Reading & Writing Farsi : A Workbook for Self-Study—A Beginner's Guide to the Farsi Script and Language 2022935356, 9780804852890

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To access the online audio recordings and printable flash cards for this book: 1. Check that you have an Internet connection. 2. Type the following URL into your web browser. https://www.tuttlepublishing.com/reading-and-writing-farsi For support, you can email us at [email protected].

A WORKBOOK FOR SELF-STUDY

READING & WRITING

FARSI

A Beginner’s Guide to the Farsi Script and Language

Pegah Vil and Amir Hossein Ahooie Mnemonic Illustrations by Jessica Anecito

T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore

Table of Contents Introduction......................................................

5

How to Use This Book 5 An Overview of the Farsi (Persian) Language 5 Colloquial vs. Formal Farsi 5 Formal Farsi 6 Colloquial Farsi 6 Farsi Writing System 6 How to Pronounce Farsi 7 How to Write Farsi 7 Not Everything Attaches 8 An Overview of Persian Handwriting 8 Impact of Calligraphy and Literature 8 Simplification 9 Diacritics 10 Sounds That Do Not Exist in English 10 Section 1: The Farsi Alphabet .................

‫ آ‬20 Be, ‫ ب‬22 Noon, ‫ ن‬23 Daal, ‫ د‬25 Re, ‫ ر‬26 A, ‫ﹶا‬ 28 Alef,

‫ م‬31 Seen, ‫ س‬33 Meem,

‫ گ‬60 Ghaaf, ‫ ق‬62 Khe ‫ خ‬65 Che, ‫ چ‬67 He, ‫ ه‬70 Jeem, ‫ ج‬72 Gaaf,

11

Farsi Vowels 11 Long Vowels 11 Short Vowels 11 Consonants 12 Review of Sounds That Do Not Exist in English 12 Overview of the Farsi Alphabet 13 Farsi Numbers 14 Reading Numbers 16 Section 2: Reading and Writing the Farsi Alphabet .........................

‫ ت‬35 Ze, ‫ ز‬37 E, ‫ا‬ 39 Kaaf, ‫ ک‬42 Ee, ‫ ای‬44 Ye, ‫ ی‬46 Oo, ‫ او‬49 Pe, ‫ پ‬51 Sheen, ‫ ش‬53 Fe, ‫ ف‬56 O, ‫ ﹸا‬58 Te,

Laam, ‫ ل‬75

‫ و‬77 Khaa, ‫ ﺧﻮا‬79 Zhe, ‫ ژ‬81 Saad, ‫ ص‬83 He, ‫ ح‬85 Zaad, ‫ ض‬87 Taa, ‫ ط‬88 Zaa, ‫ ظ‬90 Ein, ‫ ع‬91 Vaav,

19

Ghein,

‫ غ‬94

‫ ث‬96 Zaal, ‫ ذ‬98 Se,

Tashdeed,

‫ ﹼ‬100

‫ ء‬102 Tanveen, ‫ ﹰا‬104 Hamze,

Section 3: Reading and Writing Practice ..................................

110

The Middle East (Iran and Its Neighbors) 110 Africa 111 Asia 114 Europe 116 The Americas 118 Australia and Oceania 121 North and South Pole 122 Family and Relatives 122 Grandparents 123 Children and Grandchildren 123 Aunts and Uncles 123 Nieces and Nephews 124 In-laws 124 Parts of the Body 125 Weather 126 At the Grocery Store 127 At the Persian Restaurant 127 Animals 128 Section 4: Basic Sentences and Grammar ........................... Greetings

131

131

Sentence Components 131 Subject 131 Verb 132 Object 132 Adverb 132 Adverb Examples 132 Pluralization 133 Demonstrative Adjectives 134 Pronouns 138 Adjectives 141 Noun/Noun and Noun/Pronoun Combinations 141 Adjective/Noun, Noun/Noun, and Pronoun/ Noun Combinations 141 Variation for Nouns Ending in Vowels 142 Prepositions and Conjunctions 143 Present Tense Personal Suffixes 144 Verb Stems 144 Simple Present Tense Conjugation 145 “WH” Questions 148 English-Farsi Dictionary .......................................

149

Farsi-English Dictionary .......................................

170

Answer Key ......................................................

Online

Introduction How to Use this Book This book provides a comprehensive guide to fundamentals of the Farsi (Persian) language, covering reading, writing, pronunciation, and basic grammar. No prior knowledge of the language is required. You can learn to read, write, and understand basic Farsi using this book independently, without the need for an instructor. The lessons are easy to understand and are based on proven methods of teaching Farsi to English speakers. This book also includes romanization of the Farsi texts, and mnemonic illustrations to enhance retention. To learn effectively, you are encouraged to follow the lessons carefully by completing the exercises, and listening to the audio files you can download for free from the Tuttle website. The answers to all exercises are included at the end of the book for reference. In addition, you will be referred to the audio throughout the book regularly. The questions will be numbered using Arabic numbers (Western digits) unless the answers are in Farsi. In those cases the questions will be numbered using Farsi numbers since the answers will run right to left. See page 14 for an overview of the Farsi numbering system.

An Overview of the Farsi (Persian) Language Farsi, also known as Persian, is an Iranian language, which belongs to the Indo-European language family. Iranian languages are predominantly spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and certain parts of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, China, and the Indian Subcontinent. They include languages such as Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, etc. Farsi has many dialects spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. The Farsi spoken in Afghanistan is known as Dari, and the Farsi of Tajikistan is Tajiki. This book focuses on modern standard Farsi of Iran, also known as Persian-Farsi. Although these dialects sound different, all Farsi dialect speakers can communicate with each other to some extent. While the formal dialects of the language are more similar, the colloquial ones are different.

Colloquial vs. Formal Farsi Farsi is the official language of Iran and, like any other language, it has many dialects. However, Farsi has two main language styles: colloquial and formal. These styles are significantly different from one another and learners will need to be exposed to both in order to comprehend them. In other words, knowing one style does not guarantee comprehension of the other. Both formal and colloquial Farsi have many registers based on speakers’ social class, education, profession, age, etc. This book mainly focuses on formal Farsi as it is more effective for beginning learners to create a strong foundation for learning higher levels.

6

INTRODUCTION

Formal Farsi You are more likely to see formal Farsi in written form and the news media, but rather rarely in speaking and conversations. The following traits can be seen in formal Farsi: • Grammatical and writing rules • Punctuation • Complete sentences • Official and formal vocabulary and sentence structures • Complete verb forms

Colloquial Farsi Farsi speakers speak colloquial Farsi, which can be roughly considered as shortened simplified Farsi. Like any other language, colloquial Farsi has various accents and dialects depending on where it is spoken. However, the unofficial standard colloquial Farsi seems to be the Tehrani accent, which is the spoken language of the residents of Tehrna, Iran’s capital, and its surrounding areas. The following characteristics are often present in colloquial Farsi: • Changing and/or shortening sentence structures • Shortening verbs • Changing pronunciations • Using colloquial idioms and slangs • Using colloquial vocabulary • Dropping prepositions In the past colloquial Farsi was not often seen in written form. However, with the advancement of technology and the widespread use of social media, blogs, text messaging, etc., it is becoming more prevalent in writing. So, it seems the borders between formal and colloquial Farsi seem to be fading.

Farsi Writing System Farsi is typically written using two main scripts: Arabic in Iran and Afghanistan, and Cyrillic in Tajikistan. To make the Arabic script work for Farsi, several letters have been added for the sounds that do not exist in Arabic. The script used in Iran, and the focus of this book, is Arabic (or, in other words, Farsi) script. Note that only the script is Arabic, and the Farsi language is not Arabic, although Farsi text may appear similar to Arabic to those unfamiliar with either language. Arabic is a Semitic language, like Hebrew and Aramaic, and belongs to the Afroasiatic languages, while Farsi is an Iranian language within the Indo-European language group. That said, many Arabic words, clauses, etc. are used in Farsi, and familiarity with Arabic may provide a better un-

7

INTRODUCTION

derstanding of some areas of the Farsi language. Additionally, many educated Farsi speakers know Arabic at various levels ranging from beginner to fluent. Arabic is taught as a second language in schools in Iran from 6th to 12th grade. Overall, the relationship between Arabic and Farsi can be compared to that between Latin and English.

How to Pronounce Farsi Farsi pronunciation is generally flat. In contrast to a wavy language like English, syllables are is pronounced with the same value. In most English words, one or more syllables are pronounced stronger than the rest. However, this is not the case with Farsi. For most Farsi words, all syllables have the same or similar value when pronounced. To familiarize yourself with this flat pronunciation, listen to audio I-01. In this audio, you will hear the pronunciations of several Farsi words. Listen to them and pay attention to how syllables are pronounced. salaam: hi

‫ﹶﺳﻼم‬

daftar: notebook

‫ﹶدﻓ ﹶﺘﺮ‬

medaad: pencil

‫ﹺﻣﺪاد‬

madrese: school

‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬

How to Write Farsi Farsi is written from right to left, and books open to the right. Most Farsi letters attach to each other to form words. It can be compared to cursive writing in English, but unlike English, separate letters do not form words. For example, in English, there is Emma and Emma. They are both written correctly, just in different styles. However, in Farsi detached letters next to each other do not form meaningful words. In other words, there is no way to write in “all caps” in Farsi. Letters need to be attached according to specific attachment rules. Please note that you cannot attach every letter either. Look at these two words. They show how Farsi is written. For detailed information on writing rules, refer to section 2 of this book. 2

‫آب‬ ‫ﹶﺳﻼم‬ 1

3

4

2

3

4

1

8

INTRODUCTION

Not Everything Attaches As noted earlier, Farsi letters need to be attached according to specific rules to form meaningful words. Therefore, there can be words that are completely attached, or made of two or more parts, but they are still considered one word. The space between detached letters of one word is much less than the space between separate words. This is one way to know where a word ends. Another way is through reading and writing practice. As you become more skilled in the language, you will become familiar with the shapes of words, allowing you to know where each word ends. Below are some examples of Farsi words composed of one or more parts: ‫( ﻋﻠﯽ‬one word, one part) ‫( رﻓﺖ‬one word, two parts) ‫( ﻣﯽﺧﻮاﻫﻢ‬one word, four parts)

An Overview of Persian Handwriting Handwriting in Farsi looks quite different from printed text. Similar to formal and colloquial language styles, printed and handwritten scripts differ from each other. Some of the reasons behind this difference include literature, calligraphy, and simplification.

Impact of Calligraphy and Literature Calligraphy plays an important role in Persian culture. One reason for its significance may be literature and poetry, which has been highly valued among Iranians throughout history. Before the invention of print, handwriting was the primary means of publishing books. Therefore, the importance of literature may have contributed to making calligraphy, the medium with which literature was presented, significant as well. Another reason was the need for copies of religious texts, such as the Quran after the conversion of Iranians to Islam. Iran has a long and rich tradition of producing handwritten books that include highly intricate illustrations, illuminations, and calligraphy. These books were created in royal courts by a group of highly skilled artists. Creating books was a group activity with illustrators, calligraphers, and bookbinders working together. Given the amount of work put into making books, sometimes a special book ordered by a king took many years to complete. Many of these books’ pages are now in private collections and museums around the world. Moreover, calligraphy was extensively used in applied arts such as architecture, handicrafts, and textiles for both decorative and practical purposes. This tradition is still evident today and many Iranians enjoy decorating their homes with works of calligraphy.

INTRODUCTION

9

Today, calligraphy and cursive writing are included in the elementary school curriculum in Iran. Thus, the impact of Persian calligraphy is present in most Iranian handwriting. That is one reason why most Farsi handwritten texts look different than printed ones. The other reason for this difference is the frequent presence of dots and teeth in the letters.

‫اي ﻣﺮغ ﺳﺤﺮ ﻋﺸﻖ ز ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮز‬ ‫ﮐﺎن ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ را ﺟﺎن ﺷﺪ و آواز ﻧﯿﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ای ﻣﺮغ ﺳﺤﺮ ﻋﺸﻖ ز ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻣﻮز‬ ‫ﮐﺎن ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ را ﺟﺎن ﺷﺪ و آواز ﻧﯿﺎﻣﺪ‬ Simplification Many letters in Farsi have dots and teeth. We cannot simply skip or omit them in handwriting because they change the meaning of what we write. On the other hand, including all of them in handwriting makes writing difficult and time-consuming. To resolve this issue handwriting is simplified. For example, dots can be written as a straight line or an open circle, depending on their number. Look at the image and the text above to see how dots are written. The majority of handwritten texts follow this rule. As mentioned earlier, there are many letters in Farsi that include “teeth.” The teeth can also be simplified by skipping them. Look at the words above to see how teeth are skipped. Note that teeth skipping, unlike dot simplification, is considered more of a personal preference than a widely used method. Another way of simplifying handwriting is smoothing the edges and angles. This one is also a personal preference.

10

INTRODUCTION

Diacritics There are diacritics used in Farsi. Diacritics are specific symbols placed on letters that change their behavior. They exist in many languages and serve a variety of functions. In Farsi, most diacritics are short vowels and they help us read the words. Although they may seem to be an essential part of the text, they are not used very often. Diacritics are more likely to be seen in beginner level texts or in words whose pronunciations are thought to be unknown to the reader. Diacritics will be discussed in detail in section 2. This book uses diacritics, but as Farsi learners improve their language skills, they will no longer need them. That is why you will not see diacritics in most Farsi texts.

Sounds That Do Not Exist in English Farsi includes a few sounds that do not officially exist in English. It is crucial to learn how to pronounce them correctly because being able to pronounce them allows you to read, write, and hear them correctly, as all language skills are interconnected. Learning these sounds may significantly help you improve your Farsi since there are many Farsi words that may sound the same to a native English speaker, but they are in fact different and it can lead to potential confusion. A good example of this issue is a common pronunciation error many native Farsi speakers make as they learn English as a second language. As you will see later in this book, the sound th does not exist in Farsi. Therefore, many language learners cannot correctly pronounce this sound. As a result, they cannot differentiate between t and th. They pronounce th as t. For a learner with this error “tree” is the same as “three.” Now imagine a learner saying something that sounds like “wit.” Did they mean “with” or “wit?” This example illustrates the importance of correct pronunciation. The Farsi sounds that do not exist in English are: kh, zh, gh, and ein. These sounds will be discussed in detail in section 2 in addition to the rest of the Farsi alphabet.

Section

1

The Farsi Alphabet

I

n this section the Farsi vowels, consonants, diacritics, and numbers 1–10 are overviewed.

Farsi Vowels In Farsi there are 3 long and 3 basic short vowels.

Long Vowels The long vowels have letters in the alphabet. Below are the long vowel and how they sound, as well as a Farsi example for each. Listen to audio A01-01 for the pronunciation of the long vowels and their Farsi examples.

‫آ‬ ‫آ‬

aa as in “balm” as in ‫( آب‬aab: water)

‫ای‬ ‫ای‬

ee as in “fleece” as in ‫( اﯾﺮان‬eeraan: Iran)

‫او‬ ‫او‬

oo as in “food” as in ‫( ﻣﻮش‬moosh: mouse)

As you can see, the long vowels are written and they have letters assigned to them.

Short Vowels There are three basic short vowels in Farsi: a ( ‫) ﹶ‬, e ( ‫) ﹺ‬, and o ( ‫) ﹸ‬.

‫ﹶ‬

a as in “pad”

‫ﹶ‬

a as in ‫( ﹶدر‬dar: door)

‫ﹺ‬

e as in “bet”

‫ﹺ‬

e as in ‫( ﹺﻣﺲ‬mes: copper)

12

SECTION ONE

‫ﹸ‬

o as in “or”

‫ﹸ‬

o as in or ‫( ﹸﺳﺮ‬sor: slippery)

Listen to audio A01-02 for the pronunciation of the short vowels in the above Farsi examples. Unlike English, the Farsi short vowels do not have letters in the alphabet. Instead, they are in the form of diacritics that help you read the words. Diacritics are symbols that exist in many languages that make changes to the letters. For example, in French when diacritics are placed on certain letters, they change how the letters are pronounced. In Farsi, most diacritics are placed above or below the letters and add vowels. There are more diacritics in Farsi in addition to the short vowels that will be discussed later in this book.

Consonants Below are the consonants Farsi shares with English: r b as in “bed” sh p as in “poor” f t as in “tour” k s as in “sister” g j as in “jar” l ch as in “church” m h as in “hall” n d as in “door” y z as in “zebra”

†

as in “row” as in “sheep” as in “far” as in “cat” as in “guard” as in “lamp” as in “moon” as in “Nancy” as in “yellow”

Reading Tip

The z and s sounds are not interchangeable in Farsi, as they are sometimes in English.

Review of Sounds That Do Not Exist in English On page 10, we learned that there are several sounds in Farsi that do not exist in English. Listen to audio A01-03 to familiarize yourself with how these sounds are pronounced in simple Farsi words. kh as in khaak (soil) zh as in zhaleh (Persian feminine name)

gh as in ghooree (teapot) ein as in ma’bad (temple)

THE FARSI ALPHABET

†

13

Reading Tip:

It is important to learn to distinguish these sounds from other similar sounds, as it can affect your listening, speaking, and writing skills. Don't feel intimidated if you cannot tell the difference well at this point. This topic will be discussed in detail in later sections.

Overview of the Farsi Alphabet The Farsi alphabet comprises 32 letters and like many other languages, there are several letters that sound the same but look different. Review the list of Farsi characters below to learn how they are pronounced. Additionally, listen to audio A01-04 to familiarize yourself with their correct pronunciations. Farsi Characters

‫آ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫پ‬

Sound

Farsi Examples

aa

‫( آب‬aab: water)

b

‫( ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬baabaa: dad)

p

‫( ﹶﭘﺮ‬par: feather)

‫ط‬-‫ت‬ ‫ص‬-‫س‬-‫ث‬ ‫ج‬

t

‫( ﺗﻮر‬toor: lace)

s

‫( ﹶﺳﺮ‬sar: head)

j

‫چ‬

‫( ﺟﯿﺐ‬jeeb: pocket)

ch

‫ه‬-‫ح‬

‫( ﭼﻮن‬chon: because)

h

‫خ‬

‫( ﻫﯿﭻ‬heech: nothing)

kh

‫( ﺧﺎک‬khaak: soil)

‫د‬

d

‫( دور‬door: far)

‫ظ‬-‫ض‬-‫ز‬-‫ذ‬

z

‫( زﯾﺮ‬zeer: under)

‫ر‬

r

‫( رو‬roo: on)

‫ژ‬

zh

‫( ﮔﺎراژ‬gaaraazh: garage)

14

SECTION ONE

Farsi Characters

Sound

Farsi Examples

‫ش‬

sh

‫( ﺷﺎم‬shaam: dinner)

‫ع‬

ein

‫( ﹶﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬sa’eed: Persian masculine name)

‫ف‬

f

‫( ﮐﯿﻒ‬keef: purse)

‫ق‑غ‬

gh

‫( ﻗﻮل‬ghol: promise)

‫ک‬

k

‫( ﮐﺎر‬kaar: work)

‫گ‬

g

‫( ﹺﮔﺮد‬gerd: round)

‫ل‬

l

‫( ﻻل‬laal: mute)

‫م‬

m

‫( ﹶﻣﻦ‬man: I)

‫ن‬

n

‫( ﻧﺎن‬naan: bread)

‫و‬

v

‫( ﹶوﻟﯽ‬valee: but)

‫ی‬

y

‫( ﯾﹺﮏ‬yek: one)

Farsi Numbers Farsi numbers are written from left to right and follow the same logic as English. The only difference is the characters. As shown below, Farsi digits look different than English. To learn how to write Farsi digits, you'll only need to learn the characters 0 to 9. Then, by placing them next to each other, you can create new numbers. Below are the Farsi numbers 0 to 10. ٠

0

۴

4

٨

8

١

1

۵

5

٩

9

٢

2

۶

6

١٠

10

٣

3

٧

7

THE FARSI ALPHABET

15

Below are several examples of Farsi numbers and their English equivalents. As you can see, there is no difference other than how they look. ١٠٠ ٢٠٩٨

100 2,098

٨١ ٨٧

81 87

Writing Rules Trace the numbers following the writing instruction of each number.

٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ۴ ۵ ۶ 1

1

2

1

2

1

3

2

2

1

1

2

16

SECTION ONE

٧ ٨ ٩ 1

2

2

1

1

2

Reading Numbers Reading Farsi numbers shares the same logic as English. The names of the numbers 1 to 20 need to be memorized. For numbers larger than 20, you only need to know how to say the ones, the tens, the hundreds, the thousands, etc. Listen to audio A01-05 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciations of Farsi numbers 0 to 10. 0

٠ (sefr)

6

۶

(shesh)

1

١ (yek)

7

٧

(haft)

2

٢ (do)

8

٨

(hasht)

3

٣ (se)

9

٩

(noh)

4

۴ (chaahaar)

10

١٠ (dah)

5

۵ (panj)

†

Reading Tip:

Just reading the romanized pronunciations is not an effective way of learning to pronounce Farsi words correctly. I encourage you to listen to the audio files when the book references them. The romanized pronunciations are included as an aid. Listening to the audio may help train your ear to better understand spoken Farsi, as well as help you read and pronounce Farsi correctly.

THE FARSI ALPHABET

17

Exercise 1.1 Listen to audio A01-06 and select the correct number you hear. 1.

3.

5.

A–۵

B–۶

C–٩

D–٣

A–٧

B–٨

C–۴

D–۶

A–٠

B–٢

C–٩

D–٧

2.

4.

6.

A–٢

B–٠

C–۶

D–٨

A–٣

B–١

C–۵

D–٨

A–۵

B–۴

C–١

D–٨

Exercise 1.2 Listen to audio A01-07 and transcribe the numbers you hear in Farsi digits.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Section

2

Reading and Writing the Farsi Alphabet

T

here are 32 letters in the Farsi alphabet, which is called Alefbaa. In addition, there are 3 basic diacritics (short vowels) that are not included in the alphabet, which we will discuss along with the letters, as well as a few additional diacritics. Upon completing this section, you will be able to read and write Farsi. You will also learn some Farsi words and sentences. Below is the list of all Farsi letters and their different forms, in the order they appear in the alphabet. Note that the book will discuss the letters in a different order, based on letter use frequency in the Farsi language. Listen to audio A02-01 for the pronunciations of the letters and their names. Alefbaa

Sound

Name

Alefbaa

Sound

Name

aa

alef

‫ز‬

z

ze

b

be

‫ژ‬

zhe

zhe

‫ﭘپ‬

p

pe

‫ﺳس‬

s

seen

‫ﺗت‬

t

te

‫ﺷش‬

sh

sheen

‫ﺛث‬ ‫ﺟج‬

s

se

‫ﺻص‬

s

saad

j

jeem

z

zaad

‫ﭼچ‬

‫ﺿض‬

ch

che

t

taa

‫ﺣح‬

‫ط‬

h

he

z

zaa

‫ﺧخ‬

‫ظ‬

kh

khe

‫ﻋ ـﻌـ ـﻊ ع‬

‘e

ein

‫د‬

d

daal

‫ﻏ ـﻐـ ـﻎ غ‬

gh

ghein

‫ذ‬

z

zaal

‫ﻓف‬

f

fe

‫ر‬

r

re

‫ﻗق‬

gh

ghaaf

‫آا‬ ‫ﺑب‬

20

SECTION TWO

Alefbaa

Sound

Name

Alefbaa

Sound

Name

‫ﻛک‬

k

kaaf

‫ﮔگ‬

g

gaaf

‫ﻧـ ن‬ ‫و‬

n

noon

v

vaav

‫ﻟـ ل‬

l

laam

‫ﻫ ـﻬـ ـﻪ ه‬

h

he

‫ﻣم‬

m

meem

‫ﻳی‬

y

ye

As you can see, there are several letters that look different but sound the same. Keep in mind that only knowing the sounds is not enough to write Farsi correctly. For example, you need to know which s or z sounding letter needs to be used in a certain word. While there is no set rule for this, as you learn the alphabet and new words, you will begin to figure it out, and after some practice, you will automatically use the correct letters. Similarly, in English, there are so many words that you need to be familiar with their spelling to be able to write them correctly, as they do not follow general spelling rules. This is especially evident in words of foreign origin used in English. One reason that there are many letters with the same sound in Farsi is because of borrowed words from other languages, especially Arabic. In these instances, we tend to use the original spellings or make minimal modifications to them.

THE FARSI ALPHABET ‫ آ‬is the first and most frequently used letter in Farsi. It sounds like a in the English word army. ‫ آ‬has 2 forms of initial and medial/final. As you heard in audio A0201, the name of this letter is alef.

‫ آ ا‬Alef (aa)

army

‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

Writing Rules Initial form is only used at the beginning of the word and does not attach. Medial/final form is used in the middle or end as the name suggests. It attaches to the right to the letters that attach to the left.

21

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

|

Writing Tip:

In Farsi the letter that comes before/on the right determines the attachment. There are exceptions to this, but it generally applies. Follow the steps below to write ‫ آ‬and ‫ا‬. Write them several times in the designated space. Note that unlike most diacritics, writing the “hat”—as we call it ‫( ﹸﮐﻼه‬kolaah: hat) in Farsi—on top of the initial ‫ آ‬is mandatory. 2

‫آآ‬ ‫ا ا‬ 1

1

(aa)

Listen to audio A02-02 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of ‫ آ‬in a basic Farsi word.

‫ آ‬aa ‫ – آب‬aab (water)

Now practice writing the word ‫ آب‬a few times following the steps below. 2

‫آب‬ 1

3

4

†

(aab)

Reading Tip:

Note that the medial/final form of ‫ ا‬can be used at the beginning of the word, but it will sound different, which will be reviewed later in this section. This is why including the “hat” in the initial ‫ آ‬is important.

Exercise 2.1 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫ ا‬/ ‫آ‬.

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻬﺮﻫﺎی‬ ‫ﺮدﻧﺪ ﹶو ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮی ﹶﺷ‬ ‫اﻣﺮوز ﹶدر آﺑﺎدان‬ ‫ﺮدم ﹶﺷﻬﺮ را ﺗﹶﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹸ‬.‫ ﺑﺎرﯾﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎران ﹺﺳﯿﻞآﺳﺎﯾ‬ .‫ﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺠﺎور ﹶﻓﺮار ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

22

SECTION TWO

‫ ﺑ ب‬Be (b) ‫ ب‬sounds like b in the English word baby. This letter has two forms of initial/medial and final. The letter’s name is be, as you heard in audio A02-01.

‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ب‬

baby

Writing Rules Initial/medial form attaches on both sides. Final form attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Follow the steps below to write ‫ب‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ب‬

1

2

2

1

(b)

Listen to audio A02-03 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of ‫ ب‬in a basic Farsi word.

‫ ب‬b ‫ – ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬baabaa (dad)

Now practice writing the word ‫ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬a few times while paying attention to the order shown below. 5

‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬ 4

2

1

6

3

(baabaa)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

23

Exercise 2.2 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫ب‬.

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻘﯿﺖ ﹶدر ﹶدﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن ﹶو ﺗ‬ ‫ﺪرﺳﻪ ﹺی‬ ‫ﹶﻘﺶ ﹶﻓ ﹼﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﹶدر ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎ ﹶﯾﺪ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺪر ﹶو ﹶ‬‫ا ﹺﺑﺘﺪاﯾ‬ ‫ﹶﺤﺼﯿﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﺎدر ﻧ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮای ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹶﻓ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﹶ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ Exercise 2.3 Listen to audio A02-04 and complete the words below.

‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اب‬

‫ﺑـ‬

.٢

‫ب‬

.١

.۴

‫ا‬

.٣

‫ ن‬sounds like n in the English word necklace. It has two forms of initial/media and final. As you heard in the audio A02-01, this is called noon.

‫ ﻧـ ن‬Noon (n)

necklace

‫ﻧـ‬ ‫ن‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial form attaches on both sides. Final form attaches on the right of the letters that attach on the left.

Follow the steps below to write ‫ن‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﻧـ‬ ‫ن‬ 2

1

1

2

(n)

24

SECTION TWO

Listen to audio A02-05 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ ن‬in a Farsi word.

‫ ن‬n ‫ – ﻧﺎن‬naan (bread) 2

‫ﻧﺎن‬ 3

5

1

4

(naan)

|

Writing Tip:

As you may have noticed, a general rule for writing is that you write parts of the attached letters first, then place the dots for that section before you move on to the next. This approach makes writing easier and reduces the likelihood of skipping or misplacing the dots. As stated earlier, using dots correctly is important, as not using so can alter the meanings.

Exercise 2.4 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫ن‬.

‫اﻣﺮوزه ﹶدر ﹶاﮐﺜ ﹺﹶﺮ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎو ﹺرﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ و ﹺﻣﺪﯾ ﹶﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﹺﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﹸﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻃ ﹺﻖ‬ ‫ﹶاﻧﺎرﮐﻪ روزﮔﺎری ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘﻂ ﹶدر ﹶ‬ .‫ﹸدﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻪ ﹸﻓﺮوش ﻣﯽ ﹺر ﹶﺳﺪ‬ Exercise 2.5 Attach the following letters according to the writing rules to form meaningful words then write them in the designated space.

=‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ن‬

.١

=‫ا‬+‫ب‬+‫ا‬+‫ب‬

.٢

=‫ن‬+‫آ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.6 Listen to the audio A02-06 and complete the words below.

‫ب‬

‫ﻧـ‬ ‫ن‬

.٢

‫ان‬

.۴

‫ا‬

.١

‫آ‬

.٣

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

25

‫ د‬sounds like d in the English word drum. Its name is daal, as you heard in audio A02-01. ‫ د‬has only one form and attaches on the right.

‫ د‬Daal (d)

drum

‫د‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches to the right side of letters that attach on the left. Like other letters, its attachment is dependent on the letter that comes before it.

Follow the steps below to write ‫د‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫د‬ 1

(d)

Listen to audio A02-07 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of ‫ﺑﺎد‬.

‫ – ﺑﺎد‬baad (wind) Now write the word ‫ ﺑﺎد‬several times following the steps shown.

3

‫ﺑﺎد‬

1

2

(baad)

Exercise 2.7 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫د‬.

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶدروازه ﹺی ﹺﻣ ﹶﻠﻞ ﹶدر ﺗ ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬.‫ﹶﺨﺖ ﹶﺟﻤﺸﯿﺪ ﺳﺎزهای ﹶﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﹶو ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﹶﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫روی آن ﹺﺣ‬ .‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ ﮐﻪ ﹶوﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﹺی ﭘﺎﺳﺪاری ﹶاز ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن را ﹶﺑ ﹸ‬،‫ﹸاﺳﻄﻮرهای ﹶﮐﻨﺪه ﮐﺎری ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺮﻋﻬﺪه ﹶ‬

26

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.8 Listen to audio A02-08 and fill in the blanks.

‫غ‬

‫د‬

.٣

‫ر‬

.٢

‫ار‬

.١

‫ﹶﻓﺮد‬

.۶

‫را ر‬

.۵

‫ﹶدرو زه‬

.۴

‫ﺑﺎ‬

.٨

‫اد‬

.٧

‫ا‬

.٢

‫ارو‬

.١

‫ار‬ ‫ﹶ‬

.۵

Exercise 2.9 Fill in the blanks using ‫د‬.

‫ارا‬

.٣

‫ﹶ ر‬

.۴

‫ ر‬sounds similar to r in the English word rabbit, but a little flatter in pronunciation. Listen to audio A02-09 to become familiar with the correct pronunciation of r in a Farsi word. Pay attention to the flatness of ‫ ر‬and how it differs from the English r.

‫ ر‬Re (r)

rabbit

‫ ر‬r ‫ر‬

‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ – ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬baraadar (brother)

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on the right. Its attachment is dependent on the letter that comes before it.

27

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Follow the steps below to write ‫ر‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ر‬ 1

(r)

Listen to audio A02-10 to get familiar with a couple of Farsi words using ‫ر‬.

‫ر‬

‫ – آرد‬aard (flour)

‫ – ﺑﺎران ر‬baaraan (rain) Now practice writing these words in the space below following the steps shown. 2

‫آرد‬ 1

4

3

(aard)

‫ﺑﺎران‬ 4

6

5

3

1

2

(baaraan)

Exercise 2.10 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫ر‬.

‫روزی روزﮔﺎری ﹶﻣﺮدی ﹶدر ﹶﺷﻬﺮی ﹺز ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرﮔﯽ ﹶاز‬ ‫ ﯾﮏ روز ﹺﺷﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ‬.‫ﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽ ﹶﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﹺﺻﯿﺪ ﹸﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﹶدر ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑ ﹶﻤﺶ ﯾﹺﮏ ﹶﺳ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺮاﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻨﮓ ﹺﮔ ﹶ‬

28

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.11 Listen to audio A02-11 and fill in the blanks.

‫ا‬ ‫ﹶد‬

.٣

‫دا‬

.٢

‫ان‬

.۶

‫ﹶا ﻧـ‬

.۵

‫ن‬

‫ا‬

.‫ا‬ .۴

‫آ‬

.٧

Exercise 2.12 Listen to audio A02-12 and transcribe it.

‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶا‬A

ax

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

.۶

.۵

‫ ﹶا‬sounds like a in the English word ax, as briefly mentioned before. ‫ ﹶا‬is not an official letter of the alphabet, but a short vowel that takes the form of ‫ ا‬in the beginning of the word and becomes a diacritic everywhere else. The reason for adding the ‫ ا‬at the beginning is that diacritics need a letter to be placed on and you cannot use them standalone. When you see ‫ ﹶ‬on top of a letter, it means you read it with the short vowel a.

Look at the word below and try to read it.

‫در‬

29

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

As you can see, there are two consonants in the word and it is not easy to read. But when you add ‫ ﹶ‬on top of ‫د‬, it tells you to read the ‫ د‬with the ‫ ﹶ‬vowel. So the complete form of the word is:

‫ – ﹶدر‬dar (door)

Listen to audio A02-13 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of ‫در‬. ‫ﹶ‬

Writing Rules ‫ ﹶا‬Initial does not attach. ‫ ﹶ‬Medial is placed on top of letters to add the vowel a. Follow the steps below to write ‫ ﹶا‬. Write both forms several times in the designated space.

2

‫ﹶا‬

1

1

‫ﹶ‬ Listen to audio A02-14 to become familiar with the pronunciation of word.

‫ ﹶا‬a ‫ – ﹶاﻧﺎر‬anaar (pomegranate)

‫ﹶ‬

(a)

in a simple Farsi

30

SECTION TWO

Now practice writing it in the designated space below.

‫ﹶاﻧﺎر‬ 3

5

1

2

4

(anaar)

|

Writing Tip:

Note that writing the non-initial form of ‫ ﹶ‬is not mandatory, as well as the other short vowels. The ‫ ا‬part, however, is mandatory in the initial ‫ ﹶا‬form. For example, in the word ‫ﹶاﻧﺎر‬ (anaar: pomegranate) writing the ‫ ا‬is mandatory, but the ‫ ﹶ‬diacritic is not. As learners become more skilled in reading and writing, the use of diacritics gradually decreases until they are no longer used. In general, diacritics are primarily used for beginner learners and also for some low-frequency or unfamiliar words to assist with proper pronunciation.

Exercise 2.13 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫ ﹶ‬.

‫ﻮار ﹺد ﺑﹺﺴﯿﺎری ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶﻼش دا ﹺﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز و‬ ‫ ﹶاز ﹸﺟﻤ ﹺﻠﻪ‬:‫دارد‬ ‫ﻘﯿﺖ ﺗﹶﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﹺﻪ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﻣﻮ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﯿﻔﯿ ﹺ‬ .‫ﹶﻘﺶ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﻠﻢ را ﹺﻧﻤﯽﺗﹶﻮان ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ ﹸﮐ ﹸﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧ ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶا ﹶ‬.‫ﺐ ﹶدرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﹺﮐ ﹶ‬ Exercise 2.14 Attach each group of letters according to the writing rules to form meaningful words. Then write them in the designated space.

= ‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫د‬+‫ن‬+

+‫د‬

.١

+‫ب‬

.٢

= ‫ ر‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ﹶا‬

.٣

= ‫ ر‬+ ‫ ب‬+ ‫ﹶا‬

.۴

=‫د‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

31

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.15 Listen to audio A02-15 and fill in the blanks.

‫دان‬

‫ﻧـ‬

.٣

‫ن‬

‫ﻧﺪا‬

.٢

‫ﺑـ‬

.١

‫رﺑـ‬

.۵

‫ر‬

.۴

Exercise 2.16 Listen to audio A02-16 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ م‬sounds just like m in the English word milk. Its name is meem in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. ‫ م‬has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/detached.

‫ ﻣـ م‬Meem (m)

milk

‫ﻣـ‬ ‫م‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial, attached on both sides to the letters that attach. Final attached/detached, attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫م‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﻣـ‬ 1

32

SECTION TWO

‫م‬ 1

(m)

Listen to audio A02-17 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ م‬in a Farsi word.

‫ م‬m ‫ﻣﺎدر‬ – maadar (mother) ‫ﹶ‬

Now practice writing ‫ﻣﺎدر‬ ‫ ﹶ‬several times below. Try to follow the instruction.

‫ﻣﺎدر‬ ‫ﹶ‬ 4

1

2

3

(maadar)

Exercise 2.17 Look at the text below and circle all instances of ‫م‬.

‫ش ﹶﺧﺒ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺠﺎور ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﮔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮای‬ ‫ﺮد ﹺم ﹶﺷ‬ ‫ﺰاری‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﹸﮔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺮاث ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺰار ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶﻧﻔﹶ ﺮ ﹶاز ﹶﻣ ﹸ‬١۵٠٠ ‫ﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﹶاز‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺎدهﻫﺎ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﱠﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹸﮐ ﹶﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﹺز ﹺﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﹶز ﹺدﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد ﹺن ﹼ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻞ ﹶﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳﻮی ﹶﺑﻢ ﹶﺣ ﹺﺮ ﹶﮐﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶوﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﹶد ﹺ‬،‫ﺮدﻧﺪ‬ .‫ﻧ ﹸﹶﺸ ﹶﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﹶﺷﻬﺮ ﺑ ﹺﹺﺮ ﹶﺳﻨﺪ‬ Exercise 2.18 Complete the following.

=‫د‬+‫ر‬+

+‫م‬

.١

+‫م‬+‫ا‬+‫د‬

.٢

=‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫م‬+‫ا‬+‫م‬

.٣

=‫م‬+‫ا‬+‫د‬

.۴

=‫ن‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

33

Exercise 2.19 Listen to audio A02-18 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣ .۵ ‫ س‬sounds like s in the English word soup. ‫ س‬is called seen in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. It has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ ﺳـ س‬Seen (s)

soup

|

Writing Tip:

There are several letters in Farsi that sound like s, but they are not interchangeable in spelling, even though they sound identical. As you learn new words, it is important to pay attention to their specific spellings. Additionally, the s and z sounds are not interchangeable in Farsi, as they sometimes are in English.

‫ﺳـ‬ ‫س‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Initial/medial attaches on both sides.

Follow the steps below to write ‫س‬. Write both forms several times in the designated space.

‫ﺳـ‬ 1

34

SECTION TWO

‫س‬

1

2

(s) Listen to audio A02-19 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ س‬in a Farsi word.

‫ س‬s

‫ – ﹶﺳ ﹶﺒﺪ‬sabad (basket)

Now try writing the word ‫ ﹶﺳ ﹶﺒﺪ‬several times.

‫ﹶﺳ ﹶﺒﺪ‬ 5

6

3

2

1

4

(sabad)

Exercise 2.20 Complete the following.

=‫د‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ب‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫س‬

.١

=‫ر‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫س‬

.٢

=‫ا‬+‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫س‬

.٣

=‫ا‬+‫م‬+‫ر‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫س‬

.۴

‫ﹶا‬

.١

‫د‬

.٣

Exercise 2.21 Listen to audio A02-20 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﻣـ‬

‫آد‬

.٢

‫ب‬

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

35

Exercise 2.22 Listen to audio A02-21 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ت‬sounds like t in the English word tiger. ‫ ت‬is called te in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. As previously discussed, there are several letters in Farsi that sound like t. When you learn words with the t sound, pay attention to the type of t used. ‫ ت‬has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ ﺗـ ت‬Te (t)

tiger

‫ﺗـ‬ ‫ت‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right.

And again its attachment is determined by the letter that comes before it. Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ت‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﺗـ‬ ‫ت‬ 2

1

2

1

(t)

36

SECTION TWO

|

Writing Tip:

As you learn new letters, pay attention to their details, such as dots and teeth. ‫ ت‬has two dots. You can either write it either with the 2 dots or with a short horizontal line in place of the dots for ease and speed of writing. This can also be applied to all the letters with two dots.

‫ﺗـ ت‬

Listen to audio A02-22 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ ت‬in two Farsi words.

‫ ت‬t

‫ ﺗـ‬n

‫ – ﹶدﺳﺖ‬dast (hand and arm) ‫ – ﺗﺎب‬taab (swing)

Now practice writing ‫ ﹶدﺳﺖ‬and ‫ ﺗﺎب‬several times below. Try to follow the steps. 4 3

2

1

(dast)

‫ﺗﺎب‬ 2

3

1

4

(taab)

Exercise 2.23 Complete the following words.

=‫ب‬+‫ا‬+‫ت‬ =‫ت‬+‫س‬+

.١

+‫د‬

.٢

+‫ت‬

.٣

=‫ت‬+‫س‬+‫ا‬+‫م‬

.۴

=‫س‬+‫ا‬+‫م‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

37

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.24 Listen to audio A02-23 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﹶﺑ‬

.٢

‫ﹶب‬

.۴

‫م‬ ‫رس‬

‫ﺑﺎد‬

.١

‫ﹶ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.25 Listen to audio A02-24 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ز‬sounds like the z in the English word zebra. ‫ ز‬is called ze in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. As may you have noticed, there are several letters in the Farsi alphabet that sound identically like the letter z. Pay attention to the new words you learn and the type of z they use. ‫ ز‬has only one form with the same writing rules as ‫ ر‬and ‫د‬.

‫ ز‬Ze (z)

zebra

‫ز‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ز‬. Write it several times in the designated space. Make sure you include the dot.

‫ز‬ 2

1

(z)

38

SECTION TWO

Listen to audio A02-25 to become familiar with the pronunciation of z in two Farsi words.

‫ ز‬z ‫ ز‬z

‫ – ﹶﺳﺒﺰ‬sabz (green)

‫ – ﹶزرد‬zard (yellow)

Now practice writing ‫ ﹶﺳﺒﺰ‬and ‫ ﹶزرد‬several times below. Try to follow the steps.

‫ﹶﺳﺒﺰ‬ 5

4

1

2

3

(sabz)

‫ﹶزرد‬ 5

3

4

2

1

(zard)

Exercise 2.26 Complete the following.

=‫ر‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ز‬

.١

=‫ن‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ز‬

.٢

=‫د‬+‫ر‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ز‬

.٣

=‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ب‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ز‬

.۴

‫ﹶﺳـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.27 Listen to audio A02-26 and fill in the blanks.

‫زا‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑـ‬

.٢

‫ﹶﺳـ‬

.۴

‫ﹶ ﻣﺎن‬

.٣

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

39

Exercise 2.28 Listen to audio A02-27 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ا‬ sounds like e in the English word exit. Just like ‫ ﹶا‬, it is written as ‫ ا‬if the word starts with ‫ا‬ . When you see ‫ ﹺ‬under a letter, you need to read it with the short vowel e.

‫ا ﹺ ـﻪ ه‬ E

exit

†

Reading Tip:

In English e sometimes sounds like i (for example in be). However, in Farsi it sounds only like ‫ا‬ (e). ‫ا‬ follows most of the ‫ ﹶا‬rules. The exception in ‫ا‬ is that it becomes a letter when it is at the end of the word.

Writing Rules ‫ﹺ‬

Initial does not attach to anything, written standalone. This form is only used if the word starts with ‫ا‬ (e). Medial is a non-mandatory diacritic.

‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ه‬

Final attached. Final detached.

|

Writing Tip:

In Farsi, writing short vowel diacritics are not mandatory but they are included in this book to facilitate reading. The final forms of ‫ ﹺ‬however, are mandatory, as they become a letter. There are many words in Farsi that end with this letter.

40

SECTION TWO

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ا‬ . Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ا‬ ‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ه‬

1

2

1

2

1

(e)

Now listen to audio A02-28 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ا‬ in several Farsi words.

‫ا‬ e ‫ ﹺ‬e ‫ ـﻪ‬e

‫ ه‬e

‫اداره‬ – edaare (office) ‫ – ﹺﻣﺪاد‬medaad (pencil)

‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ – ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬madrese (school) ‫ – ﺗﺎزه‬taaze (fresh)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times following the steps below.

‫اداره‬ 3

1

5

2

6

4

(edaare) 3

2 1

4

5

(medaad)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

41

‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ 6

2

5

1

3

4

7

‫ﺗﺎزه‬

(madrese) 2

4

5

1

3

(taaze)

Exercise 2.29 Complete the words below.

=‫ر‬+‫ب‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ز‬ =‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ت‬+‫س‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ب‬+

.١

+‫د‬

.٢

=‫ر‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫د‬+‫ا‬+‫ن‬

.٣

=‫ه‬+‫س‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ر‬+‫د‬+

‫ﹶ‬

+‫م‬

.۴

=‫ه‬+‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫ت‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫س‬

.۵

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.30 Listen to audio A02-29 and fill in the blanks.

‫ن‬

‫ﺳﺘ‬

‫ ﹶد‬.٣

‫رد‬

‫ﻧﹶـ‬

.٢

‫ﻣﺎ‬

.١

‫ﺗﺎ‬

.۵

‫داد‬

.۴

42

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.31 Listen to audio A02-30 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ک‬sounds like k in the English word cat. ‫ ک‬is called kaaf in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. It has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ ﮐـک‬Kaaf (k) cat

‫ﮐـ‬ ‫ک‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ک‬. Write it several times in the designated space. 2

‫ﮐـ‬ ‫ک‬ 1

2

1

(k) Now listen to audio A02-31 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ ک‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﮐـ‬k

‫ – ﮐﺎر‬kaar (work)

‫ ک‬k ‫ – ﻧ ﹶﹶﻤﮏ‬namak (salt)

43

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﮐﺎر‬ 2

1

3

(kaar)

‫ﹶﻧ ﹶﻤﮏ‬ 5

4

6

3

1

2

(namak)

Exercise 2.32 Complete the following.

=‫ب‬+‫ا‬+‫ت‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ک‬

.١

=‫م‬+

+‫ک‬

.٢

= ‫ک‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫ب‬

.٣

= ‫ س‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+ ‫ک‬+ ‫ س‬+ ‫ا‬

.۴

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.33 Listen to audio A02-32 and fill in the blanks.

‫اﺳ‬ ‫ن‬

‫ﹺﺗ‬

.٢

‫ا ت‬

.١

.۴

‫ن‬

.٣

‫ﹶﻣﺴـ‬

44

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.34 Listen to audio A02-33 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ای‬, unlike its appearance, is a long vowel. It sounds like i (ee) in the English word bee. Being a long vowel, it is not included in the alphabet. It has three forms of initial, medial, and final.

‫ اﯾـ ﯾـ ی‬Ee

bee

‫اﯾـ‬ ‫ﯾـ‬ ‫ی‬

Writing Rules Initial, attaches on the left. This form is used when a word starts with the sound ee. Medial, attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached, attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ای‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫اﯾـ‬ ‫ﯾـ‬ ‫ی‬

1

2

3

1

2

1

2

(ee)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

45

Now listen to audio A02-34 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ای‬in several Farsi words.

‫ اﯾـ‬i

‫ ﯾـ‬i

‫ ی‬i

‫ – اﯾﺮان‬eeraan (Iran)

‫ – ﺳﯿﺐ‬seeb (apple)

‫ – آﺑ‬aabee (blue)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 1

‫اﯾﺮان‬ 5

7

2

6

3

4

(eeraan)

‫ﺳﯿﺐ‬ 3

5

1

4

2

(seeb) 2

‫آﺑ‬

1

3

4

5

(aabee)

|

Writing Tip:

You can write the ‫ اﯾـ‬dots as a straight line to simplify writing like the image below.

‫اﯾ ـ‬

46

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.35 Complete the following.

=‫ا‬+‫ن‬+‫ی‬+‫م‬

.١

=‫ر‬+‫ی‬+‫س‬

.٢

=‫ی‬+‫ن‬+‫ی‬+‫س‬

.٣

=‫ر‬+‫ی‬+‫ز‬

.۴

Exercise 2.36 Listen to audio A02-35 and fill in the blanks.

‫راﻧـ‬

‫ﻧ‬

.٢

‫ﺳـ‬

.۴

‫ر‬

‫ﻣـ‬

.١ .٣

Exercise 2.37 Listen to audio A02-36 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ی‬looks almost the same as ‫ای‬, but sounds different. ‫ ی‬sounds like y in yarn. It is a consonant, unlike ‫ای‬, which is a long vowel. ‫ ی‬is the alphabet’s last letter and it is called ye, as you heard in the audio A02-01.

‫ ﯾـ ی‬Ye (y)

yarn

47

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

†

Reading Tip:

This is how you differentiate between ‫ ای‬and ‫ی‬: 1. If the word starts with ‫ﯾـ‬, then it is y. But if it starts with ‫اﯾـ‬, it is ee. 2. If there are diacritics on the medial and final ‫ی‬s, it is y, as we do not normally place diacritics on a long vowel (‫)ای‬. Again, reading and writing practice is the best way to acquire the skill to differentiate between these two sounds.

‫ﯾـ‬ ‫ی‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right.

Look below and follow the steps to write ‫ی‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﯾـ‬ ‫ی‬ 1

2

1

2

(y)

Now listen to audio A02-37 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ی‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﯾـ‬y

‫ ﯾـ‬y

‫ – ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬saaye (shadow) ‫ – ﹶدرﯾﺎ‬daryaa (sea)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬ 2

4

3

1

5

(saaye)

48

SECTION TWO

‫ﹶدرﯾﺎ‬ 3

5

1

2

4

(daryaa)

Exercise 2.38 Complete the following.

=‫د‬+‫ز‬+

+‫ی‬

.١

=‫ی‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ن‬

.٢

=‫ه‬+‫ی‬+‫ا‬+‫س‬

.٣

=‫ا‬+‫ی‬+‫ر‬+‫آ‬

.۴

‫ﹺﺳـ‬

.١

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.39 Listen to audio A02-38 and fill in the blanks.

‫ا‬

‫ﻧ ﹺـ‬

.٢

‫ل‬

‫ﹶد‬

.۴

‫س‬

.٣

Exercise 2.40 Listen to audio A02-39 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١ .٣

49

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.41 Listen to audio A02-40 and write ‫( ی‬y) or ‫( ای‬ee) as you hear them.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ او‬sounds like oo in the English word food. It has two forms of initial and medial/final. Like other long vowels, ‫ او‬is not a formal alphabet letter.

‫ او و‬Oo

food

‫او‬ ‫و‬

Writing Rules Initial does not attach. medial/final attaches on the right to the letter before it if that letter attaches on the left.

Look below and follow the steps to write ‫او‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫او‬ ‫و‬

1

2

1

(oo)

50

SECTION TWO

Now listen to audio A02-41 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ او‬in several Farsi words.

‫ و‬oo

‫ و‬oo

‫ و‬oo

‫ – ﻣﻮ‬moo (hair)

‫ – زود‬zood (early) ‫ – ﹶﮐﺒﻮﺗﹶﺮ‬kabootar (pigeon)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times following the steps below.

‫ﻣﻮ‬ 1

2

(moo)

‫زود‬ 2

3

4

1

(zood)

‫ﹶﮐﺒﻮ ﹶﺗﺮ‬ 8

9

7

6

4

2

1

5

3

(kabootar)

Exercise 2.42 Complete the following.

=‫ه‬+‫د‬+‫ن‬+

‫ﹶ‬

=‫د‬+‫و‬+‫س‬

.١

=‫د‬+‫و‬+‫ب‬

.٢

+‫ز‬+‫ و‬+‫د‬

.٣

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

51

Exercise 2.43 Listen to audio A02-42 and fill in the blanks.

‫ر‬

‫ﻧـ‬ ‫ر‬

‫ﹶز‬

.٢

‫د‬

.۴

‫ﺳـ‬

.١

‫ﹶﮐﺒـ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.44 Listen to audio A02-43 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

.۵

.۴

‫ پ‬sounds like p in pumpkin. It has two forms of initial/ medial and final detached/attached. ‫ پ‬is called pe in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01.

‫ ﭘـ پ‬Pe (p)

pumpkin

‫ﭘـ‬ ‫پ‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right, depending on the letter before it if that letter attaches on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫پ‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﭘـ‬

1

2

52

SECTION TWO

‫پ‬

1

2

(p)

|

Writing Tip:

‫ﭘـ پ‬

Like all letters with more than one dot, you can simplify the dots like below. The symbol for three dots is an open circle.

Now listen to audio A02-44 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ پ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﭘـ‬p

‫ ﭘـ‬p

‫ – ﭘﺎ‬paa (foot and leg)

‫ – ﹺﭘ ﹶﺪر‬pedar (father)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps below.

‫ﭘﺎ‬

1

2

(paa)

‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺪر‬ 6

1

4

3

2

5

(pedar)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

53

Exercise 2.45 Complete the following.

=‫ر‬+

=‫ه‬+‫ن‬+‫و‬+‫پ‬

.١

+‫د‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫پ‬

.٢

‫ﹶ‬

=‫و‬+‫ت‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫پ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.46 Listen to audio A02-45 and fill in the blanks.

‫ر‬ ‫و‬

.٢

‫وﺳﺖ‬

.١

.۴

‫ﻧـ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.47 Listen to audio A02-46 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣ ‫ ش‬sounds like sh in the word shark. As you heard in audio A02-01, its name is sheen in the Farsi alphabet. It has two forms of initial/ medial and final detached/attached, following the same rules as ‫س‬.

‫ ﺷـ ش‬Sheen (s)

shark

54

‫ﺷـ‬ ‫ش‬

SECTION TWO

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Follow the steps below to write ‫ش‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﺷـ‬ ‫ش‬ 2

1

3

1

2

(sh)

|

Writing Tip:

Like other three-dot letters, you can simplify the ‫ ش‬dots with an open circle instead of the three dots.

‫ﺷـ ش‬

Now listen to audio A02-47 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ش‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺷـ‬sh

‫ – ﺷﻮر‬shoor (salty)

‫ ش‬sh

‫ – آش‬aash (Persian soup)

‫ ﺷـ‬sh

‫ – ﺷﺎم‬shaam (dinner)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﺷﻮر‬ 3

2

1

4

(shoor)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

55

‫ﺷﺎم‬ 2

3

4

1

5

(shaam) 2

‫آش‬ 1

5

4

3

(aash)

Exercise 2.48 Complete the following.

= ‫ ش‬+‫ و‬+‫ش‬ =‫ر‬+‫ی‬+‫ش‬+‫م‬+

.١

+‫ش‬

.٢

=‫ه‬+‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ش‬

.٣

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.49 Listen to audio A02-48 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﹺﺷ‬

.٣

‫و ﺗﹶﺮ‬

.٢

‫اﻧﺲ‬

.١

Exercise 2.50 Listen to audio A02-49 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

56

SECTION TWO

‫ ف‬sounds like f in the English word fish. It is called fe in the Farsi alphabet as you heard in audio A0201. It has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ ﻓـ ف‬Fe (f) fish

‫ﻓـ‬ ‫ف‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ف‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﻓـ‬ ‫ف‬ 2

1

2

1

(f)

Now listen to audio A02-50 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ف‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ف‬f ‫ﻓـ‬

f

‫ ف‬f

‫ ف‬f

‫ – ﮐﯿﻒ‬keef (purse)

‫ – ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬faarsee (Farsi, Persian) ‫ – ﹶﺑﺮف‬barf (snow) ‫ – ﹶﮐﻒ‬kaf (foam)

57

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﮐﯿﻒ‬ 4

6

3

2

1

5

(keef)

‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ 2

1

4

5

3

(faarsee)

‫ﹶﺑﺮف‬ 6

5

1

2

4

3

(barf)

‫ﹶﮐﻒ‬ 6

5

4

2

3

1

(kaf)

Exercise 2.51 Listen to audio A02-51 and fill in the blanks.

‫ـﻪ‬

‫ﹺ ﹺرﺷ‬

.٣

‫ﻧﺪ‬

‫ﹶ ر‬

.٢

‫ارﺳـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.52 Listen to audio A02-52 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﯾﺰﯾﮏ‬

.٢

‫ن‬

.١

‫وری‬

.۴

‫ﯾﻠﻢ‬

.٣

58

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.53 Listen to audio A02-53 and transcribe it.

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ا ﹸ‬O

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ﹸا‬sounds like o in the English word cone. Like other short vowels (‫ ﹶا‬and ‫ا‬ ), it takes an ‫ ا‬as a base for the ‫ ﹸ‬diacritic if the word starts with the sound ‫ ﹸا‬. Like other diacritics, writing it is not mandatory and as you get more skilled in reading and writing, you will not need them.

cone

Writing Rules ‫ﹸا‬ ‫ﹸ‬

Initial does not attach. It is written standalone. Medial placed on all letters as a non-mandatory diacritic.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ ﹸا‬. Write it several times in the designated space. 2

‫ﹸا‬

1

1

ُ (o)

59

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Listen to audio A02-54 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ ﹸا‬in several Farsi words.

‫ﹸا‬

o

‫ﹸ‬

o

‫ﹸ‬

p

‫ردک‬ ‫ – ﹸا ﹶ‬ordak (duck)

‫ – ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬modeer (manager)

‫ – ﹸﻣﺸﺖ‬mosht (fist)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 6

‫ردک‬ ‫ﹸا ﹶ‬ 5

7

1

3

4

2

(ordak) 6

‫ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬ 3

4

1

2

5

(modeer)

‫ﹸﻣﺸﺖ‬ 6

4

5

3

1

2

(mosht)

Exercise 2.54 Complete the following.

=‫ر‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+‫ت‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+‫ش‬

.١

=‫ر‬+‫ی‬+‫د‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+‫م‬

.٢

=‫د‬+‫ن‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+‫ت‬

.٣

60

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.55 Listen to audio A02-55 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﯾﺪ‬

‫ک‬

.٣

‫ر‬

‫م‬

.٢

.١

Exercise 2.56 Listen to audio A02-56 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ گ‬sounds like g in the English word goose. As you heard in audio A02-01, its name is gaaf on the alphabet. ‫ گ‬has two initial/medial and final detached/attached forms.

‫ ﮔـگ‬Gaaf (g)

goose

Writing Rules ‫ﮔـ‬

Initial/medial attaches on both sides. ‫ گ‬Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left. Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫گ‬. Write it several times in the designated space. 3

‫ﮔـ‬ ‫گ‬ 2

1

4

3

2

1

(g)

61

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Listen to audio A02-57 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ گ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﮔـ‬g

‫ ﮔـ‬g

‫ گ‬g

‫ گ‬g

‫ – ﹸﮔﺮگ‬gorg (wolf) ‫ – ﹸﮔﺮﺑﻪ‬gorbe (cat)

‫ – ﹶﺑﺮگ‬barg (leaf) ‫ – ﻧ ﹶﹶﻬﻨﮓ‬nahang (whale)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﮔﺮگ‬ 8

7

4

3

6

5

1

2

(gorg)

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺑﻪ‬ 6

4

3

5

1

2

6

(gorbe)

‫ﹶﺑﺮگ‬ 7

5

4

1

3

2

(barg)

8

‫ﹶﻧ ﹶﻬﻨﮓ‬ 9

7

4

10

6

5

1

3

2

(nahang)

62

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.57 Complete the following.

= ‫ ر‬+ ‫ و‬+ ‫گ‬+ ‫ ن‬+

+‫ا‬

.١

= ‫گ‬+ ‫ ر‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+ ‫گ‬

.٢

=‫ت‬+‫ش‬+‫و‬+‫گ‬

.٣

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.58 Listen to audio A02-58 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﻧـ‬

.٢

‫را‬

.۴

‫وش‬ ‫ﯾـ‬

‫ﹶﺳﻨـ‬

.١ .٣

Exercise 2.59 Listen to audio A02-59 and transcribe it.

‫ ﻗـ ق‬Ghaaf (gh)

bonjour!

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

The sound for ‫ ق‬does not exist in English. It is pronounced from the back of the throat. Many native English speakers tend to confuse it with the ‫( گ‬g) sound, but it sounds different. Listen to audio A0260 to hear the ‫( ق‬gh) sound and pay attention to its difference from ‫( گ‬g). Note that the first word uses ‫( ق‬gh) and the second one uses ‫( گ‬g). You can see the two words have quite different definitions.

63

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫ق‬

‫گ‬

‫ – ﹶﺑﺮق‬bargh (electricity)

‫ – ﹶﺑﺮگ‬barg (leaf)

‫’ق‬s name is ghaaf on the alphabet as you have heard in audio A02-01. It has two initial/medial and final detached/attached forms.

Writing Rules

‫ﻗـ‬

Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

‫ق‬

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ق‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﻗـ‬ ‫ق‬ 2

1

3

2

1

(gh)

|

Writing Tip:

‫ﻗـ ق‬

Like other letters with more than one dot, ‫’ق‬s dots can be written in the form of a straight line for ease of writing.

Listen to audio A02-61 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ ق‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﻗـ‬gh

‫ ﻗـ‬gh

‫ ق‬gh

‫ ق‬gh

‫ – ﻗﻮری‬ghooree (teapot)

‫ – ﹸﺑﺸﻘﺎب‬boshghaab (plate) ‫ – ﹸاﺗﺎق‬otaagh (room) ‫ – ﹶﺑﺮق‬bargh (electricity)

64

SECTION TWO

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﻗﻮری‬ 3

5

6

1

4

2

(ghooree)

‫ﹸﺑﺸﻘﺎب‬ 6

9

5

2

7

1

3

4

8

(boshghaab) 7

‫ﹸاﺗﺎق‬ 6

3

4

5

1

2

(otaagh)

‫ﹶﺑﺮق‬ 5

6

4

1

3

2

(bargh)

Exercise 2.60 Complete the following.

=‫ق‬+‫ر‬+ = ‫ ی‬+ ‫ م‬+ ‫ی‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

=‫ی‬+‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫ن‬+

+‫ش‬

.١

+‫د‬+‫ق‬

.٢

+‫ق‬

.٣

‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.61 Listen to audio A02-62 and fill in the blanks.

‫ور‬

.٢

‫س‬

.١

‫ر‬

.٣

65

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.62 Listen to audio A02-63 and transcribe it.

‫ ﺧـ خ‬Khe (kh)

Loch Ness

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣ ‫ خ‬is another sound that does not exist in English. It sounds like the ch in the Scottish body of water Loch Ness. The ‫ خ‬sound is a bit similar to h but with squeezed throat. Note that the h and the kh sound completely different in Farsi. ‫ خ‬is called khe in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01.

Listen to audio A02-64 to listen to the ‫( خ‬kh) sound and its comparison with h.

‫ ه‬h

‫ خ‬kh

‫ – ﻫﺎﻟﻪ‬haale (halo)

‫ – ﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬khaale (maternal aunt)

‫ خ‬has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ﺧـ‬ ‫خ‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫خ‬. Write it several times in the designated space. 3

‫ﺧـ‬ ‫خ‬ 1

2

3

1

2

(kh)

66

SECTION TWO

Listen to the audio A02-65 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ خ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺧـ‬kh ‫ ﺧـ‬kh

‫خ‬ ‫خ‬

kh kh

‫ – ﺧﺎک‬khaak (soil) ‫ – ﹺد ﹶرﺧﺖ‬derakht (tree) ‫ – ﹶﯾﺦ‬yakh (ice)

‫ – ﮐﺎخ‬kaakh (palace)

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the 5 steps.

‫ﺧﺎک‬ ‫ِد ﹶرﺧﺖ‬ 3

1

2

4

(khaak)

5

6

8

3

4

1

2

7

(derakht)

‫ﹶﯾﺦ‬ 6

5

2

3

1

4

(yakh)

‫ﮐﺎخ‬ 3

6

4 5

2

1

(kaakh)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

67

Exercise 2.63 Complete the following.

=‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫خ‬ =‫ب‬+‫ا‬+‫ر‬+ =‫خ‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

.١

+‫خ‬

.٢

+‫ی‬

.٣

Exercise 2.64 Listen to audio A02-66 and fill in the blanks.

‫ا‬ ‫ر‬

‫ﺳﻮ‬

.٢

‫ﹸد‬

.۴

‫ش‬

‫رﮔ‬

.١

‫و‬

.٣

Exercise 2.65 Listen to audio A02-67 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ چ‬sounds like ch in the English word chick. Its name is che in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. ‫ چ‬has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/ attached.

‫ ﭼـ چ‬Che (ch)

chick

68

‫ﭼـ‬ ‫چ‬

SECTION TWO

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final detached/attached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫چ‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﭼـ‬ ‫چ‬ 1

2

3

1

2

3

(ch)

|

Writing Tip:

You can use an open circle instead of the three dots to simplify writing.

‫ﭼـ چ‬

Listen to audio A02-68 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ چ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﭼـ‬ch

‫ – ﹺﭼﺮا‬cheraa (why)

‫ ﭼـ‬ch

‫ – ﹶﭼﻬﺎر‬chaahaar (four)

‫ چ‬ch

‫ – ﻗﺎرچ‬ghaarch (mushroom)

‫ چ‬ch

‫ – ﭘﺎرچ‬paarch (pitcher)

69

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 5

‫ﹺﭼﺮا‬ 1

2

4

3

6

(cheraa)

‫ﹶﭼﻬﺎر‬ 8

3

5

7

1 2

6

4

(chaahaar)

‫ﭘﺎرچ‬ 2

5

1

4

7

6

3

(paarch)

‫ﻗﺎرچ‬ 2

5

1

4

6

3

7

(ghaarch)

Exercise 2.66 Complete the following.

=‫ه‬+‫ب‬+‫ن‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

=‫ه‬+‫چ‬+‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫پ‬

.١

=‫ا‬+‫ر‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫چ‬

.٢

+‫ش‬+‫ر‬+‫ا‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫چ‬

.٣

70

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.67 Listen to audio A02-69 and fill in the blanks.

‫ای‬

‫ﺷـ‬

.٣

.٢

‫ا و‬

.١

Exercise 2.68 Listen to audio A02-70 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ه‬sounds like h in the English word happy. Its name is he in the alphabet as you have heard in audio A02-01. ‫ ه‬has four forms of initial, medial, final attached, and final detached.

‫ ﻫـ ـﻬـ ـﻪ ه‬He (h)

happy

‫ﻫـ‬ ‫ـﻬـ‬

Writing Rules Initial attaches on the right. Medial attaches on both sides.

‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ه‬

Final attached attaches on the right. Final detached is written standalone.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ه‬. Write it several times in the designated space. Note that the medial and initial forms have several variations in printing and handwriting that might look different from what what is shown here.

‫ﻫـ‬ ‫ـﻬـ‬ 2

1

3

2

4

1

3

71

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET 2

‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ه‬ 1

1

(h)

Listen to audio A02-71 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ه‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﻫـ‬h

‫ ـﻬـ‬h

‫ ـﻪ‬h ‫ ه‬h

‫ – ﹶﻫﻤﻪ‬hame (all) ‫ – ﹺﺗﻬﺮان‬tehraan (Tehran, the capital of Iran) ‫ – ﹺﻣﻪ‬meh (fog) ‫ – ﻣﺎه‬maah (moon)

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹶﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹺﺗﻬﺮان‬ 4

2

3

1

(hame)

5

7

6

4

2

1

3

8

(tehraan)

‫ﹺﻣﻪ‬ 2

3

1

4

(meh)

‫ﻣﺎه‬ 2

3

1

(maah)

72

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.69 Complete the following.

= ‫ ه‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫گ‬+ ‫ ش‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬

.١

=‫ه‬+‫ا‬+‫ی‬+‫س‬

.٢

=‫ج‬+‫ی‬+‫و‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ه‬

.٣

Exercise 2.70 Listen to audio A02-72 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﻣﺎ‬

.٢

‫ﻣﯿﺸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ وش‬

.١ .٣

Exercise 2.71 Listen to audio A02-73 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ ج‬sounds like j in the English word jar. It is called jeem in the alphabet as you have heard in audio A02-01. It has two forms of initial/medial and final detached/attached.

‫ ﺟـ ج‬Jeem (j)

jar

73

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ج‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached/detached attaches on the right to the letters that attach on the left.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ج‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ج‬ 1

2

3

1

2

3

(j) Listen to audio A02-74 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ج‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺟـ‬j ‫ – ﺟﻮراب‬jooraab (sock)

‫ ﺟـ‬j

‫ – ﺟﻮﺟﻪ‬jooje (chick)

‫ ج‬j

‫ – ﺗﺎج‬taaj (crown)

‫ ج‬j

‫ – ﺑ ﹺﹺﺮﻧﺞ‬berenj (rice)

Practice what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﺟﻮراب‬ 6

2

7

8

1

5

3

4

(joorab)

7

‫ﺟﻮﺟﻪ‬ 5

1

2

8

6

3

4

(jooje)

74

SECTION TWO

‫ﹺﺑ ﹺﺮﻧﺞ‬ 7

5

6

1

4

2

8

3

9

10

(berenj)

‫ﺗﺎج‬ 2

3

1

4

5

6

(taaj)

Exercise 2.72 Complete the following.

=‫ج‬+‫ن‬+

+‫پ‬

.١

=‫ج‬+‫ا‬+‫ک‬

.٢

=‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫و‬+

‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

+‫ج‬

.٣

Exercise 2.73 Listen to audio A02-75 and fill in the blanks.

‫ره‬

‫ﻧ‬

.٢

‫ﻧ‬

.١

‫ﹶﻣﺴـ‬

.۴

‫ﺷﻦ‬

.٣

Exercise 2.74 Listen to audio A02-76 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

75

‫ ل‬sounds like l in the English word lamp. It is called laam in the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. ‫ ل‬has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/detached.

‫ ﻟـ ل‬Laam (l)

lamp

‫ﻟـ‬

‫ل‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached/detached attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ل‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ل‬

1

1

(l)

Listen to audio A02-77 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ل‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﻟـ‬l

‫ – ﹺﻟﺒﺎس‬lebaas (clothing)

‫ ﻟـ‬l ‫ – ﮔﯿﻼس‬geelaas (cherry)

‫ ل‬l

‫ ل‬l

‫ – ﭘﻮل‬pool (money)

‫ – ﺳﺎل‬saal (year)

76

SECTION TWO

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and follow the steps.

‫ﹺﻟﺒﺎس‬ 2

5

4

1

3

6

(lebaas) 6

‫ﮔﯿﻼس‬ 4

2

5

8

9

1

7

3

(geelaas)

‫ﭘﻮل‬ 5

2

1

6

4

3

(pool)

‫ﺳﺎل‬ 2

1

3

(saal)

Exercise 2.75 Complete the following.

=‫ل‬+‫و‬+‫پ‬

.١

=‫ا‬+‫ل‬+‫ی‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ل‬

.٢

=‫ه‬+‫ل‬+‫و‬+‫ل‬

.٣

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

77

Exercise 2.76 Listen to audio A02-78 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﯾﻮا‬

.٣

‫م‬

‫ﹶﺳـ‬

.٢

‫ﹸﮔـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.77 Listen to audio A02-79 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

‫ و‬looks similar to the long vowel ‫( او‬oo) covered before, but it sounds like v in the English word violin, not oo. Unlike ‫( او‬oo), ‫( و‬v) has only one form. ‫( و‬v) is called vaav on the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01.

‫ و‬Vaav (v)

violin

‫و‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on the right.

†

Reading Tip:

There are a couple of ways to distinguish between ‫ و‬and ‫ او‬but they cannot be applied to all words. 1. Being a long vowel, ‫( او‬oo) does not get a diacritic, but ‫( و‬v) gets them as it is a consonant. 2. ‫( و‬v) has only one form, so if the word starts with a ‫( و‬v), it is read as v and not oo. Having said that, practice and exposure to the language is the best way of reading and writing correctly as diacritics are rarely used.

78

SECTION TWO

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫و‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫و‬ 1

(v)

Listen to audio A02-80 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ و‬in several Farsi words.

‫ و‬v

‫ و‬v

‫ و‬v

‫ – ﹶوزن‬vazn (weight)

‫ – آواز‬aavaaz (song)

‫رزش‬ ‫ – ﹶو ﹺ‬varzesh (exercise)

Practice what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹶوزن‬ 5

3

6

1

2

4

(vazn) 2

‫آواز‬ 4

6

1

3

5

(aavaaz)

‫رزش‬ ‫ﹶو ﹺ‬ 7

3

6

8

4

2

1

5

9

(varzesh)

79

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.78 Complete the following.

=‫ه‬+‫د‬+‫ن‬+ =‫ز‬+‫ر‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫د‬

.١

+‫و‬+‫ا‬+‫ش‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫ک‬

.٢

‫ﹶ‬

=‫ر‬+

+‫و‬+

‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

+‫و‬+‫ا‬+‫د‬

.٣

Exercise 2.79 Listen to audio A02-81 and fill in the blanks.

‫از‬

‫ﹶﭘـ‬

‫زﺷﮑﺎ‬

.٣

.٢

‫د‬

‫ﹶد‬

.١

Exercise 2.80 Listen to audio A02-82 and transcribe it.

.٣

‫ ﺧﻮا‬Khaa

.٢

.١

‫ ﺧﻮا‬is considered an exception in reading and writing. It looks as if it should be read as khavaa, but its correct pronunciation is khaa. There are not many words that use this form and there are a few exceptions to it, which is beyond the scope of this book.

Writing Rules

‫ ﺧﻮا‬attaches on the right. Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ﺧﻮا‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ﺧﻮا‬ 5

4

2

1

3

(khaa)

80

SECTION TWO

Listen to audio A02-83 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ﺧﻮا‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺧﻮا‬khaa

‫ ﺧﻮا‬khaa ‫ ﺧﻮا‬khaa

‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ – khaahar (sister) ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ‬ – khaahesh (request) ‫ – ﺧﻮاب‬khaab (sleep)

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ 9

5

7

8

4

3

1

2

6

(khaahar)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ‬ 5

9

7

8

4

3

10

1

2

6

(khaahesh)

‫ﺧﻮاب‬ 5

4

1

7

6

2

3

(khaab)

Exercise 2.81 Complete the following.

=‫ر‬+‫ا‬+‫و‬+‫خ‬+‫ه‬+‫ا‬+‫ی‬+‫گ‬ =‫ن‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫د‬+‫ی‬+‫ب‬+‫ا‬+‫و‬+‫خ‬

=‫ه‬+‫د‬+‫ن‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫و‬+‫خ‬

.١ .٢ .٣

81

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Exercise 2.82 Listen to audio A02-84 and fill in the blanks.

‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺧـ‬

.٣

‫ﻧـ‬

‫و‬

.٢

‫ﹺﻫﺶ‬

‫ﺧﻮ‬

.١

Exercise 2.83 Listen to audio A02-85 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

The ‫ ژ‬sounds like the second g in the word corsage. ‫ ژ‬is called zhe in the Farsi alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01. It has only one form and follows the same rules as ‫ ر‬and ‫ز‬.

‫ ژ‬Zhe (zh)

corsage

‫ژ‬

|

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on the right. Writing Tip:

‫ژ‬

‫ ژ‬is another letter with three dots, so you can replace the dots with an open circle.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ژ‬. Write it several times in the designated space.

‫ژ‬ 2

1

(zh)

82

SECTION TWO

Listen to audio A02-86 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ژ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ژاﮐﺖ‬ – zhaaket (cardigan)

‫ ژ‬zh

‫ ژ‬zh ‫ ژ‬zh

‫ژاﭘﻦ‬ ‫ – ﹸ‬zhaapon (Japan) ‫ – ژاﻟﻪ‬zhaale (a feminine name)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ژاﮐﺖ‬ 3

6

7

2

4

1

5

8

(zhaaket)

‫ژاﭘﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ 8

6

3

2

4

1

5

7

(zhaapon)

‫ژاﻟﻪ‬ 3

2

5

1

4

(zhaale)

Exercise 2.84 Listen to the audio A02-87 and fill in the blanks.

‫ا‬

.٣

‫م‬

‫ﹺر‬

.٢

‫ﻣﺎ‬

.١

Exercise 2.85 Listen to audio A02-88 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

83

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫ ص‬sounds like s in the English word snail. You have already learned another letter that sounds identical: ‫( س‬s). ‫ ص‬is called saad on the alphabet as you heard in audio A02-01.

‫ ﺻـ ص‬Saad (s) snail

|

Writing Tip:

As you learn the new words, try to memorize the type of s letter they use. ‫( ص‬s) has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/detached.

‫ﺻـ‬ ‫ص‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached/detached attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ص‬.

‫ﺻـ‬ ‫ص‬ 1

2

1

2

(s)

Listen to audio A02-89 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ص‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺻـ‬s

‫ ﺻـ‬s ‫ ص‬s

‫ – ﺻﺎﺑﻮن‬saaboon (soap) ‫ – ﹺﺻﺪا‬sedaa (sound, voice) ‫ – ﹶﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬makhsoos (special)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Try to memorize the type of s letter as well.

84

SECTION TWO

‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮن‬ 2

7

6

1

5

4

3

(saaboon)

‫ﹺﺻﺪا‬ 4

2

1

3

5

(sedaa)

‫ﹶﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬ 6

7

9

8

4

2

1

3

5

(makhsoos)

Exercise 2.86 Complete the following.

=‫ه‬+‫ح‬+‫ف‬+

=‫ت‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ص‬

.١

=‫ف‬+‫ا‬+‫ص‬

.٢

+‫ر‬+‫و‬+‫ص‬

.٣

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.87 Listen to audio A02-90 and fill in the blanks.

‫دا‬

.٣

‫ﺻﻞ‬

.٢

‫ﹶر‬

‫ﹶﻣـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.88 Listen to audio A02-91 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

85

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫ ح‬sounds like h in the English word heart. ‫ ح‬is called he in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01. You have already learned another letter that sounds like h and identical to ‫ح‬: it is ‫ه‬. Try to pay attention to the type of h letter as you learn more. ‫ ح‬has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/detached.

‫ ﺣـ ح‬He (h)

heart

‫ﺣـ‬ ‫ح‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached/detached attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ح‬.

‫ﺣـ‬ ‫ح‬ 1

2

1

2

(h) Listen to audio A02-92 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ح‬in several Farsi words.

‫ – ﹺﺣﯿﻮان‬heyvaan (animal) ‫ ﺣـ‬h ‫ – ﹶﺣ ﹺﺮ ﹶﮐﺖ‬harekat (movement) ‫ ح‬h ‫ – ﹸﺻﺒﺢ‬sobh (morning) ‫ ﺣـ‬h

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Try to memorize the type of h letter as well.

‫ﹺﺣﯿﻮان‬ 6

8

3

7

4

1

2

5

9

(heyvaan)

86

SECTION TWO

‫ﹶﺣ ﹺﺮ ﹶﮐﺖ‬ 9

7

5

6

1

4

3

2

8

(harekat)

‫ﹸﺻﺒﺢ‬ 6

3

4

5

1

2

(sobh)

Exercise 2.89 Complete the following.

=‫ن‬+‫و‬+‫ز‬+

+‫ح‬

.١

=‫ل‬+‫ا‬+‫ح‬+‫ش‬+‫و‬+‫خ‬

.٢

‫ﹶ‬

+‫ل‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.90 Listen to audio A02-93 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﺳﺎ‬

‫رار‬

.٣

‫رﯾـ‬

.٢

‫ﺗﹶﻔـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.91 Listen to audio A02-94 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫ ﺿـ ض‬Zaad (z)

zoo

‫ﺿـ‬ ‫ض‬

87

‫ ض‬sounds like z in the English word zebra. You have already learned ‫ز‬ that sounds the same as ‫ض‬. Try to memorize the type of z letter the words use. ‫ ض‬is called zaad on the alphabet as you heard in audio A0201. It has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/detached.

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached detached attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ض‬.

‫ﺿـ‬ ‫ض‬ 3

2

1

3

2

1

(z) Listen to audio A02-95 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ض‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺿـ‬z

‫ ﺿـ‬z ‫ ض‬z

‫ – رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬reeyaazee (math)

‫ – ﻗﺎﺿﯽ‬ghaazee (judge) ‫ – ﹶﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬mareez (patient, sick)

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Try to memorize the type of z letter as well.

‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬ 3

8

5

7

6

2

1

4

(reeyaazee)

88

SECTION TWO

‫ﻗﺎﺿﯽ‬ 7

6

2

3

4

1

5

(ghaazee)

‫ﹶﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬ 7

5

4

6

8

3

1

2

(mareez)

Exercise 2.92 Listen to audio A02-96 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﺣﺎ ر‬

.٣

‫رﺑـ‬

.٢

‫ﹶﻓـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.93 Listen to audio A02-97 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

‫ ط‬sounds like t in the English word tulip. You have already learned another t sounding letter: ‫ت‬. ‫ ط‬has only one form. ‫ ط‬is called taa in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01.

‫ ط‬Taa (t)

tulip

|

Writing Tip:

As you learn new letters and words, pay attention to the type of t the words use.

‫ط‬

.١

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on both sides.

89

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ط‬.

‫ط‬ 2

1

(t)

Listen to audio A02-98 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ط‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ط‬t ‫ – ﻃﻮﻃﯽ‬tootee (parrot)

‫ ط‬t ‫ – ﹶﺣﯿﺎط‬hayaat (yard) ‫ ط‬t ‫ – ﹶﻃﻼ‬talaa (gold)

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Try to memorize the type of t letter as well.

‫ﻃﻮﻃﯽ‬ 7

4

5

6

1

2

3

(tootee)

‫ﹶﺣﯿﺎط‬ 6

3

7

5

1

2

4

(hayaat)

‫ﹶﻃﻼ‬ 5

4

2

1

3

(talaa)

Exercise 2.94 Listen to audio A02-99 and fill in the blanks.

‫ر‬

.١

‫ﹶﺳـ‬

.٢

‫ﻟـ‬

.٣

90

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.95 Listen to audio A02-100 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

‫ ظ‬sounds like z in the English word zucchini. You have already learned two more z sounding letters: ‫ ض‬and ‫ظ‬ ‫ز‬. is called zaa in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01. ‫ ظ‬has only one form.

‫ ظ‬Zaa (z)

zucchini

|

Writing Tip:

Pay attention to the type of z used in the new words.

‫ظ‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial/final attaches on both sides.

‫ظ‬

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ظ‬.

2

3

1

(z)

Listen to audio A02-101 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ظ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ – ﹸﻇﻬﺮ‬zohr (noon) ‫ ظ‬z ‫ – ﹶﻇﺮف‬zarf (dish) ‫ ظ‬z

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Try to memorize the type of t letter as well.

‫ﹸﻇﻬﺮ‬ 7

5

6

2

4

1

3

(zohr)

91

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

8

‫ﹶﻇﺮف‬ 3

7

5

6

4

1

2

(zarf)

Exercise 2.96 Listen to audio A02-102 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﹸﻣﻮا‬

‫ﹸﺧﺪا ا‬

.٢

.١

Exercise 2.97 Listen to audio A02-103 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

‫ ﻋـ ـﻌـ ـﻊ ع‬Ein

Sea of Oman

.١

The ‫ ع‬sound is another nonexistent sound in English. It is called ein in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01. ‫ ع‬has four forms of initial, medial, final attached, and final detached. In general, ‫ ع‬is like a consonant ‫ ا‬and is often accompanied by the vowels before or after it. Its sound is like ‫ا‬, but you suddenly stop, then continue the pronunciation, like a short pause.

Listen to audio A02-104 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ع‬. The pause that you hear is the ein pronunciation.

‫ﻌﺒﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬ein ‫ﻋـ‬ ‫ـﻌـ‬

– ma’bad (temple)

Writing Rules Initial attaches on the left. Medial attaches on both sides.

‫ـﻊ‬ ‫ع‬

Final attached attaches on the right. Final detached is standalone.

92

SECTION TWO

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ع‬.

‫ﻋـ‬ ‫ـﻌـ‬ ‫ـﻊ‬ ‫ع‬ 1

2

2

3

2

2

3

1

1

2

(ein) Listen to audio A02-105 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ ع‬in several Farsi words. Pay attention to how they sound when they accompany vowels compared to when they do not.

‫ﻋـ‬

‫ـﻌـ‬

‫ﻋـ‬ ‫ع‬

‫ – ﹶﻋﻠﯽ‬alee (Ali, a masculine name)

‫ – ﹶﺑﻌﺪ‬ba’d (then) ‫ – ﹺ‬baa’es (cause) ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ – ﹸﺷﺮوع‬shoroo’ (begin)

Exercise 2.98 Complete the following.

=‫د‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ب‬+‫ع‬+

+‫م‬

.١

=‫ا‬+‫ع‬+ ‫ ﹸ‬+‫د‬

.٢

=‫د‬+‫ی‬+‫ع‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

+‫س‬

.٣

93

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

|

Writing Tip:

Note that sometimes ‫ ع‬sounds just like ‫ا‬, especially when it is in the beginning of the word. So, try to pay attention to the spellings as you learn. Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹶﻋﻠﯽ‬ 5

1

3

2

4

(alee)

‫ﹶﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ 6

2

4

1

5

3

(ba’d)

6

2

4

7

5

1

3

8

(baa’es) 7

5

‫ﹸﺷﺮوع‬ 3

4

1

6

2

(shoroo’)

Exercise 2.99 Listen to audio A02-106 and fill in the blanks.

‫ر‬

‫ﹶﻣـ‬

.٣

‫ﹺد ﻓـ‬

.٢

‫ﻣﯿ‬

‫ﺗﹶـ‬

.١

94

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.100 Listen to audio A02-107 and transcribe it.

.٣

.٢

.١

‫ غ‬is another sound that does not exist in English. It sounds identical to ‫( ق‬gh), only looks different. ‫ غ‬is called ghein in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A0201. It has four forms of initial, medial, final attached, and final detached.

‫ ﻏـ ـﻐـ ـﻎ غ‬Ghein (gh)

"Augh! My backpack is too heavy!"

‫ﻏـ‬ ‫ـﻐـ‬

Writing Rules Attaches on the left. Attaches on both sides.

‫ـﻎ‬ ‫غ‬

Attaches on the left. Does not attach, written standalone.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫غ‬.

‫ﻏـ‬ ‫ـﻐـ‬ ‫ـﻎ‬ 3

1

2

4

2

3

1

4

2

3

1

95

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

‫غ‬ 3

1 2

(gh)

|

Writing Tip:

As you learn the letters try to remember what gh sounds they use. Listen to audio A02-108 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ غ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﻏـ‬gh

‫ ـﻐـ‬gh ‫ ـﻎ‬gh

‫ غ‬gh

‫ – ﹸﻏﻨﭽﻪ‬ghonche (flower bud) ‫ – ﹸﺟﻐﺪ‬joghd (owl)

‫ – ﺟﯿﻎ‬jeegh (scream)

‫ – ﹸﻣﺮغ‬morgh (chicken)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹸﻏﻨﭽﻪ‬ 9

5

6

7

3

4

1

2

8

(ghonche)

‫ﹸﺟﻐﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﻎ‬ 7

6

1

3

4

2

5

(joghd)

8

1

4

5

3

7

2

6

(jeegh)

96

SECTION TWO

‫ﹸﻣﺮغ‬ 5

3 4

6

1

2

(morgh)

Exercise 2.101 Complete the following.

=‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ب‬+‫غ‬+‫ا‬+‫ب‬ =‫غ‬+‫ا‬+‫م‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

.١

+‫د‬

.٢

‫ﺑﺎ‬

.١

Exercise 2.102 Listen to audio A02-109 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﺗـ‬

.٢

Exercise 2.103 Listen to audio A02-110 and transcribe it.

.٣

‫ ﺛـ ث‬Se (s) safe

‫ﺛـ‬ ‫ث‬

.٢

.١

‫ ث‬is another s sound, sounding identical to the other s sound covered earlier in this section. They were: ‫ س‬and ‫ص‬. It only looks different and is less frequently used. ‫ث‬ is called se in the alphabet as you heard in the audio A0201. It has two forms of initial/medial and final attached/ detached.

Writing Rules Initial/medial attaches on both sides. Final attached/detached attaches on the right.

97

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ث‬.

‫ﺛـ‬ ‫ث‬ 2

2

1

1

(s) Listen to audio A02-111 to familiarize yourself with the sound of ‫ ث‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ﺛـ‬s ‫ ﺛـ‬s

‫ ث‬s

‫ – ﹶﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬kaseef (dirty, messy) ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ – ﹺﺛ ﹶ‬servatmand (wealthy) ‫ﺮو ﹶ‬ ‫ – ﹶاﺛﺎث‬asaas (furnishings, the stuff in a home)

Practice writing the following what you heard on the audio several times and try to follow the steps. Just like other multi-dot letters, you can use an open circle instead of the three dots to simplify writing.

‫ﹶﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬ 9

4

5

6

8

1

3

2

7

(kaseef)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺮو‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ 12

13

8

3

9

10

4

6

1

5

7

11

2

(servatmand)

‫ﹶاﺛﺎث‬ 7

6

5

3

4

1

2

(asaas)

98

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.104 Complete the following.

=‫ه‬+‫ی‬+‫ن‬+‫ا‬+‫ث‬

.١

=‫ل‬+‫ا‬+‫ث‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+‫م‬

.٢

Exercise 2.105 Listen to audio A02-112 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﹶا‬

.٢

‫ﹶﻟـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.106 Listen to audio A02-113 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

‫ ذ‬is another z sounding letter, which sounds identical to ‫ز‬, ‫ظ‬, and ‫ض‬. It is rather less frequently used than the others. ‫ ذ‬has only one form and it is called zaal on the alphabet as you heard in the audio A02-01.

‫ ذ‬Zaal (z)

zipper

‫ذ‬

Writing Rules Initial/medial/ final attaches on the right.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ذ‬.

‫ذ‬ 2

1

(z)

99

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

Listen to audio A02-114 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ذ‬in several Farsi words.

‫ ذ‬z ‫ ذ‬z

‫ – ﹶﻏﺬا‬ghazaa (food) ‫ – ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ‬lazeez (tasty)

Practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps.

‫ﹶﻏﺬا‬ 7

5

4

6

1

3

2

(ghazaa)

‫ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ‬ 8

3

7

5

2

6

1

4

(lazeez)

Exercise 2.107 Listen to audio A02-115 and fill in the blanks.

‫ﺗﹶﻦ‬

‫ﹸﮔـ‬

.١

Exercise 2.108 Listen to audio A02-116 and transcribe it.

.١

100

SECTION TWO

‫ ﹼ‬Tashdeed

A giraffe has two hard horns (called ossicones). A tashdeed means two hard sounds.

‫ ﹼ‬is not a letter, but a diacritic. Unlike most other diacritics, writing this one is required. The meaning of the word tashdeed is intensification. It means when it is placed on top of the letter, you read that letter with stress. For example in the word ‫ ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬, you see that ‫ ﹼ‬is placed on top of ‫ذ‬. It means you pronounce ‫ ذ‬stronger than other letters. Basically ‫ ﹼ‬multiplies the letter as shown below:

‫ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬ ت= ﹺﻟﺬ ﹶ‬ ‫ذ ت‬+

As you can see, the ‫ ذ‬is doubled by the tashdeed, the first one with no vowel, the second one read with the diacritic on it. For pronunciation purposes the tashdeed is shown by doubling the letter in the Romanized words.

‫ﹼ‬

2

Listen to audio A02-117 to get familiar with the pronunciation of ‫ ﹼ‬in several words.

‫ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬ ‫ﹶا ﱠول‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﹸﻣ ﹶﺮ ﹼﺑﺎ‬

1

(z)

‫ – ﹺﻟﺬ ﹶذت‬lezzat (joy) ‫ – ﹶاو ﹶول‬avval (first)

‫ – ﹶﺑﭻ ﭼﻪ‬bachche (child, kid)

‫ – ﹸﻣ ﹶﺮب ﺑﺎ‬morabbaa (jam, fruit jelly)

Now practice writing what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 8

‫ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬ 6

3

5

1

2

4

7

(lezzat)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

101

‫ﹶا ﱠول‬ 7

8

4

1

6

2

5

3

(avval)

‫ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ‬ 8

7

4

2

3

1

5

6

(bachche)

‫ﹸﻣ ﹶﺮ ﹼﺑﺎ‬ 6

7

8

4

3

5

1

2

(morabbaa)

Exercise 2.109 Complete the following.

=‫ش‬+‫ا‬+‫ق‬+‫ق‬+

+‫ن‬

.١

+‫ع‬

.٢

= ‫ ه‬+ ‫ک‬+ ‫ک‬+ ‫ ﹺ‬+ ‫س‬

.٣

= ‫ س‬+ ‫ ا‬+ ‫ک‬+ ‫ک‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.110 Listen to audio A02-118 and fill in the blanks.

‫اﻓﻪ‬

‫ﹶز‬

.٣

‫ق‬

‫ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ‬

.٢

‫ت‬

‫ﹺد‬

.١

Exercise 2.111 Listen to audio A02-119 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

102

SECTION TWO

‫أ ؤ ئ ﺋـ ء‬

Hamze

‫ ء‬is another sound that has no equivalent in English. It sounds the same as ‫ع‬, only looks different. Hamze is the small diacritic you see on top of the vowels that looks similar to the number 6 in Farsi. Hamze is only placed on long vowels, or used alone at the end of the word. It has many forms, but the main ones are medial and final. Hamze has no initial form because in the beginning of the word it just becomes ‫ا‬. There are some rules as to what long vowel becomes the base of the hamze, which is out of the scope of this book. You only need to memorize what words use hamze, how they are spelled, and the fact that it sounds like an ein, as there are not many words with hamze. Also, recently ‫ ء‬is being replaced by ‫ی‬, but since the change has not been very consistent, ‫ ء‬is still used sometimes.

Writing Rules ‫ ﺋـ‬،‫ؤ‬ The medial form is either a ‫ و‬or a dotless ‫ ی‬with a hamze on top of it and depend‫ أ‬،‫ إ‬،‫ئ‬ ‫ء‬

ing on the letter used they follow the ‫ و‬or the ‫ ی‬rules. Final attached/detached attaches on the right. The final form does not attach and is used standalone.

Look at the image below and follow the steps to write ‫ء‬. 2

‫أ‬ ‫إ‬

1

1

2

‫ؤ‬ ‫ئ‬ 2

3

1

2

1

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

103

‫ﺋـ‬ ‫ء‬

2

1

1

2

(hamze) Listen to audio A02-120 to get familiar with the sound of ‫ ء‬in several Farsi words.

‫ – ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬mansha’ (source) ‫ – ﺳﻮء‬soo’ (bad)

‫ – ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬mas’ool (responsible) Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 6

‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ 5

3

4

1

2

(mansha’)

‫ﺳﻮء‬

4

5

3

1

2

(soo’)

‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬ 6

3

7

5

4

1

2

(mas’ool)

104

SECTION TWO

Exercise 2.112 Complete the following.

=‫ت‬+ ‫ﹶ‬

+‫ی‬+‫ل‬+‫و‬+‫ئ‬+‫س‬+

+‫م‬

.١

=‫ء‬+‫و‬+‫س‬

.٢

‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 2.113 Listen to audio A02-121 and transcribe it.

.٢ ‫ﹰا‬

.١

Tanveen is a diacritic with Arabic origin. Usually, it is added to the end of adjectives and creates adverbs. Note that we cannot create new adverbs with tanveen. We can only use the existing ones in Farsi. There are several types of tanveen in Arabic, but only one of them is used in Farsi. Tanveen sounds like an. It has only one final form.

Tanveen

man

Writing Rules ‫ﹰا‬

Final attached/detached attaches on the right.

Now look at the image below and practice writing tanveen. 2

‫ﹰا‬

1

(tanveen) Listen to audio A02-122 to get familiar with several adverbs using tanveen.

‫ – ﹺ‬vaaghe’an (really) ‫واﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ – دا ﹺﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ‬daa’eman (constantly) ‫ – ﹶﺑﻌﺪ ﹰا‬ba’dan (later)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

105

Practice writing the following what you heard in the audio several times and try to follow the steps. 7 5

‫ﹺ‬ ‫واﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ‬ 6

2

3

1

4

8

(vaaghe’an) 6

‫دا ﹺﺋﻤ ﹰﺎ‬ 2

4

1

3

5

7

(daa’eman) 7 6

‫ﹶﺑﻌﺪ ﹰا‬ 8

2

4

3

1

5

(ba’dan)

Recently, some prefer to replace the traditional tanveen with how it actually sounds. So in‫ ﹺ‬and ‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪ ﹰا‬becomes ‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪﹶ ن‬. This stead of writing ‫ ﹰا‬, they write ‫ـﻦ‬.‫ ﹶ‬For example, ‫ واﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ‬becomes ‫واﻗ ﹶﻌﻦ‬ is another variation of tanveen and can be used on all words that use tanveen.

Exercise 2.114 Listen to audio A02-123 and transcribe it.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

Persian Numbers 10 and Larger In the previous section you learned numbers 0 to 10 as well as writing numbers in digit form. In this section, you will learn how to read and write numbers 10 and larger.

106

SECTION TWO

Numbers 11-19 11 to 19 have the suffix dah at the end. As you know ‫( ﹶده‬dah) in Farsi means 10. So the numbers with a dah at the end are the 11–19. Listen to audio A02-124 to get familiar with numbers 11-19.

١١ (eleven) yaazdah

١۶ (sixteen) shaanzdah

١٢ (twelve) davaazdah

١٧ (seventeen) hefdah

١٣ (thirteen) seezdah

١٨ (eighteen) hejdah

١۴ (fourteen) chaahaardah

١٩ (nineteen) noozdah

١۵ (fifteen) paanzdah Exercise 2.115 Listen to audio A02-125 and transcribe the numbers in Farsi digits.

.٣

.٢

.١

.۵

.۴

Numbers 20-100 In order to read and write numbers 20 to 100, you need to know the tens first. Listen to audio A02-126 to get familiar with the 20–100.

٢٠

‫( ﺑﯿﺴﺖ‬twenty) beest

٧٠

‫( ﹶﻫﻔﺘﺎد‬seventy) haftaad

٣٠

‫( ﺳﯽ‬thirty) see

٨٠

‫( ﹶﻫﺸﺘﺎد‬eighty) hashtaad

۴٠

‫( ﹺﭼ ﹺﻬﻞ‬forty) chehel

٩٠

‫( ﻧ ﹶﹶﻮد‬ninety) navad

۵٠

‫( ﹶﭘﻨﺠﺎه‬fifty) panjaah

١٠٠

‫( ﹶﺻﺪ‬one hundred) sad

۶٠

‫( ﹶﺷﺼﺖ‬sixty) shast

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

107

Exercise 2.116 Listen to audio A02-127 and transcribe it in Farsi digits.

١)

٢)

٣)

۴)

۵)

۶)

٧)

٨)

Now for the two digit numbers with ones, follow the following rule:

Tens + o + Ones For example, ٢١ is ‫ﺑﯿﺴﺖ‬+ o + ‫( ﯾﮏ‬beest-o-yek), or ٣۵ is ‫ ﺳﯽ‬+ o + ‫ ﹶﭘﻨﺞ‬. The “o” part is a variation of ‫( ﹶو‬va) which means and in Farsi. It is very common to use o instead of va. In Numbers however, we only use o. So the two digits are tens + and + ones.

Exercise 2.117 Listen to audio A02-128 and fill in the blanks.

١)

٢

٢)

۴)

٨

۵)

٧)

٣

٨)

۵

۶

٣) ۶)

٨

Exercise 2.118 Listen to audio A02-129 and transcribe it in Farsi digits.

١)

٢)

٣)

۴)

۵)

۶)

٧)

٨)

108

SECTION TWO

Numbers 100-1,000 For numbers 100 to 1,000, you need to know the hundreds, and then follow the same rule of the two digits, only adding hundreds to it. Listen to the audio A02-130 to get familiar with the Farsi hundreds.

١٠٠ (100) sad

۶٠٠

(600) sheshsad

٢٠٠ (200) deveest

٧٠٠

(700) haftsad

٣٠٠ (300) seesad

٨٠٠

(800) hashtsad

۴٠٠ (400) chahaarsad

٩٠٠

(900) nohsad

۵٠٠ (500) paansad

١٠٠٠

(1,000) hezaar

Exercise 2.119 Listen to audio A02-131 and transcribe it in Farsi digits.

١)

٢)

٣)

۴)

۵)

۶)

Three-Digit Numbers Rule Follow this rule in the three-digit numbers: Hundreds + o + Tens + o + Ones For example, for the number ٢۴٣, you say ٣٠٠ o ۴٠ o ٢ (seesad o chehel o do).

Exercise 2.120 Listen to audio A02-132 and transcribe it in Farsi digits.

١)

٢)

٣)

۴)

۵)

۶)

٧)

٨)

READING AND WRITING THE FARSI ALPHABET

109

Numbers over 1,000 For numbers over one thousand, you follow the same rule, only add the thousands, millions, billions, etc. Only mention how many thousands, millions, etc. are in the number. So 2,000 is simply the number 2 and the word “thousand,” which is do hezaar. Or 8,000 is the number 8 and the word for thousand, hasht hezaar. Listen to audio A02-133 to get familiar with larger numbers.

‫ – ﹺﻫﺰار‬hezaar (thousand)

‫ – ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد‬melyaard (billion)

‫ – ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن‬melyoon (million)

Billions + o + millions + o + thousands + o + hundreds + o + tens + o + ones Example ٢,٣٧۶,٠٩٨ 2 melyoon o seesad o haftaad o shesh hezaar o navad o hasht

Exercise 2.121 Listen to audio A02-134 and transcribe it in Farsi numbers.

١)

٢)

٣)

۴)

۵)

۶)

٧)

٨)

Section

3

Reading and Writing Practice

I

n this section you learn topic-specific vocabulary and practice reading and writing. Below you will find numbered lists of the countries of the world in Farsi. The numbers correspond to the numbers on the maps. You do not have to learn the names of all the countries to learn Farsi. This section serves more as a listening/reading practice to familiarize yourself with Farsi sounds as well as a reference.

The Middle East (Iran and Its Neighbors) Below is a list of the countries of the Middle East. Listen to audio A03-01 and learn the names of Iran’s neighbors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

‫ﹶﻋﺮاق‬ ‫ﺗﹸﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﹶارﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‬ ‫ﺗ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﺮﮐ ﹶﻤ ﹺﻨﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹶاﻓﻐﺎ ﹺﻧﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹸﻋ ﹼﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻣﺎرات‬ ‫ﹶﻗ ﹶﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶﻋ ﹶﺮﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹸﮐ ﹺﻮﯾﺖ‬

(araagh: Iraq) (torkeeye: Turkey) (armanestaan: Armenia) (aazarbaayjaan: Azerbaijan) (torkamanestaan: Turkmenistan) (afghaanestaan: Afghanistan) (paakestaan: Pakistan) (ommaan: Oman) (emaaraat: Emirates) (ghatar: Qatar) (bahreyn: Bahrain) (arabestaan: Saudi Arabia) (koveyt: Kuwait)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

111

Middle East 3

2

4

5

6

1

7

13 11 10

12

9 8

500 km 500 miles

Africa Below is a list of the countries in Africa, sorted by region. Listen to audio A03-02 to familiarize yourself with their names in Farsi. .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

‫آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﯿﻮﭘ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﺰاﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﹺﮐﻨﯿﺎ‬ ‫اوﮔﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻮزاﻣﺒﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺎداﮔﺎﺳﮑﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻻوی‬ ‫زاﻣﺒﯿﺎ‬ ‫زﯾﻤﺒﺎوه‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮدان ﹸﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬ ‫رواﻧﺪا‬

(aafreeghaa: Africa) (eteeopee: Ethiopia) (taanzaaneeaa: Tanzania) (keneeyaa: Kenya) (oogaanda: Uganda) (mozaambeek: Mozambique) (maadaagaaskaar: Madagascar) (maalaavee: Malawi) (zaambeeya: Zambia) (zeembavve: Zimbabwe) (soomaalee: Somalia) (soodane jonoobee: South Sudan) (rooaandaa: Rwanda)

112

SECTION THREE

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

‫ﺑﻮروﻧﺪی‬ ‫ارﯾﺘﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﯾﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺒﻮﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری ﹺدﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺗﯿﮏ ﹸﮐﻨﮕﻮ‬

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

‫آﻧﮕﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﺮون‬ ‫ﭼﺎد‬ ‫ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری ﹸﮐﻨﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎی ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮﮐﺰی‬

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮاﯾ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﻨﻪ ﹸا ﹸ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻮﺗﻮﻣﻪ و ﭘﺮﻧﺴﯿﭗ‬ ‫ﹺﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﹶاﻟﺠﺰاﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮدان‬ ‫ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮاﮐﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ ﹺﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺒ‬ ‫آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎی ﹸﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺒﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺗﺴﻮاﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﹺﻟﺴﻮﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮازﯾ ﹶﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺠﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻏﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﻋﺎج‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮرﮐﯿﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﹺﺳ ﹺﻨﮕﺎل‬ ‫ﮔﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﹺﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﮔﻮ‬

(booroondee: Burundi) (ereetre: Eritrea) (moorees: Mauritius) (jeebootee: Djibouti) (komor: Comoros) (seeshel: Seychelles) (jomhooreeye demokrateeke kongo: Democratic Republic of Congo) (aangoolaa: Angola) (kaameron: Cameroon) (chaad: Chad) (jomhooreeye Kongo) (jomhooreeye aafreeghaaye markazee: Central African Republic) (gaabon: Gabon) (geeneye ostovaayee: Equatorial Guinea) (saaotome va pranseep: Saotome and Principe) (mesr: Egypt) (aljazaayer: Algeria) (soodaan: Sudan) (maraakesh: Morocco) (toones: Tunisia) (leebee: Libya) (aafreeghaaye jonoobee: South Africa) (naameebeeyaa: Namibia) (botsovaanaa: Botswana) (lesoto: Lesotho) (sooazeeland: Swaziland) (neejereeye: Nigeria) (ghanaa: Ghana) (saahele aaj: Côte d’Ivoire) (neejer: Niger) (boorkeena faaso: Burkina Faso) (maalee: Mali) (senegaal: Senegal) (geene: Guinea) (beneen: Benin) (togo: Togo)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

‫ﺳﯿﹺ ﺮا ﹺﻟﺌﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺒﹺﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﯾﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻣﺒﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﯿﺴﺎﺋﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﯿﭗ ورد‬

113

(seeyera leon: Sierra Leone) (leebereeya: Liberia) (mooreetaanee: Mauritania) (gaambeeyaa: Gambia) (geeneeye beesaao: Guinea-Bissau) (keyp verd: Cape Verde)

33 32 30

34

52 55 53

46 54

43

45

31

23

15

44

47 50 51

29

42

48 41 49

17

40 22 27 28

2

12

25

5

13

26 24

11

20

18

21

8

9 10 37 39

1 000 km 1 000 miles

Africa 1

19

3

14

36

4

35 38

6

7

16

114

SECTION THREE

Exercise 3.1 Listen to audio A03-03 and transcribe the country names.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

Asia Below is a list of the countries in Asia, sorted by region. Listen to audio A03-04 to familiarize yourself with their names in Farsi. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

‫آﺳﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﹸﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺮاق‬ ‫ﹶﻋ ﹶﺮﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﻌﻮدی‬ ‫ﹶﯾ ﹶﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ‬ ‫ردن‬ ‫ﹸا ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‬ ‫اﻣﺎرات‬ ‫اﺳﺮاﯾﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﻟﺒﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﹺﻓ ﹺﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﹸﻋ ﹼﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﹸﮐ ﹺﻮﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﹸﮔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﺟﺴﺘﺎن‬

‫رﻣ ﹺﻨﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹶا ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶﻗ ﹶﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺒﺮس‬ ‫ﹺﻗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻨﮕﻼدش‬ ‫ﹶﺑ‬ ‫اﯾﺮان‬ ‫ﹶاﻓﻐﺎ ﹺﻧﺴﺘﺎن‬

(aaseeyaa: Asia) (torkeeye: Turkey) (araagh: Iraq) (arabestaane so’oodee: Saudi Arabia) (yaman: Yemen) (sooreeye: Syria) (ordon: Jordan) (aazarbaayjaan: Azerbaijan) (Emaaraat: Emirates) (esraaeel: Israel) (lobnaan: Lebanon) (felesteen: Palestine) (ommaan: Oman) (Koveyt: Kuwait) (gorjestaan: Georgia) (armanestan: Armenia) (ghatar: Qatar) (bahreyn: Bahrain) (ghebres: Cypress) (hendoostaan: India) (paakestaan: Pakistan) (baglaadesh: Bangladesh) (eeraan: Iran) (afghaanestaan: Afghanistan)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

Asia 1 80° 00' 0.0000" N

50 16

11 19

2

10 12

6

7

15 8

45 49

3

14

23

4

18 17

5

46

9

24

47

44

43 42

48

40

21 25

13 20

27 22

33

36

32 28

1 000 km 1 000 miles

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

‫ﹺﻧﭙﺎل‬ ‫ﹺﺳﺮﯾﻼﻧﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺪﯾﻮ‬ ‫ﹶاﻧﺪو ﹺﻧﺰی‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻠﯿﭙﯿﻦ‬ ‫و ﯾﹺﺘﻨﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺎﯾ ﹶﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹺﻟﺰی‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﺒﻮج‬ ‫ﻻﺋﻮس‬ ‫ﹶﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﯿﻤﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﺮو ﹺﻧﺌﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﻦ‬ ‫ژاﭘﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

41

26

35 34

37

(nepaal: Nepal) (seree laankaa: Sri Lanka) (bootaan: Bhutan) (maaldeev: Maldives) (andoonezee: Indonesia) (feeleepeen: Philippines) (veeyetnaam: Vietnam) (taayland: Thailand) (meeyaanmaar: Myanmar) (maalezee: Malaysia) (kaaboj: Cambodia) (laaoos: Laos) (sangaapoor: Singapore) (teemor: Timor) (broneyee: Brunei) (cheen: China) (zhaapon: Japan)

30

31 39 34

29

38

115

116 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

SECTION THREE

‫ﹸﮐﺮه ﹸﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﹸﮐﺮه ﹸﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﹸﻣﻐﻮ ﹺﻟﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹸاز ﹶﺑ ﹺﮑﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹶﻗ ﹼﺰ ﹺاﻗﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺟﯿﮑﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺮﻗﯿﺰﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﹺﻗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﺮﮐ ﹶﻤ ﹺﻨﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫روﺳﯿﻪ‬

(koreye jonoobi: South Korea) (koreye shomali: North Korea) (mogholestaan: Mongolia) (ozbakestaan: Uzbekistan) (ghazzaaghestaan: Kazakhstan) (taajeekestaan: Tajikistan) (ghergheezestaan: Kyrgyzstan) (torkamanestaan: Turkmenistan) (rooseeye: Russia)

Exercise 3.2 Listen to audio A03-05 and transcribe it.

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.۴

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Europe Below is a list of the countries in Europe, sorted by region. Listen to audio A03-06 to familiarize yourself with their names in Farsi. 1. ‫ﹸاروﭘﺎ‬ (oroopa: Europe) 2. ‫روﺳﯿﻪ‬ (rooseeye: Russia) 3. ‫اوﮐﺮاﯾﻦ‬ (ookraayn: Ukraine) ‫ﹶ‬ 4. ‫ﻟ ﹺﻬﺴﺘﺎن‬ (lahestaan: Poland) 5. ‫روﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ (romaanee: Romania) 6. ‫ﹺﭼﮏ‬ (chek: Czechia) 7. ‫ﺠﺎرﺳﺘﺎن‬ (majaarestaan: Hungary) ‫ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ 8. ‫ﺑﹺﻼروس‬ (belaaroos: Belarus) 9. ‫ﻠﻐﺎرﺳﺘﺎن‬ (bolghaarestaan: Bulgaria) ‫ﹸﺑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ 10. ‫اﺳﻠﻮاﮐﯽ‬ (oslovaakee: Slovakia) 11. ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪاوی‬ (moldaavee: Moldova) 12. ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ (breetaaneeyaa: The United Kingdom) 13. ‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬ (sooed: Sweden) 14. ‫داﻧﻤﺎرک‬ (daanmaark: Denmark) ‫ﹶ‬ 15. ‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬ (fanlaand: Finland) 16. ‫ﹸﺮوژ‬ (norvezh: Norway) ‫ﻧ ﹺ‬

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

Europe 1 21

15 13

16

2

20

17

19

14

18

12 39 40

37

3

6

43

10

46

38

41

42

31

25

35

23

34

44

8

4

36

5

27 28

22

11

7 26 32

29

30

24

500 km 500 miles

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

‫اﯾﺮ ﹶﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺘﻮاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻮﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﺴ ﹶﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﯾﺘﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﭙﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎن‬

33

(eerland: Ireland) (leetooaanee: Lithuania) (laatveeyaa: Latvia) (estonee: Estonia) (eesland: Iceland) (eetaaleeyaa: Italy) (espaaneeyaa: Spain) (yoonaan: Greece)

9

117

118 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

SECTION THREE

‫ﹸﭘﺮﺗﹸﻐﺎل‬ ‫ﹺﺻﺮ ﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﺮواﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮز ﹸﮔﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻨﯽ ﹶو ﹺﻫ ﹺ‬ ‫آﻟﺒﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﹶﻣﻘﺪوﻧﯿﻪ ﹸﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫اﺳ ﹸﻠﯘﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻪ ﹺﻧﮕﺮو‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫آﻧﺪورا‬ ‫ﺳﺎن ﻣﺎرﯾﻨﻮ‬ ‫واﺗﯿﮑﺎن‬ ‫آﻟﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﹶﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﹸﻫ ﹶﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﹺﻠﮋﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﹸاﺗﺮﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﯾﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﮐﺰاﻣﺒﻮرگ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺎﮐﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﺎﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺨﺘﻦ‬

(portoghaal: Portugal) (serbestaan: Serbia) (krovaasee: Croatia) (bosnee va herzegoveen: Bosna and Herzegovina) (aalaabee: Albany) (maghdooneeyeye shomalee: North Macedonia) (eslovonee: Eslovenia) (monte negro: Montenegro) (malt: Malta) (aandoraa: Andorra) (saan maarino: San Marino) (vaateekaan: Holy See) (aalmaan: Germany) (faraanse: France) (holand: Netherlands) (belzheek: Belgium) (otreesh: Austria) (sooees: Switzerland) (lookzaamboorg: Luxembourg) (monaako: Monaco) (likhteneshtaayn: Liechtenstein)

Exercise 3.3 Listen to audio A03-07 and transcribe it.

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The Americas Below is a list of the countries in the Americas, sorted by region. Listen to audio A03-08 to familiarize yourself with their names in Farsi. 1. 2. 3.

‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا‬ ‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

(aamreekaa: Americas) (kaanaadaa: Canada) (aamreekaa: USA)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

2

3

17

24

9 5

4

18 19 21 20 22 23

6

7

16 15 13 11

29 26

14

12 10 8 35 36

31 25

28 32 33

30

1 000 km 1 000 miles

Americas 1

27

34

119

120 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

SECTION THREE

‫ﮐﻮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺋﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫دوﻣ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری ﹺ‬ ‫ﻨﯿﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺎﯾﯿﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻨﯿﺪاد و ﺗﻮﺑﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻫﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺎدوس‬ ‫ﹶﺳﻨﺖ ﻟﻮﺳﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫وﯾﻨﺴﻨﺖ ﹶو ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻧﺎدﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﮔ ﹺﺮﻧﺎدا‬ ‫آﻧﺘﯿﮕﻮا ﹶو ﺑﺎرﺑﻮدا‬ ‫دوﻣﯿﻨﯿﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﹶﺳﻨﺖ ﮐﯿﺘﺲ ﹶو ﹺﻧﻮﯾﺲ‬ ‫ﹺﻣﮑﺰﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﮔﻮا ﹺﺗﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﹸﻫﻨﺪوراس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻮادور‬ ‫ﻧﯿﮑﺎراﮔﻮﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺳﺘﺎرﯾﮑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﹺﻠﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺑ ﹺﹺﺮزﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﹸﮐ ﹸﻠﻤﺒﯿﺎ‬ ‫آرژاﻧﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﹺﭘﺮو‬ ‫ﹺو ﹺﻧﺰو ﹺﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻠﯽ‬ ‫اﮐﻮادور‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﯿﻮی‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﮔﻮﺋﻪ‬ ‫اوروﮔﻮﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻮرﯾﻨﺎم‬

(koobaa: Cuba) (haa’eetee: Haiti) (jomhooreeye domeneecan: Dominican Republic) (jaamaaeekaa: Jamaica) (tereeneedaad va tobaago: Trinidad and Tobago) (baahaamaa: Bahamas) (baarbaados: Barbados) (sant looseeyaa: Saint Lucia) (sant veensent va gerenaadeen: St. Vincent and Grenadine) (gerenaada: Grenada) (aanteegooaa va baarbooda: Antigua and Barbuda) (domeeneekaa: Dominica) (sant keets va nevees: Saint Kitts and Nevis) (mekzeek: Mexico) (gooaatemaalaa: Guatemala) (hondooraas: Honduras) (elsaalvaador: El Salvador) (neekaaraagooe: Nicaragua) (kostaareeka: Costa Rica) (paanaamaa: Panama) (beleez: Belize) (berezeel: Brazil) (kolombeeya: Colombia) (aarzhanteen: Argentina) (peroo: Peru) (venezooela: Venezuela) (sheelee: Chile) (ekooador: Ecuador) (boleevee: Bolivia) (paaraagooe: Paragua) (orogooe: Uruguay) (gooyaan: Guyana) (sooreenaam: Surinam)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

121

Exercise 3.4 Listen to audio A03-09 and transcribe what you hear in Farsi.

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Australia and Oceania Below is a list of the countries in Australia and the Oceania, sorted by region. Listen to audio A03-10 to familiarize yourself with their names in Farsi. 1. 2. 3. 4.

‫ﹸاﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ ﹶو ﹸاﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﹸاﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﹺزﻻﻧﺪﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﭘﻮا ﮔﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﻮ‬

(ostoraleeyaa va oghyaanooseeye: Australia and Oceania) (ortoraleea: Australia) (zelaandeno: New Zealand) (paapooaa geeneye no: Papua New Guinea)

11

10

8

9

12 4

15

6

13 5

7

14 2

1 000 km 1 000 miles

Australia and Oceania1

3

122 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

SECTION THREE

‫ﻓﯿﺠﯽ‬ ‫ﹶﺟﺰاﯾﹺﺮ ﹸﺳ ﹺﻠﯿﻤﺎن‬ ‫واﻧﻮاﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮو ﹺﻧﺰی‬ ‫ﮐﯿﺮﯾﺒﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﹶﺟﺰاﯾﹺﺮ ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﺋﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﻮرو‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻮا‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻟﻮ‬

(feejee: Fiji) (jazaayere soleymaan: Solomon Islands) (vaanooaatoo: Vanuatu) (meekronezee: Micronesia) (keereebaasee: Kiribati) (jazaayere maarshaal: Marshall Islands) (paalaaoo: Palau) (naaooroo: Nauru) (Saamoaa: Samoa) (tongaa: Tonga) (toovaaloo: Tuvalu)

North and South Pole Listen to audio A03-11 to get familiar with the pronunciation of the North and South Pole. ‫ﻗﹸ ﻄﺐ ﹸﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﹸ ﻄﺐ ﹸﺟﻨﻮب‬

(ghotbe shomal: North Pole) (ghotbe jonoob: South Pole)

Exercise 3.5 Listen to audio A03-12 and transcribe what you hear in Farsi.

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Family and Relatives Like most traditional countries, family and relatives are an important part of the Iranians’ lives. Maybe that is why each family relation has a name. Listen to audio A03-13 to familiarize yourself with the following family members. ‫ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ر‬ ‫ﻣﺎدر‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﹶﻫ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶزن‬

(pedar: father) (maadar: mother) (baraadar: brother) (hamsar: spouse, no gender) (zan: wife)

‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

(baabaa: dad) (maamaan: mom) (khaahar: sister) (shohar: husband)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

123

Grandparents Listen to audio A03-14 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of grandparents and children/ grandchildren in Farsi. ‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ ‫ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ ‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎد ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻣﺎن ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬

(pedarbozorg: grandfather) (bababozorg: grandpa) (maadarbozorg: grandmother) (maamaanbozorg: grandma)

Children and Grandchildren ‫ﺮزﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﹶﻮه‬

(farzand: child, as one’s child) (dokhtar: daughter) (pesar: son) (nave: grandchild)

Aunts and Uncles In Farsi each aunt and uncles have their own specific name depending on whether they are on the paternal or maternal. Similarly, the gender of cousins is also specified, in addition to their relationship to the speaker. Listen to audio A03-15 to get familiar with the pronunciation of aunts, uncles, and cousins in Farsi. ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬ ‫داﯾ‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮداﯾ‬ ‫ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮداﯾ‬ ‫ﹶﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬

(khaale: maternal aunt, mother’s sister) (pesar khaale: male cousin, maternal aunt’s son) (dokhtar khale: female cousin, maternal aunt’s daughter) (ammeh: paternal aunt, father’s sister) (pesar amee: male cousin, paternal aunt’s son) (dokhtar amme: female cousin, paternal aunt’s daughter) (daayee: maternal uncle, mother’s brother) (pesar daayee: male cousin, maternal uncle’s son) (dokhtar daayee: female cousin, paternal uncle’s daughter) (amoo: paternal uncle, father’s brother) (pesar amoo: male cousin, paternal uncle’s son) (dokhtar amoo: female cousin, paternal uncle’s daughter)

124

SECTION THREE

Nieces and Nephews In Farsi, nieces and nephews do not have gender-specific terms like they do in English. Instead we specify if they are the child of a brother or a sister. Listen to audio A03-16 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of niece and nephew in Farsi. ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮزاده‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮادرزاده‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬

(khaaharzade: niece or nephew, word by word: sister’s child) (baraadarzade: niece or nephew, word by word: brother’s child)

In-Laws Just like the aunts/uncles, the in-law relationshipsare also specified. Listen to audio A03-16 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of the in-law terms in Farsi. ‫ﹶﻋﺮوس‬ ‫داﻣﺎد‬ ‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ﹶزن ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻫ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﺎری‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺟﻨﺎق‬

(aroos: daughter-in-law) (daamaad: son-in-law) (zan baraadar: brother in law, literally means brother’s wife) (shohar khaahar: literally means sister’s husband) (jaaree: relationship between a woman and her brother-in-law’s wife) (bajenaagh: relationship between a man and his sister-in-law’s husband)

Exercise 3.6 Translate the following family relationships to Farsi.

1.

Grandfather

2.

Son

3.

Sister-in-law’s husband

4.

Paternal aunt

5.

Sister’s child (niece or nephew)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

6.

Brother-in-law

7.

Daughter

8.

Grandchild

125

Parts of the Body In Farsi, some of the body parts are named slightly different from in English. Look at the list of body parts below and listen to audio A03-17 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of the parts of the body. ‫ﹶﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﹶاﺑﺮو‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﹶدﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﹶا ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎ‬ ‫ران‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﹶﮔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﻢ‬ ‫ﹶﮐ ﹶﻤﺮ‬

(sar: head) (moo: hair) (abroo: eyebrow) (beenee: nose) (dast: arm + hand, whole limb) (angosht: finger, toe) (paa: leg + foot, whole limb) (raan: thigh) (gardan: neck) (shekam: belly) (kamar: lower back)

‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﻮش‬ ‫ﹶدﻫﺎن‬

(soorat: face) (cheshm: eye) (goosh: ear) (dahaan: mouth)

‫ﺑﺎزو‬

(baazoo: arm)

‫زاﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﺪﹶ ن‬ ‫ﹸﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

(zaanoo: knee) (badan: body) (posht: back) (baasan: hips)

126

SECTION THREE

Exercise 3.7 Look at the image below and write the part of the body in Farsi. 2. Lower back 3. Hair 4. Face

1. Belly

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Weather Listen to audio A03-18 to familiarize yourself with weather related vocabulary in Farsi. ‫ﹶﻫﻮا‬ ‫آﻓﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﹺﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﺮف‬ ‫ﮐﻮﻻک‬ ‫ﹶﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬

(havaa: weather) (aaftaab: sun) (meh: fog) (barf: snow) (koolaak: blizzard) (martoob: humid)

‫آب و ﹶﻫﻮا‬ ‫ﹶاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎران‬ ‫ﺗ ﹶﹶﮕﺮگ‬ ‫ﹸﺧﺸﮏ‬ ‫ﹶﮔﺮم‬

(aab o havaa: climate) (abr: cloud) (baaraan: rain) (tagarg: hail) (khoshk: dry) (garm: warm, hot)

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE

‫ﹶﺳﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎد‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﹶاﺑﺮی‬ ‫ﺑﺎراﻧﯽ‬

‫ﹸﺧ ﹶﻨﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﹶﺴﯿﻢ‬ ‫آﻓﺘﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﹺﻣﻪ آﻟﻮد‬

(sard: cold) (baad: wind) (toofaan: storm) (abree: cloudy) (baaraanee: rainy)

127

(khonak: cool) (naseem: breeze) (aaftaabi: sunny) (toofaanee: stormy) (meh aalood: foggy)

At the Grocery Store Listen to audio A03-19 to get familiar with food related vocabulary and short sentences in Farsi. ‫ﻣﯿﻮه‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﹸﭘﺮﺗﹸﻘﺎل‬ ‫آﻧﺎﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﹶﻓ ﹶﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬

meeve: fruit goosht: meat maahee: fish portoghaal: orange aanaanaas: pineapple goje farangee: tomato

‫ ﭼﻨﺪ؟‬‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﯾ‬ ‫ﹶﭼﻨﺪه؟‬ !‫ﯾﮏ ﮐﯿﻠﻮ ﻟﻄﻔ ﹰﺎ‬ !‫دو ﮐﯿﻠﻮ ﻟﻄﻔ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎن‬ !‫ﹺﺑﻔﹶ ﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‬

keelooyee chand?: chande?: yek keeloo lotfan!: do keeloo lotfan!: toomaan/toman: Befarmaayeed!:

‫ﹶﺳﺒﺰی‬ ‫ﹸﻣﺮغ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮز‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺐ زﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮ‬

sabzee: vegetable morgh: chicken seeb: apple moz: banana seeb zameenee: potato keeloo: kilo

How much is it a kilo? How much is it? One kilo, please! Two kilos, please! Iranian currency Here you are!

Exercise 3.8 Listen to audio A03-20 and answer the following questions. 1.

What did the woman want to buy?

2.

How much was the item?

3.

How much did she buy?

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At the Persian Restaurant Listen to audio A03-21 to familiarize yourself with some of the vocabulary and short sentences used in restaurants. First, listen to the whole thing several times, and then listen to each word/clause, pause, and repeat the word. Practice several times while paying attention to the pronunciation. ‫ﹺﻣﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﹸﭘﺮس‬ ‫ﹸﭼ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻠﻮﮐﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻻد‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻫﺎر‬ ‫ﺷﺎم‬ ‫ﭼﺎی‬ ‫ﹶاﻧﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﭼﯽ ﻣﯿﻞ دارﯾﺪ؟‬ !‫ﺧﻮش آﻣﺪﯾﺪ‬

meno: menu pors: portion cholokabaab: kabob served over steamed rice saalaad: salad nooshaabe: soda naahaar: lunch shaam: dinner chaay: tea an’aam: tip soorathesaab: check chee mey daareed?: What would you like to have? Khosh aamadeed!: Welcome!

Exercise 3.9 Listen to audio A03-22 and answer the questions. 1.

What did the woman order? Provide two details.

2.

What meal time was it?

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129

Animals Listen to audio A03-23 to familiarize yourself with some animal names. ‫ﹶﺳﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮش‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﮐﺒﻮﺗﹶﺮ‬

‫ﹸﮔﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹸﻣﺮغ‬ ‫ﹸﺧﺮوس‬ ‫ﹶﮐﻼغ‬

sag: dog moosh: mouse jooje: chick kabootar: pigeon

gorbe: cat morgh: chicken, hen khoroos: rooster kalaagh: crow

Exercise 3.10 Look at the pictures below and write the name of the animals in Farsi.

.٢

.١

.۴

.٣

Exercise 3.11 Listen to audio A03-24 several times and answer the following questions. 1.

What is the speaker’s name?

2.

What animal is her pet? What’s the pet’s name?

Section

4

Basic Sentences and Grammar

I

n this section the basic sentence structure is discussed integrated with language production.

Greetings Audio A04-01 is a short greeting dialog. Listen to it several times. Then listen to each sentence, pause, and repeat what you heard. Try to read the text below while listening. ‫؟‬‫ﹶﺳﻼم ﹶﻣﺮ ﹶﯾﻢ! ﺧﻮﺑ‬

-

Salaam Maryam! Khhobee? (Hi Maryam! Are you doing well? / How are you?) ‫ ﺗﻮ ﹺﭼﻄﻮری؟‬.‫ﹺﻣﺮﺳﯽ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ‬

-

.‫ﺧﻮ ﹶﺑﻢ‬

-

Khodahaafez! (Bye!)

‫ﹺ‬ !‫ﺪاﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﹸﺧ‬

-

Khodahaafez! (Bye!)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸﺧ‬ !‫ﺪاﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬

-

Mersi Alee. To chetoree? (Thanks, Ali. How about you?) Khoobam. (I’m good.)

Sentence Components The basic sentence components in Farsi are similar to English, only with a different order. They are: subject, object, verb, and adverbs.

Subject The subject is the same in Farsi and English. In simple terms, a subject is a noun or a clause that performs the verb action. It is what/whom the sentence is about.

Example 1 Janet ate the ice cream. In this sentence, Janet performed the action of eating. Therefore, Janet is the subject.

Example 2 The tree is tall. In this sentence, there is no action, but the verb describes something about the tree. So, the subject is the tree. In most Farsi sentences, the sentence starts with a subject.

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SECTION FOUR

Verb A verb is a word that states action. In example 1, ate is the verb because it states what was done. In example 2 is is the verb because it reflects the state of the tree. Unlike English, in Farsi it is often preferred to place the verb at the end of a sentence. Verbs are conjugated to six persons in Farsi, which will be discussed in this section. Keep in mind that there is no gender in Farsi verbs.

Object An object is a noun or a clause an action has acted upon. In example 1, ice cream is the object because the action of eating has been performed on it. But in example 2 there is no object because being is no action but a description about the subject. In simple sentences in Farsi, we tend to see objects after the subject and before the verb.

Adverb Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. Adverbs can be used to add information about a word's quality, time, place, cause, etc.

Example 3 I go to school every day. In example 3 every day is the adverb because it tells us when the verb happens. In Farsi adverbs often come after the subject. The sentence order below works oftentimes. However, in Farsi grammar rules are not followed very strictly. Subject + Adverb + Object + Verb

Adverb Examples Below is a list of frequently used adverbs. Listen to audio A04-02 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciations.

‫اﯾﻨﺠﺎ‬

eenjaa: here

‫ﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬

kheylee: very, so much

‫آﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬

aanjaa: there hameeshe: always

‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬

ma’moolan: usually

‫ﹶاﻏ ﹶﻠﺐ‬

aghlab: often

‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬

gaahee: sometimes

‫ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﮔﺰ‬

hargez: never

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133

Pluralization In Farsi, there are several ways to pluralize. We will discuss two of the most frequently used methods in this book. They are the two suffixes: ‫ ﻫﺎ‬haa and ‫ ان‬aan.

‫ ﻫﺎ‬haa

‫ ﻫﺎ‬can be added to every word to make it plural. Look at the examples below and listen to audio A04-03 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciations.

‫ﹺﮐﺘﺎب‬

ketaab (book)

‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎ‬

ketaabhaa (books)

‫ﹶدﺳﺖ‬

dast (hand)

‫ﹶدﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

dasthaa (hands)

‫ﹶزن‬ ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬

zan (woman)

‫ﹶزن ﻫﺎ‬

zanhaa (women)

pesar (boy, son)

‫ﹺﭘﺴﺮﻫﺎ‬

pesarhaa (boys, sons)

‫ ان‬aan

The ‫ ان‬suffix is often used for animate (or living) objects in written Farsi. Note that this rule is not firm. Look at the examples below and listen to audio A04-04 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciations.

‫ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ‬

mo’allem: teacher

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮔﺮ‬

kaargar: worker

‫ﹺد ﹶرﺧﺖ‬

derakht; tree

‫ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹼﻠﻤﺎن‬

moallemaan: teachers

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮔﺮان‬

kaargaraan: workers

‫ﹺد ﹶرﺧﺘﺎن‬

derakhtaan: trees

When the word ends in a vowel like ‫ه‬, or ‫و‬, an additional letter is added before the ‫ ان‬suffix for ease of pronunciation. Ending in ‫ه‬: Plural suffix will be ‫ ـﮕﺎن‬and the ‫ ه‬is omitted. Ending in ‫و‬: Plural suffix will be ‫ ـﯿﺎن‬.

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Listen to audio A04-05 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciations.

‫دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬

daaneshjoo: (college) student

‫دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن‬

‫ﹺﺳﺘﺎره‬

setaare: star

‫ﺘﺎرﮔﺎن‬ ‫ﹺﺳ ﹺ‬

‫ﹸﻣﺮده‬

morde: dead

‫ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮدﮔﺎن‬

daaneshjooyaan: (college) students setaaregann: stars mordegaan: the dead

Exercise 4.1 Pluralize the following using ‫ ﻫﺎ‬or ‫ان‬. Plural

‫داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز‬

student

daanesh aamooz

man

mard

book

ketaab

‫ﹺﮐﺘﺎب‬

hand

dast

‫ﹶدﺳﺖ‬

word

vaazheh

wood

choob

‫ﹶﻣﺮد‬

‫واژه‬ ‫ﭼﻮب‬

Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives are this and that. In Farsi, there are singular and plural forms of demonstrative adjectives, similar to English. However, the grammar is different.

‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﯾﻨﻬﺎ‬

een

this

‫آن‬

eenhaa

these

‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬

aan

that

aanhaa

those

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135

One difference is that when we point at something without mentioning a name, we pluralize the demonstrative adjectives, but not the noun. Examples

.‫اﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﯿﺐ ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬ eenhaa seeb hastand.: These are apples.

.‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬ aanhaa bache hastand.: Those are children.

The other difference is when we point and mention the names (like “these books” or “those children"), the demonstrative adjective is not pluralized. Examples

‫اﯾﻦ ﹺﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎ‬

een ketaab ha: these books

‫آن ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ‬

aan bacheha: those children

(‫ اﯾﻦ‬singular, ‫ ﹺﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎ‬plural)

(‫ آن‬singular, ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪﻫﺎ‬plural)

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SECTION FOUR

Exercise 4.2 Use a demonstrative adjective for each one of the examples below. Example .‫اﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﹶاﻧﺎر ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬

eenhaa anaar hastand.: These are pomegranates.

‫اﯾﻦ ﹶاﻧﺎرﻫﺎ‬

een anaarha: these pomegranates

1.

Pencils:

2.

A book:

3.

Two hands:

4.

Five students:

Verb ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﹶ‬

Boodan: To be In Farsi, one of the most commonly used verbs is ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫( ﹶ‬boodan: to be). As mentioned earlier, verbs are conjugated to six persons. There is also no gender in the Farsi verbs. They are the following persons. 1. I 4. We

2. You (singular) 5. You (plural)

3. He/She (no gender) 6. They (no gender)

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

137

The verb ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬in simple present tense is conjugated as follows:

‫ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬

(we) are

hasteem

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ‬

(you, singular) are hastee

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ‬

(you, plural) are hasteed

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ‬

(he/she) is

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬

(they) are

‫ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬

(I) am

hastam

hast

hastand

Since Farsi verbs are conjugated to persons, they not only inform about the action, they tell us who did it. In other words, the subject is implied in the verbs in the form of a pronoun. We do not always have a clear subject in the sentences because it is in the verb already. Listen to audio A04-06 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciation of the ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬conjugation. Listen several times and try to memorize the conjugation for each person.

‫ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬

(we) are

hasteem

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ‬

(you, singular) are hastee

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ‬

(you, plural) are hasteed

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ‬

(he/she) is

‫ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬

(they) are

‫ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬

(I) am

hastam

hast

hastand

‫ ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬ast vs. ‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬hast

‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬is a variation of ‫ ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬but with a different meaning. Usually ‫ ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬means “there is”, while ‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬means “is”. ‫ ﹶ‬means “there is food.” But the sentence .‫ﹶﻏﺬا ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬ For example, the sentence .‫ﻏﺬا ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬, means “the food is good/delicious.” Note that this difference in meaning is only applied to the third person singular (he/she/it) and for other conjugations of the verb ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬the same verb is used for both “is” and “there is.”

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SECTION FOUR

Pronouns Pronouns are words that substitute nouns or noun phrases.

Example 4 I am happy. Example 5 John is at home. He is watching TV. In example 4, I is a pronoun. In example 5, he is the pronoun replacing the noun John and referring to him. In Farsi, there are both detached and attached pronouns. Detached pronouns are used standalone in the sentence, as the name suggests, while attached pronouns are joined to the end of nouns or other words. In this book, we will only review detached pronouns.

Detached Pronouns In Farsi, there are six pronouns just like verb conjugation. They are: I

man

you (singular)

to

he/she (no gender) oo

‫ﹶﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎ‬

we

maa

‫ﺗﻮ‬

you (plural)

shomaa

‫او‬

they

eeshaan/aanhaa

‫ﹸﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬/‫اﯾﺸﺎن‬

Listen to audio A04-07 to familiarize yourself with the pronunciations of the detached pronouns.

Short Dialog Listen to audio A04-08 a couple of times and try to understand what is said.

‫ ﺗﻮ ﮐﯽ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ؟‬.‫ ﹶﺳﻼم! ﹶﻣﻦ ﺳﺎرا ﹶﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬-

‫ ﺣﺎ ﹺﻟﺖ ﹺﭼﻄﻮره؟‬.‫ ﹶﺳﻼم! ﹶﻣﻦ ﹶاﻣﯿﺮ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬‫؟‬‫ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺑ‬.‫ ﺧﻮب‬!‫ ﹺﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬-

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

139

Now look at the transcription while listening to the audio to see what you could understand from the dialogue.

‫ ﺗﻮ ﮐﯽ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ؟‬.‫ ﹶﺳﻼم! ﹶﻣﻦ ﺳﺎرا ﹶﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬salaam! man saaraa hastam. to kee hastee? (Hi! I am Sarah. Who are you?)

‫ ﺣﺎ ﹺﻟﺖ ﹺﭼﻄﻮره؟‬.‫ ﹶﺳﻼم! ﹶﻣﻦ ﹶاﻣﯿﺮ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬salaam! man ameer hastam. haalet chetore? (Hi! I am Amir. How are you?)

‫؟‬‫ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺑ‬.‫ ﺧﻮب‬khoob! to khoobee? (Good! How about you? (word by word: Are you good?))

!‫ ﹺﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬-

mersee! (Thanks!)

Exercise 4.3 Use the information given and formulate a Farsi sentences with this structure: “Mary is a dancer.” 1. ‫( ﻣﯿﻨﺎ‬meena: a feminine name) ‫( دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬daaneshjoo: college student) 2. ‫( ﹶﻓﺮﯾﺪ‬fareed: a masculine name) ‫( ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ‬mo'allem: teacher)

Attached ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫( ﹶ‬boodan: to be)

The verb ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬has an attached form as well, which is used more frequently in spoken Farsi. Here is how it is conjugated:

‫( ﹶـﻢ‬I) am ‫( ـﯽ‬you, singular) are ‫( ـﻪ‬he/she) is

‫( ـﯿﻢ‬we) are ‫( ـﯿﺪ‬you, plural) are ‫( ﹶـﻨﺪ‬they) are

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SECTION FOUR

So, the following sentences have identical meanings.

.‫ = ﺧﻮﺑﯿﻢ‬.‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ‬

.‫ = ﺧﻮ ﹶﺑﻢ‬.‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬

.‫ = ﺧﻮﺑﯿﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ‬

.‫ = ﺧﻮﺑ‬.‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ‬

.‫ = ﺧﻮ ﹶﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻨﺪ‬

.‫ = ﺧﻮﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬/‫ﺧﻮب ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬

(we) are good.

(you, plural) are good.

(they) are good.

(I) am good.

(you, singular) are good.

(he/she) is good.

Listen to audio A04-09 to get familiar with the pronunciation of the attached ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬and its conjugation in a simple sentence.

Exercise 4.4 Change the following sentences into short or long form, then translate them to English.

.‫ﻨﺪم‬ -١ ‫ﮐﺎرﻣ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

.‫ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ ﺧﻮﺑﻪ‬-٢

(TV :‫ ) ﹺﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن‬.‫ ﹶدر ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﹺﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬-٣ (happy :‫ )ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎل‬.‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎ ﹶﻟﻨﺪ‬-۴ (clean :‫ )ﺗﹶﻤﯿﺰ‬.‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﹶﻤﯿﺰه‬-۵ .‫ ﻣﻮز ﹶزرد اﺳﺖ‬-۶ Verb ‫ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬daashtan (to have)

The verb “to have” is conjugated in present tense the same way as ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫( ﹶ‬to be). We need to add the verb’s present stem to the personal suffix. The present stem of ‫ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬is: ‫( دار‬daar). Therefore, it is conjugated as follows in the simple present tense: (‫ ـﯿﻢ‬+‫دارﯾﻢ )دار‬

(‫ ﹶـﻢ‬+‫دارم )دار‬ ‫ﹶ‬ (‫ ـﯽ‬+‫داری )دار‬

(‫ ـﯿﺪ‬+‫دارﯾﺪ )دار‬ (‫ ﹶـﻨﺪ‬+‫دارﻧﺪ )دار‬ ‫ﹶ‬ daaram: (I) have daaree: (you, singular) have daarand: (he/she) has

daareem: (we) have daareed: (you, plural) have daarand: (they) have

(‫ ﹶـﺪ‬+‫دارد )دار‬ ‫ﹶ‬

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

141

Listen to audio A04-10 to familiarize yourself with the conjugation of ‫داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬. Review the following sentences and try to guess what they mean.

.‫دارم‬ ‫ﹶﻣﻦ ﹶاﻧﺎر ﹶ‬ .‫دارد‬ ‫ﹶاﻣﯿﺮ ﹺﮐﺘﺎب ﹶ‬ Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun.

Example 6 Blue pencil In the example blue is an adjective that describes the pencil. Please note that nouns are combined with adjectives as well as other nouns.

Noun/Noun and Noun/Pronoun Combinations Here are a few examples in English: my book school bus mother’s car They have a variety of structures and names in English, but in Farsi there are three combinations of adjective/noun, noun/noun, and noun/pronoun.

Adjective/Noun, Noun/Noun, and Pronoun/Noun Combinations In Farsi the combination of adjective/nouns and noun/nouns/pronouns are reversed compared to English. Going back to the examples above, “my book” in Farsi is literally translated as: “book of me.” ‫ﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺﮐ ﹺ‬ Therefore, we have the “noun + of ” in Farsi “+ pronoun/noun/adjective.” In Farsi there is an ‫ ﹺ‬added to the last letter of the first word. Look at the following examples ‫ﹺ‬ and pay attention to their structures. Note that then ‫ ﹺ‬acts as the connector of the combined words and it can be roughly compared to the English preposition “of.”

142

SECTION FOUR

‫ﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺﮐ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﹸا‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺑﻮس ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺﻣﺪاد آﺑ‬

ketaab e man: (literal translation) “book of me” = “my book” otoboos e madrese: (literal translation) “bus of school” = “school bus” maasheen e maadar: (literal translation) “car of mother” = “mother’s car” medaad e aabee: (literal translation) “pencil of blue” = “blue pencil”

Variation for Nouns Ending in Vowels

‫ ﹺ‬added to ease pronunciation. Review If the first noun ends in a vowel like ‫ و‬,‫ـﻪ‬, and ‫ا‬, a ‫ی‬is the following examples: ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﹺی ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻏﺬای ﻋﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﻮای ﺧﻮب‬

khaane ye man: my home ghazaa ye alee: Ali’s food havaa ye khoob: good weather

Exercise 4.5 Translate the following to Farsi. Check out the glossary at the back of the book if you do not know the Farsi translations. 1.

His school

2.

Green sock

3.

Yellow apple

4.

Iran bank

5.

White hair

Exercise 4.6 Translate the following sentences to Farsi. When done, listen to audio A04-11 to check your answers. 1.

My school is here.

2.

This apple is delicious.

3.

I am always happy.

4.

Ali’s book is there.

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

143

Prepositions and Conjunctions Below are the most frequently used prepositions and conjunctions in Farsi. Listen to audio A04-12 to become familiar with their pronunciations. ‫ﺑﻪ‬

be: to

‫ﺑﺎ‬

baa: with

‫ﹶو‬

va: and

‫ﯾﺎ‬

yaa: or

‫ﹺ‬ ‫روی‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻی‬ ‫ﹶاز‬

rooye: on

‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

zeere: under

baalaaye: over

‫ﹶدر‬

dar: in, on, inside

az: from

Exercise 4.7 look at the images below and write where each of the things is.

1.

Where is the bag?

2.

Where is the cat?

3.

Where is the lamp?

144

SECTION FOUR

Present Tense Personal Suffixes Present tense personal suffixes are added to the end of the verb stem to conjugate it to different persons. This part is the implied subject. Because the verbs somehow tell you who does the action, sometimes the Farsi sentences do not have a subject, because it is implied in the verb. We will return to this topic later. I

am

you singular

ee

she/he

ad

‫ﹶـﻢ‬

‫ـﯽ‬

‫ﹶـﺪ‬

we

eem

you plural

eed

they

and

‫ـﯿﻢ‬

‫ـﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﹶـﻨﺪ‬

Verb Stems You may have noticed that in Farsi verbs have stems. These stems are the main part of the verb and by adding prefixes and suffixes we can conjugate them to various tenses and persons. Two ‫ ﹶ‬and ‫)ﺑﻮدن‬ of the verbs you have learned (‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬ are exceptions, but this rule is applied to the ‫ﹶ‬ majority of verbs. In Farsi, there are present stems and past stems. Present stems are somewhat comparable to the English irregular verbs. The present stems need to be memorized as well since there is no rule that governs them. Below is a list of the more frequently used verbs with their present stems. Listen to audio A04-13 to familiarize yourself with their pronunciations. ‫ﻀﺎرع‬ ‫ﹸﺑ ﹺﻦ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬

‫ﹺﻓﻌﻞ‬

ro

‫رو‬

‫ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬

goftan: to say

goo

‫ﮔﻮ‬

‫ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬

deedan: to see

been

‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬

‫دﯾﺪﹶ ن‬

khordan: to eat

khor

‫ﺧﻮر‬

‫ﺧﻮردن‬ ‫ﹶ‬

Khaareedan: to buy

khar

‫ﹶﺧﺮ‬

‫ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪﹶ ن‬

aamadan: to come

aa (aay)

(‫آ )آی‬

‫آﻣﺪﹶ ن‬ ‫ﹶ‬

kardan: to do

kon

‫ﹸﮐﻦ‬

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

shodan: to become

sho

‫ﺷﻮ‬

‫ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬

khaandan: to read

khaan

‫ﺧﻮان‬

‫ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﹶ ن‬

Verbs

Present Stems

raftan: to go

145

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

Simple Present Tense Conjugation As previously discussed, the simple present tense in Farsi is conjugated as the following (read right to left): Personal Suffix + Present Stem + ‫ﻣﯽ‬ Now let’s use the above structure to conjugate the verb (I) see from the infinitive ‫دﯾﺪﹶ ن‬. First, add the prefix ‫ﻣﯽ‬. It is used in all simple present tense conjugations with an exception of “to be” and “to have.” Then, locate ‫( دﯾﺪﹶ ن‬to go)’s present stem on the present stems table. It is: ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬. Add it to ‫ﻣﯽ‬. The last thing is to use the correct personal suffix. The verb is conjugated for "I", first person singular. The personal suffix for it is: ‫ـﻢ‬.‫ﹶ‬ Now we put them all together: (meebeenam) ‫ﺑﯿ ﹶﻨﻢ‬

‫ ﹶـﻢ = ﻣﯽ‬+ ‫ ﺑﯿﻦ‬+ ‫ﻣﯽ‬

So ‫ ﻣﯽ ﺑﯿ ﹶﻨﻢ‬means (I) see Verbs with stems that end in a vowel change a little for ease of pronunciation in the simple present tense. The conjugations below are for the first person singular, but the change in vowel is applied to all persons. Simple Present Tense

Infinitive

meeravam: (I) go

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶر ﹶوم‬

raftan: to go

‫ﹶرﻓﺘﻦ‬

meegooyam: (I) say

‫ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮ ﹶﯾﻢ‬

goftan: to go

‫ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬

mee’aayam: (I) come

‫ﻣﯽ آ ﹶﯾﻢ‬

aamadan: to come

‫آﻣﺪﹶ ن‬ ‫ﹶ‬

meeshavam: (I) become

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷ ﹶﻮم‬

shodan: to become

‫ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬

Listen to audios A04-14, A04-15, A04-16, and A04-17 familiarize yourself with the pronunciations and conjugations of ‫( ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬raftan: to go), ‫( ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬goftan: to say), ‫آﻣﺪﹶ ن‬ ‫( ﹶ‬aamadan: to come), and ‫( ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬shodan: to become).

146

SECTION FOUR

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶروﯾﻢ‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶر ﹶوم‬

meeravam: (I) go

meeraveem: (we) go

meeravee: (you, singular) go

meeraveed: (you, plural) go

meeravad: (she/he) goes

meeravand: (they) go

meegooyam: (I) say

meegooyeem: (we) say

meegooyee: (you, singular) say

meegooyeed: (you, plural) say

‫ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮ ﹶﯾﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﯿﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﯿﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾ‬

meegooyad: (she/he) says

meegooyand: (they) say

‫ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮ ﹶﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮ ﹶﯾﻨﺪ‬

meeyaayam: (I) come

meeyaayeem: (we) come

‫ﻣﯽ آﯾﯿﻢ‬

meeyaayee: (you, singular) come

meeyaayeed: (you, plural) come

‫ﻣﯽ آﯾﯿﺪ‬

‫ﻣﯽ آﯾ‬

meeyaayad: (she/he) comes

meeyaayand: (they) come

‫ﻣﯽ آ ﹶﯾﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣﯽ آ ﹶﯾﺪ‬

meeshavam: (I) become

meesahveem: (we) become

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷﻮﯾﻢ‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷ ﹶﻮم‬

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶروی ﻣﯽ ﹶروﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ ﹶر ﹶود ﻣﯽ ﹶر ﹶوﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣﯽ آ ﹶﯾﻢ‬

meeshavee: (you, singular) become meeshaveed: (you, plural) become

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷﻮی ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷﻮﯾﺪ‬

meeshavad: (she/he) becomes

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷ ﹶﻮﻧﺪ‬

meeshavand: (they) become

Exercise 4.8 Translate the following verbs to Farsi. 1.

(you, plural) see

2.

(we) eat

3.

(she/he) says

4.

(they) become

5.

(you, plural) buy

6.

(I) go

7.

(you, singular) say

8.

(he/she) comes

Exercise 4.9 Listen to audio A04-18 and answer the questions. 1.

What is the name of the speaker?

2.

What does she often do?

3.

Who is Ali?

4.

What does Ali do?

‫ﻣﯽ ﹶﺷ ﹶﻮد‬

BASIC SENTENCES AND GRAMMAR

147

Exercise 4.10 Listen to audio A04-19 and answer the questions. 1.

What color is the book?

2.

Where is the book?

3.

Where is the bag?

Questions In Farsi to make a question, you do not need to change the sentence structure as in English. For yes/no questions you only change the sentence tone to question form and place a question mark at the end. Listen to audio A04-20 to familiarize yourself with how declarative and interrogative sentences are read. to kaarmand hastee.: You are a clerk.

‫ﺗﻮ‬ .‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

to kaarmand hastee?: Are you a clerk?

‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ؟‬ ‫ﹶ‬

bale, man kaarmand hastam.: Yes, I am a clerk.

‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺑﻠﻪ‬ .‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

na, man kaarmand neestam.: No, I am not a clerk.

.‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

Exercise 4.11 Listen to audio A04-21 and answer the questions.

1.

What does Elham do?

2.

What does Ali do?

‫؟‬‫اﻟﻬﺎم! ﺧﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﺳﻼم‬

-

‫ ﺗﻮ ﭼﻄﻮری؟‬،‫ﹶﺳﻼم ﹶﻋﻠﯽ! ﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬

-

‫ ﺗﻮ دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﹶﻫﺴﺘﯽ؟‬،‫ اﻟﻬﺎم‬.‫ﺧﻮ ﹶﺑﻢ ﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬

-

.‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

-

‫ﺗﻮﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ؟‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ﻋﻠﯽ‬

-

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﮑﺎر ﹶﻫﺴ ﹶﺘﻢ‬،‫ﻧﻪ‬

-

148

SECTION FOUR

“WH” Questions “WH” questions are used to ask for more information. To ask “WH” questions in Farsi, you'll need to add the question word at the beginning or after the subject, change the tone to interrogative, and place a question mark at the end. Below is a list of the more common question words:

‫ﭼﻪ‬

what

che

where

kojaa

how

chetor/chegoone

many

How

who

ke / kee

‫ﹸﮐﺠﺎ‬

when

key

‫ ﹺﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬/‫ﹺﭼﻄﻮر‬

which

kodaam

‫ﹶﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

much

How

‫ﮐﯽ‬/ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﹺﮐﯽ‬ ‫ﹸﮐﺪام‬ ‫ﹺﭼ ﹶﻘﺪر‬

Exercise 4.12 Look at the images and answer the questions. ‫ ﭼﻪ روی ﮐﺘﺎب اﺳﺖ؟‬.١

‫ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺘﺰا ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮرد؟‬.٢

Exercise 4.13 Write a question for each underlined word like the example. Example:

.‫آﻣﺪ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﹶ‬:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫آﻣﺪ؟‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﹶ‬ .‫ﹶا ﻧﺎر در ﹸﺑﺸﻘﺎب ﹶا ﺳﺖ‬

.١

‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺪ ر ﻏﺬا ﻣﯽ‬ .‫ﺧﻮر د‬ ‫ﹶ‬

.٢

.‫دار م‬ ‫دو ﹺﮐﺘﺎب ﹶ‬

.٣

.‫ﺪر ﺳﻪ ﻣﯽ ﹶر ﹶو م‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬

.۴

English-Farsi Dictionary A Aban (eighth month of the Persian calendar)

‫ آﺑﺎن‬aabaan

about

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎره‬darbaare

absence

‫ﯿﺒﺖ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹶ‬gheybat

absent accomplice according to account, calculation add (v.) additionally Afghanistan

‫ ﻏﺎﯾﹺﺐ‬ghaayeb

answer (v.)

apply (v.)

arm

‫ ﹶاﻓﻐﺎ ﹺﻧﺴﺘﺎن‬afghaanestaan

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﹸﺑ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶز ﹶدن‬zadan

‫ ﹶﻗﺮار‬gharaar

appointment

‫ ﹺﺣﺴﺎب‬hesaab

‫ ﺑﻪ ﹶﻋﻼوه‬be alaave

‫ ﺳﯿﺐ‬seeb

apple

area

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ezaafe kardan

‫ ﹶﺟ ﹼﺬاب‬jazzaab

appealing

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﺪﹶ ﺳﺖ‬hamdast

‫ ﹶﺑﺮ ﹶاﺳﺎس‬bar asaas

‫دادن‬ paasokh daadan ‫ ﹶﺟﻮاب ﹶ‬،‫دادن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬mantaghe ‫ﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ آرﯾﺎ‬aareeyaa

Aria (masculine name)

‫ ﹶدﺳﺖ‬dast

army

‫ ﹶار ﹺﺗﺶ‬artesh

arrow

‫ ﺗﯿﺮ‬teer

art

‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨﺮ‬honar

Africa

‫ آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬aafreeghaa

article

‫ ﹶﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬maghaale

agency

‫ آژاﻧﺲ‬aazhaans

artist

‫ﺮﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨ ﹶ‬honarmand

air

‫ ﹶﻫﻮا‬havaa

air force

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﹶﻫﻮاﯾ‬ neeroo ye havaayee

airplane

‫ ﹶﻫﻮا ﹺﭘﯿﻤﺎ‬havaapeymaa

ash

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴ ﹶﺘﺮ‬ khaakestar

Asia

‫ آﺳﯿﺎ‬aaseeyaa

associate degree

alcohol

‫ ﻓﹸ ﺮودﮔﺎه‬foroodgaah ‫ ﹶا ﹸ‬alkol ‫ﻟﮑﻞ‬

alcoholic drinks

‫ ﹶﻣﺸﺮوب‬mashroob

atheist

airport

Ali (masculine name) all alley

‫ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ‬alee

(‫)ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹸﮐﻞ ﹶ‬،‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎم‬tamaam ‫ ﮐﻮﭼﻪ‬kooche

‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨﺮی‬honaree

artistic

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﮐﺎرداﻧﯽ‬،‫ﻓﻮق دﯾﭙ ﹸﻠﻢ‬ fogh e deeplom ‫ﺧﺪاﻧﺎﺑﺎوری‬ khodaanaabaavaree ‫ﹶ‬

atheism

‫ﺪاﻧﺎﺑﺎور‬ ‫ ﹸﺧ‬khodaanaabaavar ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﺟﻮ‬jav

atmosphere

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﺟﻪ‬tavajjoh

attention

‫ ﹶﺟ ﹼﺬاب‬jazzaab

attractive

almond

‫ ﺑﺎدام‬baadaam

aunt (maternal)

‫ ﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬khaale

almost

‫ ﺗﹶﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﹰﺎ‬taghreeban

aunt (paternal)

‫ ﹶﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬amme

alone

‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻬﺎ‬tanhaa

authentic

already

‫ ﹶﻗﺒ ﹰ‬ghablan ‫ﻼ‬

authenticity

also

‫ ﹶﻫﻢ‬،‫ﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬hamcheneen

always

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬hameeshe

America

‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬aamreekaa

American

‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾ‬aamreekaayee

Amin (masculine name)

‫ ﹶاﻣﯿﻦ‬ameen

Amir (masculine name)

‫ ﹶاﻣﯿﺮ‬ameer

and animal announce (v.) annual

‫ ﹶو‬va

‫ ﹺﺣﯿﻮان‬heyvaan

‫ ﹶاﺻﯿﻞ‬aseel

‫اﺻﺎ ﹶﻟﺖ‬ esaalat

ax

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﺒﺮ‬tabar

Azar (ninth month of the Persian calendar)

‫ ﹶ‬aazar ‫آذر‬

B bachelor’s degree

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﻟﯿﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬،‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ kaarshenaasee

back bad Bahman (eleventh month of the Persian calendar)

‫ ﹸﭘﺸﺖ‬posht ‫ ﹶﺑﺪ‬bad

‫ﻬﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬

bahman

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﻋﻼم ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ e’laam kardan

Bahrain

‫ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ‬saalaane

‫ﺤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬bahreyn

banana

‫ ﻣﻮز‬moz

150

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

bank banknote barley based on basket battle be (v.) be able to be dissolved be interested (v.)

‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬baank

blade

‫ ﺗﯿﻎ‬teegh

‫ا ﹺ‬ eskenaas ‫ﺳﮑﻨﺎس‬

blanket

‫ ﹶﭘﺘﻮ‬patoo

‫ ﺟﻮ‬jo

blizzard

‫ ﹶﺑﺮ ﹶاﺳﺎس‬bar asaas ‫ ﹶﺳ ﹶﺒﺪ‬sabad

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﺒﺮد‬nabard

blond blow (v.)

‫ ﮐﻮﻻک‬koolaak ‫ ﺑﻮر‬boor ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﻓﻮت ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬foot kardan

blue

‫ آﺑ‬aabee

‫ﺑﻮدن‬ boodan ‫ﹶ‬

boat

‫ ﻗﺎﯾﹺﻖ‬ghaayegh

‫ ﺗﹶﻮا ﹺﻧﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬tavaanestan

body

‫ ﹶﺣﻞ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬hal shodan ‫ ﹶﻋﻼﻗﻪ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬alaaghe daashtan

‫ ﹶﺑﺪﹶ ﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﹶﻦ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﺪﹶ ن‬badan

book

‫ ﹺﮐﺘﺎب‬ketaab

born (n.)

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹶﻮ ﹺﹼﻟﺪ‬motevalled

‫ رﯾﺶ‬reesh

boss

‫ رﺋﯿﺲ‬ra’ees

became

‫ ﹸﺷﺪ‬shod

bowl

‫ ﮐﺎﺳﻪ‬kaase

because

‫ ﭼﻮن‬chon

box

‫ ﹶﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬ja’be

become (v.)

‫ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬shodan

boy

bee

‫ ﹶزﻧﺒﻮر‬zamboor

boyfriend

beard

beetle

‫ ﺳﻮﺳﮏ‬soosk

brain

before

‫ ﹶﻗﺒﻞ‬،‫ ﭘﯿﺶ‬peesh

bread

beginning behind bell belly benefit

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬pesar

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬doost pesar ‫ ﹶﻣﻐﺰ‬maghz

‫ آﻏﺎز‬،‫ ﹸﺷﺮوع‬shoroo’

break (v.)

‫ ﻧﺎن‬naan ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹺﺷﮑﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬shekastan

‫ ﹸﭘﺸﺖ‬posht ‫ ﹶزﻧﮓ‬zang ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﻢ‬shekam

breakfast

‫ ﹸﺻﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬sobhaane

‫ ﺳﻮد‬sood

breathe

‫ ﻧﹶﻔﹶ ﺲ ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬nafas kesheedan

breeze

‫ ﻧﹶﺴﯿﻢ‬naseem

brick oven

‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻮر‬tanoor

‫ ﺑﹺﻬ ﹶﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬behtareen

bride

‫ ﹶﻋﺮوس‬aroos

better

‫ ﺑﹺﻬ ﹶﺘﺮ‬behtar

bright

‫ﹶ‬ ‫روﺷﻦ‬ roshan

between

‫ ﺑﹺﯿﻦ‬beyn

broken

‫ ﹶﺧﺮاب‬khaaraab

brother

‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬baraadar

best

beverage bicycle big bill billion biology bird birth birthday bitter black black market

‫ ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬nooshaabe ‫دوﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ docharkhe ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺪه‬،‫ ﭼﺎق‬،‫ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬bozorg

‫ﺻﻮر ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ soorathesaab ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد‬meelyaard

‫ زﯾﺴﺖ ﹺﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬zeest shenaasee ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﻧﺪه‬parande ‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﻟﺪ‬tavallod ‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﻟﺪ‬tavallod ‫ ﺗﹶﻠﺦ‬talkh

‫ ﹺﻣﺸﮑﯽ‬،‫ ﺳﯿﺎه‬seeyaah ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺳﯿﺎه‬ bazaar e seeyaah ‫ﹺ‬

brother-in-law (a man’s wife’s sister’s husband) brother-in-law (one’s sister’s husband)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺟﻨﺎق‬ baajenaagh ‫ﺮﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻫ‬ shohar khale ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

brown

‫ ﹶﻗﻬﻮهای‬ghahve’ee

bruise

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﻮد‬kabood

bucket bud (flower)

‫ ﹶﺳﻄﻞ‬satl ‫ ﹸﻏﻨﭽﻪ‬ghonche

Buddhism

‫ ﺑﻮدﯾﺴﻢ‬boodeesm

Buddhist

‫ ﺑﻮداﯾ‬boodaayee

budget

‫ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬boojje

build (v.)

‫ ﺳﺎﺧ ﹶﺘﻦ‬saakhtan

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

building number

(‫ ﹺﭘﻼک )ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬pelaak ‫ ﺗﯿﺮ‬teer

bullet

‫ ﹶﺷﺮاﺑ‬sharaabee

burgundy (adj.) bus

‫ ﹸاﺗﻮﺑﻮس‬otoboos

bush

‫ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ‬boote ‫ ﹶوﻟﯽ‬،‫ ﹶا ﹼﻣﺎ‬ammaa

but

‫ ﹶﮐﺮه‬kare

butter

change (n.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬taghyeer kardan

change something (v.)

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﹶ‬taghyeer daadan

buyer

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪار‬khareedaar

chemistry (science)

cage

‫ ﻗﹶﻔﹶ ﺲ‬ghafas

call (v.)

‫ ﹶزﻧﮓ ﹶز ﹶدن‬zang zadan

‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬taghyeer

change

cheese

‫ ﺳﯿﻢ‬seem

‫ﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ ﹺ‬ghahremaanee

championship

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪﹶ ن‬khareedan

cable

‫ﻬﺮﻣﺎن‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ ﹺ‬ghahremaan

champion

buy (v.)

C

‫ ﹶﺻﻨﺪﹶ ﻟﯽ‬sandalee

chair

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬parvaane

(‫ ﺗﺎ )ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﺳﻂ‬taa

‫اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬ etmeenaan

certainty

butterfly

by

check (n.)

‫ﺻﻮر ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹺﭼﮏ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ soorathesaab ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘﻨﯿﺮ‬paneer

‫ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬sheemee

cherry

‫ ﮔﯿﻼس‬geelaas

chewing gum

‫ آداﻣﺲ‬aadaams

chick chicken child

‫ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ‬jooje ‫ ﹸﻣﺮغ‬morgh

(‫ﮐﻮدک ) ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ‬ bachche ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫آراﻣﺶ‬ aaraamesh

China

‫ ﭼﯿﻦ‬cheen

came (he/she)

‫آﻣﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬aamad

china

‫ ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬cheenee

camel

‫ ﹸﺷ ﹸﺘﺮ‬shotor

Chinese

‫ ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬cheenee

calm

‫ ﹶﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ‬maseehee

Canada

‫ ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا‬kaanaadaa

Christian (adj.)

canary

‫ ﹶﻗﻨﺎری‬ghanaaree

Christianity

cantaloupe

‫ ﻃﺎ ﹺﻟﺒ‬taalebee

cigar

car

‫ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬maasheen

cigarette

‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر‬seegaar

careful

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬movaazeb ‫ﻮاﻇﺐ‬

cinema

‫ ﺳﯿ ﹶﻨﻤﺎ‬seenamaa

carnivore carrot carry (v.) case cash (v.) castle cat cause cell phone

‫ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﺨﻮار‬gooshtkhaar ‫ ﹶﻫﻮﯾﺞ‬haveej

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺣﻤﻞ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬haml kardan (‫)ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬ mored ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد ﹶ‬

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﻘﺪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬naghd kardan ‫ ﹶﻗﻠﻌﻪ‬ghal’e ‫ ﹸﮔﺮﺑﻪ‬gorbe ‫ ﹺ‬baa’es ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

‫ ﻣﻮﺑﺎﯾﻞ‬،‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﹺﻦ ﹶﻫﻤﺮاه‬telefon e hamraah

certainly

class

‫ داﯾﹺﺮه‬،‫ ﹺﻣﯿﺪان‬meydaan ‫ ﹶﺷﻬﺮ‬shahr ‫ ﹺﮐﻼس‬kelaas

clean

‫ ﺗﹶﻤﯿﺰ‬tameez

clerk

‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ‬ kaarmand ‫ﹶ‬

climate clock close (adj.) clothing

‫اﻗﻠﯿﻢ‬ ،‫ آب و ﹶﻫﻮا‬aab o havaa ‫ﺳﺎﻋ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺖ دﯾﻮاری‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ Saa’at ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﺰدﯾﮏ‬nazdeek ‫ ﹺﻟﺒﺎس‬lebaas

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬markazee

cloudy

‫ ﹶاﺑﺮی‬abree

coarse

‫ ﹺزﺑﺮ‬zebr

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬motma’en ‫ﻄﻤ ﹺﺌﻦ‬

cockroach

central

certain

city

‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر ﹶﺑﺮگ‬seegaarbarg

‫ ﹶاﺑﺮ‬abr

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬markaz

century

circle

‫ﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬maseeyeeyat ‫ﹶ‬

cloud

center

‫ ﹶﻗﺮن‬،‫ ﹶﺳﺪه‬sade

‫ ﹶﺣﺘﻤ ﹰﺎ‬hatman

151

coffee

‫ ﺳﻮﺳﮏ‬soosk ‫ ﹶﻗﻬﻮه‬ghahve

152

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

coffee shop coin cold (adj.) cold (n.) colleague college color comb (n.)

‫ ﮐﺎﻓﯽﺷﺎپ‬kaafeeshaap ‫ ﹺﺳ ﹼﮑﻪ‬sekke ‫ ﹶﺳﺮد‬sard

‫ ﹶﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬sarmaa

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎر‬hamkaar ‫ ﮐﺎ ﹺﻟﺞ‬،‫ دا ﹺﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬daaneshgaah ‫ ﹶرﻧﮓ‬rang

‫ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬shaane

come (v.)

‫آﻣﺪن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬aamadan

commando

‫ﹶﮑﺎور‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹶ‬takaavar

committee

‫ ﹸﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ‬komeete

company

‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﺮﮐﺖ‬sherkat

compare (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﻘﺎﯾﹺﺴﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬moghaayese kardan

comparison competition completely computer conclusion condition

‫ ﹸﻣﻘﺎﯾﹺﺴﻪ‬moghaayese

‫ ﹺرﻗﺎ ﹶﺑﺖ‬،‫ ﹸﻣﺴﺎﺑﹺﻘﻪ‬mosaabeghe ‫ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ kaamelan

‫ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮ ﹺﺗﺮ‬،‫ راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬raayaane ‫ ﻧﹶﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی‬nateeje geeree ‫ ﹶﺷﺮط‬shart

conditional

‫ ﹶﻣﺸﺮوط‬mashroot

conditions

‫ ﹸﺷﺮوط‬shoroot ‫ﹶ‬ ‫راﺳﺘﮕﺮا‬ raastgaraa

conservative (politics) constantly Constitution consumer consumerism consumption

‫ داﯾﹺﻤ ﹰﺎ‬daa’eman ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﹶاﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬ ghanoon e asaasee ‫ﺼﺮف ﹸﮐ ﹶﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬masraf konnande ‫ﺼﺮف ﹶﮔﺮاﯾ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬masrafgaraayee ‫ﺼﺮف‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬masraf

contact

‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎس‬tamaas

container, dish(es)

‫ ﹶﻇﺮف‬zarf

control (v.) cooked cool cooperate (v.) cooperation

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺮل ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸﮐ ﹸ‬kontorol kardan ‫ ﹸﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬pokhte

‫ ﹸﺧ ﹶﻨﮏ‬khonak

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎری ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬hamkaaree kardan ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎری‬hamkaaree

copper

‫ ﹺﻣﺲ‬mes

corn

‫ ﹸذ ﱠرت‬zorrat

‫ ﹶﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬،‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ‬dorost

correct

‫ ﹶﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬hazeene

cost

‫ ﺗﹶﻮا ﹺﻧﺴﺖ‬tavaanest

could

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹸﻤ ﹶ‬shemordan

count (v.)

‫ﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ ﹸﺷ ﹺ‬shomaaresh

counting

‫ﺸﻮر‬ ‫ ﹺﮐ ﹶ‬keshvar

country

‫ دادﮔﺎه‬daadgaah

court (of law) court (extended royal household)

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎر‬darbaar

cousin (the daughter of one’s maternal aunt)

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬dokhtar khaale

cousin (the daughter of one’s maternal uncle)

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮداﯾ‬dokhtar daayee

cousin (the daughter of one’s paternal aunt)

‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬dokhtar amme

cousin (the daughter of one’s paternal uncle)

‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬dokhtar amoo

cousin (the son of one’s maternal aunt)

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬pesar khaale

cousin (the son of one’s maternal uncle)

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮداﯾ‬pesar daayee

cousin (the son of one’s paternal aunt)

‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬pesar amme

cousin (the son of one’s paternal uncle)

‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬pesar amoo

crab

‫ﺮﭼﻨﮓ‬ ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶ‬kharchang

cream

‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻪ‬khaame

crime

‫ ﹸﺟﺮم‬jorm ‫ﺠﺮم‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mojrem

criminal crisis crispy critical critique (n.) critique (v.) cross (n.) cross (v.) crow

‫ ﹸﺑﺤﺮان‬bohraan ‫ ﺗﹸﺮد‬tord

‫ ﹸﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ‬bohraanee ‫ ﻧﹶﻘﺪ‬naghd

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﻘﺪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬naghd kardan ‫ ﹶﺻﻠﯿﺐ‬saleeb ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻋﺒﻮر ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬gozashtan ‫ ﹶﮐﻼغ‬kalaagh

crown

‫ ﺗﺎج‬taaj

crude

‫ ﺧﺎم‬khaam

cultural

‫ﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬farhangee

culture

‫ﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬farhang

cumin

‫ زﯾﺮه‬zeere

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

cup

‫ ﹺﻓﻨﺠﺎن‬،‫ ﻟﯿﻮان‬leevaan

did

‫ ﹺﻓﺮ‬fer

die (v.)

current (adj.)

‫ ﺟﺎری‬jaaree

diet (v.)

current year

‫اﻣﺴﺎل‬ emsaal

difference

curly

cut (v.) cycle (v.)

‫ ﹸﺑﺮﯾﺪﹶ ن‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻗﻄﻊ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ghat’ kardan

‫ﺮدن‬ dochrkhe savaaree dimension ‫دوﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﹶﺳﻮاری ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ kardan

D

‫ آﺳﯿﺐ‬،‫ ﹶﺿﺮر‬zarar ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﻄﺮ‬khatar

danger

‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﻄﺮﻧﺎک‬khatarnaak

dangerous dark

‫ ﺗﯿﺮه‬،‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﮏ‬taareek ‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﮑﯽ‬taareekee

darkness date daughter, girl day Day (tenth month of the Persian calendar) day care center dead decade decide decision defeat (n.) defeat (v.)

dimensions dinner

‫ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬baabaa

dad, daddy damage

different

diploma director dirty disease dissolve (v.) divorced (woman)

‫ ﹶﮐﺮد‬kard ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶ‬mordan

‫ ﹺرژﯾﻢ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬rezheem gereftan ‫ ﺗﹶﻔﺎۇت‬tafaavot ‫ﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹺ‬motefaavet ‫ ﹸﺑﻌﺪ‬bo’d

‫ ﹶاﺑﻌﺎد‬ab’aad ‫ ﺷﺎم‬shaam ‫ دﯾﭙ ﹸﻠﻢ‬deeplom ‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬،‫ رﺋﯿﺲ‬ra’ees

‫ ﹶﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬kaseef

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﻀﯽ‬،‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎری‬beemaaree ‫ ﹶﺣﻞ ﮐﺮدن‬hal kardan

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻄ ﱠﻠﻘﻪ‬motallaghe

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬،‫ ﹶﻗﺮار‬gharaar

do (v.)

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬dokhtar

doctor

‫ﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸ‬doktor

doctorate

‫ دﮐﺘﺮا‬doktoraa

dog

‫ ﹶﺳﮓ‬sag

‫ روز‬rooz ‫ ﹺدی‬dey

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬،‫ﮐﻮد ﹺﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻮدک‬ koodakestaan ‫ﻬﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﺮده‬morde ‫ دﻫﻪ‬dahe

‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬tasmeem gereftan ‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬tasmeem ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺴﺖ‬shekast

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺴﺖ ﹶ‬shekast daadan

dollar domestic, internal

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫دادن‬ ‫ ﹶاﻧﺠﺎم ﹶ‬anjaam daadan

‫ ﹸدﻻر‬dolaar

‫ﹺ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬ daakhelee

donkey

‫ ﹸاﻻغ‬olaagh

doogh (yoghurt drink)

‫ دوغ‬doogh

door

‫ ﺑﺎب‬،‫ ﹶدر‬dar

doorkeeper

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎن‬darbaan

dot

‫ ﻧﹸﻘﻄﻪ‬noghte

defense

‫ ﹺدﻓﺎع‬defaa’

dough

‫ ﹶﺧﻤﯿﺮ‬khameer

delicious

‫ ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ‬lazeez

down

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬paayeen

drank

‫ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪ‬noosheed

democracy democrat deposit (v.) desert desk despite details determined

‫ ﹺدﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ‬demokraasee ‫ ﹺدﻣﻮﮐﺮات‬demokraat ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ وارﯾﺰ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬vaareez kardan ‫ ﹶﺻﺤﺮا‬،‫ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬beeyaabaan ‫ ﻣﯿﺰ‬meez ‫ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ ﹶرﻏﻢ‬alaa raghm

‫ ﹸﺟﺰﯾﯿﺎت‬joz’eeyyat

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺼ ﱠﻤﻢ‬mosammam

device

‫ ﹶدﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬dastgaah

diaper

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﮏ‬ pooshak

drink (n.) drink (v.) drive (v.)

‫ ﹶﻣﺸﺮوب‬،‫ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪﹶ ﻧﯽ‬noosheedanee ‫ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪﹶ ن‬noosheedan ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ راﻧﹶﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬raanandegee kardan

driver drop

‫ راﻧﹶﻨﺪه‬raanande ‫ ﹶﻗﻄﺮه‬ghatre

dry

‫ ﹸﺧﺸﮏ‬khoshk

duck

‫ردک‬ ‫ ﹸا ﹶ‬ordak

duck (wild)

153

‫ ﹸﻣﺮﻏﺎﺑ‬morghaabee

154

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﱠ ت‬moddat

duration

‫ ﹺﻃﯽ‬tey

during

each other ear

‫ ﹶﻫﺮ‬har

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ﯾ‬yekdeegar ‫ ﮔﻮش‬goosh

era

Esfand (twelfth month of the Persian calendar)

‫ ﹶزﻣﯿﻦ‬zameen

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹼﺘﯽ‬hattaa

evening

‫ ﹶﺷﺮق‬shargh

‫ ﹶﻋﺼﺮ‬asr

every

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﻪ‬hame

example

‫ ﹺﻣﺜﺎل‬mesaal

east

‫ ﹶﺷﺮﻗﯽ‬sharghee ‫ آﺳﺎن‬،‫ ﺳﺎده‬saade ‫ﺧﻮردن‬ khordan ‫ﹶ‬

exercise (v.)

economy

‫ا ﹺ‬ eghtesaad ‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

existing

education

‫آﻣﻮزش‬ aamoozesh ‫ﹺ‬

exit

eight eight hundred

‫ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﹶا ﹶﺛﺮ‬asar ‫ﻮ ﹺﹼﺛﺮ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ‬mo’asser

‫ ﹶﻫﺸﺖ‬hasht

‫ﺸﺘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ‬hashtsad ‫ﹶ‬

expert

eighty

‫ ﹶﻫﺸﺘﺎد‬hashtaad

eye

elementary school elephant

‫ ﹶدﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن‬dabestaan ‫ ﻓﯿﻞ‬feel ‫ﯾﺎزده‬ yaazdah ‫ﹶ‬

Elham (feminine name)

‫اﻟﻬﺎم‬ elhaam

Emirates (UAE) end energy engine English entire entrance entry envelope

‫ ﹶﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬hazeene ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹶﺨ ﹺﹼﺼﺺ‬،‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس‬ kaarshenaas

‫ ﹺ‬eemeyl ‫اﯾﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻣﺎرات‬ emaaraat ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎم‬،‫ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬،‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬aakhar ‫ا ﹺﻧﺮژی‬ enerzhee ‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬،‫ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬maasheen ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ engeleesee ‫ ﹸﮐﻞ‬kol

‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ ezaafee ‫ ﹺﭼﺸﻢ‬cheshm ‫ ﹺﻋﯿ ﹶﻨﮏ‬eynak F

fabric face facilities facing fall in love (v.) faloodeh (Persian dessert) family far Farid (masculine name) farm farmer

‫ ۇرودی‬voroodee

farms

‫ ۇرود‬vorood

Farsi

‫ ﹶ‬paakat ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺖ‬

‫ ﹶﺑﯿﺎن ﹶﮐﺮدن‬bayan kardan

eyeglasses

‫ ﹶﺑﺮق‬bargh

eleven

email

‫ ﹸﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬،‫ ﹸﺧﺮوج‬khorooj ‫ ﹸﮔﺴ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺮش‬gostaresh

express (v.) extra

electricity

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬mojood

expense

‫ ﹺﻫﺠﺪﹶ ه‬hejdah

‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت‬ entekhaabaat

‫ ﻧ ﹺ‬narmesh kardan ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹺ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫رزش ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶﺮﻣﺶ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

expansion

eighteen

elections

‫ ﻧ ﹺ‬narmesh ‫رزش‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹺ‬،‫ﹶﺮﻣﺶ‬

exercise

eat (v.)

effective

‫اﺳﻔﹶ ﻨﺪ‬ esfand

even

earth

effect

‫ دوران‬،‫ ﹶزﻣﺎن‬،‫ دوره‬،‫ ﹶﻋﺼﺮ‬asr

‫ ﹸاروﭘﺎ‬oroopaa

‫ زود‬zood

easy

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mo’aadel ‫ﻌﺎدل‬

Europe

early

eastern

‫ ﹶﺑﺮاﺑﺮی‬baraabaree

equality equivalent

E each

‫ ﹸﻣﺴﺎوی‬،‫ ﹶﺑﺮا ﹶﺑﺮ‬baraabar

equal

Farvardin (first month of the Persian calendar)

‫ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬paarche ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ soorat ‫ﹶ‬

‫ اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت‬emkaanaat ‫ روﺑﹺﺮو‬rooberoo ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺷﻖ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬ aashegh shodan ‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻮده‬faaloode ‫ ﺧﺎ ﹺﻧﻮاده‬khaanevaade ‫ دور‬door ‫ ﹶﻓﺮﯾﺪ‬fareed ‫ﺰرﻋﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬mazra’e

‫ﺸﺎورز‬ ‫ ﹺﮐ ﹶ‬keshaavarz ‫ﺰارع‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬mazaare’

‫ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬faarsee

‫ﺮوردﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬farvardeen

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

fast

‫ ﹶﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬،‫ ﺗﹸﻨﺪ‬tond

fly (n.)

‫ ﭼﺎق‬chaagh

fly (v.)

father

‫ ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ر‬pedar

foam

faucet

‫ﺷﯿﺮ آب‬ ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﺷﯿﺮ‬sheer

fat (adj.)

fax fear feather

‫ ﻓﺎﮐﺲ‬،‫ دور ﹺﻧﮕﺎر‬doornegaar ‫ ﹶو ﹶ‬،‫ ﺗﹶﺮس‬tars ‫ﺣﺸﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘﺮ‬par

feeling

‫اﺣﺴﺎس‬ ehsaas

female

‫ ﹶزن‬،‫ﻣﺎده‬ maadde ‫ﹼ‬

fence festival fever fiction field

‫ ﻧﹶﺮده‬narde ‫ ﹺﻓﺴﺘﯿﻮال‬،‫ ﹶﺟﺸﻨﻮاره‬jashnvaare ‫ ﺗﹶﺐ‬tab ‫ داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬daastaanee ‫ ﹺﻣﯿﺪان‬،‫ ﺣﻮزه‬hoze

fifteen

‫ﭘﺎﻧﺰده‬ paanzdah ‫ﹶ‬

fifty

‫ ﹶﭘﻨﺠﺎه‬panjaah

fight (n.) fight (v.) film financial finger fire fire fighter fire station first first name

‫ ﹶﺟﻨﮓ‬،‫ﺒﺎرزه‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mobaareze ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mobareze kardan ‫ﺒﺎرزه ﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻓﯿﻠﻢ‬feelm

‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬maalee ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹶا ﹸ‬angosht ‫ ﹶاﻧﮕ ﹺ‬،‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺸﺖ ﹶدﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬،‫ آﺗﹶﺶﺳﻮزی‬،‫ آﺗﹶﺶ‬aatash ،‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮرآﺗﹶﺶ ﹺﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ma’moor e ‫ آﺗﹶﺶ ﹺﻧﺸﺎن‬atashneshaanee ‫ آﺗﹶﺶ ﹺﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬aatash neshaanee ‫ ﱠاول‬avval ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ا ﹺ‬ esm e koochak

fog foggy

for

fix (v.) flat flight (n.) flood (n.) flour flower

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬dorost kardan ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﻮار‬،‫ ﺻﺎف‬saaf

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواز‬parvaaz

‫ ﹺﺳﯿﻞ‬seyl

‫ آرد‬aard ‫ ﹸﮔﻞ‬gol

‫ ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬baraaye ‫ﺮای‬

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺜ ﹰ‬masalan ‫ﻼ‬

force (n.)

‫ ﻧﯿﺮو‬neeroo

foreign forest forgive (v.) form (n.) form (v.) formula (baby food)

‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ khaarejee ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﺟﻨﮕﻞ‬jangal ‫ ﹶﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬،‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬gozashtan ‫ ﹺﺷﮑﻞ‬shekl

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﹶ‬tashkeel daadan ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﹸﺧﺸﮏ‬ sheer e khoshk ‫ﹺ‬

forty

‫ ﹺﭼﻬﹺ ﻞ‬chehel

four

‫ ﭼﻬﺎر‬chaahaar

four hundred

‫ ﹶﭼﻬﺎرﺻﺪ‬chaahaarsad

four-way

‫ ﹶﭼﻬﺎرراه‬chaahar rah

fourteen

‫ﻬﺎرده‬ ‫ ﹶﭼ ﹶ‬chaahaardah

France free free market freedom

fresh

‫ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ‬ paansad ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾ‬ football

for example

‫ ﹸﻣﺸﺖ‬mosht

five hundred

‫ ﹺﻣﻪآﻟﻮد‬mehaalood

aamreekaayee

fist

‫ ﹶﭘﻨﺞ‬panj

‫ ﹺﻣﻪ‬meh

‫ ﭘﺎ‬paa

freedom of speech

five

‫ ﹶﮐﻒ‬kaf

foot

‫ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬maahee

‫ ﹸﻣﺸﺖ‬mosht

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواز ﮐﺮدن‬parvaaz kardan

‫ ﹶﻏﺬا‬ghazaa

fish

fistful

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﮕﺲ‬magas

food

football

155

Friday friend friendship

‫ ﹶﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ‬faraanse ‫ آزاد‬aazaad

‫ﺑﺎزار آزاد‬ bazaar e aazaad ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ آزادی‬aazaadee ‫ﹺ‬ ‫آزادی ﹶﺑﯿﺎن‬ aazaadee ye bayaan ‫ ﺗﺎزه‬taaze ‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻌﻪ‬jom’e

‫ ﹶرﻓﯿﻖ‬،‫ دوﺳﺖ‬doost ‫ ﹺرﻓﺎ ﹶﻗﺖ‬،‫ دوﺳﺘﯽ‬doostee

from

‫ ﹶاز‬az

front

‫ ﹺﺟﻠﻮ‬jelo

fruit

‫ ﻣﯿﻮه‬meeve

full

‫ ﹸﭘﺮ‬por ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸاﺻﻮﻟﮕﺮا‬osoolgaraa

fundamentalist fungus

‫ ﻗﺎرچ‬ghaarch

156

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

furniture

‫ ﹶاﺛﺎث‬asaas

grandpa

future

‫ آ ﹶﯾﻨﺪه‬aayande

grape(s) grapevine

G game

‫ ﺑﺎزی‬baazee

gravity

garage

‫ ﮔﺎراژ‬gaaraazh

gray

‫ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎن‬baaghbaan

green

gardener

‫ ﺳﯿﺮ‬seer

garlic

‫ ﺑﹺﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬benzeen

gas (fuel) gas (state of matter)

‫ ﮔﺎز‬gaaz

Germany

‫ آﻟﻤﺎن‬aalmaan

gum(s)

giraffe girl girlfriend give (v.) glass glue go (v.) Go ahead! god godly gold (n.) golden good good job! goodbye gossip (n.) gossip (v.) government governor grandchild grandfather grandma grandmother

‫ ﹸرﺷﺪ‬roshd ‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎه‬gonaah

guilt

‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎﻫﮑﺎر‬gonaahkaar ‫ ﹶﻟﺜﻪ‬lase ‫ ﹸﺗﻔﹶ ﻨﮓ‬tofang

gun

‫ ﹶز ﹼراﻓﻪ‬zarraafe

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬dokhtar

‫ ﹶﺳﺒﺰ‬sabz

group

guilty

‫آﺑﺸﺶ‬ aabshosh ‫ﹸ‬

‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺳﯽ‬toosee ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴ ﹶﺘﺮی‬

‫ ﹶزﻣﯿﻦ‬zameen ‫ ﹸﮔﺮوه‬gorooh

‫ آﻗﺎ‬aagha

gill

‫ ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬jaazebe

ground

gentleman

‫ﹰ‬‫ ﹸﮐ ﹼ‬،‫ﻃﻮر ﹸﮐ ﹼﻠﯽ‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ‬be tore kollee ‫ﹺ‬

‫ ﹺد ﹶر ﹺ‬،‫ ﻣﻮ‬mo ‫ﺧﺖ ﹶاﻧﮕﻮر‬

‫ داﻣﺎد‬daamaad

growth

generally

‫ ﹶاﻧﮕﻮر‬angoor

groom (n.)

‫ ﹶدروازه‬darvaaze

gate

‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ baaba abozorg ‫ﹸ‬

H had (he/she)

‫ داﺷﺖ‬daasht ‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﮕﺮگ‬tagarg

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬doost dokhtar

hail

‫دادن‬ daadan ‫ﹶ‬

hair

‫ ﻣﻮ‬moo

‫ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ‬،‫ ﻟﯿﻮان‬leevaan

halo

‫ ﻫﺎﻟﻪ‬haale

‫ ﹶﭼﺴﺐ‬chasb ‫ ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬raftan

!‫ ﹺﺑﻔﹶ ﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‬befarmaayeed ‫ اﯾ ﹶﺰد‬،‫ﻪ‬‫ اﻟ‬،‫ ﹸﺧﺪا‬khoda ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺪا‬ baakhodaa ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹶزر‬،‫ ﹶﻃﻼ‬talaa

hand

‫ ﹶدﺳﺖ‬dast

handbag

‫ ﮐﯿﻒ‬keef

honeydew

‫ﺮﺑﺰه‬ ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹸ‬kharboze

happiness happy has (he/she)

‫ ﺷﺎدی‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﯽ‬khoshhaalee ‫ ﺷﺎد‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎل‬khoshhaal ‫دارد‬ daarad ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶﻃﻼﯾ‬talayee

have (v.)

‫ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬daashtan

‫ ﹺﺧﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺑ‬،‫ ﺧﻮب‬khoob

hazelnut

‫ﻨﺪق‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹸ‬fandogh

‫ﹼ‬ (‫)ﺑﺎرﯾﮑﻼ‬ !‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎرک اﻟ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ آ ﹶﻓﺮﯾﻦ‬aafareen ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺪاﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ ﹸﺧ‬khodaahaafez ‫ﯿﺒﺖ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹶ‬gheybat

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﯿﺒﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹶ‬gheybat kardan ‫ دو ﹶﻟﺖ‬dolat

‫ ﹸاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪار‬ostaandaar ‫ ﻧﹶﻮه‬nave ‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ ‫ ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ﹸ‬pedarbozorg

‫ ﻣﺎﻣﺎن ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬maamaan bozorg ‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ maadar bozorg ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎد ﹸ‬

head health healthy heart heat heavy help (n.) help (v.) hence henna

‫ ﹶﺳﺮ‬sar

‫ ﹶﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‬،‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬ salaamat ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺳﺎ ﹺﻟﻢ‬saalem

‫ ﹺدل‬،‫ ﹶﻗﻠﺐ‬ghalb

‫ ﹶﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬،‫ﺮارت‬ ‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶ‬haraarat ‫ ﹶﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬sangeen ‫ ﹸﮐ ﹶﻤﮏ‬komak

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﮐ ﹶﻤﮏ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬komak kardan

‫ ﹶدر ﻧﹶﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬banaa bar in ‫ ﹶﺣﻨﺎ‬hanaa

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ اﯾﻨﺠﺎ‬eenjaa

here

!‫ ﹺﺑﻔﹶ ﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‬befarmaayeed

Here you go!

‫ ﹶﺳﻼم‬salaam

hi

‫ﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹺ‬dabeerestaan

high school

‫روﺳﺮی‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ ﹺﺣﺠﺎب‬hejaab ‫ ﹶ‬،‫ﭼﺎدر‬

hips hire hire (v.) historian historical history hit (v.) hog

‫ﺑﺎﺳﻦ‬ baasan ‫ﹶ‬

‫ا ﹺ‬ estekhdaam ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹺﹼرخ‬،‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦﻧﮕﺎر‬taarkh negaar ‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬taareekhee ‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬taareekh ‫ ﹶزد‬،‫ ﹶز ﹶدن‬zadan ‫ ﹸﮔﺮاز‬goraaz ‫ ﺳﻮراخ‬sooraakh

home

‫ﻨﺰل‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬،‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬khaane ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬hamjensgaraa ‫ﻤﺠﻨﺴﮕﺮا‬

homosexual honest honey hookah

‫ راﺳﺘﮕﻮ‬raastgoo ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶﺴﻞ‬asal

‫ ﹶﻗﻠﯿﺎن‬ghalyaan

hope

‫ ﹸاﻣﯿﺪ‬omeed

hornet

‫ ﹶزﻧﺒﻮر‬zamboor

horse

‫ ﹶاﺳﺐ‬asb

horseback riding hot hour house housing how how many how much human human qualities humanities (minus arts)

humiliated (adj.) humiliation

hygiene

‫ ﺑﹺﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬behdaasht I

I

‫ ﹶﻣﻦ‬man

ice

‫ ﹶﯾﺦ‬yakh

identical idol if

‫ا ﹺ‬ estekhdaam kardan Imam ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

hole

humid

‫ﺷﻮﻫﺮ‬ shohar ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﻬﺮﻣﺎن‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ ﹺ‬ghahremaan

hero

hijab (headdress)

husband

‫ ﹶاﺳﺐ ﹶﺳﻮاری‬asb savaaree ‫ داغ‬daagh

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ saa’at ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬khaane

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬maskan ‫ﺴﮑﻦ‬ ‫ ﹺﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﹺﭼﻄﻮر‬chetor ‫ ﹶﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬chand taa ‫ ﹺﭼﻘﹶ ﺪر‬cheghadr

‫آدم‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ensaan ‫ﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ensaneeyyat ‫ﱠ‬

‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻠﻮم‬ ‫ ﹸﻋ ﹺ‬oloom e ensaanee ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬martoob

‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﺮ ﹸﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﹶذﻟﯿﻞ‬zaleel ‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﹺذ ﱠﻟﺖ‬zellat

157

immediate implement (v.) imported impossible in in other words income income tax

‫ ﯾﹺﮑﺴﺎن‬yeksaan ‫ ﹸﺑﺖ‬bot ‫ آﯾﺎ‬،‫ ﮐﻪ‬،‫ ﹶا ﹶﮔﺮ‬agar ‫اﻣﺎم‬ emaam ‫ ﻓﻮری‬foree ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﺟﺮا ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ejraa kardan ‫وارداﺗﯽ‬ khaarejee ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﯿﺮ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹺ‬gheyr e momken ‫ ﹶدر‬،‫ ﺗﻮ‬too

‫ ﺑﻪ ﹺﻋ ﹺ‬be ebaarat e deegar ‫ﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶدرآﻣﺪ‬daraamad

‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﹶﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ‬maaleeyaat bar daraamad

incorrect

‫ﻧﺎد ﹸرﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ ﹶﻏ ﹶﻠﻂ‬ghalat

independence

‫ا ﹺ‬ esteghlaal ‫ﺳﺘﻘﻼل‬

independent

‫ ﹸﻣﺴ ﹶﺘ ﹺﻘﻞ‬mostaghel

individual

‫ ﹶﻓﺮد‬fardaa

individuals

‫ ﹶاﻓﺮاد‬afraad

industrial

‫ﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﺻ ﹶ‬san’atee

industries industry inform (v.) information insect insects inside instruction instructor intelligence intelligent

‫ ﹶﺻﻨﺎﯾﹺﻊ‬sanaaye’

‫ﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﺻ ﹶ‬san’at

‫ا ﹼﻃﻼع دادن‬ ettela’ daadan ‫ا ﹼﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ettela’aat ‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﺸﺮه‬hashare

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﺸﺮات‬hasharaat

‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﺗﻮ‬too ‫داﺧﻞ‬

‫آﻣﻮزش‬ aamoozesh ‫ﹺ‬

‫ ﹸاﺳﺘﺎد‬،‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﻠﻢ‬mo’allem

‫ ﻫﻮش‬،‫ا ﹼﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ettela’aat

‫ ﺑﺎﻫﻮش‬baahoosh

intention

‫ ﹶﻗﺼﺪ‬ghasd

intentionally

‫ ﹶﻋﻤﺪ ﹰا‬amdan

158

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

interest

‫ ﹶﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬،‫ ﺳﻮد‬sood

‫ ﺑﹺﯿﻦ ﹸا ﹺ‬byenolmelalee ‫ﻟﻤ ﹶﻠﻠﯽ‬

international

‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬taghaato’ ‫ﹶﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬

intersection

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mosaahebe ‫ﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬

interview interview (v.)

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mosaahebe kardan ‫ﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ روده‬roode

intestine

‫ ﺟﺎ ﹺﻟﺐ‬jaaleb

interesting introduce (v.)

‫ ﹸﺧﺮداد‬khordaad

Khordad (third month of the Persian calendar) kid

‫ ﹶﺑ ﹼﭽﻪ‬bachche

kilo

‫ ﮐﯿﻠﻮ‬keeloo

kind kindergarten

‫ ﻧﻮع‬،‫ﻬﺮﺑﺎن‬ ‫ ﹺﻣ ﹶ‬mehrabaan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﭘﯿﺶ ﹶدﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬،‫آﻣﺎدﮔﯽ‬ aamaadegee

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬mo’arrefee kardan

kindness

‫ ﹺﻣﻬﺮ‬mehr

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﺮﻓﯽ‬mo’arrefee

knee

‫ زاﻧﻮ‬zaanoo

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬tahgheeg kardan

knife

‫ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ‬chaaghoo

‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬tahgheegh

know

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬daanestan

introduction investigate (v.)

‫ ﮐﯿﺒﻮرد‬keebord

keyboard

investigation

‫ اﯾﺮان‬eeraan

Iran Iranian

‫ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬eeraanee

Iraq

‫ ﹶﻋﺮاق‬araagh

knowledge

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺶ‬daanesh

Kuwait

‫ ﹸﮐ ﹺﻮﯾﺖ‬koveyt L

‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬ast

lace

‫ ﺗﻮر‬toor

is not

‫ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬neest

lack

‫ ﹶﻋﺪﹶ م‬adam

Islam

‫اﺳﻼم‬ eslaam

lady

‫ ﺑﺎﻧﻮ‬،‫ ﺧﺎﻧﹸﻢ‬khaanom

is

issue

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬moshkel ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬،‫ﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ ﹶﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬ya’nee

it means

jacket

‫ ﹸﮐﺖ‬kot

Jaleh (feminine name)

‫ ژاﻟﻪ‬zhaale

jam, jelly

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺮ ﹼﺑﺎ‬morabbaa

jasmine

Jewish

joy

judge (v.)

large

‫ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬bozorg

‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬aakhar

‫ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎل‬paarsaal

last name

late later

‫ ﹸﻣﺸ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺮک‬moshtarak

law

‫ ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬lezzat

left

‫ﻀﺎوت ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻗ ﹶ‬ghezaavat kardan K

kabob

‫ ﹶﻟﭗﺗﺎپ‬laptaap

last year

‫ ﻗﺎﺿﯽ‬ghaazee

judge

laptop

‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬aakhareen

‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﺒﺮ ﹺﻧﮕﺎر‬khabarnegaar

journalist

‫ ﹺ‬،‫ دور‬dor ‫روی ﭘﺎ‬

last one

‫ ﹶﯾﻬﻮدی‬،‫ ﹶﮐﻠﯿﻤﯽ‬kaleemee

joint (adj.)

lap

‫ ﹸﺧﺸﮑﯽ‬،‫ ﹶزﻣﯿﻦ‬zameen

‫ ﯾﺎس‬yaas ‫ ﹶﯾﻬﻮد ﹶﯾﺖ‬yahoodeeyat

Judaism

‫ ﹺﭼﺮاغ‬cheraagh

last

‫ ﹺژﻟﻪ‬zhele

jelly

lamp

‫ژاﭘﻦ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬zhaapon

‫ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ‬sheeshe

jar

‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎﭼﻪ‬daryaache

land

J

Japan

lake

leaf

‫ ﹶا ﹺ‬،‫ دﯾﺮ‬deer ‫واﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪ ﹰا‬ba’dan ‫ ﹸﺣﻘﻮق‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ghaanoon ‫ ﹶﺑﺮگ‬barg

leftist

‫ ﹶﭼﭗ‬chap ‫ ﭼ ﹶ‬chapgaraa ‫ﭙﮕﺮا‬ ‫ﹶ‬

leg

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬،‫ ﭘﺎ‬paaye

legible Leila (feminine name)

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﺎب‬kabaab

‫ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎ ﹺﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﻓﺎﻣﯿﻠﯽ‬faameelee

leisure

‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺎ‬khaanaa ‫ ﹺﻟﯿﻼ‬leylaa ‫ ﺗﹶﻔﺮﯾﺢ‬tafreeh

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

mailman

LGBTQIA+

‫ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬naame ‫ ﹺد ﹶﮔﺮﺑﺎش‬degarbaash

liar

‫ ﹸدروﻏﮕﻮ‬dorooghgoo

make (v.)

letter

license plate lie (n.) lie (v.)

(‫ ﹺﭘﻼک )ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬pelaak ‫ ﹸدروغ‬doroogh ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹸدروغ ﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬doroogh goftan ‫ ﹺز ﹺ‬zendegee ‫ﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬

life light

‫ ﹶ‬،‫ ﻧﻮر‬،‫ ﹺﭼﺮاغ‬cheraagh ‫روﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫روﺷﻨﺎﯾ‬ roshanaayee

lightness like like (v.) limit line

‫ ﹺﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﹶﻨﺪ‬maanand ‫ ﹶﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬،‫دوﺳﺖ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬ ‫ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬doost daashtan ‫ ﹶﺣﺪ‬،‫ ﹸﺣﺪود‬hodood

‫ ﹶﺧﻂ‬،‫ ﹶﺻﻒ‬saf

lion

‫ ﺷﯿﺮ‬sheer

liquid

‫ ﻣﺎﯾﹺﻊ‬maaye’

little

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﮐﻢ‬kam ‫ ﹺزﻧﺪه‬zende

live (adj.)

‫ ﺑﺎر‬baar

load local

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹼﻠﯽ‬mahallee

location, place

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤﻞ‬mahal ‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻬﺎﯾ‬tanhaayee

loneliness

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻧﮕﺎه ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬negaah kardan

look (v.)

‫ دار‬daar

loom lose weight (v.) loss

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ laaghar shodan ‫ ﹶوزن ﹶﮐﻢ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫ﻻﻏﺮ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬ ‫ از ﹶدﺳﺖ دادن‬،‫ ﹶﺿﺮر‬zarar

mal-

‑‫ ﹶﺑﺪ‬،‑‫ ﺳﻮء‬soo’

male

‫ ﻧﹶﺮ‬nar

many Marine Corps

‫ ﺑﺎزار‬baazaar

married

‫ﻣﺘﺄﻫﻞ‬ mote’ahhel ‫ﹺﹼ‬

massage (n.)

‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺎژ‬maasaazh

massage (v.) master’s degree match

machine gun made mail (v.)

‫ﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬mosalsal ‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬saakht

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺖ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬post kardan

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺎژ ﹶ‬maasaazh daadan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ،‫ﻓﻮق ﻟﯿﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬ fogh e leesaans ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶارﺷﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﮐﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬،‫ ﹸﻣﺴﺎﺑﹺﻘﻪ‬mosaabeghe

math

‫ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬reeyaazee

matter

‫ﻣﺎده‬ maadde ‫ﹼ‬

‫ ﹶﺣﺪ ﹶاﮐﺜﹶﺮ‬hade’aksar

maximum

‫ ﺷﺎ ﹶﯾﺪ‬shaayad

maybe

‫ ﹶﺷﻬﺮدار‬shahrdaar

mayor

meat

‫ ﺧﺎﻧﹸﻢ‬khaanom

،‫ زﯾﺎد‬،‫ ﹺﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬،‫ ﺑﹺﺴﯿﺎر‬besyaar ‫ﹶﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸﻔﻨﮕﺪاران ﹶدرﯾﺎﯾ‬ ‫ ﺗ‬tofangdaaraan e

market

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬،‫ ﹶﮐﻢ‬kam

ma’am

‫ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬toleed

daryaayee

low

M

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬modeer

manufacture (n.)

meaning

‫ ﹸﺷﺶ‬،‫ رﯾﻪ‬reeye

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬modeereeyat

manager

‫ ﹺﻋﺸﻖ‬،‫ ﹺﻣﻬﺮ‬mehr

lung(s)

‫ ﹶﻣﺮد‬،‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ensaan

management

love (n.)

‫ ﻧﺎﻫﺎر‬naahaar

‫ ﻣﺎﻣﺎن‬maamaan

mama

me

lunch

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬dorost kardan

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹸﺷﺪن‬doost shodan

‫ زﯾﺎد‬،‫ ﺑﹺﺴﯿﺎر‬besyaar

‫ ﺷﺎﻧﺲ‬shaans

‫ ﹶاﮐﺜﹶﺮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬aksareeyat

make friends (v.)

lots

luck

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺘﭽﯽ‬postchee

majority

man

159

‫ ﹶﻣﻦ‬man ‫ ﹶﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ma’nee ‫ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬goosht ‫ ﹶدوا‬،‫ دارو‬daaroo

medicine meeting Mehr (seventh month of the Persian calendar) member members membership memorize menu

‫ ﹶﺟ ﹶﻠﺴﻪ‬jalase ‫ ﹺﻣﻬﺮ‬mehr ‫ ﹸﻋﻀﻮ‬ozv

‫ ﹶاﻋﻀﺎ‬a’zaa ‫ ﹸﻋﻀﻮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬ozveeyat

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺣﻔﻆ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬hefz kardan ‫ ﹺﻣﻨﻮ‬meno

160

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ﻧﺎﻣ ﹶﺮﺗﹶﺐ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ ﹶﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬kaseef

messy

‫ ﹶو ﹶﺳﻂ‬vasat

middle

‫ﺧﺎو ﹺرﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ khaavar e ‫ﹶ‬

Middle East

meeyaane

‫ ﹺ‬paadegaan ‫ﭘﺎدﮔﺎن‬

military base

‫ ﺷﯿﺮ‬sheer

milk

‫ ﹺﻫﺰاره‬hezaare

millennium

‫ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن‬meelyoon

million

‫ ﻣﯿﻨﺎ‬meenaa

Mina (feminine name)

‫ ﹶﺣﺪ ﹶا ﹶﻗﻞ‬Hade’aghal

minimum

‫ﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶا ﹶﻗ ﱠ‬aghaleeyyat

minority

‫ دﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬daghighe

minute Miriam (feminine name)

‫ ﹶﻣﺮ ﹶﯾﻢ‬maryam

mirror

‫ آﯾﻨﻪ‬aayne

mouse

‫ ﻣﻮش‬moosh

moustache

‫ ﹺﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬sebeel

mouth

‫ ﹶدﻫﺎن‬dahaan

‫ ﻣﺎﻣﺎن‬maamaan ‫ﹶ‬ ‫دوﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬ doshambe

Monday

‫ ﭘﻮل‬pool

money monitor

‫ ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺘﻮر‬moneetor

monkey

‫ ﹺﻣﯿﻤﻮن‬meymoon ‫ ﻣﺎه‬maah

month

‫ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬maahaane

monthly

‫ ﻣﻮد‬،‫ ﺣﺎل‬haal

mood

‫ ﻣﺎه‬maah

moon

‫ ﻗﺎرچ‬ghaarch

mushroom music

‫ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ‬mooseeghee

Muslim

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬mosalmaan

mute

‫ ﻻل‬laal

mystery

‫ راز‬raaz

naturally

mom

‫ ﹺﮔﻞ‬gel

mud

‫ا ﹺ‬ eshtebaah ‫ ﹶﺧﻄﺎ‬،‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎه‬ ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬martoob

‫ ﺧﺎﻧﹸﻢ‬khaanom

Ms.

mistake (n.)

moist

‫ آﻗﺎ‬aagha

Mr.

name

‫ا ﹺ‬ eshtebaah kardan ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

‫ ﺳﯿ ﹶﻨﻤﺎ‬seenamaa

movie theatre

missing

mistake (v.)

‫ ﻓﯿﻠﻢ‬feelm

movie

‑‫ ﹶﺑﺪ‬،‑‫ ﺳﻮء‬soo’ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ ﹸﮔﻢ ﹸ‬،‫ ﹸﮔﻢ‬gom

mis-

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹺﺮ ﹶﮐﺖ‬harekat

movement

N

‫ ﻧﺎم‬،‫اﺳﻢ‬ esm

‫ﺒﯿﻌﺘ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ ﹶﻃ ﹶ‬tabee’atan

‫ﺒﯿﻌﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻃ ﹶ‬tabee’at

nature Navy

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﹶدرﯾﺎﯾ‬ neeroo ye

daryaayee

neck

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﮔ ﹶ‬gardan

nectarine

‫ ﹶﺷﻠﯿﻞ‬shaleel

need (n.) need (v.)

‫ ﻧﯿﺎز‬،‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎج‬ ehteeyaaj ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎج داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬ ehteeyaaj daashtan

needle neighborhood network

‫ﺳﻮزن‬ soozan ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹼﻠﻪ‬mahalle

‫ ﹶﺷ ﹶﺒﮑﻪ‬shabake

never

‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﹶاﺑﺪ ﹰا‬abadan ‫ﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ ﻧﻮ‬،‫ ﹶﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬jadeed

Mordad (fifth month of the Persian calendar)

‫ ﹸﻣﺮداد‬mordaad

new newborn

‫ ﻧﻮزاد‬nozaad

morning

‫ ﹸﺻﺒﺢ‬sobh

news

‫ ﹶاﺧﺒﺎر‬akhbaar

mosque

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬masjed ‫ﺴﺠﺪ‬

mosquito

‫ ﹶﭘﺸﻪ‬pashe

mother

‫ﻣﺎدر‬ maadar ‫ﹶ‬

motor motorcycle mount

‫ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬motor ‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬،‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﺳﯿﮑﻠﺖ‬motorseeklet ‫ ﮐﻮه‬kooh

next niece/nephew (the child of one’s brother)

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪی‬ba’dee ‫ﺮادرزاده‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬baraadarzaade

niece/nephew (the child of one’s ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮزاده‬ khaaharzaade ‫ﹶ‬ sister) night nine

‫ ﹶﺷﺐ‬shab ‫ ﻧﹸﻪ‬noh

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

nine hundred

‫ﹸﻬﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﻧ ﹶ‬nohsad

oneself

‫ ﺧﻮد‬khod

nineteen

‫ﻧﻮزده‬ noozdah ‫ﹶ‬

onion

‫ ﭘﯿﺎز‬peeyaaz

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻮد‬navad

ninety

‫ ﹺﺧﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﻧﹶﻪ‬na

no

‫ ﻫﯿﭻ ﹶﮐﺲ‬heech kas

no one

‫ ﹺﺻﺪا‬sedaa

noise

‫ﺬﻫﺒ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹺ‬gheyr e mazhabee ‫ﯿﺮ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬

non-religious

‫ ﹸﻇﻬﺮ‬zohr

noon

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎل‬shomaal

north

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬shomaalee

northern

‫ ﹶدﻣﺎغ‬،‫ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬beenee

nose

‫ ﹶدﻓ ﹶﺘﺮ‬daftar

notebook

‫ ﹶاﮐﻨﻮن‬aknoon

now number

‫ ﻧﹸﻤﺮه‬،‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎره‬shomaare

nurse (n.)

‫ ﹺﻧﺮس‬،‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﺎر‬parastaar

nurse (v.)

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﺷﯿﺮ ﹶ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﺎری ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬parastaaree kardan ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﺎری‬parastaaree ‫ ﺗﹶﻐﺬﯾﻪ‬taghzeeye

nursing nutrition

‫ ﹸﻣﻐﹶ ﹼﺬی‬moghazzee

nutritious

‫ ﭼﺎق‬chaagh

obesity

‫ ﭼﺎﻗﯽ‬chaaghee ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﹶاز‬az

of off

‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش‬khaamoosh

offer (n.)

‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد‬peeshnahaad

offer (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬arze kardan

office

‫اداره‬ edaare

office

‫اداره‬ ،‫ ﹶدﻓ ﹶﺘﺮ‬daftar

offspring (no gender)

‫ ﹶﺑﭽﻪ‬،‫ﺮزﻧﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬farzand

often oil

‫ ﯾﺎ‬yaa

or orange (adj.)

‫ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬naarenjee

orange

‫ ﹸﭘﺮﺗﹸﻘﺎل‬portoghaal

Ordibehesht (second month of the Persian calendar)

‫ﻔﺎرش‬ ‫ ﹺﺳ ﹺ‬،‫ ﻧﹶﻈﻢ‬nazm ‫ ﹸاردﯾﺒﹺﻬﹺ ﺸﺖ‬ordeebehesh ‫ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬saazmaan

organization origin

‫ ﹶاﺻﻞ‬asl

original

‫ ﹶاﺻﻠﯽ‬aslee ‫اﺻﺎ ﹶﻟﺖ‬ esaalat ‫ﹶ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ deegar

originality other

‫ﹶ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬ deegaraan

others out

‫ ﺑﯿﺮون‬،‫ﺧﺎرج‬ khaarej ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹺﻓﺮ‬fer

oven over

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ (‫ﺑﺎﻻ)ی‬ ،(‫رو)ی‬ roo(ye) ‫ ﹸﺟﻐﺪ‬joghd

owl P pacifier page pain pain reliever painful paint (n.) paint (v.)

‫ ﹺﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﹶﮏ‬pestaanak ‫ ﹶﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬safhe ‫ ﺗﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﹶدرد‬dard ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴ ﹺﹼﮑﻦ‬mosakken ‫ ﹶدردﻧﺎک‬dardnaak ‫ ﹶرﻧﮓ‬rang ‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎﺷﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬naghghaashee kardan

painter

‫ ﹶاﻏ ﹶﻠﺐ‬aghlab

‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎش‬naghghaash

painting

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﻔﺖ‬،‫روﻏﻦ‬ roghan

‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎﺷﯽ‬naghghashee

Pakistan

old

،‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺴﻦ‬،‫ ﭘﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬bozorg ‫ ﹸﮐﻬﻨﻪ‬،‫ﹶﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ‬

on

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶدر‬،(‫رو)ی‬ roo(ye)

palace

‫ ﮐﺎخ‬،‫ ﹶﻗﺼﺮ‬ghasr ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﻠﻨﮓ‬palang ‫ ﻃﻮﻃﯽ‬tootee

‫ ﯾﹺﮏ‬yek

parrot

one hundred

‫ ﹶﺻﺪ‬sad

part

‫ ﹺﻫﺰار‬hezaar

‫ ﹺ‬paakestaan ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬

panther

one

one thousand

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻈﺮ‬nazar

opinion

O obese

‫ ﻓﹶﻘﹶ ﻂ‬faghat

only

order (n.)

161

participate (v.)

‫ﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ ﹺﻗ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﺨﺶ‬bakhsh

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﺮﮐﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬mosharekat kardan

162

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

participation parties (political) party pass (v.) passion past paste path patient pay (v.) peace peach pear pen (ball point) pencil pennyroyal people

‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﺮﮐﺖ‬،‫ﺸﺎر ﹶﮐﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬moshaarekat ‫ ﹶاﺣﺰاب‬ahzaab ‫ ﹺﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬،‫ﹺﺣﺰب‬ hezb

‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬gozashtan ‫ ﺷﻮر‬shoor ‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬gozashte ‫ ﹶﺧﻤﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﹸرب‬rob

‫ راه‬،‫ ﹶﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬maseer

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬،‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬beemaar ‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧ ﹶﺘﻦ‬،‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬pardaakht kardan ‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﹸﺻﻠﺢ‬solh ‫آراﻣﺶ‬

pineapple

‫ آﻧﺎﻧﺎس‬aanaanaas

pink

‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬ sooratee ‫ﹶ‬

pipe

‫ ﭘﯿﭗ‬peep

pistol

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺖﺗﯿﺮ‬hafteer

pitcher place

‫ ﺟﺎ‬،‫ ﹶﻣﮑﺎن‬،‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤﻞ‬mahal

plain

‫ ﹶدﺷﺖ‬dasht

plan (n.)

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬barnaame

plant

‫ ﮔﯿﺎه‬geeyaah

plate

‫ ﹸﺑﺸﻘﺎب‬boshghaab

play (n.)

‫ ﺑﺎزی‬baazee

‫ ﹸﻫﻠﻮ‬holoo ‫ ﹸﮔﻼﺑ‬golaabee

please

‫ ﹸﻟﻄﻔ ﹰﺎ‬lotfan

pleasure

‫ ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬lezzat

‫ ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬khodkaar

pocket

‫ ﺟﯿﺐ‬jeeb

‫ ﹺﻣﺪاد‬medaad

point

‫ ﻧﹸﮑﺘﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﹸﻘﻄﻪ‬noghte

‫ ﭘﻮﻧﻪ‬poone

police

‫ ﹸﭘﻠﯿﺲ‬polees

‫ﺮدم‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹸ‬mardom

policy

pepper

‫ ﹺﻓ ﹺ‬felfel ‫ﻠﻔﻞ‬

political

percent

‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹶ‬darsad

politician

percentage

‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹶ‬darsad

politics

period

‫ ﭘﺎرچ‬paarch

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﱠ ت‬،‫ دوران‬،‫ دوره‬dore

pomegranate

‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ‬ seeyaasat ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬seeyaasee

‫ﺘﻤﺪار‬ seeyaasatmadaar ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ‬ seeyaasat ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶاﻧﺎر‬anaar

Persian

‫ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬،‫ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬faarsee

port

person

‫ ﹶﮐﺲ‬،‫ ﹶﻓﺮد‬،‫ ﻧﹶﻔﹶ ﺮ‬nafar

‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺪﹶ ر‬bandar

portion

‫ ﹸﭘﺮس‬pors

personal petroleum

‫ ﹸﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬khosoosee ‫ ﻧﹶﻔﺖ‬naft

possible Post Office

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬momken ‫ﻤﮑﻦ‬

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺘﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ ادارهی ﹸﭘﺴﺖ‬edaare ye post

physics

‫ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬feezeek

potable

physique

‫ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬feezeek ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹼﮑﺎس‬akkaas

potato

‫ ﺳﯿﺐ ﹶزﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬seebzameenee

power

‫ﺪرت‬ ‫ ﻗﹸ ﹶ‬ghodrat

photographer phrase phrases physician pick up (v.)

‫ﺒﺎرت‬ ‫ ﹺﻋ ﹶ‬ebaarat

‫ ﹺﻋﺒﺎرات‬ebaaraat ‫ﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸ‬،‫ ﹺﭘ ﹺﺰﺷﮏ‬pezeshk ‫ ﹶﺑﺮداﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬bardaashtan

powerful prayer

‫ آﺷﺎﻣﯿﺪﹶ ﻧﯽ‬aashaameedanee

‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﻗﹸ ﹶ‬ghodratmand ‫ﺪر ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸدﻋﺎ‬do’aa

precision

‫ ﹺد ﹼﻗﺖ‬deghghat

pregnant

‫ ﺑﺎردار‬baardaar

‫ ﹶﺑﺮدار‬bardaar

preparation

‫ﹺ‬ ‫آﻣﺎدﮔﯽ‬ aamaadegee

picked up

‫ ﹶﺑﺮداﺷﺖ‬bardaasht

prepare (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻬﯿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬taheeye kardan

pickpocket

‫ ﺟﯿﺐ ﹸﺑﺮ‬jeeb bor

pick up!

pigeon pine

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﻮﺗﹶﺮ‬kabootar ‫ ﮐﺎج‬kaaj

presence present present (v.)

‫ ﹸﺣﻀﻮر‬hozoor

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹺﻫﺪﯾﻪ‬،‫ ﹶاﮐﻨﻮن‬،‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ haazer

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬arze kardan

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

president

‫ ﹶرﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر‬ra’ees jomhoor ‫ ﹶﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎت‬matboo’aat

press (n.) prevent (v.) prime minister

‫ ﺑﺎران‬baaraan

‫ ﻧ ﹸﹸﺨﺴﺖوزﯾﺮ‬nokhost vazeer

rainy

‫ ﺑﺎراﻧﯽ‬baaraanee

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬modeer

range

‫ ﹶاﺻﻞ‬asl

‫ ﹸاﺻﻮل‬osool

principles

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﭼﺎپ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬chaap kardan ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﭘﮕﺮ‬ chaapgar ‫ ﭼﺎﭘﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬chaapkhaane

printing house private

‫ ﻏﯿﺮدوﻟﺘﯽ‬،‫ ﹸﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬khosoosee ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬moshkel ‫ﺸﮑﻞ‬

problem

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬moshkelaat ‫ﺸﮑﻼت‬

problems production profit

‫ ﹺ‬naader ‫ﻧﺎدر‬

ratify

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬tasveeb kardan

raw read (past tense)

readiness

‫ﹺ‬ ‫آﻣﺎدﮔﯽ‬ aamaadegee

ready real

really reason reasons

promise (v.)

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﻗﻮل ﹶ‬ghol daadan

receipt (n.)

prosperous

‫ آﺑﺎد‬aabaad

receive (v.)

publish (v.)

punishment

received (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﻨ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺸﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬montasher kardan recreation ‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺸﺎرات‬ enteshaaraat

publisher

‫ ﹸﻣﺠﺎزات‬،‫ ﹸﻣﮑﺎﻓﺎت‬mokaafaat

‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪ‬khaand ‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﹶ ن‬khaandan

‫ ﺳﻮد‬sood

‫ دو ﹶﻟﺘﯽ‬،‫ﻫ ﹺﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ‬،‫ﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ ﹸﻋ‬omoomee ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﺧﺎم‬khaam

read (v.)

reality

‫ ﻗﻮل‬ghol

promise (n.)

‫ ﹸﺑﺮد‬،‫ ﹸﺣﺪود‬hodood

rare

‫ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬toleed

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬barnaame

program (n.)

public

‫ ﻧﹶﺮده‬narde

rain

principle

printer

railing

‫ رادﯾﻮ‬raadeeyo

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬jelogeeree kardan

principal

print (v.)

radio

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ آﻣﺎده‬،‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ haazer ‫ ﹺ‬vaaghe’ee ‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬vaaghe’eeyat ‫ﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫واﻗ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬vaaghe’an ‫واﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ‬

‫ ﹺﻋ ﱠﻠﺖ‬،‫ ﹶدﻟﯿﻞ‬daleel

‫ ﹶدﻻﯾﹺﻞ‬،‫ ﹺﻋ ﹶﻠﻞ‬elal

‫ ﹺرﺳﯿﺪ‬reseed

‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬daryaaft kardan ‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﹶﮐﺮد‬،‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓﺖ‬gereft

‫ ﺗﹶﻔﺮﯾﺢ‬tafreeh

red

‫ ﹺﻗ ﹺ‬ghermez ‫ﺮﻣﺰ‬

regime, diet

‫ ﹺرژﯾﻢ‬rezheem

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬mantaghe ‫ﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬

pure

‫ ﻧﺎب‬naab

region

puree

‫ ﭘﻮره‬poore

regions

purple

‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶﻨﻔﺶ‬banafsh

regulations

‫ ﹶﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ghavaaneen

purse

‫ ﮐﯿﻒ‬keef

related

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬marboot

relation

‫ راﺑﹺﻄﻪ‬raabete

relationship

‫ راﺑﹺﻄﻪ‬raabete

Q

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬manaategh ‫ﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

Qatar

‫ ﹶﻗ ﹶﻄﺮ‬ghatar

quality

‫ ﺗﹶﺴﺎوی‬tasaavee

relatives

‫ ﻓﺎﻣﯿﻞ‬faameel

quiet (n.)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮐﺖ‬ saaket

religion

‫ﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬mazhab

religious

‫ﺬﻫﺒ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬mazhabee

repair

‫ ﺗﹶﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬ta’meer ‫ﺰارش‬ ‫ ﹸﮔ ﹺ‬gozaaresh

R rabbit race racism racist

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﮔﻮش‬khargoosh ‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد‬nezhaad ‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﯽ‬nezhaadparastee ‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺖ‬nezhaadparast

163

report reporter representative representatives

‫ ﹸﮔﺰار ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﺧﺒﺮ ﹺﻧﮕﺎر‬khabarnegaar ‫ﺷﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﻧﹶﻤﺎ ﹶﯾﻨﺪه‬namaayandeh

‫ ﻧﹶﻤﺎ ﹶﯾ ﹺ‬namaayandegaan ‫ﻨﺪﮔﺎن‬

164

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری‬jomhooree

republic

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮرﯾﺨﻮاه‬jomhooreekhaah

Republican

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶدرﺧﻮاﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ‬ khaahesh

request

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬pazhoohesh ‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬،‫ﮋوﻫﺶ‬

research (n.)

‫ ﺣﻘﻮق‬hoghoogh

sale

‫ ﻓﹸ ﺮوش‬foroosh

sales tax salt

‫دادن‬ paasokh daadan ‫ ﹶﺟﻮاب ﹶ‬،‫دادن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

sat

researcher respiration

‫ ﹶﺟﻮاب‬،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ paasokh ‫ﹸ‬

response

‫ﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬mas’ooleeyat ‫ﹶ‬

responsibility

‫ ﹶﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬mas’ool

responsible

‫ ﹺرﺳﺘﻮران‬restooraan

restaurant

‫ ﻧﹶﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬nateeje

result

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻓﺮوش‬ maaleeyaat e foroosh

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬tahgheeg kardan ‫ﮋوﻫ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬pazhooheshgar ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹺﹼﻘﻖ‬،‫ﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﻔﱡ ﺲ‬tanaffos

research (v.)

respond (v.)

salary

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻤﮏ‬namak

salty

‫ ﺷﻮر‬shoor

Sarah

‫ ﺳﺎرا‬saaraa ‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶﺸﺴﺖ‬neshast

satin

‫ ﺳﺎﺗﹶﻦ‬saatan

Saturday

‫ ﹶﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬shambe

Saudi Arabia

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺﺴﺘﺎن ﹸﺳﻌﻮدی‬ ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶﺮﺑ‬arabestan e so’oodee

say (v.)

‫ ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬goftan

schedule (n.)

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬barnaame

‫اﻧﻘﻼب‬ enghalaab

school

Rial (Iranian currency)

‫ رﯾﺎل‬reeyaal

science

‫ ﺑ ﹺﹺﺮﻧﺞ‬berenj

‫ ﹺﻋﻠﻢ‬elm

rice

scream (n.)

rice (cooked)

‫ ﹸﭼﻠﻮ‬cholo

‫ ﺟﯿﻎ‬jeegh

scream (v.)

revolution

‫ راﻧﺪﹶ ن‬raandan

ride (v.) right

‫ ﹶﺣﻖ‬،‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ‬،‫ راﺳﺖ‬raast

‫ ﺣﻘﻮق‬hoghoogh

rights

‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎ‬daryaa

seal

‫ ﻓﹸ ﮏ‬fok

season seaweed

river

‫ رود‬rood

second

road

‫ﺟﺎده‬ jaadde ‫ﹼ‬

room rooster root rope rose water

ruler

second (time unit)

‫ ﹶﻓﺼﻞ‬fasl ‫ﻠﺒﮏ‬ ‫ ﹸﺟ ﹶ‬jolbak

‫ ﹸد ﱡوم‬dovvom

‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬saaneeye

‫ ﹸاﺗﺎق‬otaagh

secret

‫ ﹸﺧﺮوس‬khoroos

section

‫ رﯾﺸﻪ‬reeshe

sector

‫ ﹶﻃﻨﺎب‬tanaab ‫ ﹸﮔﻼب‬golaab

secular

‫ ﹺﺳﮑﻮﻻر‬sekoolaar

see (v.)

‫ دﯾﺪﹶ ن‬deedan

‫ ﹺﮔﺮد‬gerd

round

‫ ﺟﯿﻎ ﹶز ﹶدن‬jeegh zadan

sea

‫ ﹶﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬halghe

ring (n.)

‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬madrese

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶﺧﻂ ﹺﮐﺶ‬،‫ﺣﺎﮐﻢ‬ haakem

seed select (v.)

‫ ﹶﻣﺨﻔﯽ‬،‫ راز‬raaz

‫ﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ ﹺﻗ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﺨﺶ‬bakhsh ‫ ﹶﺑﺨﺶ‬bakhsh

‫ ﹶﺑﺬر‬bazr

‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮدن‬ entekhaab kardan

rules

‫ ﹶﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ghavaaneen

send (v.)

runner

‫ ﹶد ﹶوﻧﺪه‬davande

sense

‫ ﹺﺣﺲ‬hes

sentence

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬jomle

‫ روﺳﯿﻪ‬rooseeye

Russia S

sentences

‫ﺳﺘﺎدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻓ ﹺﺮ‬ferestaadan ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹸﺟ ﹶﻤﻼت‬jomalaat

seriously

‫ ﹺﺟﺪﹼ ﹰا‬jeddan

said

‫ ﹶﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬sa’eed ‫ ﹸﮔﻔﺖ‬goft

services

‫ ﹶﺧﺪﹶ ﻣﺎت‬khadamaat

salad

‫ ﺳﺎﻻد‬saalaad

seven

Saeed (masculine name)

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺖ‬haft

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ﻔﺘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹶ‬haftsad

seven hundred seventeen

‫ ﹺﻫﻔﺪﹶ ه‬hefdah

seventy

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺘﺎد‬haftaad ‫دوزﻧﺪه‬ doozande ‫ﹶ‬

sewer

sister-in-law (the wife of one’s husband’s brother) sister-in-law (wife of one’s brother) sit (v.)

shadow

‫ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬saaye

six

shade

‫ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬saaye

six hundred

Shahrivar (sixth month of the Persian calendar) shake (n.) share share(s) she/he/they she/he/they (singular) sheet

‫ﻬﺮﯾﻮر‬ ‫ ﹶﺷ ﹶ‬shahreevar ‫ ﹺﺗﮑﺎن‬tekaan ‫ ﹶﺳﻬﻢ‬sahm

‫ ﹶﺳﻬﺎم‬sahaam

‫ اﯾﺸﺎن‬eeshaan ‫ او‬oo ‫ ﹶو ﹶرق‬varagh

‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬poost

sleep (n.) sleep (v.) slippery

Shooshtar (city in Iran)

‫ ﺷﻮﺷ ﹶﺘﺮ‬shooshtar

smartphone

shore

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬khareed

‫ﺸﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶ‬sheshsad

skin

‫ ﹺﮐﺸﺘﯽ‬keshtee

shopping

‫ ﹺﺷﺶ‬shesh

‫ ﹶﺷﺼﺖ‬shast

ship

shop (v.)

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶﺸﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬neshastan

sixty

small

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬khareed kardan

‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ ﹶزن ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬zan baraadar

‫ﺷﺎﻧﺰده‬ shaanzdah ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶﺻﺪﹶ ف‬sadaf

shellfish

‫ ﺟﺎری‬jaaree

sixteen

skirt

smart

‫داﻣﻦ‬ daaman ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺧﻮاب‬khaab ‫ ﺧﻮاﺑﯿﺪﹶ ن‬khaabeedan ‫ ﹸﺳﺮ‬sor

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ koochak ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻫﻮش‬baahoosh ‫ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﹺﻦ‬telefon e ‫ﹶ‬

hooshmand

smoke (cigarettes) (v.) smoke (hookah) (v.)

‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬seegaar kesheedan ‫ ﹶﻗﻠﯿﺎن ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬ghalyaan kesheedan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﻞ‬ saahel

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﻠﺰون‬halazoon

should

‫ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬baayad

snail

shout

‫ داد‬daad

snow

‫ ﹶﺑﺮف‬barf

snowy

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻓﯽ‬barfee

so

‫ ﹶﭘﺲ‬pas

show (n.) sick sickle sickness sign and seal silence silent silver silver (adj.) similar simple sin sinful single (person) Sir sister

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬barnaame ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬،‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬beemaar ‫ داس‬daas ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﻀﯽ‬،‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎری‬beemaaree ‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ و ﻣﻮم‬mohr o moom ‫ ﹸﺳﮑﻮت‬sokoot ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮐﺖ‬ saaket

‫ ﻧﹸﻘﺮه‬noghree ‫ ﻧﹸﻘﺮهای‬nogree’ee ‫ ﹸﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﹶﺷﺒﯿﻪ‬shabih

‫ ﺳﺎده‬saade ‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎه‬gonaah

‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎﻫﮑﺎر‬gonaahkaar

soap

‫ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن‬saaboon

soccer

‫ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل‬football

social

‫ا ﹺ‬ ejtemaa’ee ‫ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬

society

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ jaame’e

sock(s)

‫ ﺟﻮراب‬jooraab

soil

‫ ﺧﺎک‬khaak

soldier

‫ ﹶﺳﺮﺑﺎز‬sarbaaz

solid (state of matter)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ jaamed

solution

‫ ﹶﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬mahlool

solve (v.)

‫ ﹶﺣﻞ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬hal shodan

solvent

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺠ ﱠﺮد‬mojarrad

some

‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ khaahar ‫ﹶ‬

son

‫ آﻗﺎ‬aagha

165

sometimes

‫ل‬‫ ﹶﺣ ﹼ‬hallaal

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬barkhee ‫ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬gaahee ‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬pesar

166

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ داﻣﺎد‬daamaad

storm

‫ ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬toofaan

song

‫ آواز‬aavaaz

story

‫ داﺳﺘﺎن‬daastaan

soon

‫ زود‬zood

straight

Soraya (feminine name)

‫ ﺛ ﹶﹸﺮ ﹼﯾﺎ‬sorayyaa

straw

son-in-law

sound

‫ ﺻﻮت‬،‫ ﹺﺻﺪا‬sedaa

soup

‫ ﺳﻮپ‬،‫ آش‬aash

strike (n.)

‫ ﺗﹸﺮش‬torsh

student (college)

source

‫ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬mansha’

student (K-12)

southern space special Special Forces specialist specialty spectator spend (v.) spicy spider

‫ ﹸﺟﻨﻮب‬jonoob

‫ ﹸﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬jonoobee ‫ ﹶﻓﻀﺎ‬fazaa

‫ وﯾﮋه‬،‫ ﹶﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬makhsoos

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی وﯾﮋه‬ neeroo ye veezhe ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹶﺨ ﹺﹼﺼﺺ‬motekhasses ‫ﹶﺨ ﱡﺼﺺ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹶ‬takhassos

‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎﺷﺎﭼﯽ‬tamashaachee ‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧ ﹶﺘﻦ‬،‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬pardaakht kardan ‫ ﺗﹸﻨﺪ‬tond

‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶ‬ankaboot ‫ﻨﮑﺒﻮت‬

‫ ﹺﻧﯽ‬ney ‫ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬kheeyaabaan

street

sour

south

‫ ﺻﺎف‬saaf

‫ا ﹺ‬ ،‫ ﹶﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬zarbe ‫ ﹶﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻋﺘﺼﺎب‬

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬daaneshjoo

‫ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز‬daanesh aamooz ‫ ﹶدرس ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﹶ ن‬dars khaandan

study (v.)

‫ﻘﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹼﻓ ﹶ‬movaffagheeyat

success

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹼﻓﻖ‬movaffagh

successful

‫ ﹺﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬cheneen ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺮ‬shekar

such sugar suggest (v.)

‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد‬،‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد دادن‬peeshnahaad ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬daadan

suggestion

‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد‬peeshanhaad

suitable

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬monaaseb ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

suitcase

‫ ﹶﭼ ﹺﻤﺪان‬chamedaan

sun

‫ آﻓﺘﺎب‬aaftaab

spoon

‫ﻗﺎﺷﻖ‬ ghaashogh ‫ﹸ‬

sun

‫ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ‬khorsheed

sport

‫رزش‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹺ‬varzesh

Sunday

‫ ﯾ ﹶ‬yekshambe ‫ﹺﮑﺸﻨﺒﻪ‬

spouse square stamp stamp (v.)

‫ﻤﺴﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹶ‬hamsar

‫ ﹸﻣﺮ ﹶﺑﻊ‬،‫ ﹺﻣﯿﺪان‬meydaan ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺒﺮ‬،‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ‬mohr

‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ ﹶز ﹶدن‬mohr zadan

sunglasses sunny

‫ آﻓﺘﺎﺑ‬aaftaabee

sunset

‫ ﹸﻏﺮوب‬ghoroob

support

‫ ﹺﺣﻤﺎ ﹶﯾﺖ‬hemaayat

star

‫ ﹺﺳﺘﺎره‬setaare

supporter

start (n.)

‫ ﹸﺷﺮوع‬shoroo’

sure

station

‫ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه‬eestgah

stem

‫ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬saaghe

stew

‫ﺧﻮرش‬ khoresh ‫ﹺ‬

still stock stock market stomach stone Stop! store

‫ ﹺ‬،‫ ﹶﻫﻨﻮز‬hanooz ‫ﺳﺎﮐﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻬﺎم‬sahaam ‫ﺑﺎزار ﹶﺳﻬﺎم‬ ،‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس‬ bazaar e boors ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹺﻣﻌﺪه‬me’de

‫ ﹶﺳﻨﮓ‬sang

!‫ اﯾﺴﺖ‬eest

‫ ﹶاﻧﺒﺎر‬ambaar

‫ ﹺﻋﯿﻨﮏ آﻓﺘﺎﺑ‬eynak aaftaabee

surface surname

‫ ﹸﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎن‬،‫ ﺣﺎﻣﯽ‬haamee

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬motma’en ‫ﻄﻤ ﹺﺌﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻄﺢ‬sath

‫ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎ ﹺﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬naam e

khaanevaadegee

Susa (ancient city in Iran)

‫ ﺷﻮش‬shoosh

swallow (bird)

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﻮ‬parastoo

sweet swing

‫ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ‬sheereen ‫ ﺗﺎب‬taab

sword

‫ ﹶﺷﻤﺸﯿﺮ‬shamsheer

surfaces

‫ ﹸﺳﻄﻮح‬sotooh ‫ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ‬sooreeye

Syria

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

‫ ران‬raan

thigh

T table

‫ ﻣﯿﺰ‬meez

thin

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻻﻏﺮ‬ laaghar

tail

‫ ﹸدم‬dom

thing

‫ ﭼﯿﺰ‬cheez

‫ ﹶﺣﺮف ﹶز ﹶدن‬harf zadan

third

take (v.) talk (v.) tangerine

‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﺑ ﹶ‬bordan

‫ﻧﺎرﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬naarengee

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻓﮑﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬fekr kardan

think (v.)

‫ ﹺﺳ ﱡﻮم‬sevvom

‫ﺳﯿﺰده‬ seezdah ‫ﹶ‬

thirteen

tape

‫ ﻧﹶﻮار‬navaar

thirty

‫ ﺳﯽ‬see

tar

‫ ﻗﯿﺮ‬gheer

this

‫ اﯾﻦ‬een

thorn

‫ ﺧﺎر‬khaar ‫ ﹺﻓﮑﺮ‬fekr

tasty

‫ ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ‬lazeez

tax

‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬maaleeyaat

thought(s)

taxi

‫ ﺗﺎﮐﺴﯽ‬taaksee

three

tea

‫ ﭼﺎی‬chaay

teach teacher teahouse (traditional)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺪرﯾﺲ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬tadrees kardan ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﻠﻢ‬mo’allem ‫ ﻗﻬﻮهﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ghahvekhane

team

‫ ﺗﯿﻢ‬teem

teapot

‫ ﻗﻮری‬ghooree

tear (v.)

‫ ﭘﺎره ﹶﮐﺮدن‬paare kardan

technical

‫ ﹶﻓ ﹼﻨﯽ‬fannee

technique

‫ ﹶﻓﻦ‬fan

time

thankful thanks

‫ﯿﺎﻣﮏ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶ‬،‫ اس ام اس‬es em es ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﻣﻤﻨﻮن‬mamnoon ،‫ﺘﺸ ﹺﮑﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰار‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﻣﻤﻨﻮن‬mamnoon ‫ ﹺﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬،‫ﺘﺸ ﹺﮑﺮ‬

that

‫ ﮐﻪ‬،‫ آن‬aan

then

‫ ﹺﺳ ﹶﭙﺲ‬،‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪ‬ba’d

there there is therefore

‫ آﻧﺠﺎ‬aanjaa

‫ ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬hast ‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬banaa bar in

these

‫ اﯾﻨﻬﺎ‬eenhaa

they

‫ آﻧﻬﺎ‬aanhaa

‫ ﺑﻪ‬be

to

toe

‫ ﺗﯿﺮ‬teer ‫ ﹸﻋﻨﻮان‬onvaan

title

‫ ﹺﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن‬televeezion

text message

‫ ﻧﻮک‬،‫ ﹶاﻧﻌﺎم‬an’aam

Tir (fourth month of the Persian calendar)

television

‫ﭼﺎدر‬ chaador ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ،‫ ﹶزﻣﺎن‬،‫ ﹶوﻗﺖ‬vaght ‫ﹶ‬

tip

today

tent

‫ ﹶﺑﺒﺮ‬babr

tiger

‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﻦ‬telefon

‫ ﹶده‬dah

‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬banaa bar in

thus

telephone

ten

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶ‬panjshambe ‫ﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ‬

Thursday

‫ ﹺﺗﻬﺮان‬tehraan

‫ﻌﺒﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬ma’bad

‫ﺳﯿﺼﺪ‬ seesad ‫ﹶ‬

three hundred

Tehran

temple

‫ ﺳﻪ‬se

‫اﻣﺮوز‬ emrooz ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹶا ﹸ‬angosht ‫ ﹶاﻧﮕ ﹺ‬،‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺸﺖ ﭘﺎ‬

tomato ton tongue too took

‫ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﹶﻓ ﹶﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬gojefarangee ‫ ﺗﹸﻦ‬ton

‫ ﹶزﺑﺎن‬zabaan ‫ ﹶﻫﻢ‬ham ‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓﺖ‬gereft

Tooman (Iranian currency)

‫ ﺗﻮﻣﺎن‬toomaan

tooth

‫ ﹶدﻧﺪان‬dandaan

top

‫ﹺ‬ (‫ﺑﺎﻻ)ی‬ baalaa

topic

‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬mozoo’

torn tornado tourism tourist toward train

‫ ﭘﺎره‬paare ‫ ﹺﮔﺮدﺑﺎد‬gerdbaad ‫ ﺟ ﹶ‬jahaangardee ‫ﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮدی‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮد‬jahaangard ‫ﹺ‬ (‫ﺳﻮ)ی‬ soo

‫ ﹶﻗﻄﺎر‬ghataar

167

168

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

translate

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﹶﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬tarjome kardan ‫ﹶﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬tajome

translation

‫ دام‬daam

trap

‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ‬safar

travel (n.) travel (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬،‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬safar raftan ‫ ﹺﻃﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬tey kardan

travel across (v.)

‫ ﺳﯿﻨﯽ‬seenee

tray

‫ ﹺد ﹶرﺧﺖ‬derakht ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mohaakeme ‫ﺤﺎﮐﻤﻪ‬

tree trial

‫ ﺑﺎزو‬baazoo

triceps trouble (n.)

‫ ﹸﻣﺠﺎزات‬،‫ ﹸﻣﮑﺎﻓﺎت‬mokaafaat ‫ ﹶﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬saheeh

true truth try (v.)

united United States

mottahede

unity

‫ا ﹺﹼﺗﺤﺎد‬ ettehaad

universe

‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎن‬jahaan

‫ ﻧﺎدان‬naadaan

unwise

‫ ﺑﺎﻻ‬baalaa

up

‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬aamreekaa ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬ma’moolan

USA usually V

‫ ﹶﺳﺒﺰی‬sabzee

vegetable vegetarian

‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬loole

victorious

tube

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬daaneshgaah

university

‫ ﹶﺣﻘﯿﻘﹶ ﺖ‬،‫ راﺳﺖ‬raast

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻌﯽ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬sa’y kardan

‫ ﹺﻣ ﱠﺘ ﹺﺤﺪ‬mottahed ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬،‫اﯾﺎﻻت ﹸﻣ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺤﺪه‬ eeyaalaat e

very

‫ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺨﻮار‬geeyaahkhaar ‫ ﹺﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬،‫ ﺑﹺﺴﯿﺎر‬besyaar ‫ ﭘﯿﺮوز‬peerooz ‫ ﭘﯿﺮوزی‬peeroozee

victory

Tuesday

‫ ﺳﻪ ﹶﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬seshambe

Turkey

‫ ﺗﹸﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬torkeeye

view

turn (n.)

‫ ﻧﻮ ﹶﺑﺖ‬nobat

village

‫ روﺳﺘﺎ‬roostaa

voice

‫ ﹺﺻﺪا‬sedaa

turn on (v.) turn off (v.)

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ roshan kardan ‫روﺷﻦ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬khaamoosh kardan

W

‫ ﻓﯿﺮوزهای‬feerooze’ee

wage

turquoise (n.)

‫ ﻓﯿﺮوزه‬feerooze

waist

twelve

‫وازده‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹶ‬davaazdah

waiting (adj.)

twenty

‫ ﺑﯿﺴﺖ‬beest

walk (v.)

‫ دو‬do

want (v.)

turquoise (adj.)

two

‫ ﹺدوﯾﺴﺖ‬deveest

two hundred

‫ ﻧﻮع‬no’

type

‫ ﹶاﻧﻮاع‬anzaa’

types

umbrella

warm warrior was watch (v.)

U

‫ ﹶﭼﺘﺮ‬chatr

water

uncle (maternal)

‫ داﯾ‬daayee

watermelon

uncle (paternal)

‫ ﹶﻋﻤﻮ‬amoo

way

‫زﯾﺮ‬ zeer ‫ﹺ‬

we

under unemployed

‫ ﺑﯿﮑﺎر‬beekaar

wealth

unequal

‫ ﻧﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬naabaraabar

wealthy

uniform

‫ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻔﻮرم‬yooneeform

unit

‫ﹺ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ vaahed

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬،‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻈﺮ‬nazar ‫ﻨﻈﺮه‬

weather Wednesday

‫ ﹸﻣﺰد‬mozd

‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶﻤﺮ‬kamar

‫ ﹸﻣﻨ ﹶﺘ ﹺﻈﺮ‬montazer

‫ راه ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬raah raftan

‫ ﺧﻮاﺳ ﹶﺘﻦ‬khaastan ‫ ﹶﮔﺮم‬garm

‫ﺒﺎرز‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬mobaarez ‫ ﺑﻮد‬bood

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬tamaashaa kardan ‫ آب‬aab ‫ ﹺﻫ ﹺ‬hendevaaneh ‫ﻨﺪواﻧﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬،‫ راه‬raah ‫ ﻣﺎ‬maa ‫ﺮوت‬ ‫ ﹺﺛ ﹶ‬servat

‫ دارا‬،‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺛ ﹶ‬servatmand ‫ﺮو ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫﻮا‬havaa

‫ ﹶﭼ ﹶ‬chaahaarshambe ‫ﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬

ENGLISH-FARSI DICTIONARY

week weekly weigh (v.) weight Welcome!

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬hafte

word

‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬haftegee ‫ﻔﺘﮕﯽ‬

words

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶوزن ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬vazn kardan ‫ ﹶوزن‬vazn

!‫آﻣﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ ﺧﻮش ﹶ‬khosh aamadeed!

‫ واژه‬،‫ﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬kalame

‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶﻠﻤﺎت‬kalamaat ‫ ﮐﺎر‬kaar ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﮐﺎرﮔﺮ‬kaaregar

work worker world

‫ ﹸدﻧﯿﺎ‬،‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎن‬jahaan

were

‫ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫ ﺑﻮد‬bood

west

‫ ﹶﻏﺮب‬gharb

worm

‫ ﹺﮐﺮم‬kerm

western

‫ ﹶﻏﺮﺑ‬gharbee

worse

‫ ﹶﺑﺪﺗﹶﺮ‬badtar

worst

‫ ﹶﺑﺪﺗﹶﺮﯾﻦ‬badtareen

wrist

‫ ﹸﻣﭻ‬moch

wet whale

‫ ﺧﯿﺲ‬،‫ ﺗﹶﺮ‬tar ‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻬﻨﮓ‬nahang

wheat

‫ ﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ‬che cheez ‫ﻨﺪم‬ ‫ ﹶﮔ ﹸ‬gandom

when

‫ ﹺﮐﯽ‬،‫ ﹶوﻗﺘﯽ‬vaght

what

where whether

wrote

white whole

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹸﮐﻞ‬،‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ kaamel

why

‫ ﹺﭼﺮا‬cheraa

widow

‫ ﺑﯿﻮه‬beeve

win (n.)

‫ ﹸﺑﺮد‬bord

win (v.) wind window

‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶﺮﻧﺪه ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬،‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﺑ ﹶ‬bordan ‫ ﺑﺎد‬baad

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬،‫ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ‬sheeshe ‫ﻨﺠﺮه‬

‫ ﹶﯾﺰد‬yazd ‫ ﺳﺎل‬saal

year

‫ ﹶزرد‬zard

yellow

‫ ﹶﺑﻠﻪ‬،‫ آره‬aare

yes yesterday

‫ دﯾﺮوز‬deerooz

yet

‫ ﹶﻫﻨﻮز‬hanooz ‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ‬maast

yogurt

‫ ﺳﯿﻢ‬seem

you (singular/ plural)

wise

‫ داﻧﺎ‬daanaa

You’re welcome!

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻮ‬shomaa ‫ﹺ‬ !‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻢ‬ khaahesh

mikonam

‫ ﺑﺎ‬baa ‫ ﺑ ﹺ‬bedoone ‫ ﺑ‬،‫ﹺﺪون‬ ‫ ﹸﮔﺮگ‬gorg

woman

‫ ﹶزن‬zan

won (v.)

‫ ﹸﺑﺮد‬bord

wood

‫ ﹶﺣﯿﺎط‬hayaat

Yazd (city in Iran)

wire

wolf

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷﺖ‬nevesht

yard

‫ ﹶﺷﺮاب‬sharaab

without

‫ﻧﺎد ﹸرﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ ﹶﻏ ﹶﻠﻂ‬ghalat Y

wine

with

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬neveshte

writing (n.)

‫ آﯾﺎ‬aayaa ‫ ﹺﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬sefeed

‫ﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه‬ ‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶ‬neveesande

writer

wrong

‫ ﹸﮐﺪام‬kodaam

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬neveshtan

write (v.)

‫ ﹸﮐﺠﺎ‬kojaa

which

‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎﻧﺒﯿﻨﯽ‬jahaanbeenee

worldview

‫ ﭼﻮب‬choob

young

‫ ﹶﺟﻮان‬javaan

youth

‫ ﹶﺟﻮاﻧﯽ‬javaanee Z

zero

‫ ﹺﺻﻔﺮ‬sefr

169

Farsi-English Dictionary

‫آ‬ ‫ آب‬water ‫ آب و ﹶﻫﻮا‬climate

‫آﻣﺪ‬ ‫( ﹶ‬he/she) came aab aab o havaa

‫ آﺑﺎد‬prosperous

aabaad

‫ آﺑﺎن‬8th month of the

aabaan

‫ آﺑ‬blue

‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬America, USA ‫ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾ‬American ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ education, instruction ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ آن‬that

Persian calendar

‫آﺑﺸﺶ‬ gill ‫ﹸ‬

‫آﻣﺪن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬come (v.)

aabshosh

‫ آﻧﺎﻧﺎس‬pineapple

aamad aamadan aamreekaa aamreekaayee aamoozesh aan aanaanaas

aabee

‫ آﻧﺠﺎ‬there

aanjaa

aatash

aanhaa

‫ آﺗﹶﺶﺳﻮزی‬fire

‫ آﻧﻬﺎ‬they

aatash soozee

aavaaz

‫ آﺗﹶﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬fire station

‫ آواز‬song

aatash neshaanee

‫ آﺗﹶﺶ‬fire

‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬last, end

aakhar

‫ آﯾﺎ‬whether, if ‫ آ ﹶﯾﻨﺪه‬future

aayaa aayande

‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬last one

aakhareen

aayne

‫ آداﻣﺲ‬chewing gum

‫ آﯾﻨﻪ‬mirror

aadaams

‫ ﹶاﺑﺪ ﹰا‬never

abadan

9th month of the ‫ﹶ‬ Persian calendar ‫آذر‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫آراﻣﺶ‬ peace, calm

aazar aaraamesh

‫ آرد‬flour

aard

‫ آره‬yes

aare

‫ آرﯾﺎ‬masculine name

aareeyaa

‫ آزاد‬free

aazaad

‫ آزادی‬freedom ‫ﹺ‬ ‫آزادی ﹶﺑﯿﺎن‬ freedom of speech

aazaadee aazaadee ye bayaan

‫ آژاﻧﺲ‬agency

aazhaans

‫ آﺳﯿﺎ‬Asia

aaseeyaa

‫ آش‬Persian traditional soup aash ‫ آﺷﺎﻣﯿﺪﹶ ﻧﯽ‬potable ‫ آﻏﺎز‬beginning

aashaameedanee aaghaaz

‫ آﻓﺘﺎب‬sun

aaftaab

‫ آﻓﺘﺎﺑ‬sunny

aaftaabee

‫ آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬Africa

aafreeghaa

‫ آ ﹶﻓﺮﯾﻦ‬good job!

aafareen

‫ آﻗﺎ‬Mr., sir, gentleman ‫ آﻟﻤﺎن‬Germany ‫ﹺ‬ ‫آﻣﺎدﮔﯽ‬

aagha aalmaan

readiness, preparation, kindergarten aamaadegee

‫ ﹶاﺑﺮ‬cloud

abr

‫ ﹶاﺑﺮی‬cloudy

abree

‫ ﹶاﺑﻌﺎد‬dimensions

ab’aad

‫ ﹸاﺗﺎق‬room

otaagh

‫اﺗﹼﺤﺎد‬ unity ‫ ﹸاﺗﻮﺑﻮس‬bus

ettehaad otoboos

‫ ﹶاﺛﺎث‬furniture

asaas

‫ ﹶا ﹶﺛﺮ‬effect

asar

‫ا ﹺ‬ social ‫ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﺟﺮا ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ implement (v.) ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎج‬ need ‫ ﹶاﺣﺰاب‬parties (political) ‫اﺣﺴﺎس‬ feeling

ejtemaa’ee ejraa kardan ehteeyaaj ahzaab ehsaas

‫ ﹶاﺧﺒﺎر‬news

akhbaar

‫اداره‬ office

edaare

‫ ادارهی ﹸﭘﺴﺖ‬Post Office

Edaare ye post

‫ ﹶار ﹺﺗﺶ‬Army

artesh

‫ردک‬ ‫ ﹸا ﹶ‬duck

ordak

‫ ﹸاردﯾﺒﹺﻬﹺ ﺸﺖ‬2nd month of the

ordeebehesh

Persian calendar

‫ ﹸاروﭘﺎ‬Europe

oroopaa

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶاز‬of, from ‫ اس ام اس‬text message ‫ ﹶاﺳﺐ‬horse ‫ ﹶاﺳﺐ ﹶﺳﻮاری‬horseback riding ‫ ﹶاﺳﺖ‬is

az es em es

ast

‫اﻟﻬﺎم‬ Elham (feminine name) elhaam

‫ا ﹺ‬ hire ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

estekhdaam

‫اﺳﻔﹶ ﻨﺪ‬ 12th month of the

estekhdaam kardan esteghlaal esfand

Persian calendar

‫ا ﹺ‬ banknote ‫ﺳﮑﻨﺎس‬ ‫اﺳﻼم‬ Islam ‫اﺳﻢ‬ name ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ا ﹺ‬ first name ‫ا ﹺ‬ mistake ‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎه‬

‫ا ﹺ‬ make a mistake (v.) ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫اﺻﺎ ﹶﻟﺖ‬ originality,

esm e koochak eshtebaah eshtebaah kardan esaalat

‫ ﹸاﺻﻮل‬principles

osool

‫ا ﹼﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ information,

osoolgaraa aseel ezaafe kardan ezaafee ettela’ daadan ettela’aat

intelligence

‫اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬ certainty

‫ ﹶاﻋﻀﺎ‬members

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﻋﻼم ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ announce (v.) ‫ ﹶاﻏ ﹶﻠﺐ‬often

‫ ﹶاﻓﺮاد‬individuals, persons ‫ ﹶاﻓﻐﺎ ﹺﻧﺴﺘﺎن‬Afghanistan ‫ا ﹺ‬ economy ‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶا ﹶﻗ ﱠ‬minority

‫ ﹶاﮐﺜﹶﺮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬majority

emaaraat

‫اﻣﺎم‬ Imam

emaam

‫اﻣﺮوز‬ today

emrooz

‫اﻣﺴﺎل‬ current year

emsaal emkaanaat

‫ ﹶاﻣﯿﺮ‬Ami (masculine name) ameer

esm

aslee

‫ا ﹼﻃﻼع دادن‬ inform (v.)

ammaa

‫ ﹸاﻣﯿﺪ‬hope

‫ ﹶاﺻﻠﯽ‬original

‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ extra

alkol

eslaam

asl

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ add (v.)

‫اﻣﺎرات‬ Emirates (UAE)

‫ اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت‬facilities, possibilities

‫ ﹶاﺻﻞ‬origin

‫ ﹶاﺻﯿﻞ‬authentic

‫ ﹶا ﹼﻣﺎ‬but

olaagh

eskenaas

authenticity

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻟﮕﺮا‬ ‫ ﹸا‬fundamentalist

agar

asb savaaree

ostaandaar

‫ا ﹺ‬ independence ‫ﺳﺘﻘﻼل‬

aknoon

‫ ﹸاﻻغ‬donkey ‫ ﹶا ﹸ‬alcohol ‫ﻟﮑﻞ‬

asb

‫ ﹸاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪار‬governor ‫ا ﹺ‬ hire (v.) ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶاﮐﻨﻮن‬now ‫ ﹶا ﹶﮔﺮ‬if

etmeenaan a’zaa e’laam kardan aghlab afraad afghaanestaan eghtesaad aghaleeyyat aksareeyat

171

omeed

‫ ﹶاﻣﯿﻦ‬Amin (masculine name) ameen ‫ ﹶاﻧﺎر‬pomegranate ‫ ﹶاﻧﺒﺎر‬store ‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮدن‬ select (v.)

anaar ambaar entekhaab kardan

‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت‬ elections

entekhaabaat

‫ا ﹺﻧﺘﺸﺎرات‬ publisher

enteshaaraat

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﹶاﻧﺠﺎم ﹶ‬do (v.)

anjaam daadan

‫ا ﹺﻧﺮژی‬ energy

enerzhee

‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ human, man

ensaan

‫ﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ human qualities ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ ﹶاﻧﻌﺎم‬tip

‫اﻧﻘﻼب‬ revolution ‫ ﹶا ﹸ‬finger, toe ‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ English

ensaneeyyat an’aam enghalaab angosht engeleesee

‫ ﹶاﻧﮕﻮر‬grape(s)

angoor

‫ ﹶاﻧﻮاع‬types

anzaa’

‫ او‬she/he/they (singular) ‫ ﱠاول‬first ‫ﹺ‬ ‫اﯾﺎﻻت ﹸﻣ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺤﺪه‬ United States ‫ اﯾﺮان‬Iran

oo avval eeyaalaat e mottahede eeraan

‫ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ‬Iranian

eeraanee

‫ اﯾﺴﺖ‬Stop!

eest

‫ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه‬station

eestgah

172

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ اﯾﺸﺎن‬she/he/they

eeshaan

‫ ﹺ‬email ‫اﯾﻤﯿﻞ‬

eemeyl

‫ اﯾﻦ‬this

een

‫ اﯾﻨﺠﺎ‬here ‫ اﯾﻨﻬﺎ‬these

‫ ﺑﺎب‬door ‫ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬dad, daddy ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ grandpa ‫ﹸ‬

‫ ﺑﺎدام‬almond ‫ ﺑﺎر‬load ‫ ﺑﺎران‬rain ‫ ﺑﺎراﻧﯽ‬rainy ‫ ﺑﺎردار‬pregnant !‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎرک اﻟ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬Good job! ‫ﹼ‬ (‫)ﺑﺎرﯾﮑﻼ‬

bohraanee bahreyn

eenhaa

‫ ﹶﺑﺨﺶ‬section, part, sector

bakhsh

‫ ﹶﺑﺪ‬bad baa baab baabaa baaba abozorg

wife’s sister’s husband)

‫ ﺑﺎد‬wind

‫ ﹸﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ‬critical

bohraan

‫ﺤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬Bahrain

‫ ﹺ‬brother-in-law (a man’s baajenaagh ‫ﺑﺎﺟﻨﺎق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺪا‬ ‫ ﹸ‬godly

‫ ﹸﺑﺤﺮان‬crisis

bachche

eenjaa

‫ب‬

‫ ﺑﺎ‬with

‫ ﹶﺑﭽﻪ‬child, kid

baakhodaa baad baadaam baar baaraan baaraanee baardaar baareekallaa

‫ ﹶﺑﺪﺗﹶﺮ‬worse ‫ ﹶﺑﺪﺗﹶﺮﯾﻦ‬worst ‫ ﹶﺑﺪﹶ ن‬body

‫ ﺑ ﹺ‬without ‫ﹺﺪون‬ ‫ ﹶﺑﺬر‬seed ‫ ﹶﺑﺮا ﹶﺑﺮ‬equal ‫ ﹶﺑﺮاﺑﺮی‬equality ‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬brother

‫ﺮادرزاده‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬niece/nephew (the

bad badtar badtareen badan bedoone bazr baraabar baraabaree baraadar baraadarzaade

child of one’s brother)

‫ ﹶﺑﺮ ﹶاﺳﺎس‬based on, according to bar asaas ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹺ‬for ‫ﺮای‬

baraaye

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬some

barkhee

‫ ﹸﺑﺮد‬win (n.), won (v.)

‫ ﹶﺑﺮدار‬pick up!

bord bardaar

baazaar

‫ ﹶﺑﺮداﺷﺖ‬picked up

bardaasht

‫ﺑﺎزار آزاد‬ free market ‫ﹺ‬

bazaar e aazaad

‫ ﹶﺑﺮداﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬pick up (v.)

bardaashtan

‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس‬ stock market ‫ﹺ‬

bazaar e boors

‫ﺑﺎزار ﹶﺳﻬﺎم‬ stock market ‫ﹺ‬

bazaar e sahaam

‫ ﹶﺑﺮف‬snow

barf

bazaar e seeyaah

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻓﯽ‬snowy

barfee

‫ ﺑﺎزار‬market

‫ﺑﺎزار ﺳﯿﺎه‬ black market ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎزو‬triceps

baazoo

‫ ﺑﺎزی‬game, play

baazee

‫ﺑﺎﺳﻦ‬ hips ‫ﹶ‬

baasan

‫ ﹺ‬cause ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬

Baa’es

‫ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎن‬gardener

baaghbaan

‫ﹺ‬ (‫ﺑﺎﻻ)ی‬ top, over ‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬bank ‫ ﺑﺎﻫﻮش‬smart, intelligent ‫ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬should, have to, must

baalaa baank baahoosh baayad

‫ ﹶﺑﺒﺮ‬tiger

babr

‫ ﹸﺑﺖ‬idol

bot

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﺑ ﹶ‬take (v.), win (v.)

‫ ﹶﺑﺮق‬electricity ‫ ﹶﺑﺮگ‬leaf

bordan

bargh barg

‫ ﹶﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬program (n.), show (n.), barnaame schedule (n.), plan (n.)

‫ ﺑ ﹺﹺﺮﻧﺞ‬rice ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶﺮﻧﺪه ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬win (v.)

‫ ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬large, big, old

‫ ﺑﹺﺴﯿﺎر‬a lot, very, many

‫ ﹸﺑﺸﻘﺎب‬plate

berenj barande shodan bozorg besyaar boshghaab

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪ‬then

ba’d

‫ ﹸﺑﻌﺪ‬dimension

bo’d

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪ ﹰا‬later

ba’dan

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﺪی‬next

ba’dee

‫ ﹶﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬some

ba’zee

!‫ ﹺﺑﻔﹶ ﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‬Here you go!, go ahead! befarmaayeed ‫ ﹶﺑﻠﻪ‬yes ‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬therefore, thus, hence ‫ ﹶﺑﻨﺪﹶ ر‬port

bale banaa bar een bandar

‫ ﺑﹺﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬gas (fuel)

benzeen

‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶﻨﻔﺶ‬purple

banafsh

‫ ﺑﻪ‬to

be

‫ﻃﻮر ﹸﮐ ﹼﻠﯽ‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ‬generally ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ ﹺﻋ ﹺ‬in other words ‫ﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ﺑﻪ ﹶﻋﻼوه‬additionally ‫ ﺑﹺﻬ ﹶﺘﺮ‬better ‫ ﺑﹺﻬ ﹶﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬best ‫ ﺑﹺﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬hygiene ‫ﻬﻤﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﺑ ﹶ‬11th month of the

be tore kollee be ebaarat e deegar be alaave behtar behtareen behdaasht bahman

Persian calendar

‫ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ‬bush

boote

‫ ﺑﻮد‬was, were

bood

‫ ﺑﻮداﯾ‬Buddhist

boodaayee

‫ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬budget

boojje

‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ ﹶ‬be (v.)

boodan

‫ ﺑﻮدﯾﺴﻢ‬Buddhism

boodeesm

‫ ﺑﻮر‬blond

boor

‫ ﺑ‬without

bee

‫ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬desert ‫ ﹶﺑﯿﺎن ﹶﮐﺮدن‬express (v.) ‫ ﺑﯿﺴﺖ‬20

beeyaabaan bayan kardan beest

‫ ﺑﯿﮑﺎر‬unemployed

beekaar

‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬sick, patient

beemaar

‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺎری‬sickness, disease ‫ ﺑﹺﯿﻦ‬between ‫ ﺑﹺﯿﻦ ﹸا ﹺ‬international ‫ﻟﻤ ﹶﻠﻠﯽ‬

beemaaree beyn Byenolmelalee

‫ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬nose

beenee

‫ ﺑﯿﻮه‬widow

beeve

173

‫پ‬ ‫ ﭘﺎ‬leg + foot ‫ ﹺ‬military base ‫ﭘﺎدﮔﺎن‬ ‫ ﭘﺎرچ‬pitcher

paa paadegaan paarch

‫ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬fabric

paarche

‫ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎل‬last year

paarsaal

‫ ﭘﺎره‬torn ‫ ﭘﺎره ﹶﮐﺮدن‬tear (v.)

paare paare kardan

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ response ‫ﹸ‬

paasokh

‫ ﹶ‬envelope ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺖ‬

paakat

‫دادن‬ respond (v.), answer (v.) paasokh daadan ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬Pakistan ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬

paakestaan

‫ﭘﺎﻧﺰده‬ 15 ‫ﹶ‬

paanzdah

‫ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ‬ 500 ‫ﹶ‬

paansad

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬end

paayaan

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬leg (of something

paaye

like a chair)

‫ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬down, bottom ‫ ﹶﭘﺘﻮ‬blanket ‫ ﹸﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬cooked ‫ ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ر‬father

‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ ‫ ﹺﭘﺪﹶ ﹸ‬grandfather

paayeen patoo pokhte pedar pedarbozorg

‫ ﹶﭘﺮ‬feather

par

‫ ﹸﭘﺮ‬full

por

‫ ﹸﭘﺮﺗﹸﻘﺎل‬orange

‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬pay (v.), spend (v.),

portoghaal pardaakht kardan

make a payment (v.)

‫ ﹶﭘﺮداﺧ ﹶﺘﻦ‬spend (v.), pay (v.) ‫ ﹸﭘﺮس‬portion

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﺎر‬nurse

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﺎری‬nursing

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﻮ‬swallow (bird) ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﻧﺪه‬bird

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواز‬flight

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواز ﮐﺮدن‬fly (v.)

pardaakhtan pors parastaar parastaaree parastoo parande parvaaz parvaaz kardan

‫ ﹶﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬butterfly

parvaane

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹺﺰﺷﮏ‬physician

pezeshk

174

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬research ‫ﮋوﻫﺶ‬

‫ﮋوﻫ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬researcher ‫ﺸﮕﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘﺲ‬so

pazhoohesh pazhooheshgar pas

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺖ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬mail (v.) ‫ ﹺﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﹶﮏ‬pacifier

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺘﭽﯽ‬mailman

‫ ﹸﭘﺴﺘﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬Post office ‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬boy, son

post kardan pestaanak

‫ ﭘﯿﺶ‬before ‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد‬suggestion

pesar

peeshanhaad

‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد دادن‬suggest (v.)

peeshnahaad daadan

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﭘﯿﺸ ﹶﻨﻬﺎد ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬suggest (v.)

peeshnahaad kardan

‫ت‬

postchee postkhaane

peesh

‫ ﺗﺎ‬by

taa

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬cousin (the son of one’s pesar khaale

‫ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬effect

ta’seer

‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮداﯾ‬cousin (the son of one’s pesar daayee

‫ ﺗﺎب‬swing

taab

‫ ﺗﺎج‬crown

taaj

maternal aunt)

maternal uncle)

‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬cousin (the son of one’s pesar amme paternal aunt)

cousin (the son of one’s paternal uncle) ‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ pesar amoo ‫ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬

‫ ﹸﭘﺸﺖ‬back, behind ‫ ﹶﭘﺸﻪ‬mosquito

(‫ ﹺﭘﻼک )ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬house/apartment

posht pashe pelaak

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦﻧﮕﺎر‬historian

taareekh taarkh negaar

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬historical

taareekhee

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﮏ‬dark

taareek

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﮑﯽ‬darkness

taareekee

‫ ﺗﺎزه‬fresh, new ‫ ﺗﺎﮐﺴﯽ‬taxi

number

(‫ ﹺﭘﻼک )ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬license plate

‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬history, date

taaze taaksee

pelaak

‫ ﺗﹶﺐ‬fever

tab

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶﻠﻨﮓ‬panther

palang

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﺒﺮ‬ax

tabar

‫ ﹸﭘﻠﯿﺲ‬police

polees

‫ ﹶﭘﻨﺞ‬5

‫ ﹶﭘﻨﺠﺎه‬50

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹺ‬window ‫ﻨﺠﺮه‬

‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶ‬Thursday ‫ﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ‬

panj panjaah panjere panjshambe

‫ ﹶﭘﻨﯿﺮ‬cheese

paneer

‫ ﭘﻮره‬puree

poore

‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬skin

poost

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﮏ‬ diaper

pooshak

‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬research,

tahgheegh

investigation

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬conduct research,

tahgheeg kardan

investigate

‫ﹶﺨ ﱡﺼﺺ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹶ‬specialty

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺪرﯾﺲ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬teach ‫ ﺗﹶﺮ‬wet

‫ﹶﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬translation

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﹶﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬translate ‫ ﺗﹸﺮد‬crispy

takhassos tadrees kardan tar tajome tarjome kardan tord

‫ ﭘﻮل‬money

pool

tars

‫ ﭘﻮﻧﻪ‬pennyroyal

‫ ﺗﹶﺮس‬fear

poone

‫ ﺗﹸﺮش‬sour

torsh

‫ ﭘﯿﺎز‬onion

peeyaaz

‫ﯿﺎﻣﮏ‬ ‫ ﹶﭘ ﹶ‬text message ‫ ﭘﯿﺮ‬old ‫ ﭘﯿﺮوز‬victorious ‫ ﭘﯿﺮوز ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬defeat (v.) ‫ ﭘﯿﺮوزی‬victory

payaamak peer peerooz peerooz shodan peeroozee

‫ ﺗﹸﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬Turkey

torkeeye

‫ ﺗﹶﺴﺎوی‬quality

tasaavee

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﹶ‬form (v.) ‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬decision ‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬decide ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ratify

tashkeel daadan tasmeem tasmeem gereftan tasveeb kardan

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﺗﹶﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬repair

ta’meer

‫ ﺗﹶﻐﺬﯾﻪ‬nutrition

taghzeeye

‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬change

taghyeer

‫دادن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﹶ‬change something

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬change (v.)

taghyeer daadan taghyeer kardan

‫ ﺗﹶﻔﺎۇت‬difference

tafaavot

‫ ﺗﹶﻔﺮﯾﺢ‬leisure, recreation

tafreeh

‫ ﹸﺗﻔﹶ ﻨﮓ‬gun

tofang

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸﻔﻨﮕﺪاران ﹶدرﯾﺎﯾ‬ ‫ ﺗ‬Marine Corps

tofangdaaraan e daryaayee

‫ ﺗﹶﻮا ﹺﻧﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬be able to

tavaanestan

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﺟﻪ‬attention

tavajjoh

‫ ﺗﻮر‬lace

toor

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﺳﻂ‬by

tavassot

‫ ﺗﻮﺳﯽ‬gray

toosee

‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﻮ ﱡﻟﺪ‬birth, birthday ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬production,

tavallod toleed

‫ ﺗﻮﻣﺎن‬Tooman (Iranian

toomaan

manufacture currency)

‫ ﺗﯿﺮ‬bullet, arrow, shot,

teer

‫ ﺗ ﹸ‬intersection ‫ﹶﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬

taghaato’

‫ ﺗﹶﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﹰﺎ‬almost

taghreeban

‫ ﺗﯿﺮه‬dark

teere

‫ ﹺﺗﮑﺎن‬shake, move

tekaan

‫ ﺗﯿﻎ‬blade

teegh

takaavar

‫ ﺗﯿﻢ‬team

teem

‫ﹶﮑﺎور‬ ‫ ﺗ ﹶ‬commando ‫ ﺗ ﹶﹶﮕﺮگ‬hail ‫ ﺗﹶﻠﺦ‬bitter ‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﻦ‬telephone ‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﹺﻦ ﹶﻫﻤﺮاه‬cell phone ‫ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺗ ﹺﻠﻔﹸ ﹺﻦ‬smartphone ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹺﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن‬television ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎس‬contact ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬watch (v.) ‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎﺷﺎﭼﯽ‬spectator

sharp pain

tagarg talkh telefon telefon e hamraah telefon e hooshmand

‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬second (time unit) ‫ﺮوت‬ ‫ ﹺﺛ ﹶ‬wealth

tamaashaa kardan tamashaachee

saaneeye servat

‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺛ ﹶ‬wealthy ‫ﺮو ﹶ‬

servatmand

‫ ﺛ ﹶﹸﺮ ﹼﯾﺎ‬feminine name

‫ج‬

televeezion tamaas

‫ث‬

sorayyaa

‫ﺟﺎده‬ road ‫ﹼ‬

jaadde

‫ ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬gravity

jaazebe

‫ ﺟﺎری‬current (adj.), sister-in- jaaree

‫ ﺗﹶﻤﺎم‬all, end

tamaam

‫( ﺗﹶﻤﺒﺮ‬postage) stamp

tamr

‫ ﺗﹶﻤﯿﺰ‬clean

tameez

‫ ﺟﺎ ﹺﻟﺐ‬interesting

jaaleb

‫ ﺗﹶﻦ‬body

tan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ solid (state of matter)

jaamed

‫ ﺗﹸﻦ‬ton

ton

‫ ﺗﹸﻨﺪ‬fast, spicy

tond

‫ ﺗﻨﻔﱡ ﺲ‬respiration ‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻬﺎ‬alone ‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻬﺎﯾ‬loneliness ‫ ﺗﹶﻨﻮر‬brick oven ‫ ﹺﺗﻬﺮان‬Tehran ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺗﹶﻬﯿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬prepare (v.) ‫ ﺗﻮ‬you, inside, in ‫ ﺗﹶﻮا ﹺﻧﺴﺖ‬could, was able

tanaffos tanhaa tanhaayee tanoor tehraan

law (the wife of one’s husband’s brother)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ society ‫ ﹺﺟﺪﹼ ﹰا‬seriously ‫ ﹶﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬new

‫ ﹶﺟ ﹼﺬاب‬attractive, appealing ‫ ﹸﺟﺮم‬crime ‫ ﹸﺟﺰﯾﯿﺎت‬details

‫ ﹶﺟﺸﻨﻮاره‬festival

Jaame’e jeddan jadeed jazzaab jorm joz’eeyyat jashnvaare

taheeye kardan

‫ ﹶﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬box

ja’be

to, too

‫ ﹸﺟﻐﺪ‬owl

joghd

tavaanest

‫ﻠﺒﮏ‬ ‫ ﹸﺟ ﹶ‬seaweed, algae

jolbak

175

176

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﺟ ﹶﻠﺴﻪ‬meeting

jalase

‫ ﹺﺟﻠﻮ‬front

jelo

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬prevent

jelogeeree kardan

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻌﻪ‬Friday

‫ ﹸﺟ ﹶﻤﻼت‬sentences ‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬sentence

‫ ﹸﺟﻨﻮب‬south

‫ ﹸﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬southern

‫ ﹶﭼﭗ‬left ‫ ﭼ ﹶ‬leftist ‫ﭙﮕﺮا‬ ‫ﹶ‬

chap chapgaraa

‫ ﹶﭼﺘﺮ‬umbrella

chatr

jomalaat

‫ ﹺﭼﺮا‬why

cheraa

jomhooree

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮرﯾﺨﻮاه‬Republican ‫ ﺟ ﹶ‬forest ‫ﻨﮕﻞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

chaay

jom’e

jomle

‫ ﹸﺟﻤﻬﻮری‬republic

‫ ﭼﺎی‬tea

‫ ﹺﭼﺮاغ‬lamp, light

cheraagh

‫ ﹶﭼﺴﺐ‬glue

chasb

jomhooreekhaah

‫ ﹺﭼﺸﻢ‬eye

cheshm

jangal

‫ ﹺﭼﻄﻮر‬how

chetor

jonoob

‫ ﹺﭼﻘﹶ ﺪر‬how much

cheghadr

jonoobee

‫ ﹺﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬how

chegoone

‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎن‬world, universe

jahaan

‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎن‬world

jahaan

‫ ﹶﭼ ﹺﻤﺪان‬suitcase

chamedaan

jahaanbeenee

‫ ﹶﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬how many

chand taa

‫ ﹶﺟﻬﺎﻧﺒﯿﻨﯽ‬worldview ‫ ﺟ ﹶ‬tourist ‫ﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮد‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﺟ ﹶ‬tourism ‫ﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮدی‬ ‫ﹶ‬

jahaangard jahaangardee

‫ ﹸﭼﻠﻮ‬steamed rice

‫ ﹺﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬such

cholo

cheneen

‫ ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ‬what

che cheez chaahaar

‫ ﺟﻮ‬barley

jo

‫ ﭼﻬﺎر‬4

‫ ﹶﺟﻮ‬atmosphere

jav

‫ﻬﺎرده‬ ‫ ﹶﭼ ﹶ‬14

chaahaardah

javaab

‫ ﹶﭼﻬﺎرراه‬four-way

chaahar rah

‫ ﹶﺟﻮاب‬response ‫دادن‬ ‫ ﹶﺟﻮاب ﹶ‬respond, answer (v.) ‫ ﹶﺟﻮان‬young

javaab daadan javaan

‫ ﹶﭼ ﹶ‬Wednesday ‫ﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬

chaahaarshambe

‫ ﹶﭼﻬﺎرﺻﺪ‬400

chaahaarsad

‫ ﹶﺟﻮاﻧﯽ‬youth

javaanee

‫ ﹺﭼﻬﹺ ﻞ‬40

chehel

‫ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ‬chick

jooje

‫ ﭼﻮب‬wood

choob

‫ ﺟﻮراب‬sock(s) ‫ ﺟﯿﺐ‬pocket ‫ ﺟﯿﺐ ﹸﺑﺮ‬pickpocket

‫ ﭼﻮن‬because

chon

jeeb

‫ ﭼﯿﺰ‬thing, stuff

cheez

jeebbor

‫ ﺟﯿﻎ‬scream

‫ ﺟﯿﻎ ﹶز ﹶدن‬scream (v.)

jooraab

jeegh

‫چ‬

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﭼﺎپ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬print (v.) ‫ ﭼﺎﭘﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬printing house ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﭘﮕﺮ‬ printer

‫ ﭼﯿﻦ‬China ‫ ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬Chinese

jeegh zadan

chaap kardan

cheen

‫ح‬

cheenee

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ present, ready

haazer

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﮐﻢ‬ ruler

haakem

chaapkhaane

‫ ﺣﺎل‬now, mood

haal

chaapgar

‫ ﺣﺎﻻ‬now

haala

‫ﭼﺎدر‬ tent, long veil ‫ﹸ‬

chaador

‫ ﺣﺎﻣﯽ‬sponsor, supporter

haamee

‫ ﭼﺎق‬fat, obese

chaagh

‫ ﹶﺣﺘﻤ ﹰﺎ‬certainly

hatman

‫ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ‬knife

chaaghoo

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹼﺘﯽ‬even

hattaa

‫ ﭼﺎﻗﯽ‬obesity

chaaghee

‫ ﹶﺣﺪ ﹶا ﹶﻗﻞ‬minimum, at least

hade’aghal

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﺣﺪ ﹶاﮐﺜﹶﺮ‬maximum

hade’aksar

‫ ﹸﺣﺪود‬limit, range

hodood

‫ﺮارت‬ ‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶ‬heat

‫ ﹶﺣﺮف ﹶز ﹶدن‬talk (v.)

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹺﺮ ﹶﮐﺖ‬movement

khaanom

harf zadan

‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬house, home

khaane

‫ ﹺﺣﺰب‬party (political)

hezb

‫ ﹺﺣﺲ‬sense

hes

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﺸﺮات‬insects

hesaab hasharaat

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﺸﺮه‬insect

hashare

‫ ﹸﺣﻀﻮر‬presence

hozoor

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺣﻔﻆ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬memorize ‫ ﹶﺣﻖ‬right ‫ ﺣﻘﻮق‬rights, law, salary ‫ ﹶﺣﻘﯿﻘﹶ ﺖ‬truth

hoghoogh

halazoon hemaayat haml kardan hanaa hoze

‫ ﹶﺣﯿﺎط‬yard

‫ ﹺﺣﯿﻮان‬animal

hayaat

‫خ‬

‫ ﺧﺎر‬thorn ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ out ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ foreign, imported ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﺧﺎک‬soil ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴ ﹶﺘﺮ‬ ash

‫ﺪاﻧﺎﺑﺎور‬ ‫ ﹸﺧ‬atheist ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺧﺪاﻧﺎﺑﺎوری‬ atheism ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶﺧﺪﹶ ﻣﺎت‬services

khodaahaafez khodaanaabaavar khodaanaabaavaree khadamaat

kharboze

hallaal

‫ ﺣﻮزه‬field

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺪاﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ ﹸﺧ‬goodbye

khoda

‫ﺮﺑﺰه‬ ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹸ‬honeydew

hal kardan

‫ ﹶﺣﻨﺎ‬henna

‫ ﹸﺧﺪا‬god

khabarnegaar

hagh

‫ ﹶﺣﻞ ﮐﺮدن‬dissolve (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺣﻤﻞ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬carry (v.)

‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﺒﺮ ﹺﻧﮕﺎر‬reporter, journalist

khaavar e meeyaane

khaaraab

hal shodan

‫ ﹺﺣﻤﺎ ﹶﯾﺖ‬support

‫ﺧﺎو ﹺرﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ Middle East ‫ﹶ‬

khaanevaade

‫ ﹶﺧﺮاب‬broken

‫ ﹶﺣﻞ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬be dissolved, solve

‫ ﹶﺣ ﹶﻠﺰون‬snail

‫ ﺧﺎ ﹺﻧﻮاده‬family

hefz kardan

hagheeghat

‫ل‬‫ ﹶﺣ ﹼ‬solvent

khaamoosh kardan

‫ ﺧﺎﻧﹸﻢ‬Ms., ma’am, lady

hareegh

‫ ﹺﺣﺴﺎب‬account, calculation

khaamoosh

haraarat

harekat

‫ ﹶﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬fire

‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش‬off ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬turn off (v.)

heyvaan

‫ﺮﭼﻨﮓ‬ ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶ‬crab

‫ ﹸﺧﺮداد‬3rd month of the

kharchang khordaad

Persian calendar

‫ ﹸﺧﺮدﺳﺎل‬child

khordsaal

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﮔﻮش‬rabbit

khargoosh

‫ ﹸﺧﺮوج‬exit ‫ ﹸﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬exit ‫ ﹸﺧﺮوس‬rooster ‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬shopping ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬shop (v.)

khorooj khoroojee khoroos khareed khareed kardan

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪار‬buyer

khareedaar

‫ ﹶﺧﺮﯾﺪﹶ ن‬buy (v.)

khareedan

‫ ﹸﺧﺸﮏ‬dry

khoshk

‫ ﹸﺧﺸﮑﯽ‬land

khoshkee

khaar

‫ ﹸﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬personal, private

khosoosee

khaarej

‫ ﹶﺧﻂ ﹺﮐﺶ‬ruler

khatkesh

khaarejee khaak khaakestar

‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﻄﺮ‬danger ‫ ﹶﺧ ﹶﻄﺮﻧﺎک‬dangerous ‫ ﹶﺧﻤﯿﺮ‬dough

khatar khatarnaak khameer

khaakestaree

‫ ﹸﺧ ﹶﻨﮏ‬cool

khonak

‫ ﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬aunt (maternal)

khaale

‫ ﺧﻮاب‬sleep (n.)

khaab

‫ ﺧﺎم‬raw, crude

khaam

‫ ﺧﻮاﺑﯿﺪﹶ ن‬sleep (v.)

khaabeedan

khaame

‫ ﺧﻮاﺳ ﹶﺘﻦ‬want (v.)

khaastan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴ ﹶﺘﺮی‬ gray

‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻪ‬cream

177

178

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺎ‬legible

khaanaa

‫ داﻣﺎد‬groom, son-in-law

daamaad

‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪ‬read (past tense)

khaand

‫داﻣﻦ‬ skirt ‫ﹶ‬

daaman

‫ داﻧﺎ‬wise

daanaa

‫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﹶ ن‬read (v.)

khaandan

‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ sister ‫ﹶ‬

khaahar

‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺮزاده‬ niece/nephew (the ‫ﹶ‬

khaaharzaade

child of one’s sister)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ‬ request

khaahesh

‫ﹺ‬ !‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻢ‬ You’re welcome! ‫ ﺧﻮب‬good

khaahesh mikonam! khoob

‫ ﺧﻮد‬oneself

khod

‫ ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬pen (ball point)

khodkaar

‫ﺧﻮردن‬ eat (v.) ‫ﹶ‬

khordan

‫ﺧﻮرش‬ Persian stew ‫ﹺ‬

khoresh

‫ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ‬sun

khorsheed

!‫آﻣﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ ﺧﻮش ﹶ‬Welcome!

khosh aamadeed!

‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎل‬happy

khoshhaal

‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﯽ‬happiness

khoshhaalee

‫ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬street

kheeyaabaan

‫ ﹺﺧﯿﺮ‬no, good (n.)

kheyr

‫ ﺧﯿﺲ‬wet

khees

‫ ﹺﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬very

kheylee

‫ داد‬shout ‫ دادﮔﺎه‬court ‫دادن‬ give (v.) ‫ﹶ‬

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺶ‬knowledge ‫ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز‬student (K-12)

daanestan daanesh daaneshaamooz

‫( دا ﹺﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬college) student

daaneshjoo

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬university, college

daaneshgaah

‫ داﯾﹺﻤ ﹰﺎ‬constantly

daa’eman

‫ داﯾ‬uncle (maternal)

daayee

‫ ﹶدﺑﹺﺴﺘﺎن‬elementary school ‫ﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹺ‬high school ‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬girl, daughter

dabestaan dabeerestaan dokhtar

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮﺧﺎﻟﻪ‬cousin (the daughter of dokhtar khaale one’s maternal aunt)

‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮداﯾ‬cousin (the daughter of dokhtar daayee one’s maternal uncle)

‫ﺮﻋ ﹼﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬cousin (the daughter of dokhtar amme one’s paternal aunt)

‫ﺮﻋﻤﻮ‬ ‫ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘ ﹶ‬cousin (the daughter of dokhtar amoo one’s paternal uncle)

‫ ﹶدر‬door, in

dar

‫ ﹶدرآﻣﺪ‬income

daraamad

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎر‬court

darbaar

daakhelee

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎره‬about

darbaare

daad

‫ ﹶدرﺑﺎن‬doorkeeper

darbaan

‫د‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬ domestic, internal

‫ دا ﹺﻧﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬know

daadgaah daadan

‫ دار‬loom

daar

‫ دارا‬wealthy

daaraa

‫دارد‬ ‫( ﹶ‬he/she) has

daarad

‫ ﹺد ﹶرﺧﺖ‬tree

‫ ﹶدرد‬pain

‫ ﹶدردﻧﺎک‬painful ‫ ﹶدرس ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﹶ ن‬study (v.) ‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ‬correct, right

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸرﺳﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬fix (v.), make (v.)

derakht dard dardnaak dars khaandan dorost

‫ دارو‬medicine

daaroo

‫ داس‬sickle

daas

‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹶ‬percent, percentage

darsad

daastaan

‫ ﹶدروازه‬gate

darvaaze

‫ ﹸدروغ‬lie

doroogh

‫ داﺳﺘﺎن‬story ‫ داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬fiction

daastaanee

‫( داﺷﺖ‬he/she) had

daasht

‫ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬have (v.)

daashtan

‫ داغ‬hot

daagh

‫ دام‬trap

daam

‫ ﹸدروغ ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬lie (v.) ‫ ﹸدروﻏﮕﻮ‬liar ‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎ‬sea ‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎﭼﻪ‬lake

dorost kardan

doroogh goftan dorooghgoo daryaa daryaache

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶدرﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬receive (v.) ‫ ﹶدﺳﺖ‬arm + hand ‫ ﹶدﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬device ‫ ﹶدﺷﺖ‬plain ‫ ﹸدﻋﺎ‬prayer

daryaaft kardan dast

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹺﭘ ﹶﺴﺮ‬boyfriend

doost pesar

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹸدﺧ ﹶﺘﺮ‬girlfriend

doost dokhtar

dastgaah

‫ دوﺳﺘﯽ‬friendship

doostee

dasht

‫ﹶ‬ ‫دوﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬ Monday

doshambe

do’aa

‫ دوغ‬Persian yoghurt drink

‫ ﹺدﻓﺎع‬defense

defaa’

‫ دو ﹶﻟﺖ‬government

‫ ﹶدﻓ ﹶﺘﺮ‬office, notebook

daftar

‫ ﹺد ﹼﻗﺖ‬precision

‫ دو ﹶﻟﺘﯽ‬public, run by the

deghghat

‫ دﻗﯿﻘﻪ‬minute ‫ﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ ﹸد ﹸ‬doctor ‫ دﮐﺘﺮا‬doctorate ‫ ﹺد ﹶﮔﺮﺑﺎش‬LGBTQIA+

daghighe doktor doktoraa degarbaash

doogh dolat dolatee

government

‫ ﹸد ﱡوم‬second

dovvom

‫ ﹶد ﹶوﻧﺪه‬runner

davande

‫ ﹺدوﯾﺴﺖ‬200 ‫ ﹺدی‬10th month of the

deveest dey

Persian calendar

‫ ﹸدﻻر‬dollar

dolaar

deeplom

‫ ﹶدﻟﯿﻞ‬reason

‫ دﯾﭙ ﹸﻠﻢ‬diploma

daleel

deedan

‫ ﹸدم‬tail

‫ دﯾﺪﹶ ن‬see (v.)

dom

‫ دﯾﺮ‬late

‫ ﹶدﻣﺎغ‬nose ‫ ﹺدﻣﻮﮐﺮات‬democrat ‫ ﹺدﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ‬democracy ‫ ﹶدﻧﺪان‬tooth ‫ ﹸدﻧﯿﺎ‬world ‫ ﹶده‬10 ‫ ﹶدﻫﺎن‬mouth ‫ دﻫﻪ‬decade

damaagh demokraat demokraasee

‫ دور ﹺﻧﮕﺎر‬fax ‫ دوره‬period

zorrat

‫ ﹶذﻟﯿﻞ‬humiliated (adj.)

zaleel

davaazdah docharkhe dochrkhe savaaree kardan dor, door

‫ر‬

‫ رﺋﯿﺲ‬director, boss ‫ ﹶرﺋﯿﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮر‬president

ra’ees ra’ees jomhoor

‫ راﺑﹺﻄﻪ‬relation, relationship

raabete

‫ رادﯾﻮ‬radio

raadeeyo

‫ راز‬mystery, secret

raaz raast

doornegaar

‫ راﺳﺖ‬right, truth ‫ﹶ‬ ‫راﺳﺘﮕﺮا‬ conservative (politics)

dore

‫ راﺳﺘﮕﻮ‬honest

raastgoo

doraan

doozande

‫ دوﺳﺖ‬friend

doost

‫ دوﺳﺖ ﹸﺷﺪن‬make friends (v.)

‫ ﹸذ ﱠرت‬corn

dahe

‫دوزﻧﺪه‬ sewer ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ دوﺳﺖ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬like (v.)

‫ذ‬ zellat

davaa

‫ دوران‬era

deegaraan

‫ ﹺذ ﱠﻟﺖ‬humiliation

‫ ﹶدوا‬medicine

‫ دور‬lap, far

deegar

dahaan

do

‫دوﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ bicycle ‫ﹶ‬ ‫دوﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﹶﺳﻮاری‬ cycle (v.) ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﮐ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

deerooz

‫ﹶ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮان‬ others

donyaa

‫ دو‬2 ‫وازده‬ ‫ ﹶد ﹶ‬12

deer

‫ دﯾﺮوز‬yesterday ‫ﹶ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ other

dandaan

dah

doost daashtan doost shodan

179

‫ ران‬thigh ‫ راﻧﺪﹶ ن‬ride (v.) ‫ راﻧﹶﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﹶﮐﺮدن‬drive (v.) ‫ راﻧﹶﻨﺪه‬driver

raastgaraa

raan raandan raanandegee kardan raanande

180

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ راه‬path, way

raah

‫ راه ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬walk (v.)

raah raftan

‫ راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬computer ‫ ﹸرب‬thickened sauce

‫ ﹺرژﯾﻢ‬regime, diet

rob

‫ ﹶزﻣﯿﻦ‬ground, land, earth

zameen

reseed

‫ ﹸرﺷﺪ‬growth

roshd

‫ ﹺرﻓﺎ ﹶﻗﺖ‬friendship

refaaghat

‫ ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬go (v.)

raftan

‫ ﹶرﻓﯿﻖ‬friend

rafeegh

‫ ﹶرﻧﮓ‬color, paint

rang

‫ﹺ‬ (‫رو)ی‬ on, over

roo(ye)

‫ رواﺑﹺﻂ‬relationship

ravaabet

‫ روﺑﹺﺮو‬facing

rooberoo

‫ رود‬river

rood

‫ روده‬intestine

zard zamaan

restooraan

‫ ﹺرﺳﯿﺪ‬receipt (n.)

‫ ﹶزرد‬yellow

‫ ﹶزﻣﺎن‬time, period

rezheem gereftan

‫ ﹺرﺳﺘﻮران‬restaurant

zarraafe

raayaane

rezheem

‫ ﹺرژﯾﻢ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬diet (v.)

‫ ﹶز ﹼراﻓﻪ‬giraffe

‫ ﹶزن‬woman, female ‫ﺮادر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ ﹶزن ﹶ ﹶ‬sister-in-law (wife of

rooz

zan baraadar

one’s brother)

‫ ﹶزﻧﺒﻮر‬bee, hornet

zamboor

‫ ﹺز ﹺ‬life ‫ﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬

zendegee

‫ ﹺزﻧﺪه‬live (adj.)

zende

‫ ﹶزﻧﮓ‬bell

zang

‫ ﹶزﻧﮓ ﹶز ﹶدن‬ring (v.), call (v.)

zang zadan

‫ زود‬early, soon

zood

‫ زﯾﺎد‬lots

zeeyaad

‫زﯾﺮ‬ under, beneath ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ زﯾﺮه‬cumin

zeer zeere

‫ زﯾﺴﺖ ﹺﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬biology

zeest shenaasee

‫ژ‬

roode

‫ روز‬day

zan

‫ژاﭘﻦ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬Japan

zhaapon

‫ روﺳﺘﺎ‬village

roostaa

‫ روﺳﯿﻪ‬Russia

rooseeye

zhaale

‫ﹶ‬ ‫روﺷﻦ‬ light, bright

‫ ژاﻟﻪ‬feminine name

roshan

‫ ﹺژﻟﻪ‬jello, jelly

zhele

‫ﹶ‬ ‫روﺷﻨﺎﯾ‬ lightness

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ژاﮐﺖ‬ cardigan

roshanaayee

‫ﹶ‬ ‫روﻏﻦ‬ oil

roghan

‫ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬math

reeyaazee

‫ رﯾﺎل‬Rial (Iranian currency) reeyaal

zhaket

‫س‬

‫ ﺳﺎﺗﹶﻦ‬satin

saatan

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﻞ‬ shore, beach

saahel

‫ رﯾﺶ‬beard

reesh

‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬made

saakht

‫ رﯾﺸﻪ‬root

reeshe

‫ ﺳﺎﺧ ﹶﺘﻦ‬make (v.), build (v.)

saakhtan

‫ رﯾﻪ‬lung(s)

reeye

‫ز‬

‫ زاﻧﻮ‬knee

zaanoo

‫ ﹶزﺑﺎن‬tongue

zabaan

‫ ﹺزﺑﺮ‬coarse

zebr

‫ ﹶزد‬hit (past tense), applied zad ‫ ﹶز ﹶدن‬hit (v.), apply (v.) ‫ ﹶزر‬gold

‫ ﺳﺎده‬simple, easy

saade

‫ ﺳﺎرا‬Sarah

saaraa

‫ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬organization

saazmaan

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ hour, clock ‫ﹶ‬

saa’at

‫ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬stem ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮐﺖ‬ quiet, silent ‫ ﺳﺎل‬year

saaghe saaket saal

zadan

‫ ﺳﺎﻻد‬salad

saalaad

zar

‫ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ‬annual

saalaane

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﺳﺎ ﹺﻟﻢ‬healthy

saalem

‫ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬shade, shadow

saaye

‫ ﹶﺳ ﹶﺒﺪ‬basket

sabad

‫ ﹶﺳﺒﺰ‬green

‫ ﺳﻮء‬mis-, mal-

soo’

‫ ﺳﻮپ‬soup

soop

‫ ﺳﻮد‬interest, benefit, profit

sood

sabz

‫ ﺳﻮراخ‬hole

sooraakh

sabzee

‫ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ‬Syria

sooreeye

‫ ﹺﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬moustache

sebeel

‫ﺳﻮزن‬ needle ‫ﹶ‬

soozan

‫ ﹺﺳ ﹶﭙﺲ‬then

sepas

‫ ﹶﺳﺒﺰی‬vegetable

‫ ﹺﺳﺘﺎره‬star

‫ ﹶﺳﺪه‬century ‫ ﹶﺳﺮ‬head

‫ ﹸﺳﺮ‬slippery

‫ ﹶﺳﺮﺑﺎز‬soldier

‫ ﹶﺳﺮد‬cold (adj.)

‫ ﹶﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬cold (n.)

‫ ﹶﺳﻄﺢ‬surface ‫ ﹶﺳﻄﻞ‬bucket

‫ ﹸﺳﻄﻮح‬surfaces

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻌﯽ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬try (v.)

‫ ﹶﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬masculine name ‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ‬trip, travel

‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ ﹶرﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬travel (v.), go on a trip ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻔﹶ ﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬travel (v.), go on a trip ‫ ﹺﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬white ‫ ﹺﺳ ﹼﮑﻪ‬coin

‫ ﹸﺳﮑﻮت‬silence

‫ ﹺﺳﮑﻮﻻر‬secular ‫ ﹶﺳﮓ‬dog ‫ ﹶﺳﻼم‬hi

setaare sade sar sor sarbaaz sard sarmaa sath satl

‫ ﹶﺳﻬﻢ‬share

‫ﹺ‬ (‫ﺳﻮ)ی‬ toward

see

‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ‬ policy, politics ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺪار‬ politician ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳ ﹶ‬

seeyaasat seeyaasatmadaar

‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬political

seeyaasee

‫ ﺳﯿﺎه‬black

seeyaah

‫ ﺳﯿﺐ‬apple

seeb

‫ ﺳﯿﺐ ﹶزﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬potato

seebzameenee

‫ ﺳﯿﺮ‬garlic

seer

‫ﺳﯿﺼﺪ‬ 300 ‫ﹶ‬

seesad

sa’eed

‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر‬cigarette

seegaar

safar raftan

‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬smoke (cigarettes) (v.) ‫ ﺳﯿﮕﺎر ﹶﺑﺮگ‬cigar

seegaar kesheedan seegaarbarg

safar kardan

‫ ﹺﺳﯿﻞ‬flood

seyl

sefeed

‫ ﺳﯿﻢ‬cable, wire

seem

sekke

‫ ﺳﯿ ﹶﻨﻤﺎ‬movie theatre, cinema

seenamaa

sokoot

‫ ﺳﯿﻨﯽ‬tray

seenee

sekoolaar sag salaam

salaamatee

‫ ﺳﻪ ﹶﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬Tuesday

‫ ﺳﯽ‬30

sa’y kardan

‫ ﹶﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‬health

‫ ﹶﺳﻬﺎم‬share(s), stock

sevvom

seezdah

salaamat

‫ ﹶﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬heavy ‫ ﺳﻪ‬3

‫ ﹺﺳ ﱡﻮم‬third

soosk

‫ﺳﯿﺰده‬ 13 ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬ health ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﺳﻨﮓ‬stone

‫ ﺳﻮﺳﮏ‬beetle, cockroach

sotooh

safar

sang sangeen se sahaam seshambe sahm soo

‫ش‬

‫ ﺷﺎد‬happy

shaad

‫ ﺷﺎم‬dinner

shaam

‫ﺷﺎﻧﺰده‬ 16 ‫ﹶ‬

shaanzdah

‫ ﺷﺎﻧﺲ‬luck

shaans

‫ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬comb

shaane

‫ ﺷﺎ ﹶﯾﺪ‬maybe

shaayad

‫ ﹶﺷﺐ‬night

‫ ﹶﺷ ﹶﺒﮑﻪ‬network

181

shab shabake

‫ ﹶﺷﺒﯿﻪ‬similar

shabih

‫ ﹸﺷ ﹸﺘﺮ‬camel

shotor

182

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹸﺷﺪ‬became ‫ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬become (v.)

shod shodan

‫ﺮﺧﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻫ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

brother-in-law (one’s sister’s husband)

‫ ﺷﯿﺮ‬milk, lion, faucet

shohar khale sheer

‫ ﹶﺷﺮاب‬wine

sharaab

‫ ﹶﺷﺮاﺑ‬burgundy (adj.)

sharaabee

‫ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ‬sweet

sheereen

‫ ﹶﺷﺮط‬condition

shart

sheeshe

‫ ﹶﺷﺮق‬east

‫ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ‬glass, window, jar

shargh

‫ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬chemistry (science)

sheemee

‫ ﹶﺷﺮﻗﯽ‬eastern

‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﹸﺧﺸﮏ‬ (baby) formula ‫ﹺ‬

‫ص‬

sharghee

‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﺮﮐﺖ‬participation, company sherkat

sheer e khoshk

‫ ﹸﺷﺮوط‬conditions

shoroot

‫ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن‬soap

saaboon

‫ ﹸﺷﺮوع‬start, beginning

shoroo’

‫ ﺻﺎف‬straight, flat

saaf

‫ ﹸﺷﺶ‬lung(s)

shosh

‫ ﹺﺷﺶ‬6

shesh

‫ﺸﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶ‬600

‫ ﹶﺷﺼﺖ‬60 ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺮ‬sugar

‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺴﺖ‬defeat (n.) ‫دادن‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺴﺖ ﹶ‬defeat (v.) ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬break (v.) ‫ ﹺﺷﮑﻞ‬form (n.) ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹶﮑﻢ‬belly ‫ ﹶﺷﻠﯿﻞ‬nectarine

sheshsad shast shekar shekast shekast daadan shekastan shekl

sobh

‫ ﹸﺻﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬breakfast

sobhaane

‫ ﹶﺻﺤﺮا‬desert

sahraa

‫ ﹶﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬correct, true ‫ ﹶﺻﺪ‬100

saheeh sad

‫ ﹺﺻﺪا‬sound, noise, voice ‫ ﹶﺻﺪﹶ ف‬shellfish

sedaa sadaf

‫ ﹶﺻﻒ‬line

saf

‫ ﹶﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬page

safhe

shekam

‫ ﹺﺻﻔﺮ‬zero

sefr

shaleel

‫ ﹸﺻﻠﺢ‬peace

solh

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎ‬you (singular and plural) shomaa ‫ﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ ﹸﺷ ﹺ‬the act of counting

‫ ﹸﺻﺒﺢ‬morning

shomaaresh

‫ ﹶﺻﻠﯿﺐ‬cross (n.)

saleeb

‫ ﹶﺻﻨﺎﯾﹺﻊ‬industries

sanaaye’

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎره‬number

shomaare

‫ ﹶﺻﻨﺪﹶ ﻟﯽ‬chair

sandalee

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎل‬north

shomaal

‫ﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﺻ ﹶ‬industry

san’at

‫ ﹸﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬northern

shomaalee

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﺷ ﹸﻤ ﹶ‬count (v.)

shemordan

‫ ﹶﺷﻤﺸﯿﺮ‬sword

shamsheer

‫ ﹶﺷﻨﺒﻪ‬Saturday

shambe

‫ ﹶﺷﻬﺮ‬city

shahr

‫ ﹶﺷﻬﺮدار‬mayor

shahrdaar

‫ﻬﺮﯾﻮر‬ ‫ ﹶﺷ ﹶ‬6th month of the

shahreevar

Persian calendar

‫ ﺷﻮر‬salty, passion ‫ ﺷﻮش‬ancient city in Iran ‫ ﺷﻮﺷ ﹶﺘﺮ‬city in Iran ‫ﺷﻮﻫﺮ‬ husband ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﺻ ﹶ‬industrial

san’atee

‫ﺻﻮرت‬ face ‫ﹶ‬

soorat

‫ﺻﻮر ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ bill, check ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬ pink ‫ﹶ‬

soorathesaab sooratee

‫ض‬

‫ ﹶﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬strike (n.) ‫ ﹶﺿﺮر‬loss, damage

shooshtar shohar

zarar

‫ط‬

shoor shoosh

zarbe

‫ ﻃﺎ ﹺﻟﺒ‬cantaloupe ‫ﺒﯿﻌﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻃ ﹶ‬nature

‫ﺒﯿﻌﺘ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ ﹶﻃ ﹶ‬naturally

taalebee tabee’at tabee’atan

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﻃﻼ‬gold

talaa

‫ ﹶﻃﻼﯾ‬golden

talayee

‫ ﹶﻃﻨﺎب‬rope

tanaab

‫ ﻃﻮﻃﯽ‬parrot

tootee

‫ ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬storm

toofaan

‫ ﹺﻃﯽ‬during

tey

‫ ﹺﻃﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬travel across (v.)

tey kardan

‫ﻋﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹼ‬aunt (paternal)

‫ ﹶﻋﻤﻮ‬uncle (paternal)

‫ ﹸﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬public ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶ‬spider ‫ﻨﮑﺒﻮت‬

‫ ﹶﻇﺮف‬container, dish(es) ‫ ﹸﻇﻬﺮ‬noon

‫ع‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺷﻖ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬ fall in love (v.)

amoo

ankaboot onvaan

‫ ﹺﻋﯿ ﹶﻨﮏ‬eyeglasses

‫ظ‬

amme

omoomee

‫ ﹸﻋﻨﻮان‬title

‫ ﹺﻋﯿﻨﮏ آﻓﺘﺎﺑ‬sunglasses

eynak eynak aaftaabee

‫غ‬

zarf

‫ ﻏﺎﯾﹺﺐ‬absent

ghaayeb

zohr

‫ ﹶﻏﺬا‬food

ghazaa

aashegh shodan

‫ ﹶﻏﺮب‬west

gharb

‫ ﹶﻏﺮﺑ‬western

gharbee

‫ ﹸﻏﺮوب‬sunset

ghoroob

‫ ﹺﻋﺒﺎرات‬phrases

ebaaraat

‫ﺒﺎرت‬ ‫ ﹺﻋ ﹶ‬phrase

ebaarat

‫ ﹶﻋﺪﹶ م‬lack

‫ ﹸﻏﻨﭽﻪ‬bud (flower)

ghonche

adam

‫ ﹶﻋﺮاق‬Iraq

‫ﯿﺒﺖ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹶ‬absence, gossip

gheybat

araagh

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶﺮﺑ‬Saudi Arabia ‫ﹺﺴﺘﺎن ﹸﺳﻌﻮدی‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬present (v.), offer (v.)

arabestan e so’oodee arze kardan

‫ ﹶﻋﺮوس‬bride

aroos

‫ ﹶﻋ ﹶﺴﻞ‬honey

asal

‫ ﹶﻏ ﹶﻠﻂ‬wrong, incorrect

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﯿﺒﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹶ‬be absent, gossip (v.) ‫ﺬﻫﺒ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹺ‬non-religious ‫ﯿﺮ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬ ‫ﯿﺮ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ ﹺﻏ ﹺ‬impossible

ghalat

gheybat kardan gheyr e mazhabee gheyr e momken

‫ف‬

‫ ﹺﻋﺸﻖ‬love (n.)

eshgh

‫ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬Farsi, Persian

faarsee

‫ ﹶﻋﺼﺮ‬evening, era

asr

‫ ﻓﺎﮐﺲ‬fax

faaks

‫ ﹸﻋﻀﻮ‬member

ozv

‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻮده‬Persian dessert

faaloode

ozveeyat

‫ ﻓﺎﻣﯿﻞ‬relatives

faameel

akkaas

‫ ﻓﺎﻣﯿﻠﯽ‬last name

faameelee

‫ ﹸﻋﻀﻮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬membership ‫ ﹶﻋ ﹼﮑﺎس‬photographer ‫ ﹶﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬interest ‫ ﹶﻋﻼﻗﻪ داﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬like (v.),

alaaghe alaaghe daashtan

be interested (v.)

‫ ﹺﻓﺮ‬curly, oven ‫ ﹶﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ‬France ‫ ﹶﻓﺮد‬individual

fer faraanse fardaa

‫ ﹺﻋ ﱠﻠﺖ‬reason

ellat

‫ ﹺﻋ ﹶﻠﻞ‬reasons

elal

‫ ﹺﻋﻠﻢ‬science

elm

‫ﺳﺘﺎدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻓ ﹺﺮ‬send (v.) ‫ﹶ‬

ferestaadan

oloom e ensaanee

‫ﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬culture

farhang

‫ﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬cultural

farhangee

‫ ﻓﹸ ﺮودﮔﺎه‬airport

foroodgaah

‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻠﻮم‬ ‫ ﹸﻋ ﹺ‬humanities

(minus arts)

‫ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ‬Ali (masculine name) ‫ ﹶﻋﻠﯽ ﹶرﻏﻢ‬despite

‫ ﹶﻋﻤﺪ ﹰا‬intentionally

alee alaa raghm amdan

‫ﺮزﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬

‫ﺮوردﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬

offspring, one’s child (no gender)

1st month of the Persian calendar

‫ ﻓﹸ ﺮوش‬sale

183

farzand

farvardeen foroosh

184

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﻓﺮﯾﺪ‬masculine name ‫ ﹺﻓﺴﺘﯿﻮال‬festival ‫ ﹶﻓﺼﻞ‬season

fareed

‫ ﹶﻗﺼﺪ‬intention

ghasd

festeevaal

‫ ﹶﻗﺼﺮ‬palace

ghasr

fasl

‫ ﹶﻓﻀﺎ‬space

fazaa

‫ ﻓﹶﻘﹶ ﻂ‬only, just

faghat

‫ ﹺﻓﮑﺮ‬thought(s)

fekr

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻓﮑﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬think (v.)

fekr kardan

‫ ﹺﻓ ﹺ‬pepper ‫ﻠﻔﻞ‬

felfel

‫ ﹶﻓﻦ‬technique ‫ﻨﺪق‬ ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹸ‬hazelnut ‫ ﹶﻓ ﹼﻨﯽ‬technical

‫ ﻓﻮری‬immediate ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق دﯾﭙ ﹸﻠﻢ‬ associate degree ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق ﻟﯿﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬ master’s degree ‫ ﻓﯿﺮوزه‬turquoise (n.) ‫ ﻓﯿﺮوزهای‬turquoise (adj.) ‫ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬physics, physique

‫ ﹶﻗﻄﺎر‬train

ghataar

‫ ﹶﻗ ﹶﻄﺮ‬Qatar

ghatar

‫ ﹶﻗﻄﺮه‬drop

ghatre

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻗﻄﻊ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬cut (v.)

ghat’ kardan

‫ ﻗﹶﻔﹶ ﺲ‬cage

ghafas

‫ ﹶﻗﻠﺐ‬heart

ghalb

fandogh

‫ ﹶﻗﻠﻌﻪ‬castle

ghal’e

football

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾ‬ football

ghezaavat kardan

fan

fannee

‫ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل‬soccer

‫ﻗﻀﺎوت ﮐﺮدن‬ judge (v.) ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹶﻗﻠﯿﺎن‬hookah, shisha ‫ ﹶﻗﻠﯿﺎن ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬smoke (hookah) (v.)

ghalyaan ghalyaan kesheedan

football aamreekaayee

‫ ﹶﻗﻨﺎری‬canary

ghanaaree

foree

‫ﻬﺮﻣﺎن‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ ﹺ‬champion, hero

ghahremaan

fogh e deeplom fogh e leesaans feerooze feerooze’ee feezeek

‫ ﻓﯿﻞ‬elephant

feel

‫ ﻓﯿﻠﻢ‬movie, film

feelm

‫ق‬

‫ﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ ﹺ‬championship ‫ ﹶﻗﻬﻮه‬coffee

ghahve

‫ ﹶﻗﻬﻮهای‬brown

ghahve’ee

‫( ﻗﻬﻮهﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬traditional) teahouse ‫ ﹶﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬rules and regulations ‫ ﻗﻮری‬teapot

ghahvekhane ghavaaneen ghooree

‫ ﻗﻮل‬promise (n.) ‫ ﻗﯿﺮ‬tar

ghahremaanee

ghol gheer

‫ک‬

‫ ﻗﺎرچ‬mushroom, fungus

ghaarch

‫ﻗﺎﺷﻖ‬ spoon ‫ﹸ‬

ghaashogh

‫ ﮐﺎج‬pine

kaaj

‫ ﻗﺎﺿﯽ‬judge

ghaazee

‫ ﮐﺎخ‬palace

kaakh

‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬law

ghaanoon

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﹶاﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬ Constitution

ghanoon e asaasee

‫ ﻗﺎﯾﹺﻖ‬boat

ghaayegh

‫ ﹶﻗﺒﻞ‬before

ghabl

‫ ﹶﻗﺒ ﹰ‬before ‫ﻼ‬

ghablan

‫ﺪرت‬ ‫ ﻗﹸ ﹶ‬power

ghodrat

‫ﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﻗﹸ ﹶ‬powerful ‫ﺪر ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ‬old

ghodratmand ghadeemee

‫ ﹶﻗﺮار‬appointment, date

gharaar

‫ ﹺﻗ ﹺ‬red ‫ﺮﻣﺰ‬

ghermez

‫ ﹶﻗﺮن‬century

gharn

‫ ﮐﺎر‬work ‫ ﮐﺎرداﻧﯽ‬associate degree ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس‬ expert ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ bachelor’s degree ‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﹶارﺷﺪ‬ master’s degree ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮔﺮ‬ worker ‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ‬ clerk ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﮐﺎﺳﻪ‬bowl ‫ ﮐﺎﻓﯽﺷﺎپ‬coffee shop ‫ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮ ﹺﺗﺮ‬computer

kaar kaardaanee kaarshenaas kaarshenaasee kaarshenaasee e arshad kaaregar kaarmand kaase kaafeeshaap kaampeeyooter

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ completely

kaamelan

‫ ﹸﮐ ﹺﻮﯾﺖ‬Kuwait

‫ ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا‬Canada

kaanaadaa

‫ ﹺﮐﯽ‬when

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﺎب‬kabob

kabaab

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﻮﺗﹶﺮ‬pigeon

kabootar

‫ ﹶﮐﺒﻮد‬bruise

kabood

‫ ﹺﮐﺘﺎب‬book

ketaab

‫ ﹶﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬dirty, messy

kaseef

‫ ﹸﮐﺠﺎ‬where

kojaa

‫ ﹸﮐﺪام‬which

kodaam

‫ ﹶﮐﺮد‬did ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬do (v.)

kard kardan

‫ ﹺﮐﺮم‬worm

kerm

‫ ﹶﮐﺮه‬butter

kare

‫ﺸﺎورز‬ ‫ ﹺﮐ ﹶ‬farmer

koveyt key

‫ ﮐﯿﺒﻮرد‬keyboard

keebord

‫ ﮐﯿﻒ‬handbag, purse ‫ ﮐﯿﻠﻮ‬kilo

keef keeloo

‫گ‬ ‫ ﮔﺎراژ‬garage ‫ ﮔﺎز‬gas (state of matter) ‫ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬sometimes ‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬pass (v.), cross (v.),

gaaraazh gaaz gaahee gozashtan

forgive (v.)

‫ ﹸﮔ ﹶﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬past ‫ ﹸﮔﺮاز‬hog

gozashte goraaz

keshaavarz

‫ ﹺﮐﺸﺘﯽ‬ship

‫ ﹸﮔﺮﺑﻪ‬cat

gorbe

keshtee

‫ﺸﻮر‬ ‫ ﹺﮐ ﹶ‬country

‫ ﹺﮔﺮد‬round

gerd

keshvar

‫ ﹺﮔﺮدﺑﺎد‬tornado ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﮔ ﹶ‬neck

‫ ﹶﮐﻒ‬foam

‫ ﹸﮐﻞ‬all, entire ‫ ﹺﮐﻼس‬class

kaf kol kelaas

‫ ﹶﮐﻼغ‬crow

kalaagh

‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶﻠﻤﺎت‬words

kalamaat

‫ﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬word

‫ ﹶﮐﻠﯿﻤﯽ‬Jewish ‫ ﹶﮐﻢ‬low, little ‫ ﹶﮐ ﹶﻤﺮ‬waist, lower back

‫ ﹸﮐ ﹶﻤﮏ‬help (n.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﮐ ﹶﻤﮏ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬help (v.)

‫ ﹸﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ‬committee

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺮل ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸﮐ ﹸ‬control (v.) ‫ ﮐﻪ‬that, if

‫ ﹸﮐﻬﻨﻪ‬old

kalame kaleemee kam kamar komak komak kardan komeete kontorol kardan ke kohne

‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ small ‫ﹶ‬

koochak

‫ ﮐﻮﭼﻪ‬alley

kooche

‫ﮐﻮدک‬ child ‫ﹶ‬

koodak

‫ﮐﻮد ﹺﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬ day care center ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﮐﻮﻻک‬blizzard ‫ ﮐﻮه‬mount

koodakestaan koolaak kooh

‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓﺖ‬took, received (v.) ‫ ﹺﮔ ﹺﺮﻓ ﹶﺘﻦ‬take, receive (v.) ‫ ﹸﮔﺮگ‬wolf ‫ ﹶﮔﺮم‬warm ‫ ﹶﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬heat

‫ ﹸﮔﺮوه‬group ‫ﺰارش‬ ‫ ﹸﮔ ﹺ‬report

‫ ﹸﮔﺴ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺮش‬expansion ‫ ﹸﮔﻔﺖ‬said ‫ ﹸﮔﻔ ﹶﺘﻦ‬say (v.) ‫ ﹸﮔﻞ‬flower

‫ ﹺﮔﻞ‬mud ‫ ﹸﮔﻼب‬rose water ‫ ﹸﮔﻼﺑ‬pear ‫ ﹸﮔﻢ‬missing ‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎه‬guilt, sin

‫ ﹸﮔﻨﺎﻫﮑﺎر‬guilty, sinful ‫ﻨﺪم‬ ‫ ﹶﮔ ﹸ‬wheat ‫ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﹶﻓ ﹶﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬tomato ‫ ﮔﻮش‬ear

gerdbaad gardan gereft gereftan gorg garm garma gorooh gozaaresh gostaresh goft goftan gol gel golaab golaabee gom gonaah gonaahkaar gandom gojefarangee goosh

185

186

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬meat

goosht

‫ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﺨﻮار‬carnivore

gooshtkhaar

‫ ﮔﯿﺎه‬plant

geeyaah

‫ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺨﻮار‬vegetarian ‫ ﮔﯿﻼس‬cherry

geeyaahkhaar geelaas

‫ل‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻻﻏﺮ‬ thin ‫ ﻻل‬mute ‫ ﹺﻟﺒﺎس‬clothing ‫ ﹶﻟﭗﺗﺎپ‬laptop

laaghar shodan

‫ ﻣﺎﻣﺎن ﹸﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬grandma ‫ ﻣﺎﻧﹶﻨﺪ‬like

‫ ﻣﺎﻧﯿﺘﻮر‬monitor ‫ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬monthly ‫ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬fish

maaleeyaat e foroosh maamaan maamaan bozorg maanand moneetor maah maahaane maahee

laal

‫ ﻣﺎﯾﹺﻊ‬liquid

maaye’

lebaas

‫ﺒﺎرز‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬warrior

mobaarez

laptaap

‫ ﹶﻟﺜﻪ‬gum(s)

‫ ﻣﺎﻣﺎن‬mama, mom

‫ ﻣﺎه‬moon, month laaghar

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻻﻏﺮ ﹸﺷﺪﹶ ن‬ lose weight (v.)

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻓﺮوش‬ sales tax

lase

‫ﺒﺎرزه‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬fight

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬fight (v.) ‫ﺒﺎرزه ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬

mobaareze mobareze kardan

‫ ﹺﻟ ﱠﺬت‬joy, pleasure

lezzat

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﻫﻞ‬ married

mote’ahel

‫ ﹶﻟﺬﯾﺬ‬delicious, tasty

lazeez

‫ ﹺﻣ ﱠﺘ ﹺﺤﺪ‬united, allied

mottahed

‫ ﹸﻟﻄﻔ ﹰﺎ‬please

lotfan

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹶﺨ ﹺﹼﺼﺺ‬specialist, expert

‫ﻪ‬‫ اﻟ‬god (in Arabic)

allaah

‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬tube, pipe

loole

‫ ﻟﯿﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬bachelor’s degree ‫ ﹺﻟﯿﻼ‬feminine name ‫ ﻟﯿﻮان‬cup, glass

‫م‬

‫ ﻣﺎ‬we ‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮرآﺗﹶﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬ fire fighter ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮ ﹺﹼﺛﺮ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ‬effective

‫ﻣﺎدر‬ mother ‫ﹶ‬

‫رﺑ ﹸﺰرگ‬ grandmother ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎد ﹸ‬

‫ﻣﺎده‬ matter, female ‫ﹼ‬

‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺎژ‬massage ‫دادن‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺎژ ﹶ‬massage (v.)

leesaans

mesaal mesl

leevaan

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺜ ﹰ‬for example ‫ﻼ‬

masalan

‫ ﹸﻣﺠﺎزات‬punishment

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺠ ﱠﺮد‬single, unmarried

maa ma’moor e atashneshaanee mo’asser maadar maadar bozorg maadde maasaazh maasaazh daadan

‫ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ‬car, engine

maasheen

‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ‬income tax

motevalled

‫ ﹺﻣﺜﻞ‬like

maast

‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬tax

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹶﻮ ﹺﹼﻟﺪ‬born (n.) ‫ ﹺﻣﺜﺎل‬example

motefaavet

leylaa

‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ‬yogurt ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬financial

‫ﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺﺘ ﹺ‬different

motekhasses

maalee maaleeyaat maaleeyaat bar daraamad

‫ﺠﺮم‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬criminal ‫ ﹸﻣﭻ‬wrist

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬trial ‫ﺤﺎﮐﻤﻪ‬

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹺﹼﻘﻖ‬researcher

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤﻞ‬location, place

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹼﻠﻪ‬neighborhood ‫ ﹶﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬solution ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺤ ﹼﻠﯽ‬local

‫ ﹶﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬special

mojaazaat mojarrad mojrem moch mohaakeme mohaghghegh mahal mahalle mahlool mahallee makhsoos

‫ ﹺﻣﺪاد‬pencil

medaad

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﱠ ت‬period, duration

moddat

‫ﺪرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬school

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬manager, director,

madrese modeer

principal

‫ ﹸﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﹶﯾﺖ‬management

modeereeyat

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬religion

mazhab

‫ﺬﻫﺒ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬religious

mazhabee

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺮ ﹼﺑﺎ‬jam, jelly

morabbaa

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬related

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬participate (v.) ‫ﺸﺎر ﹶﮐﺖ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﺸﺖ‬fist, fistful

‫ ﹸﻣﺸ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺮک‬joint, in common

mosharekat kardan mosht moshtarak

marboot

‫ ﹶﻣﺸﺮوب‬alcoholic drinks

mashroob

‫ ﹶﻣﺮد‬man ‫ ﹸﻣﺮداد‬5th month of the

mard

‫ ﹶﻣﺸﺮوط‬conditional

mashroot

‫ﺮدم‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹸ‬people

mardom

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶ‬die (v.)

mordan

mordaad

Persian calendar

‫ ﹸﻣﺮده‬dead

‫ ﹺﻣﺮﺳﯽ‬thanks ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬humid, moist ‫ ﹸﻣﺮغ‬chicken

‫( ﹸﻣﺮﻏﺎﺑ‬wild) duck ‫ ﹶﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬center

morde mersee martoob morgh morghaabee markaz

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬central

markazee

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬sick, patient

mareez

‫ ﹶﻣﺮﯾﻀﯽ‬sickness, disease

mareezee

‫ ﹶﻣﺮ ﹶﯾﻢ‬Miriam, feminine name maryam ‫ﺰارع‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬farms ‫ ﹸﻣﺰد‬wage

‫ﺰرﻋﻪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬farm

‫ ﹺﻣﺲ‬copper

‫ ﹶﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬responsible ‫ﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬responsibility ‫ﹶ‬

‫ ﹸﻣﺴﺎﺑﹺﻘﻪ‬match, competition

‫ ﹸﻣﺴﺎوی‬equal

‫ ﹸﻣﺴ ﹶﺘ ﹺﻘﻞ‬independent ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬mosque ‫ﺴﺠﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬housing ‫ﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴ ﹺﹼﮑﻦ‬pain killer

‫ﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴ ﹶ‬machine gun

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬Muslim ‫ ﹶﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ‬Christian (adj.)

‫ﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬Christianity ‫ﹶ‬

mazaare’ mozd mazra’e mes mas’ool mas’ooleeyat mosaabeghe mosaavee mostaghel masjed maskan mosakken mosalsal mosalmaan maseehee maseeheeyat

‫ ﹶﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬path

maseer

‫ ﹸﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬similar

moshaabeh

‫ﺸﺎر ﹶﮐﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬participation

moshaarekat

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬problem, issue ‫ﺸﮑﻞ‬

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬problems ‫ﺸﮑﻼت‬ ‫ ﹺﻣﺸﮑﯽ‬black

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬interview ‫ﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬interview (v.) ‫ﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﺼﺮف‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬consumption

‫ﺼﺮف ﹸﮐ ﹶﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬consumer ‫ﺼﺮف ﹶﮔﺮاﯾ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬consumerism ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﺼ ﱠﻤﻢ‬determined

‫ ﹶﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎت‬press (n.)

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻄ ﱠﻠﻘﻪ‬divoced (woman)

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬certain, sure ‫ﻄﻤ ﹺﺌﻦ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬equivalent ‫ﻌﺎدل‬ ‫ﻌﺒﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬temple

‫ ﹺﻣﻌﺪه‬stomach ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﺮﻓﯽ‬introduction

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬introduce (v.)

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻌ ﹺﹼﻠﻢ‬teacher, instructor ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ‬usually ‫ ﹶﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬meaning ‫ ﹸﻣﻐﹶ ﹼﺬی‬nutritious ‫ ﹶﻣﻐﺰ‬brain

‫ ﹶﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬article, paper ‫ ﹸﻣﻘﺎﯾﹺﺴﻪ‬comparison ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﻘﺎﯾﹺﺴﻪ ﮐ ﹶ‬compare (v.)

‫ ﹸﻣﮑﺎﻓﺎت‬punishment, trouble ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶﮕﺲ‬fly (n.) ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬possible ‫ﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣﻤﻨﻮن‬thankful, thanks ‫ ﹶﻣﻦ‬I, me

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬suitable, fitting ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬regions, areas ‫ﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

187

moshkel moshkelaat meshkee mosaahebe mosaahebe kardan masraf masraf konande masrafgaraayee mosammam matboo’aat motallaghe motma’en mo’aadel ma’bad me’de mo’arrefee mo’arrefee kardan mo’allem ma’moolan ma’nee moghazzee maghz maghaale moghaayese moghaayese kardan mokaafaat magas momken mamnoon man monaaseb manaategh

188

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﻨ ﹶﺘ ﹺﺸﺮ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬publish (v.)

‫ ﹸﻣﻨ ﹶﺘ ﹺﻈﺮ‬waiting (adj.)

montazer

‫ﻨﺰل‬ ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬home

manzel

‫ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬source

mansha’

‫ ﹶﻣ ﹶ‬region, area ‫ﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ ﹺﻣﻨﻮ‬menu ‫ ﹺﻣﻪ‬fog ‫ ﹺﻣﻪآﻟﻮد‬foggy ‫ ﹶﻣ ﹺ‬daycare center ‫ﮐﻮدک‬ ‫ﻬﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ‬stamp, seal

‫ ﹺﻣﻬﺮ‬7th month of the

mantaghe meno meh mehaalood mahdekoodak mohr mehr

Persian calendar, kindness, love

‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ ﹶز ﹶدن‬stamp (v.)

‫ ﹸﻣﻬﺮ و ﻣﻮم‬sign and seal ‫ﻬﺮﺑﺎن‬ ‫ ﹺﻣ ﹶ‬kind

‫ ﻣﻮ‬hair, grapevine

‫ ﹸﻣ ﹺ‬careful ‫ﻮاﻇﺐ‬

‫ ﻣﻮﺑﺎﯾﻞ‬cell phone ‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬motorcycle, motor,

mohr zadan mohr o moom mehrabaan

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬existing ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹺﹼرخ‬historian ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ case ‫ﹺ‬

‫ ﻣﻮز‬banana ‫ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ‬music ‫ ﻣﻮش‬mouse ‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬topic ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹼﻓﻖ‬successful

‫ﻘﯿﺖ‬ ‫ ﹸﻣ ﹶﻮ ﹼﻓ ﹶ‬success

‫ ﹺﻣﯿﺪان‬field, square, circle ‫ ﻣﯿﺰ‬table, desk

‫ ﻧﺎب‬pure

naab

‫ ﻧﺎ ﹶﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬unequal

naabaraabar

‫ ﻧﺎدان‬unwise

naadaan

‫ ﹺ‬rare ‫ﻧﺎدر‬

naader

‫ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬orage (adj.)

naarenjee

‫ﻧﺎرﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬tangerine

naarengee

‫ ﻧﺎم‬name ‫ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎ ﹺﻧﻮادﮔﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬surname

naam naam e khaanevaadegee

‫ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬letter

naame

‫ ﻧﺎن‬bread

naan

‫ ﻧﺎﻫﺎر‬lunch

naahaar

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﺒﺮد‬battle

nabard

‫ ﻧﹶﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬result

nateeje

moo, mo

‫ ﻧﹶﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی‬conclusion

nateeje geeree

movaazeb

‫ ﻧ ﹸﹸﺨﺴﺖوزﯾﺮ‬prime minister

nokhost vazeer

mobaayl motor

engine

‫ ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﺳﯿﮑﻠﺖ‬motorcycle

‫ن‬

montasher kardan

motorseeklet mojood movarrekh mored moz mooseeghee moosh mozoo’ movaffagh movaffagheeyat meydaan meez

‫ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد‬billion

meelyaard

‫ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن‬million

meelyoon

‫ ﹺﻣﯿﻤﻮن‬monkey

meymoon

‫ ﻣﯿﻨﺎ‬Mine, feminine name

meenaa

‫ ﻣﯿﻮه‬fruit

meeve

‫ ﻧﹶﺮ‬male ‫ ﻧﹶﺮده‬fence, railing ‫ ﻧ ﹺ‬exercise ‫ﹶﺮﻣﺶ‬ ‫ ﻧ ﹺ‬exercise (v.) ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ﹶﺮﻣﺶ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﺰدﯾﮏ‬close (adj.) ‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد‬race ‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺖ‬racist

‫ ﹺﻧﮋاد ﹶﭘ ﹶﺮﺳﺘﯽ‬racism ‫ ﻧﹶﺴﯿﻢ‬breeze

nar narde narmesh narmesh kardan nazdeek nezhaad nezhaadparast nezhaadparastee naseem

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶﺸﺴﺖ‬sat

neshast

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶﺸﺴ ﹶﺘﻦ‬sit (v.)

neshastan

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻈﺮ‬view, opinion

nazar

‫ ﻧﹶﻈﻢ‬order (n.)

nazm

‫ ﻧﹶﻔﺖ‬petroleum ‫ ﻧﹶﻔﹶ ﺮ‬person ‫ ﻧﹶﻔﹶ ﺲ ﹺﮐﺸﯿﺪﹶ ن‬breathe (v.) ‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎش‬painter ‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎﺷﯽ‬painting ‫ ﻧ ﹼﹶﻘﺎﺷﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬paint (v.)

naft nafar nafas kesheedan naghghaash naghghashee naghghaashee kardan

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﻧﹶﻘﺪ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬cash (v.), critique (v.) ‫ ﻧﹸﻘﺮه‬silver ‫ ﻧﹸﻘﺮهای‬silver (adj.) ‫ ﻧﹸﻘﻄﻪ‬point, dot

nogree’ee noghte

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹺﻧﮕﺎه ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬look (v.)

negaah kardan

‫ ﻧﹶﻤﺎ ﹶﯾ ﹺ‬representatives ‫ﻨﺪﮔﺎن‬

namaayandegaan

‫ ﻧﹶﻤﺎ ﹶﯾﻨﺪه‬representative ‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻤﮏ‬salt

namaayandeh namak

‫ ﻧﹶﻪ‬no

na

‫ ﻧﹸﻪ‬9

noh

‫ﹸﻬﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﻧ ﹶ‬900

nohsad

‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻬﻨﮓ‬whale

nahang

‫ ﻧﻮ‬new ‫ ﻧﹶﻮار‬tape ‫ ﻧﻮ ﹶﺑﺖ‬turn (n.) ‫ ﻧ ﹶﹶﻮد‬90

‫ ﻧﻮر‬light

no navaar nobat navad noor

‫ ﻧﻮزاد‬newborn

nozaad

‫ﻧﻮزده‬ 19 ‫ﹶ‬

noozdah

‫ ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬beverage

nooshaabe

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷﺖ‬wrote

nevesht

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷ ﹶﺘﻦ‬write (v.)

neveshtan

‫ ﹺﻧ ﹺﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬writing (n.)

neveshte

‫ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪ‬drank

noosheed

‫ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪﹶ ن‬drink (v.)

noosheedan

‫ ﻧﻮع‬type, kind

no’

‫ ﻧﹶﻮه‬grandchild

nave

‫ﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه‬ ‫ ﹺﻧ ﹶ‬writer, author ‫ ﹺﻧﯽ‬straw

neveesande ney

‫ ﻧﯿﺎز‬need (n.)

neeyaaz

‫ ﻧﯿﺮو‬force (n.)

neeroo

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﹶدرﯾﺎﯾ‬ Navy

neeroo ye daryaayee

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﹶﻫﻮاﯾ‬ Air Force

neeroo ye havaayee

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی وﯾﮋه‬ Special Forces ‫ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬is not

‫ه‬

naghd kardan noghree

neeroo ye veezhe neest

189

‫ ﻫﺎﻟﻪ‬halo ‫ ﹺﻫﺠﺪﹶ ه‬18 ‫ ﹶﻫﺮ‬each

haale hejdah har

‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬never ‫ﺮﮔﺰ‬

hargez

‫ ﹺﻫﺰار‬1000

hezar

‫ ﹺﻫﺰاره‬millennium

hezaare

‫ ﹶﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬cost, expense

hazeene

‫ ﹶﻫﺴﺖ‬is, there is

hast

‫ ﹶﻫﺸﺖ‬8

hasht

‫ ﹶﻫﺸﺘﺎد‬80

hashtaad

‫ﺸﺘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ‬800 ‫ﹶ‬

hashtsad

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺖ‬7

haft

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺘﺎد‬70

haftaad

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺖﺗﯿﺮ‬pistol

hafteer

‫ﻔﺘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹶ‬700

haftsad

‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬weekly ‫ﻔﺘﮕﯽ‬

haftegee

‫ ﹶﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬week

hafte

‫ ﹺﻫﻔﺪﹶ ه‬17

hefdah

‫ ﹸﻫﻠﻮ‬peach ‫ ﹶﻫﻢ‬also, too ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬homosexual ‫ﻤﺠﻨﺴﮕﺮا‬

holoo ham hamjensgaraa

‫ﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺ‬also

hamcheneen

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﺪﹶ ﺳﺖ‬accomplice

hamdast

‫ﻤﺴﺮ‬ ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹶ‬spouse

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎر‬colleague ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎری‬cooperation

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﮑﺎری ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬cooperate (v.) ‫ ﹶﻫ ﹺﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ‬public ‫ ﹶﻫﻤﻪ‬all, every

hamsar hamkaar hamkaaree hamkaaree kardan hamegaanee hame

‫ ﹶﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬always

hameeshe

‫ ﹺﻫ ﹺ‬watermelon ‫ﻨﺪواﻧﻪ‬

hendevaaneh

‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨﺮ‬art ‫ﺮﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨ ﹶ‬artist

honar honarmand

‫ ﹸﻫ ﹶﻨﺮی‬artisitic

honoree

‫ ﹶﻫﻨﻮز‬still, yet

hanooz

190

FARSI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

‫ ﹶﻫﻮا‬air, weather ‫ ﹶﻫﻮا ﹺﭘﯿﻤﺎ‬airplane ‫ ﹶﻫﻮﯾﺞ‬carrot

‫ ﻫﯿﭻ ﹶﮐﺲ‬no one ‫ ﹶو‬and

‫ﹺ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ unit ‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ وارﯾﺰ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬deposit (v.) ‫ واژه‬word ‫ ﹺ‬really ‫واﻗﻌ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬real ‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬reality ‫ﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫واﻗ ﹶ‬

‫رزش‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹺ‬sport, exercise

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹺ‬exercise (v.) ‫رزش ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﹶو ﹶرق‬sheet

‫ ۇرود‬entry ‫ ۇرودی‬entrance ‫ ﹶوزن‬weight

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶوزن ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬weigh (v.)

‫ﺮدن‬ ‫ ﹶوزن ﹶﮐﻢ ﹶﮐ ﹶ‬lose weight (v.)

havaa havaapeymaa haveej heech kas

‫ ﹶو ﹶﺳﻂ‬middle

‫ ﹶوﻗﺖ‬time, when

vaareez kardan vaazhe vaaghe’an vaaghe’ee vaaghe’eeyat varzesh varzesh kardan varagh vorood voroodee vazn vazn kardan vazn kam kardan

vaght

‫ ﹶوﻟﯽ‬but

‫ وﯾﮋه‬special

va vaahed

vasat

valee veezhe

‫ی‬

‫ ﯾﺎ‬or

yaa

‫ﯾﺎزده‬ 11 ‫ﹶ‬

yaazdah

‫ ﯾﺎس‬jasmine

yaas

‫ ﹶﯾﺦ‬ice

yakh

‫ ﹶﯾﺰد‬Yazd (city in Iran)

yazd

‫ ﹶﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬it means

ya’nee

‫ ﯾﹺﮏ‬1 ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﯾﹺﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬each other

yek

‫ ﯾﹺﮑﺴﺎن‬identical

yeksaan

‫ ﯾ ﹶ‬Sunday ‫ﹺﮑﺸﻨﺒﻪ‬

yekshambe

‫ ﹶﯾﻬﻮدی‬Jewish

yekdeegar

yahoodee

‫ ﹶﯾﻬﻮد ﹶﯾﺖ‬Judaism

yahoodeeyat

‫ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻔﻮرم‬uniform

yooneeform

Photo Credits The following photographs are from: Shutterstock: Cover image: © baranq Pages 9, 10: © Sama GH Page 18: © rickyd Page 127: © Bukavik Page 129: © Seregraff (smiling cat); © Olhastock (young hen); © Rudmer Zwerver (wood mouse); © IhorM (black raven) Page 130: © Anton_Ivanov Page 135: © Oleksandr Beth (apples); © Light Field Studios (children at play); © bellena (books) / Page 136: © chuangz (pencils); © OlekStock (book); © Oleksii Biriukov (hands); © Monkey Business Images (children in class) Page 143: © Jimmy Yan (cat in box) Dreamstime: Page 3: © Aliaksandr Mazurkevich Page 4: © Nicola Messana Page 135: © Sonya Etchison (lauging children) Page 136: © Mouse Family Mouse Family (pomegranates) Page 143: © Chernetskaya (handbag); © Katrintimoff (lamp)

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