty c entral p it . P ipers. L and 's E nd . P . 1 871. N o f inds. T rewern . P . 1 752 . C entral p it . D evon . C holwichtown W aste . S .1961. N o f inds. C umbria. B roadfield . A . 1 789 . T hree c ists. D erbyshire . A rbor L ow . A ( earth ). 1 902. F lint f lakes, s craper . D orset. H ampton D own . A . 1 965 . N o f inds. S omerset . Y elland . D . B arbed-and-tanged f lint a rrowhead . W iltshire A vebury . A . 1 934-9. B eakers, g rooved w are , W estern N eolithic s herds. S tonehenge . A( earth ). 1 923, 1 953 , 1 973 . P hase I V , 1 070 8 0 b c , 8 00 1 00 b e ( c . 1 340 , 9 75 B C). Y orkshire .

4 -6S. D evil 's A rrows. 1 725 o nwards. N o f inds.

F RANCE B rittany ( Finistere). 3 S. K erfland . S herds, c harcoal , q uernstone . P enhoat. S . B ronze A ge a rtefacts. ( Morbihan). K ermario . M . F lints , s herds, p olished a xe , q uernstone , b urnt s tones . M en G uen . 3 S.1877. C harcoal , s herds, a nimal b ones , b urnt f lints. N ormandy ( Calvados). M ontchauvet . 4 -6S. N o f inds. N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . F ermanagh . D rumskinny . S . 1 962 . W estern N eolithic ( ?) s herds . F lint s craper . C o . T yrone . B eaghmore . S . 1 949 o nwards. 1 605 '1' 4 5 b c , 1 535 55 b c , 7 75155 b c ( c . 1 980 , 1 850 , 9 50 B C). C astledamph . A . 1 937. N o f inds. C logherny B utterlope . 4 -6S. 1 937. N o f inds. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . C arrigadrohid . P . N o f inds. K ealkil. P . 1 938. N o f inds. K nocknakilla . P . 1 931. N o f inds. M aughanasilly . 4 -6S. 1 977. F lint s craper . 1 315155 b e ( c . 1 610 B C ).

3 81

C o. K erry. C ashelkeelty. 3 S. 1 977. 9 70±60 b c; 7 25+50 b c. ( c. 1 200, 9 00 B C). D romatouk. 3 S. 1 977. 1 380+50 b c f rom c harcoal, 7 0+30 b c f rom p eat. ( c. 1 700, 7 5 B C). D romteewaken. 3 S. 1 977. 1 300-1000 b c. ( c. 1 600-1250 B C). P eat .A D 9 65+45. S COTLAND A rgyll. A chnabreac. P . p re-1872. H uman b ones. B allymeanoch. 4 -6S. 1 977. T hree c remations. K inross. O rwell. P . L ewis.

1 972. C remations, c ists, s tone p ounder.

G reat B ernera. a rrowhead.

1 985.

P aving,

q uartz,

p olished

a xe ,

f lint

O rkneys. D eepdale. P . 1 978. N o f inds. L eafea. P . 1 940? B ones. H uman? P erthshire. C roft M oraig. P . 1 965. B urial p its ( ?) b y e ach s tone. S tirling. D umgoyach. 4 -6S. 1 972. M esolithic f lints? 2 860+270 b c. ( c. 3 650 B C). W igtownshire. W ren 's E gg. P . 1 975. N o f inds. W ALES D yfed. G ors L langynog. P . 1 985. P its. 1 340+70 b c. ( c. 1 650 B C). P las G ogerddan. 3 S. 1 986. 1 580+70 b c. ( c. 1 945 B C). R hos y C legyrn. P . 1 962, 1 965-8. P its, f ood-vessel s herds, c remated b one, b roken s late d isc, s takeholes. G wynedd. T ir-gwyn. P . c . 1 833. G rave w ith h uman b ones?

3 82

( b ) C hronology . ( i) A rtefacts . T he d iscovery o f e mpty p its b etween s ome p airs o f s tanding s tones s uch a s t hat a t H igher D rift i n C ornwall , o r e ven p its c ontaining a rtefacts, i s c hronologically m eaningless f or t he p its c ould h ave b een d ug c enturies a fter t he e rection o f t he s tones. C remations, y ielding r adiocarbon d eterminations, e xcept w hen f ound a t t he b ottom o f s toneholes a s a t O rwell i n P erthshire , a re e qually e quivocal a s i ndicators o f t he a ge o f t he r ow . P ottery , h owever , d oes p rovide s ome a ssistance i n t he d ating o f a venues w here t he q uite f requent d eposition o f b eakers o ffers a t erminus a nte q uem f or w hen t he a venues t hemselves w ere b uilt . A t t he K ennet A venue , A vebury , E uropean a nd N 2 b eakers h ad b een l eft w ith b urials b y S tones 2 5b a nd 2 9a ( Smith , I .F ., 1 965, 2 09-10 ; C larke , 1 970 , I I, 5 01, n os. 1 070 , 1 071). A n S 4 b eaker l ay w ith a b urial a t t he f oot o f t he B eckhampton A venue C ove ( ibid , 1 072). A t entative l ink b etween W /MR a nd S 2/W s herds ( ibid , 1 047f , 1 048 0 a nd t he c onstruction o f P hase I I a t S tonehenge w ith i ts b luestone c ircles a nd e arthen a venue h as a lso b een m ooted ( Burl , 1 987, 1 37) w here w hat i s t hought t o b e aB eaker b urial i n t he w est t erminal o f t he n orth-east e ntrance w as d ated t o 1 765 7 0 b c ( c . 2 180 B C). I n 1 866 a c ollection o f N 2 ( L ), t wo N 2 a nd N 3 b eakers ( Clarke , 1 970 , I I, 5 10 , n os. 1 433, 1 434 , 1 435, 1 436) w ere r ecovered f rom c ists a t t he s upposed e nd o f t he a venue a t t he B roomend o f C richie c ircleh enge n ear I nverurie i n A berdeenshire . A r ecent e xcavation a t C allanish i n t he O uter H ebrides f ound A OC , N 3 a nd N 4 s herds i n t he c ircle w ith i ts l ong n orth-eastern a venue ( Ashmore , P ., ' Callanish I nterim . E xcavations a t C allanish s tone s etting , M ay 1 980 ', S cottish D evelopment D epartment , 1 980 . 5 ). T he f requently-quoted S 2/W b eaker f rom F ernworthy i n D evon ( ibid , 4 79, n o. 1 58) m ust b e d iscounted f or i t c ame n ot f rom t he s tone c ircle o r i ts r ows b ut f rom a n a djacent c ist ( Worth , 1 967, 1 94-6). T he m anufacture a nd u se o f b eakers i n B ritain m ay h ave s panned a s m uch a s at housand y ears f rom a bout 2 750 B C t o 1 650 B C ( Burgess, 1 980 , 6 2) b ut i t i s p ossible t o n arrow t his r ange w hen d ating t he a venues. T wo a ntlers i n t he a venue d itch a t S tonehenge g ave a ssays o f 1 770 7 0 b c a nd 1 728 6 8 b c , a nd t his, w ith t he d ate f or t he B eaker s keleton a nd a f ourth d etermination f rom a n a ntler n ear S tonehenge 's G reat T tilithon o f 1 720 1 50 b c , i ndicates a d ate o f a round 2 200 B C f or t he l aying-out o f t he e arthen a venue t here . B earing i n m ind t hat t he d eposition o f s uch v essels m ust p ostdate t he d igging o f d itches o r t he e rection o f s tones , p erhaps b y m any d ecades, i t i s e ntirely p ossible t hat a t A vebury t he K ennet A venue w as e rected n o l ater t han 2 400 B C ( Burl, 1 979, 1 90). F rom t he p resent e vidence t his m ay h ave b een o ne o f t he f irst a venues , t he b eginning o f a t radition t hat c ontinued i nto t he e arly c enturies o f t he s econd m illennium B C .

3 83

F or o ther t ypes o f s tone r ow a rtefacts a re m uch l ess h elpful . T he f inding o f s herds, b urnt m aterial , a nimal b ones a nd q uernstones a midst t he s tones o f s everal B reton r ows m ay m ean n o m ore t han t hat t he r ows w ere p ut u p o n p reviously o ccupied a reas. A rtefactual e vidence i s c ompletely l acking f or a ny o f t he D artmoor r ows d espite s everal e xcavations i n t he r ows a nd i n t he s tone c ircles a nd c airns t o w hich t he m a jority a re a ttached . ' Though n o B eaker o b ject h as s o f ar b een r ecorded i n a c airn s ited a t t he e nd o f a s urviving r ow ... t hree c airns w ith k ists h ave r ows l eading t o t hem , at riple r ow t o t he d ouble b urial o n C osdon H ill a nd s ingle r ows t o t he l arge k ist o n L akehead H ill a nd t o o ne o f t he k ists o n R oundhill ... T hese k ists w ere B eaker b urials' ( Pettit , 1 974 , 1 23-4). rigin f or t he r ows w as b ased o n T his c laim f or a t enuous b eaker o ow l ost , a nd t hree b arbed-andt he d iscovery o f a E uropean b eaker , n t L ancombe ( Worth , 1 947 , 1 93 ; t anged f lint a rrowheads i n a c ist a arbed-Wire b eaker i n ac ist o n C larke , I I, 1 970 , 4 79, n o. 1 59), a nd a B o . 1 56 ' Chagford C ommon '). T he W atern D own ( Clarke , I I, 1 970 4 79, n c ists, h owever , h ad n o r ow l eading t o t hem . W hat m ay h ave b een a b right r ed b eaker s herd l ay i n a r uined c ist n ear b ut n ot l inked t o a ny o f t he D rizzlecombe s tone r ows ( Worth , 1 947, 1 93). I t i s t rue t hat m any o f t he D artmoor r ows w ere l aid o ut i n a reas w here t here a re a lso s ome b urials w ith b eakers b ut t his p roves n othing e xcept t hat t he r ows a nd t he b eakers w ere g eographically c lose . E mmett 's ( 1977, 1 07) s tatement t hat ' There i s a t p resent n o d ating e vidence f or a ny D artmoor s tone r ow o r e nd-of-row c airn ' r emig l s t rue . S ome r ows, s uch a s t hat a t R ingmoor a re o verlain b y t he c ollapsed B ronze f ieldwalls k nown a s r eaves ( Fleming , 1 988) b ut u ntil t he D artmoor c oaxial s ystems c an b e c onclusively d ated , p erhaps t o t he M iddle B ronze A ge ( ibid , 1 09, 1 18) s uch o ccurrences p rovide o nly a r elative t erminus a nte q uem f or t he r ows t hemselves. S imilar p roblems o btain f or r ows e lsewhere w hether i n B rittany , I reland o r n orthern S cotland . T he d iscovery a nd a lmost i mmediate l oss o f a c ord-decorated o r ' twisted-thong ' p ot i n a c ist a t t he h ead o f t he f our r ows a t G arrywhin i n C aithness i s t antalising ( PSAS 7 , 1 8668 , 5 03). I t m ay h ave b een a b eaker o r af ood-vessel ( Clarke , I I, 1 970 , 5 16, n ote). T wo o val c hipped f lint s crapers f ound w ith i t a dd n othing t owards a s olution . ( ii). R adiocarbon d eterminations ( Table 6 ). F ortunately t here a re s everal r adiocarbon d ates f rom r ows i n t he B ritish I sles a nd t hese s uggest t hat m ost o f t he l ines a re o f B ronze A ge d ate . T hirteen C -14 a ssays h ave b een r ecovered f rom m aterial a ssociated w ith t he c onstruction o f s tone r ows a nd o n p resent k nowledge i t a ppears l ikely t hat t he m a jority o f t hese l ines, i n B ritain a nd I reland a t l east , w ere c onstructed b etween a bout 1 600 b e a nd 8 00 b c ( c . 2 000-1000BC) i n t he l ater c enturies o f t he B ronze A ge .

3 84

T ABLE 6

R adio-Carbon D eterminations f rom S tone R ows

b c

B C

2 8601270

D umgoyach , S tirling ( 4-6 S tone R ow )

3 650

1 605245

B eaghmore , C o . T yrone ( Single R ow )

1 980

1 580270

P las G ogerddan , D yfed ( 3-Stone R ow )

1 945

1 535155

B eaghmore , C o . T yrone ( Single R ow )

1 850

1 380±50

D romatouk , C o . K erry ( 3-Stone R ow )

1 700

1 340170

G ors L langynog , D yfed ( Stone P air)

1 650

1 3151-5 5

M aughanasilly , C o . C ork ( 4-6 S tone R ow )

1 610

1 070170

S tonehenge , W iltshire ( Earth A venue)

1 340

9 70260

C ashelkeelty , C o . K erry ( 3-Stone R ow )

1 200

8 002100

S tonehenge , W iltshire ( Earth A venue)

9 50

7 75t55

B eaghmore , C o . T yrone ( Single R ow )

9 40

7 15 1 50

C ashelkeelty , C o . K erry ( 3-Stone R ow )

9 00

A D 9 65145

D romteewaken , C o . K erry ( 3-Stone R ow )

3 85

I t h as t o b e a ccepted t hat u nless t he o rganic m aterial f or a nalysis c ame f rom t he b ottom o f a s tonehole a ny c onnection b etween t he d ate a nd t he c reation o f t he r ow m ust b e q uestionable . N evertheless, t he d ates q uoted i n T able 6 h ave a h omogeneity t hat o ffers s ome i nternal c onfidence i n t he r esults. T here i s o ne e xceptional d ate i n t he T able , t he v ery e arly d etermination f rom D umgoyach ( Feachem , 1 977, 8 7), a 4 -Stone r ow i n S tirling . A f ifth s tone s eems t o h ave b een a dded t o t he l ine t his c entury. S ometimes k nown a s B lanefield o r D untreath t he s ite w as e xcavated i n 1 972. T hree o f t he o riginal s tones h ad f allen b ut i nvestigation a t t he f oot o f t he u pright r evealed f our l ayers, t he s econd d own c ontaining a f lint c ore a nd c harcoal . O n t he t op o f L ayer 3w as a n a shy d eposit a nd c harcoal . I t w as t he l atter t hat p rovided t he d etermination o f 2 860 2 70 b c , t he a pproximate e quivalent o f 3 650 B C . T he e xcavator r emarked t hat a s t he s ocket o f t he s tanding s tone c ut t hrough L ayer 3 b ut L ayer 2 h ad a ccumulated a gainst t he p illar ' the l evel o f t he h earths t herefore s eems t o b e a ssociated w ith t he s tones' ( D &E , 1 972, 3 8-9). L ater t his w as m odified . ' There i s... a p ossibility t hat t he s tones w ere p ut u p o n a n o lder s ite o f e arly o r m iddle N eolithic a ge ' ( Current A rchaeology 3 6, 1 973, 6 -9). L ater s till , t he e xcavator r eaffirmed t his. " The e arlier r adiocarbon d ate f rom t he D untreath s tanding s tones i n S tirlingshire d oes n ot c onclusively d ate t he s tones t hemselves ' ( MacKie , E . W ., S cience a nd S ociety i n P rehistoric B ritain , 1 977, 1 18). T he D umgoyach s etting i s s lightly c oncave w ith a n e ast-west a lignment t hat h as b een c laimed t o i ndicate t he e quinoctial s unset . I t i s a n e xtremely r are r ow i n t his p art o f S cotland , i ts n earest c ounterparts b eing o ver f orty m iles t o t he w est i n A rgyll. S traddling a r idge o verlooking t he B lane W ater i t i s a rguable t hat t he s tones, r ather t han b eing a r ow , a re t he s urvivors o f t he c rescentic f acade o f aC lyde l ong c airn o f w hich t here a re a t l east f our i n t he v icinity ( Henshall , I I, 1 972, 4 91-4). A k nown t omb , A uckeneck , s tands o n as pur o nly 3 ; -2- m iles t o t he w est , a nd C raigmaddie M uir I , i ts f acade a rranged E -W l ike D umgoyach , i s f our m iles t o t he s outh-east. ' Might n ot t he f ive s tones b e t he r emains o f t he h orned f acade o f a l ong c airn ...fires a re o ften f ound u nder l ong c airns w hile t he r adiocarbon d ate o f 2 860 b c w ould f it v ery n icely a s al ong c airn?' ( Selkirk , A ., C urrent A rchaeology 3 6, 1 973 , 7 ). G iven t hese c onsiderations, a nd t he r eservations o f t he e xcavator h imself, t he r adiocarbon d ate s hould n ot b e t aken a s a t rustworthy i ndication o f t he d ate o f t he ' stone r ow. T he r emainder o f t he a ssays i n T able 6 m ay b e a ccepted a s m ore r eliable . O nly o ne o ther o bservation i s r equired i n t his s ummary . F ive d eterminations w ere o btained f rom P las G ogerddan i n D yfed , a r itual c omplex w ith a r ow o f m assive p ostholes, p its, a s tanding s tone w hich w as t he r emnant o f a3 -Stone r ow , a nd s everal C hristian g raves. T he d eterminations, e xpressed i n B .P . o r y ears b efore ' the p resent ' w hich i s a ssumed t o b e A D 1 950, w ere c ited b y t he e xcavator i n A rchaeology i n W ales 2 7, 1 987, 3 6.

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T he d ates r anged f rom 3 530 7 0 B P f or c harcoal f rom a p it a t t he n orthern e xtremity o f t he e xcavation ( Archaeology i n W ales 2 6, 1 986 , 2 9-31), t o 1 580 8 0 B P f or f ibrous m aterial i n as tained c offin . T hese d ates w ere q uoted b y W illiams ( 1988, 8 5) i n h is a dmirable s urvey o f e xcavations a round s tanding s tones. U nfortunately , t he d ate m ost r elevant t o t he p resent d iscussion o f s tone r ows, t hat o f 3 530 7 0 B P , w as i ncorrectly r ecalculated a s 2 750 b c r ather t han 1 580 7 0 b e , m aking ad ifference o f o ver 1 500 y ears i n t erms o f r ecalibration t o ' BC ' o r r eal ' d ates. T he c orrection t o a pproximately 1 945 B C b rings P las G ogerddan c omfortably w ithin t he m illennium f rom 2 000 t o 1 000 B C p roposed h ere f or t he f loruit o f s tone r ows. A rt o n S tones i n t he R ows. T here h ave b een m any c ries o f a rchaeological f rustration o ver t he s ignificance o f a rtificial d epressions c arved o n t he s ides a nd t ops o f s tones i n c ircles , r ows, m egalithic t ombs a nd r ock-faces. M orris ( 1979, 1 6-28) l isted 1 04 i nterpretations f or t he v ariety o f s ymbols, a warding e ach a s core o ut o f t en f or t heir f easibility , g iving 1 0 f or t heir a ssociation w ith p rehistoric b urials ( Morris, n o . 1 ), 9 f or t heir a stronomical a ssociations ( no . 2 ), 5 f or t heir p ossible c onnection w ith c opper p rospecting ( no . 7 ), 3 f or t heir b eing c asts f or t he m aking o f b ronze a rtefacts ( no . 9 8), 1 f or t heir b eing m aps o f t he c ountryside ( no . 5 8), a nd 0 a t a ll f or c upmarkings b eing m essages f rom o ut o f s pace ( no . 4 4), M orris a dding , s ardonically , ' still t o b e d ecoded '. W ith t he e xception o f t he u biquitous c upmark a nd v ery o ccasional c up-and-ring m arking ( Table 7 ) t he r epertoire o f m ore e laborate m otifs i s n ot t o b e f ound o n s tone r ows. I n t hese p utatively l ate m egalithic s ettings a ny f orm o f a rt i s r are , i s s imple a nd i s n umerically r estricted o n a s tone . T he p roblematical m eanings o f s pirals, m eanders, l ozenges a nd ' solar ' p atterns l ike t hose i n t he p assageg raves o f L oughcrew i n C o . M eath a re i rrelevant t o t his s tudy . F or t he i nterest o f t he r eader , h owever , a g eneral l ist r eferences t o s uch e soteric s ymbols i s a ppended t o t his s ection .

o f

A lexander T hom ( 1969a , 1 978a , 4 5-51) h as a rgued t hat c up-and-ring m arkings, a c up s urrounded b y a n e ngraved c ircle , w ere d esigned g eometrically u sing a t iny u nit o f m easurement , h is M egalithic I nch o f 0 .816 i nches ( 20 .73mm). I t s hould b e n oted t hat h is a nalyses o f c arvings f rom o ver t wenty s ites w ere o f n ecessity r endered i nconclusive b ecause ' weathering a nd o ther d amage h as w idened t he g rooves a nd m ade t hem d ifficult t o m easure . I ndeed i t i s i mpossible t o g et a ccurate v alues ' ( 1978a , 4 8). I t w ould b e i nteresting , t herefore , t o e xamine s ome o f t he b etter-protected a rt i n t he p assage-graves o f t he B oyne V alley a nd i n t he e nclosed c ists a nd c apstones o f c airns s uch a s N ether L argie N orth i n A rgyll . A s l ong a go a s 1 930 L udovic M ann p roposed t hat t wo u nits o f m easurement h ad b een u sed i n p rehistoric t imes, a n A lpha m easure o f 0 .619 i nches ( 15 .7mm) a nd a B eta m easure o f 0 .553 i nches ( 14.1mm). H is r esults w ere o btained f rom c omputing t he d imensions o f f ood-vessels, h eads o f b ronze p ins, p ebbles w ith h ollows , f aience b eads a nd s tone b alls ( Mann , L ., C raftsmen 's M easures i n P rehistoric T imes, G lasgow ,

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T ABLE 7

C upmarks i n S tone R ows

c m =c upmark ; c /r = c up-and-ring ; ( t) = t aller o r t allest s tone . E NGLAND C umbria . * Giant 's G rave. P o r 3 S? Y orkshire .

N E W-SW . T aller h as c m .

* Dunsley M oor 4 -6. 2 s t w ith c ms.

N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . F ermanagh . K illybeg . P . C ms o n Wf ace o f as t . R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C avan . S t . B rigid 's S tones. 3 S. E ach s t h as c ms: 4 a nd 1 . C o . D onegal . B arnes L ower. P . N W (t)-SE . S E s t : Ef ace h as 4 8 c ms + g rooves; N W s t : Wf ace , 8c ms, E f ace 7 c ms. R ashenny . 3 S. S W s t? c ms. S COTLAND A ngus. A uchterhouse . P . N E(t)-SW . N E s t h as 1 5 c ms. A rgyll . B allymeanoch . 4 -6. N W-SE (t). 2 i nner s t h ave c ms. N W , Ef ace 4 6 c ms, 4 c /rs w ith g rooves; S E , Wf ace 3 5 c ms, 3 c /rs, 1 w ith g roove . D unamuck , M id . P . N NW-SSE (t). S SE s t h as e ms. D unamuck , S outh . P . S E-NW (t). 1 s t h as c ms. K ilmartin . 2 P . S W P . N -S(t). S s t Ef ace 3 e ms. J ura . C arragh a 'Ghlinne . 4 -6 . N E-SW . S W s t h as c ms. P erthshire . B alnuaguard . P . E (t)-W . Es t , Ef ace h as c m . C lach a n Rare- P . B oth s t h ave c ms. C owden . 3 S . W SW-ENE . E NE h as 2 2 c ms. C ramrar . P . N NE-SSW . B oth p ros. N NE s t h as c ms. D oune ( Glenhead). 4 -6. N NE-SSW W. 2 nd s t f rom S SW , t op h as 2 3 c ms, W f ace 4 c ms. E ast C ult . 3 S o r P+p ros s t . E -W . P ros s t , E , 1 58 c ms, 2 w ith g rooves. F owlis W ester , N W . P . N W-S. N s t , W f ace 6 c ms , c m o n S E . K ilspindie . 3 S. E -W . Es t , c m +g roove . S t . M adoes ' S tones. 3 S. N NW (t)-SSE . N NW s t , Ea nd W f aces, c ms. T ullybannocher . 4 -6. N W-SE . S E s t , 4c ms . W ALES G went. H arold 's S tones. 3 S. N E-SW (t). C entral s t , 2c ms o n S W f ace .

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1 930 , 2 , 1 0-12). v alidity .

I t r emains d ebateable w hether s uch c laims h ave a ny

W hat i s n oteworthy a bout t he o ccasional a rt i n s tone r ows i s t hat i t i s l imited t o t he s hort r ows. N o s ingle , d ouble r ow , a venue o r m ultiple a rrangement c ontains a ny f orm o f c arving . T he t heoretical c up-and-ring c arvings i n A vebury 's K ennet A venue h ave b een d ismissed a s n atural ( Smith , I .F ., 1 965, 2 23). E ven a mongst t he s hort r ows t he a rt b ecomes p rogressively r arer t he m ore s tones t here a re i n a l ine , 1 1 p aired s tones b earing a rt b ut o nly s even 3 -stone a nd f ive 4 -6 s tone s ettings. A mongst t hese s hort r ows t he c upmark i s d ominant . G rooves o r g utters a re c onnected t o a v ery f ew , t wo s ites i n P erthshire , E ast C ult a nd K ilspindie h aving s uch e nhanced s ymbols. S o h as t he p air a t B arnes L ower i n C o . D onegal . T he 4 -stone r ow a t B allymeanoch i n A rgyll h as g rooves . I t a lso h as t he d istinction o f b eing t he o nly r ow s o f ar r ecorded t o h ave c up-and-ring m arkings. T he m ost l avishly c upmarked s tone i s t he p rostrate b oulder a t E ast C ult w hich l ies w ell t o t he e ast o f a p air o f s tanding s tones. I ts u pper s urface h as n o f ewer t han 1 58 c upmarks , t wo o f t hem w ith g utters.It m ay b e r elevant t hat a nother p rofusely d ecorated a nd p rostrate s tone c an b e s een a longside t he M onzie s tone c ircle 1 3 m iles t o t he e ast o f E ast C ult, t he M onzie s lab h aving 4 6 c upmarks, c up-andr ing m arks, g rooves a nd c on joined c ups. T he m a jority o f c upmarked r ows a re i n S cotland , e specially i n P erthshire w here t he f ashion m ay h ave b een c onnected w ith 4 -Posters i mmediately ( Burl , 1 988a , 3 3-4), a nd m ore d istantly i n t ime w ith t he r ecumbent s tone c ircles o f n orth-east S cotland ( Burl , 1 976, 1 78-9) a nd , u ltimately , w ith t he C lava p assage-graves o f I nverness-shire a nd a d jacent c ounties ( ibid , 1 63). G iven t he s implicity o f c upmarks a nd t heir a pparently r andom p lacing o n a s tone , s ingly , i n g roups o f n o o bvious p attern o r i n s eemingly m eaningful l ines, r ealising t hat t here i s n o m ethod o f d etermining w hether a g roup w as c arved a t t he s ame t ime o r o ver s everal y ears , t he p urpose o f s uch m otifs m ust r emain i ndefinite . I n t he S cottish r ecumbent s tone c ircles s ome i nterpretation w as p ossible b ecause o nly t hose s tones s tanding o n i mportant s olar o r l unar a lignments w ere d ecorated ( Burl , 1 988a , 3 3-4). I n t he 4 -Posters o f c entral S cotland t here w as n o s uch c lear o rientation . O ne c ould o nly o bserve t hat t he c arvings w ere a lmost i nvariably m ade o n a n e astern s tone . A mongst t he s tone r ows e ven l ess i nformation i s o ffered a lthough i t d oes a ppear t hat i t w as t he t allest o r b iggest s tone t hat r eceived c upmarks. T his w as p articularly t rue o f t he p aired s tones w here o f t he e leven c upmarked s ites e ight h ad t he t aller s tone d ecorated , o ne p air h ad c upmarks o n b oth s tones, a nd t he h eights o f t he p illars i n t wo p airs a re u nknown t o t he w riter . T here i s a lso s omething o f a p reference f or t he t aller s tone t o b e t owards t he e ast . T his, h owever , i s aw eaker t rait .

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A f act w orth s tressing i s t hat t he c arvers s howed a d ecided p reference t o g rind t he s ymbols o n t he e astern o r w estern f aces o f a s tone . T his a nd t he t endency f or t he b uilders o f s hort s tone r ows t o o rientate t heir s ettings a pproximately e ast-west o r N E-SW ( Stewart , 1 966, 1 40; L ynch , A . 1 982 , 2 10 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 1 89) a voiding a ny n orth-south o rientation , m ay i ndicate a v ague i nterest , p erhaps f ollowing a n early f orgotten t radition , i n t he m ovements o f t he s un a nd m oon .

S OME L ITERATURE O N W ESTERN E UROPEAN M EGALITHIC C ARVINGS B eckensall , S . 1 974 . T he P rehistoric C arved R ocks o f N orthumberland . N ewcastle-upon-Tyne . t 1 983 . N orthumberland 's P rehistoric R ock C arvings. R othbury . 1 986 . R ock C arvings o f N orthern B ritain . P rinces R isborough . B rennan , M . 1 983 . T he S tars a nd t he S tones. L ondon . H adingham , E . 1 974 . A ncient C arvings i n B ritain : aM ystery . L ondon . I lkley A rchaeological G roup . T he C arved R ocks o n R ombalds M oor . W akefield . K uhn , H . 1 966. T he R ock P ictures o f E urope . L ondon . M acWhite , E . 1 946 . ' A n ew v iew o n I rish B ronze A ge r ock-scribings', J RSAI 7 5, 5 9-90 . M cMann , J . 1 980 . R iddles o f t he S tone A ge . R ock C arvin&s o f A ncient E urope . L ondon . M orris, R .W .B . P apers f rom 1 964 o nwards l isted i n ( Morris, 1 981 , 1 83). t 1 977. T he P rehistoric R ock A rt o f A rgyll. P oole . t 1 979 . T he P rehistoric R ock A rt o f G alloway_and t he I sle o f M an . P oole 71 981. T he P rehistoric R ock A rt o f S outhern S cotland . O xford . t 1 989 . ' The p rehistoric r ock a rt o f G reat B ritain : as urvey o f a ll s ites b earing m otifs m ore c omplex t han s imple c up-marks ', P PS 5 5, 4 5-88. R uggles, C .L .N . &B url, H .A .W . 1 985 . ' A n ew s tudy o f t he A berdeenshire r ecumbent s tone c ircles, 2 : i nterpretation ', A rchaeoastronomy 8 , S 25-S60 . ( Section 1 6 . ' Sites w ith c upmarks', S 54-S56). S impson , D .D .A . &T hawley , J . 1 972 . ' Single g rave a rt i n B ritain ', S AF 4 , 8 1-104 . S impson , S ir J .Y . 1 867. A rchaic S culpturing. so f C ups, C ircles u pon S tones a nd R ocks i n S cotland , E ngrand-& O ther C ountries . E dinburgh . T ate , G . 1 864 . A ncient B ritish R ocks o f N orthumberland . A lnwick . T hom , A . 1 969 . ' The g eometry o f c up-and-ring m arks ', T AMS 1 6, 7 7-87. " &T hom , A .S . 1 978a . ' Cup a nd r ing m arks ', 4 5-61. I t

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A stronomy A s a g eneralisation i t i s t rue t o s ay t hat t he s hort r ows w ere a stronomically a ligned w hereas l ong r ows w ere n ot ( Table 8 ). T here m ay b e e xceptions b ut , i f s o , t hey a re f ew . B efore g iving d etails f or t he e vidence i t i s n ecessary t o d efine t he t ypes o f a lignment i nvolved . T here a re t wo . T he f irst c onsists o f a r ow d irectly o rientated o n a c elestial t arget , a n o bserver s tanding a t o ne e nd o f t he l ine a nd l ooking a long i t t o t he p oint o n t he s kyline w here t he s un o r t he m oon r ose o r s et . T here a re m any s uch s imple s ettings. T hey a re r arely , a nd t hen p erhaps f ortuitously , a ccurate w ithin m inutes o f a rc . T he s econd , i nvolving e xtrapolation , i s c omplicated . I t i nvolved a c alculation o f t he p recise p lace a t w hich t he s un o r m oon r eached t heir n orthern o r s outhern e xtremes. O n m any o ccasions t his d id n ot c oincide w ith t heir r ising o r s etting b ut a t s ome u nobservable t ime i n b etween . F or p rehistoric o bservers t o d etermine t his i mportant b ut i nvisible m oment t hey h ad t o d evise a m ethod b y w hich t hey c ould e xtrapolate t he d ata . I t h as b een s uggested ( Thom , 1 971a , 8 3-90) t hat t hese d emanding r equirements l ed t o t he d evelopment o f r efined a nd c omplex s ettings s uch a s t hat i n t he K ilmartin V alley o f A rgyll, a nd t he ' fans ' o f m ultiple r ows i n B rittany a nd n orthern S cotland . ' According t o T hom t hese r ows p erhaps r epresent p rimitive s tone c omputers u sed b y t he a stronomer-priests t o s olve c omplex p roblems i nvolving e xtrapolation w hich a rises a s ac onsequence t hat t he M oon 's m aximum d eclination m ay b e r eached w hen i t i s n ot a t i ts r ising o r s etting p oint ... T he r esult i s t hat t he M oon m ay r each a m aximum d eclination a nd t hen s tart t o d ecrease a gain b etween t wo o bservations w hich n ormally w ould b e s eparated b y a t l east a n i nterval o f a f ull d ay . W ithout r ecourse t o s ome e xtrapolation m ethod t his c ould l ead t o a n e rror u p t o 1 0 ' o f a rc i n a n a zimuthal f ix w hen t he a stronomerp riests w ere a ttempting t o f ix a n e xtreme l unar p osition b y t wo ( before-and-after) o bservations. T hom 's i nterpretations o f t hese f ana rrays p erhaps r epresents t he g reatest d egree o f s ophistication y et c laimed f or M egalithic m an , a nd f or g ood r eason t hey h ave b een r eferred t o a s ' Megalithic g raph-paper '. B rown , P .L . M egaliths, M yths a nd M en , L ondon , 1 976. 2 04 T he t heoretical m eans b y w hich p rehistoric c ommunities m ay h ave o vercome t he d ifficulties o f c onstructing t hese h ighly a ccurate o bservatories a nd m egalithic c omputers a re e xplained i n t he s ections f or p articular g roups o f r ows i n t he G azetteer . H ere , i n a g eneral d iscussion o f a stronomy , i t i s s ufficient t o r epeat t he p reliminary s tatement t hat m ost l ong l ines w ere n on-astronomical b ut t hat t he m ajority o f s hort o nes w ere . ( a) T he L ong L ines. S ince t he b eginning o f t his c entury , d espite t he p ersistent r esistance o f m any p rofessional a rchaeologists t o a ccept i ts f indings, a rchaeo-astronomy h as b ecome a s emi-respectable a rea o f r esearch ( J . M ichell , AL ittle H istory o f A stro-Archaeology , L ondon , 1 989, 1 9, 7 9).

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T ABLE 8 A bbreviations:

A stronomical A nalyses o f S tone R ows M aj M in M dS M dW M R

-

M ajor M inor M idsummer M idwinter M oonrise

M S N S S R S S

-

M oonset N orth S outh S unrise S unset

1 . P airs o f S tones E NGLAND C ornwall. P ipers, B odmin M oor.

F ebruary S S ( Thom).

C umbria . G iant 's G rave. M aj S M S ( Thom). R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o. K erry. L issyviggeen. E quinoctial S R , S S (J RSAI 1 6, 1 883-4, 3 06). S COTLAND A ngus. C orogle B urn. M aj S M S ( Thom). A rgyll. A chnabreac. M aj S M S ( Thom). B allymeanoch . M aj S M R ( Thom); M W S R , M aj N M S ( Ruggles). B arbreck . M aj S M S ( Ruggles). D unamuck , M id. ' Sun' ( Thom); M in S M R? ( Ruggles). K ilmartin . M aj S M S, C apella r ising, 1 830 B C , M aj N M S, l unar e xtrapolation ( Thom); M aj S M S ( Ruggles). L och S tornoway. E quinoctial S S ( PSAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 5). A rran. B revig. M dW S R ( Thom). C aithness. L och o f Y arrows. L unar t o S SE? ( Thom) J ura. S trone F arm . S olar ( Thom). K incardineshire . K empston H ill. M in S M S

( Thom)

K irkcudbrightshire. T hieves. M dW S S, M aj N M R ( Thom). L ewis. G reat B ernera. S un ( Somerville ; T hom). P erthshire . D alchirla. M in N M R ( Thom). D owally. I ntermediate c alendar d ates ( Thom) N ew T yle . M dS S S ( Thom). W igtownshire . L aggangarn. M dS S S ( Thom). M ilton H all. M dW S S ( Thom). W ren 's E gg. E quinoctial S S ( Thom). W ALES D yfed . G ors F awr . M dS S R ( Thom); A rcturus r ising , 1 420 B C ( Arch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 18.

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2 . T hree-Stone R ows. N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . T yrone . B eaghmore E . M dW S S ( A .S. T hom). R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . C loonshear B eg . M dS S R ( Lynch). G lantane E ast. M in N M R ( Lynch ). G neeves. E quinoctial S R ( Lynch). K ilcaskan . M in S M R ( Lynch ). L eitry L ower . M dS S S ( Lynch ). N ewcastle . S olstitial S R ( Somerville); M dW S S, M dS S R ( Lynch). R osnakilla . M a j NM R ( Lynch). C o . K erry. A rdamore . M dW S S ( Lynch ). C loonsharragh . M dS S R ( Lynch ). D oory . M dW S S ( Lynch). D romatouk . M dW S S ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allochroy. M dW S S, M dS S R ( Thom); M dW S S ( Ruggles); M aj N M R ( Hawkins). C lochkeil. N ear M dW S S, M dS S R? ( Ruggles). D uachy . N ear M in S M R , M a j NM S? ( Thom). D unamuck , N orth . N ear M aj S M R ( Ruggles). B allantrae . D eneb r ising ( Thom ). D umfriesshire . D yke . M aj S M R ( Thom ). I slay. B allinaby . M aj N M S ( Thom ). J ura . K nockrome . M aj S M S ( Thom). S annaig . M a j SM S? ( Ruggles). L ewis. A irigh n am B idearan . M a j NM S ( Thom); M aj S M R , M a j NM S ( Ruggles). C lach a n T ursa. M aj N M S? ( Burl) N isabost. E quinoctial S S ( Thom ). M ull. A rdnacross. N ear M dW S S, C apella s etting , 1 750 B C? ( Thom). B alliscate . N ear M aj S M S; a t 3° t o t he m eridian ( Thom). G lengorm . M aj S M R? ( Ruggles). N orth U ist. B lashaval. A nomalous d eclination ( Thom ; R uggles). P erthshire . E ast C ult. E quinoctial S S ( Thom ). S hetland . H amna V oe . P erhaps l unar ( Thom ). S kye . C lachan E risco. S un ,

' poor a lignment' ( Thom).

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T hree S tone R ow a lignments c ontd S outh U ist. R u A rdvule. M dS S R ( Thom). W igtownshire . D rumtroddan. M dS S R ( Thom). T orhousekie . ' Probably s olstitial' ( Thom); M dW S S ( Burl) W ALES D yfed. C efn G wernffrwd. P oor a lignments t o M dW S S a nd M dS S R ( Arch C amb 1 25, 1 976, 1 62. G went. H arold 's S tones. M dW S R ( Burl).

3 . 4 t o 6S tone R ows E NGLAND N orthumberland . F ive K ings. V ega s etting, 1 820 B C ( Thom). Y orkshire. D evil 's A rrows. M R? ( Thom).

C entauri r ising, 3 400 B C ( Lockyer); M aj S

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . A rdräh . M in N M R , M in S M S ( Lynch). B eenalaght. M aj N M R ( Lynch). C abragh . M dW S S ( Lynch). C astlenalacht. M in N M R , M in S M S ( Lynch). D romcarra . M aj N M R ( Lynch ). D romdrasil. M dS S R ( Lynch). F arranahineeny. M aj N M R ( Lynch). G arrane . M aj S M S ( Lynch). T ullig . M in N M R ( Lynch). C o. K erry. E ightercua. M dW S S ( Lynch). K iidrellig . M aj N M R ( Lynch). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allymeanoch . M aj N M S ( Thom); M aj N M S? ( Ruggles). E scart. M aj S M S ( Thom); M aj S M S, M aj N M R? ( Ruggles). J ura . C arragh a 'Ghlinne. M in S M S ( Thom). L ewis. C allanish ( East, s outh a nd w est r ows, i n o rder). P leiades r ising , 1 750 B C , t rue N -S, e quinoctial S S ( Somerville); e quinoctial S R , M dS m oon a t t ransit, e quinoctial M S ( Hawkins); A ltair r ising , 1 760 B C, t rue S , e quinoctial S S ( Thom). M ull. D ervaig , N NW . C apella s etting, 1 930 B C ( Thom); M aj N M S? ( Ruggles). D ervaig , C entre . P robably M aj N M S ( Thom); M aj S M R , M aj N M S? ( Ruggles).

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D ervaig , S SE . M a j NM S? ( Thom ); n ear M a j SM R ( Ruggles). Q uinish . M a j SM S ( Thom ). U luvalt . N ear M in S M R ( Ruggles). P erthshire . D oune . C apella r ising , 1 760 B C ( Thom ). T ullybannocher . L unar? ( Thom ). S tirling . D umgoyach . M dS S R ( Thom ). W ALES P owys. S aeth M aen . E quinoctial S S ( Thom).

4 . S ingle R ows E NGLAND C ornwall . N ine M aidens. D eneb r ising , 2 000 B C ( Thom ). D evon . M errivale S E . F or l unar e xtrapolation . W ood . N ORTHERN I RELAND . C o . T yrone . B eaghmore . M dS S R? c . 1 800 B C?, M a j NM R?, c . 1 640 2 00 B C? ( A .S. T hom ). W ALES D yfed . P arc y M eirw . M in N M S ( Thom ).

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

6 . A venues E NGLAND D evon . M errivale , C entre . F or l unar e clipse p rediction . N ature 2 57, 1 975 , 2 05 . S omerset . S tanton D rew . N ovember S S, e arly J une S R , M a j SM S ( Thom). W iltshire . S tonehenge . M dS S R ( Lockyer) S COTLAND L ewis . C allanish . L unar ( Toland); N orth ( Callander); C apella r ising , 1 800 B C ( Somerville); e clipse p rediction ( Hawkins); C apella r ising , 1 790 B C ( Thom ); M a j SM S ( Ponting , M ., 1 988, 4 29).

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7 . M ultiple R ows F RANCE B rittany ( Morbihan). K eriavel . M in S M R ( Thom ); c ardinal p oints ( Burl). S COTLAND C aithness. C amster . F or l unar e xtrapolation ( Thom ). D irlot . L unar s ite f or t he m a jor a nd m inor s tandstills ( Thom ). L och o f Y hrrows .For l unar e xtrapolation? ( Thom ). M id C lyth . Al unar o bservatory ( Thom ). S utherland . L earable H ill. E quinoctial S R , A ugust a nd S eptember S R ( Thom ); M a j SM R ( Myatt).

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S OLAR A LIGNMENTS I N S TONE R OWS M idsummer S olar A lignments 1 . P airs o f S tones N o a lignments r ecorded .

2 . T hree-Stone R ows. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . C loonshear B eg . M dS S R ( Lynch ). L ei t ry L ower . M dS S S ( Lynch ). C o. K erry . C loonsharragh . M dS S R ( Lynch). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allochroy. M dS S R ( Thom ) C lochkeil. M dS S R? ( Ruggles). S outh U ist . R u A rdvule . M dS S R ( Thom). W igtownshire . D rumtroddan . M dS S R ( Thom ). W ALES D yfed . C efn G wernffrwd . P oor a lignment M dS S R ( Arch C amb 1 25, 1 976, 1 62.

3 . 4 t o 6S tone R ows R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork .

D romdrasil. M dS S R ( Lynch).

S COTLAND S tirling . D umgoyach . M dS S R ( Thom ).

4 . S ingle R ows N ORTHERN I RELAND . C o . T yrone . B eaghmore . M dS S R? c . 1 800 B C? ( A .S. T hom ).

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

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6 . A venues E NGLAND W iltshire . S tonehenge . M dS S R ( Lockyer).

7 . M ultiple R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

M idwinter S olar A lignments 1 . P airs o f S tones S COTLAND A rgyll .

B allymeanoch . M dW S R ( Ruggles).

A rran . B revig . M dW S R ( Thom ). K irkcudbrightshire . T hieves. M dW S S ( Thom ). P erthshire . N ew T yle . M dS S S ( Thom ). W igtownshire . L aggangarn . M dS S S ( Thom ). M ilton H all . M dW S S ( Thom ).

2 . T hree-Stone R ows. N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . T yrone . B eaghmore E . M dW S S ( A .S . T hom ). R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . N ewcastle .

M dW S S ( Lynch ).

C o . K erry . A rdamore . M dW S S ( Lynch ). D oory . M dW S S ( Lynch ). D romatouk . M dW S S ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allochroy . M dW S S ( Thom ), M dW S S ( Ruggles) C lochkeil . N ear M dW S S ( Ruggles). M ull . A rdnacross. N ear M dW S S ( Thom ). W ALES D yfed . C efn G wernffrwd . P oor a lignment t o M dW S S ( Arch C amb 1 25, 1 976 , 1 62 .

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G went. H arold 's S tones. M dW S R ( Burl).

3 . 4t o 6S tone R ows R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork .

C abragh . M dW S S ( Lynch ).

C o . K erry. E ightercua . M dW S S ( Lynch ). 4 . S ingle R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

6 . A venues N o a lignments r ecorded .

7 . M ultiple R ows. N o a lignments r ecorded .

E quinoctial A stronomical A lignments. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . K erry . L issyviggeen. E quinoctial S R , S S (J RSAI 1 6, 1 883-4, 3 06). S COTLAND A rgyll.

L och S tornoway. E quinoctial S S ( PSAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 5).

W igtownshire . W ren 's E gg . E quinoctial S S ( Thom).

2 . T hree-Stone R ows. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork .

G neeves. E quinoctial S R ( Lynch).

S COTLAND L ewis. N isabost . E quinoctial S S ( Thom ). P erthshire . E ast C ult. E quinoctial S S ( Thom).

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3 . 4t o 6S tone R ows S COTLAND L ewis. C allanish . ( West r ow ) e quinoctial S S ( Somerville); ( east r ow ) e quinoctial S R , ( west r ow ) e quinoctial M S ( Hawkins); ( west r ow ) e quinoctial S S ( Thom ). W ALES P owys. S aeth M aen . E quinoctial S S ( Thom ).

4 . S ingle R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

6 . A venues N o a lignments r ecorded .

7 . M ultiple R ows S COTLAND S utherland . L earable H ill . E quinoctial S R ( Thom )

L UNAR A LIGNMENTS I N S TONE R OWS M ajor a nd M inor N orthern M oon a lignments 1 . P airs o f S tones S COTLAND A rgyll . K ilmartin . M a j NM S ( Thom ) K irkcudbrightshire . T hieves. M a j NM R ( Thom ). P erthshire . D alchirla . M in N M R ( Thom ).

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2 . T hree-Stone R ows. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . G lantane E ast. M in N M R ( Lynch ). R osnakilla . M a j NM R ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allochroy . M a j NM R ( Hawkins). D uachy. M a j NM S? ( Thom). I slay. B allinaby . M aj N M S ( Thom). L ewis. A irigh n am B idearan . M a j NM S ( Thom), M a j NM S ( Ruggles). C 1aCh a n T Ursa . M aj N M S? ( Burl)

3 . 4 t o 6S tone R ows R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . A rdrah . M in N M R ( Lynch ). B eenalaght. M a j NM R ( Lynch ). C astlenalacht . M in N M R ( Lynch). D romcarra . M a j NM R ( Lynch ). F arranahineeny . M aj N M R ( Lynch ). T üllig . M in N M R ( Lynch ). C o . K erry. K ildrellig . M a j NM R ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allymeanoch . M ai N M S ( Thom), M a j NM S? ( Ruggles). E scart. M a j NM R? ( Ruggles). M ull. D ervaig , N NW . M a j NM S? ( Ruggles). D ervaig , C entre . P robably M a j NM S ( Thom), D ervaig , S SE . M aj N M S? ( Thom)

M a j NM S? ( Ruggles).

4 . S ingle R ows N ORTHERN I RELAND . C o . T yrone . B eaghmore .

M aj N M R?, c . 1 640 2 00 B C? ( A .S . T hom).

W ALES D yfed . P arc y M eirw . M in N M S ( Thom).

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

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6 . A venues N o a lignments r ecorded.

7 . M ultiple R ows N o a lignments r ecorded.

M ajor a nd M inor S outhern M oon A lignments 1 . P airs o f S tones E NGLAND C umbria . G iant 's G rave. M aj S M S ( Thom). S COTLAND A ngus. C orogle B urn. M aj S M S ( Thom). A rgyll. A chnabreac. M aj S M S ( Thom). B allymeanoch . M aj S M R ( Thom) B arbreck . M aj S M S ( Ruggles). D unamuck , M id. M in S M R? ( Ruggles). K ilmartin . M aj S M S ( Thom); M aj S M S ( Ruggles). K incardineshire . K empston H ill. M in S M S

( Thom).

2 . T hree-Stone R ows. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o. C ork . K ilcaskan . M in S M R ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. D uachy . N ear M in S M R ( Thom). D unamuck , N orth . N ear M aj S M R ( Ruggles). D umfriesshire. D yke. M aj S M R ( Thom). J ura. K nockrome. M aj S M S ( Thom). S annaig . M aj S M S? ( Ruggles). L ewis. A irigh n am B idearan. M ull.

M aj S M R ( Ruggles).

B alliscate . N ear M aj S M S ( Thom). G lengorm . M aj S M R? ( Ruggles).

3 . 4t o 6S tone R ows E NGLAND Y orkshire. D evil 's A rrows.

M aj S M R? ( Thom).

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . A rdräh . M in S M S ( Lynch ). C astlenalacht. M in S M S ( Lynch ). G arrane . M aj S M S ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll.

E scart. M aj S M S ( Thom); M aj S M S ( Ruggles).

J ura . C arragh a 'Ghlinne . M in S M S ( Thom ). M ull .

D ervaig , C entre. M aj S M R ( Ruggles). D ervaig , S SE . n ear M aj S M R ( Ruggles). Q uinish . M aj S M S ( Thom). U luvalt . N ear M in S M R ( Ruggles).

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

6 . A venues E NGLAND S omerset. S tanton D rew .

M aj S M S ( Thom).

S COTLAND L ewis. C allanish .

M aj S M S ( Ponting , M ., 1 988, 4 29).

7 . M ultiple R ows F RANCE B rittany ( Morbihan). K eriavel . M in S M R ( Thom ) S COTLAND S utherland . L earable H ill.

M a j SM R ( Myatt).

S tellar A lignments i n S tone R ows 1 . P airs o f S tones S COTLAND A rgyll . K ilmartin .

C apella r ising , 1 830 B C ( Thom )

W ALES D yfed . G ors F awr .

A rcturus r ising , 1 420 B C ( Arch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 18).

2 . T hree-Stone R ows. S COTLAND A yr . B allantrae . D eneb r ising ( Thom ). M ull. A rdnacross.

C apella s etting , 1 750 B C? ( Thom ).

3 . 4t o 6S tone R ows E NGLAND N orthumberland . F ive K ings. V ega s etting , 1 820 B C ( Thom ). Y orkshire . D evil 's A rrows.

C entauri r ising , 3 400 B C ( Lockyer)

S COTLAND L ewis. C allanish ( East r ow ). P leiades r ising , 1 750 B C ( Somerville), ( east r ow ) A ltair r ising , 1 760 B C ( Thom ). M ull . D ervaig , N NW . C apella s etting , 1 930 B C ( Thom ) P erthshire . D oune . C apella r ising , 1 760 B C ( Thom ).

4 . S ingle R ows E NGLAND C ornwall . N ine M aidens. D eneb r ising , 2 000 B C ( Thom ).

5 . D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

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6 . A venues S COTLAND L ewis. C allanish . C apella r ising , 1 800 B C ( Somerville ); C apella r ising , 1 790 B C ( Thom )

7 . M ultiple R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

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I n p assing , t he t erm ' Astro-archaeology ', u sed b y s ome ( Michell s upra , H awkins, 1 966, 1 21) i s m isleading . B y d efinition i t m ust r efer t o t he a rchaeology o f t he s tars [ Greek/si l l° - s tar], a s ub ject b eyond t he c ompetence o f t his t errestrial w riter . T he s tars , m oreover , d o n ot s eem t o h ave i nterested t he p rehistoric s ocieties o f w estern E urope w ho c oncentrated t heir a lignments t owards t he s un o r t he m oon . ' Archaeo-astronomy ' i s c orrect , t he s tudy o f a ncient a stronomy . T he r eluctance o f p rofessional c olleagues t o a ccept t hat a rchaeo-astronomical r esearch h as a ny v alidity h as b een e ncouraged b y t he m any i neffective a ttempts t o d iscover c elestial a lignments i n t he l ong s tone r ows, p articularly t hose o n D artmoor . ( i) S ingle a nd D ouble R ow s. E arly i n t he 2 0th c entury S ir N orman L ockyer ( 1909, 1 45-65, 4 817 ) e xamined s everal o f t he l ong l ines o n D artmoor , c oncluding t hat m any b ut n ot a ll o f t hem h ad b een l aid o ut t owards t he r ising o f b right s tars s uch a s R igel ( 0 ( C entauri), A rcturus ( c ( B ootis) a nd t he P leiades ( 'The S even S isters '). U nlike t he r isings a nd s ettings o f t he s un a nd m oon w hich a ppear a lmost u nvaried o ver t he m illennia , m any s tars m ove a cross t he h eavens m uch m ore r apidly ( Thom , 1 967a , 1 7), c hanging t heir p ositions c onsiderably o ver t he c enturies a t r ates w hich a re c hronologically k nown . B eacause o f t his L ockyer w as a ble t o o ffer d ates f or t he c onstruction o f t hese s tellar r ows : C hallacombe , ' 3 / C entauri r ising 3 600 B C ; C holwichtown ( Lee M oor), 4 C entauri r ising 1 560 B C ; F ernworthy , a C entauri r ising 1 720 B C , 1 670 B C , 1 610 B C ; M errivale . r 4C entauri r ising 1 860BC , P leiades r ising , 1 580 B C , 1 400 B C ; S huggledown ( Shovel D own), C entauri r ising 2 900 B C ; T rowlesworthy , A rcturus r ising 2 130 B C . A s w ell a s t hese D artmoor r ows h e s uggested t hat t he N ine M aidens r ow n ear S t C olumb M ajor i n C ornwall h ad b een d irected t owards t he r ising o f C apella ( . (Aurigae) i n 1 480 B C . S ome r ows i n B rittany a lso w ere a stronomically o rientated . T he l ines a t L eure ( Lockyer , 1 909 , 3 67), n ow d estroyed , h ad a ligments t owards t he M ay D ay s unrise , n o d ate b eing c alculable f or t his, a nd t owards " ( C entauri r ising i n 2 340 B C . T he b adly d amaged c omplex o f al ong a nd t wo r ather s horter r ows a t L agatjar o n t he C rozon p eninsula c ontained d irections t owards t he m idsummer s unset, t he m idwinter s unrise a nd C apella r ising i n 1 600 B C . P ersonal f ieldwork b y t he w riter h as l ed h im t o t he t entative c onclusion t hat t he l ongest l ine w as o f n o a stronomical i nterest b ut t hat t he t wo s horter r ows, a ligned S E-NW , m ight h ave b een d irected t owards t he m a jor n orthern m oonset ( Burl , 1 985 , 6 7-8). M ore c onvincingly , t here i s a3 -Stone r ow t o t he e ast a nd t his d oes a ppear t o b e s et t owards t he m idwinter s unset l ike m any o thers i n B ritain a nd I reland . T his r ow , h owever , h as n ot b een i ncluded i n t he c orpus a s i t i s u ncertain h ow m any s tones t here w ere i n i t o riginally . D espite t he a ssurance w ith w hich L ockyer 's f indings w ere p resented i t m ust b e s aid t hat a r ange o f d ates f rom 3 600 B C t o 1 400 B C , a pproximately 2 800 b e t o 1 100 b e i n r adiocarbon y ears a nd a t ime s pan f rom t he M iddle N eolithic d own t o t he L ate B ronze A ge i s a rchaeologically u npersuasive . N or i s t he a rchitecture o f t hese e xtended , w andering r ows e xplicable i f t hey h ad b een i ntended a s a stronomical s ightlines.

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W orth ( 1967, 4 52-7) w rote a d etailed c riticism o f L ockyer 's f indings. H e n oted t he m any u nastronomical d eviations i n t he 1 1,150 f t ( 3340m ) s tretch o f t he S tall M oor r ow , r emarking t hat ' the v agaries o f t hat r ow h ave b roken t he h earts o f t he a stronomers ' ( ibid , 2 04 , 2 42). W orth , w ho h ad s pent y ears f ieldwalking o n D artmoor , a ccepted t hat a m a jority o f t he l ines h ad g eneral a lignments e ither N -S o r N E-SW b ut ' in o ther c ases t he d irection s eems t o b e g overned b y t he f orm o f t he g round ' ( ibid , 2 43). E mmett ( 1979, 1 01) w as e ven m ore d ismissive . E xcept f or a g ap a t t he S E-NW s egment o f t he h orizon t he r ows w ere o rientated t o a lmost a ny p oint o f t he c ompass. F or t he s ingle r ows, ' Not o nly d o m ost o f t he s tone r ows g o i n t he w rong d irection , f urthermore t hey d o n ot e ven g o s traight i n t he w rong d irection '. T he d ouble r ows w ere e ven w orse . ' There i s i nvariably a d ifferent a lignment f or e ach l ine o f s tones '. T he r ows o n D artmoor , h e w rote , ' merely r un r oughly d ownhill, t owards t he l imit o f t he g ranite , a nd t hat t he o rientation i s t he r esult o f s uch c asual s iting '. D enials t hat t he D artmoor r ows w ere e ver d esigned a s a stronomical i ndicators a re s upported f irst b y t heir g rossly d ifferent l engths w hich c an b e a s s hort a s 1 05 f t ( 32m ) a t F ernworthy t o a s l ong a s 6 ,266 f t ( 1910m ) a t B utterdon . W ith a n a verage o f 6 50 f t ( 198m ) ( Emmett, 1 979 , 1 11, c olumn 4 ), a lmost 2 00 y ards o f s tuttering s tones w hich o ne c ould c omfortably t ake t hree m inutes t o w alk , t he r ows f ar e xceed t he o ptimum d istance r equired b etween a b acksight a nd a n e asily-defined f oresight, a bout 5 0 t o 1 00 f t ( 15-30m ). T he s econd o b jection w ould b e t o t he p resence o f a t all t erminal s tone w hich o ften s tands a t t heir l ower e nd , e ffectively b locking a ny v iew u p t he l ine . T he t hird w ould b e t he f act t hat t hese D artmoor r ows, l ike t hose i n n orth-east I reland , f requently l ead u phill t owards a n e ncircled b urial c airn w hich w ould h ave b een a m ost u nsuitable f oresight . S imilar o b jections m ight b e m ade t owards P arc y M eirw , ' the f ield o f t he d ead ', i n D yfed ( RCHAM=W , 1 925, n o . 5 10 , A rchaeology i n W ales 2 3 , 1 983 , 3 1). I t i s t he o nly l ong s ingle r ow i n t he w hole o f W ales a nd , b eing w here i t i s w ithin a f ew m iles o f t he s ea i n t he s outh-west o f t he c ountry , i t m ay h ave b een r elated t o t he l ong r ows o f s outhw est E ngland . F our o f t he e ight s tones i n t his u nusual W elsh r ow s till s tand , t rapped i n a f ield-wall, t wo o f t hem u tilised a s g ateposts. T hom ( 1967a , 1 59 , 1 971a , 7 3-4) h as s uggested t hat t he l ine , 1 31 f t ( 40m ) l ong a nd a rranged E SE-WNW , w as l aid o ut t owards t he m inor n orthern m oonset j ust n orth o f M ount L einster 9 1 m iles a way a cross t he I rish S ea . H e c onsidered t he r ow t he m ost s outherly o f a ll t he r eliable l unar s ites ( 1969b , 1 5). ' Because o f r ising g round i t c annot h ave b een i ntended f or u se t o t he s outh-east ( 1971a , 7 3). T his i s p ossible . O ne s hould n ote , h owever , t hat t he s tones o f t his r ow w hich s tands o n g round r ising n oticeably t o t he s outh-east a lso r ise i n h eight t o t he S SE w here t he t allest i s s ome 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m ) h igh . C haracteristically t hat s tone o nce s tood i n l ine w ith a n m egalithic t omb , C oetan A rthur , ' Arthur 's Q uoit ' o r ' Grave ', a b urial p lace w hich w as d estroyed i n 1 844 f or a h ouse w hich b rought t he o wner n o l uck ( Grinsell , 1 976, 2 50). I t m ay h ave b een a p ortal d olmen w ith

4 07

a g reat c apstone . T here w ere s everal o thers i n t he v icinity ( Megalithic E nquiries i n t he W est o f B ritain , 1 969, 1 46). ' Stories a re t old o f a g hostly l ady i n w hite b eing s een n ear h ere ' ( Barber , C ., 1 986, 1 1), j ust p ossibly a f olk m emory o f t he a ncient f unerary a ssociations o f t he r ow l eading t o t he t omb . I n t he s ame w ay t he l ong r ows o f n orth-eastern I reland a lso h ad c onnections w ith t he d ead b ut c ontained f ew c onvincing a lignments t o t he s un o r m oon . A t t he f amous s tone c ircle c omplex o f B eaghmore i n C o . T yrone D r . A .S. T hom ( 1980) m ade a c omprehensive s urvey o f t he l ines l eading t o t he s even m egalithic r ings t here . S ix w ere l ong r ows o f l ow s tones , s lightly d og-legged a nd c omposed o f s tones o f v arying h eights. T he a nalyses o f t hese l ong l ines w ere m ade o nly t owards t he n orth-east b ecause t he c lose a nd h igh s outh-western s kyline p revented t he r ecovery o f a ny p recise d eclination . T he a stronomical r esults w ere n ot e ncouraging . F or t he u ninitiated i t s hould b e p ointed o ut t hat a ny s olar d eclination s hould b e i n t he r egion o f 2 4 °, a nd , f or t he m oon , a d eclination o f 2 9° f or i ts m a jor , a nd 1 9° f or i ts m inor p ositions. T he r esults w ere ( Thom , A .S., 1 980 , 1 7): L ine 1 D , 2 5 °. 22, 2 6 °. 1 ; L ine 2 , 2 7 °. 47; L ine 5 , 2 8 °. 00; L ine 7 , 2 6 °. 60 ; L ine 1 0 , 2 3 °. 83 ; a nd L ine 1 1, 1 5 °. 35 . I t c an b e s een t hat e xcept f or L ine 1 0 w hich i s c lose t o a n a lignment o n t he m idsummer s unrise n one o f t he o thers i s n ear t o a ny s ignificant s olar o r l unar o rientation . T his c aused T hom t o a sk , ' Were t he e rectors b eginners a nd l earning a bout t he m oon 's m ovement o r w ere t he r ows p ut t here f or o ther r easons?' ( ibid , 1 8). A s T hom h imself n oted ( ibid , 1 9) i n p rehistoric t imes t he s ite m ay h ave b een s urrounded b y t all t rees w hich w ould h ave a ltered t he h eights o f t he h orizon , s omething c onfirmed b y p ollen a nalysis ( Pilcher , 1 969 , 8 1-5, 8 9; B url, 1 987, 1 1). T o t his m ust b e a dded t he f act t hat e very o ne o f t hese l ong r ows r an s outh-westwards t owards i ts o wn b urial c airn w hich a ppears t o b e i ts f ocus . I t i s a rguable , t herefore , t hat d espite t he h igh s kyline a nd t he l ikelihood o f a djacent f orest t his w as t he d irection t owards w hich t he r ows w ere d irected . I f s o , t here i s a p ossibility t hat l ike t he 3 -Stone r ow a t B allochroy i n A rgyllshire ( Thom , 1 967a , 1 51-5) t he l ines w ere c rudely a ligned n ot o nly o n ab urial-place b ut a lso u pon t he m idwinter s unset ( Burl, 1 987, 1 1-12). T he r ecognition o f s uch j uxtapositions b etween d eath a nd t he s un o r m oon a re b ecoming c ommonplace i n t he m egalithic m onuments o f w estern E urope . ( ii) A venues A venues, t he d ouble l ines l eading t o s tone c ircles a nd h enges , m ay h ave b een p rocessional b ut a lmost c ertainly w ere n ot a stronomical . A lthough i t i s p ossible t o ' find ' a lignments i n o ne o r t wo o f t hem i t i s l ikely t hat t hese w ere a ccidental , e specially t hose t hat h ave b een c laimed t o b e s tellar . T he a rchitecture o f a venues d oes n ot c onform t o t he i deal o f a n o bservational d evice w hich s hould b e s traight a nd s hort e nough f or t he f oresight t o b e e asily m ade o ut . F ew a venues a re

4 08

s traight . M ost o f t hem a re l ong . A nd m any a re t oo w ide f or a ny n eat s ightline t o b e d efined a long t hem . L ockyer b elieved t hat s ome a venues h ad p urposely b een l aid o ut t o i ndicate c elestial e vents. A n o bserver a t t he s tone c ircle o f C allanish , h e s uggested , ( 1909 , 3 77) w ould h ave s een C apella ( 4 ( A urigae) r ise b etween t he s ides o f t he a venue i n 1 720 B C . T he K ennet a venue a t A vebury w as a ligned o n t he r ising o f R igel ( . ( C entauri) i n 3 500 B C ( ibid , 3 69), a s tretch o f t he a venue a t S hap w as d irected t owards t he s ame s tar i n 3 400 B C ( ibid , 3 69), o ne o f t he a venues a t S tanton D rew r ecorded t he M ay D ay s unrise ( ibid , 3 09), a nd a t S tonehenge t he a venue h ad a m idsummer s unrise o rientation ( ibid , 1 20). A s h as b een m entioned L ockyer , w hen d iscussing t he D artmoor r ows, w as v ery w illing t o a ccept t hat p rehistoric p eople u sed n ot o nly t he s un a nd m oon b ut a lso s tars a s h eavenly t argets. H e w as a lso p repared t o a ccept d ates a s e arly a s 3 600 B C a nd a s l ate a s 1 400 B C f or t he l ines. I ndeed , i n t he c ase o f a n a lignment f rom t he L ong M eg s tone c ircle t o ag ap o n t he h orizon h e p resumed t hat t his h ad d efined t he r ising o f A rcturus ( Ä Bootis) i n 1 130 B C ( ibid , 4 83). T he p roblem i s t wofold . Q uite d ifferent f rom t he a lmost s tatic e xtremes o f t he s un a nd m oon w hich p resented o nly t iny a reas o f t he s kyline f or a n o bserver t o s ight o n t here w ere m any b right s tars a nd s ome o f t hem s hifted i n t heir r ising a nd s etting p ositions q uite c onsiderably o ver t he c enturies ( Burl, 1 976, 5 1-2). H ence u nless o ne k nows t he d ate a t w hich a r ow o r a venue w as c onstructed t here a re m any s tars t o c hoose f rom . T hom ( 1967a , 9 2) q uite p roperly a ttempted t o o vercome t his o b jection b y l imiting h is d ate r ange f rom 2 000 a nd 1 600 B C . L ockyer h ad n o s uch r eservations. H is m istake c an b e e xplained b y s howing w hat o ccurred i n s kies h alfway u p B ritain a t l atitude 5 5° b etween 2 000 a nd 1 600 B C .

t he

T able 9 . R ising P ositions o f S un M oon a nd F our B right S tars. L atitude 5 5 J. 2 000 - 1 600 B C . 2 000 B C 1 600 B C M ovement A long t he S kyline S un 4 5'.0 4 5'.1 0 '.1 M oon 3 2 °. 1 3 2 °. 2 0°. 1 C apella 2 4 °. 7 1 5 °. 7 9° . 0 R igel 19 °. 2 1 14 ° . 9 4°. 3 S irius 1 25 °. 4 1 23 ° . 4 2°. 0 S pica 7 1 °. 4 7 5 °. 1 30. 7 I n t he f our c enturies b etween 2 000 a nd 1 600 B C t he s un 's a nd m oon 's e xtreme r isings c hanged o nly o ne-tenth o f ad egree , am ere o net hird o f t heir d iameters, w hereas t he m ovements o f s tars w ere s pectacularly d ifferent. W ith o ther b right s tars s uch a s D eneb ( Z C ygni) a nd A rcturus a vailable t he c hances o f ' discovering ' a s tellar a lignment o n o ne s tar o r a nother m ust b e h igh , e specially i f n o c hronological r estriction i s i mposed . W ithout i ndependent e vidence o f d ate , t herefore , a ny p ossible s tellar o rientation s hould b e c onsidered w ith g reat c aution .

a re

I t i s i nteresting t hat w hen s uch a t est i s a pplied t he r esults n egative . T hree s hort s tone r ows i n s outh-west I reland ,

4 09

C ashelkeelty , D romatouk a nd M aughanasilly h ave p rovided r adiocarbon a ssays w hich , w hen c overted , a re t he a pproximate e quivalents r espectively o f 1 300 B C , 1 700 B C a nd 1 600 B C . I n h er a stronomical a nalyses o f t he t hree l ines A nn L ynch ( 1982, 2 06-7) f ound n o s olar o r l unar a lignment i n t hem f rom e ither e nd o f t he r ow , t heir d eclinations, i n o rder , b eing : 3 °. 21 a nd 7° . 9; 24 ° . 12 a nd 2 7 °. 09 ; a nd 28 °0 1 a nd 2 9 °. 77. O n t he a ssumption t hat t he r ows h ad b een d irected t owards a c elestial t arget t hen t he a lternative o f a b right s tar w ould h ave b een a n a ppropriate c andidate . T he d eclinations o f t wenty-five h ave b een e xamined b y t he w riter : A chernar , A crux , A ldebaran , A ltair , A ntares, A rcturus, B ellatrix ,A C rucis, B etelgeuse , C anopus, C apella , C astor , D eneb , F ormalheut , H adar , K ochab , P olaris, P ollux , P rocyon , R egulus, R igel ( A O rionis), R igel K entaurus, S irius, S pica a nd V ega . N ot o ne m atched t he d eclinations a t t he r equired d ates a lthough s everal w ould h ave f itted a t d ifferent t imes. I t i s f or s uch r easons t hat a lignments t owards t he s tars i n w estern E urope a re r egarded w ith d oubt . N or a re L ockyer 's s olar a lignments i n a venues a ny m ore a cceptable . T he K ennet a venue , l ike i ts c ounterpart a t B eckhampton , a lthough 2 m iles l ong i s s traight f or b arely 2 00 f t ( 60m ) b efore i t w riggles l ike a t ormented w orm t owards O verton H ill. T he s udden c urve o f t he S hap a venue h as a lready b een n oted . T he a venues a t S tanton D rew a re s o d amaged t hat i t i s a lmost i mpossible t o d etermine t heir a zimuths ( Dymond , 1 896, 3 1-2). A t S tonehenge w hat i s r arely a ppreciated i s t hat t he e xistence o f t he h enge 's 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h igh b ank w ould h ave o bscured t he l ine o f t he a venue t owards t he n orth-eastwards. T his a venue a lso d escended d own t he s lope , f alling o ut o f s ight q uite r apidly . I f i t c ontained a ny a lignment i t w ould h ave b een f rom t he n orth-east , u phill t owards t he s outh-west a nd t he m idwinter s unset . A t R hos y B eddau t wo o rientations h ave b een p roposed ( Thom , 1 967a , 1 00). O ne f rom t he c ircle a long t he n arrow a venue o f l ow , g rass-high s tones t owards S pica r ising i n 2 000 B C ; a nd d own t he a venue t o t he r ing t owards s unset i n e arly M arch , a t ime o f n o s pecial c alendrical i nterest . A venues a t B roomend o f C richie , C errig D uon , L acra , B roomrigg a nd e lsewhere b ox t he c ompass i n a lmost e very d irection e xcept t hose w hich c oncerned t he s un o r m oon . T he a venue a t M errivale S outh h as b een s een a s a l unar e xtrapolation s ite ( Wood & P enny , N ature 2 57, 1 975, 2 05-7) b ut H eggie ( 1981, 5 4) h as c riticised s ome o f t he a rithmetical c onclusions. O nly a t C allanish i s t here a r easonable p ossibility t hat t he a venue w as c elestially a ligned . I t i s a n i mposing s tructure o f t hin , g raceful s tones, l ower n ear t he c ircle , c ulminating i n a t all p illar , 1 1 f t 7 ( 3 .5m ) h igh a t t he f ar e nd . T he a venue 's s ides a re r ather s played , w ider b y 4 f t ( 1.2m ) a t i ts N NE t han a t i ts S SW a gainst t he r ing w here i t c ontracts t o 1 9 f t 7 ( 6m ) i n w idth . I t i s s ome 2 73 f t ( 83m ) l ong. F ull d etails o f t he s tones i n t he a venue , i n t he t hree r ows a nd i n t he c ircle a re g iven i n G . & M . P onting 's e xcellent

4 10

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F ollowing L ockyer 's c alculation t hat t he a venue p ointed n orthwards t owards t he r ising o f C apella i n 1 720 B C , S omerville ( 1923 , 2 02) c ame t o as imilar c onclusion t hough d ating t he a lignment t o 1 800 B C . T hom ( 1966a , 4 9-40 ; 1 967a , 9 8) r evised t his t o 1 790 B C . H awkins, ( 1966, 1 85) q uestioned t he a lignment, r emarking t hat ' a s tar a s v iewed a t s ea l evel e ven u nder t he v ery b est c onditions, i s l ess b right b y a t l east s ix m agnitudes t han i t i s w hen v iewed h igher i n t he s ky a nd C apella a t i ts r ising w ould b e f aint a nd i nconspicuous'. H e s uggested , i nstead , t hat w ere o ne t o l ook d own t he a venue t owards t he c ircle a nd t he S SW a n o bserver w ould h ave s een t he m oon s etting a t i ts s outhern e xtreme d own t he s lope o f M ount C lisham 1 6 m iles a way . T hom a ccepted t his, a dding t hat t he s ides o f t he a venue w ould h ave r ecorded t he m inute ' wobble ' o f t he m oon a t i ts m aximum . ' The d iscovery o f t his s mall v ariation i n t he i nclination o f t he m oon 's o rbit w as m ade b y T ycho B rahe [ 1546-1601]. I s i t p ossible t hat i ts e ffect w as k nown i n t he O uter H ebrides i n 1 800 B C? C ertainly t he n ecessary o bserving a pparatus f or d etecting t he e ffect w as t here ' ( 1967a, 1 25). H e a dded, h owever , t hat t he n ature o f t he s ite m ade i t ' difficult t o s ee w here t here w as r oom f or a ny e xtrapolation t o b e d one ' ( 1971a, 6 8). T he a venue a t C allanish s eems t o c ontain t wo g ood a lignments t owards t he m ajor s outhern m oonset a nd i t i s f easible t hat t hese w ere i ntended b y i ts b uilders. I t i s i ntriguing, t herefore , t o r ead w hat t he G reek p oet, H ecataeus o f A bdera , w rote i n t he 4 th c entury B C ( J . I vimy. T he S phinx a nd t he M egaliths, 1 974 , 9 4-5). H e d escribed a n i mpressive c ircular t emple , a pparently i n B ritain, a nd ' that t he m oon , a s v iewed f rom t his i sland L Harris & L ew is?] a ppears t o b e b ut a l ittle d istance f rom t he e arth ', a l unar p henomenon w hich H awkins ( 1966, 1 85) n oted w as p eculiar t o t he l atitude o f C allanish . N evertheless, t he a venue a t C allanish a ppears t o b e a n e xception . O ther a venues d o n ot c ontain t he s ame n ice s ightlines. T o t he c ontrary, i f t he s ingle r ow o n S tall M oor o n D artmoor c aused h eartbreak a mongst a stronomers t hen t he a venue a t M oor D ivock i n W estmorland ( TCWAAS 3 , 1 876-7, 2 51-2; T aylor, 1 886) w ould h ave b rought t hem n ightmares. O f t iny s tones n o m ore t han 1 f t t o 2 f t ( 30-60cm) h igh a long w hich o nly a h awk-eyed d warf c ould h ave s ighted , i t w rithed i ts w ay t hrough a m uddle o f c ircles a nd c airns f or a n i rregular t hird o f a m ile, f irst N NW , t hen n orth-west a nd f inally W SW , m ore l ike S tukeley 's s acred s lithering s erpent t han a ny m egalithic o bservatory. ( iii) M ultiples T he s trangest , a nd r arest , o f a ll l inear c omplexes o f s tanding s tones a re t hose c omposed o f s everal l ines w hich a re f requently a rranged i n t he l ayout o f a f an . S uch m ultiple r ows c an b e c omposed o f a s m any a s 2 3 l ines l ike M id C lyth i n C aithness, a nd a s l ong a s 6 906 f t ( 2105m) a t K erzerho n ear E rdeven i n s outhern B rittany . O ther s ettings, s uch a s C orringdon B all o n D artmoor, m ay c ontain o nly t hree r ows, a m ere 2 30 f t ( 79m) i n l ength .

4 12

T he r eason f or s uch m egalithic o verkill h as p uzzled a rchaeologists f or y ears, o ne e xplanation b eing t hat t he m any s tones c ommemorated w arriors k illed i n s ome a ncient b attle . ' The t heory o f t he s tones b eing e rected f or t his p urpose i s ap lausible o ne , a nd i t i s c onfirmed b y t radition ' ( Gunn , 1 915, 3 47). A lexander T hom f ound t he f ans a c hallenge . ' If t he s tone r ows o f C aithness h ave s o f ar d efied e xplanation , w e a re e ncouraged t o b elieve t hat f or a t l east s ome o f t hem a n a stronomical u se e xisted ' ( 1967a , 1 57). T hen , b y 1 971 , h e w as a ble t o o ffer r easons f or t hem . H e b elieved t hey h ad b een d esigned a s c alculators t o s olve p roblems o f e xtrapolation . T he m oon d oes n ot a lways r each i ts f arthest n orth o r s outh p ositions, i ts m a jor d eclinations, w hen i t i s s etting o r r ising , a nd t his c ould h ave l ed t o o bservational e rrors o f u p t o 1 0 '. T o o vercome t his i naccuracy T hom ( 1971a , 1 3) s uggested t hat p rehistoric o bservers, u sed a s ystem o f s takes a s b acksights, a ligning t hem o n m oonset o r m oonrise o n t hree s uccessive n ights n earest t he e xtreme . T o f ind t he e xact p ositions o f t he l unar e xtremes t hey c hose t he f oresight o f a c onvenient n otch i n t he s kyline . T hey t hen p ut u p t he b acksights i n l ine w ith t he n otch a nd t he m oon f or t hree n ights o n e ither s ide o f t he p redicted m ajor p osition , ' straddling ' i t. A d istance o n t he g round k nown a s ' G ' w as t he l ength f rom t he f arthest l efthand s take t o t he m idpoint o f t he o ther t wo s takes. I t c orresponded t o t he d eclination d eficiency h alf a l unar d ay b efore o r a fter t he m aximum d eclination . I f t he s takes w ere 4 G a part t hen o ne o f t hem w ould b e i n l ine w ith t he m aximum p osition . T he v alue o f s uch e xtrapolation s ectors w as t hat t hey c ould b e u sed f or t he p rediction o f l unar e clipses b ecause t hey d efined t he m oon 's s light ' wobble ' a pproximately e very s ix m onths. ' If M egalithic M an c ould d etect t he p erturbation o f t he m oon a nd k now i ts p eriod h e w ould b e i n a p osition t o p redict e clipses', t he t ime w hen s un a nd m oon w ere i n c on junction ( Thom , 1 971a , 1 9, 8 5). F our f an-shaped s ites i n C aithness a ppeared t o c onform t o t he l ayout n ecessary t o e stablish t his e clipse d anger p eriod : C amster , D irlot , t he L och o f Y arrows a nd M id C lyth . T he f our d o s tand n ear p ossible l unar o bservatories, a nd a re l aid o ut i n n eat g rid p atterns o r ' megalithic g raph p aper '. S imilar s ites e xisted i n t he c ounty a nd i n S utherland t o t he s outh b ut d amage b y m an a nd w eather , o ften e ngulfing t he s mall s tones d eeply i n p eat, p revented a ny p recise r econstruction o f t heir d esigns. T he T hor n s ' a nalyses o f t he f our s ites c an b e f ound i n V olume I : C amster , N 1/14 ; D irlot, N 1/17; L och o f Y arrows, N 1/8; M id C lyth ( 'Hill o ' M any S tanes '), N 1/1. M ore d etailed r eferences a re : C amster , 1 971a , 9 9-100 , 1 04; D irlot , 1 971a , 9 5-8, 1 03, 1 04 ; L och o f Y arrows, 1 971a , 9 1, 9 8-9, 1 04 ; 1 978a , 3 ; M id C lyth , 1 971a , 9 1-5 , 9 9, 1 01 , 1 03, 1 04 , 1 11, 1 13. F or r eaders w ishing t o h ave d escriptions o f t he m ethods u sed t o d etermine a nd l ay o ut t he s ectors t hese c an b e f ound i n T hom , 1 971a , 8 3, 1 05; W ood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 16-39; a nd H eggie , 1 981, 9 8-100 , 1 92-5 .

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S ome d ifficulties m ust b e f aced b y t he p roponents o f t he e xtrapolation t heory . O nly f our s ites a re k nown a nd t wo o f t hese , C ams t er a nd D irlot , a re i n p oor c ondition . T here i s a lso t he p ossibility t hat a ll f our w ere s ettings t hat a ccumulated o ver t he y ears. S imilar r ows e xist t hat h int a t s uch a p rocess. T hey p ossess t he s ame c haracteristics a s t he C aithness f ans - r ows c onverging , l eading u phill , d irected t owards a c airn - b ut t hey a re i ncomplete . A t S huggledown o r S hovel D own o n D artmoor t here i s ad ouble r ow ( Worth , 1 967, 2 20 n o• 3 7) 4 85 f t ( 148m ) l ong, 3 f t 3( 1m ) w ide , t he 5 5 s tones d irected S -N u p a g radient o f 1 :33 t owards a d espoiled c airn . A t t he l ower e nd o f t he r ows i s as plendid s tanding s tone , t he L ongstone , 1 0 f t 5( 3 ,2m ) h igh . 9

9

T o t he e ast o f t he t wo r ows i s a t hird ( ibid , 2 22, n o . 3 9), 2 95 f t ( 90m ) l ong . I ts s outhern e nd i s a bout 1 00 f t ( 30m ) f rom t hose o f t he d ouble r ow b ut a s i t p roceeds S SE-NNW u p t he s lope t owards t he c airn i t i ncreasingly c loses o n i ts w estern p artners . T here i s a c omparable c omplex t o t he n orth w here a d ouble r ow r uns N -S u p as teeper s lope t owards a c airn-circle . H ere i t i s j oined b y a s econd d ouble r ow a ligned N W-SE t owards t he s ame m ound ( ibid , 2 19-20, n os. 3 4 , 3 5). ' Thus t he t hree r ows o f t he s outhern g roup a ppear t o h ave f ormed a r oughly s imilar p attern t o t he n orthern g roup , i .e . a ll c onverging t owards t he t op o f t he r idge ' ( Pettit , 1 974 , 1 53). A t S huggledown , t herefore , t he s ix r ows w ere a rguably p art o f a m ulti-phase c omplex o f w hich t he m ain p urpose w as t o d raw a ttention t o t he b urial-places. H ad e ach s etting b een f illed i n w ith t wo m ore r ows t he r esult w ould h ave b een a n ear-replica o f t he C aithness f ans . F urther p roblems a ppear w hen c onsidering a rchitecturally s imilar s ites i n B rittany . T he r ows o f P etit-Menec n ear C arnac-Ville ( Thom & T hom , 1 978a , 9 3 , 9 6-7; H eggie , 1 981 , 1 94) a lso a re f an-shaped b ut t he d esign o f t he g rid i s n ot c onvincing a s a n e xtrapolation s ector . T he d iscrepancy b etween t he p rojected v alue a nd t he a ctual o ne f or 4 G ' is u ncomfortably l arge ' ( Wood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 45). A s t hese r ows m ay b e n o m ore t han t he l opped-off t erminals o f t he l arger K erlescan c omplex t o t heir w est t his d oes n ot h ave t o b e am ajor o b jection . T he f an o f f ive r ows a t L e M ou lin d e S t . P ierre o n t he Q uiberon p eninsula , h owever , d emonstrates v ery c learly t he h azards c onfronting a nyone e ndeavouring t o d iscover t he f unction o f s uch s ettings. T he r ows a re a bout 1 80 f t ( 55m ) l ong a nd 1 08 f t ( 33m ) w ide a t t heir E SE e nd . T he T hor n s ( 1978a , 1 06-7) n oted t hat ' In S t . P ierre ... t here i s p art o f a s ector o f w hich t here i s e nough l eft t o f ix t he r adius a s b eing a t l east 7 00 f t [ 213m ] a nd t his i s v ery c lose t o t he t heoretical v alue r equired f or e xtrapolation a t t his s ite , n amely 4 G = 7 20 f t ' [ 220m ]. T his i s q uite c orrect a nd c an b e c onfirmed b y a nyone v isiting t he s ite t oday ( Burl , 1 985, 1 58, n o . 2 04a). W hat t he v isitor w ill n ot r ealise , h owever , i s t hat m uch o f t he f ormer s etting h as b een l ost . B etween 1 868 a nd 1 872 t he R ev . W .C . L ukis u ndertook e xtensive f ieldwork i n B rittany d uring w hich h e s aw t he S t P ierre r ows. H e r ecorded t hat t he f ive l ines w ere t hen a t l east 6 35 f t ( 193m ) l ong

4 14

b ut w ere b eing ' partially d estroyed b y t he e ncroachment o f t he s ea ... [ They] m ay b e t raced t o t he v ery e dge o f t he b each , a nd e ven o n t he r ocks w hen t he t ide i s o ut ' ( Lukis, W .C . G uide t o t he C hambered B arrows e tc o f S outh B rittany . R ipon , 1 975, 2 9. G iven t hese c aveats t he e xtrapolation h ypothesis f or t he C aithness f ans s hould b e a warded t he S cottish v erdict o f ' Not P roven '. O nly e xcavation c an n ow d etermine t heir f ull d esign . A lexander T hom w as w ell a ware o f t his. C ommenting o n t he q uestion o f M id C lyth h e w rote , ' Whether o r n ot w e a ccept t he i dea t hat t he g rid w as a c omputer , t he s ite i s c ertainly a l unar o bservatory ' ( 1971a , 9 5). H eggie a dded , ' What w e c an p robably s ay i s t hat e xtrapolation w as n ot a n i nsuperable o bstacle t o t he e rection o f a ccurate l unar o bservatories, a nd t he s tone r ows a nd f ans c ould h ave s erved t his p urpose ' ( 1981 , 1 94-5). T here , f or t he m oment, t he m atter m ust r est . ( b) T he S hort R ows. T he m a jority o f p aired s tones a nd s hort r ows o f t hree t o s ix s tones c ontain a stronomical a lignments. M ost a re c rude . T he i ndependent f ieldwork o f t he T hor ns, o f A nn L ynch , a nd o f R uggles, h ave g reatly c larified o ur u nderstanding o f t hese u nheeded l ines. U ntil S omerville 's w ork e arly t his c entury l ittle a ttention h ad b een p aid t o s tone r ows a nd a stronomically , h e w as a p ioneer i n t heir s tudy . A lthough m istaking t he k erbstones o f ad enuded l ong c hambered c airn a t D rumhallagh , C o . D own f or t wo p arallel l ong r ows ( Somerville , 1 923, 2 04; L acy , 1 983 , 2 0-2), h e c orrectly i dentified t he 3 -Stone r ow a t N ewcastle , C o . C ork , a nd b y r ecognising t he m idsummer s unrise a lignment t here ( Somerville , 1 923, 2 00) h e a nticipated A nn L ynch ( 1981b , 2 6) b y s eventy y ears. H e d iscovered a s imilar o rientation a t P luckanes, a p air o f s tones i n t he s ame c ounty .

. 01

I RtloN 0 -

Dom ehm to re S ia P

Men. eVa . ne

5 , oLi

H .B . S omerville . A rchaeologia 7 3 , 1 923, 2 00 .

4 15

D espite t hese o bservations a nd o thers a t s ites s uch a s L och N ell ( Strontoiller) i n A rgyll S omerville 's r esearch w as f ragmentary a nd s pasmodic , a nd i t w as n ot u ntil 1 933 w hen A lexander T hom b egan h is s urveys t hat a ny s ystematic e xamination o f s tone r ows w as u ndertaken . T hom 's f irst p aper o n m egaliths ( Thom , 1 954a) l isted 2 5 s ites t hat h e c onsidered w ere s olar o bservatories, i ncluding t he w ell-known 3 -Stone r ow o f B allochroy o n t he K intyre p eninsula o f A rgyll ( ibid , 4 03). B y 1 967 t he n umber o f T hom 's r ows, e xcluding p airs, h ad g rown t o 4 8 a lignments a nd f our n orth S cottish m u ltiple f ans. M uch o f T hom 's f ieldwork h ad b een d one i n w estern S cotland b ut h e h ad a lso p lanned r ows a s f ar a field a s W atten , a p air i n C aithness, K empstone H ill , a nother i n K incardineshire , a nd S aeth M aen , a4 -Stone r ow i n D yfed . M eticulous a nalysis o f t he a lignments i n t hese r ows l ed h im t o b elieve t hat a bout t hree-quarters h ad a stronomical o rientations b uilt i nto t hem , a nd h e w as t he f irst t o r ealise t hat a m ajority w ere l unar , q uite c ontrary t o w hat h ad b een b elieved a rchaeologically w here , i f a ny a stronomy a t a ll w ere g rudgingly a dmitted , i t w as a lways c oncerned w ith t he s un . T hom 's p ublications s timulated o thers t o s urvey t he n eglected s imple , s hort r ows. B etween 1 973 a nd 1 976 i n s outh-west I reland A nn L ynch ( 1982) p lotted 3 7 l ines o f t hree t o s ix s tones , t he c haracteristic t ype o f r ow t here ( O 'Nuallain , 1 988). W ith t he c riteria t hat t he r ows s hould b e b oth s traight a nd h ave s tones t hat w ere i ntervisible s he t ested t hem f or p ossible a lignments t o t he s olstices a nd s olar e quinoxes , a nd t o t he m a jor e xtremes o f t he m oon . N early a ll t he l ines w ere c ontained i n t wo b ands 4 0° w ide s panning t he N E a nd S W ( Lynch , 1 982 , 2 10). O f t he 3 7 r ows 2 3 w ere f ound t o c ontain s ignificant a lignments, 2 1 o f t hem i n o ne d irection o nly , 1 3 t owards t he N E , e ight t o t he S W , a nd f rom t hem L ynch r ecovered 2 5 a stronomical s ightlines: 1 3 t o t he l unar e xtremes, 1 1 t o t he s olstices, a nd o ne t o t he s olar e quinoxes. S uch f avouring o f t he m oon s upported T hom 's e arlier c onclusions, a nd e ncouragingly c ame f rom ar egion i n w hich h e h ad n ever u ndertaken f ieldwork . ' Looking a t t he r esults.., t here s eems a s light p reference f or l unar o rientations, b ut w hether s olar o r l unar , t he e vents i ndicated a re t he m ore o bvious f rom t he o bserver 's p oint o f v iew , a nd d o n ot i mply a h ighly s cientific g roup o f a lignment-builders... O ne m ay , h owever , s peculate o n t he p ossible s ymbolic o r r itualistic f unction o f t he a lignments.' ( Lynch , 1 982 , 2 12). ' These r esults a re i n r emarkable a greement w ith t hose o btained f rom B arber ( 1972, 1 973 [ 'The o rientation o f t he r ecumbent-stone c ircles o f t he s outh-west o f I reland ', J KAS 6 , 2 6-39]) f rom t he r ecumbent s tone c ircles i n t he s ame a rea . S uch o bservations a s t hose c laimed h ere , w ould n ot h ave r equired a ny d etailed s cientific k nowledge o n t he p art o f t he a lignmentb uilders a nd t here i s n othing a t p resent t o s uggest a n o rganised s ystematic s tudy o f t he m ovements o f c elestial b odies d uring N eolithic/Bronze A ge t imes i n S W I reland ' ( Lynch , 1 981b , 2 6-7). I n a q uite d ifferent p art o f t hese i slands C live R uggles , w ith t he a ssistance o f h elpers b etween 1 973 a nd 1 978, a nd o n h is o wn f rom 1 979 t o 1 983 , s urveyed s ome t hree h undred p ossible a stronomical s ites

4 16

i n w estern S cotland ( Ruggles, 1 984). D amage o r d estruction a t s ome , t he u ncertain a ge a nd n ature o f o thers, r educed t he f inal a stronomical n umber t o 1 89 ( ibid , 5 8). A mong t hese , o f w hich a m a jority w ere s hort s tone r ows o r p aired s tones, t wo p references f or o rientations e merged , o ne N -S, t he o ther N W-SE . V ery f ew s ites w ere a ligned E -W ( ibid , 3 03). A r ow , o f c ourse , c an b e l ooked a long f rom e ither e nd a nd i t i s e ssential f or a s urveyor t o e xamine b oth . S uperficially , i t w ould s eem t hat i f a l ine w ere o rientated N W-SE ( 315 °135 °) t hen i f t he d irection t o t he s outh-east h ad a n a zimuth o f 1 35 ° a nd a d eclination o f 24 ° t hen t he n orth-west w ould h ave a n a zimuth o f 3 15 ° a nd a d eclination o f + 24 ° . A stronomically , t his d oes n ot f ollow . D eclination d oes n ot d epend o nly o n a zimuth a nd l atitude b ut a lso t akes i nto a ccount t he h eight o f t he s kyline . B ecause t he o pposing h orizons o f a ny r ow w ere r arely a t t he s ame l evel R uggles d iscovered t hat t he l ines h e w as e xamining s howed a n a stronomical s outherly b ias. T he r ange o f t he d eclinations t here l ay r oughly b etween 19 ° a nd 31 ° , a ll o f l unar a nd s olar i nterest , w hereas i n t he n ortherly , o pposite d irection t he g eneral d eclination o f + 27 ° w as o nly v aguely c oncerned w ith t he m oon a nd n ot a t a ll w ith t he s un . M ore d etailed c omputation s howed t hat t here w ere s ix i m ortant d eclinations, a ll o f t hem w ithin q uite b road ' windows' o f 2 .T hey w ere : 30 ° , + 18 ° , + 27 ° , 22 °. 5, 25 ° a nd + 33 °. T he f irst t hree ' may i ndicate a s pecific i nterest i n t he e dges o f t he l unar l imiting b ands ( the l unar " standstills") a nd w ould i mply t hat o rganised o bservations w ere u ndertaken o ver p eriods o f a t l east t wenty y ears' ( ibid , 3 03). I t w as n oticeable , h owever , t hat t here w as l ittle e vidence f or o rientations t owards t he m inor s outhern m oon . T he d eclination o f 25 ° h inted a t a lignments t owards t he m idwinter s un b ut t here w ere n o l ines t o t he s un a t m idsummer . T he s ixth d eclination o f + 33 ° ' is w ell o utside t hose d eclinations a ttainable b y t he s un o r m oon ' ( ibid , 3 04). T he d eclination o f 22 ° . 5 ' has n o p articular s olar o r l unar s ignificance '. W ith r egard t o t his, h owever , s uch a d eclination ' occurring i n e arly D ecember a nd J anuary a lso w as o f c elestial i mportance t o t he e rectors o f s ome r ows. W hy t his s hould h ave b een s o a t p resent e ludes u s u nless i t m arked t he b eginning a nd e nd o f a f our-week l ong r itual p eriod a s t he s un a pproached a nd d eparted f rom i ts w inter s olstice p osition ' ( Burl , 1 989, 1 5-16). F rom t he a ccumulated d ata R uggles d educed t hat a mongst t he s hort s tone r ows o f w estern S cotland t here w as u nambiguous e vidence o f l unar o rientations a nd o f o thers t o t he m idwinter s un . T here w ere n o i ndications o f a ny c oncern w ith t he s olar e quinoxes i n M arch a nd S eptember . ' Indeed , d eclinations i n t he v icinity o f t he e quinoxes a re s trongly a voided ' ( Ruggles, 1 984 , 3 04). E xactly t he s ame i nterpretation w as r eached b y A nn L ynch s tudying r ows t hree h undred m iles a way . ' It i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat o nly o ne i nstance o f a n e quinoctial o rientation h as b een r ecorded a t G neeves [ a 3 -Stone r ow ], C o. C ork . T his i s n ot s urprising w hen o ne c onsiders t he a mount o f t ime a nd e ffort i nvolved i n c ounting t he d ays

4 17

b etween t he s olstices t o a rrive a t t heir m idpoint. I t i s c lear h owever f rom t his s tudy t hat t he a lignment-builders w ere a ware o f t he m ore o bvious e vents i n t he s olar a nd l unar c ycles' ( Lynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 56 ). I t i s d oubtful, m oreover , t hat t he N eolithic a nd B ronze A ge i nhabitants o f w estern E urope w ere s ufficiently n umerate t o c ompute s uch l arge n umbers a s 1 82 o r 1 83 ( Burl , A ., A rch J 1 33 , 1 976, 9 -32). ' It m ay b e o bserved t hat o nce t he n umber o f s tones i n ar ing e xceeded 2 0 t he c hance o f e rrors o ccurring b ecame h igher . S uch a rithmetical i ncompetence w arns u s a gainst a ttributing t o t he e arlier p eoples o f t he B ritish I sles a ny s pecial a bility i n c omputation , m etrology o r g eometry ' ( ibid , 2 9). R uggles ' s ubsequent a nalyses r evealed u nconsidered r egional t raits a mongst t he b uilders o f t he r ows a nd t hese m ay p roduce n ew a nd u nimagined i nformation a bout p rehistoric s ocieties a nd t heir b eliefs. P eople o n M ull a nd m ainland A rgyll e rected t heir r ows o f s tones i n l ine w ith t he s outhern m oon w hereas o n t he K intyre p eninsula t he s un w as t he c hosen t arget . M oreover , t he s ites m ay h ave b een ' paired ' ( Ruggles, 1 988b , 2 43), a p rimary l unar r ow s tanding c lose t o a s econdary l ine d irected t owards t he s un . ' Thus o n t he b asis o f t he e vidence t he s outhern d eclinations i ndicated b y t he s tone r ows a nd a ligned p airs i n t wo i mportant g eographical c oncentrations i n n orthern M ull a nd t he K ilmartin a rea o f A rgyll s eem g enerally t o f it a c lear p attern . E ither t hey a re o riented w ithin a bout a d egree o f 30 ° , o r e lse t hey a re o riented w ithin a d egree o r t wo o f 24 ° a nd s ituated c lose t o a nother r ow o r p air w hich d oes i ndicate 30 ° .. A t D uncracraig t hey a re o nly 4 0m [ 130 f t] a part ' ( ibid , 2 44). S uch r esults b y t he T homs, L ynch a nd R uggles f rom s outh-west a nd w estern S cotland , f rom s outh-west I reland , a nd f rom o ther r egions o f B ritain , I reland a nd B rittany w here f ieldwork h as s o f ar b een m uch l ess w idespread , o ffer a f resh i nterpretation o f t he s hort r ows a s t he m egalithic c onstructions o f c ommunities t o w hom t he m oon e specially a nd t he s un w ere i ntegral p arts o f t heir c osmology .

N INE M AIDENS, C ornwall W .C . B orlase . N aenia C ornubiae , 1 872, 9 7.

4 18

C onclusions I n a p reliminary s tudy o f s tone r ows s uch a s t his i t w ould b e p resumptuous t o o ffer m ore t han t he m ost g eneral a nd b rief c omments a bout t hem . T hat t hey c an b e s eparated i nto t wo d istinct g roups o f s hort a nd l ong r ows s eems c lear f rom t heir d istribution w hich i s l argely c omplementary , a nd f rom t he p resence o r a bsence o f a rt a nd a stronomical a lignments i n t heir c onstruction . E xcept f or t he a venues w hich m ay b e o f a n e arlier p eriod , a s m ay t he g randiose m egalithic l ines o f C arnac i n B rittany , t he m a jority o f r ows s eem t o h ave b een e rected i n t he m illennium b etween 2 000 a nd 1 000 B C . T heir o verall d istribution s uggests o ccupation o f m arginal l and i n t he w est o f B ritain a nd t he i nland a nd n orthern r egions o f B rittany , p erhaps b y f amily g roups, e ach w ith i ts o wn t erritory . T he e rection o f a n a verage r ow , w hether l ong o r s hort , w ould n ot h ave b een a d emanding t ask e ven f or q uite s mall c ommunities. T he t allest t erminal p illar o n D artmoor , t he g aunt g ranite l ongstone a t D rizzlecombe , 1 7 f t 1 0 l ong b efore i ts r e-erection , a nd s ome 2 f t s quare ( 5.4 x 0 .6 x 0 .6m ), w eighed n o m ore t han a bout 5 t ons. W hile b eing p ulled u pright , w hen i t w as 7 0° f rom t he h orizontal i t w ould h ave h ad a d ead w eight o f a bout a t on ( Atkinson , R .J .C ., ' Neolithic E ngineering ', A ntiquity 3 5, 1 961, 2 98). A p arty o f s ome t wenty a bleb odied w orkers, e ach c apable o f e xerting a p ull o f 1 00 l bs f or a s hort w hile , c ould c omfortably h ave h auled i t e rect. O ne m ight i magine c oo peration b etween n eighbouring g roups o n s uch o ccasions. M ost s tones, p articularly t hose i n t he l onger l ines, w eighed m uch l ess t han 5 t ons, s ome h ardly 1 f t ( 0 .3m) h igh , a s m any f ieldworkers w ill k now . O n a m isty d ay i t i s d isappointingly e asy t o w alk r ight t hrough s ome r ows w ithout n oticing t hem . T here c ould b e m any r easons w hy l ines o f s tanding s tones w ere p ut u p . T he f act t hat t he m ajority o f t he l ong l ines l ead u phill t owards a n e ncircled c airn o r c ist s uggests t hat t hey f ormed a n a pproach o r i ndicated t he d irection o f t he b urial-place f rom s ome d istant s ettlement . T his, h owever , m ust r emain n o m ore t han a c on jecture u ntil s tronger e vidence i s a massed . A venues , j oined t o s tone c ircles o r h enges, o ften e xtending t owards t hem f rom a r iver o r o ther s ource o f w ater , h ave r epeatedly b een c onsidered p rocessional , a nd w ithout c ontradictory i nformation t oday i t m ust r emain t he m ost p lausible v iew . T he s hort r ows a re q uite d ifferent. S eldom a ttached t o a ny o ther s tructure , s tanding o n l onely h illsides w ith l ong v iews t o s outhern h orizons i n m any i nstances , t heir p urpose s eems a lmost e xclusively a stronomical . A lthough t heir o rientations a re r arely v ery p recise s tudies o f t hese c ontracted l ines i n B ritain , I reland a nd B rittany i n r ecent d ecades h ave p roduced c ompelling p roof o f t heir a lignments t owards t he m oon a nd t owards t he s un . W hat r ituals a ttended t he t imes o f m idwinter s un a nd m idsummer m oon i s n ot k nown . T he e xistence o f c harcoal a nd b urnt p atches o f e arth t ells o f f ire-ceremonies b ut t he f lames a re a s w raithlike a s t he p eople w ho l it t hem .

4 19

C autionary w ords a re n eeded . W hat w e s ee t oday i n as tone r ow i s n ot n ecessarily w hat w as t here i n a ntiquity . ' In c onsidering m egalithic m onuments o f a ny k ind , i t m ust n ever b e f orgotten t hat w hat w e s ee m ay b e n othing b ut t he s keleton o f t he o riginal • s tructure ' ( Macalister , 1 928, 3 04). ' Menhirs h ave l ong b een n eglected a nd r ather u npopular a mong p rofessional a rchaeologists. A r enewed i nterest i s d eveloping , h owever , q uite a part f rom t he p roblems a nd q uestions r aised b y t he g eometrical a nd a stronomical t heories. R ecent r escue e xcavations a t S aint-Just , I lle-et-Vilaine , o n o ne o f t he s mall a lignment s ites, h ave s hown t he e xistence o f p ost-holes i nterspersed w ith t he s tone m enhirs. A nd b eside t he r ow o f s tanding s tones f ive p ost-holes s eem t o i ndicate t he p osition o f as mall h utl ike s tructure . T here w ere p robably m any m ore c urious t hings i n t he m egalithic w orld t han w e c an e ver i magine '. P -R G iot, i n : T he M egalithic M onuments o f W estern E urope , 1 983, 2 7.

T he

' christianised ' m enhir o f L a P ierre d e L ande-Ros , n ear C ombourg , I lle-et-Vilaine , B rittany. I t s tands 1 6 f t ( 5m ) h igh .

4 20

A C OUNTY

C ONCORDANCE.

T he S tone R ows o f B ritain, I reland a nd w estern E urope.

P age B elgium

4 23

C hannel I slands

4 23

E ngland

4 24

F rance

B rittany

4 27

N ormandy

4 28

N orthern I reland

4 28

R epublic o f I reland

4 30

S cotland

4 35

W ales

4 41

4 21

A BBREVIATIONS

[ A a dj a lig a ssoc a z

C hT c m c r c onc d ec d estr

4 S h or 1 l at M in M aj M R M S

p ros R tA s /h S R S S s t s t s t S tC T ang 3 -St w d

=U ncertain s ite =A . T hom 's r eference =A venue =A djacent = A lignment =A ssociated =A zimuth =B arrow =C airn =C hambered t omb =C upmark =C up-and-Ring m arks =C oncentric =D ouble r ow =D eclination =D estroyed =E ast =F an-shaped o r s played r ows =R ows w ith 4 t o 6 s tones =H igh =H orizon =l ong =L atitude =M ultiple, o r m ore t han t wo r ows =M inor =M ajor =M oonrise =M oonset =N orth =P arallel r ows =P rostrate =S ingle o r d ouble r ow =R ight-angle =S outh =S tonehole =S unrise =S unset =S tone =S tanding s tone =S tone c ircle =T erminal s tone =R ow t angential t o c ircle o r c airn =T hree-stone r ow =W est =W ide

4 22

T HE S TONE R OWS O F B RITAIN , I RELAND A ND W ESTERN E UROPE

T here a re m any s tone r ows i n B ritain , I reland a nd w estern E urope. T hey r ange i n t ype f rom s imple p airs o f s tones, t o t hree-stone r ows, l ong s ingle l ines, p arallel d ouble l ines a nd a venues, a nd m ultiple r ows, t he l atter b eing p articularly c ommon i n n orthern S cotland a nd B rittany . N o c orpus h as e ver b een m ade o f s uch l ines. E mmett ( 1979) c ompiled a p rovisional l ist o f t hose i n G reat B ritain a s a b ackground t o h is m ore e xhaustive e xamination o f t he D artmoor r ows. M yatt ( 1980 e t s eq) a nd F reer & M yatt ( 1982 e t s eq) m ade d etailed n otes o n t he ' fans' o f C aithness a nd S utherland . O 'Nuallain ( 1988) c onstructed a s imilar c atalogue f or t he r ows i n t he s outh o f I reland . S urprisingly , d espite t he m agnificence o f t he r ows i n B rittany , t here i s n o d etailed i nventory o f t hem . T he n earest t o i t c an b e f ound i n B url ( 1985). T he a ppended c oncordance i s n ot c laimed a s e xhaustive. I t i s p rovided a s a n i ntroduction t o t he s tudy o f s tone r ows i n w estern E urope, a nd i t i s h oped t hat i t w ill o ffer a s tarting-point f or r esearch i nto t he d ating a nd f unction o f t hese a pparently i nexplicable, i mpressive b ut p erplexingly n eglected m egalithic l ines. P RELIMINARY C OUNTY C ONCORDANCE O F S TONE R OWS O nly g rid r eferences, t ype a nd m ain r eference a re g iven i n t he C oncordance. F urther d etails a re p rovided i n t he s eparate G azetteers t hat f ollow t he C oncordance . A BBREVIATIONS A 4 S

3 S

=A venue =D ouble r ow =4 t o 6s tone r ow =M ultiple r ow =P air o f s tones =S ingle r ow o f m any s tones =3 -Stone r ow =U ncertain s ite . =A lexander T hom 's r eference .

B ELGIUM W eris, E rezee, n orthern L uxembourg . 3 S. d e L aet, 1 07-9. C HANNEL I SLANDS G uernsey C rocq , L e, S t. S aviour. P . P rehistoric M onuments o f G uernsey , 1 976, 2 1-3.

4 23

J ersey T rois R ogues , L es. 3 S . K endrick , 1 928 , 7 2 . E NGLAND B edfordshire D evil 's J ump S tone . S P 9 99 4 09. 3 S. D yer , 5 1. C ornwall B uttern H ill. S X 1 69 8 15, S . B odmin S urvey I . C ardingham M oor . S X 1 29 7 15. S . B odmin S urvey , I . C arneglos. S X 1 98 7 73 . S . B odmin S urvey , I . C raddock M oor . S X 2 39 7 20 . S . B odmin S urvey , I . E ast M oor . S X 2 23 7 78. S . B odmin S urvey eI F aughan , P aul. S W 4 52 2 82. P . W eatherhill, 4 9. H igher D rift. S W 4 37 2 83. P . B orlase , W .C., 1 872, 9 6 . L eskernick H ill. S X 1 87 7 98. S . B odmin S urvey I . L ongstone F arm . S X 3 62 8 03. 3 S. B odmin S urvey . N ine M aidens S W 9 36 6 75 - 9 36 6 76 . S . B arnatt, 2 21. P ipers, L and 's E nd . S W 4 33 2 45. P . B orlase , W .C ., 1 872 , 1 06-7 . P ipers, B odmin M oor. S X 2 57 7 13. P . J BAA 3 5, 1 379, 3 04 . T rehudreth D owns. S X 1 24 7 29. S . B odmin S urvey I . T rewern . S W 4 29 3 13. P . B arnatt, 1 982, 2 55-6 . C umbria B roadfield . N Y 4 25 4 45. A . W ainwright, J ., 1 985, 1 53 . B roomrigg A . N Y 5 48 4 67. A . T CWAAS 5 3, 1 953, 5 -8 . C arlatton . N Y 5 34 5 10 . D . T CWAAS 3 5, 1 935, 1 70-1. G iant 's G rave . S D 1 35 8 10 . P . O r 3 S . T CWAAS I , 1 872-3, 2 80 . L acra D . S D 1 51 8 12. A . T CWAAS 4 8, 1 948, 5 -13 . N ewton R eigny . N Y 4 7. 3 1. D . T CWAAS 8 0 , 1 886 , 3 42-3 . P enhurrock . N Y 6 29 1 04 . D . T CWAAS 8 0, 1 886, 3 41-5. D erbyshire A rbor L ow . S K 1 60 0 36 .

A( earthen). A rch 5 8 , 1 903, 4 82-3 .

D evon A ssacombe . S X 6 61 8 26 . D . W orth , 1 967, 2 24-5, n o . 4 3 B lack T or .SX 5 72 7 14. D . W örth , 1 967, 2 12-13, n o . 2 1 B rent F ore H ill . S X 6 68 6 15. D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 34-5, n o . 6 0 B rown H eath . S X 6 41 6 53 . D . W orth , 1 967, 2 06, n o. 4 B urford D own . S X 6 37 6 05. S . W orth , 1 967, 2 05-6 , n o . 3 B utterdown R ow . S X 6 54 6 08. S . W orth , 1 967, 2 05, n o. 2 C antrell. S X 6 62 6 09. D . W orth , 1 967, 2 35 n o . 6 . C hallacombe . S X 6 89 8 09. M . W orth , 1 967, 2 26 , n o . 4 6 . C holwich T own W aste. S X 5 83 6 23. S . P PS 3 0, 1 964, 2 5-38 . C ocks T or . S X 5 30 7 60 D ? W orth , 1 967, 2 18 , n o . 3 1. C ollard T or . S X 5 58 6 21. S . W orth , 1 967, 2 08 , n o . 1 1. C ollard T or . S X 5 59 6 21. S . W orth , 1 967, 2 08 , n o. 1 2 . 4 24

C onies D own . S X 5 86 7 91. D . 3 S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 31, n o . 5 5. C orringdon B all ( A ). S X 6 67 6 12 . S . W orth , 1 967, 2 31-2, n o . 5 7 . C orringdon B all ( B ). S X 6 67 6 12 . M . W orth , 1 967 , n o . 5 8 . C orringdon B all ( C). S X 6 67 6 12 . M . W örth , 1 967 , 2 32-4, n o . 5 9. C osdon . S X 6 43 9 17 . M . W orth , 1 967, 2 18-19, n o . 3 3 . D own T or . S X 5 90 6 94. S . W örth , 1 967, 2 12, n o . 2 0 . D rizzlecombe ( A ). S X 5 92 6 69. D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 09-10 , n o . 1 7 . D rizzlecombe ( B ). S X 5 92 6 71. S . W örth , 1 967, 2 10 , n o . 1 8 . D rizzlecombe ( C). S X 5 93 6 70 . S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 10-12 , n o . 1 9. F ernworthy s outh ( A ). S X 6 55 8 41. A . W orth , 1 967 , 2 22-4, n o . 4 0 . F ernworthy n orth ( B). S X 6 56 8 44 . A . W orth , 1 967, 2 24 , n o . 4 1. F ernworthy ( C). S X 6 55 8 41. A . W orth , 1 967, 2 24, n o . 4 2 . G lasscombe B all . S X 6 59 6 05. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 06 , n o . 6 . G lasscombe B all , N E s lope. S X 6 58 6 08 . D . W örth , 1 967 , 3 5, n o . 6 1. H arter g roup , n orthern r ow . S X 5 77 7 17 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 13 , n o . 2 2 . H arter g roup , s outhern r ow . S X 5 77 7 17. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 13, n o . 2 3 . H olne M oor . S X 6 75 7 09 . M . P ettit , 1 974 , 1 31. L akehead H ill , n ear s ummit. S X 6 44 7 78 . S . W örth , 1 967, 2 29-30 , n o . 5 1. L akehead H ill , S X 6 43 7 78. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 30 , n o . 5 2 . L akehead S outh . S X 6 45 7 76 . S . W orth , 1 967, 2 30 , n o . 5 3 . L angstone M oor . S X 50 7 89. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 16-18 , n o . 3 0 . L aughter T or . S X 6 52 7 54 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 29, n o . 5 0 . M errivale N orth ( A ). S X 5 56 7 48 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 15, n o . 2 7 . M errivale C entre ( B ). S X 56 7 48 . A . W orth , 1 967 , 2 15-16 , n o . 2 8 . M errivale S W ( C). S X 5 54 7 48 . S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 16 , n o . 2 9. O ke T or . n r . S X 5 60 7 34 . S . W orth , 1 967, 2 18 , n o . 3 2 . P enn B eacon S X 5 98 6 27. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 07 , n o . 8 . P enn B eacon . S X 5 95 6 25. D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 07-8 , n o . 9 . P enn B eacon S outh . S X 5 98 6 23 . D . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 6 3 . P iles H ill. S X 6 54 6 10 . S . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 7 0 . R ingmoor . S X 5 64 6 62 . A . W orth , 1 967 , 2 09 , n o . 1 6 . S harpitor . S X 5 59 7 08 . D . W orth , 1 967, 2 13-14, n o . 2 4 . S harpitor . S X 5 59 7 08 . S ? W orth , 1 967 , 2 14 , n o . 2 5. S harpitor . S X 5 61 7 09. D . W orth , 1 967, 2 14-15, n o . 2 6 . S harpitor N W . S X 51 7 08 . S . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 6 7 . S haugh M oor . S X 5 55 6 38 . S . W orth , 1 967, 2 08 , n o . 1 . S herril D own . c . S X 6 8 . 7 4 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 26-7 , n o . 4 7 . S huggledown ( A ). S X 6 60 8 62 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 19-20 , n o . 3 4 . S huggledown ( C). S X 6 60 8 59 . D . 3 96 f t ( 12Im ). B . W orth , 2 20 , n o . 3 6 S huggledown ( E ). S X 6 59 8 62 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20 , n o . 3 5. S huggledown ( G ). S X 6 60 8 56 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20 , n o . 3 7 . S huggledown ( H ). S X 6 60 8 57 . S . W orth , 1 967, 2 22, n o . 3 9 . n ear S purrells C ross . S X 6 58 6 00 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 06 , n o . 5 . S taldon S X 6 32 6 25. S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 06-7 , n o . 7 . S tall M oor - G reen H ill . S X 6 36 6 78 . S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 04-5, n o . 1 . S tannon . S X 6 54 8 17 . D . 3 S. W örth , 1 967 , 2 25-6 , n o . 4 5. T or R oyal N ewtake . S X 6 23 7 36 . S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 30 , n o . 5 4 . T rendlebere D own . S X 7 66 7 93 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 27 , n o . 4 8 . T rowlesworthy . S X 5 76 6 40 . D . W orth , 1 967 , 2 09 , n o . 1 4 . T rowlesworthy . S X 5 75 6 40 . S . W orth , 1 967 , 2 09 , n o . 1 5. T wo B ridges . S X 6 10 7 44 . S . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 6 4 . W atern H ill . S X 6 73 8 25. D . W orth , 1 967, 2 25, n o . 4 4 . W hite T or . S X 6 20 7 85. D . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 7 1. Y ar T or . S X 6 81 7 40 . M . W örth , 1 967, 2 27-29, n o . 4 9. 4 25

Y ellowmead . S X 5 74 6 76 . D . E mmett, 1 11, n o . 6 6 . D orset H ampton D own . S Y 5 96 8 65. A ( timber). P DNHAS 8 8, 1 967 , 1 22-7 . * Little M ayne . S Y 7 21 8 70 . A ? A ntiquity 1 3, 1 939, 1 49. * Rempstone . S Y 9 94 8 21. A ? P DNHAS 8 1, 1 959, 1 14-16 . H untingdonshire R obin H ood & L ittle J ohn . T L 1 39 9 83 . P . G rinsell, 1 976, 1 62 . L ancashire T he K irk . S D 2 51 8 27. A . A rch 5 3, 1 893, 4 17 . N orthumberland F ive K ings . N T 9 55 0 01. 4 S . D yer , 2 02 . M ilfield . N T 9 43 3 23. A . P PS 4 7, 1 981, 8 7-101. S omerset B athampton . S T 7 71 6 53. A . A rchaeology o f S omerset, 1 931, 6 2 . B enjamy . S S 7 37433. S . G rinsell, 1 89. B rockenburrow L ane. S S 6 61 4 23 . S . G rinsell , 1 89. C ompton B ishop . S T 4 09 5 48. P . G rinsell, 1 976, 9 9. D evil 's Q uoits. c . S T 5 76 5 65. P . G rinsell, 1 976, 1 38. E ast P inford . S S 7 97 4 27 . D . G rinsell, 4 6, 1 89. H occombe H ill. S S 7 95 4 33. D ?. G rinsell, 4 6 , 1 89. H oldstone D own . S S 6 20 4 76. S . G rinsell, 1 89 . I lkerton R idge . S S 7 22 4 37 . S . G rinsell, 1 89. L ittle T om 's H ill. S S 8 03 4 34. D . G rinsell, 4 6, 1 89. M attocks D own S S 6 01 4 38. S . G rinsell, 4 4, 1 89. N orth R egis C ommon . S S 7 14 4 23. S . G rinsell, 1 89. * Se na B arrow . S S 7 26 3 80 . 3 S . G rinsell, 1 970 , 4 6 . S tanton D rew . S T 6 03 6 30 . 2 A . J BAA 3 3, 1 877 , 2 97-307 . W hite L adder . c . S S 7 4. 3 7 . D . E ardley-Wilmot, 1 977. W ilmersham C ommon . S S 8 56 4 20 . M ?. G rinsell, 1 970 , 4 3-4, 1 89. Y elland . S S 4 90 3 30 . D . G rinsell, 4 3, 1 89. W estmorland C rosby R avensworth . N Y 5 0 . 2 3 .A . A rch J 2 7, 1 870 , 2 00 . * Grey Y auds . N Y 5 45 4 87. A . T CWAAS 7 , 1 907, 6 7-71. K emp H owe . N Y 5 67 1 33. A . W ainwright, 1 985, 1 25-6 . L owther W oodhouse . N Y 5 2 . 2 6 . D ? T aylor , 1 886, 3 43 . M oor D ivock . N Y 4 91 2 27. A . T CWAAS 8 ,1886, 2 3-47 . W iltshire A vebury . S U 1 03 7 00 . 2 A . B url, 1 979, 1 37-8. S tonehenge. S U 1 23 4 22. A ( earthen ). B url, 1 987 , 7 7-8, 1 40-1.

4 26

Y orkshire D evil 's A rrows . S E 3 91 6 66 . 4 S. H utchinson , I , 1 794, 2 42. * Dunsley M oor . N Z 8 5. 1 1. 4 S?. E lgee, 1 930 , 1 06 . * High B ridestones . N Z 8 50 0 46 . M ? B url, 1 988 , 7 4-5. * Lower B ridestones . N Z 8 56 0 43 . S ? E lgee, 1 930 ,159. O ld C astle H ill. N Z 6 6 . 1 0 . 4 S . E lgee , 1 930 , 1 06 F RANCE

( Brittany )

C otes-du-Nord C hamp d es R oches , L e , P leslin . M . B url, 1 985, 3 2-3 . n o . 5 P ergal, L ouargat. 3 S. B url, 1 985, 4 0, n o. 2 0 . P oul a r V arquez . 3 S . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 14 . F inistere A n-Eured V en , S t M ichel B rasparts. M . B url, 1 985, 5 0 , n o . 3 9 K erfland , P lomeur . 3 S. B url, 1 985, 6 0, n o . 6 2 K ergadiau , P orspoder . P . B url, 1 985, 6 0-1, n o . 6 3 . L agatjar , C amarets-sur-Mer . S . B url, 1 985, 6 6-8 , n o. 7 4 L andaoudec , C rozon . M . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 17. L 'Ile B eniguet . D . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. L 'Ile M olene . S . G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 15. L ostmarc 'h . M . B ender , 8 9. M adeleine , L a , L estriguiou . M . B url, 1 985, 7 0 , n o . 8 0 M en M arz, B rigognan-Plage. P . B url, 1 985, 7 0 , n o . 8 1a . P enhoat e n C oray . S . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. T r -Men , S t. G oazec. 3 S . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. T y a r C 'hure , M orgat. M . B url, 1 985, 7 9, n o . 9 7a I le-et-Vilaine A lignements d u M oulin , S t . J ust. D . B url, 1 985, 9 1-2, C ordon d es D ruides, L e , F ougeres. S . B url, 1 985, 8 5, D emoiselles, L es , L angon . M . B url, 1 985, 8 2, n o . 1 00 D emoiselles, L es, S t. J ust. 3 S. B url, 1 985, 9 2, n o. F oret d e H aut S eve, S t . A ubin-du-Cormier . 4 S . G iot e t L ampouy , M edreac . M . B url, 1 985, 8 6-8, n o . 1 04

n o . 1 10d . n o. 1 03a . 1 10f . a l, 1 979, 4 13.

L oire-Atlantique A rbourg , H erbignac . M . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 1 24 . P auvredrie, L a , S t P ere e n R etz. 3 S. B url, 1 985, 1 02, n o. 1 23b . M orbihan B rouel, I le a ux M oines. 3 S. B url, 1 985, 1 15, n o . 1 39f . G rand R esto , L anguidec . M . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 16. G uernangoue, R ondoullec . 3 S. G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. K eriavel , P louharnel . M . B url, 1 985, 1 51, n o . 1 97b . K erlescan , C arnac . M . B url, 1 985, 1 41-2 , n o . 1 80d . K ermario, C arnac . M . B url, 1 985, 1 44, n o . 1 83b . K ervelhue , P louhinec . S . B url, 1 985, 1 18 , 1 47b K erzeho , E rdeven . M . B url, 1 985, 1 45-6, n o . 1 87a 4 27

K erzine, P louhinec . M . B url, 1 985, 1 18 , n o . 1 47a M en G uen , B rouel. 3 S. B url, 1 985, 1 15, n o. 1 39f . M enec , C arnac . M . B url, 1 985, 1 57-8 , n o . 2 03b . M oulin d e S t P ierre-Quiberon , L e , Q uiberon . M . B url, 1 985, 1 58 , n o . 2 04a . P etit-Menec , C arnac . M . B url, 1 985, 1 59-60 , n o . 2 07 . R oches-Piquees, L es, L a G acilly . P . B url, 1 985, 1 23, n o. 1 57 . S t B arbe, P louharnel. M . B url, 1 985, 1 64, n o . 2 13 . V ieux M oulin , L e , P louharnel. S . B url, 1 985, 1 66 , n o . 2 16 . ( Normandy ) C alvados M ontchauvet. 4 S. B ender , 1 72. E ure B aux Ste Croix . 3 S .

B ender , 1 77.

O rne C routes , L es, E chauffeur . 3 S. B ender , 1 98-9. P ierre, L evee, L a . P . B ender , 2 04 . N ORTHERN I RELAND A ntrim B allycleagh t d . D2 51 3 33. 3 S . C hart, 1 7. T ournagrough t d . J2 52 7 43. 3 S. C hart, 5 7 . T ully N orth . D0 82 2 52 . P . C hart, 1 8. W est D ivision . J3 38 8 87. 3 S . C hart, 4 7 . A rmagh A ghmakane t d . J0 21 2 53 . 3 S. C hart, 7 4 . A ughadave t d . J0 0 . 1 9. 3 S . C hart, 7 6. E shwary . J0 2 . 2 8. 3 S. D avies, 9 , n o . 8 4 . D own B allyloughlin . J3 92 3 42. P . J ope, 9 5, n o . 2 89. B allyrushy . J6 26 5 23. 3 S. J ope, 9 5, n o. 9 5, n o . 2 90 . C astleward . J 5 69 4 99. P . J ope, 9 5, n o . 2 91. G reenan t d . J1 02 4 11. 3 S. J ope, 9 5, n o . 2 93 . M oneyslane. J 2 54 3 99. P . C hart, 1 14 . P ortavo . J5 71 8 20 . P . U JA 3 9, 1 976, 3 7-42 . S aval M or . J1 22 3 12. P . J ope, 9 5, n o. 2 95. F ermanagh B rougher t d . H 3 59 5 29. M . C hart, 1 56 C antytrindle. H 2 2. 5 5. 3 S. D avies, 1 2, n o. 6 9 C avancarragh t d . H3 06 4 35. A + S . J RSAI 1 4, 1 878 , 4 99. 4 28

C oolgarren t d . H2 2. 5 5. 3 S . C hart, 1 54 . * Drumacken t d . H3 62 5 15. 3 S . C hart , 1 57 . D rumskinny . H2 01 7 07 . S . U JA 2 7, 1 964, 2 3 . F ormil t d . H1 59 6 75. A . C hart, 1 45. * Formil . H1 59 6 76 . 3 S . C hart , 1 45. K illybeg . J1 21 3 12. P . C hart, 1 49 . M ontiaghroe N W . H1 90 6 92 . 3 S . C hart , 1 44 . M ontiaghroe t d . H1 94 6 93 . S . C hart, 1 44 . " S E , H1 97 6 90 . 3 S . C hart , 1 44 . R atoran t d . H3 26 4 65. 4 S. D avies , 1 939, 1 2 , n o . 6 2 . R eyfad S tones . H1 24 4 42 . 4 S. C hart , 1 58 . L ondonderry A ltaghoney . C5 15 0 13 . A . D avies 1 939, 1 1. A ughlish N W . C6 62 0 43 . A . M cConkey , 5 2. N orth . C6 62 0 43 . A . M cConkey , 5 2 . B allygroll . C5 33 1 46 . S . M cConkey , 5 1. B allyholly W est . C5 72 1 18 . 2 S . C hart , 1 99. "E ast. S . C hart, 1 99. B allyholly t d . C5 75 1 18 . S . C hart , 1 99. C lagan t d . C5 83 0 54 . 3 S. C hart, 2 02 . C oolnasillagh . C7 85 0 03 . 3 S . C hart , 2 08 . C orick . H7 78 8 97 . M+3 S. M cConkey , 5 3-4 .. T yrone A ghalane t d . H4 95 9 20 . S . C hart , 2 18 . B eaghmore . H6 85 8 42. 9 x S + 3 S . M ay , 1 953 . B eaghmore E . H6 86 8 43 . 3 S . M ay , 1 953 . " F , G . H6 83 8 42. 3 S? M ay , 1 953 . B eleevna B eg t d . H6 93 8 27 . 3 S . C hart , 2 33 . B roughderg S W . H6 50 8 61. A . M cConkey , 6 1. C astledamph . H5 22 9 25. A . J RSAI 6 8 , 1 938 , 1 06 . C logherny B utterlope . H4 93 4 97. 4 S . U JA 2 , 1 939, 3 6-43 . C opney . H5 99 7 82. S . M cConkey , 6 237---C ornamaddy . H6 85 6 98 . 2S . C hart , 2 44 . C reevy U pper t d . H2 5. 8 8. 3 S . C hart, 2 19. C regganconroe N E . H6 63 7 58 . S . C hart, 2 23 . " S W . H6 48 7 52 . S . M cConkey , 6 4 . C reggandevesky . H6 36 7 40 . P . M cConkey , 6 5. C rew L ower . H3 15 8 48 . P . C hart , 2 20 . C ulvacullion t d . H 5 05 8 88 . S . 3 S . M cConkey , 5 8 . D avagh t d . H7 01 8 70 . A . C hart, 2 26 . " H7 07 8 67 . 3 S . C hart , 2 26 . D erryallen t d . H3 09 5 31. 3 S . C hart, 2 50 . D ooish t d . H3 14 6 97 . S . C hart , 2 43 . D oorat. H 4 93 9 74 . 4 S . C hart, 2 16 . D unbunrawer . H4 8 . 8 5. S . D avies , 1 939, 7 . E dentoit. H 7 09 7 49. P . C hart , 2 38 . G lassmullagh . H3 87 8 05. 2 S . C hart , 2 30 . " 2 S . i bid , 2 31. G lenmacoffer t d . H 5 30 8 62 . 3 S . C hart , 2 24 . G lengeen t d . H3 83 5 55. S . C hart , 2 50 . G olan t d . H6 6 . 9 4 . 4 S . C hart , 2 19. 4 29

G range. H 8 30 7 52 . P . C hart , 2 40 . K nocknahorna . H4 10 9 89. A . M cConkey , 5 6 . M eendamph . H4 58 9 76 . S . M cConkey , 5 6 . M oymore . H 7 12 7 45. D . C hart , 2 38 . M urnells . H6 62 7 57 . P . C hart, 2 38 . O ughtboy t d . H 5 9. 9 3 . S . C hart , 2 18 . S andville & L isvidin . C3 88 0 48 . P . E vans, 2 04 . T remoge .(E ) H6 55 7 35. D + 3 S . C hart , 2 38 . T remoge ( W ). H 6 4. 7 3 . 3 S . C hart, 2 39. T ulnacross. H 7 05 8 01. P . C hart, 2 33 . T urnabarson . H6 8 . 6 9. S . C hart, 2 44 . R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C avan S t B rigid 's S tones . H0 59 3 78 . 3 S . E vans , 6 7 . S hantemon . H4 66 0 77 . 4 S . E vans, 6 7 . C lare K nockaroura . R4 23 8 03 . 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 40 , n o . 7 0 . C ork A nnagannihy . W 3 92 8 36 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 8 3 . A rdragh . W0 69 5 44. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 4 0 . B allindeenisk . W 7 23 8 19. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32 , n o . 1 4 . B allinvarrig . W6 48 7 89. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 44, n o . 1 01. B allycommon . V9 76 4 37 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 37 . B allyhalwick . W 2 52 5 21. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 23 . B allyhesty .W 6 72 8 07 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 44 , n o . 1 00 . B allynagree . W 3 63 8 19. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 1. B allyvongane . W 3 80 7 59 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43 , n o . 9 5. B arrahaurin . W4 52 8 24 . 4 S . M acalister , 1 921, 3 04 . B arryshall W 4 62 4 25. 2 P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 39. B aurgaum . W0 23 4 69. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 26 . B awnatemple . W4 05 7 10 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 05. B awnmore . W3 63 7 82 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 3 . B ealick . W 3 51 7 27 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 2 4 . B eenalaght. W 4 85 8 73. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32, n o . 1 2 . B ehagullane . W 2 75 5 67 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 17 . C abragh ( A ). W 2 78 7 98. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32, n o . 1 6 . C abragh ( B ). W 2 7 . 7 9. 3 S . K illanin & D uignan , 3 65. C aherbaroul. W 3 63 7 82 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o . 9 4 . C ahermuckee . W0 83 5 72 . P . O 'N uallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 13 . C androma . W2 33 7 40 . P ? O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52, n o . 1 78 . C anrooska . V9 36 5 83 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 3 9. C anrooska . V9 36 5 83. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 3 9. C appaboy B eg . W0 95 6 04 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 11. C arrig . W4 22 4 50 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 34 . C arrigadrohid . W4 18 7 26 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 44, n o . 1 03 . C arrigagulla . N E . W3 71 8 29. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32, n o . 1 0 . " S W . W 3 84 8 38 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32 , n o . 1 1. C arrigaline . W6 9. 5 0 . 4 S . Ki llanin & D uignan , 1 33 4 30

C astlenalacht. W 4 85 6 12 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 6 . C aum . W 3 87 7 16 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o. 1 04. C eancullig . W 1 36 4 88 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 29. C lashmaguire. W 2 78 7 89. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o. 9 0 . C lodagh N E . W 1 52 4 99. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46 , n o . 1 21. " S W . W 1 52 4 99. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o. 1 31. C logagh . W 4 53 4 70 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 35. C loghboola B eg . W 3 05 8 53. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 3 1. C loghboola M ore . W 2 77 8 72. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 7 . C loghvoula . R1 58 1 43. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 1 . C longaskan . V6 44 4 46 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 ,236 , n o . 4 5. C loonshear B eg . W 2 64 4 46. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 2 7. C ommillane. V 9 77 2 29. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o. 5 6 . C oolacoosane . W 3 23 7 89. 3 S O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 1 8. C oolavoher . W 1 91 7 53 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 2 1. C oolcoulaghta . W9 32 3 93. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 48 , n o .136 . C oolgarriff . W 4 13 7 69. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 6 . C ools. W 2 47 7 30 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o. 1 92 . C oomleagh E ast. W 1 00 5 37. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46 , n o . 1 20 . C oomleagh E ast. W 1 19 5 36. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o. 3 9. C rumpane . V6 57 4 95. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 25. C ullenagh . W 1 16 0 53. 3 S. L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 06 . C urrakeal. V 9 37 5 82. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 3 1. C urraghawaddra . W 3 96 7 95. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o. 9 2 . C usloura . W 3 13 8 07 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 8 8 . D errynagree . W 1 40 6 27. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o. 3 2 . D errynasaggart. W 1 83 7 80 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 32 , n o . 1 5. D ooneens. W 3 82 8 15. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 33, n o . 1 9. D romasta . W 1 12 4 58 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 30 . D romcarra N orth . W 2 78 6 81. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o . 2 8 . D romdrasil . W 1 71 5 57 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 1. D romteewakeen . V7 60 0 81. 4 S . L ynch A ., 1 981, 1 03 . E yeries . V 6 45 5 05. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 3 . F anahy . V6 51 4 48. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o . 4 4. F arranahineeny . W 2 14 6 07 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 5. F arranamanagh . V8 25 3 85. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 52, n o . 1 75. F oherlagh . W0 62 3 55. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 48 , n o . 1 42 . F oildarrig . V6 84 4 67. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36, n o . 4 6 . G arrane. W 4 77 9 08 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 41, n o . 7 7. " W4 78 9 12. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o . 5 . G arraneleigh . W4 32 6 87. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 08 . G arranenamuddagh . W4 42 6 50 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o. 1 10 . G arryduff . W9 04 8 54 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52 , n o . 1 74. G landine. W 4 81 8 88. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50 , n o . 1 61. G lantane E ast . W 2 35 8 28. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42, n o . 8 1. " W 2 77 8 30 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o . 9 . G neeves. W 4 69 9 28. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o . 4 . G ortloughra . W 1 12 5 9. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o. 1 12 . G ortyleagh . W 3 19 7 17 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 2 3 . G urranes. W 1 75 3 15. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o. 5 5. G urteenaduige. W 2 05 3 92 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 53 , n o . 1 79. G urteenard . R 3 97 0 23. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 41, n o . 7 6 . I sland . W 6 04908 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42, n o . 7 9. K ealkil. W 0 55 5 55. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46, n o . 1 19. K eilnascarta N E . V9 94 4 53 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 47 , n o. 1 27. 4 31

K eilnascarta S outh . V9 94 4 51. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 28 . " N W . V 9 93 4 53 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 8 . K ilcaskan . V 8 17 5 23. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o . 3 8 . K ilcrohan . W 8 82 3 74 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 40 . K ilcullen . W4 51 8 13. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43-4, n o . 9 7 . K ilmore . W 1 25 4 36 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 38 . K ippagh . W 2 25 8 83. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 6 . K nockagappul. W 3 46 8 31. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 52 , n o . 1 73. K nockane . W 3 39 6 44. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 09. K nockantota . W 5 58 8 77. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 ,242, n o . 8 5. K nockatlowig . W 3 20 4 43. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37 ,no. 5 1. K nockawaddra . W 2 71 4 60 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 32. " W 2 69 4 60 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37, n o . 5 0 . K nockeennagrough . W8 06 8 30 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52 , n o . 1 77 . K nocknakilla N W . W 2 82 8 67. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 42, n o . 8 0 . " S E . W 2 97 8 41. P . J CHAS 3 6, 1 931, 9 -19. K nocknanagh E ast. R 2 27 0 57 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o. 2 . K nockraheen N W . W 3 00 8 12 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 42, n o . 8 7 . " S E . W3 03 8 02. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o. 8 9. K nocks . W 3 04 4 48. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 47 , n o . 1 33 . L ackabaun . W 1 92 6 14. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 14 . L eitry L ower . W 1 38 4 88. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 9. L issacressig W est. W 0 39 3 67. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37, n o . 5 3 . L oughane E ast. W 5 70 7 81. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o . 9 9. M aughanasilly I . W1 05 0 58. 4 S . L ynch A ., 1 981, 6 9-71, 1 07. M aulinward . V9 75 4 38 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o . 5 2 . M eenahony S outh . W 4 69 8 35. 2 P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42, n o. 8 4. M ill L ittle . V9 89 5 65. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 18 . M onavaddra. W 1 95 6 23. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o. 3 4. M urrahin N orth . W 0 29 3 65. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37, n o . 5 4 . N ewcastle. W 5 77 8 04. 3 S . L ynch , A ., 1 982, 2 06 . P iercetown. W 6 90 5 93. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 7 . R athcool. V 9 40 3 32. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48, n o . 1 41. R eanerre . W 2 04 7 27 . 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 33 , n o . 2 2 . R eavouler . W1 8. 4 4. P . R oberts, J ., 4 9. R oovesmore . W 4 56 7 01. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 07 . " W4 50 7 02. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o. 2 5. R ossnakilla . W 3 24 6 58 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o . 2 9. S cartbaun . W0 03 4 61. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36, n o . 4 7. S handagan W est. W 4 08 6 94 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 06 . S hanlaragh . W 2 58 5 95. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46, n o. 1 16 . S hehy B eg . W 1 45 5 91. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46, n o . 1 15. S lievereagh . W1 81 8 03. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42, n o . 8 6 . T eernahillane. V 6 39 4 57 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 24 . T oom . W 2 84 5 55. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46, n o . 1 22 . T ooreenglanahee . R1 74 2 07 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o .3. T ullig . W 3 18 8 72. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o. 8 . T urnaspidogy . c . W 1 88 6 70 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 2 6 . D onegal B allymagaraghy . C6 05 4 72. P. L acy , 7 5, n o . 3 50 . B allymunterhiggin . G8 72 6 01 . P . L acy , 7 7 . n o . 3 54 . B arnes L ower . C1 07 2 45. P . L acy , 7 7 , n o . 3 56. " C1 22 2 63. 3 S . L acy ,77, n o . 3 58 . 4 32

C arlan U pper . C1 .. 3 .. ( Location u nknown ). O nce 4 S . L acy , 9 0 , n o . 5 28 . C loghfin . C3 55 1 11. P . L acy , 7 9, n o . 3 82 . K illycolman . C2 82 3 34. 3 S . L acy ,83, n o. 4 35. K nocknafaugher . C0 39 3 44 . 4 S . L acy , 8 3, n o . 4 39. L abbadish . C2 38 0 96 . 3 S . L acy , 8 3, n o. 4 41. M eenadoran . C3 92 4 37 . P . L acy , 8 4, n o . 4 58 . P ortleon . C1 72 2 33. 3 S . L acy , 8 5, n o . 4 68. R ashenny N W . C4 18 4 82 . 4 S . L acy , 8 5, n o . 4 71. " S E . C 422 4 76. 3 S? L acy , 8 5, n o. 4 72 . R oosky . C3 8 . 4 5. S . L acy , 8 6 , n o . 4 77 . S troove . C6 73 4 30 . P . L acy , 8 8, n o . 4 89 . G alway C rocknaraw . L6 64 5 61. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. D erryinver . L6 88 6 08 . 4 S . J GAHS 2 5, 1 953-4, 9 8 . G leninagh . L8 15 5 52 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. P oundcarton . L8 87 5 53 . 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. K erry A rdamore . Q5 21 0 00 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 6 0 . B allineanig-Castlequarter . Q3 59 0 43 . P . C uppage, 1 986, 4 0 , n o . 5 5. B allygarret . Q6 85 1 01. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 5 9. B allyrishteen . Q4 89 0 27 . P . C uppage, 1 986 , 4 0-1, n o . 5 6 . B eale M iddle . V 885 4 75. 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 5 7 . C anburrin . V5 04 7 73 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53, n o . 1 82 . C ashelkeelty . V 7 47 5 75. 3 S . L ynch A ., 1 981, 6 5-9, 7 6 . C logher . Q3 14 0 33 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 40 , n o . 6 9. C logherane . V 7 88 5 56 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 60 . C loonsharragh . Q5 11 1 28. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 5 8 . C oomnahorna E ast . V5 55 6 07 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 59. C oumduff . Q5 81 0 43. P . C uppage , 1 986, 4 1, n o . 5 7 . C urraduff . Q7 03 0 88 . 3 S . C uppage , 1 986 , 4 0 . C urraghmore. V 8 01 8 19. 3 8. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38, n o . 6 2 . D erreenafoyle . V7 94 6 88 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 58 . D errygorman . Q5 99 0 44 . P . C uppage, 1 986 , 4 1, n o . 5 8 . D oory . V 5 46 7 10 . 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 39, n o . 6 4 . D romatouk S W . V0 95. 0 71. 4 S. L ynch A ., 1 981, 9 7-103 . " N E .V 9 52 7 11. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 39 , n o . 4 4 . D romavally . Q5 93 0 53 . P . C uppage, 1 986, 4 1, n o . 5 3 . D romkeare . V 5 0 . 6 5. 4 S . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 06 D romteewakeen . V7 61 8 08. 3 S . L ynch , A ., 1 981, 1 04 . D romod . V 5 52 7 04 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 56 . E ightercua . V5 12 6 46 . 4 S. J RSAI 3 2, 1 902, 3 30 . F ermoyle . V4 53 7 24. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52, n o . 1 76 . G arrane . Q4 25 0 48 . P . C uppage , 1 986 , 4 1, n o . 6 1. G arrough . V 58 6 08 . 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 39, n o . 6 8 . G arrydine . V5 43 8 37 . P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 55. G earha . V7 75 7 35. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 57 . G ortacloghane . V7 59 7 38 . 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 9 . G ortnagulla . V5 68 8 36. 3 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 6 1. K ildrellig . V4 08 6 37 . 4 S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 39, n o . 6 7 .

4 33

K imego. V 4 50 8 08. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53, n o. 1 81. K nockavrogeen E ast. Q 4 25 0 45. P . C uppage, 1 986, 4 2, n o . 6 3 . L issyviggeen . V9 97 9 06. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50 , n o. 1 54. M illtown N orth . Q4 29 0 11. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 49, n o . 1 48 . M illtown S outh . Q4 29 0 10 . P . C uppage, 1 986, 6 4-5, n o. 1 91. R ealk . Q 3 67 0 46 . P . C uppage, 1 986, 4 3, n o . 6 6. T eeromoyle. V 5 71 8 23. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53, n o. 1 80 . K ilkenny T he T hree F riars. S 6 06 2 77. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 40 , n o . 7 1. L imerick L ough G u t E . R6 38 4 11. A . P RIA 5 4C, 1 951, 3 9. T omdeely N orth . R 3 29 5 24. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 40-1, n o . 7 2 . L outh B alregan . J0 27 0 00 . P . B uckley , 1 986 , 1 9, n o . 1 82. " J0 23 1 00 . 4 S. B uckley , 1 986, 1 8,no. 1 76 B altray . J1 44 8 51. P . B uckley , 1 986 , 1 9, n o . 1 83 . C arrickedmond E ast. J 0 24 1 28. 4 S. B uckley , 1 986, 1 8, n o. 1 77 . "W est. J 0 26 1 28. 4 S . B uckley , 1 986, 1 8 , n o . 1 78 . E denkill. H 9 78 1 23. 4 S. B uckley , 1 986, 2 0, n o . 1 99. M illodkstown . N8 91 8 77 . P . B uckley , 1 986, 2 1, n o . 2 03 . R avensdale P ark . J0 98 1 57. 4 S. B uckley , 1 986, 2 2, n o. 2 19. M ayo G ortbraud . L9 4 . 8 2. S . K illanin & D uignan , 4 56 . K illadangan . L9 43 8 26. 4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 1 97 . M eath B allinvally . N 5 80 7 86 . P . M oore , 1 987, 4 2 . F arranaglogh . N5 34 8 27. P . M oore, 1 987, 4 3 . G rangegeeth . N9 64 7 92 . P . M oore , 1 987, 4 3. T ipperary B arbaha . R7 68 7 59. 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 41, n o . 7 3 . * Timoney . S1 94 8 37. S ? S tout, G .T ., 1 984, 1 8 . W aterford T ooreen W est. S 2 45 1 17 .

4 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 41, n o . 7 4 .

W exford R obinstown G reat. S 8 11 2 91. P . O 'Nuallain , 1 984b , 1 7, n o . 6 . W hitechurch . S7 92 1 90 . 3 S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 41, n o . 7 5.

4 34

W icklow . C astleruddery . S9 25 9 37. A . J RSAI 7 5, 1 945, 2 66 . G iant 's G rave. T 2 10 9 61. P . P rice, 1 934, 4 0 . S COTLAND A berdeenshire B roomend o f C richie . N J 7 79 1 96. A . P SAS 5 4, 1 919-20 , 1 54. C astle F raser . N J 7 15 1 25. P . C oles , F ., 1 901, 1 97, n o . 3 . A ngus A uchterhouse . N O 3 45 3 92 . P . B url, 1 988 , 1 03. C orogle B urn . N O 3 48 6 01. P . B url, 1 988 , 1 08-9. F letcherfield . N O 4 01 5 25. P . C uutts , 1 970 , 1 9. A r

1 1

A chnabreac . N R 8 56 8 99. P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 3, n o. 1 55; 2 8, n o. 1 91. B alliemore . N S 0 56 8 45. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll V I, 1 988 , 1 26-7, n o . 1 98 . B allymeanoch . N R 8 33 9 64. [ A2/12 ]. 4 S. P SAS 1 09, 1 977-8, 1 04-12 . " P . i bid . B allochroy . N R 7 30 5 24. [ A4/4 ]. 3 S. B url, 1 983, 7 -11. B arcaldine . N M 9 63 4 21. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I I, 1 975, 6 2, n o. 1 11. C arnasserie . N M 8 34 0 08. P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 1 2, n o. 7 0 ; 2 5, n o . 1 66 . * Clenmacrie . N M 9 24 2 85. 3 S. R CAHM-S , A rgyll I I, 1 975, 6 2, n o. 1 14. C lochkeil. N R 6 57 2 44. 3 S . R CAHM-Argyll, I , 1 971, 6 2, n o. 1 37 . C noc P ollphail. N R 9 31 6 83. P . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V I, 1 988, 1 31-2, n o . 2 07 . C rinan M oss. N R 8 08 9 41. S + P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 6, n o . 1 73 . D uachy . N M 8 01 2 05. [ A1/4 ]. 3 S . R CAHM , A rgyll, I I, 1 975, 6 2, n o . 1 16. D unamuck M id . N R 8 48 9 24. [ A2/14 1 P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 7, n o . 1 77 . " N orth . N R 8 47 9 29. [ A2/211. 3 S . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 7, n o. 1 78 . " S outh . N R 8 48 9 23 .[A2/20 ]. P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 6 , n o. 1 76 . E scart. N R 8 46 6 67. [ A4/1]. 4 S. R CAHM , A rgyll, I , 1 971, 6 3, n o . 1 43. I nveryne . N R 9 15 7 49. 3 S. R CAHM-S , A rgyll V I, 1 988, 1 34-5, n o . 2 18. K ames . N R 9 71 7 14. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll V I, 1 988, 1 35, n o. 2 19. K ilmartin . N R 8 27 9 79. [ A2/8 ]. 2 P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 8, n o . 1 87 . L och S eil, N M 8 01 2 06. [ A 1/4 ]. 3 S . R CA } IM-S , A rgyll, I I, n o. 1 16 . L och S tornoway . N R 7 42 6 15. [ A3/6a ]. P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 5, n o . 1 68 . M acharioch . R7 36 0 93. 4 S. P SAS 6 4, 1 929-30 , 3 19-20 , n o. 3 2 . M acrihanish . N R 6 44 2 06 . [ A 4 /1 5 I . 4 S. R uggles, 1 984, 5 3 . M ealdarroch . N R 8 77 6 80 . 3 5 . P SAS 5 3, 1 918-19, n o . 4 . S alachary . N M 8 40 0 40 . [ A2/26 1 7 77- P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 24, n o . 1 62 . S keroblin . N R 7 06 2 73. S . D&E , 1 982, 2 2. S outh M uasdale . N R 6 79 3 91. P . P SAS 6 4, 1 929-30, 3 06, n o. 7 . T arbert. N R 6 06 8 23 t o 6 08 8 22 . P ? P SAS 6 6 , 1 931-2, 1 46-7 . U pper F ernoch . N R 7 27 8 60 . P . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 9, n o. 1 95. A rran A uchenar . N R 8 91 3 64 . P . B ryce, T .H ., 1 910 , 1 55.

4 35

A yr B allantrae . N X 0 87 8 18 .

[ G1/4 ]. S o r 3 S .

T hom , 1 967, 1 37 .

B arra B orve . N F 6 52 0 14 . P . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 1 36, n o . 4 61. B revig . N L 6 89 9 90 . P . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 1 36, n o . 4 60 . B erwick B rothers ' S tones. N T 6 19 3 60 . P . B aldwin , 1 985, 1 64 . C aithness B roughwin I . N D 3 13 4 12 . M . F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 5 9-60 . B roughwin I I. N D 3 12 4 09. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 6 0 . B roughwin I II. N D 3 11 4 08 . D . F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 6 0 . C a n ister . N D 2 60 4 37. [ N1/14 ]. M . F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 2 . D irlot . N D 1 23 4 85. [ N1/17 ]. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 6 2 . G arry hin . N D 3 14 4 13. [ N1/9 ]. M . F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 0 . L och o f Y arrows N W . N D 3 13 4 41. [ N1/7 ]. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 982 , 6 1-2 . " S E . N D 3 16 4 32. P . G unn , 1 915, 3 49-50 . L och W ätenan . N D 3 18 4 11. M ? F reer & M yatt , 1 982 , 5 9. M id C lyth . N D 2 95 3 84. [ N1/1]. M . F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 5 8-9 . T ormsdale . N D 1 48 4 97 . M . M yatt , 1 988 , 2 95-7 . U pper D ounreay I . N D 0 12 6 60 . [ N1/3 ]. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 20 . U pper D ounreay I I. N D 0 07 6 60 . M . F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 20-1. W atenan . N D 3 15 4 12 . M . F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 5 9. W atten . N D 2 23 5 17. [ N1/15 ]. P . T hom , 1 967 , 1 39. C oll T otronald . N M 1 66 5 59. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 7 1, n o . 1 20 . C olonsay D rumclash . N R 3 67 9 49. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 8 , n o . 9 6 . D umfriesshire D yke . N T 0 84 0 36 . [ G6/4 ]. 3 S . R CAHM-S D umfriess, 1 920 , p 145, n o 4 26 . G irdle S tanes . N Y 2 58 9 65. [ G7/4 ]. A ? R CAHM-S D umfriess, 1 920 , 7 89 , n o . 1 99. * Skipknowe . N Y 1 1. 9 4 . P . R CAHM-S E ast L othian , 1 924, 2 12, n o . 6 27 . F ife * Bandrum . N T 0 36 9 15. P . R CAHM-S F ife , 1 933 , 2 67 , n o . 4 89. N orth G lassmount. N T 2 44 8 84 . P . R CAHM-S F ife, 1 933 , 3 46 . I slay A chnancarranan . N R 3 89 4 60 . 3 S .

R CAHM-Argyll , V , 1 984, f ig . 6 3a .

4 36

B allinähy . N R 2 20 6 71. [ A7/5 ]. 3 S . R CAHM-S A rgyll , V , 1 984 , 6 3 . n o . 7 9. * Beinn C ham . N R 3 49 6 79 . P . R uggles , 1 984 , 1 65. * Clachan C ean I le . N R 4 36 4 83 . P . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 5, n o . 8 5. F inlaggan . N R 3 92 6 85. P . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 8 , n o . 9 7 . * Kilbride . N R 3 83 4 65. P . R uggles, 1 984, 1 80 . K nocklearoch . N R 3 98 6 48 . P . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 9, n o . 1 08 . * Lagavullin . N R 3 95 4 62 . P . P SAS 4 8, 1 913-14, 4 04-7 . J ura C arragh a iGhlinne . N R 5 12 6 64 . [ A6/6 ]. 4 S . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 45 , n o . 8 3 . * Knockrame . N R 5 48 7 14 t o N R 5 60 7 17 . [ A6/4 ]. 3 S . R CABM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 7 0-1, n o . 1 16 . S annaig . N R 5 18 6 48 . [ A6 /3 ] . 3 S . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 1 16 , n o . 1 17. S travanan B ay . N S 0 85 5 53. [ A9/7 ]. 3 S . P SAS 4 , 1 860-2 , 3 96 . S trone F arm . N R 5 07 6 37 . P . R CAHM-S A rg ia T T 1 984 , 7 1, n o . 1 20 . K incardine * Glassel H ouse . c . N O 6 49 9 97 . P . P SAS 3 9, 1 904-5, 2 05. * Kempstone H ill . N O 8 76 8 94 . [ 1 33/5 ]. P . 1 967 , 9 8 . K inross O rwell . N O 1 49 0 43 . P . A rch J 1 31, 1 974, 8 -9, 2 7-9 . K irkcudbright B agbie . N X 4 98 5 64 . P . B url, 1 988 , 1 35. * Thieves . N X 4 04 7 16 . [ G4/2 ]. P . R CAHM-S , G alloway I I, 1 914, n o . 3 67 . L ewis A irigh n am B idearan . N B 2 34 2 98 . [ H1/5]. 3 S . R uggles , 1 984 , 8 1. C allanish . N B 2 13 3 30 . A+ 3S . P onting , G . &M . N ew L ight o n t he S tones o f C allanish , S tornoway , 1 984 . C arloway . N B 2 04 4 29. [ H1/16 ]. 3 -S . R uggles, 1 984, 7 7 . C lach a n T ursa . N B 2 04 4 29. [ 1 1/16 ]. 3 S . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides , 1 928 , 2 4 , n o . 8 7 . * Cnoc a G reana . N F 9 22 8 19. 4 S . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 4 3, n o . 1 34 . C ul a C hleit . N B 2 47 3 03 . P . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 9, n o . 9 5. G reat B ernera . N B 1 64 3 42 . P .. R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides , 1 928 , 2 4, n o . 7 7 . N isabost . N G 0 41 9 73 . [ 12/2 ]. 3 S. R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 4 3, n o . 1 35. 1 211x

E ast P ort . N J 0 3 . 2 7 . P . P SAS 4 1, 1 906 -7 , 1 31 -4 .

4 37

M ull A rdalanish . N M 3 78 1 88. P . R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 5, n o . 8 8. A rdnacross . N M 5 42 4 91. 2x 3 S ( ?A ). R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, f ig . 1 8. B alliscate . N M 4 99 5 41. [ M1/8 ]. 3 S. R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 5, n o. 9 0 . C algary . N M 3 84 5 23. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8, n o . 1 04. C ladh C hatain . N M 5 26 6 95. P . R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 6, n o. 9 9. * Craigaid . N M 4 02 3 90 . P . R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, 6 6, n o. 1 00 . D ail n a C arraigh . N M 3 70 2 18. [ M2/7 1. R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980, 8 8 . D ervaig C entre . N M 4 39 5 20 . [ M1/5]. 4 S. R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 6, n o . 1 01 ( 2). D ervaig N NW . N M 4 35 5 31. [ M1/4 ]. 4 S. R CAHM-S, A rgyll, I II, 1 980, 6 6, n o . 1 01 ( 1). D ervaig S SE . N M 4 38 5 16. 4 S. R CAHM-S, A rgyll, I II, 1 980 , 6 7 . n o, 1 01 ( 3). D ervaig D . N M 4 42 5 19. 3 S. D & E , 1 957, 9 . G lengorm . N M 4 34 5 71. [ 11/7 1-7 7 . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8 , n o. 1 05. * Gruline . N M 5 45 3 96 a nd 5 43 3 97, P . R CAHM-S , A r 1 1 I II, 1 980 , 6 8, n o. 1 06 . L ag . N M 3 62 5 35. P . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8-9, n o. 1 09 . 13 5 52. 3 S. R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 7 0 , n o. 11 M ingary . N M 4 13 5 52. [ M1/3]. 4 S. R uggles, 1 984, 1 23 ( ML2) Q uinish . N M 4 S callastle . N M 6 99 3 82. 3 S. R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 7 1-2, n o . 1 21. U luvalt . N M 5 46 3 00 . 4 S. R CAHM-S , A rgy 1 , I II, 1 980 , 7 2, n o. 1 21. N orth U ist B lashaval. N F 8 87 7 17 . [ H3/8 ]. 3 S. R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 8 2, n o . 2 46 . F ir B hreige . N F 7 70 7 02. P . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 5, n o . 2 55. L eac n an C ailleacha D ubha . N F 7 85 7 63. P . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides , 1 928 , 8 5, n o . 2 58 . S keal T raval. N F 8 53 7 07. 4 S. D&E , 1 986, 5 2 . O rkneys B raeside . H Y 5 64 3 71. 3 S. R CAHM-S, O rkneys I I, 1 946, 5 3, n o. 2 11. B rodgar F arm . H Y 3 00 1 29. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys I I, 1 946, 3 04, n o. 8 78 . D eepdale. H Y 2 71 1 16. P . R CAHM-S, O rkneys, 1 946, 3 25, n o. 9 22. L eafea . H Y 2 26 0 93. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys, 1 946 , 3 25, n o. 9 23 . R edland . H Y 3 8 . 2 4. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys, 1 946, 8 1, n o . 2 73 . * St. T redwell 's C hapel. H Y 4 97 5 09. 3 S. R CAHM-S , O rkneys I I, 1 946 , 1 86, n o . 5 43 . S purdagove. H Y 2 55 2 46. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys, 1 946, 2 2, n o . 3 3. S tanerandy . H Y 2 68 2 77. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys, 1 946 , 2 2, n o . 3 5. P eebles M enzion . N T 0 94 2 38 . P . R CAHM-S, P eebles, 1 967, 6 3, n o. 1 05. S herriff M uir . N T 2 00 4 00 . P . R CAHM-S, P eebles, 1 967 , 6 3, n o. 1 06 .

4 38

P erthshire B almuick . N N 7 84 2 51. P . B url, 1 988 , 1 45. * Balnabroich . N O 0 92 5 66 . P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 . * Balnaguard . N N 9 47 5 22 . P . D&E , 1 971, 3 4-5. B andirran . N O 2 08 3 11. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 2 . * Broadmoss. N O 1 98 4 75. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 3 . * Cally . N O 1 18 5 19. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 5 . * Clach a n T uirc . N N 7 25 4 48. P . D&E , 1 968, 3 3. C omrie B ridge . N N 7 87 4 68. P . B url, 1 988, 1 57 . C owden . N N 7 76 2 05. 3 S . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 6 . C raggish . N N 7 63 2 07 . 3 S + P . C oles, F ., 1 911, 5 6, n o. 8 . C raigmäkerran . N O 1 48 3 28. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 8 . * Cramrar . N N 7 23 4 51. P . B url, 1 988, 1 60-1. C roft M oraig . N N 7 97 4 73. P . P PS 3 7, 1 971, 1 -15. D alchirla . N N 8 24 1 59. [ P1/1]. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 0 . D oune. N N 7 55 0 04. [ P1/2 ]. P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 8 7-8 . D owally . N O 0 01 4 80 . P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 1. D unruchan S tones. N N 7 89 1 62 - N N 7 92 1 74. 4 S. C oles , 1 911, 6 3-71. E ast C ults . N O 0 72 4 20 . 3 S. S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 2. F erntower . N N 8 74 2 26 . P . B url, 1 988, 1 65. F incastle . N N 8 72 6 28 . P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 4 . F owlis W ester N W . N N 9 20 2 41. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 5. " S E . N N 9 21 2 40 . P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 6 . G ellybanks . N O 0 82 3 13 . P . S tewart, 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o . 1 7. * Grantully V ale . N N 9 0 . 5 2. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44, n ote 1 . K eppoch . N N 8 79 2 52 . P . S tewart, 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o . n o . 1 8 . K ilspindie . N O 1 75 2 48. 3 S. D & E , 1 973, 4 4 . * Kindrogan . N O 0 56 6 32. P . C oles, F ., 1 908 , 9 9-100 , n o . 3 . M eikleour . N O 1 58 3 84 . P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 0 . N ew T yle . N O 0 47 4 10. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 1. P itcastle . N N 8 95 5 43. P . S tewart , 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o . 2 2 . S tare D am . N O 0 50 3 83. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o. 2 4 . S t M adoes S tones . N O 1 97 2 10 . 3 S. P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 9 5-8 * Taymouth . N N 8 01 4 77. P . S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 5. * Tullybannocher . N N 7 55 2 25. 4 S. B url, 1 988 , 1 93. R oss * Windhill. N H 5 31 4 82. P . P SAS 8 8, 1 954-6, 8 5, n o . 5 8 . R oxburgh D ere S treet. N T 7 50 1 55. P . R CAHM-S , R oxburgh , 1 956, 3 84, n o . 8 12 . S hetland B eorgs o f H ousetter . H U 3 61 8 54. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys I II, 1 946, 9 3-4, n o. 1 360 . B usta B rae. H U 3 48 6 73. P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys I II, 1 946, 1 0 , n o . 1 17 . G iant 's S tones . H U 2 43 8 05. M . D &E , 1 985, 3 2-3 . G ravlaba . H U 3 25 5 58 . P . R CAHM-S , O rkneys I II, 1 946, 1 03, n o . 1 403 . H amna V oe . H U 2 43 8 06 . [ Z3/2]. 3 S. F ojut, 5 8 . L umbister . H U 4 87 9 64 . M . F ojut , 5 6-7 .

4 39

S kye * Boreraig . N G 6 2. 1 62 . P . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 14 , n o . 6 65. * Clach A id . N G 1 9. 5 2 . 3 S . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 04-5, n o . 6 37 . C lachan E risco . N G 4 51 4 80 . [ H7/5 ]. 3 S . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 04, n o . 6 36 . C rois M hic J amain . N G 3 45 3 45. P . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 8 1, n o . 2 43 . S oirnaichean C oir F hinn . N G 4 1. 5 2 . 3 S. R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 05, n o . 6 38 . T rotternish . c . N G 4 14 5 26 . 3 S. P SAS 4 6 , 1 911-12, 2 08-10 . S outh U ist R u A rdvule . N F 7 27 2 86 .

[ H5/3 ]. 3 S . R uggles , 1 984 , 1 06 .

S tirling * Craigmore D umgoyach . M iddleton . W aterhead .

C ottage . N S N S 5 32 8 07 . N S 5 61 7 66 . N S 6 57 8 39.

5 29 7 99. P . D&E , 1 957 , 3 6 . 4 S . R CA T IM-S , S tirling , I , 1 963 , 6 7, n o . 5 8 . 4 S . R CAHM-S , S tirling , I , 1 963, 6 8, n o . 6 3 P . F eachem , 1 977 , 8 6 .

S utherland B adanloch . N C 7 82 3 51. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 25. B orgie . N C 6 61 5 87 . M ?. F reer & M yatt, 1 983 , 1 21. K ildonan S W .. N C 9 55 1 85. M ? F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 32 . K ildonan N E . N C 9 66 1 89 . D . F reer & M yatt, 1 983 . K inbrace . N C 8 27 3 22 . M . F reer & M yatt , 1 983 , 1 25. L earable H ill . N C 8 92 2 34. [ N2/11. M . F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 26 . L och R imsdale . N C 7 16 3 48 . M . F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 21-5. S kelpick . N C 7 22 5 74 . M . F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 21. W est L othian K aimes . N T 1 30 6 65. P . R CAHM-S , M idlothian , 1 929, n o . 2 16 . W igtown D rumtroddan . N X 3 64 4 43 . [ G3/12 ]. 3 S. R CAHM-S , G alloway I , 1 912, n o . 2 31. G illespie . N X 2 45 5 28 . P . R CAHM-S , G alloway I , 1 912, 1 26 , n o . 3 65. *L aggangarn . N X 2 22 7 17 . P . T DCNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 4 1. M ilton H all . N X 3 62 4 15. P . R CAHM-S , G alloway I , 1 912, 1 2 . T orhousekie . N X 3 84 5 65. [ G3/7 ]. 3 S . R CAHM-S , G alloway , I , 1 912, n os . 5 31, 5 32, 5 34 . W ren 's E gg . N X 3 61 4 20 . P . T DGNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 2 8-43 .

4 40

W ALES C lywd G allt y F oel. S H 8 0 . 5 5. 2 S . 4 S. R CAHM-W , D enbigh , 1 914, 1 44-5, n o . 5 11. G rey S tones. S J 2 7. 6 2. P . R CAHM-W , F lintshire, 1 912, 5 9-60 , n o . 1 75. G wytherin S tones. S H 8 77 6 14. 4 S. H öulder , 6 9. L langwm . S H 9 7. 4 5. 4 S. R CAHM-W , D enbigh , 1 914, 1 28, n o . 4 52 . N aid-y-March . S J 1 67 7 53. P . R CAHM-W , F lintshire, 1 912,5, n o. 1 7 . W hitford . S J 1 52 7 66. P . R CAHM-W , F lintshire, 1 912, 9 4, n o. 2 70 . D yfed A bergwili. S N 4 5. 2 1. P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 7 , n o. 8 . B erribrook . S N 7 1. 3 8 . P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 6, n o. 7 7 . C ae g arreg f awr . S N 4 1. 0 8 . P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 4 5, n o. 1 46 . C arreg B icca . S N 5 7. 3 0 . 3 S. RAHM- , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 39, n o . 4 14 . C arreg f awr n ant j ack . S N 3 5. 1 0 . P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 92, n o. 5 69. C efn G wernffrwd . S N 7 37 4 92. 3 S. A rch C amb 1 24, 1 975, 1 11-13 . C wn g awr. S N 1 18 3 10 . [ W9/3 ]. P . B arber , C ., 1 982, 9 . D olau M ain . S N 1 58 3 13 . [ W9/8 ]. P . T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989. F fynnon n ewydd . S N 4 9. 2 1. P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 16, n o . 3 35. G ors f awr . S N 1 34 2 94. [ 1 49/2 ]. P . R CAHM-W , P embroke, 1 925, n o . 7 31. G ors l langynog . S N 3 12 1 40 . P . W illiams, G ., 1 988, 7 2 . L lech C iste . S N 5 14 2 61. 4 S. H oulder , 1 69. M eini-Gwyn . S N 4 59 2 61. 3 S? T rans C armarthen A .S. 5 . M ynydd L lanbyther . S N 5 49 3 95. S . R CAHM- C armarthen , 1 917, 2 06, n o . 6 04 . P arc y maen l lyd . S N 3 85 1 63 . P . R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 49, n o . 4 41. P arc y M eirw . S M 9 99 3 59. [ W9/7 ]. S . RAHMW , P embroke, 1 925, 1 73, n o. 5 07 . P enmeiddyn . S M 9 2 . 3 4. 4 S. R CA IN-W , P embroke, 1 925, 2 09, n o. 6 42 . P las G ogerddon . S N 6 26 8 35. 3 S. W illiams, G ., 1 988 , 2 9, 8 5-7 . P ont D du . S N 3 09 1 49. 4 S . D yer , 3 32 . R hos-clegyrn . S M 9 13 3 54. P . A rch C amb 1 23, 1 974, 1 3-42 . T roed y r hiw . S N 0 8. 3 5. S .. R CAHM-W , P embroke, 1 925, 2 58, n o . 7 67 . G went H arold 's S tones . S O 4 98 0 52 . 3 S.

D yer , 3 40

G wynedd B ryn s eward m eini h irion . S H 5 83 2 70 . P . R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 9 0 , n o, 2 50 . B wlch y d deufaen . S H 7 15 7 17 . P . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon I , 1 956, 3 6, n o . 1 73. C aerhun . S H 7 41 7 18. P . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon I , 1 956, 3 6, n o . 1 74 . C eirw . S H 7 65 8 40 . D . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon , 1 956, 1 17 , n o . 3 80 .

4 41

L lanbedr . S H 5 83 2 70 . 4 S . B owen & G resham , 6 4, n o . 5 9. L lyn c reigenen i ssa s tones. S H 6 01 1 03. P . R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 1 26 , n o . 4 08 . M oelfre . S H 7 21 7 46 . 3 S. G rinsell, 1 976 , 2 61. P ont D du . S N 3 09 1 49. 4 S? D yer , 3 32.. T ir-gwyn . S R 3 44 3 90 . P . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon I I, 1 960, 8 3, n o. 1 675, 1 676 . W aun O er . S H 6 17 1 12 . 4 S . B owen & G resham , 6 5, n os. 7 5-9. P owys B ryn B ras S tones. S H 9 8. 1 6 . 4 S. R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 9 8, n o . 5 02. C ae G arreg . S N 9 5. 7 7. 4 S. R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 45-6, n o . 6 03. C errig D uon . S N 8 52 2 06 . [ W11/3 ]. A + 3 5. G rimes, 1 38-9. C wm y S aeson . S N 9 64 7 76 . S . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 42, n o . 6 03 . C wm y S aeson . S N 9 53 7 71. P . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 42, n o . 5 86 . G arreg w en . S N 8 2. 8 8. P . R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 1 15, n o . 5 92 . L lanfihangel. S O 1 43 5 79. 4 S. A nthony , 7 8. L lanllugan . S J 0 2. 0 2. 3 S? R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 1 20 , n o . 6 08. L lidiardau m awr . S J 0 2. 0 2. 3 S. R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 1 20 , n o . 6 08 . N ant T awr . S N 8 20 2 58. 3 S. G rimes, 1 963, 1 36-7, n os . 2 6a , b . P ennybont. S O 1 1. 5 4. P . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 4 9, n o. 1 87 . P en y G arreg . S N 9 15 6 76. 3 S? R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 02, n o. 4 06 . R hos d yrnog . S H 8 29 0 05. P . R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 3 1, n o . 1 58. R hos y B eddau . S J 0 57 3 01. [ W6 /2 ] A . G rimes, 1 20-2 . R hos y G elynen S tones. S N 9 06 6 30 . [ W8 /1 ] . 4 S . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 01, n o. 4 02 . S aeth M aen . S N 8 33 1 54. 4 S . H oulder , 1 57 . S aeth M aen . S N 9 49 6 02. [ W illi]. 4 S. T hom , 1 966, 4 5. T recastle M ountain . S N 8 33 3 11. [ U11/2]. 4 S . G rimes, 1 35-6 Y nys M ona L landuna . S I T 5 67 7 99. 3 S? R CAHM-W , A nglesey , 1 937, 4 5b . L lanfairynghomwy . S H 3 3. 9 0 . 3 S. L ynch F ., 1 970 , 1 16 . L lanrhwydrys . S H 3 34 9 06. P . L ynch F ., 1 970 , 2 88. L lansawadra . S H 5 71 7 73. 4 S. R CAHM-W , A nglesey , 1 937, 13a P entraeth . S H 5 30 7 82. 3 S? R CAHM-W , A nglesey , 1 937, 1 41a . P las m eilw . S H 2 27 8 09. P . L ynch F ., 1 970 , 1 16 , 2 88.

4 42

P AIRS

O F

S TANDING

S TONES

T he E ast s tone i s h igh a nd p ointed: t he o ther i s a l ittle s horter a nd h as a f lat g rooved t op. S o m any s imilar p aired s tones e xist t hat t hey m ay b e a d istinct t ype o f m egalith... s ymbolising m ale a nd f emale. E vans, E .E., 1 966, 2 04. T hat s tanding s tones a re r ecognised a s r esembling h uman f igures i s e xpressed i n t he n ame ' Fir B reagach l, " false m an", s ometimes g iven t o t hem. M acalister, R .A.S., 1 928, 1 05.

( Coles,

1 908,

1 44)

S TANDING S TONES A T D OWALLY, P erthshire.

T here a re m any p airs o f s tanding s tones, t he m ajor g roups o ccurring i n P erthshire ( Stewart, 1 966) a nd i n t he c ounties o f C ork a nd K erry ( O 'Nuallain, 1 988). T here a re l esser c oncentrations i n s outh-west S cotland, i n t he w estern i sles a nd i n W ales. F or c entral S cotland S tewart d efined t wo t ypes: t he f irst ( A) w ith s tones s et s ide b y s ide w ith t heir b road f aces o n t he s ame p lane a s a t D owally ( above); t he s econd, ( B), w ith s tones o pposite e ach o ther, t heir b road f aces a ligned o n t he s ame a xis. T he o rientations o f G roup A a re g enerally e ast-west w hereas G roup B h as n o c onsistent d irection. T he s tones o f G roup A t end t o b e

4 43

l arger a nd a re o ften r oughly d ressed . I t i s u sually t he w estern s tone t hat i s t aller . R ather d ifferently , i n N orthern I reland t he e astern s tone t ends t o b e p ointed a nd t he w estern f lat-topped , s ometimes w ith ag roove r unning c ross i t l ike t he p air a t C rew L ower , C o . T yrone . O ver 2 50 p airs a re l isted i n t he G azetteer , t he m ost n umerous o f a ll t he ' rows '. O f t hem 3 8% a re i n s outh-west I reland , 1 4% i n P erthshire , a nd 1 0% e ach i n N orthern I reland a nd W ales. I t c an b e s een , t herefore , t hat t heirs i s aw estern d istribution a nd o ne w hich l argely a voids r egions o f g reatstone c ircles. D espite t he p redominance o f r ecumbent s tone c ircles i n A berdeenshire t he c ounty h as o nly o ne r ecorded p air , t he t wo p illars t o t he e ast o f t he C astle F raser r ing . T he a rchitecture o f p airs a lthough o bviously s imple i s d istinctive . T he t wo s tones a re n early a lways c lose-set , a n a verage o f 1 0 f t 9 ( 3 .3m) a part i n c entral S cotland , 1 0 f t 3( 3 .1m ) i n C o . C ork . I t i s n ot u nusual t o f ind t hat s tones o f q uite d ifferent a ppearance w ere c hosen , at all t hin p illar a nd a s quat l ozenge-shaped b lock . S uch o pposites h ave b een i nterpreted a s r epresentations o f m ale a nd f emale s exual o rgans, a v isual s ymbolism t hat w ould b e i n k eeping w ith t he i magery o f l ife , d eath a nd s ympathetic m agic i n p rehistoric t imes. I t w as n ot o nly t he w idely-reported K ennet A venue a t A vebury t hat h ad s uch ' fertility ' c ouplings. T here w ere m any c ounterparts a mongst t he p airs, a t S andville & L isdivin L ower a nd a t C rew L ower i n C o . T yrone a mongst o thers ( Evans, 1 966, 2 01), a nd i n c entral S cotland t here w ere s everal s et u p n ear t he l ate s tone c ircles k nown a s F our-Posters ( Burl, 1 988a , 5 1). E xcavations i n a nd a round t he t wo s tones h ave n ot b een v ery h elpful. I n t he b ottom o f t he e astern s tonehole a t O rwell i n K inross p eople p laced t he c remations o f m en a nd w omen m ixed w ith t he b ones o f d og a nd p ig b efore r aising t he s tone o ver t he d eposits. O ther c remations n ear t he s tones, a nd t he p resence o f c ists a nd p ockets o f b urnt b one i n t he g round a round t hem , s how t hat t he p air r emained t he f ocus o f r itual a ctivity f or a l ong t ime . A t o ther s ites, h owever , e xcavations h ave r evealed l ittle a lthough t he d iscovery o f p its, o ften e mpty , a nd b urnt b ones s uggest t hat t he s tones m ay h ave a cted a s c entres o f f unerary a nd f ertility c eremonies. O ccasionally o ne o f t he s tones, f requently t he t aller , w as c upmarked . T his w as a t rait a lso r ecorded a t F our-Posters i ntimating t hat i t m ay h ave b een f rom s uch a ustere l ittle r ings t hat t he t radition o f e recting e ven s impler p airs d eveloped . W hether c arvings o f c ups a nd c up-and-ring m arkings w ere a ssociated w ith s ome c elestial e vent i s d ebateable . W ith s tones o nly a bout 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part b ut u p t o 3 f t ( 1m ) w ide a ' sightline ' a long t he p air w ould h ave o ffered a n o bserver a ' window ' 1 7° w ide , f ar t oo b road f or a nything a pproaching a n a ccurate s ightline . E ven i f t he f arther s tone w ere o nly 1 f t ( 30cm ) t hick t he a rc w ould s till h ave b een 6° a cross. G iven s uch i mprecision o ne c an o nly r emark t hat s urveys h ave q uite o ften r egistered r ough a nd i mprecise a lignments t owards t he s un o r t he m oon . M uch m ore f ieldwork i s r equired b efore t he q uestion o f t he p air o f s tones b eing e rected f or t he p urpose o f r ecording a l unar o r s olar p henomenon c an b e s ettled .

4 44

E xcavations i n P airs o f S tones C HANNEL I SLES G uernsey . C rocq , L e . S herds a nd q uernstones. E NGLAND C ornwall. H igher D rift . 1 871. E mpty c entral p it . P ipers. L and 's E nd. 1 871. N o f inds. T rewern . 1 752 . C entral p it . R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C ork . C arrigadrohid . N o f inds. K ealkil . 1 938. N o f inds. K nocknakilla . 1 931. N o f inds. S COTLAND A rgyll. A chnabreac . p re-1872. H uman b ones. K inross. O rwell . 1 972. C remations, c ists, s tone p ounder . L ewis. G reat B ernera. 1 985. P aving , q uartz, p olished a xe , f lint a rrowhead . O rkneys. D eepdale . 1 978. N o f inds. L eafea . B ones . H uman? P erthshire . C roft M oraig . 1 985. B urial p its ( ?) b y e ach . W igtownshire . W ren 's E gg. 1 975. N o f inds. W ALES D yfed . G ors L langynog . 1 985. P its. 1 340±70 b c ( c . 1 650 B C). R hos y C legyrn . 1 962, 1 965-8. P its, f ood-vessel s herds, c remated b one , b roken s late d isc , s takeholes. G wynedd . T ir-gwyn . c . 1 833 . G rave w ith h uman b ones?

4 45

C upmarks i n P airs o f S tones c m =c upmark ; c /r = c up-and-ring ;

= t aller s tone

E NGLAND C umbria . * Giant 's G rave . N E ( t)-SW . N E s t h as c m . N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . F ermanagh . K illybeg. C ms o n W f ace o f o ne s tone . R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . D onegal. B arnes L ower . N W ( t)-SE . E f ace o f S E s t h as 4 8 e ms g rooves; N W s t, W f ace , 8e ms, E f ace 7 e ms. S COTLAMD A ngus. A uchterhouse . N E ( t) SW . N E s t h as 1 5 e ms. A rgyll. D unamuck , M id . N NW-SSE ( t). S SE s t h as e ms. D unamuck , S outh . S E-NW ( t). O ne s t h as e ms. K ilmartin . 2p airs. S W p air , N -S ( t). E f ace , Ss t , 3e ms. P erthshire . B alnuaguard . E ( t)-W . Ef ace o f Es t h as c m . C lach a n T üirc . B oth s tones h ave e ms. C ramrar . N NE-SSW , b oth f allen . N NE s t h as e ms. F owlis W ester , N W . N ( t) S. W f ace o f N s t 6e ms. S s t h as c m .

4 46

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n

P airs o f S tones

E NGLAND C ornwall. P ipers, B odmin M oor .

F ebruary S S ( Thom).

C umbria. G iant 's G rave. M a] S M S ( Thom ). R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . K erry . L issyviggeen. E quinoctial S R , S S (J RSAI 1 6, 1 883-4, 3 06). S COTLAND A ngus. C orogle B urn . M aj S M S ( Thom ). A rgyll. A chnabreac . M a] S M S ( Thom). B allymeanoch . M a ] SM R ( Thom); M W S R , M a] N M S ( Ruggles). B arbreck . M a] S M S ( Ruggles). D unamuck , M id . ' Sun ' ( Thom); M in S M R? ( Ruggles). K ilmartin . M a] S M S, C apella r ising, 1 830 B C , M a] N M S, l unar e xtrapolation ( Thom); M a] S M S ( Ruggles). L och S tornoway. E quinoctial S S ( PSAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 5). A rran. B revig . M dW S R ( Thom). C aithness. L och o f Y arrows. L unar t o S SE? ( Thom). J ura. S trone F arm . S olar ( Thom ). K incardineshire . K empston H ill . M in S M S

( Thom ).

K irkcudbrightshire . T hieves. M dW S S, M a] N M R ( Thom ). L ewis. G reat B ernera. S un ( Somerville ; T hom). P erthshire . D alchirla . M in N M R ( Thom). D owally. I ntermediate c alendar d ates ( Thom ). N ew T yle . M dS S S ( Thom). W igtownshire . L aggangarn. M dS S S ( Thom). M ilton H all . M dW S S ( Thom). W ren 's E gg. E quinoctial S S ( Thom). W ALES D yfed . G ors F awr . M dS S R ( Thom); A rcturus r ising , 1 420 B C ( Arch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 18.

4 47

P AIRS O F S TANDING S TONES

C HANNEL I SLES G uernsey C rocq , L e , S t S aviour . ' La L ongue P ierre '. ' The W itch 's F inger '. 1 0 f t ( 3m ) hg ranite s t s t. S t s t 7 5 f t ( 23m ) t o E , r ed g ranite, 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) h , r e-erected 1 955. E xc . S herds a nd q uernstones f ound n ear b ase o f f irst s t. P rehistoric M onuments o f G uernsey , 1 976, 2 1-3 . E NGLAND C ornwall F aughan , P aul . S W 4 52 2 82 . 2s t s t o n Es ide o f c irc h illfort. 9 f t ( 2 .7m ) a part a nd 5 f t 6a nd 6 f t ( 1.7, 1 .8m ) h . R e-used a s g ateposts a t h illfort e ntrance? W eatherhill , 4 9 ; M ichell, 5 4-5. H igher D rift. S W 4 37 2 83 . ' The S isters '. F ine p air o f s t s t 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) a part , 7f t 6a nd 9 f t ( 2 .3, 2 .7m ) h . E xc 1 871. J ust E o f l ine c entral p it 6 f t b y 3f t 3( 1.8 x l m ) f ound , e mpty . B orlase , W ., 1 769, 1 64 , p late ; B orlase , W .C . 1 872 , 9 6 ; M ichell , 3 4-5; W eatherhill, 1 981, 2 3 ; i bid , 1 985, 1 02 ; W illiams , G ., 1 988, 7 3 . P ipers , L and 's E nd . S W 4 33 2 77 [ S1/14 1. 2 s t s t . N E (taller)-SW . 1 5 f t a nd 1 3 f t 6 ( 4 .6 , 4 .1m ) h . 3 17 f t ( 97m ) a part . N E s t i s t allest i n C ornwall. E xc. 1 871, n o f inds . L ukis, 1 885, 2 1. ' Potful o f a shes '. L ewis , A .L . 1 905, 2 ', J RAI 3 5, 4 29 . Line t hrough a xis t o S W w ould b e t angential t o M erry M aidens S tC , S W 4 32 2 45, 4 00 y ds ( 365m ) t o S W . B orlase , W ., 1 769, 1 94 ; B orlase , W .C ., 1 872 , 1 06-7 ; W eatherhill, 1 981, 2 5; i bid , 1 985, 1 07 ; M ichell, 6 4 . P ipers , B odmin M oor . S X 2 5/-7 17 . [ S1/1]. 3 S tCs i n N NE-SSW l ine, ' The H urlers ', S X 2 58 7 14 . 3 63 f t ( 111m ) t o W SW o f Sa rc o f c entral S tC , 2s t s t. W SW (taller)-ENE . 5f t 5 a nd 4 f t 9 ( 1.7 , 1 .5m ) h . 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) a part . C amden , 1 695, 9 ; B orlase , 1 769 , 1 99, 2 06 , p l . 1 7 ; J BAA 3 5, 1 879, 3 04 ( plan ); P PS 4 , 1 938 , 3 19 ; T hom , 1 966, 4 0-1, f igs . 2 7 , 2 8 ; B arnatt, 1 982 , 1 85-6 . M en t urned t o s tone f or p laying a t b all o n t he S abbath . S tones c annot b e c ounted . G rinsell, 1 976, 8 8 . A stronomy : A z =7 6°.3 . h=0 °.8. d ecl = 9 °. A pril S R . A z =2 56°.3 . h =0 °.5. d ec = 8°.6 . F ebruary S S . T hom , 1 967 , 1 00 . T rewern . S W 4 29 3 13 . A s l ate a s 1 871 2 s t s t h ere , 6f t a nd f t ( 1.8 , 1 .5m ) h , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part. E xc . 1 752 . Ac entral r ect p it f ound 6f t 61 , 2f t 9w , 4f t 6d eep ( 2 x0 .8 x 1 .4m ), e mpty . " Near t he b ottom i t w as f ull o f b lack g reazy E arth , b ut n o b one t o b e s een" ( Borlase , W ., 1 769 , 1 87). W eatherhill , 1 981, 6 0 ; B arnatt , 1 982,

4 48

2 55-6; W illiams, G ., 1 988, 1 01. C umbria G iant 's G rave. S D 1 35 8 10 . [ L1/11]. A s mall t umulus w ith 2 s t s t a t i ts e nds. N E (taller)-SW . 1 0 f t a nd 8 f t ( 3, 2 .4m ) h . 1 6 f t ( 5m ) a part. T aller s t h as c m 3i ns x 11 2 i / ns ( 76x38mm ) d eep . S tones a re r emains o f S tC? C lose t o L acra S tCs. H utchinson , 1 794, I , 5 29-30 ( 'near a djoining t o t his m onument, s everal o ther l arge s tones s tood l ately , p laced i n ar ude m anner ');TCWAAS I (3), 1 872-3, 2 80 ; P PS I , 1 935, 1 50 ; R uggles & W hittle, 1 981, 2 08 ; D yer, 8 6 ; W aterhouse , 1 985, 4 6. A stronomy : A z =2 10°.8 . h=0 °.5. d ecl = 30°.2. M aj S M S . T hom , 1 967, 9 9. H untingdonshire R obin H ood & L ittle J ohn . T L 1 39 9 83 . [ D3/1]. N b ank , R . N hne . 2s t s t, e ach c . 3f t ( lm ) h , 3 3 f t ( 10m ) a part. N E-SW . ' Two l arge m onoliths , b elieved t o b e o f t he B ronze A ge '. A . M ee. K ing 's E ngland .Bedfordshire & H untingdonshire, 1 973, 2 89. S tones w ere t hrown b y R obin H ood a nd L ittle J ohn f rom A lwalton c hurchyard , 11 2 / m iles a way . G rinsell, 1 976 , 1 62 . S omerset C ompton B ishop . S T 4 09 5 48 . 2s t, 1 p ros, ' thrown b y t he D evil '. G rinsell, 1 976, 9 9. D evil 's Q uoits. c .ST 5 76 5 65. I n S hrowl F ield . 2s t s t t hrown b y t he D evil a t t he c hurch . R emoved b efore 1 882 . G rinsell, 1 976, 1 38. F RANCE ( Brittany ) F inistere K ergadiou , P orspoder . 2s t s t 2 60 f t ( 80m ) a part. S moothed , g ranite p illars. S SW 2 9 f t ( 8 .8m ) h , N NE a lmost p ros, 3 5 f t ( 10 .5m ) 1 . W eighs c . 6 0 t ons. B url, 1 985, 6 0-1, n o . 6 3. M en M arz , B rigognon-Plage . T all t apering s t s t, ' christianised ' w ith c ross o n t op . 2 6 f t ( 8m ) h . 7f t ( 2m ) t o N E ah uge p ros s t. B url, 1 985, 7 0, n o . 8 1a . M orbihan R oches-Piqu es , L es . C oarse g ranite s t s t 1 6 f t 6 ( 5m ) h . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) t o N W ap ros s t 8f t ( 2 .5m ) 1 . B url, 1 985, 1 23, n o . 1 57 . ( Normandy ) O rne P ierre L evee, L a , S illi enGouffern . S andstone s t s t o nce 2 6 f t 3 ( 8m ) hb ut d amaged a nd n ow o nly 1 9 f t 8 ( 6m ) h . A f ormer a djacent m enhir h as b een d estr . B ender , 2 04.

4 49

N ORTHERN I RELAND A ntrim T ully N orth . D0 82 2 52 . 2s t s t , 1f t 7( 0 .5m ) hp ointed , o ther 6 f t ( 1.8m ) a way , p ros . C hart, 1 8 . D own B allyloughlin . ' Slidderyford B ridge '. J 3 92 3 42 . 2t all g ranite s t s t , 8f t 9a nd 4 f t 1 0 ( 2 .7 , 1 .5m ) h . 4f t ( 1.2m ) a part. C hart, 1 26 ; J ope, 9 5, n o . 2 89. C astleward . J 5 69 4 99. 1 s t +1p ros . 5f t 1 1 ( 1.8m ) h , 7f t 5( 2 .3m ) 1 . 1f t 4 ( 40cm ) a part. J ope , 9 5, n o . 2 91. M bneyslane . J2 54 3 99. 2 g ranite s t s t , 5f t 2a nd o nce 6 f t 5( 1.6, 2 m ) h . 8f t 9( 2 .7m ) a part . C hart, 1 14 ; J ope, 9 5, n o. 2 93 . P ortavo . J5 71 8 20 . 1s t s t a t W , o ther g one . 3f t ( lm ) a part . B y c oast o f B elfast L ough . F lint-knapping c lose b y . U JA 3 9, 1 976 , 3 74 2 ; W illiams, G ., 1 988 , 8 7 . S aval M or . J1 22 3 12 . 2g ranite s t s t . E -W . 7f t 4a nd 5 f t 1 0 ( 2 .2 , 1 .8m ) h . 7f t 9 ( 2 .4m ) a part . N ot q uite a ligned . C hart, 1 31; J ope , 9 5, n o . 2 95. F ermanagh K illybeg . J1 21 3 12 . 2s t s t , 3f t 1 1 a nd 4 f t 6( 1.2 , 1 .4m ) h . N earby 2o ther p airs ( a) i s s mall s quare s tone, o ther i s p ointed s tone w ith c ms o n w est f ace . ( b ) n o d etails . C hart, 1 49. T yrone C reggandevesky . H6 36 7 40 . S tC + 2 s t s t 6 0 f t ( 18m ) t o No f r ing . D avies, 1 939, 1 0 ; C hart, 2 38 ; M cConkey , 6 5. C rew L ower . H 3 15 8 48 . 5f t10 ( 1.8m ) a part, E ast 5 f t 2( 1.6m ) h , p ointed t op , W est 5 f t 8( 1.7m ) h , f lat-topped . C hart, 2 20 ; E vans , 2 01. E dentoit . H7 09 7 49.2 s t s t , 3 0 f t ( 9m ) a part . E ast = 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h , p ointed ; W , 4f t ( 1.2m ) h , f lat-topped . 6f t ( 1.8m ) t o i ts S , p ros s t , p robably u nconnected . C hart , 2 38 G range t d . H8 30 7 52. 2 s t s t, 2 0 f t ( 6m ) a part , c 3 f t ( lm ) h . E ast i s p ointed , W est i s l ong , s addle-backed , s light g roove a cross . S upported b y l arge w edge-stone . C hart, 2 40 . M urnells t d . H6 62 7 57 . C ourt-cairn , c airn a longside . T o S 2s t s t , 2f t 6( 0 .7m ) h , r ed g ranite, 1 2 f t ( 3.7m ) a part. E ast i s s quarish i n s ection , p ointed , W est i s l ong a nd f lat-topped w ith g roove . C hart, 2 38 S andville & L isvidin t ds. C 3 88 0 48 . 2s t i n w all , 2f t 4( 0 .7m ) a part. E ast i s p ointed , 7f t 2( 2 .2m ) h , W est i s 6f t ( 1.8m ) h , f lat-topped w ith a rtificial g roove a cross i t . C hart , 2 14 . O ne o n e ach s ide o f t ownland b oundary f ence . E vans, 2 04 . K illanin & D uignan , 1 962, 4 27 ; U JA 2 , 1 939, 1 69 T ulnacross . H7 05 8 01. 2 s t s t 7f t ( 2 .1m ) a part , E ast i s s quarish i n s ection , p ointed , 5f t ( 1.5m ) h ; W est i s h igher a nd f lat-topped C hart, 2 33).

4 50

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C ork A nnagannihy . W 3 92 8 36 . S tC. 3 6 f t ( 11m ) t o M r , 2s t s t 6f t 8 ( 2m ) a part. N W (taller)-SW . 4f t 6 ( 1.4m ) a nd 3 f t 6 ( 1.1m) h . C onlon , 1 916, 1 61-2, n o. 1 67 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 7, n o . 9 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 42, n o. 8 3 B allinvarrig . W 6 48 7 89. 2 s t s t. N E ( taller)-SW . 6f t 6 ( 2m ) 1 . C onlon , 1 916, 6 2, n o . 1 2 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 44, n o. 1 01. B allycommon . V9 76 4 37 . 2s t s t. S SW-NNE . E ach c . 2f t 7 ( 0 .8m ) h . 9 f t 6 ( 2 .9m ) 1 . A dj b oulder-burial t o W . O 'Nuallain , 1 978, 9 3-4, n o. 2 7 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 37 . B allyhalwick . W 2 52 5 21. 2 s t s t. N NE-SSW (taller). 1 6 f t 9 ( 5.1m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o. 1 23 . B allyhesty . W6 72 8 07 . 1s t s t, 1 p ros. E -W? W t aller. 6 f t 3( 1.9m ) 1 . C onlon , 1 916 , 5 9-60, n o. 5 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o . 1 00 . B allynagree. W 3 63 8 19. 2 s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 1 6 f t ( 4.9m ) 1 . A BM , 3 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 1. B allyvongane. W 3 80 7 59. 2 s t s t. E NE-WSW . 7f t 1 0 ( 2.4m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 5. B arryshall N E(a) & S W (b). W 4 62 4 25. ( a). 2 s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 1 5 f t 5( 4.7m ) 1 . 1 48 f t ( 45m ) t o N E : ( b). 2 s t s t. E -W (taller). 1 1 f t 2 ( 3 .4m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48, n o . 1 39. B aurgaum . W0 23 4 69. 5st S tC. 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) t o S1s t s t +1p ros. E W ? O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 2-3, n o . 8 5; i bid , 1 988, 2 47 , n o . 1 26 . B awnatemple. W 4 05 7 10 . 2s t s t. N E(taller)-SW . 5f t 3 ( 1.6m ) 1 . C onlon , 1 917, 1 62, n o . 1 89; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, 1 05. B awnmore. W 3 63 7 82 . 2s t s t. N NE-SSW (taller). 1 1 f t 1 ( 3.4m ) 1 . C onlon , 1 916 , 1 60 , n o . 1 65; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o . 9 3. B ehagullane. W 2 75 5 67. 2 s t s t N E-SW (taller). 1 4 f t 1 ( 4.3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 17 . C aherbaraul. ' Cooper 's R ock '. W 3 63 7 82. 2 s t s t. E NE-WSW (taller). 1 2 f t ( 3.7m ) 1 . P anoramic v iew . N ear f ine r ing-fort. A BM , 3 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 4 . C ahermuckee . W 0 83 5 72. 1 s t s t, 1 p ros. E NE-WSW ? O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o. 1 13 . * Candroma . W 2 33 7 40 . 1p ros, s plit. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52, n o . 1 78. C appaboy B eg . W0 95 6 04. 3 30 f t ( 100m ) S W o f 4 -Poster a re 2 s t s t. N ES W (taller). 1 2 f t 1 ( 3 .7m ) 1 . A dj r adial-stone e nclosure . B arber , 1 972, I , 3 2, C 12 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984b , 6 9, n o . 1 ; i bid , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 11. C arrig . W 4 22 4 50 . 1s t s t. I n 1 902, ' Two l arge s tones...about 8 f t [ 2.4m ] l ong '. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o. 1 34. C arrigadrohid . W4 18 7 26. 1 s t s t + 1p ros. N E-SW . S ubmerged i n L ee V alley r eservoir . E xc. N o f inds. J CHAS 6 2, 1 957, 6 5-76 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o. 1 03 . C aum . W 3 87 7 16 . 2s t s t. N E(taller)-SW . 1f t 7( 50cm ) a part. D estr . 1 977-84. C onlon , 1 917, 1 53, n o . 1 69; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o. 1 04. C eancullig . W 1 36 4 88. 2 s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 8 f t 6 ( 2.6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 47, n o . 1 29. C lashmaguire . W 2 78 7 89. 2 s t s t . E NE-WSW (taller). 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o . 9 0 . C lodagh N E . W 1 52 4 99. 5st S tC. 1 0 f t 5( 3.2m ) t o S W 2s t s t. N E4 51

S W (taller). 3 f t ( 1.1m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 3-4, n o . 8 8 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 21. C lodagh S W . W1 52 4 99. 5st S tC . 1 0 f t 4( 3 .2m ) t o W r , 2s t s t . F IE (ta ler)-WSW . 1 0 f t(3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 31. C logagh . W4 53 4 70 . 1s t s t +1p ros 1 6 f t ( 4 .9m ) t o W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 47, n o . 1 35. C oolcoulaghta . W9 32 3 93 . D unbeacon R SC 3 80 y ds ( 350m ) t o Wo f 2s t s t . N E-SW (taller). 5 f t 7( 1.7m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 48 , n o . 1 36 . C oolgarriff . W4 13 7 69. 2 s t s t. N (taller )-S . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 43, n o . 9 6 . C ools . W 2 47 7 30 . 2s t s t . N E-SW . 1 3 f t 6( 4 .1m ) 1 . C onlon , 1 918a , 1 24-5, n o . 2 05; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 44, n o . 1 92 . C oomleagh . W 1 00 5 37 . 1s t +Ip ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 20 . C rumpane. V 6 57 4 95. 2 s t s t. E (taller)-W . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 25. C urraghawaddra . W 3 96 7 95. 1 s t s t +1p ros . B oulder-burial 3 f t 3 ( 1m ) t o S W ( unrecorded ). C onlon , 1 917 , 1 53, n o . 1 70 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43, n o . 9 2 . C usloura . W 3 13 8 07 . 2s t s t . E NE-WSW . 1 2 f t 9( 3 .9m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43 , n o . 8 8 . D romasta . W 1 12 4 58 . 2s t s t . N E (taller)-SW . 1 2 f t 1 ( 3 .7m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47, n o . 1 30 . F oherlagh . N ear W 0 62 3 55. 2 s t s t . E NE-WSW (taller , l eans). 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m ) 1 . C ommanding p osition . R oberts , J ., 1 2 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 42 . G arrane . W4 77 9 08 . 2s t s t . N E (taller )-SW . 1 3 f t 1 ( 4m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 41, n o . 7 7 . G arraneleigh . W4 32 6 87 . 2s t s t . N E-SW . 1 3 f t 1 ( 4m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 08 . G arranenamuddagh . W4 42 6 50 . 1s t s t +1p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 10 . G landine . ' Monkey 's B ridge '. W 4 81 8 88. 2 s t s t . N E (taller)-SW . 1 7 f t ( 5.2m ) 1 . P rominent p osition . A BM , 3 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50 , n o . 1 61. G lantane N E . W2 35 8 28 . D itched R SC i s 3 30 y ds ( 300m ) N E o f 1s t s t + 1p ros . N E-SW (taller). 1 6 f t 6( 5m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 1 1-12 , n o . 2 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 8 1. G ortloughra . W1 12 5 93. 2 s t s t . N E-SW (taller). 7 f t 6( 2 .3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 12 . G urteenaduige. W 2 05 3 92 . 1s t s t +Ip ros . N W-SE . 1 65 y ds ( 150m ) t o E i s s t s t , 6f t ( 1.8m ) h . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 53 , n o . 1 79. G urteenard . R3 97 0 23 . 2s t s t . W NW-ESE . 1 1 f t 1 0 ( 3 .6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 41, n o . 7 6 . I sland . W6 04 9 08 . 2p ros s t. W edge-grave i s 3 30 y ds ( 300m ) t o S W . C onlon , 1 916 , 6 6 , n o . 2 2 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 7 9. K ealkil. W 0 55 5 55. 5st S tC . 2 1 f t ( 6 .4m ) t o Ea re 2 s t s t . N ES W (taller ). S W w as 1 7 f t 4 ( 5.3m ) h . B roke . R e-erected . N ow 1 2 f t ( 3 .7m ) h . N E =8f t 1 0 ( 2 .7m ) h . L ow c airn 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) So f p air . E xc . 1 938 . N o f inds . J CHAS 4 4 , 1 939, 4 6-9 ; E vans , 1 966 , 8 0 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 1-2 , n o . 8 1; i bid , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 19. K eilnascarta N orth . V9 94 4 53 . 2s t s t. E NE-WSW . 1 3 f t 1( 4m ) 1 . 4 90 f t ( 150m ) No f 2 nd p air . B etween i s a 3st r ow . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 27 .

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K eilnascarta S outh . V9 94 4 51. 2 s t s t. N E-SW . 1 0 f t 9 ( 3 .3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 28 . K ilcrohan . W 8 82 3 74 . 2s t s t. N NE-SSW . 8f t 1 0 ( 2 .7m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 40 . K ilcullen . W4 51 8 13 . 1s t s t +1p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 43-4 , n o . 9 7 . K ilmore . W 1 25 4 36 . 2s t s t . E NE-WSW . 9f t ( 2 .7m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 48 , n o. 1 38 . K nockane . W 3 39 6 44 . N E-SW (taller ). 1 1 f t 1 0 ( 3 .6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 09 . K nockantota . W 5 58 8 77 . 2s t s t . N E-SW . 9f t 6( 2 .9m ) 1 . A dj 5st S tC , r uined . C onlon , 1 916, 7 1-2, n o . 3 5; O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 2 42, n o. 8 5; 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 8 5. K nockawaddra . W 2 71 4 60 . 2s t s t . E NE-WSW (taller). 1 0 f t 2( 3 .1m ) 1 . A 3st r ow i s 2 20 y ds ( 200m ) t o W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 32. K nockeennagrouagh . W8 06 8 30 . 2s t s t. E NE-WSW . 1 1 f t 9 ( 3 .6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52, n o . 1 77 . K nocknakilla N W . W2 82 8 67 . 2s t s t . N -S . 8f t 6( 2 .6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 42, n o . 8 0 . K nocknakilla S E . W2 97 8 41. 5st S tC . 2 3 f t ( 7m ) t o S W s t s t 1 2 f t 5 ( 3 .8m ) h . B etween i t a nd S tC a p ros s t 1 3ft 9 ( 4 .2m ) 1 . N E-SW . 2 5 f t ( 7m ) Eo f S tC i s r adial-stone c airn . S tC . E xc . 1 931. N o f inds . Q uartz s trewn b y e ntrance . J CHAS 3 6, 1 931, 9 -19 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 3 2 , n o . 5 4 ; i bid , 1 988, 2 42, n o . 8 2 . K nockraheen N W . W3 00 8 12 . 1s t s t +1p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 8 7 . K nockraheen S W . W3 03 8 02 . 5st S tC . 7 4 f t ( 22 .5m ) S W a re 2 s t s t . B oth q uartz . E NE-WSW (taller). 3 f t 7( 1.1m ) g ap b etween t hem . O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 3 4, n o . 6 2 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 43 , n o . 8 9. K nocks. W 3 04 4 48 . 2s t s t? O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 47 , n o . 1 33 . L ackabaun . W 1 92 6 14 . 2s t s t . N E(taller )-SW . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 14 . L oughane E ast . W 5 70 7 81. 1 s t o nly . 2 nd , l ower , a t S W i n 1 934 . C onlon , 1 916, 1 37 , n o . 9 5; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 44, n o . 9 9. M eenahony S outh . W4 69 8 35. 2 s t s t. N E (taller )-SW . 1 2 f t 1( 3 .7m ) 1 . 1 44 f t ( 44m ) t o E NE i s s t s t 5f t 6( 1.7m ) h . 1 10 y ds ( 100m ) No f p air i s 2 nd p air . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 42 , n o . 8 4 . M ill L ittle . V9 89 5 65. 5st S tC. 8 2 f t ( 25m ) t o S W a re 2 s t s t . N NES SW (taller). 2 f t 7( 80cm ) a part. 2 o r 3a dj b oulder-burials . O 'Nuallain , 1 978 , 8 7 , n o . 1 1; i bid , 1 984a , 4 0 , n o . 8 0 ; i bid , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 18 . R athcool . V9 40 3 32 . 2s t s t . N E-SW . 1 1 f t 1 0 ( 3 .6m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 48 , n o . 1 41. R eavouler , D rinagh . W 1 8 . 4 4 . 2s t s t . S o c lose , l ook l ike a s ingle s ingle s plit m enhir . R oberts, J ., 4 9. S ketch . R ooves M ore . W4 56 7 01. ! S t s t +1p ros . C onlon , 1 917 , 1 59-60 , n o . 1 81; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 45, n o . 1 07 . S handagan W est . W4 08 6 94 . 2s t s t . E (taller )-W . 2f t 7( 80cm ) a part . L oose q uartz b lock b etween . C onlon , 1 917 , 1 61, n o . 1 88 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 45, n o . 1 06 . S hanlaragh . W2 58 5 95. 2 s t s t . N NE-SSW . 9f t 6( 2 .9m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 16 . S hehy B eg . W 1 45 5 91. 1 s t s t +1p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 46 , n o . 1 15

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S lievereagh . W 1 81 8 03. 2 s t s t. E NE (taller)-WSW . 1 3 f t 1 ( 4m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 42, n o. 8 6 . T eernahillane . V 6 39 4 57. 2 s t s t. N NE(taller)-SSW . 6f t 6 ( 2m ) 1 . A dj b oulder-burial. O 'Nuallain , 1 978, 9 0 , n o. 1 6; i bid , 1 988 , 2 46, n o . 1 24 . T oom . W 2 84 5 55. 2 s t s t. N E-SW . 1 2 f t 1 ( 3.7m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 46, n o . 1 22. D onegal B allymagaraghy . C6 05 4 72. 2 s t s t . N E-SW (taller). I n C 1 0 b y 8f t 1 0 ( 3 x2 .7m ). L acy , 7 5, n o. 3 50 . B allymunterhiggin . G8 72 6 01. 1 s t s t. o nce 2 s t s t 3 6 f t ( 11m ) a part , E -W . L acy , 7 7, n o. 3 54. B arnes L ower . C1 07 2 45. 2 s t s t . N W (taller)-SE . 1 0 f t ( 3m) a part. E f ace o f S E s t, a t l east 4 8 c ms + a rcs a nd g utters. U pper p art, a f orked d esign w ith 4 c ms. N W s t, W f ace , c ross + 8 c ms. E f ace , 7 c ms. J RSAI 1 8, 1 887-8, 4 32-6 ; L acy , 7 7, n o. 3 56. C loghfin . C3 55 1 11. O nce 2 s t s t. N ow 1 s t s t 3f t ( 94cm) h . 2 nd , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 , l ies b y i t. L acy , 7 9, n o . 3 82. M eenadoran . C3 92 4 37. 2 s t s t. N -S(taller). 1 4 f t 5( 4m ) t o Ei s s t s t 4f t 6 ( 1.4m ) h . L acy , 8 4, n o . 4 58 . S troove. C 6 73 4 30 . 2s t s t. E -W . 1f t 6 ( 50cm ) a part. L acy , 8 8 , n o . 4 89. K erry B allineanig-Castlequarter . Q 3 59 0 43. 2 s t s t. E NE-WSW . 2 1 f t 7( 6 .6m ) 1 . C uppage, 1 986, 4 0 , n o. 5 5; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 45 . B allyrishteen . Q4 89 0 27 . 1s t s t +1p ros . C uppage, 1 986, 4 0-1, n o . 5 6 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 50 . C anburrin . V 5 04 7 73 . 1s t l eans + 1 p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53 , n o . 1 82 . C logherane. V 7 88 5 56 . 2s t s t. N NE(taller)-SSW . 1 0 f t 2 ( 3.1m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50, n o . 1 60 . C oomnahorna E ast. V 5 55 6 07. 2 s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 1 7 f t 9 ( 5.4m) 1 . G arrough 4st r ow 3 80 y ds ( 350m ) t o N E . S t s t 1 10 y ds ( 100m ) t o S W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50, n o. 1 59. C oumduff . Q 5 81 0 43. 1 s t s t +1p ros. C uppage, 1 986, 4 1, n o. 5 7 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 49, n o. 1 52. D erreenafoyle. V 7 94 6 88. 1 s t s t +1p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50 , n o . 1 58 . D errygorman . Q 5 99 0 44. 2 s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 1 2 f t 9 ( 3.9m) 1 . C uppage, 1 986, 4 1, n o . 5 8 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 53. D romavally . Q 5 93 0 53 . 1s t s t +1p ros . C uppage , 1 986 , 4 1, n o. 5 9 , O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o . 1 51. D romod . V 5 52 7 04 . 2s t s t. N E-SW (taller). 1 1 f t 9 ( 3.6m ) 1 . As t s t 6 f t ( 2m ) f rom t aller s t. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 50 , n o. 1 56 . G arrane . Q4 25 0 48 . 1s t s t +1p ros. C uppage , 1 986, 4 1, n o . 6 1; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 47 . G arrydine . V 5 43 8 37 . 2s t s t. N E-SW . 1 6 f t 9 ( 5.1m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50 , n o . 1 55. G earha . V 7 75 7 35. 2 s t s t. N E(taller)-SW . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 50, n o . 1 57.

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K imego . V 4 50 8 08 . 1p ros + 1 s tump 5 f t ( 1.5m ) h . O rig 1 6 f t ( 4 .9m ) h ? 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53, n o . 1 81. K nockavrogeen E ast. Q 4 25 0 45. 1 s t s t +1p ros. C uppage, 1 986 , 4 2, n o . 6 3 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 46 . L issyviggeen . V9 97 9 06 . H enge + i nternal S tC . 3 8 f t ( 11.5m ) So f e ntrance 2 s t s t. E (taller)-W . 7f t 8a nd 6 f t 1 0 ( 2 .3, 2 .1m ) h . 7f t 3 ( 2.2m ) a part. A stronomy : ?e quinoctial s unrise a nd s unset. J RSAI 1 6, 1 883-4, 3 06 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984a, 2 5, n o . 3 8; i bid , 1 988, 2 50, n o . 1 54 . M illtown N orth . Q4 29 0 11. 2 s t s t. E NE(taller)-WSW . 1 3 f t 1 ( 4m ) 1 . 2s t s t, t he ' Gates o f G lory ', l ie 5 5 y ds ( 50m ) t o S . B eyond i s a s t s t i n w all 9 f t 2 ( 2 .8m ) h . C uppage, 1 986 , 4 3, n o . 6 4 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o . 1 48 . M illtown S outh . ' The ' Gates o f G lory '. Q 4 29 0 10 . 2p ros s t. O nce E (taller)-W . 5f t 3( 1.6m ) a part. B oth h ave p ointed t ops. O nce c . 7f t 7a nd 5 f t ( 2 .3, 1 .5m ) h . N ext f ield , s t a t 8f t ( 2 .4m ) h . O ther s ide o f r oad , a4 th a t s t. B ehind t he p air i s al arge p ros s t. " We m ay w ithout t he l east t ransgressing t he b ounds o f r eason , r egard t hese t hree s tones a s t he s ole r elics o f a n e laborate t emple s tructure e nclosure o f w ood . T here a re m any s tanding s tones i n t he n eighbourhood w hich m ay o r m ay n ot b elong t o t he s ame s ystem " ( Macalister , 1 921, 3 05). A bout 1 60 f t ( 53m ) t o Sac airn w ith a h uge l imestone b lock , 1 3 f t 5( 4 .1m ) 1w ith m any c ms a nd c rs. M acalister , 1 898, 1 61-4 ; E vans, 1 966 , 1 31; C uppage, 1 986 , 4 3, n o. 6 4, 6 4-5, n o . 1 91; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 49, n o. 1 49. R ealk . Q 3 67 0 46 . 2s t s t. N NW-SSE (taller). 9 f t 6 ( 2 .9m ) 1 . C uppage, 1 986, 4 3, n o. 6 6 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 48, n o. 1 44 . T eeromoyle . V 5 71 8 23 . I n 1 845 2 s t s t. L arger d estr . 1s t s t 7f t 4 ( 2.2m ) h . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 53, n o. 1 80 . L outh B alregan . J0 27 0 00 . 2s t s t . D estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 1 9, n o . 1 82. B altray . J1 44 8 51. 2 s t s t . N -S(taller). 5 f t 1 1 a nd 9 f t 6 ( 1.8 , 2 .9m ) h . 2 9 f t 6 ( 9m ) a part. B uckley , 1 986, 1 9, n o . 1 83 . M illockstown . ' Garrett 's S tone ' a nd t he ' Horse 's H ead '. N 8 91 8 77. 1p ros + 1 d estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 2 1, n o . 2 03. M eath B allinvally . N 5 80 7 86 . 1s t s t 4f t 6 ( 1.5m) h + 1 p ros. M oore , 1 987, 4 2 . F arranaglogh . N 5 34 8 27 . 1s t s t +1p ros . 2 6 f t ( 8m ) a part. M oore, 1 987, 4 3 . G rangegeeth . N9 64 7 92 . 1a t s t +1p ros . M oore , 1 987, 4 3 . W exford R obinstown G reat. S 8 11 2 91. 2 s t . 1 3 f t 6 ( 4 .2m ) 1 . 1s t l eans, o rig 2f t 7( 80cm ) h . J ust E i s p ros b lock , w hite q uartz, 5 f t 7( 1.7m ) 1 . J ust S W o f a4 -Poster S tC . J RSAI 4 2, 1 912, 1 5-16 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 984b , 1 7, n o . 6 ; B url, 1 988 , 8 9.

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W icklow G iant 's G rave . T2 10 9 61. 2 s t s t . 2 6 f t ( 7 .9m ) a part , 5f t 3a nd 4 f t 3( 1.6 , 1 .3m ) h . 1 60 y ds ( 150m ) f rom C . P rice, 1 934, 4 0 . S COTLAND A berdeenshire C astle F raser . N J 7 15 1 25. 2 s t s t . E NE-WSW . E ach 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) h . 4 3 f t 7( 13 .3m ) a part . G ranite . 6 50 f t ( 200m ) Eo f R SC . T his i s t he o nly S cottish R SC t o h ave a dj p air . P SAS 3 5, 1 901, 1 97 , n o . 3 . A ngus A uchterhouse . N O 3 45 3 92 . 2s t s t . N E (taller)-SW , 5f t a nd 3 f t 6 ( 1.5, 1 .1m ) h .3 f t 6( 1.1m ) a part . N E s t h as 1 5 c ms. 1 60 y ds ( 146m ) t o Ei s p ossible 4 -Poster . J BAA 3 7 , 1 881, 2 60-2 ; B url , 1 988 , 1 03 . C orogle B urn . N O 3 48 6 01. [ P3/1. ' Glen P rosen ']. A 4 -Poster S tC + 2 o utlying p ros s t t o t he S SW . E ach s t 8f t ( 2 .4m ) 1 . T hey l ie 6 f t ( 1.8m ) a part . 6 5 f t ( 20m ) t o t he N NE i s t he 4 -Poster f rom w hich t he N E s t i s m issing . T hom , 1 966 , 3 4, f ig . 2 0 ; C outts, 1 970 , 1 9 , n o . 7 ; B url, 1 988 , 1 08-9. A stronomy : A z =1 98°.1. h or = 1 °.9 . d ecl =29°.9. M aj S M S . T hom , 1 967 , 1 00 . F letcherfield . N O 4 01 5 25. 2 p ros s t . Ab oulder i n r ailway e mbankment 4 2 f t ( 13m ) t o Nm ay b e a ssociated . C outts, 1 970 , 1 9. A rgyll * Achnabreac . N R 8 56 8 99 + N R 8 55 9 01. [ A2/19 ]. S t s t 8f t ( 2 .4m ) hi n w all. 8 20 f t ( 250m ) t o N NW p ros s t 1 4 f t 9( 4 .5m ) 1 . E xc . b efore 1 872, h uman b ones f ound a t b ase . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 3, n o . 1 55, 2 8 , n o . 1 91; R uggles, 1 984, 1 61, A R31. A stronomy : A z . =1 59°.5. h or = 2 °.1. d ecl . =28°.9. M ai S M S . T hom , 1 967 , 9 7 . B alliemore . N S 0 56 8 45. 2 s t s t 6f t 6( 2m ) a part . N -S. 8f t a nd 5 f t 7( 2 .4m , 1 .7m ) h . R CAHM-S , A rgyll V I, 1 988 , 1 26-7, n o . 1 98 . B allymeanoch . N R 8 33 9 64 . [ 2/8 . D uncracraig ]. ' fort o f t he r ed c rag '. 2 s t s t . N W-SE (taller). 9 f t 3f t a nd 1 0 f t ( 2 .8 , 3 m ) h . 7 f t 6( 2 .3m ) a part. A 4st r ow 1 35 f t ( 41m ) t o N E . As t s t 6 5 f t ( 20m ) t o S E . A llen , 1 882, 1 14 ; P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 4, n o . 1 58 ; T hom , 1 966 , 2 1, f ig . 6 c ; i bid , 1 971, 2 -3 ; P SAS 1 09, 1 977-8 , 1 04-11 ; H eggie , 1 981, 1 21. A stronomy : ( 1) A z =1 52°. h or = 1 °.1. d ecl = 28°.6 . M aj S M R . A z =3 32°. h or = 3 °.1. d ecl = 3 2°.1. T hom , 1 971, 5 2 . ( 2) T o S SE , d ecl l imits = 25°.8 t o 23°.7 . M W S R . T o N W , d ecl l imits = 2 8°.3 t o 2 9°.3 . M aj N M S . R uggles , 1 984, 2 79. B arbreck . N M 8 31 0 64 . 2s t s t . N -S(taller). 5 f t 3a nd 7 f t 1 0 ( 1.6 , 2 .4m ) h . 7 6 f t ( 23m ) t o t he E SE i s as t s t 8f t 3( 2 .5m ) h . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 4, n o . 1 59 ; P atrick , 1 979 , S 80-S85; H eggie , 1 981, 1 85-6 . A stronomy : T o S , d ecl l imits = 30°.7 t o 30°.5. M aj S . M S . T o N , d ecl l imits = 3 8°.5 t o 3 8°.6 . N othing . R uggles , 1 984 , 2 79 . B arcaldine . N M 9 63 4 21. 1 s t s t +1l eans a ginst i t. S t s t , N NW-SSE a xis, 5 f t 7( 1.7m ) h . 2 nd s t, 5 f t 3( 1.6m ) 1 . R CAHM-S , A rgyll , I I, 1 975, 6 2, n o . 1 11. 4 56

C arnasserie . N M 8 34 0 08. [ A2/6]. 2 s t s t . N NW-SSE (taller). 8 f t 7a nd 8f t 1 0 ( 2.6, 2 .7m ) h . L ozenge a nd t apering . 7f t 9( 2 .4m ) a part. Al arge c airn i s 4 90 f t ( 150m ) t o S SW . T hey f ace ' the F ord g ap , w hich s hows b etween t hem l ike a f oresight o f ar ifle f rom h igher u p h ill '. P SAS 6 5, 1 930-1; i bid 9 5, 1 961-2, 1 2, n o . 7 0 , 2 5, n o . 1 66; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 48, A R12. C noc P ollphail . N R 9 31 6 83 . 2s t s t . N NW-SSE . N NW , 9f t 6 , S SE 2 f t 3 , b roken ( 2.9, 0 .7m ) h . 2 0 f t 6( 6.3m ) a part . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V I, 1 988, 1 31-2, n o . 2 07. C rinan M oss. N R 8 08 9 41 . S+ 2p airs. R obbed a lig . N E-SW . 5 6 f t ( 17m ). F rom 2 s t s t 2f t a nd 3 f t ( 0 .6, 0 .9m ) h . 7f t 9( 2.4m ) a part . N h-SW . At SW end ot alig, 2nd pair, 1 p ros, 1 1 i ns ( 27cm ) ha nd 4 f t ( 1.2m ) 1 . 2s t o f n earby g ateway , e ach 6 f t ( 1 .8m ) h , s trongly s uggesting r e-used s tanding s tones '. P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 6, n o . 1 73 . D unamuck , M id . N R 8 48 9 24 . [ A2/14 . ' Dunamuck W .]. 2 s t s t . N NWS SE(taller). 8 f t a nd 1 2 f t 6( 2.4, 3 .8m ) h , o ne f lat-topped , t he o ther p ointed . 2 0 f t ( 6.1m ) a part. 6 0 y ds ( 55m ) So f R . A dd . S SE h as e ms. P SAS 3 8, 1 903-4, 1 30; i bid 9 51 1 961-2, 2 7, n o . 1 77; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 61, A R29. A stronomy : ( 1) A z =1 38 ° . 2 . h or = 3° . 4 . d ecl = 21 °. 7 . ' Sun '. T hom , 1 967, 9 7. ( 2) T o S E , d ecl l imits = -21 ° . 5 t o 19 ° . 5 . T o N W , d ecl l imits = 2 4 °. 2 t o 2 6 °. 3 . M in S M R? R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79. D unamuck S outh . N R 8 48 9 23. [ A2/20 . ' Dunamuck ' Leacaichluaine ' ( the d ancing s tones). 2 p ros s t. S E 1 3 f t 3a nd N W 1 0 f t 2 ( 4 , 3 .1m ) 1 . 1h as a ns. C airns a nd c ists n earby . P SAS 3 8, 1 903-4 , 1 27-9 ; i bid 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 6, n o . 1 76; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 61, A R30 . * Ka r nes. N R 9 71 7 14. 2 s t s t . N -S. N 4 f t 1 0 a nd S 9 f t 2( 1.5, 2 .8m ) h . 3f t 3( 1m ) a part. B oth e mbedded i n b ank . 1 28 f t ( 39m ) t o S , a s t s t 5f t ( 1.5m ) h . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V I, 1 988, 1 35 , n o . 2 19 . K ilmartin . N R 8 27 9 79. [ A2/8 . T emple W ood]. 2 p airs o f s t s t , N E-SW , 3 37 f t ( 103m ) a part, w ith a s t s t 9f t ( 2.7m ) hb etween t hem . A ll o f l ocal s late . A llen , 1 882, 1 10-13 ; P SAS 9 5 , 1 961-2, 2 8, n o . 1 87 ( Nether L argie).NE p air , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part . N( Thom , s tone 2 ) 8f t ( 2.4h ). S ( stone 3 ) 8f t 3( 2.5m ) h . T o c entral s tone , 1 20 f t ( 36 .6m ). C entral s t ( stone 1 ) h as 3 5 e ms o n Wf ace . S W p air , 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m ) a part. N ( stone 4 )8 f t 6( 2 .6m ) h . S( stone 5 ) 8f t 9( 2.7m ) h . I t h as 3 e ms o n Ef ace . T hom , 1 966, 2 1, f ig . 5 b ; i bid , 1 971, 4 5-51. A stronomy : ( 1) F rom N E-SW p air . A z = 2 06 °. l . h or = 0° . 3. d ecl = 30 °. 3 . M aj S M S. F rom S W t o N E p air . A z =2 6 °. 1 . h or = 2° . 6. d ecl = + 32 ° . 3 . C apella r ising , 1 830 B C ( c . 5 00 b e). S tones 5 -4. A z =3 17 °. 9 . h or = 4° . 1 . d ecl = + 29 ° . 3 . M a j NM S. S tones 3 -2. A z =3 15 °.h or = 4°. 7 . d ecl = + 228 °. 5 F or l unar e xtrapolation . T hom , 1 967, 9 7; i bid , 1 971, 4 7. ( 2) T o S , d ecl l imits = 30 °9 t o 30 ° . 7 . M a j SM S; T o N , d ecl l imits = 2 9 °. 5 t o 2 9 °. 3 . M a j NM R . R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79. L och S tornoway . N R 7 42 5 15. [ A3/6a]. 2 s t s t . N -S(taller). 7 f t 8a nd 1 0 f t ( 2.3 , 3 m ) h . 8f t ( 2 .4m ) a part. 3 30 f t ( 100m ) t o Was t s t 7f t 2( 2 .2m ) h . F ragments o f ' bronze p lates' f ound a t b ase o f o ne . P SAS 5 , 1 862-4, 3 45; R uggles, 1 984, 1 83 , K r2. A stronomy : F rom b etween t he p air t he e quinoctial s unset c an b e s een o ver t he o utlier . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 5, n o . 1 68;'Close t o t he m eridian '. T hom , T hom a nd B url , 1 989 . S outh M uasdale . N R 6 79 3 91. ' Carragh M ualdale '. 1 s t s t +s tump . E NEW SW . S t s t 9f t 6( 3m) h . 3 9 f t ( 12m ) a part. P SAS 6 4 , 1 929-30 ,

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3 06 , n o . 7 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 83, K T19 . * Tarbert. N R 6 06 8 23 t o N R 6 08 8 22. [ A 6 /5 ] . S t s t 8f t 2 ( 2 .5m) h . 9 50 f t ( 290m ) t o E , s lab ( prehistoric?) 5f t 1 1 ( 1.8m) h i n c hurchyard . C hristian c rosses c arved o n b oth f aces. P SAS 6 6, 1 9312 , 1 46-7 ; M oir , 1 981, 2 31; R uggles, 1 984, 1 63, J UL U pper F ernoch . N R 7 27 8 60 . 2s t s t 7f t 6a nd 5 f t ( 2.3, 1 .5m ) h . N -S . 4f t ( 1.2m ) a part. 3 p ros s t n ear t hem . 2 0 f t ( 6m ) t o Sas t s t 3 f t ( 0 .9m ) h . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 9, n o . 1 95. A rran A uchenar . N R 8 91 3 64 . 1s t s t 1 5 f t 9 (4 .8m ) h+p ros 5 f t 6 ( 1 .7m ) t o S . B ryce , T .H ., 1 910 , 1 55. B arra B orve. N F 6 52 0 14 . 1s t s t +1p ros, b oth g neiss. N E-SW . N E l eans, 5 f t 5( 1.7m ) h . S W 9f t 7( 2 .9m ) 1 . 3 6 f t ( 11m ) a part. R CHAM-S O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 1 36, n o. 4 61. B revig . N L 6 89 9 90 . [ H6 /3 ] . ' Druim a C harra '. ' Ridge o f s tones '. O n s ummit. 1 s t s t ( NW ), 9 f t 2 ( 2.8m ) h +1p ros ( SE , b roken ), 1 0 f t 7( 3 .2m ) 1 . 1 4 f t 6f t ( 4 .4m ) a part. O verthrown f or a w ager . H ad n arrower e nd i n g round. O rig 2 4 f t 6( 7 .5m ) a part. R CAHM-S O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 1 36, n o . 4 60 . R uggles, 1 984, 1 20 , U I59 . A stronomy : A z =1 35°. h or = 00 . 3. d ecl = 23°.6 . M W S R . T hom , 1 967 , 9 9. B erwick B rothers ' S tones. N T 6 19 3 60 . 2s t s t. N W-SE (taller). 5 f t 3a nd 8 f t 2( 1.6, 2 .5m ) h . 4 3 f t ( 13m) a part. 2 75 y ds ( 250m ) d own N E s lope i s b ulkier s t, C ow S tone , 6f t 6 ( 2m ) h . B aldwin , 1 985, 1 64 . C aithness L och o f Y arrows . N D 3 16 4 32 . [ N1/8 ]. 2 s t s t 8f t 6a nd 6 f t 6 ( 2 .6, 2 m ) h . 1 9 f t 1 0 ( 6m ) a part. N NW-SSE . N eedlelike . O n h illtop . 5 0 f t ( 15m ) t o Ew as s mall c airn . G unn , 1 915, 3 49-50 ; F eachem , 7 3 . A stronomy : p ossibly l unar t o S SE . T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989. W atten . N D 2 23 5 17 . [ N1/151. S t s t 6f t ( 1.8m ) h+1p ros . T hom , 1 967, 1 39, f ig . 9 .3 . C oll T otronald . N M 1 66 5 59. 2 g ranite s t s t. N NE-SSW . N NE , 5f t 7 ( 1.7m ) h .SSW 6 f t 3( 1.9m ) h . 4 7 f t ( 14.2m ) a part. R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 7 1, n o . 1 20 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 21, C T2 . B oswell a nd J ohnson v isited t he s ite i n 1 773 . ' We c ame t o t wo t riangular f lagstones p laced , Ii magine, a bout t en y ards f rom e ach o ther . ( I a fterwards m easured ; f ourteen o f m y p aces). T hey h ave p robable b een a D ruidical t emple '. S trangers w ere i nformed t hat i f t hey l ay b etween t he t wo t hey w ould h ear e verything t heir c ompanions s aid . ' And w hile h e i s l ying i n p atient a ttention , t he c ompany g et o ff a nd l eave h im ; a nd w hen h e a t l ast g ets u p , h e f inds h imself a ll

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a lone '. B oswell, J . J ournalof a T our t o t he H ebrides w ith S amuel J ohnson, L 1D , L ondon , 1 936, 2 62 . C olonsay D rumclash . N R 3 67 9 49. ' Fingal 's L impet H ammers '. 2 s t s t . N NW-SSE . S SE 1 0 f t 1 ( 3.1m) h . 4 5 f t 3( 13 .8m ) t o N NW , 8f t 6 ( 2.6m ) h . B oth l ean s lightly . S hape o f b oth r esemble t ools u sed t o d etach l impets f rom r ocks . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 8, n o. 9 6 . D umfriess * Skipknowe . N Y 1 1. 9 4. M assive w hin b oulder , 5f t 7 ( 1.7m ) h , l ong a xis E W . 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) a way i s 2 nd b oulder i n r oadside b ank . R CAHM-S, E ast L othian , 1 924, 2 12, n o . 6 27. F ife * Bandrum . N T 0 36 9 15. H uge w hin b oulder , 7f t 1 0 ( 2 .4m ) h . 1 62 f t ( 49m ) W a nother 3 f t 1 0 ( 1.2m ) h . R CAHM-S, F ife ..., 1 933, 2 67, n o . 4 89. N orth G lassmount . N T 2 44 8 84 . 2s t s t. E -W (taller). 5 f t 7a nd 6 f t 2 ( 1.7, 1 .9m ) h . 1 9 f t 2( 5.9m ) a part. P SAS 4 0 , 1 905, 2 91; R CAHMS , F ife ..., 1 933, 3 46 ; F eachem , 1 977, - 7 77— I slay * Beinn C ham . N R 3 49 6 79. 1 s t s t 3f t 4 ( 1.1m ) h +a dj p ros s lab . R uggles, 1 984, 1 65, I S6 . * Clachan C ean I le . N R 4 36 4 83 . 2s t s t .W -E . 5f t 3a nd 2 f t 8 ( 1.6, 0 .8m ) h . 3 2 f t 9 ( 10m ) a part. P rehistoric? L egend t hat t hey m ark t he g rave o f Y ula , ad aughter o f ak ing o f D enmark . R CAHM-S A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 5, n o . 8 5. F inlaggan . N R 3 92 6 85. A s t s t 6f t 6 ( 2m ) h . N o s ign n ow o f 2 nd s tone m entioned b y M artin ( 1716), 2 43 . ' There a re t wo S tones s et u p a t t he E ast-side o f L och-Finlagan , a nd t hey a re s ix F oot h igh '. R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 8, n o . 9 7 . * Kilbride . N R 3 83 4 65. S lab 7 f t 7( 2.5m) h . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) t o S W s unken s t 7f t+ ( 2.5m ) 1 . R uggles, 1 984, 1 80 , I S42. * Knocklearoch . N R 3 98 6 48 . 2s t s t. W NW-ESE . L ocal l imestone. W SW 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h . E NE , 5f t 7( 1.7m ) h . 7f t 1 0 ( 2.4m ) a part . B oth l ean t o S . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984, 6 9, n o. 1 08. R uggles, 1 984, 1 70 . I S11. T radition i s 2c lerics w ere h anged h ere. W ere o nce 3 s t i n t riangle . Al egal s anctuary . G rinsell, 1 976 , 2 29. * Lagavullin . N R 3 95 4 62. 1 s t s t 1 0 f t 8 ( 3 .5m) h + 1 p ros. E NE-WSW . 7 f t ( 2m ) a part. P SAS 4 8, 1 913-14, 4 04-7, f ig . 2 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 80 , I S 3 9. A t N R 3 96 4 63 a s t s t 1 2 f t ( 3.7m ) hi n d rystone w all. D&E , 1 964, 1 6 . J ura S trone F arm . N R 5 07 6 37 . [ A6/21. 1 s t s t + 1p ros . S E-NW . S t s t 9f t 6 ( 2 .9m ) h . 6f t 8( 2m ) t o N W a n e mbedded s lab 8 f t 1 0 ( 2.7m 1 . P SAS 6 6 , 1 931-2, 1 48-9 ; R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984, 7 1, n o. 1 20 ;

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R uggles , 1 984 , 1 65, J U8 . 8 g ; T hom , 1 967 , 9 7 .

A stronomy : S olar . T hom , 1 966 , 2 4 , f ig .

K incardineshire * Glassel H ouse . c . N O 6 49 9 97 . 2s t s t . N W-SE . 9f t 9 ( 3m ) a part . P SAS 3 9, 1 904-5, 2 05. * Kempston H ill . N O 8 76 8 94 . [ B3/5]. 2 s t s t 8f t a nd 1 0 f t ( 2 .4 , 3 m ) h . N E-SW (taller). 2 70 f t ( 82m ) a part. A stronomy : A z =2 31°.4 . h or =1 °.7 . d ecl = 19°.8 . M in S M S . T hom , 1 967 , 9 8 . K inross O rwell . N O 1 49 0 43 . 2s t s t . E SE (taller)-WNW . 1 2 f t 6a nd 7 f t 5( 3 .8 , 2 .3m ) h . 4 6 f t 1 0 ( 14 .3m ) a part. 1 972 , W NW s t f ell . R e-erected . E xc . 1 972 . C rem d eposit i n s hallow h ollow 1 f t 6( 50cm ) So f W NW S t . I n p it , S W s ide o f E SE s t d ouble-storeyed c rem d eposit, l ower i n c rude c ist . O n i ts s lab , 2 nd c rem . 3 rd c rem a t l ip o f s thole . ( Like E aster P itcorthie s t s t, N O 4 97 0 39 w ith c rem b ones i n i ts s ocket . W alker & R itchie , 1 987 , 1 75, n o . 9 5). A s tone p ounder w as f ound b etween t he O rwell p air . C ists i n t he s ame f ield y ielded b ones a nd c harcoal . R CAHM-S 2 F ife ..., 1 933, 3 04, n o . 5 77 ;P SAS 1 05, 1 972-4, 1 87 , 3 19 ; D&E , 1 972, 5 5-6 ; A rch J 1 31, 1 974, 8 -9 ,27-9 ; P SAS 1 09, 1 977-8 , 777 K irkcudbrightshire B agbie . N X 4 98 5 64 . [ G4/13 . ' Kirkmabreck ']. 2 7 f t ( 8 .3m ) So f a 4 -Poster a re 2 s t s t. 4 f t ( 1.2m ) a part . N -S. 2 00 y ds ( 180m ) t o t heir S i s t all s t s t . R CAHM-S 2 G alloway I I, 1 914, 1 65, n o . 2 97 . T hom , 1 967 , 9 8 ; B url, 1 988 , 1 35. * Thieves . N X 4 04 7 16 .2 s t s t . [ G4/2 ]. ' Blair H ill '. N E-SW (taller ). 6 f t 8a nd 7 f t 4 ( 2, 2 .2m ) h . 1 4 f t 6( 4 .5m ) a part. O n i nner e dge o f g rassy e lliptical r ing . L ow s lab o n e dge , 3f t 9 ( 1.1m ) 1a t R tLs b etween t hem a t S E . M ay b e s urvivors o f S tC . I CAHM=Sx G alloway I I, 1 914, n o . 3 67 ; F eachem , 7 9 ; R uggles &-g hiEEI, 1 981, 2 08 . A stronomy : A z =2 28°. h or = 0°.4 . d ecl = 23°.4 . M W S S . A z = 4 8°. h or = + 6°.7 . d ecl = + 28°.5. M aj N M R . T hom , 1 967 , 9 8 . L ewis C ul a C hleit . N B 2 47 3 03 . [ 11/6 . ' Callanish VI']. ' Rocky h illock a t t he b ack o f t he m oor '. 2 s t s t . N E (taller)-SW . 5f t 6a nd 3 f t ( 1.7 , l m ) h . 5 5 ' 9 ( 17m ) 1a part . 2t iny s t s t + 3p ros s labs t o W NW . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 9, n o . 9 5 ; D&E , 1 976 , 5 7 ; P onting G . &M ., 1 977 , 2 9 ; R uggles, 1 984, 8 0-1, L H22 . * Druim n am B idearan . N B 2 33 2 97 . 2p ros s labs , e ach c . 4f t ( 1.3m ) 1 . P acking-stones a t b ases . D &E , 1 976 , 5 8 . G reat B ernerna . N B 1 64 3 42 . [ 11/7 . ' Callanish M r]. ' Tursachan B arraglom '. ' Cleiter ' ( cliffs). O n s teep , r ocky s lope , 1 2 f t ( 3 .7m ) f rom e dge . 2s t s t . N E (taller)-SW . 9f t a nd 7 f t 6( 2 .7 , 2 .3m ) h . 3 7 f t 3( 11.4m ) a part . Al ow s t s t 1 0 f t ( 3m ) Eo f N E S t . R ow d amaged b y b lasting . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 4, n o . 8 6 ; D&E , 1 976, 5 7 ; P onting , G . &M ., 1 981, 8 1; R uggles, 1 984 , 7 7 , L H8 . E xc . 1 985. F allen s t w rongly r e-erected , s tonehole f ound . 4 60

S tone s etting , p aved a rea , r etaining w all d iscovered . W orked q uartz, s mall p olished a xe , a rrowhead ; i bid , 1 985, 6 4. S t r ee rected i n c orrect s tonehole, i bid , 1 9877 7 1. A stronomy : S omerville, 1 912 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 9, ' Sun '. M oray E ast P ort. N j 0 3 . 2 7 . 2s t s t . E -W (taller). 4 f t 3a nd 4 f t 8 ( 1.3, 1 .4m ) h . 7f t ( 2 .1m ) a part. 3 51 f t ( 107m ) t o N 2s t s t 2 37 f t ( 72m ) a part. P SAS 4 1, 1 906-7, 1 31-4 .

* Ardalanish . N M 3 78 1 88 . 1s t s t +1p ros . N ear s hore . S t s t , r ough s chist , 6f t 3( 1.9m ) h . N W-SE a xis . P ros s t, h ard s andstone, 3 9 f t ( 12m ) t o S E , 7f t 1 0 ( 2 .4m ) 1 . U nfinished q uernstone . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 5, n o. 8 8. R uggles, 1 984, 1 39 , M L33 . * Calgary . ' Franchadil '. N M 3 84 5 23 . 2p ros a t, 9 f t 2a nd 8 f t 6( 2 .8 , 2 .6m ) 1 , c lose t ogether . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8 , n o . 1 04 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 27 , M L 8 . C ladh C hatain , B ranault . N M 5 26 6 95. 2 b asalt s t s t i n h ollow . S SE-NNW . S SE 7 f t 2( 2 .2m ) h . 3f t ( 0 .9m ) t o N NW , as tump 1 f t 6 ( 0 .5m ) h . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 6 , n o . 9 9 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 21, N Al. * Craigaid , U lva . N M 4 02 3 90 . 2s t s t , E -W . W4f t 3( 1.3m ) h . E 5f t 7 ( 1.7m ) h . 1 3 f t 8( 4 .2m ) a part. R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 6 , n o . 1 00 . B oth b roken? R uggles, 1 984, 1 28 , M L18 . D ail n a C arraigh . N M 3 70 2 18 . [ M2/7 ]. ' Rocky d ale '. 2 s t s t . E (taller) 4 1 . 5f t 9a nd 3 f t 7( 1.7, 1 .1m ) h . 4f t ( 1.2m ) a part . E s t i s p erforated . J ust N NE o f r uined c hambered c airn , ' Suie ( level s helf o n ah illside). H enshall, 1 972, 4 67 . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 8 8 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 39, M L34 .Lag . N M 3 62 5 33. 1 s t s t 5 f t 3( 1.6m ) h +1p ros 4 f t 7( 1.6m ) 1 . 3f t ( lm ) a part . R uggles , 1 984, 1 27 , M L6 . * Gruline . N M 5 45 3 96 a nd 5 43 3 97 . 2i mpressive a t s t, S E 7f t 6 ( 2 .3m ) h . 8 86 f t ( 270m ) t o N W , 8f t 2( 2 .5m ) h . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II , 1 980 , 6 8 , n o . 1 06 . L ag . N M 3 62 5 35. 1 s t a t +1p ros . 5f t 7ha nd 4 f t 1 1 1( 1.7 , 1 .5m ). R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 8-9, n o . 1 09. N orth U ist B oreray . N F 8 5. 8 1. S t s t 4f t 1 0 ( 1.5m ) h . 4f t 5( 1.3m ) t o N ap ros s t 6f t 3( 1.9m ) 1 . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 5, n o . 2 59 . F ir B hreige . N F 7 70 7 02 . [ 13/51. ' The F alse M en '. 2 a t s t. W NW 3 f t 1 0 ( 1.2m ) h , E SE , b road , 2f t 4 ( 0 .7m ) h . 1 17 f t ( 36m ) a part . 3f t ( 1m ) d eep i n p eat. R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 8 5, n o . 2 55 ; R uggles, 1 984, 1 02 , 1 3 123 . M en t urned t o s tone f or d eserting t heir w ives . G rinsell , 1 976 , 1 02 . L eac n an C ailleacha D ubha . N F 7 85 7 63 . ' Stone s lab o f t he b lack o ld w omen '. 2 a t s t ' where 2 o ld w omen m ilking o ther p eople 's c ows w ere k illed a nd b uried '. ' Black w omen ' w ere n uns . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 8 5, n o . 2 58 . G rinsell, 1 976 , 1 94 .

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O rkney M ainland a nd I slands B rodgar f arm . H Y 3 00 1 29. 2 s t s t. N -S. 9 f t a nd 5 f t 6 ( 2.7 , 1 .7m ) h . 2 7 f t 3( 8 .3m ) a part . R CAHM-S, O rkney & S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 3 04, n o. 8 78 . D eepdale . H Y 2 71 1 16. 2 s t s t . M ajor a xes, N W-SE . 6f t a nd , S E , 7f t 6 ( 1.8, 2 .3m) h . 1 20 f t ( 37m ) a part. R CAHM-S , O rkney & S hetland I I, 1 946b , 3 25, n o. 9 22. 1 978, l arger r emoved f or p loughing . E xc . 1 978. S tump . L arge p acking-stones m ade b oxlike s ocket f or a dj s t s t. D & E , 1 978, 1 7 . L eafea . U 7-2 7 6 0 93 . 2s t s t 4f t ( 1.2m ) a part. E -W . M ajor a xes N & S . 4f t a nd 3 f t 3( 1.2, l m) h . ' In s trict a lignment '. E xc . F armer 's d og u nearthed b ones f rom b ase. H uman? R CAHM-S, O rkney & S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 3 25, n o . 9 23 . R edland . 1 W 38. 2 4. W s ide o f V ishall H ill. S t s t 1f t 4 ( 40cm ) h , o rig 6 f t ( 1.8m ). F ew f t a way , s tump o f 2 nd s t. R CAHM-S , O rkney , &S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 8 1, n o . 2 73. S purdagove. H Y 2 55 2 46. 1 s t s t +1p ros . N E , p ros-SW . 3f t 1a nd 3 f t 6h ( 0 .9, 1 .1m ). 1 2 f t 9 ( 3 .9m ) a part. R CAHM-S , O rkney & S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 2 2, n o . 3 3. S tanerandy . H Y 2 68 2 77. O n s mall d amaged m ound , 2s t s t. N E-SW . 5f t 4 a nd 5 f t 2 (1.6, 1 .6m ) h . 6f t ( 1.8m ) a part. R CAHM-S, O rkney , &S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 2 2, n o . 3 5. P eebles M enzion . N T 0 94 2 38. 2 s t s t, N W-SE . N W 2f t 6 ( 0 .8m ) h . 7 5 f t ( 23m ) t o S E , 2f t ( o.6m ) h . R CAHM-S , P eebles, 1 967, 6 3, n o .1 05. S herriff M uir . N T 2 00 4 00 . 2s t s t, N -S, 3 f t 9a nd 4 f t 3 (1.1, 1 .3m ) h . 7f t ( 2 .1m ) a part. R CAHM-S , P eebles, 1 967, 6 3, n o. 1 06 . P erthshire ( Tayside) B almuick . N N 7 84 2 51. P ossible 4 -Poster a nd o utlying 2 s t, n ow p ros . P SAS 4 5, 1 911, 5 1-4, n o . 5 ; B url, 1 988, 1 45. * Balnabroich . N O 0 92 5 66 . 2s t s t o n g ravelly m ound 5 0 b y 1 8 f t ( 15 x 5 .5m ). N (taller) 4 f t 2 ( 1.3m ) h , l eans, S 2 f t 6 ( 75cm) h , a lmost p ros. 1 0 f t 4 ( 3.1m ) a part. P SAS 4 2, 1 907-8, 9 6-8 ; S tewart, 1 966 , 1 42-3, n o. 1 . * Balnaguard . N N 9 47 5 22. 2 p ros s t +s t s t. E -W . W 7f t a nd E 7 f t 7 ( 2.3, 2 .5m ) I . Es t h as c m o n Es ide. S t s t 2 4 f t ( 7 .8m ) f rom p air . 7c ms a t b ase . I n l ine w ith p air . J ust t o S , r uined C w ith c rem , c harcoal a nd ? food-vessel s herd . D&E , 1 971, 3 4-5. B andirran . N O 2 08 3 11. 1 s t s t +1p ros. E -W . Es t s t 6f t ( 1.8m ) h , W S t 6f t 6 ( 2m ) 1 . 5f t 1 1 ( 1.8m ) a part. S tewart, 1 966 , 1 42-3, n o . 2 ; C outts, 1 970 , 1 8 . * Broadmoss. N O 1 98 4 75. 2 p ros b locks a pprox . E -W . Wi s 1 1 f t 2 ( 3 .4m ) 1 , Ei s b roken i n 3 , 8f t 9 ( 2.7m ) I . P SAS 4 3, 1 908-9, 1 06-7 ; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 3 . * Cally . N O 1 18 5 19. 2 s t s t . N W-SE (taller). 4 f t a nd 4 f t 8 ( 1.2, 1 .4m ) h . 1 3 f t 3( 4m ) a part. B road + n arrow . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 5 . * Clach a n T uirc . N N 7 25 4 48 . 2s t, 3 ft ( 90cm ) h +b oulder . 3f t ( 1m ) a part. B oth h ave c ms . D&E , 1 968, 3 3 .

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C omrie B ridge . N N 7 87 4 68 . 1s t s t +1p ros 2 0 f t ( 6m ) Eo f 4 -Poster . N NW-SSE . N NW 3 f t ( 90cm) h . P SAS 3 4, 1 900, 3 27-8 ; i bid 4 4, 1 910 , 1 36-8, n o . 1 1; B url, 1 988, 1 37 7C raggish . N N 7 6 . 2 1. 3st r ow + p air . D estr . C oles , F .R ., 1 911, 5 6 , n o . 8 . C raigmakerran . N O 1 48 3 28. 2 s t s t. N -S? 4 f t 6a nd 5 f t ( 1.4, 1 .5m ) h . 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) a part. S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 8 . * Cramrar. N N 7 23 4 51. 2 p ros . N NE-SSW . c . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part. N NE h as c ms. 1 10 y ds ( 100m ) t o N i s a4 -Poster w ith c ms o n t he S E S t. C oles, F .R . 1 910 , 1 26 ; D&E , 1 967, 4 0 ; B url, 1 988, 1 60-1. C roft M oraig . N N 7 97 4 73. [771 7 ]. S tC. 1 5 f t ( 4.6m ) o utside a t E SE 2 l arge s t s t. N NE (taller)-SSW . 7f t 6a nd 7 f t 2 (2 .3, 2 .2m ) h . 7f t 4 ( 2.2m ) a part. B ase o f N NE s t h as b een k eeled . P ossible g raves a t S E f oot o f e ach s t . E xc . 1 965. P SAS 2 3, 1 888-9, 3 56-67 ; C oles, F .R ., 1 910 , 1 39-47 ; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 9 ; P PS 3 7, 1 971, 1 1 5; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 48-9. D alchirla . N N 8 24 1 59. [ P1/1. M uthill ]. 2 s t s t. W SW (taller)-ENE . 7f t 6a nd 4 f t 3( 2 .3 , 1 .3m ) h . 8f t ( 2.4m ) a part. B oth s t s moothed . 2 00 y ds ( 180m ) Ni s t all s t s t. C oles, F .R ., 1 911, 7 2, n o . 1 9; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 1 0 . A stronomy : A z =5 7°.3. h or = 10 . 8 . d ecl = + 18°.7. M in N M R . T hom , 1 967, 1 00 . D owally . N O 0 01 4 80 . 2s t s t. W NW (taller)-ESE . 8f t 4a nd 7 f t 4 ( 2.5m , 2 .2m ) h . U nusually t all f or P erthshire . 9f t ( 2.7m ) a part. T ypically ' broad a nd n arrow '. S mooth s ides t o N . T here h as b een c onfusion a bout t heir a lignment. C oles, F .R . ( 1908 , 1 44) s aid t hey s tood 3 °-183° ' or , p ractically , n early n orth a nd s outh '. F eachem , ( 84) f ollowed t his, b ut S tewart ( 1966, 1 42) r ecorded a n E -W d isposition . T he T hor ns ' s urvey s uggests t he t rue a lignment i s W NWE SE ( Thom , 1 967 , 1 00 : 2 86°.4 t o 1 06°.4, r evised i n 1 989 t o : 2 88° t o 1 08'). C oles , 1 908, 1 44-5, n o. 2 9 ; F eachem , 8 4; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3 , n o . 1 1. A stronomy : ? intermediate c alendar d ates . T hom , 1 967, 1 00 . F erntower . N N 8 74 2 26 . 1s t s t +1p ros. N W-SE . S t s t 7f t 9 ( 2.4m ) h , p ros s t 6f t ( 1.8m ) 1 . 2 7 f t ( 8m ) t o W i s a4 -Poster . C oles , F .R ., 1 911, 7 5-9; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3 , n o . 1 3 ; B url, 1 988, 1 65. F incastle . N N 8 72 6 28. 1 s t s t +1p ros . N W-SE . S t s t 3f t 4 ( 1m) h . 9f t ( 2.7m ) a part. ' Broad a nd n arrow '. B etween s tones i s l ow s lab o n e dge 1 f t 8( 50cm ) 1 . S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 1 4 . F owlis W ester N W . N N 9 20 2 41. 2 p ros s t. N -S . 1 1 f t 8a nd 8 f t 9 ( 3.6, 2 .7m ) 1 . Nh as 6 c ms o n We dge, 1 c m n ear S E c orner . C oles, F .R ., 1 911, 8 4-7 , n o . 3 1; S tewart , 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 5. F awlis W ester S E . N N 9 21 2 40 . 2s t s t. W SW-ENE . B oth 6 f t 6 ( 2m) h . 1 1 f t 6 ( 3 .5m ) a part. ' Broad a nd n arrow '. C oles , F .R ., 1 911, 8 78 , n o . 3 2 ' Crofthead '; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 6 . G ellybanks. N O 0 82 3 13 . 2s t s t. N NW (taller)-SSE . 3f t 7a nd 3 f t 3 ( 1.1, l m ) h . 6i nches ( 15cm ) a part. C oles, F .R ., 1 911, 1 07, n o . 4 1; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 7. * Grantully V ale . N N 9 0 . 5 2. 1 s t s t 4f t 6( 1.4m ) h . T radition s ays o nce a 2 nd s t c lose t o i t. C oles, F .R ., 1 908 , 1 38 , n o . 2 5; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44, n ote 1 K eppoch . N N 8 79 2 52 . 1p ros + 1 s tump . E -W?. 7 f t 1 0 ( 2.4m ) 1a nd 4f t 4 ( 1.3m ) h . 2 1 f t 1 0 ( 6.7m ) a part . C oles, F .R ., 1 911, 7 9-81, n o . 2 7 ; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 1 8 . * Kindrogan . N O 0 56 6 32 . L ong g rassy m ound , ' Giant 's G rave ', 1 9 f t ( 5.8m ) 1 , N NW-SSE . N NW e nd s t s t 5f t 4 ( 1.6m ) h . L ow r ounded 4 63

b oulder a t S SE e nd . C oles , F .R ., 1 908 , 9 9-100 , n o. 3 M eikleour . N O 1 58 3 84 . 2p ros s t , 1v ery b roken . W , l arger , 7f t ( 2 .1m ) 1 , E6f t 5( 2m ) 1b efore b reakage . C oles , F .R ., 1 909, 1 213 , n o . 2 1; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 0 . N ew T yle . N O 0 47 4 10 . [ P2/12 . D unkeld ]. 2 s t s t . N NW (taller)-SSE . 7f t 2a nd 4 f t 9 ( 2 .2 , 1 .4m ) h . 9f t ( 2 .7m ) a part. B oth b road a nd n arrow . N NW h as t apering t op , S SE i s f lat-topped . C oles, 1 908 , 1 46-8 , f igs . 4 6 , 4 7 ; S tewart , 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o . 2 1. A stronomy : A z = 3 10° . h or = 30 . 7. d ecl = + 24° . M S S S . T hom , 1 967, 1 00 . P itcastle . N N 8 95 5 43 . 1s t s t +1p ros .. E -W (pros , l arger). 4 f t 9h a nd 8 f t ( )1 ( W ). ( 1.5, 2 .7m ) h . 1 4 a G( 4 .4m ) a part. S tewart, 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o . 2 2 S tare D am . N O 0 50 3 83 . 2s t s t . E NE-WSW (taller ). 4 f t 3a nd 4 f t 6 ( 1.3, 1 .4m ) hb ut W SW m uch b igger . 1 3 f t ( 4m ) a part. E NE s t h as c ross c arved o n c oarser E f ace . C oles , F .R ., 1 908 , 1 52-4 , n o . 3 4 ; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5, n o . 2 4 . * Taymouth . N N 8 01 4 77 . 2s t s t . E -W . 4f t 9( 1.5m ) h . 5 3 f t 3( 16m ) a part. I nner f aces s mooth . S tewart, 1 966 , 1 44-5, n o. 2 5. R oss * Windhill . ' Clach-an-t-Seasaidh '. N H 5 31 4 82 . 2s t s t . 3 00 f t ( 90m ) a part . P ossible r emains o f S tC o r 2C lava c airns. " They l ook m ore l ike m onolithic m onuments r aised f or s ome b rilliant e vent '. A l egend c laims t hat f or t hree s uccessive d ays a r aven w ill d rink f rom t he t op o f o ne s tone , w hich i s f ull o f t he b lood o f t he M acKenzies . P SAS 1 7, 1 882-3, 4 16 ; i bid 8 8 , 1 954-6, 8 5, n o . 5 8 . R oxburgh . D ere S treet . N T 7 50 1 55. [ G8/5].2 6( 60 , 7 6cm ) h . 2 0 f t ( 6m ) 1 . c airn , B lack K nowe , a nd 8 0 f t ( 90cm ) h . R CAHM-S , R oxburgh ,

s t s t . N ESW (taller ). 2 f t a nd 2 f t 4 0 f t ( 12m ) t o N E i s r uined k erbed ( 24m ) b eyond c airn i s as t s t 3f t 1 956 , 3 84, n o . 8 12 .

S hetland B eorgs o f H ousetter . ' Giant 's G rave '. H U 3 61 8 54 . 2s t s t o f r ed g ranite . N -S. 6 f t 6a nd 8 f t 1 0 ( 2, 2 .7m ) h . 1 9 f t ( 5 .8m) a part . W hite g ranite c airn b etween . 2 95 f t ( 90m ) t o Ni s t he F airy M ound c hambered t omb . R itchie , A ., 1 985, 1 54 . R CAHM-S O rkney & S hetland , I II, 1 946c , 9 3-4, n o . 1 360 . B usta B rae . H U 3 48 6 73 . H uge g ranite s t s t 1 0 f t 6( 3 .2m ) h , c . 2 2 t ons i n w eight. 2 6 f t ( 7 .9m ) t o N E i s s maller t riangular b lock , 3 f t 5( lm ) h . O n c liff-top . A ' useful s ailing m ark '. I t i s a lleged t he D evil t hrew t he b ig s tone . G rinsell , 1 976 , 1 82 ; F eachem , 1 977 , 8 5.Fojut, 1 981, 5 7 ; R itchie , A ., 1 985, 1 54 ; R CAHM-S , O rkney & S hetland , I II, 1 946c , 1 0 , n o . 1 17 . G ravlaba . H U 3 25 5 58 . S t s t +1p ros. 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) ha nd 1 . EW . 1 4 f t 6( 4 .4m ) a part . R CAHM-S , O rkney & S hetland , I II, 1 946c , 1 03, n o . 1 403 . S kye * Boreraig . N G 6 2 . 1 62 . S t s t 3f t 9( 1.2m ) h . P ros s t n earby 4 f t 4 4 64

( 1.3m ) 1 . P SAS 4 6, 1 911-12, 2 05-6, f ig . 5 . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 14 , n o. 6 65 . C rois M hic J amain . N G 3 45 3 45. 2 s mall m ounds. A s t s t o n e ach , S W i s r ect s lab , 3f t ( 1m ) h , N E 1f t 7( 52cm ) h . 1 8 f t 6( 5.6m ) a part . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 1, n o. 2 43 . S tirling * Craigmore C ottage . N S 5 29 7 99. S t s t 3f t 2( 1m ) h . L ocal l ava . N earby i s s imilar , p ros. D & E , 1 957, 3 6. W aterhead . N S 6 57 8 39. 2 s t s t7-N (Ealler)-S. 7 f t 6( 2.3m ) h , l eans. S 5f t ( 1.5m ) h . F eachem , 1 977, 8 6. W est L othian K aimes. N T 1 30 6 65. 2 s t s t , N -S. E ach 4 f t ( 1.2m ) h . 6f t ( 1.8m ) a part . 1 50 f t ( 46m) E o f w ell o f h illfort o n N t errace o f l ower w ard . D estr . R CAHM-S. M idlothian a nd W est L othian , 1 929, 1 62, n o . 2 16. W igtownshire G illespie . N X 2 45 5 28. L arge , e rect r ound b oulder , 4f t 1 0 ( 1.5m ) h . K nown a s t he O fficer 's S tone . R CHAM-S, G alloway I , 1 912, 1 26, n o . 3 65. I n 1 898 r eputedly t here w ere 2 s t s t. b ut ' no n otes m ade '. P SAS 3 3 , 1 898-9 , 1 83 . * Laggangarn . N X 2 22 7 17. [ G3/3]. 2 s t s t 6f t 3a nd 5 f t 3( 1.9 , 1 .6m ) h . B oth h ave C hristian c rosses c arved o n W f ace . T radition s ays o nce 1 3 s t . S tC o rig? A n o utlier o f t he 2 s t i s c laimed t o b e g rave o f f armer w ho r emoved s ome s tones. T DGNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 4 1; R uggles & W hittle , 1 981, 2 08; G rinsell, 1 976, 2 40 . A stronomy : A z =3 13 ° . 8. h or = 1 °.4 . d ecl = + 24 ° . 5. M S S S. T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989 M ilton H all. N X 3 62 4 15. 2 s t s t . B oth 6 f t 6( 2m ) h . 7f t ( 2m+ ) a part . R CAHM-S G alloway I , 1 912, 1 2; T DGNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 4 1. A stronomy : A z =2 27 %5 . h or = 0 °. 2. d ecl = 23 ° . 6. M W S S . T hom , 1 967, 9 8 ( Confused w ith W ren 's E gg). W ren 's E gg . N X 3 61 4 20. [ G3/13]. 2 s t s t . E NE(taller)-WSW . 4f t 7a nd 4f t 1( 1.5 , 1 .3m ) h . G ranite b oulders. 4 f t 7( 1.5m ) a part. 5 6 f t ( 17m ) t o Wi s t he l arge e rratic b oulder k nown a s t he W ren 's E gg . E xc . 1 975. N o f inds. 4 40 y ds ( 400m ) S SE a re t he 2 M ilton H ill s t s t . D& E , 1 975, 5 5 ; T DGNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 2 8-43 ; S tell , 1 986, 1 67 . A stronomy : A z =2 66'. h or = 1° . 3 . d ecl 1 °. 2 . E quinoctial S S. T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 70-1. W ALES C lwyd G rey S tones. S J 2 7. 6 2. S t s t + 1p ros. S t s t = l ozenge s haped , 6f t ( 1.8m ) h . R CAHM-W , F lintshire , 1 912, 5 9-60 , n o. 1 75; A rch C amb I II, 5 , 1 859, 7 5 . N aid-y-March . S J 1 67 7 53 . ' The H orse 's L eap '. S E-NW . 2s t s t. 4 f t a nd 2f t 3( 1 .2, 0 .7m ) h . 2 4 f t 7( 7.5m ) a part . R CAHM-W , F lintshire , 1 912, 5 , n o . 1 7 ; D yer , 1 981, 3 27.

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W hitford . S J 1 52 7 66 . 2s t s t r emoved w hen G orsedd c hurch b uilt i n 1 852. U sed a s g ateposts. O ne 4 f t ( 1.2m ) h , o n r t o f r oad f rom D ruid 's I nn t o B abell. O ther , 5f t 6 ( 1.7m ) h , b ehind G orsedd v icarage . R CAHM-W , F lintshire, 1 912, 9 4, n o. 2 70 . D yfed A bergwili. S N 4 5. 2 1. 4 50 f t ( 137m ) N E o f C arreg F yrddin ( Merlin 's S tone), a s t s t 5f t ( 1.5m ) h , a re 2 s t s t, e ach 4 f t ( 1.2m ) h . 5 0 f t ( 15m ) a part. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 7 , n o . 8 . B erribrook . S N 7 1. 3 8. ' Meini h irion '. 2 s t s t, o ne 6 f t 6 ( 2m ) h . N ow ag atepost. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 6, n o . 7 7 . C ae g arreg f awr '. S N 4 1. 0 8 . ' Field o f t he b ig s tone '. S t s t, p ointed p , 7f t 2 ( 2 .2m ) h . O nce 2 s t s t h ere. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917 , 4 5, n o . 1 46 . C arreg f awr n ant j ack . S N 3 5. 1 0 . ' Great s tone b y t he b rook '. S t s t, r ed s andstone, 5f t 6 ( 1.7m ) h . 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m ) t o Eas t s t, g rey g rit, 1 f t ( 30cm ) h . C overed b y h igh t ide . R CAHM-W ,Carmarthen , 1 917, 1 92, n o . 5 69. C wm G arw . ( Carmarthen). S N 1 18 3 10 . [ U9/3 ]. 1T he r ough v alley '. ' Cerrig M eibion A rthur ' ( stones o f t he s ons o f A rthur). 2 s t s t. W SWE NE(taller). 7 f t a nd 8 f t 6 (2.1, 2 .6m ) h . 2 5 f t ( 7 .6m ) a part . A llegedly a m onument t o A rthur 's s ons k illed b y aw ild b oar . G rinsell, 1 976 , 2 49 ; B arber , C ., 1 982, 9 . D olau M ain . ( Pembroke). S N 1 58 3 13. [ W9/8 ]. ' Stone m eadow '. 2 s t s t e ach 7 f t 6 ( 2 .3m ) h . 2 3 f t ( 7m ) a part. N NE-SSW . O n l ine o f v alley b etween F oel-drych a nd C arnmenyn . T hom , T hom & B url 1 989. F fynnon N ewydd . S N 4 9. 2 1. ' New w ell '. 2 s t s t 6f t a nd 4 f t 6 ( 1.8 , 1 .4m ) h . 9f t ( 2 .7m ) a part. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 16 , n o . 3 35. G ors F awr . S N 1 34 2 94 . [ W9/2 ]. ' The g reat m arsh '. S tC + 2 s t s t. 4 40 f t ( 134m ) N E o f S tC p air o f s t s t. N ESW (taller). 5 f t 7a nd 6 f t ( 1.7, 1 .8m ) h . 4 5 f t ( 13 .7m ) a part. R CAHM-W , P embroke, 1 925, n o . 7 31; G rimes, 1 963, 1 45-6, n o. 3 2 ; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 . 2 86-7. A stronomy : A z =5 2°. h or = 1 °.3. d ecl = 2 3°.1. M S S R . T hom , 1 967, 1 01; F rom S tC t o b etween t he s t s t, A z =1 5°. h = 3 °. d ecl = 3 9°. A rcturus r ising , 1 420 B C ( c. 1 130 b c). A rch C amb 1 1, 1 911, 3 18-20 . G ors L langynog , ( Carmarthen). S N 3 12 1 40 . P ros s t , o nce a p air . 5f t 1 1 ( 1.8m ) 1 . L imestone. E xc. 1 985. 3 3 f t ( 10m ) t o S E w ere 1 7 c layf illed p its, r ectangle o f c obbles . ? postholes a nd s takeholes. C harcoal = C -14, 1 340 7 0 b e ( c. 1 650 B C). A rchaeology i n W ales 2 5 , 1 985, 1 9 ; W illiams, G ., 1 988 , 7 2 . P arc y m aen l lyd . S N 3 85 1 63 . ' Field o f t he g rey s tone '. ' Quoit S tone '. 2 s t s t s eparated b y an arrow l ane. R CAHMW , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 49, n o. 4 41. R hos y-Clegyrn . ( Pembroke). S M 9 13 3 54. S t s t 9f t ( 2.7m ) h . S tonehole o f 2 nd 3 5 f t ( 10 .7m ) a way . S W-NE ( hole). E xc 1 962, 1 965-8 . B etween p ossible e mbanked S tC t o S W a nd a s maller r ing t o N E . O n e arlier s ettlement s ite . ? pastoral . A ssoc w ith t he s t s t w ere a dj p its, f ood-vessel s herds, s takeholes . C rem . B roken s late d isc. P erforated p estle-shaped a xe-hammer f rom r ing . A rch C amb 1 23, 1 974, 1 3-42; i bid 1 25, 1 976, 1 62 ; G rimes, 1 963, 1 50-1; L ewis, J .M ., 1 974 ; 1 976 ; W illiams, G ., 1 988 , 8 9-91.

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G wynedd B ryn s eward m eini h irion . S H 5 83 2 70 . ' Seward H ill s tanding s tones '. 2 S t s t, 7 f t 3a nd 5 f t 4 ( 2.2m , 1 .6m ) h . 1 50 f t ( 46m ) a part. B oth p robably m oved t o p resent p osition . R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 9 0 , n o . 2 50 ; B owen & G resham , 6 2, 6 5, n os. 8 0, 8 1. B wylch y d deufaen . S H 7 15 7 17. ' The p ass o f t he t wo s tones '. 2 s t s t. 1=1 0 f t ( 3m ) h . 2 70 f t ( 82m ) t o N W i s 2 nd , 6f t ( 1.8m ) h . N ear i t a re 2 l ow s t s t . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon , I , 1 956, 3 6, n o. 1 73 . C aerhun . S H 7 41 7 18. 2 s t s t i n l ine w ith M aen-yBard c hambered t omb . t aller i s 4f t ( 1.2m ) h . 5 4 f t ( 17m ) t o W , i n w all i s 2 nd s t, 3 f t ( 0 .9m) h . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon , I , 1 956, 3 6, n o . 1 74. L lyn C reigenen I ssa S tones. S H 6 01 1 03. 2 s t s t 6f t 6a nd 1 f t 6 ( 2, 0 .5m ) h . R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 1 26, n o. 4 08 ; B owen & G resham , 6 5, n os. 7 2-3 . T ir-gwyn . S H 3 44 3 90 . ' The w hite h ouse '. 2 s t s t. 1 = 8 f t 6 ( 2.6m ) h . 1 90 y ds ( 174m ) t o N , 2 nd s t, 7 f t 3( 2 .2m) h . A ligned a lmost N -S. E xc. c . 1 833. P rehistoric? G rave b etween , N -S . B ones o f l arge m an . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon , I I, 1 960, 8 3, n os. 1 675, 1 676 . P owys C wm y S aeson S tones. S N 9 53 7 71. ' Englishman 's v alley '. 1 s t s t +1 p ros. 5 f t 1 0 ( 1.8m ) h . 7f t 1 ( 2.2m ) 1 . 1m ile t o E ah uge s t s t , 8f t 2 ( 2.5m) h , r eputedly t he s urvivor o f 5 , 2l arge, 2 s mall, ' arranged q uadrangularly ', a p ossible 4 -Poster . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913, 1 42, n o . 5 86 ; B url, 1 988, 2 03 . G arreg w en . S N 8 2 . 8 8 . ' Y f uwch w en a 'r ho ', ' the w hite c ow a nd c alf '. 2 w hite s tones, 6 f t a nd 4 f t ( 1.8, 1 .2m ) h . R CAHM-W M ontgomery , 1 911, 1 15, n o. 5 92 . P ennybont. S O 1 1. 5 4. S t s t 6f t ( 1.8m ) h +1p ros c . 1 818. ' A l arge s tone, p laced e rect, s even f eet b road , t wo f oot t hick . A bout t wo o r t hree y ards f rom t his s tone i s a nother o f n earby e qual p roportions, l ying f lat u pon t he g round '. D estr . R CAHM=W , R adnor , 1 913, 4 9, n o. 1 87 . R hos d yrnog . S H 8 29 0 05. ' Cae y r h en e glwys ', ' old c hurch f ield '. S t s t, m ountain g rit, 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h . W ere o nce 2 s t s t h ere . F ield w as c alled ' cae m eini l lwydion ', ' field o f t he g rey s tones '. S t s t i s k nown a s ' carreg n oddfa ', ' the s anctuary s tone '. A rch C amb I II 2 , 1 856, 1 93 ; R CAHM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 3 1, n o . 1 5 8 . Y nys M ona ( Anglesey ) L lanrhwydrys . S H 3 34 9 06. 2 s t s t. S chist. N (taller) S. 1 3 f t a nd 8 f t 3( 4, 2 .5m ) h . D yer , 1 981, 3 18 ; L ynch , F ., 1 970 , 2 88. P las M eilw . S H 2 27 8 09. ' Penrhos-feilw '. 2 s t s t. N -S . B oth , t all, t hin , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h . 1 0 f t 1 0 ( 3.3m ) a part. R eputedly , ac ist w ith b ones, a s pearhead a nd a rrowheads o nce l ay b etween s tones . R CAHM W ales, 1 937 , 2 3 ; L ynch , F ., 1 970 , 1 16, 2 88 ; A rch J 2 4, 1 867, 2 38 ; T Eig- 2 6 , 1 869, 3 10 ; A nthony , 1 7 ; D yer , 1 981, 3 19 ; W illiams, G ., 1 988, 8 4 .

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THREE-STONE R OWS ' The t hree s tanding s tones t hrown d own f rom M oeltre [ sic] H ill n ear D wygyflchi i n W ales i n t he i conoclastic s eventeenth c entury m ay w ell h ave r epresented t he l o [ Mother G oddess] t rinity . O ne w as w hite, o ne r ed , o ne d ark b lue, a nd t hey w ere k nown a s t he t hree w omen. T he l ocal m onkish t radition w as t hat t hree w omen d ressed i n t hose c olours w ere p etrified a s a p unishment f or w innowing c orn o n a S unday'. R obert G raves , T he W hite G oddess , 1 961, 7 0

B ALLOCHROY, A rgyll. S tukeley,

1 776, 9 5.

I n h is s eminal p aper a bout t he s tone c ircles i n N orthern I reland D avies ( 1939, 3 -4) d rew a ttention t o t he s ettings o f t hree l arge s tones t hat s ometimes s tood a longside r ings b ut w hich a lso e xisted i n i solation i n t he e astern c ounties o f A ntrim , A rmagh a nd D own. H e s uggested t hat ' they m ay b e a s eparate f eature a dopted b y t he c ircle-culture' i n t he c ounties o f F ermanagh a nd T yrone. T his w as p erceptive. I n t he n orth o f I reland, i n s outh-west S cotland, i n t he I rish c ounties o f C ork a nd K erry t here a re m any 3 -Stone r ows w ithout a ny a djacent s tructure. T hey a lso o ccur s poradically i n o ther p arts o f t hese i slands a nd i n w estern E urope, e specially i n 4 68

3 -STONE R OWS A C e r ta in

A P o ss ib le

D istribution o f 3 -Stone R ows a round t he N orth C hannel.

4 69

B rittany . O ver 1 50 o f t hese r ows h ave b een r ecorded . S ome 2 9% o ccur i n s outh-west I reland w ith a lmost a s m any , 2 8% , i n N orthern I reland . W hen t o t hese a re a dded o thers i n s outh-west S cotland a nd t he W estern I sles t he t otal r ises t o 5 0% . T here a re o nly a f ew 3 -Stone r ows i n s outhw est E ngland o r W ales, a nd a lthough t here a re m any a pparently r elated p airs o f s tones i n c entral S cotland o nly f ive 3 -Stone r ows a re k nown t here . T hey a ppear t o b e aN orth C hannel p henomenon . A mongst t he f our m ajor r egions t here i s a w ide v ariation i n l ength . T he l ongest w ere e rected i n t he W estern I sles w here t he m ean l ength i s 2 4 f t 3( 7.4m). I n s outh-west I reland , t he a verage w as 1 8 f t 6 ( 5 .7m). I n A rgyll t his w as r educed t o 1 5 f t 9 ( 4.8m ), a nd t he s hortest o f a ll a re t o b e s een i n t he l ast o f t he m ain a reas , N orthern I reland , w here t he a verage l ength i s n o m ore 1 3 f t 9( 4 .2m ). A p eculiar f eature o f f ive r ows i s t hat o ne o f t heir s tones w as s et u p a t r ight-angles t o t he l ine : P ergal , C otes-du-Nord , B rittany ; C abragh B a nd G neeves, b oth i n C o . C ork ; A ghmakane i n C o. A rmagh ; a nd N isabost o n t he I sle o f L ewis i n t he H ebrides. T he l atter i s s imilar t o t wo W elsh r ows i n P owys, M aen M awr a nd N ant T arw . S ome r ows m ay b e d eceptive , t he t hree s urvivors o f a o nce l onger l ine f rom w hich s tones h ave b een r emoved . I t i s i nteresting t hat q uite o ften i n S cotland t he r ow h as b een ' Christianised ' b y t oppling t he c entral p illar t o t ransform t he h eathen l ine i nto t wo i nnocuous s tanding s tones. A s ite t hat w arns a gainst t he u ncritical a cceptance o f t hree u pright p illars a s a 3 -Stone r ow i s t he v andalised m egalithic s etting k nown a s T he T hree B oys ( SX 6 60 8 53) o n D artmoor . O ne s tone s urvives, 4 f t 6 ( 1.4m ) h igh , i ts t wo p artners h aving b een d ragged a way f or g ateposts ( Worth , 1 967, 2 20). T he n ame w ould i mply t hat a 3 -Stone r ow h ad e xisted h ere b ut a s l ate a s 1 858 m any p its s till s howed w here o ther s tones h ad s tood i n ad ouble r ow , ar ow t hat h ad ' terminated i n t hree s ubstantial s tones k nown a s T he T hree B oys' ( Pettit , 1 974 , 1 53). T hey m ay h ave b een t he r emains o f a p ortal d olmen b ut , a s C rossing ( 1912, 2 42) r emarked , s uch a m egalithic t omb w ould h ave v ery u nusual i n t his p art o f D artmoor . I t i s q uite l ikely t hat t he t hree w ere t he t allest , m ost i mposing p illars a t t he e nd o f ad ouble r ow o nce 6 60 f t ( 200m ) l ong . W hat t hey w ere n ot w as a 3 -Stone r ow . D espite t hese r eservations, h owever , i t i s p robable t hat t he m a jority o f s ites w ere p ut u p a s t hey s tand t oday , t hree g reat s tones i n as traight l ine t hat o ften c limbs i n h eight t owards t he s outh . W hy t he n umber 3 s hould h ave b een c onsidered d esirable o r p owerful c an n ever n ow b e k nown b ut 3 s till s till r etains s uperstitious c onnotations, ' third t ime l ucky ', ' three c heers '. D iseased p eople w ould w alk t hree t imes c lockwise , ' deasil ', a round t he S tenness s tone c ircle i n O rkney , f ollowing t he s un 's p ath , t riple s pirals w ere c arved a t N ewgrange , t o s afeguard t hem f rom r ickets, c hildren w ere p assed t hree t imes t hrough t he M en-an-Tol i n C ornwall , a nd m en a nd w omen w ould t urn a p estle t hree t imes s unwise i n t he c upmark a t t he b ase o f a C eltic c ross i n K ilchoman c hurchyard o n I slay ( Grinsell , 1 976, 6 12 ). T here i s a lso a r ecurrence o f 3i n t he r ituals a nd m yths o f C eltic

4 70

p eople . T he c hoice o f t hree f or t he n umber o f s tones h ave b een c onsidered a m agical a nd p otent c ombination .

i n a r ow m ay

T he r ows w ere p owerful e nough t o h ave v illages n amed a fter t hem . T rillick ( tri-h ag , ' three f lagstones '), a h amlet n ear E nniskillen i n C o . T yrone , g rew u p n ear t he D erryallen r ow . I n W ales , H arold 's S tones a t T relleck ( tri-lech ) n ear M onmouth n ot o nly h as a 3 -Stone r ow b ut a lso a c arving o f t hem i n t he c hurch . O ther r ows s uch a s T he T hree S isters i n C o . D own m ay h ave p assed o n f olk-memories o f p rehistoric s un r ituals i n t he n ame o f t he n earby v illage , G reenan ( grianan , ' the p lace o f t he s un '). I t c an h ardly b e d oubted t hat a t l east a m ajority o f t hese 3 S tone r ows w ere a stronomically a ligned . T he s urveys o f t he T hor ns f rom t he 1 930s o nwards, o f A nn L ynch ( 1982) i n C ork a nd K erry , o f R uggles ( 1984, 1 988b ) i n w estern S cotland h ave d emonstrated t his c onclusively . C ountry p eople , l iving i n t he o pen a nd k nowing e very a spect o f t heir s kyline w ould h ave h ad l ittle d ifficulty i n d eciding w here t he s un o r m oon c ould b est b e s een a nd t he a rchitecture o f t he r ows r eflects t his f amiliarity . T he 3 -Stone r ow a t D rumtroddan i n W igtownshire , a ligned t owards t he m idsummer s unrise , s tood v ery c lose t o ar ock c overed i n c upmarks, c oncentric c ircles a nd c hannels. T here i s s lowly-emerging e vidence t hat s uch m otifs w ere c onnected w ith s olar a nd l unar e vents. A s a n e xample , H arold 's S tones a t T relleck s tand i n aN E-SW l ine 3 9 f t ( 12m ) l ong , t he t allest , 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m) h igh , l eading t he e ye t owards t he s outh-west. T oday a ll t hree o f t hese c oarse , p impled c olumns l ean l ike n inepins r ocked b y ag ale b ut t heir a lignment i s u nmistakeable . U nusually i t i s t he c entral p illar t hat i s d ecorated , h aving t wo c upmarks o n i ts s outh-west f ace . L ess u nusually , a lmost p redictably , t his i s t he f ace t hat l ooks t owards t he m idwinter s unset . T here i s a n a pparent d ifference i n t he c elestial i nterests o f t he b uilders o f t he r ows, a v ery c lear p reference b eing s hown f or t he s outhern m oon i n S cotland w hereas i n s outh-west I reland i t w as t he s etting o f t he s un , p articularly a t m idwinter , t hat w as t he t arget . T he a lignments a re o nly r arely p recise . A n a verage C ork r ow w ith i ts f ar , f oresight s tone a m ere 1 f t ( 30cm ) i n t hickness s till c reated a n a rc 3° w ide o n t he h orizon , t he b readth o f s ix s olar o r l unar d iameters. W ith t he s un m oving a bout 0°. 4 d aily s uch a r ow d irected t owards t he m idwinter s unset w ould h ave p rovided a ' window ' i nto w hich t he s un w ould h ave s et f or s ome f our o r f ive d ays. T he l ines w ere f or t he d ead . O ne o f t he m ost c onvincing o f t he p rehistoric ' observatories' i s a t B allochroy o n t he l ovely K intyre p eninsula . T his s poiled r ow s tands o n a h ill t errace t hat o verlooks t he S ound o f J ura , a nd i t w as a ligned u pon t he s un . I ts s tones o riginally s tood i n l ine b oth w ith t he m idwinter s unset a nd w ith a n e normous c airn w hose c ist c an s till b e s een o n t he s ite . A s a lways, B ronze A ge p eople h ad i ntegrated a s ymbol o f l ife a nd d eath , t he s un , i nto t he p lace t hey h ad r aised f or t heir d ead .

4 71

S WINCOMBE , D evon .

S X 6 31 7 22

T hree s tanding s tones a re t o b e s een 11 2 m / iles W SW o f H exworthy a t ah eight o f 1 150 f t ( 350m) 0 .D . T hey a re 1 2 m / ile S W o f S wincombe F arm a nd 3 00 y ards ( 275m) w est o f t he R . S wincombe. H alf a m ile t o t he w est a re c ists a nd t he s ame d istance e astwards, a cross t he s teep r iver v alley, a re e nclosures a nd a t l east t wenty h ut c ircles. I t h as b een t hought t hat t he s tones m ay h ave b een a p rehistoric 3 s tone r ow t hat c ontained a s olar a lignment ( Norris, 1 983; 1 988). T he s tones, c arefully s haped , a re e ach a bout 3 f t ( 1m) h igh , a nd s tand i n a r ow a ligned 6 2° - 2 42 ° . T hey h ave b een i nterpreted a s t ethering p osts, a s g enuine m enhirs, a nd a s t rackway m arkers. T he o rientation, h owever , i s a stronomically i nteresting . ' All t hree s tones h ave f lat f aces, a nd t he l ine a long t heir f aces i ndicates a ccurately ( to 1° ) a n otch i n t he h orizon a bout 1 0 k m [ 6 m iles] a way [ presumably n ear W idecombe M oor]. T he d eclination o f t he n otch , c orrected f or r efraction, i s 1 6° 3 3 ', w hich i s s imilar t o t he d eclination o f 1 6° 3 2' o f t he l ower l imb o f t he r ising s un o n L ammas D ay i n 1 800 B C . A lthough t his r esult t herefore s upports t he a stronomical h ypothesis, i t s hould b e r egarded m ore a s a n i llustration o f t he a vailable d ata t han a s a p ositive c onfirmation o f t he a stronomical h ypothesis. M any m ore s uch s ites n eed t o b e s urveyed b efore a d efinite r esult c an b e c laimed '. T hese c autious w ords s hould b e a pplauded . A nalysis o f s ingle s ites i s a d angerous p rocedure , r elying a s i t d oes u pon p ossible i diosyncracies i n o ne m onument t hat a re n ot t o b e f ound i n s imilar s ettings. T here a re s everal r easons f or s uspecting t hat t he S wincombe s tones a re n ot p rehistoric . T he f acts t hat t he s tones a re t ooled , a nd t hat t here i s o nly o ne o ther p ossible 3 -stone r ow , t he d ubious s ite a t S tannon , a mongst t he 7 8 k nown r ows i n D evon , m ust q uestion t he a ntiquity o f t he S wincombe s etting . I t i s s ignificant t hat t hey a re n owhere m entioned a s n oteworthy b y W illiam C rossing i n h is e xhaustive G uide t o D artmoor ( 1912) a lthough h e f requently r efers t o S wincombe . N or d oes W orth i n h is D artmoor i nclude t hem a mong t he m any s tone r ows h e d escribes. T here i s s imilar s ilence i n B aring-Gould 's A B ook o f D artmoor , ( 1900), a nd i n P ettit 's P rehistoric D artmoor , ( 19/4). T hey h ave b een s uspected t o b e r emnants o f a l ine o f g uides t ones t hat o nce l ed a cross t he m oor f rom M errivale B ridge t o A shburton ( Worth , 1 967, 4 00-1). M any o f t he m arkers a long t his 1 2-mile l ong t rackway h ave b een r emoved b ut a f ew i solated s tones s urvive a nd t he t hree a t S wincombe m ay b e a mongst t hem ( Hemery, 1 11, 1 17). I f s o , t hey p robably d ate n ot f rom 1 800 B C b ut f rom A D 1 699-1700 w hen t here i s a r ecord ' towards d efraying t he c harges o f p utting u pp M oorestones o n D artmoor ... f or t he g uidence o f T ravellers p assing t hat w ay t he s ume o f £ 2.0 .0.' T he L ammas D ay a lignment w ould t herefore b e a n a stronomical i llusion . B ibliography : N orris, R . ( 1983). ' A s olar c alendrical i ndicator o n D artmoor?', P roc D evon A rch S oc 4 1, 1 23-5; i bid ( 1988), ' Megalithic o bservatories i n B ritain : r eal o r i magined?', T h : R uggles, 1 988), 2 62-76); H emery, E ., W alking D artmoor 's A ncient T racks, L ondon, 1 966.

4 72

E xcavations i n T hree-Stone R ows F RANCE B rittany ( Finistere ). K erfland . S herds, c harcoal , q uernstone . ( Morbihan). M en G uen . 1 877. C harcoal , s herds, a nimal b ones, b urnt f lints. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . K erry. C aghelkeelty . 1 977. 9 70 6 0 b e ; 7 25 5 0 b e ( c . 1 200 , 9 00 B C). D romatouk . 1 977 . 1 380 5 0 b e f rom c harcoal , 7 0 3 0 b c f rom p eat ( c . 1 700 , 7 5 B C). D romteewaken . 1 977. 1 300-1000 b e ( c . 1 600-1250 B C). P eat = A D 9 65 4 5 . W ALES D yfed . P las G ogerddan . 1 986. 1 580 7 0 b e ( c . 1 945 B C ).

C upmarks i n T hree-Stone R ows c m =c upmark ; c /r = c up-and-ring ; ( t) = t allest s tone R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o . C avan . S t. B rigid 's S tones. E ach s t h as e ms. C o . D onegal . R ashenny . S W s t ( ?) h as e ms. S COTLAND P erthshire . C owden . W SW-ENE . E NE s t h as 2 2 e ms. E ast C ult . P ossible p air . T o Eap ros s t , 1 58 e ms , 2w ith g rooves . K ilspindie . EW . Es t h as c m +g roove . S t. M adoes ' S tones. N NW (0 SSE . C ms o n Ea nd W f aces o f N NW s t . W ALES G went. H arold 's S tones. N E-SW ( t). C entral s t h as 2 e ms o n S W f ace .

4 73

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n

T hree-Stone R ows.

N ORTHERN I RELAND C o. T yrone. B eaghmore E . M dW S S ( A .S. T hom). R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o. C ork . C loonshear B eg. M dS S R ( Lynch). G lantane E ast. M in N M R ( Lynch). G neeves. E quinoctial S R ( Lynch). K ilcaskan . M in S M R ( Lynch. L ei t ry L ower . M dS S S ( Lynch). N ewcastle. S olstitial S R ( Somerville); M dW S S, M dS S R ( Lynch). R osnakilla. M aj N M R ( Lynch). C o. K erry. A rdamore. M dW S S ( Lynch). C loonsharragh . M dS S R ( Lynch). D oory . M dW S S ( Lynch). D romatouk . M dW S S ( Lynch). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allochroy. M dW S S, M dS S R ( Thom); M dW S S ( Ruggles); M aj N M R ( Hawkins). C lochkeil. N ear M dW S S, M dS S R? ( Ruggles). D uachy . N ear M in S M R , M aj N M S? ( Thom). D unamuck , N orth . N ear M aj S M R ( Ruggles). A yr. B allantrae . D eneb r ising ( Thom). D umfriesshire . D yke. M aj S M R ( Thom). I slay. B allinaby. M aj N M S ( Thom). J ura. K nockrome. M aj S M S ( Thom). S annaig . M aj S M S? ( Ruggles). L ewis. A irigh n am B idearan. M aj N M S ( Thom); M aj S M R , M aj N M S ( Ruggles). C lach a n T ürsa. M aj N M S? ( Burl) N isabost. E quinoctial S S ( Thom). M ull. A rdnacross. N ear M dW S S, C apella s etting, 1 750 B C? ( Thom). B alliscate. N ear M aj S M S; a t 3° t o t he m eridian ( Thom). G lengorm . M aj S M R? ( Ruggles). N orth U ist. B lashaval. A nomalous d eclination ( Thom ; R uggles). P erthshire. E ast C ult. E quinoctial S S ( Thom). S hetland. H amna V oe. P erhaps l unar ( Thom). S kye. C lachan E risco. S un,

' poor a lignment'

S outh U ist. R u A rdvule. M dS S R ( Thom).

4 74

( Thom).

W igtownshire . D rumtroddan. M dS S R ( Thom). T orhousekie . ' Probably s olstitial ' ( Thom); M dW S S ( Burl) W ALES D yfed . C efn G wernffrwd. P oor a lignments t o M dW S S a nd M dS S R ( Arch C amb 1 25, 1 976, 1 62. G went. H arold 's S tones. M dW S R ( Burl).

3 -STONE R OWS

B ELGIUM W gris, E rezge , n orthern L uxembourg . 3s t , E SE-WNW , a t O ppagne , t allest 8f t ( 2 .4m ) h igh . T hey s tand a t R tAs t o t he S e nd o f a 2k m 1 a lignment o f a n a llee-couverte , am enhir a nd a c h t omb , t he D olmen d e W eris . d e L aet , 1 07-9 ; S ervice & B radbery , 1 45-50 . C HANNEL I SLANDS J ersey T rois R ogues , L es , S t . P eters . L ine o f 3s t . 4 th s t 2 00 y ds ( 180m ) a way . K endrick , 1 928, 7 2 . E NGLAND B edfordshire D evil 's J ump S tone . S P 9 99 4 09. A g lacial e rratic 2 f t ( 60cm ) h , 1o f 3s tones o nce . U nusual f or t his p art o f E ngland . D yer , 5 1. C ornwall L ongstone F arm . S X 3 62 8 03 . D estr . O nce 3 l arge s t , h ead h eight , w idely s paced . B odmin S urvey . C umbria * Giant 's G rave . S D 1 57 8 11. [ L1/11]. 2 g reat s t 1 0 f t a nd 8 f t ( 3 , 2 .4m ) h igh s tand s ide b y s ide . T he l arger i s c upmarked . A3 rd s t i s r eputed t o h ave s tood h ere . H utchinson , 1 794 , I I, 5 29. S omerset * Setta B arrow , E xmoor . S S 7 26 3 80 . P ossible r ow o f 3s t w ith a 4 th a lmost a t R tAs t o t hem 2 6 f t ( 7 .9m ) f rom t heir e nd . G rinsell , 1 970 , 4 6 . F RANCE ( Brittany ) C ötes-du-Nord P ergal , L ourgat. 3 s t i n N E-SW l ine . T allest , 3 2 f t ( 10m ) ha t S W a t R tAs t o r ow . 2 m t o N E p ros s t, 2 0 f t ( 6m ) 1 , 9 m t o N E 2 m h s t . R ow m ay b e t rack-marker o ut o f v alley . G iot , 1 960 , 1 19; B url , 4 76

1 985, 4 0 , n o . 2 0 . P oul a r V arquez , P ort laChaine e n P leubian . 3s t s t i nside e mbanked e nclosure . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 14 . F inist re K erfland , P lomeur . 3s t i n N NE-SSW l ine .Exc . S herds , c harcoal a nd a q uernstone f ound b y t hem . B url, 1 985, 6 0 , n o . 6 2 . T r -Men , S t G oazec . 1s t s t , 2p ros . G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 15. I le-et-Vilaine D emoiselles , L es , S t J ust . ' Les R oches P iquees '. 2 q uartz s t , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) ho n a n E -W a xis w ith a 3 rd p ros n ear t hem . B url, 1 985, 9 2 , n o . 1 10f . L oire-Atlantique L a P auvr4drie , S t Pre e n R etz . 3g reat s t l ie i n aN NE-SSW l ine , t he b iggest , 1 9 f t ( 5.8m ) 1 , a t t he N NE . B url , 1 985, 1 02, n o . 1 23b . M orbihan G uernangoug , R ondouallec . 3s t s t i n l ine . G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 15. M en G uen , B rouel , I le a ux M oines . 3s t s tand i n aN -S l ine, t he t allest , a t t he N , 61 2 f / t ( 2m ) h . E xc . C harcoal , s herds, a nimal b ones a nd f lints f ound b y t hem i n 1 877 . B url, 1 985, 1 15, n o . 1 39f . ( Normandy ) E ure B aux-Ste-Croix . 5 09 ,60/139,50 . 3 -St. 3 p uddingstone m enhirs o n N W-SE a xis . N W =4 f t 1 0 ( 1.5m ) h , m iddle = 5 f t 7( 1.7m ), S E , p ros , 9 f t 6( 2 .9m ) 1 . B locking s tones a t b ases . B ender , 1 77 . O rne C roütes , L es , E chauffour . 2s t s t , 11 1 f t ( 3 .3m ) h+3 rd p ros 3 0m a way . A ll s andstone. B ender , 1 98-9. N ORZ HERN I RELAND A ntrim B allycleagh . D2 51 3 33 . 2m assive s t s tand 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) a part , 6f t ( 1.8m ) h . a3 rd i s p ros i n ar oadside f ence . C hart , 1 940 , 1 7. T ournagrough . J2 52 7 43 . 2f allen s t l ie 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part , 7a nd 6 f t ( 2 .1, 1 .8m ) 1 . O riginally t here w as a 3 rd s t , n ow b uried . C hart, 1 940 , 5 7 ; D a vies , 1 3, n o . 7 7. W est D ivision . J3 38 8 87 . ' The T hree B rothers '. 3 l arge p ros s t i n a l ine o nce 1 5 f t ( 4 .6m ) 1 . C hart , 1 940 , 4 7 .

4 77

A rmagh A ghmakane . J0 21 2 53 . ' The L ong S tones '. ' The H ag 's C hair '. 3 t all s t s t i n al ine, a rranged l ike t he l etter H . T he t allest i s 91 2 f / t ( 2.9m ) h . C hart, 1 940 , 7 4 . A ughadave . J0 0 . 1 9. 3 s t i n l ine, t he t allest 71 2 f / t ( 2.3m ) h . C hart , 1 940 , 7 6 . E shwary . J0 2 . 2 8. 2 s t s t, 9 f t ( 2 .7m ) a part, w ith a f allen s t b etween t hem . D avies, 9 . n o . 8 4 . D own B allyrushey . J6 26 5 23 . 1s t s t +2p ros . S ilurian g rit. 4 f t 6( 1.4m ) h . 6f t 8a nd 4 f t (2, 1 .2m ) 1 . 9f t ( 2 .7m ) 1 . J ope, 2 90 . G reenan . J1 02 4 11. ' The T hree S isters '. 2 s t s t a nd 1 p ros . A verage h eight, 51 /f 2 t ( 1.7m ). 8a nd 1 9 f t ( 2 .4 , 5 .8m ) a part. C hart , 1 940 , 1 11; J ope, 2 93. F ermanagh C antytrindle . H 2 2 . 5 5. A 3 -stone r ow , w ith 2 s t n ow m issing . S t i s 81 4 / f t ( 2 .5m ) h . T he m issing s t w ere t hrown d own a nd b uried i n t he 2 0th c entury . D avies , 1 2, n o . 6 9 ; C hart, 1 940 , 1 54 . * Drumacken . H3 62 5 15. 2 l arge s t s t, 41 4 f / t ( 1.3m ) a part, 7 a nd 51 2 f / t ( 2 .1, 1 .7m ) h . 23 /f 4 t ( 0 .8m ) a way i s a3 rd s t, 23 4 f / t ( 0 .8m ) h . C hart, 1 940 , 1 57 . * Formil . H 1 59 6 76 . J ust t o t he N o f aS tC w ith t wo c onverging s tone r ows a re 2 s t s t w ith a nother t o t he E . C hart, 1 940 , 1 45. M ontiaghroe , N W . H1 90 6 92 . S tC + 3 s t s t, 53 /, 43 4 /a 4 nd 33 /f 4 t ( 1 .8 , 1 .5, 1 .1m ) h . C hart, 1 940, 1 44 . M ontiaghroe,SE . H1 97 6 90 . 3s t s tand i n as light c urve 63 /a 4 nd 21 / 4 f t ( 2 .1, 0 .8m ) a part. T hey a re 81 /, 53 4 /a 4 nd 4 f t ( 2 .5, 1 .8, 1 .2m) h . C hart, 1 940 , 1 44. L ondonderry C lagan . C5 83 0 54. 3 t all s chist s t t oppled b y t reasure-hunters i n 1 770. 1 h as b een r e-erected , a nother l eans a nd t he 3 rd i s p ros . T his i s t he l argest, 1 2 f t ( 3 .7m ) 1 . T he s t s t i s 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h . C hart, 1 940 , 2 02 . C oolnasillagh . C7 85 0 03. Eo f ac onc S tC i s a3 -stone r ow o f w hich o nly 1 s t s tands. I t i s 11 /f 2 t ( 46cm ) h . C hart, 1 940 , 2 08. T yrone B eaghmore E . H6 84 8 43. S tC + 2 P , N E-SW , t he W s ide l ong a nd o f l ow s tones, t he E s ide a s hort 3 -stone r ow o f t all p illars . M ay , 1 953 . M cConkey , 6 0 . A stronomy : L at = 5 4 0. 7 . h or = 3 °? A z =2 19°. D ec = 23°.9. M W S S. ( These b earings a re c alculated f rom t he N E a zimuths o f T hom w ho d id n ot m ake o bservations t o t he S W b ecause o f t he c lose h orizon ). T hom A .S ., 1 980 . B eaghmore F ,G . H 6 83 8 42 . 2 P r un N E t o t he m idpoint o f 2a dj S tCs . T he E r ow i s l ong a nd c omposed o f s mall s tones . T he W r ow , n ow o nly o f 2t all s t, i s l ikely t o b e t he r emains o f a3 -stone r ow . M ay , 1 953. M cConkey , 6 0. A stronomy : A z =2 22°.5. D ecl = 22'.5. 4 78

T hom A .S., 1 980 . B eleevna B eg . H 6 93 8 28. 3 s t s t i n l ine, 7 f t ( 2.1m) a part, 4 t o 5f t ( 1.2-1.5m) h . N W-SE . G raded h ts: 4 E t, 2 f t 6 , 1f t 6 ( 1.2, 0 .8, 0 .5m).Chart, 1 940, 2 33; M cConkey , 6 3. C reevy U pper. H 2 5. 8 8. 1 s mall s t s t a nd 2 o thers p ros. C hart, 1 940 , 2 19. C ulvacullion . H 5 05 8 88. C onc S tC + S . 2c ontig S tCs. 3f t ( 1m ) S E a 3st. N W-SE . 2 8 f t 7( 8.7m) 1 . 1f t 3 , 1f t 2a nd v ery l ow ( 0 .4, 0 .3m) h . M cConkey , 5 8. D avagh . H 7 07 8 67. B y ar uined S tC a re 3 b ig s t, 2 p ros. C hart, 1 940 , 2 26 . D erryallen . H3 09 5 31. 3 s t s t, 4 f t ( 1.2m) h a nd 9 f t ( 2.7m ) a part. T his r ow s tands o nly 21 /m 2 iles S SW o f T rillick v illage ( H 3 32 5 60) w hose n ame m eans " tri-h ag", ' the t hree p illar-stones '. C hart, 1 940, 2 50 ; J oyce, 9 3; O 'Connell, 7 9. G lenmacoffer . H 5 30 8 62. 3 s t s t, 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h . O nce a ssoc w ith a S tC. C hart, 1 940, 2 24. M oymore. H 7 10 7 45. 9 S tCs + D + 3st. A t N W o f S tC c omplex 4 c ontig S tCs ( nos. 4 -7) a t c orners o f as quare. J ust t o So f S E r ing 3 s t s t. E -W . J oins d ouble r ow a t E . 1 3 f t ( 4m) 1 . M cConkey„ 6 4, f ig . 9 . T remoge S W . H 6 54 7 33. 2 S tC, 1 w ith a t ang a lig o f m assive s tones, t he o ther w ith a 3 -stone r ow 2 5 f t ( 7.6m ) a way . E NE-WSW . 1 1 f t ( 3.4m) 1 . G raded : 2f t 1 1, 2 f t 9 , 9i ns ( 0.9, 0 .6, 0 .2m) h . C hart, 2 39; M cConkey , 6 5. * Tremoge N . H6 55 7 38?. A r uined S tC w ith 3 a dj p ros s labs. C hart, 1 940, 2 39. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C avan * St B rigid ' S tones. H 0 59 3 78. 3 e rratic s andstone b oulders i n l ine. 1 S t h as 1 1 e ms, a 2 nd h as 4 , a nd t he 3 rd h as 1 . E vans, 1 966, 6 7. C ork B allindeenisk . W 7 23 8 19. 1 s t s t, 2 p ros. ? E -W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o. 1 4. B ealick . ' Laught M ahon '. W 3 51 7 27. 2 s t s t, o rig 3 s t s t. 2 0 f t 9 ( 6.3m ) 1 ? E NE-WSW . T allest c entre, 7 f t ( 2.1m) h . T o S E i s a nother s t s t. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 33, n o. 2 4. C abragh B . W 2 7. 7 9. A n a lig o f 3s t w ith 2 s t a t R tAs t o i t. K illanin & D uignan , 3 65. C anrooska . V 9 36 5 83. A r ow o f 3s t, 2e rect, 1 p ros, s tands b y a 5 S tC. T he b iggest i s p ros. t he o thers a re 21 /a 4 nd 11 / f 4 t ( 70, 4 0cm) h . O 'Nuallain , 1 984, 3 9. C arrigagulla N E . W 3 71 8 29. 3 s t s t, t he 2 o uter b roken? 1 7 f t ( 5.2m ) 1 . N E-SW . C entre t allest. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o. 1 0. C arrigagulla S W . W 3 84 8 28. 2 s t s t +Ip ros. ? N E-SW . C onlon , 1 917, 1 55, n o. 1 73; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o. 1 1. C loghboola B eg . W 3 05 8 53. 3 l arge s t l ie t o t he S o f a 5 -stone r ing . O 'Nuallain , 1 984, 3 1. C loghboola M ore. W 2 77 8 72. 3 s t s t. 1 5 f t 5 (4.7m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o. 7 . 4 79

C longaskan . V 6 44 4 46 . 1s t s t, 2 p ros . 3 4 f t 9 ( 10 .6m ) 1 . N NES SW . ? adj b oulder-burial. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o. 4 5. C loonshear B eg . W 2 64 6 82. 3 s t s t i n l ine . 1 6 f t 8 ( 5.1m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o. 2 7. A stronomy : M S S R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . * Comillane. V 9 77 2 29. 2 s t s t +1p ros . N NW-SSE . N W i s p erforated . C onlon , 1 918b , 5 8 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o. 5 6 . C oolacoosane . W 3 23 7 89. 3 s t s t . 1 8 f t 9 ( 5.7m ) 1 . S SW-NNE . C entre t allest. O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o. 1 8 . C oolavoher . W 1 91 7 53 . 3s t s t . 1 0 f t 7( 3 .3m ) 1 . N E ( tallest)-SW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 33, n o . 2 1. C oomleagh E ast. W 1 19 5 36 . 2s t s t +1p ros . 1 3 f t 1 ( 4m ) 1 . N ES W ( tallest). L ong v iew . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o. 3 9. C ullenagh . W 1 16 0 53 . 3s t s t. 1 6 f t 5( 5m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . A stronomy : A z =2 30°.6 . D ecl = 32°.2, + 33°.5. L ynch , A . 1 982, 2 06 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, n o . 4 3 . L argest a lig i n R oss C arbery a rea . I t m ay m ark t he p ass b etween N a nd S . R oberts, 5 8 . C urrakeal . V9 37 5 82. 3 s t s t. 8 f t 1 0 ( 2 .7m ) 1 . E NE-WSW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o . 3 1. D errynagree . W 1 40 6 27. 3 s t s t . 1 6 f t 5( 5m ) 1 ? N E-SW ( tallest?). 5 9 f t ( 18m ) W i s ab anked e nclosure c . 3 0 f t ( 9m ) d iameter . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 3 2 . D errynasaggart. W 1 83 7 80 . 3s t s t o n c ommanding s ite . 2 0 f t 7( 6 .3m ) 1 . W NW-ESE ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o . 1 5. D ooneens.W 3 82 8 15. 1 s t s t + 2p ros o n n atural p latform . ?N -S? I mmediately E i s s mall C w ith r adially-set s tones. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 33, n o . 1 9. E yeries. V 6 45 5 05. 2 s t s t +1p ros. a t f t 5( 5m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o . 4 3 . F anahy . V 6 51 4 48 . 1s t +2p ros. N E-SW? M acalister , 1 908 , 7 -9 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o . 4 4. F arranamanagh . V 8 25 3 85. 1 s t s t +2p ros o n t errace . ? ?O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 52, n o. 1 75. F oildarrig . V6 84 4 67 . 1s t s t + 2p ros o verlooking B ear H aven . 2 6 f t 3( 8m ) 1 ? O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o . 4 6 . G arryduff . W9 04 8 54. 3 s t s t , p acking-stones e xposed . 1 6 f t 1 ( 4.9m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). E xtensive v iew t o E . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 52 , n o . 1 74 . G lantane E ast. W 2 77 8 30 . 3s t s t o verlooking K eel R iver . 1 8 f t 8 ( 5.7m ) 1 . E NE-WSW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o. 9 . A stronomy : M in N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . G neeves. W 4 69 9 28. 3 s t s t, t heir a xes s et a cross t he r ow . 2 6 f t 6 ( 8 .1m ) 1 . W NW-ESE ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 4 . A stronomy : E quinoctial S R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982, 2 15. G ortyleagh . W 3 19 7 17. 3 s t s t . 1 5 f t 5( 4 .7m ) 1 . E NE-WSW ( tallest?). O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 2 3 . K eilnascarta . V9 93 4 53 . 3s t s t . 2 0 f t 9 ( 6 .3m ) 1 . E NE-WSW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 36, n o . 4 8 . K ilcaskan . V 8 17 5 23 . L ow 3st r ow . 1 6 f t ( 4 .9m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o. 3 8. A stronomy : M in S M S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6. K ippagh . W 2 25 8 83. 3 s t s t , l ong v iew a cross R iver B lackwater b asin . 1 6 f t 5( 5m ) 1 . N -S ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 6 . K nockagappul. W 3 46 8 31. 1 s t s t +2p ros o n as addle . ??O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 52, n o . 1 73 .

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K nockatlowig . W3 20 4 43 . 2s t s t +1p ros a t t op o f s lope. ? E NE-WSW . E xtensive N -NE o utlook . O 'Nuallain ,1988, 2 37 , n o . 5 1. K nockawaddra . W2 69 4 60 . 3s t s t . 2 2 f t 1 1 ( 7m ) 1 . N E ( tallest) S W . L ong v iews t o Ea nd N . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37 , n o . 5 0 . L eitry L ower . W1 38 . 4 88 . 3s t . 1 1 f t 3( 3 .4m ) 1 . S W-NE . C entre t allest. L ower s lopes o f N owen H ill . L ong v iews t o S W a cross r iver . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 9 ; R oberts , 5 6 . A stronomy : M S S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . L issacressig W est . W0 39 3 67. I n p rominent s ituation . 2s t s t i n w all, 1i n w all a cross l ane . E NE-WSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o . 5 3 . M aulinward . V9 75 4 38 . 3s t s t . 1 5 f t 1( 4 .6m ) 1 . N E-SW . P ossible k erb o f Cj ust t o N . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37, n o . 5 2 . M onavaddra . W1 95 6 23 . 3s t s t i n p eat . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 4 . M urrähin N orth . W0 29 3 65. 2 s t s t +1p ros o n r idge . E NE-WSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 37 , n o . 5 4 . N ewcastle . W5 77 8 04 . 3s t s t 41 /, 61 2 /a 2 nd 81 /f 2 t ( 1.4, 2 , 2 .6m ) h . S WN E . 3 3 f t ( 10m ) l ong . A stronomy : ' On l ine o f S ummer s olstitial s unrise '.Somerville, 1 923, 2 00 . A z = .230°.2, 5 0°.2 . D ecl = 23°.7 , + 24°.1. M W S S , M S S R . L ynch A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982 , 2 06 . R ossnakilla . W3 24 6 58 . 3s t s t w ith l ong v iews t o Na nd W . 2 4 f t 3 ( 7 .4m ) 1 . N E-SW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34 , n o . 2 9 . A stronomy : M aj N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . S cartbaun . W0 03 4 61. 3 s t s t w ith l ong v iews t o Sa nd W . 1 2 2 ( 3 .7m ) 1 . N E-SW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , n o . 4 7 . T ooreenglanahee . R1 74 2 07 . O nce 3 s t s t g raded i n h eight u p t o N E . T allest 4 f t ( 1.3m ) h . N ow 1 s t s t o nly . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o . 3 . T urnaspidogy . c . W 1 88 6 70 . 2s t s t +1p ros , o n s mall p latform o n h illside . ?N E-SW . L ong v iew S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 2 6 . D onegal B arnes L ower . C1 22 2 63 , Al ine o f 3s t t hat r ise i n h eight t owards t he N E . H eights : 4 , 23 4 a / nd 1 2f / t ( 1.2 , 0 .8 , 0 .15m ). L acy , 7 7 , n o . 3 58 . K illycolman . C2 82 3 34 . 3s t i n l ine o nce , n ow p ros . L acy , 8 3 , n o . 4 35. L abbadish . C2 38 0 96 . Al ine o f 3s t . N -S . T he c entral s t i s 41 4 f / t ( 1.3m ) h . T he o thers a re g ranite b oulders . L acy , 8 3, n o . 4 41. P ortleon . C1 72 2 33 . 2s t s t , a3 rd r emoved , i n aN E-SW l ine . L acy , 8 5, n o . 4 68 . R ashenny . C4 22 4 76 . 1s t s t 4f t ( 1.2m ) h . T o i ts W a nd S W a re 2 p artly b uried s t . T he S W h as 2 c ms . L acy , 8 5, n o . 4 72 . G alway G leninagh . L8 15 5 52 . 3q uartz s t s t . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. K erry A rdamore . Q5 21 0 00 . 3s t s t . N E ( tallest)-SW . 9f t 1 0 , 7f t 2a nd 7 f t ( 3 , 2 .2, 2 .1m ) h . 2 3 f t 1 1 ( 7 .3m ) 1 . 1 97 f t ( 60m ) t o N E i s s t S t 9f t 6( 2 .9m ) h . N W f ace h as s everal c ms , c ms i n c ircles a nd g rooves . A dj b oulder-burial d estr . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 , n o . 6 0 ; C uppage , 3 8 . A stronomy : M W S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . 4 81

B allygarret . Q6 85 1 01. 2 s t s t + 1p ros . E NE-WSW (biggest). E NE , s plit i n t hree , v ertical, 7 f t 2( 2.2m ) h . C entre 9 f t 2( 2.8m) h . W SW p ros, 1 0 f t 7( 3 .2m ) 1 . 1 3 f t 1 0 ( 4 .2m ) 1 . E NE-WSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 38, n o. 5 9 ; C uppage , 3 8. * Cashelkeelty . V7 47 5 75. 3 l arge s t , 1p ros. 2 0 f t ( 6.3m ) 1 . E ( tallest)-W . A longside a 5 -StC . T he t allest s t, 8 ft ( 2.4m) h , i s a t t he E . E xc . 1 977. A s ocket f or a 4 th s t w as f ound . S tC g ave 2 C -14 d ates: 9 70 6 0 b c a nd 7 15 5 0 b c , a y . c . 9 60 B C . IS tratigraphic e vidence s eems t o i ndicate t hat t he s tone r ow w as e rected s ome c enturies b efore t he c ircle '. L ynch , A . 1 981, 6 5-9 , 7 6.; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 40, n o . 6 9 . A stronomy : A z =2 62 ° . 3 , 8 2 °. 3. D ecl = 3 °. 2, + 7 °. 9 . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 07. C logher . Q3 14 0 33. S t s t + 2p ros. D estr . C uppage , 4 0 . C loonsharragh . Q5 11 1 28. 3 s t s t , e xtensive v iews t o E . 2 2 f t 1 1 ( 7m ) 1 . E NE ( tallest)-WSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 38, n o . 5 8. A stronomy : M S S R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . C urraduff. Q 7 03 0 88. 1 s t s t + 2p ros. N -S. N a nd C entre , 8f t 1 0 a nd 1 1 f t 2( 2 .7, 3 .4m ) 1 . Ss t s t 8f t 2( 2.5m ) h . 3 6 f t 5( 11.1m) 1 . d estr . b y 1 945. C uppage , 4 0 . C urraghmore . V8 01 8 19. 3 s t s t i n p eat . 8f t 1 1 ( 2 .7m ) 1 . E ( tallest)-W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 38 , n o . 6 2 . D oory. V 5 46 7 10 . 3s t s t. 2 6 f t 3( 8m ) 1 . N E ( tallest)-SW . 4 th s t a lmost i n l ine 4 3 f t ( 13m ) t o S SW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 39 , n o . 6 4 . A stronomy : A z =2 16 ° . 3 . h or = 0° . d ecl= 29 °9 . M W S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982 , 2 07. D romatouk . V9 52 7 11. 3 s t s t o n h illock . ?N E-SW ? E xc . 1 977. 2 C -14 : p eat = 7 0 3 0 b c ; c harcoal = 1 380 5 0 b c [ c . 1 700 B C ]. L ynch , A ., 1 981 , 9 7-9 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 39 , n o . 4 4 . A stronomy : M W S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . D romteewakeen . V7 61 8 08. 3 s t .? S W t allest . P ossible b oulder-burial 8 0 f t ( 24m ) t o N . E xc . 1 977. P eat n ear r ow g ave C -14 o f A D 9 65 4 5, b ut ' a d ate o f c . 1 300-1000 b c i s b eing s uggested f or t he s tone a lignments .. ' . L ynch , 1 981, 1 03-5; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 38-9 , n o . 3 . F ermoyle . V4 53 7 24 . O nce 3 s t s t , t oday o nly 2 . ?N -S. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 52 , n o . 1 76. G ortnagulla . V5 68 8 36 . 2s t s t + 1p ros. ? N E-SW . R uinous a d j c ircular e nclosure , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a cross, 2 6 f t ( 8m ) t o W . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 38, n o . 6 1. K ilkenny T he T hree F riars , S mithtown . S6 06 2 77. 3 s t s t . 1 7 f t 5( 5.3m ) 1 . N NE-SSW ( tallest). J KAS I , 2 6 ; M acalister , 1 928, 1 06; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 40 , n o . 7 1. T ipperary B arbaha . R7 68 7 59 . 3s t s t . 2 5 f t 3( 7.7m ) 1 . N E-SW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 41, n o . 7 3 . W exford W hitechurch . S7 92 1 90 . 3s t s t . 2 1 f t ( 6.4m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 41, n o . 7 5 .

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S COTLAND A r

1 . 1 .

B allochroy . N R 7 30 5 24 . [ A4/4 ]. A l ine, N E-SW , o f a3 -stone r ow , t he s ite o f al arge C o f w hich o nly t he c ist r emains. O nce 2 s maller C s a nd a s t s t i n l ine t o S W o f l arge C . a nd t he s ite o f a2 nd C a nd a s t s t. R ow i s N E-SW (tallest). 6 f t 6h , ? broken , 1 0 f t a nd 1 1 f t 6 ( 2, 3 , 3 .5m ) h . 1 6 f t 5( 5m ) 1 . S tukeley , 1 776 , p late 9 5; P SAS 4 4, 1 929-30, 3 02-3 ; H awkins, 1 973, 2 47-50 ; W ood , 1 978 , 8 4, 8 5, 8 9, 9 0 , 1 07, 1 11, 1 97, f ig . 5 .3 ; B url, 1 983, 7 -11; R uggles , 1 984, 1 85,305, K T10 . A stronomy : ( 1) A z =2 26°. h or = 0°. D ecl = 23°.6. M W S S . T hom A ., 1 966 , f ig . 9 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 7, 1 51-5, f ig . 1 2.2. ( 2). T o S W , d ecl l imits = 25°.5 t o 24°.5 M W S S . R uggles, 1 984, 2 79; ( 3) T o M aj N M R . ' The l ine i n r everse [ to t he N E ] p oints a long a n e levated h orizon t o t he e xtreme n ortherly p osition o f t he m oon ', H awkins, 1 977, 2 50 . * Clenamacrie . N M 9 24 2 85. 4 -sided s t s t 4f t 1 1 ( 1.5m ) h . C lose a t W 2 l arge b oulders . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I I, 1 975, 6 2, n o. 1 14 . C lochkeil. N R 6 57 2 44 . A 1 6 f t ( 5m ) 1l ine o f 2 s t s t w ith a 3 rd p ros b y t hem . T he t allest s t , W SW , i s 6f t 3 (1.9m ) h . C entre , 4f t 7 ( 1.4m) h . E NE , p ros, 6 f t 1 0 ( 2 .1m ) 1 . 1 8 f t 8 ( 5.7m ) 1 . R CAHM-S A rgyll I , 1 971, 6 2, n o, 1 37 ; R uggles, 1 89 ( KT27); P SAS 6 4, 1 9293 0 , 3 08. A stronomy : A z =2 27°.4 t o 2 29°.45. D ec = 22°.5. T o S W , d ecl l imits = 22°.9 t o 22°.2. N ear M W S S . T o N E , d ecl l imits =2 4°.1 t o 2 5°. M S S R? R uggles, 1 88, 1 89, 1 94, 2 71. D uachy ( Loch S eil). N M 8 01 2 06. [ A1/4 ]. 4 s t s t , 3i n N NW-SSE l ine. 4 th a s tump , 1 25 f t ( 38m ) t o E . L ine o f 3s t s t 1 6 f t ( 5.m ) 1 . N NW 9 f t 2 ( 2 .8m ) h . 8f t 1 0 ( 2.7m ) t o S SE t he c entre s t l eans a t 3 0°, 6 f t 3( 1 .9m ) h , t ip g one. 6 f t 1 0 ( 2.1m ) t o S SE a s t s t 7f t 3 ( 2 .2m ) h . T he 4 th s t w as k nocked d own a s d angerous t o c attle . R CAHM-W , A rgyll I I, 1 975, n o . 1 16 ; ( Ruggles, 1 43 ( LN22). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =1 46°.6 t o 1 49°. D ecl = 20°.7 . N ear M in . SM R . R uggles, 1 43, 1 44, 2 72-5. i bid . A z =1 46°.8 . h or = 6 °.9. D ecl = 2 1°.3 . M W S R . T hom , 1 966 , f ig . 1 0 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 7 . ( 2) ( 2) T o S E , d ecl l imits = 21°.5 t o 21°.2. S R? T o N W , d ecl l imits = 3 2°.7 t o 3 4°.8 . M aj N M S? R uggles, 1 984, 2 79. D unamuck N orth . N R 8 47 9 29. [ A2/21]. ' Dunamuck I '. 2 s t s t 81 /f 4 t ( 2.5m) h w ith a p ros s t 1 11 /f 2 t ( 3.5m ) 1b etween t hem i n ar ow a bout 1 6 f t ( 5m ) 1 . E -W . P SAS 3 8 , 1 903-4, 1 30-1; i bid 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 7, n o . 1 78 ; R uggles, 1 617- ( XU T I.) . A stronomy : A z 1 64°.2 t o 1 65°.6 . T o S SE , d ecl l imits = 31° t o 30°.6 . N ear M aj S M R . T o N NW , d ecl l imits = 3 5°.3 t o 3 5°.6. U nconvincing . R uggles, 1 984, 2 79. T he b earing o f N NW-SSE f ollows t he l ine o f l ocal t opography . R uggles , 1 45, 1 58, 2 43, 2 68-70 , 2 72, 2 75.(2) A z ( to N ) =3 46°.1. h or = 3 °. D ecl= + 35°. T hom , 1 967, 9 7 . I nveryne . N R 9 15 7 49. 3 s t s t. N E-SW (tallest). P laying-card s haped . 2 f t 7 , 3f t 3a nd 3 f t 7( 0 .8, 1 , 1 .1m) h . 1 3 f t ( 4m ) 1 . D&E , 1 963, 1 0 ; R CAHM-S ,Argyll V I, 1 988, 1 34-5, n o. 2 18 . M ealdarroch . N R 8 77 6 80 . 3s t s t i n s traight l ine E -W . F lat f aces a t R tAs t o l ine. 5 1 f t ( 15.5m ) 1 . P SAS 5 3, 1 918-19, 1 09, n o . 4 . S alachary . N M 8 47 0 40 . [ A2/26 ]. ' Bealach M or ' ( great b irches). 2 s t s t 81 / f 4 t ( 2 .5m ) ha nd a p ros s t i n ar ow a bout 1 3 f t ( 4m ) 1 . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 4, n o . 1 62 ; R uggles, 1 48 . ( AR6). A stronomy : A z =3 56°.4 t o 3 57°.8 . T o N , d ecl l imits = 3 5° t o 35°.3 . 4 83

R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79. D id n ot l ook t o Sw here l ine c ould b e t owards M aj S M R . R uggles, 1 44, 1 48, 1 52, 2 43, 2 81. U pper F ernoch . N R 7 27 8 60 . 3p ros s t , 9f t , 9f t , 8f t 6( 2 .7, 2 .7, 2 .6m ) 1 . 2s t s t n earby . P SAS 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 9, n o . 1 95 . A yr B allantrae . N X 0 87 8 18. [ G1/4]. 3 s t s t N NE-SSW . T hom , 1 967, 1 37. A stronomy : A z =1 1 °. 8 . h or = + 2 °. 7. D ec = + 36 0 . 5 . D eneb r ising . T hom , 1 967, 9 8, 1 05. D umfriesshire D yke . N T 0 84 0 36 . [ G6/4]. ' Three S tannin ' S tanes '. 3 s quat m assive b locks, i n aN NE-SSW l ine 2 8 f t ( 8.5m ) 1 , 3 , 4a nd 5 f t ( 0 .9, 1 .2, 1 .5m ) h . R CAHM-Dumfries, 1 920 , 1 45, n o . 4 26 . A stronomy : F rom T hom 's p lan . L at = 5 5'. h or = 2°? . D ec = 29 °. 9 . M aj S M R . I slay A chnacarran . N R 3 89 4 60 . 2s t s t+ p ros c entral . N -S. N s t , 8f t 1 0 ( 2 .7m ) h . C entre , p ros a cross r ow , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . Ss t 9f t 6 ( 2.9m ) h . L ine i s 2 6 f t 3( 8m ) 1 . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984 , 6 3, n o . 7 4 . R uggles, 1 80 , ' Laphroaig '. ( IS41). A stronomy : A z = 1 68 ° . 4 t o 1 69 ° . 8 . T o S E , d ecl l imits = 34 ° . 5 t o 34 ° . 3 . U nusually i naccurate . R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79 . N o t arget k nown . R uggles, 1 67, 1 69. * Ballinaby . N R 2 20 6 71. [ A7/5]. O nly 2 s t s t o f 3o rig ( Pennant , I , 2 57). L arger i s S SW o n c rest , ah uge s t 1 6 f t 1( 4 .9m ) h . 2 40 y ds ( 220m ) t o S SE a b roken s t s t , 6f t 6( 2m ) h . M issing s t p robably o nce i n b etween ' placed n early e quidistant' a ccording t o P ennant . W ood , 1 978, 1 05-6, f ig . 6 .4 ; R CAHM-S, A rgyll V, 1 984, 6 32 n o . 7 9; R itchie & H arman , 1 41. A stronomy : A z =3 29°. h or = 0°0 9 '. M a j NM S. T hom & T hom , 1 978, 1 69-70 . J ura * Knockrome . N R 5 48 7 14 t o N R 5 60 7 17. [ A6/4]. ' Ardfernal '. A p ossible 3 -stone r ow . 2w idely s paced s t s t . N NE-SSW . N NE , l eans, 4 f t 8 ( 1.4m ) h . 2 20 y ds ( 200m ) W SW , as t s t 5f t 3( 1.6m ) h . 4 90 y ds ( 450m ) W SW , at riangular b oulder , 2f t 1 1 ( 0 .9m ) h . ? Prehistoric . R CAHM-S , A rgyll V , 1 984 , 7 0-1, n o . 1 16 . R uggles, 1 63. J U3 , J U4 . L egend t hat s tones w ere t wo D anish b rothers w ho k illed e ach o ther . G rinsell , 1 976, 2 29 . A stronomy : A z =2 53 ° . 0 t o 2 53 ° . 2 . D ec =3 °. 2 . R uggles, 1 63 2 1 66, 1 72. T o C rackaig H ill . A z =2 03 ° . 4. h or = 1 °. 0 . d ecl = 30 °. 4 . M a j SM S. T hom , 1 966, f ig . 1 0 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 7. S annaig . N R 5 18 6 48. [ A6/3]. 1 s t s t + 2p ros. N NE , p ros, 8 f t 8 ( 2.6m ) 1 . C entral s t s t 7f t 4( 2.2m) h . S SW s tump , 1f t ( 0 .3m ) h , ar ecumbent f ragment i mmed t o i ts S , 6f t 4( 1 .9m) 1 . Af lat s lab a d j t o Eo f s tump , p ossibly a d isplaced c ist-cover . R ow o nce a bout 1 6 f t ( 5m ) 1 . R CAHM-S, A rgyll V , 1 984 2 7 0-1, n o . 1 16 ; R uggles, 1 65 ( JU7). A stronomy : A z =1 98 '1. 0 t o 2 02 ° . 0 . T o S W , d ecl l imits = 33 °. 1 t o 32 °. 2 . T o T o N E , d ecl l imits = 3 1 °. 6 t o 3 3 0. 3 . R uggles, 1 984, 2 79 . M a j SM S? T his i s a n i solated r ow a nd

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a n e xception t o t he ' southern r ule ' o f d eclinations b etween 19°.5 t o 30°. R uggles, 1 65, 1 66 , 1 72-3, 2 72-4 . S travanan B ay . N S 0 85 53 . [ A9/7 ]. ' Largizean F arm '. 3l arge s t s t . N W-SE (tallest). 5 f t 2 , 5f t 6 , 7f t 3( 1.6 , 1 .7, 2 .2m ) h . 2 0 f t ( 6m ) 1 . B y s ea s hore . F rom s ame f ield , 3r ivetted b ronze d aggers. P SAS 4 , 1 860-2, 3 96 . L ewis a nd H arris A irigh n am B idearan . N B 2 34 2 99. [ 1 1/5. C allanish V ]. ' Shieling o f t he P innacles '. 3s t s t c losely s et, 2 f t 6t o 3f t 6( 0 .81 .1m ) h . 3 0 f t ( 9m ) 1 . N NW-SSE . 4 th s t s t 1 00 f t ( 31m ) t o N NE . 5 th l ow s t s t 1 10 f t ( 34m ) S E o f S SE s t . R uggles, 1 984 , 8 1, L H24 ; P onting , G . & . M ., 1 977, 2 8 . S hieling c lose b y a t N B 2 32392 . D&E , 1 973, 4 8 . A stronomy : ( 1) A z =3 22°. h or = 0°.2. d ecl = + 23°.8. M aj N S S . T hom , 1 967, 9 8 . ( 2) T o S SE , d ecl l imits = 2 9°.6 t o 29°.2 . M aj S M R . T o N NW , d ecl l imits = 2 9°.9 t o 3 0°.5. M aj N M S? R uggles, 1 984, 2 79. C lach a n T ursa . N B 2 04 4 29 . [ 1 1/16 ]. ' Stone o f s adness '. A s t s t 81 /f 4 t ( 2 .5m ) ha nd 2 p ros s t i n aN W-SE l ine a bout 1 6 f t ( 5m ) 1 . R CAHMS , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 2 4, n o . 8 7 ; P onting , G . &M ., 1 977, 3 1; R uggles, 1 984, 7 7 ,(LH6). A stronomy : F rom T hom 's p lan . L at = 5 8°.3 . A z =3 33°. D ec = + 29°.4 . M aj N M S? N isabost. N G 0 41 9 73 . [ 12/2 . C lach M hic L eoid . ' MacLeod 's s tone q. S t s t 1 0 f t 6( 3 .2m ) h . 8f t 6 ( 2 .6m ) t o i ts W a re 2 s mall s t s t a t R tLs t o i ts b road f ace . E -W . R CAHM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928 , 4 3, n o . 1 35 ; F eachem , 7 8 ; R uggles, 1 984, 8 4 , L H36 , ' Horgabost '. F or c omparative s ettings s ee : C errig D uon a nd N änt T arw , P owys , W ales . A stronomy : A z =2 71°. h or = 0°.1. d ecl = 00 . 0 . E quinoctial S S . T hom , 1 967, 9 9 , 1 29, 1 30 , f ig . 1 1.5d , 1 38 . M ull A rdnacross . N M 5 42 4 91. [ MI/9 ]. 1 s t s t + 5p ros i n 2p arallel 3 -St r ows . N NE-SSW . S t s t 7f t 1 0 ( 2 .4m ) h . P ros s tones 6 t o 1 0 f t ( 23 m ) 1 . E ach r ow a bout 3 3 f t ( 10m ) 1 . 3l arge k erb-cairns b etween t hem , 1 8 f t a nd 1 3 f t ( 5.5, 4 m ) d iameter , w ith b ig k erbstones . R ows a re 1 20 f t ( 37m ) a part . D&E , 1 958 , 7 -8 ; R CAHM-W , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , f ig . 1 8 ; R uggles, 1 277- 2 43 ( ML12), r ows d o n ot f ollow l ocal t opography . A stronomy : ( 1) A z =2 06°.0 t o 2 09°.3 . T o S SW , d ecl l imits = 23°.2 t o 22°.2 . T o N NE , d ecl l imits = 3 0°.4 t o 3 1°.3 . R uggles , 1 984, 2 79. N ear M W S S . R uggles , 1 25, 1 35, 2 79. ( 2) A z =3 39° . h or = 2 °. D ecl = + 32°.7 . C apella , 1 750 B C . B ut ' Fallen a lignment '. T hom , 1 967 , 9 9 . B alliscate . N M 4 99 5 41. [ M1/8 . T obermory ]. ' Sgriob-Ruadh ' ( the r ed f urrow ). 2 b asalt s t s t , 6a nd 81 /f 4 t ( 1.8 , 2 .5m ) hw ith a p ros c entral s t 9f t ( 2 .8m ) 1 . N -S . T he l ine i s 1 61 /f 2 t ( 5m ) l ong . R CAHM-S , A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 5, n o . 9 0 . R uggles , 1 23, 2 43 . ( ML4). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =1 84°.4 t o 1 86°.2 . T o S , d ecl l imits = 28°.6 t o 28°.4 . T o N , d ecl l imits = 3 3°.2 t o 3 4°. R uggles , 1 984 , 2 79. N ear M aj S M S . R uggles, 1 23, 1 24, 2 68 , 2 72, 2 74-5, ' Preferentially o riented u pon t he s outhern l imit o f t he .. " major s tandstill" m oon '. ( 2) W ithin 3 ° o f m eridian . T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989. D ervaig D . N M 4 42 5 19. 3 s t s t i n w all , 1b roken . A pparently a r ow i n l ine w ith D ervaig 5st r ow . D&E , 1 957, 9 . 4 85

* Glengorm . N M 4 34 5 71. [ M1/7]. 3 s t s t s et i n at riangle . I n 1 882 o nly 1 s t s t . N W s t 6f t 1 0 ( 2.1m ) h . 1 3 f t ( 4m ) t o 2 nd s t a t S E , s ame h eight . 1 3 f t ( 4m) t o i ts E SE 3 rd s t , 7f t 2( 2 .2m ) h . O rig r ow N NW-SSE 3 0 f t 9 ( 9.4m ) 1 . A d] c airn . E xc . 1 987-8 . R CAHM-W , A rgyll , I II, 1 980 , 5 8, n o . 1 05; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 23 ( ML1). A stronomy : A z =1 56 ° . h or = 1°3 4 '. D ecl = 28 ° . 5. M a ] S M R? T . G lasgow A .S. 9 ,1937, 1 28-34 ; J HA 2 0 , 1 989, S 137-S149. M ingary . N M 4 13 5 52. O rig a t l east 3 s t s t . N ow 1 s t s t + 2p ros. S t s t , N W-SE a xis, 4 f t ( 1.2m ) h . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) t o S E , p ros 5 f t 7 ( 1.7m ) 1 . 3f t ( lm) t o S E , p ros, 6 f t 1 0 ( 2.1m ) 1 . R uined . N E-SW . 1s t s t 8 ft 1 0 ( 2.7m ) h . R CAHM-W , A rgyll , I II, 1 980 , 7 0 , n o . 1 11. S callastle . N M 6 99 3 82. A s t s t 4f t ( 1.2m ) ha nd 2 p ros s t i n ar ow 1 61 /f 2 t ( 5m ) 1 . R uggles, 1 28. ( ML21). N orth U ist B lashaval . ( Na F ir B hreige). N F 8 87 7 17. [ H3/8]. 2 s t s t + 1p ros. E -W . Es t , 8 5 f t ( 26m ) u p s lope , 2f t 3( 0 .7m) h . C entre s t , 1f t ( 0 .3m ) o ff l ine , p ros. W s t , 1 09 f t ( 33m ) d own h ill, 1 f t 1 0 ( 0 .6m ) h . I n p eat . T hey s tand 5 0 a nd 1 15 f t ( 15, 3 5m ) a part i n a n a lmost s traight l ine . B everidge ,E ., N orth U ist : A rchaeology a nd T opography , 1 911, 2 61; R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 8 2, n o . 2 46; R uggles, 9 9 . ( UI 1 9). T here i s al egend t hat t hey a re m en t urned i nto s tone f or d eserting t heir w ives. G rinsell , 1 976, 1 94. A stronomy : A z =1 11 ° . 8 t o 1 12 ° . 8 a nd 2 88 ° . 8 t o 2 90 ° . 6 . T o W NW , d ecl l imits = 1 1 °. 7 t o 1 2 °. 5 . R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79. A n a nomalous d eclination i n a n i solated l ine . R uggles, 1 03-4 , 1 08, 2 79. ( 2) A z =2 88 ° . 9 . h or 2° . 3 . D ecl = + 11 ° . 7. ' Perhaps r everse '. T hom , 1 967, 9 9 . O rkneys * Braeside , E day . H Y 5 64 3 71. 3 p ros s t j ust E o f s talled c airn . 4f t 9 ( 1.4m ) 1 . 1 20 f t ( 37m) t o S E , 2 nd , 4f t ( 1.2m ) 1 . 1 80 f t ( 55m) t o S E 3 rd s t , 4f t 4 ( 1.3m ) 1 . T he S tone o f S ettar , 1 5 f t 6 ( 4 .7m) h i s 12- m ile t o S , af ocal p oint i n t he l andscape . R CAHM-S O rkney & S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 5 3, n o . 2 11. * St . T redwell s C hapel , P apa W estray . K Y 4 97 5 09 . D estr . ' A h igh s tone s tanding b ehind w hich t here i s a nother s tone l ying h ollowed i n t he f orm o f am anger, a nd n igh t o t his t here i s a nother h igh s tone s tanding w ith a r ound h ole t hrough i t ... . R CAHM-S, O rkney &S hetland , I I, 1 946b , 1 86, n o . 5 43 . P erthshire C owden . N N 7 76 2 05. S t s t 6f t 4( 1.9m ) h , l eans t o E . 2a d ] s quat s t , W NW-ENE , 8f t ( 2.4m ) 1 . E NE l ow s t h as 2 2 a ns l ike E ast C ults. P SAS 2 2, 1 887-8, 2 4 ; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o. 6 . C raggish . N N 7 63 2 07. T ill 1 891 l ine o f 3s t +p air i n af ield 20 y ds ( 200m ) N E o f C raggish f arm . P SAS 4 5, 1 910-11, 5 6 , n o . 8 . E ast C ults. N O 0 72 4 20 - 0 73 4 22. 1 P2/7j2 s t s t ,E -W (taller) + 1 p ros. 6 f t 1 1 a nd 9 f t ( 2 .1 , 2 .7m ) h . 3 5 f t ( 10 .7m ) a part. 3 9 f t ( 11.9m ) t o Eal arge p ros s t , f lat-topped , w ith 1 58 a ns, 2 w ith g rooves. I t i s 6f t ( 1.8m ) o ff l ine . P SAS 1 5, 1 880-1, 8 3-5 , f igs. 1 -3 ; C oles, 1 908, 1 48-52; S tewart, 1 966, 1 42-3, n o . 1 2 .

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A stronomy : E quinoctial . Whor . =2 °.8. T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989. K ilspindie. ' Commonbank '. N O 1 75 2 48. 3 p ros s t, l argest 6 f t 4 ( 1.9m ) 1 , E -W . Es t h as c m w ith g roove. E o f t he r ow i s as mall c irc a rea, e dged w ith s tones . D&E , 1 964, 4 4; i bid , 1 973, 4 4. S t M adoes S tones . N O 1 97 2 10 .NNW-SSE . S SE s t 277E h , c entre 51 4 ,N / NW , 5f t 4 ( 0 .8 , 1 .6 , 1 .6m ) h . T he l ast h as c ms o n i ts E a nd W s ides . P SAS 1 6 , 1 881, 9 5-8 . S hetland H amna V oe. H U 2 43 8 06 . [ Z3/2 ]. ' The G iant 's S tones '. 2 a t s t , 5f t 1 0 , 7f t 1 0 ( 1.8, 2 .4m ) h . E -W . T he 3 rd a t h as g one s ince 1 774 . L ine i s 2 40 f t ( 73m ) 1 . F ojut, 5 8 ; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 981, 3 67 . A stronomy : R ow r uns 2 0°.5 a nd ' is p erhaps l unar '. D id n ot m easure h orizon . T hom & T hom , 1 978, 1 64-5; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 981, 3 67 . S kye * Clach A rd . N G 1 9. 5 2 . P ros s t 5f t 2 ( 1.6m) 1 . 7f t ( 2.1m ) t o N E a re 2b oulders 1 3 f t 6 ( 4 .1m ) a part, 3 f t 4a nd 3 f t 2 (1, l m ) 1 . R CHAM-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 04-5, n o. 6 37 . C lachan E risco . N G 4 51 4 80 . [ H7/5]. 3 a t s t, N W-SE , i n l ine 3 5 f t ( 10 .7m ) 1 . T allest a t, 5 f t 1 0 ( 1.8m ) hi s a t t he S E . R CAHM-Outer H ebrides, 1 928, 2 04, n o . 6 36 . A stronomy : A z : =1 36°.2 . h or = 1 °.7. D ecl = 21°.6. S un . ' A p oor a lignment '. T hom , 1 965, 1 3 . S ligeanach . N F 7 3 . 2 7 . S t a t 7f t ( 2 .1m ) h . 1 00 y ds ( 90m ) N NW a re 2 p ros s tones, l ying o n o ne a nother , 6f t 6a nd 6 f t ( 2, 1 .8m ) 1 . 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) E NE i s 3 rd p ros s t, 7 f t 6 ( 2.3m ) 1 . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 1 19, n o . 4 06 . S ornaichean C oir F hinn , E yre . N G 4 1. 5 2. 2 s t a t . N NW-SSE(taller). 5f t 6a nd 5 f t 8 ( 1.7, 1 .7m ) h . 1 3 f t 6 ( 4.1m ) a part. R eputedly o nce a 3 rd a t. R C [ IAN-S , O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 05, n o . 6 38 . T rotternish . n r N G 4 14 5 26 . 3s t s t, N W-SE . N W 3f t 4 , c entre 5 f t, N E 5f t 1 0 ( 1, 1 .5, 1 .8m ) h . R umoured t o b e u sed f or b oiling F inn M acCoul 's c auldron . P SAS 4 6, 1 911-12, 2 08-10 ; G rinsell, 1 976 , 1 98. S outh U ist R u A rdvule . ( Kildonan). N F 7 27 2 86 . [ H 5/3 ]. 1 s t s t a nd 2 p ros s t. R uggles, 1 06 . ( UI 5 0). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =4 6°.0 t o 4 6°.4 . D ecl = + 22°.3 . R uggles , 1 05, 1 18 , 2 72-3 . ( 2) M S S R . T hom , 1 967, 1 33 . W igtawnshire D rumtroddan . N X 3 64 4 43 . [ G3/12]. 2s t s t, e ach 1 0 f t 2 ( 3 .1m ) h . + c entral p ros. P ros i s 9f t ( 2.7m ) 1 . N E-SW . 4 3 f t ( 13m ) 1 . T here a re a dj c up-and-ring m arked o utcrops t o N W a t N X 3 62 4 47 , N X 3 77 4 44, N X 3 73 4 40 . R CAHM-S, G alloway I , 1 912, n o. 2 31; M orris, 1 979, 4 6, 4 8 , 9 3-6 ; S tell, 1 66 ; T DGNHAS 5 2, 1 977, 4 1. A stronomy : A z = 4 3°.3 . h or = 0 °.4. d ecl = + 24°.8 M S S R . T hom , 1 967, 9 8 . T orhousekie . N X 3 84 5 65. [ G3/7. T orhouse ].3 s t s t , [ G3/7 ]. N ES W (tallest). 2 f t 1 , 3f t 4a nd 4 f t 2 ( 0 .6, 1 , 1 .3m ) h . 1 6 f t 4 ( 5m) 1 . 4 15 f t ( 127m ) Eo f S tC . I n w all o n So f r oad 6 0 y ds ( 18m ) Eo f S tC i s ab oulder w ith ' an o val s moothed h ollow ' 1 3 i ns a cross b y 8i ns d eep ( 34 x 2 0cm ). R CA T IM-S G alloway , I , 1 912, 1 85, n o . 4 87

5 34 ; T DGNHAS 5 6, 1 981, 1 9-20 ; S tell, 1 65; D & E , 1 970 , 5 1. A stronomy : T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 2 2 74-5, P robably s olstitial ' A z =2 24 ° . h or = 0 °. 1. d ecl = 24 ° . 3 . M W S S W ALES D yfed C arreg B icca . S N 5 7. 3 0. 3 s t s t. D estr. 1 w as q uartz. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917, 1 39, n o. 4 14 . C efn G wernffrwd . S N 7 37 4 92. S tC , C , r ing-cairn + 3 s t o f l ocal s tone . E -W . 6f t 6a nd 1 f t 4 ( 2, 0 .4m) a part. A rch C amb 1 24 , 1 975, 1 111 3. A stronomy : 6a lignments t ested . 3st r ow - t o S W A z = 2 28 ° . 45. h or = 0 °. 1. d ecl = 24 ° . 4 . T o N E A z =5 1 °. h or = 0°6 . d ecl = + 23 ° . P oor a ligs t o M W S S a nd M S S R. A rch C amb 1 25, 1 976, 1 62-4 . * Meini-Gwyn , ( Carmarthen). S N 4 59 2 61. ' The w hite s tones'. A ll w hite q uartz. N W-SE(tallest). 8 f t 9 , 9f t 2( 2.7, 2 .8m ) h . 3 60 f t ( 110m ) 1 .Trans C armarthen A .S. 5 ; H oulder, 1 69. P las G ogerddon , ( Carmarthen). S N 6 26 8 35. 2 s t s t 1 53 y ds ( 140m) a part. 3 rd s t g one . T he s t s t o n t he s ite i s 6f t 6 ( 2m ) h . E xc . 1 986. C arbonised g rain f rom p it t o No f s t, C -14 1 580±70 b c ( c . 1 945 B C), ? from e arlier s ettlement s ite . A dj p its, a c rem , e mpty c ist. A lig o f 3m assive p ostholes, N NW-SSE . 1 3 f t ( 4m) 1 . B iggest 1f t 6( 50cm) d iameter . B arrows t o W . C harcoal = 8 20 6 0 b c , c rem , 2 00 6 0 b c . A rchaeology i n W ales 2 6, 1 986, 2 9-31; W illiams, G ., 1 988, 2 9, 8 5-7. * Yr A llor , ( Carmarthen). S N 1 38 2 66. ' The A ltar '. 2 s t s t + 1p ros 2 50 y ds ( 230m ) Wo f M eini-gwyr c ircle-henge . O f t he s t s t o ne i s f lat-topped , t he o ther p ointed . N NW-SSE t owards M eini-gwyr . J ust f ar e nough a part f or m an t o p ass t hrough . C amden , 1 695, 6 28; S tukeley , 1 776, p late 8 3 ( 2nd); A rch C amb , 1 893, 1 86-7 ; G rimes, 1 963, 1 43 ; A rchaeology i n W ales 2 7, 1 987, 1 2. G went H arold 's S tones. ( Monmouth ). S O 4 98 0 52. ' The T hree S tones'. N E-SW . O f l ocal, p impled p uddingstone . T he t allest, t he W SW , i s 1 5 f t ( 4.6m ) h . A ll l ean . T he m iddle s t , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) h , h as b een s haped a nd h as 2 l arge c ms o n i ts S W s ide . T he s tones a re s eparated S W t o c entre , 2 1 f t ( 6.4m ), a nd c entre t o N E , 8f t ( 2.4m) h . T he N E s t l eans t o N , 1 5 °, t he c entre t o S E 1 6 °, a nd t he S W 1 8° t o N . A ltogether t he l ine i s 3 9 f t ( 2m ) l ong. I t s tands c lose t o t he C hepstow r oad n ear T relleck v illage w hose n ame d erives f rom " tri-llech" , ' the t hree s tones'. A stronomy: A z =c .229 ° , h or = 0 .5 ° , d eal = 23 ° . 5. M W S S. T here i s ac arving o f H arold 's S tones o n t he p linth o f a s un-dial d ated 1 689 s tanding i n t he S W c orner o f t he c hurch . T he h eights o f t he s tones a re g iven a s 8 , 1 0 a nd 1 4 f t ( 2.4 , 3 .0, 4 .3m). A bove t hem i s w ritten , M AJOR S AXIS, a nd b elow t hem i s H IC F UIT V ICTOR H ARALDAS, ' Here H arold w as c onqueror '. T he m ythical J ack o 'Kent i s s aid t o h ave h ad a c ompetition w ith t he D evil .He w on b y t hrowing t he t hree s tones f rom Y sgyryd F awr m ountain t welve m iles a way ( Barber , C ., 1 982, 1 6). O ther

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l egends s uggest t he s ite o f t he c ontest w as c loser , a t T relech B eacon l ess t han a m ile t o t he e ast ( Grinsell, 1 976, 2 55). G iraldus C ambrensis m ay h ave s een o r h eard o f t hese s tones w hen h e w as n ear t hem i n M arch , 1 188. T he I tinerary T hrough W ales, a nd T he D escription o f W ales, b y G iraldus C ambrensis,(ed . W illiams, W .L .), E veryman , L ondon , 1 908, 1 98, n ote 1 ; A rch C amb I , 1 855, 1 20-2; i bid 9 ( 6th s eries), 1 909, 6 7-71; C rawford , 0 .G .S ., T he L ong B arrows o f t he C otswolds, G loucester , 1 925 , 2 09-10 ( plan b y D ryden); E kwall , 4 79 . A nother p ossible 3 -stone r ow a t T rillech i n L lantilio P ertholey n ear A bergavenny , c . S O 3 14 1 75, 1 3 m iles W NW , n o l onger e xists. G wynedd M oelfre . ( Caernarvon). S H 7 21 7 46 . 3s t s t , r ed , w hite a nd b lue , s aid t o b e w omen t urned t o s tone f or w innowing o n t he S abbath . G raves , T he W hite G oddess, 1 961, 7 0 [ Moeltre]; G rinsell , 1 976 , 2 61. P owys * Cerrig D uon . ( Brecks). S N 8 52 2 06 . [ W/3 . M aen M awr . ' The g reat s tone ']. ' The b lack r ock '. S tC + A + 3st r ow . 3 0 f t ( 9m ) N NE o f S tC a h uge s t s t , M aen m awr , r ectangular . 6f t ( 1.8m ) hb y 4f t 1 0 b y 3f t ( 1.5 x 0 .9) i n s ection . 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m ) t o i ts N a re 2 l ow s t , 2f t ( 0 .6m ) a part, f orming a 3st r ow , N -S , 1 9 f t ( 5.8m ) 1 . G rimes, 1 963, 1 38-9, n o . 2 7; T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 92-3 . F or c omparable a nomalous s ettings, s ee : N ant T arw , P owys; N isabost , L ewis & H arris L lidiardau m awr , L lanllugen . S J 0 2 . 0 2. ' Cae y g arreg f awr '. ' Field o f g reat s tones '. A r ow o f 3s t, 4 -5 f t ( 1.2 1.5m ) h . D estr . a round 1 870 . R CA I IM-W , M ontgomery , 1 911, 1 20 , n o . 6 08. * Nant T arw . ( Brecks). S N 8 20 2 58. [ W11/4 . U sk W ater]. ' The b ull 's b rook '. 2 S tC + 3st r ow . E SE S tC 6 8 f t ( 20 .7m ) d iam . 3 64 f t ( 111m ) t o W SW a 2 nd S tC , 6 3 f t ( 19 .2m ) d iam . 2 4 f t ( 7.3m ) t o i ts W , a nd t ang t o i ts N a rc , al arge p ros s t 1 0 f t ( 3m ) 1 . T o i ts W SW 2 l ow s t s t 1f t 5a nd 1 1 i ns ( 0 .4, 0 .3m ) h . R ow i s 1 1 f t ( 3 .4m ) 1 . G rimes, 1 963 , 1 36-7 , n os. 2 6a , b ; T hom , T hom & B url, 1 980 , 3 94-5. F or c omparable s ettings s ee : C errig D uon , P owys; N isabost , L ewis & H arris. P en y G arreg . S N 9 15 6 76. ' The s tony h eadland '. S t s t 2f t ( 0 .6m ) h+ 2p ros i n l ine , E -W , 1 2 f t ( 3 .7m ) 1 . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913 , 1 02 , n o . 4 06. Y nys M ona * Llandona . S H 5 67 7 99. 3 l ow s t i n l ine 1 00 a nd 1 50 y ds ( 90 , 1 35m ) a part . R CAHM-W , A nglesey , 1 937, 4 5b . * Llanfairynghomwy . S H 3 37 9 04 . 3s t s t . L ynch , F . 1 16 P entraeth . S H 5 30 7 82 . ' Three L eaps '. 3 s mall s t 1 2 a nd 1 5 y ds ( 11, 1 4m ) a part . R CAHM-W , A nglesey , 1 937, 1 41a .

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FOUR- TO S IX-STONE ROWS ' In t he hand o f L ewis b eforemention'd , a t t he v illage o f C lasserniss, t here i s o ne o f t hose T emples e xtremely r emarkable... D irectly s outh f rom t he C ircle , t here s tand f our O beliscs r unning o ut i n a l ine; a s a nother s uch l ine d ue e ast, a nd a t hird t o t he w est, t he n umber a nd d istances o f t he s tones b eing i n t hese w ings t he s ame'. J ohn T oland. T he H istory o f t he D ruids. 1 814 , 1 22.

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N ot a ll 4 -6 S tone r ows w ere a s d iminutive a s t he n ow-vanished r ow a t K intraw. T he D evil's A rrows n ear B oroughbridge i n Y orkshire t oday a re t hree e normous p illars o f m illstone g rit, e ach t wenty t ons o r m ore i n w eight a nd h auled s everal m iles f rom P lumpton R ocks n ear K naresborough. T hey s tand o n a g radual s lope t hat r ises f rom t he R iver U re t o t he n orth, t he t allest s tone, 2 3 f t ( 7m) h igh, a t t he f ar c rest. T he m onstrous s ize o f t hese r ain-runnelled g iants f orces a r ealisation o f t he e ffort t hat m ust h ave g one i nto t heir e rection , a nd t his i n ar egion w here m egaliths a re a lmost u nknown. O nce t here w ere f our s tones i n t he l ine b ut o ne w as p ulled d own b y t reasure-seekers i n t he 1 7th c entury a nd w as l ater d ragged i nto B oroughbridge t o m ake a f ootbridge. L ike m any

o ther s hort r ows t he D evil's A rrows h ad a ssociations

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w ith w ater a nd t he s un . A lthough n othing i s k nown a bout t he o rigins o r p urpose o f t he r ow t he l ine i s c lose t o a r iver , a nd a s l ate a s t he 1 8th c entury t he f air o f S t. B arnabas w as h eld n ear t he s tones o n m idsummer 's d ay ( Stukeley , 1 776, 7 4). N ot q uite a h undred o f t hese 4 -6 S tone r ows a re k nown , t heir d istribution b eing v ery s imilar t o t hat o f t he 3 -Stone r ows. I t i s p ossible , t herefore , t hat u ltimately t he t wo g roups w ill b e c ombined i nto a s ingle s et o f ' short r ows' w ith g reater e mphasis b eing p laced o n t heir r egional d ifferences. S outh-west I reland c ontains a s light m a jority o f t he r ows, 2 8% , w ith N orthern I reland h aving a lmost a s m any, 2 6% . A s w ith 3 -Stone r ows, h owever , i f o ne a dds t o t he l atter t he c omparable r ows i n s outhw est S cotland , t he W estern I sles a nd n orthern W ales, t he p ercentage r ises t o 5 1% , r eaffirming t he c oncentration o f t hese s hort r ows a round t he N orth C hannel a nd t he w estern s eaboards. T he a lmost c omplete a bsence o f s uch l ines i n o ther a reas i s r emarkable , o nly t wo i n t he w hole o f B rittany , s outh-west E ngland a nd W essex , f our i n n orth-east E ngland i ncluding t he D evil 's A rrows, a nd n one a t a ll i n n orth S cotland . L engths v ary f rom a n a verage o f 5 0 f t 2( 15 .3m ) f or t he f our r ows i n A rgyll d own t o 2 7 f t ( 8.2m ) i n s outh-west I reland . M ost r ows a re r oughly g raded w ith t he t allest s tone c ommonly a t t he s outh-west . I n C onnemara , h owever , a m ountainous r egion b etween G alway B ay a nd K illary H arbour , t he r ows w ere a rranged S -N , t he t allest s tone b eing a t t he n orth . S everal c ontain v ividly w hite q uartz s tones, a nd a ll o f t hem s tand i n p rominent h illside p ositions a s t hough i ntended t o b e s een f rom a c onsiderable d istance ( Gibbons & H iggins, 1 988, 6 6). O f t he 4 -6 S tone r ows o nly f our a re d ecorated , a ll o f t hem i n S cotland w here B allymeanoch h as t he d istinction o f b eing u nique a mongst t he g roups o f r ows i n w estern E urope , o f b earing c up-andr ing m arkings . M uch m ore a stronomical r esearch i s r equired b efore c onclusive s tatements c an b e m ade a bout t he a lignments i n t hese r ows b ut s ome p reliminary c omments a re p ossible . I n w hatever r egion l ittle i nterest w as s hown b y t he b uilders i n m ovements o f t he s un , a s ingle s unrise a nd t wo s unsets. C onversely , t he m oon a ppears t o h ave b een i mportant , b ut i n d ifferent w ays. I n S cotland , p articularly i n t he t he W estern I sles, s even r ows w ere d irected t owards t he s etting m oon w hereas i n I reland t he s ame n umber w ere a ligned u pon t he m oonrise . I f t his i s c onfirmed b y f urther s urveys i t w ill s trengthen t he n eed t o l ook i n m ore d etail a t t he s ubtle r egional v ariations t hat a lmost c ertainly e xist i n t hese r ows. A s w ith 3 -Stone r ows a w ord o f w arning i s n ecessary a bout t he i dentification o f as et o f s tanding s tones a s as tone r ow . O ne o f t he m ost f amous a nd i mpressive s ites i n t he f ar s outh-west o f I reland i s E ightercua i n C o . K erry . T his i s a3 0 f t ( 9m ) l ong l ine o f f our s tones g raded i n h eights o f 6 f t t o 1 0 f t ( 1.8 - 3 m ) f rom t he N E t o t he S W ( nos. 1 -4). T he s ituation i s s pectacular , t he s tones s ilhouetted o n a r idge o verlooking L ough C urrane t o t he e ast o n o ne s ide ' and

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B allinskelligs B ay, r esounding w ith t he m onotonous r oll o f t he o cean ' o n t he o ther ( JRSAI 3 2, 1 902, 3 31 ' Templenakilla '). W ith i ts g rading a nd s outh-westerly o rientation t he s etting w ould a ppear t o b e a n i ncontrovertible 4 -Stone r ow b ut a n u ntypical l ow s lab , 3 f t ( 60cm ) h igh , s et a t r ight-angles t o t he s outh s ide o f S tone 2 r aises d oubts. A s econd s tone l ay b y i t ( ibid , 3 32). T he s ite ' looks l ike p art o f ag rave c hamber , s et i n a s omewhat o val c airn ' ( Evans, 1 966, 1 29). O 'Nuallain ( 1988, 2 00) e xpressed h is o wn r eservations b ecause t he s tones ' stand o n t he p erimeter o f a d emolished s tone f ort a nd s ince s tones o f m egalithic p roportions a re s ometimes f ound m arking t he e ntrances t o a ncient e nclosures t heir s tatus m ust r emain i n d oubt '. Y et d espite t he s omewhat c oncave a rc f ormed b y t he l ine ( O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 28, f ig . 6 2) i t i s j ust a s p ossible t hat t he s tones o riginally w ere a g enuine 4 -Stone r ow t hat w as l ater i ncorporated i nto a d efensive s tructure . T he f act t hat A nn L ynch ( 1982 , 2 07) d iscovered a g ood s ightline t o t he s outh-west a nd t he t allest s tone , a ligned o n t he m idwinter s unset ( azimuth 2 27 ° . 3 , h orizon a ltitude 1° , d eclination 24 ° . 1) l ends s upport t o t his v iew . S uch i s o ne o f t he p roblems o f s tone r ow r esearch .

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K INTRAW , A rgyll

[ A2/5]

N M 8 30 0 50

T he c airn a nd s tanding s tone a t K intraw , o n a l evel t errace o verlooking L och C raignish , a re w ell-known b ecause o f t he c laims t hat t hey w ere p art o f a n i ngenious s olar o bservatory . S ee : T hom , 1 967, 1 54-6 ; M acKie , 1 974. W hat i s r arely r emarked u pon i s t he f act t hat t here w as n ot o nly a s mall k erb-circle i n t he c omplex b ut a lso a p ossible r ing-cairn a nd a 4 -stone r ow w hich h as s ince b een d estroyed . I t m ay h ave c ontained a s olar a lignment . L ate i n 1 699 t he W elsh a ntiquarian , E dward L huyd , v isited K intraw o n h is j ourney t hrough S cotland . H is s ketch o f t he s ite h as s urvived i n t he B ritish M useum t ogether w ith h is d rawing o f B allochroy b efore t he g reat c airn t here w as d ismantled . R egrettably h is n otes o f b oth s ites h ave b een e ither l ost o r d estroyed . H is d rawing o f K intraw ( fig . 1 ) s hows t he c airn , t he s tanding s tone , t he s mall k erb-cairn t o t he S W , a nd a nother , l arger c ircle , p ossibly a k erbed r ing-cairn , t o t he w est o f t he g reat c airn . E xtending f rom t he ' circle ' i n aS W d irection i s a s hort l ine o f f our s tanding s tones. W hen S tukeley ( 1776, P late 8 7h ) l ater c opied i t , h is c aption r eading , ' On a h ill a bove t he u pper-end o f L och K reigness i n A rgileshire ', h e c arelessly t ransformed t he r ow i nto o ne o f f ive s tones. I t c an b e a ssumed t hat L huyd 's s ketch i s t he m ore r eliable . S ince h is t ime t he s tone r ow h as g one a nd i t w as n ot u ntil 1 984 t he g rassy a nd w orn-down b anks o f t he ' circle ' w ere r ecognised b y a m ember o f aU niversity S tudy T our l ed b y t he w riter .( D &E , 1 985, 6 5). T here a re s everal o ther 3 -stone a nd 4 -stone r ows w ithin a f ew m iles o f t he K intraw s ite : B allymeanoch 4 -stone r ow 5 m iles t o t he s outh ; a nd 3 -stone r ows a t C lenamacrie 1 6 m iles N E ; D uachy 1 0 m iles n orth ; a nd D unamuck 8 m iles s outh . A ll t hese a re a ligned N NW-SSE a nd s eem t o p ossess l unar a lignments t owards t he m ajor n orthern m oonset ( Ruggles, 1 984 , 2 43) w hereas, i f L hyud 's s ketch c an b e t rusted , t he K intraw r ow r an N E-SW , a ligned p erhaps o n t he m idwinter s unset . Af amous c ounterpart f or t his, h owever , e xists i n t he 3 -stone r ow w ith a m idwinter s unset o rientation a t B allochroy ( Thom , 1 967a , 1 51-4) 3 2 m iles t o t he s outh o n t he K intyre p eninsula . A s N orris ( Ruggles , 1 988, 2 73) h as r emarked , ' Megalithic m an w as i nterested i n m arking t he s outhern l imits o f t he s un a nd m oon . H is i nterest i n t he w inter s olstice , r ather t han t he s ummer s olstice , m ay i ndicate .. t hat t he t urning p oint o f t he w inter s un , a ttended a s i t w as b y t he m iseries a nd d angers o f t hat h arsh , f rozen e xistence , c arried m ore s ignificance t han t he t urning p oint o f t he w elcome s ummer s un . H is o bsession w ith s outhern l unar d eclinations i s, h owever , m ore d ifficult t o u nderstand , a nd i s o nly p artly e xplained b y t he l ow e levation ( and t hus h igh p rominence) o f t he s outhern m oon '. W hat c an b e a dded i s t hat a t s ite a fter s ite t hese s olar a nd l unar o rientations i ntermingle w ith d eath , t he r ows s tanding a gainst b urial m ounds a nd c ists. T he r ow a t K intraw w as n o d ifferent . B ibliography C ampbell , D .L . & T homson , D . E dward L huyd i n t he S cottish H ighlands , 1 699-1700 , O xford , 1 963 ; P iggott , S . W illiam S tukeley . A n E ighteenth C entury A ntiguary , L ondon , 1 950 , 9 7, n ote 2 ; i bid , 2 nd e d . 1 985, 8 2; N orris, R . ' Megalithic o bservatories i n B ritain : r eal o r i magined?' ( in : R uggles, 1 988), 2 62-276.

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E xcavations i n 4 -6 S tone R ows E NGLAND Y orkshire. D evil 's A rrows. 1 725 o nwards. N o f inds. F RANCE N ormandy. ( Calvados). M ontchauvet. N o f inds. N ORTHERN I RELAND . C o . T yrone . C logherny B utterlope . 1 937. N o f inds. R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND . C o . C ork . M aughanasilly. 1 977. F lint s craper. 1 315 5 5 b e ( c . 1 610 B C). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allymeanoch . 1 977. T hree c remations. S tirling . D umgoyach ( Duntreath ). 1 972. M esolithic f lints? 2 860 2 70 b c ( c . 3 650 B C). F acade o f C lyde l ong c hambered t omb?

C upmarks i n 4 -6 S tone R ows c m =c upmark ; c /r = c up-and-ring ;

=t allest s tone .

S COTLAND A rgyll. B allymeanoch . N W-SE ( t). 2 i nner s tones h ave c ms. N W , Ef ace h as 4 6 c ms, 4 c /rs w ith g rooves, W f ace , 3 5 c ms, 3 c /rs, 1 w ith g roove . J ura . C arragh a 'Ghlinne. N E-SW . S W s t h as c ms. P erthshire . D oune . N NE-SSW ( t). T op o f 2 nd s t f rom S SW h as 2 3 c ms. I ts W f ace h as 4 c ms. T ullybannocher. N W-SE . S E s t h as 4 c ms.

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S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n 4t o 6S tone R ows E NGLAND N orthumberland . F ive K ings. V ega s etting , 1 820 B C ( Thom). Y orkshire. D evil 's A rrows. M R? ( Thom).

C entauri r ising, 3 400 B C ( Lockyer); M aj S

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C o. C ork . A rdrah . M in N M R , M in S M S ( Lynch). B eenalaght. M a j NM R ( Lynch ). C abragh . M dW S S ( Lynch). C astlenalacht. M in N M R , M in S M S ( Lynch ). D romcarra . M aj N M R ( Lynch ). D romdrasil . M dS S R ( Lynch ). F arranahineeny . M aj N M R ( Lynch ). G arrane . M aj S M S ( Lynch ). ' r ui ng . M in N M R ( Lynch ). C o . K erry . E ightercua . M dW S S ( Lynch ). K ildrellig . M aj N M R ( Lynch ). S COTLAND A rgyll. B allymeanoch . M aj N M S ( Thom); M aj N M S? ( Ruggles). E scart. M aj S M S ( Thom); M aj S M S, M aj N M R? ( Ruggles). J ura . C arragh a 'Ghlinne. M in S M S ( Thom ). L ewis. C allanish ( East, s outh a nd w est r ows, i n o rder). P leiades r ising, 1 750 B C , t rue N -S, e quinoctial S S ( Somerville); e quinoctial S R , M dS m oon a t t ransit , e quinoctial M S ( Hawkins); A ltair r ising , 1 760 B C , t rue S , e quinoctial S S ( Thom). M ull. D ervaig , N NW . C apella s etting , 1 930 B C ( Thom); M aj N M S? ( Ruggles). D ervaig , C entre . P robably M aj N M S ( Thom); M a j SM R , M aj N M S? ( Ruggles). D ervaig , S SE . M aj N M S? ( Thom ); n ear M aj S M R ( Ruggles). Q uinish . M aj S M S ( Thom). U luvalt. N ear M in S M R ( Ruggles). P erthshire . D oune . C apella r ising , 1 760 B C ( Thom). T ullybannocher . L unar? ( Thom). S tirling . D umgoyach ( Duntreath ). M dS S R ( Thom). W ALES P owys. S aeth M aen . E quinoctial S S ( Thom).

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F OUR t o S IX-STONE R OWS

N orthumberland F ive K ings. [ L3/3 ]. N T 9 55 0 01. 4 s t s t +1p ros . E NE-WSW . P ros ( ENE) 5 f t ( 1.5m ) 1 . 6 f t 6 , 6f t, 4 f t, 8 f t ( WSW ) ( 2, 1 .8 , 1 .2, 2 .4m) h . 7 9 f t ( 24m ) 1 . W SW s t a nd n ext b ut 1 s t s et a t R tLs t o r ow . R ow n ot s traight . T hree K ing 4 -Poster 1 1 m iles t o W . R ow i s s aid t o b e f ive b rothers w ho w ere k ings . G rinsell , 1 976 , 1 77 ; D yer , 2 02 . T he r ound c airn c emetery o f F ive B arrows ( NT 9 53 0 20) c ontained c remations, i nhumations, f ood-vessels , u rns , b one p ins a nd s tone t ools . A stronomy : I ndicated f oresight t o s t s t o n s kyline . A z =3 12°.6 . h or= 2 1°.3. d ecl = + 41°.1. V ega s etting , 1 820 B C . T hom , 1 967 , 9 9. Y orkshire D evil 's A rrows . [ L 6 /1 ] . S E 3 91 6 66 . ' Three G reyhounds '. ' Three S isters '. S . 3s t s t . ' There w as f ormerly f our , b ut o ne o f t hem w as d emolished s ome t ime a go ', ( Hutchinson , 1 794 , I , 2 42). N NW-SSE ( tallest). 1 8 f t , 2 1 f t , 2 2 f t 6( 5.5, 6 .4, 6 .9m ) h . 5 70 f t ( 174m ) 1 . N NW s t t o C entre s t 2 00 f t ( 61m ). C entre s t t o S SE s t 3 70 f t ( 113m ). C entre ( south ) s t r emoved . W as c . 8f t ( 2 .4m ) f rom C entre ( north ) s t . A ll m illstone g rit f rom c . 9m iles t o S . T ops n aturally w eathered . E xc . 1 725 o nwards. P acking s tones a nd c lay , n o f inds. S tones r oughly s haped . L eland , I , 9 5-6 ; C amden , 1 610 , 7 01; A ubrey , I , 1 08-12 ; S tukeley , 1 776 , 7 4 ;; P SAL 7 , 1 34-8 ; R eynolds, K ., 1 984 , 1 -2. A stronomy : A z =1 55°. h or = T°7-3 Jcl = 32°.5. C entauri r ising , 3 400 B C [ c . 2 630 b c ]. L ockyer , 1 909 , 3 69, 4 84 . A z 1 51 0 . 2 . h or = d ecl = 30°.7 . M aj S M R? T hom , 1 967, 9 . * Dunsley M oor . N Z 8 5. 1 1. S . 5s t s t , 2w ith c m. E lgee , 1 930 , 1 06 . O ld C astle H ill . N Z 6 6 . 1 0 . S . 5s t s t. W NW-ESE . 4 50 f t ( 137m ). E lgee , 1 930 , 1 06 . F RANCE ( Brittany ) A

I le et Vilaine F or t d e H aut S ve , S t A ubin-du-Cormier . 4s t s t . N W-SE . G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 13 . ( Normandy ) C alvados * Montchauvet . 3 77 ,10/ 1 141, 7 5. S . S everal s cattered q uartzite s tones , 3a re s till e rect . E xcavation o f o ne , M enhir d e H u , 3 .2m h igh , s howed i t w as s et i n al ayer o f y ellow c lay . B ender , 1 72.

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N ORTHERN I RELAND F ermanagh R atoran t d . H 3 26 4 65. S . 4l arge s t, n early i n ar ow . D avies, 1 939, 1 2, n o. 6 2. R eyfad S tones. H 1 24 4 42. S . 6 l arge p ros s t , 5h ave c rs, 6 th h eavily h ammered , 2s maller e mbedded . C hart, e t a l, 1 58 ; K illanin & D uignan , 2 73 ; J RSAI 1 3, 1 875, 4 53 ; 1 5, 1 880, 3 80 ; 4 1, 1 911, 2 5. T yrone * Clogherny B utterlope . H 4 93 4 97 . R emains o f 5S tCs. E xc . 1 937 . 4s t t o Eo f ar ing , 1b roken , 1p ros. A v h t 1f t 3( 0 .4m ). D avies, 1 939, 7 ; U JA 2 , 1 939, 3 6-43 ; C hart, 2 17 ; M cConkey , 5 8 . D oorat. H 4 93 9 68. 2 S tCs. P ossible 4st r aw , t ang . N E-SW . 2 6 f t 3( 8m ) 1 . M cConkey , 6 2. G olan t d . H6 6 . 9 4. S . 5s t s t i n l ine i n d yke . 4=c . 4f t ( 1.3m )h , 1 61 /f 2 t ( 2m )h , 3 -6 f t ( 1-1.8m ) a part. C hart, e t a l, 2 19 R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND C avan S hantemon . H4 66 0 77 . S . 4s t s t, o thers p ros . ' Finn M ac C ool 's F ingers. O 'Riordain , 1 964, 8 4 ; E vans, 1 966, 6 7 ; K illanin & D uignan , 1 47 ; M cNeill, 1 962, 1 74. C lare K nockaroura . R4 23 8 03. ' Knocknafearbreaga S tanding S tones '. 5 s t s t + 1p ros. 3 7 f t ( 11.3m) 1 . N NE-SSW . P RIA 2 4c, 1 903, 9 6-9, p l. 5 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 40, n o . 7 0 . C ork A rdragh . W0 69 5 44 . S . 4s t s t. 1 4 f t 5( 4.7m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 2 35, n o. 4 0 . A stronomy : A z. 2 37°.1. h or 1 °.8. d ecl. 18°.3. M in N M R , M in S M S. L ynch , 1 982, 2 06 . B arrahaurin . W4 52 8 24. S . O nce 5st a lig , 3 , p ros i n 1 916 . D estr . 2 0 f t 9 ( 6.3m ) 1 ? E -W . K illanin & D uignan , 1 66 ; M äcalister , 1 921, 3 04; i bid , 1 935, f ig . 1 4a ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o. 1 3 . B eenalaght. ' An S eisar '. W485 8 73. S . 5s t s t + 1 p ros. A v . 9f t ( 2.7m ) h . 3 6 f t ( 11m ) 1 . N E ( tallest)-SW . J RSAI 4 6, 1 916, 1 45-6, n o . 1 25; E vans, 1 966, 7 5; O 'Riordain , 1 964, 8 4 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o . 1 2; A BM , 3 . A stronomy : M aj N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6. C abragh t AT . W 2 78 7 98. S . 4 s t, 2 5 f t 1 0 i ns ( 7 .9m )long , N E ( tallest) SW . 1 0 f t 1 0 i ns h . ( 3.3m ). A dj 5 -StC . K illanin & D uignan ,345. O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 32, n o . 1 6. A stronomy : A z. 2 28°.7. h or 0 °. d ecl . 24°.4 . M W S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982, 2 06 C astlenalacht. W485 6 12. S . 4s t s t. 4 3 f t 7( 13.3m ) 1 . E NE ( tallest)W SW . O 'Riordain , 1 964, 8 4 ; K illanin & D uignan , 9 7 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 35, n o . 3 6. A stronomy : A z. 2 38°.1. h or 0 °. d ecl. 19°.2. M in SM S, M in N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b ; i bid , 1 982, 2 06 .

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C loghvoula . R1 58 1 43 . 3s t s t +1p ros. ? N NE-SSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 31, n o .l. D romcarra N orth . W 2 78 6 81. S . 4s t s t + 1p ros . 3 0 f t 1 0 ( 9.4m ) 1 . N E ( tallest) SW . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 07 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34, n o . 2 8 . A stronomy : M aj N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . D romdrasil. W 1 71 57 . S . 4s t s t. 1 7 f t 9( 5.4m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). N E-SW . L ynch A ., 1 982 , 2 06 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 36 , N o. 4 1. A stronomy : M S S R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . F arrannahineeny . W 2 14 6 07 . S . 4s t s t + 1p ros . 2 6 f t 7 ( 8 .1m ) 1 . N ES W ( tallest). 2 0 f t ( 6m ) S W , ? cist. L ong v iews t o S . H arbison , P ., 1 970 , 5 5; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 5 . A stronomy : M aj N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . G arrane . W4 78 9 12 .S . 3s t s t +1p ros . 2 4 f t 1 1 ( 7 .6m ) 1 . N NE ( tallest) SSW . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 07 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o . 5 . A stronomy : M aj S M S . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 . G urranes . W1 75 3 15. S . ' Three L adies ', ' Five F ingers '. 4 s t s t +1 p ros . 3 4 f t 1 0 ( 10 .6m ) 1 . E NE ( tallest, 1 4 f t [ 4 .3m ] h )WSW . S lender p illars u p t o 1 4 f t ( 4 .3m ) h . J CHAS 3 3, 1 928, f ig . 2 ; E vans , 1 966 , 7 9 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 37, n o . 5 5; R oberts, 1 4 . K nocknanagh E ast . R2 27 0 57 . 4s t s t . 4 6 f t 1 1 ( 14 .3m ). N E-SW ( tallest). J CHAS 3 9, 1 934, 2 2 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 31, n o .2 . M aughanasilly I . W1 05 0 58 . S . 5s t s t. 1 8 f t 9( 5.7m ) 1 . N E-SW . L ynch A -, 1 981, 6 9-71, 1 07 . E xc . 1 977 . F l. s craper . 1 315 5 5 b c [ c . 1 610 B C ], L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 06 .; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 34-5, n o . 3 3 . P iercetown . W6 90 5 93 . 4s t s t . 2 2 f t 7( 6 .9m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 35, n o . 3 7 ; K illanin & D uignan , 1 33 , ' Carrigaline '. R eanerre . W2 04 7 27 . S . 6s t s t . 2 2 f t 1 1 ( 7m ) 1 . N NE-SSW ( tallest). A dj 5StC . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 07 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 33, n o . 2 2 . R oovesmore . W4 50 7 02 . S . 1s t s t + 5p ros . ?N NE-SSW . K illanin & D uignan , 1 66 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 34, n o . 2 5. T ullig . ' Kerryman 's T able '. W 3 18 8 72 . 4s t s t . 1 6 f t 9 ( 5.1m ) 1 . E NEW SW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 6, n o . 6 ; i bid , 1 988, 2 31, n o .8 ; A BM , 3 . A stronomy : M in N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b7-2 6 . D onegal C arlan U pper . C l. . 3 .. L ocation u nknown . O nce 4 s t ( 3 p ros) i n N -S l ine . L acy , 9 0 , n o . 5 28 . K nocknafaugher . C0 39 3 44 . 5s t i n l ine , c entral b iggest. 4 f t 1 0 i ns h ( 1.5m ), N NE-SSW . R ow 8 4 f t ( 2 .6m ) l ong . L acy ,83, n o . 4 39 . R ashenny ( A ). C 4 18 4 82 . S . 5 -St a lig , N NE-SSW . F rom N , 1s t s t , t hen 2 t hin s t s ide b y s ide, 1 s t s t, 2 p ros s t . L acy , 8 5, n o. 4 71. G alway C rocknaraw . L6 64 5 61. 4 s t s t ( 2 q uartz). O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. D erryinver . L6 88 6 08 . S . 6s t s t, 1 = 6 f t ( 1 .8m ) h , 4 2 f t ( 12 .8m ) l ong , E -W . A dj 5StC? E vans , 1 18 ; J GAHS 2 5, 1 953-4, 9 8 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. P oundcarton . L8 87 5 53 . 2s t s t +2p ros . A ll q uartz . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 95. K erry B eale M iddle . V8 85 4 75. S . 5s t s t + 1p ros . 3 0 f t 6( 9.3m ) 1 ? N NE 4 98

( tallest)-SSW . L ynch A ., 1 982, 2 07 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 38 ,no . 5 7 . C loonsherragh . Q 5 11 1 28. 3 s t s t +2p ros . W SW (tallest)-ENE . 9f t 2 , 6 f t 1 0 a nd 6 f t 1 0 ( 2 .8 , 2 .1, 2 .1m ) h . 1 0 f t 9 ( 3 .3m ) I . J ust t o W 2 p ros, 6 f t 3a nd 7 f t 1 1 ( 1.9, 2 .4m ) 1 . C uppage , 1 986 , 3 8-9. E ightercua . V5 12 6 46 . S . 4s t s t , E -W , 2 8 f t 6( 8 .7m ) 1 . 6 -10 f t ( 1.8-3m ) h . S t s t a t R tAs + 1 p ros t o W . R emains o f c h t ? E vans , 1 966, 1 29 ; J RSAI 3 2, 1 902, 3 30 ; K illanin & D uignan , 4 55; O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 00, 2 28 f ig . 6 2. A stronomy : A z = 227°.3 . h or 1 °. d ecl = 24°.1. M W S S. L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982 , 2 07. G arrough . V 5 58 6 08 . 2s t s t +2p ros . 4 9 f t 1 1 ( 15.2m ) 1 . N E-SW ( tallest). C oad M ountain B ronze A ge c opper m ines t o N E . O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 39, n o . 6 8 . G ortacloghane . V 7 59 7 38. S . 3s t s t + 2p ros . O 'Nuallain , 1 984a , 4 9. K ildrellig . V4 08 6 37 . S . 4s t s t. 1 6 f t 5( 5m ) 1 . E NE ( tallest)-WSW . E vans, 1 966 ,130 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 39, n o . 6 7 . A stronomy : A z = 6 3°.2. h or = 1 4°.9. d ecl. 2 8°.1. M aj N M R . L ynch , A ., 1 981b , 2 6 ; i bid , 1 982, 2 07 . L imerick T omdeely N orth . R3 29 5 24 . 3s t s t +3p ros . 2 6 f t 7( 8 .1m ) 1 . N -S . O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 2 40-1, n o . 7 2 . L outh B alregan . J0 23 1 00 . D estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 1 8 , n o . 1 76 . C arrickedmond E ast. J 0 24 1 28 . D estr . B uckley , 1 986, 1 8, n o . 1 77 . C arrickedmond W est . J0 26 1 28 . D estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 1 8 , n o . 1 78 . E denakill. H 9 78 1 23 . 5s t o nce . D estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 2 0 , n o . 1 99 . R avensdale P ark . J0 98 1 57 . 4s t o nce . D estr . B uckley , 1 986 , 2 2 , n o . 2 19.

m aY o K illadangan . ' Gortbraud '. L 9 43 8 26 . S . 4s t s t +1p ros . 7f t 6 ( 2 .3m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . B y s eashore , C lew B ay . A dj S tC d estr . d e V alera &O 'Nballain , 1 964, 9 8-9 ; O 'Nuallain , 1 988 , 1 97 ; K illanin & D uignan , 4 56 . W aterford T ooreen W est . S2 45 1 17 . 4s t s t +o utlier . 1 8 f t 5( 5.6m ) 1 . N NE-SSW ( tallest). O 'Nuallain , 1 988, 2 41. n o . 7 4 . S COTLAND A rgyll ' In t he K ilmartin V alley t here a re t wo r emarkable a lignments o f c airns a nd s tanding s tones f rom K ilmartin u p t he v alley . T he f irst l ine e xtends f rom G lebe c airn a t t he N NE t o R i C ruin c airn a t t he S SW . I t i s 41 /m 2 iles l ong . T he s econd l ine f rom L ochgilphead t o D unadd i s 23 4 m / iles l ong '. P SAS 6 3, 1 928-9, 1 54-5.

4 99

B allymeanoch . N R 8 33 9 64 . [ A2/12]. S . 4s t s t . 1 -4 , N W-SE , ( tallest), 1 4 f t ( 4 .3m ) h . N os. 2 -4 h ave c ms. R ow 4 9 f t ( 15m) l ong . P air o f s t s t N NW-SSE , 1 32 f t ( 40m ) t o S W . P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 1 14-17; i bid 9 5, 1 961-2, 2 4 , n o . 1 58; e xc . 1 977, -1 7ET W Is i n s tonehole , IN, 1 04-12; D & E , 1 982, 2 2; i bid , 1 983, 2 2; R uggles, 1 984 2 1 49, ( AR15). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =3 21 ° .h or = 2°. 6. d ecl = 2 9°.1. M a jN M S. T hom , 1 971 , 5 2-3 . ( 2) T o S E2 d ecl l imits = 25 °. 8 t o 2 3 °. 7 . M W S R . T o N W , d ecl l imits = 2 8 °. 3 t o 2 9 °. 3. M a ] NM S? R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79 E scart. N R 8 46 6 67. [ A4/1]. S . I mpressive a lig . N NE-SSW . 5s t n ow , 5 f t t o 1 0 f t ( 1 .5-3m ) h . 5 1 f t ( 15 .6m ) 1 . O nce a lig w as l onger . W ide g ap b etween 2 nd a nd 3 rd s tones f rom N NE . N E s t a t rL s, 9 f t 6( 2.9m) h . T hen 1 0 f t 1 0 , 7f t 1 0 , 6f t 1 1 ( 3 .3 1 2 .4 , 2 .1m) h . 5 th s t , S W , b roken b y t ree f all, n ow 3 f t 7( 1.1m ) h . R ow 4 9ft ( 15m ) 1 .RCAHM-S, A rgyll I , 1 971 2 6 3, n o. 1 43; R uggles, 1 984 , 1 83 ( KT5). A stronomy : ( 1) A z = 2 08°. h or = 0 .5 ° . d ecl = 2 8 °. 4 . M a ] S M S. T hom , 1 971 , 5 9-60. ( 2). T o S SW , d ecl l imits = 29 °. 5 t o 2 9 °. 3 . R uggles 1 984 , 2 79. M a ] SM S. T o N NE , d ecl l imits = 3 1 °. 4 t o 3 2 °.M a ] NM R? M acharioch . N R 7 36 0 93. 3 s t s t +b oulders + p ros s tones. P SAS 6 4 , 1 929-30 , 3 19-20 , n o. 3 2. M achrihanish . N R 6 44 2 06. [ A4/15]. S . L arge C . O nce w ere s t s t t o N . A rch S cot I II, 1 831, 4 3 , ' . .. w as a ble t o a ssert t hat t he c entral c ist w as i n d irect a lignment w ith t hese s tones '. R uggles, 1 984 , 5 3 ( KT38). C aithness B roughwin S W . N D 3 11 4 06. 4 l aw s t s t c . 7 5 f t ( 23m ) N W o f t he C row 's S tone . N E-SW ( 30 °210 °) . 6 7 f t ( 20m ) 1 . W ide g ap b etween S W s t a nd o thers. B ull . C aithness F .C . 2( 1), 1 977, 3 6-7. J ura C arragh a 'Ghlinne . N R 5 12 6 64 . [ A6/6]. ' The s tone o f t he g len '. I mpressive s t s t a t S W 7f t 1 0 ( 2.4m ) h+3p ros 9 f t 2 , 7f t 1 0 a nd 7 f t 1 1 ( 2 .8, 2 .4 , 2 .4m ) 1 . S . N E-SW . 1 6 f t ( 5m) 1 . S W s t h as c ms. R uggles, 1 984 , 1 63 , J U6, ' Craighouse '. R CAHM-S, A rgyll , V ,1984 , 6 4-5, n o . 8 3. A stronomy : ' Looking s outh-west... t o t he m onolith , as mall s tanding s tone o n t he r idge b eyond i s s trikingly o bvious, b ut w hether t his a lignment i s a ccidental o r i ntentional i s d ifficult t o d etermine '. P SAS 6 6, 1 931-2, 1 49 . I ndicated f oresight t o d ip . A z =2 28 ° .h or = 2 '.6. d ecl = 20 ° . 0 . M in S M S. T hom , 1 966, f ig . 8 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 7. L ewis C allanish . [ H1/1. C allanish I ]. N B 2 13 3 30. S tC , A+ 3S = ( a) E . 5 0 f t 6( 15.4m ) 1 . 5s t . E NE-WSW . ( b ) S . 7 2 f t ( 22m ) 1 . 5s t . N -S. ( c) W . 2 9 f t 6( 9m ) 1 . E -W . 4s t . B url , 1 976, 1 48-55; P onting , G . & M ., 1 984 ; C allanish . AM ap o f t he S tanding S tones a nd C ircles.... U niversity o f G lasgow , 1 978. A stronomy : S omerville , 1 921, 2 03 . E=P leiades r ising, 1 750 B C ; S=T rue N o r S ; W=e quinoctial s unset . H awkins, 1 966, 1 85-9. E = e quinoctial M S ; S=m idsummer m oon a t t ransit ; W=e quinoctial S R . T hom , 1 967, 9 8, H 1/1. ( E) A z =7 7 0. 8 . h or = 0° . 9. d ecl = + 6 °. 9. A ltair r ising , 1 760 B C ; S= A z =1 80 °. 1 . m eridional ; A z =2 70 ° . 9. h or = 0° . 5 . d ecl =

5 00

e quinoctial s unset. P onting G . &M ., 1 984, 5 1-2. H eggie , 1 981, 2 09-12; M aj S M S, P onting , M . 1 988 2 4 27. * Cnoc n a G reana , B erneray . N F 9 22 8 19 . ' Knoll o f t he S un '. L arge g lacial b oulder + 2 s t s t +p ros s t t o t he E ' placed s o a s t o f orm t he s outhern a rc o f ac ircle '. B oulder i s 5f t ( 1.5m ) h . T he s t s t 2f t 5( 0 .7m ) t o Ei s 3f t 4( 1m ) h , o thers i s 2f t 9 ( 0 .8m ) h . P ros s t i s 3f t 2( 1m ) 1 . 7f t ( 2.1m ) 1 . R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 4 3, n o . 1 34 . M ull D ervaig N NW . [ M1/4 . D ervaig A ]. N M 4 35 5 31. ' Maol M or '. N orthernmost o f t hree 4st r ows i n i rregular N NW-SSE a lignment , a lmost 1 m ile ( 1600 m ) l ong . 3s t s t + 1p ros . N NW-SSE . N NW , p ros a cross r ow . 8 f t 2( 2 .5m ) 1 . N ext s t, 6 f t 1 0 ( 2.1m ) h , 7f t 2( 2.2m ) h , S SE 6 f t 1 0 ( 2.1m ) h . 3 2 f t 1 0 ( 10m ) 1 . R uggles, 1 984 , 1 27 ( ML9); R itchie & H arman , 1 43 ; R CAHM-S 2 A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 6-7, n o . 1 01(1). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =3 42°. h or = 0%0 . d ecl = + 31 ° . 7 . C apella s etting , 1 930 B C [ c . 1 580 b c]. T hom , 1 967, 9 9. ( 2). T o N NW , d ecl l imits = 3 0 °. 9 t o 3 1 °. 6. M a j NM S? R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79 . D ervaig C entre . N M 4 39 5 20 . [ M1/5 . D ervaig B ]. ] . S . 2s t + 3p ros, 1 b asalt , 4i n N NW-SSE l ine , 6 0 f t ( 18.3m ) 1 .7 f t 71 , 8f t 6h , 7 f t 71 , 8f t 6h , 7f t 71( 2 .4 , 2 .6, 2 .4 , 2 .6 , 2 .4m ). 3 0 f t ( 9m ) t o S SE o f r ow b ut i n l ine w ith i t i s as t s t 6f t ( 1.8m ) h . 4 00 f t ( 122m ) f urther S E i s as t s t 3f t 3( 1m ) h . D ervaig S SE 4st r ow i s 6 60 f t ( 200m) t o S SW . D ervaig C entre i s a pprox . 3 30 f t ( 100m ) Eo f t he l ong a lignment ( see D ervaig N NW ). R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 7, n o. 1 01 ( 2); R uggles, 1 984, 1 27 ( ML10); T hom , 1 966, 2 3 , f ig . 7 c . A stronomy : ( 1) p robably t o M a j SM S. T hom , 1 971 , 6 7. ( 2) T o S SE , d ecl l imits = 31 °. 5 t o 30 ° . 8. M a j S M R. To N NW , d ecl l imits = 2 7 °. 5 t o 2 8 °. 7. M a j NM S? R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79. D ervaig S SE . N M 4 38 5 16. [ M1/6 . D ervaig C ]. ' Glac M hor '. 3 s t s t +1 t o E SE . N NW-SSE . N NW s t 3f t 7( 1.1m) h . N ext s t 4f t 3( 1.3m ) h . 3 -4 f t ( 1-1.2m) h . S SE s t i s b roken b lock 3 f t 3( 1m ) h . R ow i s 2 0 f t ( 6m ) 1 . 4 th s tone n ow a g atepost , p robably r emoved f rom r ow 3 3 f t ( 10m ) t o i ts W NW . I t i s 3f t 7( 1 .1m ) h . R ow f ollows t he l ine o f t he l ocal t opography . R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 6 7, n o. 1 01(3); R uggles, 1 27, 2 43 ( ML 1 1). A stronomy : ( 1) A z =1 56 ° . 4 t o 1 57 °. 8. T o SE , d ecl l imits = 29 ° t o 28 °. 9 . R uggles , 1 984 , 2 79 . N ear M a j SM R . R uggles, 1 25, 1 34 , 1 68. ( 2) M aybe a l unar d eclination o n M aj N M S. T hom , T hom & B url, 1 989. Q uinish . [ M1/3]. N M 4 13 5 52.S. 3 s t s t + 1p ros. O nce 5 s t . N NW-SSE . S t s t 9f t 2( 2 .8m ) h . 3 3 f t ( 10m ) 1 .Ruggles, 1 984 , 1 23 ( ML2). A stronomy : A z =1 89 °. 9. h or = 2° . 6. d ecl = 29 °. 5 . M a j SM S. T hom , 1 971, 6 6-7, 7 6. R uggles , 1 984 , 3 05. U luvalt I ( Barr L eathan). N M 5 46 3 00 . 2 60 f t ( 80m ) No f b asalt s t s t 6 f t 3( 1.9m ) hw as a 4st r ow . N ow 1 s t s t +3p ros s t . N W-SE . N W s t, 7 f t 6( 2.3m ) 1 , 7f t 1 0 ( 2.4m ) 1 , t hen s t s t, h t?, S E s t 6f t 6( 2m ) 1 . R ow a pprox 3 3 f t ( 10m ) 1 . R CAHM-S, A rgyll I II, 1 980 , 7 2, n o . 1 21; R uzzles, 1 128. ( ML25). A stronomy : T o S E ,, d ecl l imits = 18 °. 5 t o 17 ' 9 . T o N W , d ecl l imits = 3 6 °. 8 t o 3 7' .3. R uggles, 1 984 , 2 79.Near M in S M R . R uggles, 1 25 , 1 37, 2 68-9.

5 01

N orth U ist S keal T raval . N F 8 53 7 07. S . 6s t . 1 50m l ong . S E-NW . D& E , 1 986 , 5 2. P erthshire D oune . N N 7 55 0 04 . [ P1/2]. G lenhead F arm . 3s t s t + 1p ros. N NES SW (tallest). 3 f t 6h , 6f t 61, 4 f t h , 6f t 6h ( 1.1, 2 , 1 .2 , 2 m ). 2 7 f t ( 8.3m ) 1 . C entral s t h as 2 3 e ms o n t op a nd 4 e ms o n W s ide . P SAS 1 6, 1 881-2, 8 7-8. A stronomy : A z =1 3 °. 5 .h or = 0° . 5 . d ecl = + 32'.7 . C apella r ising 1 760 B C ( c . 1 440 b e). T hom , 1 967, 1 00. D unruchan S tones . N N 7 89 1 62 - N N 7 92 1 74 . S . 4s t . S SW-NNE : 63 4 , M. / -, 9 ' ,5 f t ( 2.1, 2 .6, 2 .8, 1 .5m)h . T he C raigneich S tone s tands t o t heir N , a nd t here i s at all s t , 1 13 /f 4 t ( 3.4m ) h , t o t heir E . P SAS 4 5 , 1 910-11, 6 3-71 . * Tullybannocher . N N 7 55 2 25. [ P1/8. C omrie]. 2 s t s t N W-SE . E ach 4 f t 3( 1.3m ) h . 1 9 f t 6 ( 6m ) a part . S mooth E f ace o f S E s t h as 4 e ms. O rig 4 s t . B y 1 890 o nly 3 . N ow 2 . M ay h ave b een a 4 -Poster . C oles, 1 911, 5 0-1; S tewart, 1 966, 1 44-5 2 n o. 2 6 ; B url, 1 988 2 3 4 , 3 6, 1 93 .Astronomy : A z =2 96 ° . 8. h or = 5°. 3 . d ecl = + 18 ° . 2 . ' It m ight b e l unar b ut i t i s n ot a c onvincing s ite . T he s tones d o n ot l ie a long t he l ine '. T hom , 1 967, 1 00 . S tirlin& D umgoyach . N S 5 32 8 07. [ A11/1]. ' Blanefield '. S . S t s t 4f t ( 1.2m ) h+ 4p ros. N NE-SSW . 5 4 f t ( 17m ) 1 ? E xc . 1 972. M esolithic f lints? C harcoal = 2 860 2 70 b e ( c . 3 650 B C ).D & E , 1 972, 3 8-9. A r are a lig i n c entral S cotland , o thers f arther W i n A rgyll. P SAS 4 0 , 1 905-6, 3 01-4 ; F eachem , 8 7; M acKie , 1 15 ; R CAHM-S 2 S tirling , 1 963 , 6 7, n o . 5 8. A stronomy : A z =5 6 °. 7. h or = + 7'.2. d ecl = + 24 °.0 . M S S R . T hom , 1 967, 9 8. M iddleton . N S 5 61 7 66. S . D estr . W as a l ine o f s t s t , N W-SE , t he l argest a t t he N W , t he ' Law S tone o f M ugdock '. C ists i n s ame f ield . R CAHM-S, S tirling , I , 1 963, 6 8, n o. 6 3 . W ALES C lywd * Gallt y F oel. S H 8 0 . 5 5. 2 S. R ow o f 6s t s t , 2 00 y ds ( 180m) l ong , 2 03 5 y ds ( 18-32m ) a part , m eets a 2 nd o f 1 1 s t a t R tAs. N one m ore t han 2 f t ( 0 .6m ) h . R CAHM-W , D enbigh , 1 914 , 1 44-5, n o. 5 11. G wytherin S tones. S H 8 77 6 14. S . I n c hurchyard . 4s t, c 3 f t ( 1m ) h , 6 f t ( 1.8m ) a part i n al ine c 2 0 f t ( 6m ) 1 . C eltic i nscription o n t he W s tone , V INNEMAGLI F ILI/SENEMAGLI, ' The s tone o f V innemaglus, s on o f S enemaglus ', 5 th o r 6 th c entury A D . H oulder , 6 9 ; B arber , C ., 1 986, 1 0 ; L aing , L . &J . AG uide t o t he D ark A ge R emains I n B ritain, 1 979, 1 83. * Llangwm . S H 9 / . 4 5. S . R ow o f 6s t s t w ith 3 o thers a t R tAs t o i t . R CAHM-W , D enbigh , 1 914, 1 28, n o . 4 52.

5 02

D yfed L lech C iste . C armarthen). S N 5 14 2 61. S . 1 0 f t ( 3m)h s tone , 2s maller o n e ither s ide , 1 11 2 f / t ( 3 .5m ) a way . 4 th 5 3 f t ( 16m ) f urther t o S E .Houlder , 1 69 . P enmeiddyn . S M 9 2 . 3 4 . S . 4s t s t . N E-SW . 3f t ( 1m ) h . 3 6 , 3 0 , 1 8 f t ( 11, 9 , 5 .5m ) a part . R CAHM-W , P embroke , 1 925, 2 09, n o . 6 42 P ont D du . ( Cardigan). S N 3 09 1 49. ' Black b ridge '. S . As t s t a t S N 3 19 1 39. T o i ts S i s as t s t a t S N 3 12 1 41. A r ow o f s t 5 -6 f t ( 1.51 .8m) h i s t o i ts W . A nthony , 4 6; D yer , 3 32. G wynedd L lanbedr . S H 5 83 2 70 . 2s t s t , e ach i n r ailings. 1 0 f t a nd f t 6( 3 , 2 m) h . O nce ' four o r f ive b road s tones, 8 f eet h igh , s tanding u pright '. R CAHM-W , M erioneth , 1 921, 5 2, n o . 1 39 ; B owen & G resham , 6 4, n o . 5 9.. W aun O er . S H 6 17 1 12. ' Cold m eadow '. ' Ynys F aig m eini h irion ' ( island o f s tanding s tones). S . 3s t s t +2p ros. N E-SW . 2 00 f t ( 60m ). A c /m o n p ros s t a t N E . RAHMW , M erioneth , 1 921, 1 27, n o . 4 10 ; B owen & G resham , 6 2, 6 5 , n os. 7 5-9 . P owys B ryn B ras S tones . S H 9 8. 1 6 . ' Big H ill '. ' Cerrig y r h elfa ' ( hunter 's r ock ). S . 6s t s t. 5 0 f t ( 15m ) 1 . N E-SW . T allest 6 f t ( 1.8m ) h . A v d istance a part, 1 0 f t ( 3m ). 7 th j ust v isible i n b og . R CAHM-W , M ontgomery, 1 911, 9 8, n o . 5 02 . C ae G arreg . S N 9 5. 7 7. ' Stone F ield '. c . 1 890 ,1ine o f s tones t oppled . E -W . ' Like t ombstones '. O n l ow m ound , 9 0 b y 2 0 f t ( 27 x 6 m ). A ll f aced N . R iverside s tones, a v h t 7f t ( 2.1m ). R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913 , 1 45-6, n o . 6 03 . * Llanfihangel. ( Radnor). S O 1 43 5 79. S . E arth c ircle . 4s t s t n earby . A nthony , 7 8 . R hos y G elynen S tones. S N 9 06 6 30 . [ W8/1. R hosygelynnen . ' Enemy 's m oor]. S . 4s t s t + 1p ros. 1 t all s t s t +4l ow s t s t . W SW-ENE . W SW = 2 f t 3 , 2f t 3 , 4f t 1 1 , 7f t 7 +p ros ( 0 .7 , 0 .7, 1 .5 , 2 .3m ) h . 2 5 f t ( 7.6m ) l ong . R CAHM-W , R adnor , 1 913 , 1 01, n o .402 ; T hom , 1 966 , 4 5, f ig . 3 3b ; i bid , 1 967, 1 00 . S aeth M aen . ( Brecks). S N 8 33 1 54 . 'T he a rrow s tone '. S . 5s t s t, 2 l ean , + 1p ros . N NE (tallest)-SSW . 5f t , 2f t 6 , 3 , f t 6( 1.5, 0 .8, 1 .1m ) h . P ros 9 f t 6( 2 .9m ) 1 . R ow p oints t owards C errig D uon . H oulder , 1 57; B arber , C ., 1 982 , 1 2. S aeth M aen . ( Brecks). S N 9 49 6 02. [ W11/1]. ' The a rrow s tone '. 2 l ow s t s t +? 4 p ros. W SW (taller)-ENE . 2f t a nd 1 f t ( 0 .6 , 0 .3m ) h . 2 2 f t ( 6.7m ) 1 . N ot t o b e c onfused w ith p revious e ntry . A stronomy : A z =2 63 ° . h or = 3° . 8. d ecl = 1 °. 4 . E quinoctial S S. T hom , 1 966 , 4 5 , f ig . 3 3A . T recastle M ountain . ( Brecks). S N 8 33 3 11. [ W11/2. Y P igwn]. 2S tCs + 4st r ow , E NE s t m issing , t ang . N E S tC 7 6 f t ( 23m ) d iam . 1 45 f t ( 44m ) t o S W i s 2 nd S tC , 2 5 f t ( 7.6m) d iam . 5 4 f t ( 16 .5m ) t o i ts S W i s r ow , n ow o f 3l ow s t . E NE-WSW . 6 2 f t ( 18.9m ) 1 . G rimes, 1 963 , 1 35-6 , n os. 2 5a , b ; T hom , T hom & B url, 3 90-1.

5 03

Y nys M ona L lansawadra . S H 5 71 7 73 . S . 2s t s t + 3o thers, ' a r ow o f 5s mall s tones 4 50 y ards ( 410m) l ong)'. R CAHM-W , A nglesey, 1 937, 1 13a .

5 04

S INGLE ROWS OF MANY S TONES ' The " stone r ow" i s a lmost i nvariably a ssociated w ith c airns a nd k istvaens, a nd c learly h ad s ome r elation t o f uneral r ites. T he s tone s ettings a re o ften s ingle, s ometimes d ouble... U sually t he l argest s tones a re p lanted n ear t he c airn, a nd t hey d windle i n s ize t o t he b locking-stone w hich i s o f r espectable s ize'. S . B aring-Gould. A B ook o f D artmoor.

1 900, 6 0.

0 3 4 . _ -

' A

eg ee

»

•

OA

P NI N/i Ipi e I

NI H N/1 7 ,1

. 01,1 2 7 ,1 ca" , AV .

S . B aring-Gould,

1 900 , 6 0

A lthough w ell o ver a h undred l ong, s ingle r ows a re l isted i n t he G azetteer t heir d istribution i s a h ighly l ocalised o ne, a ll b ut 1 1% b eing f ound e ither i n N orthern I reland ( 52%) o r o n D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor ( 30% a nd 7 %). I solated b ut r egionally l inked e xamples e xist i n s outh-west W ales a t P arc y M eirw a nd M ynydd L lanbyther i n D yfed. T he s ingle r ows d o n ot i ntermingle w ith s hort r ows. C asual i nspection m ight i ndicate t hat i n t he n orth o f I reland t hey o verlap w ith 3 -Stone r ows b ut t his i s n ot r eally t rue. T he 3 -Stone r ows t here w ere e rected m ainly i n t he f ar n orth-eastern c orner a nd o nly e ight a re t o b e f ound i n t he i nland e nclaves o f t he U lster s tone c ircles. S ingle r ows, h owever, w ere b uilt t here, s ome 4 0 o f t hem , a nd o nly a t o ne o r t wo s ites s uch a s B eaghmore G i n C o. T yrone, i s t here a c lose c onnection b etween a l ong s ingle r ow a nd t he s horter 5 05

l ine o f t hree s tones. T he s tones i n t hese s ingle r ows a re r arely h igh . O n D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor a nd i n N orthern I reland s ome a re s o l ow a s t o b e a lmost c ompletely c oncealed i n t he s hin-high g rass. T hey t end , h owever , t o i ncrease i n h eight w hen a pproaching a c ircle o r c airn . L engths v ary g reatly i n t he t wo m a jor r egions. E ven e xcluding t he e xceptionally l ong B utterdon r ow o n D artmoor , o ver 2 000 y ards ( 1800m ) f rom e nd t o e nd , t he s ingle r ows t here a verage 8 92 f t ( 272m ) i n l ength ( Emmett, 1 11, c olumn 4 ). T his i s a lmost n ine t imes t he d istance o f t he r ows l eading t o c airns a nd s tone c ircles i n N orthern I reland w here , e ven w ithout r emoving t he a berrant D ooish l ine i n C o . T yrone , r eputedly o nce a m oor-stretching 3 200 f t ( 1000m ) l ong , t he a verage l ength i s o nly 9 6 f t 1 0 ( 29.5m ). A t elling c ontrast c an b e m ade b etween t he m ean o f 8 92 f t o n D artmoor a nd t he 6 2 f t ( 19m ) a verage o f t he w ell-known r ows a t B eaghmore i n C o . T yrone .. O ver 7 0 s ingle l ines a re r ecorded o n D artmoor w ith a f urther s even d iscovered i n r ecent y ears o n B odmin M oor 2 5 m iles t o t he w est . R ather u nexpectedly , o n a verage t he r ows t here a re 9 83 f t ( 300m ) l ong , e xceeding t heir D artmoor c ounterparts a nd p resumed p redecessors . T he N ine M aidens r ow f arther a way i s a m ere 3 50 f t ( 107m ) b ut s till a bout f our t imes t he s ize o f t he U lster l ines. O n D artmoor , f ollowing t he e xcavation o f t he C holwichtown r ow ( Eogan , 1 964) i t h as b een s upposed t hat s ome l ines m ay h ave b een l aid o ut w hile t he l andscape w as s till t ree-covered ( Fleming , 1 988, 9 4), a nd t hat t he q uite r egular s pacing o f t he r ows i ntimated t hat t he c ountryside w as a lready b eing a pportioned i nto t erritories ( ibid , 9 7). C ereal p ollen a t C holwichtown , ' the c oldest t own ', t ells o f l and c ultivation w hile t he r ow w as i n u se . W hat c an n ot b e q uestioned a bout t he r ow s, w herever t hey a re f ound , i s t heir c onsistent a ssociation w ith b urial. T his i s s uch a c ommon o ccurrence t hat i t s eems u nlikely t o b e t he r esult o f m ultip hase a ctivity a lthough i t i s q uite c onceivable t hat s tones m ay h ave b een a dded t o a n e xisting r ow o ver t he y ears . T he s inuous n ature o f t he r ows a rgues a gainst t heir h aving b een u sed a stronomically w hereas t he p ath t hey t ake , a voiding p recipitous r iver-banks a nd s teep h ills a s w ith t he S tall M oor r ow n ear S tingers H ill, m akes a g ood c ase f or t hinking o f t hem a s p rocessional w ays, ' Stones s et u p a s m emorials o r t ributes o f r espect t o t he d ead m an w ho i s b uried a t t he h ead o f t he r ow ' ( Baring-Gould , 1 907, 6 2), a n a uthor w ho f elicitously c ompared t he s tones t o ' a p rocession o f c ricketers i n f lannels s talking o ver t he m oor ' ( ibid , 6 0). O ne l ast p oint s hould b e m ade a bout t he s ingle r ows. I t i s s ometimes p roposed t hat t he l ines o n D artmoor o wed t heir d evelopment t o B reton p rototypes. S uch a n i nfluence i s i mprobable . T here a re v ery f ew s ingle o r d ouble r ows i n B rittany . A t p resent , i t i s m uch m ore f easible t o l ook f or t he a ntecedents o f t he D artmoor r ows i n t he a venues t o s tone c ircles l ike t hose t o b e f ound n ot m any m iles t o t he e ast o f D artmoor a t S tanton D rew a nd A vebury . T his a rgument w ill b e d eveloped i n t he I ntroduction t o t he s ection o n a venues .

5 06

E xcavations i n S ingle R ows E NGLAND D evon . C holwichtown W aste. 1 961. N o f inds. F RANCE B rittany ( Finistere). P enhoat. B ronze A ge a rtefacts. N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . F ermanagh . D rumskinny. 1 962. W estern N eolithic ( ?) s herds. F lint s craper . C o . T yrone. B eaghmore . 1 949 o nwards. 1 605 4 5 b c, 1 535 5 5 b c , 7 75 5 5 b c ( c. 1 980, 1 850, 9 50 B C).

C upmarks i n S ingle R ows N one r ecorded .

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n S ingle R ows E NGLAND C ornwall. N ine M aidens. D eneb r ising , 2 000 B C ( Thom ). D evon . ( Lockyer 's s tellar i nterpretations h ave b een o mitted). M errivale S E . F or l unar e xtrapolation. W ood . N ORTHERN I RELAND. C o . T yrone . B eaghmore . M dS S R? c . 1 800 B C?, M aj N M R?, c . 1 640 2 00 B C? ( A .S. T hom). W ALES D yfed. P arc y M eirw . M in N M S ( Thom).

5 07

S INGLE R OWS O F M ANY S TONES

E NGLAND C ornwall B uttern H ill . S X 1 69 8 15, S . 2 52 f t ( 77m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . B odmin S urvey I. C ardIngham M oor . S X 1 29 7 15. S .1250 f t ( 380m ) 1 . N W-SE . B odmin S urvey , I . C arneglos. S X 1 98 7 73. S . 1 94 f t ( 59m ) 1 . N -S . B odmin S urvey , I C raddock M oor . S X 2 39 7 20 . S . 8 00 f t ( 244m ) 1 . N E-SW . B odmin S urvey , I . E ast M oor . S X 2 23 7 78 . S . 1 837 f t ( 560m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . B odmin S urvey , I . L eskernick H ill. S X 1 87 7 98 . S . 1 040 f t ( 317m ) 1 . E NEWSW , B odmin S urvey I . N ine M aidens S W 9 36 6 75 - 9 36 6 76 . [ S1/9 ]. S . 9s t i n ar ow N NE-SSW . 3 50 f t ( 107m ) 1 . 5t o 6f t ( 1.7-2m ) h . 5s t s t, 2 s tumps, 1 l eans , 1p ros a nd s plit. 1 0th s t b etween n os . 7a nd 8 i s r ecent a ddition . As t s t , ' The O ld M an ; T he F iddler , T he M agi S tone ', o n ar idge 6 50 y ds ( 600m ) t o N NE i n l ine w ith t he r ow , w as s mashed b etween 1 885 a nd 1 902. I ts s tump , 6f t ( 1.8m ) 1s urvives a t S W 9 39 6 82 . B orlase , 1 769, 8 9 ; B odmin S urvey , 8 ; B arnatt, 2 21-3 ; W eatherhill, 1 985, 1 19. A stronomy : A z =2 6°.1. h or = 2 °. d ecl = + 36°.5 . D eneb r ising , 2 000 B C ( c . 1 620 b c). T hom , 1 967 , 1 00 . T rehudreth D owns. S X 1 24 7 29. S . 1 509 f t ( 460m ) 1 . E NE-WSW . B odmin S urvey I . D evon

D artmoor

B urford D own . S X 6 37 6 05. S . 1 650 f t ( 503m ) 1 . N -S . S tC . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 05-6 , n o. 3 ; P ettit, 1 35. B utterdown R ow . S X 6 54 6 08 . S . 6 280 f t ( 1914m ) 1 . W -E . O nce o ver 2 000 S t. B . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 05, n o . 2 ; P ettit, 1 35-6 ; T DA 2 4 , 1 892, 4 02-3 . C holwich T own W aste . S X 5 83 6 23 . [ S2/7 . L ee M oor ]. D estr . S tC + S . 7 05 f t ( 215m ) 1 . 9 1 s t. N NE-SSW . S tC. W orth , 1 967, 2 08, n o . 1 0 . E xc . 1 961. N o f inds. P PS 3 0 , 1 964, 2 5-38 . E rected i n f orest c learing . P PS 3 5. 1 969, 2 03-19. T DA 2 4 , 1 892, 4 01; W orth , 1 946, 2 90 ; E mmett, 9 6 , 1 05, 1 07 , 1 11, n o . 1 0 .. ' A v ery f ine s ingle r ow '. C ocks T or . S X 5 30 7 60 f t ( 232m ). S . D estr . W orth , 1 967 ,218 , n o . 3 1; T DA25, 5 44-6 . C olfiF rfor , w estern m ember . S X 5 58 6 21. S . 2 16 f t ( 66m ) 1 . N -S . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 08, n o . 1 1. C ollard T or , e astern m ember . S X 5 59 6 21. S . 2 75 f t ( 84m ) 1 . N -S . S tC . W orth , 1 967 , 2 08 , n o . 1 2 ; P ettit, 1 32 .

5 08

C orringdon B all ( A ). S X 6 67 6 12. S . 5 07 f t ( 155m ) 1 . N E-SW . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 31-2, n o. 5 7 ; E mmett, 1 07 ; T DA 2 4, 4 04-5. D own T or . ' Hingston H ill '. S X 5 90 6 94. - 7-1 7 145 f t ( 349m ) 1 . 1 60 s t. E NE-WSW . S tC. T . W orth , 1 967, 2 12, n o . 2 0 ; P ettit, 1 28 ; T DA 2 4 3 98-400 . D rizzlecombe ( B). S X 5 92 6 71. S . 4 91 f t 1 50m ) 1 . N E-SW . S tC . T . W orth , 1 967, 1 0 , n o. 1 8 ; T DA 2 4 4 00-1. D rizzlecombe ( C). S X 5 93 7737 S . 2 76 f t ( 84m ) 1 . N E-SW . S tC . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 10-12, n o . 1 9. G lasscombe B all. S X 6 59 6 05. S . 2 76 f t ( 84m ) 1 . N E-SW . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 06, n o . 6 ; E mmett, 9 8 ; T DA 2 4, 4 03-4. H arter g roup , s outhern r ow . S X 5 77 7 17. S . 1 65 f t ( 50m ) 1 . E NE-WSW . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 13, n o . 2 3 ; T DA 2 4, 3 96-8 . L akehead H ill, n ear s ummit. S X 6 44 7 78. S . 4 4 f t ( 13.4m ) 1 . C urved . ' E-W '. R estored . S tC?. C ist. W orth , 1 967, 2 29-30 , n o . 5 1. L akehead H ill, S X 6 43 7 78. S . 6 0 f t ( 18.3m ) 1 . E NE-WSW . W orth , 1 967, 2 30 , n o . 5 2 L akehead S . 4 00 f t ( 122m ) 1 . N -S. W orth , 1 967, 2 30 , n o . 5 3 . L angstone M oor . S X 50 7 89. S . 3 30 f t ( 101m ) 1 . N -S. B . T . L evel g round . W orth , 1 967, 2 16-18, n o . 3 0 ; P ettit, 1 31. M errivale N orth . S ee : D ouble R ows. M errivale S outh . S ee : A venues. M errivale S E . S X 5 54 7 48 . S . 1 39 f t ( 42m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . 4 1 s t. B . W orth , 1 967, 2 16, n o. 2 9 ; E mmett, 9 8 ; T DA 2 4, 1 896, 3 95-6; i bid 2 5, 5 412 . A stronomy : u sed f or l unar e xtrapolation . W ood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 312 , 1 38. O ke T or . c . S X 6 0 .89. S ? W orth , 1 967, 2 18, n o . 3 2 ; T DA 2 6, 1 894, 3 002 . S ingle o nly o nW s lope. S tC + c ist? R emains o f r ow W NW-ESE . T ? P enn B eacon S X 5 98 6 27. S . 6 6 f t ( 20 .1m ) 1 . E -W . W orth , 1 967, 2 07, n o . 8 . P iles H ill. S X 6 54 6 10 . S . 1 814 f t ( 553m ) 1 . E -W . E mmett, 9 7, 1 09, 1 11, n o . 7 0 . S harpitor . S X 5 59 7 08. S ? ? 1 . N E-SW . W orth , 1 967, 2 14, n o. 2 5 T DA 2 6 , 3 02-3 . S harpitor N W . S X 5 51 7 08. S . 4 10 f t ( 125m ) 1 . N E-SW . E mmett, 1 11, n o. 6 7. S haugh M oor . S X 5 55 6 38. S . 5 87 f t ( 179m ) 1 . N -S. S tC . W orth , 1 967, 2 08, n o . 1 3 . S huggledown ( H ). S X 6 60 8 57 . S . 5 55? f t (169m ) 1 . N NW-SSE . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 22, n o . 3 9 ; E mmett, 9 6 ; T DA 2 4, 3 91-2 . S taldon S X 6 32 6 25. S . 1 643 f t ( 501m ). L argest s tones. W orth , 1 967, 2 06-7, n o . 7 ; 1 974, 1 28-9 ; E mmett, 9 7 ; T DA 2 4, 4 02. S tall M oor - G reen H ill. S X 6 36 6 78. S . 1 1,150 f t ( 3 '4km ). V aries N NES SW - N NW-SSE . S . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 04-5, n o . 1 ; P ettit, 1 36-7 ; E mmett, 1 05. T or R oyal N ewtake . S X 6 23 7 36 .S. 9 8+ f t ( 30m ) 1 . N NW-SSE . W orth , 1 967, 2 30, n o. 5 4 . T rowlesworthy W est. S X 5 75 6 40 . S . 2 54 f t ( 77m ) 1 . E -W . S tC. T . 3 50 f t ( 107m ) W o f T rowlesworthy E ast r ow a nd S tC. W orth , 1 967, 2 09, n o . 1 5; P ettit, 1 32 ; T DA 2 4, 4 01. T wo B ridges. S X 6 10 7 44 . N -S. E mmett, 1 11, n o . 6 4 . S omerset. E xmoor . B enjamy . S S 7 37433. S . G rinsell, 1 970 , 1 89. 5 09

B rockenburrow L ane. S S 6 61 4 23. S . G rinsell, 1 970, 1 89. H oldstone D own . S S 6 20 4 76. S . G rinsell, 1 970 , 1 89. I lkerton R idge. S S 7 22 4 37. S . G rinsell, 1 970, 1 89. M attocks D own S S 6 01 4 38. ? S . 1 47 f t ( 45m ) 1 . 2t all s t s t 1 47 f t a part. ' Sixtie s ix f oote o n t he s ide o f t hese a re l ayd a r ow o r b anck o f 2 3 g reat u nformed s tones a lsoe, b ut n ot e qualling t he o ther t wo b y m uch , r eaching f rom o ne o f t hese s tones t o t he o ther i n d irect l yne '. T DA 2 4, 1 892, 4 05-7 ; G rinsell, 1 970, 4 4, 4 5. N orth R egis C ommon . ST-77 4- 4 23. S . G rinsell, 1 970, 1 89. F RANCE

( Brittany )

F inist re L agatjar , C amarets-sur-Mer . S + 2T ang . c . 6 56 f t ( 200m) 1 . 6 0 s t. N E-SW . B url, 1 985, 6 6-8, n o. 7 4 ; G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 14 . L 'Ile M olene . S . D estr . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. P enhoat e n C oray . S . 1 3 q uartz s t. E xc. B ronze A ge a rtefacts . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 15. i le-et-Vilaine C ordon d es D ruides, L e, F ougeres. S . 9 85 f t ( 300m ) 1 . 8 0 q uartz s t. N E-SW . B url, 1 985, 8 5, n o . 1 03a ; G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 13. M orbihan K ervelhug, P louhinec . S . 8s t. B url, 1 985, 1 18 , 1 47b ; G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 16 . V ieux M oulin , L e, P louharnel. S /?. B url, 1 985, 1 66, n o . 2 16. N ORTHERN I RELAND

F ermanagh B rougher . H 356 5 29. S tC , s t s t, 3 S. T o N l arge s t s t . P arallel t o i ts a xis, 3 r ows, 2 t o E , 7s t s t, 1 t o W . C hart, 1 56 ; M cConkey , 4 6 . C avancarragh . H 3 06 4 35. T ang S , S , A . C ists a nd C . O nce h ad S tC a nd t ang S o f s tones 3 f t ( 1m )h . c . 1 50 f t ( 46m ) 1 . N -S . T o S E , 2 nd S . 1 00 f t ( 30m ) 1 . N -S. J RSAI 1 4, 1 878 , 4 99 ; C hart, 1 63 ; M cConkey , 4 7, f ig . 1 2. D rumskinny . H2 01 7 07 . S tC + S . 4 9 f t ( 14.9m ) 1 . 2 4 s t s t. C . N -S. T ang t o W s ide o f S tC. P oints t o c entre o f c airn . E xc. 1 962 . W N eo(?) s herds. F lint s crapers. WA 2 7, 1 964, 2 3 ; E vans, 1 966 , 1 14 ; M cConkey , 4 5. M öntiaghroe. H 1 94 6 93, H 1 94 6 94. 3 S tCs + 2 S/Tang . C hart, 1 44 ; M cConkey , 4 5. L ondonderry B allygroll. C 5 33 1 46. S tC + S . 8 0 f t ( 24m ) 1 . E -W . D avies, 1 939 , 1 4; M cConkey , 5 1. B allyholly . W est. ( a) C 5 72 1 18. S tC + 2 S. 1 i s t ang 4 5 f t ( 13 .7m) l ong . 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part. C hart, 1 99. S ; M cConkey , 5 1. ( b ) T o S E 4s t s t , ?p art o f 2 nd c ircle . N W o f t his, l arge S tC +

5 10

3 0 f t ( 9.1m )+ l ong a lig . C hart, e t a l , 1 99. B allyholly E ast. W s ide o f h ill . C5 77 1 18. S tC + S . 7s t . N -S. 3 5 f t ( 10.7m ) l ong a lig . C hart, 1 99; M cConkey , 5 0. T yrone A ghalane . H4 95 9 20 . S . 3r uined S tCs. 3 00 y ds ( 274m ) E , d etached a lig . R uinous. 4 s t o nly. S t s t 3 5 f t ( 10 .7m ) f rom r ing , 4f t ( 1.2m ) h . 1 30 f t ( 40m ) E NE a re 3 s t s t , 1 4 f t ( 4 .3m ) 1 , r emains o f r ow . N W-SE . C hart, 2 18 ; M cConkey , 5 7. B eaghmore. H 6 85 8 42. 7 S tCs w ith r elated a ligs. J RSAI 8 3, 1 953, 1 74; E vans, 1 966, 1 98; T hom A .S. 1 980 ; B url, 1 989 . F ,G. S . 2r ows , 1S , 13 -St . N E-SW . B etween r ings. L ong l ow , E s ide , r emains o f t all 3st r ow o n W s ide . M cConkey , 6 0 . A stronomy : M S S R? c . 1 800 B C?; M a j NM R? c . 1 640 B C? A .S. T hom . C opney. H 5 99 7 82. 9 S tCs, c airn , s t s t +S . 1r ing h as r ow o f 1 0 s t S t. E SE-WNW . 5 3 f t ( 16m ) 1 . T owards c entre o f r ing . M cConkey, 6 23 , f igs. 6 , 7 . C ornamaddy . H6 85 6 98. 2 S /Tang . 2S tCs w ith t ang a ligs. C hart , 2 44, K illanin & D uignan , 3 98; M cConkey , 6 6 . C regganconroe N E . H6 63 7 58. S . C ourt-cairn . B y i t , a lig o f 9s t . K illanin & D uignan , 3 99 ; E vans, 1 966, 2 00-1. O n g ravel r idge . N o m ention o f a lig . C hart, 2 23. C . B y i t , a lig o f 9s t i n d yke ; M cConkey , 6 4 . C regganconroe S W . H6 48 7 52 . 2S tCs + ? tang , S . N W-SE . T ang t o N E r ing . M cConkey , 6 6. C ulvacullion . H5 05 8 88. S /Tang . 4S tCs, r uined C hT . C ircles o f l ow s tones. 1S tC h as q uasi-tang a lig . E -W . 1 18 f t ( 36m ) 1 . C hart , 2 24; M cConkey , 5 8. D ooish . H3 14 6 97. S . C , 2 nd C . 3 0 y ds ( 27m)E , r uined S tC + a lig o f s mall s t, 2 5-30 f t ( 7.6 - 9 .1m ) a part . C an b e t raced f or 6 86 f t ( 209m ) S E t o d yke . B eyond i s p ossibly p loughed l and . S ome s tones 1 000 f t ( 300m) f urther o n . C hart, 2 43 ; M cConkey , 6 6 . D oorat. H 4 95 9 66. 2 S tCs + S . R emains o f a lig 1 50 f t ( 46m ) l ong. 3 5 s t s t . W SW-ENE . K illanin & D uignan , 3 98. S tones 6 f t ( 1.8m) a part. A t Ee nd , ? small C . C hart, 2 16 ; M cConkey , 5 6. D unbunrawer . H4 8. 8 5. S /Tang .3 S tCs. 1w ith t ang a lig . D avies, 1 939, 7 ; M cConkey , 5 8. G lassmullagh . H3 87 8 05. 4 S tCs + 2 S/Tangs. K illanin & D uignan , 3 93 . S mall C hT . T o i ts W , r emains o f S tCs + a lig . C hart , 2 30 . 2 S/Tang . I n s mall f ield a r uined C hT . 4S tCs, 2 w ith t ang a ligs. i bid , 2 31 ; M cConkey, 6 1. G lengeen . H3 83 5 55. S tC + S /Tang . R uined S tC , p eat-covered q uasit ang a lig . C hart , 2 50 ; M cConkey , 6 7. * Meendamph . H4 58 9 76. 2 S tCs, c airn , s t s t +p oss S , t ang a nd 2 nd . M cConkey , 5 6 . O ughtboy . H5 9. 9 3 . S . 2r uined S tCs. 9 0 f t ( 27m ) Wo f Wc ircle , a lig 1 05 f t ( 32m ) l ong , N -S, n ot r elated t o e ither S tC . M ost o f i ts s tones a re t hin s labs f ew i nches h , a xes a long a lig . 1o r 2 t aller , 1n early 3 ' ( 1m )h . 4 ' ( 1.2m) t o Wa t 4 0 f t ( 12m ) f rom N e nd . C hart , 2 18 ; M cConkey , 5 8. T urnabarson . H6 8. 6 9. S . S tCs, t races o f a lig . K illanin & D uignan , 3 98. 1 S tC + a lig i n c onfusion . M aybe o thers. C hart , 2 44; M cConkey , 6 6 .

5 11

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND T ipperary

* Timoney . S1 94 8 37 . P ossible t ang a lig t o S tC . ' The a lignment o f u prights m arked o n t he m ap s urveyed i n 1 934 i s n o l onger p resent . T hey a ppear i rregularly s paced o n t he m ap a nd d o n ot r un i n a n orth-east/south-west a xis w hich i s af eature o f t he s outh-west o f I reland e xamples '. S tout , G .T ., 1 984, 1 8 . S COTLAND A rgyll ' In t he K ilmartin V alley t here a re t wo r emarkable a lignments o f c airns a nd s tanding s tones f rom K ilmartin u p t he v alley . T he f irst l ine e xtends f rom G lebe c airn a t t he N NE t o R i C ruin c airn a t t he S SW . I t i s 41 /m 2 iles l ong . T he s econd l ine f rom L ochgilphead t o D unadd i s 23 4 / m iles l ong '. P SAS 6 3 , 1 928-9, 1 54-5. kin t o K ilmartin C rinan M oss . N R 8 08 9 41. R obbed a lig . S + 2p airs. A s C . P SAS 9 5, p airs?. 5 6 f t ( 17m ) 1 . N E-SW . 1 50 f t ( 46m ) t o Ei 1 961-2 , 2 6 , n o . 1 73 . S keroblin . N R 7 06 2 73 . S . 2 4 f t ( 7 .3m ) 1 . N -S? S t s t 1 300 f t ( 400m ) t o S SE . D&E , 1 982, 2 2 .

* Ballantrae . N X 0 87 8 17 . [ G1/4 ]. ' The G rey S tanes o ' G arleffan '. 5 s t s t +2p ros i n c rude c urve . N NE-SSW . 6 00 f t ( 200m ) 1 . T allest 5 f t 4 ( 1.6m ) h . J . S mith . P rehistoric M an i n A yrshire , 1 895, 2 22-3 ; P SAS 7 9 , 1 944-5, 8 7 . W ALES D yfed M ynydd L lanbyther . S N 5 49 3 95. S . A t l east 1 8 s t a lmost e xactly E -W . T allest a re 3 f t ( lm ) h igh . A bout 4 3 f t ( 13m ) a part. 3 60 f t ( 110m ) 1 . ' Well-known l andmark t o p edestrians a nd s hepherds c rossing f rom R hyd y c ymmerau t o L lanllwni '. R CAHM-W , C armarthen , 1 917 , 2 06 , n o . 6 04 ; H oulder , 1 73 . P arc y M eirw . S M 9 99 3 59. [ 1 49/7 ]. ' Field o f t he d ead '. S . R ow o f s tones i n h edgerow . 4s t s t +4 p ros . N W-SE (tallest). 9 f t 6 , 8f t , 1 1 f t ( 2.9, 2 .4, 3 .4m ) h . 1 30 f t ( 40m ) 1 . N W s t t o n ext , 9 5 f t ( 29m ). T hen s pacing i s 1 9 f t a nd 1 3 f t ( 6, 4 m ) a part. S tones a s g ateposts i n h edge a pparently a lig N W-SE t owards t allest s t a nd C oetan A rthur c airn a t S N 0 00 3 60 . A dj c h t omb d estroyed f or a h ouse i n 1 844 b rought o wner n o l uck , G rinsell , 1 976 , 2 50 . C oetan A rthur d olmen c lose b y . R CAHM-W , P embroke, 1 925, 1 73, n o . 5 07 ; B oulder , 1 82 ; A nthony , 7 5. A stronomy : A z =3 01°.4 . h or= 0°.4 . d ecl = + 17°.8 . M in NNE . T hom , 1 967 , 1 01, f ig . 1 2 .17; i bid , 1 971, 7 3-4 , f ig . 6 .19. T o M ount L einster , I reland , 9 1 m iles t o N W .

5 12

P ont D du . S N 3 09 1 49. ' Black b ridge '. S . As t s t a t S N 3 19 1 39 . T o i ts Si s as t s t a t S N 3 12 1 41. A r ow o f s t 5 -6 f t ( 1.5-1.8m ) hi s t o i ts W . A nthony , 4 6 ; D yer , 3 32 . T roed y r hiw . S N 0 8 . 3 5. ' Foot o f t he h ill '. S . 2 4 l ow s t. 4 0 f t ( 11m ) 1 . E -W . R CAHM-W , P embroke, 1 925, 2 58 , n o . 7 67 . P owys C wm y S aeson . S N 9 64 7 76 . ' Englishman 's v alley '. S . 1s t s t 8f t 2 ( 2 .5m ) hs urvives . N earby w as r ow o f 8s t s t. E -W . 9 6 f t ( 29.3m ) l ong . S tones n ow b y r iver , 7f t ( 2 .1m ) l ong . R CAHM-W , R adnorshire , 1 913, 1 42, n o . 6 03 .

5 13

DOUBLE ROWS OF MANY S TONES ' The " single g raves" o f t he B eaker a nd F ood-Vessel p eoples w ere c oncealed g enerally b y a n i nconspicuous s mall m ound . A n i nteresting l ocal d evelopment o f t his v ery s imple f uneral m onument o ccurs o n D artmoor, w here s ome 6 0 l ittle c airns h ave s ettings o f r ows o f s tones... s tone-lined p aths t o t he t ombs'. A ileen F ox. S outh-West E ngland.

1 973, 6 8, 7 4.

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2 44 • ••• • .•

S HUGGLEDOWN

r ows,

D artmoor.

D r. P rior. A rchaic S tone M onuments,

1 872, 3 49.

' When C ol. H amilton S mith f irst s aw t he M errivale p arallelithons h e i mmediately r ecognised t heir r esemblance t o m onuments w hich h e h ad v isited i n I ndia, a nd p ronounced t hem a venues o r p rocessional p aths o f t he D ruids. D r. F ergusson s ees n o b etter e xplanation t han t hat t hey m ay r epresent t he p osition o f t wo a rmies...' ( Dr. P rior. ' Archaic s tone m onuments', B eds A rchitect. & A rchaeol. S oc 9 ( 2), 1 872, 3 50). O ne m ust b e g rateful t hat t he a bomination o f ' parallelithon ' n ever b ecame p art o f a rchaeological t erminology. 5 14

D ouble r ows, w hich a re n ot i nvariably p arallel , c onsist o f t wo l ines o f s tanding s tones a djacent t o e ach o ther b ut n ot l eading t o a n o pen s tone c ircle o r ah enge . N early f ifty a re k nown a nd 7 3% a re o n D artmoor . T he n ext h ighest p ercentage , 9 % , i s i n n orth-west E ngland , s ignificantly i n t he c ounties o f L ancashire , C umberland a nd W estmorland w here t here a re a lso m any a venues. I ndeed , i f o ne a dds t o t he 9 % t he d ouble r ows f ound e lsewhere i n a reas o f a venues N orthern I reland , N orth W ales a nd W essex - t he p ercentage r ises t o 1 7% , l eaving o nly 1 0% f or t he r emainder o f w estern E urope . F or t his r eason i t i s s uggested t hat i t i s f rom t he a venue t radition t hat t he d ouble a nd s ingle r ows d eveloped . A s u sual , l engths d iffer c onsiderably f rom r egion t o r egion , 4 50 f t ( 137m) o n a verage f or D artmoor ( Emmett, 1 979, 1 11, c olumn 4 , a lso p . 9 6) b ut o nly 7 6 f t 6 ( 23.3m ) i n N orthern I reland . E mmett ( ibid , 9 7) h as n oted t hat t he u neven , s ometimes e xtremely n arrow w idth o f t he r ows d oes n ot a ccord w ith t he s upposition t hat t hese w ere p rocessional w ays. ' The i rregularity , w hich i mplies c asual s etting o ut , i s i nconsistent w ith a f ormal p athway . T here a re s ites w here t he ' path ' i s l ess t han 0 .5m [ 1 f t 6 ] a nd o thers w here i t n arrows t o a s imilar f igure b etween s ome p airs o f s tones '. T his i s t rue . Y et i t c ould b e t hat t hese c onstricted d ouble r ows, o f w hich t here a re o nly a f ew , w ith t heir ' casual s etting o ut ' w ere p ut u p b y p eople f ollowing a t radition o f e recting t wo l ines s ide b y s ide w ithout a ny t hought o f w alking a long t hem , l ines t o t he d ead t hat w ere b uried i n a c airn a t t he h ead o f t he r ow . T he l ines w ere n ot a venues l eading t o o pen s tone c ircles i n w hich f unerary r ites c ould b e p erformed . I nstead , t hey m eandered u p s lopes t o c airns o r e ncircled c airns t hat l acked a ny i nternal s pace f or c eremonies. T he d ouble r ows o n D artmoor , a nd t hose i n N orthern I reland , a re c onnected t o e xactly s uch i mpeded m ounds. O n D artmoor ( Emmett , 1 979 , 1 11, c olumn 1 5) t he u pper e nds o f t he l ines j oin c airns ( 12 i nstances), e ncircled c airns ( 8) a nd t o a c ist. T he o ne a pparent e xception ( no . 6 6) i s n ot a n o pen s tone c ircle b ut t he d enuded a nd r estored c airn-circle o f Y ellowmead ( TDA 5 4 , 1 902, 7 0-2; W orth , 1 967 , 1 88), i ts c oncentric i nner s ettings -7 7 17— g iones n ow e xposed t o t he m oorland w inds . ' There a re t races o f a t l east 1 d ouble r ow o f s tones l eading W f rom t he q uadruple [ cairn] c ircle ' ( Thomas, 1 976, 9 2). W hat i s e specially n oticeable a bout t he d ouble r ows o n D artmoor i s t heir d istribution . I t i s t his t hat a dds s trength t o t he b elief t hat t hey w ere i nfluenced b y a venue a rchitecture . O n D artmoor t he r ows o ccupy l ocations q uite s eparate f rom t he m a jority o f s ingle l ines. U nlike t he l atter w hich l ie i n t he c entral a nd s outhern p arts o f t he m oor w ith o thers f ar t o t he w est o n B odmin , m ost o f t he d ouble r ows a re c rowded i n t he n orth-eastern c orner o f D artmoor ( Emmett, 1 979, 1 00) w ith a f ew o thers f ringing i ts s outh a nd w est e dges. T here i s e ven o ne , T rendlebere D own , a way f rom t he r est o n t he v ery e astern r im o f t he u pland . W ith a venues i n D orset , S omerset a nd W iltshire , a ll w ithin 8 0 t o 9 0 m iles o f D artmoor , i t i s a rguable t hat i t w as t hose m egalithic s ettings t hat l ed t o t he e mergence o f t he d ouble r ows o n D artmoor , e ven t o t he m ore i diosyncratic r ows o f N orthern I reland .

5 15

E xcavations i n D ouble R ows. E NGLAND S omerset . Y elland . B arbed and-tanged f lint a rrowhead .

C upmarks i n D ouble R ows N one r ecorded .

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n D ouble R ows N o a lignments r ecorded .

5 16

D OUBLE R OWS O F MANY S TONES

E NGLAND C umberland C arlatton . N Y 5 34 5 10 . T CWAAS 3 5, 1 935, 1 70-1. N ewton R eigny . N Y 4 7. 3 1. B y M ossthorn , o ver P allet H ill t o N ewbiggin . S ome o ld f olk r emember r emoval o f s tones c .1800 . T CWAAS 8 0 ( OS), 1 886, 3 42-3. P enhurrock . N Y 6 29 1 04. P SAS 4 , 1 860-2, 4 45; T CWAAS 2 ()S), 2 08 ; T CWAAS 6 ( OS), 1 882, 1 79. R ev . S impson . S ee n otes i n C lare, T CWAAS 7 8, 1 978, 5 -15. T CWAAS 8 0 ( OS), 1 886, 3 41-45. D evon

( Dartmoor)

A ssacombe. S X 6 61 8 26. D . 4 30 f t ( 131m ). c . 6f t ( 1.8m ) w d . E NE-WSW . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 24-5, n o. 4 3 . T he s teepest r ow o n D artmoor, c limbing 6 0 f t i n 4 20 f t ( 18 i n 1 28m ). P ettit, 1 30 ; E mmett, 9 8, 1 03, 1 07; T DA 2 6, 2 98 . B lack T or . S X 5 77-77 , D . 9 50 f t ( 290m ). N E-SW . 6 6 s t. W orth , 1 967, 2 12-13, n o. 2 1. B rent F ore H ill, S X 6 68 6 15. D . 4 10 f t ( 125m) 1 . A v . 2f t 6 ( 75cm) w d . E NE-WSW . B . W orth , 1 967, 2 34-5, n o. 6 0 . B rown H eath . E rme P ound . S X 6 41 6 53. D . 5 40 f t ( 165m ) 1 . N -S. S tC. B . W örth , 1 967, 2 06, n o. 4 ; E mmett, 1 07. C antrell. S X 6 62 6 09. D . 1 53 f t ( 47m ) 1 . 7 -12 f t ( 2 .1-3.7m ) w d . N E-SW . C . W orth , 1 967, 2 35 n o. 6 2 ; E mmett, 9 8. C onies D own . S X 5 86 7 91. D . 5 88 f t ( 179m ) 1 . N -S. T . C ? R uinous. W örth , 1 967, 2 31, n o. 5 5. T he h ighest r ow a t 1 600 f t ( 488m) O .D . P ettit, 1 32; C rossing , W . G uide t o D artmoor , 1 912,(1965), 1 19-20 ; E mmett, 9 8 ; T DA 2 5, 5 43 . D rizzlecombe ( A). - U - 5 9 26 69. D . 4 88 f t ( 149m ) 1 . N E-SW . B . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 09-10, n o. 1 7. G lasscombe B all, N E s lope. S X 6 58 6 08 . D . 5 80 f t ( 177m ) 1 . [ 368 f t =D +2 12 f t =S ( 112 + 6 5m )]. 5 f t 5 (1.7m) w d . N E-SW . S tC. C . W orth , 1 967, 2 35, n o. 6 1; P ettit, 1 29; T DA 2 4, 4 -3-4. H arter. S X 5 77 7 17 . D . 4 50 f t ( 137m ) 1 . c . 6f t 6 ( 2m) w d. O ver 4 0 p airs o f s t. P illars f ace b road s labs. E NE-WSW . S tC. W orth , 1 967, 2 13, n o. 2 2. L aughter T or . S X 6 52 7 54. D . 6 57+ f t ( 200m ) 1 . 4 -6 f t ( 1.2-2m) w d . E NE-WSW . B ? T . W orth , 1 967, 2 29, n o. 5 0 ; P ettit, 1 29-30 ; T DA 2 5, 5 42-3. M errivale N orth . S X 5 56 7 48 . D . 2l ines, 5 96 f t ( 182m) 1 . 3f t 6 ( 1m) w d . E NE-WSW ( 84°-264°). 1 86 s t. T riangular T a t Ee nd. N ot q uite p arallel t o t he l onger M errivale C entre a venue t o i ts S . I ts E e nd i s 7 5 f t 6 ( 23m) N o f t he a venue, b ut i ts W e nd i s 1 00 f t 4 ( 30 .6m) N o f i t. W orth , 1 967, 2 15, n o. 2 7 ; T DA 2 4 3 95-6;

5 17

i bid 2 5, 5 41-2 ; W ood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 30-1. P enn B eacon , l ower s lopes . S X 5 95 6 25. D . 2 4 f t ( 7 .3m ) 1 . 1f t 1 0 ( 58cm ) w d . N NE-SSW . B . W orth , 1 967 , 2 07-8 , n o . 9 . P enn B eacon S outh . S X 5 98 6 23 . D . ? 1 . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 6 3 . S harpitor , n orthern f lank . S X 5 59 7 08 . D . 3 66 f t ( 112m ) 1 . 5f t ( 1.5m ) w d . E NE-WSW . C . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 13-14, n o . 2 4 ; E mmett , 9 8 . S harpitor , f oot o f e astern s lope . S X 5 61 7 09. D . 1 20 f t ( 37m ) 1 . 6 -14 i nches ( 15-37cm ) w d . EW . W orth , 1 967 , 2 14-15, n o. 2 6 ; E mmett, 9 7 . S herril D own . c . S X 6 8 .74 . D . c 225 f t ( 69m ) 1 . 8 -9 f t ( 2.4 2 .7m ) w d . N -S . D estr . b y 1 897 . W orth , 1 967 , 2 26-7 , n o. 4 7 . S huggledown ( A ). S X 6 60 8 62 . D . 5 96 f t ( 182m ) 1 . 3f t 6 ( 1.1m ) w d . N S . S tC . W orth , 1 967 , 2 19-20 , n o . 3 4 ; E mmett, 9 7 ; T DA 2 4 , 3 91-2 . S huggledown , S X 6 60 8 55. D . S outhwards o f t he L ongstone. 1 s t s urvives , 41 /f 2 t ( 1.4m ) h , o f t he ' Three B oys ' t hat s tood h ere . T he o thers w ere t aken a way f or g ateposts . S ome i ntervening s tones , r emnants o f r ow o nce c . 5 55 f t ( 17 (mm ) 1 . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20-22 , n o . 3 8 . S huggledown ( C). S X 6 60 8 59. D . 3 86 f t ( 118m ) 1 . 5f t ( 1.5m ) w d . N NE S SW . B . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20 , n o . 3 6 . S huggledown ( E ). S X 6 59 8 62 . D . 4 76 f t ( 145m ) 1 . 4f t (1.2m ) w d . N NE S SW . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20 , n o . 3 5. S huggledown ( G ). S X 6 60 8 56 . D . 4 85 f t ( 148m ) 1 . 3f t 3 ( lm ) w d . E SEW NW . T . W orth , 1 967 , 2 20 , n o . 3 7 ; E mmett, 9 8 . S purrells C ross . S X 6 58 6 00 . D . 3 70 f t ( 113m ) 1 . c . 3f t 6 (1.1m ) w d . E SE-WNW . S tC. W orth , 1 967 , 2 06 , n o . 5 . S tannon . S X 6 54 8 17 . D . 6 20 f t ( 189m ) 1 . N -S . B . W orth , 1 967 , 2 25-6 , n o . 4 5. T rendlebere D own . S X 7 66 7 93 . D . 4 12 f t ( 126m ) 1 . 3f t 1 ( 95cm ) w d . N S . B . W orth , 1 967 , 2 27 , n o . 4 8 . T rowlesworthy g roup , e astern m ember . S X 5 76 6 40 . D . 4 26 f t ( 126m ) 1 . 6f t ( 1.8m ) w d . N -S . S tC. W orth , 1 967, 2 09, n o . 1 4 ; T DA 2 4, 4 01. W atern H ill . ' Hurston R idge '. S X 6 73 8 25. D /F . 4 73 f t ( 144m )1 . 5f t 1 0 ( 1.8m ) w d . ' Male a nd F emale ' s tones b y C ? N NE-SSW . C . T . W orth , 1 967, 2 25, n o . 4 4 ; P ettit , 1 27 ; E mmett, 9 7 , 1 03 ; T DA 2 6 , 3 05. W hite T or . S X 6 20 7 85. 3 31 f t ( 101m ) 1 . N -S . E mmett , 1 11, n o . 7 1. Y ellawmead . S X 5 74 6 76 . ? 1 . 3f t ( 90cm ) w d . E NE-WSW . E mmett, 1 11, n o . 6 6 . S omerset. E ast P inford . S S 7 97 4 27 . D . EW . G rinsell , 1 970 , 4 6 , 1 89. B occombe H ill . S S 7 95 4 33 . D ?. 5 4 f t ( 16 .5m ) l ong . G rinsell, 1 970 , 4 6 , 1 89. L ittle T om 's H ill . S S 8 03 4 34 . D . N -S . 5 7 f t ( 17 .4m ) l ong . G rinsell , 1 970 , 4 6 , 1 89. W hite L adder . c . S S 7 4 .37 . D . c . 1 300 f t ( 400m ) 1 . M any q uartz s t . S tC . U phill t o s pring . E ardley-Wilmot , H . ( 1977). ' Interim R eport. " White L adder". Y elland d ouble r ow . S S 4 90 3 30 . D . D iscovered , 1 932. 1 13ft ( 34 .4m ) 1 . 6 ' ( 1.8m ) w d . S tones 7 - 71 /' ( 2 2 .1 - 2 .3m ) a part . O rig 1 6 e ach s ide? R oughly E -W . E xc . B arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead f ound . E .H . R ogers . T DAES 3 (3), 1 947, 1 09-35. G rinsell , 1 970 , 3 .

5 18

W estmorland L owther W oodhouse. ? NY 5 2 .26 . Al ine o f s tones l ed f rom a c airn b y Y anwath W ood . T aylor, 1 886 , 3 43 . F RANCE

( Brittany )

F inistere L 'ile B eniguet . D . D estr . G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 15;

H ibbs , 1 984, 2 96 .

I le et Vilaine A lignements d u M oulin , S t. J ust . D /F + Tang . 3 3 f t ( 10m ) 1 .ESE-WNW . B url, 1 985, 9 1-2, n o . 1 10d . N ORTHERN I RELAND . T yrone B eaghmore. H 6 85 8 42 . 7S tCs w ith r elated a ligs. J RSAI 8 3, 1 953, 1 74 ; E vans, 1 966, 1 98 ; T hom A .S . 1 980 ; M cConkey , 5 9; B url, 1 989. Er ing . D . 2p arallel r ows , 1S , 13 -St . N E-SW , t ang t o Es ide r ing . S hort 3 -St, t all s t o n E , l ong l ow r ow o n W s ide . M oymore. H 7 10 7 45. 9 S tCs + D + 3st. A t N W o f c omplex 4 S tCs ( nos 47 ) a t c orners o f as quare . T o t heir S a re 3 m ore r ings ( 1-3). B etween 4 ,5 a nd 2 ,3, a n i rreg D r ow , N NE-SSW . W s ide , 1 1 l arge s tones, 4 6 f t ( 14m ) 1 . Es ide, 8 s mall s t, 2 6 f t 3( 8m ) 1 . 1f t 6 ( 0 .5m ) w d . M cConkey , 6 4 , f ig . 9 . T remoge N E . H6 57 7 36. 3S tCs + S , t ang , 3st. 2 46 f t ( 75m ) t o N W i s D . N NW-SSE . Ss ide, 7 s t, N s ide , 4 s t . M cConkey , 6 5. S COTLAND C aithness B roughwin I II. N D 3 11 4 08 . D /F . S SE-NNW . 1 12 f t ( 34m ) l ong . C ?. 1 80 f t ( 55m ) W i s So f 5s t s t. R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911, n o. 5 72 . F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 0 . S utherland K ildonan N E . N C 9 66 1 89. ' Torrish B urn '. D /F . 2 5 f t 3( 7 .7m ) 1 . 2f t t o 5f t ( 0 .6 - 1 .5m ) w d . EW . F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 32, n o . 2 0 , f ig . 1 5. W ALES G wynedd H wlfa 'r C eirw . S H 7 65 8 40 . D . 3 00 f t ( 90m ) 1 . S mall s t s t. N NE-SSW . F oot o f s carp t o h ollow b y c liff . R CAHM-W , C aernarvon , I II, 1 964, 1 17, n o . 3 80 .

5 19

A VENUES ' From t he s outh e ntrance r unnes a S Wmne W alke, w ith S tones p itched o n e nd a bout s even f oot h igh+, w g oes a s f ar a s K ynet wc n i s ( at l east) a m easured m ile f rom A ubury , a nd f rom K ynet i t t urnes w ith a r ight a ngle e astward c rossing t he R iver, a nd a scends u p t he h ill t o a nother M onument o f t he s ame K ind ( but l ess)... T he d istance o f t he s tones i n t his W alk, a nd t he b readth o f i t, i s m uch a bout t he d istance o f a n oble W alk o f T rees o f t hat l ength: a nd v ery p robable t his W alke w as m ade f or P rocessions'.

J ohn A ubrey. M onumenta B ritannica, I .

1 665-93 , 3 7.

JP!

C e l l a:F ee t

ne

rTe mple a t I l e. l e t M t

Z e,e ,

" r 7 . -

S

C ALLANISH, I sle o f L ewis. S tukeley,

1 776 , 8 1.

O f t he f orty a venues l isted i n t he G azetteer 6 1% a re i n E ngland. T here a re f our m ajor r egions: W essex a nd N orthern I reland w ith 2 5% e ach ; n orth-west E ngland w ith 1 9% ; a nd n orth-eastern D artmoor, 1 4%. T here a re f ew a venues i n W ales, s outhern I reland o r S cotland. T here a re n one i n B rittany u nless t hey a re c amouflaged a mong t he r abble o f

5 20

r ows a ttached s tone c ircles.

t o

c romlechs,

t he

B reton

e quivalents

o f

t he B ritish

T oday t he m ost i mposing a venues a re t hose a t A vebury a nd S tanton D rew i n W essex b ut t he e arliest m ay b e i n t he n orth-west o f E ngland a nd i t i s h ere t hat t he o rigins o f a venues m ay l ie . T he w reckage o f t he S hap a venue , t he n early-destroyed l ines o n M oor D ivock , o thers a t B roomrigg, L acra , t he K irk , G rey Y auds a ll d emonstrate h ow w idespread t hese d ual l ines o f s tanding s tones w ere i n t he r egion o f t he L ake D istrict, c limbing u p g radual h illsides t owards s ome o f t he g reatest s tone c ircles i n E urope . I t i s p ossible t hat t he m otivation f or s uch m egalithic a pproaches b egan w ith a d esire t o c onstruct a n i mpressive e ntrance t o ar ing . A t C stlerigg n ear K eswick t here i s n o a venue b ut t he e ntrance a t t he n orth i s d efined b y t wo m assive p illars, t heir h eights e mphasised b y t he m uch l ower s tones t hat f lank t hem . A d evelopment o f t his s imple a rchitectural f eature w ould b e t o e rect t wo f urther , i mpressively t all s tones j ust o utside t he e ntrance a s e xternal p ortals b etween w hich p articipants w ould e nter t he c ircle . S uch m onumental ' gateways ' o f f our h igh s tones a t t he c orners o f ar ectangle c an s till b e s een a t L ong M eg & H er D aughters s tone c ircle n ear P enrith , a t S winside i n t he s outh-west o f C umberland , a nd a t B allynoe i n C o . D own a cross t he I rish S ea . E ven C astlerigg m ay o nce h ave p ossessed j ust s uch a n a pproach ( Burl, 1 988b , 1 91-2) i f S tukeley 's s tatement c an b e t rusted t hat ' at t he n orth e nd [ of t he s tone c ircle] i s t he k istvaen o f g reat s tones ' ( quoted i n G ough 's e dition o f C amden 's B ritannia , 1 806), a nd ' it s eems p ossible t hat t hey o riginally f ormed a g ateway t o a s hort a venue ' ( W .D . A nderson , T CWAAS 1 5, 1 915, 1 02). O ther r ings i n t he n orth-west h ad t hese d ouble p ortals. A c ollapsed f our-stone e ntrance e xists a t t he G irdle S tones i n D umfriess-shire . S imilar r ectangular s ettings i n t he a rea h ave b een r ecorded a t M ayburgh h enge n ear L ong M eg ( Aubrey , 1 665-93 , 1 14), a nd p erhaps a t t he a d jacent h enge o f K ing A rthur 's R ound T able . S uch a c oncentration i s u nknown o utside t he r egion . I t i s n oteworthy t hat e very o ne o f t hese ' entrance ' s ites i s w ithin a h undred m iles o f t he h eart o f t he E nglish L ake D istrict ( Burl, 1 976, 5 7-8). E lsewhere , o thers, n ow w retchedly d ismantled , a re b elieved t o h ave s tood a t t he f our c orners o f t he n orth-east c auseway i nto S tonehenge ( Burl , 1 987, 1 88), o f M aumbury R ings h enge i n D orset , a nd m aybe a lso a t t he c ircle-henges o f C airnpapple i n W est L othian a nd A rbor L ow i n t he P eak D istrict . A ny f urther e nhancement o f t hese f our-stone t hresholds, p erhaps a n a ddition o f o nly t wo o r t hree p airs o f s tones, w ould c reate a n a venue , ad emarcated a pproach t o a s tone c ircle o r ah enge . S uch m ay h ave h appened a t C astleruddery c ircle-henge i n t he W icklow m ountains. T wo b rilliantly w hite c hunks o f q uartz f ramed t he b reak i n t he b ank o f t he e arthwork . O utside t hem w ere t wo o r t hree p airs o f l ess s tartling s tones, a ll n ow t oppled o r r emoved . A t S tanton D rew i n S omerset b oth t he n orth-east r ing a nd t he h uge c entral s tone c ircle h ad a venues w hich , t hough b uilt o f l arge r ough b locks, w ere s hort . T he a venue o f t he l esser r ing , o nly 1 10 f t ( 34m )

5 21

l ong , w as c omposed o f f our p airs o f s tones t hat s teadily d iminished i n h eight t he f urther t hey w ere f rom t he r ing ( Dymond , 1 896 , 3 4). T he g reat c entral c ircle 's a venue w as l ittle b igger . A lso c onsisting o f a m ere f our p airs o f s tones a nd s imilarly g raded i t e xtended n o m ore t han 1 65 f t ( 50m ) f rom t he r ing . A t s ome s ites t hese s hort a pproaches m ay h ave b een a bsorbed i nto l ater e longations o f t he a venue , t he f irst s tones b ecoming i ndistinguishable f rom t he l ater a dditions , a nd i t w as p ossibly b y s low a ccretion o ver t he d ecades r ather t han b y i nitial d esign t hat s ome a venues b ecame a s l ong a s t hey a re t oday . T hat a venues w ere l engthened , e xtending t hem s ection b y s ection f or a m ile o r m ore , i s h inted a t b y t he o bvious c hanges o f d irection t hat s ome h ave . T he S hap a venue l ed n orthwards f rom t he K emp H owe s tone c ircle t hen a bruptly s wung t owards t he n orth—west a s t hough , m any y ears a fter t he c onstruction o f t he a venue , p eople d ecided t o l ink i t w ith t he d istant c airn a t S kellaw ( Clare , 1 978). T he e arthen a venue a t S tonehenge i n i ts b eginning a round 2 200 B C e xtended e xactly s traight f or a q uarter o f a m ile , e nding n ear t he b ottom o f t he s hallow v alley b etween S tonehenge a nd t he C ursus t o t he n orth ( Burl , 1 987, 1 40). O ver e ight h undred y ears l ater a n e xtension w as a dded , s winging t he a venue s uddenly e astwards f or a m ile o r m ore t owards t he R iver A von ( ibid , 2 20). R evealing t he c hanges o f p lan t hat w ere c ommonplace i n p rehistory t he p roject w as n ever c ompleted . S imilar e xtensions m ay h ave b een a dded a t A vebury . I n t heir e xcavations K eiller a nd P iggott ( 1936, 4 18) o bserved t hat a lthough t he c ourse o f t he a venue w as t ortuous i t w as n ot s inuous , b eing ' laid o ut i n as eries o f r elatively s traight s ections o f v arying l engths '. S tukeley w ould n ot h ave b elieved t his. C onvinced t hat s uch l ines o f s tones w ere l andscaped i mages o f t he s acred s erpent h e c laimed t hat b oth t he K ennet A venue a nd t hat a t C allanish w ere w inding i mitations o f t he s erpent 's t ail . H e e ven r ebuked t he f ine W elsh a ntiquarian , E dward L huyd , f or o verlooking t he s upposedly c urvilinear r ows a t C allanish , ' The e nd o f t he D ruid t emple a t C lasserness, w hich I t ake t o b e t he t ail o f as nake ' ( Stukeley , 1 743 , 3 6). ' I t ook a d rawing o f i t f rom M r . L wydd 's t ravels, b ut h e w as a v ery b ad d esigner , a nd h aving n o k nowledge o f t he p urport , m akes t he r epresentation s till w orse ...A p art o f t he s nake r emains g oing f rom i t , w hich h e c alls a n a venue . H e d id n ot d iscern t he c urve o f i t , n o m ore t han t hat o f K ennet a venue ...' ( ibid , 6 2-3). S tukeley , o f c ourse , w as w rong . T he a venue a t C allanish d oes n ot w ind , a nd t he K ennet a venue d oes c onsist o f a s eries o f s traight s ections a s t he T hor ns i n t heir s urvey c onfirmed ( Thom & T hom , 1 976b , 1 94). T he p lans s how t his c learly . F rom A vebury 's S SE e ntrance t he f irst s ector o f t he a venue l eads s outhwards f or s ome 2 50 f t ( 75m ) c ulminating n ear t he h ead o f a l ittle r ise . T here i t v eers s uddenly s outh-eastwards i n as egment o f t en p airs o f s tones f or j ust o ver 7 00 f t ( 215m ). A t t hat j uncture i t s hifts t owards t he S SE f or a bout 2 60 f t ( 79m ) b efore i nclining m ore t o t he s outh f or a f urther 6 65 f t ( 200m ). T here i s n o o bvious g eographical r eason f or t hese c hanges i n d irection w hich m ay b e t he r esult o f s everal e xtensions t o t he f irst f ew s tones

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a s s tretch b y s tretch t he a venue u ltimately w as S anctuary s tone c ircle o n O verton H ill 11i m iles a way .

j oined

t o

t he

T he d ecision t o l ink f ormerly s eparate s ites w ould e xplain t he k inks i n t he K ennet A venue a s i t w ould t he s udden l urches f rom s ide t o s ide o f t he l ines o n M oor D ivock a s t he r ows p ass f rom c ircle t o c airn t o s tanding s tone a nd e nclosed c remation c emetery . S imilar b ends o r ' elbows' w ere r ecorded b y t he T hor ns i n t heir a rduous a nd a dmirable s urvey o f t he m ultiple r ows o f M enec n ear C arnac i n B rittany ( Thom & T hom , 1 978a , 6 2-77). E xcavations h ave p rovided o nly t he s parsest o f i nformation a bout t he d ating o f t he s equences p ut f orward h ere . T he w riter c onsiders t hat t he g reat s tone c ircles i n C umbria w ere a mongst t he e arliest o f B ritish m egalithic r ings ( Burl , 1 976, 5 7-9). I n a p aper a bout t heir c ounterparts , t he e arthen h enges, h e s uggested t hat p ortal s tones w ere f eatures o f s ome o f t he f irst o f t hese e nclosures ( Arch J 1 26, 1 969 , 6 -7), a nd a d ate b efore 3 000 B C , p erhaps c onnected w ith t he a dvent o f G rooved W are , w ould n ot b e i nappropriate f or t he h enges, t he s tone c ircles a nd t he f our s tones o f t heir e laborated e ntrances. T he d evelopment o f s hort a venues w ould f ollow b ut t he d ating i s e ven m ore o bscure . B eakers a t t he f oot o f s tones i n t he K ennet A venue ( Burl , 1 979, 1 90) b elong t o t he y ears w hen t he l ines w ere b eing a dded t o s o t hat t he p roposed d ate o f a round 2 400 B C m ay n ot i ndicate t he t ime w hen t he f irst s hort s tretch o f t he a venue w as b egun . C ertainly t he d iscovery o f f ood-vessels a nd u rns i n t he c airns o n M oor D ivock ( TCWAAS 8 , 1 886, 3 28-30) w ould i mply t hat t he c onnecting a venues t here , w hich m ust p ostdate t he c airns, c ould n ot b e m uch e arlier t han 2 000 B C . B y t hen t he c ustom o f c onstructing a venues h ad l ong s pread b eyond E ngland. A f ine e xample c an b e s een a t C allanish o n t he I sle o f L ewis i n t he O uter H ebrides . T he i ntention t here m ay h ave b een t o p ut u p n o f ewer t han f our o f t hese a pproaches t o t he c ircle , t he o nly c ompleted o ne l eading S SW t o t he r ing. T hree s ingle r ows a pproach f rom t he E NE , s outh a nd w est . T hat t hey a re t he a bandoned s ides o f u nfinished a venues i s s uggested b y t he f act t hat n ot o ne o f t he t hree l ines p oints t o t he c entre o f t he c ircle a s t he e xcellent p lan b y G lasgow U niversity ( 1978) s hows. A t l east o ne a venue w as b uilt a t t he c ircle-henge o f B roomend o f C richie i n A berdeenshire , M iddle P hase b eakers b eing r ecovered f rom c ists a t i ts s outhern e nd . As econd a venue m ay h ave j oined t he c ircleh enge t o ar ecumbent s tone c ircle t o i ts n orth . E lsewhere , a venues, s ome o f t hem t angential t o a s tone c ircle , w ere l aid o ut i n W ales a t R hos y B eddau a nd C errig D uon . I n t he c ounty o f T yrone i n N orthern I reland s played d ouble l ines, o ne o f t all p illars, t he o ther o f l ower s tones, l ed t owards c airns b etween t wo i rregular r ings. A t K nocknahorna t here m ay b e t he r emains o f a s hort a venue , t wo o r t hree p airs o f l ittle s tones, a ptly d escribed b y F rances L ynch a s a ' false p ortal ' ( UJA 4 2, 1 979, 1 7), f orming a s outh-eastern a pproach t o t he c ircle .

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I t m ay , t herefore , h ave b een d uring t he f irst q uarter o f t he s econd m illennium B C t hat a venues b ecame a lmost a f eature o n t heir o wn , s imply t wo l ines o f s tanding s tones t hat l acked a ny f ocus o ther t han a b urial c airn . O n D artmoor t here a re n ot o nly a venues t hat d o l ead t o s tone c ircles a t F ernworthy a t t he v ery n orth-eastern c orner o f t he m oor b ut a lso m any o ther d ouble r ows i n t he s ame c onfined a rea t hat t erminate o nly a t a n u nobtrusive b urial m ound o r e ven a t n othing a t a ll . T he p arallel l ines a t Y elland o n E xmoor s eem t o b e j ust s uch a s ite , r ising o ut o f t he w aters o f t he R iver Y eo t owards n either c ircle , c airn n or m enhir . ' On c omparison w ith t he D artmoor s tone r ows, o ne w ould h ave e xpected a r ound b arrow a t o ne ( usually t he h igher) e nd , b ut a ny t here m ay h ave b een h as n ot s urvived ' ( Grinsell, 1 970 , 4 3). T he m ajority o f t hese d ouble r ows , F ernworthy, Y elland a nd o thers, l ie w ithin a b and 8 0 t o 1 00 m iles w est o f t he a venues i n W essex . B eyond t hat l ine t o w est a nd s outh a re d ozens o f s ingle r ows o n D artmoor , B odmin M oor a nd a s f ar a way a s t he N ine M aidens i n C ornwall a nd P arc y M eirw i n s outh-west W ales. T hey m ay b e t he f inal m anifestations o f a t radition t hat b egan a m illennium a nd a h alf b efore a round t he m ountains o f t he E nglish L ake D istrict.

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E xcavations i n A venues. E NGLAND C umbria . B roadfield . 1 789 . T hree c ists. D erbyshire . A rbor L ow . 1 902. F lint f lakes, s craper . D orset . H ampton D own . 1 965 . N o f inds. W iltshire A vebury . 1 934-9. B eakers, g rooved w are , W estern N eolithic s herds. S tonehenge . 1 923 , 1 953 , 1 973 . P hase I V , 1 070 8 0 b c , 8 00 1 00 b c ( c . 1 340 , 9 75 B C ). N ORTHERN I RELAND C o . T yrone . B eaghmore . 1 949 o nwards. 1 535-775 b c ( c . 1 870-950 B C). C astledamph . 1 937. N o f inds.

C upmarks i n A venues N one r ecorded . I n t he K ennet A venue a t A vebury i t w as c laimed ( Keiller & P iggott , 1 936, 4 20) t hat ' Two s tones a nd p ossibly a t hird w ere f ound t o b ear o rnament o f ' cup a nd r ing ' t ype - c ircles m ade i n ' pocked ' t echnique u sually b ut n ot i nvariably s urrounding a c entral s pot. T wo w ell-preserved e xamples s how i rregular d ouble c oncentric c ircles s urrounding a p air o f d epressions, o f w hich i n e ach i nstance o ne i s an atural h ole i n t he s arsen a nd t he o ther a rtifically w orked '. T hese m arkings o n t he b ack o f S tone 2 5b a re n ow r ecognised a s b eing n atural ( Smith , I .F ., 1 965, 2 23). O ther s tones, n os. 1 9b a nd 3 2a , a pparently w ere u sed a s p olissoirs. S uch m arkings a re n ot a rtistic s ymbols .

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n A venues E NGLAND D evon . M errivale , C entre . F or l unar e clipse p rediction . N ature 2 57, 1 975, 2 05 . S omerset. S tanton D rew . N ovember S S, e arly J une S R , M a j SM S ( Thom). W iltshire . S tonehenge . M dS S R ( Lockyer). S COTLAND L ewis. C allanish . L unar ( Toland); N orth ( Callander); C apella r ising , 1 800 B C ( Somerville); e clipse p rediction ( Hawkins); C apella r ising , 1 790 B C ( Thom ); M a j SM S ( Ponting , M ., 1 988, 4 29).

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A VENUES

E NGLAND C umbria B roadfield . N Y 4 25 4 45. S tC d estr . O n m ound . E xc 1 789, 3 c ists . L arge s tones 1 60 f t ( 50m ) t o S , r emains o f A ? A rch 1 0 , 1 792 , 1 05; H utchinson , I I, 1 794, 4 31-3 ; C lare , 1 978 , 1 3 ; W ainwright , J ., 1 985, 1 53 . B roomrigg A . N Y 5 48 4 67 . S tC + A , 1 77 f t ( 54m ) 1t o N W . T CWAAS 3 5, 1 935, 7 7-8 ; i bid 5 2, 1 952, 1 -8 ; i bid 5 3, 1 953, 5 -8 ; C lare , 1 978 , 1 3 L acra D . S D 1 51 8 12 . S tC ( collared u rn ) +A s . T o W SW . 3 45 f t ( 105m ) 1 , 5 0 f t ( 15m ) w d . P oss 2 nd A , 1 52 f t ( 46m ) t o E NE . T CWAAS I ( 3), 1 872-83 , 2 78-80 ; i bid 4 8 , 1 948 , 1 -22 ( 5-13); C lare , 1 9/8 , 1 3 . D erbyshire A rbor L ow . S K 1 60 0 36 . C ircle henge + e arthen b ank a kin t o t he S tonehenge a venue . E xc . 1 902 . F l f lakes , s crapers . C ontemporary w ith c ircle henge . S light b ank , 1f t 6( 45cm ) h . D itch 8 f t w d b y 3f t d eep ( 2 .4 x 0 .9m ), 1 050 f t ( 320m ) 1 . f rom S e ntrance . C urves w estwards . A rch 5 8 , 1 903, 4 66 , 4 82-3 . D evon F ernworthy s outh ( A ). S X 6 55 8 41. S tC . T o SaC+A , N -S , 2 10 f t ( 64m ). W orth , 1 967 , 2 22-4, n o . 4 0 F ernworthy n orth ( B). S X 6 56 8 44 . C+A . 3 40 f t ( 104m ). N NE-SSW . W orth , 1 967 ,224, n o . 4 1 F ernworthy ( C). S X 6 55 8 41. C airn-circle + A . 1 04 f t ( 32m ) 1 . N NE S SW . N earby C , S 2/W b eaker : W orth , 1 967, 1 94 ; C larke, 1 970 , I I , 4 79 , f ig . 8 86 , P . 3 87 . W orth , 1 967 , 2 24 , n o . 4 2 . M errivale . S X 56 7 48 . [ S2/2 j. ( a). N orth . D ouble R ; ( b) S tC + A + R + C . O n l evel g round . ( b). C entre . A . 7 5 f t 6t o 1 00 f t 3( 23-306m ) So f t he N orth r ow . A n a venue 8 65 f t ( 264m ) 1 . 2f t 1 0 ( 88cm ) w d . E NE-WSW ( 82°-262°). 2 66 s t s t . T riangular T a t Ee nd . P illar a nd s lab a t W e nd . C entral S tC - 4 27 f t f rom E e nd , 4 38 f t f rom W ; ( 130 , 1 34m ) i nternal C . S everal a dj p its , 1f t -l ft 6 ( 30-45cm ) d eep . ( c). S outh-east . T ang r ow . S . 1 42 f t ( 43m ) Wo f S tC, a s ingle r ow , N E-SW f rom A , 1 38 f t 8( 42 .3m ) 1 . c .40 s t . Ca t S W e nd . N earby c ist : f l s craper , f l f l , w hetstone . A stronomy : f or l unar e clipse

5 26

p rediction ( Nature 2 57 , 1 975, 2 05-7 ; W ood , J .E ., 1 978, 1 30-9 ; H eggie, 1 981, 5 4). W orth , 1 967, 2 15-17, n os. 2 7-9. R ingmoor . S X 5 64 6 62 . S tC + A . 1 740 f t ( 530m ) 1 . N NE-SSW . W orth , 1 967, 2 09, n o . 1 6 ; E mmett, 9 8, 1 07, 1 11. D orset H ampton D own . S Y 5 96 8 65. S tC + A ( timber). E xc . 1 965. N -S . L ength u nknown . 4f t ( 1.2m) w d . P DNHAS 8 8, 1 967, 1 22-7 * Little M ayne. S Y 7 21 8 70 . S tC + A o r 2r ows? A ntiquity 1 3, 1 939, 1 49 ; R . G ale , A pril, 1 728. ' A m ile S .E . o f D orchester , a t P riors M aen , w as a c ircle o f s tones l ateley b roken t o p ieces b y t he o wner o f t he g round , c alled T allbot . T he s tones w ere v ery l arge a nd r ude ....There w ere t wo a venues p itcht o f s tones l eading u p t o i t, o ne f rom t he S outh , t he o ther f rom t he E ast, a s Ic ould p erceive f rom t heir r emains, l ike t hose a t A bury ' L ukis, W .C . ( 1883), 1 883, 1 28. K nighton W est p arish . L ittle M ayne f arm . 5 0 p ros s arsens s cattered r ound f arm . N atural p henomenon i n n o p attern . N ot c ircles o r a venues, ' one o f w hich i s c ertainly a m ediaeval r oad ', R CAHM-E , D orset, I I, S EI P t 3 , 1 970, 5 13. * Rempstone. S Y 9 94 8 21. C orfe C astle p arish . S tC o f g ritstone f rom l ocal B agshot B eds. R CAHM-E , D orset , I I, S E , P t 3 , 5 13. /m 2 1 ile W o f R empstone, 2 p arallel r ows o f s t s t 9f t ( 2./m ) a part a ligned s ome 1 2° N o f t he S tC . L ocal s andstone a veraging 2 f t 6hb y 1f t b y 6i ns ( 76x30x15cm ). A p rocessional w ay t o t he S tC? D estr , 1 S eptember , 1 957. P D orset N at l ist & A rch S oc 8 1, 1 959, 1 14-16 . L ancashire T he K irk . S D 2 51 8 27 . S tC o r e nclosed c remation c emetery , C , +A . 1 00 f t ( 30m ) 1 . 9f t ( 2.7m ) w d . N E-SW . A rch 3 1, 1 846, 5 40 ; i bid 5 3, 1 893, 4 17. N orthumberland M ilfield . F rom i mmediately W o f M arleyknowe h enge ( NT 9 43 3 23) t wo i rregularly p arallel d itches, 5 0 t o 1 00 f t ( 15-30m ) a part, e arthb anked , N -S, p ass t hrough C oupland h enge ( NT 9 40 3 30) a nd l ead j ust W o f M ilfield S outh h enge ( NT 9 39 3 35), e nding t o i ts N . c . 5 662 f t ( 1726m) 1 . T he a venue p ostdated t he h enges . A t l east 1 750m l ong . P PS 4 7, 1 981, 8 7-135. 8 9-91, 1 00-1. S omerset. B athampton . S T 7 71 6 53. J BAA 1 3, 1 857, 1 05. S t C s +A ; D obson , A rchaeology o f S omerset , L ondon , 1 931, 6 2 . S tanton D rew . S 3/1]. S T 6 03 6 30 . 3S tCs ( NE , C entral, S W ) +2 A . ( a) F rom N E S tC . W NW-ESE . 7s t? 1 09 f t ( 33m ) 1 . 4 0 f t ( 12m ) w d . ( b) F rom G reat C entral S tC. W SW-ENE . S played . N ow 6 s t o nly , 1 60 f t ( 49m ) 1 . 5 0 f t ( 15m ) w d , n arrowing t o 3 0 f t ( 9m ) b y c ircle .160 f t ( 49m ) 1 . W SW-ENE . A venues w ould h ave j oined 3 30 f t ( 100m ) E NE o f G reat C ircle . B oth t owards R . C hew . J BAA 3 3, 1 877 , 2 97-307 ; D ymond , 1 896 ; G rinsell, L .V . ( 1956). S tanton D rew S tone C ircles, L ondon ; i bid , ( 1973). T he F olklore o f S tanton D rew , S t. P eter P ort , G uernsey ; P roc U niv B ristol S pelaeological S oc 1 1 ( 1), 1 966 , 5 27

4 0-2. A stronomy : N E S tC t o G t S tC. A z =2 32°.7 . h or = 1 °.6. d ecl. =21°.2 . N ovember S S ; G t S tC t o N E S tC . A z = 5 2°.7. h or = 1 °.3. d ecl. = + 22°.9. S R , e arly J une. G t S tC t o S W S tC? A z =2 11°.4. h or = 1 °.4. d ecl = 30°.9. M ajor S M S . T hom , 1 966, f ig . 3 1; i bid , 1 967, 1 00 . W estmorland C rosby R avensworth . N ear N Y 6 5.11. C onc S tC + A . 3 36 f t ( 102m ) 1 . S SWN NE . D estr . T CWAAS 2 7, 1 870, 2 00-3 . * Grey Y auds. N Y 5 45 4 87. S tC d estr . +? A . 6s t ( 2 s t, 4 p ros). ' Local t radition c laims t hat t hese t wo s tones w ith t he t wo o n C arlatton D esmesne a re t he r emains o f as tone a lignment'. ' According t o l ocal t radition i t l eads t o G rey Y auds '. T CWAAS 7 , 1 907 , 6 7-71; T CWAAS 3 5, 1 935, 1 70-1; W ainwright, 1 985, 1 51. K emp H owe . N Y 5 67 1 33. S tC + 2 o r 3A s. ( Shap). ( a). S f rom K emp H owe S tC t o N t hen N W . B oulders. 11 /m 4 iles ( 2+ k m) 1 . ( b). T o N , 2 nd A , p yramidal s tones. S E-NW . 2 639 f t ( 804m ) 1 . T erminating a t K nipe S car S tC. ' Older i nhabitants c laimed t he l ine e xtended t o M oor D ivock '. C amden , 1 695, 8 08 ; S tukeley , 1 743, 6 2; P ennant , T ., AT our i n S cotland ( 3rd e d ), 1 774, 2 97 ; F ergusson , 1 872, 1 29-30 ; T CWAAS 1 5, 1 898-9, 2 7-34 ; P SAL 1 0, 1 894, 3 13-20 ; G ent's M ag . A rchaeology , I I, 7 2-5, 3 21-5; T hompson , M .W . T he J ourneys o f S ir R ichard C olt H oare t hrough W ales a nd E ngland ,1793-1810 . G loucester, 1 983. 1 37-8 ; W ainwright, 1 985, 1 25-6 ; C lare, 1 978 . M oor D ivock . N Y 4 91 2 27. S tCs , c airns + A s. ( a) S tC, S ite 4 , ( foodv essel). T o S E 4s t s t, r emains o f A ?, P [ p .329]; ( b) C airn , S ite 5 . A , P . 1 50 f t ( 46m ) t o S E , r emains o f A , 3 36 f t ( 102m ) 1 . [ 330 ]; ( c) S tC, S ite 6 . 1 35 f t ( 41m ) t o S E , A , P . 2 70 f t ( 82m ) 1 . [ p . 3 30-1]; S tC, S ite 9 . R emains o f A /P i n c urve, E NE-WSW . 2 m ore s t 1 05 f t ( 32m ) W o f S ite 9 [ p . 3 311. T aylor, 1 886, 2 3-47 ; G reenwell , B ritish B arrows, 4 00 ; F ergusson , 1 872, 1 30-1; T CWAAS 1 , 1 874, 1 64-6 ; i bid 2 1, 1 921, 2 73 ; C lare, 1 978, 1 3 ; W ainwright , 1 985, 1 17-20 . W iltshire A vebury . S U 1 03 7 00 . S tCs + 2 As. ( a) K ennet . 11 2 m / iles ( 2 .4km ) 1 . S SE , p ossibly t owards R . K ennet, t hen S E t o S anctuary S tC. B eaker a ssociations: S tonehole 9 , 2 s herds ; s /h 1 8, E b eaker ; s /h 2 5b , N 2 ; s /h 5 2, s herds ; W indmill H ill p ottery , s /hs 1 9, 3 1, 6 7 ; G rooved w are, s /h 4 5. S tukeley , 1 743 2 9-33, 5 1; K eiller & P iggott , 1 939 , 4 27 ; C larke, 1 970 , I I, 5 01; W ood , 1 978, 3 2-4; T hom & T hom , 1 976b ; B url, 1 979, 6 9-70 . ( b) B eckhampton . c . 11 /m 2 iles ( 2 .4km ) 1 . S W t hen W . B eaker a ssociation : L ongstone C ove , W AN 3 8 , 1 913, 1 -8 ; N /MR b eaker , C larke, 1 970 , I I, 5 01. S tukeley , 1 743, 3 4-6 ; B url, 1 979, 1 37-8. S tonehenge. S U 1 23 4 22. S tC + A ( earthen). ( a) P hase I . 1 /3 m ile ( 520m ) 1 . S W-NE . A nt J 5 , 1 925, 2 3, 2 4 ; P hase I I. E xtended 1/ 4 1 m iles ( 2km ) 1 . E t hen S SE , u nfinished . T owards R . A von . 2A ntler C -14 = 1 070 1 80 b c , 8 00 1 00 b c [ c . 1 465, 9 75 B C ]. W AN 6 8, 1 973, 4 2-56. S tukeley , 1 740, 3 5-9; A tkinson R .J .C .,1979, 6 6-7, 7 2-3, 7 4 ; B url , 1 987, 7 7-8, 1 40-1. A stronomy : A z =4 9°.6 . h or = 2 °.7 . d ecl = 2 3°.9. M S S R . L ockyer, 1 909, 6 0 , 6 3-8, 1 20 , 4 82.

5 28

N ORTHERN I RELAND F ermanagh C avancarragh . H2 99 4 49. S tC + 2 r ows + A , t ang t o E . N NW-SSE . W s ide , 2 23 f t , Es ide, 1 98 f t ( 68 , 6 1m ) 1 . 2 1 s t . 4 6 f t ( 14m ) w d . D avies , 1 939, 1 2 ; C hart , 1 64 ; M cConkey , 1 987 , 4 7 , f ig . 1 2 . F ormil . H1 59 6 75. S tC + A /Tang . 2c onverging l ines e nding a t s emic ircle t owards W . 4f t ( 1.2m ) a part a t W , 1 0 f t ( 3m ) a part a t c entre . Sl ine n ow 8 s t a t 7f t ( 2 .1m ) i ntervals, s ome p ros, 5 -8 f t ( 1.5-1.4m ) 1 . L ong a xis o n a llg . Nl ine , 1 9 l ow s tones , l ong a xis a t R tLs t o a llg . O nce 1 11 f t ( 33 .7m ) 1 . D avies, 1 939, 1 1; C hart, 1 45; M cConkey , 1 987 , 4 5. L ondonderry A ltaghoney . C5 15 0 13 . S tC , A , t ang . A4f t 6( 1.4m ) So f r ing . E nds l evel w ith W a rc . W NW-ESE . Ss ide , 2 5 b ig s t, 1 10 f t ( 33 .4m ) 1 . N s ide , 2 6 l ow s t , c lose-set , 8 2 f t ( 24 .8m ) 1 . A v h t 1f t 6( 0 .5m ). 2 3 f t ( 7 .2m ) w d . D avies, 1 939, 1 1; J RSAI 7 0 , 1 940 , 1 43 ; M cConkey , 5 3 , f ig . 4 5. A ughlish N W . C6 62 0 43. S tC + A , t ang . N E-SW . T aller s ide , 5 8 f t ( 17 .7m ) 1 , 7s t , a v h t 1f t 6( 0 .5m ). L ower s ide , 8s t , 4 7 f t ( 14 .3m ) 1 . M cConkey , 5 2 A ughlish N . C6 62 0 43 . A venue b etween A ughlish N W a nd S E . T aller s ide , 1 0 s t s t , N W-SE , a v h t 1f t 3( 0 .4m ). L ower s ide , c .7 s t , 6 s( 0 .15m ) h . M cConkey , 5 2 . T yrone B eaghmore . H6 85 8 42 . 7S tCs w ith r elated a ligs . E xc . 1 949 o nwards . C ,D . 2S tCs + A . P . T o D , t ang t o Wo f C . N E-SW . S hort W . 3 3 f t ( 10m ) 1 , t all s t . L ong E . 1 36 f t ( 42m ) 1 , l ow s t . D ating : b etween 1 535 775bc [ c . 1 880-950 B C ]: P ilcher , U JA 3 2, 1 969, 7 3-91. J RSA I 8 3, 1 953 , 1 74 ; E vans, 1 98 ; T hom A .S . 1 980 ; M cConkey , 1 987, 7 17 5 , f ig . 8 . B roughderg . H6 61 8 73 . S tC + A . EW . Ns ide t aller . 7s t , 5 0 f t ( 15.2m ) 1 .S , v ery l ow . N ear i ts c entre, a q uartz s t. M cConkey , 6 0 . C astledamph . H 5 22 9 25. D . 2c ontig S tCs . EW . E xc . 1 937 . 8 2 f t ( 25m ) t o Si s c onc S tC + A . N -S . Es ide, 1 6 l arger s tones, 7 1 f t ( 21.5m ) 1 . W s ide , l ower s tones , 7 1 f t ( 21.5m ) 1 . 2f t ( 0 .6m ) w d . 3p ostholes a t Se nd . J RSAI 6 8 , 1 938 , 1 06 ; E vans, 1 99 ; M cConkey , 1 987, 5 7 , f ig . 1 3 . C hart , 2 1, d iffers s lightly . C onc S tC, c entral C+c ist , d ouble q uasi-tang a lig o f l arge s tones . D avagh . H7 01 8 70 . C onc S tC + A , t ang , t o N . E NE-WSW , 4 9 f t ( 15m ) 1 . Ss ide , 9 ? S t . Ns ide , 4 4 f t ( 13 .3m ) 1 . 1 1 f t 6( 3 .5m ) w d . D avies, 1 939, 8 , f ig . 5 ; C hart , 2 26 ; M cConkey , 1 987 , 6 0 , f ig . 2 0 . K nocknahorna . H4 10 9 89. S tC + ? A o r e xtended e ntrance a t S E w ith r adial p ortals. S E-NW . Ns ide , 2s t , Ss ide, 3 s t +1a dj. 7 f t ( 2 .1m ) 1 . D avies , 1 939, 7 , f ig . 2 ; C hart , 2 15; M cConkey , 1 987 , 5 6 , f ig . 2 5.

5 29

R EPUBLIC O F I RELAND L imerick L ough G ur E . R6 38 4 11. B anked S tC + A ? o r r emains o f c ourt-cairn . c .60 f t ( 18m ) 1x9 m w . N W-SE . 1 7 s t. J CHAS I , 1 895, 3 00 ; P RIA 3 0 , 1 912, 2 93; P RIA 5 4C , 1 951, 3 9 . W icklow C astleruddery . S9 25 9 37. D itched c ircle henge + r emains o f A . c . 5 0 f t ( 18m ) 1 . E -W . L ed t o 2l arge q uartz s t a t e ntrance . 7s t . J RSAI61, 1 931, 1 31-3 ; J RSAI 7 5, 1 945, 2 66; C hurcher , 1 985, 1 1-12 , 5 5-6. S COTLAND A berdeenshire B roomend o f C richie . N J 7 79 1 96 . [ B2/12]. C ircle-henge + 2 A ? D estr . ( a) N -S, 1 30ft ( 411m ) 1 , c . 6 0 f t ( 18m) w d . O rig . c . 7 2 s t. N ow 3 o nly. T o R . D on a t S ? ( b) m ay h ave l ed f rom c ircle-henge t o R SC 1 50 f t ( 46m ) t o N . A t Se nd o f ( a) n r N J 7 80 1 92, 3 c ists. E xc . 1 866. B eakers : N 2/(L ), 2 x N 2, N 3, i ndet , ( Clarke , 1 970 , I I, 5 10). M aitland , W . H istory a nd A ntiquities o f S cotland , I , 1 757, 1 54 ; P SAS 7 , 1 866-8, 1 10-13; i bid 1 8, 1 883-4, 3 19-25; i bid 5 4 , 1 919-20 , 1 547 2; T hom , T hom & B ur , 1 980 , 2 16-17. D umfriess G irdle S tanes. [ G7/4]. N Y 2 57 9 66 t o N Y 2 54 9 61 . 2S tCs a nd ? A . I rregular c urving l ine, d ouble?, o f c . 1 5 l ow s t b etween t he S tCs o f t he L oupin ' S tanes a nd t he G irdle S tanes, l ower d own , b y t he R . W hite E sk . N NE-SSW . 1 700 f t ( 520m ) 1 . S tarts 1 40 y ds ( 128m ) N E o f t he G irdle S tanes . ' Two o utliers, a lmost b uried '. H yslop , J . &R . L angholm A s I t W as. L angholm , 1 912. 1 7-46 ; R CAHM-S , D umfriess, 1 920 ,78-9 . n o . 1 99 ; P SAS 3 1, 1 896-7, 2 83 . L ewis C allanish . N B 2 13 3 30 . S tC , A+ 3S. A = 2 72 f t 4i ns ( 83m) 1 , 2 9 f t 6 ( 9m) w d . N NE-SSW . 1 9 s t . P ottery : H ebridean ; B eakers : AX , N 3 , N 4 ; g rooved w are . T oland , 1 726 , 1 22-3 ; S tukeley , 1 743 , 3 6 , 6 2 ; P SAS 3 , 1 857-9, 1 10-12; ; R CAHM-S, O uter H ebrides, 1 928, 2 4-7 , n o. 8 9; B url , 1 976, 1 48-55; ' Callanish . Am ap o f t he s tanding s tones a nd c ircles a t C allanish , I sle o f L ewis', G lasgow U niversity , 1 978; D & E S cotland , 1 981, 4 9-50 ; P onting G . &M ., 1 984 . A stronomy : T oland , 1 726, 1 22: ' By w hich l a nd t he n ineteen s tones o n e ach s ide t he a venue b etokening t he [ lunar] C ycle o f n ineteen y ears, I c an p rove i t t o h ave b een d edicated p rincipally t o t he S un '. C allender , H . P SAS 2 , 1 854-7, 3 82. L aid o ut t o t he c ardinal p oints. 'T he n orth b eing i ndicated b y t he d ouble r ow o r a venue '. Wilson , 1 863 , I , 1 66. ' This m egalithic g roup h as b een e xpressly a rranged w ith r eference t o t he c ardinal p oints b y

5 30

a stronomical o bservation '. L ockyer , 1 909, 3 44. A venue . A z = 9° . h or = 1° 2 6 '. d ecl = 3 2 °2 6 '. C apella r ising , 1 720 B C . S omerville , 1 913; i bid ,1923 , 2 03, C apella r ising , 1 800 B C . H awkins, 1 966, 1 82-90 , P ossibly t o p redict e clipse s easons. A z =1 90 ° . 1. M a jS M S; i bid , 1 973, 2 39-40 ; T hom , 1 967, 9 8, H 1/1. A zs = 9 °. 2, 1 0 °. 6 . h ors -7 - 3 °. 5, 1° . 6 . d ecl = + 32 ° . 5. C apella r ising , 1 790 B C . W ood , 1 978, 3 3, 4 1, 9 2 ; P onting , G . &M ., 1 984 , 5 2 -M a j SM S, M W S S. M ull A rdnacross. N M 5 42 4 91. [ M1/9]. S ee 3 -stone r ow l ist . W ALES P owys C errig D uon ( Brecks). S N 8 52 2 06. [ W11/3]. M aen M awr . ' The g reat s tone]. ' Black r ock '. S tC + t ang A + 3st r ow . Ai s N E o f S tC , 4 7 f t ( 14 .3m ) t o Eo f c ircumference . S SW-NNE . 2l ines o f s t s t d iverge , 1 6 f t 6( 5m ) a part a t S SW , 2 1 f t ( 6.4m ) a t N NE . Ws ide , 1 6 s t , 1 48 f t ( 45m ) 1 . Es ide , 1 1 s t , 8 1 f t ( 24 .7m ) 1 . F rom R . T awe? 3st r ow t o No f S tC . G rimes, 1 963, 1 38-9 , n o . 2 7; T hom , 1 966, 4 6 , f ig . 3 4, W 11/3 ; T hom , T hom & B url , 1 980 , 3 92-3 . R hos y B eddau ( Montgomery). S J 0 57 3 01. [ W6/2]. ' The m oor o f g raves'. S tC + t ang A . 1 62 f t ( 49.4m ) 1 . P , 8t o 1 2 f t ( 2.4-3 .6m ) w d . W SW-ENE . E nds 2 5 f t ( 7.6m ) f rom S tC 's S s ide . A fon D isgynfa f lows p ast. A rch C amb , 1 868, 1 76 ; G rimes, 1 963, 1 20-2, n o . 1 3; T hom , 1 967, 1 49 , W 6/2. 2 nd c ircle 4 50 y ds ( 400m) t o N . A rch i n W ales 2 6, 1 987, 3 8.

5 31

MULTIPLE R OWS G arrywhin ' consists... o f s ix r ows, r unning n orth a nd s outh, a nd a re l ike t he h eadstones o f a r ude a nd o ld-fashioned b uryingg round. T he r ows a re n arrow a t o ne e nd , a nd g et w ider a t t he o ther o r s outh e nd . A f ew f eet f rom t he n arrow e nd w as a r ound h eathery k noll... H ere t here w as a lso a s tone c offin.., i n w hich w ere t he e namel c rown m olars o f a h uman b eing. T he s keleton h ad l ong s ince m ouldered a way i nto d ust. A b owl-shaped u rn w as f ound i n t he c ist'. G eorge G unn,

1 915, 3 48 .

L INES O F M ENEC, C arnac, B rittany. G uide d e l a B retagne M ystArieuse,

1 979, 1 85.

N early f ifty s ettings o f s everal r ows a re k nown r anging f rom a s f ew a s t hree l ines a t Y ar T or o n D artmoor t o a s m any a s 2 3 a t M id C lyth, t he ' Hill o ' M any S tanes' i n C aithness. T he m ajor c oncentration i s i n n orthern S cotland w here 4 5% o f t hese m ultiple r ows h ave b een r ecorded w ith a s omewhat l esser p roportion, 3 6%, i n B rittany. I t i s t here t hat t he g reatest o f t he r ows w ere l aid o ut. T here a re a lso a f ew m ultiples o n D artmoor, 1%, a nd i n N orthern I reland, 6 %.

5 32

I n s ize t he B reton s ites, p articularly t hose i n t he s outh , b y f ar e xceed a ny o thers , t he g igantic r ows o f M enec , K ermario a nd K erlescan/Petit-Menec n ear C arnac o n a verage c ontaining t en r ows o f h eavy s tones i n l ines s ome 4 000 f t ( 1200m ) l ong . I n c ontrast , a lthough t he C aithness s ettings a lso h ave a n a verage o f t en r ows , f rom a s f ew a s f our a t B roughwin I I t o a s m any a s 2 3 a t M id C lyth , t heir m ean l ength i s o nly 2 29 f t ( 70m ), h ardly a t wentieth o f t he s tupendous C arnac a lignments. T o t he s outh o f C aithness i n S utherland t he r ows a re l esser b oth i n n umber o f l ines a nd i n l ength , o nly 8 0 f t ( 24m ) f rom e nd t o e nd . W ere o ne t o e xclude t he a typical L earable H ill f rom t his c alculation t he a verage l ength w ould d iminish t o 4 9 f t ( 15m ). R ather o ddly , t here a re t wo s mall s ettings o f t hree r ows e ach i n S hetland , p resumably o f n orth S cottish i nfluence , b ut n one w hatsoever a re k nown i n t he O rkneys h alfway b etween t he S hetlands a nd t he S cottish m ainland . I t i s s ometimes b elieved t hat a m a jority o f t he B reton s ites w ere s et o ut i n f anlike a rrangements b ut t his i s i naccurate . A lmost a s m any l ie p arallel t o e ach o ther a s c onverge . I n n orthern S cotland t he o pposite i s t rue . O nly t wo c ertain p arallel s ites a re k nown , b oth i n S utherland a t L earable H ill a nd S kelpick w hereas a t l east e ight ' fans ' h ave b een r ecognised a nd p lanned b y f ieldworkers s uch a s S ir H enry D ryden , A lexander T hom , a nd L eslie M yatt. S everal o f t he B reton r ows l ead u phill t owards h uge m egalithic e nclosures k nown a s c romlechs, t he s tones i n t he r ings a lmost c ontiguous u nlike t hose i n t he r ows w hich a re s et w ell a part . T he f act t hat t he l ines, d espite c rowding t ogether n ear t he c romlech , d o n ot a ll p oint t o i t ( Thom & T hom , 1 978a , 6 3 ' Menec ', 9 3 ' Kerlescan ') m ay s uggest t hat e xtra l ines h ad b een a dded t o t he f irst , n arrower s ettings. T he s ame p henomenon m ay b e s een a t C orringdon B all o n D artmoor w here t wo t reble r ows, B a nd C , b oth o f t hem o f p arallel l ines, e xtend u phill t owards a n e ncircled c airn . T he t hree l ines o f r ow B p oint t o t he c ircle 's n orthern s ide b ut t wo o f C 's r ows a re m isaligned a way f rom i ts s outhern a rc ( Worth , 1 967, 2 32-4 , E mmett, 1 979, 1 09). A t hird r ow , A , r uns j ust t o t he n orth o f t he c ircle i n t he d irection o f a s mall b arrow , a nd i t i s e asy t o s ee h ow t he e ntire c omplex c ould b e i nterpreted a s a7 -row m ultiple . A D artmoor s ite t hat m ight b e c ompared w ith t hose i n n orthern S cotland e xists a t C hallacombe ( Worth , 1 967, 2 26). H ere t hree d amaged r ow s c limb s outhwards u p a s teep g radient o f 1 :11 t owards a m assive s tanding s tone . ' The l ines a re f arther a part a t t he n orth t han a t t he s outh e nd , w here t hey g ather i n s omewhat t o m eet t he b locking-stone '. E xcavation h as p roved o f l ittle a ssistance i n t he d ating o f t he m ultiple r ows. D omestic r ubbish o f f lints , s herds, g rinders a nd b urnt s tones w ere d iscovered d uring J ames M iln 's 1 877 d igging a t K ermario . ( Excavations a t C arnac , B rittany ...Kermario , E dinburgh , 1 881, 2 5-32). ' In t he s outh p art ... w e c ame u pon a g reat n umber o f b urnt s tones, c harcoal , a shes , s everal s tone h ammers i n q uartz, n umerous h and p ro jectiles i n g ranite , s ome f lint c hips, a nd s everal f ragments o f r ude C eltic p ottery b elonging t o v ases w hich h ad b een m ade w ith s ea

5 33

m ud ' ( ibid , 2 6), a nd ' the o nly r esult o btained t here w as s ome c harcoal a shes a nd f lint c hips a t t he b ase o f t he m enhirs ' ( ibid , 2 8). S uch f inds m erely s uggest t hat t he r ows h ad b een e rected o n a reas o f e arlier o ccupation . T he u nearthing o f R oman S amian w are , c oins a nd r oof t egulae a t t he f oot o f o ther a lignments a nd s tanding s tones i n F inistere a nd a t C arnac ( J . M iln , E xcavations a t C arnac ...the B osseno , E dinburgh , 1 877, 1 19) i s e vidence o f d isturbance b ut n ot p ost-Iron A ge s tone r ow b uilding . A l ost p ot , e ither a M iddle P hase b eaker o r af ood-vessel , f rom t he c ist a t t he h ead o f t he G arrywhin r ow s i n C aithness m ay p oint t o a n E arly B ronze A ge o rigin f or t he b urial t here . W herever t hey a re f ound i n w estern E urope t he p urpose o f t hese m ultiple r ows r emains u nclear . T hom ( 1971a , 9 1-105) h as s uggested t hat s ome i n B rittany a nd C aithness w ere d esigned a s e xtrapolation d evices f or d etecting m inor m ovements o f t he m oon . H e a lso n oted ( ibid , 9 3) t hat a t M id C lyth , w here t he m a jor a xis w as N -S, a n o bserver l ooking n orth-eastwards a long t he w esternmost o f t he 2 3 r ows w ould h ave f ound i t a ligned u pon t he d irection o f t he m ost n ortherly m oonrise . S imilarly , b y s ighting s outhwards d own t he e astern r ow h e w ould h ave b een l ooking t owards t he m oon ' rising a t i ts s outherly p osition a t t he m a jor s tandstill '. T wo m atters m ust b e k ept i n m ind w hen c onsidering t he f unction o f m ultiple r ows. T he f irst i s t hat j ust a s i n B rittany s everal r ow s w ere a ssociated w ith t he a ssembly-places o f c romlechs, s o t he l ines o f n orthern S cotland f requently f ocussed u pon a c airn o r a c ist s uggesting t hat t he s ettings h ad b een i ntended a s c omponents o f a f unerary m onument . T he s econd i s t hat w hether p arallel o r s played t he l ines a re o ften a ssymetrical t o o ne a nother a s t hough t he o utermost l ines h ad b een a dditions t o e arlier a rrangements. F or t he p resent w e s hould b e c ontent t o a gree w ith t he w ords o f t he F rench a ntiquarian , t he C hevalier d e F reminville , w hen h e f irst g azed o n t he a wesome M enec r ows i n 1 827. ' As I r eached t he t op o f t he h ill , t he p lain o f K arnac s uddenly s pread i tself o ut b elow m e , a nd i ts w ild h eathland , t he h orizon f ringed w ith p ine w oods, a nd a bove a ll t he e xtraordinary v iew o f t hat r egiment o f s tones, t he s tartling a rmy o f s hapeless r ock s o s ymmetrically a ligned , f illed m e w ith a stonishment '.

5 34

E xcavations i n M ultiple R ows F RANCE B rittany ( Morbihan). K ermario . F lints, s herds, p olished a xe , q uernstone , b urnt s tones.

C upmarks i n M ultiple R ows N one r ecorded .

S ome S uggested A stronomical L ines i n M ultiple R ows F RANCE B rittany ( Morbihan). K eriavel. M in S M R ( Thom ); c ardinal p oints ( Burl). S COTLAND C aithness. C amster . F or l unar e xtrapolation ( Thom). D irlot . L unar s ite f or t he m ajor a nd m inor s tandstills ( Thom). L och o f Y arrows.For l unar e xtrapolation? ( Thom). M id C lyth . A l unar o bservatory ( Thom). S utherland . L earable H ill. E quinoctial S R , A ugust a nd S eptember S R ( Thom); M aj S M R ( Myatt).

5 35

M ULTIPLE R OWS

E NGLAND D evon C hallacombe . S X 6 89 8 09. C omplex . N NW-SSE . 5 28 f t+ ( 161m ). T . W orth 1 967, 2 26, n o . 4 6 ; P ettit, 1 31-2 ; E mmett, 9 7, 9 8, C lass 4 ; T DA 2 4, 3 94-5; i bid 2 5, 5 46 ; i bid 2 6, 2 99. C orringdon B all ( B). S X 6 67 6 12 . Co mplex , F . N E-SW . 2 60 f t ( 79m ). S tC. W orth , 1 967, 2 32 , n o . 5 8 ; P ettit , 1 34; E mmett, 1 06 , 1 07, C lass 4 . C orringdon B all ( C). S X 6 67 6 12. C omplex , F . N E-SW . 2 19 f t ( 67m ). W orth , 1 967, 2 32-4, n o . 5 9; E mmett, 1 06, 1 07, C lass 4 ; T DA 2 4 , 3 92-4 . C osdon H ill . S X 6 43 9 17. 3 r ows . 4 47 f t ( 136m ). 8 f t 1 0 ( 2 .7m ) w d . W NW-ESE S tC. D ouble c ist . L evel g round . R estored . W orth , 1 967 , 2 18 , n o . 3 3 ; P ettit, 1 31; E mmett, 9 7, 1 06, 1 07, C lass 3 . C olne M oor . S X 6 75 7 09. 3 r ows . R obbed . P ettit, 1 31; F leming , 1 988 , 9 5. Y ar T or . S X 6 81 7 40 . 3r ows . N W-SE . 1 500 f t ( 457m ). B . W orth , 1 967, 2 27-29, n o . 4 9; E mmett, 1 11, C lass 3 . S omerset * WiImersham C ommon . S S 8 56 4 20 . R+? 3 r ows . N E-SW . 2 15 f t ( 66m ) 1 . G rinsell, 1 970 , 4 3-4, 1 90 ; E xmoor R eview 8 , 1 967, 4 8-9. F RANCE .

( Brittany )

C ates-du-Nord C hamp d es R oches , L e, P leslin . 5r ows , F . 6 5 s t. N E-SW . 2 63 f t ( 80m ) 1 , 1 08 f t ( 33m ) w d a t S W . B url, 1 985, 3 2-3 . n o . 5 . F inistere A n-Eured V en , S t M ichel B rasparts. ' La N oce d e P ierre ' ( The S tone W edding ). S everal r ows , F . 1l ine i s E -W . B url, 1 985, 5 0 , n o . 3 9. G iot e t a l , 1 979, 4 14 . L andaoudec , C rozon . S everal s hort r ows. c . 3 00 s t. V arious a z. G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 17 . L ostmarc 'h , C rozon . 3r ows, 1 1 s t, P . G iot , 1 960 , 1 24 ; B ender , 8 9. M adeleine, L a , L estriguiou . O rig 4 r ows + ? StC . I n 1 9th c entury , 5 006 00 s t s t. P . 3 300 f t ( lkm) 1 . D estr . B url, 1 985, 7 0 , n o . 8 0 . T y a r C 'hurg , M orgat. S everal r ows. R uined . B url, 1 985, 7 9, n o . 9 7a .

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D emoiselles, L es, L angon . n o . 1 00 ; G iot e t a l, L ampouy , M edrgac . 4r ows . s t . N -S. B url, 1 985,

3 7 s t i n 6r ows, P . S E-NW . B url, 1 985, 8 2, 1 979, 4 15.. c . 1 15 f t ( 35m ) 1 . 6 0 s t. N W-SE . F . +2s t 8 6-8, n o. 1 04 ; G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 13-14..

L oire-Atlantique A rbourg , H erbignac . 7r ows , 5 7 s t. D estr . G iot , 1 960 , 1 24 . M orbihan D etailed p lans f or s everal o f t he g reat f ound i n T hom & T hom , 1 977.

r ows a round C arnac w ill b e

G rand R esto , L anguidec . 3r ows . P . 2 00 s t. G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 16 . K eriavel, P louharnel. 4 r ows, P . N -S. 2 23 f t ( 68m ) 1b y 1 18 f t ( 36m ) w d . A stronomy : A2 = 1 18°.2. h or = 0 °.3 . d ecl = 18°.6. M in S M R . T hom & T hom , 1 978 , 1 15-17. P robably a c ardinal p oint s ite. B url , 1 985, 1 51, n o . 1 97b . K erlescan , C arnac . 1 3 r ows, 5 40 s t, F . 2 625 f t ( 800m ) 1 . 4 92 f t ( 492m ) w d . W NW-ESE . + c romlech . T hom & T hom , 1 977, 4 a ; 1 978 , 9 3 ; W ood , 1 978 , 1 46 , 1 55; B url, 1 985, 1 41-2, n o. 1 80d ; K ermario, C arnac. 7 m ajor r ows + s ubsidiaries, 1 029 s t , P . W SW-ENE . 3 765 f t ( 1120m ) 1 . E xc . F lints, s herds, p ol. a xe , q uern , b urnt s tones . T hom & T hom 1 977, 3 a, 3 b , 1 7, 1 9; 1 978, 7 9-81; W ood , 1 978 , 3 3, 1 45-6 , 1 55-8 , f igs. 8 .1, 8 .7 ; B url, 1 985, 1 44, n o . 1 83b . K erzeho, E rdeven . 1 0 r ows , P . 1 129 s t. D amaged . E SE-WNW . 6 906 f t ( 2105m ) 1 . 2 10 f t ( 64m ) w d . A t R tAs, a s hort l ine, 2 3 s t. G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 19. B url, 1 985, 1 45-6 , n o . 1 87a . K erzine, L e M oulin d e , P louhinec. 8 r ows, c .45m 1 . c . 4 0 s t. W NW-ESE . G iot e t a l, 1 979, 4 16 ; B url, 1 985, 1 18 , n o . 1 47a . M enec , C arnac. 1 1 r ows,F . W SW-ENE . +c romlech . 1 099 s t. 3 829 f t ( 1167m ) 1 . 1 076 f t ( 100m ) w d . T hom & T hom , 1 977 , l a , l b , 1 3 , 1 4 ; 1 978 , 6 3-7; W ood , 1 978 , 3 3, 5 4, 1 40-59; B url, 1 985, 1 57-8, n o . 2 03b . M oulin d e S t P ierre Quiberon , L e , Q uiberon . 5r ows , F . 2 4 s t . E SE-WNW . +c romlech . 1 68 f t ( 51m ) 1 . T hom & T hom , 1 978 , 1 07; B url, 1 985, 1 58 , n o . 2 04a . P etit Menec , C arnac . ?8r ows, P . W SW-ENE . 1 149 f t ( 350m ) 1 . T hom & T hom , 1 977, 4 b ; 1 978, 9 3 ; W ood , 1 978, 1 41, 1 45; B url, 1 985, 1 59 6 0 , n o . 2 07 . S t B arbe , P louharnel. 4 r ows, ? P . c . 5 0 s t . E SE-WNW . +c romlech . B url, 1 985, 1 64, n o . 2 13 ; B ender , 1 57 . N ORTHERN I RELAND F ermanagh B rougher t d . H 3 59 5 29. S tC . T o N , l arge s t s t 6f t 8 ( 2m ) h . P arallel t o i ts a xis a re 3 l ines o f s t s t, 2 t o W , 1t o E , a ll 3 f t ( 1m ) o r m ore l ower t han s t s t. C hart e t a l , 1 940 , 1 56 .

5 37

L ondonderry C orick . H 7 78 8 97. S tC + 3 R +1 M =3r ows , P . N -S, 6 2 ' ( 18 .8m ) 1 . D avies, 1 939, 1 0 ; C hart e t a l, 2 11; M cConkey , 1 987, 5 3-4, F ig . 1 8 . T yrone B eaghmore . H 6 85 8 42 . 7S tCs w ith r elated a ligs. O nly S tCs A , B h ave m ultiple r ows. B etween 2 r ings, 4 s played l ines, N E-SW . 2 s hort i nner , t all s t ; 2l ong o uter , l ow s t. 7 3 f t, 3 9 f t , 7 5 f t, 2 5 f t ( 22, 1 2, 3 3, 8 m ) 1 .JRSAI 8 3, 1 953, 1 74 ; E vans, 1 98 ; T hom A .S . 1 980 ; B url, 1 989. S COTLAND C aithness B roughwin I . N D 3 13 4 12. M /F . R uined . C . R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 5 60 ; F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 5 9-60 , n o . 4 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 2 86 ; . B roughwin I I. N D 3 12 4 09. 4 r ows, N E-SW . C . C ist , N E-SW . R 1 80 f t 5 5m ) t o W . A nderson , 1 868 , 5 03-4 ; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 5 61. F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 0 , n o. 5 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 2 86-7 . C amster . N D 2 60 4 37 . [ N1/14 ]. ? 6 r ows , F . N -S . 5 45 f t ( 166m ) 1 . D ryden , 1 872, 5 30 ; A nderson , 1 886, 1 29-30 ; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 5 73 ; G unn , 1 915, 3 48 ; W ood , 1 978, 1 24, 1 28 ; H eggie , 1 981, 1 93 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 2 , n o . 9 . F ig . 6 ; M yatt , 1 988, 2 92-3 . A stronomy : T hom , 1 971, 9 9-100 , 1 04. A s ite f or l unar e xtrapolation . D irlot . N D 1 23 4 85. [ N1/17 ]. c . 1 4 r ows, F . E SE-WNW . 3 94 f t ( 120m ) 1 . 2 C . R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 1 65. G unn , 1 915, 3 52-4 ; F eachem , 7 3 ; W ood , 1 978 , 1 24-9; H eggie, 1 981, 1 93 ; F reer & M yatt , 1 982 , 6 2 , n o . 1 0 . F ig . 7 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 2 93-5. A stronomy : T hom , 1 971, 9 5-8, 1 04 - a l unar s ite f or ' both t he m ajor a nd m inor s tandstills '. G arrywhin . N D 3 14 4 13. [ N1/9. W attenan ]. 6 -8 r ows, F . N NE-SSW . 2 30 f t ( 70m ) 1 . C airn , 1 8 f t ( 5.5m ) d iameter . C ist E -W , ' twisted-cord ' f ood-vessel o r b eaker s herds ( Clarke, 1 970 , I I, 5 16), h uman t eeth , 2f lint f lakes. P SAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44 ; D ryden , 1 872, 5 29 ; A nderson , 1 868, 5 03-4 ; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a , n o. 5 58 ; G unn , 1 915, 3 48 ; T hom , 1 964, f ig . 2 ; F eachem , 7 3 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 0 , n o . 7 . F ig . 3 ; M yatt, 1 988,287-90 . L och o f Y arrows . N D 3 13 4 41. [ N1/7 ]. ' Battle M oss '. ? 6 r ows, P o r F . N -S. 1 37 f t ( 42m ) 1 . D ryden , 1 872, 5 29; A nderson , 1 886 , 1 30-1; R CAHM-S , C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 5 70 ; G unn , 1 915, 3 50 ; W ood , 1 978 , 1 24, 1 28 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 6 1-2, n o . 8 , f igs. 4 , 5 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 2 90-2 . A stronomy : T hom , 1 971, 9 8-9, 1 04- a p ossible l unar e xtrapolation s ite . L och W atenan . N D 3 18 4 11. 4r ows. 9 4 f t ( 29m ) 1 . 3 6 f t ( 11m ) w d . N -S. R CAHM-S, C aithness, 1 911a, n o. 5 71; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 5 9 , n o . 2 ; M yatt, 1 988, 2 85. M id C lyth . N D 2 95 3 84 . [ N1/1]. ' Hill o ' M any S tanes '. 2 3 r ows, F . N -S . 1 43 f t ( 44m ) 1 . C ?. C ordiner , R ev . C . ( 1780), A ntiquities a nd S cenery o f t he N orth o f S cotland . L ondon . 8 4 .PSAS 9 , 1 871-2, 4 44 ; D ryden , 1 872, 5 29-30 ; A nderson , 1 886, 1 31-2 ; R CAHM-S, C aithness, 5 38

1 911a , n o . 2 92 ; T hom , 1 967 , 9 5, 1 52 , f ig . 1 2 .12 , 1 56, f ig . 1 2 .16; F eachem , 7 3 ; M acKie , 1 975, 2 26-7 ; W ood , 1 978 , 1 13 , 1 24-9 , f ig . 7 .8 ; H eggie, 1 981, 4 9-50 , 2 06-8 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 982, 5 8-9 , n o . 1 . F ig . 1 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 2 82-5. F armer t ook a s tone f or t he l intel o f ak iln b ut t he s tone c aught f ire a nd w as r eturned . G unn , 1 915, 3 46-8 . A stronomy : T hom , 1 967 , 1 56-8 ; i bid , 1 971, 9 1-5, 1 03, 1 04 . ' The s ite i s c ertainly a l unar o bservatory . T he c hance i s r emotely s mall t hat t hese s tones a re s ituated b y a ccident a t as pot w hich p rovides f oresights f or [ the m ajor a nd m inor l unar s tandstills ] w ith p erturbations, a nd p rovides t hem a ccurately . A s h as b een p ointed o ut , s uch a s ite i s u seless w ithout a m eans o f e xtrapolation ' ( Thom , 1 971, 9 5). T ormsdale . N D 1 48 4 97 . 9r ows , F . N W-SE . +1t ang R , N -S. 1 21 f t ( 37m ) 1 . M yatt , 1 985; 1 988 , 2 95-7 . U pper D ounreay I . N D 0 12 6 60 . [ N1/3 ]. ' Craig B eac ' ( spotted r ock ). 1 3 r ows , F . W NW-ESE . 1 31 f t ( 40m ) 1 . A4 -slab c ist a bove t he r ows p rovides a f ocus f or t hem . R CAHM-S , C aithness, 1 911a , n o . 3 97; G unn , 1 915, 3 55; T hom , 1 964, f ig . 3 ; F eachem , 7 3 ; F reer & M yatt, 1 983 , 1 20 , n o . 1 1. F ig . 8 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 2 97-9 ; U pper D ounreay I I . N D 0 07 6 60 . D estr . F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 20-1, n o . 1 2 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 2 99. W atenan . N D 3 15 4 12 . ? 12 r ow , F . N NE-SSW . 1 78 f t ( 54m ) 1 . F reer & M yatt , 1 982, 5 9, n o . 3 . F ig . 2 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 2 85. S hetland G iant 's S tones . H U 2 43 8 05. M . S mall s t s t f orm 1 , p rob 3 r ows , S -N , S SW-NNE d irection . No f p air o f G iant 's S tones n ear H amna V oe . 1 7 s t v isible . D&E , 1 985, 3 2-3 . L umbister , NY ell. H U 4 87 9 64 . 3r ows , P . L inear s etting o f s mall b oulders. N E-SW . c2 00 f t ( 60m ) 1 . c . 5 0 f t ( 15m ) a part . C entral l ine c rossed b y s hort l ine o f l arger b oulders N -S . F ojut , 5 6-7. S utherland B adanloch . N C 7 82 3 51. 7 r ows , F . N -S . 5 3 f t ( 16m ) 1 . F reer & M yatt , 1 983 , 1 25, n o . 1 6 . F ig . 1 2 ; M yatt, 1 988, 3 05-8 . B orgie . N C 6 61 5 87 . ? 5 r ows , ? P . N E-SW ?. c . 5 9 f t ( 18m ) 1 . F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 21, n o . 1 4 . F ig . 1 0 ; M yatt , 1 988, 3 08-9. K ildonan S W . N C 9 55 1 85. ' Alit B reac ' ( trout s tream ). 1 4 r ows? 6 6 f t ( 20m ) 1 . 2 C . D estr . R CAHM-S , S utherland , 1 911b , 1 32, n o . 3 79 ; F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 32, n o . 1 9 ; ;M yatt , 1 988 , 2 99-300 . K inbrace . ' Ach 'na h 'Uai '. N C 8 27 3 22 . 1 0 r ows , F . N W-SE . 4 1 f t ( 13m ) 1 . C ?. F reer & M yatt , 1 983 , 1 25, n o . 1 7 . F ig . 1 3 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 3 03-5. L earable H ill. N C 8 92 2 34 . Ac omplex o f 4r ows , 3r ows , 1 0 r ows . ( a ). [ N2/1]. 4 r ows , P . EW . 2 03 f t ( 62m ) 1 . P SAS 7 , 1 866-8 , 2 93 ; A nderson , 1 886, 1 32 ; R CAHM-S , S utherland , 1 911b , n o . 3 81. G unn , 1 915, 3 53 , t he s ite o f ab attle b etween P icts a nd S cots . F eachem , 8 7 , s t s t 5f t 3( 1.6m ) ha t h ill s ummit 1 15 f t ( 35m ) S o f r ows h as c ross c arved o n W f ace ; M äcKie , 1 975, 2 18-19 ; W ood , 1 978 , 9 2 , 9 5 ; T hom 's p lan s hows o nly 1 /3 o f r ows , a nd t he m enhir i s i n t he w rong p lace ( Moir , 1 981, 2 36). F reer & M yatt , 1 983, 1 26 , n o . 1 8 . F ig . 1 4 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 3 01. A stronomy : A z =9 2°.8 . 5 39

h or = 2 °.4. d ecl = 0 °.3 E quinoctial s unrise . T hom , 1 967, 1 00 . ( b). ? 3 r ows, ? P . N E-SW . 1 09 f t ( 33m ) 1 . F reer & M yatt , 1 983 , 1 26, n o . 1 8 . F ig . 1 4 ; M yatt, 1 988 , 3 01. A stronomy : T hom , 1 967 , 1 53 ; 1 58 . A z =6 1°.6 . h or = 2 °.4 . d ecl = + 16°. 6 A ugust s unrise . A z =7 5°. h or = 2 °.2. d ecl = + 9°.5. S eptember s unrise . T hom , 1 967 , 1 00 .(c). 1 0 r ows , F . S SE-NNW . 7 3 f t ( 22m ) 1 . 6 5 s t . s t +1 7 p ros . L ocal s tones. S t a t 5f t 3i ns ( 1.6m ) h7 6 f t ( 23m ) t o N . 4 l ow C s m ay u nderlie t he N s ide o f f an . A stronomy : a t s t a ligned ( ?) o n m aj S M R . M yatt , 1 988 , 3 01-3 . L och R imsdale . N C 7 16 3 48 . 4r ows , F . N NW-SSE . 4 3 f t ( 13m ) 1 . F reer & M yatt, 1 983, 1 21-5, n o . 1 5. F ig . 1 1; M yatt, 1 988 , 3 08 . S kelpick . N C 7 22 5 74 . ? 5r ows , P . N -S . 3 2 f t ( 10m ) 1 . D estr . M yatt , 1 975, D & E , 5 5; F reer & M yatt , 1 983 , 1 21, n o . 1 3 . F ig . 9 ; M yatt , 1 988 , 3 09-11.

5 40

v o . Ner,

-

t e p e« • • = . 1 --$1 ,4, •

T he

P ipers,

a p air o f t all s tanding s tones n ear t he M erry M aidens s tone c ircle, L and's E nd, C ornwall.

. 1"

-•

, 4 1 4 % 1 . . 4

•+ •

•

T he m ultiple s tone r ows o f K erzerho, E rdeven, n ear C arnac, B rittany.

5 41

A BBREVIATIONS

A nt A nt J A rch A rch C amb A rch I re A rch J A rch S cot ci A rchs I nst H ist S

A ntiquity A ntiquaries J ournal A rchaeologia A rchaeologia C ambrensis A rchaeology I reland A rchaeological J ournal A rchaeologia S cotica A rchives I nternationales d 'Histoire d es S ciences

C aithness F C

C aithness F ield C lub

D&E

D iscovery a nd E xcavation , S cotland

GM G ents M ag

G lasgow A rchaeological J ournal G entleman 's M agazine

JA nthr I nst J BAA JBA str A ss J CHAS

J RSS

J ournal o f t he A nthropological I nstitute J ournal o f t he B ritish A rchaeological A ssociation J ournal o f t he B ritish A stronomical A ssociation J ournal o f t he C ork H istorical & A rchaeological S ociety J ournal o f t he G alway H istorical & A rchaeological S ociety J ournal f or t he H istory o f A stronomy J ournal o f t he K erry A rchaeological S ociety J ournal o f t he I nstitute o f N avigation J ournal o f t he R oyal A rchaeological I nstitute J ournal o f t he R oyal S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f I reland J ournal o f t he R oyal S tatistical S ociety

M ath G az

M athematical G azette

N ew S ci

N ew S cientist

P DNHAS

P roceedings o f t he D orset N atural H istory & A rchaeological S ociety P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety P roceedings o f t he R oyal I rish A cademy P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland P hilosophical T ransactions o f t he R oyal S ociety

J GHAS J HA J KAS JI nst N avig J RAI J RSAI

P PS P RIA P SAS P hil T rans R oy S oc

R CAHM-E R CAHM-S R CAHM-W

R oyal C ommission f or A ncient a nd H istoric M onuments , E ngland . i bid , S cotland i bid , W ales

5 42

T AMS T CWAAS T DA T GAS T DGNHAS T I nv S ci S oc

T ransactions o f t he A ncient M onuments S ociety T ransactions o f t he C umberland & W estmorland A ntiquarian & A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he D evonshire A ssociation T ransactions o f t he G lasgow A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he D umfriess & G alloway N atural H istory & A rchaeological S ociety T ransactions o f t he I nverness S cientific S ociety

U BSS U JA

U niversity o f B ristol S pelaeological S ociety U lster J ournal o f A rchaeology

W AM

W iltshire A rchaeological M agazine

5 43

B IBLIOGRAPHY A BM ( n .d .). A ntiquities o f t he B oggeragh M ountains . C ork C o . C o . A llcroft , A .H . ( 1927). T he C ircle & t he C ross. I . T he C ircle . L ondon . A llen , H .R . ( 1882). ' Notes o n s ome u ndescribed s tones w ith c upm arkings i n S cotland ', P SAS 1 6 , 1 881-2, 7 9-143 . A MP ( n .d .) A ntiquities o f t he M izen P eninsula . C ork C o . C O . A nderson , J . ( 1868). ' On t he h orned c airns o f C aithness ', P SAS 7 , ( 1866-8), 4 80-512. t ( 1886). S cotland i n P agan T imes. T he B ronze a nd S tone A ges. E dinburgh . A nthony , I . ( 1973). D iscovering R egional A rchaeology . W ales . P rinces R isborough . A tkinson , R .J .C . ( 1979). S tonehenge . ( Revised e d .). H armondsworth . A ubrey J . ( 1665-93). M onumenta B ritannica I . 1 980 , M ilborne P ort. " i bid I I . 1 982 , M ilborne P ort . B aldwin , J .R . ( 1985). E xploring S cotland 's H eritage . L othian a nd t he B orders. E dinburgh . B arber , J . ( 1972). ' The s tone c ircles o f C ounties C ork a nd K erry , I , I I '. U npubl . M A t hesis. U niversity C ollege , C ork . B arber , C . ( 1982). M ysterious W ales. L ondon . " ( 1986). M ore M ysterious W ales . N ew A bbot . B aring-Gould , S . ( 1901). A B ook o f D artmoor . L ondon . B arnatt, J . ( 1982). P rehistoric C ornwall . T he C eremonial M onuments. W ellingborough . B eckinsall , S . ( 1983). N orthumberland 's P rehistoric R ock C arvings. A M ystery E xplained . R othbury . B ender , B , ( 1986). T he A rchaeology o f B rittany , N ormandy a nd t he C hannel I slands. L ondon . B everidge , E . ( 1911). N orth U ist . A rchaeology & T opography . E dinburgh . B odmin S urvey . C ornwall C ommittee f or R escue A rchaeology , T ruro . B ord , J . & . C . ( 974), M ysterious B ritain . S t. A lbans. " ( 1987). A ncient M ysteries o f B ritain . L ondon . B orlase , W . ( 1769). A ntiquities, H istorical a nd M onumental, o f t he C ounty o f C ornwall . L ondon . B orlase , W .C . ( 1872). N aenia C ornubiae . T ruro . " ( 1897). T he D olmens o f I reland , I -III . L ondon . B owen , E .G . &G resham , C .A . ( 1967). H istory o f M erioneth , I . D olgellau . B ryce , T .H . ( 1910). ' The s epulchral r emains', i n : ( ed . B alfour , J .A .). T he B ook o f A rran . A rchaeology . G lasgow . 3 3-155 . B uckley , V .M . ( 1986). A rchaeological I nventory o f C o . L outh . D ublin . B url , A . ( 1976). T he S tone C irc les o f t he B ritish I sles. L ondon . " ( 1979). P rehistoric A vebury . L ondon . ( 1980). s ee : T hom , T hom & B url . ( Alexander T hom 's B ibliography). ( 1981). R ites o f t he G ods. L ondon . ( 1983). P rehistoric A stronomy a nd R itual . P rinces R isborough . ( 1985). M egalithic B rittany : aG uide . L ondon . ( 1987). T he S tonehenge P eople . L ondon . ( 1988a).Four-Posters. B ronze A ge S tone C ircles o f W estern E urope . O xford . 1 1

I f

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B url, A . ( 1988b). ' Without s harp n orth ...Alexander T hom a nd t he g reat s tone c ircles o f C umbria ', i n : ( ed : R uggles, C .L .N ., 1 988), 1 75-205. i t ( 1988c). ' Coves: s tructural e nigmas o f t he N eolithic ', W AM 8 2, 1 -18. " ( 1989). ' The s un , t he m oon, a nd m egaliths', U JA 5 0 , 7 -21. C amden , W . ( 1610). B ritannia . ( trans. H olland , P .). L ondon . " ( 1695). i bid.. e d : G ibson , E . L ondon . C hart , D .A ., E vans, E .E . &L awlor , H .C . ( eds). ( 1940). A P reliminary S urvey o f t he A ncient M onuments o f N orthern I reland . L ondon . C hilde , V .G . ( 1935). T he P rehistory o f S cotland . L ondon . C hurcher, I . ( 1985). ' A s urvey o f s tone c ircles i n s outhern L einster '. U npubl . B A d issertation , U niversity o f D urham . C lare , T . ( 1978). ' Recent w ork o n t he S hap " Avenue" ' , T CWAAS 7 8, 5 -15 C larke , D . ( 1970). T he B eaker P ottery o f G reat B ritain & I reland , I , I I. C ambridge . C lose-Brooks, J . ( 1986). E xploring S cotland 's H eritage . T he H ighlands. E dinburgh C oles, F .R . ( 1908). ' Report o n s tone c ircles s urveyed i n P erthshire N orth-eastern S ection ', P SAS 4 2, 1 907-8, 9 5-162. f t ( 1909). ' Ibid . S outh-east d istrict ', P SAS 4 3, 1 908-9, 9 3-130 . ( 1910). ' Ibid . A berfeldy d istrict ', P SAS 4 4, 1 909-10 , 1 17-68. ( 1911). ' Ibid . P rincipally S trathear i-1 7 ,- W3S 4 5, 1 910-11, 4 6-116. C ollins, A .E .P . ( 1957). ' Excavations o f t wo s tanding s tones i n C o . D own ', U JA 2 0 , 3 7-42. C onlon, J .P . ( 1916). ' Rude s tone m onuments o f t he n orthern p ortion o f C ork C ounty ', J RSAI 4 6, 5 8-76, 1 36-62. ( 1917). ' ibid ',JRSAI 4 7, 1 53-64 . t i ( 1918a). ' ibid ', J RSAI 4 8, 1 21-39. t ( 1918b ). ' Cape C lear i sland ', J CHAS 2 4, 5 3-6 C outts, H . ( 1970). A ncient M onuments o f T ayside . D undee . C rone, A . ( 1983). ' The C lochmabanestane , G retna ', T DGNHAS 5 8, 1 6-20 . C rossing , W . ( 1912). G uide t o D artmoor . 1 965 e dition . N ewton A bbot . C uppage , J . ( 1986). e d . A rchaeological S urvey o f t he D ingle P eninsula . B allyferriter . I t

D arvill, T . ( 1987). P rehistoric G loucestershire . G loucester . D avies, O . ( 1939). ' Stone c ircles i n N orthern I reland ', U JA 2 ( 1), 2 1 4 . d e L aet, S .J . ( 1958). T he L ow C ountries. L ondon . d e V alera , R . &O 'Nuallain , S . ( 1964). S urvey o f t he M egalithic T ombs o f I reland , I I . C o . M ayo . D ublin . D ryden, S ir H . ( 1872). ' Letter t o t he e ditor o f t he " John o ' G roat 's J ournal ", i n : F ergusson ( 1872). 5 29-32. D yer, J . ( 1981). T he P enguin G uide t o P rehistoric E ngland a nd W ales. L ondon . D ymond, C .W . ( 1896). T he A ncient R emains a t S tanton D rew i n t he C ounty o f S omerset. B ristol E croyd-Smith , H . ( 1852). R eliquae I surianae . R emains o f t he R oman I surium ( now A ldborough n ear B oroughbridge , Y orkshire . L ondon . E kwall, E . ( 1959). T he C oncise O xford D ictionary o f E nglish P laceN ames. 4 th e dition . O xford .

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I f

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W ood , E .H . ( 1947). ' The g rooves o n t he D evil 's A rrows, B oroughbridge , Y orks ', P PS 1 3 , 1 80-2. W ood , J .E . ( 1978). S un , M oon a nd S tanding S tones. O xford . W orth , R .H . ( 1946). ' The s tone r ows o f D artmoor , I ', T DA 7 8, 2 85-315 . " ( 1947). ' The s tone r ows o f D artmoor , I I ', T DA 7 9 , 1 75-86. I t ( 1967). e ds: S pooner , G .M . &R ussell , F .S. W orth 's D artmoor . N ewton A bbot .

5 52

5 53

IN D E X T he

S ites

o f

A .

1 : = P art i .

& A .S.

T hom

2 : = P art i i.

R EGIONS A . B . D . G . H . L . M . N . O . P . S . W . Z .

A rgyll, S cotland N orth-east S cotland M idlands, E ngland S outhern S cotland H ebrides, S cotland N orthern E ngland W estern I sles, S cotland N orthern S cotland O rkneys, S cotland P erthshire, S cotland S outhern E ngland W ales S hetlands, S cotland

T here a re n o c odes f or N orthern I reland o r f or B rittany. A berfoyle. A 11/2. 1 : 1 70 A chavanich. N 1/2. 2 : 2 88-9 A chnabreac. A 2/19. 1 : 1 19 A erodrome. H 4/3. 1 : 2 57 A irigh n am B idearan. H 1/5. 1 : 2 30-1 A lit n a M ailne. H 1/15. 1 : 2 38 A n C arra. H 5/1. 1 : 2 58 A rdlair. B 1/18. 1 : 1 74-5 A rdnacross. M 1/9. 2 : 2 73 A rdpatrick H ouse. A 3/7. 1 :130 A uldgirth. G 6/2. 1 : 2 16 B allantrae. G 1/4. 1 : 1 99 B allemartin. M 4/2. 2 : 2 79 B allimore. A 10/3. 1 : 1 64-5 B allinaby. A 7/5. 1 : 1 60 B alliscate. M 1/8. 2 : 2 72 B allochroy. A 4/4. 1 : 1 32-3 B allymeanoch. A 2/12. 1 : 1 091 1 B alnuaran o f C lava. B 7/1. 1 : 1 88-9 B arbreck H ouse. A 2/3. 1 : 1 00-

1

B arpa L angass. H 3/16. 1 : 2 49 B eacharr. A 4/5. 1 : 1 35 B eaghmore. 1 : 9 0, 9 1-3 2 42B en a C harra. H 3/9. 1 : 3 , 2 46

B ernera B ridge. 1 1/8. 1 : 2 32 B erneray. H 6/5. 1 : 2 64 B lakeley M oss. L 1/16. 1 : 3 8-9 B lakeley R aise. L 1/16. 1 : 3 8-9 B lanefield. A 11/1. 1 : 1 69 B ordastubble. Z 1/1. 2 : 3 44 B orrowstone R igg. G 9/10. 1 : 2 25 B orve. 16 /1 . 1 : 2 62 B oscawen-Un. S 1/13. 1 : 5 1 B oskednan. S 1/11. 1 : 4 9 B rabster. N 1/16. 2 : 2 96-7 B rats H ill. L 1/6. 1 : 3 0-1, 5 0 B revig. H 6/3. 1 : 2 63 B roubster. N 1/16. 2 : 2 96-7 B unessan. M 2/8. 2 : 2 78 B urnmoor. L 1/6a-d. 1 : 3 0-1, 5 0 B urnside. 1 1/15. 1 : 2 38 C allanish V . H 1/5. 1 : 2 30-1 C ambret M oor E ast. G 4/14. 1 : 2 121 3 C ambret M oor W est. G 4/12. 1 : 2 14 C ampbelltown. A4 /14 . 1 : 1 41 C amster. N 1/14. 2 : 3 00 C amster, L ower. N 1/18. 2 : 3 01 C amus a n S tacca. A 6/1. 1 : 1 50-

1

C arnasserie. A 2/6. 1 : 1 05 C arnousie H ouse. B4 /1 . 1 : 1 95

5 54

1 86-7,

C arragh a G hlinne. A6 /6 . 1 :159 C arragh a n T arbert. A4 /17 . 1 :143 C arsphairn. G4 /1 . 1 : 2 08 C astle D alcross. B 7/6. I : 1 93, 1 95 C astlerigg. L 1/1. I : 2 6-7 C auldside B urn. G 4/14. I : 2 121 3 C errig D uon. W 11/3. 2 : 3 68-9 C holwichtown. S 2/7. I : 5 9 C lach a n C arra. A 1/2. 1 : 9 67 C lach a n S agairt. H 3/2. 1 : 2 40 C lach a n T rushel. H 1/12. 1 :233 C lach a n T ursa. 1 1/16. 1 : 2 367 C lach l eth R athad. A 4/23. 1 :146 C lach M aolrithe. H 3/I. 1 : 2 39 C lach M hic L eoid. H 2/2. I : 2 37 C lach M hic M hios. N 2/4. 2 : 3 089 C lach M hor a C he. 1 3/12. 1 :246 C laddach I lleray. H 3/15. 1 :248 C lach S tein. 1 1/14. 1 : 2 35 C lachan a n D iridh. P I/18. 2 : 3 30-1 C lava C airns. B 7/1. 1 : 1 88-9 C lystran H all. 0 1/4. 2 : 3 15 C noc n a M aranaith. N 1/20. 2 :302 C olonsay N orth E nd. A 5/2. 1 :147 C omet S tone. 0 1/1. 2 : 3 10-14 C ommunion S tones. G 5/10. 1 :215 C omrie. P 1/8. 2 : 3 23 C orogle B urn. P 3/1. 2 : 3 40 C raigantairbh. A 2/23 . I : 1 23 C raig H asten. 1 3/21. I : 2 43, 2 46, 2 54 C rinan M oss. A 2/25, I : 1 24-5 C ringraval. H 3/14. I : 2 47 C roftcroy. B 7/17. I : 1 98 C rofthead. P 1/11. 1 : 1 04, 3 26 C roft M oraig. P I/19 . 2 : 3 33 C rois C hnoca B reaca. H 5/2. 1 :259 C rois M hic A oida. A4 /9 . 1 : 1 367 C rois M hic J amain. H 3/22. 1 :255 C wm G arw. W 9/3. 2 : 3 61 D ail n a C arraigh. M 2/7. 2 : 2 75 D alarran. G 5/1. I : 2 15 D alchirla. P 1/1. 2 : 3 21 D alcross M ains. B 7/6. 1 : 1 93, 1 95 D aviot. B 7/5. 1 : 1 02 D elfour. B 7/10. 1 : 1 94-5

D ere S treet I . G 8/5. I : 2 23 D ervaig A . M I/4. 2 : 2 67 D ervaig B . M 1/5. 2 : 2 68 D ervaig C . M 1/6. 2 : 2 69 D evil's A rrows. L6 /1 . 1 : 4 2-3, 7 3 D irlot. N1/17 . 2 : 2 98-9 D irlot T hree R ows. N 1/24. 2 :306 D ogs, t he. N 1/21. 2 : 3 03 D olau M ain. W 9/8. 2 : 3 65 D oune. P 1/2. 2 : 3 22 D ounreay, U pper. N 1/3. 2 : 2 901 D owally.P2/17. 2 : 3 39 D ruid's C ircle. W 2/1. 2 :352-3 D rumtroddan. G 3/12. I : 2 05 D umgoyach. A 11/1. I : 1 69 D unadd. A 2/13. I : 1 14 D unamuck I . A 2/21. 1 : 1 12, 1 201 D unamuck I I. A 2/14. I : 1 12-13 D unamuck I II. A 2/20. 1 : 1 13, 1 19 D unkeld. P 2/12. 2 : 3 38 D untreath. A 11/1. 1 : 1 69 D uror. M 7/1. 2 : 2 80, 2 81 D ursainean. 1 1/13. 1 : 2 34 E ast L och T arbert. A6 /5 . I : 7 E aster D elfour. B 7/10. I :

5

1 561 94-

E leven S hearers. G 8/9. 1 : 2 24 E scart. A 4/1. 1 : 1 34 E sslie t he G reater. B 2/4. I : 1 80-1. E sslie t he L esser. B 2/5. I : 1 801 F arr P .O. B 7/17. 1 : 1 98 F fynnon D ruidon. W 9/5. 2 : 3 64 F hirbhreige. 1 3/5. 1 : 2 41 F ive K ings. L 3/3. I : 4 1 F onab M oor. P 1/18. 2 : 3 30-1 F ord, S outh. A 2/22. I : 1 22 F owlis W ester W est. P1/10 . 2 : 3 24-5 F owlis W ester L ower. P 1/11. 1 04; 2 : 3 26 G alabraes, P 7/2. 2 : 3 41 G arrabost. H I/13. 1 : 2 34 G arrywhin. N 1/9. 2 : 2 94-5 G arvard. A 5/9. 1 : 1 52 G ellybanks. P /12. 2 : 3 27

5 55

1 :

L oanhead o f D aviot. B 1/26. 1 : 1 76-7 L och a P hobuill. H 3/18. 1 : 2 523 L och B uie. M 2/14. 2 : 2 76-7 L och C reran. M 7/2. 2 : 2 80 , 2 81 L och o f Y arrows A . N 1/7. 2 : 2 92 L och o f Y arrows B . N I/8. 2 : 2 93 L och n a C arraigean. B 7/13. 1 : 1 95, 1 96-7 L och N ell. A 1/2. 1 : 9 6-7 L och S eil. A 1/4. 1 : 9 8 L och S tornoway. A 3/6a. 1 : 1 29 L och T arbert. A 3/8. 1 : 1 31 L ochmaben S tane. G6 /3 . 1 : 2 17 H aggstone M oor. G 3/2. 1 : 2 01 L ong M eg & H er D aughters. L 1/7. H igh S treet. L 2/3. 1 : 4 0 1 : 3 2-3 H olm o f D altallochan. G4 /1 . L oupin ' S tanes. G 7/4. I : 2 20-1 1 : 2 08 L ow L ongrigg. L 1/6a, b . 1 : 3 0H olywell. B 1/18. 1 : 1 74-5 1 , 5 0 H urlers. S 1/1. 1 : 4 4-5 L und. Z 1/1. 2 : 3 44 L undin L inks. P4 /1 . 2 : 3 42-3 I nverary. A 2/1. 1 : 9 9 M achrihanish. A4 /15 . 1 : 1 42 K a r nes F arm . A 10/8. 1 : 1 68 M chrins F arm . A 5/3. 1 : 1 48 K ell B urn. G 9/13. 1 : 5 , 2 28 M aen M awr. W 11/3. 2 : 3 68-9 K empstone H all. B 3/5. 1 : 1 85 M eini-Hirion. W 5/3. 2 : 3 56 M enec. 1 : i v, v , 8 1, 8 6 K ennet A venue, A vebury. S 5/3. 1 : 6 9, 7 0-2 M errivale. S 2/2. 1 : 5 4-5, 5 7 K erlescan. 1 : 8 1-7 M erry M aidens. S 1/14. 1 : 5 2-3 K ermario. 1 : 8 1-7 M id C lyth . N 1/1. 2 : 2 84-6 K ilberry. A 3/5. 1 : 1 28 M id C lyth, s tones a bove. N i/la. K ilmartin. A 2/8. 1 : 1 06-8 2 : 2 87 K ilmichael G lassary. A 2/17. M iddleton . M 4/3. 2 : 2 79 1 : 1 17 M idmar K irk . B 2/17. 1 : 1 82-3 K ilmichael G lassary M oor. A 2/16. M iltown o f C lava. B 7/2. 1 : 1 901 : 1 16 1 , 1 95 K intraw. A 2/5. 1 : 1 02-3 M itchell's F old. D 2/1. 1 : 2 4 K irkmabreck. G4 /13 . 1 : 2 10-11 M oe t y U cha. W 5/1. 2 : 3 54 K nelston. W 12/1. 2 : 3 71 M offat. G 6/4. 1 : 2 18 K nockrome. A 6/4. 1 : 1 54-5 M oncrieffe H ouse. P 1/20. 2 : 3 36 K nockstaple. A4 /19 . 1 : 1 44 M onzie. P 1/13. 2 : 3 28 K nowhead. P 3/3. 2 : 3 43 M usetter S tone. 0 2/2. 2 : 3 20

G iant's G rave. L 1/11. 1 : 3 7 G iant's S tones. Z 3/2. 2 : 3 48 G len P rosen. P 3/1. 1 : 5 ; 2 :340 G lenbarr. A 4/7. 1 : 1 38 G lengorm. M 1/7. 2 : 2 70-1 G lennan. A 2/24. 1 : 1 23 G lenquickan. G 4/12. 1 : 1 24 G ors F awr. W 9/2. 2 : 3 58-9 G ray H ill. W 13/1. 2 : 3 71-2 G renish. B 7/13. 1 : 1 95, 1 967 G rey C roft. L 1/10. 1 : 3 6 G rey W ethers. S 2/1. 1 : 5 6 G uidebest. N 1/13. 2 : 2 95

L aggangarn. G 3/3. 1 : 2 04 L atheron W heel. N 1/13. 2 : 2 95 L eacach a n T igh C hloiche. H 3/11. 1 : 2 44-5, 2 53 L earable H ill. N 2/1. 2 : 3 04 L eaze. S 1/6. 1 : 4 8 L ee M oor. S 2/7. 1 : 5 9 L ismore. M 9/1. 2 : 2 82 L ittle M eg. L 1/8. 1 : 3 3, 3 45 L langendeirne. W 10/1. 2 : 3 66

N a F hirbhreige. H 3/8. 1 : 2 43 N ant T arw. W 11/4. 2 : 3 70 N ew T yle. P 2/12. 2 : 3 38 N ewbridge. G 9/14. 1 : 2 26-7 N ine M aidens. S 1/9. 1 : 1, 4 67 N ine M aidens, D ing D ong. S 1/11. 1 : 4 9 N isabost. H 2/2. 1 : 2 37 P eninver. A4 /10 . 1 : 1 39

5 56

P enmaenmawr. W 2/1. 2 : 3 52-3 P etit-Menec. 1 : 8 1, 8 7 P obull B urn. A4 /11 . 1 : 1 40 P obull F hinn. 1 3/17. 1 : 2 51 P ollacher I nn. 1 5/9. 1 : 2 61 P ort L ogan. G 2/4. 1 : 2 00 P ulpit S tone. P 1/15. 2 : 3 32 Q uinish. M 1/3. 2 :

2 50,

2 66

R aedykes N orth. B 3/4. 1 : 1 84 R aedykes S outh. B 3/3. 1 : 1 84 R hos-y-Beddau. W6 /2 . 2 : 3 57 R hosygelynnen. W 8/1. 2 : 3 60 R ingmoor. S 2/4. I : 5 7 R obin H ood & L ittle J ohn. D 3/1. 1 : 2 5 R ollright S tones. S6 /1 . 1 : 7 89 R oss o f M ull. M 2/6. 2 : 2 74 R othesay. A 9/6. 1 : 1 62 R u A rdvule. 1 5/3. 1 : 2 60 R ueval S tone. 1 4/4. 1 : 2 57 S t. P ierre Q uiberon. 1 : 8 8 S aeth M aen. W 11/1. 2 : 3 66 S alachary. A 2/26. I : 1 26 S anctuary. W 5/2. 1 : 6 8-9 S ands o f F orvie. B 1/27. I : 1 79 S annaig. A 6/3. 1 : 1 58 S annox. A 8/1. 1 : 1 61 S calasaig. A 5/8. 1 : 1 49 S eascale. L 1/10. 1 : 3 6 S etter S tone. 0 2/1. 2 : 3 18-19 S heldon o f B ourtie. B I/8. I : 1 72-3 S hian B ank. P 2/8. 2 : 3 37 S hin R iver. N 2/3. 2 : 3 07 S kipness. A4 /2 1 , 1 : 1 45 S lockavullin. A 2/8. I : 1 06-8 S ornach a P hobuill. H 3/18. 1 : 2 52-3 S ornach C oir F hinn. H 3/14. 1 : 2 47 S ornaichean C oir F hinn. H 7/3. 1 : 2 65 S taneyhill. 0 1/3. 2 : 3 15 S tanton D rew . S 3/1. 1 : 6 0-3 S tanydale. Z 3/1. 2 : 3 45-7 S tenness. 0 1/2. 2 : 3 16-17 S tillaig. A 10/5, 6 . 1 : 1 67 S tonehenge. S 5/1. 1 : 6 4-7 S trachur. A 10/1. 1 : 1 66 S travanan B ay. A 9/7. 1 : 1 63 S trone F arm. A 6/2. I : 1 53

S trontoiller. A 1/2. I : 9 6-7 S uidheachath S ealg. 1 4/2. 2 56 S unkenkirk. L 1/3. 1 : 2 8-9 S warth F ell. L 2/3. 1 : 4 0 S winside. L 1/3. 1 : 2 8-9

1 :

T ayvallich. A 3/4. 1 : 1 27 T emple W ood. A 2/8. 1 : 1 06-8, 1 11 T hieves. G 4/2. 1 : 2 09 T hree S tannin ' S tanes. G6 /4 . 1 : 2 18 T orbhlarun. A 2/15. 1 : 1 15 T orhouse. G 3/7. 1 : 2 02-3 T recastle M ountain. W 11/2. 2 : 3 67 T rowlesworthy. S 2/5. 1 : 5 8 T ullybannocher. P 1/8. 2 : 3 23 T ullybeagles. P I/14. 2 : 3 29 T urf W ater. G 3/3. 1 : 2 04 T yfos. W 5/2. 2 : 3 55 U ig B ay. H 7/1. 1 : 2 64 U sk W ater. W 11/4. 2 : 3 70 W attenan. N 1/9. 2 : 2 94-5 W heedlemont. B I/22. I : 1 78 W hitcastles. G 7/6. 1 : 2 22 W hite M oss. L /6c,d. 1 : 3 0-1, 5 0 W hitehill W ood. B 4/1. I : 1 867 , 1 95 W hiteholm R igg. G 7/2. 1 : 2 19 W interbourne B assett. S 5/5. 1 : 7 6-7 W oodhenge. S 5/4. 1 : 7 4-5 W ormadale H ill. Z 3/4. 2 : 3 49 W ren 's E gg. G 3/13. 1 : 2 06-7 Y -Pigwn. W 11/2.

5 57

2 : 3 67