Oxford English Dictionary [4, 2 ed.]

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THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY First Edited by JAMES A. H. MURRAY, HENRY BRADLEY, W. A. CRAIGIE and C. T. ONIONS COMBINED WITH

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY Edited by R. W. BURCHFIELD AND RESET WITH CORRECTIONS, REVISIONS AND ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Prepared by

J. A. SIMPSON and E. S. C. WEINER

VOLUME IV creel-duzepere

CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD 1989

Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0x2

6dp

Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jay a Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press © Oxford University Press ig8g All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Oxford English dictionary. — 2nd ed. 1. English language-Dictionaries I. Simpson, J. A. {John Andrew), ig53~ II. Weiner, Edmund S. C., igso423 ISBN o-ig-861216-8 {vol. IV) ISBN o-ig-861186-2 {set) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Oxford English dictionary.—2nd ed. prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner Bibliography: p. ISBN o-ig-861216-8 {vol. IV) ISBN o-ig-861186-2 {set) 1. English language—Dictionaries. I. Simpson, J. A. II. Weiner, E. S. C. III. Oxford University Press. PE1625.087 ig8g 423—dcig 88-5330

Data capture by ICC, Fort Washington, Pa. Text-processing by Oxford University Press Typesetting by Filmtype Services Ltd., Scarborough, N. Yorks. Manufactured in the United States of America by Rand McNally & Company, Taunton, Mass.

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION The

pronunciations given are those in use in the educated speech of southern England (the so-called ‘Received

Standard’), and the keywords given are to be understood as pronounced in such speech.

I. Consonants b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z have their usual English values g as in go (gso) h

... ho\ (hau)

r

run (rAn), terrier ('teria(r))

0 as in thin (Oin), bath (ba:0) 8 . .. then (Sen), bathe (bei8) J

• . . shop (Jt>p), disiz (dij) • .. chop (tjDp), ditch (ditf)

(foreign and non-southern)

X as in It. serrag/zo (ser'raXo) ji

... Fr. cognac (kajiak)

x

... Ger. ach (ax), Sc. loch (lox), Sp.

?

... Ger. ich (19), Sc. nic/zt (ru^t)

hw... when (hwen)

• .. vision ('v^an), dejeuner (de3one) d3 • .. judge (d3Ad3) 0 ■ .. singing ('sixjip), thirzk (0ipk)

Y

... North Ger. sagen ('zaiYsn)

j

0g • . . finger ('fit}ga(r))

c

... Afrikaans baardmanneZjie

g

... Fr. cuisine (kgizin)

(r) ... her (h3:(r))

tf

s

3

w

tee (si:), success (sak'ses) ... wear (wea(r)) ... yes (jss)

fri/oles (fri'xoles)

('bairtmanaci)

Symbols in parentheses are used to denote elements that may be omitted either by individual speakers or in particular phonetic contexts: e.g. bottle (’bot(a)l), Mercian ('m3:J(i)an), suit (s(j)u:t), impromptu (im'prt>m(p)tju:), father ('fa:Sa(r)).

II. Vowels and Diphthongs SHORT

LONG

DIPHTHONGS, etc.

i: as in bean (bi:n)

ei as in bay (bei)

s

... pet (pet), Fr. sept (set)

a:

... barn (ba:n)

ai

...

buy (bai)

as

... pat (paet)

d:

... born (ba:n)

DI

...

boy (bai)

A

... putt (pAt)

u: ... boon (bum)

9U ...

no (nau)

D

...

pot (pot)

3:

... burn (b3:n)

au ...

now (nau)

U

... put (pot)

e:

... Ger. Schnee (Jne:)

13

...

peer (pia(r))

9

... another (a'nASa(r))

e:

... Ger. Fahre ('fe:ra)

89

...

pair (pea(r))

(a) ... beaten (’bi:t(a)n)

a:

... Ger. Tag (ta:k)

U9 . . .

tour (tua(r))

Fr. si (si)

0:

... Ger. SoAn (zo:n)

99

e

Fr. bebe (bebe)

0:

... Ger. Goethe ('goita)

a

... Fr. mari (mari)

y:

... Ger. grun (gry:n)

a

... Fr. batiment (batima)

i as in pit (pit), -ness, (-ms)

i

0

... Fr. homme (am)

0

... Fr. eau (0)

s, as as in Fr. fin (fe, fi)

Fr. peu (po)

a

...

Fr. frazzc (fra)

GE

... Fr. boeuf (beef) coeur (kcer)

5

...

Fr. bon (bo)

u

... Fr. douce (dus)

ce

...

Fr. un (oe)

Y

... Ger. Muller ('mylar)

y

••• Fr. du (dy)

boar (baa(r))

aia as in fiery ('faiari) au3 ...

NASAL

0

...

sour (saua(r))

The incidence of main stress is shown by a superior stress mark (') preceding the stressed syllable, and a secondary stress by an inferior stress mark (,), e.g. pronunciation (pr3,nAnsi'eiJ(3)n). For further explanation of the transcription used, see General Explanations, Volume I.

891882

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC Some abbreviations listed here in italics are also in certain cases printed in roman type, and vice versa. a. (in Etym.) a (as a 1850) a. abbrev. abl. absol. Abstr. acc. Acct. A.D.

ad. (in Etym.) Add. adj. Adv. adv. advb. Advt. Aeronaut. AF„ AFr. Afr. Agric. Alb. Amer. Amer. Ind. Anat. Anc. Anglo-Ind. Anglo-Ir. Ann. Anthrop., Anthropol. Antiq. aphet. app. Appl. Applic. appos. Arab. Aram. Arch. arch. Archseol. Archit. Arm. assoc. Astr. Astrol. Astr on. Astronaut. attrib. Austral. Autobiogr. A.V. B.C.

B.C. bef. Bibliogr. Biochem. Biol. Bk. Bot. Bp. Brit. Bulg.

adoption of, adopted from ante, ‘before’, ‘not later than’ adjective abbreviation (of) ablative absolute, -ly (in titles) Abstract, -s accusative (in titles) Account Anno Domini adaptation of Addenda adjective (in titles) Advance, -d, -s adverb adverbial, -ly advertisement (as label) in Aeronautics; (in titles) Aeronautic, -al, -s Anglo-French Africa, -n (as label) in Agriculture; (in titles) Agriculture, -al Albanian American American Indian (as label) in Anatomy; (in titles) Anatomy, -ical (in titles) Ancient Anglo-Indian Anglo-Irish Annals (as label) in Anthropology; (in titles) Anthropology, -ical (as label) in Antiquities; (in titles) Antiquity aphetic, aphetized apparently (in titles) Applied (in titles) Application, -s appositive, -ly Arabic Aramaic in Architecture archaic in Archaeology (as label) in Architecture; (in titles) Architecture, -al Armenian association in Astronomy in Astrology (in titles) Astronomy, -ical (in titles) Astronautic, -s attributive, -ly Australian (in titles) Autobiography, -ical Authorized Version Before Christ (in titles) British Columbia before (as label) in Bibliography; (in titles) Bibliography, -ical (as label) in Biochemistry; (in titles) Biochemistry, -ical (as label) in Biology; (in titles) Biology, -ical Book (as label) in Botany; (in titles) Botany, -ical Bishop (in titles) Britain, British Bulgarian

Bull.

(in titles) Bulletin

Diet.

c (as c 1700) c. (as 19th c.) Cal. Cambr. Canad. Cat. catachr. Catal. Celt. Cent. Cent. Diet. Cf., cf. Ch. Chem.

circa, ‘about’ century (in titles) Calendar (in titles) Cambridge Canadian Catalan catachrestically (in titles) Catalogue Celtic (in titles) Century, Central Century Dictionary confer, ‘compare’ Church (as label) in Chemistry; (in titles) Chemistry, -ical (in titles) Christian (in titles) Chronicle (in titles) Chronology, -ical

dim. Dis. Diss. D.O.S.T.

in Cinematography (in titles) Clinical classical Latin cognate with (in titles) Colonel, Colony (in titles) Collection collective, -ly colloquial, -ly combined, -ing Combinations in Commercial usage in Communications compound, composition (in titles) Companion comparative complement (in titles) Complete (in titles) Concise in Conchology concrete, -ly (in titles) Conference (in titles) Congress conjunction consonant construction, construed with contrast (with) (in titles) Contribution (in titles) Correspondence corresponding (to) R. Cotgrave, Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues compound (in titles) Criticism, Critical in Crystallography (in titles) Cyclopaedia, -ic (in titles) Cytology, -ical

EE. e.g. Elgctr.

Chr. Chron. Chronol. Cinemat., Cinematogr. Clin. cl. L. cogn. w. Col. Coll. collect. colloq. comb. Comb. Comm. Communic. comp. Compan. compar. compl. Compl. Cone. Conch. concr. Conf. Congr. conj. cons. const. contr. Contrib. Corr. corresp. Cotgr.

cpd. Crit. Cry st. Cycl. Cytol.

Du. E. Eccl.

Ecol. Econ. ed. E.D.D. Edin. Educ.

Electron. Elem. ellipt. Embryol. e.midl. Encycl. Eng. Engin. Ent. Entomol. erron. esp. Ess. et al. etc. Ethnol. etym. euphem. Exam. exc. Ex ere. Exper. Explor. f. f. (in Etym.) f. (in subordinate entries) F. fern. (rarely f.) figFinn.

fl. Da. D.A. D.A.E. dat. D.C. Deb. def. dem. deriv. derog. Descr. Dev el. Diagn. dial.

Danish Dictionary of Americanisms Dictionary of American English dative District of Columbia (in titles) Debate, -s definite, -ition demonstrative derivative, -ation derogatory (in titles) Description, -tive (in titles) Development, -al (in titles) Diagnosis, Diagnostic dialect, -al

Found. Fr. freq. Fris. Fund. Funk or Funk's Stand. Diet. G. Gael. Gaz. gen. gen. Geogr.

Dictionary; spec., the Oxford English Dictionary diminutive (in titles) Disease (in titles) Dissertation Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Dutch East (as label) in Ecclesiastical usage; (in titles) Ecclesiastical in Ecology (as label) in Economics; (in titles) Economy, -ics edition English Dialect Dictionary (in titles) Edinburgh (as label) in Education; (in titles) Education, -al Early English exempli gratia, ‘for example’ (as label) in Electricity; (in titles) Electricity, -ical (in titles) Electronic, -s (in titles) Element, -ary elliptical, -ly in Embryology east midland (dialect) (in titles) Encyclopaedia, -ic England, English in Engineering in Entomology (in titles) Entomology, -logical erroneous, -ly especially (in titles) Essay, -s et alii, ‘and others’ et cetera in Ethnology etymology euphemistically (in titles) Examination except (in titles) Exercise, -s (in titles) Experiment, -al (in titles) Exploration, -s feminine formed on form of French feminine figurative, -ly Finnish floruit, ‘flourished’ (in titles) Foundation, -s French frequent, -ly Frisian (in titles) Fundamental, -s Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary German Gaelic (in titles) Gazette genitive general, -ly (as label) in Geography; (in titles) Geography, -ical

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. Geol. Geom. Geomorphol. Ger. Gloss. Gmc. Godef.

Goth. Govt. Gr. Gram. Gt. Heb. Her. Herb. Hind. Hist. hist. Histol. Hort. Househ. Housek. Ibid. Icel. Ichthyol. id. i.e. IE. Illustr. imit. Immunol. imp. impers. impf. ind. indef. Industr. inf. infl. Inorg. Ins. Inst. int. intr. Introd. Ir. irreg. It.

(as label) in Geology; (in titles) Geology, -ical in Geometry in Geomorphology German Glossary Germanic F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de Vancienne langue franfaise Gothic (in titles) Government Greek (as label) in Grammar; (in titles) Grammar, -tical Great Hebrew in Heraldry among herbalists Hindustani (as label) in History; (in titles) History, -ical historical (in titles) Histology, -ical in Horticulture (in titles) Household (in titles) Housekeeping Ibidem, ‘in the same book or passage’ Icelandic in Ichthyology idem, ‘the same’ id est, ‘that is’ Indo-European (in titles) Illustration, -ted imitative in Immunology imperative impersonal imperfect indicative indefinite (in titles) Industry, -ial infinitive influenced (in titles) Inorganic (in titles) Insurance (in titles) Institute, -tion interjection intransitive (in titles) Introduction Irish irregular, -ly Italian

(Jam.) Jap. joc. Jrnl. Jun.

(quoted from) Johnson’s Dictionary Jamieson, Scottish Did. Japanese jocular, -ly (in titles) Journal (in titles) Junior

Knowl.

(in titles) Knowledge

1. L. lang. Led. Less. Let., Lett. LG. lit. Lit. Lith. LXX

line Latin language (in titles) Lecture, -s (in titles) Lesson, -s letter, letters Low German literal, -ly Literary Lithuanian Septuagint

m. Mag. Magn. Mai. Man. Managem. Manch. Manuf. Mar.

masculine (in titles) Magazine (in titles) Magnetic, -ism Malay, Malayan (in titles) Manual (in titles) Management (in titles) Manchester in Manufacture, -ing (in titles) Marine

J-, (JO

masc. (rarely m.) Math. MDu. ME. Mech. Med. med.L. Mem. Metaph. Meteorol. MHG. midi. Mil. Min. Mineral. MLG. Misc. mod. mod.L (Morris), Mus.

Myst. Mythol. N. n. N. Amer. N. & Q. Narr. Nat. Nat. Hist. Naut. N.E. N.E.D.

Neurol. neut. (rarely n.) NF„ NFr. No. nom. north. Norw. n.q. NT. Nucl. Numism. N.W. N.Z.

masculine (as label) in Mathematics; (in titles) Mathematics, -al Middle Dutch Middle English (as label) in Mechanics; (in titles) Mechanics, -al (as label) in Medicine; (in titles) Medicine, -ical medieval Latin (in titles) Memoir, -s in Metaphysics (as label) in Meteorology; (in titles) Meteorology, -ical Middle High German midland (dialect) in military usage (as label) in Mineralogy; (in titles) Ministry (in titles) Mineralogy, -ical Middle Low German (in titles) Miscellany, -eous modern modern Latin (quoted from) E. E. Morris’s Austral English (as label) in Music; (in titles) Music, -al; Museum (in titles) Mystery in Mythology North neuter North America, -n Notes and Queries (in titles) Narrative (in titles) Natural in Natural History in nautical language North East New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) in Neurology neuter Northern French Number nominative northern (dialect) Norwegian no quotations New Testament Nuclear in Numismatics North West New Zealand

OS. OS1. O.T. Outl. Oxf.

object oblique obsolete (in titles) Obstetrics occasionally Old English (= Anglo-Saxon) Old French Old Frisian Old High German Old Irish Old Norse Old Northern French in Ophthalmology opposed (to), the opposite (of) in Optics (in titles) Organic origin, -al, -ally (as label) in Ornithology; (in titles) Ornithology, -ical Old Saxon Old (Church) Slavonic Old Testament (in titles) Outline (in titles) Oxford

PPalseogr.

page in Palaeography

obj. obi. Obs., obs. Obstetr. occas. OE. OF., OFr. OFris. OHG. OIr. ON. ONF. Ophthalm. opp. Opt. Org. orig. Ornith.

Palseont.

Publ.

(as label) in Palaeontology; (in titles) Palaeontology, -ical passive participle, past participle (quoted from) E. Partridge’s Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English passive, -ly past tense (as label) in Pathology; (in titles) Pathology, -ical perhaps Persian person, -al in Petrography (as label) in Petrology; (in titles) Petrology, -ical (quoted from) C. Pettman’s Africanderisms perfect Portuguese in Pharmacology (as label) in Philology; (in titles) Philology, -ical (as label) in Philosophy; (in titles) Philosophy, -ic phonetic, -ally (as label) in Photography; (in titles) Photography, -ical phrase physical; (rarely) in Physiology (as label) in Physiology; (in titles) Physiology, -ical (in titles) Picture, Pictorial plural poetic, -al Polish (as label) in Politics; (in titles) Politics, -al in Political Economy (in titles) Politics, -al popular, -ly (in titles) Porcelain possessive (in titles) Pottery participial adjective participle Provencal present (in titles) Practice, -al preceding (word or article) predicative prefix preface preposition present (in titles) Principle, -s privative probably (in titles) Problem (in titles) Proceedings pronoun pronunciation properly in Prosody Provencal present participle in Psychology (as label) in Psychology; (in titles) Psychology, -ical (in titles) Publications

Qquot(s). q.v.

(in titles) Quarterly quotation(s) quod vide, ‘which see’

R. Radiol. R.C.Ch. Rec. redupl. Ref. refash. refl. Reg.

(in titles) Royal in Radiology Roman Catholic Church (in titles) Record reduplicating (in titles) Reference refashioned, -ing reflexive (in titles) Register

pa. pple. (Partridge),

pass. pa.t. Path. perh. Pers. pers. Petrogr. Petrol. (Pettman), pf. PgPharm. Philol. Philos. phonet. Photogr. phr. Phys. Physiol. Pid. pi., plur. poet. Pol. Pol. Pol. Econ. Polit. pop. Pore. poss. Pott. ppl. a., pple. adj. pple. Pr. pr. Prad. ptec. pred. pref. pref., Pref. prep. pres. Princ. priv. prob. Probl. Proc. pron. pronunc. prop. Pros. Prov. pr. pple. Psych. Psychol.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. reg. rel. Reminisc. Rep. repr. Res. Rev. T6V.

Rhet. Rom. Rum. Russ. S. S.Afr. sb. sc. Sc., Scot. Scand. Sch. Sc. Nat. Diet. Scotl. Set. Ser. sing. Sk. Skr. Slav. S.N.D. Soc. Sociol. Sp. Sp. sp. spec. Spec. St. Stand. Stanf.

regular related to (in titles) Reminiscence, -s (in titles) Report, -s representative, representing (in titles) Research (in titles) Review revised in Rhetoric Roman, -ce, -ic Rumanian ' Russian South South Africa, -n substantive scilicet, ‘understand’ or ‘supply’ Scottish (in titles) Scandinavia, -n (in titles) School Scottish National Dictionary (in titles) Scotland (in titles) Selection, -s Series singular (in titles) Sketch Sanskrit Slavonic Scottish National Dictionary (in titles) Society (as label) in Sociology; (in titles) Sociology, -ical Spanish (in titles) Speech, -es spelling specifically (in titles) Specimen Saint (in titles) Standard (quoted from) Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words & Phrases

str. Struct. Stud. subj. subord. cl. subseq. subst. suff. superl. Suppl. Surg. s.v. Sw. s.w. Syd. Soc. Lex.

syll. Syr. Syst. Taxon. techn. Technol. Telegr. Teleph. (Th.), Theatr. Theol. Theoret. Tokh. tr., transl. Trans. trans. transf. Trav. Treas. Treat. Treatm. Trig.

strong (in titles) Structure, -al (in titles) Studies subject subordinate clause subsequent, -ly substantively suffix superlative Supplement (as label) in Surgery; (in titles) Surgery, Surgical sub voce, ‘under the word’ Swedish south-western (dialect) Sydenham Society, Lexicon of Medicine & Allied Sciences syllable Syrian (in titles) System, -atic (in titles) Taxonomy, -ical technical, -ly (in titles) Technology, -ical in Telegraphy in Telephony (quoted from) Thornton’s American Glossary in the Theatre, theatrical (as label) in Theology; (in titles) Theology, -ical (in titles) Theoretical Tokharian translated, translation (in titles) Transactions transitive transferred sense (in titles) Travel(s) (in titles) Treasury (in titles) Treatise (in titles) Treatment in Trigonometry

Trop. Turk. Typog., Typogr.

(in titles) Tropical Turkish in Typography

ult. Univ. unkn. U.S. U.S.S.R.

ultimately (in titles) University unknown United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics usually

usu. v., vb. var(r)., vars. vbl. sb. Vertebr. Vet.

Vet. Sci. viz. Voy. v.str. vulg. v.w. W. wd. Webster Westm. WGmc. Wks. w.midl. WS. (Y.), Yrs. Zoogeogr. Zool.

verb variant(s) of verbal substantive (in titles) Vertebrate, -s (as label) in Veterinary Science; (in titles) Veterinary in Veterinary Science videlicet, ‘namely’ (in titles) Voyage, -s strong verb vulgar weak verb Welsh; West word Webster’s (New International) Dictionary (in titles) Westminster West Germanic (in titles) Works west midland (dialect) West Saxon (quoted from) Yule & Burnell’s Hobson-Jobson (in titles) Years in Zoogeography (as label) in Zoology; (in titles) Zoology, -ical

Signs and Other Conventions In the listing of Forms

Before a word or sense

1 2 3 5-7 20

f = obsolete II = not naturalized, alien 51 = catachrestic and erroneous uses

= = = = =

before itoo 12th c. (noo to 1200) 13th c. (1200 to 1300), etc. 15th to 17th century 20th century

In the etymologies * indicates a word or form not actually found, but of which the existence is inferred :— = normal development of

The printing of a word in small capitals indicates that further information will be found under the word so referred to. .. indicates an omitted part of a quotation. - (in a quotation) indicates a hyphen doubtfully present in the original; (in other text) indicates a hyphen inserted only for the sake of a line-break.

PROPRIETARY NAMES This Dictionary includes some words which are or are asserted to be proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance nor any other judgement concerning their legal status. In cases where the editorial staff have established in the records of the Patent Offices of the United Kingdom and of the United States that a word is registered as a proprietary name or trade mark this is indicated, but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby.

CREEL creel (kri:l), sb.1 Forms: 5-6 crele, creill(e, 5 crelle, 6 creil, krele, kreil, 7 creele, (8 crail), 8 creel. [Originally northern, and chiefly Scotch; etymology uncertain. The OIr. criol chest, coffer, has been compared: but the vowel of creel appears to be not i, but e or ei, at. OF. greille: — L. craticula fine hurdle-work, may have had a variant *creille.]

1. A large wicker basket; formerly applied to the large deep baskets, coupled in pairs across the backs of horses, for the transport of goods; now applied to a basket used for the transport of fish and borne upon the back, to a potato-basket, and the like. CI425 Wyntoun Cron. vm. xxxviii. 51 A payr of Coil Crelis. £-1440 Promp. Parv. 101 Crelle, baskett or lepe, cartallus, sporta. c 1475 Rauf Coil^ear 367 He kest twa Creillis on ane Capill, with Coillis anew. 1508 Dunbar Flyting w. Kennedie 229 Cager aviris castis bayth coillis and creilis. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus in. 595 3e him hang ouir 30ur wallis in a creill. 1564 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) 224 A basket and iij kreles. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 251 There was also the Vanne which is otherwise called the Creele. £1730 Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (1818) I. 330 The horse laden with creels, or small panniers. 1806 Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) 194 Fishermen, whose wives carry the fish in*wickerbaskets, or creels to Edinburgh. 1811 Willan W. Riding Gloss. (E.D.S.), Creel, two semi-circular wicker baskets joined by cords which admit of their closing to hold hay. A man having the creel strapped over his shoulders, conveys provender to sheep, i860 G. H. K. Vac. Tour 121 When the father of the last Lord Reay.. changed his residence.. his son was put into a creel on one side of a pony, and counterbalanced by his younger brother, the admiral, in another. 1869-78 in Dial. Glossaries of Cumberland, Lonsdale, Swaledale, Whitby, Holderness, N.W. Line. 1884 Q. Victoria More Leaves 206 An old fishwife, with her creel on her back.

b. A modern term for an angler’s fishingbasket. 1842 Proc. Bervo. Nat. Club II. 4 Ere the Creel was half stocked. 1874 C. S. Keene Let. in Life (1892) 159, I hope you had a good time with rod and creel. 1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 1. i. 227 It is not every fish you hook that comes to the creel.

2. A contrivance made of wickerwork used as a trap for catching fish, lobsters, etc. 1457 Sc. Actsjas. II (1597) §87 That na man in smolt time set veschelles, creilles, weires, or ony vther ingine to let the smoltes to goe to the Sea. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 7 No person shal take in any lepe, hiue, crele.. fier, or any other engine .. the yonge frie .. of any kinde of salmon. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. p. xxxiv, The peple makis ane lang mand, narrow halsit, and wyid mouthit. . als sone as the see ebbis, the fische ar tane dry in the crelis. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. 42 Nocht sa mekle fishe thay with nettis, as with skepis, or long kreilis win with wickeris in the form of a hose. 1758 Binnell Descr. Thames hi With any Nets, Trammel, Keep, Wore, Creel, or other Device. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 403 Catching fish in long crails, made with canes and hiccory splinters, tapering to a point.

3. to coup the creels: in various fig. uses; to fall or tumble over; ‘to tumble heels over head, to die’ (Jamieson); to meet with a mishap, in a creel, in a state of temporary mental aberration. 1715 Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. 11. xvii, Whan he was strute twa sturdy chiels .. Held up frae cowping o’ the creels The liquid logic scholer. 1785 Burns To William Simpson iii, My senses wad be in a creel, Should I but dare a hope to speel, Wi’ Allan, or wi’ Gilbertfield. 1816 Scott Old Mort. vi, ‘The laddie’s in a creel!’ exclaimed his uncle. 1818Rob Roy xx, If folk . . wad needs be couping the creels ower through-stanes. 01835 Hogg Tales & Sk. III. 206 If you should .. coup the creels just now .. it would be out of the power of man to get you to a Christian burial. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xvii, ‘The lassie’s head’s in a creel’, cried Susan.

4. attrib. and Comb., as creel-haw king, -pig; creel-like adv.; creel-house, a house or hut with the walls made of wickerwork covered with clay ; creel-man, a man who transports goods in creels. 1865 J. G. Bertram Harvest of Sea (1873) 310 The system .. followed by the fishwives in the old days of *creelhawking. 1876 Robinson Whitby Gloss., *Creel-house, a wicker hut with a sodded roof. 1878 Mackintosh Hist. Civiliz. Scot. I. Introd. 134 Till recently creil houses were used in some parts of the Highlands. 1638-9 in Maidment Sc. Pasquils (1868) 66 He.. *creel lyke lives in the fyre of contentione. 1883 J. Beath Bishopshire Lilts 14 Stridelegs on the *creelman’s ass. 1880 Antrim 6? Down Gloss., *Creelpig, a young pig, such as is taken to market in a creel or basket.

creel (kri:l), sb.2

[Perh. the same word as preceding; but evidence is wanting.] 1. A framework, varying in form according to its purpose (see quots.). (Cf. cratch, 4.) 1788 W. Marshall Yorksh. (1796) 11. 222 The feet of the sheep being bound, it is laid upon a bier—provincially, a ‘creel’. Ibid. Gloss., Creel, a kind of bier, used for slaughtering and salving sheep upon. 1821 J. Hunter MS. Gloss, in Addy Sheffield Gloss., Creel, a light frame-work placed overhead in the kitchen or other room of an ordinary farmhouse, on which oatcakes are placed. [So 1883 in Huddersf. Gloss. I 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Creel.. a barred stool on which sheep are salved and clipped, pigs are killed, etc. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Creel., a plate-rack .. a food-rack for sheep; a butcher’s hand-barrow. 1877 N.W. Line. Gloss., Creel, a wooden rack in which plates are put to dry. A frame in which glaziers carry glass.

2. Spinning. A frame for holding the payingoff bobbins in the process of converting the

CREEP

3 ‘sliver’ into ‘roving’, or the latter into yarn. Hence also creel-frame. 1835 Ure Philos. Manuf. 225 The roller-pair.. receives the fine rovings from bobbins placed on skewers or upright pins in the creel behind. 1851 Artjrnl. Catal. Gt. Exhib. p. vii**/i The bobbins .. are placed in a wooden frame called a ‘creel’, so that they will revolve. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 209/1 The rove creels.. stand about six or seven feet high.

b. (See quot.) north, dial. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Creel, a frame to wind yarn upon.

creel (kri:l), v. [f. creel sb.1] 1. Sc. To put into a creel; also fig. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. Prol. 32 Men sayis thow bridillit Aristotle as ane hors, And crelit wp the flour of poetry. 1808-79 Jamieson, Creil, to put into a basket..‘He’s no gude to creel eggs wi’,’ i.e. not easy, or safe, to deal with.

2. Angling. To get (a fish) into the basket; to succeed in catching. Cf. ‘to bag game’. 1844 J. T. Hewlett Parsons & W. v, I creeled him, and tried again. 1892 Field 18 June 922/3 My friend .. creeled nearly twice as many trout.

3. Sc. In certain marriage customs: To make (a newly married man) go through some ceremony with a creel; esp. to make him carry a creel filled with stones, till his wife releases him. Cf. Brand Pop. Antiq. (1870) II. 55. 1792 Statist. Acc. Scot. II. 80 The second day after the Marriage a Creeling, as it is called, takes place. 1845 New Statist. Acc. Scot., Berwicksh. 59 All the men who have been married within the last 12 months are creeled. Ibid. 263 An ancient.. local usage called creeling is still kept up here. 1890 Glasgow Times 3 Nov. 3/4 A miner.. having got married .. his fellow-colliers .. went through the process of creeling him.

[f. creel sb.2 + -er1.] A young person who attends to the creel of a spinning machine.

creeler ('kri:b(r)).

1864 R. A. Arnold Cotton Fam. 32 A minder and a creeler engaged in manufacturing with a self-acting mule. 1882 Manchester Guardian 19 May, The relationship between spinners and their creelers and piecers.

'creelful. As much as fills a creel. 1824*Scott Redgauntlet ch. vii, A creelfu’ of coals. 1873 G. C. Davies Mountain Mere xviii. 157 The creelfuls of trout I have caught.

creem (kri:m), v. dial. Also cream, crim. [Of obscure etymology: possibly two or even three distinct words are here included. The various senses belong to distinct parts of England. The variant crim has suggested identity with OE. crimman to squeeze, press (cf. sense 2); but the evidence does not show that crim is the earlier form, rather the contrary: and it is not easy to see how creem with its long vowel could arise from the ablaut series krim-, kram, krum-.]

1. trans. To put, place, or deposit secretly or surreptitiously, (northern.) 1674 Ray N.C. Words 12 Creem it into my hand: Put it in slily or secretly. Chesh. a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Creeme, to slip or slide anything into another’s Hand. 1746 Collier (Tim Bobbin) View Lane. Dial. Wks. (1862) 53, I creemt Nip neaw on then o Lunshun. 1887 5. Cheshire Gloss., Creem, to hide. ‘Creem it up’, put it out of sight, hide it in your dress or pocket.. It is a rare word, and rapidly becoming obsolete.

2. To squeeze; to hug. (Devon and Cornw.) 1746 Exmoor Courtship (E.D.S.) 326 Tha hast a creem’d ma Yearms and a most Dost ma neck. 1864 Capern Devon Provine., He creemed my hand. 1880 W. Cornwall Gloss., Creem, to squeeze, to mash .. To hug in wrestling. 1880 E. Cornwall Gloss., Creem, to squeeze.

3. intr. To shiver, trans. To cause to shiver, to chill. Hence 'creemed ppl. a., chilled and shivering. (south-western.) 1847-78 Halliwell, Crim, to shiver. I. Wight. 1880 E. Cornwall Gloss., Creem .. is metaphorically used to describe that sensation of rigor or creeping of the flesh, known as goose flesh, cutis anserina. ‘Creemed wi’ the cold’. 1880 Mrs. Parr Adam & Eve iv. 44 Do ’ee go near to the fire.. you looks all creemed with the cold, and as wisht as can be. 1888 W. Somerset Word-bk., Creamy .. to shiver, to shudder.

creem, sb. dial. [f. prec.] A shiver proceeding from cold, indisposition, etc. 1847-78 Halliwell, Cream .. a cold shivering. Somerset. 1880 W. Cornwall Gloss., Creem, Crim, a shiver; a creeping of the flesh. ‘I feeled a crim coom o’er me*. 1888 W. Somerset Word-bk., Cream, a shiver.. a shivering state.

Hence creemy a. dial., shivering, shuddering,

creem, obs. f. cream sb.2 creen, obs. form of careen, on the creen: ready to turn either way on receiving an impulse. 1798 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 234 [To] decide the future turn of things, which are at this moment on the creen. Ibid. 236 Stopping the movement in the Eastern States, which were on the creen.

creengle, obs. f. cringle. creep (kri:p), v.

Pa. t. and pa. pple. crept (krspt). Forms: see below. [A common Teutonic strong vb.: OE. creopan = OS. criopan, OFris. kriapa (NFris. krepen, Satl. kriope), ON. krjiipa (Sw. krypa, Da. krybe):—OTeut. *kreupan. As with some other verbs of the same class (cf. bow, brook, lout), the present has in some of the langs. u for eu, as

OLG. krupan, MDu. crtlpen, Du. kruipen, MLG., LG. and EFris. krupen, MG. krufen, kraufen. In OHG. replaced by chriohhan, MHG. and mod.Ger. kriechen, repr. a type kreukan, the relation of which to kreupan is uncertain. The OTeut. conjugation was, pres, kreupan, pa. t. kraup, pi. krupun, pa. pple. krupan; whence OE. pres, creopan (3rd sing, criepp), pa. t. creap, pi. crupon, pa. pple. cropen. The OE. pres, creopan, ME. crepen (close e), has regularly given the modern creep; occasional ME. instances of crope are app. errors. The pa. t. sing, creap regularly gave ME. crep (open e), spelt also crepe, creep(e, which was in general use to the 15th c., and survives with short vowel in the dialectal crep. The plural crupon, crupe(n, became in the 13th c. cropen, crope, after the pa. pple.; and this passed also into the sing, as crope, the prevailing type of the tense to the 16th c., after which it gradually dropped out of literary use, though still widely used in English and U.S. dialects. In the northern dial., the form adopted in the 13th c. was crap (after the pa. t. of other classes), which is still Scotch. But already before 1400, weak forms creep-ed and crep-t, began to take the place of all these, the second of which has since 16th c. gradually attained to be the standard form, leaving crep, crope, crop, crup, crap, as only dialectal. The pa. pple. cropen continued till the 17th c. in literary use, and to the 19th c. in the northern dial, where the vowel is still short croppen, cruppen-, in the south it became in 13th c. crope, also literary Eng. to the 18th c.; but a weak form crepid, creeped began to appear in the 14th c., and in the form crept, identical with the pa. t., has been the dominant form since the 16th c.]

A. Illustration of Forms. 1. Pres, tense, i creopan, criopan, (crypan), 1-3 3rd sing. criep(e)8; 2-4 creope(n, (kreope(n); 2-6 crepe(n, (3-6 crope, 4 cryepe); 4-5 krepe, 4-7 creepe, (6 creape), 7- creep, (Sc. 5- creip). ciooo ^lfric Gram, xxviii. (Z.) 170 Repo ic creope. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 23 Hwa creopeS J>er-in? c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 199 pe neddre .. criepeC .. J>ureh nerewe hole. 01250 Owl & Night. 819 pe fox can crepe [v.r. crope] bi pe heie. £1305 Edmund Conf. 107 in E.E.P. (1862) 73 Makede hire redi to kreopen in. 1393 Langl. P. PL C. xxi. 475 Arys .. and creop on kneos to pe croys. 1483 Cath. Angl. 81 To Crepe, repere. 1570 Levins Manip. 70 To creepe, repere. 1583 Hollyband Campo di Fior 137 Why creape you on the grounde? 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 950 And swims or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flyes.

2. Past tense, a. sing. 1-3 creap, 3 (creop), 3-5 crep, crepe, 4-5 creep(e, 9 dial. crep;/)/. 1 crupon, 2-3 crupen. c 1000 ^Elfric Horn. II. 394 (Bosw.) Heo creap betwux 6am mannum. ai 100 O.E. Chron. an. 1083 Sume crupon under, a 1225 Leg. Kath. 908 [He] com ant creap in ure. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 2924 Dor crep a dragun. 1340-70 Alisaunder 1009 J?er crep oute an addre. £1386 Chaucer Reeve's T. 306 She creepe [v.rr. (MSS. 1435-75) creep, crepe, crep, crepte] in to the clerk. 1881 Leicester Gloss., Crep, pt. and p.p., crept.

p. pi. 3-4 cropen, 3- crope; sing. 4 crop, croup, 5- crope (sing. & pi. 6 croape, dial. 7-9 crop, 9 crup). c 1275 Lay. 18472 Somme hii crope [c 1205 crupen] to pan wode. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 170/2217 Heo .. cropen al-so ase ametene al aboute. a 1300 Cursor M. 2303 (Cott.) paa wigurs croup pe warlau in. c 1420 Avow. Arth. lxv, The caytef crope in-to a tunne. 1535 Coverdale j Sam. xiii. 6 They crope in to caues and dennes. 1572 R. H. tr. Lauaterus' Ghostes (L596) 207 Divers errours croape into the Church. 1606 Birnie Kirk-Buriall (1833) 14 Before the Kirk-buriall crop in. 1672 Sir C. Wyvill Triple Crown 160 He crope quietly on again. 01734 North Exam. 1. iii. §144 (1740) 217 Another Witness crope out against the Lord Stafford. 1831 Landor Fra Rupert Wks. 1846 II. 577 His dog soon crope betwixt us. 1883 C. F. Smith Southernisms in Trans. Amer. Philol. Soc. 47 Crope, preterit and past participle of creep, is common among the negroes and poorer whites.

y. north. 3-9 crap, (4-5 crape). £1205 Lay. 29282 pe sparewe innene crap. £1450 Henryson Mor. Fab. 44 To an Caue he crape. 1513 Douglas JEneis 11. v. (iv.) 48 And crap in wnder the feit of the goddes. 01605 Montgomerie ‘Since that the Hevins' 41 With my king in credit once I crap. 1795 Macneill Will Jean iii, Gloamin .. crap ower distant hill and plain.

S. 4-5 creped, -id, crepped, creeped, (4- Sc. creipit).

(kreppet),

7-9

£1300 K. Alis. 390 On hire bed twyes he leped, The thridde tyme yn he creped. 14.. Chaucer MS. [see Bi], 1634 Massinger Very Woman iv. iii, How the devil Creeped he into my head? 1807 [see B. 1]. Mod. Sc. A fox creepit [or crap] through the hole.

€. 4- crept(e. £1350 Cursor M. 15388 (Fairf.) Crepped in him Sathanas [Trin. MS. crepte, Cott. crep, Gott. croupe]. £1350 Will. Palerne 2235 And crepten into a caue. 1548 Hall Chron. 169 Whereunto.. [this] tended and crept up. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iv. (1682) 141 He crept in favour with Christians. i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xi. 69 We crossed crevasses and crept round slippery ridges.

3. Pa. pple. a. 1-7 (north, dial. -9) cropen, 5-6 Sc. croppin, croipin, (6 crepen, 9 north, dial. croppen, cruppen, Yorksh. creppen). £ 1205 Lay. 5671 pa ilke pe aniht weoren atcropene. c 1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 886 As thou.. were cropen out of the ground. 1423 Jas. I. Kingis Q. clxxxii, Quho that from hell war croppin onys in hevin. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 17 He had cropen therein. 01553 Philpot Wks. (1842) 336 Corruptions have crepen into the people. 1563 WiN3ET Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 132 Abuiss.. croipin in the Kirk. 01572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 401 Frensche men ar croppin in of lait. 1621 Markham Prev. Hunger (1655) 32 Cropen away and hidden. 1698 Lister in Phil. Trans. XX. 247 [They] would have cropen away. 1790 Mrs. Wheeler Westmrld. Dial. (1821) 23 Sic pride croppen intul Storth an Arnside. i&55 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Croppen or Cropen, crept. ‘Where hae ye gitten croppen to?’

j3. 3-4 ycrope, ycrop, 3-8 crope, (4-5 crepe). c 1275 Lay. 5671 pat weren awei crope. c 1325 Coer de L. 3473 In the erthe they wolde have crope. c 1330 Arth. & Merl. 7229 Whider-ward were ye y-crope. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. in. 404 If he ware Crope thorow pe 3ate. 1595 Markham Sir R. Grinvile, To the fayrest i, A Heauenlie fier is crope into my braine. 1642 Rogers Naaman 71 The Lord speakes of those.. despised men, crope out of captivity. a 1734 North Examen 273 (D.) The Captain was just crope out of Newgate.

y. 4-5 crepid, 7-9 creeped. C1430 Chaucer Reeve's T. 339 (Camb. MS.) He wende a crepid by hese felawe Ion [5 MSS. cropen, Harl. crope]. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. I. xvi. 396 Intestine faction had creeped into the Government of France. Mod. Sc. It has creepit oot.

8. 6- crept. 1535 Coverdale i Macc. vi. 11 Some yr were crepte in to dennes. 1611 Bible Jude 4 There are certaine men crept in vnawares. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 195 Mahomet has a little crept among them. 1855 Tennyson Maud in. vi. i, My life has crept so long on a broken wing.

4. The Perfect Tense was formerly, as in go, come, etc., formed with be to express result: he is cropen or crept in. c 1205-1423 [see 3 a above]. 1534 Tindale JW* 4 For ther are certayne craftely crept in. 1545 Joye Exp. Dan. vii. iij b, Oute of poore scoles & cloysters are these beggers cropen vp. 1650 Earl Monm. tr. Senault's Man bee. Guilty 338 As soon as they are crope out from their Spring-head. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. vii. 151 No Errors are crept into the . .Text. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 57 f 4 That Party-Rage which .. is very much crept into their Conversation, a 1734 [see 3 p].

B. Signification. 1. a. intr. To move with the body prone and close to the ground, as a short-legged reptile, an insect, a quadruped moving stealthily, a human being on hands and feet, or in a crouching posture. Formerly said of snakes, worms, and other creatures without limbs, for which crawl is now more usual, though in some cases either may be used: see crawl v. c888 K. /Elfred Boeth. xxxvi. §4 Oj?er nzeip his fota jeweald pset he maege gan .. and ongin^ creopan [Bodl. MS. crypan] on Sone ilcan wej. ciooo /Elfric Horn. II. 488 (Bosw.) Him comon to creopende fela naeddran. c 1205 Lay. 29313 Pe king him gon crepen an heonden and a futen. c 1386 Chaucer Reeve's T. 339 He wende haue cropen [MS. Camb. crepid, Harl. crope] by his felawe Iohn, And by the Millere in he creepe [v.rr. creep, crape, crepede, crept] anon. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle iv. xxxiii. (1483) 82 The serpent.. shold .. crepe vpon his breste. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. ii. 59 Creepe into the Kill-hole. 1611 Florio, Carponare, to creepe on all foure. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 213 Land Tortoyses so great that they will creepe with two mens burthens. 1705 Berkeley Cave of Dunmore Wks. IV. 509 We were forced to stoop, and soon after creep on our knees. 1735 Somerville Chase hi. 146 See there he [the fox] creeps along; his Brush he drags. 1807 Robinson Archaeol. Graeca in. vi. 227 A person accused creeped on his hands through the fire. 1864 Tennyson Aylmer's F. 852 [There] the slow-worm creeps.

fb. Proverbially ‘walk’).

contrasted

with

go

(=

c888 K. Alfred Boeth. xxxvi. §4 Se bip mihtijra se 6e geep ponne se pe criepS [Bodl. MS. crypp]. c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 267 The Dikes were so develye depe .. Ouer cowde thai nothir goo nor crepe, c 1460 Towneley Myst. 114 Kynde wille crepe Where it may not go. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 135 Children must learne to creepe ere they can go. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr. 304 The most imperfect souls, who are not as yet able to go, but only to creep in the way to heaven. 1741 Richardson Pamela III. 352 And besides, as the vulgar saying is, One must creep before one goes! 1836 Backwoods of Canada 57, I used to hear when I was a boy, ‘first creep and then go!’

fc. to creep to the cross (also to creep the cross): spec, used of the Adoration of the Cross, in the Roman Service for Good Friday. Obs. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 95 Crepe to cruche on lange fridai. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xviii. 428 Ariseth .. And crepeth to pe crosse on knees, c 1449 Pecock Repr. 269 Not as thou3 thei crepiden thanne & there to noon other thing saue to the Ymage, but that thei aftir her ymaginacioun crepiden to the persoon of Crist, a 1500 Ratis Raving 11. 129 Nocht our oft creip the corss one kneis. 15.. in Boorde Introd. Knowl. (1870) Introd. 92 The Usher to lay a Carpett for the Kinge to Creepe to the Crosse upon. 1554 Bale Decl. Bonner's Articles Divb, To creape to the Crosse on Good Friday featly. 1586-92 Warner Alb. Eng. 115 (N.) We kiss the pix, we creepe the crosse, our beades we over-runne. 1606 Shaks. Tr. Cr. hi. iii. 73 To come as humbly as they vs’d to creepe To holy Altars. 1630 J. Taylor Wks. (N.), Because they would not creepe unto the crosse, And change Gods sacred Word for humane drosse.

2. a. To move softly, cautiously, timorously, or slowly; to move quietly and stealthily so as to elude observation; to steal (into, away, etc.). c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 23 And per beo analpi holh pat an mon mei crepan in. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 198 This lady tho was crope a side As she, that wolde her selven hide, c 1470 Henry Wallace vi. 627 Full law thai crap, quhill thai war out off sicht. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 6 The Fathers forsaking the Plough.. began to creepe into the Toune. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. ii. vii. 146 The whining Schoole-boy.. creeping like snaile Vnwillingly to schoole. 1705 Addison Italy 9 We here took a little Boat to creep along the Sea-shore as far as Genoa. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. vii. 7 Like a guilty thing I creep At earliest morning to the door. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xxv. 421 If this wind continues, we can creep up to-morrow to Loch Roag.

b. Of things:

CREEP

2

CREEP

To move slowly.

1650 Fuller Pisgah 11. x. 214 Where the brook Zorek creeps faintly out of the Tribe of Judah. 1752 Young Brothers 11. i, Go, fool, and teach a cataract to creep! 1867

Tent on Beach xxiv, The mists crept upward chill and damp. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 178 The sea-bottom over which the cold water creeps. Whittier

c. trans. To introduce gradually; slowly to increase (an amount of light, volume of music, etc.). Const, in. Cf. fade n.1 9. 1949 T. Rattigan Harlequinade in Playbill 57 They’ve crept in numbers two and three [sc. spotlights] too early. i960 N. Kneale Quatermass Gf Pit in. 97 Creep in music.

3. fig. (of persons and things), a. To advance or come on slowly, stealthily, or by imperceptible degrees; to insinuate oneself into; to come in or up unobserved; to steal insensibly upon or over. C1340 Cursor M. 14147 (Trin.) J?at sekenes crepte to heued & fote. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 296 J?ise newe ordris, pat ben cropen in wip-oute grounde. c 1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 84 Now age is cropen on me ful stille. c 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy 1. i, So ferre he was cropen into age. 1533 Q. Cath. Parr tr. Erasm. Commune Crede 74 b, By unlawfull plesure crope in the death and destruction of mankynde. 1565 Golding Ovid's Met. vi. (1593) 172 Sleepe upon my carefull carcasse crope. 1647-8 Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 19 These opinions.. crept up, till they were universally embraced. 1702 De Foe Shortest Way w. Dissenters in Arb. Garner VII. 593 How they crope into all Places of Trust and Profit. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 61 f 1 Among many Phrases which have crept into Conversation. 1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville I. 250 Despondency began to creep over their hearts. 1869 Trollope He Knew liii. (1878) 293 When these sad weeks had slowly crept over her head. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 301 The licence of which you speak very easily creeps in.

b. To move timidly or diffidently; to proceed humbly, abjectly, or servilely, to cringe; to move on a low level, without soaring or aspiring. Cf. CREEPING ppl. a. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 623 So lowe crope they on the ground, that when they heare the name of the Sabboth, they remember nothing but the seauenth day. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 614/1 When they are weary of warres .. then they creepe a litle perhaps, and sue for grace. 16.. Dryden (J.), It is evident he [Milton] creeps along sometimes for above an hundred lines together. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 347 And ten low words oft creep in one dull line. 1735-Prol. Sat. 333 Wit that can creep, and pride that licks the dust. 1782 Cowper Conversation 145 Where men of judgment creep, and feel their way, The positive pronounce without dismay. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Manners Wks. (Bohn) II. 46 Don’t creep about diffidently. 1874 Blackie Self-cult. 89 Where aspiration is wanting, the soul creeps.

4. a. Of plants: To grow with the stem and branches extending along the ground, a wall, or other surface, and throwing out roots or claspers at intervals, b. Of roots or subterranean stems: To extend horizontally under ground. 1530 Tindale Pract. Prelates Wks. 1849 II. 270 [Ivy] creepeth along by the ground till it find a great tree. 1580 Baret Alv. C 1597 To creepe, to run as rootes do in the ground, repo. 1672-3 Grew Anat. Plants 11. 1. i. §9 The Motions of Roots are.. sometimes Level, as are those of Hops.. and all such as properly Creep. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 182 Cucumers along the Surface creep. 1717 Pope Eloisa 243 Where round some mould’ring tow’r pale ivy creeps. 1837 Dickens Pickw. vi, Oh, a dainty plant is the Ivy green, That creepeth o’er ruins old!

fc. Said of the ramification of blood-vessels, etc. Obs. Cf. crawl v. 4. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. 1. xxviii. 67 Those [blood-vessels] which come from above do creep all the womb over. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 97 As they [blood-vessels] creep along the side of the branches [of the horns].

d. fig. To extend like a creeping plant. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. ii. (1858) 138 Vineyards creep along the ancient terraces. 1859 Jephson Brittany iii. 24 Up this cliff creeps the town, capped by the fine old church.

e. Of a liquid: to spread over or cover a surface as a thin film; esp. (of a salt solution) to rise on the sides of the containing vessel, depositing crystals of the salt; (of the dissolved salt) to be deposited in this way. 1888 J. A. Fleming Short Lect. Electr. Artisans (ed. 2) 208 Difficulty sometimes occurs from the gradual ‘creeping’ up of the salts around the stopper. 1900 Nature 4 Oct. 562/1 Dr. Trouton gave a short account of his experiments on the creeping of liquids, and on the surface tensions of mixtures. He has found that the tendency of certain liquids to creep up the sides of their containing vessels is due to such liquids being mixtures. 1902 W. R. Cooper Prim. Batteries 195 When evaporation of a salt takes place in a glass vessel, crystals form on the vessel near the surface of the solution; and .. the crystals grow upwards and finally grow over the top of the vessel. This ‘creeping’, as it is termed, is avoided in Leclanche cells by dipping the tops of the glass pots into ozokerite or paraffin wax. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl. s.v. Oilthrower, Oil creeping along the shaft from the journal is thrown off. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 186/2 If an open vessel containing helium II is suspended inside the vacuum flask, .. the liquid creeps over the edge, and drops off the bottom of the vessel. 1958 j. j. Bikerman Surface Chem. (ed. 2) i. 89 The well-known phenomenon of creeping of solutions or crystal climbing probably involves the relation between surface tension and concentration.

5. a. trans. = creep along or over. rare. (Cf. also creep the cross in 1 c.) 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 523 And every creeping thing that creeps the ground. 1727 Dyer Grongar Hill 78 Whose ragged walls the ivy creeps. 1738 Wesley Hymns, ‘O Thou whose Wisdom' iii, The meanest Worm that creeps the Earth. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 130 Black clouds crept the southern hill.

b. trans. and intr. To rob (stealthily); to use stealth. Criminals' slang (orig. U.S.).

1914 in Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang. 1928 M. C. Sharpe Chicago May (1929) xxxi. 259 Panelling, or creeping, only carries eighteen months, because the John went to the room of his own accord. 1955 P- Wildeblood Against Law iii. 119 You could creep that drum six-handed, with jelly and all, and she’d think it was mice. 1958 [see creep sb. 1 e].

6. intr. Of the skin or flesh, less usually of the person himself: To have a sensation as of things creeping over the skin; to be affected with a nervous shrinking or shiver (as a result of fear, horror, or repugnance). 01300 Cursor M. 3567 (Cott.) Quen pat [he] sua bicums aid.. It crepes crouland in his bak. CI400 Rom. Rose 2558 Whanne thou wenest for to slepe, So fulle of peyne shalt thou crepe. 1727 Swift Gulliver in. vii. 223 Something in their countenances that made my flesh creep with a horror I cannot express. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xvii, You make my hair stand on end, and my flesh creep. 1879 G. Meredith Egoist xxviii. (1889) 266 He had such an air of saying ‘Tom’s a-cold’, that her skin crept in sympathy. 1882 Mrs. Raven's Tempt. I. 310 It makes me quite creep.

7. Naut., etc. To drag with a creeper for anything at the bottom of the water. 1813-14 Act 54 Geo. Ill, c. 159 § 10 No person .. shall.. creep or sweep for anchors [etc.].. supposed to be lost in any of the ports. 1830 Marryat King's Own ix, There the cargo is left, until they have an opportunity of going off in boats to creep for it, which is by dragging large hooks at the bottom until they catch the hawser. 1888 T. Hardy Wessex Tales II. 143.

8. Of metal rails, etc.: To move gradually forward under the continuous pressure of heavy traffic in the same direction, or as a result of periodical expansion and contraction on a gradient. Also, to increase very gradually in length under excessive stress. 1872 W. S. Huntington Road-Master's Assistant (ed. 2) 29 The rails in creeping have a tendency to move towards the foot of the grade. 1885 Science V. 344/2 In some places the rails move longitudinally or ‘creep’. On long inclines or grades the track may creep down hill. 1887 Engineer LXIV. 9 Now I have the fish bolts loosened I am threatened with a creeping of the line. 1890 Daily News 31 Dec. 2/5 The very curious ‘creeping’ action of lead upon a roof was also shown by means of a model... In the experiment the lead, first heated and then cooled, was made to creep a perceptible space. 1899 J. A. Ewing Strength Mater. 24 When a load exceeding the elastic limit is applied the strain which occurs at once is followed by a continued ‘creeping’ or supplementary deformation. 1911 - in Encycl. Brit. XXV. 1014/1 The elastic limit is the point., at which a tendency to creep is first seen. 1924 F. C. Lea in Proc. Inst. Mech. Engin. II. 1053 The problem is to find the safe stress at which the material will not change form or creep. Ibid. 1072 At 11.40 a.m. on the nth the specimen had crept 0 2 millimetre, but at 11.40 a.m. on the 14th the creeping had ceased. 1955 Oxf. Jun. Encycl. VIII. 286/2 Under this smaller but continuous burden the metal gradually deforms or ‘creeps’, and eventually breaks.

9. Coal-mining. To suffer a ‘creep’. 1851 Greenwell Coal-trade Terms Northumb. & Durh. 19 The softer the thill, the greater the liability to creep. 1861 Trans. N. Eng. Inst. Min. Engineers IX. 24 [It] had evidently brought on a heavy creep as shown on the section of crept bords.

10. Of soil, talus, etc.: to undergo creep (sense 7 a); to move imperceptibly en masse. 1889 Geol. Mag. VI. 257 The whole outer layer of the soilcap will.. creep slightly downwards. Ibid. 260 The creeping of the soilcap through the action of frost. 1918 Econ. Geol. XIII. 609 In many places hillside surficial material seems to be creeping up instead of down—perhaps due to swelling by weathering of the surface portions of certain underlying beds. 1965 Hatch & Rastall Petrol. Sedim. Rocks (ed. 4) II. v. 77 If a rock fragment on a slope is moved by its own expansion or that of the pore-water it may be exposed to the pull of gravity. It will then creep slightly downhill. 11. Of a rubber tyre. (Cf. creep sb. 9.) 1903 Motoring Ann. 300 It is claimed for the Collier tyre that it cannot possibly creep. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 25 Feb. 4/2, I understand that they have a great tendency to creep.

12. Of a belt or rope: to slip or slide backwards on the pulley. (Cf. creep sb. 8.) 1922 F. V. Hetzel Belt Conveyors 124 A poorly made belt . . will creep more and cause more wear than a good belt.

creep (kri:p), sb. [f. the verb.] 1. a. The action of creeping; slow or stealthy motion, (lit. and fig.) 1818 Keats Endym. 1. 679 Until a gentle creep, A careful moving caught my waking ears. 1842 Wordsw. ‘Lyre! though such power', Or watch.. The current as it plays In flashing leaps and stealthy creeps Adown a rocky maze. 1862 Thornbury Turner I. 264 There is a fine sense of terror and danger and adventure in Jason’s stealthy creep. fb. Hawking. See quot. Obs. i486 Bk. St. Albans D j b, Yowre hawke fleeth at or to the Creepe when ye haue yowre hawke on yowre fyst and crepe softely to the Ryuer or to the pit, and stelith softeli to the brynke therof, and then cry huff, and bi that meane Nym a fowle.

c. t («) A creeping fellow; a sneak, dial. Obs. (b) slang (orig. U.S.). A despicable, worthless, stupid, or tiresome person. Cf. creeper i b. 01876 E. Leigh Gloss. Cheshire (1877) 52 A Creep.., a creeping fellow. 1886 Brierley Cast upon World xviii. 218 His whole get-up so suggestive of what in those days was called a ‘creep’, that I could not help regarding him with additional loathing. 1935 Jrnl. Abnormal Psychol. XXX. 362 Creep, a worthless person. 1938 New Republic 7 Sept. 129/1 The man .. is nothing but a creep. 1951 [see charge sb. 3 d]. 1954 Wodehouse Jeeves & Feudal Spirit i. 7 They were.. creeps of the first water and would bore the pants off me.

CREEPAGE 1958 Spectator 9 May 588/3 A pathetic fat city creep comes making eyes at the daughter, i960 H. Pinter Room 117, I get these creeps come in, smelling up my room. 1966 Punch 16 Feb. 241 ‘Maurice Thew School of Body-building’? That’ll be that phoney creep upstairs.

d. A stealthy robber; a sneak thief; esp. one who works in a brothel. Criminals' slang (orig. U.S.). Cf. creep joint (6). 1914 in Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang. 1928 M. C. Sharpe Chicago May (1929) xxxi. 255, I have been a badger, pay-off, note-layer, creep, panel, and blackmailer. i960 Observer 25 Dec. 7/6 A creep is a highly expert thief... He is so quiet that he can move about a house for hours without waking anybody.

e. Stealthy robbery; petty thieving; esp. in a brothel. So at or on the creep: engaged in stealthy robbery. Also attrib. Criminals' slang (orig. U.S.). 1928 M. C. Sharpe Chicago May (1929) xxxi. 257 She may decide to shift to the creep or panel game. 1931 C. Rimington Bon Voyage Bk. 89/2 At the creep, picking lady’s skirt pocket while walking. 1938 F. D. Sharpe Flying Squad i. 15 Billy’s at ‘the Creep’ means that Billy earns his living stealing by stealth from tills whilst a shop is momentarily unwatched, or from a warehouse. 1958 F. Norman Bang to Rights hi. 121 A geezer who got captured while he was out on the creep, he used to go out and creep about all over the place trying to find things to knock off. One of his favourite stokes was creep offices [sic] in the city.. during the lunch hour.

2. A sensation as of things creeping over one’s body; a nervous shrinking or shiver of dread or horror. Usually in pi., the creeps or cold creeps (colloq.). 1849 Dickens Dav. Copp. iii. 29 She was constantly complaining of the cold, and of its occasioning a visitation in her back which she called ‘the creeps’. 1862 Lytton Haunted Haunters in Str. Story (1866) II. 391, I felt a creep of undefinable horror. 1879 A. Forbes in Daily News 21 Aug. 5/3 It gives you the creeps all down the small of the back. 1884 Athenaeum 15 Mar. 340/1.

3. Coal-mining. The slow continuous bulging or rising up of the floor of a gallery owing to the superincumbent pressure upon the pillars. ‘Also any slow movement of mining ground’ (Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881). 1813 Ann. Philos. II. 285 The pitmen were proceeding.. through the old workings.. the proper road being obstructed by a creep. 1867 W. W. Smyth Coal & Coal¬ mining 132 The creep .. arises when the thill or underclay is soft, and the proportion of pillars to bords such that after a time a downward movement takes place; the pillars then force the clay to rise upwards in the bords. 1867 Ann. Reg. 176 He advised that it should be buried in some of the creeps or crevices of some old pit-workings.

4. A low arch under a railway embankment; an opening in a hedge or other enclosure, for an animal to creep or pass through. Cf. creephole. Also, an enclosure in which young animals may feed, with an entrance too small to admit the mother. So creep-feed, -feeding; creep-feed v. 1819 Sporting Mag. IV. 209, I have heard that they [sc. pheasants] of late have been snared in creeps, like hares. 1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownsh. 37 A creep for cattle, on the Wigtown Railway. 1884 R. Jefferies Red Deer x. 188 Through this hedge [poachers] leave holes, or ‘creeps’, for the pheasants to run through. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 92 To fatten lambs rapidly, the utmost care must be given to their feeding. When folded on green crops they should feed in advance of the ewes, by having ‘creeps’ provided. 1924 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 49/2 The rabbits have their chosen creeps through the greenery below. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Jan. 63/1 Creep feeding. From the earliest age piglets will take extra feed. Ibid. Apr. 371/3 A creep in which the suckers can feed away from the sow is a necessity, i960 Farmer Stockbreeder 16 Feb. 50 The piglets .. will already be creep-feeding. Ibid. 22 Mar. 136/2 A suitable creep-feed mixture would be 2 parts cracked beans, 1 part crushed wheat, 3 parts crushed oats, 2 parts ground barley. 1964 R. Jeffries Embarrassing Death ii. 18 He could see sheep creep¬ feeding in one field. 5. = CREEPER 5. 1889 Chamb. Jrnl. Jan. 28/2 Boatmen went to work with creeps or drags to search for the body.

6. attrib. and Comb., as f creep-windorw (cf. sense 4); (sense 10) creep-rate, -resistance, -resistant adj., -strain, -stress, -test, -testing', creep curve, a curve showing the rate, circumstances, etc. of creep (sense 10); creep joint U.S. slang, (a) a brothel or unwholesome apartment-house, esp. one where patrons are robbed; (b) a gambling-game operating in a different location each night; creep limit, strength, the maximum stress to which material, esp. metal, can be subjected without ‘creep’ (see sense 10). Also creep-hole, creepmouse. 1931 H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. 31 The form of the creep curve for materials at normal service temperature. 1928 M. C. Sharpe Chicago May (1929) ii, New York was full of creep joints at that time [c 1896]. 1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 455/1 Creep-joint, a gambling house that moves to a different apartment each night. 1946 Mezzrow & Wolfe Really Blues i. 3 Earned my Ph.D. in more creep joints and speakeasies and dancehalls than the law allows. 195° A. Lomax Mr. Jelly Roll (1952) 50 Creep joints where they’d put the feelers on a guy’s clothes. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 208/1 Creep limit. 1931 H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. 31 Ultimate failure of a material would result however small the initial creep rate may be. 1937 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLI. 378 Cast alloys have better creep resistance than

CREEPER

3 forged. 1947 Mech. Engin. LXIX. 273 The scarcity of creep-resistant materials for blades and rotors working at high temperature, i960 Times 16 Mar. (Canberra Suppl.) p. vii/1 The use of high-strength alloy creep-resistant steels for the tubes and supports. 1948 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LII. 2/2 Strain deviations .. are regarded as ‘creep strains’. 1929 Tapsell & Remfry (title) The ‘creep’ strength of a ‘high nickel-high chromium steel’, between 6oo° and 8oo° C. *957 Times Surv. Brit. Aviation Sept. 27/4 American writers have claimed an increase in creep strength of 20 per cent, by vacuum-melting. 1934 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVIII. 205 When selecting a light alloy material for aero engine design .. it is important to consider the creep stress of the material concerned. Ibid. 408 Magnesium alloys under creep test. 1931 H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals i. 3 The experimental refinements now found necessary in creep¬ testing. 1664 Atkyns Orig. Printing Ded. Bj, The least Creep-window robs the whole House; the least Errour in War is not to be redeemed.

7. Geol. (Cf. 3.) a. A slow, imperceptible movement en masse of soil, talus, etc., usu. downhill under the influence of gravity but freq. with other processes (such as successive freezing and thawing) contributing to the effect. 1889 Geol. Mag. VI. 260 The normal rise of the surface particles was about ^ of the depth of the frozen soil, and their creep about of the same depth. 1897 W. B. Scott Introd. Geol. iv. 82 Each freezing causes the fragments to rise slightly.. and each thawing produces a reverse movement; hence the slow creep down the slope. 1897 [see soil-creep, soil sb.1 10]. 1938 C. F. S. Sharpe Landslides iii. 21 The general term creep may be defined as the slow downslope movement of superficial soil or rock debris, usually imperceptible except to observations of long duration. 1942 C. A. Cotton Geomorphol. (ed. 3) iii. 29 Evidence of creep may be seen where trees and posts have been tilted from the vertical, i960 B. W. Sparks Geomorphol. iv. 47 Rock creep is a movement of jointed blocks, partly as the result of soil creep and partly as a result of sliding. 1966 R. Common in G. H. Dury Ess. Geomorphol. 53 Shearing stresses in the material of a slope cause creep when they exceed the ‘fundamental’ shearing resistance.

b. A slow displacement of strata or the earth’s crust by expansion or contraction or under compressive forces. 1900 [see crust-creep s.v. crust sb. 13 b]. 1903 T. M. Evol. Earth Struct, ix. 134 The horizontal expansion .. will produce, by small increments and minor alterations, a creep, ending in an anticlinal fold. 1906 Chamberlin & Salisbury Geol. III. 312 Continental creep along the steep slope between the continental platforms and the oceanic basins. 1942 E. M. Anderson Dynamics of Faulting viii. 182 A general ‘creep’ of the surface towards the mountain axis is supposed by others to be an essential part of the process of orogeny. 1964 L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. (ed. 2) xi. 149 Very accurate geodetic surface measurements across the San Andreas fault.. have shown that slow creep at an annual rate of 1 cm does take place along the fault line. Reade

8. The slip of the belt on the pulley drum, or wheel over which it runs. [1888 Lockwood's Diet. Mech. Engin. 95 Creeping, the very slight loss of speed which results when drums are driven by rope gearing, due to the slipping of the rope.] 1909 W. C. Unwin Machine Design 1. 448 (heading) Creep of belt. 9. A creeping motion between the rim of a

wheel and a rubber tyre. Cf. creep v. ii. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 5 Mar. 4/3 The rims of the R.W. wheel allow no creep with a properly inflated tyre.

10. The continuous deformation of a material (esp. a metal) under stress, esp. at high temperatures. Cf. creep v. 8. 1924 F. C. Lea in Proc. Inst. Mech. Engin. II. 1066 At stresses slightly above this the creep was continuous and the bar broke. Ibid. 1072 It will thus stand a higher stress without creep. 1931 H. J. Tapsell Creep of Metals iii. ^1 Creep may be defined as the deformation of a material occurring with time under and due to an externally applied stress whether the deformation be of the nature of plastic or of viscous flow. 1943 E. G. Couzens in R. S. Morrell Synthetic Resins (ed. 2) xvii. 544 Flow takes place in two stages—creep, which is greatest following elastic deformation, and cold flow. 1952 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXXI. 333/2 In these materials creep was found to be primarily a process of slip in the austenite crystals. 1956 Gloss. Terms Concrete (B.S.I.) 16 Creep, a slow inelastic deformation or movement of concrete under stress. 1957 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. II. 51 Creep, the increase in strain with time due to elastic after-effect and plastic deformation. 1970 Fremdsprachen 44 An uncertainty about the effect of creep and shrinkage.

creepage ('kriipic^).

[f. creep v. 4- -age.] Gradual movement; spec, leakage of electricity.

1903 Electr. World & Engin. 7 Nov. 777 (Cent. D. Suppl. s.v. Oil-thrower), Special oil throwers are provided to prevent the creepage of oil along the shaft. 1958 Which? I. II. 22/1 We tested the motor for safety... This included brush, creepage and wiring compliance. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VII. 158/2 These [insulators] are made of glazed porcelain, with a series of skirts to lengthen the creepage paths and provide maximum resistance to flash-over.

creeper (’kri:p3(r)).

Forms: i creopere, 4-6 creper(e, 6 crepar, 6- creeper, [f. creep v. + -ER.]

1. a. One who creeps. (In quot. 1883, a child too young to walk.) a 1000 Glostr. Frag. 12. 17 (Bosw.) Seo ealde cyrce waes eall behangen mid criccum and mid creopera sceamelum. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 101 Crepere, or he pat crepythe, reptor. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. lx. 35 A creper with spiders, and a flier with flise. 1682 Otway Venice Pres. v. ii, All us little creepers in’t, called men. 1883 J. Parker Apost. Life II. 256 The door must not be shut., until the last little creeper has been brought in and sat at the Father’s table.

b. fig. One who moves stealthily, timidly, or abjectly, or proceeds in a mean and servile way. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie III. xxiv. (Arb.) 299 Sometimes a creeper, and a curry-fauell with his superiours. 1598 Florio, Insinuatore, a craftie she creeper into ones bosome, fauor or minde. c 1605 Rowley Birth Merl. iii. vi, A gilded rascal, A low-bred despicable creeper. 1631 Brathwait Eng. Gentlew. (1641) 360 They were.. no strutters in the streets, but despicable creepers. 1811 Lamb Trag. Shaks., The servilest creeper after nature that ever consulted the palate of an audience.

fc. slang. A ‘penny-a-liner’; see quot. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 241 A creeper is one who furnishes the newspapers with paragraphs at so much a line. 1825 T. Lister Granby lx. (1836) 425 Persons, called, in the slang of the trade, ‘creepers’, whose business it is to prowl about, collecting incidents for the newspapers.

d. pi. (a) The feet; (b) shoes with soft soles. Also attrib. (in sing.). Cf. brothel-creeper, slang (orig. U.S.). 1889 Barrere & Leland Diet. Slang I. 280/1 Creepers ..(American), the feet. 1904 ‘No. 1500’ Life in Sing Sing 247 Creepers, soft shoes worn by burglars, sneak-thieves and prison guards. 1924 G. C. Henderson Keys to Crookdom 402 Creepers, rubber-soled shoes. Also called sneaks. 1951 Sunday Pictorial 29 Oct., Fancy shoes with thick creperubber wedge soles which are known to connoisseurs as ‘creepers’. 1955 E. Blishen Roaring Boys iv. 210 He pointed to my shoes, which were new and crape-soled. ‘They’re creepers... Real up-to-the-minute yobo’s thicksoled creepers.’ 1961 M. Dickens Heart of London 1. 67 The two-inch soles of their ‘creeper’ shoes.

2. a. An animal that creeps, a creeping thing, an insect or reptile; spec, (in vulgar speech) a louse. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. ill. (1586) 147 b, You shall be sure to have neither Mite nor Creeper in your Cheese. 1609 Bible (Douay) Gen. vii. 21 A1 creepers, that creepe upon the earth. 1651 Miller of Mansf. 8 Hast any Creepers within thy gay Hose? 1673 S. C. Rules of Civility 61 ’Tis unbecoming .. to scratch .. as if there were Creepers upon our backs. 1840 Hood Up the Rhine 200 A mounted gendarme would probably disdain to pursue a creeper.

b. Angling. The larva of the Stone-fly. 1867 F. Francis Angling (1876) 264 The crab or creeper is the larva of the stone fly.

c. Poultry-rearing. ‘One of a breed of fowls with legs so short that they jump rather than walk’. 1847 W. B. Dickson Poultry 15 The Dwarf Fowl, or Creeper (Gallus Bankiva, S. pumilio, Temminck, Le Coq Nain, Buffon). 1885 in Annandale.

3. A name given to many small birds, of different families, which run or climb up and down the branches of trees and bushes; esp. the common Brown Creeper or Tree-creeper, Certhia familiar is. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., Birds.. not melodious, as the.. witwal, creeper, wren. 1674 Ray Eng. Birds 84 The Creeper or Ox-eye Creeper. 1766 Pennant Zool. (1768) I. 193 The creeper.. next to the crested wren is the least of the British birds. 1863 Bates Nat. Amazon vii. (1864) 203 Many pretty little blue and green creepers of the Dacnidae group were daily seen feeding on berries. 1882 Proc. Berw. Nat. Club IX. 553 No Gold-crests or Creepers, and rarely any Wrens were seen.

/"4. a. A plant that creeps along the ground, or (more usually) one that ascends a supporting surface, as ivy and the Virginian Creeper {Ampelopsis hederacea); a climber. 1626 Bacon Sylva §536 They are Winders and Creepers; as Ivy, Briony, Hops, Woodbine. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 31 This Plant is a Creeper, and twines or lashes itself round any Tree that is near it. 1721 Bradley Wks. Nature 37 The Ivy, and Virginia Creeper. 1818 Keats Endym. 11. 416 The creeper, mellowing for an autumn blush. i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 60 Primeval labyrinths of giant trees, tangled with ten thousand creepers.

b. (pi.) Arch. ‘Leaves or clusters of foliage used in Gothic edifices to ornament the angles of spires, pinnacles, and other parts; crochets.’ 1864 in Webster.

5. A kind of grapnel used for dragging the bottom of the sea or other body of water. In first quot. app. used of a grappling-iron. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3667 Cogge appone cogge, krayers and oper, Castys crepers one crosse als to pe crafte langes. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 106 He perist in Loch Tay .. His body was found be creparis. 1730 Capt. W. Wriglesworth MS. Log-bk. of the ‘Lyell' 24 July, We sweaped with a Creeper for the Hawser, which we got hold of. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1789), Creeper, an instrument of iron resembling a grappling, having a shank and four hooks or claws.. It is used to throw into the bottom of any river or harbour.. to hook and draw up any thing.. lost, a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Creepers.. 2. Grapnels to bring up any thing from the bottom of a well or pond. 1875 Wilcocks Sea-Fisherman (ed. 3) 40 The Grapnel or Creeper Sinker is much used off Dartmouth .. on account of the strength of the tidal currents .. These creepers have five claws. 1888 T. Hardy Wessex Tales II. 143.

f6. A small iron ‘dog’, of which a pair were placed on a hearth between the andirons. Obs. 1556 Inv. Goods in Archaeol. XXXVI. 289 A payre of crepers. 1565 Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 178, j. olde brandrethe.. j. iron creper. 1629 Inv. in Trans. Essex Archaeol. Soc. III. 11. 167, i pr creepers, fire shovell and tonges. 1661 Prynne Exam. Exub. Com. Prayer 106 The little Creepers, not the great Brass shining Andirons, bear up all the wood, and heat of the fire. 1833 J- Holland Manuf. Metal II. 162 The andirons proper.. and what were denominated creepers, a smaller sort, with short necks or none at all.

CREEP-HOLE 7. local, a. A kind of patten or clog worn by women, b. A piece of iron with points or spikes, worn under the feet to prevent slipping on ice, etc. 1721 Bailey, Creepers, a sort of Galoshes, between Clogs and Pattens, worn by Women, a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Creepers, 1. Low pattens mounted on short iron stumps, instead of rings, i860 Bartlett Diet. Amer., Creepers, pieces of iron, furnished with sharp points and strapped under the feet, to prevent one falling when walking upon ice. 1887 Newcastle Wkly. Chron. 1 Jan. 4 Ice-creepers are now on sale in certain shops of Newcastle. 8. = CREEP sb. 4. *845 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VI. I. 189 That.. lambs may., have more liberty, and pick out the shortest and sweetest of the keep, I have ‘creepers’ placed to enable them to do so.

9. a. An apparatus for conveying grain in cornmills, a conveyor, b. An endless feeding-apron, in a carding-machine.

moving

1847 Engineer & Mach. Assistant (Descr. Plates) 92 The creeper.. constructed by Mr. Fairbaim. 1865 Sir W. Fairbairn Mills & Mill-work 11. 140 The creeper consists of a long enclosed screw with a wide pitch and projecting thin threads enclosed in a wooden box or trough.

10. A small iron frying-pan with three legs; also called a spider. (U.S. local.) 1880 in Webster Supp.

11. A pupil in the tea-planting trade, esp. in Ceylon. 1893 Field 8 Apr. 510/3 ‘Creepers’, as they are called, are constantly coming out to learn tea. 1894 Standard 2 Jan. 5 A ‘creeper’, it seems, is the technical term for a pupil whose parents pay a high premium to have him taught the art and mystery of tea-planting in Ceylon. 1921 Ld. F. Hamilton Here, There & Everywhere ii. 48 [In Ceylon] Planters are divided locally into three categories: the managers,.. the assistants,.. and the premium-pupils, known as ‘creepers’. 1931 E. Sutton tr. Fauconnier's Soul of Malaya 1. iii. 30 The conceit of these blasted little creepers!

12. Cricket.

creepy

4

A ball which keeps low after

pitching. 1848 Punch Almanack May-June, Till some ‘ripper’ or ‘creeper’ gives the great wicket-keeper A chance. 1927 Daily Tel. 14 June 6/1 A ‘creeper’ from Larwood got rid of Twining. 1963 Times 17 May 4/5 Ormrod had to deal with three astonishing creepers from the lively Arnold. 13. Comb., as (sense 4) creeper-clad, creeper-

covered adjs. 1884 G. Allen Philistia I. 292 His pretty latticed creeperclad window. 1888 Daily News 25 June 6/3 The cool woods and creeper-covered rocks.

b. creeper bridge, rope, a bridge or rope of twisted creepers stretched across a tropical river; creeper chain Mining, an endless chain fitted with grips or hooks for traction of minecars, etc. 1892 H. W. Hughes Coal-mining 383 No better appliance has been introduced for minimising the cost of conveying tubs about the heapstead than that known as the ‘finger’ or ‘creeper’ chain... It consists of an endless chain travelling under the tubs, provided at intervals with vertical projecting pieces of iron fastened to the links. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 16 Jan. 5/3 A creeper rope tied from bank to bank. 1909 Ibid. 30 Dec. 5/4 We finally managed to get another creeper br idge between the island and the opposite bank, and hauled the women and children to a place of safety.

Hence 'creepered ppl. a., having (Virginia) creeper growing on the walls; 'creeperless a., without such a creeper. 1894 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 July 3/3 Down in the hollow is a glimpse of the creepered farmhouse. 1938 L. MacNeice Earth Compels 21 A chart of tropic Swamp and twilight Of creepered curtains. 1904 H. G. Wells Food of Gods 1. ii. § 1 The little house was creeperless.

creep-hole ('kriiphaul). [f. creep v. or sb. + hole.] A hole by which one creeps in or out; ‘a hole into which any animal may creep to escape danger’ (J.). Also fig. (cf. loop-hole). 1646 Game of Scotch & Eng. 20 How willing our brethren are to get a creep-hole, and how they shufle and cut to strugle themselves out of the Bryers. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 560 A poor shifting excuse, a miserable come-off, a very creep-hole. 1876 T. Hardy Hand Ethelb. I. 53 A screen of ivy .. across the front of the recess.. a small creep-hole being left for entrance and exit.

creepie ('kriipi). Sc. and dial. Also creepy, [f. creep v. + -Y or -IE, denominative.] 1. a. A low stool. Also creepie-stool, creepy stool. 1661 Mercurius Caledonius, To assemble all her Creels, Basquets, Creepies, Furmes. 01756 Sc. Song, Logie o' Buchan, I sit on my creepie and spin at my wheel. 1859 Dickens Haunted House vii. 34 He sat between his parents .. and Bessy on the old creepie-stool. 1865 Reader 18 Nov. 579/3 Carrying her creepie in one hand and her milking-pail in the other. 1892 Jane Barlow Irish Idylls vii. 178 Pat, set the ould creepy stool for Mrs. Doyne. 1903 W. B. Yeats Hour-Glass (1904) 3 A creepy stool near it. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 43 Fiacre and Scotus on their creepystools in heaven.

b. ‘It sometimes denotes the stool of repentance’ (Jamieson). Also creepie-chair. 1718 Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. viii, It’s a wise wife that kens her weird, What tho’ ye mount the creepy? 1794 Burns Rantin Dog iii, When I mount the creepie-chair, Wha will sit beside me there?

2. A small speckled fowl. (U.S. local.) 1854 Trans. Penns. Agric. Soc. 163 The variety of poultry exhibited .. comprising, in the tribe of barn-yard fowls,.. the Frizzle; the Creely and the Creepy.

creeping (’kriipiq), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] 1. a. The action of moving on the ground, as a reptile, or a human being on hands and knees. ey putte hym in a litel cribbe i-schape as a litel bote. 1398-Barth. De P.R. xix. cxxviii. (1495) 934 Fiscella is a lytyll euenlonge crybbe

a

pier,

dam,

superstructure

etc.;

sometimes

raised

upon

it.

(Canada & U.S.) 1816 [see crib-dam]. 1867 Harper's Weekly 20 Apr. 252/4 The flood-gates of the ‘crib’ were opened. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Crib.. 6. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones. Cribs are used for bridge-piers, ice-breakers, dams, etc. 1881 Proc. Inst. Civ. Engineers LXIII. 268 (Cribwork in Canada) Cribs are merely open or close boxes, made of timbers strongly framed together. 1884 Pall Mall G. 10 Oct. 7/2 Fourteen men were employed at a crib in the lake at the outer end of the tunnel. 14. A small raft of boards or staves to be floated down a small stream, a number of which are made up into a large raft. (Canada & U.S.) 1813 W. Johnson Reports X, Light cribs of boards would float over the dam in safety. 1880 Lumberman's Gaz. 28 Jan., When the streams get wide enough the ‘sticks’ are made into ‘cribs’, and these, again, are made up into Tafts’.. Cribs are formed of about 20 sticks of timber fastened between two logs called ‘floats’. 15. A bin or place with sparred or slatted sides for storing Indian corn (= corn-crib b); also for salt and other commodities. U.S. 1823 J. D. Hunter Captiv. N. Amer. 258 The corn [is preserved] in cribs, constructed of small poles and bark of trees. 1828 Webster, Crib.. 5. A small building, raised on posts, for storing Indian com. 1864 Ibid... 4. A box or bin for storing grain, salt, etc. III. 16. Cards, a. The set of cards made up of two (or one) thrown out from each player’s hand, and given to the dealer, in the game of cribbage. b. Also, short for cribbage. (colloq.) 1680 Cotton Compl. Gamester viii, Sometimes it so happens that he is both bilkt in hand and crib. 1870 Hardy & Ware Mod. Hoyle 79 (Cribbage) The players .. each throw out two [cards] for the crib, face downwards.. The four cards constituting ‘crib’ belong to the dealer. Ibid. 80 Having counted his hand, the dealer proceeds in like manner to count his crib. 1885 Standard 3 Apr. 2/6 He had played .. at ‘whist’ and ‘crib’. IV. Senses from crib v.

17. The act of ‘cribbing’; a petty theft. (See crib v. 7.) rare. 1855 Browning Fra Lippo Lippi 148 To confess Their cribs of barrel-droppings, candle-ends. 18. Something ‘cribbed’ or taken without acknowledgement, as a passage from an author; a plagiarism, (colloq.) 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 207 That’s a crib from Waller, I declare. 1876 A. M. Fairbairn in Contemp. Rev. June 130 It was a crib from himself.

CRIB 19. A translation of a classic or other work in a foreign language, for the illegitimate use of students. (colloq.) 1827 Lytton Pelham I. ii. 11, I could read Greek fluently, and even translate it through the medium of the Latin version technically called a crib. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxxix. (1889) 375 Schoolboys caught by their master using a crib.

20. A complaint, grumble, colloq. *943 Hunt & Pringle Service Slang 26 People have their own pet cribs. V. 21. attrib. and Comb., as crib timber-work (see sense 13); crib-bite v. intr., to have the practice or habit of crib-biting; crib-biter, a horse addicted to crib-biting; also fig.; also, a grumbler; crib-biting, the vice or morbid habit of seizing the manger (or other object) with the teeth and at the same time noisily drawing in the breath {wind-sucking); crib-breakwater U.S., a breakwater made of cribwork; crib-bridge, a bridge whose piers are formed of cribs (see crib sb. 13); crib-cracker slang, a burglar (see crib sb. 3 b); so crib-cracking; crib-dam U.S.,a dam formed of cribs; crib-muzzle, a muzzle worn by a horse to prevent crib-biting; crib-rail, a transverse member of the frame of a railway coach; crib-strap (see quot.); cribwork, work consisting or formed of cribs (sense 13); also attrib. 1844 *Crib-bite [see wind-suck v.]. 1809 Sporting Mag. XXXIV. 190 A bay horse .. found to be a *crib-biter. 1832 Marryat N. Forster xl, I have lately used iron pens, for I’m a devil of a crib-biter, i860 Hotten Diet. Slang (ed. 2) 124 Crib biter, an inveterate grumbler; properly said of a horse which has this habit, a sign of its bad digestion. 1831 Ann. Reg. 25 Horses had the habit of *crib-biting in very different degrees. 1879 Rep. Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army II. 1588 (Knight), *Crib breakwater. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 8 Dec. 2/1 What military engineers call a ‘*crib’ bridge. 1879 Punch 3 May 201/i A bludgeon as big As a *crib-cracker’s nobby persuader. 1883 G. R. Sims How the Poor Live ii. 10 His talents as a ‘cribcracker’, and his adventures as a pickpocket. 1906 Daily Chron. 5 Dec. 6/6 The house is adequately protected against burglars and is proof against the amateur crib-cracker. 1852 Punch 9 Oct. 161/1 He . . From cly-faking to *crib-cracking turned. 1816 Niles' Reg. IX. Suppl. 164/2 These dams are built with timber, in the manner of *crib dams, secured to the rocks below with iron bolts, a 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 231/1 *Crib muzzle (Manege), a muzzle used to correct the equine habit of cribbing. 1958 Engineering 14 Mar. 344/1 The body pillars, cantrail and *cribrails are in 12 s.w.g. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Cribstrap (Menage), a neck-throttler for crib-biting and wind sucking horses. 1884 Harper's Mag. Sept. 621/2 Sluices., are constructed through a mass of *crib timber-work. 1873 Robertson Engin. Notes 56 *Cribwork.. consists of logs notched on to each other in layers at right angles. 1881 Proc. Inst. Civ. Engineers LXIII. 271 A cribwork pier is easily ripped up and removed by an ordinary spoon dredge.

crib (krib), v. [f. crib ii.] ft. intr. ? To feed at a crib. humorously of persons.) Obs. rare.

CRIBRATE

17

(In quot.

c 1460 Towneley Myst. 89, I fare fulle ylle, At youre mangere.. Syrs, let us cryb furst for oone thyng or oder.

2. a. trans. To shut up as in a crib or small compartment; to confine within a small space or narrow limits; to hamper. (In modern use generally as an echo of Shaks.; cf. cabin v. 3.) 1605 Shaks. Macb. in. iv. 24 Now I am cabin’d, crib’d, confin’d, bound in. 1743 E. Poston Pratler (1747) I. 151 How must that which is boundless .. be confin’d and cribb’d up within the narrow Limits of my .. finite Capacity! 1826 De Quincey Lessing Wks. XIII. 236 The mind of Lessing was not cribbed and cabined within the narrow sphere of others. 1876 Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 24 Vainly the narrow wit of narrow men Within the walls which priestly lips have blest. . Would crib thy presence.

b. To lock up, imprison, local, (crib sb. 3 c.) 1849 C. Bronte Shirley xxxii, They should be arrested, cribbed, tried, and brought in for Botany Bay.

c. To place (Indian corn, etc.) in a crib. U.S. 1719 J. Hempstead Diary (1901) 93, I went to Stonington and Stephen to Cribb the Corn. 1831 J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants 11. 151 The value of the crop, then, before it is cribbed, is one hundred and twenty-five dollars. 1874 E. Eggleston Circuit Rider i. 17 Now, boys, crib your corn. 1939 These are our Lives 256 The buyers would crib eight and ten thousand bushel of wheat and corn.

3. intr. To lie as in a crib, (crib sb. 5.) Obs.

1748 Dyche Diet., Crib, to withhold, keep back, pinch, or thieve a part out of money given to lay out for necessaries. 1772 Foote Nabob 1. Wks. 1799 II. 298 A brace of birds and a hare, that I cribbed this morning out of a basket of game. 1795 Hull Advertiser 31 Oct. 4/2 We would never have cribb’d your papers. 1825 Cobbett Rur. Rides 28 Bits of ground cribbed .. at different times from the forest. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Hallib. 11. xii. 204 We crib the time from play-hours. 1884 Times (Weekly Ed.) 17 Oct. 2/3 How many Tory seats he can crib there. absol. 1760 C. Johnston Chrysal (1822) I. 174 Cribbing from the till. f. *crindsus hairy, f. crlnis hair.] Hairiness. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Crinosity, hairiness. 1730-6 in Bailey (folio). 1755 in Johnson. 1825 New Monthly Mag. XIII. 424 None of the ancients, as I see, Laid claim to our crinosity. 1832 L. Hunt Sir R Esher (1850) 95 The royal crinosity was naturally a deep black.

So cri'nose a., having much or long hair. 1730-6 in Bailey (folio); whence in Johnson and mod. Diets.

crio- = Gr. npio-, comb, form of xpioy ram: in some technical terms, as crio'cephalous a. [Gr. K€ff>aXrj head], having a ram’s head (said e.g. of a sphinx), cri'ocerate a. [Gr. Kcpas horn], akin to the genus Crioceras of fossil cephalopods, having the whorls discrete, so as to resemble a ram’s horn, crio'ceratite, a fossil of the genus Crioceras, a ram’s-horn ammonite. criocera'titic a., pertaining to, or of the nature of, a crioceratite. 'criophore, a statue or other representation of a figure carrying a ram (1909 in Webster); so cri'ophoric, cri'ophorous adjs. 'criosphinx, a sphinx having a ram’s head, one of the three types of the Egyptian sphinx. 1832 G. Long Egypt. Antiq. I. x. 213 A row of criosphinxes .. with a ram’s head and lion’s body. 1847 Ansted Anc. World x. 244 The shell called Crioceratite.. corresponds with the Ammonite, much as the Spirula corresponds with the Nautilus. 1921 G. A. F. Knight Nile & Jordan xiii. 160 Criophorous sphinxes lined the avenues of Thebes and other cities. 1952 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. III. 90 The criophoric figures, such as those of Hermes, which anticipate later Christian representations of the Good Shepherd.

criollo (kri'obu). [a. Sp. criollo native to the locality: see Creole.] A variety of cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao, native to Central America; also, a name for high-quality cocoa or cocoa beans. Also attrib. 1908 H. H. Smith Cacao Planting 39 Strong growing forastero or calabicillo, bearing the finest criollo beans. Ibid., Good buds from pure criollo stocks. 1929 Encycl. Brit. V. 947/1 The finest type of bean the criollo, is grown in Venezuela, Ceylon, Java, Samoa, Madagascar and Nicaragua; but in Ceylon, and other places, criollo is being

CRIPPLING

26

CRINOSITY

replaced by forastero. Ibid. XXIII. 52/1 There are two grades of Venezuelan cacao—the criollo or native, and the trinitario or Trinidad. 1955 D. H. Urquhart Cocoa ii. 15 Cross-fertilization took place with the Criollo trees and when seedlings were raised from them they were no longer pure Criollo. Ibid. xiii. 156 Criollos and allied types were the cocoas with distinctive flavour.

crion, criour, obs. ff. crayon, crier. H'crious, a. Obs. [ME. and AF. crious = OF. crieus, f. crier to cry: see -ous.] Clamorous. 1382 Wyclif Prov. ix. 13 A fool womman and crious [1388 full of cry; L. clamosa],

Househ. Words 20 June 155 (Farmer) The sixpence., is called a bandy, a ‘bender’, a cripple.

5. Comb., as cripple-lame adj.; cripple-gap, -hole {dial.), see quot. and cf. 2 a; cripplestopper {colloq.), a small gun for killing wounded birds in wild-fowl shooting. 1595 Markham Sir R. Grinvile lix, Dismembred bodies perish cripple-lame. 1847-78 Halliwell, Cripple-gap a hole left in walls for sheep to pass through. North. Also called a cripple-hole. 1881 Greener Gun 553 Armed with a big shoulder-gun and a ‘cripple-stopper’. 1886 Pall Mall G. 24 Aug. 4/2 The Crane gun .. being used with ball and slugs for.. cripple-stopping.

crip. U.S. colloq. abbrev. of cripple sb.

B. adj. Disabled from the use of one s limbs; lame. Obs. or dial., exc. in attrib. use of prec.

1918 ‘A—No. T Mother Delcassee of Hoboes 43 Straight crip, actually crippled or otherwise afflicted. Phoney crip, self-mutilated or simulating a deformity. Ibid. 84 Going to play the ‘phoney crip’ act for a spell, Dallas Bob? 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §120/2 Crip, a crippled animal. 1950 Hemingway Across River viii. 62 He only loved people, he thought, who had fought or been mutilated... So I’m a sucker for crips, he thought.

C1230 Halt Meid. 33 Beo he cangun o8er crupel. 01300 Cursor M. 22829 (Gott.) Ani man .. crepil or croked. 1535 Coverdale Matt, xviii. 8 It is better for y* to entre in vnto life lame or crepell. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. Prol. 20 And chide the creeple tardy-gated Night, Who. .doth limpe So tediously away, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711) 56 That criple folk walk not upright, c i860 Whittier Hill-top viii, My poor sick wife, and cripple boy.

crip, obs. var. of scrip.

cripple ('krip(3)l), v. [f. cripple sb. Cf. Ger. kriippeln, trans. and intr. in senses 1 and 3.] 1. transr. To deprive (wholly or partly) of the use of one’s limbs; to lame, disable, make a cripple of.

cripes (kraips), int. Vulgar perversion of Christ in the exclamation (by) cripes! (Cf. crimes int.) 1910 A. H. Davis From Selection to City xii. 107 ‘By cripes!’ he gasped,.. ‘I’ve lost th’..th’ chequesV 1911 L. Stone Jonah 1. ix. 100 Stinky spat on his hands, and seized the wooden mallet. Cripes! he would show Pinkey which was the better man of the two. 1919 E. H. Jones Road to EnDor i. 2 ‘What’s the suggestion?’ Alec asked. ‘Spooking,’ said I. ‘Cripes!’ said Alec. 1929 Sunday Dispatch 13 Jan. 2/4 You’ve sold me a pup! But, by cripes, I’ll.. let you have it back. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement iv. 177 That’s what it was—oh, cripes!—awful hole! 1937 N. Marsh Vintage Murder vi. 59 By cripes,.. I’m sorry. 1952 A. F. Grimble Pattern of Islands 68 The captain goggled at me for a second, ‘Cripes!’ he said.

t crippid, ppl. a. Obs. Perh. var. of crimped = pinched, squeezed. 1382 Wyclif Lev. xxii. 24 A1 beeste.. with al to-broken or crippid or kitt.. ballokes [L. contritis vel tusis vel sectis.. testiculis].

crippin, var. of crespine. cripple (’krip(3)l), sb. and a. Forms: i crypel, 3-4 crupel (-y-), 4 cruppel, crepil, -ul, 4-5 cripel, -il, 4-7 crepel, 5 crypylle, crebull, 5-6 crepell, -ill, -yl(le, 6 crippil, crypple, crepple, -ell, 6-7 creeple, creple, criple, 7 creaple, 7- cripple. [OE. crypel (known only in Lindisf. Gosp.) = OFris. kreppel, MDu. cropel, crepel, Du. kreupel; MLG. kropel, krepel, LG. kropel\ MHG. kriippel, kriipel, MG. nth c. crupel (from LG.), Ger. kruppel, dial, krippel, ON. kryppill, Norw. krypel\ all:—OTeut. *krupilo-, f. krup- ablaut stem of kriupan to creep; either in the sense of one who can only creep, or perhaps rather in that of one who is, in Scottish phrase, ‘cruppen together’, i.e. contracted in body and limbs.] A. sb. 1. a. One who is disabled (either from birth, or by accident or injury) from the use of his limbs; a lame person. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke v. 24 Cuoefi 6sem cryple .. aris. cl290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 51/157 Tweie crupeles pat in heore limes al fur-crokede were, c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 1458 It is ful hard to halten unespied Bifor a crepul, for he kan the craft. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. cci. 182 God hath yeuen therto to crepels hir goyng and to croked hir hondes. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary II. (1625) 22 Of ancient time it hath often been said, that it is ill halting before a Creple. 1611 Bible Acts xiv. 8 A creeple from his mothers wombe. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. 11. Introd. 229 These strings.. will such Musick make, They’l make a Cripple dance. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 93 One who was quite a Cripple, having no strength left either in his Leg, Thigh, or Loins. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. xiii. 142 A poor cripple, unable to walk beyond the limits of her own garden.

b. A cattle disease.

Also in pi.

dial, and

Austral. 1897 Penrith Obs. 7 Dec. (E.D.D.), Ass t’coo doctor what ails a coo when it’ll eat a body’s kytle, er owt else but gerse —that’s cripple. 1929 Times 1 July 15/6 Lack of minerals in pastures causes innumerable diseases, such as.. ‘cripples’.. in Australia.

2. techn. a. = cripple-gap (see 5), where app. cripple — ‘creeping’, b. A temporary staging used in cleaning or painting windows: cf. cradle sb. 1648 A. Eyre Diary (Surtees) 106 He opened a cripple and putt his sheepe on to the New field. 1887 Even. News 11 May 3/6 The jury, .recommended the use of ladders, or of the recognised machine known as a ‘cripple’.

3. U.S. (local.) a. A dense thicket in swampy or low-lying ground, b. A lumberman’s term for a rocky shallow in a stream. 1675 New Jersey Archives (1880) I. 115 The great Swamp or Cripple which backs the said two Necks of land. 1705 in Corr. Penn. & Logan I. 234 About 300 acres, 100 upland, the rest swamp and cripple that high tides flow over. 1832 J. F. Watson Tales Olden Time 57 Through that cripple browsed the deer. 1942 Sat. Even. Post 5 Sept. 11/1 When they came to the cripple he sloshed straight through.

4. slang. A sixpence. Cf. bender 6. 1785 Grose Diet. Vulgar Tongue, Cripple, six pence, that piece being commonly much bent and distorted. 1885

01300 [see crippled]. 1607 Shaks. Timon iv. i. 24 Thou cold Sciatica, Cripple our Senators, that their limbes may halt As lamely as their Manners! 1791 Huddesford Salmag. (1793) 119 Falling in his drunken fits, Crippled his Nose. 1859 Kingsley Misc. (i860) II. 326 Sailors..crippled by scurvy or Tropic fevers.

2. transf. and fig. To disable, impair: a. the action or effectiveness of material objects, mechanical contrivances, etc. 1694 Smith & Walford Acc. Sev. Late Voy. i. (1711) 75 The Grass and Trees are much weather-beaten, worn away, and crippled. 1725 W. Halfpenny Sound Building 22 So, that the Mason.. shall twin their Arches thereon without crippling them. 1805 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. VII. 153 note. The lower masts, yards and bowsprit all crippled. 1871 Macduff Mem. of Patmos xviii. 247 No sickness.. crippling the warrior on the very eve of conquest.

b. a person in his resources, means, efforts, etc., or immaterial things, as trade, schemes, strength, operations, etc. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. iii. iii. Introd. (1852) 531 To creeple all the learned, godly, painful ministers of the nation. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 173 IF1 The mind.. is crippled .. by perpetual application to the same set of ideas. a 1809 J. Palmer Like Master Like Man (1811)11. 56 He was .. crippled of present means. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iv. 289 The nobility, crippled by the wars of the Roses. 1880 L. Oliphant Land of Gilead x. 304 The trade.. is crippled by the difficulty of transport.

3. intr. To move or walk lamely; to hobble. (Now chiefly Sc.) c 1220 Bestiary 130 He crepeS cripelande forth. 01455 Holland Houlate 956 He crepillit, he crengit, he carfully cryd. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, cclxxix, The King (who creepled till he came before This Shrine) walkes vpright now. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth viii, Her discomfited master.. was crippling towards him, his clothes much soiled with his fall. 1878 W. C. Smith Hilda (1879) 239 The wounded .. cripple through the street.

crippled (’krip(3)ld), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ed.] Deprived of the use of one’s limbs; lame, disabled; also transf. and fig.: see the verb. a 1300 Cursor M. 19048 (Cott.) par sagh pai lij, A man was criplid in pe parlesi. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Contrecho, weake, cripled. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk Selv. 173 It has no crutches to lean its crippled burden on. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Somervile, If blank verse be not tumid and gorgeous, it is crippled prose. 1810 Rowley in Naval Chron. XXV. 162 One of them .. had a crippled frigate in tow. 1864 Earl Derby Iliad 1. 712 The crippled Vulcan, matchless architect.

'crippledom. [See -dom.] The condition of being a cripple. So cripplehood, crippleness. i860 Reade Cloister & H. (1861) III. 72 What with my crippledom and thy piety .. we’ll bleed the bumpkins. 1883 W. H. Russell in 19th Cent. Sept. 495 Emerging rapidly from a state of crippledom to one of comparative activity. 1864 Dasent Jest & Earnest (1873) I. 168 One cripple of such commanding cripplehood. 1755 Johnson, Crippleness, lameness; privation of the limbs. Diet.

crippler ('kripb(r)). [f. cripple v. + -er1.] 1. One who or that which cripples. 1648 Earl Westmrld. Otia Sacra (1879) 166 His sounder feet with swathes he ties. And seems to goe in pain as far, As art can prove a Crippeler. 1890 The Voice (N.Y.) 21 Aug., A great crippler to the saloon power in .. politics.

2. (See quot.) 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Crippler, a board with a corrugated under-surface.. used in boarding or graining leather.

crippling ('kriplii}), vbl. sb. The action of the verb cripple. 1598 Florio, Zoppicamento, a halting, a cripling, a limping. 1836 W. Irving Astoria II. 285 The crippling of the feet of females in China.

'crippling, ppl. a. That cripples: see cripple v. 1598 Florio, Zotto. .a limping or cripling fellow. 1814 Wordsw. Excursion 1. Wks. (1888) 422/2 To meet The hour of accident or crippling age. 1859 Dickens T. Two Cities 1. v, The crippling stones of the pavement.

CRIPPLINGLY cripplingly ('kriplirjli), adv.

27 [f. prec. + -ly2.]

So as to cripple or disable. 1899 Daily News 18 Feb. 6/3 The new skirts are very long, cripplingly so. 1927 Daily Express 4 Nov. 3/4 The damage, the cost, the contamination are cripplingly unbearable. 1955 Times 1 July 16/3 The standard rate of income tax .. remains at a cripplingly high level.

'cripply, a. Obs. exc. dial.

[f. cripple + -Y.]

Somewhat crippled. 1775 Mad. D'Arblay’s Early Diary 18 Apr., Tho’ fingers are crippley and left arm lame. 1839 Mrs. F. Trollope M. Armstrong iii. (D.) ‘He’s so cripply, he beant to work no more.’ 1876 Whitby Gloss., Cripply, tending to lameness.

crips,

obs. and dial, form of crisp.

cript(e, criptic, cris,

obs. var. crypt, cryptic.

obs. f. kris, Malay dagger.

crise (kri:z).

Also 6 cryse. [a. F. crise crisis (Pare 16th c.).] = crisis. Also in various French phrases, esp. crise de (or des) nerfs, an attack of nerves, a fit of hysterics. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 Diij, They haue wel and parfytly knowen the contemplacyon of the Cryse. 1643 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) II. 90 This seems to be a new period and crise of the most great affaire, c 1750 Shenstone Progr. of Taste iv, Behold him, at some crise, prescribe, And raise with drugs the sick’ning tribe! 1768 Ross Helenore 52 (Jam.) [She] thinks her wiss is now come to the creeze. 1921 W. J. Locke Mountebank xxi. 272 Reason enough for a crise de nerfs. Even I, who had nothing to do with it, found my equilibrium disturbed. 1922 M. Arlen Piracy 11. i. 72 ‘Virginia has got a crise,’ Lois Lamprey commented. 1923 W. J. Locke Moordius & Co. vii. 96 Sometimes these crises de nerfs are dangerous. 1933 ‘G. Orwell’ Down Gf Out xx. 148 The cook usually had a crise de nerfs and a flood of tears. 1946 E. Taylor Palladian v. 49 When the time came for her to go to the party.. there would be a painful crise de nerfs. 1962 Gregor & Nicholas Moral & Story v. 133 The crise de conscience that faces the serious contemporary novelist. 1962 N. Marsh Hand in Glove ii. 44 I’m afraid your Pixie has created a parochial crise. 1962 Punch 23 May 808/1 W’hen there is a crise d' amour it is very peaceful for me. 1963 A. Hartley State of England iii. 79 The Algerian crise de conscience that dissolved the authority of the French state. 1970 P. Bair Tribunal ill. v. 201 What then caused this crise de conscience? 1970 New Yorker 10 Oct. 178/2 She has been a splendid advertisement for the benefits of a happy marriage—conspicuously more relaxed, far less subject to those old crises des nerfs.

crisis (’kraisis). PI. crises, rarely crisises. [a. L. crisis, a. Gr. tcpiois discrimination, decision, crisis, f. Kplv-€Lv to decide.] 1. Pathol. The point in the progress of a disease when an important development or change takes place which is decisive of recovery or death; the turning-point of a disease for better or worse; also applied to any marked or sudden variation occurring in the progress of a disease and to the phenomena accompanying it. 1543 Traheron Vigo’s Chirurg. VI. i. Diet. Terms, Crisis sygnifyeth iudgemente, and in thys case, it is vsed for a sodayne chaunge in a disease. 1548 Hall Chron. 80 When the crisis of his sicknes was past and that he perceived that helth was overcome. 1625 Hart Anat. Ur. 1. ii. 21 Then shall the sicke.. by the vertue and power of a happy Crisis, saile forth into the hauen of health. 1685 Boyle Enq. Notion Nat. 222, I observe that Crises’s, properly so call’d, do very seldom happen in other than Feavers. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand, xxxiv, When he found I had enjoyed a favourable crisis, he congratulated me. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. viii. 87 Brooks.. and Thomas have seen the crisis of their malady.

12. Astrol. Said of a conjunction of the planets which determines the issue of a disease or critical point in the course of events. (Cf. critical 4.) 1603 Sir C. Heydon Def. Jud. Astrol. 474 When the Moone comes to the 22 of Gemini, shee shall there begin to worke a dangerous Crisis, or alteration.. so preuenting her ordinarie working. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. i. 611 They’ll feel the Pulses of the Stars, To find out Agues, Coughs, Catarrhs; And tell what Crisis does Divine The Rot in Sheep, or Mange in Swine.

3. transf. and fig. A vitally important or decisive stage in the progress of anything; a turning-point; also, a state of affairs in which a decisive change for better or worse is imminent; now applied esp. to times of difficulty, insecurity, and suspense in politics or commerce. 1627 Sir B. Rudyard in Rushw. Hist. Coll. I. (1659) 301 This is the Chrysis of Parliaments; we shall know by this if Parliaments live or die. a 1661 Fuller Worthies 1. 204 The time betwixt Wicklife and Trevisa was the Chrisis of the English tongue. 1715 M. Davies Ath. Brit. 1. 346 Great Crisises in Church and State. 1769 Junius Lett. i. 10 To escape a crisis so full of terror and despair. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. III. xii, There is said to be a commercial crisis when a great number of merchants and traders, at once, either have, or apprehend that they shall have, a difficulty in meeting their engagements, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxvii. 202 The layer of snow had been in a state of strain, which our crossing brought to a crisis. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 174 The ordinary statesman is also apt to fail in extraordinary crises. 1886 Stubbs Lect. Med. & Mod. Hist. xvi. 365 Foreign transactions.. most tedious because they go on without crisises and without issues.

f 4. Judgement, decision. Obs. 1621 W. Sclater Qusest. Tythes (1623) 198 His Crisis so exact will with greatest scorne reiect [etc.]. 1643 Herle

CRISP

Answ. Feme 2 Consciences Synteresis, and Syneidesis. .can warrant her to passe her Crisis or conclusive judgement. 1683 Cave Ecclesiastici Pref. 3 We have not made.. a Crisis and Censure of every single Tract. 1715 M. Davies Ath. Brit. 1. 11.

II. 5. a. Brittle or ‘short’ while somewhat hard or firm in structure (usually as a good quality); said esp. of hard things which have little cohesion and are easily crushed by the teeth, etc.

f5. A point by which to judge; a criterion, token, sign. Obs.

1530 Palsgr. 50i/i, I crasshe, as a thynge dothe that is cryspe or britell bytwene ones tethe. 1611 Cotgr., Cresper, to crackle or creake, as new shooes; or drie stickes that are laid in the fire; also, to crash between the teeth (a thing thats crispe or brittle). 1626 Bacon Sylva §231 In Frostie weather ..the Wood or String of the Instrument.. is made more Crispe, and so more porous and hollow. 1749 F. Smith Voy. Disc. N.-W. Pass. II. 15 The Snow was of a greyish Colour, crisp on the Top. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xvi, If the cakes at tea eat short and crisp, they were made by Olivia. 1822 Lamb Elia, Roast Pig, The crisp.. not over-roasted crackling. 1866 Treas. Bot. 79/1 Celery.. the sweet, crisp, wholesome, and most agreeable of our cultivated vegetables.

1606 Sir G. Goosecappe ii. i. in Bullen O. PL III. 33 The Crises here are excellent good; the proportion of the chin good.. the wart above it most exceeding good. 1641 H. P. Quest. Div. Right Episc. Ep. Ded. 2 Let your gracious acceptance of the same be as strong a crisis that your Grace is not a prejudging factious enemie. 1657 S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 1. v. 12 Whereas the others beauty and lustiness is a Crysis of their youth, not their idleness.

6. attrib. and Comb. 1841 Times 11 May 5/1 It may disappoint the crisismongers to hear us say so. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 23 June 3/1 All the aspects of a crisis night. 1898 Ibid. 4 Jan. 2/2 A Tory Government was ‘crisis proof. 1898 Ibid. 26 Mar. 5/1 The ‘crisis’-less years of the late Liberal Government. 1898 Ibid. 24 June 2/3 The Near and not the Far East.. was the crisiscentre. 1900 Ibid. 11 May 2/2 A crisis-avoiding peacecompelling Government. 1903 Ibid. 3 Jan. 2/3 A Crisis Fund, amounting to nearly two millions. 1938 E. Waugh in Tablet 23 July 112/1 The crisis-minded always maintain that the problems of their particular decade are unique and insuperable. 1938 Punch 10 Aug. 163/1 How many of these people are crisis-conscious? 1939 Wyndham Lewis Let. 5 Oct. (1963) 266 In the crisis-days prior to the war. 1940 W. Empson Gathering Storm 65 The point is to join up the crisis-feeling to what can be felt all the time in normal life. i960 Times 24 Oct. (Financial Rev.) p. viii/6 Switzerland .. has been a normal haven for ‘crisis’ money. 1965 H. Kahn On Escalation xiii. 245 Crisis-management problems.

crisle, obs. f. crizzle v., to scale. crismatory, crisme, crisome: see chrism-. criso-, obs. form of chryso-. fcrisol. Obs. Also chrysoll, -sole. [a. Sp. crisol: see Diez, s.v. Crisuelo.] A crucible. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman’s Guzman d’Alf. 11. 86 Death, which is the Chrysoll wherein wee must at last be all melted. Ibid. 11. 238, I did put all the gold into a great Crisoll.

crisp (krisp), a. Forms: i- crisp; also i cyrps, 3-5 crips, 4-7 crispe, 5 cryps(e, cryspe, kyrspe. [OE. crisp, cyrps, ad. L. crispus curled. Cf. OF. crespe curled, mod.F. crepe\ but this does not appear to have influenced the Eng. word in form. The sense development of branch II is not clear: cf. however crimp a., and the quot. from Cotgr. Some onomatopoeic influence associated with the action of pronouncing crisp is to be suspected.] I. In senses of L. crispus. 1. Of the hair: Curly; now applied esp. to stiff, closely curling, or frizzy hair; falso, having or wearing such hair. C900 Bxda's Hist. V. ii, Se junga was jeworden hale lichoman.. and hsefde crispe loccas fcegre. t 1000 in Thorpe’s Horn. I. 456 (Bosw.) He is blaecfexede and cyrps. CI290 -S’. Eng. Leg. 1. 319/687 Blac with cripse here, c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1307 His crispe heer lyk rynges was yronne. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P R. iv. ii. (1495) 80 Lytyll heere and cryps as in blomens countree, c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 179 Wynde alle ['esc pingis & frote pe heeris and pei wolen bicome crisp. 1583 Stanyhurst Aeneis 11. (Arb.) 65 A certeyn lightning on his headtop glistered harmelesse, His crisp locks frizeling. 1626 Bacon Sylva §852 Buis are more Crispe upon the Fore-Head than Cowes. 1777 Cook Voy. S. Pole HI. vi, Their hair., black and brown, growing to a tolerable length, and very crisp and curly. 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. mjrnl. Geogr. Soc. XXIX. 317 The hair of these races has invariably a crisp, short, and stiff curl.

2. a. Having a surface curled or fretted into minute waves, ripples, folds or wrinkles. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. (Tollem. MS.) xiii. xv, The ponde.. with crispe water and calm, and nou3t with stronge wyndes. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xv. 168 The peper..j>ei putten it vpon an owven and pere it waxeth blak and crisp [Roxb. ed. blakk and runklid]. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 199 The kyrspe skyn of hyr forheed, Is drawyn up and on trustily bownde. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, 1. iii. 106 Swift Seuernes flood.. hid his crispe-head in the hollow banke. 1610-Temp. iv. i; 130 You Nimphs cald Nayades of ye windring brooks .. Leaue your crispe channels. 1823 Byron Juan ix. lxxviii, The elder ladies’ wrinkles curl’d much crisper. 1877 Black Green Past. xxix. (1878) 235 The crisp white crest of the running waves.

b. Bot. — CRISPATE, CRISPED 2 b. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Crisp leaf., that which is undulated or folded over and over at the edge. 1776 Withering Brit. Plants (1796) III. 847 Hypnum crispum.. leaves crisp, transversely waved. |3. Applied to some fabrics: perh. of crape¬ like texture. Cf. crisp sb. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 28018 (Cott.) Yee leuedis .. wit curchefs crisp and bendes bright. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 401 A crisp breche wel fayn [crispa femoralia]. 1393 Will in A. Gibbons Early Line. Wills (1888) 85 Omnes meos crispcouerchifes.

|4. Apparently Obs.

=

Smooth, shining, clear.

[Cf. Cotgr. ‘Crespu, curled, frizled, ruffled, crisped; sleeked, shining’; ‘Cresper .. also, to sleeke, make to shine or glitter’.] 1565 Golding Ovid's Mel. ix. (1593) 211 My cleere crispe legs [L. crura micantia] he striveth for to catch. 1607 Shaks. Timon IV. iii. 183 All th’ abhorred births below crispe Heauen. 1623 Fletcher Bloody Bro. iv. ii, You must leave your neat crisp Claret, and fall to your Cyder a while.

b. From crisp snow or frost, transferred by association to a brisk frosty day, to frosty air, and thence to bracing air generally. 1869 Lady Barker Station Life N. Zeal. xv. (1874) 109 The peculiar fresh crisp feeling which the atmosphere always has here the moment the sun sets. 1873 Mrs. Alexander Wooing o’t xxv, All that Christmas Day ought to be, clear, crisp, bright. 1883 Anna K. Green Hand & Ring xxxiv, The crisp frosty air had put everybody in a good humour.

6. transf. and fig. Applied vaguely to anything possessing qualities more or less characteristic of crisp substances: a. stiff, firm, as opposed to limp. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunters iv. 29 The ‘crop, crop’ of our horses shortening the crisp grass, a 1859 L. Hunt (Webster), It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years. 1868 Dilke Greater Brit. I. 133 The ‘blue grass’ has high vitality .. this crisp turf at once springs up, and holds the ground for ever.

b.fig. Short, sharp, brisk, decided in manner. (Cf. an analogous use of ‘flabby’ as the opposite.) Also, clean, neat; clearly defined. 1814 Mackintosh in Life (1836) II. 300 Ward said Constant was very ‘crisp’. 1857 W. Collins Dead Secret 11. i. (1861) 31 Such a crisp touch on the piano. 1873 Hale In His Name iii. 10 What he said was crisp and decided. 1884 Athenaeum 6 Dec. 739/2 The crisp draughtsmanship of Mr. H. P. Riviere’s Arch of Constantine, Rome. 1884 H. D. Traill in Macm. Mag. Oct. 441/2 His crisp antithetic manner is the perfection of style. 1937 D. M. Jones In Parenthesis iv. 97 The sky overhead looked crisp as eggshell. 1961 Listener 21 Dec. 1069/1 The superbly detailed capitals, as crisp now as they were 150 years ago. 1963 Ibid. 24 Jan. 160/1 A rational, crisp, glass-and-rectangular-framework architecture.

7. Comb., as crisp-haired, -withered. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3757 Crispe herit was the kyng, colouret as gold. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. vii. 200 The Ethiopian black, flat-nosed and crisp-haired. 1868 Ld. Houghton in Select.fr. Wks. 201 Crisp-wither’d hung the honourable leaves.

crisp (krisp), sb. Also 5-6 crysp, kirsp, kyrsp, 6-7 crispe. [app. f. the adj.; cf. 16th c. F. crespe crape or material for veils, mod.F. crepe crape. In the entries in the Testamenta Eboracensia ‘cryspe’ appears to interchange with ‘cypres’ = Cyprus lawn: see Cyprus.] /fl. Some thin or delicate textile fabric, used esp. by women for veils or head-coverings; ? a crape-like material. Cf. crisp a. 3. Obs. 1397 Test. Ebor. I. 220 Flameolam me’ de crispo. 1402 Ibid. I. 289, ij flameola de cipres. 1415 Ibid. I. 382 Flameolum de krespe. c 1460 Towneley Myst. 313 And Nelle with hir nyfyls of crisp and of sylke. 1498 Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 392 Item, for xxiiij elne of kyrsp to hir for ilk elne iijs iiijd. 1500-20 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 23 Curches..of kirsp cleir and thin, c 1600 Burel in Watson Coll. Sc. Poems 11. 13 (Jam.) A robe Of clenely crispe, side to his kneis. 1619 Purchas Microcosmus xxvii. 268 The new deuised names of Stuffes and Colours, Crispe, Tamet, Plush.. Callimanco, Sattinisco.

f2. A head-covering or veil made of this material. Obs. 1584 Hudson tr. Du Bartas’ Judith iv. (1608) 57 Upon her head a silver crispe she pind Loose waving on her shoulders with the wind. 1593 Greene Mamillia 11. Poems (Rtldg.) 316 Needless noughts, as crisps and scarfs, worn a la morisco. 1597 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 113 Ane cleinlie crispe hang ouir his eyes [Latinized by Dempster Involvens nivea de sindone lumina velo].

|3. A crisp kind of pastry made by dropping batter into boiling fat. [So OF. crispes in W. de Biblesworth.] Obs. ? c 1390 Form of Cury 73 Cryspes. a 1422 Dinner Hen. V in Q. Eliz. Acad., etc. 91 Cryspes fryez. c 1430 Two Cookerybks. 44 Cryspez. 1450 Ibid. 93 Cryspes.

f4. A curl (of hair); esp. a short or close curl. Obs. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 325 They .. weare their hayre pretty long, and about their crispes wreath a valuable Sash or Tulipant. ci68o Roxb. Ball. VI. 278 Those bright locks of hair Spreading o’re each ear, Every crisp and curie.

5. The ‘crackling’ of roast pork. Obs. exc. dial. 1675 T. Duffett Mock Tempest 11. ii, Methinks I hear a great she Devil, call for [a] Groats worth of the Crispe of my Countenance. 1847-78 Halliwell, Crisp, pork crackling. South.

6. An overdone piece of anything cooked, fried, or roasted; usually in phr. to a crisp. Also transf. orig. U.S. a 1852 F. M. Whitcher Widow Bedott Papers (1856) xxix, One time, they’ll burn th^ir bread to a crisp. 1852 H. Melville Pierre xii. ii. 263 Burn it till it shriveled to a crisp!

1899 W. C. Morrow Bohem. Paris 44 It was some-time before Haidon could realize that he was not burned to a crisp. 1911 H. S. Harrison Queed xxi. 258, I became absorbed in a book I was reading, and Jim came back to find the bacon a crisp. 1959 A. Huxley Let. 29 Nov. (1969) 881 Temperatures are in the eighties— .. the vegetation .. is burnt to a crisp. 1968 K. Weatherly Roo Shooter 35 The hot weather continued and the feed had dried to a crisp. 7. In full potato crisp. A thin sliver of potato fried until crisp and eaten cold.

Usu. in pi. of

such food produced commercially. 1929 Star 21 Aug. 13/3 Potato Crisp Factory. 1935 H. Nicolson Let. 3 Sept. (1966) I. 213 We went to Harry’s Bar .. and there was a Pekinese being fed with crisps. 1950 T. S. Eliot Cocktail Party 1. 12 Potato crisps? No I can’t endure them. 1953 ‘N. Blake’ Dreadful Hollow 43 It [w. a public bar] held only one occupant, who was eating out of a packet of crisps. 1961 ‘T. Hinde’ For Good of Company iv. 41 She .. sloped her little red mouth and let a fingerful of crisps into it. crisp (krisp), v.

[f. crisp a.: cf. L. crispare to

curl, crisp, crimp, f. crispus.]

1. a. trans. To curl into short, stiff, wavy folds, or crinkles; to crimp. 1340 [see crisped i]. 1565-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Calamistrum .. a pinne of wodde or yvory, to trime or crispe heare. 1617 B. Jonson Vis. Delight, As Zephyr blows.. The rivers run as smoothed by his hand: Only their heads are crisped by his stroke. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 52 A blacke gowne.. lined quite through with white silke cipres, pleated and crisped about the necke, with a deepe fringe. 1644 Bulwer Chirol. To Rdr. Avb, We..wrinkle our forehead in dislike, crispe our nose in anger. 1747 Hervey Winterpiece (1813) 365 It has.. crisped the travellers locks. 1821 Byron Sardan. 1. ii. 6 There is A cooling breeze which crisps the broad clear river. 1837 T. Hook Jack Brag vi, Every curl was crisped into its own peculiar place. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps iii. §22. 90 The leaf being.. rendered liny by bold marking of its ribs and veins, and by turning up and crisping its edges. b. To fold (cloth) which has just been woven. 1892 in Eng. Dial. Diet. 1927 Daily Tel. 21 June 8 The cloth may be crisped (folded lengthwise), rolled or lapped. 2. intr. To curl in short stiff curls. 1583 T. Watson Centurie of Loue xx, Although his beard were crisping hard. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. xxxvi. § 12. 247 The leaues.. do somewhat curie or crispe. 1777 tr. Forster Voy. round World I. 17 Their black hair naturally falls in ringlets, and begins to crisp in some individuals. 1815 Scott Guy M. iii, The quiet bay, whose little waves, crisping and sparkling to the moonbeams, rolled, etc. 1852-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 10/1 The shell.. exposed to heat.. crisping up .. like horn. 3. a. trans. To make crisp, ‘short’ or brittle. [1658 Willsford Nature's Secrets 52 The ground.. will be hoary.. the grass crisped with the Frost.] 1815 Scott Guy M. xxviii, The snow .. crisped by .. a severe frost. C1854 Thackeray Wolves Lamb 1, She crisped my buttered toast. b. transf. and fig. Cf. crisp a. 5 b, 6. 1833 Arnold Lett, in Stanley Life I. vii. 286 When we live in uncongenial society, we are apt to crisp and harden our outward manner, to save our real feelings from exposure. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. i. 3 The fresh island air crisped by the sea. 4. intr. To become crisp. 1805 A. Scott Poems 63 (Jam.) The nights were lang, Wi’ frost the yird was crispin’. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley ix, The air chilled at sunset, the ground crisped. 5. trans. To crush a firm but brittle substance. rare. 1824 Miss Ferrier Inher. lxviii, Hearing the sound of wheels crisping the gravel as they rolled slowly round. ferispage. Obs.~0 [a. F. crespage, now crepage, f. creper.]

‘The frizzle or curledness of crape’

(Bailey, folio—Suppl. at end of Pref.). crispate ('krispeit),

a.

[ad.

L.

crispatus,

pa.

pple. of crispare to curl.] Crisped; spec, in Bot. and

CRISPY

28

CRISP

Zool.y

undulated. 1846 Dana sublobate.

having Zooph.

the

(1848)

crispation (kri'spexjbn).

margin 183

[n.

crispare to curl: see -ation.]

curled

or

Corallum.. crispate,

of action,

f.

L.

Curling, curled

condition; formation of slight waves, folds, or crinkles; undulation. 1626 Bacon Sylva §852 Some differ in the Haire .. both in the Quantity, Crispation, and Colours of them. Ibid., Heat causeth Pilosity and Crispation. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. 1. xxvii. 64 Dismissing its wrinkled Crispations, and becoming very broad. 1714 Derham Astro-Theol. v. ii. note. The motion of the air and vapours, makes a pretty crispation, and rouling. 1842 Prichard Nat. Hist. Man (1855) I. 96 A difference in the degree of crispation, some European hair being also very crisp. b. ‘A slight contraction of any part, morbid or natural, as that of the minute arteries in a wound when they retract, or of the skin in the state called goose-skin’ (Mayne, Expos. Lex.). 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 150 Painful Crispations of the Fibres. 1871 M. Collins Mrq. Merch. II v. 134 She could not think of marrying him without a shudder, a crispation from head to foot. 1887 O. W. Holmes in Atlantic Monthly July 118/1 Few can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations. c. Applied to the minute undulations on the surface of a liquid, produced by vibrations of the containing vessel, or by sound-waves. 1831 Faraday Exp. Res. xlvi. 329 The well-known and peculiar crispations which form on water at the centres of

vibration. 1891 Century Mag. May 37 Upon singing., through the tube.. beautiful crispations appear upon the surface of the liquid, which vary with every change of tone.

'crispature. rare. [f. L. crispat~t ppl. stem of crispare + -ure.] Crisped condition; crispation. 1745 P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 167 The Spaniards .. slice it [bread-fruit] and expose it to the Sun, and when baked thereby to a Crispature, reserve it as Biscuit. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 157 A tension, or crispature, or a relaxation of the fibres [will] be produced. 1866 Treas. Bot., Crispature, when the edge is excessively and irregularly divided and puckered; also when the surface is much puckered and crumpled. Good examples are afforded by ‘curled’ endive, ‘curled’ kale, and the like.

crispbread ('kns(p)brsd). [f. crisp a. 5 a + bread sb.] A food made from crushed whole grains such as rye and wheat, prepared in the form of thin crisp biscuits. 1926-7 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 61/1 Ryvita (Crispbread)—pkt. 1/6. 1927 Lancet 11 June 1244/2 Vita-wheat Crisp Bread... The crisp bread has a pleasant texture and flavour. 1928 Daily Mail 25 July 8/5 (Advt.), This crispbread [Vita-Wheat] keeps you slim. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 427/1 Crispbread may be substituted for bread or toast at most meals, and is enjoyed with cheese.

crisped (krispt, -pid), ppl. a. [f. crisp v.] 1. Of hair: Closely and stiffly curled. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 188 J?e mane of pat mayn hors .. Wei cresped & cemmed. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 53 More blacke of skynne, more crispedde in heire. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iii. ii. 92 Those crisped snakie golden locks. 1637 R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose 1. 137 Cupids yonkers with their crisped, powdred, and perfumed lockes. 1842 Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 99 [Hair] sometimes straight and flowing, at others considerably curled and crisped.

2. Having a surface curled into minute waves, folds or puckers. 1603 Dekker Grissil (Shaks. Soc.) 9 Canst drink the waters of the crisped spring? 1609 Bible (Douay) 1 Kings vii. 26 The leafe of a crisped lilie. 1665 Phil. Trans. I. 87 Having three Auricles or crisped Angles. 1818 Keats Endym. iv. 95 The wind that now did stir About the crisped oaks full drearily. 1849 Thoreau Week on Concord Monday 123 A million crisped waves come forth.

'crispiness. [f. crispy a. + -ness.] The quality of being crispy; crispness. a 1648 Digby Closet Open. (1677) 147 Give the top [of the pudding] a yellow crispiness. 1890 Harper's Mag. Oct. 670/2 The frilled and ruffled crispiness of its fittings.

crisping(‘krispiq), vbl. sb. [f. crisps. 4- -ing1.] The action of the verb to crisp; curling. 1400-1568 [see b.]. 1669 E. Montague Art of Mettals 11. xix. (1674) 67 That some little hairyness, or crisping encompasseth the Pellets of Quicksilver. 1683 (title). England’s Vanity.. wherein Naked Breasts and Shoulders .. Long Perriwigs.. Curlings, and Crispings, are condemned.

b. Comb., as in crisping-crook, -iron, -pin, -tongs, instruments for crisping or curling the hair, etc. ?a 1400 Morte Arthur 3353 The krispane kroke to my crownne raughte. 1483 Cath. Angl. 83 A Cryspyngeyren, acus. 1568 Bible (Bishops’) Isa. iii. 20 The wimples, and the crisping pinnes. c 1618 Fletcher Q. Corinth iv. i, Never powder, nor the crisping-iron, Shall touch these dangling locks. 1637 Pocklington Altare Chr. 42 Fetch me my Crisping pinnes to curie my lockes. 1772 Ann. Reg. 220 Cease, with crisping tongs, to tare And torture thus thy flowing hair. 1874 [see crisper].

'crisping, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That crisps, trans. and intr. 1581 J Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 471 This curious cripsing and blazing bravery of hawtye speech. 1778 Phil. Surv. S. Irel. 374 The crisping and drying quality of E., N., and N.E. winds. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. App. 389 The small crisping waves which break upon the shore.

crispish (’krispij), a. Somewhat crisp.

[f. crisp a. + -ish1.]

1930 Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves! vi. 142 When not leased Aunt Dahlia, having spent most of her youth in the unting-field, has a crispish way of expressing herself. 0x948 E. Anderson in B. James Austral. Short Stories (1963) 333 Pork.. with its crispish, tannish, delectablelooking strips of crackling.

f crispi'sulcant, a. rare~°. [ad. crispisulcantem.] Undulating or serpentine.

L.

1727 Bailey vol. II., Crispisulcant, coming down wrinkled; spoken of Lightening. Hence in Johnson etc.

b. Said of a crinkled margin. 1802 Beddoes Hygeia vm. 119 [The liver] has its edges crisped till they bend forwards. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 276 Orobanche rubra.. lobes of lip toothed and crisped. 1870 Bentley Bot. 153 When the margin is very irregular, being twisted and curled, it is said to be crisped or curled.

3. Made crisp or brittle; ‘short’ in texture; also in manner, style, etc. 1628 Feltham Resolves 11. xx, Hee that reades the Fathers shall finde them as if written with a crisped pen. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 102 Garnish with crisped parsley and fried oysters. 1832 Ht. Martineau Each & All ii. 26 Young ash plantations, miles long, with their shoots crisped and black.

U 4. Applied to trees: sense uncertain. 1634 Milton Comus 984 Along the crisped shades and bowers. 1648 Herrick Hesper., Cerem. Candlemas-Eve, The crisped yew.

crispen ('krispan), v. [f. crisp a. + -en5.] a. trans. To make (more) crisp or brittle, b. intr. To become crisp(er). 1961 in Webster. 1977 Washington Post 6 May D13 Hatched lines remain distinct rather than coalescing into dark forms. The fact that they are held distinct by the paper allows Rembrandt to crispen and clarify the lines of the image. 1984 Financial Times 15 Sept. 11/6 Wash the lettuce leaves and place them in the refrigerator to crispen until needed. 1985 Christian Science Monitor 19 Sept. 17/1 Fall is a favorite time of hikers: Woods and mountains undulate with long files of people as autumn’s tang crispens the air.

crisper ('krisp9(r)). [f. crisp v. 4- -er1.] a. One who or that which crisps or curls; spec, an instrument for friezing or crisping cloth. 1835 Booth (cited by Worcester). 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Crisper, an instrument for crisping the nap of cloth; i.e. covering the surface with little curls, such as with petersham or chinchilla. A crisping iron.

'crispite ('krispait). Min. [Named 1797, from Crispalt, St. Gothard, Switzerland + -ite.] A kind of Rutile; = sagenite. 1814 in T. Allan Min. Nomen. 1868 in Dana Min. 159.

f 'crispitude. Obs.—° [ad. L. crispitudo, crispus curled.] ‘Curledness’ (Blount 1656).

f.

fcrisple, v. Obs. rare. [dim. of crisp v.: see -le.] To crisp, curl, or undulate minutely; to ripple. So crisple sb., a minute curl or undulation, ‘crispling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1594 Carew Tasso (1881) 80 The winde new crisples makes in her loose haire, Which nature selfe to waues recrispelled. 1604 T. Wright Passions 11. ii. 59 A calme Sea, with sweete, pleasant, and crispling streames. Ibid. v. §2. 168 The shaking or artificiall crispling of the aire (which is in effect the substance of musicke).

crisply ('krispli), adv. [f. crisp a. + -ly2.] In a crisp manner; with crispness. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser. 1. (1863) 18 The roads, in spite of the slight glittering showers, crisply dry. 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 196 The hair curls crisply. 1881 Athenaeum 13 Aug. 197/2 What [they] have to say is.. clearly and crisply phrased.

crispness ('krispms). [f. crisp a. + -ness.] The state or quality of being crisp. C1440 [see crisphede]. 1635-67 Cowley Davideis iii. Note 25 The.. crispness of the wood. 1799 Southey Lett. (1856) I. 83 The colour of the hair, its quality and its crispness. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. 1. v, An unwholesomelyforced lettuce that had lost in colour and crispness what it had gained in size. 1885 Bookseller July 662/2 The tale is told with the crispness and sparkle of this author’s popular style.

b. A container in a refrigerator in which vegetables and fruit can be kept crisp and fresh.

crispy ('krispi), a. [f. crisp a. + -y.] 1. Curly, wavy; undulated; = crisp a. i and 2.

i960 Housewife May 92/2 A.. moisture-seal crisper, in which to store your fruit and vegetables, i960 Sunday Express 15 May 17/6 Full-width crisper for fruit and vegetables.

1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. v. xv. (1495) 121 By grete heete the heer of the berd and of the heed ben cryspy and curlyd. 1594 Kyd Cornelio iv. in Hazl. Dodsley V. 229 Turn not thy crispy tides like silver curl, Back to thy grass-green banks to welcome us. 1678 Jordan Triumphs Lond., A fair bright crispy curl’d flaxen hair. 1819 H. Busk Banquet iii. 502 The Arctic frost That chains the crispy wave on Zemla’s coast. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. 1. 381 Ye shall behold I doubt not soon, his crispy hair of gold.

ferisphede. Obs.~° Crispness. c 1440 Promp. crispitudo.

Parv.

103

Cryspheed,

or cryspeness,

2. a. Brittle or ‘short’; = crisp a. 5. 'Crispin. A name given to a shoemaker, in allusion to Crispinus or St. Crispin, the patron saint of shoemakers; also sometimes adopted by the members of trades-unions or benefit societies of shoemakers. St. Crispin’s lance: a shoemaker’s awl.

1611 Cotgr., Bressaudes, the crispie mammocks that remaine of tried hogs grese. c 1720 W. Gibson Farriers Dispens. xv. (1734) 280 Boil.. till.. the Worms are grown crispy. 1871 Nichols Fireside Science 92 A black, crispy mass of charcoal.

[1611 Cotgr. s.v. Crespin, Lance de S. Crespin, an Awle.] C1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. 417 A good shoemaker that can manage St. Crispin’s lance handsomely. 1726 Amherst Terrae Fil. x. 47 What a pretty set of tradesmen .. should we have.. if gentle Crispin was appointed to teach the art and mystery of basket-making. 1756 W. Toldervy Hist. Two Orphans IV. 7 In company with an honest Crispin who dealt very considerably in politicks, a 1845 Hood My Son Sf Heir xix, A Crispin he shall not be made.

1940 A. Simon Concise Encycl. Gastronomy 11. 55/2 ‘Crispy Noodles’... Roll this dough out very thinly and cut into strips as thin as spaghetti... Throw into boiling oil or frying fat, frying a delicate brown. 1961 B. Aldiss Primal Urge ii. 41 They ate their chow mein, sweet and sour pork and crispy noodles. 1969 Guardian 27 Dec. 13/3 He took .. [a] job .. as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant.. fetching and carrying No. 31 with crispy noodles and No. 13 with soft.

b. crispy noodles, crisp fried noodles served with Chinese food.

3. Pleasantly sharp, brisk; = crisp a. 5 b.

GRISS

29

1841 Fraser's Mag. XXIII. 314 The crispy coolness of fair Eve.

criss (kris). [Variant form of w. midi. dial, cress — crease sb,2 (sense 3).] The curved top of the stand on which tiles are made. 1881 Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 87 Brick, Tile-Maker, Burner, Dealer, Criss Maker. 1921 Diet. Occup. Terms (1927) §474 Criss maker (tile making); a carpenter who makes criss.

Crissake(s), var. Chris(s)ake. Also c-. U.S.

orig.

CRITIC

crista ('krista). PI. cristae. [L., = crest.] A ridge

criteriological (krai.tisrw'lDd^kal), a. [f. next

or crest; spec, in zoological senses.

and

+ -ical.] Pertaining to criteriology; dealing with criteria. Hence cri.terio'logically adv.

1849-50 J. Weale Diet. Terms Archit., Crista, a crest; the apex or highest part of a shrine. 1889 Jrnl. Morphology III. 300 The crista, a cord-like ridge running the full length of the dorsal surface of the capsule. 1940 Proc. R. Soc. B. CXXIX. 257 The possibility of a two-way response of the cristae. 1964 J. Z. Young Model of Brain vi. 97 Each [statocyst] contains three main types of receptor: (1) a macula, vertically placed and carrying a statolith; (2) a ridge of cells with long hairs, the crista; [etc.].

1936 Downside Rev. LIV. no A criteriological problem —the difference between sense perception and rational knowledge. 1938 R. G. Collingwood Princ. Art viii. 171 A science of thought must be ‘normative’, or (as I prefer to call it) ‘criteriological’, i.e. concerned not only with the ‘facts’ of thought but also with the ‘criteria’ or standards which thought imposes on itself. Ibid., Forms of thought can be dealt with only ‘criteriologically’.

various

1923 J- Dos Passos Streets of Night i. 13 Go ahead, Fanshaw, for crissake, we can’t wait here all day. 193042nd Parallel 72 Say wake up Ike for crissake. 1939 C. R. Cooper Designs in Scarlet v. 74 Get screwball for Crissakes, get wacky! 1959 H. Hobson Mission House Murder xii. 81 For Crissake, Ma.

cristal(l, cristalline,

anatomical

criteri'ology. etc.,

obs.

ff.

crystal,

-ine, etc.

[f. next: see -logy.] a. The doctrine of a criterion (of knowledge, etc.).

cristate ('kristeit), a. Nat. Hist., etc. [ad. L.

1884 Athenaeum 14 June 753/1 An outline of what may be termed criteriology, the relation of thought to reality as regards its validity.

cristat-us, f. crista crest: see -ate.] Having a crest, crested; in the form of a crest.

b. The study of criteria, esp. as a branch of logic.

'crissal, a. Ornith. [ad. mod.L. crissalis (used by Vigors, Ornithol. of Capt. Beechy’s Voy. 19, in specific name of a Finch), f. crissum: see below. Used chiefly in U.S.] 1. Pertaining to the crissum, as the crissal region. 2. Characterized by the colouring of the under tail-coverts, as crissal thrush or thrasher, the Red-vented Thrush or Thrasher.

1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., The .larke, cristate, and not cristate. 1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 768 Index, Cristate process of the ethmoid bone.

1934 Theology XXIX. 48 St. Thomas.. places his theodicy before his criteriology. 1940 R. G. Collingwood Ess. Metaph. xi. 119 The methods it [sc. psychology] has developed in its history as a science of feeling preclude it from dealing with the problems of criteriology. It has nothing to say about truth and falsehood. 1955 Jrnl. Philos. LII. 564, I propose here merely the outlines of a criteriology.

1872 Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 75 Crissal Thrasher.

christobalite, crystobalite. [ad. G. cristobalit (G. vom Rath 1887, in Neues Jahrbuch fur Min. I. 198), f. the name of Cerro San Cristobal, near Pachuca, Mexico, where it was first found: see -ite1.] One of the three main forms of silica (the others being quartz and tridymite), formed at high temperatures as high-cristobalite and changing at lower temperatures to a structurally related metastable polymorph, Icnv-cristobalite, which occurs both massive (e.g. in opal) and as small, usu. octahedral, crystals.

criss-cross ('kriskros, -o:-), sb. [A phonetic reduction of Christ(s)-cross: but in some late senses used with unconsciousness of the origin, and treated merely as a reduplication of cross; cf. mish-mash, tip-top, zig-zag, etc.] 1. = Christ-cross, in various senses, q.v.

2.

a. [f. criss-cross t>.] A transverse crossing. 1876 R. F. Burton Gorilla L. I. 2 When the current, setting to the north-west, meets a strong sea-breeze from the west, there is a criss-cross, a tide-rip.

b. A network of intersecting lines. 1881 C. de Kay Vision of Nimrod x. 179 The country gleaming With silvery crisscross of canals. 1901 Daily Express 28 Aug. 4/6 A great boulevard . . hemmed in all round by the criss-cross of narrower streets. 1928 A. Bennett Strange Vanguard xxxii. 214 A criss-cross of streets dotted with a thousand towers. 1944 S. Putnam tr. E. da Cunha's Rebellion in Backlands i. 8 An irregular line of low hills.. forms a confused crisscross over the entire breadth of the Campos.

c. fig. The state of being at cross-purposes. 1907 Daily Chron. 23 Feb. 3/1 The practice of one manufacturing country assisting another with the sinews of war was described by Mr. Zangwill as ‘a topsy turvy criss¬ cross, and Gilbertian’. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 20 Sept. 2/3 The absurd criss-cross of the authorities who look after us at playtime.

3. U.S. (See quot.) i860 Bartlett Diet. Amer., Criss-cross, a game played on slates by children at school; also called Fox and Geese. Hence criss-cross-row: see Christ-crossrow.

criss-cross ('kriskros, -o:-), a. and adv. [See prec.; now treated as a mere reduplication of cross; cf. zig-zag.] A. adj. Arranged or placed in crossing lines, crossing, crossed; marked by crossings or intersections. B .adv. In the manner of crossing lines, crosswise; fig. in a contrary way, awry, askew. 1846 Hawthorne Mosses l. vii. 132 His puckered forehead unravels its entanglement of criss-cross wrinkles. 1864 Thoreau Maine W. iii. 244 Others prostrate and crissacross. 1879 F. Conder Tentwork Pal. 352 A regular criss¬ cross pattern, never seen in the later masonry.

criss-cross ('kriskros, -0:-), v. [See prec.] 1. trans. To mark with crossing lines, to cross repeatedly; to trace in crossing lines. 1818 Keats in Life & Lett. I. 112 To criss-cross the letter. 1871 Le Fanu Ten. Malory lxvii. 391 A pretty portrait., criss-crossed over with little cracks. 1883 Harper's Mag. 826/2 The passing vessels criss-cross the white lines of their wakes upon it like pencil-marks on the slate.

2. intr. To intersect or cross repeatedly; also fig. 1953 G. E. M. Anscombe tr. Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations i. §66, We see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing. Ibid., The various resemblances between members of a family.. overlap and criss-cross in the same way.

crisse, obs. f. kris, Malay dagger. crissel, cristle, obs. ff. gristle, crizzle. || crissum ('krissm). Ornith. [mod.L. (1811 Illiger, Prodromus 166), f. crissare ‘clunem movere’.] The anal region of a bird under the tail; the vent-feathers or lower tail-coverts. 1874 Coues Birds N.W. 314 There is more dark color on the crissum.

cristated

(’kristeitid), a. — prec. 1727 Bailey vol. II., Cristated, having a crest or comb. 1757 tr. Henckel's Pyritol. 23 Pyrites.. oval, clustered, cristated. 1794 Kirwan Min. I. 244 Sometimes also in the form of a cockscomb and hence called cristated.

cristobalite (kri'staubslait). Min. Also erron.

1888 Min. Mag. VIII. 36 A New Mineral. Cristobalite... An analysis, .gave 91 per cent, of silica and 6 per cent, of oxide of iron and alumina. 1920 Brit. Museum Return 144 Artificial minerals (cristobalite, fayalite, rhodonite, apatite, spinel..) from furnace slags. 1935 Discovery July 206/1 When ware is fired above a certain temperature a very large number of extremely fine crystals of a mineral (crystobalite) are formed. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. IX. 423/1 Both cristobalite (stable 1,470°-1,710° C) and tridymite (stable 870°-1,470° C) are known to occur in certain natural lavas. 1962 C. Frondel Dana's Syst. Min. (ed. 7) III. 287 In recent years.. study has shown that opal.. is a submicrocrystalline aggregate of crystallites of cristobalite.

f cristy gray, cristigrey. Obs. A term applied to some kind of fur: cf. gray, grey. 1404 Will of Wynyngton (Somerset Ho.), Togam meam .. furratam de cristigrey. 1422 E.E. Wills (1882) 50 A gown furred with Cristy gray. 1474 in Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 36, v tymire of cristy gray .. to lyne a gowne of blac dammask to the Qwene.

crisum, crisyme, obs. ff. crit.

f 1. Short for critic. Obs.

1743 Fielding Wedding-day Prol., Smoke the author, you laughing crits. 2. Short for criticism 2, 3, critique i. colloq. 1908 D. H. Lawrence Let. 13 May (1962) I. 11, I could write crits. —but.. who would have ’em? *952 W. Granville Diet. Theatr. Terms 53 Crit, short for critique or the notice of a first-night performance. 1966 R. Trickett Elders vi. 78 Someone had written a practical crit. of Collier’s poem with an interpretation of that rather obscure stanza. 1970 K. Giles Death in Church iii. 69 The inquest stuff won’t be so bad, more like a send-up than a crit. 3. Short for critical mass or size (see critical a. 1957 in Gloss. Terms Nuclear Sci. (Nat. Res. Council, U.S.) 39/1. 1958 [see critical a. 7 b].

critch,

variant of cratch, rack.

criterial criteria,

(krai'tiarial), a.

+

Christianity, Christen, etc.

crist(e, cristed, obs. ff. crest, -ed.

-al1.]

[f. criterion, or pi. Of, according to, or

pertaining to criteria; constituting a criterion or criteria. [1893 in N.E.D. s.v. Criterional a., etym.] 1957 Psychol. Rev. LXIV. 123/2 On the basis of certain defining or criterial attributes in the input. .there is a selective placing of the input in one category of identity rather than another. 1962 U. Weinreich in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 33 The word ‘especially’ preceding the statement of a condition indicates that what follows is less criterial than the rest. 1967 Philos. Rev. LXXVI. 49 This criterial account of perception statements embodies an observation of several contemporary philosophers. 1975 T. Parsons in Glazer & Moynihan Ethnicity 56 In spite of the difficulty of being specific about criterial features and components, what social scientists have called ethnic groups do not belong to a relatively distinct sociological type. 1983 Brown & Yule Discourse Analysis vi. 196 It seems to be the case then that ‘texture’, in the sense of explicit realisation of semantic relations, is not criterial to the identification and cointerpretation of texts.

Obs. rare.

(krai'tiansn). PI. criteria; less commonly -ons. [a. Gr. Kpnfipiov a means for judging, test, standard, f. Kpirfjs judge. In 17th c. often written in Gr. letters.] fa. An organ, faculty or instrument of judging. 1647 H. More Poems Pref., Wits that have..so crusted and made hard their inward Kpirr/ptov by over-much and trivial wearing it. 1678 Cudworth lntell. Syst. 23 According to Empedocles, the Criterion of Truth is not Sense but Right Reason.

b. A test, principle, rule, canon, or standard, by which anything is judged or estimated. 1622 Bp. Hall Serm. 15 Sept. Wks. (1627) 490 All the false Kpirinpia that vse to beguile the iudgment of man. 1661 Fuller Worthies 1. 129 The moving hereof [a statue] was made the Criterion of womens chastity. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 330 Some mode of probation or trial, which the law of the country has ordained for a criterion of truth and falshood. 1788 Mrs. Hughes Henry Isab. I. 17 Regular uniformity and the straight line were the criterions of taste and beauty. 1795 Fate of Sedley I. 168 Lord Stokerland [is] the criterion of gallantry and politeness. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 18 We have no criterion by which, in these matters, degrees of good and evil admit of being measured.

fc. A distinguishing mark or characteristic attaching to a thing, by which it can be judged or estimated. Obs. 1613 Jackson Creed 1. v. Wks. I. 37 This sincerity in teaching.. is the true Kpn-qpiov or touchstone, the livery or cognizance of a man speaking by the Spirit of God. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles III. 138 Take these Criteria or distinctive notes of Durandisme.

cri'terional, a.

nonce-wd. [f. prec. + -al1; irreg. for criterial, which is not evidenced until 20th c.] Of or relating to a criterion. 1830 Coleridge Table-t. 23 Sept., There are two kinds of lbgic: 1. Syllogistic, 2. Criterional.. The criterional logic, or logic of premisses, is, of course, much the most important; and it has never yet been treated.

|| criterium (krai'tisriam). Latinized form of Gr. KpiTT)ptov criterion, occas. used in English. 01631 Donne Serm. lxi. 612 This is our Criterium and onely this; hereby we know it. a 1734 North Exam. 1. iii. §62 (1740) 170 It ever was and will be a certain Criterium of Truth, to be easy.. clear and intelligible. 1867 Lewes Hist. Philos. I. 181 There is no criterium of truth.

crith (kri0). Physics, [f. Gr.

7 b). colloq. (orig. U.S.).

t cri'terie. Crist, Cristante, Cristen, etc., obs. IT. Christ,

chrisom.

criterion

An adapted form of

CRITERION. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. III. iii. 38 Man is the criterie of all things. Ibid. (1701) 477 We say the Criterie of Scepticism is the Phaenomen.

KplO-q barley-corn, the smallest weight.] The weight of i litre of hydrogen at standard pressure and temperature; proposed by Hofmann as the unit of weight for gaseous substances. 1865 A. W. Hofmann Introd. Mod. Chem. 131 For this purpose I venture to suggest the term crith derived from the word Kpidrj signifying a barley-corn. 1870 Eng. Mech. 21 Jan. 464/1 The ‘Crith’.. is the weight of one litre of Hydrogen at o- cent., and 0 76 m. pressure = 0 0896 gramme.

t cri'thology. Obs.—0 [ad. Gr. KpZdoXoyla the gathering of barley, f. Kpldf] barley-corn.] (See quot.) 1656 Blount Glossogr., Crithology.. the gathering the first fruits of Corn.

office

of

crithomancy (’kriGaumsnsi).

[f. Gr. Kpld-q barley-corn + pavrela. divination (see -mancy); cf. KpidopavTis one who divined by barley.] Divination by meal strewed over animals sacrificed. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 165 Crithomancy, [divining] by grain or corn. 1884 J. C. Bourke Snake Dance of Moquis xv. 165 The use of this sacred meal closely resembles the crithomancy of the ancient Greeks.

t critic, a. Obs. Also 6 creticke, 6-7 criticke, 7-8 -ick, -ique. [ad. L. critic-us (orig. as a medical term), a. Gr. kpitikos critical, f. Kpnos decerned, Kpirr/s a judge; f. npl-v-civ to decide, judge. Partly

CRITIC after F. cretique (1372, Corbichon), critique (a 1590 Pare) both in medical use.] fl. Med., etc. Relating to or involving the crisis of a disease, etc.; = critical 4, 5. Obs. 1544 Phaer Regirn. Lyfe (1553) Gjb, il ['jaundis’] appeare in the vj day, beyng a day iudiciall or creticke of the ague. 1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. C viij b, If euer sheildshapt Comet was portent Of Criticke day, foule and pernitious. 1605 Daniel Queens Arcadia 111. i, Of Symptoms, Crycis, and the Critick Days.

2. Judging captiously or severely, censorious, carping, fault-finding. 1598 Florio, Critico, criticke, judging mens acts and works written. 1621 R. Johnson Way to Glory 25 That.. is now, in this criticke age, called in question, etc. a 1667 Cowley Elegy on f. Littleton, In ’s Body too, no Critique Eye could find The smallest Blemish.

3. Skilful in judging, esp. about literary or artistic work; belonging to criticism; = critical 31626 W. Sclater Expos. 2 Thess. (1629) 144 A criticke Scholiast vpon the Reuelation. 1635 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. 11. v. 67 Learned diuines and criticke expositours. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iii. 87 A critic judgement is made by experience and prudence and Reason or discourse. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. III. 153 Critic Learning flourish’d most in France. 1834 Fraser’s Mag. X. 19 Matters historic, critic, analytic, and philologic. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. cviii, The critic clearness of an eye, That saw thro’ all the Muses’ walk.

critic (’kritik), sb.] Also 7 crittick, criticke, -ique, 7-8 critick. [ad. L. critic-us sb., a. Gr. arpm/co? a critical person, a critic, subst. use of the adj.; perh. immediately after F. critique-, see prec. In early times used in the L. form: 1583 Fulke Defence Eng. Bible (Parker Soc.) 381 The prince of the Crilici. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxn. xi. 206, I am here forced even against my will to be after a sort Criticus.. but to find out a truth.]

1. One who pronounces judgement on any thing or person; esp. one who passes severe or unfavourable judgement; a censurer, fault¬ finder, caviller. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iii. i. 177, I that haue beene loues whip.. A Criticke, Nay, a night-watch Constable. 1598 Florio Ital. Diet. To Rdr., Those notable Pirates in this our paper-sea, those sea-dogs, or lande-Critikes, monsters of men. 1606 Dekker Newes from Hell, Take heed of criticks: they bite, like fish, at anything, especially at bookes. 1692 E. Walker Epictetus' Mor. xlix, Nor play the Critick, nor be apt to jeer. 1702 Eng. Theophrast. 5 How strangely some words lose their primitive sense! By a Critick, was originally understood a good judge; with us nowadays it signifies no more than a Fault finder. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Worn. (1777) I. iv. 192 We are never safe in the company of a critic.

2. One skilful in judging of the qualities and merits of literary or artistic works; one who writes upon the qualities of such works; a professional reviewer of books, pictures, plays, and the like; also one skilled in textual or biblical criticism. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn, i. vii. §21 Certaine Critiques are used to say.. That if all sciences were lost, they might bee found in Virgill. 1697 Bentley Phal. Introd., To pass a censure on all kinds of writings, to shew their excellencies and defects, and especially to assign each .. to their proper authors, was the chief Province of the ancient Critics. 1780 Johnson Lett. Mrs. Thrale 27 July, Mrs. Cholmondely.. told me I was the best critick in the world; and I told her, that nobody in the world could judge like her of the merit of a critick. 1825 Macaulay Ess. Milton Ess. (1854) I. 3/1 The poet, we believe, understood the nature of his art better than the critic [Johnson]. 1870 Disraeli Lothair xxxv, You know who the Critics are? The men who have failed in Literature and Art.

3. Comb. (freq. in appositive use). 1680 Ld. Rochester Poems 16 A great Inhabiter of the Pit; Where Critick-like, he sits and squints. 1754 W. Cowper in W. Hayley Life W.C. (1803) I. 16 This simile were apt enough, But I’ve another, critic-proof! 1906 Westm. Gaz. 29 Sept. 14/2 There have been murmurs., against the critic-dramatist. 1938 H. Read Coll. Ess. Lit. Crit. 1. i. 17 When such a critic-poet attempts to probe down into such a fundamental question as the form and structure of poetry. 1965 Canadian Jrnl. Linguistics Fall 40 Criticcentred comments on the text.

t 'critic, sb.2 Obs. Also in 7 -icke, 7-8 -ick, 8-9 critique q.v. [app. ad. F. critique fern, (used in this sense by Moliere and Boileau), ultimately ad. Gr. 77 KpiriK-q the critical art, criticism (cf. It. critica ‘arte of cutting of stones’, Florio 1598). Early in the 18th c. this began to be spelt as in Fr. critique, a spelling which in spite of Johnson and the Dictionaries, has become universal; in the 19th c. it has received a quasi-French pronunciation also: see critique, chiefly used in sense 2, while sense 1 is now expressed by CRITICISM.]

1. The art or action of criticizing; criticism; an instance of this. Also in pi. (cf. metaphysics.) 1656 Artif. Handsomeness (1662) 216 A Satyrical Critick upon the very Scriptures. 1657 Hobbes Stigmas Wks. 1845 VII. 389 Grammar and Criticks. 1676 Etheredge Man of Mode ill. iii, Wee’l make a Critick on the whole Mail Madam. 1690 J. Locke Hum. Und. iv. xx, They would afford us another sort of Logick and Critick. 1697 Bentley Phal. 69, I do not expect from our Editors much sagacity in way of Critic. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 45 |f 4 That Sort of Drama is not.. thought unworthy the Critick of learned Heads. 1755-73 Johnson, Critick, Science of Criticism [Todd 1818 alters to Critique].

critical

30 2. An essay in criticism of a literary work, etc.; a critical notice or review; now critique. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 571 Own your errors past, And make each day a critick on the last. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 115 f 1, I shall not fail to write a Critick upon his Performance. 1755-73 Johnson, Critick, a critical examination; critical remarks [Todd 1818 alters to Critique], 1766 Eliz. Griffith Lett. Henry Frances III. 4, I shewed your Critic upon the Series to the Bishop of-.

f critic, v. Obs. In 7 -icke, 8 -ick, -ique. 1. iritr. To play the critic, pass judgement (on something). 1607 A. Brewer Lingua iv. ix. (R.) Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done. 1629 Lightfoot Erubhin ii. On which words I can criticke onely with deepe silence. are-with pi fore-heued. Ibid. 433/78 To creoici )>ri3es is fore-heued: and is breoste. C1380 Sir Ferumb. 4913 pan panVep he god eft of ys sond, & croycede ys fysage with ys hond. c 1470 Henry Wallace vm. 1195 Than Wallace thocht it was no tyme to ly; He croyssit him, syne sodeynli wp rais.

2. To mark with a cross by way of giving sanctity to a vow; refl. and pass, to take or receive the mark of the cross in solemnization of a vow; esp. to take the cross to fight against the Saracens, or other foes of Christianity, real or reputed. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8068 Pope .. Urban .. prechede of pe croyserie, and croysede moni mon. Ibid. 9882 & na^eles hii croicede hom puder vor to wende. Ibid. 10586 Manie in hor bare fless hom late croici vaste, To libbe uor him and deie, Lowis out to caste. C1325 Coer de L. 1693 Kyng Rychard is a pylgryme, Croyssyd to the Holy Lande. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 226 Lowys. . Himself pe first was croised on his flessh. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. clxxiii. 156 He had thought for to haue gone in to holy land.. for encheson that he was croysed long tyme before. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) I- 5°8/2 Unto this Bishop of Norwich the Pope had sent his Bulls.. to Croisy whomsoever would go with him into France, to destroy the Antipope. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 50/2 Manie.. were croised to the seruice of Christ. 1639 Fuller Holy War iv. xi. (1840) 196 And thereupon was croised, and.. bound himself.. to sail to the Holy Land.

3. To crucify. 01300 Cursor M. 19445 (Cott.) He sagh him [Christ] croised. a 1400 Leg. Rood (1871) 133 Feet and fayre hondes pat nou ben croised. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4339 Barthelmewe slayne alle qwhikke and petere postle croisid.

Hence f croised ppl. a., furnished or marked with a cross; having taken the cross. 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 215 A croysed staffe and allowed to them as a crosse. 1639 Fuller Holy War in. xxii. (1840) 158 Three hundred thousand of these croised pilgrims lost their lives in this expedition.

croise, sb.: see croises. fcroisee, -ie, -y. Obs. Also 5 croysee, -ye, 6 -ie, croisey, crosey. [a. OF. croisee, -He, -ie, the native French form = med.L. cruciata, It. crociata, Sp. cruzada, Pr. crozada, which was in the 16th c. displaced by croisade, with the adapted ending -ade from the southern langs.] A crusade. 1482 Caxton Polycron. vm. v, Syre Henry spencer bisshop of norwiche wente .. with a Croysye in to Flaundres. Ibid. viii. xi, The pope gaf oute a croysye ageynst them [Hussites]. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xxvii. (heading), Other kynges toke on them the Croisey to the holy lande. 1549 Thomas Hist. Italie 124 Manfredo lette crie a Croysie. 1608 Golding Epit. Frossard 1. 37 The Pope., commaunded a croysie to be preached against them. 1615 W. Hull Mirr. Maiestie 69 At the sute of them that were marked for the Croyssie.

croiser, -ier, obs. ff. crosier. f croiserie, -ry. Obs. Forms: 3 creoicerie, -oy-, 3-5 croiserie, croy-, -rye, 4 croserie. [a. OF. croiserie, f. crois cross.] Crusading; a crusade. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 1.440/331 To prechi of pe creoicerie aboute in pe londe. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7091 pe pope sende croiserie in to pe holi lond. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 116 Croiserye ne assoilinge.. shal not as pe day of dome reverse Cristis sentens. 1475 Bk. Noblesse 10 King Richarde the first.. whiche in a croiserie went in to the holy londe.

f 'croises, 'croisees, sb. pi. Obs. [a. F. croises, in OF. croisies:—L. cruciatos, f. croisier. see croise v. 2.] Those who have been ‘croised’, crusaders. (App. sometimes used by modern writers as an archaism for Crusades, and supplied with erroneous singular croise.) 1656 Blount Glossogr., Croises (cruce signati), pilgrims. See Croysado. c 1750 Shenstone Ruined Abbey 248 How oft he blew The croise’s trumpet. 1751 Jortin Eccl. Hist. (R.), To instruct the croisez, to comfort them. 1779 Archseol. V. 19 (D.) When the English croisees went into the East in the first Crusade. 1846 P. Parley's Ann. VII. 18 The wars of the croises.

|| croisette. [F. croisette, dim. of croix cross.] A small cross. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2311/4 A Croisett of Diamonds. 1906 Daily Chron. 11 Oct. 3/2 To pay to the Administration, in the form of a tax, a certain number of croisettes—brass rods in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross. 1920 A. Stratton Engl. Interior 72 French doorways of the Louis XIV. period, with surrounding architraves broken at the top with croisettes and surmounted by a frieze.

croissant (krwasa). [Fr. (see crescent sb.).] = CRESCENT sb. 6. 1899 W. C. Morrow Bohem. Paris 139 The odor of hot rolls and croissants. 1928 R. Macaulay Keeping up Appearances i. §2 Foaming coffee and milk, the crusty roll, the little tender croissant. 1958 X. Fielding Corsair Country 96 We’re having coffee and croissants in the sort of square you would come across in any of the larger French Mediterranean seaports. 1970 New Yorker 6 June 64/2 Resident jockeys .. were being offered .. the French racing papers, with their coffee and croissants.

CROMERI AN

37

croissant,

earlier form of crescent.

croissard,

obs. incorrect form of crusade.

II Croix de Guerre (krwactageir). Also croix de guerre. [Fr., lit. ‘cross of war’.] A French medal first awarded during the war of 1914-18 (see quot. 1922). 1915 Daily Chron. 4 Aug. 7/7 M. Poincare conferred upon King Albert himself the French Croix de Guerre. 1917 T. E. Lawrence Home Lett. (1954) 345 The French Government has stuck another medal on to me: a croix de guerre this time. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 892/2 The Croix de Guerre. — Established in 1915 to commemorate individual mentions in despatches during the war 1914-18. The cross was awarded to soldiers or sailors of all ranks.. who were mentioned in orders of the day for an individual feat of arms. .. The ribbon .. is green with narrow red stripes. 1944 H. G. Wells *42 to ’44 j8 A girl in M.T.C. uniform with the gold leaf of the Croix de Guerre over her pocket, i960 G. Martelli Agent Extraordinary ii. 34 Dressed usually in a neat dark blue suit only distinguished by the ribbon of the Croix de Guerre.

cro’jack, crok,

abbreviation of cross-jack.

obs. f. croak v., crock.

croke,

obs. f. croak, crook.

croke. Obs. exc. dial. [Etymology uncertain. Cf. cork sft.3] Core of a fruit; refuse, dross. c 1450 Nominate in Wr.-Wiilcker 719/6 Partesfructuum .. Hec arula the crok. 1847-78 Halliwell, Croke, refuse; the bad or useless part of anything. Line. 1886 5. W. Line. Gloss., Croke, refuse: as ‘It’s only an old croke’.

crokefer,

crocus of iron: see crocus 3.

f'eroker. Obs. rare. [app. f. croc-us + -er1.] A cultivator or seller of saffron. 1577 Harrison

England hi. viii. (1877) 11. 57 The crokers

or saffron men.

Crokerism (’kraukariz^m). [f. the surname Croker + -ism.] 1. The political principles of John Wilson Croker (1780-1857). 1851 Carlyle New Lett. (1904) II. 114, I was reading in the Quarterly Review: — very beggarly Crokerism, all of copperas and gall and human baseness. 1927 Observer 9 Oct. 16/4 When Randolph Churchill set out to revive his party, what did he do? He swept away Crokerism.

2. In U.S. politics, the political following and influence of Richard Croker (1841-1922), who made himself master (c 1888) of the Tammany organization and subsequently attained to great power in the government of the state of New York. Hence 'Crokerist, an adherent of Crokerism; also attrib. 1897 Daily News 4 Nov. 3/4 Evidence, .that Crokerism had brought New York to almost the lowest possible point. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 27 Oct. 6/2 Mr. Roosevelt, .urged, .the killing of Crokerism in the State. 1901 Daily Chron. 3 Oct. 5/7 The supporters of Crokerism and corruption.. are opposed by the advocates of good government with freedom from bosses. Ibid. 1 Nov. 6/3 He will..vote the whole Fusionist ‘ticket’ or the whole Crokerist ‘ticket’ as it is offered to him.

.2

croket, crokt:

see crocket, crock v

crol(le, var. of

crull Obs., curly.

crom, crome, obs.

ff. cram, crumb.

Cro-Magnon

(krau'maenjS, krau'maegnan). Also Cromagnon. [The name of a hill of Cretaceous limestone in the Dordogne department of France in a cave at the base of which skeletons of Homo sapiens were found in 1868 among deposits of Upper Palaeolithic age; it had previously been supposed that modem man did not exist in Palaeolithic times.] Used, chiefly attrib., to designate a group of mankind characterized by a long low skull, a wide face, and wide orbits having upper and lower borders close to one another and almost parallel; the stature is moderate or tall. The group persisted in Mesolithic and Neolithic times, and some authorities consider that it survived in the Guanches of the Canary Islands. Similar skeletal features can be detected in certain modern European and north African peoples. 1869 P. Broca in Lartet & Christy Reliq. Aquit. (1875) ix. 99 The general characters of the Cro-Magnon race. 1869 A. de Quatrefages Ibid. 124 The Cro-Magnon skulls introduce new elements into the question of European origins. 1874 Leisure Hour 31 Oct. 697 Outline of CroMagnon skull as seen in front. 1882 Amer. Antiquarian Apr.-July 242 Cromagnon skulls in Bavaria. 1912 R. Munro Palaeolithic Man 200 All the skeletons of the CroMagnon type found in the Grimaldi caves. 1927 Haldane & Huxley Anim. Biol. xiii. 331 Cromagnon man. 1934 Discovery Mar. 79/2 All comparisons between individual moderns and individual Greeks or Cro-Magnons, are beside the mark in a discussion of the meaning of human progress as a whole. 1939 R. Campbell Flowering Rifle 11. 53 To sink these new Cromagnons out of sight.

cromatick, crombec

obs. form of chromatic.

('krDmbsk). [Used in this form by Le Vaillant Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Espagne 1802; f. Du. krom crooked + bek beak s&.] A

popular name for African warblers of the genus Sylvietta. [1875-84 Layard Birds S. Afr. 303 Sylvietta rufescens ... The ‘Stomp-stertje’ of the Dutch colonists, and the ‘Crombec’ of Le Vaillant.] 1901 Stark & Sclater Birds S. Afr. II. 117 Sylviella [sic] pallida. The Zambesi Crombec. 1908 Haagner & Ivy Sk. S. Afr. Bird Life 80 The Crombec {Sylviella rufescens), known to the farmers as the Stompstertje (Stump-tail), is ash-grey above and tawny-buff below. 1955 Mackworth-Praed & Grant Birds E. & N.E. Afr. II. 423 Crombecs or Stump-tails... Called Crombecs by the early Dutch settlers in South Africa because of their curved bills.

Crombie ('krDmbi). Also crombie. The name of J. & J. Crombie Ltd., a Scottish firm of clothmakers, used to designate a type of overcoat, jacket, etc., made by them. Hence Crombiecoated adj. 1951 Trade Marks Jrnl. 17 Jan. 67/1 Crombie Product... Men’s and boys’ coats, suits, jackets, .all made from piece goods wholly or substantially of wool, worsted or hair. J. & J. Crombie Limited, Grandholm Works, Woodside, Aberdeen, Scotland; Manufacturers and Merchants; —7th September, 1949. 1957 J. Braine Room at Top x. 95 A young man in a Crombie overcoat came through the door. 1957 Times 11 Sept. 3/1 Visiting Americans lured by the theatre’s magic name come crombie-coated to tread heavily on Yeats’s dreams. 1963 Guardian 16 Jan. 9/7 A man in a heavy black Crombie glared at the loud-speaker.

crombie, obs. form of crumble. crome, cromb (kraum, kru:m), sb. Now local. Also 5 croumbe, cromp, 9 dial, croom, craam. [repr. an OE. *cramb, *crQmb f. (cf. wamb, womb):—WG. kramba, whence also MDu. and LG. kramme, Du. kram hook, crook (‘kramme, harpago’ Kilian); f. kramb- grade of *krimb-an: see note to cramp sft.1] A hook, a crook; esp. ‘a stick with a hook at the end of it, to pull down the boughs of a tree, to draw weeds out of ditches,’ etc. (Forby). fin early use, also = Claw, talon. a 1400 in Leg. Rood 139 Lord send us pi lomb Out of pe wildernesses ston, To fende vs from pe lyon cromp. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 104 Crombe, or crome [P. crowmbe], bucus [v. r. unccus, arpax]. 1533 Richmond Wills (Surtees) 11 A ladyll and a flech crome. 1561 Becon Sick Mans Salve 257 Some rent apeaces w' whot burning yron cromes. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 38 A sickle to cut with, a didall and crome For draining of ditches, that noies thee at home. 1770-4 A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1804) II. 351 They are drawn out by crombes, forks, &c. 1846 Spurdens Suppl. to Forby s.v. Croom. Forby has crome a crook. We have muck-crooms,firecrooms, mud-crooms, as well as croom-sticks. 1862 Borrow Wild Wales I. 231 A thin polished black stick with the crome cut in the shape of an eagle’s head. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Craam, an instrument with three curved prongs, used by cocklers to take cockle with.

crome, cromb, v. Now local,

[f. prec. sb.] trans. To seize or draw with a crook; to hook.

1558 Phaer JEneid vi. Rij, With crokid beake, and croming pawes. a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Crome, to draw with a crome. 1868 J. Timbs Eccentr. Anim. Creation 48 In 1863 .. Children described them [Mermaids] as ‘nasty things that crome you into the water’. 1891 Blackw. Mag. Mar. 311 We were warned never to go near its edge, lest the mermaid should come and crome us in.

Cromer (‘kr3um3(r)). [The name of a town on the Norfolk coast.] Cromer Forest Bed: the name of a series of deposits which outcrops on the coast at Cromer, comprising two freshwater beds which enclose the Forest Bed proper, an estuarine bed of clay containing the transported remains of trees and rich in plant and animal fossils. From its position (see quot. 1964) the series was formerly thought to be pre-glacial, of Pliocene age, but it is now generally thought to have been deposited during the first (antepenultimate) interglacial, in the early Pleistocene, and its flora and fauna are taken as typical of this interglacial in Britain. [1840 C. Lyell in Phil. Mag. 3rd Ser. XVI. 377 A general subsidence .. must have taken place .. in order to explain the submergence and burial of the trees of which the stools are found in situ; and this forest bed could not have been brought up again .. to the level of low water, without a subsequent upheaval.] 1863 - Antiquity of Man 511/1 Cromer forest bed. 1882 C. Reid Geol. Country around Cromer iii. 8 The so-called ‘Cromer Forest-bed’, celebrated for the number and variety of the fossil mammals which it has yielded. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 439/2 The latest Pliocene, or pre-Glacial, flora of northern Europe is best known from the Cromer Forest-bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, a fluvio-marine deposit which lies beneath the whole of the Glacial deposits of these counties. 1946 L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct, xiv. 156 The Cromer Forest Bed series which we mentioned as the youngest Pliocene beds in Britain are claimed by some as early Pleistocene. 1964 K. P. Oakley Frameworks for dating Fossil Man 1. 102 The Cromer Forest Bed was for long regarded by British geologists as ‘pre-glacial’, for it is overlain by the oldest known glacial deposits in East Anglia... In 1950 Woldstedt published Thomson’s pollen-diagram of the Cromer Forest Bed which showed that it was undoubtedly interglacial in character.

Cromerian (krau'misnan), a. and sb. [f. prec. + -ian.] A. adj. 1. Geoj. and Palaeont. a. Epithet of the Cromer Forest Bed series (see prec.);

CROMFORDITE hence, of, pertaining to, or characteristic of this series. 1900 F. W. Harmer in Q.Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LVI. 725 The so-called Forest-bed Series of the Cromer and Kessingland coasts.. may be known as Cromerian. 1925 A. Keith Antiquity of Man (ed. 2) I. xv. 304 The Cromerian beds tell us of the mild climate of the last phase of the Pliocene period. 1931 Discovery Mar. 85/1 The Cromerian flora is practically the same as that in East Anglia to-day. 1964 [see 1 b].

b. Epithet of a stage (and the corresponding age) in the Lower Pleistocene, and also of the first (antepenultimate) interglacial in Britain (generally identified with the Giinz-Mindel Interglacial of* Europe); hence, of or con¬ temporaneous with this stage or interglacial. 1922 Osborn & Reeds in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIII. 431 Certain surviving marine deposits of the north of Europe may be correlated with those of the Mediterranean, as follows: 1. Sicilian Stage of the Mediterranean = Cromerian Stage of the North Sea basin and Baltic. Ibid., Along the German-Baltic coast Deperet recognizes marine faunal beds of Sicilian-Cromerian age. 1956 R. G. West et al. in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. CCXXXIX. 344 The Cromer Forest Bed or Cromerian Interglacial is considered to be equivalent to the.. Giinz/Mindel Interglacial of Europe. 1964 K. P. Oakley Frameworks for dating Fossil Man 1. 109 In China the industry of Peking Man is associated with a fauna which was for long identified as Cromerian, whereas new evidence indicated that it is of Mindel II age... It is therefore most important to distinguish between a horizon of Cromerian age (i.e. dating from the Giinz-Mindel Interglacial) and one containing elements of Cromerian fauna. 1967 D. H. Rayner Stratigr. Brit. Isles xii. 378 The Cromerian stage refers to the Cromer Forest Bed and associated sediments of north Norfolk. 1968 R. G. West Pleistocene Geol. & Biol. xiii. 305 Compared with the succeeding interglacials the Cromerian vegetational history is distinct in the absence or scarcity of Hippophae in the lateglacial zone. 1969 Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond. Aug. 152 It is recommended that for the Pleistocene and Holocene of the British Isles the following ages/stages be adopted as a regional scale... Pleistocene:.. Anglian, Cromerian, Beestonian [etc.].

2. Archaeol. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of an ancient culture or people formerly supposed to be represented by remains (now not generally held to be artefacts) found in some Pliocene deposits near Cromer. 1922 Osborn & Reeds in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIII. 424 Beneath the Forest Bed there has been discovered recently by J. Reid Moir a bed of giant flints of human manufacture, an industry which may be termed Cromerian. 1934 L. S. B. Leakey Adam's Ancestors v. 98 {caption) Two sides of a Cromerian flake tool. 1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past vi. 185 The Cromerian industry .. is particularly wellknown from the so-called ‘foreshore site’, a flint spread exposed at low-water. 1964 K. P. Oakley Frameworks for dating Fossil Man 11. vi. 219 All these flakes are in a highly battered condition. They have been compared with the very dubious ‘Cromerian industry* in Britain.

B. sb. people.

1. Archasol.

One of the ‘Cromerian’

1921 J. R. Moir in Jfrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. LI. 387 These large flint masses represent the cores from which the ancient Cromerians obtained the raw material in the manufacture of their artefacts. 1925 A. Keith Antiquity of Man (ed. 2) I. xv. 305 In 1920, Mr Moir discovered a ‘working floor’, a site used for the knapping of flint implements by early Cromerians.

2. Geol. The Cromerian stage or age or the Cromerian interglacial. 1957 J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. xxix. 598 In East Anglia, by referring the Cromerian to the Pliocene and at the same time to an interglacial epoch, as is commonly done.., the glacial beginnings are thrust into the earlier horizons. Ibid, xxxii. 692 The Cromerian saw the European facies fully established. 1968 R. G. West Pleistocene Geol. & Biol. xiii. 305 The flora is very similar to that of the Cromerian in its paucity of exotic genera.

cromfordite ('krDmfadait). Min. [Named 1858 from Cromford, Derbyshire, where first found.] A synonym of phosgenite or chlorocarbonate of lead. 1861 Bristow Gloss. Min. 99. 1868 Dana Min. 703.

cromie, obs. form of crummie. cromlech ('krDmlek). Also 7 kromlech, 8-9 cromleh, 9 cromleac. [a. Welsh cromlech (in Irish and Gael, cromleac, -leachd), f. crom, fern, of crwm ‘crooked, bowed, bent, curved, concave, convex’ + llech (flat) stone.] A structure of prehistoric age consisting of a large flat or flatfish unhewn stone resting horizontally on three or more stones set upright; found in various parts of the British Isles, esp. in Wales, Devonshire, Cornwall, and Ireland. Also applied to similar structures in other parts of the world. This is the application of the word in Welsh. In Brittany such structures are called dolmen (= table-stones), while cromlech is the name of a circle of standing stones. As a common noun cromlech is known in Welsh only from c 1700, but as a proper name, or part of one, it occurs in Owen’s Pembrokeshire, and in several place-names believed to be ancient. In Cornish it is known earlier; a grant in Bp. Grandison’s Register at Exeter (1328-1370), purporting to be from /Ethelstan to Buryan, 943 (Birch, Cartul. Sax. II.

CRONET

38 527), mentions in the boundaries ‘fossa quae tendit circa Rescel cromlegh’. See Silvan Evans Welsh Diet. 1603 Owen Pembrokesh. 1. xxvi. (1892) 251 An other thinge worth the noteinge is the stone called Maen y gromlegh vpon Pentre Jevan lande; yt is a huge and massie stone mounted on highe and sett on the toppes of iij other highe stones, pitched standinge vpright in the grounde. 1695 J. Davies in Camden's Brit. (ed. Gibson) 676 In BodOwyr.. we find a remarkable Kromlech .. These .. are thought to have received the name of Cromlecheu, for that the Table or covering-Stone is, on the upper side, somewhat gibbous or convex. 1740 Stukeley Stonehenge vii. 33 It was one of those stones which the Welsh call Crwm-Lecheu or bowing stones. 1766 Ann. Reg. 297 The huge, broad, flat stones, raised upon other stones set up on end for that purpose, now called Cromlechs. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) I. iii. 92 The cromlech, which is now universally recognised as a sepulchral monument. 1859 Jephson Brittany xi. 181 Scattered over its wide and arid plains, are cromlechs, dolmens, menhirs.

cromme, obs. form of crumb. crommel, erroneous form of cromlech. 1848 Lytton Harold 1. i, An ancient Druidical crommel. 1849-King Arthur xii. xli, Grey crommell stones.

cromome (krau'mDin). [a. F. cromorne, corruption of Ger. krummhorn crooked horn.] A reed-stop on an organ; = krummhorn, CREMONA2. 1710 Specif. Organ Salisbury Cath. in Grove Diet. Mus. II. 595, 32. Vox Humana. 33. Cromhorn. 1880 E. J. Hopkins ibid. II. 74 Krummhorn, Cromome, Cremona, Clarionet, Como-di-Bassetto.. An Organ Reed Stop of 8 feet size of tone.

cromp, obs. var. or by-form of crome. crompe, for corompe, corrump v. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 71 Lecherye.. stinkithe and crompithe vnto heuene.

crompid (cake): see crumpet. cromple, crompeled, obs ff. crumple, -ed. crompster, var. crumster Obs., small ship. Cromwell ('krDmwel). [See Cromwellian a. and sb.] 1. In full Cromwell shoe. A shoe of the type supposedly worn by Oliver Cromwell, usu. having a large buckle or bow. 1879 M. E. Braddon Vixen I. iv. 86 The girl., made rather a pretty picture... The tawny hair, black velvet frock .. and broad-toed Cromwell shoes. 1952 C. W. Cunnington Eng. Women's Clothing Pres. Cent. ii. 36 Shoes: .. the Cromwell with two straps. 1963 A. Gernsheim Fashion n Jamieson. 1880 Antrim a pig-sty.

1878 Cumbrld. Gloss.. Cronk, the hollow note uttered by the raven when on the wing.

3 and 4.] Of a horse: unfit to run in a race, or dishonestly run as though unfit; said also of the race. Hence gen., unsound, liable to collapse; also, obtained by fraud.

1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 177 As ane dur is tourned on the cruuks (quhilk in latin ar called cardines). 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme 1. xxiv. 152 Hang them [pigs when killed] to the crookes set vp in some vaulted roofe. a 1774 Fergusson Election Poems (1845) 40 Till, in a birn, beneath the crook, They’re singit wi a scowder. 1826 Scott Diary 17 Jan., With a visage as black as the crook. 1848 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IX. 11. 420 The ends of each rafter are turned in the form of a gate-crook. 1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma lvi. 256 From whose lofty ceiling hung the crooks, from whence used to dangle the.. legs of.. mutton.

obs. form of crow.

crook (kruk), sb. and a.

Forms: 3-4 croc, 3-6 croke, 4-5 Sc. and north, cruk, 4-6 crok, kroke, 5-6 cruke, 5-8 crooke, 6-9 Sc. cruik, 4- crook. [ME. crok, croc, app. a. ON. krokr (Sw. krok, Da. krog) crook, hook, barb, trident; unknown elsewhere in Teutonic, but app. belonging to the same ablaut series (krak-, krok), as OHG. chracho, chracco hook; cf. ON. kraki boat-hook. The parallelism of form and meaning with croche, crose, is notable in sense 4. Relationship between the ablaut series krak-, krok, and that to which crutch belongs, cannot at present be asserted.]

A. sb. 1. An instrument, weapon, or tool of hooked form; a hook. spec. fa. A reaping-hook, sickle; b. A hook for grappling or catching; c. A hook or bent iron on which anything is hung; e.g. one of the iron hooks on which a gate hangs: esp. in ‘crooks and bands’ (see band sb.1 3); a hook in a chimney for hanging a pot or kettle on, a pot-hook; hence phr. as black as the crook (Sc.). C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 99/241 And hire bresten fram hire bodi with Irene crokes rende. 01300 Cursor M. 18104 (Cott.) He .. brast pe brasen yates sa strang, And stelen croc pat pai wit hang, c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 40 Quen come is coruen with crokez kene. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 640 Cleopatras, In gooth the grapenel so ful of crokis. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 1161 Rakes, crookes, adses, and bycornes. 1453 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 160 Pro nayles et crokes emptis pro magnis portis. 1522 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) V. 153, j blake worsted kirtle, and the gretter golde crokes. 1587 Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 26 For fowre bands & crookes, vj d.

c 1435 Torr. Portugal 1590 He bare on his nek a croke.. It was twelfe ffeete and more. Ibid. 1604 Sith he pullith at his croke, So fast in to the flesh it toke That oute my3t he gete it nought.

4. a. A shepherd’s staff, having one end curved or hooked, for catching the hinder leg of a sheep. c 1430 Lydg. Chorle Byrde xlviii. in Ashm. 223 A Chepys Croke to the ys better than a Launce. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 104 Croke, or scheype hoke, pedum. 1635 Cowley Davideis I. 2, I Sing the Man who Judah’s Scepter bore In that right hand which held the Crook before. 1720 Gay Dione in. ii, Leaning on her crook Stood the sad nymph. 1883 E. Pennell-Elmhirst Cream Leicestersh. 240 Where the sickle holds the place of the shepherd’s crook.

b. The pastoral staff of a bishop, abbot or abbess, shaped like a shepherd’s staff; a crosier. c 1386 Chaucer Friar's T. 19 (Tyrwh.) Er the bishop hent hem with his crook [Harl. & 6-text hook], c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode ill. xxiv. (1869) 149 This crook and this S shewen wel that j am an abbesse. 1851 Longf. Gold. Leg. i. ii. 23 The Priests came flocking in.. With all their crosiers and their crooks.

5. a. Any hooked or incurved appendage, e.g. a tendril of a plant, one of the hooks on the fruit of the burdock, etc.; the curved or hooked part of anything, e.g. of a walking-stick; the ‘crosier’ of a fern. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xvn. clxxvii. (1495) 717 Those bondes or crokes of the vyne by the whyche it takyth and byclyppyth trees and stalkes. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 1. viii. 15 Upon the braunches there groweth small bullets., garnisshed full of little crookes or hookes. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 2 The .. thorns, or crooks, or hairs of leaves. 1850 Florist Mar. 87 The young fronds of the.. Ferns uncurling their crooks.

fb. A curl or roll of hair formerly worn. Obs. (Cf. crocket1 1.) CI308 Sat. People Kildare x. in E.E.P. (1862) i54)x>3 3ur crune be ischave, fair bet? 3ur crokes [rime bokes]. c 1325 Poem Times Edw. II in Pol. Songs (Camden) 327 A myrour and a koeverchef to binde wid his crok [rime bitok]. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3352 Cho kembede myne heuede That the krispane kroke to my crownne raughte. [1721 Bailey, Crok, the turning up of the hair into curls.]

c. A crooked or incurved piece of timber. 1802 Naval Chron. VIII. 373 The.. futtocks are all got from natural grown crooks. 1806 Hull Advertiser 11 Jan. 2/2 Oak Timber, consisting of Knees and Crooks, peculiarly well adapted for Ship Building.

d. Bell-founding. (See quots.) 1857 Lukis Acc. Ch. Bells 21 The crook is a kind of compass formed of wood, and is used for making the moulds. 1872 Ellacombe Ch. Bells Devon i. 7 The core is first.. moulded as described by the action of the crook.

6. A small space, or piece of ground, of a crooked shape; an odd corner, nook. 1417 Searchers Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1890) 11 A cruke of Robert Feriby grund. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 1. lvi. (1869) 34 In sum anglet or in sum . . crook or cornere. 1717 N. Riding Rec. VIII. 23 Other small parts [of a farm] called crookes and crinkles. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 33 It was full of nooks and crooks, and chambers of all sorts and sizes.

f7. pi. Brackets (in printing), parentheses. Obs. (Cf. CROTCHET 8.) 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 1. (1851) 116 Though it be cunningly interpolisht.. with crooks and emendations. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy vi. xxxi, Among my father’s papers, with here and there an insertion of his own, betwixt two crooks, thus [ ].

8. Musical Instr. a. An accessory piece of curved tubing to be added to a metal wind instrument, as a horn or cornet, to lower the pitch, so as to adapt it to the key of the piece of music in which it is to be used. b. The crooked metal tube connecting the body with the reed of a bassoon. 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy xviii, The trumpeter., pulling out one crook from another. 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. I. 150 [The bassoon] consists of five pieces.. the crook, wing, butt, long joints, and bell. Ibid. I. 750 The difference of pitch [in the Horn] being provided by the various crooks.

9. A support or frame of wood, bent in a particular way, formerly slung in pairs panierwise across the saddle of a pack-horse for carrying loads. (Somerset and Devon.) 1657 Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 89 Small pack-saddles, and crooks.. laying upon each Crook a faggot. C1710 Celia

CROOK Fiennes Diary (1888) 225 Carryages on horses backes.. with sort of crookes of wood like yokes either side .. in which they stow ye corne and so tie it with cords. 1791 JCollinson Hist. Somerset II. 34 The crops are .. carried in with crooks on horses. 1850 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XI. 11. 739 The corn is often harvested in crooks on horses’ backs. 1888 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v., It used to be as common to say ‘I’ll send a horse and crooks’ as it is now to say ‘horse and cart’. [They] are now very rarely seen.

10. a. The act of crooking; esp. a bending of the knee or of the body in sign of reverence (obs.). C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1816 Ffor-setten byfore, and eke byhynde, Wyp crokes ilkon opev gan bynde. 1603 B. Jonson Sejanus 1. i, He is now the court god; and well applied With sacrifice of knees, of crooks, and cringes. 1857 Hughes Tom Brown 1. iii, A well-aimed crook of the heel or thrust of the loin.

b. In polo, an act of crooking an opponent’s stick (see crook v.1 6). 1935 Times 18 June 5/5 Captain Ansell.. scored with a 60 yards penalty given for a foul crook.

11. A bending or curve, a convolution, e.g. of a river, path, the intestines, etc. i486 Bk. St. Alban s E vij b, Of the nomblis.. theys oder crokes and Roundulis bene. 1558 Phaer JEneid 11. (R.), Through lanes and crokes and darknes most we past. 1585 James I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 16 Sea eylis rare, that be Myle longs, in crawling cruikis of sixtie pace. 1609 C. Butler Fern. Mon. v. (1623) Mij, Let it downe by a cord tied to some crooke of the bough. 1686 Burnet Trav. v. (1750) 253 The Rhine maketh a Crook before it. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 594/1 Old homely ways, whose crooks.. she knew by heart. 1887 Stevenson Underwoods 1. xiv. 29 The crooks of Tweed.

f 12. fig. A crooked piece of conduct; a trick, artifice, wile; deceit, guile, trickery. Obs. c 1200 Ormin i 1635 i>a wEere he purrh pe deofless croc I gluternesse fallenn. 01225 Leg. Kath. 125 WiS alle hise crefti crokes. a 1300 Cursor M. 740 (Cott.) J>e nedder .. pat mast kan bath on crok and craft. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 161 He soughte nought the worldes croke [rime boke] For veine honour ne for richesse. c 1460 Towneley Myst. 145 Withe sich wylys and crokes. 01556 Cranmer To Gardiner (T.), For all your bragges, hookes, and crookes, you have such a fall. 1594 Willobie Aviso 35 The wise will shunne such craftie crookes.

13. One whose conduct is crooked; a dishonest person, swindler, sharper, orig. U.S. colloq. Now esp. a professional criminal or an associate of criminals. 1879 Chicago Tribune 6 Feb. 5/2 The Times still continues its attacks upon the Government officials in the interest of the Pekin and Peoria crooks. 1882 Sydney Slang Diet. 3/1 Crook, a thief and burglar. One who gets his living on the best. 1886 American Local Newspr., The photographs of several English cracksmen along with one of a New York crook. 1891 H. Campbell Darkness & Daylight 470 Gamblers, pickpockets and other ‘crooks’ abound. 1891 The Sun (N.Y.) 19 June 6/4 (Funk), The slang word ‘crook’ now bids fair to be recognized in the statutes and consequently to be adopted as good English in the courts of law. A bill regulating admissions to the prison at Marquette excludes, among other classes of individuals specified, those known to be ‘crooks’ in police parlance. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 17 July 2/1 A crook what kep a little crib Dad went to when things was too lively. 1903 Daily Chron. 3 Nov. 5/4 All the saloon¬ keepers, and gamblers, and crooks, and confidence men, in fact all the predatory elements of society are .. working for a Tammany victory. 1909 Ibid. 19 June 3/2 The people here .. are clever and rather interesting scamps. Were they on a slightly lower social level they would be called ‘crooks’. 1949 [see crookery]. 1953 ‘M. Innes’ Christmas at Candleshoe xiii. 150 ‘The fact is that a gang of crooks-’ ‘I beg your pardon?’ Miss Candleshoe is wholly at sea. ‘The fact is that a band of robbers is prowling about outside this house now.’

14. dial. a. ‘The crick in the neck; a painful stiffness, the effect of cold’. Craven Gloss. 1828. b. ‘A disease of sheep, whereby their heads are drawn on one side.’ Ibid. 15. Phrases, a. \on crook, a-crook: crookedly, in a crooked course. Obs. on the crook: dishonestly, slang. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 53 Humber.. rennej? first a crook out of pe south side of York, c 1425 Hampole's Psalter Metr. Pref. 38 Many out of bales brow3t, p* in lywyng went on croke. 1500-1881 [see acrook]. 1879 Macm. Mag. 503 (Farmer) Which he had bought on the crook.

b. crook in one's lot: something untoward or distressing in one’s experience: an affliction, trial. Sc. a 1732 T. Boston {title). The Crook in the Lot; or the Wisdom and Sovereignty of God displayed in the afflictions of men. Ibid. (1767) 14 The crook in the lot is the special trial appointed for every one. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xii, I trust to bear even this crook in my lot with submission. 1835 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 32 It is positively a great crook in my present lot. 16. by hook or by crook: see hook.

B. adj. 1. a. [Arising probably from dissolution of the combinations crook-back, etc., in which crook- was perhaps originally the sb., or the vb. stem; though it may have been shortened from crookt, crooked: cf. Cb.] = CROOKED. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 275 Weil couth I claw his cruke bak. 1647 H. More Insomn. Philos, xxiv, Interpreting right whatever seemed crook.

b. ‘Bent’, stolen. Criminals' slang. 1900 Sessions' Paper Central Criminal Court CXXXII. 462, I brought it from you b-straight; I did not know it was crook.

2. Austral, and N.Z.

CROOK-BACKED

40 a. Of things: bad, inferior; out of order, unsatisfactory; unpleasant, dreadful.

c. to crook one's mou' (Sc.): to distort the mouth in expression of displeasure or ill temper.

1898 Bulletin (Sydney) 17 Dec. Red Page/2, Krook or kronk is bad. 1915 E. G. Pilling Anzac Memory (1933) iv. 62 Had a very crook night, sickness, cramp, dysentery. 1917 E. Miller Camps, Tramps & Trenches (1939) ix- 52 The rifle issued to me was a crook one that fired high and left. 1918 N.Z.E.F. Chrons. 5 July 250/2 It’s crook to stay for years. 1929 W. Smyth Girl from Mason Creek xv. 163 ‘Cow of a job,’ he muttered... ‘It’s a bit crook for yer.’ 1931 V. Palmer Separate Lives 271 It can’t be helped now. When things go crook in the beginning [etc.]. 1934 A. Russell Tramp-Royal in Wild Australia xvii. 106, I wasn’t feeling too well at the time—too much crook water an’ not enough decent tucker, I suppose. 1945 J. Henderson Gunner Inglorious iii. 18 A cigarette first thing in the morning before a cup of tea, tastes crook. 1947 ‘A. P. Gaskell’ Big Game 32 Isn’t it crook about Keith and Gordon [being killed]? 1958 ‘N. Shute’ Rainbow & Rose 64, I never knew it [sr. the weather] to be so crook. 1968 K. Weatherly Roo Shooter iii You know how the old wagon is crook in water.

1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 86 O kend my minny I were wi’ you Illfardly wad she crook her mou. 1803 Glasgow 31 (Jam.) They, scomfu’, toss their head ajee, And crook their mou’.

b. Dishonest, unscrupulous, ‘crooked’. 1911 L. Stone Jonah 1. xi. 132 Yous don’t think any worse o’ me ’cause Lil’s crook, do yer? 1916 ‘Anzac’ On Anzac Trail 44 Protesting.. in lurid language against what they styled ‘a crook trick’. 1929 C. C. Martindale Risen Sun 173 When sport goes crook, what can remain wholesome? 1933 Bulletin (Sydney) 6 Sept. 8/2 They think.. that the system is ‘crook’. 1936 F. Sargeson Conversation with Uncle 18 They said it [sc. pulling a race-horse] was a crook business right through. 1953 J. W. Brimblecombe in J. C. Reid Kiwi Laughs (1961) 178 His mentor had a crook deal put over him.

c. Irritable, bad-tempered, angry; esp. in phr. to go crook (at or on), to become angry (at); to lose one’s temper (with); to upbraid, rebuke. 1911 L. Stone Jonah 11. iv. 190 Yer niver ’ad no cause ter go crook on me, but I ain’t complainin’. 1916 C. J. Dennis Songs of Sentimental Bloke 78 An’ there I’m standin’ like a gawky lout.. An’ wonders wot ’e’s goin’ crook about. 1933 P. Cadey Broken Pattern xviii. 197 If Phoebe’s gone crook at you.. she’s had some good reason for it. 1937 N. Marsh Vintage Murder vii. 70 See him when he goes crook!.. His eyes fairly flashed. 1946 P. Freedman in Coast to Coast 1945 136 Her ma’s always going crook because I break the plaster. 1959 Listener 15 Jan. 115/2, I cut off his boot to stop the foot swelling. I remember he went crook on me: he said they were new, and I’d darn well have to buy him a new pair. 1964 P. White Burnt Ones 295 When his mum went crook, and swore, he was too aware of teeth, the rotting brown of nastiness.

d. Ailing, out of sorts; injured, disabled. 1916 C. J. Dennis Songs of Sentimental Bloke 88, I sneaks to bed, an’ feels dead crook. 1916 Oil Sheet Dec. 7 Now I’ve just been vaccinated, and am feeling pretty ‘crook’. 1934 A. Russell Tramp-Royal in Wild Australia xxvii. 178 An’ when Dick says he’s crook, he’s crook. He’s out there alone, ou know. 1937 N. Marsh Vintage Murder viii. 94 Letting im out just because he kidded he felt crook. Ibid. x. 116 ‘He was looking horribly crook.’ ‘Ill?’ asked Alleyn cautiously. ‘Too right, sir.’ 1938 ‘R. Hyde’ Nor Years Condemn 208 A crook knee and arm. 1952 N. Donnan in Coast to Coast I95I~52 141, I got a crook hip, I can’t do heavy work now. 1956 P. White Tree of Man 55 ‘She’s crook. It looks like the milk fever,’ he said, i960 B. Crump Good Keen Man 45 It saves you from getting the crook guts, boy. Ibid. 49 He said he wasn’t crook or anything. 1968 K. Weatherly Roo Shooter 28 If I don’t go out at least five nights a week the cook thinks I’m crook and gets all worried.

C. Comb., as crook-like adj.; crook-saddle, a saddle with crooks for carrying loads (cf. 9). 1700 Acc. St. Sebastian's in Harl. Misc. I. 413 Their iron bars are brought to the town on horses or mules, on crooksaddles. 1797 Statist. Acc. Scot. XIX. 248 (Stornoway) Horse-loads are .. carried in small creels, one on each side of the horse, and fixed by a rope to the crook-saddle. 1888 F. G. Lee in Archaeol. LI. 356 A bishop or abbot holding a crook-like pastoral staff.

b. Parasynthetic combs., as crookrbilled, •fingered, -kneed, -legged, -lipped, -nosed, -shouldered, -sided, -stemed, -toothed adjs. See also CROOK-BACK, -BACKED, CROOK-NECK, -NECKED. Crooked- was used in the same way from Wyclif onwards. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Bossu, downe backed, crooke shouldered. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. iv. i. 127 My hounds are.. Crooke kneed, and dew-lapt, like Thessalian Buis. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Cancajoso, crooklegged. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas 1. v. 515 Crook-tooth’d Lampreys. 1598 Chapman Iliad 11. 68a The crooke-stern’d [ed. ci6ii crookt-stern’d] shippes. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. ix. 334 Oftentimes Children about two years old, when they begin to go, are crook-legged. 1775 S. Crisp in Mad. D'Arblay's Early Diary II. 36 Reduc’d to a level with crook-finger’d Jack!

Mayne

d. to crook one's elbow or little finger: to drink alcoholic liquor (esp. with implication of excess), slang. 1825 Jamieson Suppl. I. 271/2 To crook the elbow, as, She crooks her elbow, a phrase used of a woman who uses too much freedom with the bottle, q. bending her elbow in reaching the drink to her mouth. 1836 Public Ledger (Philadelphia) 2 Aug. (Th.), William Martin was fined for, as he quaintly expressed it, crooking his little finger too often. 1859 Bartlett Diet. Amtr. (ed. 2) s.v., To crook one’s elbow or one’s little finger, is to tipple. 1875 Besant & Rice With Harp & Crown xix, The secretary.. might have done great things in literature but for his unfortunate crook of the elbow. As he only crooks it at night, it does not matter to the hospital. 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker iii. 251 Sir James has sacked his old man for crooking his little finger: going on the jag, in other words.

f 2. fig. To bend or turn out of the straight course, or from the direct meaning or intention; to pervert, ‘twist*. Obs. a 1340 H^mpole Psalter lvi. 8 pai crokid my saule: that is, thai thoght to draghe it fra the luf of god in til the erth. 1382 Wyclif Ps. lvi. 7 Thei myche crookeden [incurvaverunt] my soule. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 144 That she may.. Ne speke o word, ne ones loke, But he ne wil it wende and croke, And torne after his own entent. 1545 Ascham Toxoph. 1. (Arb.) 58 There is no one thinge yat crokes youth more than suche unlefull games. 1607-12 Bacon Ess., Wisdom (Arb.) 184 Hee crooketh them to his owne endes. 1646 J. Gregory Notes & Obs. (1650) 83 The more part., crooke the Prophesie to the Patriarch Abraham.

3. intr. To have or take a crooked form or direction; to be or become crooked; to bend, curve. a 1300 Song of Yesterday 98 in E.E.P. (1862) 135 Me meruayles.. pat god let mony mon croke and elde. 1398 Barth, de P.R. vi. i. (1495) 187 In olde aege the body bendyth and crokyth. C1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners Oslo) B vj, Soone crooketh the same tree that good camoke wilbe. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. viii. (1599) 350 A riuer both large and deepe . . goeth crooking on the left hand. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 106 Their homes crook backwards to their shoulders. 1876 C. D. Warner Wint. Nile 240 Fingers that crook easily. Trevisa

f4. intr. To bend the body in sign of reverence or humility; to bow. Obs. or arch. c 1320 R. Brunne Medit. 149 He stode krokyng [v.r. croked] on knees knelyng Afore hys cretures fete syttyng. 1645 Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 312 That the Sinner may halt and crook. 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Prudence Wks. (Bohn) I. 100 They will shuffle and crow, crook and hide.

|5. intr. To turn or bend aside out of the straight course (lit. and fig.). Obs. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 230 He schal not croke in-to pe ri3tte side ne in-to pe left side. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 87/4 Goyng right without crokyng. 1545 Ascham Toxoph. 11. (Arb.) 157 It [the snow] flewe not streight, but sometyme it crooked thys waye sometyme that waye. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 743 He must not run directly forward, but winde to and fro, crooking like an Indenture.

6. trans. In polo, to catch hold of (an opponent’s stick) with one’s own stick, so as to interfere with his play. 1890 G. J. Younghusband Polo in India ii. 21 No player shall crook his adversary’s stick unless he is on the same side of the pony as the ball, or immediately behind. 1898 T. B. Drybrough Polo xi. 268 ‘Crooking’ means ‘interposing’ a stick between the ball and an adversary’s stick.. so as to ‘hook’ and arrest it. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 820/2 They have no off side [in American polo], and it is not permitted to crook the stick of an adversary.

t crook, v.* Obs. Forms: 4-7 crouk(e, 5 (9 dial.) crowk, 6-7 crooke. [Echoic: cf. croak. The phonetic relations between crouke, crowke, 17th c. crook, and mod. north dial, crowk are not clear.]

1. intr. To croak. Rarely trans. a 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 459 He [the raven] croukez for comfort when carayne he fyndez. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 105 Crowken, as cranes, gruo. Crowken, as todes, or frosshes, coaxo. 14.. Metr. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 623 A lytulle frogge crowkyt. 1607 Walkington Opt. Glass 150 They crouke harshly. 1617 Wither Fidelia, Fatall Ravens that.. Crooke their black Auguries. 1878 Cumbrld. Gloss., Crowk, to croak. ‘The guts crowk’ when the bowels make a rumbling noise.

2. To coo or crood, as a dove. Cf. crookle. crook, var. of crock sb.5 crook (kruk), v.1 Forms: 3-6 croke, 4- crook(e, (6 croock). [f. crook 56.] 1. a. trans. To bend into an angular or curved form; to distort from a straight line; to curve. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 61 Gif he binimeS us ure sihte.. o6er us crokeS on fote o6er on honde. 1382 Wyclif Ps. lxviii. 24 The rig of hem euermor crooke thou in. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. XVIII. xix. (1495) 778 Whan camelles take charge vpon them thenne they bende and croke the knees. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. ii. 66 And crooke the pregnant hindges of the knee. 1651 Raleigh's Ghost 21 The star of Venus .. crooking it self into homes, as the moon doth. 1862 T. Morrall Needle-making 23 Hardening needles in oil instead of water, as the oil did not crook them so much. 1875 Blackmore A. Lorraine III. v. 69 The air was so full of rheumatism that no man could crook his arm to write a sermon.

fb. To curl (hair). Obs. rare. 1340 Ayenb. 177 pe men J>et dofc> zuo grat payne ham to kembe.. and ine hare here wel to croki.

1586 W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 75 Neither., thy beloude Doues..Nor prettie Turtles trim, will cease to crooke. 1611 Cotgr., Getndre.. to crooe, crooke, or mourne as a doue.

crook-back ('krukbaek). [See crook a.] 11. A crooked back. Obs. 1508 [see crook a.]. 1709 Swift Merlin's Proph., Bosse, is an old english word for hump-shoulder, or crook-back. 1710 Palmer Proverbs 98 The deformity of a squint eye, red hair, or a crook-back.

2. One who has a crooked back; a hunchback. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 330 Edmunde, that is of wryters surnamed Crowke backe.. was put by .. for his deformytye. x577 St. Aug. Manual 51 Any lame man, any crooke backe. x593 Shaks. j Hen. VI, 11. ii. 96,1 Crooke-back, here I stand to answer thee. 1648 Gage West. Ind. xii. (1655) 45 Dwarfes, crook-backs or any monstrous persons.

crook-backed ('krukbaekt), a. [f. prec. + -ed.] Having a crooked back: hunchbacked. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes C ij a, The said ypocras was of littel stature, grete heded, croke backed. 1513 More

CROOKDOM

CROOKLE

41

in Grafton Chron. II. 758 Richard the thirde sonne .. was .. crooke backed, his left shoulder much higher then his right. 1611 Bible Lev. xxi. 20 Or crooke-backt or a dwarfe. 1826 Milman A. Boleyn, Landing at Tower, Those poor babes, their crook-back’d uncle murder’d. 'crookdom. [f. crook sb. 13 + -dom.] The realm of crooks. 1921 Glasgow Herald 23 Apr. 4 The brilliant amateur investigator, whose uncanny intuition and superman brain have paralysed the ranks of ‘crookdom’. 1929 Daily Express 7 Jan. 9 Story of a careless young athlete’s adventures in crookdom. crooked ('krukid), a.

Forms: 3-6 croked, 4-6

squash: cf. crook-neck; -shouldered, etc. adjs.

U.S.),

-pated,

1382 Wyclif Lev. xxi. 20 If crokid rigge or bleer eyed. a t533 Ld. Berners Huon xxi. 63 He is.. crokyd shulderyd. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. hi. ii. 86 A crooked-pated olde.. Ramme. 1691 Land. Gaz. No. 2691/4 A dark brown-bay Mare.. crooked Legg’d behind. 1705 Bosman Guinea 264 Crooked-bills and several sorts of Snipes. 1784 Massachusetts Spy 22 Apr. 1/1 Crooked neck squash. 1796-1801 Fessenden Orig. Poems (1806) 134 Like a nice crook’d neck’d squash on the ground. 1853 Hickie tr. Aristoph. (1887) I. 321 These here crooked-clawed birds. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. xiii. 142 Small and crookedbacked. 1871 CD. Warner Summer in Garden viii. 104 The summer squash .. was nearly all leaf and blow, with only a sickly crooked-necked fruit after a mighty fuss.

-id, -yd, (4 kr-), 5 cruked, (crowkyt), 6 Sc. crukit,

7 (Shaks.) crook’d, 4- crooked. [Partly pa. pple. of crook v., partly f. crook sb.

+

-ed, as in

hunched, etc.: the formation from the sb. may even have been the earlier.]

1. a. Bent from the straight form; having (one or more) bends or angles; curved, bent, twisted, tortuous, wry. not

‘straight’

Applied to everything which is (of which

crooked

is

now

the

ordinary opposite). a 1225 Ancr. R. (MS. Cleop.) \>e cat of helle .. wifi crokede crokes. 1382 Wyclif Isa. xxvii. 1 Leuyathan a crookid wounde serpent. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. in. 29 Shal neuere .. on croked kene t>orne kynde fygys wexe. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour 23 A1 her lyff after she hadd her nose al croked. c 1460 Medulla Gram, (in Promp. Parv. 80), Cambuca, a buschoppys cros or a crokid staf. 1534 Tindale Luke in. 5 Crocked thinges shalbe made streight. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 1, All other lines, that go not right forth . . but boweth any waye.. are called Croked lynes. 1591 Lyly Sappho 11. i, Juniper, the longer it grew, the crookeder it wexed. 1607 Shaks. Cor. 11. i. 62 If the drinke. .touch my Palat aduersly, I make a crooked face at it. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. 11. xvi. 111 Shipwrights and boat makers will choose those crooked pieces of timber. 1717 Berkeley Tour in Italy §27 Streets open.. but crooked. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. xxiii, That falchion’s crooked blade. b. crooked stick: see stick sb.1 12.

2. a. Of persons: Having the body or limbs bent out of shape; deformed; bent or bowed with age. Hence transf. as an epithet of age. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 34/18 He .. maude hole .. Meseles and pe crokede. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xi. 186 Ac calleth pe careful J>er-to pe croked and pe pore. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. xxx, In my croked age. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon xxiii. 68 The crokyd dwarfe. 1628 Milton Vacation Exerc. 69 A Sybil old, bow-bent with crooked age. 1718 Freethinker No. 92. 258 You would have thought she had been crooked from her Infancy. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. n. xv, A pert crooked little chit. fb. of an old decrepit horse. Obs. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lxxxiv, Whan that knyghte sawe sire palomydes bounden vpon a croked courser, a 1533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Q, There is not so croked a hors. 3. fig. a. The reverse of ‘straight’ in figurative senses (esp. with reference to moral character and conduct); deviating from rectitude or uprightness; not straightforward; dishonest, wrong, perverse; perverted, out of order, awry. a 1225 Ancr. R. 102 \>e cat of helle .. mid clokes of crokede & of kene uondunges. 01340 Hampole Psalter xxxi. 14 Krokid of hert ere pa. 1508 Fisher Wks. (1876) I. 240 The wyll of some is so croked. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. iv. i. 22 If crooked fortune had not thwarted me. 1611 Bible Deut. xxxii. 5 They are a peruerse and crooked generation. 1660 H. More Myst. Godliness v. xvii. 204 A very crooked Objection both from the Jew and Atheist. 1711 Pope Temp. Fame 411 Of crooked counsels and dark politicks. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones vn. xv, This young gentleman, though somewhat crooked in his morals, was perfectly straight in his person. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 245 Perfect in the practice of crooked ways. b. colloq. Dishonestly come by; made, obtained,

or

sold

in

a

way

that

is

not

straightforward. 1864 Hotten Slang. Diet. (ed. 3) 112 Crooked, a term used among dog-stealers, and the ‘fancy’ generally, to denote anything stolen. 1876 N. Amer. Rev. CXXIII. 301 Another house testified.. that half its entire annual product was ‘crooked’. 1891 Farmer Diet. Amer., Crooked whiskey, illicitly distilled whiskey upon which no excise has been paid. 1892 R. Boldrewood Nevermore I. x. 180 He was riding a crooked horse when he was took. 1898 Daily News 27 Aug. 6/6 Telling him that he rather thought he had bought ‘a crooked lot’. 1902 Daily Chron. 26 Aug. 6/6 In the event of his being found .. to be dealing in ‘crooked’ things, or refusing to give information as to where he got his stuff. c. Austral, and N.Z. slang. = crook a. 2 c; esp. in phr. crooked on, angry at. Usu. pronounced (krukt). 1944 L. Glassop HV were Rats 1. viii. 48 Ya oughtn’ ter feel crooked on things. I s’pose it’s because Bertha’s outa town? 1957 'N. Culotta’ They're a Weird Mob( 1958) vi. 86 ‘Are you not ashamed of yourself?’ ‘Yeah, I’m real crooked on me.’ 4. quasi-atfo. In a crooked course or position; not straight. 1545 Ascham Toxoph. (R.), If the younge tree growe croked. 1549 Compl. Scot. xix. 159 Sche 3eid crukit, bakuart, and on syd. 1864 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 220 Pictures .. which were hung up all crooked. 5. Comb., as crooked-bill, a name for the avocet; f crooked-rig (rig = back), crook-back; b.

parasynthetic,

-eyed,

-houghed,

as

crooked^backed,

-legged,

-lined,

-clawed, -lipped,

crooked-neck(ed) (spec, applied to a variety of

crookedly (’krukidli), adv. [f. crooked + -ly2.] In a crooked manner (see the adj.). £•1374 Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 171 She..al crampisshed hir limmes crokedly. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xvm. ix. (1495) 760 Some serpentes crepyth and glydyth .. crokydly. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 140 \>e yjen to loke asquynt eiper crokidliche. 1578 Chr. Prayers in Priv. Prayers (1851) 437 That we talk not smoothly, and walk crookedly. 1655 Digges Compl. Ambass. 161 The .. Ambassador.. used himself very crookedly, perniciously, and maliciously against the State. 1785 Phil. Trans. LXXV. 219 A crookedly branching nebula. 1866 Mrs. Gaskell Wives & Dau. xi, A shawl crookedly put on. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece iii. 60 footn., The men who.. decide crookedly in the agora and banish justice.

crookedness (’krukidnis). [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality or state of being crooked. 1. lit. a., generally. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xvii. iv. (1495) 605 The fer stretchyth vpryght wythoute ony crokydnesse. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 257 Lyht..rhyt furth procedyth wyth owte crokydnesse. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 1. ii. 55 The apparent crookedness of the Staff in a double medium of Air and Water. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. &? It. Jrnls. (1872) I. 16 This legend may account for any crookedness of the street.

b. Bodily deformity. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. v. xxviii. (1495) 138 The cause of shrynkynge and crokidnes of the honde. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health clxiv. 59 Crokednes or curvytie in the backe or shoulders. 1692 Locke Educ. Wks. 1812. IX. 14 Narrow breasts .. ill lungs, and crookedness, are the .. effects of hard boddice and clothes that pinch.

fc. Math. Curvature.

Obs. rare.

1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxvii. 156 All deviation from a strait line is equally crookednesse. 1656 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 294 The crookedness of the arch of a circle is everywhere uniform.

2. fig. Deviation from rectitude; moral obliquity; perversity, etc.: see crooked 3. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 273 Sich crokidnesse bringit? a3en derknesse of mannis liif. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 393 The crookednesse of my lucke. 1673 Lady's Call. 11. i. 59 Youth.. easily warps into a crookedness. 1803 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. II. 351 There is a crookedness in his policy. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost xi. 305 Moral obliquities bring on a crookedness which hinders the faculty of discerning the rectitude of God’s truth.

3. (with pi.) An instance of crookedness; a crooked or bent part. Also/ig. A ‘crooked’ piece of conduct. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 496 As Carpenters bring the square to great unweildy crookednesses, that cannot be moved to it. 1766 Pennant Zool. (R.) x, A variety of trout, which is naturally deformed, having a strange crookedness near the tail. 1869 Trollope He Knew xxviii. (1878) 159 He lived by the crookednesses of people.

Crookes (kruks).

The name of Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), English scientist, used attrib. or in the possessive to designate phenomena observed and apparatus invented by him. Crookes or Crookes’s (dark) space, the dark space between the negative glow and the cathode of a vacuum tube, observed when the pressure is very low; also called cathode dark space, cathodic dark space. Crookes or Crookes’s glass, a type of glass which protects the eyes from intense radiation, bright sunlight, etc. Crookes or Crookes’s layer, (a) the layer of vapour underlying any mass or liquid in the spheroidal state, insulating it from the surface on which it rests; (b) = Crookes (dark) space. Crookes or Crookes’s radiometer: see radiometer 2. Crookes rays, = cathode rays. Crookes’s tube, a highly evacuated tube in which stratified electric discharges can be observed. 1884 A. Daniell Princ. Physics 325 Let us now suppose that the particles recoiling from the heated surface do not meet other molecules, but impinge on the walls of the vessel. A layer of particles in such a condition is called a Crookes’ layer. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 249/1 In Crookes’s radiometer the free path is very long. 1889 Cent. Diet., Crookes's tubes. 1892 G. F. Barker Physics 329 The layer of vapor which has to support the drop is called a Crookes layer. 1893 J. J. Thomson Recent Res. Electr. & Magn. 108 Next to this [sc. the negative electrode] there is a comparatively dark region .. called sometimes ‘Crookes’ space’ and sometimes the ‘first dark space’. 1896 Daily News 29 May 5/2 The rays which produce the fluorescence are certainly the Crookes rays. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 47/2 The Crookes dark space. 1906 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 4th Ser. XXII. 312 The extremely tenuous condition of the residual elementary gas or gases in a Crookes tube. 1910 Hawkins's Electr. Diet., Crookes' Effect, the radiant effect produced in a vacuum glass tube in which the exhaustion has been carried to a high degree, when electricity is discharged through it between suitable electrodes. 1918 J. H. Parsons Dis. Eye (ed. 3) x. 184 Smoked or orange tinted (not blue) glasses.. are most efficacious when made with Crookes’s glass. 1927 L. B. Loeb Kinetic Theory of Gases vii. 241 The Crookes radiometer, so often seen in opticians’ windows, consisting of a set of mica vanes blackened on one face and mounted on an axis so that they are free to rotate inside a partially evacuated glass vessel and which rotate when radiation falls on them. 1931 Glass Dec. 509/1 Several Crookes glasses were shown. 1958 C. G. Wilson Electr. Magn. xii. 365 At a pressure of IO"2 mm. Hg. or less, the Faraday Dark Space and Negative Glow disappear and the Crooke’s [szc] Dark Space almost fills the tube.

Hence Crookesian ('kruksisn) a., pertaining to Crookes or to instruments invented by him (rare). 1899 Science Siftings XVI. 117/2 The Crookesian scalepan. Ibid., Crookesian radiometer.

crookesite ('kruksait). Min. [ad. Sw. crookesit (A. E. Nordenskiold 1867, in Ofv. K. Vet.Akad. Fork. 1866 XXIII. 366), f. Crookes (the discoverer of thallium): see -ite1.] A brittle, lead-grey selenide of copper, thallium, and silver. 1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Min. (ed. 5) II. ii. 40 Crookesite... Massive, compact; no trace of crystallization. 1946 J. R. Partington Gen. & Inorg. Chem. xvi. 431 The only minerals rich in thallium are crookesite (17 p.c. Tl, with Se, Cu, Ag) and lorandite.

.1

crookedly (’krukidi), a. rare. [f. crooked a. + -Y1.] Crooked.

crooking ('kruknj), vbl. sb.

1907 F. Campbell Shepherd of Stars xv. 170, I call it a very crookedy sort of tune. 1938 M. K. Rawlings Yearling xvii. 203 I’ve lost my boy. My pore crookedy boy.

from the straight line; a bend, curve, curvature.

t 'crooken, v. Obs. Also6croken. [A secondary form of crook v.: cf. straighten.] 1. trans. To make crooked; fig. to pervert. 1552 Huloet, Croken, or make croked. 1563 Homilies 11. Idolatry 11, Saint Augustine .. sayth .. images be of more force to croken an unhappye soule then to teache and instruct it. 1621 Sanderson Serm. (1681) 25 [They] rather choose to crooken the Rule to their own bent. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 9 By crookening it to any carnal interest. 1825 C. Croker Fairy Leg. 303 When I got up, my back was crookened. 1828 in Craven Gloss.

2. intr.

To be or become crooked; to bend.

[f. crook

v

+

-ING1.] The action of the verb crook; bending c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 287 )>is crokyng bi litil and litil is now cropen ferre fro Cristis lawe. 1483 Cath. Angl. 85 A Crukynge of pc water, meandir. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 11. Introd., In true streightenes without crokinge. 1562 Phaer JEneid. ix, The horsmen kest them seifs in crokings knowen of quainted ground. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 48 Rivers.. [that] by their crooking and winding .. imitate the fashion of a horn.

'crooking, ppl. a. That crooks or bends. 1382 Wyclif Job xxvi. 13 The eche side krokende edder. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 327 A deep, hollow, crooking ulcer.

crookish (’krukif), a. [f.

crook sb. 13 + -ish1 Pertaining to or characteristic of a crook (crook sb. 13) or crooked behaviour, dealings, etc.

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1201 It bendeth not, it crookeneth not. 1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. i. § 1 (1689) To keep them from warping or crookning.

2.]

t'crooken, ppl. a. Obs. rare. [f. prec., after analogy of strong vbs., e.g. broken.] Crooked.

1927 Spectator 17 Dec. 1083 At the Royalty, The Crooked Billet—terrifyingly, confusingly crookish, with a throatcutting scene against which I warn nervous parents. 1934 E. Bowen Cat Jumps 89 Marianne’s coupe had been run up on to the rough grass, .with its lights out. Its air was lurking and crookish. 1937- Coll. Impressions (1950) 117 The Alchemist, with its crookish hilarity.

1589 Gold. Mirr. (1851) 52 Cho ho hath croken bill her maister left astray?

crookery ('krukori). [f. crook sb. 13 4- -ery 2.] The state or condition of being a crook; the dealings or behaviour of crooks; the world of crooks (see crook sb. 13). 1927 Observer 15 May 15/2, I do not call it good ‘crookery’ when the situation can only be made by turning out the light. 1928 Daily Express 22 June 10/3 If a boy came to me and said: ‘I have received a call to crookery.’ I949*‘J. Tey’ Brat Farrar x. 81 A very.. intelligent crook. On the highest level of crookery. 1962 ‘E. Ferrars’ Busy Body vi. 67 They probably want to use you as an alibi for Tom while Tom’s up to crookery of some sort. 1967 M. Stand Diana is Dead vii. 104 ‘You seem to know a lot about crookery,’ the sergeant said.

t'crookle, v.1 Obs. rare. [dim. of crook v.1: cf. crinkle.] intr. To crook or bend in a curve. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 138 The homes must rather crookle inward, then growe straight up.

t'crookle, v.2 Obs. rare. [dim. of

crook v.2]

intr. To coo as a pigeon. 1580 Baret Alv. C 1673 To Crookle like a doue, or pigeon. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, To £rookie like a pigeon, [Fr.] gemir. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Croo or Crookel, to make a Noise like a Dove, or Pigeon.

CROOKLESS crookless (’kruklis), a. Without a crook. 1849 Rock Ch. of Fathers II. vi. 199 This bordon or crookless staff.

'crook-neck.

U.S. [crook sb. C.] A name given to varieties of squash (Cucurbita maxima) having the neck or narrow basal part recurved. 1848 Lowell Biglow P. Poems 1890 II. 10 Agin’ the chimbly crooknecks hung, i860 Emerson Cond. Life, Wealth (1861) 66 The cantelopes, crook-necks, and cucumbers.

crook-necked, a. Having a crooked neck; spec. U.S., applied to a variety of squash (cf. crookneck and CROOKED a. 5 b). a 1529 Skelton Ei. Rummyng 427 Croke necked like an owl. 1818 Massachusetts Spy 11 Nov. (Th.), Upwards of ten tons of the best crook-necked winter Squashes. 1945 New Eng. Homestead 27 Oct. 3/2 They are .. the size of a summer crooknecked squash.

crool (kru:l), v. rare. [app. an onomatopoeic formation, associated initially with the imitative group, croo, crood, croodle, crook, crookle, croak, and perhaps with croon, with echoic fashioning of the latter part.] intr. To make an inarticulate sound more liquid and prolonged than a croak. 1580 Baret Alv. C 1672 To Croole, mutter, or speake softe to ones selfe: to rumble. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, To Croole, mutter, or speake softly to himselfe. 1851 S. Judd Margaret xiv. (1871) 102 Frogs.. eroded, chubbed, and croaked. 1892 Sunday Mag. June 425/1 Baby is lying in mother's lap, eroding and gurgling.

CROP

42 Croon a little lullaby. 1931 Durante & Kefoed Night Clubs 227 His band stressed the soft notes, and Rudy [Vallee] crooned his way right into the heart of the nation. 1932 Amer. Speech VII. 250 Bing Crosby plaintively croons that he has ‘Found a Million Dollar Baby in the Five and Ten Cent Store’. 1933 Fortune Aug. 47/2 Their use of ‘jazz’ includes both Duke Ellington’s Afric brass and Rudy Vallee crooning Tm a Dreamer, Aren't We All?

Hence 'crooning vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1588 A. Hume Hymns, Triumph of the Lord 234 (Bannatyne Club) 41 Be cruining Bulls of heigh and haughtie minde. 1828 Southey Brough Bells, That cruning of the kine. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede xviii, The cocks and hens.. made only crooning subdued noises. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xix. 270 As soft and musical as the crooning of a wood-pigeon. 1923 B. James (title of song) Carolina Mammy. A real Southern mammy song—the crooning kind. 1927 Melody Maker Aug. 784/3 ‘Muddy Water’ has a feature in a sweet crooning vocal introduction. 1929 Ibid. Dec. 1139/3 His crooning style of singing. 1931 Musical Courier (N.Y.) in Oxf. Compan. Mus. (1938) 1018/2 No jazz or cheap crooning stuff had a place in her repertoire. 1932 Literary Digest 30 Jan. 23/2 ‘You can’t help thinking badly of any man who would degrade himself whining in that way .. ’ he said of crooning. 1935 Wodehouse Blandings Castle v. 116 Everybody knows what Crooning Tenors are... They sit at the piano and gaze into a girl’s eyes and sing in a voice that sounds like gas escaping from a pipe about Love and the Moonlight and You. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. XII. 570/2 In that type of vocal performance known as ‘crooning’ the lower range of the voice is chiefly used, and that more in the manner of conversation than of singing, though falsetto notes are often introduced. There is a noticeable gliding or sliding from one pitch to another and the intonation is often deliberately indefinite... Characteristic also is a certain oscillation or catch in the voice as it comes to rest momentarily upon a sustained sound.

crool (kruil), sb. rare. [f. the vb.] The sound described under crool v.\ = COOING vbl. sb. 1.

croon (kru:n), sb. Chiefly Sc. Also 6 crone, 8-9

1938 W. de la Mare Memory 71 The monotonous crool of a dove.

crune. [f. CROON 7).] 1. A loud, deep sound, such as the bellow of a bull or the boom of a large bell. Sc. or north, dial.

croompled,

obs. form of crumpled.

croon (kru:n), v. Chiefly Sc. Forms: 5-9 Sc. croyn, (5-7 croyne, 9 croin), 6 Sc. cruin, 6-9 crune, 8- croon. [Originally only northern, chiefly Sc. (kron, kryn), whence in 19th c. Eng. mainly since Burns. It corresponds to Du. kreunen to groan, whimper, MDu. kronen to lament, mourn loudly, groan, MLG. kronen to growl, grumble, scold, EFris. kronen to cause to weep; cf. also OHG. chronnan(:—njan), chronan, MLG. kroenen to chatter, prattle, babble, and chron, cron adj. talkative, chattering, noisy. There is no trace of the word in OE., and it appears to be one of the LG. words that came into Sc. early in the ME. period: its form is that of a word in ME 0. (In Towneley Myst., as in MSc., oy = o.)] 1. intr. To utter a continued, loud, deep sound; to bellow as a bull, to roar, low; to boom as a bell. Sc. or north, dial. ISI3 Douglas JEneis vi. iv. 40 The ground begouth to rummys, croyn, and ring, Vndir thair feit [sub pedibus mugire solum], 1588 [see crooning ppl. a.]. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Reer, In tearmes of hunting we say, that the red Deere bells, and the fallow troytes or croynes. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words 140 To Crune, mugire. 1787 Burns Holy Fair xxvi, Now Clinkumbell, wi' rattlin tow, Begins to jow an' croon. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake ii. Wks. (1876) 35 Even the dull cattle crooned and gazed. 1828 Southey Brough Bells Poems VI. 227 That lordly Bull of mine.. How loudly to the hills he crunes, That crune to him again.

2. a. To utter a low murmuring sound; to sing (or speak) in a low murmuring tone; to hum softly, spec, to sing popular sentimental songs in a low, smooth voice, esp. into a closely-held microphone (see quot.1959 s.v. crooning below). (The earlier quots. may have been ironical or humorous uses of sense 1.) c 1460 Towneley Myst. 116 Primus P. For to syng .. I can. Sec. P. Let se how ye croyne. Can ye bark at the mone? 1578 Gude & Godlie Ballates (1868) 179 The Sisters gray befoir this day, Did crune within thair cloister, a 1818 Macneil Poems (1844) 56 Whan, crooning quietly by himsel’, He framed the lay. 1832 Motherwell Morrison vii, To wander by this green burnside, And hear its waters croon. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile xix. 571, I hear a mother crooning to her baby. 1920 Catal. Victor Records, Standard Songs. ‘Croon, Croon, Underneat’ de Moon’ (Clutsam). 1931 H. Arlen (title of song in the musical production You Said It) Learn to croon. 1933 Punch 2 Aug. 122/1 Bing Crosby the crooner.. croons to his feminine class and is crooned to in reply. 1940 War Illustr. 5 Jan. p. ii/2, I used to sup while Roy Fox’s ‘boys’ played joyously with Les Allen ‘crooning’.

1513 Douglas JEneis xii. xii. 56 Lyke as twa bustuus bullis.. Ruschand togiddir with cronys and feirfull grants. 1785 Burns Halloween xxvi, The Deil, or else an outler Quey, Gat up an’ gae a croon. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 204 The bittern mounts the morning air. And rings the sky with quavering croon. 1858 M. Porteous Souter Johnny 14 The bell’s last croon.

2. A low murmuring or humming sound, as of a tune hummed in an undertone. 1725 Ramsay Gentle Sheph. 11. ii, She [a witch] can o’ercast the night, and cloud the moon, And mak the deils obedient to her crune. 1837 R- Nicoll Poems {1843) 82 The cushat’s croon. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xii, She thought over the old hag’s croon.

crooner

('kru:na(r)). [f. croon v. -F -er.] a. One who croons. In Sc. a name for a fish, the Grey Gurnard (Trigla gurnardus), from the noise it makes when landed. 1808 in Jamieson. 1838 Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. 170 Trigla gurnardus.. the Gurnett or Crooner. 1884 G. H. Boughton in Harper's Mag. Dec. 73/1 We.. discovered each other—the crooner and I. b. spec. A singer who croons (see croon v. 2 a). 1930 Vanity Fair July 57 Just call them Crooners. 1932 Thorne Smith Bishop's Jaegers (1934) 3*4 That sound .. is made nightly by one of the nation’s most popular crooners. 1933 [see croon v. 2 a]. 1948 Penguin Music Mag. Feb. 25 The B.B.C. could start the campaign by refusing to make ‘stars’ of its crooners. 1954 Granta 6 Nov. 23/1 Dickie Valentine turns out, from his old cuttings, to be a crooner, as I had suspected.

crooningly ('kruinir)li), adv. [f.

crooning ppl.

a. + -ly2.] In a crooning manner. 1902 Munsey's Mag. Apr. 42 ‘Ah, no, ah, no,’ she said crooningly, as if she comforted the child. 1928 D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club iii. 31 A melody of Parry’s formed itself crooningly under his fingers.

croop(e,

var. of croup.

crooper,

obs. form of crupper.

croos, var. of

crose Obs., crosier.

feroose, v. Obs. Also 6 crowse. [? a. OF. croussir, crusir: see crush.] To crush. 1567 Drant Horace Epist. ii. i. F viij, He that did crowse and culpon once Hydra of hellish spyte [Lat. diram qui contudit hydram]. 1611 Cotgr., Esmarmeler, to crush, croose, or burst in peeces. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 130 They can’t strike sail, or notch the wheels, and croose the springs, at work within them, in a trice.

croose, -ly,

var. of crouse, -ly.

b. To make murmuring lament or moan. Sc. or north, dial.

croosie, var. of

1823 Galt Entail I. ii. 11 Frae the time o’ the sore news, she croynt awa, and her life gied out like the snuff o’ a can’le. 1830-Lawrie T. 1. ii. 6 Croining and dwining, peaking and pining, at the fire-side. 1880 Antrim & Down Gloss., Croon, to lament, wail. 3. trans. To sing (a song, tune, etc.) in a low

feroot1. Obs. rare. [In first quot. perhaps the same word as Sc. croot, cruit (krYt) the smallest pig in a litter, a diminutive child or person, and north, dial, crut dwarf. Cf. also Welsh erwt boy, lad, chap, little fellow.] (See quots.)

murmuring undertone; to hum. spec, to sing (a song, etc.) in a low, smooth voice (cf. crool sb.).

1614 T. Freeman Rubbe & Great Cast xliv. Civ, Caspia, the decrepit old rich Croot [rime boot]. 1808-25 Jamieson, Croot, a puny feeble child; the smallest pig in a litter, etc. 1825 Brockett Gloss. N.C. Wds., Crut, a dwarf, or anything curbed in its growth. 1883 Huddersfield Gloss., Crut.. in some parts means a dwarf.

1790 Burns Tam O’ Shanter 84 Whiles crooning o’er some auld Scots sonnet. 1848 Dickens Dombey (C.D. ed.) 60 Paul sometimes crooning out a feeble accompaniment. 1872 Holland Marb. Proph. 60 Over the cradle the mother hung Softly crooning a slumber song. 1915 C. Lean (title of song in the musical production The Blue Paradise) The tune they croon in the U.S.A. 1925 H. D. Kerr (title of song)

cruisie Sc.

feroot2. Mining. Obs. [? F. croute crust.] ‘A substance found about the ore in the lead mines

at Mendip, being a mealy, white, soft stone, matted with ore’ (Chambers Cycl. Suppl.). 1668 Phil. Trans. III. 770 There is Sparr and Caulk about the Ore; and another substance, which they call the Crootes which is a mealy white stone, marted with Ore and soft. Ibid. It terminates in a dead Earth Clayie, without Croot or Sparr. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 67.

croot, var. of

crout v.

crootche, obs. form of

crouch.

feroote. Obs. =

criton. 1382 Wyclif Ps. ci. 4 My bones as croote han dried.

crop (krop), sb. Forms: 1- crop; also 1-6 cropp, 3-7 croppe, 4-7 crope, (5 crowpe, croupe, in sense 1), 7-9 Sc. and dial. crap. [OE. crop(p = OLG. *crop(p, MDu. cropip, MLG., LG. and Du. krop, OHG. chropf, MHG., Ger. kropf, ‘swelling in the neck, wen, craw of a bird’, in ON. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, Sw. kropp the body, Da krop swelling under the throat. These various applications indicate a primitive sense of ‘swollen protuberance or excrescence, bunch’. The word has passed from German into Romanic as F. croupe, and It. groppo, F. groupe: see croup, group. OE. had only sense 1, ‘craw of a bird’, and 3, ‘rounded head or top of a herb’; the latter is found also in High German dialects (Grimm, Kropf 4 c); the further developments of ‘head or top’ generally, and of ‘produce of the field, etc.’, appear to be exclusively English. The senses under IV are new formations from the verb, and might be treated as a distinct word.] I. A round protuberance or swelling, the craw. 1. a. A pouch-like enlargement of the oesophagus or gullet in many birds, in which the food undergoes a partial preparation for digestion before passing on to the true stomach; the craw. ciooo iElfric Lev. i. 16 Wurp pone cropp Sc pa federa wiSseftan pset weofod. 1398 Trevisa Barth de P R. v. xliv. (1495) 161 The mete of fowles is kepte in the croppe as it were in a propre spence. 14.. Wyclif (MS.S.) Lev. i. 16 The litil bladdir of the throte or the cropp. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 101/1 Crawe, or crowpe of a byrde. i486 Bk. St. Albans Cvijb, Hawkys that haue payne in theyr croupes. !55S Eden Decades 16 He commaunded the croppe to bee opened of suche as were newely kylled. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 740 They have a crap on the belly from the chin to the breast, like the crap of a Bird. 1780 Cowper Nightingale & Glowworm 12 Stooping down.. He thought to put him in his crop. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 52 The oesophagus.. often expands into a crop.

b. An analogous organ in other animals. 1836 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 535/1 In the Nautilus it [the gullet] is dilated into a pyriform crop. 1881 Darwin Earthworms i. 17 In most of the species, the oesophagus is enlarged into a crop in front of the gizzard.

fc. The dewlap of an ox; a wen in the neck. 1591 Horsey Trav. (Hakluyt Soc.) 220 A goodly fare white bull.. his crop or gorg hanging down to his knees before him. 1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 89/2 When anye man hath a croppe growinge on him .. applye it on the Croppe, and it helpeth.

2. transf. and fig. The stomach or maw; also the throat. Now Sc. and dial. Cf. gizzard. C1325 Pol. Songs (Camden) 238 The knave crommeth is crop Er the cok crawe. a 1400 Cov. Myst. xxiii. (Shaks. Soc.) 217 I xal this daggare putt in his croppe. a 1575 Wife lapped 88 in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 184 Which sore would sticke then in thy crop. 1737 Ramsay Sc. Prov. (1776) 31 (Jam.) He has a crap for a’corn. 1808-25 Jamieson s.v., That'll craw in your crap, that will be recollected to your discredit, it will be matter of reproach to you. 1876 Mid-Yorksh. Gloss., Crop, applied to the throat, or locality of the windpipe. One who manifests hoarseness is alluded to as having a ‘reasty crop’.

II. The (rounded) head; the top part. f3. a. The ‘head’ of a herb, flower, etc., esp. as gathered for culinary or medicinal purposes; a cyme; an ear of corn, a young sprout, etc. Obs. ou3te pe Croiz for-to fo In-to pe holie land. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 346 Roberd due of Normandye pe croys nom atten ende, And 3arked hym wyj? opere to pe holylonde to wende. £1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 226 Sir Edward toke the croice, for his fader to go. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 80 Baldwyn.. preached, and exhorted men to take the Crosse. 1882 Freeman Reign Will. Rufus I. iv. §6. 562 Bohemond took the cross, and rent up a goodly cloak into crosses for his followers.

5. A model or figure of a cross as a religious emblem, set up in the open air or within a building, worn round the neck, etc. £1205 Lay. 31386 He lette sone arere a muchel cros and snare. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xvii. xv, One helde a candel of waxe brennyng and the other held a crosse. 1501 Bury Wills (1850) 88, I bequeth to the parson of Berkhamstede a Seynt Antony crosse. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 801 The Byshops delivered to the king.. the Ball with the Crosse in his left hande. 1648 Ord. 29 Aug. in Scobell Acts 6? Ord. (1658) I. cxviii. 175 Worshippers of Images, Crosses, Crucifixes, or Reliques. 1878 Edith Thompson Hist. Eng. iii. 16 At.. Heavenfield .. Oswald set up a wooden cross— the first Christian sign reared in Bernicia. 6. A staff surmounted by the figure of a cross,

borne in religious processions, and esp. as an emblem of office before an archbishop. c 1290 Beket 1848 in 5. Eng. Leg. I. 159 Seint Thomas.. to Caunterburi him drou3 .. With croyz and with taperes pe contreie a-3ein him drou3- 1460 Capgrave Chron. 134 Prelatis, with here crosses and croses. c 1465 Eng. Chron. (Camden 1856) 94 Thomas Bourchier archebysshop of Caunterbury .. wythe hys crosse before hym, went forthe .. toward Londoun. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 75 A great contention arose .. whether the Archebishop of Yorke might beare his Crosse in the Diocesse of Cauntorbury or no. 1645 Evelyn Diary 11 Apr., Some of the religious orders and fraternities sung.. the lights and crosses going before. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles 11. xxii, With many a torch-bearer before, And many a cross behind. 1849 Rock Ch. of Fathers II. 232 An archbishop is seen figured leaning on the staff of his cross.

7. a. A monument in the form of a cross, or having a cross upon it, erected in places of resort, at crossways, etc., for devotional purposes, or as a devout or solemn memorial of some event, as a grave-stone, and the like. Often also serving to indicate a preaching or meeting place, and qualified as market-, preaching-, weeping-cross, for which see these words. £1420 Sir Amadace xxx, Quen he come sex mile the cite fro, A crosse partut the way a-toe. 1470-85 Malory Arthur

47 iv. v, He.. rode longe in a forest tyll they came to a crosse, and there aly3t and sayd his prayers deuoutely. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 677 Into Stanemure ane cors of stane wes set, Quhair the merchis of thir tua kingis met. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. v. i. 31 She doth stray about By holy crosses where she kneeles and prayes For happy wedlocke houres. 1643 Evelyn Diary Nov., In the way were faire crosses of stone carv’d with fleurs de lys at every furlong’s end. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. II. iv. iv. 283 Memorial crosses, graven with inscriptions in the Northern Runes.

b. spec. The monument of this kind occupying a central position in a town or village, formerly used as a centre for markets, meetings, proclamations, etc.; a market-cross.. £ 1465 Eng. Chron. (Camden 1856) 75 [Bp. Pocock] vtterly abiured, reuoked, and renounced the sayde articles opynly at Powles Crosse. 1553 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 80 The xix. day of [July].. was proclamyd lady Ma[ ry to] be qwene of Ynglond at the crose in Cheppe. 1554 Chron. Q. Mary (Camden 1850) 78 Ther preched at Poles crosse one doctour Watson. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 1. i. 137 To be whipt at the hie crosse euerie morning. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Sing, Thou hast not cried it at the crosse. 1702 Lond. Gaz. 3869/3 The Mayor and all the Company went.. to the two Crosses, where Bonfires were prepared. 1786 Burns To J. Kennedy i, If foot or horse E’er bring you in by Mauchline Corse. 1829 Scott Rob Roy Introd., Birrell.. reports that he was hanged at the Cross. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 480 The newly elected members went in state to the City Cross.

c. A market-place, market. Now only local. 1577 Harrison England 11. xviii. (1877) I. 298 They begin to sell.. by the bushell or two.. therby to be seene to keepe the crosse. 1587 Ibid. 300 The crosses sufficientlie furnished of all things. 1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 61 When ye gae to the cross then .. Buy me a pacing horse then. 1813 Picken Poems I. 906 (Jam.) The cadies rang’d about the Corse For messages ay ready.

8. fig. Used as the ensign and symbol of Christianity; the Christian religion, esp. when opposed to other religions. (In later use it becomes more fig., as in messenger, preacher, servant of the cross: cf. next.) soldier, warrior of the Cross: a crusader; hence fig. one actively zealous for the advancement of Christianity. £ 1325 Poem Times Edw. II, 249 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 334 Hii sholde gon to the Holi Lond.. And fihte there for the croiz. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 94 Streaming the Ensigne of the Christian Crosse, Against black Pagans, Turkes, and Saracens. 1659 B. Harris ParivaVs Iron Age 81 Let us now take leave of the Countries, of the Half Moon .. and return .. into those of the Crosse. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) II. 199 Constantine, in acknowledgment of his signal victory obtained by the cross, was baptized on this spot. 1812 Byron Ch. Har. 1. xxxv, Red gleam’d the cross, and waned the crescent pale. 1830 J. B. Waterbury Hymn, Soldiers of the Cross, arise. 1892 Q. Rev. Jan. 61 A Sufi.. is, by profession, tolerant or even sympathetic in the presence of the Cross.

9. fig. The crucifixion and death of Christ as the culmination of His redemptive mission, and the central fact of the Christian religion; the atonement wrought on the cross. £1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 45 By pyr\ holy crois pu hast a3en bou3t pe world. 1382-1 Cor. i. 18 For the word of the cros is folye sothli to men perischinge. 1549 Bk. Com. Prayer, Litany, By thy crosse and passion.. Good lorde deliuer us. 1603 Const. & Canons Eccles. No. 30. 1611 Bible j Cor. i. 18 The preaching of the Crosse. 1782 Cowper Progr. Err. 622 The Cross once seen is death to every vice. 1845 G. A. Poole Churches iv. 27 The doctrine of the cross, as the one great rule and hope of the world. 1891 T. Mozley The Son xxxvii. 232 Rome, which insists more on the cross than on the divine character, the divine life, and the divine teaching.

10. a. A trial or affliction viewed in its Christian aspect, to be borne for Christ’s sake with Christian patience; often in phr. to bear, take one's cross, with reference to Matt. x. 38, xvi. 24, etc. 1382 Wyclif Matt. x. 38 He that takith nat his crosse, and sueth me, is not worthi of me. 1528 Tindale Obed. Chr. Man Doctr. Treat. (Parker Soc.) 310 Mark what a cross God suffered to fall on the neck of his elect Jacob. 1550 Crowley Last Trump 62 Though thou shouldest perishe for fode, yet beare thou thy crosse patientlie. 1644-5 Direct. Publ. Prayer in Scobell Acts & Ord. (1658) 1. li. 79 To pray for., the sanctified use of blessings and crosses. 1669 Penn {title), No Cross no Crown; a Discourse shewing.. that the .. daily bearing of Christ’s Cross, is the alone way to the rest and kingdom of God. 1779 Cowper Olney Hymns xxviii, We learn our lighter cross to bear. 1920 A. Huxley Limbo 184 You must try and be strong and bear it bravely. We all have our cross to bear. 1963 A. Heron Towards Quaker View of Sex iv. 40 They must practise self-denial and ‘bear their cross’.

CROSS 11. a. Any object, figure, or mark of the same shape as the instrument of crucifixion, i.e. of two bars or lines crossing each other, used as a sign, ornament, etc. •(■ cross in the hands: a finger¬ post. For the various kinds of crosses, see sense 18. £ 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 294 Wij? an hoot iren make a cros upon pe middil of pe passioun as depe as pe deed fleisch is. 1547 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 161 Euerye howseholder.. whych .. hath bein vysyted with the plage .. shall cause to be fyxed .. a certein Crosse of saynt Anthonye devysed for that purpose, etc. 1563 Fulke Meteors (1640) 45 Raynebowes .. crosses, and divers lights.. by divers refractions and reflections of beames. 1626 Bacon Sylva §494 They make a little Cross of a Quill. 1643 Evelyn Diary 24 Dec., The body of the Church formes a Crosse. 1762 Foote Orator 1, A cross in the hands, with letters to direct you on your road. 1771-Maid of B. 1, Pushing forth his fingers like a cross in the hands to point out the different roads on a common. 1776 Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 296, 4 petals, forming a cross. 1828 Jane Seaton ix. (ed. 2) 61 Her only ornament, a golden chain with a Cornelian Cross attached to it.

b. A similar mark or sign of small size used to mark a passage in a book, etc.; a mark made, in place of his signature, by one who cannot write. In the latter case originally belonging to 4. c 1391 Chaucer Astrol. 1. §5 The whiche lyne, from a lityl croys + in the bordure vn-to the centre of the large hole. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 36 Now will I make a crosse on this gate. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instr. F ij b, In the margent.. yee shall set a crosse -I- which signifieth the error to rectify in the proper place. 1687 W. Sherwin in Magd. Coll. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) 225 Charnock.. crossed all their names. They.. struck off their crosses. 1853 Lytton My Novel v. ix, He sate .. with his steel-pen in his hand, and making crosses here and notes of interrogation there.

c. A natural cross-shaped marking. 1824 Bewick Hist. Quadrupeds (ed. 8) 239 It has the Mule-cross on the withers like most of the Barbary Caracals. 1855 Wood Anim. Life (ed. 2) 420 There is also a black mark running along the spine, and another crossing the shoulders, the two forming a cross.

12. A constellation within the Antarctic Circle, in which four bright stars are arranged somewhat in the figure of a cross; more fully Southern Cross. 1555 Eden Decades 239 The starres cauled the Crosse, are seene very hyghe. Ibid. 253. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iv. xix. (ed. 7) 473 There are lately found out.. foure other Images towards the South Pole, as the Crosse or Crosier, the South Triangle. 1671 Narborough Jrnl. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. (1711) 48 A small black Cloud, which the foot of the Cross is in. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 353 We saw again the Northern Star to our great Joy; till then we had only the Southern Cross in sight. 1868 Lockyer Heavens (ed. 3) 333 The Southern cross—the pole-star of the South. 1892 R. Kipling Barrack-room Ball, Eng. Flag ix, Where the lone wave fills with fire beneath the Southern Cross.

13. Formerly in Scotland: A signal (app. orig. a cross formed of two sticks charred and dipped in blood) sent through the district to summon the inhabitants: see crostarie, fire or fiery cross. 1615 Act Bailiary in Barry Orkney (1805) App. 458 (Jam.) Ilk house and family shall carefully and diligently direct the corss .. to his next neighbours, with ane sufficient bearer, for admonishing the people.. to conveen. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1871) I. v. 269 The mysterious cross of yew, first set on fire, and then quenched in the blood of a goat, was sent forth to summon all the Campbells, from sixteen to sixty.

14. a. A part of an anchor, hinge, or other object, which occupies a position transverse to the main part, f b. The cross-piece dividing the blade of a sword, etc. from the hilt, and serving as a guard to the hand; the cross-guard. Obs. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ix. xxxix, Kynge Marke.. kneled adoune and made his othe vpon the crosse of the suerd. c 1477 Caxton Jason 102 b, His swerde .. into the paunche of the dragon up to the crosse. 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 4 Short arming Daggers of convenient forme and substance, without hilts, or with little short crosses. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 18 When the Joint.. on the Tail, is pind in the Joint.. in the Cross, the whole Hinge is called a Cross-Garnet. 1709 Lond. Gaz. No. 4570/4 Lost.. a piece of Anchor, being the Cross and a peice of the Shank.

f 15. The transept or cross aisle of a cruciform church. Obs. 1658 Dugdale St. Paul's 160 And afterwards bestowed four thousands pounds in repairing of the South Cross. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3804/2 The House of Commons were seated .. in the North Cross of the Abbey.

16. A surveyor’s instrument; a cross-staff.

b. In a general sense: A trouble, vexation, annoyance; misfortune, adversity; sometimes (under the influence of the verb) anything that thwarts or crosses. Cf. sense 27.

1669 Sturm y Mariner's Mag. 11. xiii. 81 Taking off one of the Crosses, and setting the Staff again. 1807 Hutton Course Math. II. 56 The cross consists of two pair of sights set at right angles to each other, on a staff having a sharp point at the bottom, to fix in the ground.

1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 17 To banish house of blasphemie, least crosses crosse vnluckelie. 1580 Sidney (J.), Wishing unto me many crosses and mischances in my love, whensoever I should love. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 120 Crosses, after the nature of the Cockatrice, die if they be forseene. 1649 - Cases Consc. (1650) 224 Camillus.. wished some great crosse might befall Rome for the tempering of so high a felicity. 1693 Mem. Cnt. Teckely iv. 10 If it has met with some Crosses of Fortune, it is not in a danger for all that to be overthrown. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull iii. x, After all his losses and crosses. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xxxvii, Doubtless they knew crosses, disappointments, difficulties. 1866 Mrs. H. Wood St. Martin s Eve iii. (1874) 19 Her usual crosses had been but light ones, which she scolded or talked away.

17. Horse-breaking. A ‘dumb jockey’ shaped like the letter X, buckled across the back of a young horse, and having the reins of the snaffle bridle fastened to it, to make him carry his head properly.

11. Any figure or object of this shape.

1833 Reg. Instr. Cavalry I. 74 In order to bring the horse to. . carry his head properly.. the cross may be used.

III. In Heraldry, Insignia of Knighthood, Numismatics, etc. 18. a. Her., etc. A conventional representation of the Christian symbol, or some modification of it, or of two crossing bars, used as an ordinary or charge, as an ornamental figure in art, etc.

CROSS Numerous modifications of the form are recognized, some of them being used as religious symbols; the chief forms are Celtic cross: see Celtic a. 2; Greek cross, an upright cross with limbs of equal length; Latin cross, in which the lower limb is longer than the others; St. Andrew’s cross, or cross saltier, a cross shaped like the letter X; cross of St. Anthony or tau cross, in which the transverse bar lies on the top of the upright, like the letter T. Developments of these are the cross patee or formee, in which the limbs are very narrow where they are conjoined, and gradually expand, the whole forming nearly a square; Maltese cross, cross of Malta or cross of eight points, a modification of the preceding, in which the extremity of each limb is indented. Subordinate forms are cross crossed, a cross with each arm crossed, reaching the edges of the shield; cross of chains, a cross composed of four chains fixed to a central annulet; cross of four leaves: see quatrefoil; cross of Jerusalem, a cross having each arm capped by a cross-bar; cross of Lorraine, a cross with two horizontal arms, combining the Greek and Latin crosses; cross of St. Andrew: see above; spec, the saltier-cross of Scotland, white on a blue ground; cross of St. George, the Greek cross, red on a white ground, as used on the English flag; cross of St. James, a Latin cross figured as a sword; cross of St. Julian, a saltier cross having the arms crossed; cross of St. Patrick, the saltier cross of Ireland, red on a white ground; cross of Toulouse, a Maltese cross with a point projecting from each indentation; Buddhist cross, the gammadion or fylfot, r^; capital cross, a Greek cross having each extremity terminated in an ornament like a Tuscan capital; Capuchin cross, a cross having each arm terminated by a ball or disc; ansate c., cabled c., cross BEZANTY, FLORY, etc.: see these words. i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. Biijb, Cros fixyly, Cros paty Cros croslettis and Cros flory. Ibid. Cj a, The cros is the moost worthi signe emong al signys in armys. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iv. i. (1660) 270 Called a CrosseAvellane, from the resemblance it hath of a Philbert Nut. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 350 [They] doe mutually intersect themselues in the manner of a Saint Andrewes crosse, or this letter X. 1654 Ord. in Scobell Acts & Ord. 11. ix. (1658) 294 The Arms of Scotland, viz. a Cross, commonly called Saint Andrews Cross. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3840/2 A Flag with St. George’s Cross was displaied on the Tower. 1797 Holcroft Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) II. xlvi. 114 The long cross .. has been called the Latin cross. 1844 F. A. Paley Church Restorers 15 A cross pattee between four lions combatant. 1882 Cussans Her. iv. 59 No Ordinary is subject to so many modifications of form as the Cross. Ibid. 60 Gwillim mentions thirty-nine different Crosses.. and Robson no less than two-hundred and twenty-two.

b. per or in cross (Her.): in the form or figure of a cross. 1562 Leigh Armorie (1579) 78 He beareth party per Crosse wauey Sable, and Argent. 1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 37 b, Verte, fiue fermaulx in Crosse. 1610 Guillim Heraldry v. i. (1611) 238 He beareth parted per Crosse Gules and Argent.

19. A figure of the cross used as the ensign a religious order of knights, as the Knights Malta; hence widely adopted as a decoration many orders of knighthood; also, a wearer such a cross.

CROSS

48

of of in of

Grand (f Great) Cross: a decoration of the highest class of such an order, or the person wearing it. Victoria Cross: a British decoration for members of the Army and Navy, instituted Feb. 5th, 1856, as a reward for personal valour. 1651 Evelyn Diary 7 Sept., Crosses of the Order of the Holy Ghost. Ibid., The Chevalier Paul.. his Malta Cross was esteem’d at 10,000 crounes. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. II. 444 Out of the 16 great crosses, the great master [of Knights of St. John] is elected. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 261 This prince had set his heart on some childish distinction, a title or a cross. 1887 Daily News 16 July 5/3 He is a Grand Cross of St. Vladimir. 1889 Whitaker's Aim. 97 The Most Honourable Order of the Bath.. Military Knights Grand Cross. Ibid. 98 Civil Knights Grand Cross .. Honorary Knights Grand Cross.

f20. Numism. The figure of a cross stamped upon one side of a coin; hence, a coin bearing this representation; a coin generally. Obs. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 239 Edward did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng.. \>e kynges side salle be pe hede & his name writen. }?e croyce side what cite it was in coyned & smyten. a 1420 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 685 The feende, men seyne, may hoppe in a pouche, Whan that no crosse therein may appeare. 1530 Palsgr. 211/1, Crosse of coyne, la croix (Tune piece dargent. 1594 Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. 1883-4 V. 34 His purse was.. I thinke verily a puritane, for it kept it selfe from anie pollution of crosses. 1638 Heywood Wise Woman 1. i. Wks. 1874 V. 281 lie play the Franck gamester.. I will not leave my selfe one Crosse to blesse me. 1667 Dryden Wild Gallant 1. ii, I have not a cross at present. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xxi, She has been here a fortnight, and we have not yet seen the cross of her money. Ibid., To come and take up an honest house, without cross or coin to bless yourself with. 1797 Sporting Mag. IX. 312 Neither a bun to put in their belly, nor a cross to put in their pockets.

21. cross and (or) pile [F. croix et (ou) pile]. a. The obverse and (or) reverse side of a coin; head or tail; hence sometimes standing for: a coin, money, arch. 1393 [see crouch sb.1]. 1584 R. Scot Discov. Witcher, xm. xxx. 277 How to know whether one cast crosse or pile by the ringing. 1618 Fletcher Chances v. ii, Compel’d with crosse and pile to run of errands. 1698 Sidney Disc. Govt. iii. §30 (1704) 362 He had neither cross nor pile. 1718 J. Chamberlayne Relig. Philos. I. xvi. § 16 If an equal Number of Pieces of Money were thrown up into the Air, the Chance of their falling Cross or Pile.. would be equal, a 1856 Longf. Friar Lubin ii, To mingle.. The goods of others with his own, And leave you without cross or pile.

fb .fig. The two sides of anything; one thing and its opposite. Obs. (1450 Pol. Poems (1859) II. 240 Crosse and pyle standen in balaunce; Trowthe and resoun be no thynge stronge. 01613 Overbury Newes, Countrey Newes Wks. (1856) 175 That good and ill is the crosse and pile in the ayme of life.

1663 Cowley Cut. Colman St. v, I knew well enough ’twas you; what did you think I knew not Cross from Pile?

fc. ‘Head or tail’, i.e. ‘tossing up’ to decide a stake, or anything doubtful, by the side of a coin which falls uppermost; ‘pitch and toss’; fig. a matter of mere chance, a ‘toss-up’. (Usually with cast, throw, toss.) Obs. [01327 Wardrobe Rolls Edw. II (Antiq. Repository II. 58), Item paie illoq a Henri Barber le Roi pour Den™ qu il a presta au Roi pur Jewer a cros a Pil de Donn v s.] 1597 1st Pt. Return fr. Parnass. 11. i. 768 Schoolmaister, cross or pile nowe for 4 counters? c 1645 Vox Turturis 23 They had a Custome, when buyer and seller could not agree, to.. cast crosse and pile. 1672 Wycherley Love in a Wood iii. ii, I’ll throw up cross or pile who shall ask her. 1685 Answ. to Dk. Buckhm. on Liberty of Consc. 36 Thirdly, whether it be not Cross and Pile, whether a man who may be of any and of all Religions, will be of any, or of none at all? 1709 Steele Tatler No. 39 If 48 There will be no fear of foul Play, if they throw up Cross or Pile who should be shot. 1798 T. Jefferson Writ. IV. 227 The question of war and peace depends now on a toss of cross and pile.

fd .fig. Pitch and toss. Obs. 1571 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 134 Safer to sit, then upon an Irish Pillion that playeth cross and pile with the rider.

fe. advb. phr. By mere chance. Obs. 1648 Herrick Hesper., Crosse and Pile, Faire and foule days trip crosse and pile; the faire Far lesse in number then our foule dayes are. a 1712 W. King Poems, Stumbling Block 50 The sceptics hypothetic cause.. That cross or pile refin’d the chaos. IV. Senses derived from cross a., v., adv.

f22. a. A crossing or crossed position: hence the advb. phrase, on cross, o cross, a cross = crossed, crossing, crosswise: see across, cross adv. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 21693 (Cott.) He heild his hend on croice [Edin. MSS. o croice]. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 1. xxviii, From those ij. prickes erect two perpendiculars, which muste needes meet in crosse. 1555 Eden Decades 351 They [stars of the S. Cross] are not ryght a croise in the mooneth of Nouember. 1642 Disput. betw. Devill & Pope (Brand), A taylor must not sit with legs on crosse. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 54 The King.. stood not with his arms a crosse. b. on the cross: diagonally, obliquely across the texture, on the bias. (Cf. bias sb. 1.) 1872 Young Englishwoman Nov. 594/1 Bows of dark blue velvet cut on the cross. 1887 [Baring-Gould] Golden Feather iv. 9 The piece of carnation velvet cut on the cross for trimming Jessamy’s bonnet. 1955 ‘C. Brown’ Lost Girls x. 107 The skirt was cut on the cross. 1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 79 Garments cut on the cross or bias have ‘give’ as the bias is stretchy.

c. Theatr. A movement from one part of the stage to another in acting. 1838 Actors by Daylight I. 214 He was.. well versed in all the crosses and recrosses necessary to impose on the million. 1896 G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) II. 129 At the end of each of his first vehement speeches, he strode right down the stage and across to the prompt side of the proscenium on the frankest barnstorming principles, repeating this absurd ‘cross’—a well-known convention of the booth for catching applause—three times.

d. Boxing. A blow that crosses over the opponent’s lead. Also transf. 1906 E. Dyson Fact'ry 'Ands xvii. 233 Ther revolvin’ arm .. got home a left lead ’n ’er right cross. 1938 D. Runyon Take it Easy 26 What she lays on his brow is a beautiful straight right cross. 1950 J. Dempsey Championship Fighting xxii. 144 The right cross, deadliest of all counter-punches, is used when a left-jabber becomes careless.

e. Association Football. A cross-pass. 1961 Times 29 Sept. 4/3 They quickly turned the screw, with three goals—by Pointer, side-footing in Douglas’s cross. 1962 Times 12 Mar. 3/2 Greaves failed to stroke home one of his crosses. 1968 Listener 23 May 682/1 For a high cross a well-trained full-back.. is good enough—though not for the kind of calculated low cross George Best engineered for Billy Foulkes’s decisive goal against Real Madrid.

|23. Cross-measurement. Obs. rare. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. Commonw. 132 The Crosse of London is every way longer, than any you make in Paris.. By this word Crosse, I meane, from Saint Georges in Southwark, to Shoreditch, South and North; and from Westminster to Whitechapell West and East.

24. The point where two lines or paths cross each other; a crossing, cross-way. 1546 Bp. Gardiner Decl. Art. Joye xv, I.. do the offyee of an hande, at a crosse, to saye this is the ryght waye. 1891 G. Meredith One of our Conq. II. xii. 287 To drive two vessels at the cross of a track into collision.

25. Electr. The accidental contact of two lines or circuits so that a portion of the electric current is diverted or crosses from one to the other. 1870 F. L. Pope Electr. Tel. v. (1872) 63 The effects of weather crosses usually manifest themselves upon the occurrence of a shower.

26. The writing or marking by which a cheque is crossed. 1876 Ann. Reg. [51] The cross on the cheque did not restrain its negotiability.

27. fig. A crossing or thwarting: cf. also 10 b. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 11. ii. 4 Any barre, any crosse, any impediment, will be medicinable to me.. How canst thou crosse this marriage? 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. iii. 1. ii. 187 If crossed, that cross, etc. 1873 Dixon Two Queens IV. xix. vii. 40 Anne was suffering from a cross in love.

28. a. An intermixture of breeds or races in the production of an animal; an instance of cross¬ fertilization in plants.

1766 Pennant Zool. (1768) I. 18 Improved by a cross with the foreign kind. 1819 Byron Juan 1. lviii, This heathenish cross restored the breed again. 1859 All Year Round No. 29. 58 The Bakewell.. sheep .. is .. a creature from a series of judicious crosses of divers long-woolled breeds.

b. An animal or plant, or a breed or race, due to crossing. 1760 Phil. Trans. LI. 834 The bird.. is an accidental cross, as we sportsmen term it, between a pheasant and turkey. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 253 This little feather-legged bantam .. is certainly a cross from the grouse. 1868 Perthshire Jrnl. 18 June, The large stock of black cattle and crosses. 1871 Napheys Prev. G? Cure Dis. 1. i. 47 The mulatto, a cross between it [the black race] and the white race.

c. fig. An instance of the mixture of the characteristics of two different individuals; something intermediate in character between two things. C1796 Miss Cranstoun in Lockhart Scott vii, Walter Scott is going to turn out a poet—something of a cross I think between Burns and Gray. 1852 R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp. Tour xxii. 112 [He] was a cross between a military dandy and a squire. 1891 Freeman Sk. French Trav. 125 The west front, a cross between Wells and Holyrood.

29. slang. That which is not fair and ‘square’: dishonest or fraudulent practices. a cross: a contest or match lost by collusory arrangement between the principals; a swindle, on the cross: in a dishonest, fraudulent manner; to be or go on the cross: to be a thief, live by stealing, to shake the cross: to give up thieving. 1802 Sessions' Paper June 334/2, I got it on., the cross. 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Cross, illegal or dishonest practises in general are called the cross, in opposition to the square.. Any article which has been irregularly obtained, is said to have been got upon the cross. 1829 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 21/1 It was decided that it should be a decided ‘cross’. —That is, it was decided beforehand that the match was to be lost. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair lv, A conversation.. about the fight between the Butcher and the Pet, and the probabilities that it was a cross. 1861 H. Kingsley Ravenshoe lx, The young woman.. may be on the cross. 1878 Tinsley's Mag. XXIII. 300 Never to act on the square, but invariably on the cross. 1883 ‘Mark Twain’ Life on Mississippi Iii, If I would shake the cross and live on the square for three months. 1889 Boldrewood Robbery under Arms xii. (1890) 85 It’s the hardest earned money of all, that’s got on the cross. 1915 A. Conan Doyle Valley of Fear 11. iii. 201 It’s mum with me so long as I see you living on the straight.. But, by gum, if you get off on the cross after this it’s another story. 1917-His Last Bow viii. 293 There’s a stool pigeon or a cross somewhere, and it’s up to you to find out where it is.

V. Elliptical uses. f30. Short for cross-sail, a square-sail. Obs. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. viii. 21 Marynaris glaid iayis thair schippis onder cros. Ibid. v. xiv. 3 Heis heich the cros.

31. Irish Hist. = cross-land. 1612 Davies Why Ireland etc. (1787) 107 The King’s writ did not run in those counties .. but only in the church-lands lying within the same, which were called the Cross, wherein the King made a sheriff: and so, in each of these counties palatine there were two sheriffs, one of the Liberty, and another of the Cross. 1879 O’Flanagan Munster Circuit 3 They could hear and determine all complaints throughout the province of Munster, and the crosses and liberties of Tipperary and Kerry.

VI. Comb. See cross- I. below. cross (krDS, kro:s), v. Pa. t. and pple. crossed, crost (krDst, -o:-). [f. cross sb.: cf. also croise v., and F. croiser, Ger. kreuzen.] fl. trans. To crucify. Obs. CI340 Cursor M. 24354 (Fairf.) [He] pat crossed was, was al mi care. 1:1440 Gesta Rom. Iii. 232 (Harl. MS.) Now Criste is i-bounde, scorgide, ande crosside. c 1550 Cheke Matt. xxvi. 2 Ye son of man schal be deliverd to be crossed. Ibid, xxvii. 30 Yei.. caried him awai to be crossed.

2. a. To make the sign of the cross upon or over. C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode I. xi. (1869) 8 Thilke shal also crosse thee, c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iv. 1318 The mayde.. crossed hir hed, hir mowth and hir brest. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health 4, I. . weke of faith and afeard, crossed my selfe. 1548-9 Bk. Com. Prayer, Confirmacion, Then the Bushop shall crosse them in the forehead. 1608 Bp. Hall Char. Vertues -7 V. 11. 87 This man dares not stirre foorth till his brest be crossed, and his face sprinckled. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. vi. 121 They crossed it, and blessed it. 1827 O. W. Roberts Narr. Voy. Centr. Amer. 228 He crossed himself, and expressed much surprise. 1867 Whittier Tent on Beach, Brother of Mercy 73 The pale monk crossed His brow.

b. to cross a fortune-teller’s hand with silver: to describe crossing lines on her hand with a silver coin given by the consulter: hence to give money to. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 130 If 1 An honest Dairy-maid who crosses their Hands with a Piece of Silver every Summer. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. x. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 54 Crossing their hands with coin .. How quak’d the young to hear what things they knew. 1838 D. Jerrold Men of Char. I. 137 Every domestic.. had crossed her [the fortune-teller’s] hand and looked on future life.

f3. a. To mark with a cross in sign of a vow; esp. of the vow to wrest the Holy Land from the Saracens; = croise 2. Obs. 1481 Caxton Godfrey xvi, Whan one of the grete barons was croysed so on his sholdre.. alle the peple of the contre that were also crossyd cam to hym, and chees hym for theyr captayne. 15 .. Coer de L. 2131 (from a printed copy) For he is crossed a pilgrim. 1610 Bp. Carleton Jurisd. 210 The Souldiers which were crossed for the holy warres.

CROSS b. to cross one’s heart, to make the sign of the cross over one’s heart, to attest the truth or sincerity of a statement, promise, etc.; freq. in phr. cross my heart (and hope to die). 1908 S. Ford Side-stepping with Shorty xx. 314, I wouldn’t touched [sic] another thing; cross m’ heart, I wouldn t! 1922 ‘K. Mansfield’ Garden Party 24 ‘Promise not to tell.’ They promised. ‘Say, cross my heart straight dinkum.’ 1926 R. Macaulay Crewe Train x. 184 ‘Let’s both swear.’ ‘Cross my heart and hope to die. Now what about bed?’ 1952 A. Wilson Hemlock After iii. 167 Cross her heart, might she die if she sneaked.

4. a. To cancel by marking with a cross or by drawing lines across; to strike out, erase, {lit. and fig.) Const, off, out. [Cf. 1472 Paston Lett. No. 696 III. 47.] 1483 Cath. Angl. 84 To Crosse, cancellare. c 1515 Everyman in Hazl. Dodsley I. 136, I cross out all this, c 1600 Day Begg. Bednall Gr. 1. i, Heres my Bill, I pray see me crost. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 639 The debt is paid, the score is crossed. 1628 W. Pemble Worthy Rec. Lord’s Supper 43 To have gotten the debt-book crossed. 1813 Southey Ballads, March to Moscow 8 And Krosnoff he cross’d them off. I858 Hawthorne Fr. & It.Jrnls. I. 151 Crossed out of the list of sights to be seen.

b. In College usage; see quots. 1576 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 380 Every suche erson .. shalbe dyscharged of the same house, and have hys edd crossed heare. 1825 C. M. Westmacott Eng. Spy I. 156, I move that we have him crossed in the buttery. 1865 Cornh. Mag. Feb. 228 There is a very absurd punishment termed ‘crossing a man at the buttery’, which means that a x is set against his name to prohibit the butler from serving him. 1884 Weekly Reg. 18 Oct. 503/2 If you did not go he ‘crossed’you, thereby cutting off all your supplies of food.

5. a. To lay (a thing) across or athwart another; to set (things) across each other; to place crosswise. Also, to place (one limb) over another. to cross swords: to engage in fighting with swords; also^ig. t to cross legs or shins (i.e. in wrestling; hence fig.). C 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxii. 471 He.. layd hymselfe doun on a bed wyth his legges crossed. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 259 b, Whan he casteth the stole aboute his necke, and crosseth it before his brest. 1581 Styward Mart. Dtsctpl. n. 110 If your battaile be assalted with horse, then couch and crosse your pikes. 1645 Bp. Hall Remedy Discontents 148 We must meet with rubs; and perhaps crosse shinnes, and take fals too. 1653 E. Chivenhale Cath. Hist. 476 He hath crossed legs with himself, and given himself the fall. 1751 R. Paltock P. Wilkins xii, Thus I proceeded, crossing, joining, and fastening all together, till the whole roof was .. strong. 1816 Scott Old Mort. xvi, Few men ventured to cross swords with him. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey vi. vi, His arms crossed behind him. 1881 C. E. L. Riddell Senior Partner I. ii. 29 She crossed her soft white hands one over the other. 1886 Mrs. Lynn Linton P. Carew viii, They rarely met without crossing swords on one matter if not another. 1886 ‘Maxwell Gray’ Silence of Dean Maitland 11. i, Staring at the sky, with one leg crossed over the other. 1902 ‘H. S. Merriman’ Vultures xxv. 223 The captain .. crossed one leg over the other.

b. Naut. To set in position across the mast; hoist (a cross-sail): said formerly of sails, later of yards of a square-rigged vessel. Cf. CROSS-SAIL. 1393 Gower Con}. I. 81 And forf> pei wenten into schipe And crossen seil and made hem 3are Anon as J?ogh pei wolden fare, c 1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 250 A fayre ryuer, wherein were manye shyppes, some vnder sayle, and some redye crossed. 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 38 Crosse your yards. 1840 Dana Before the Mast v. (1854) 22 The wind having become light, we crossed our royal and skysail yards.

c. Telephony. To make a connection between (telephone or telegraph wires of different lines or circuits); freq. used in pass, of accidental connections. Also transf., implying a misunderstanding. Also crossed ppl. a., crossing vbl. sb. 1884 Telegraphic Jfrnl. 31 May 469/1 (caption) Crossed wires. 1910 H. Belloc Pongo Bull iii. 56 ‘Don’t mind me, Eddie, the wires were crossed.’ And with this meaningless but sufficient phrase, he jammed the receiver down again. 1910 Hawkins's Electr. Diet. 100/2 Crossing wires, a temporary expedient when a defective section is found to exist in a telegraph circuit, for preserving the continuity of the circuit by crossing the wire over to a neighboring line till the fault is remedied. 1931 Wodehouse If I were You i. 12 ‘There’s a lunatic at the other end of the wire who keeps calling me Little Bright Eyes.’ ‘I fancy the wires must have become crossed, m’lady.’ 1932-Hot Water ii. 57 Can we by any chance have got the wires crossed?.. It was the idea, wasn’t it, that we should pile on to a pot of tea together? 1936 - Laughing Gas vii. 78 An unforeseen crossing of the wires in the fourth dimension. 1958 Listener 11 Dec. 976/1 This crossing of the political wires had many repercussions in politics. 6. a. Of things: To lie or pass across; to

intersect. c 1391 Chaucer Astrol. 1. § 5 Over-thwart this .. lyne, ther crosseth hym a-nother lyne. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 149 Set another Board .. so that.. they cross one another. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 148 The rays., must cross each other in the central point. 1840 Lardner Geom. 65 The point X, where they [lines] cross each other.

b. intr.

CROSS

49 cross his ambling pony day by day. 1835 Sir G. Stephen Search of Horse i. 7 The ‘sweetest little park horse that ever was crossed’. 1876 Trevelyan Macaulay (1883) I. 123 He seldom crossed a saddle, and never willingly.

7. a. To draw a line across (another line or surface); to mark with lines or streaks athwart the surface; to write across (a letter). Also absol. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 324 Then cross this Line at right Angles with the Line CF. 1797 Bewick Brit. Birds (1847) I. 65 With spots of white, crossed with zigzag lines. 1816 Jane Austen Emma II. i. 7, I.. must.. apologise for her writing so short a letter, .in general she fills the whole paper and crosses half. 1819 Keats Lei. 3 Oct. (1958) II. 221 Brown has a few words to say to you and will cross this. 1849 Thackeray in Scribn. Mag. I. 557/1, I have, .crossed the t’s and dotted the i’s. 1850 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 115 A letter., two little sheets all crossed! 1924 R. Macaulay Orphan Island xiv. §2. 176 Miss Smith had the sloping, flowing hand of the ladies of her period, and often crossed and recrossed.

b. Farming. To cross-plough; also intr. admit of being crossed-ploughed.

To

through with small Pearches. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows iv. xv. 399 The maine Summier which crossed the garret. 1832 Stat. 2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 64 Sched. O. 48 The said railroad .. crosses a small stream.

b. intr. 1613-39 I- Jones in Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) II. 43 A Wall that crosses from the said Wall to the Cornice. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxxiv. 137 Canals.. crossing through the length and bredth of the City.

10. a. To meet and pass; to pass (each other) in opposite directions; to meet in passing. 1782 Miss Burney Cecilia iv. i, She was crossed upon the stairs by Mr. Harrel, who passed her [etc.]. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. I. Dream Children, Now and then a solitary gardening man would cross me. 1854 Lowell Jrnl. in Italy Prose Wks. 1890 I. 185 Swallows swam in and out with level wings, or crossed each other.

b. Of two letters or messengers: To pass each other on their way between two persons, who have written to each other at the same time. trans. and intr. 1793 Twining Recreat. & Stud. (1882) 173, I am always

1796 Hull Advertiser 13 Feb. 1/4 The strong lands.. are much chilled .. and will cross badly .. for want of dry winds. *859 Jml- R■ Agric. Soc. XX. 1. 213, I have broken up 201 acres, and have crossed 128 acres. 1864 Ibid. XXV. 11. 298 In the month of May I cross the work by steam, going down this time to twelve inches.

angry at this crossing of letters. 1819 Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life II. iii. 71 Our letters always cross, my dear Sir William. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 530 This paper on its way to Whitehall crossed the messenger who brought to Portsmouth the order, i860 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 19 A letter from me would have crossed yours.. on the road.

c. Banking, to cross a cheque: to write across the face the name of a banking company, or simply the words Co’ , between two lines, to be filled up with the name of a banking company, through whom alone it may be paid.

11. a. To meet or face in one’s way; esp. to meet adversely; to encounter, arch.

The crossing of cheques originated at the Clearing House, the name of the bank presenting the cheque being written across it to facilitate the work of the clearing-house clerks. See Exchequer Reports (1853) VII. 402. 1834 Barnewell & Adolphus Reports IV. 752 Across the face of the cheque he had written the name of Martin & Co. A cheque so crossed, if presented by any person but the banker whose name is written across, is not paid without further enquiry. 1855 Ann. Reg. 192 He .. requested that he would cash it [a cheque] for him, as it was crossed. 1866 Crump Banking iii. 83 Should the cheque be delivered to the payee, it is a good plan to ask for his banker’s name, and cross it.

8. To pass over a line, boundary, river, channel, etc.; to pass from one side to the other of any space, a. trans. 1583 Foxe A. M. App. 2136/2 Intendyng.. to have crossed the seas into Fraunce. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 1. i. 22 How yong Leander crost the Hellespont. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 920 No narrow frith He had to cross. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 48 If 4 They crossed Cornhill together, i860 Tyndall Glaciers 1. iii. 27 Our aim being to cross the mountains. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xiii. 196 White clouds were slowly crossing a fair blue sky. Mod. After crossing the Equator, the ship was becalmed.

b. intr. Also with over. (In early use said of hunted beasts which wheel round and cross their own track.) spec, in Cricket: (a) in fielding, to cross to the other side of the wicket at the end of an over, or when a left-handed batsman replaces a right-handed one at the crease or vice versa; (b) of a bowler: to go across at the end of an over in order to bowl from the opposite wicket, thus bowling two overs in succession (no longer permitted). i486 Bk. St. Albans E ij b, When ye hunt at the Roo .. He crosses and tresones yowre howndys befoore. 1530 Palsgr. 502/1, I crosse over the waye. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. iv. 10, I.. was embark’d to crosse to Burgundy. 1632 Lithgow Trav. IX. (1682) 384 Crossing over in a Boat to the Town of Putzolo. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 63 JP7, I left the Temple, and crossed over the Fields. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 559 The only ford by which the travellers could cross. 1867 G. H. Selkirk Guide to Cricket-Ground iv. 59 Avoiding the necessity of the field crossing over so frequently. 1877 C. Box Eng. Game Cricket 447 To cross over is to change wickets, which a bowler is permitted to do twice in an innings. 1883 Daily Tel. 15 May 2/7 Peate [bowler at cricket] now crossed over to the other end. 1908 W. E. W. Collins County Cricketer's Diary ix. 162 ‘He’s not quite so good [a bowler] as I thought,’ he confided .. as we crossed over.

c. causal. To carry across. 1804 Monson in Owen Wellesley's Desp. 525 Finding the river fordable, I began to cross my baggage. 1882 H. S. Holland Logic Gf Life (1883) 14 It shifts and moves and crosses them from place to place.

d. intr. Biol, to cross over: of segments of chromatids of homologous chromosomes: to interchange and recombine during synapsis; to undergo crossing-over (see crossing vbl. sb. 11). 1915 T. H. Morgan et al. Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity iii. 59 Sex linked factors cross over from each other. 1916 jfrnl. Genetics V. 284 If.. for every chromosome which crosses over in this definite way, another similar chromosome in another nucleus does not cross over at all, [etc.]. 1920 [see cross-over 4]. 1949 Darlington & Mather Elem. Genetics iii. 45 The chromosomes, or rather their constituent chromatids, cross-over and separate in germ cell formation just as the genes segregate and recombine.

e. euphem. To die.

1697 [see crossing ppl. a.]. 1869 Ouseley Counterp. vi. 30 It is allowable .. to let the parts cross, so that the upper part should be below the lower part for a note or two. Mod. At the spot where two roads cross.

1930 ‘R. Crompton’ William's Happy Days ix. 224 My dear, dear little four-footed friend .. ’E crossed over last week. 1935 N. Collins 3 Friends xvii. 265 Just be'fore she crossed over she mentioned your name.

c. trans. To sit across, bestride (a horse, etc.). colloq.

side.

1760 R. Heber Horse Matches ix. 31 Ill bred riders crossing Queen Mab. 1781 Cowper Retirement 467 To

1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 171 b, They must have warme Houses, as your Pigions have, crossed

9. a. Of things: To extend across from side to

1598 Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. iii. ix. 77 The legions., which Visellius, and C. Silius, had set to crosse them, droue them backe. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. i. 127 lie crosse it, though it blast me. 1628 Earle Microcosm., A Sharke (Arb.) 36 Men shun him .. and he is never crost in his way, if there be but a lane to escape him. 1631 E. Pelham Gods Power & Prov. in Collect. Voy. (Church.) IV. 821/2 Tho’ cross’d sometimes with contrary Winds homeward bound. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i, He was gone before I could cross him. 1813 Bryon Giaour 1084 He knew and crossed me in the fray. fig- 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxvi. (1887) 134 There be two great doubtes which crosse me. b. To come across (see come v. 38), to meet

with, to come upon in one’s way. rare. 1684 R. H. Sch. Recreat. 19 If the Hound chance to cross them, Sport may be had. But no Rule can be prescribed how to find or hunt them. 1857 Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art 20 We can hardly read a few sentences on any political subject without running a chance of crossing the phrase ‘paternal government’.

12. to cross the path of (any one): to meet him in his way, to come in the way of; often implying obstruction or thwarting; also, to pass across his path in front of him. to cross the bonus of (a ship): to pass across her path immediately in front of her. 1608 Bp. Hall Char. Vertues & V. 11. 88 This man.. if but an hare crosse him the way, he retumes. 1818 W. Irving Sketch Bk., Leg. Sleepy Hollow (1865) 426 He would have passed a pleasant life .. if his path had not been crossed .. by a woman. 1841 De Quincey Lond. Remin. vi. Wks. 1890 III. 182 Suppose them insolently to beard you in public haunts, to cross your path continually. 1883 Law Times Rep. XLIX. 332 The Margaret.. attempted to cross the bows of the Clan Sinclair. 1892 R. Boldrewood Nevermore III. xx. 66 Let him cross my path again at his peril.

Idt. to cross one's mind, etc. (rarely to cross one): to occur suddenly or momentarily to one, as if flashed across the mind. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ., Snuff-box, The good old monk was within six paces of us, as the idea of him cross’d my mind. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxvii, No notion, therefore, of impropriety crossed her imagination. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 258 Such an idea never crossed one of our minds. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect. Ii, A misgiving crossed me that Wemmick would be instantly dismissed.

14. fig. a. To thwart, oppose, go counter to. FI555 J- Rogers in Foxe A. & M. (1846) VI. 608 He but chasteneth his dearlings and crosseth them for a small while .. as all fathers do with their children. 1588 j. Udall Demonstr. Discip. (Arb.) 72 He that loueth Christ, cannot crosse the course of the Gospel. 1631 Gouge Gods Arrows iv. x. 388 It is., better that our purpose and desire be crossed. 1673 Temple Ireland Wks. 1731 I. 113 Without crossing any Interest of Trade in England. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 2 If 1 He was crossed in Love. 1722 De Foe Relig. Courtsh. 1. i. (1840) 10 He will never cross her in small Matters. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 255 He therefore determined to cross those designs. 1876 F. E. Trollope Charming Fellow I. xi. 149, I never cross her, or talk to her much when she is not feeling well.

fb. To bar, debar, preclude from. Obs. rare. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 127 To crosse me from the Golden time I looke for. a 1650 W. Bradford Plymouth Plant. (1856) 329 He in ye end crost this petition from taking any further effecte in this kind.

fc. To contradict, contravene, traverse (a sentence, statement, etc.). Obs. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 42 When I alledged faith, she crost me with i^neas. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 848 They.. will be crossing every thing that is spoken. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 55 One divine sentence cannot cross and rescind another. 1687 Dryden Hind & P. iii. lxviii. 4 A sort of Doves.. Who cross the Proverb, and abound with Gall. 1702 Charlett Let. in Pepys' Diary 26 Sept., Which makes travel so easy, as to cross a sentence of Lord Burghley’s [to the contrary].

d. slang. To cheat or double-cross; to act dishonestly in or towards; cf. cross sb. 29. Also intr. (see quot. 1925). 1823 in P. Egan Grose's Did. Vulgar T. a 1891 Henley & Deacon Brodte iii, iv, in Farmer Slang (1891) II. 218/1 What made you cross the fight, and play booty with your own man? 1925 Flynn's 10 Jan. 877/2 Cross, to squeal; Stevenson

CROSS to betray... To deceive; to cheat one’s pals. 1938 G. Greene Brighton Rock 11. ii. 86 It wouldn’t have happened if we hadn’t been crossed. A journalist thought he could put one over on us. i960 'W. Haggard’ Closed Circuit xv. 179 He’d been using us; he’d crossed us; and he knew too much for safety.

f 15. a. intr. to cross with: to go counter to. Obs. a 1586 Sidney (J.), Men’s actions do not always cross with reason, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts G? Mon. (1642) 150 Yet that crosseth not with abbreviation, but confirms it rather. a 1662 Heylyn Life Laud (1668) 156 When it seemed .. to cross with the Puritan Interest.

fb. to cross upon (or on): (a) to oppose, go counter to; (b) to come across, come upon. Obs. 01678 Feltham Resolves, etc. (1709) 552 So long as we cross not upon Religion. 1701 Collier M. Aurel. (1726) 246 He that crosses upon this design, is prophane in his contradiction. 1748 Walpole Lett. toG. Montagu {1891) II. 121 In this search I have crossed upon another descent. 1750 Chesterf. Lett. II. ccxx. 349 He is in hopes of crossing upon you somewhere or other. 1824 Miss. L. M. Hawkins Mem. I. 25 note, One day suddenly crossing on the gentleman.

16. a. trans. To cause to interbreed; to modify (a race) (plants).

by

interbreeding;

to

cross-fertilize

1754 Warburton Letters (1809) 174 As that people [the Jews] had no commerce with any other, there was a necessity of crossing the strain as much as possible. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 282 This variety seems formed by crossing the breed of such as are imported from various climates. 1802 Ann. Reg. 353 The advantage which has resulted from crossing the breed of cattle. 1851 Beck's Florist 142 Cross such flowers as appear likely to yield the most desirable colours and shapes. 1883 Stevenson Silverado Sq. (1886) 51 A setter crossed with spaniel. absol. 1842 Bischoff Woollen Manuf. II. 141 They have been generally crossing for bigger sheep, and.. have produced a coarser kind of wool.

b. intr. To breed together, being of distinct races or breeds, to interbreed. 18.. Coleridge (Webster), If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced differing from either. 1845 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VI. 11. 453 These [mares] do not cross well with the thorough-bred stallions.

cross (kms, krois). a.

[Originally an attrib. or elliptical use of cross adv., some participle (e.g. lying, passing, coming, etc.) being understood.] No clear line can be drawn between this and various uses of cross- in combination, the employment of the hyphen being in many cases unfixed. See cross- 4, 5, 9.

1. a. Lying or situated athwart the main direction; transverse; passing from side to side. Also said^zg. of things to which spatial relations are transferred. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. xx. (1539) 41 Built with two crosse chambers of stone. 1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 11 §2 Vessels with cross Sails. 1583 Stanyhurst Aeneis 11. (Arb.) 66 Through crosse blynd allye we iumble. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. 1. iii. 50 The crosse blew Lightning. 1719 De Foe Crusoe I. xv. 253 Tying the string to the cross stick. 1761 Mrs. F. Sheridan »S. Bidulph III. 255 The road for carriages between the two houses, being a cross one, was very bad. 1867 A. Barry Sir. C. Barry vi. 230 The cross roofs connecting them with the main building. fig. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey 111. viii, How many cross interests baffle the parties. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. iii. vii. §1 It is easier to ascertain.. the relations of many things to one thing, than their innumerable cross relations with one another. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 146 Our position will not be confused by a cross issue.

b.

CROSS-

5°

Passing or lying crossing, intersecting.

athwart

each

other;

1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. Induct., As crosse as a pair of tailors’ legs. 01619 Fotherby Atheom. II. xi. §2 (1622) 313 They runne in crosse courses; and yet doe not crosse one another, in their courses. 1653 Gloria & Narcissus 1. 84 To sit with his armes crosse, looking up at the heavens, a 1742 Bentley (J.), When they.. advance towards one another in direct lines, or meet in the intersection of cross ones. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory II. 34 This is generally performed by little cross etchings, one over another. 1830 E. S. N. Campbell Diet. Mil. Sc. 231 The honorable badge of a Regimental Colour supported by two cross Swords. fig. 1684 R. H. Sch. Recreat. 91 The second is called Cross, so are its methods cross and intricate.

c. Of the wind: Blowing across the direct course, contrary. Also fig. (See cross-wind.) Sometimes with a blending of sense 4: adverse. 01617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 49 Every wind, even the crossest shall help us to the haven. 1676 Teonge Diary (1825) 195 The wind crosse and very high all these days. 1763 Johnson Lett, to G. Strahan 14 July, My friendship is light enough to be blown away by the first cross blast.

d. Of the sea: said when the waves run athwart the direction of the wind, or when two sets of waves cross each other, owing to change of wind. Also cross-surge, -swell, -tide. 1823 Scoresby Jrnl. 375 A mountainous sea, rendered awfully heavy and cross by the sudden changing of the wind. 1864 Dickens Mut. Fr. I. 1. xiv. 133 In the cross-swell of two steamers. 1866 Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 4/3 The terrific cross¬ sea constantly broke over her. 1867 Smyth Sailor’s Wordbk.} Cross-sea, a sea not caused by the wind then blowing. Ibid., Cross-swell, this is similar to a cross-sea, except that it undulates without breaking violently. Ibid., Cross-tide, the varying directions of the flow amongst shoals that are under water. 1891 Kipling Light that Failed xv. 311 A boisterous little cross-swell swung the steamer disrespectfully by the nose. 1899- Five Nations (1903) 9 ’Twixt wrench of cross-surges or plunge of head-gale. 1903 Q. Rev. Apr. 486 Like vortices upon a surface of water swept by violent crosstides.

e. Cricket. Applied to a bat held in a slanting position. Cf. cross- A. 8. 1871 F. Gale Echoes from Old Cricket Fields 25 If you hit her you could only do it with a cross bat. 1891 W. G. Grace Cricket viii. 224 Playing with a straight bat is more likely to protect your wicket than playing with a cross bat. 1928 Daily Express 12 Nov. 3/4 One amazing cross-bat shot, head high .. over cover’s head to the boundary.

|2. Diagonally opposite in position (as in a quadrilateral). Obs. rare. Cf. cross-corner. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. v. 115 The progression of quadrupeds being performed per Diametrum, that is the crosse legs moving or resting together.

3. Contrary, opposite, opposed (to each other, or to something specified). (Now rarely predicative.) 1565 Calfhill Answ. to Martiall (Parker Soc.) 72, I am ashamed of your too cross and overthwart proofs. 1602 Fulbecke 1st. Pt. Parall. Introd. 5 There is nothing in it which to the Law of God is crosse or opposite. 1631 May tr. Barclay’s Mirr. Mindes 11. 220 Where they begin a little to differ, they will afterwards be crosse in all things from those men. 1646 E. F[isher] Mod. Divinity 24 As if he were reduced to.. straits .. by the crosse demands of his severall attributes. 1674 Hickman Quinquart. Hist. (ed. 2) 171 Is this Election cross to that' of the Calvinists? 0 1787 Lowth Serm. & Rem. 414 Giving me answers so very cross to the purpose. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. iii. iv. (1868) 307 It is cross to our humanly selfish habit.

4. Of events, circumstances, or fortune: Adverse, opposing, thwarting; contrary to one’s desire or liking; unfavourable, untoward. 1565 Calfhill Answ. to Martiall (Parker Soc.) 113 For when the Cross was most magnified, we had cross luck among. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 69 Frame your selfe to beare all other crosse matters. 1607 Dekker Northw. Hoe 11. Wks. 1873 III. 24 Such crosse fortune! 1676 Dryden Aurengz. iii. 1078 With Fate so cross One must be happy by the other’s loss. 1690 W. Walker Idiomat. AngloLat. 126 We had such cross weather. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 302 We had but a cross voyage .. having contrary winds .. and sometimes bad weather. 1780 Mad. D’Arblay Lett. 14 Dec., Some..cross accident for ever frustrates my rhetorical designs.

5. Of persons, their dispositions, actions, etc.: f a. Given to opposition; inclined to quarrel or disagree; perverse, froward, contrarious. Obs. or arch. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. 11. iii. 53 Be crosse with him, and lie goe fetch thy Sonnes to backe thy quarrel. 1594-Rich. Ill, iii. i. 126 My Lord of Yorke will still be crosse in talke. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 304 No man..vnto his friends more friendly, or vnto his enemies more crosse and contrarie. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Matt. xi. 16-17 You are cross to us whatever game we play. 1770 Foote Lame Lover ii. Wks. 1799 II. 73, I hope you won’t go for to tell him .. Indeed, Sir, but I shall.. No, sister, I’m sure you won’t be so cross. 1851 C. L. Smith tr. Tasso iv. xxi, How vain are all thy judgements, and how cross.

b. Ill-tempered, peevish, petulant; in an irritable frame of mind, out of humour, vexed. 0colloq.). 1639 T. B. Admirable Events 341 The stepmother beholds me with crosse lookes. 1676 Wycherley PI. Dealer iii. i, If she gives me but a cross word, I’ll leave her to-night. 1711 Swift Jrnl. to Stella 17 Nov., I just heard of the stir as my letter was sealed .. and was so cross I would not open it to tell you. 1771 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary (1889) I. 120 He is equally ugly and cross. 1796 Jane Austen Pride Prej. II. x, I have never had a cross word from him in my life. 1835 Marryat Jac. Faithf. viii, I can’t bear to be cross to him. i860 Sala Lady Chesterf. 43 The crossest of old maids.

c. Phr. as cross as two sticks (with play on sense 1 b). 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy ii. 24 The renowned O’Grady was according to her account as cross as two sticks. 1855 Ld. Houghton in Life I. xi. 518 [He] has been as cross as two sticks at not having been asked to dinner at Court.

6. a. action.

Involving

interchange

or

reciprocal

App. not used predicatively, and often hyphened as a case of combination (which is preferable). 1581 Lambarde Eiren. 11. iv. (1588) 164 In some cases.. there may be a double (or crosse) restitution awarded. 1664 Dryden Rival Ladies 1. ii, For hapning both to Love each other Sisters, They have concluded it in a cross Marriage. 1876 Douse Grimm’s Law xxxix. 81 The .. phenomenon of a cross-transfer of a foreign sound to native words and a native sound to foreign words.

b. Book-keeping. Applied to accounts between two parties each of which has claims upon the other; also, to formal entries transferring amounts from one account to another, or made on opposite sides of an account so as to neutralize each other. (Here also cross- is more usually hyphened.) 1893 Gladstone Sp. in Parliament 12 Feb., We hope to escape cross accounts and cross payments on revenue accounts [i.e. between Imperial and Irish revenue].

7. Of animals and plants: Cross-bred; hybrid. 1886 York Herald 7 Aug. 1/3 Sale of Cross Lambs. 1889 Robbery under Arms (1890) 12 ‘Clearskins’ and ‘cross’ beasts. Boldrewood

8. slang. Dishonest; dishonestly come by. (Opposed to square or straight.) Cf. crooked 3 b, and cross sb. 29. 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet, in Mem. (1819) II. 165 Any article which has been irregularly obtained.. is emphatically termed a cross article. 1882 Sydney Slang Diet. 3/1 Cross cove, a thief. Ibid. 10/2 Four deaners for lush for the cross coves and their blowers. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right II. xv. 62 He believed all the ‘cross boys’ of all the colonies were congregated here. 1892-Nevermore I. ix.

168 ‘Selling him a cross horse as any man might have knowed was too good for them to own on the square.’ Ibid. I. x. 179 ‘He don’t know a cross cove from a straight ’un.’

f See also cross- II.

cross (kros, krois), adv. Now rare.

[Aphetic form of across, orig. a phrase on cross, a-cross: cf. adown, down, etc.] f 1. From side to side, whether at right angles or obliquely; across, athwart, transversely. Obs. [a 1400-50 Alexander 4872 And pai croke ouire crosse to cache )?aim anothire.] 1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. iv. (1586) 178b, Cast bowes of Willowe crosse.. That may preserve the fainting Bee, that in the flud doth fall. 1620-55 I. Jones Stone-Heng (1725) 47 The Piet’s Wall, extending cross over our Island. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 126 The boards lyinge thus crosse, one chesse one way and another another. 1699 Bentley Phal. §2. 39 The Arundel Marble lies cross in our way. 1719 De P°E Crusoe 1. 127, I now resolv’d to travel quite cross to the Sea-Shore on that Side. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §53 Courses of timber alternately cross and cross.

f 2. In a contrary way, in opposition to. Obs. 1614 T. Adams Devil's Banquet 217 Jesus Well: whose bottome.. was in Heauen; whose mouth and spring downewards to the earth: crosse to all earthly fountaines. 1638 Chiluingw. Relig. Prot. 1. v. §84. 288 To foist in two others, clean crosse to the Doctor’s purpose. 1718 Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell 11. xlix. 153 Every Thing was carried cross to his Intentions. 01732 T. Boston Crook in Lot (1805) 33 The crook of the lot will.. be found to lie cross to some wrong bias of the heart.

3. In an adverse or unfavourable way; contrary to one’s desire or liking; awry, amiss; = across adv. 4. Obs. or colloq. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 164 Things falling out crosse with the old Emperour. 1646 P. Bulkeley Gospel Covt. 1. 156 Though things goe crosse against us. 1691 Norris Pract. Disc. 248 There is yet another thing.. which lies very cross upon our Minds. 1703 Lond. Gaz. No. 3937/3 The Tide fell cross in the night. 1883 G. Lloyd Ebb & Flow II. 300, I wonder why things do go so cross in this world. U See also cross- III.

cross, prep,

[cross adv. with object expressed.] = across prep. Now dial, or poetic: in the latter case commonly written y cross, as a recognized abbreviation. cross lots, more commonly across lots (U.S.): across the lots or fields as a short cut: cf. cross-country. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 1. xxii, Draw a corde or stryng line crosse the circle. 1591 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, iv. i. 114, I charge thee waft me safely crosse the Channell. 1684 Evelyn Diary 24 Jan., Hardly could one see crosse the streetes. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 135 Cut into the Girder three Inches cross the Grain of the Stuff. 1761 Foote Liar 1, Hallooing to a pretty fellow cross the Mall, c 1777 Beattie Hares 196 The scatter’d clouds fly ’cross the heaven. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 201 Whether sauntering we proceed Cross the green, or down the mead. H See also cross- IV.

cross- in comb, is used in many relations, substantive, adjective, adverbial, and prepositional (rarely verbal), sometimes difficult to separate, and in various senses. In some of these the combination is very loose, the use of the hyphen being almost optional. This is especially so when cross is capable of being viewed as an adjective, in which construction the hyphen would not be used, e.g. cross road or cross-road, cross reference or crossreference. As a rule, the use of the hyphen implies specialization of the combination, either usually, or in the particular instance in which it occurs.

A. General uses in combination. I. From cross sb. 1. objective: a. withpr. pples., forming adjs., as cross-adoring, -kissing; b. with vbl. sbs., forming sbs., as cross-bearing; c. with agent-n., as cross-adorer, -keeper; cross-bearer. 01631 Drayton Wks. IV. 1311 (Jod.) The cross-adoring fowls. 1637 Whiting Albino & Bell. 16 The cross-adorers he, with crossing, catches. 1728 Morgan Algiers II. v. 310 Cross-kissing Christians. 1824 Southey Bk. of Ch. (1841) 243 Latimer was .. Cross-Keeper in the University.

2. instrumental and locative, with pples., and adjs. forming adjs., as cross-crcrwned, -marked; CROSS-FIXED. 1839 Bailey Festus xix. (1848) 206 A winged orb, crosscrowned.

3. attrib. a. Of or pertaining to the Cross or a cross, as cross-legend, -shaft, -side, -step, -worship; cross-cloth i, -days, -week, etc.; b. Of the shape, appearance, or nature of a cross; having a cross-bar or transverse part; as cross¬ bow, -fish, -GARNET, -stitch, etc.; c. Marked or stamped with the figure of a cross, as f crossback; CROSS-BUN, -DOLLAR, -FOX, etc. c 1330 [see cross sb. 19], be croice side. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. ii. 199 [They] wore continually vpon their backes a red Crosse, whereby the name Crosse-back .. was to them attributed. 1827 Clare Sheph. Cal. Aug. 75 Placed on the circling Cross-steps. 1889 Archseol. Ailiana XIII. 265 The Birtley cross-slab. II. From cross a. 4. a. gen. Having a transverse direction; transverse; going across something; as crossarm, -band, -brace, -bracing, -gate, -pole, -rod, -strap; cross-bar, -beam, -piece, -sail, etc.; b.

CROSSspec. Transverse to the direction in which the main or principal thing of the kind lies, and thus often a branch of it, or otherwise subordinate to it, as cross-barrel, -drain, -furrorw, -lane, -lode, -passage, -timber, -trench, -turnpike, vein, -wall-, CROSS-COURSE, -PATH, -ROAD, -STREET, -way, etc.; c. Crossing or intersecting each other, as cross-hand, -reef, cross-bones, -keys. 1590 Sir J. Smvth Disc. Weapons *** iij, With trenches, cross-trenches, gabions, and diverse other. 1626 Bacon Sylva §120 As if you should make a Cross-barrel hollow, thorow the Barrel of a Piece. 1725 Manchester Rec. (U.S.) I. 165 Southerly by the Towns land cal’d the Pasonage land as the Cross wall now stands. 1757 Da Costa in Phil. Trans. L. 233 These cross-loads are generally filled with fragments of . . minerals. 1760 Patrington Haven Act 13 Pass through the said turnpikes or cross gates. 1787 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode Upon Ode Wks. 1794 I. 401 Great in tattoo .. and cross¬ hand roll. 1823 Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 377 We did not take the cross-turnpike till we came to Whitchurch, a 1826 Farey Steam Eng. (1827) 678 On the upper end of the piston rod.. a horizontal cross-rod .. is fixed. 1829 Southey Pilgr. to Compostella ill, Perch’d on a cross-pole hoisted high. 1834 Stephens in Brit. Husb. I. 474 A drain must be carried along .. with outlets to the cross-drains. 1845 Gloss. Gothic Archit. I. 317 A variety of cross-braces above the tie-beams. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps ii. §10. 38 Set as stays and crossbands. 1853 Hickie tr. Aristoph. (1872) II. 409 The crossstraps pinch the little toe of my wife’s foot. 1866 Thomas Howard Hist. Inglewood Reefs ix. 51 What is known as a cross reef, that is two reefs, the one intersecting the other. 1881 Jowett Thucyd. I. 20 Strengthening the old ships with cross-timbers. 1884 Mrs. F. Miller Life Ht. Martineau 148 She set up a cross-pole fence around her estate. 1906 D. V. Allen in P. Galvin N.Z. Mining Handbook 54 At the intersection of cross-reefs carrying sulphides. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 1 Aug. 7/2 He attempted to run back, but the cross¬ wall was immediately behind him. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl., Cross-arm. 1909 Webster, Cross bracing. 1925 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. IV. 524 Individual wires mounted on separate insulators attached to cross-arms on poles. 1926 F. W. Crofts Insp. French & Cheyne Myst. x. 134 They reached the cross-lane at Earlswood. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 204/1 Counter-bracing, the provision of two diagonal tierods in the panels of a frame girder or other structure. Also called cross-bracing. 1951 Archit. Rev. CIX. 140/2 An uncompromising system of concrete cross-walls is used, based on a method of construction developed in Denmark during the war. 1958 C. Tomlinson Seeing is Believing (i960) 19 The wind eludes them Streaking its cross-lanes over the uneasy water. 1964 Listener 11 June 950/1 Each pier of each ring is led back to the others by brick crossbracing, making up as it were the spokes of a set of colossal wheels.

5. Also said of things in motion or involving motion, as cross-current (also fig. and attrib.), -ice, -traffic, -train; cross-post. 1598 Florio Worlde of Wordes 430/3 Trauersa,.. a crosse currant of waters. 1823 Scoresby Jrnl. 469 Cross-ice, loose ice, affording a dubious and difficult passage to a ship. 1849 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 57, I had to wait.. for the cross-train to Haddington. 1891 Meredith One of our Conq. II . x. 254 It was a happy cross-current recollection. 1899 Morley in Westm. Gaz. 18 Jan. 5/1 There have been cross-currents, and it was impossible either inside the House of Commons or elsewhere that Sir William Harcourt could speak with the authority of a united party. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 26 Jan. 2/2 Cross-current politics. 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. (1926) I. xix. 140 Several precious moments were lost as the cross-traffic went by. 1948 [see cross-town a.]. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid xi. 242 In the middle of these cross-currents, when partisan feeling had reached High pressure .. the envoys returned.

IJWith vbl. sbs. and nouns involving action: see 9. III. From cross adv. 6. With verbs, forming compound verbs, meaning to do something a. across, or cross¬ wise, or in a direction or way traversing another, as cross-bond, -carve, -fetter, -pile, -swim, -tie] cross-cut, -plough, etc.; b. in a way that crosses recognized or ordinary lines of affinity, as cross-pollinate] cross-breed, -couple, -fertilize; c. in a way that crosses or traverses another action, as cross-examine, -question, etc.; d. so that two actions mutually cross each other, the one being the counterpart of the other, or done in return or reciprocation for the other, as cross-disguise, -invite, -petition. 1590 Sylvester Du Bartas Yvry Wks. (Grosart) II. 249 And fiery-fierce and stout, A hundred wayes cross-carves the Field about, a 1618 - Mottoes 329 The world and Death one day them cross-disguised To cosen Man. 1613 T. Milles Treas. Anc. & Mod. Times 75/1 Although the Seas were very, .tempestuous, yet he would Crosse-swim them, without any feare. 1645 J. Bond Occasus Occid. 35 Hee doth fetter, and.. crosse-fetter him. 01734 North Lives II. 62 His lordship chose to be so far rude as not to cross invite, rather than bear the like consequences of such another intercourse. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. viii. 25 He tied and cross-tied them all fast together. 1862 Smiles Engineers II. 429 These [stones] were to be carefully set by hand, with the broadest ends downwards, all crossbonded or jointed. 1878 Lumberman's Gaz. 25 Dec. 446 The amount of lumber now cross-piled on the several mill docks. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 7 Dec. 7/2 The husband denied various acts described as cruelty by the wife, and cross-petitioned for judicial separation. 1920 Chambers's Jrnl. 13 Mar. 238/1 Budding and cross-pollenating. 1923 Daily Mail 28 Feb. 5 Her husband.. cross-petitions for the dissolution of his marriage.

7. Wither, pples., or adjs. of this form, forming adjs., as cross-flowing, -jingling, -pulling, -running.

51 1634 Milton Comus 832 The flood That stayed her flight with his cross-flowing course. 1641-Reform. 1. (1851) 31 The fantastick, and declamatory flashes; the crosse-jingling periods which cannot but disturb, and come thwart a setl’d devotion. 1835 Marryat Pirate iv, This gale and crossrunning sea are rather too much for boats. 1854-6 Patmore Angel in Ho. 1. 1. x, Cross-pulling vices, tied Like Samson’s foxes, by the tails.

8. With pa. pples., or adjs. so formed, forming adjs., as cross-batted (cf. cross a. 1 e), -fissured, -folded, -gagged, -laced, -latticed, -striped] CROSS-BRED, -GARTERED, etc. (Often approaching or passing into 11.) 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 23 b, The Harrowe, is an instrument crosse lettused, to breake the Cloddes. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 49 They would .. stand cross-gagged, with knives in their mouths. 1624 T. Scott Vox Dei 41 To sitt with our armes crosse-folded. 1649 G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. V, clxxvi, Clad .. in crossstript Motley. 1865 Kingsley Herew. iv, Scarlet stockings cross-laced with gold braid up to the knee. 1869 Phillips Vesuv. vii. 198 It was originally more cross-fissured than the other. 1955 Miller & Whitington Cricket Typhoon xii. 230 Caught at deep mid-on from a cross-batted swipe. 1955 Times 12 July 12/1 An astonishing cross batted slash through the covers. 1968 Listener 11 July 61/2 It is a passive, cross-batted reaction to the short ball from a fast bowler.

9. With vbl. sbs. and nouns involving action, in the various senses found with the vb. (see 6), as cross-alliteration, -peal, -planking, -striation, -stroke, -tabulation, -ventilation] cross-appeal, -association, -belief, -claim, -suit, -summons] cross-blow, -protection, -raiding, -resistance; CROSS-ENTRY, etc. Here cross- becomes practically equivalent to an adjective, though originating, as in 6, 7, 8, in the adverb. 1684 R. H. Sch. Recreat. 91 There are two kinds of Changes, viz. Plain Changes, and Cross-peals.. the second is called Cross, so are its methods cross and intricate. 1749 Lavington Enthusiasm (1754) I. 151 All the ridiculous Ceremonies of Puff, Cross-Puff, Impuff, and Expuff. 1819 Edin. Rev. XXXII. 124 That cross-play of selfishness and vanity. 1869 E. A. Parker Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 128 A thorough cross-ventilation by opposite windows. 1884 Law Reports 9 App. Cases 571 Appeal and cross-appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court. 1885 H. T. Atkinson in Law Rep. 14 Q. Bench Div. 923 Cross-claims for damages could only be set up in different actions. 1890 J. Corbett Sir F. Drake ix. 124 It was no mere cross-raiding on which he was bent. 1892J.c. Blomfield Hist. Heyford 4 A couple of trees were laid down, and a cross-planking fixed upon them. 1899 W. James Talks x. 98 As cross-associations multiply and habits of familiarity and practice grow, the entire system of our objects of thought consolidates. 1923 Daily Mail 28 Feb. 5 In this case there are cross-suits. One, by the wife.., her husband.. cross-petitions for the dissolution of his marriage. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 282 The histological character of the cells had changed, cross-striations arising in them. 1927 Daily Express 17 Aug. 7 I hope that I shall live to see the day when motorists will be able to take out cross-summonses against careless pedestrians. 1934 Priebsch & Collinson German Lang. x. 375 Ingeniously adapting b, by a cross-stroke, e.g. geban.. to designate the voiced labial spirant (v). 1938 R. Graves Coll. Poems p. xv, I found the strictly matching consonantal sequences of Welsh bardic poetry too crabbed for English, but modified them to cross-alliteration. 1949 R. K. Merton Social Theory 15 Paradigms, by their very arrangement, suggest the systematic cross-tabulation of presumably significant concepts. 1951 Whitby & Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) xii. 195 Sera prepared against either organism will.. afford cross-protection in mice. 1956 Ibid. (ed. 6) x. 135 Tetracycline Derivatives... Acquired resistance common, with cross-resistance to all members of group. 1961 Lancet 2 Sept. 521/1 Cross-resistance between different penicillins is not necessarily absolute.

IV. From cross prep. 10. With object sbs., forming adjs., with sense a. Crossing, across, as cross-channel (see B), -river-, cross-town, cross-country; b. Adverse to, as f cross-bliss-, cross course a. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxvii. 135 This crosse-blisse world of ours. 1888 Pall Mall G. 15 Feb. 12/1 The Greenwich Ferry Company.. Cross-river communication for vehicular traffic.

V. 11. Parasynthetic derivatives, as a. crosshandled-, cross-shaped, having the shape of a cross; cross-headed, -hilted; b. cross-armed, fingered, having the arms, etc. crossed; cross¬ handed, -legged, etc. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 304 With hand in hand, cross¬ fingered one between another. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 485 Then I . .walked cross armed, sighed, cast vp mine eyes. 1670 Moral State Eng. 83 Cross-arm’d Lovers. 17.. Tollet On Shaks. (Jod.), The cross-shaped flower on the head of this figure. 1881 Daily News 8 Nov. 5/7 In the cross-armed and somewhat downcast attitude which he has assumed throughout the trial. 1896 Daily News 15 June 7/1 The familiar cross-handled baskets of the fruit. 1912 T. Okey Art of Basket-making vii. 74 The basket is to be covered as well as cross-handled.

B. Special combinations (with quots. in alphabetical order):, cross-accent Mus. = syncopation 3; cross-action (Law), an action brought by the defendant against the plaintiff or a co-defendant in the same action: cf. cross¬ bill; cross-and-jostle, applied to a race in which the riders cross each other’s paths and jostle each other, getting to the winning-post as they like, by fair riding or foul; also fig.; f cross¬ arrow, an arrow shot from a cross-bow; cross-axle (see quot.); cross-banded (Carpentry), see quot.; cross-bedding (Geol.),

CROSSapparent lines of stratification crossing the real ones, false bedding; f cross-bell, the bell rung at the Elevation of the Host; cross-belt, orig. a belt worn over both shoulders, and crossing in front of the breast; also, in later use, a single belt passing obliquely across the breast; hence cross-belted a.-, cross-birth, a birth in which the child is presented in a position transverse to the uterus; cross-bit = cross-piece; f cross¬ blow, a counter-blow; also a blow indirectly dealt; cross-border a., that forms a border across a fabric, etc.; so cross-bordered adj.; cross-break, a break across a lode of ore or strata of rocks; cross-catalogue v., to catalogue under a heading or division that crosses another; to cross-index; cross cause, (a) a hindrance (Obs. rare)-, (b) Law, a cause in which each of the litigants has a suit against the other; cross¬ channel a., passing or situated across the (English or other) channel; cross-check v. trans., (a) Ice Hockey, to obstruct by holding one’s stick across an opponent (Webster, 1934); (b) to check (an observation, theory, etc.) by an alternative method of verification; so as sb.; cross-chock (see quot.); cross-colouring Geol., colour-markings in strata caused by the introduction of extraneous matter by the action of water; cross-correlation, a correlation between two distinct series of measurements, events, etc., ordered in time or space; cross¬ correspondence Spiritualism (see quot. 1909); cross-court a., of a stroke in tennis, rackets, etc.: hit diagonally across the court; so as v. trans., to hit diagonally across the court; crosscousin, one of two cousins who are the children of a brother and a sister respectively; also attrib. in cross-cousin marriage-, cross-cropping (see quot.); cross-cultural a., pertaining to or involving different cultures or comparison between them; f cross-dagger, an obsolete coin; cross-dating, the establishment of the date of one archaeological site or level by correlation with another; also in den¬ drochronology (see quot. 1946); so crossdate v. trans. and intr.; cross-dog (see dog); cross-dressing = transvestism; hence [as back-formation] cross-dress v. intr. , to dress in clothes of the opposite sex, as a transvestite; cross-dresser; cross-fade v. trans. and intr. (Broadcasting and Cinemat.), to ‘fade in’ one sound or picture while ‘fading out’ another; so as sb.-, so cross-fading vbl. sb.; cross-fam v. slang (see quot.); cross-fault Geol., a fault which crosses the strike of the displaced strata; cross¬ ferry = ferry sb.1 2, 3; cross-file (see quot.); cross-fishing, fishing with a line with many hooks attached extending across a stream; cf. /Cross-line 2; cross-flute, a transverse flute (see flute sb.1 1); cross-frog, the arrangement where one line of rails crosses another, each of the rails being notched to admit the flanges of wheels on the crossing rail; f cross-grinded a., cross-vaulted, having two arches or vaults intersecting each other; cross-guard, a swordguard consisting of a short transverse bar; f cross-hack v., to hack or cut with crossing lines; hence f cross-hacking; cross-hair = spider-line; cross-hap, adverse fortune or occurrence; cross-house, a house at or by a cross; a house standing crosswise to others; also fig.; cross-index v., to index under another heading as a cross-reference; cross-influence, interchange of influences or tendencies; cross-kick v. intr., in football, to kick the ball across the field; also as sb.; cross-legs, (a) crossed legs; also quasi-adt;.; (b) (Obs. slang) a tailor (cf. quot. 1602 s.v. cross a. 1 b); t cross-letter, a letter crossing the main routes, and carried by the cross-post; cross-license v. trans., ‘to give a license to another to use (a patent or invention) in return for a similar license’ (Webster, 1961); also intr. and as sb.; hence cross-licensing vbl. sb.; cross-lift v. (see quot.); f cross-like a., like or resembling a cross; cross-linguistic a., pertaining to or involving different languages or comparison between them; cross-link sb., -linkage Chem., a chemical bond, or an atom or short chain of atoms, which connects two (long) chains in a polymer or other complex molecule; so cross¬ link v. trans., to connect by cross-links, to bring about cross-linking in; intr., to form a cross-link (with); cross-linked'ppl, a.; cross-linking, vbl. sb., the formation of cross-links; also, a network or system of cross-links; cross-lock a., applied

CROSSto an invention by which a carriage, etc. is enabled to ‘lock’ or turn on the main-pin in a particular way; cross-lode (see 4); cross-loop, a loop-hole in a fort in the form of a cross so as to give free range horizontally and vertically to an archer, etc.; cross-match v. trans. (Med.), to test the compatibility of (the blood of a blooddonor and a recipient); also said of the individuals; so as sb.; hence cross-matching vbl. sb.; cross-member, a strut fastened across the length of the chassis of a motor-car, etc.; cross¬ mint, the species Mentha crispa-, cross¬ modulation, electrical intermodulation; esp. the introduction into one signal of new frequencies from another, unwanted, modulated signal; cross-mouth a., having a transverse mouth; cross-mouth chisel, a cylindrical boring chisel with a diametrical blade; also cross-mouthed chisel, f cross-naming, metonymy; crossoylet = cross-loop-, cross-pass, a pass across the field in football; cross-peen (also -pane, -pein), a hammer in which the peen runs crosswise to the direction of the handle; t cross-penny, a (silver) penny bearing a cross (cf. cross sb. 19); a kreutzer; cross-ply a., designating a tyre in which the layers of fabric are laid with the cords at right angles across one another; also ellipt. as sb.\ f cross-providence, an adverse dis¬ pensation or dealing of providence; cross¬ quarters (Arch.), an ornament of tracery in the form of a cruciform flower; cross-rail, a horizontal rail of a door or other framework; cross-reel v. trans., to wind (yarn) on a reel with a reciprocating movement; so cross-reeling vbl. sb.; cross-rhythm Mus., the simultaneous use of more than one rhythm; cross-rib, (a) Arch. (see quots.); (b) in a side of beef, a sternal rib running crosswise to the body; cross-saddle, a saddle on which the rider sits astride; also as adv., on a cross-saddle, astride; cross-sea (see cross a. 1); cross-seizing Naut., a seizing in which a number of turns of rope cross an equal number in the opposite direction; cross-shed (see quot. a 1877); cross-shoot, -shooting, a shooting or shot at anything moving across the field of sight; cross-shot, (a) = prec.; (b) Lawn Tennis, a shot that sends the ball diagonally across the court; cross-sleeper, a sleeper laid transversely across a tramway or railway track as a support for the rails; also as adj.; cross-spider, the common British garden spider Epeira diadema, so called from the cross-like mark on its anterior surface; cross-talk (Telephone), (a) see quot. 1887; in wider use, any unwanted transfer of signals from one circuit, channel, etc., to another; also, in Radio, a reproduced signal due to waves that are not of the frequency to which the receiver is tuned; (b) altercation, repartee, back-chat; conversation; also attrib.\ so cross-talker; cross-tig, a variety of the game ‘tig’ in which another player running across between pursuer and pursued is pursued in his turn; cross-tining (dial.), cross-harrowing: see cross v. 7 b; cross-tube (see quot. 1888); cross¬ valve, a valve placed where a pipe has two cross¬ branches; cross-vigil (see quot.); cross-vine, a climber of the southern U.S., in which a section of the stem shows a cross-like appearance; cross-volley Lawn Tennis, a volley that sends the ball diagonally across the court; cross¬ voting, voting not according to party lines, in which some of the votes of each party are given on the other side; cross-ward, a cross-shaped ward of a lock; cross-weaving, weaving in which the warp-threads are crossed in regular order; cross-webbing, webbing drawn over the saddle-tree to strengthen the seat of a saddle; cross-winding, (a) a twisting of the surface of masonry, or the like; (b) the winding of yarn on a reel in such a way that the strands of one layer cross those of the previous layer at an acute angle; cross-wire, a wire that crosses; spec. = cross-hair-, cross-wood, a West Indian shrub Jacquinia ruscifolia\ f cross-work, transverse work; adverse action; fwork with crosses; f cross-wounded ppl. a., pierced through with a wound; cross-yard, a pole or spar fastened cross-wise. 1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! iii. 219 It is often suggested that jazz rhythm .. ends by becoming monotonous through its being merely a series of irregular groupings and ‘crossaccents over a steady and unyielding pulse. 1959 D. Cooke Lang. Music v. 265 Driving duple rhythm (with triplets in chaotic cross-accent). 1962 Listener 31 May 969/3 Cross¬ accents and polyrhythms frequently suggest a concerto-like opposition of the various instrumental sounds individually or in groups. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I, 393 He had

52 begun a ‘cross action.. against the clergyman. 1841 Gen. Thompson Exerc. (1842) VI. 52 And because there would be no use in two thousand men agreeing to die upon half the food that can keep soul and body together, they either toss up for it or play a *cross-and-jostle match. 1611 Beaum & Fl. King & No K. 11. i, I was run twice through the body, and shot i’ th’ head with a ‘cross arrow. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Cross-axle, 1. a shaft, windlass, or roller worked by opposite levers; as the copper-plate printing-press, etc.; 2. (Railroad Engineering) a driving-axle with cranks set at an angle of 90° with each other. 1875 Gwilt Archit. Gloss, s.v., Handrailing.. is said to be ‘cross-banded when a veneer is laid upon its upper side, with the grain of the wood crossing that of the rail, and the extension of the veneer in the direction of its fibres is less than the breadth of the rail. c 1450 Lydg. Mer. Missse 69 Whan he ryngythe the •crosbelle. 1797 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. II. 416 It is recommended.. that all [the seamen] should have canvas •cross-belts. 1858 W. Ellis Visits Madagascar xiii. 372 The men wore the white cloth .. round their loins, with cross¬ belts, and cartouche boxes over their naked shoulders. 1590 Nashe Pasquil's Apol. 1. Diij, Theyr ‘crosse-blowe of Fellotve labourers will not saue theyr ribbes, if they be no better Fencers. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 449 A counter-buffe, or crosse-blow, to the plots.. of carnall and worldly-wise men. 1894 T. W. Fox Mech. Weaving 156 If a ‘cross-border machine is employed, a considerable saving in cards results in the manufacture of handkerchiefs.. with a border all round. Ibid., Certain classes of fabrics, such as crossbordered, swivel, and compound. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 11/4 Low values caused by ‘cross-breaks. 1890 G. Saintsbury Ess. 17 [He] catalogues books as folio, quarto, octavo, and so forth, and then ‘cross-catalogues them as law, physic, divinity and the rest. 1891 Athenaeum 18 July 94/2 Librarians should therefore cross-catalogue.. the work under these headings. 1696 J. Sergeant Meth. Sci. hi. viii. 323 Multitudes of ‘Cross-causes may intervene, hindering that Effect from following. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. xxvii. 451 When there are cross causes, on a cross bill filed by the defendant against the plaintiff in the original cause, they are generally contrived to be brought on together, that the same hearing and the same decree may serve for both of them. 1891 Scot. Leader 12 Dec. 4 Heavy weather was experienced by the ‘cross-channel steamers. 1892 Daily News 8 Oct. 7/4 Belfast.. White linens for home and crossChannel markets. 1940 Economist 24 Feb. 341/1 Certain ‘cross checks operated by the authorities suggest that the extent of evasion of the Regulations.. has been commendably small. 1951 N.Y. Times 24 June E9/7 Experiments designed to cross-check important results. 1953 Ibid. 18 Jan. S3/6 An Associated Press cross-check.. showed them .. in support of the .. action, i960 E. H. Gombrich Art & Illusion viii. 274 We now know that touch is only one of a whole battery of cross checks at our disposal. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio xiii. 225 This front-line audience can be of immense value to him in cross¬ checking his calculation or intuition. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 5 Feb. 20/3 Penalties.. Watson (P) (cross¬ checking). 1823 Crabbe Technological Diet., *Cross-chocks {Mar.).. pieces of timber fayed across the dead-wood in midships, to make good the deficiency of the lower heels of the futtock. 1901 Science 31 May 869/2, I scarcely dare assert that it might not be secondary ‘cross-coloring. 1920 H. E. Howard Territory in Bird Life iv. 133 Here we have a direct relationship.. which at first sight appears to be exclusive of‘cross-correlation. 1965 Math, in Biol. & Med. {Med. Res. Council) 1. 37 The computer is being used to apply the mathematical techniques of autocorrelation and cross-correlation to the interpretation of the EEG in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. 1970 Nature 26 Dec. 1299/1 A simple check for the effects of such coupling is to look for differences in the cross correlation between records from different aerials. 1904 J. G. Piddington in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. XVIII. 294 {heading) ‘Cross¬ correspondences between the trance-utterances and script of Mrs. Thompson and those of other mediums. 1909 O. Lodge Survival of Man xii. 182 Cross-correspondence— that is, the reception of part of a message through one medium and part through another—is good evidence of one intelligence dominating both automatists. 1938 H. F. Saltmarsh {title) Evidence of personal survival from cross correspondences. 1915 M. E. McLoughlin Tennis as I play It (1916) xi. 235 The net-man is in line with the angle of almost all ‘cross-court shots. 1923 Daily Mail 30 June n He cross-courted both returns with his backhand, i960 Times 10 June 18/6 He. . hit his cross-court drive .. to within inches of the line. 1889 E. Tylor in Jrnl. Anthrop. Inst. XVIII. 263 The child of the brother may marry the child of the sister. It seems obvious that this ‘‘cross-cousin marriage’, as it may be called, must be the direct result of the simplest form of exogamy. 1932 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 265 All ortho-cousins are forbidden, while cross-cousins are considered suitable mates. 1970 E. Leach Levi-Strauss 121 A cross-cousin is a cousin of the type ‘mother’s brother’s child’ or ‘father’s sister’s child’. 1847 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VIII. 1. 34 The miserable system of ‘cross-cropping, or taking two or more white straw crops in succession, a 1942 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory Culture (1944) iii. 18 There is the comparative method, in which the student is primar¬ ily interested in gathering extensive ‘cross-cultural documentations. 1949 M. Mead Male & Female ii. 26 All people who have had the good fortune to learn several languages in childhood have a precious degree of., crosscultural understanding. 1701 S. Jeake Body Arith. 142 ‘Cross Daggers of Scotland, New Value 1 is. 8d. 1937 W. S. Glock Princ. & Methods Tree-Ring Analysis 1. 16 Two ring sequences that ‘cross-date were synchronous in formation and effectively duplicate each other in whole or in part... Cross-dating as generally practiced is the establishment of the time identity in ring groups in two different trees by means of very high and convincing structural correlation between them. 1939 G. Clark Archaeol. & Society v. 142 As a basis he studied living trees, cross-dating many trees of the same age to make sure of eliminating individual or purely topographical variations. 1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating the Past i. 11 Cross-dating. Having constructed a number of plots of individual trees one proceeds to ‘cross-date’ them. This is the term used by dendrochronologists for correlating the ring-series of one tree with that of another. 1950 G. E. Daniel too Yrs. Archaeol. iv. 148 The synchronological technique of cross-dating. 1862 Smiles Engineers I. 283 The workmen erected another pier, using much timber in ‘crossdogs, bars, and braces. 1966 H. Benjamin Transsexual

CROSSPhenomenon ii. 12 Men in whom the desire to ‘cross-dress is often combined with other deviations. 1979 P- Ackroyd Dressing Up i. 27/2 When cross-dressed, the transvestite .. ‘achieves a completely emotional identification which is sexually abnormal but aesthetically correct’. 1984 Listener 12 July 7/3 She had never accepted his desire to cross-dress, regarding him as ‘perverted’ and ‘disgusting’. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 16 Oct. 10/3 Not all of these ‘‘crossdressers’, however, are satisfied just to wear feminine finery and assume female mannerisms. 1911 E. Carpenter in Amer. Jrnl. Relig. Psychol. & Educ. July 228 ‘Cross¬ dressing must be taken as a general indication of, and a cognate phenomenon to, homosexuality. 1928 H. Ellis Studies Psychol. Sex VII. 12 But Hirschfeld’s conception of the anomaly scarcely appeared to me altogether satisfactory. Transvestism or cross-dressing fails to cover the whole of the ground. 1950 London & Caprio Sexual Deviations i. 20 Moll classified various varieties of transvestism as follows: .. (2) homosexual cases, in which cross-dressings con¬ stituted part of the contrary state; (3) heterosexual cases, where the sexual impulse is normal and in which cross¬ dressing constitutes part of a contrary sexual state [etc.]. 1971 Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 10 Dec. 21/4 Many transexuals are also transvestites, with cross-dressing an essential part of their all-out desire to assume the opposite role. 1985 Times 21 Jan. 8/6 Androgynous clothing is a challenge to fixed concepts of femininity/masculinity, and once that demarcation line was established in Christian society, cross-dressing became subversive. 1937 Printers' Ink Monthly Apr. 50/2 *Cross-fade, where one section of sound (musical or otherwise) is faded in while another is faded out. 1940 Publishers' Weekly 5 Oct. 1405 Cross fade on cue. 1953 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing ii. 187 The dubbing editor should be able to cross-fade from the dialogue to the music track at any time. 1957 Manvell & Huntley Film Music iii. 78 The turning of the page at a crossfade or cut can be helped by music’s power. 1931 T. H. Pear Voice & Personality vi. 61 The process called by radioplay producers ‘‘cross-fading’. 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet To *cross-fam a person, is to pick his pocket by crossing your arms in a particular position. 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. XVI. 461 Both longitudinal and ‘cross-faults.. in the Eastern Alps. 1964 L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. (ed. 2) xiv. 193 The simplest kind of fault is the normal cross-fault, perpendicular to the axis. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 2 May 10/1 Nine ‘cross-ferries, two of which carry vehicular traffic. 1903 Daily Chron. 20 Feb. 6/7 Vehicular cross-ferry traffic was suspended. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Cross-file, a file used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheels. It has two convex faces of different curvatures. 1867 B. Osborne in Morn. Star 9 Apr., There is a thing called ‘cross-fishing, where one line is used with different coloured baits, and where both sides of the stream are swept. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms 172/2 ‘Cross-flutes were known to the Greeks by the name plagiaulos (wAayZauAo?), and to the Romans as tibia obliqua. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 2 July 2/3 How this the flute, and that the cross-flute wrought. 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 62 The Portico with a ‘crossgrinded Arch. 1874 Boutell Arms & Arm. ix. 173 The simplest variety of hilt.. has.. the pommel.. the barrel.. and the ‘cross-guard. 1608 Plat Garden of Eden (1653) 158 ‘Crossehack your cherry trees.. in the new moon next after Christmas. Ibid. 159 All the ‘cross-hackings here mentioned. a 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 322/1 A telescope fitted with a ‘cross hair. 1917 J. H. McConkey End of Age 50 The cross-hairs of God’s telescope of prophecy are centered upon it. 1881 Duffield Don Quix. I. 142 You need not fear any *cross-hap. a 1625 Boys Wks. (1629) 165 Many are so blinded with the sunshine of prosperity that they see.. no such schoole as the ‘Crossehouse. 187s W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 58 At either end of the wide part of this street there is a crosshouse. 1892 Law Times XCII. 196/1 ‘Mayor’s Court’ should be ‘cross-indexed as ‘Lord Mayor’s Court’. 1931 G. Stern Meaning & Change of Meaning i. 13 The ‘big’ words are especially liable to sense-loans and ‘cross-influences. 1942 A. Koestler in Horizon V. 390 The revolution in physics has certainly affected the artist.. and similar cross¬ influences are easy to discover. 1927 Daily Tel. 10 Feb. 16/7 You must swerve.. or feint (or even ‘cross-kick) at an unexpected moment. 1954 J. B. G. Thomas On Tour vi. 66 Dobbin.. cross-kicked into the middle, i960 T. McLean Kings of Rugby xi. 179 A crosskick by Brown. 1823 in Spirit of Public Jrnls. 1823 (1825) 59 Although the world has with one assent, agreed to consider the race of *cross-legs as the most peacable and innocent set of people. 1889 Wilde House of Pomegranates (1891)39 Sitting down cross-legs, in a circle. 1912 W. de la Mare Listeners 9 Then from his crosslegs he gets down. 1921 D. H. Lawrence Let. in E. & A. Brewster Reminisc. Corresp. (1934) 24 If only you crossed the spoon and fork in front to look like two crosslegs. 1787 Hist. Eur. in Ann. Reg. 134 The ‘cross letter postage, which had been for many years let out to Mr. Allen. 1964 M. Gowing Brit. Atomic Energy 1939-1945 vii. 208 He did not believe that any agreement between Governments for free ‘cross-licensing was necessary. 1965 Economist 18 Dec. 1330/3 Part of the cross-licensing agreement. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (ed. 9) 110 To •cross lift a gun, or carriage is to move it in a direction nearly at right angles to its axis. 1649 tr. Behmen's Epist. (1886) v. §29 It maketh a ‘cross-like birth. 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet. 290 Otherwise the Perimeter of the House had been Cruciform or Cross-like. 1954 J. H. Greenberg in H. Hoijer Lang, in Culture 1. 6 A matter which might be tested by ‘cross-linguistic comparisons. 1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 208 Cross-linguistic appeals to equivalents or earlier forms in other languages are wholly irrelevant. 1936 Blaikie & Crozier in Ind. Engin. Chem. XXVIII. 1159/2 The number of ‘cross links in different soluble polymers will vary and be less than in the insoluble variety. 1937 Norrish Sc Brookman in Proc. R. Soc. A. CLXIII. 207 The production of these cross-linkages as determined by the formation of insoluble polymers appears to depend upon the electron attracting or repelling properties. Ibid. 207 Isoprene was used in an attempt to obtain a cross-linked polymer with styrene, since isoprene must possess this cross-linking property. Ibid. 219 Styrene will not form an insoluble co-polymer with the ether, although a small amount of cross-linking must occur. 1941 P. J. Flory in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXIII. 3100/2 Gelation occurs when the cross-linking index y (equal to the number of structural units which are cross-linked per chain) is equal to unity. 1963 J. Osborne Dental Mech. (ed. 5) xi. 240 A

CROSSABLE cross-linking agent may be added to the monomer. On polymerization such a substance cross-links in at least two directions with methyl methacrylate. 1970 Nature 6 June 939/2 This results in cross-linking which binds together the polymer chains within the enlarged crystallites. Ibid., Cross-linking polymers by y-irradiation is known to decrease crystallinity. 1843 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IV. 11. 492 Spring-waggon on the equirotal ‘cross-lock principle. 1930 Ann. Surg. XCI. 487 In five cases, in which the donor and the recipient were of the same group, there was agglutination when the bloods were ‘cross-matched. 1937 Kracke & Garver Dis. Blood xxxix. 433 It is .. advisable to cross match the prospective donor and recipient to eliminate any possibility of an untoward reaction... In performing a cross match either the slide or the test tube method .. may be used. Ibid., The latter [is ascertained] by cross matching (donor vs. recipient). 1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 381/1 Early assessment allows more time for accurate cross-matching, and makes emergency transfusion safer. 1922 Autocar 10 Nov. 982 Another feature is the mounting of the steering box on the front *cross-member of the chassis. 1962 Which? (Car Suppl.) Oct. 138/1 We had to replace the front suspension cross-member. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 11. ccxv. §2. 552 Mentha cruciata, ‘Crosse Mint, or curled Mint. 1933 J M- Stinchfield in K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. viii. 204 ‘Cross-modulation and modulation distortion in the r-f stages of a receiver. 1942 Electronic Engin. XV. 285 This method.. prevents cross-modulation of the two input voltages due to a common cathode impedance. 1958 W. F. Lovering Radio Communication xiii. 319 The cross-modulation component is.. most likely to occur when the interfering signal is that from a strong local station. 01877 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 650/1 *Crossmouth chisel, a boring-chisel of a cylindrical form with a diametrical blade. 1896 Daily News 26 Sept. 3/5 Cross¬ mouthed chisels of hardest tool steel. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. (Arb.) 189 Single words haue their sence and vnderstanding altered and figured many wayes, to wit, by transport, abuse, ‘crosse-naming .. change of name. 1857 Turner Dom. Archit. III. 11. vii. 341 In each side of the central buttress is a slit, and above it a ‘cross-oylet. 1929 Daily Express 7 Nov. 19/2 A *cross-pass from right-winger T. Masked was retrieved just beyond the far post by his opposite number. 1961 Times 25 May 4/2 Hitchens headed into the top corner on the bounce a long cross-pass from Armfield. .5 3.) Hence as v. trans. and intr. Also fig. 1864 ‘Mark Twain’ Sketches of Sixties (1927) 149 The skirmishers fight shyly up to each other, counter and crosscounter, feint and parry. 1889 E. B. Michell Boxing 166 The answer to this cross-counter is to deliver the right at the face of the counterer. 1897 Encycl. Sport (1901) I. 134/2 That most effective of manoeuvres, though difficult of execution, the right hand cross-counter. Ibid. 137/1 Should he show a tendency to counter at the body or cross-counter at the head, you may find an opening for an upper-cut. 1907 W. De Morgan Alice-for-Short xxvi. 276 As this and much more cross-countered continually with the dialogue about Alice’s squashy days, Mrs. Heath had good excuse for misunderstanding.

'cross-country, a. [cross- io.] a. Across the country transversely to the great highways; across the fields, etc., instead of following the roads. 1767 S. Paterson Another Traveller! I. 316 We had a cross-country road back to Alost. 1786 Cowper Gratitude 20 These carpets.. Oh spare them, ye knights of the boot, Escaped from a cross country ride! 1885 H. O. Forbes Nat. Wandr. E. Archip. 191 The main cross-country road to Bencoolen.

b. Applied to flying across the country. Also absol., a cross-country flight. 1909 Daily Chron. 9 Sept. 1/6 The first cross-country flight of note was made by M. Farman on October 30, 1908. 1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway xi. 287 He .. had hit a hill, like any pupil on his first cross-country.

'cross-'couple, v. [cross- 6.] trans. To couple things that do not naturally go together. Hence f'cross-'couple sb., 'cross-'coupling vbl. sb., Puttenham’s term for the rhetorical figure synceciosis, ‘whereby heterogeneous things were combined or attributed to one person.’ 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie III. xix. (Arb.) 216 Another figure which .. may well be called .. the Cross-couple [marg. Syneciosis, or the Crosse copling]. 1681-6 Scott Chr. Life II. 363 There will be no more.. such cross-coupling of Prosperity with Vice and Misery with Virtue.

'cross-course, sb. Mining, [cross-4.] A vein or lode (usually barren) intersecting the regular vein or lode at an angle; also = cross-cut sb. 2. 1802 Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 254 Intersected nearly at right angles by other mineral veins called Cross Courses. 1882 Rep. Geol. Explor. 13 A short cross-course was put in intersecting the lode.

t ‘cross-course, a. Obs. [cross- io.] Running athwart the straight course of things. 1632 C. Downing State Eccl. Kingd. (1634) 51 All was made sure .. by the elective assent of the supreme Nobilitie, without any cross-course conditions (as falls out) when the souldiers or people elect.

'cross-'crosslet. Her. [Cf. crosslet 2.] Across having the extremity of each arm in the form of a small cross. i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. B iij b, Cros croslettis and Cros flory. C1630 Risdon Surv. Devon. §128. (1810) 134 Three lions between six cross croslets. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xxi. §5 (ed. 3) 361 A chevron between three crosses-crosslets sa.

'cross-cut, sb. [cross-4 a, b.] 1. (Usually cross cut.) A cut or cutting across or from side to side; a direct path between two points, transverse or diagonal to the main way. 1800 Spirit Pub. Jrnls. IV. 186 If you have occasion to travel frequently to one place, take all the cross cuts. 1837 R-

CROSSED

55 Ellison Kirkstead 27 Deep cross-cuts lurk the treacherous shrubs below. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. V. xiv. 492 He knew the by-ways.. and the cross-cuts and roads as far as Brunswick.

2. Mining. A cutting across the course of a vein, or across the general direction of the workings. 1789 J. Williams Min. Kingdom (1810) I. 312 It is., proper to push forward cross cuts from your first trench every way. 1851 Greenwell Coal-trade Terms Northumb. & Durh. 20 Crosscut, an excavation driven at an acute angle to the direction of the cleavage or cleat. 1872 Raymond Statist. Mines 326 A cross-cut is being run from the main shaft.. 95 or 100 feet below the surface.

3. A step in dancing. 1842 Dickens Amer. Notes (1850) 62/2 Single shuffle, double shuffle, cut and cross-cut.

4. Short for cross-cut file: see next, 2. 1831 J. Holland Manuf. Metal I. 302 For working iron .. the single lines are closely cut over diagonally and the file becomes a cross-cut.

5. Short for cross-cut saw. 1848 E. Atkinson Otago Jrnl. III. 46 Pit-saws; whit saws; and crosscuts, and files for ditto. 1853 p Paxton’ Yankee in Texas 89 Felling trees, handling cross-cuts, rolling blocks. 1942 L. Rich We took to Woods (1948) 55 Excellence on a two-man cross-cut has nothing to do with size and strength.

6. Cinemat. (See cross-cut

v.

2.)

'cross-cut, a. 1. Adapted for cross-cutting. 1828 Webster, Crosscut-saw, a saw managed by two men, one at each end for sawing large logs or trees across. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Cross-cut Chisel, a chisel with a narrow edge and considerable depth, used in cutting a groove in iron. 1880 Blackw. Mag. Feb. 173 Large trees mostly sawn down by the cross-cut saw.

2. [cross- 8.] Cut across or transversely; having transverse cuts; esp. of a file, having two sets of teeth crossing each other diagonally. 1833 J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 127 The files used by the whitesmith upon cold work are mostly of the cross-cut description. 1883 E. Pennell-Elmhirst Cream Leicestersh. 135 A deep cross-cut fallow.

,cross-'cut, v.

[cross- 6.]

1. trans. To cut

across or transversely.

'cross-di'vision, [cross- 9.] The division of any group according to more than one principle of division at the same time, so that the species cut across one another and produce confusion; an instance of such an intersecting division. 1828 Whately Rhet. in Encycl. Metrop. 246/1 Arguments are divided according to several different principles.. And these cross-divisions have proved a source of endless perplexity to the Logical and Rhetorical student. 1887 Fowler Deduct. Logic 60 A division.. of men into Frenchmen, Asiatics, the unproductive classes, and barbarians, would be a cross-division.

f 'cross-dollar. Obs. [cross- 3 c.] A Spanish dollar, having a cross on the reverse (as was the case at the end of the 17th c.). 1689 Lond. Gaz. No. 2444/4 About 40/. in Spanish Money and Cross Dollars. 1704 Ibid. 4029/1 Cross Dollars, Eighteen Peny-weight, Four Shillings and Four Pence Three Farthings.

'cross-dye, v. trans. (Seequots.) Hence'cross¬ dye sb., a colour used in cross-dying; 'cross¬ dyeing vbl. sb. 1885 J. J. Hummel Dyeing Textile Fabrics 466 The cotton warp may be dyed black, brown, dark blue, drab, &c., before weaving, in which case only the woollen or worsted weft is dyed subsequently. The finished goods are then said to be ‘cross-dyed’. 1901 F. Beech Dyeing Cotton Fabrics iii. 79 This hawking machine will be found useful.. in dyeing cotton cloths with such dyes as.. Cross-dye blacks. Ibid. v. 220 Before the introduction of the direct dyes the method usually followed.. is that known as cross dyeing. 1961 Blackshaw & Brightman Diet. Dyeing 54 Cross dyeing, the dyeing of one component of a mixture of the fibres after at least one of the others has been dyed already. Ibid., The criteria are that the dyed yam shall not change in shade or bleed into other fibres when the latter are cross dyed.

crosse (krDs).

[a. F. crosse:—OF. croce = It. croccia, hockey-stick, etc.: see crose.] The implement used in the game of lacrosse for catching and throwing the ball, consisting of a long shank curved round at the end, with a net stretched across from the curve to the shank. Also called lacrosse-stick.

1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 59 A.. humour rancorous.. That.. Cros-cuts the liver with internall smart. 1655 Culpepper Riverius 11. iii. 67 In a Medium [in Optics] that is Convex and thick, the species are .. broken, and as it were cross-cut. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. § 108 The quarry-men proceed to cross-cut the large flats. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 377 The plough.. drawn across the field, and cross-cutting the uncut ribs of grass.

1867 Ball Players' Chron. 20 June 5/4 It is played with a ‘crosse’, each player carrying one. 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 51 We remember at a lacrosse match taking a shot at the moment a goal was scored, and the ‘crosses’ were being shied into the air by the jubilant scorers. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 23 Sept. 12/3 French is a fine sturdy player, but he is inclined to use only one hand on his crosse.

2. Cinemat. To subject (a film or films) to cross-cutting (see quot. 1933). Also intr. and transf. Hence as adj. and sb.

crosse, var. of crose Obs., crosier.

1933 A. Brunel Filmcraft 95 You may need part of a rejected take because you are cross-cutting that scene. Ibid. 97 After you have eliminated the scene numbers.. you can begin to make the simpler cross-cuts. Ibid. 156 Cross-cut, to alternate in editing two or more scenes—as when one has two close-ups of characters facing each other. 1957 Manvell & Huntley Film Music ii. 40 The two scenes of the dancing action were hastily lengthened and cross-cut to give a rhythm. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Dec. 698/1 Haddock’s gestures as he tells the story exactly match and are cross-cut with those of the Chevalier de la Hadoque slashing away at the ruffians boarding his ship. 1962 Listener 30 Aug. 328/1 A montage sequence.. with shots of Eton, night-club frolics.. cross-cut against back-street slums. 1967 Spectator 30 June 772/1 The author has developed an impressive, cinematic technique for telling this story, crosscutting rapidly from episode to episode.

crossect (kros'sekt), v. [f. cross + L. secare,

'cross-,cutter. Forestry, [f. cross-cut -er1.] One who uses a cross-cut saw.

v.

+

1902 N.Z. Illustr. Mag. Feb. 374/1 Having severed the head from the trunk, the crosscutter’s work is considered accomplished, and they pass on to another tree. 1936 ‘A’ in A. M. Rust Whangarei & Dist. Early Rem. 163 Hundreds of bushmen, loggers, jackers, bullock-drivers, cross-cutters and rafters were employed.

'cross-'Cutting, vbl. sb. [f. cross-cut -ING1.] 1. The action of cutting across.

v.

+

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 345 Repeated cross¬ cuttings with the plough and harrowings. 1896 Daily News 16 Dec. 8/4 He had done 326 feet of cross-cutting still in ore.

2. Cinemat. The action or process of alternating two or more sequences in editing a film. Also transf. 1938 G. H. Sewell Amat. Film-making x. 98 Such a device of alternating shots of two ideas is known as cross cutting. 1954 Encounter Aug. 52/2 Intolerance. .set a standard of screen narrative by cross-cutting and contrapuntal action never since surpassed. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 Feb. 97/4 The manipulation of a rather complex plot is unsure, the cross-cutting inexpert. 1963 Movie Feb. 31/1 These angles, which are constantly cut together, have been selected in deliberate opposition to conventional cross¬ cutting.

t 'cross-days, sb. pi. Obs. [cross-3 a.] 1. The Rogation Days, or three days preceding Ascension Day. 1501 Plumpton Corr. 152 From Lyncolns Inn, at London, this tuesday in the crose dayes. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 9 The onely time for putting of fatte weathers is aboute Easter and Crosse days.

2. Days of persecution when the ‘cross’ has to be borne. (Probably with allusion to sense 1.) 1554 Philpot Exam. & Writ. (Parker Soc.) 246 Wherefore contend in these cross days, which be the lovedays of God towards us.

crossear, -ier, obs. ff. crosier. sectum to cut.]

trans. To divide transversely.

i860 Trollope Castle Richmond III. iv. 69 These had since been bisected and crossected, and intersected. 1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Sept. 8 The Exchequer crossects our income.

crossed (kmst, kroist), a. Also crost. [f. cross sb. and v. + -ed.] 1. Marked with a cross, or with the sign of the cross; bearing or wearing a cross; having taken the cross, f crossed friars: = crutched friars. 1494, 1530 [see crutched]. 1529 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) V. 276 To be beried.. under a crossed stone. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims 11. 1226 Many crossed Nobles were assembled at Lions, to goe to the Holy Land. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 341 The animal is called the crost fox. 1795 tr. Mercier's Fragments II. 426 Her crossed and mitred son. 1851 Dickens Child's Hist. Eng. xv. 124 White-crossed., they rushed into the fight.

2. Placed or lying across each other; marked with lines drawn across; (of a letter) written with lines crossing at right angles. Of a cheque: marked with two parallel lines (see quot. 1957 and cross v. 7 c). 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 235 A line.. to which they attach several large crossed hooks. 1834 J. B. Byles Law of Bills (ed. 2) x. 129 Crossed checks. It is common practice in the city of London, to write across the face of a check the name of a banker. 1836 Mrs. Gaskell Let. 12 May (1966) 8 None of your nimini-pimini notes, but a sensible nonsensical crossed letter. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. i. 8 She did not.. correspond with other girls by means of crossed letters. 1876 B. T. Bosanquet {title) Crossed cheques: the object of crossing, with suggestions as to the amendments required in the statutes relating thereto. 1877 Punch LXXII. 280/1 ‘Crossed cheques’ are only payable through bankers. 1957 Encycl. Brit. V. 413/1 The form [of a cheque] may be printed ‘crossed’; two lines being printed across it. A cheque so crossed can only be cashed through a banker. 1966 Listener 25 Aug. 291 (Advt.), Order through your bookseller or send crossed cheque.

3. fig. Thwarted, opposed, etc. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 203 All fortunes pass’d in my cross’d loue. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks 227 How great a change crost Desires are able to produce in the Body of man. 1798 Landor Gebir Wks. 1846 II. 488 Lest.. crost ambition lose his lofty aim.

fb. Having a ‘cross’ to bear; afflicted. Obs. a 1732 T. Boston Crook in Lot (1805) 99 The afflicted crossed party.. is a gainer thereby, if his spirit is brought down to it.

4. crossed (out): a. obliterated or cancelled by crossing lines; b. Watchmaking: see quot. 1874. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Crossed out, when the web of a wheel is sawed and filed away so as to leave a cross of four

CROSSER spokes or arms, it is said to be crossed out. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch Clockm. 69 [A] crossed out wheel.

f'crosser1. Obs. rare—[f. cross crucible, crusie.] A small lamp.

CROSS-HEAD

56

sb.:

cf.

1483 Cath. Angl. 84 A Crosser, crucibulum, lucubrum.

crosser2 ('krDS3(r), 'kro:sa(r)). [f. cross v. + -er1.] One who crosses, in various senses; one who makes the sign of the cross; one who thwarts, opposes, or contravenes; one who passes over, etc. 1565 Calfhill Answ. Treat. Crosse (1846) 82, I know the most crossers are not the best Christians. 1598 Chapman Iliad 1. 229 Any crosser of thy lust. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 104 An obstinate crosser of men wiser than himselfe. 1876 Birch Rede Lect. Egypt 23 The crossers of the desert.

t'crosset1. Obs. [ad. F. croisette, dim. of croix cross.] A small cross; = crosslet. 1610 Guillim Heraldry 11. vii. (1660) 84 He beareth Gules, a Fesse between three Crossets. 1656 Heylin Surv. France 137 They.. beat down all those little crossets.

t'crosset2. Obs. [ad. F. crossette: see next.] A slip or cutting of a plant, cut under a joint with a small projecting knob left to form an eye. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 596 To make good choice therefore of crossets to plant new vines of. Ibid. 597 The crossets do put forth rootes of themselues.

II crossette (km'set). Arch. [F. crossette, in 16th c. crocette, dim. of croce, crosse crutch, crook, staff, etc.: see crose.] A projection or ear in the architrave or casing around a door- or window¬ opening, at the junction of the jamb and head; also a shoulder or ledged projection in the voussoir of a built-up architrave or flat arch, which rests in a corresponding recess in the adjoining voussoir and strengthens the construction; see quot. 1819. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Crosette.. the returns in the corners of..door cases or window-frames. 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. I. 303 Crosettes, in the decorations of apertures, the trusses or consoles on the flanks of the architrave, under the cornice. 1853 in Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet. 1876 Gwilt Archit. Gloss., Crossettes.. the small projecting pieces.. in arch stones, which hang upon the adjacent stones.

^ross-e'xamine, v. [cross- 6 c.] 1. trans. To examine by cross-questioning; to examine by questions adapted to check the results of previous examination; to examine minutely or repeatedly. (In quot. 1664 humorous.) 1664 Butler Hud. n. iii. 1137 A Monster.. Had crossexamin’d both our Hose, And plunder’d all we had to lose. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety (J.), If we may but cross-examine and interrogate their actions against their words, these will soon confess the invalidity of their solemnest confessions. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 94 The accused party was furnished with no copy of the charge. He was examined and crossexamined.

2. spec. To subject (a witness who has already given evidence on behalf of one side in a legal action) to an examination by the other side, with the purpose of shaking his testimony or eliciting from him evidence which favours the other side. 1697 in Cumbrld. Westm. Archaeol. Soc. Trans. VIII. 101 This Exceptant did then by his Councell.. Crosse Examine the Witnesses produced..on the Respondents behalfe. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 207 The Prosecutor first examines the Witnesses produced against the Prisoner, and then the Prisoner may cross-examine them. 1755 Johnson, Cross-examine, to try the faith of evidence by captious questions of the contrary party. Mod. The witness was severely cross-examined, but without shaking her evidence on any material point.

Hence ,cross-exami'nation, the action of cross-examining; ,cross-e'xaminer, .cross-

e’xamining. 1827 Bentham Ration. Evid. Wks. 1843 VI. 378 Completeness of the mass of evidence .. is .. an object at which, by cross-examination and a variety of other means, English procedure never ceases to aim. 1838 Penny Cycl. X. 103/1 In a court of common law.. the cross-examination of a witness follows and is founded upon what the witness has stated in his examination in chief. 1864 Bowen Logic xiii. 429 Very few., can be trusted to report their own observations, until they have undergone a severe crossexamination. 1838 Dickens O. Twist xxxi, ‘Why not?’ demanded Rose. ‘Because, my pretty cross-examiner’ replied the doctor: ‘because.. there are many ugly points about it.’ 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 266 On whom Socrates tries his cross-examining powers.

'cross-eye. [cross-4 c.] 2t.pl. Squinting eyes, b. That sort of squint in which the eyes are turned inwards so that the axes of vision cross each other; internal strabismus. 1826 Miss Mitford Village Ser. 11. (1863) 302, I cannot abide these ‘cross-eyes’, as the country people call them; though I have heard of ladies who.. admired those of Mr. Wilkes.

Hence 'cross-eyed a., squinting. 1791 Cowper Iliad 11. 260 Cross-eyed he was. 1816 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XLII. 139 A cross-eyed effort, which criticism should blush to admire. 1892 R. Kipling Barrack-room Ball., Yng. Brit. Soldier x.

'cross-'fertilize, v. Bot.

[cross- 6.] trans. To fertilize by pollen from another flower or plant.

1880 Libr. Univ. Knowl. (N.Y.) XI. 404 A wood pavement must expose the cross-grain of the wood.

1876 Darwin Cross-Fertil. i, The flowers of most kinds of plants are constructed so as to be.. cross-fertilised by pollen from another flower. fig. 1889 Jacobs JEsop p. xvii, European literature was being crossfertilized by new germs from the East.

cross-grained ('krDsgreind, 'krais-), a. [Parasynthetic deriv. of prec.] 1. Of wood: Having the grain or fibre arranged

Hence 'cross-ferti'lizable a.\ 'cross-fertili'zation (also fig.). in Eclectic Mag. XXXV. 735 Blossoms crossfertilizable by insects. 1876 Darwin Cross-Fertil. 1 Cross¬ fertilization is sometimes ensured by the sexes being separated. 1879 Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 35 To secure crossfertilisation .. winged insects are almost necessary, because they fly readily from one plant to another. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 26 Jan 3/3 Nearly all eighteenth-century art in France and England hangs ultimately upon him; and, by their crossfertilisation, how much of modern art too! 1928 C. H. Dodd Authority of Bible ix. 196 Alexander’s conquests had brought the old order to an end. There was a mingling of cultures, a cross-fertilization of East and West. 1944 J. S. Huxley On Living in Rev. p. vii, The compulsory cross¬ fertilization of ideas. 1970 Daily Tel. 22 Apr. 21/5 The companies are now starting on the cross-fertilisation process, exchanging information, identifying common projects. 1882 Gray

cross-file: see

cross-

B.

'cross-'fire.

[cross- 9.] Mil. Lines of fire from two or more positions crossing each other. Also fig. So 'cross-firing vbl. sb. Let. 22 June (1965) I. 276 This cross-firing of notes makes me smile, i860 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. III. cxxvii. 83 Exposed to a cross fire of musquetry or matchlocks. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xiv. 217 A continual cross-fire of small pleasantries. 1884 J. Hall A Chr. Home 160 And so the firing and the cross-firing proceed where all should be peace. 1837 Dickens

'cross-fish,

[cross- 3 b.] A starfish of the genus Uraster; the common 5-fingered star-fish.

1805 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. I. 459 The corse fish prey on oysters, and likewise on muscles. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. 11. ix. (ed. 2) 237 The cross-fish.. the cribella, the sun-stars .. are all represented.

t 'cross-fixed, pa. pple. Obs. [cross- 2.; after L. crucifixus.] Fixed on a cross, crucified. a 1618 Sylvester Mysterie of Myst., The Sonne 29 Tempted, tormented, mockt, condemn’d, Crosse-fixed, dead, buried. 1849 J. A. Carlyle Dante's Inferno xxm. 280 To my eyes came one [Caiaphas] cross-fixed [crocifisso] in the ground with three stakes.

'Cross-flower,

[cross-3 a.] A name proposed

by Gerarde for Milkwort (Polygala). Herbal 11. clx. §6. 450 Milke woort. .doth specially flourish in the Crosse or.. Rogation weeke .. in English we may cal it Crosse flower. 1822 K. Digby Broadst. Hon. (1846) II. 364 Cross-flower, or rogationflower. 1597 Gerarde

'cross-fox. [cross- 3 c.] A variety of the fox, having a dark marking along the back and another across the shoulders, forming a cross. Crost fox: see crossed i .] 1830 Gardens ofZool. Soc. 221 The Cross Fox of America. 1862 H. Marryat Year in Sweden I. 480 An animal.. called the cross-fox, from its bearing a distinct black cross on the shoulders. [1774

I.

cross-frog: see

cross-

B.

f'crossful, a.

Obs. [f. cross sb. or v. + -ful, after bashful, wakeful.] Given to crossing or thwarting. c 1680 Doubting Virgin in Roxb. Ball. IV. 344, I wonder young-men are so crossful, since Virgins are so full of love?

'cross-'garnet.

[cross-3 b.] 'A species of hinge formed thus I-, with the vertical part fastened to the style or jamb of the doorcase, and the horizontal part to the door or shutter’ (Gwilt). Scales Comm., Archit. 25 Crosse garnet hinges are usually not so strong. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 95 Hung with cross-garnets. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 18 When the Joint., on the Tail, is pind in the Joint., in the Cross, the whole Hinge is called a Cross-Garnet. 1881 Every Man his own Mechanic §836 A pair of T hinges, sometimes called cross-garnets, must be screwed to the jamb. 1659 Willsford

'cross-'gartered, ppl. a.

Obs. [cross- 8.] Having the garters crossed on the legs. (See Aldis Wright’s note to Shaks. Twel. N.) So 'cross-’gartering vbl. sb. f

[1585 Higins tr. Junius' Nomenclator 168 Fasciae crurales, hose garters going acrosse or ouerthwart, both aboue and beneath the knee. 1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 25, I warrant yee, heele haue His cruell garters crosse about the knee.] 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 11. v. 167 And wish’d to see thee euer crosse garter’d. Ibid. III. iv. 23 This does make some obstruction in the blood, this crosse-gartering. 01613 Overbury Char., Footeman, More upright than any cross-gartered gentleman-usher. 1628 Ford Lover's Mel. iii. i, As rare an old youth as ever walked cross-gartered.

'cross-grain,

[cross- 4b.]

1. A grain running across the regular grain of any substance. 1681 Grew Musaeum Reg. Soc. 282 Between the Grain and the Vein of a Diamond, there is this difference, that the former furthers; the latter, being so insuperably hard, hinders the splitting of it. Altho .. a Vein, sometimes is nothing else, but a Cross-Grain.

2. The grain (of wood, etc.) cut across.

in crossing directions, or irregularly, instead of running straight longitudinally. 1673-4 Grew Anat. Plants in. 11. vii. §5 Elm., is the most Cross-grain’d Timber: that is, cleaveth so unevenly.. according to the cross Position of the said Vessels. 17°3 Moxon Mech. Exerc. no Stuff is Cross-grain’d when a.. Branch shoots out on that part of the Tree; For the.. Grain of that branch .. runs a-cross the Grain of the Trunk. 1873 J. Richards Wood-working Factories 104 Knives for working hard or cross-grained lumber.

2. fig. Of opposed nature or temper; given to opposition, contrarious; difficult to deal with, intractable; perverse, refractopr, queertempered. (Said of persons and things.) 1647 Case Kingd. 16 So cross-grain’d to all Novelty. 1652 Wharton Rothomanne's Chirom. Ded., The many Discouragements and Cross-grain’d Events I have Laboured under. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ill, Was there ever such a cross-grain’d brute, that won’t hear me? 1850 Trollope Impress, of Wand. xiii. 204 He would think you a pestilent, cross-grained fellow. 1883 Stevenson Treasure Isl. v. xxiii. (1886) 184 She [the boat] was the most cross-grained lop-sided craft to manage.

3. advb. Across the grain, (lit. and fig.) 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 69 Working still Cross-grain’d. 1825 Lamb Elia, Convalescent, Things went cross-grained in the Court yesterday.

Hence cross-'grainedness. 1652 Wadsworth tr. Sandoval's Civ. Wars Spain 273 By reason of the pervers Cross-grainedness of those of the Junta. 1673 S. Dugard Marriages Cousin Germ. 65 The ill nature of the Wife, or the Cross-graindnesse of the Husband. 01734 North Lives III. 279 A fanatic, whereof the composition was crossgrainedness, ambition, and malice. 1867 Trollope Chron. Barset II. lviii. 154 She., could only lament.. over.. the cross-grainedness of men.

cross-guard: see cross- B. 'cross-'hackle, v. [cross- 6.] trans. To cross¬ question vexatiously or persistently: cf. hackle. Hence 'cross-'hackling vbl. sb. 1826 J. Banim O'Hara Tales Ser. 11. Peggy Nowlan, We can cross-hackle her on the head of it. 1886 P. Fitzgerald Fatal Zero xxx. (1888) 187 The good-humoured way in which I have borne all this cross-hackling.

'cross-'handed, a.

[cross- ii.] Having the hands crossed; commonly used advb. 1836 W. Irving Astoria I. 165 The merchant fishermen .. passed the objects of traffic, as it were, cross-handed. 1882 Century Mag. XXIV. 708/1 The gaunt women.. [are] rowing ‘cross-handed’.

'cross-'handled, a. [crosshandle in the form of a cross.

ii.]

Having a

1801 Scott Fire-King xiv, He has thrown by his helmet, and cross-handled sword. 1883 j. Hawthorne Fort. Fool 1. xxv, Limping cleverly along with the help of his two crosshandled staves.

'cross-,hatch, v.

[cross- 6.] To engrave or hatch a surface with parallel lines in two series crossing each other; esp. to shade an engraving or drawing by this method. Hence 'cross-,hatched ppl. a.\ 'cross-,hatching vbl. sb the process of marking with crossing sets of parallel lines; the effect so produced. 1822 Bewick Mem. 239 Some impressions from woodcuts done long ago, with cross-hatching, i860 Cornh. Mag. No. 3. 271 A certain kind of cross-hatching went out with A. Durer. 1873 Geikie Gt. Ice Age vi. 74 Such cross-hatchings .. seem to be confined to the lowland districts. 1888 W. E. Henley Bk. of Verses 46 The long lines of lofty, gray houses! Cross hatched with shadow and light.

So 'cross-.hatch sb. = cross-hatching; 'cross-,hatcher, one who executes crosshatching. i860 Cornh. Mag. No. 3. 271 With the engravers the ‘cross-hatch’ and the ‘double cypher’.. were secrets. 1870 Spectator 19 Nov., 1384 All the stipplers and cross-hatchers in England.

'cross-head, sb.

[cross- 4.]

1. a. The bar at the end of the piston-rod of a

steam-engine, which slides between straight guides, and communicates the motion to the connecting-rod, etc. 1827 Mech. Mag. VIII. 2 Can the cross-head, side rods, cranks, shaft, .be reduced? 1861 T. L. Peacock Gryll. Gr. xx. 179 Vibrating.. with one invariable regulated motion like the cross-head of a side-lever steam engine. attrib. 1850 Weale Diet. Terms, Cross-head guides, in locomotive engines, the parallel bars between which the cross-head moves. Cross-head blocks.. the parts which slide between the parallel guides.

b. Any beam across the top of a piece of mechanism. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 417 The draught shackle .. is held in its place upon the cross-head .. by the draughtbolt. Ibid. II. 134 The handle, .terminates in a crosshead. 01884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl., Cross Head, a cruciform-shaped four-handled bar, at the upper end of a drill-rod or earth-auger. 1884 Science III. 314 Two sidescrews, carrying the top crosshead. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 151 /1 Thus avoiding torsion of the polar axis at the expense of greatly increased length of the cross-head. 1901 Merwin & Webster Calumet 'IC xvi. 322 Another endless

CROSS-HEADED

57

series of cups was carrying the wheat aloft. It went over the cross-head and down a spout.

2. A heading to a paragraph printed across the page or column in the body of an article. 1888 Pall Mall G. 1 Sept. 11/2 In two cases Mr. Knowles allows frequent ‘cross-heads’. 1964 Friend 4 Sept. 1067/2 The memorandum continues (and from this point, inserting only crossheads, we quote it in full): We cannot [etc.].

3. Mining. A heading running across a vein. 1877 R. W. Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 197 At the point of connection the eastern limit of the south vein is defined by a cross-head .., and to the east of this cross-head no trace of the fissure has as yet been found.

4. cross-head brasses pi., the brass bearings of the cross-head of a steam or other engine; cross-head pin, the pin by which the connecting-rod is attached to the piston-rod. 1865 Daily News 26 July 3/1 No. 80 torpedo boat.. broke down owing to a defect in the crosshead brasses. 1887 D. A. Low Machine Drawing xii. 51 The cross-head pin need not be drawn separately. 1889 Hasluck Model Engin. Handybk. viii. 91 The hole in cross-head must be broached out till the cross-head pin will nearly fit it.

Hence 'cross-head v., to furnish with a cross¬ head (sense 2). 1890 Pall Mall G. Jan., The Tablet. .cross-heads one of its paragraphs ‘The Need of the Confessional’. 1908 ‘Ian Hay’ Right Stuff iii. 42, I doubt now if I could write out twenty lines of ‘Paradise Lost’ without cross-heading them.

'cross-headed, a. [cross- 11.] Having the head or top in the form of a cross. 1866 Howells Venet. Life xvi. 243 The cross-headed staff.

'cross-heading,

[cross-

4.]

1. Mining.

A

transverse heading (see quots.). 1883 H. M. Chance Rep. Mining Methods in Anthrac. Coal Fields 533 Cross-heading, a passage driven for ventilation from the airway to the gangway, or from one breast through the pillar to the adjoining working. 1904 Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Diet. 140/2 Cross Heading, a drift or passage from one level to another for ventilating purposes. 2. = CROSS-HEAD sb. 2. 1898 G. B. Shaw Our Theatres in Nineties (1932) III. 378 The interview, the illustration and the cross-heading, hitherto looked on as American vulgarities impossible to English literary gentlemen, invaded all our papers. 1967 Listener 16 Nov. 634 It’s my great opportunity to be listed under the magical cross-heading ‘from Professor Ayer and others’.

‘cross-,hilted, a. [cross- ii.] Having a hilt which forms a cross with the blade and handle. 1661 Evelyn Tyranus in Mem. (1871) 751, I.. had rather see a glittering stone to hasp it there, than the long cross hilted knots now worn. 1878 B. Taylor Deukalion 11. iii. 68 Cross-hilted swords.

crossiade, obs. form of crusade. cross-index: see cross- B. crossing ('krosir), ‘kro:s-), vbl. sb. [f. cross v.] 1. The marking with or making the sign of the cross. 153° Palsgr. 211/1 Crossyng, croisee. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Offices 37 As touching kneeling, crossing .. and other gestures. 1884 Evangelical Mag. Jan. 9 As many genuflexions .. and as many crossings as ever.

2. The action of drawing lines across; striking out, erasure; writing across other writing. crossing off or out: striking off (an item), striking out (a word or entry) by drawing a cancelling line across it. zt hauen here hoodes wrong turned. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. xxiv. 17 A greate vengeaunce will I take vpon them, and punysh them cruelly. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 15 The BaylifTe must beware that he deale not to cruelly, nor to gently with them.

4. Painfully, sorely; excessively. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 340 Thou shah repenten this So cruelly, that it shal wele be sene. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 216 But good Kate, mocke me mercifully, the rather .. because I loue thee cruelly. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. ii. 4 Their ship being shot through and through .. and cruelly battered all over. 1780 Mad. D’Arblay Diary May, Mrs. Montagu we miss cruelly. 1782-Lett. Feb., We had waited cruelly for the coach. 1885 Manch. Exam. 6 Apr. 5/2 The weather this Eastertide is bright, but cruelly dry and cold.

t cruelness. Obs. [f. as prec. + -ness.] 1. The quality of being cruel; cruelty. a 1300 Cursor M. 28739 (Cott.) Resun to yield well better is o merci ^an of cruelnes [v.r. crowelnes]. 1426 Audelay Poems 60 Scorgid with creuelnes. 1541 Paynel Catiline vi. 10 Consideryng the great cruelnesse of the dede. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. i. 41 The reproch of pride and cruelnesse.

2. Fierceness, savageness. I432“5° tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 153 Amazones.. the cruellenes of whom Hercules did mitigate firste. 1575 Recorde Ground of Arts Pref. to Edw. VI, To conuerte wylde people to a myldenesse, and chaunge their furious cruelnesse into gentle curtesye. 1631 Celestina iv. 53 Your dogge, for all his fiercenesse, and cruelnesse of nature [etc.].

3. Severity, rigour. 1537 Inst. Chr. Man Lvb, A good iudge.. although he shewe outwardely cruelnesse and rygour, yet inwardly he ought to loue the personne. a 1625 Boys Wks. (1630) 415 Wise men inuented the game of Chesse to mitigate the cruelnesse of governours.

cruelty ('krunlti). Forms: 3-6 cruelte, (4 cruelete, creweltie), 4-6 crualte, (5 crueltee, 6 cruaulte), 5-7 crueltie, 6- cruelty, [a. OF. crualte (later cruaute), according to Hatzfeld:—pop. L. type *cruddlitat-em, for crudelitat-em (see crudelity), whence the other Romanic forms Pr. cruzeltat, Sp. crueldad, It. crudelta, -ita.] 1. a. The quality of being cruel; disposition to inflict suffering; delight in or indifference to the pain or misery of others; mercilessness, hard¬ heartedness: esp. as exhibited in action. Also, with pi., an instance of this, a cruel deed.

a 1225 Ancr. R. 268 J>us he litefi cruelte mid heowe of rihtwisnesse. C1330 R. Burnne Chron. (1810) 78 Of his crueltes he gynnes for to assuage, c 1449 Pecock Repr. m. viii. 324 Deedis of cruelte and of vnpitee. 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. vii, The vice called crueltie, whiche is contrary to mercye. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, v. iii. 76 ’Tis a cruelty, To load a falling man. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 40/1 All, whom the Cruelty of War suffer’d to escape. 1773 Observ. State Poor 43 The cruelty of a Nero, or a Domitian. 1865 Kingsley Herew. iii. (1866) 77 Boasting of his fights and cruelties. 1871 R. W. Dale Commandm. iii. 83 It would be brutal cruelty to make a jest of the weakness and sufferings of the patients in an hospital. b. attrib., as cruelty-lust, cruelty man (also

After 16th c. rare until the 19th c., in which the spelling crewet is sometimes used. £1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 228/318 Weued and chaliz and Cruettes J?ouru3-out cler cristal. 1395 E.E. Wills (1882) 5 Twey cruetis.. twey siluer basyns for the auter. 1460-5 Churchw. Acc. St. Andrew's, East Cheap in Brit. Mag. XXXI. 394 For. .a kay to the chyrch yard durr and for ij Crewettys. 1550 Bale Image both Ch. (1560) Bij, Miters, copes, crosses, cruettes, ceremonies. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 579 He bequeathed all his books, his two Chalices, his Crewetts, holy water stock [etc.].. to his private chappell in London. 1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 259 Two Crewets, one containing the wine and the other water. 1885 Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. III. 450 Cruets and chrismatories.

with capital initials) colloq., an N.S.P.C.C. or R.S.P.C.A. officer.

3. Comb, cruet-stand, a stand or frame, commonly of silver, for holding cruets and castors at table; also formerly cruet-frame.

1925 D. H. Lawrence Refl. Death Porcup. 59 His crueltylust is directed almost as much against himself as against his victim. 1954 D. V. Donnison Neglected Child iv. 82 Workers., had been shut out of houses by people who suspected they had ‘put the cruelty man on to them’. 1958 Sunday Express 27 Apr. 6/6 The Cruelty Man has been asking questions about Janie. 1970 P. Dickinson Seals iii. 68 Mr. Fasting .. had larruped Jamie... Mother had wanted to send for the Cruelty Man.

|2. Severity of pain; excessive suffering. Obs. Circunsision in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 87 With full grete cruelte For us he suffurd circunsysyon Upon the cros. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 168 A tedious sicknesse.. continued with such cruelty, that never any man was brought lower. 14..

f3. Severity, strictness, rigour. Obs. 1556 Aurelio Isab. (1608) K v, It sholde be beter to faille a litell in the justice, than to be superflue in crualte. 1636 Blount Voy. Levant (1637) 13 The want of crueltie upon delinquents causes much more oppression of the Innocent.

f4. Strength savour.

or

harshness

(of smell);

ill

c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. xii. 81 Of crueltee noo thing wol in hem [Garlic, etc] smelle.

t'cruent, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. cruent-us bloody, f. cru- root of cruor blood (from a wound).] Bloody; fig. cruel. 1524 St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 350 With a cruent and blody hand. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terapeut. 2 Civb, [An] vlcere.. that is cruent and full of blode. 1657 Phys. Diet., Cruent, bloody. Hence f'cruently adv., cruelly. C1380 Antecrist in Todd 3 Treat. Wyclif 120 What is it f>enne J?at shal encreese cruentlier in £>ise tourmentis?

feruentate, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. cruentat-us, pa. pple. of cruentare to stain with blood, f. cruent-us: see prec.] Blood-stained. 1665 Glanvill Seeps. Sci. xxiv. §3 Passing from the cruentate cloth or weapon to the wound.

So feruentated = prec. (folio), Cruentated, besprinkled, or bedawbed with blood. 1730-6

Bailey

embrued,

1716 Lond. Gaz. No. 5437/4 A Cruit Frame, 4 Salts. 1793 W. Roberts Looker-on No. 65 Aided by the delicious provocatives of the cruet-stand! 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xxxix, White table-cloth, and cruet-stand complete.

crufe, cruif(e, obs. var. cruive. Cruft (krAft). The name of Charles Cruft (1852-1938), used in the possessive to designate the dog show founded by him (now administered by the Kennel Club) and held annually in London since 1886. Also as Cruft’s, Crufts(’). [1891 Kennel Chron. 26 Jan. 2/2 The following shows between 1st Jan. and 31st Dec. in each year only to count: Liverpool, Cruft’s Terrier Show [etc.].] 1910 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 376/2 The [Kennel] club has control over all the shows held in the United Kingdom,.. the actual number of dogs which were entered at the leading fixtures being: Kennel Club show 1789, Cruft’s 1768, [etc.]. 1936 ‘R. West’ Thinking Reed xii. 433 The dogs were sitting on each side of him .. they looked too like him. She felt as if she were contemplating marrying into Crufts’. 1962 ‘J. le Carre’ Murder of Quality v. 68 My sister is devoted to dogs... She .. was commended at Cruft’s. 1970 Guardian 6 Apr. 9/1 A girl.. is constantly under pressure to groom herself like a Cruft’s exhibit. 1984 s. Townsend Growing Pains A. Mole 18 He said that Mitzi was being prepared for Crufts and mustn’t suffer any stress.

crug (krAg). slang. Food; spec, the commons of bread at Christ’s Hospital. The original meaning may be ‘crust’, in which sense it is used at Christ’s Hospital School, Hertford. 1820 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Christ's Hospital, We were battening upon our quarter of a penny loaf—our crug— moistened with attenuated small beer. 1873 Slang Diet., Crug, food. Christ’s Hospital boys apply it only to bread.

cruin, Sc. form of croon.

or

cruentation

(kruien'teijsn). [ad. L. cruentation-em, n. of action f. cruentare (see prec.); in Tertullian with the sense ‘staining with blood’.] ‘A term applied to the oozing of blood which occurs sometimes when an incision is made into the dead body’; also formerly to the supposed ‘bleeding from the wounds of a dead person in the presence of the murderer’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.).

feru'entous, a. Obs. rare. [f. L. cruent-us (see cruent) + -ous.] Bloody. (lit and fig.) 1648 Venice Looking-glass 9 Thus a cruell and most cruentous civill war began. 1651 Howell Venice 125 A most cruentous fight pass’d on both sides. 1675 Burthogge Causa Dei 301 The insufficiency of cruentous Sacrifices. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Cruentous, red like blood; bloody. Formerly applied to the humours or excretions, sputa, sweat, and such like, when mixed with blood.

cruet (’kru:it). Forms: 3-6 cruett(e, 4-6 cruete, crowet, -ett(e, 5 crewyt, krewette, 5-6 crwet(t, 5-7 crewett(e, 6 cruat, -ytte, crewat, crowat, crouette, 6-8 cruit, 7 creuett, 6-9 crewet, 3cruet. [ME. cruete, cruette, appears to repr. an OF. *cruete, dim. of OF. cruie, crue, pot, = Gascon cruga (cf. Pr. crugo), app. f. OLG. cruca, MLG. kruke f., cognate with OHG. kruog, Ger. krug m., pot, which appears to have entered the Romanic of Gaul in the two forms *cruca, *cruga, whence F. cruche, cruie respectively. An AF. cruet m. of date 1376 is cited in Godef.] 1. A small bottle or vial for liquids, etc.; now only applied to a small glass bottle with a stopper, to contain vinegar, oil, etc. for the table. 1382 Wyclif Mark vii. 4 Waischingis of cuppis and cruetis. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 131 A cruette of gold with bawme brennenge faste in hit. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 7 §7 Salsellers, goblettes, spones, cruettes or candelstikkes. 1611 Cotgr., Goutteron, a Violl, or Cruet wherein Oyle, or Vinegar is serued to the table. 1630 Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 194 To set an houre-glasse beside us, and observe those precious graines. . how swiftly they run thorow the cruet. 1713 Lond. Gaz. No. 5086/3 A Sett of Casters with Vinegar Crewets. 1865 Miss Braddon Only a Clod v. 27 The landlord .. came bustling in.. with .. knives and forks, and glasses, and cruets.

2. Eccl. A small vessel to hold wine or water for use in the celebration of the Eucharist, or to hold holy water for other uses.

cruise (kru:z), v. Also 7 cruse, 7-9 cruize. [First in 17th c.; corresponding alike to Du. kruisen to cross, also since 17th c. to cruise, to sail crossing to and fro, 'kruyssen op de Zee, to traverse and cross the seas’ (Hexham, 1678), f. kruis cross, and to Sp. and Pg. cruzar to cross, to cruise, F. croiser to cross, ‘croiser la mer to cruise up and down the Sea’ (Miege 1688). The word is thus ultimately identical with croise t>. and cross v.\ the current spelling with ui seems to be after Dutch; but the vowel sound is as in Sp. and Pg.] 1. a. intr. To sail to and fro over some part of the sea without making for a particular port or landing-place, on the look out for ships, for the protection of commerce in time of war, for plunder, or (in modern times) for pleasure. 1651 G. Carteret in Nicholas Papers (Camden) I. 236 Van Trump is with his fleete crusinge about Silly. 1668 Etheredge She Would 11. i, Two men-of-war that are cruising here to watch for prizes. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World {1757) 8 Our first place of rendezvous.. was the Canary Islands, where we were to cruize ten days for one another. 1748 Anson's Voy. 1. vii. 70 They were to cruize off that Island only ten days. 1823 Scoresby Jrnl. 120 A breeze of wind.. under which we cruised the whole day, among floes and drift-ice, in search of whales. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 573 Several English men of war were cruising in the Channel.

b. transf. and fig. Esp. of an aircraft or automobile: to travel at cruising speed; of a taxicab: to travel about at random seeking business. 1698 Farquhar Love Bottle 1, Madam, how would you like to cruise about a little? 1742 Young Nt. Th. viii. 993 Fancy still cruises, when poor sense is tir’d. 1879 Jefferies Wild Life in S.C. 5 Blackbirds will cruise along the whole length of a hedge before finding a bush to their liking. 1915 Sphere 5 June 229/2 A craft [sc. Zeppelin] which can slip through the air with the speed of an express train and cruise about for thirty-six hours. 1930 ‘A. Armstrong’ Taxi! v. 49 A ‘crawling’ or ‘cruising’ taxi being one that meanders along the road.. looking for fares. 1934 Discovery Dec. 350/2 Aeroplanes like the Handley Page 42 which cruises at a speed of no m.p.h. 1959 ‘E. Peters’ Death Mask i. 7 He didn’t cross to one of the parked cars .. nor halt to look round for a cruising taxi.

c. trans. To sail to and fro over. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Bergerac's Comic. Hist. 11. 17 Our Predecessors.. a Thousand times had cruised the Ocean. 1890 S. Lane Poole Barbary Corsairs 1. xii. 124 We cruised the waters of the Levant. ,1971 Sunday Times 3 Jan. 54/8 (Advt.), Board a luxury liner tp cruise the most colourful waters in the world. 1971 Observer 10 Jan. 37/3 (Advt.), Cruise the lovely Erne waterway.

CRUISE d. intr. and trans. To walk or drive about (the streets) in search of a casual sexual (esp. homosexual) partner; to solicit (a person), entice, slang (orig. U.S.). 1904 [implied at cruiser i d]. 1927 [implied at the vbl. sb.]. 1941 in J. N. Katz Gay/Lesbian Almanac (1983) 575 Cruise, to walk or drive in an automobile.. aimlessly but in certain specific and likely areas, looking.. for a companion for homosexual intercourse. 1946 Mezzrow & Wolfe Really Blues (1957) xi. 203 We cruised these two chicks up to Harlem for some ribs. 1968 Globe Mag. (Toronto) 13 Jan. 6/3 A homosexual who is cruising.. might make an effeminate gesture as a signal that he is a homosexual. 1970 ‘E. Queen’ Last Woman hi. 163, I never cruised anyone connected with the college... All my pickups were made far off campus. 1977 C. McFadden Serial (1978) vii. 20/1 Whiling away the best years of her life cruising Fourth Street. 1984 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Dec. 1455/4 Male metropolitan homosexuals .. who cruise compulsively.

2. trans. and intr. Chiefly U.S.

CRUIVE

80

Forestry.

(See quots.)

1879 A. P. Vivian Wanderings in Western Land 53 Experienced men are sent out into the forests exploring, or to use their own term ‘cruising’; their object being.. to find suitable lumber for chopping. 1895 Outing (U.S.) XXVII. 218/2, I found he was off ‘cruising’ (i.e. hunting up good timber tracts). 1919 T. K. Holmes Man from Tall Timber 40 Si and me cruised a part of this timber before ever you fellers come down from Blainesburg. 1953 Brit. Commonw. Forest Terminol. 1. 35 To cruise, surveying of forest land to locate merchantable timber and estimate its quantity..; the estimate obtained in such a survey.

cruise (kru:z), sb. Also 8-9 cruize, [f. prec.] 1. a. The action of cruising; a voyage in which the ship sails to and fro over a particular region. spec, a voyage taken by tourists. Also attrib. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Cruise or Cruising, the Course of a Ship. 1728 Morgan Algiers I. ii. 221 A Turkish HalfGalley, armed for the Cruise, touched at a small Port. 1758 J. Blake Mar. Syst. 64 If they are sent to sea on a foreign voyage, or cruize. a 1893 Mod. A cruise round the coast. 1906 ‘O. Henry’ Four Million (1916) 91 The hibernatorial ambitions of Soapy were not of the highest. In them were no considerations of Mediterranean cruises. 1933 N. Coward Design for Living 11. iii, That world cruise was a fatal mistake. 1937 R. Macaulay I would be Private 43 Dressed in all those cruise clothes. 1962 Listener 11 Jan. 90/2 Cruiseships and charabancs and monstrous hordes of hikers are blots upon the landscape [in Greece]. 1971 Sunday Times 3 Jan. 72/1 Standards on board British cruise liners are generally high.

b. transf. and/ig. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. xiv, ‘What, you are on a cruise for a post, brother Trickle, arn’t ye?’ 1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville I. 118 To prosecute their cruise in the wilderness. 1879 Ld. Dunraven in 19th Cent. July 58 We started off to take a little cruise round the edge of the barren .. Cruising is performed on land as well as at sea.

2. A survey or estimate of the amount of

cruiser ('kru:za(r)). Also (7 crosier), 8 cruzer, 7-9 cruizer. [f. cruise v. + -er1, or immed. a. Du. kruiser: cf. also F. croiseur (ship and captain), croisiere a cruise (1696 in Jal), cruising ground, cruising fleet.] 1. a. A person or a ship that cruises; spec, a war-ship commissioned to cruise for protection of commerce, pursuit of an enemy’s ships, capture of slavers, etc. In 18th c. commonly applied to privateers. Now, in the British Navy, a class of war-ships specially constructed for cruising. 1679 G. R. tr. Boyatuau's Theat. World II. 302 Forty Ships which he took from the Crosiers [? croisers] or Pyrates. 1695 Lond. Gaz. No. 3061/1 They have at present 6 Frigats abroad, with some other Cruisers. 1723 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 191 A French cruiser or privateer of twenty-six guns. 1757 J. Lind Lett. Navy Pref. 8 A few cruizers.. would have made us masters of the Mediterranean. 1851 Dixon W. Penn ii. (1872) 9 The boldest cruiser in that section of the.. fleet. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv. 110 The efforts.. made by our cruisers in these Seas to put down the Slave trade. fig. 1698 Farquhar Love & Bottle iv. iii, Ha! There’s a stately cruiser [a woman]; I must give her one chase.

b. A yacht constructed or adapted for cruising, as distinguished from a ‘racer’; also, a motorvessel designed for pleasure cruises on the sea, or on rivers, canals, etc. See also cabin cruiser. 1879 in £. Bonnaffe Diet. Anglicismes (1920). 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 724/2 As to the number of yachts now afloat, cruisers as well as racers, the British yacht fleet.. now numbers.. 3000 yachts. 1971 Observer 10 Jan. 37/1 (Advt.), Explore beautiful uncrowded waterways in 2- to 6-berth luxury cruisers. Ibid. 37/2 Explore the fascinating inland waterways on a real canal cruiser.

c. One who goes on a pleasure cruise. 1940 Times 9 Jan. 6/4 Shovel-board, with which cruisers are familiar on board our liners. 1961 Guardian 11 Jan. 5/4 Most ‘cruisers’ find the time all too short for what they want to do.

d. One who cruises (sense 1 d) in search of a casual sexual partner. Chiefly U.S. 1903 H. Hapgood Autobiogr. Thief (1904) ii. 34 Even the Bowery ‘cruisers’ (street-walkers) carried them. 1910Types from City Streets 1. viii. 140 The Bowery girl, the ‘cruiser’,.. is taught early that ‘the world is graft’. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §508/3 Cruiser, .. a homosexual who looks for patrons. 1980 Amer. Speech LV. 191 With the recent diffusion of the [homosexual] subculture, such [until recently secret or semi-secret] terms are gradually becoming known, for example, queer, queer bitch, aunt, and cruiser.

2. a. In science fiction, an aircraft or spaceship. 1923 E. R. Burroughs Chessmen of Mars vii. 70 The cruiser ‘Vanator’ careened through the tempest. 1958 T. Godwin in ‘E. Crispin’ Best SF 3 94 The cruisers carried the colonists to their new worlds.

timber in a particular area. Cf. prec., sense 2. Chiefly U.S.

b. A police-car that patrols the streets. Amer.

1911 J. F. Wilson Land Claimers viii. 112, I finished the cruise today. 1953 [see Cruise v. 2].

1929 Sat. Even. Post 7 Dec. 68/2 The cruisers are highpowered seven-passenger touring cars manned by a crew of four. 1958 Ottawa Citizen 28 May 7/5 To lift all speed regulations from police cruisers chasing law-breaking suspects. 1967 Boston Sunday Globe 23 Apr. 25/1 In Weymouth Patrolmen Richard McDonald and Ralph Campbell were injured when a car hit their cruiser. 3. a. (See quot. 1900.) Cf. cruise v. 2. Chiefly

3. Short for cruise missile below. 1976 Listener 16 Sept. 322/2 A short film about the cruise. 1986 Church Times 14 Feb. 14/1 The General Synod debate and resolutions supported neither the unilateralists nor the supporters of Cruise and Trident.

4. Special Comb, cruise control orig. U.S., (a) Aeronaut., the regulation of the flying speed, etc., of an aircraft in order to achieve maximum fuel efficiency; (b) chiefly N. Amer., a device fitted to some motor vehicles which allows the driver to maintain a constant cruising speed on motorways, etc., without depressing the accelerator pedal; the facility for regulating the speed of a motor vehicle in this way; cruise missile orig. U.S., a weapon in the form of a guided pilotless jet aircraft carrying a warhead and able to fly at low altitudes. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Oct. 1/5 Some proponents of the B-36 now predict that with ‘*cruise control’ (the technique of getting more mileage out of a gallon of fuel by careful attention to adjustments, airplane flying position, wind and other factors) a range of 12,000 miles or more is in prospect. i960 Pop. Sci. Apr. 95/1 With a lever you can set either for speed warning or automatic cruise control. 1968 Autocar 14 Mar. 16/1 Speedostat cruise control now imported from the USA... Fully automatic operation the main feature, with a ‘speed-limit’ reminder as a useful half-way provision. 1972 Gloss. Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) xm. 2 Cruise control, the method of operating an aircraft to produce optimum fuel economy with regard to time or distance, or both. 1977 National Observer (U.S.) 1 Jan. 8/5 Two Cadillacs equipped with cruise control, a device that holds a car at a constant speed, have been in accidents allegedly because of a defect in the cruise-control system. 1985 New Yorker 22 Apr. 51/3 Plenty of smooth-riding Ford and General Motors sedans loaded with options like cruise control, tilt steering wheels, FM with the AM, a few tape decks and C.B.s, but nothing truly ostentatious. 1959 Aviation Week May 85/1 Severest test to date for Bomarc A was a simulated operational launch against North American X-10 test vehicle from the Navaho *cruise missile program. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 7 Feb. 5/2 The cruise missile, essentially, is a sophisticated, unmanned airplane. 1977 Sci. Amer. Feb. 20/3 A cruise missile requires continuous guidance, since both the velocity and the direction of its flight can be unpredictably altered by local weather conditions. 1983 Daily Tel. 31 Jan. 7/2 The threat to peace was not from the Cruise missile. 1984 Guardian 5 Nov. 2/2 The plans could include the use of cruise missiles with conventional warheads to knock out single targets such as bridges or airfields deep behind the enemy front lines.

N.

U.S. 1893 Scribner's Mag. June 695/1 My first day’s experience as a ‘Cruiser’ or ‘Landlooker’. 1900 E. Brucken N. Amer. Forests 81 A peculiar class of people variously known as woodsmen, cruisers, landlookers, whose business it is to give information as to the existence of pine timber, its location, amount, value. 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 11 Oct. 9/3 Dave Vanstone.. was on a timber cruising expedition with his two head cruisers. 1946 R. Peattie Pacific Coast Ranges 232 With his cruiser’s eye, he could measure the quantity and the quality of the timber from the water’s edge.

b. A long-legged boot such as timber-cruisers often wear. U.S. 1902 S. E. White Blazed Trail xvii. 125 Dressed in broad hats, flannel shirts, coarse trousers tucked in high-laced ‘cruisers’. 1946 Sat. Even. Post 11 May 41/1 He was wearing Tillamook light cruisers.

4. Boxing. Short for cruiser-weight (see 5). 1928 Daily Tel. 28 Feb. 16 Poor heavy-weights. Gallant ‘cruisers’. 1928 Daily Chron. 9 Aug. 11/2 Cuthbert Taylor (flyweight), John Garland (bantam), and Alfred Jackson (cruiser) all survived their preliminary tests.

5. attrib.

and Comb., as cruiser-pinnace, -squadron; cruiser-built adj.; cruiser stern Naut., a type of ship’s stem without an overhang, the projecting part being under the water; cruiser tank, a tank (tank sb.1) of intermediate weight designed for rapid movement; cruiser-weight Boxing, for professionals: a weight of more than 11 stone 6 lb. but not exceeding 12 stone 7 lb.; for amateurs: a weight of more than 11 stone 11 lb. but not exceeding 12 stone 10 lb.; light heavy¬ weight; a boxer of this weight; also attrib. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 7 May 5/1 Cruiser-built merchantmen. 1934 T. E. Lawrence Let. 8 June (1938) 806 The new cruiser-pinnaces. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 30 July 6/2 Cruiser squadrons. 1915 G. S. Baker Ship Form 1. viii. 74 If the water line at the stern is kept too full it results in.. eddymaking, and partly to avoid this a ‘cruiser stern’ has been adopted in many recent ships. 1950 P. F. Anson Scots Fisherfolk viii. 111 In most modern fishing vessels of the larger type .. a ‘cruiser-stern’ is now almost universal. 1940 Illustr. London News CXCVII. 133 Armoured turrets of

‘cruiser’ tanks. . can be automatically swung in any direction. 1964 C. Willock Enormous Zoo v. 98 The rhinocatchers were used to taking their transport across country at which a cruiser tank might have balked. 1920 Boxing 25 Feb. 96/2 Two cruiser-weights.. engaged in a 15 rd. side stake match. Ibid. 13 Oct. 163/3 Carpentier.. wants the world’s cruiser-weight title. 1922 Daily Mail 11 Nov. 11 Jack Bloomfield, the cruiser-weight champion. 1923 Ibid. 10 Jan. 9 He will go for the cruiser-weight trophy.

cruiseway ('kruizwei).

[f. cruise sb. + way sb.*] An inland waterway intended chiefly for pleasure cruising. 1967 British Waterways (Cmnd. 3401) 3 The Government propose that forthcoming legislation should make special provision for two distinct groups of waterways. The first will be those which are to form part of the [British Waterways] Board’s commercial division... The second .. will be maintained primarily for powered pleasure craft. They can no longer usefully form part of a commercial transport system and they will be known as cruising waterways—or ‘cruiseways’. 1968 Guardian 26 July 4/6 The Leeds-Liverpool canal is classified as a cruiseway for all but eight miles of its length. 1971 Observer 17 Jan. (Colour Suppl.) 10/4 Barbara Castle’s 1968 Transport Bill, which designated a few miles of the [canal] system as cruiseways.

cruisie, cruisken, var. of crusie, cruskyn. cruising, vbl. sb. [f. cruise

v.]

a. The action of

sailing to and fro; also transf. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2532/2 The Plimouth is come in from Cruising. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 219 The chimerical cruisings of Old Ponce de Leon in search of the Fountain of Youth.

b. spec. The action of walking or driving about the streets in search of a casual sexual partner (cf. cruise v. id.) slang. 1927 A. J. Rosanoff Man. Psychiatry (ed. 6) 203 In the most respectable class [of homosexuals] are those who do no ‘cruising’. 1942 Z. N. Hurston in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 223/2 He had plenty to get across and maybe do a little more cruising besides. 1981 H. Carpenter W. H. Auden 1. v. 97 The length of the list might suggest that Auden was in the habit of ‘cruising’—picking up boys for casual sex.

c. attrib., as (cruise v. sense 1 a) cruisingground, -shirt, -trade, -vessel; (cruise v. sense 1 b) cruising-altitude, -height, cruising radius, range, the maximum distance that the fuel capacity of a ship or aircraft will allow her to travel and return at cruising speed; cruising speed, the best economic travelling speed for a ship or vehicle, esp. an aircraft. 1951 Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) III. 19 Cruising height (cruising altitude), a constant altimeter indication, in relation to a fixed and defined datum, maintained during a flight or portion thereof. 1958 Listener 16 Oct. 593/1 The pressurised cabin was subject to cyclic reversals of load as the aircraft climbed to cruising altitude. 1780 Capt. Hope in Lett. S. Hood (1895) 11 But could not learn what latitude their cruizing ground was in. 1851 Melville Moby Dick II. ix. 61 The.. Pequod had slowly swept across four several cruising-grounds. 1968 Globe Mag. (Toronto) 13 Jan. 7/3 Certain parks .. become known as favorite cruising grounds. 1951 Cruising height [see cruising altitude above]. 1956 ‘N. Shute’ Beyond Black Stump 237 They were off the ground and climbing up to cruising height. 1927 G. Bradford Gloss. Sea Terms 45/2 Cruising radius is calculated with two points of view—one, the vessel’s capacity in miles without refueling; the other, her capacity to remain at sea expressed in days running at normal speed. 1922 M. Luckiesh Bk. of Sky xxi. 230 These huge flying-machines with a cruising range of a thousand miles. 1959 J. Braine Vodi vi. 94 One of those woollen shirts with a fastener at the throat—cruising shirts they called them. 1919 Sphere 26 Apr. 67/2 The single-engine machine is the faster at full and cruising speeds. 1928 Daily Chron. 9 Aug. 3/6 It will have a ‘cruising speed’ of 15 miles an hour. 1935 P. W. F. Mills Elem. Practical Flying iii, It is usual to describe performances in terms of both maximum and cruising speeds—the latter being the speed at which the aeroplane flies level with the engine running at the cruising revolutions recommended by the makers. 1958 Listener 30 Oct. 683/1 You want a car that has., a high cruising speed. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xiii. (1840) 226 We pretended to carry on our cruising trade. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 382 A cruising-vessel.

cruive (kru:v). Forms: 5 crufe, 5-6 cruif(e, 5-8 cruve, 8 crove, 4- cruive. [Originally Scotch (pronounced kro:v, kry:v), and retaining its Sc. spelling in sense 4, in which it has passed into legal and general use. The various forms point to an original *crof-, of which nothing seems to be known. In senses 1 and 2, croo and cruive are synonymous: cf. also crew sb.2 Sense 4 suggests connexion with corve, corf and its family.] 1. A hovel, cabin. Sc. c 1450 Henryson Fables, Wolf fsf Lamb (Bannatyne Poems), The pure husband hes nocht But cote and crufe, upone a clout of land. 1725 Ramsay Gent. Sheph. v. iii, I that very day Frae Roger’s father took my little crove [rime love].

2. A pen for live stock, esp. a pig-sty. Sc. c 1575 Balfour Pract. 588 Gif thair be ony swine cruivis biggit on the fore-gait. 1597 Skene De Verb. Sign. s.v. Creffera, Hara porcorum, ane cruife, or ane swines cruif.. quhilk in sum auld buikes is called ane Stye. 1883 Longman's Mag. Apr. 648 The neighbours lean over the sow’s ‘cruive’ or sty.

3. A kitchen-garden enclosure. (Orkney.) 1876 D. Gorrie Summ. Wint. in Orkneys v. 160 Plantie cruives—deserted cottage kitchen-gardens.

CRUIZE 4. A coop or enclosure of wickerwork or spars placed in tide-ways and openings in weirs, as a trap for salmon and other fish. 14•/ Sc. Stat. I. 469 A1 pa\ pat hes cruffis [croas] or fyschingis.. or mylnys in watteris quhar the se cumis and gangis. 1599 A. Hume Hymnes, Day Estival, The salmon out of cruives and creels Uphailed into scouts. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. Treat. 139 To execut the Acts of Parliament made anent Salmond fishing, and cruves. 1769 Pennant Tour Scot. (1771) 117 Beneath are some cruives, or wears, to take Salmon in. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 330 The pool .. is too shallow for salmon, who run into the cruives. 1862 Act 25-6 Viet. c. 97 §6 (6) General regulations with respect to.. The construction and use of cruives.

cruize, cruizie, var. cruise, crusie.

cruk(e, obs. form of crook. crule v. Obs.: see crawl. fcrull, a. Obs. Also crul, crol(le. [ME., corresp. to Fries, kroll, krull, MDu. crul, MG. (15th c.) krul curly: see Grimm kroll. Not recorded in OE.: cf. curl.] Curly. C1300 K. Alis. 1999 His hed was crolle, and yolow the here, c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 81 A yong Squier .. With lokkes crulle as they were leyd in presse. -Miller's T. 128 Crul [v.r. crol, crull, crulle] was his heer.

cruller ('krAta(r)). U.S. [app. a. Du. cruller, f. crullen to curl: cf. EFris. kruller curl, paper-curl, LG. kroll-koken wafer-cakes.] A cake cut from dough containing eggs, butter, sugar, etc., twisted or curled into various shapes, and fried to crispness in lard or oil. 1818 W. Irving Sketch-Bk., Leg. Sleepy Hollow, The doughty dough-nut.. the crisp and crumbling cruller. 1866 Howells Venet. Life vi, A species of cruller, fried in oil, which has all seasons for its own. 1890 G. Rudmani Royal Baker (N.Y.) 8 [Recipe].

crum, var. of crumb a. and v.2 Obs. crumb, (krAm), sb. Forms: i cruma, 3-6 cromme, 3-7 crumme, 4-6 crome, 5 crom, crume, crwme, 5-6 crowm(e, 6 crumbe, 7 crumm, 5crum, 7- crumb. [OE. cruma masc., related to MDu. crume f., Du. kruim, MLG. krome, LG. krome, mod.Ger. krume, these having the vowel long. The ulterior derivation is obscure. The merely graphic b began to be added in the i6thc.; but crum continued to be the prevalent form to the end of the 18th c., and is recognized in 19th c. Dictionaries. Johnson has crum, crumb. The b probably appeared first in the derivative crumble (where it has also invaded the pronunciation), after words of F. origin like humble; there was also the apparent analogy of OE. words like dumby where b was retained in the spelling, though no longer pronounced: cf. thumb.]

1. a. A small particle of bread (or other friable food), such as breaks or falls off by rubbing, etc. a hwelpas eta6 of pam crumum. a mo Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 330/13 Mica cruma. c 1200 Ormin 1474 Laf patt iss wipputenn crummess. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 6645 To ete hys fylle of pe crummes. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 59 A crumme of breed. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6758 All Northumbirlande prouynce He thoght as croms of bred to mynce. 1547 Ordre of Communion, We be not woorthie .. to gather up the cromes under thy table. 1568 Bible (Bishops’) Mark vii. 28 The childrens crumbes. 1632 Sanderson 12 Serm. 472 Every crumme we put in our mouthes. 1797 Bewick Brit. Birds (1847) I. 157 He hops round the house, picks up the crumbs. 1829 G. R. Gleig Chelsea Pensioners (1840) 207 A few crums which remained in our havresacks. 1849 James Woodman xi, We feed it with the crumbs from our table.

b. A small particle of anything; a grain, as of dust. Obs. exc. dial. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 399 Was neuere founde gobet noper cromme. c 1470 Harding Chron. exxiv. xii, [He].. for his workes and buyldynges held eche crome. 1560 P. Whitehorne tr. Macchiavelli's Arte of Warre (1573) Litle peeces or crummes of pitche. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. iv. 369 To leave no crumme of dust behind. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scint. 1. 92 (Burial of Infant) Softly rest all thy Virgin-Crums! 1883 Stevenson Treas. Isl. ill. xiv. (1886) 114 His eye .. gleaming like a crumb of glass.

c. One of the irregularly-shaped and highly porous aggregates of particles found in soil having a crumb structure. (Cf. sense 3 b.) 1906 [see crumb structure]. 1914 T. L. Lyon et al. Soils (1920) vii. 109 The soil particles are not homogeneous as to size, and neither do all the particles function as simple grains, being gathered together in groups called granules, or crumbs. 1961 J. MacBean Soil iii. 34 Clay soils which are treated with lime to allow of the flocculation or grouping together of the single particles into crumbs.. are warmer and more easily worked.

d. In rayon manufacture (see quots.). 1927 M. H. Avram Rayon Industry 259 Following the steeping operation the blocks of alkali-cellulose are shredded. In this operation, which is usually carried out in a machine called a shredder or disintegrator, the cellulose is reduced to very finely divided particles called crumbs. 1927 T. Woodhouse Artif. Silk vi. 54 The action of the internal parts of the kneader breaks up the [alkali-cellulose] sheets effectively into small particles similar to small breadcrumbs, and hence these particles are called ‘crumbs’. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. V. 643/2 Viscose process... The crumbs

CRUMBLE

81 are placed in churns where the action of carbon disulphide causes the alkali-cellulose to change to cellulose xanthate.

2. fig. a. A very small particle or portion (of something immaterial), a ‘scrap’. fll535 Fisher Wks. (1876) 408 [Not] one crum of merit. 1541 Barnes Wks. (1573) 225 Some cromme of charitie within them. 1662 Fuller Worthies, Berks., R. of Wallingford, This their clock gathering up the least crume of time. 1719 D’Urfey Pills V. 76 To beg Some Crumbs of Comfort. 1801 Scott Let. to G. Ellis 11 May, I think I could give you some more crumbs of information were I at home. 1890 Diet. Nat. Biog. XXII. 339 Claverhouse’s only crumb of comfort was that he saved the standards.

b. A body-louse. U.S. slang. 1863 O. W. Norton Army Lett. (1903) 175 Fortunately, I am not troubled with the ‘crumbs’ now. 1898 Scribner's Mag. XXIII. 440/1 Just then I felt something crawling on my neck. It was a crumb. 1925 J. H. Mullin Adv. Scholar Tramp iii. 46 If there is crumbs hoppin’ around on me, I don’t want to encourage ’em too much.

c. A lousy or filthy person; an objectionable, worthless, or insignificant person, slang (orig. U.S.). 1918 H. M. Rideout Key of Fields 236 A couple of crumbs want to kill you. 1930 Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves! iii. 83 This old crumb would be the occupant of the bed which I was proposing to prod with darning-needles. 1959 H. D. Barton Loving Cup 236 He’s an absolute crumb called Stuart Rowlandson. 1970 Women Speaking Apr. 5/1 If a man doesn’t like a girl’s looks or personality, she’s a.. crumb.

3. a. The inner part of a loaf, not hardened in baking, and capable of being easily crumbled; the soft part of bread. Opposed to crust. CI430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode I. xli. (1869) 25, I entermeted me neuere to make cruste ne cromme. c 1440 Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 441 Pare away the cruste, and stepe the crome in vynegur. 1605 Shaks. Lear 1. iv. 217 He that keepes nor crust nor crum. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 32 a, Make them thin, that they may have the more Crust and the less Crum. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 174 Taking the bread J crust and § crumb.

b. transf. Loosened and crumbled earth. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. (1807) I. 16 It will give as much mould, or crumb, in the harrow, as any other furrow. 1881 Whitehead Hops 45 There should be a good tilth, or crumb, at least a foot deep. c. slang. Plumpness. Cf. crummy 3. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xxix, ‘Too much crumb, you know’, said Mr. Bailey; ‘too fat, Poll.’

f4. Phr. to gather (or pick) up one’s crumbs: to ‘pick up’ or recover strength or health; to improve in condition. Obs. exc. dial. 1588 A. Ingram in Hakluyt Voy. II. 11. 130 Our men beganne to gather vp their crums and to recouer some better strength, c 1645 Howell Lett. 2 Feb. an. 1621 Thank God, I.. am recovering and picking up my crums apace. 1840 R. H. Dana Before Mast xxvii, [He] had ‘picked up his crumbs’ .. and [was] getting strength and confidence daily. 1888 W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v., A person or animal improving in appearance is said to be picking up his crumbs.

5. Comb., as crumb rubber; crumb-catching ppl. adj.; crumb-brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table; crumb-cloth, a cloth laid under a table to catch the crumbs and keep the carpet clean; sometimes laid over the greater part of a carpet; crumb structure [tr. G. kriimelstruktur (E. Wollny 1882, in Forsch. aufd. Geb. d. Agrik.-Physik V. 146)], the condition of soil when its particles are aggregated into crumbs (sense 1 c). 1884 Hugh Conway in Eng. Illustr. Mag. Dec. 176/1 Whittaker came in with the crumb brush. 1607 Walkington Opt. Glass Ep. Ded. If 3 b, Sycophants and crum-catching parasites. 1843 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 196 The crumb cloth of the library. 1864 Eliz. A. Murray E. Norman I. 6 A rich carpet, covered by a linen crumb-cloth. 1956 Gloss. Terms Rubber Rubber-like Materials (ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ. No. 184) 28 Crumb rubber. When vulcanized rubber is milled, it does not become soft and plastic but forms a type of material known as crumb or spring rubber. 1957 Times 20 Dec. 17/6 Output of reclaim and crumb rubber for the 12 months was approximately 7 per cent, higher. 1906 E. W. Hilgard Soils vii. 109 The word ‘Kriimelstructur’ (crumb-structure), adopted by Wollny for this phenomenon, has both fitness and priority in its favor. Ibid. 110 Clay is most frequently the substance which imparts at least temporary stability to the crumbs and crumb-structure. 1926 Tansley & Chipp Study of Veg. vii. 116 The ‘primary’ inorganic particles of soil show a tendency to aggregate into ‘compound particles’... This ‘crumb structure’ . . is found in all good agricultural and good forest soils, i960 L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct, (ed. 5) xi. 96 It is mainly the maintenance of this soil-structure, especially this crumb structure, which the farmer means when he talks about.. ‘maintaining a fine tilth’.

f crumb, crum, a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 4 croume, 9 dial, crum, crom. [A common WG. adj.: OE. crumb — OFris. krumb (EFris. krum, -mme), OS. crumb (MLG. krum, -mme, LG. krumm)-, MDu. cromp, -be, crom(m (Da. krom), OHG. chrump, -be (MHG. krump, -be, G. i6-J7th c. krumb, mod.G. krumm, Upper G. dial krump) crooked:—OTeut. type *krumbo-, f. krimb-, kramb, krumb- to press, squeeze, compress: see cramp sb.1 Cf. also Irish crom, Welsh crom, crooked, bent. This adj., so important in G. and Du., has had very little development in Eng., its place being taken by the kindred crump; it survives to a slight extent

dialectally as crum, crom crooked, and in the derivatives crum, crom vb. (see crumb v,2), cromster, crummie q.v.] Crooked. ou do, J>ou art commare To hym pax hyt gat or bare. 1566 in Diurnal of Occurrents (1833) 102 To nominat ane woman in Scotland to be cummar to our soueranis to the bapteising of our prince thair sone. a 1670 Spalding Troub. Chas. I{1792) II. 105 (Jam.) An honest burgess of Aberdeen caused bring to the kirk a bairn.. to be baptised.. and conveened his gossips and comers, as the custom is. 1730 in Chambers Dom. Ann. Scot. III. 572 Towards the end of the week, all the friends are asked to what was called the Cummers’ Feast,

2. A female companion or intimate; a gossip.

cumerar, obs. form of cumberer.

Rycht Air lie on Ask Weddinsday 2 Drynkand the wyne satt cumeris tway. Ibid. 11 ‘My fair, sweit cummer’ quod the tuder. 1644 Baillie in Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) lntrod. 34, I thank my cummer your wife heartily. 1658 R. Franck in A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock 7 Their wives are sociable comers. 1790 Scots Songs II. 7 My kimmer and I lay down to sleep. 1820 Scott Monast. viii, A special cummer of my ain. 1500-20

cumin, cummin (’kAmin). cymen,

-yn,

2

cumin (y),

Forms:

1 kymen,

4-7 comyn,

-e,

5-6

cummyn, 5-7 comen, 6 comeyn, commute, -men, -myn, 7 comin(e, cum(m)ine, 7-9 commin, (8-9 cumming), 6- cum(m)in. [OE. cymen (:—cumin), a. L. cumin-um (cym-), a. Gr. Kvfilvov. Cf. OHG. chumin, cumin, also chumil (MHG. kiimel, Ger. kiimmel), Sw. kummin, Da. kummen. The word has also come down in the Romanic langs., It. cumino, comin.

comino,

Sp.,

Pg.

comino,

OF.

cumin,

ME. cumin, comin was either from Fr.

(like MDu. comijn, Du. komijn), or altered from OE. cymen after Fr. The Gr. kv/xIvov is supposed to have been a foreign word, cognate in origin with the Semitic names, Heb. kammon, Arab. kammun, and their cognates.] 1. An umbelliferous plant (Cummin Cyminum) resembling fennel: cultivated in the Levant for its fruit or seed, which possesses aromatic and carminative qualities; also called common, garden, or Roman cumin. oil of cumin: the essential oil of cumin seed, consisting of three hydrocarbons, cymene, cymol, and cuminol. c 897 K. /Elfred Gregory's Past. lvii. 439 3e tiogoSiaS eowre mintan & eowerne dile & eowerne kymen. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt, xxiii. 23 Cymen \v.r. cymyn; 1160 Hatton Gosp. cumin], c 1300 K. Alis. 6797 Gynger, comyn gaven odour grace. 1382 Wyclif Isa. xxviii. 25 He shal sowe the sed gith, and the comyn sprengen. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvn. xxxviii. (1495) 625 Comyn .. is a seed wyth good smell and wyth pale colour, c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 8 Fors hit with galyngale and gode gyngere, With canel and comyn alle in fere, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 89 Comyn, seede (Ciminum, P.). 1561 Hollybush Horn. Apoth. 5 b, Commen stiped in vinegre. 1736 Bailey Househ. Diet. 228 Cummin is accounted good for the stomach. 1847 Emerson Poems, Sphinx Wks. (Bohn) I. 398 Rue, myrrh, and cummin for the Sphinx—Her muddy eyes to clear. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost xi. 309 The Pharisees .. gave tithes of mint, anise, and commin. b. fig. in allusion to Matt, xxiii. 23. 1741-1841 [see anise 2]. 1741 Watts Improv. Mindxiv. §8 (1801) hi The mint, anise and cumming, the gestures and vestures and fringes of religion. 1892 Edin. Rev Apr. 419 The anise and cummin of a great archaeological question, passed, as it were, through the Homeric sieve. 2. With qualifications applied to other plants: as,

Armenian

Caraway,

or

Carum

mountain Carui;

cumin,

black

the

cumin,

a

ranunculaceous plant, Nigella sativa, cultivated in Eastern countries for its black, acrid, aromatic

seeds;

Bishop’s-weed;

royal sweet

cumin, cumin,

Ammi the

and or

Anise,

Pimpinella Anisum; wild cumin, (a) the wild variety of cumin; f(6) the wild Nigella; (c) an umbelliferous plant, Lagcecia cuminoides. 1578 Lyte Dodoens n. xciv. 274 The wilde Comyn.. hath a brittle stalke. 1614 Markham Cheap Husb. 1. Table of Hard Words, Ameos, Comin royal, is a Herb of some called Bulwort, Bishops-weed, or Herb-william. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 3 Ethiopian-Cummin is a Plant which has Leaves like Dill. 1885 Bible (R.V.) Isa. xxviii. 25 Doth the plowman .. not cast abroad the fitches [marg. black cummin {Nigella sativa)]. 3. attrib. and Comb., as cumin cheese, oil, seed,

etc.;

niggardly

cumin-splitting [cf.

CUMULATED

126

L.

a.,

cuminisector,

skin-flint, Gr.

Dunbar

3. A woman, a female; familiarly applied, like ‘fellow’ to a man. With various local specific applications, e.g. young woman, lass, girl, witch, wise-woman, midwife, etc. 17.. Humble Beggar in Herd Collect. (1776) II. 29 (Jam.) Vow, kimmer, and how do ye? 1745 Song, What’s a’ the steer, kimmer? 1785 Burns 2nd Ep. to Lapraik x, Fortune.. the kittle kimmer. 1806 Train Poetical Reveries 89 (Jam.) She in travail was. .No kindly kimmer nigh there was To mitigate her pain. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xxiii, ‘That’s a fresh and full-grown hemlock.. mony a cummer lang syne wad hae sought nae better horse to flee.. through mist and moonlight.’ 1821 Blackw. Mag. Jan. 402 (Jam.) It’s a bonnie sight to see so mony stark youths and strapping kimmers streaking themselves sae eydently to the harvest darke. 1875 F. I. Scudamore Day Dreams 13 In presence of the good cummers of Newhaven.

|| cummerbund ('kAmsbAnd). Anglo-Ind. Forms: 7 combar-, commer-, 8 cumber-, 8-9 cummerband, 9 cummer-, kummerbund. [Urdu and Pers. kamar-band, i.e. loin-band.] A sash or girdle worn round the waist; a waist-belt.

Ilcumshaw ('kAmJo:). Also kumshaw. [According to Giles, the Amoy pronunciation, kam-sia, of the Chinese words kan to be grateful, hsieh thanks = ‘grateful thanks’, a phrase of thanks used by beggars.] In the Chinese ports: A present or gratuity; a baksheesh. 1839 H. Malcom Trav. II. Gloss., Cum-shaw, a present. At Canton, custom has made some cumshaws matter of right. 1885 Where Chineses Drive 163 Baldpate.. had the exceeding coolness to ask for a cumshaw as they left.

Hence 'cumshaw v., to make a present to. t cum-'twang. An obsolete term of contempt. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 3 Those graybeard huddleduddles and crusty cum-twangs were stroke with such stinging remorse.

cumulant ('kjuimjubnt). Math. [ad. L. cumuldnt-em, pr. pple. of cumulate.] ‘The denominator of the simple algebraical fraction which expresses the value of an improper continued fraction.’ Sylvester in Phil. Trans.

(1853) i- 543cumular ('kju:mjub(r)), a. [ad. L. cumular-is, f. cumulus heap, cumulus.] = cumulous. 1837 [see cirro-cumular]. 1892 Ardrossan Her. 10 June 5 The dark masses of cumular cloud overhead.

cumulate ('kjurmjubt), a. [ad. L. cumulat-us, pa. pple. of cumuldre: see next.] Formed or gathered into a heap; heaped up; massed. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 118 Ane carne of stonis togither cumulat. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 2 A cumulate or heaped fulness, when it overflows the continent. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 391 Their cumulate mode of budding. 1871 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §655 Short sentences are prevalent in our language .. But we can use the cumulate construction when needed.

cumulate ('kjuimjuleit), v. [f. L. cumulat-, ppl. stem of cumuldre to heap, f. cumul-us a heap, the conical crown of a heaped measure.] 1. a. trans. To gather in a heap; to heap up; to pile up, collect, amass, accumulate. Also fig.

1616 R. Cocks Diary (Hakl. Soc. 1883) I. 147 (Y.) A sample of gallic pottes.. chint bramport, and combarbands, with the prices. 1687 Lond. Gaz. No. 2269/2, 234 pieces of Commerbands with Gold Flowers. 1792 Hist, in Ann. Reg. 193 Uniform turbans and cumber-bands. C1813 Mrs. Sherwood Ayah & Lady ix. 53 Shumsheer had a cummerbund, of rose-coloured muslin. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 410 The necessity of cholera belts or kummerbunds is avoided.

1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices 1. (1540) 50 We must use that language.. which is knowen to us, leest.. we cumulatynge in greke wordes maye of very ryght be laughed to scorne. 1541 Barnes Wks. (1573) 340/1 Let all these makers of new Gods cumilate themselues togither on a heape. 1612-20 Shelton Quix. iv. vi. (T.) All the extremes of worth and beauty that were cumulated in Camila. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth vi. (1723) 283 Mighty sholes of Shells .. cumulated in many Places Heap upon Heap. 1850 J. H. Newman Diffic. Anglic. 29 It is often a mistake, in controversy, to cumulate reasons, etc.

cummerous, obs. form of cumbrous.

b. Legal. To combine (a number of actions, defences, etc.) into one; cf. cumulation 3.

cummin, cumming: see cumin.

A Civil Law term still used in Louisiana. {Cent. Diet.)

c. intr. To accumulate.

cummin, -un, -yn, obs. ff. come pa. pple.

1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. n. v, As Fledgeby’s affronts cumulated.

'cumming. Sc. Also 6 cumyeone, cymming, kymmond. [? Related to coomb1, senses 2, 4, in Sc. cum, kim (Gael, cuman is prob. from Lowland Sc.).] a. In Brewing. ‘A large oblong vessel, of a square form, about a foot or eighteen inches deep, used for receiving what works over from the masking-fat or barrel. Loth.’ b. ‘A small tub or wooden vessel. Angus, Fife.’ (Jamieson 1825.)

2. a. trans. To add over and above, to combine with something additional.

1538 Aberdeen Reg. V. 16 (Jam.) Ane flasche fat, ane fysche fat, ane cumyeone. Ibid., Ane gryte kymmond. 1566 Inv. R. Wardr. etc. (1815) 174 (Jam.) Tua gyle fattes.. ane cumming. c 1575 Balfour Practicks 234 (Jam.) The air sail have .. ane masking-fat.. ane cymming, ane laid-gallon, ane wort disch. 1825 Jamieson, Kimmen, kymmond, a large shallow tub used in brew-houses. Upp. Clydes.

'cummock. Sc. Variant of cammock: ‘A short staff with a crooked head’ (Jam.). On Scott. Bard gone to W. India vii, To tremble under fortune’s cummock. 1786 Burns

cumnawnte, obs. form of covenant. cumole: see under cumene.

Kvpuvo-

• 153° Palsgr. 207/1 Commyn sede, comyn. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 1. vii. 35 A carver or divider of Comine seed which is one of the least seedes. a 1613 Overbury A Wife (1638) 96 His wife is the Cummin seed of his Dove-house. . Williams 1. (1692) 13 He that would try his cunning in history when he was old.

|2. The capacity or faculty of knowing; wit, wisdom, intelligence. Obs. 1340 Ayenb. 115 One yeipe of pe holy gost pet is y-cleped pe yeipe of connynge. 1407 W. Thorpe in Exam., I.. believe that all these three Persons are euen in power and in cunning, and in might. ? 1507 Communyc. (W. de W.) Aij, I made the also lyke unto me And gaue the connynge and free wyll. 1514 Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. lxvii, They have scantly the cunning of a snite. 1532 Sir T. More Debell. Salem Wks. (1557) 1008/1 Great vertues, and great giftes of God, as chastitie, liberalitie.. temperaunce, cunning.

3. Knowledge how to do a thing; ability, skill, expertness, dexterity, cleverness. (Formerly the prevailing sense; now only a literary archaism.) c 1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 866 Cryseyde .. Als ferforthe as she konnynge hadde or myght, Answerde hym. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 347 But for to medle medicyns in pis maner per mote be miche kunnynge for to proporcioune hem. C1500 Nottingham Rec. III. 447 The oath of the Common Councell. Ye shall well and truly, to your cunning and power [etc.]. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 15 Grievously diseased .. incurable by Man’s Cunning. 1611 Bible Ps. cxxxvii. 5 Let my right hand forget her cunning. 1743 Lond. Gf Country Brew. 11. (ed. 2) 140 If such Brewers happen right. . it is more by Chance, than Cunning. 1807 Wordsw. White Doe of Ryl. 1. 94 High-ribbed vault.. With perfect cunning framed. 1865 Rawlinson Anc. Mon. III. v. 384 As nature’s cunning arranges lines in the rainbow.

fb. transf. An application of skill; an ingenious device or means (quot. 1527). Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 142 Whiche settyng of stones.. [is] ferre greater connynge than is ye hewynge of stones. 1527 Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters I vj, The same water is a very good connyng for to make the face clere and fayre. 1684 R. H. Sch. Recreat. 83 The first.. Cunning to be observed in Bowling, is the right chusing your Bowl.

14. A branch of knowledge or of skilled work; a science or art, a craft. In early times often = occult art, magic. Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1611 Baltazar.. pat now is demed Danyel of deme coninges. 1340-70 Alisaunder 716 pis King with his conning kithes his werkes With wiles of witchcraft. c 1400 Three Kings Cologne 14 \>ey haue maistris.. to teche hem pat cunnyng of astronomye. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 49 Sadelarie and talarie ben ij dyuerse facultees and kunninges. 1539 Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 158 Lycens to exercyse hys connyng withyn the libertyes of London. 1592 West 1st Pt. Symbol. § 1 A, Symbolaeography is an Art or cunning rightly to fourme and make written Instruments.

5. Now usually in bad sense: Skill employed in a secret or underhand manner, or for purposes of deceit; skilful deceit, craft, artifice. (Cf. craft 4.) b. As a personal quality: Disposition to use one’s skill in an underhand way; skilfulness in deceiving, craftiness, artfulness. 1583 Stanyhurst JEneis 11. (Arb.) 45 Soom practis or oother Heere lurcks of coonning: trust not this treacherus ensigne. 1595 Shaks. John iv. i. 54 Nay, you may thinke my loue was craftie loue, And call it cunning. 1612 Bacon Ess., Cunning (Arb.) 434 We take Cunning for a sinister or crooked Wisedome. 1659 B. Harris ParivaVs Iron Age 182 A piece of cunning, whereby he had couzened many, a 1718 W. Penn Maxims Wks. 1726 I. 828 Cunning borders very near upon Knavery. 1842 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life III. ix. 142 The perfection of cunning is to conceal its own quality. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Truth Wks. (Bohn) II. 52 Nature has endowed some animals with cunning, as a compensation for strength withheld.

cunning ('kAnir)), a. Forms: 4- cunning; also 4-5 konyng, (north.) cunnand, connand, conand(e, -aunde, 4-6 kunnyng(e, -ing, konnyng, connyng(e, conyng(e, -inge, 5-6 cuning, cunnyng(e, 5-7 conning, 6 connninge. [Orig. type *cunnende, pres. pple. of can v.1 (inf. OE. cunnan, ME. cunnen, connen)y in its earlier sense ‘to know’; hence orig. = ‘knowing’. Not found in OE., but in regular use from 14th c. both in the northern form cunnand, and the midi, and south, cunning, connyng. The derivative conandscipe occurs in Cursor Mundi, Cotton MS.] fl. a. Possessing knowledge or learning, learned; versed in (f of) a subject. Obs. c 1325 Metr. Horn. 93 He wil that they.. be cunnand in his seruise. c 1350 Will. Palerne 4810 [J>ei] were hold., konyngest of kurtesie, and kowden fairest speke. C1394 P. PL Crede 378 Als as he were a connynge Clerke. c 1449 Pecock Repr. iii. x. 335 Myche kunnynger and better leerned. c 1450 Merlin 17 The luges seiden he moste be connynge of moche thynge. 1526 Tindale Matt. xiii. 52 Every scrybe which is coninge vnto the kyngdom of heven. 1667 H. More Div. Dial. 1. x. (1713) 19, I perceive you are cunninger than I in that Philosophy. [1876 Freeman Norm.

CUNNINGAIRE Conq. V. xxiii. 128 Flambard and the other cunning clerks of the King’s Chapel.]

b. transf. Of things: Characterized by or full of knowledge or learning, learned. 1519 Interl. Four Elem. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 7 If cunning Latin books were translate Into English. 1534 Tindale j Cor. ii. 13 Which thinges also we speake, not in the connynge wordes of mannes wysdome, but with the connynge wordes of the holy goost. 1630 Davenant Just Italian Wks. (1673) 445 Stones of the cunningst soil.

2. a. Possessing practical knowledge or skill; able, skilful, expert, dexterous, clever. (Formerly the prevailing sense; now only a literary archaism.) 1382 Wyclif i Sam. xvi. 18 The sone of Ysaye Bethlemyte, kunnynge to harpe. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 46 An Aldirman able and konyng to reulen and gouern pe company. 1535 Coverdale j Kings Contents ch. v, Hiram .. sendeth Salomon connynge craftesmen to buylde the Temple. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. iii. iv. 312 And [= if] I thought he had beene valiant, and so cunning in Fence. 1690 Locke Govt. 11. xix, The tools of Cunninger workmen. 1718 Prior To C'tess of Exeter 37 While Luke his Skill exprest, A cunning Angel came, and drew the rest. 1843 Prescott Mexico v. vii. (1864) 322 Most cunning in the management of their weapons.

b. transf. Showing skill or expertness; skilfully contrived or executed; skilful, ingenious. 1423 Jas. I. Kingis Q. xcvii, Fair-calling, hir vsehere, That coude his office doon in connyng wise. 1535 Coverdale 2 Chron. ii. 14 To carue all maner of thinges, and to make what connynge thinge so euer is geuen him. 1587TURBERV. Trag. T. (1837) 133 The cook, .made a cunning messe Of meate thereof. 1611 Bible Ex. xxxix. 8 He made the brestplate of cunning worke. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. 11. 68 They have a peculiar and wonderful cunning way of building.. Their Nests hang down two or three Feet from the twigs. 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin iv. xxxi, Joints of cunning workmanship.

f 3. spec. Possessing magical knowledge or skill: in cunning man, cunning woman, a fortune-teller, conjurer, ‘wise man’, ‘wise woman’, wizard or witch. (Also hyphened cunning-man.) Obs. (or ? dial.) [c 1350 Will. Palerne 653 Ful conyng was sche and coynt, and couf?e fele binges, Of charmes and of chauntemens to schewe harde castis.] 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI. iv. i. 34 A cunning man did calculate my birth, And told me that by Water I should dye. 1609 B. Jonson Sil. Worn. 11. i, Going in disguise to that conjurer and this cunning woman. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 505 IP4 How many Wizards, Gypsies, and Cunning-Men. 1797 Sporting Mag. X. 273 The wife.. went to a cunning woman to discover the thief. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. II. 342 A Cunning-Man, or a Cunning-Woman, as they are termed, is to be found near every town.

4. Possessing keen intelligence, wit, or insight; knowing, clever. 1671 J. Webster Metallogr. vi. 106 Wiser heads, and cunninger wits. 1710 Philips Pastorals ii. 55 Against ill Luck all cunning Foresight fails. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xix, Your groom rides your horses because he is a cunninger animal than they. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II. 73 [These] provisions.. have exercised the cunningest heads in a profession which never admits a fool.

5. a. In bad sense: Skilful in compassing one’s ends by covert means; clever in circumventing; crafty, artful, guileful, sly. (The prevailing modern sense.) [1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. i. 1 That conning Architect of cancred guyle.] 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, 11. ii. iii Whatsoeuer cunning fiend it was That wrought upon thee. 1611 Cymb. 1. iv. 100. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xvi. 54 Like cunning thieves, desiring that the prey.. should not escape out of their hands. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 193 IP 1 The cunning will have recourse to stratagem, and the powerful to violence. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 173 He was not naturally either cunning or cruel. 1864 Kingsley Rom. Teut. iii. (1875) 73 The stronger, if not the cunninger of the two.

b. Of things: Showing or characterized by craftiness; crafty. 1590 Spenser F.Q. I. iii. 17 Then he by conning sleights in at the window crept. 1611 Bible Eph. iv. 14 By the sleight of men, and cunning craftinesse, whereby they lye in waite to deceiue. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop iii, His black eyes were restless, sly, and cunning. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. iii. 49 If I didn’t know your cunning ways.

6. U.S. colloq. Quaintly interesting or pretty, attractive, taking; as having attributed to it the qualities described in sense 2 b, or (as said of young children) in 4 or 5. (Cf. canny 9.) 1844 lJ. Slick’ High Life N. Y. I. 220 ‘Why, that pair,’ sez she,.. a burying her hands.. down in the pocket of her cunning apron. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xvii. 216 Tea and coffee arrived (with sweet preserves, and cunning teacakes in its train). 1854 Mrs. Stowe Sunny Mem. I. 161 My eye had been caught by some cunning little tubs and pails in a window. 1885 G. Allen Babylon i, Ain’t it a cunning little egg? 1887 Century Mag. Nov. 43 As a child, she had been called ‘cunning’ in the popular American use of the word when applied to children; that is to say, piquantly interesting. 1888 The Lady 25 Oct. 374/3 ‘Cunning’ little shelves for small bits of pottery.

'cunning, vbl. sb. Directing the helm: see under con v.2 1659 D. Pell Improv. Sea 418 The Helmsman .. minded not the cunning of the ship.

cunning, obs. form of cony, rabbit, cunningaire, var. conyger, rabbit-warren.

CUNNINGHEDE f 'cunninghede.

Obs. rare.

In 5 connyng-.

[f.

CUNNING + -hede, -HEAD.] = CUNNINGNESS I. c 1475 Partenay 5 Barayne is my soule, fauting connynghede. cunningly ('kAniqli), adv. Forms: see cunning a.

[-LY2.]

In a cunning manner.

1. With skill, knowledge, or wisdom; wisely, cleverly, knowingly. Obs. or arch. In early quots. often = ‘with good breeding, politely’. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints, Theodera 402 Hyme ful connandly scho gret. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1485 Hypsip. Gf Medea, Fful cunnyngely these lordes two he grette. c 1400 Destr. Troy 838 Iason carpes to the kyng, conyngly he said. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sotvle iv. xxxviii. (1859) 63 He salewed hyr goodly, and she welcomed hym ful connyngly, as she wel couthe. c 1425 Wsyntoun Cron. v. xii. 275 Hucheown.. Intil his gest hystoriale Has tretyd J?is mar cunnandly. c 1460 Towneley Myst. 160 This barne .. That carps thus conandly. 1519 Interl. Four Elem. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 37 He hath expound cunningly Divers points of cosmography. 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 91 Which thoughts were bewraied by my countenance.. which she cunningly perceiuing [etc.]. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. in. 341 Two wise men .. who can Talk cunningly about the ways of man. 2. With skilful art. (Now a literary archaism.) ? a 1400 Chester PI. (Shaks. Soc.) I. 114 He so cuninglye this worcke caste. 1555 Eden Decades 31 Chayers and stooles.. very coonningely wrowght. 1682 Milton Hist. Mosc. ii. (1851) 483 They shoot wondrous cunningly: thir Arrow heads are sharpned Stones. 1836-48 B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Clouds 1. iv, Cunningly-wrought halls. 1883 Ld. R. Gower My Remin. II. xxi. 52 Inigo Jones.. decorated the front of Kirby.. in cunningly carved stone. 3. With knowledge employed to conceal facts or designs, or to deceive or circumvent; craftily, artfully. (The current sense.) 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 48 So cunningly had he under the vaile of pietie, shadowed his most execrable treacherie. 1622 R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 104 The cuninglier to colour their greatest disorders and robberies. 1719 D’Urfey Pills IV. 201 Women are.. cunningly Coy. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xi. 124 Your lash..is apt to., fasten itself cunningly round bits of ice. 1867 Deutsch Rem. (1874) 8 He saw the cunningly-laid trap. 'cunningness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] quality of being cunning or knowing. fl. ness;

Knowingness; something

skilfulness,

requiring

skill;

skill, =

The

clever¬

cunning

sb. 2, 3, 4. 1375 Barbour Bruce 111. 712 It wes gret cunnannes to kep Thar takill in-till sic A thrang. a 1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 12 Worldely mene..J?at castes paire conaundenes.. vn-to couetyse. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 121 Konyngnesse of pe leche. 1609 Douland Ornith. Microl. 67 Thou .. hast.. in singing a graceful cunningnesse. 1755 Connoisseur No. 70 If 10 For all your learning, and policy, and cunningness, and judgment. 2. Craftiness, slyness, artfulness; = cunning sb. 5. 01625 Fletcher Woman's Prize iv. ii, Such a drench of balderdash, Such a strange carded cunningness. 1654 Cokaine Dianea 1. 69 With all candidnesse.. or else with a cunningness. 1702 W. J. Bruyn's Voy. Levant xl. 157 The Cunningness of Apes and Falcons. 1727 in Bailey vol. II.; and in mod. Diets. 1965 Listener 18 Mar. 420/2 His work.. lacks the nudging cunningness of some ‘art’ photographers. f'cunningship. Obs. In 3 (north.) conandscipe. [See cunning a. and -ship.] Knowledge. 01300 Cursor M. 29206 (Cott.) J?e gift o wijt, of vnderstanding, o consail, strenght, o gode dreding, o conandscipe, and o pite. cunnundrum, obs. form of conundrum. cunny (’kAm). slang.

[Prob. dim. of cunt; but

cf. cony sb. 5 b.] = cunt i. 1720 D’Urfey Pills VI. 197 All my Delight is a Cunny in the Night, When she turns up her silver Hair. 1865 E. Sellon New Epicurean (1875) 11, I frigged and kissed their fragrant cunnies. 1879-80 Pearl (1970) 216 Your private parts, or cunny, Should not be let for money. 1891 Farmer & Henley Slang II. 230 Cunny-haunted,. .lecherous. 1922 F. Harris My Life & Loves I. x. 208 She had limbs like a Greek statue and her triangle of brown hair lay in little silky curls on her belly and then—the sweetest little cunny in the world. cunny, -yng, obs. forms of cony, rabbit. cunopic

(kjur'nDpik),

a.

nonce-wd.

[f.

Gr.

kvvwttt)s the dog-eyed, the shameless.] = CYNOPIC. 1838 Fraser's Mag. XVIII. 671 The roystering, rubicund, cunopic cutter of rumps of beef and briskets.

relations uncertain.] 1. The female external genital organs. Cf. quaint sb. Its currency is restricted in the manner of other taboowords: see the small-type note s.v. fuck v. [C1230 in Ekwall Street-Names of City of London (1954) 165 Gropecuntelane.] 01325 Prov. Hendyng (Camb. Gg. 1. 1) st. 42 Yeue pi cunte to cunnig and craue affetir wedding. c 1400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 172/12 In wymmen pe necke of pe bladdre is schort, & is maad fast to the cunte. c 1425 Castle of Perseverance (1904) 1193 Mankynde, my leue lemman, I my cunte J>ou schalt crepe. 1552 Lyndesay Satyre Procl. 144 First lat me lok thy cunt, Syne lat me keip the key. 01585 Polwart Fly ting with Montgomerie (1910) 817 Kis pe cunt of ane kow. C1650 in Hales & Furnivall Percy's Folio MS. (1867) 99 Vp start the Crabfish, & catcht her by the Cunt. 1743 Walpole Little Peggy in Corr. (1961) XXX. 309 Distended cunts with alum shall be braced. ci8oo Burns Merry Muses (1911) 66 For ilka hair upon her c—t, Was worth a royal ransom, c 1888-94 My Secret Life VII. 161, I sicken with desire, pine for unseen, unknown cunts. 1934 H. Miller Tropic of Cancer (193 s) 15 O Tania, where now is that warm cunt of yours? 1956 S. Beckett Malone Dies 24 His young wife had abandoned all hope of bringing him to heel, by means of her cunt, that trump card of young wives. transf. and fig. 01680 Ld. Rochester Poems on Several Occasions (1950) 28 Her Hand, her Foot, her very look’s a Cunt. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 61 The grey sunken cunt of the world. 1928 D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley xvi. 296 If your sister there comes ter me for a bit o’ cunt an’ tenderness, she knows what she’s after.

2. Applied to a person, esp. a woman, as a term of vulgar abuse. 1929 F. Manning Middle Parts of Fortune I. viii. 159 What’s the cunt want to come down ’ere buggering us about for, ’aven’t we done enough bloody work in th’ week? 1932 ‘G. Orwell’ Coll. Essays (1968) I. 88 Tell him he’s a cunt from me. 1934 H. Miller Tropic of Cancer (1935) 28 Two cunts sail in—Americans. 1956 S. Beckett Malone Dies 99 They think they can confuse me... Proper cunts whoever they are. 1965 V. Henriques Face I Had 69 ‘What d’you think you’re doing, you silly cunt?’ the driver shouts at her.

3. Comb. 1680 Anon, in Rochester's Poems on Several Occasions (1950) 36 Fam’d through the World, for the C—nt-mending Trade. 1868 Index Expurgatorius of Martial 32 A satire on Baeticus, who was a priest of Cybele, and a cunt-sucker. 1891 Farmer Slang II. 230/2 Cunt-struck, enamoured of women. 1923 Manchon Le Slang 97 Cunt-hat,.. chapeau de feutre. 1965 F. Sargeson Memoirs of Peon, ii. 28 We were all helplessly and hopelessly c... struck, a vulgar but forcibly accurate expression.

cunt-: see cont-, count-. cunye, cunzie ('kYnji:, 'kYni), sb. Sc. Also cun-, cuin-, -3e, -3ee, -3ey, -3he, -3ie, -3ye, -yee, -yie; con3e, -3ie, counye, cownye, cwnyhe, coynyhe, coin3ie, coignie. [15th c. Sc. cunje, repr. OF. cuigne var. of coin, coin.] f 1. = coin sb. 1 or 2: Corner or corner-stone. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvm. 304 Richt till the Cunjhe of the wall. 1387 St. Giles Charters (1859) p. x, Xii hewyn stonys, astlayr and coynyhe. 1645 Fenwick Session Rec. in Edgar Old Ch. Life in Scot. 16 note, That no furmes be placed about the cuinjies. f2. A coining-house, a mint; = coin sb. 4.

Obs. 1489 Sc. Acts Jas. IV§ 17 (1597) The silver warke .. quhilk is brocht to the cuinjie. 01572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 453 It was thocht expedient that a cun3e should be erected. 3. Coin, money; = coin sb. 6. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints, Jacobus 734 Of paire con3e.. pennyse thretty. 1482 in Pinkerton Scot. App. I. 503 Thar was blak cunye in the realm, strikkin and ordinyt be King James the Thred, half-pennys, and threepenny pennys . .of coppir. 1513 Douglas JEnets viii. Prol. 97 Sum trachour crynis the cun3e. 1513-75 Diurn. Occurrents (Bannatyne Club) 120 Ane proclamatioun twching the new cuinyee. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. 98 Thai that strykis cownye of unlauchful mettall [margin, Strykaris of unlauchful connyey], 1600 Sc. Acts 16 Jas. VI, c. 9 Great scairsitie of Cunyie. 1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 105 When cunzie is scanty.

4. Comb, f cunye-house,

coining-house, mint. 1513-75 Diurn. Occurrents (Bannatyne Club) 53 Tuke.. the Quenis imis of the cunyehous. 1600 Sc. Acts 16 Jas. VI, c. 9 Anent the hame-bringing of Bulyeon for furnishing of the Cunye-house. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) p. xvii, I culd get no money out of the conze-house. a 1657 Balfour Ann. Scot. (1824-5) II. 2 Naper, Laird of Merchistone, generall of the cunzie housse.

f cunye, v. Sc. Obs. Forms: see the sb. [f. prec.] trans. To coin. Hence 'cunyed ppl. a.

cunstable, -bulle, -bylle, obs. ff. constable.

c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. v. 168 This Henry fyrst kyng of Ingland .. ordanyd.. Hys mone to be cwynhede rownd. 1475 Sc. Acts Jas. Ill, §65 (1597) All cuin^ied money. 1549 Compl. Scot. xiii. 109 Gold and siluyr, cun3et & oncun3et. 1588 A. King tr. Camsius' Catech. 8, 3. Gif thai bring in or cause coignie any false money.

feunster.

cunyng, obs. form of cony, rabbit.

Sc.

Obs.

In 6 quenster.

[Parallel

formation to cunner, Conner1, with suffix -ster.] = Conner1, ale-conner. IS3S Aberd. Reg. V. 16 And that the officiaris pas oukly with thair cunstaris throu the quarteris. 1551 Crt. Rec. in Cramond Annals Banff (1891) I. 28 Aill.. fundin gud and sufficient be the quensters. 1628 Ibid. I. 60 The Provost, Bailies and Council choose four persons as Cunsters and Visitors of ale, beer and bread. 1676 Ibid. I. 156 The goodnes of the aill to be tyrit be cunsteris. cunt

(kAnt).

responding

to

[ME. ON.

cunte,

kunta

count(e),

(Norw.,

Sw.

cor¬ dial.

kunta, Da. dial, kunte), OFris., MLG., MDu. kunte:—Gmc.

*kuntdn

CUP

130

wk.

fern.;

ulterior

f'cunyour. Sc. Obs. [a. OF. coignour, quoingneur coiner of money.] = coiner i. 1455 Sc. Acts Jas. II, §59 (1597) That the cuin3ioures.. nouther cuinjie Demy .. nor 3it sex-penny-groates. 1469 Sc. Acts Jas. Ill, §40 (1597) Black money, stricken and prented be his Cuinzieoures. 1500-20 Dunbar Demonstr. to King 11 Cun3ours, Carvouris, & Carpentaris.

cunze, cunzie: see cunye. cuoshen, obs. form of cushion. cup (kAp), sb. Forms: a. 1-7 cuppe, (4-5 kuppe), 4-7 cupp, 6- cup, (6 Sc. culp(p). |3. 3-5 cupe, 3-6

coupe, 4-5 cowpe, 6 Sc. coup, cowp. y. 3-5 coppe, 4-5 cope, (5 coop, 6 coope). [OE. cuppe wk. fern., supposed to be ad. late L. cuppa, the source of It. coppa (close o), Pr., Sp., Pg. copa, OF. cope, cupe, coupe, rarely coppe, mod.F. coupe drinkingvessel, cup. L. cuppa is generally held to be a differentiated form of cupa, tub, cask, vat, which survives in F. cuve, Pr., Sp., Pg. cuba tub, etc. But beside cuppe in ME., are found two forms coupe {cowpe) and coppe, with the variants cupe, cope, coope. Of these coupe {cowpe) directly represents OF. coupe; cupe prob. represents the earlier OF. spelling of the same word, but may be merely a variant of cuppe. The status of coppe is not so clear: it may also represent OF. cope (sometimes coppe), or it may be due to mixture of cuppe and OE. copp: see cop sb.1', in the form coppes it is impossible to distinguish between the pi. of copp and that of coppe. The rare forms cope, coope, prob. represent OF. cope. Nearly all these by¬ forms of the word became obs. before 1500; only cuppe survives in mod. English cup.]

I. A drinking-vessel, or something resembling it. 1. A small open vessel for liquids, usually of hemispherical or hemi-spheroidal shape, with or without a handle; a drinking-vessel. The common form of cup (e.g. a tea-cup or coffeecup) hras no stem; but the larger and more ornamental forms (e.g. a wine-cup or chalice) may have a stem and foot, as also a lid or cover; in such case cup is sometimes applied specifically to the concave part that receives the liquid. a. cuppe, cupp, cup. (Sc. culp, culpp, belongs perh. to /3.) c 1000 ^lfric Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 122/37 Caupus vel obba, cuppe. ciooo Sax. Leechd. II. 290 Nime ponne ane cuppan, ao an lytel wearmes wsetres on innan. c 1205 Lay. 14996 Heo pa cuppe [later t. bolle] bitahte pan kinge. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 2318 3ure on hauefi is cuppe stolen. 01300 Cursor M. 13402 (Cott.) J>ai fild a cupp [v.r. cope, 2 MSS. cuppe] pun son in hast. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 157 Monkes haf grete kuppes. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 109 Cuppe, ciphus, patera, cuppa. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 70, I haue putte.. wyn in my cuppe. 1542 Inventories (1815) 74 (Jam.) Item, twa culpis gilt.. Item, twa culppis with thair coveris gilt. 1583 Stanyhurst Aeneis 11. (Arb.) 68 Massiue gould cups. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, v. iii. 56 Fill the Cuppe .. lie pledge you a mile to the bottome. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 444 Mean while at Table Eve., thir flowing cups With pleasant liquors crown’d. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 250 Nor the coy maid .. Shall kiss the cup to pass it to the rest. 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin iv. ix, Fill the cup, and fill the can. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. viii. 136 He half filled a leather cup he carried in his pocket.

p. cupe, coupe, cowpe. C1275 Lay. 24612 Mid gildene coupe [earlier t. bolle]. 0 1300 Cursor M. 4858 (Cott.) A siluer cupe [3 later MSS. coupe]. 0 1300 Ibid. 7728 (Cott.) A cupe [F. cuppe, G. & T. coupe] he tok and a sper. [Cf. OF. Rois 104 pristrent la lance e la cupe ki fud al chief Saul.] C1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1458 Couered cowpes foul clene, as casteles arayed. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. iv. 23 Coupes of clene gold and coppes of seluer. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 99 Cowpe, or pece, crater {cuppa, P.). c 1450 Merlin 67 The kynge hadde a riche cowpe of goolde. y. coppe (cope, coop): cf. cop sb.1 CI290 5. Eng. Leg. 41/258 A coppe of seluer. 01300 Cursor M. 13402 (Gott.) J>ai fild a cope [C. cupp, F. cuppe] sone in hast. 1340 Ayenb. 30 And brekj? potes and coppes. CI386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 214 With outen coppe [4 MSS. cuppe] he drank al his penaunce. 01450 Voc. in Wr.Wulcker 626/9 Ciphus, coop. 1483 Cath. Angl. 75 A Coppe, ciphus [- scyphus], condus. c 1500 Yng. Children's Bk. 106 in Babees Bk. (1868) 23 Wype thi mouthe when )?ou w'yll drinke, Lest it foule thi copys brinke. 2. spec. a. The chalice in which the wine is

administered at the Communion. sense 8 b.)

(See also

[1382 Wyclif Matt. xxvi. 27 And he takynge the cuppe dede thankyngis and 3aue to hem.] c 1449 Pecock Repr. 11. x. 203 The eukarist.. is born in a coupe ordeyned therto. 1547-8 Ordre of Commvnion 17 The first Cuppe or Chalice. 1662 Bk. Com. Prayer, Communion, Here he is to take the cup into his hand. 1890 J. Hunter Devotional Services, Communion, Then shall the Minister say..when he delivereth the cup: Drink this in remembrance of Christ.

b. An ornamental cup or other vessel offered as a prize for a race or athletic contest. C1640 [Shirley] Capt. Underwit in. iii. in Bullen O. PI. (1883) II. 368 Does the race hold at Newmarket for the Cup? 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. in. iii, All the family race cups and corporation bowls! 1837 Dickens Pickw. xxxix, Think you’re vinning a cup, Sir. 1885 Pall Mall G. 4 Apr. 4/2 The competition for the Challenge Cup.

3. Surg. a. A vessel used for cupping; a cupping-glass, b. A vessel holding a definite quantity (usually four ounces), used to receive the blood in blood-letting. 1617 Mosan tr. Wirtzung's Physick 27 To remoue headach the cups are fixed on the legs. 01735 Arbuthnot (J ), Hippocrates tells you, that in applying of cups, the scarification ought to be made with crooked instruments. ■792 H. Munro Th. & Pract. Mod. Surg. (1800) 15 As soon as the wound is made by these [lancets], a cup, exhausted of its atmospheric air, applied over the orifices, makes them bleed freely. 1889 Chambers' Encycl. III. 618 Of old the cups were either small horns.. or glasses of various shapes.

4. A natural organ or formation having the form of a drinking-cup; e.g. the rounded cavity or socket of certain bones, as the shoulder-blade and hip-bone; the cup-shaped hardened involucrum (cupule) of an acorn (acom-cup); the calyx of a flower, also the blossom itself

GUP when cup-shaped; a cup-shaped organ in certain Fungi, or on the suckers of certain Molluscs; a depression in the skin forming a rudimentary eye in certain lower animals (also eye-cup or cup-eye). *545 Raynold Byrth Mankynde 81 Take .. the cuppes of acornes. 1548-77 Vicary Anat. vii. (1888) 48 The., shoulder-blade.. in the vpper part it is round, in whose roundnes is a concauitie, which is called ye boxe or coope of the shoulder. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. i. 31 All their Elues .. Creepe into Acorne cups and hide them there. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 849 The Cup of the Hippe. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 45 The Cup is that which infolds the Leaves and the Heart of a Flower, while it is yet in Bud. i743“6 Shenstone Elegies viii. 38 The cowslip’s golden cup no more I see. 1866 Treas. Bot. 870 Peziza.. The hymenium lines the cavity of a fleshy membranous or waxy cup. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 456 The suckers of the Decapoda are stalked, and the cup has a marginal horny ring. 1900 F. A Bather in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. III. 30 Each cup is coated at its base with pigment. 1927 Glasgow Herald 9 July 4 In some of the seaworms . .we start with diagrammatically simple ‘cup-eyes’, . . and gradually pass to very elaborate ‘cup-eyes’. Ibid., A minute optic skin-cup. 1929 Encycl. Brit. XX. 628/2 Eyespots are found in Medusae, starfishes, and some Annelid worms... The first step .. is the sinking of the eye-spot into a pit-like depression, thus forming an eye-cup (optic cup). Ibid., The cells situated at the back of the cup. 1940 Parker & Haswell Text-bk. Zool. (ed. 6) I. 249 [Phylum Platyhelminthes.] When most highly developed the eye .. is still of very simple structure, consisting of a cup formed of one or more pigment-cells having sensory cells in close relation to it with processes (nerve-fibres) passing to the brain.

5. A rounded cavity, small hollow, or depression in the surface of the ground or of a rock. spec, in Golf: see quot. 1887. 1868 Holme Lee B. Godfrey i. 7 The church .. stood in a cup of the hillside. 1887 Jamieson Supp., Cup, a term in golfing applied to a small cavity or hole in the course, prob. made by the stroke of a previous player. 1887 Sir W. G. Simpson Art of Golf 133 Beware of a cup, however small. 1889 Chambers' Encycl. III. 618 Cup-markings on rocks .. of two varieties—circular cavities or ‘cups’ pure and simple, and cups surrounded by circles.

6. a. techn. Applied to various cup-shaped contrivances; see quots. C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 113 Cup, A solid piece of cast iron let into the step of the capstan, and in which the iron spindle at the heel of the capstan works. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Cup. 4. One of a series of little domes attached to a boiler-plate and serving to extend the fire-surface. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 99 There are two varieties of cups—‘saucer’ and ‘balance-wheel’—the former, shaped like a saucer, is generally of gold, and is used in threequarter plate watches.

b. Painting. 1768 W. Gilpin Ess. Prints 223 The heavier part of the foliage (the cup, as the landskip-painter calls it) is always near the middle: the out-side branches.. are light and airy.

c. That part of a brassiere which is shaped to contain or support one of the breasts. Also attrib. and Comb. 1938 ‘E. Queen’ Four of Hearts (1939) ix. 129 She didn’t have to wear a cup-form brassiere. 1957 Housewife Sept. 104 Thinnest foam rubber curved in the cups.. achieves a natural line by gently contouring the bosom itself. 1959 Ibid. June 28 Marquisette cup section underlined lace. Ibid.. A perfect contour bustline .. B and C cups. 1959 News Chron. 13 July 6/3 Cup fittings are based on the difference between underbust and full bust measurements. 1970 Times 16 June 7/6 The prettiest and the most alluring and flattering bathing suits are halter-necked with a vertiginous . .plunge in the front and very soft, unsupported cups.

7. Astron. The constellation crater sb. 1551 Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 269 The Cuppe standeth on the Hydres backe. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. July 19 The Sonne .. Making his way betweene the Cuppe, and golden Diademe. 1868 Lockyer Heavens (ed. 3) 326.

II. Transferred and figurative uses. 8. a. A cup with the liquor it contains; the drink taken in a cup; a cupful, loving-cup (q.v.), a cup of wine, etc. passed from hand to hand round a company. Also ellipt. (In quots. 1952 and 1969, ellipt. in sense 12 b (ii).) 1382 Wyclif Matt. x. 42 Who euer 3iueth drynke to oon of these leste a cuppe of cold water oonly. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 171b, Quhasaeuer sal giv ony of thais small ains ane coup of watter to drink onelie. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. I. iii. 85 O knight, thou lack’st a cup of Canarie. 1660 Pepys Diary 28 Sept., I did send for a cup of tee (a China drink) of which I never had drank before. C1760 Mother Goose's Melody (1785) 19 Take a cup and drink it up, Then call your Neighbours in. 1784 Cowper Task IV. 39 The cups That cheer but not inebriate, wait on each. [See cheer v. 5 c.] 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. xlviii. 145 A cup of poison had been prepared for him. 1847 C. M. Yonge in Mag. for the Young Sept. 189 There is the kettle .. all ready for tea!.. Won’t you sit down and have a cup, Amy? 1849 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 44 Each of these gentlemen drank four cups of tea. 1952 A. Wilson Hemlock & After 1. iii. 51 Anyway, none of it would be your cup, darling. 1969 J. Elliot Duel 1. iii. 68 He enjoys his little Royal Society dinners... Not my cup.

b. spec. The wine taken at the Communion. (Cf. 2 a.) [1382 Wyclif 1 Cor. xi. 26 How ofte euere je schulen ete this breed, and schulen drynke the cuppe.] 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxvii. §5 The bread and cup are his body and blood for that they are so to us. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 307 To communicate with them.. in this one Baptism, and one eucharistical Bread and Cup. 1884 J. Candlish Sacraments 91 The wine is described merely as ‘the cup’, ‘the fruit of the vine’.

c. transf. Drink; that which one drinks.

131 1719 Young Busiris v. i, Weeds are their food, their cup the muddy Nile.

9. fig. Chiefly in the sense (derived from various passages of Scripture): Something to be partaken of, endured or enjoyed; an experience, portion, lot (painful or pleasurable, more commonly the former). Cf. chalice i b. a 1340 Hampole Psalter x. 7 He calles J?aire pynes a cope, for ilk dampned man sail drynk of pe sorow of hell. Ibid. xv. 5 He is cope of all my delite & ioy. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 134 b, To drynke the cuppe of sorowe. 1534 Tindale Matt. xx. 22 Are ye able to drynke of the cuppe that I shall drynke of? 1605 Shaks. Lear v. iii. 304 All Foes [shall taste] The cup of their deseruings. 1611 Bible Ps. xvi. 5, xxiii. 5, etc. 1732 Pope Ess. Man 11. 288 In folly’s cup still laughs the bubble, joy. 1833 Mrs. Browning Prom. Bound Poems 1850 I. 156, I quaff the full cup of a present doom. 1875 Farrar Silence & V. ii. 40 Filling to the brim the cup of his iniquity. 1879 Froude Caesar xviii. 293 To drink the bitterest cup of humiliation.

10. pi. The drinking of intoxicating liquor; potations, drunken revelry, in one's cups: f (a) while drinking, during a drinking-bout (also f amidst, f among, f at, over one's cups)\ (b) in a state of intoxication, ‘in liquor’. 1406 Hoccleve La Male Regie 165 For in the cuppe seelden fownden is, pat any wight his neigheburgh commendith. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. (Arb.) 26 Amonge their cuppes they geue iudgement of the wittes of writers. 1611 Bible i Esdras iii. 22 And when they are in their cups, they forget their loue both to friends and brethren. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 718 Thence from Cups to civil Broiles. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull 11. iv, She used to come home in her cups, and break the china. 1828 Bentham Let. to Sir F. Burdett Wks. 1843 X. 592, I hear you are got among the Tories, and that you said once you were one of them: you must have been in your cups. 1842 J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (ed. 2) V. ii. 22 They .. discuss points of doctrine .. even .. over their cups. 1861 Thackeray Four Georges i. (1876) 19 The jolly Prince.. loving his cups and his ease.

11. A name for various beverages consisting of wine sweetened and flavoured with various ingredients and usually iced; as claret-cup, etc. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 11, Here’s a cup, Sir.. I have prepared it with my own hands, and I believe you’ll own the ingredients are tolerable. 1818 R. Rush Crt. of London (1833) 151 Sir Henry recommended me to a glass of what I supposed wine.. but he called it King’s cup. 1833 New Monthly Mag. XXXVII. 193 footn., A foaming tankard of cup. Note. Cup is a mixture of beer, wine, lemon, sugar, and spice. 1884 Pall Mall G. 16 Feb. 5/1 Who.. could produce bottles of ‘old Johannisberg’ for a guest and make them into cup.

III. 12. a. Proverbs and Phrases. (See also sense io.) between (or betwixt) the cup and the lip: while a thing is yet in hand and on the very point of being achieved. (Now usually there's many a slip between, etc.) f such cup, such cover, also f such a cup, such a cruse: implying similarity between two persons related in some way. f cup and can: constant or familiar associates (the can being the larg6 vessel from which the cup is filled), a cup too low: see quots. 1539 Taverner Erasm. Prov. (1552) 16 Manye thynges fall betweene yc cuppe and the mouth. 1549 Latimer 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 143 Such a cup, suche a cruse. She would not depart from hir oun. 1550 Bale Apol. 132 As for your doctours.. they are lyke your selfe, as the adage goeth, suche cuppe suche cover. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. Epigr. (1867) 49 As cup and can could holde. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew., A Cup too low, when any of the Company are mute or pensive. 1729 Swift Libel on Dr. Delany, You and he are Cup and Cann. 1777 Sheridan Trip Scarb. 1. ii, If the devil don’t step between the cup and the lip. 1801 Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1802) V. 305 He must, .be cup and can with sextons and grave-diggers. 1864 H. Ainsworth John Law Prol. x. (1881) 54 You’re a cup too low. A glass of claret will make you feel more cheerful. 1887 T. A. Trollope What I remember I. xii. 256 A whole series of slips between the cup and the lip!

b. cup of tea (colloq. phr.): (i) used of a person. 1908 W. De Morgan Somehow Good xvi. 159 ‘It’s simply impossible to help liking him.’ To which Sally replied, borrowing an expression from Ann the housemaid, that Fenwick was a cup of tea. It was metaphorical and descriptive of invigoration. a 1909 in Ware Passing Eng. (1909) 101/1 Oh, don’t yer though. You are a nice strong cup o’ tea. 1939 N. Marsh Overture to Death xi. 120 Miss Prentice.. seems to be a very unpleasant cup of tea. Ibid. xxiv. 279 She was a cranky old cup of tea. 1940 A. Christie One, Two, Buckle my Shoe 123 Sounds quite like that old cup of tea who came to see Mrs. Chapman.

(ii) one's cup of tea: what interests or suits one. 1932 N. Mitford Christmas Pudding xiv. 211 I’m not at all sure I wouldn’t rather marry Aunt Loudie. She’s even more my cup of tea in many ways. 1933 P. Fleming Brazilian Adventure I. iii. 31 The desire to benefit the community is never their principal motive... They do it because they want to. It suits them; it is their cup of tea. 1936 Auden & Isherwood Ascent of F6 11. iii. 96, I had an aunt who loved a plant—But you’re my cup of tea! 1937 N. Coward Pres. Indie, iii. v. vzi Broadway by night seemed to be my cup of tea entirely. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair v. 54 Probably she isn't your cup of tea. ..You have always preferred them a little stupid, and blond. 1965 M. Spark Mandelbaum Gate v. 141 Freddy had stood in the doorway of the dark Orthodox chapel and, regarding the heavy-laden altar and the exotic clusters of coloured lamps hung round it, said, ‘It’s not really my cup of tea, you know.’

(iii) a different cup of tea (and similar expressions): something of an altogether different kind. 1940 N. Mitford Pigeon Pie xiii. 215 A Fred racked with ideals, and in the grip of Federal Union, was quite a different

CUP cup of tea from the old, happy-go-lucky Fred. 1946 ‘S. Russell’ To Bed with Grand Music i. 20 London in wartime .. is a very different cup of tea from Winchester. 1957 Listener 5 Dec. 954/1 The outwitted villain.. is quite another cup of tea.

13. attrib. and Comb. a. General combinations, as cup-augury, -maker, -marking; cup-eyed, -headed, -like, -marked, -shaped adjs. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 251 To presage his fate by a sort of *cup-augury involved in examining the grounds of coffee. 1922 T. Hardy Late Lyrics 33 *Cup-eyed care and doubt. 1889 G. Findlay Eng. Railway 46 The spikes [to fasten the chair to the sleeper] are *cup-headed. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 114/2 The bodies of the vertebrae terminate in two *cup-like cavities. 1864 Tennyson En. Ard. 9 A hazelwood .. in a cuplike hollow of the down. 14.. Nominale in Wr.-Wulcker 686/22 Hie cipharius, a •copmaker. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Cubero, a cup maker. 1889 Chambers' Encycl. III. 618 *Cup-marking on rocks and •cup-marked stones belong to a peculiar class of archaic sculpturings. 1845 Athenaeum 22 Feb. 199 *Cup-shaped bodies.

b. esp. in reference to social drinking or drunkenness (cf. sense 10): as cupacquaintance, -caper, -conqueror, -friendship, -god, -mate, -tossing. 1596 Bp. W. Barlow Three Serm. i. 13 Til that same Cupchallenging profession came into our land. Ibid. iii. 119 Wine.. swilled by challenging Cupmates. 1599 Soliman & Persida v. in Hazl. Dodsley V. 363 Where is tipsy Alexander, that great cup-conqueror? 1608 D. F. Ess. Pol. Mor. 83 Cup-friendship, is of too brittle and glassie a substance to continue long. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xviii. v, Only his cup acquaintance. 1842 S. C. Hall Ireland II. 270 She was perfect mistress of the art of cup-tossing.

c. In sense 2 b, as cup-taker, -transaction; cup-day, a day on which a race is run for a cup; cup horse, a horse that runs for a cup; cup-tie, a ‘tie’ {i.e. match or contest between the victors in previous contests) played for a cup; hence cup-tied a. Assoc. Football, of a player: ineligible to play in cup-ties for the remainder of a season through having already played for another club in the current season’s competition. i860 Mrs. Gaskell Let. 27 Aug. (1966) 631 It was Cup Day at Ascot. 1862 London Society II. 98 We travelled [to Ascot] on the Cup day.. ‘The latest prices’ of the Cup horses. 1879 Black White Wings xvii, The master of one of the Cup takers [a yacht]. 1894 Daily News 26 Feb. 5/1 Those mighty cup-fighters, the Blackburn Rovers. 1895 Ibid. 21 Feb. 5/5 The Wednesday men are noted cup-tie fighters. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 22 Apr. 7/3 A typical ‘cup-fighting’ team. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXIX. 329/2 The expression ‘a cuphorse’ is understood to imply an animal capable of distinguishing himself over a long distance at even weights against the best opponents. 1905 Daily Chron. 14 Apr. 8/1 A special brand of play known as ‘the Cup-tie game’. Ibid. 25 Dec. 3/4 Old Internationals and Cup-final players. 1908 Pearson's Weekly 5 Mar. Suppl. p. iii/3 We’re playing a cuptie! 1910 Westm. Gaz. 14 Mar. 14/2 The cup-holders were defeated in their first match. 1963 Times 10 Jan. 3/4 The .. good humoured indulgence afforded Hospital cup-ties. 1968 Listener 23 May 681/3 There is something wrong with a game when one of its outstanding young exponents, the new Cup-winners’ goalkeeper with Under-23 honours, says about itaTew weeks before the Cup Final: ‘The worst time of tho week for me is between three o’clock and twenty to five every Saturday afternoon.’ 1970 Times 20 Nov. 18/2 Wakeling, being cup-tied after playing for CorinthianCasuals, will be missed in midfield, and Richards will probably replace him. 1976 Eastern Even. News (Norwich) 29 Nov. 14/8 Jimmy Greenhoff, Manchester United’s £120,000 buy from Stoke City, is cup-tied and will not be eligible to play against Everton.

d. Special combs, cup-and-cone, (a) see quot. 1881; (b) Metall., designating a fracture in which one surface of the metal consists of a raised rim enclosing a flat central portion into which the other surface fits; cup-and-ring, designation of a type of marks found cut in megalithic monuments, consisting of a circular depression surrounded by concentric rings; cup-and-saucer a., designation of a naturalistic style in the late nineteenth-century theatre, introduced by T. W. Robertson; cup-andsaucer limpet, collectors’ name of the molluscous genus Calyptrxa\ f cup-band, ‘a brace of metal on which masers and handled cups were hung’ (Riley Liber Albus)-, cup-cake orig. U.S., a cake baked from ingredients measured by the cupful, or baked in a small (freq. paper) cup; cup-coral (see coral sb.1 i b); cup-custard, fluid custard served in glass cups; cup-defect, the fault in timber of being cupshaken; cup-flower, a name for Scyphanthus elegans, a S. American plant with yellow cup-shaped flowers; cup-fungus, any discomycetous fungus having a cup-shaped ascocarp; cf. cup-mushroom-, cup-gall, a cup¬ shaped gall or excrescence found on oak-leaves; f cup-glass = cupping-glass (in Bullokar, 1616); cup-grease, a kind of semi-solid lubricant; cup-guard, a cup-shaped swordguard; cup-head, a hemispherical head to a bolt; hence cup-headed, a.\ cup-hilted a., having a cup-guard on the hilt; cup hook, a hook which is

CUP screwed into a wall, shelf, cupboard, etc., and used for hanging up cups, etc.; cup-leather (see quots.); f cup-leech, one addicted to his cups; cup-lichen = cup-moss a. (in Prior, 1879); cupman, a man addicted to cups, a reveller; cupmark, -marking, a shallow cup-like depression found cut in rocks or stone monuments (see 5); also cup-marked a.\ cup-mouthpiece (see quot.); cup-mushroom, ‘a name for various species of Peziza’ (Britten and Holland); cup mute, a kind of mute for a trumpet or trombone; so cup-muted, adj.; cup-plant U.S., Silphium perfoliatum of N. America; cup-plate, see quot. 1891; f cup-rite, a libation; cup-rose, dial. var. of cop-rose;' cup-sculpture = cup-marking-, cup-seed, a N. American plant, Calycocarpum Lyoni (in Miller, 1884), having seeds hollowed out on one side like a cup; cup-shrimp (see quot.); cup-sponge, a kind of sponge shaped like a cup; cup-sprung a., having the hip-joint dislocated; tcuP-st°°k cup-valve, see quot.; f cup-waiter, one who serves liquor at a meal or feast. See cup-and-ball, cup-bearer, -moss, -shot. 1881 Raymond Mining Gloss., * Cup-and-cone. A machine for charging a shaft-furnace, consisting of an iron hopper with a large central opening, which is closed by a cone or bell, pulled up into it from below. 1925 Cup-and-cone fracture [see guppy a. c]. 1967 A. K. Osborne Encycl. Iron & Steel Industry (ed. 2) 99/2 Cup-and-cone... A type of fracture occurring in tensile test pieces from steels possessing reasonable ductility, and containing no local abnormality where the necking occurs. 1867 J. Y. Simpson Arch. Sculpt. 2 ♦Cup and ring cuttings. 1875 C. Maclagan Hill Forts Index, Cup and Ring Sculpturings. Ibid. 41 On one monolith.. are some ‘cup and ring markings5. 1900 Daily News 11 Oct. 6/1 A rude dial at West Kirby looks like an example of ‘cup and ring stones’. 1919 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. LIII. 23 The cup- and ring-marked stone which was found near this spot. 1963 S. Piggott in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment iv. 64 The cup-and-ring carvings of Galicia have again been brought into relationship with those of Ireland. 1881 Times 27 Dec. 3/5 It [sc. Albery’s Two has more than the merit, though it has hardly met with the popularity of the ‘*cup and saucer5 comedies of the late Mr. T. W. Robertson. 1892 W. Archer in G. B. Shaw Prefaces (1934) 667/2 The scheme of a twaddling cup-andsaucer comedy. 1933 G. B. Shaw in Shaw on Theatre (1958) 222 The stuffiness of the London cup-and-saucer theatre. 13 .. in Liber Albus 609 *Cuppebonde. 1483 Cath. Angl. 75 A Copbande, cru[s]ta. 1828 E. Leslie Receipts 61 *Cup Cake. 1886 Harper's Mag. Dec. 134/2 Cousin Carry with her eternal cup-cake. 1887 M. E. Wilkins Humble Romance 271 Mis’ Steele made some cup-cake to-day... She put a cup of butter and two whole cups of sugar in it. 1907 Mrs. Beeton's All about Cookery (new ed.) 216/2 Cup Cakes, Plain (American Recipe).. 3 level cupfuls of flour, 1 cupful of sugar, \ a cupful of butter, 1 cupful of milk... Bake in shallow tins or small cups. 1911 E. Ferber Dawn O'Hara viii. 109 There were little round cup cakes made of almond paste that melts in the mouth. 1957 J- Braine Room at Top viii. 82 The cakes were fresh .. meringues, eclairs, chocolate cup-cakes. 1853 San Francisco Whig 28 July 1/4 (Advt.), *Cup Custard. 1862 ‘G. Hamilton5 Country Living & Thinking 72 We had cup-custards at the close of our breakfast that morning. 1867 Mrs. Whitney L. Goldthwaite x. 223 Cup-custards, even, disappeared,—cups and all. 1875 Laslett Timber Trees 32 The *cup-defect occurs in perfectly sound and healthy-looking trees. 1910 Encycl. Brit. XI. 341/2 Owing to the shape of the fruit-body many of these forms are known as *cup-fungi, the cup or apothecium often attaining a large size, i960 R. W. G. Dennis {title) British cup fungi and their allies. 1966 F. H. Brightman Oxf. Bk. Flowerless Plants 150 The Pezizales or Cup Fungi have a spore-producing layer which develops within a more-or-less shallow cup. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., * Cup-galls.. a kind of galls found on the leaves of the oak, and some other trees. [1845 Lindley Veg. Kingd. 32 The cup shaped galls, so common in Oak leaves.] 1900 Archbutt & Deeley Lubrication es dogge of helle .. pe fule kur dogge. c 1450 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 562/23 Agerarius, a curdogge. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxxi. 263 A mastife or great curre dogge. 1591 Spenser M. Hubberd 294 This Curdog..will serue, my sheepe to gather. 1617 Fletcher Mad Lover 111. ii, Coward go with thy caitiff soul, thou cur-dog! 1727 Hall in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 309 We got three Curr-Dogs. 1859 W. Collins Q. of Hearts (1875) 24 One of the largest and ugliest cur-dogs in England barking at her heels. 1611 Cotgr., Mastine, a Mastiue, or Curre bitch. 1663 Earl of Lauderdale in L. Papers I. 175, I care not three skips of a Curre tyke what can be said or done against me. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Currish, curr-like, doggish, churlish. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 332 The greyhound fox .. The mastiff fox .. The cur fox is the least and most common.

f2. A fish: the Elleck or Red Gurnard, Trigla cuculus. 1589 Rider Eng.-Lat. Did. (1617) E e viij, Fishes. A curre fish, Cuculus. 1598 Florio, Capo .. a fish called a cur, a gull, a bulhead, or a millers thumbe. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Min. 194 Curre is a sweet fish, but not the best, it hath much flesh, white, hard and dry. 1753 in Chambers Cycl. Supp.

3. A species of duck: the CJolden-eye, Clangula glaucion. dial.

CUR 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. 11. i. 67 Teals, Curs, Sheldrakes.. that come hither in winter. 1841 J. T. Hewlett Parish Clerk III. 8 Harry drew his attention to a solitary cur—a species of duck more easily approachable than the others. 1885 Swainson Prov. Names Birds 161 Golden-eye.. Curre. From the bird’s croaking cry.

cur, obs. f. cure; var. of curre. curability (kjusrs'biliti). mod.F. curabilite.] The curable.

CURATE

136

[f. curable: cf. quality of being

1807-26 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 222 The curability of every kind of ulcer. 1861 F. H. Ramadge {title), The Curability of Consumption.

curable ('kj.U3r3b(3)l), a. [ad. L. curabilis, f. curare to cure: perh. through F. curable (14th c. in Littre).] 1. Capable of being cured; fig. amendable, remediable. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lviii. (1495) 272 In xl dayes it is curable. C1400 Lanfr one's Cirurg. 185 Ulcera.. summe ben curable & summe ben incurable, c 1460 Play Sacram. 31 He can telle yf yow be curable. 1592 W. Perkins Cases Consc. (1619) 159 Enemies of God and his truth, are also of two sorts, either Curable or Incurable. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 107 IP 2 Evils are much more curable in their Beginnings. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t., Spir. Partizanship, Of that they are curable like any occasional disorder.

f2. Disposed to cure; able to cure. Obs. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 315/3 My brother Fyre be thow to me in this houre debonayre and curable. 1584 Whetstone Mirror Ep. Aiijb, A Physition. .may applie a curable Medicine for a hidden Disease. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. hi. 174 (D.) The water.. retaining a curable vertue against all diseases.

Hence f 'curableness, curability. a 1691 Boyle Wks. II. 110 (R.) The arguments.. for the curableness of all diseases, are not very cogent. 1727 in Bailey vol. II.

|| Curasao, cura^oa (kjusrs'ssu). [The name of an island (a Dutch dependency) in the Caribbean sea, near the coast of Venezuela. Curasao is the Spanish (and so Dutch and French) spelling; curafoa a very frequent mis¬ spelling in English.] A liqueur consisting of spirits flavoured with the peel of bitter oranges, and sweetened. So called either because first received from the island of Curasao, or because Curasao oranges were used in its preparation. [1810 R. J. Thornton Family Herbal 658 The unripe fruit dried, are called Cura£oa oranges.] 1813 Moore Postbag (L.), And it pleased me to think at a house that you know Were such good mutton cutlets and strong curafoa. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xi, She took Curasao with her coffee.

Curasao bird: see curassow. curacy ('kjuarasi). [f. curate: see -acy.] 1. The office or position of a curate; the benefice of a perpetual curate. 1682 Prideaux Lett. (Camden) 130 A very good curacy of ye college, at Tring in Buckinghamshire .. becomeing void. 1719 Swift To Young Clergyman, If they be very fortunate [they] arrive in time to a curacy in town. 1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 487/1 The living is a perpetual curacy. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. iv. 66 He had held a curacy in Yorkshire.

f2. The office of a curator or guardian, curatorship. Obs. rare~x. a 1734 North Exam. ii. iv. §57 (1740) 260 The republican Party concluded such Issue must come to the Crown young, and then they had a Game de integro, by Way of Curacy and Protectorship.

curag(e, obs. form of courage. curaige, -agie, obs. forms of culrage. curaiows, curale, curan, obs. ff. courageous, CORAL, CURRANT.

| curare (kju:'ra:ri:). Also curara, -ri. [A corruption of the native name (wu'rali or wu'rari) also written wourali, woorari, ourali, ourari, wourara, etc., in the lang. of the Macusi Indians of Guiana, a Carib dialect. The consonant of the last syllable varies between / and r. In F. curare. (The initial c is said to represent a click or catch in the native pronunciation.) See ourali, wourali.] A blackish-brown resinous bitter substance, obtained as an extract from Strychnos toxifera, and other plants of tropical South America; used by the Indians to poison their arrows. When introduced into the blood it acts as a powerful poison, arresting the action of the motor nerves; used largely in physiological experiments. 1777 Robertson Hist. Amer. iv. (1778) I. 328 A poison in which they dip the arrows employed in hunting.. the chief ingredient in which is the juice extracted from the root of the curare, a species of withe. 1836 Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. xix. 274 The curare .. like the venom of serpents.. only acts when introduced directly into the blood. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 186 Animals quieted by curari. 1883 Contemp. Rev. June 793 A moral curare .. paralysing will and emotion.

curarine ('kjuararain). Chem. [f. prec. + -ine; cf.

F. curarine.]

A bitter poisonous alkaloid,

10Hi5N,

C

obtained from curare. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 186 The physiological action of curarine appears to be the same as that of curara. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 431.

curarize ('kjuarsraiz), v. [f. curar-e + -ize.] To administer curare to (an animal), esp. in a physiological experiment, in order to destroy the motor functions of the nervous system. Hence 'curarized ppl. a., curari'zation. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 185 Curarized animals poisoned by hydrocyanic acid. Ibid. 201 Prevented by curarization and artificial respiration. 1892 Pall Mall G. 22 Oct. 2/1 A medical man had told her that the animals would be curarized in such experiments. curas(e,

-rasse,

-raseer,

-sheer,

obs.

ff.

CUIRASS, -IER. curassow ('kjoarasou). Forms: 7 corrosou, -so, -reso, 8 curasso, -ragoa, 8-9 curassao, 9 -sow. [A phonetic spelling of the name of the island Curasao (ku:ra'sa:u).] One of a family of gallinaceous birds found in Central and South America; they have a general resemblance to the turkey, and several species are domesticated. The most common species, to which the name corrosou or Curafao-bird was originally applied, is the Crested Curassow, Crax alector, of a greenish-black colour with a white crest; the Galeated Curassow or Cushew-bird, Pauxis galeata, has a large bony protuberance on the upper part of the bill. 1685 L. Wafer Voy. (1729) 334 The Corrosou is a large black land-bird, heavy and big as a turkey-hen. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. 11. 67 The Correso..The Cock has a Crown of black Feathers on his Head, and appears very stately. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 129/2. 1847 Carpenter Zool. §430 The Crested Curassow is one of the most common Birds of Guiana. 1852 Th. Ross Humboldt's Trav. II. xviii. 162 The cries of the Curassao.. and other gallinaceous birds. attrib. 1756 P. Browne Jamaica (1779) 470 The Curagoa Bird. 1863 Bates Nat. Amazon ix. (1864) 262 We were amused at the excessive.. tameness of a fine Mutum or Curassow turkey. curat, -e, obs. forms of cuirass. curatage ('kjusrstids).

[f. curate + -age.]

fl. The office of a curator or guardian; provision of curators or guardians. Obs. 1759 State Papers in Ann. Reg. 255/2 The appointment of the tutelage and curatage for the King, during his minority.

2. Sometimes applied residence provided for vicarage.]

to the house or a curate. [After

1879 Standard 31 July (Births), At The Curatage, Biddenden, Staplehurst, Kent. 1893 Crockford Clerical Directory Pref. 13 A very few clergymen date their letters from ‘The Curatage’.. It can only be in very exceptional cases that the house inhabited by a Curate can have the very slightest claim for any sort of name .. analogous to that of a vicarage or rectory; and even then it may be questioned whether.. it should not be ‘Parsonage’. curate ('kjusrat).

Also 4-8 curat, 4-5 curet(t, 6 currat, curatte. [ad. med.L. curatus, in It. curato, F. cure (13th c. in Littre ). The med.L. and It. are originally adjs. ‘of, belonging to, or having a cure or charge’, whence as sb. ‘one who has a cure or ecclesiastical charge’.] 1. One entrusted with the cure of souls; a spiritual pastor, fa. gen. Any ecclesiastic (including a bishop, etc.) who has the spiritual charge of a body of laymen, fb. A clergyman who has the spiritual charge of a parish (or parochial district); the parson of a parish. (Now only as an archaism or etymological use.) c 1340 Hampole Prose Tr. (1866) 24 The thride liffe.. longith to men of holi-chirch, as to prelates and to o)?er Curatis, the which han cure and souerante ouer othir men forto teche and reule hem. c 1350 in Horstmann Alteng. Leg. (1881) 51 Saint Peter.. was chosen pape of Rome And chief curate of Cristendome. c 1382 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 518 Not oonly simple prestis and curatis but also sovereyne curatis as bisshopis. a 1483 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 49 Also this Deane is curate and confessour of all this houshold. 1493 in Wadley Bristol Wills (1886) 171 (Will of layman), To my Curate, vicar of the saide Church, iiij mesures of wode. 1531 Dial, on Laws Eng. 11. Iv. (1638) 175 Variance began to rise betweene Curats and their Parishioners. 1545 Primer Hen. VIII, Litany, Send down upon our bishops and curates.. the healthful spirit of thy grace. 1634 Canne Necess. Separ. (1849) 32 Whosoever taketh upon him .. to be a curate of souls, parson, bishop, or what other spiritual pastor soever. 1727 Swift Modest Proposal, To..pay tithes against their conscience to an episcopal curate. 1886 Guardian 3 Mar. 321/3 As a preacher, or parochial organizer, or a curate of souls. 1886 Church Q. Rev. XXII. 298 In immediate subordination.. to the chief curate of the parish, or to the bishop only.

c. Sc. Hist. Applied to the episcopal incumbents of the Scottish parishes from 1662 to 1688. 1706 A. Shields Enq. Church Commun. Pref. 3 Others could not join in hearing the Curates. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 251 About two hundred curates—so the episcopal priests were called—were expelled.

d. Applied to parish-priests abroad; a French cure, Italian curato, Spanish cura} etc.

11650 Brathwait Barnabe.es Jrnl. in. (1818) 141 Thence to Gastile.. I drunk stingo With a butcher and Domingo Th’ Curat. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 6 In our journey to Paris [we met] an old priest.. near a little village whereof he was curate. 1801 Med. Jrnl. V. 351 In the neighbourhood of Vienna.. in the village Brunnam Gebizg: the respectable curate of that parish, etc.

2. a. A clergyman engaged for a stipend or salary, and licensed by the bishop of the diocese to perform ministerial duties in the parish as a deputy or assistant of the incumbent; an assistant to a parish priest. This use of the word is peculiar to the Church of England and to the R.C. Church in Ireland, where assistants to the parish priests are also so called. It appears to have originated in the application of the name curate to the clergyman in actual charge of a parish of which the benefice was held by a non-resident clergyman, the head of a college, etc., and to have been thence extended to the deputy of an aged and infirm incumbent, and so gradually to any deputy or assistant of the beneficed clergyman, more fully described as a stipendiary or assistant curate. This is now the ordinary popular application of curate. A clergyman appointed by the bishop to take charge of a parish or chapelry during the incapacity or suspension of the incumbent is called a curatein~charge. The incumbent of the chapel or church of an ecclesiastical district, forming part of an ancient parish, appointed by the patron and licensed by the bishop is a perpetual curate; these now rank as vicars. 1557 Indenture of Advowson of Garsington, And that also the said president [of Trinity Coll., Oxf.] being parson of the said Rectorie [of Garsington] shall likewise for euer at his own proper charge fynde one sufficient Catholike and hable Curat to serve in the said Rectorye and parishe churche. 1587 Petit, in Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vii. §1 No Non-resident having already a license or Faculty may enjoy it, unless he depute an able Curate, that may weekly preach and catechize. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxx. §2 When a Minister doth serue as a stipendarie Curate. 1614 T. Adams Devil's Banquet 322 Let vs not take and keepe liuings of an hundred, or two hundred pound a yeare, and allow a poore Curate (to supply the voluntary negligence of our non¬ residence) eight, or..ten pounds yeerely. 1709 Steele & Swift Tatler No. 71 |p 5 Our Vicar., when his Curate., preaches in the Afternoon.. sleeps sotting in the Desk on a Hissock. 1796 Hull Advertiser 24 Sept. 3/2 A clergyman has for several years officiated as assistant curate at a chapel of ease. 1844 J. T. Hewlett Parsons & W. xi, The poor perpetual-curate, or sub-vicar. 1883 G. Lloyd Ebb Flow I. 24 Some over-worked curate or sister of mercy. 1892 Blomfield Hist. Heyford 51 These three acolytes in succession were curates-in-charge of the parish.

b. curate’s egg: taken as a type of something of mixed character (good and bad). Originating in a story of a meek curate who, having been given a stale egg by his episcopal host, stated that ‘parts of it’ were ‘excellent’ (Punch 9 Nov. 1895, P- 222). 1905 Minister's Gazette of Fashion Aug. 141/1 The past spring and summer season has seen much fluctuation. Like the curate’s egg, it has been excellent in parts. 1962 Oxf. Mag. 22 Nov. 91 /1 All the same it is a curate’s egg of a book. While the whole may be somewhat stale and addled, it would be unfair not to acknowledge the merits of some of its parts.

13. One who has a charge; a curator, overseer. Obs. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 271/3 What reward yelded the tyrauntes to their curate. 1621 Molle Camerar. Liv. Libr. hi. 197 He caused them [soldiers] all to be hang’d on a tree hard by the castle, and their curat higher than all the rest. 1660 Hexham, Heym-raedt, the Curates or Overseers of Bancks and Dikes, that the Sea or Water-flouds breakes not in.

4. attrib. (in quot. fig.) 1651 Cleveland Poems 10 But left the Sun her curate light.

5. a. jocular. A small poker (see quot.). 1891 N. & Q. 7th Ser. XII. 206/2 A ‘curate’ is a small auxiliary poker with a steel point, intended for use, in contradistinction to the elaborate fire brasses, which are only kept for show.

b. A cake-stand with two or more tiers. Also called curate's comfort, delight, friend. 1914 G. B. Shaw Fanny's First Play hi. p. 216 He places the tray on the table. He then goes out for the curate... Juggins returns with the cakes. 1934 M. Harrison Weep for Lycidas 1. 152 There were two of those curious stands, known as ‘curate’s delights’, full of cakes. 1937 N. Coward Pres. Indie, v. iii. 180 There.. were spread tea-tables .. ‘Curate’s Comforts’, and large bowls of strawberries and cream. 1968 M. Allingham Cargo of Eagles xv. 163 A three tier ‘curate’s friend’ cake stand.

6. In Ireland, a spirit-grocer’s assistant. 1909 M. Hayden & Hartog in Fortn. Rev. Apr. 781 ‘Curate’.. is the assistant to a ‘spirit grocer’, such as most grocers are in Ireland. 1914 Joyce Dubliners 184 These two gentlemen and one of the curates carried him up the stairs and laid him down again on the floor of the bar.

Hence (chiefly nonce-wds.) 'curatess, the wife of a curate, cu'ratial a., having the position of a curate, cu'ratic, -ical a., of or pertaining to a curate. 'curatize v., to act as a curate, 'curato,cult, cura'tolatry, worship of a curate or curates. 1861 Trollope Barchester T. xxi. (D.) A very lowly curate I might perhaps essay to rule; but a curatess would be sure to get the better of me. 1889 G. M. Fenn Cure of Souls 48 What a charming little curatess she would make! 1886 Church Rev. 9 Apr. 180, I now offer to..your curatial readers.. Dr. Hayman's table. 1882 Graphic 4 Feb. 98 If the curatic period were merely a brief apprenticeship. 1877 Lady Wood Sheen’s Foreman I. 239 ‘The tithe pig’s tail’ had never tickled his curatical nose. 1801 C. K. Sharpe Lett. (1888) I. 103 Her spouse is in the church, and at present curatizing. 1871 Temple Bar Mag. Nov. 541 Curatolatry is a light sporadic disorder which spreads a little at certain seasons.

CURATEL

CURB

i37

curatel (’kjuaratel). Roman Law. [ad. med.L.

1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle iv. xxxviii. (1859) 64 They leden the kynge at theyr owne lust, ryght as tutours, and couratours. 1463 Aberdeen Burgh Rec. 12 July (Jam. Suppl.), Henry of Culan. .of lauchful aige, out of tutoury and has chosine til his curat[our]is to goweme him. 1555 Sc. Act Mary (1597) §35 Quhen onie Minor passis the 3eires of his Tutorie, and desiris Curatoures. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 102 b, When he is of the age of 14. yeeres.. the minor maie then .. choose a curator, either the same person that was tutor or some other, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Hist. J as. V, Wks. (1711) 86 A quarrel.. arising between the curators of the laird of Langton, and one of his uncles. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. xvi. 82 Mad-men that have no use of Reason, may be Personated by Guardians, or Curators. 1753 W. Stewart in Scots Mag. Mar. 132/2 He is tutor and curator..to several orphans. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. 281/2 In England, the guardian performs the offices both of a tutor and a curator, under the Roman law. 1891 Pall Mall G. 12 Nov. 6/1 The Dukes of Fife and Westminster as curators for the Duke of Sutherland’s younger sons, oppose the petition.

exempted .. from Guardianships, Curatorships and the like. 1861 Wilson & Geikie Mem. E. Forbes xi. 351 His acceptance of the Curatorship of the Zoological Society.

f2. One who has the cure of souls; = curate

mod. use referred to curare, curat- to cure.] Of or pertaining to curing or healing; curative.

In curating-books, shelf-lists of books in the Bodleian Library, used by its Curators to verify the contents of the shelves.

1362 Langl. P. PI. A. 1. 169 Curatours J>at schulden kepe hem clene of heore bodies \>ei beo^ cumbred in care. 1377 Ibid. B. xx. 279 For persones and parish prestes J?at shulde pe peple shryue, Ben curatoures called to knowe and to hele, Alle )?at ben her parisshiens. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. vi. 29 He wald .. Mak for ^is man swa gret prayere, As if he had bene his curature. c 1450 Myrc i i Wharefore J>ou preste curatoure, 3ef pou plese thy sauyoure.

1644 Bulwer Chirol. 148 The curetorie miracles. . The exorcists.. used this curatorie adjunct. 1681 tr. Willis’ Rem. Med. Wks. Vocab., Therapeutick, the curatory art of medicine. 1854 Blackvi. Mag. LXXVI. 309 The ordinary curatory process.

1705 Hearne Collect. 8 Nov. I. 68 The Curating Books. 1712 Ibid. III. 304 Nor can I find by the Curating Book y' there ever was.

3. gen. A person who has charge; a manager,

curatela, f. curatus, curator: cf. tutela. In F. curatelle, Ger. kuratel.] The position of being under the guardianship of a curator. 187S Poste Gains I. Comm. (ed. 2) 119 Wardship and curatel are only incapacities of disposition. t

'curateship. Obs.

[f. curate + -ship.] 1. The office or position of a curate; a curacy.

1598 Florio, Pieua, a vicarage, a curatship, a parsonage. 1603 Const. & Canons Eccl. §33 Except.. he be. admitted . . to some Benefice or Curateship. 1684 tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes lxiv. 209 He hath . . two Benefices, one Curateship of twenty Crowns, another Priory of forty. 1861 Perry Hist. Ch. Eng. I. xv. 576 In Lincolnshire. . there are many miserably poor vicarages and curateships.

2. The personality of a curate,

nonce-use.

17.. Swift Poems, Parson’s Case, Should fortune shift the scene, And make thy curateship a dean.

3. Curatorship. 1855 Lorenz tr. Van der Keessel’s Set. Theses ccccxxi, Wards and others who are under guardianship or curateship.

fcu'rating, vbl. sb.1 Obs.

1.

II. Modern senses, from L. curator. overseer, steward.

curating (’kjuaratii)), vbl. sb.2

[-ing1.] Acting as

curate; performing the duties of a curate. 1831 W. Cobbett Two-penny Trash Jan. 159 Non¬ residence, or stipendiary curating. 1907 E. H. Begbie Vigil ii. 23, I am to commence vicar. No curating. Ibid. v. 68 You have begun curating for me already.

fcu'ration. Obs. In 4-5 -ciounfe, -cyoun, 4-6 -cion, -cyon. [ME., a. OF. curacion, ad. L. curation-em, n. of action f. curare to cure.] 1. The action of curing; healing, cure. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus i. 735 \>at of pi wo is no curacioun. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 303/1 In medycynal curacion and helynge. 1543 Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. 11. iv. 21 In the curation of a choleryke Aposteme. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 11. iii. 74 The method also of curation lately delivered by Daniel Beckherus. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 143 The curation of the soul from its sin.

2. Curatorship, guardianship. 1769 C. Lee in G. Colman's Posth. Lett. (1820) 94 That.. I shoud have saddled you with the curation of my affairs. 1774 Bp. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Law (1795) 18 History of Curation from its beginning.

curative (’kjuarativ), a. (sb.). [a. F. curatif, -ive (15th c.), f. L. curat-, ppl. stem of curare to cure: see -ive.] 1. 1. Of or pertaining to the curing of disease or the healing of wounds. 1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 60 b, The part curatiue, whiche treateth of healynge of sycknes. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 Hiij, Alway the curatyfe indicacions are correspondent to ye nombre of y* affections and dyseases. 1671 Salmon Syn. Med. iii. xiii. 349 The Curative part of Medicine. 1800 Med. Jrnl. III. 395 Those who have practised the Curative Art in that City. 1878 C. Stanford Symb. Christ viii. 206 Christ’s curative miracles.

2. a. Having the tendency or power to cure disease; promoting cure. 1644 Bulwer Chirol. 147 The conveyance and application of that curative vertue. 1704 F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 4 Consideration of it only as it may prove Curative, not as Palliative. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi ii. 60 This sleeping is curative of what may be incipient sunstroke. 1881 J. Simon in Nature No. 616. 370 Curative medicine.

b. fig.

Remedial, corrective.

1661 Origen's Opin. in Phenix (1721) I. 82 All Punishment is curative. 1686 Horneck Crucif. Jesus xix. 542 All afflictions and judgments of this life are curative. 1880 C. H. Pearson in Victorian Rev. 2 Feb. 538 Men .. ask whether the plebiscite is to be curative or preventive.

II. as sb. A remedial medicine or agent. 1857 D. E. E. Braman Inform. Texas i. 15, I place great confidence in the frequent outward use of cold water, as a preventive and curative.

Hence 'curatively adv.\ 'curativeness. 1862 in Pall Mall G. 13 Jan. (1885) 4/2 It has shown itself to be curatively deterrent and reformatory. 1875 Contemp. Rev. XXV. 303 An element of genuine curativeness. 1879 M. Arnold Irish Cathol. Mixed Ess. 115 Conscious not of their vain disfigurements of the Christian religion, but of its genuine curativeness.

curator (kju'reitafr), 'kju3f3t3(r)). Forms: 4 curatour, 5 couratour, curature, 5-6 -oure, 6curator. [Partly a. AF. curatour = F. -ateur (13th c. in Godefroy Supp.), ad. L. curator, -orem, overseer, guardian, agent-n. f. curare (see cure); partly directly from Latin. The former derivation gave the pronunciation 'curator in senses 1 and 2; the latter gave cu'rator.] One who has the care or charge of a person or thing. I. Senses derived through AF. curatour. 1. One appointed as guardian of the affairs of a person legally unfit to conduct them himself, as a minor, lunatic, etc.; used in Roman Law, esp. for the guardian of a minor after the age of tutelage; hence a current term in Scotch Law.

1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. (1682) 364. The Oven producing at one time three or four hundred living Chickens.. for the Hatcher or Curator, is only Recompenced according to the living numbers. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 34 They who .. are by the Crown made .. Curators of the Health and Safety of its Ships. 1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 495 The orthography might be in some measure altered by the curator of the impression. 1862 Ruskin Munera P. (1880) 29 The real state of men of property being, too commonly, that of curators, not possessors, of wealth.

4. spec, in Universities, a. In some foreign universities: A member of a board (or an individual official) having the general superintendence of the whole university, and the power to select or nominate professors, b. In the University of Oxford: A member of one of the committees or boards having the charge of various portions of University property, as the Curators of the University Chest, of the Bodleian Library, etc. So at Durham, c. In the Scottish Universities: A member of the body charged with the election of a number of the professors. a. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 406 The curators of that University [Leyden] gave him an yearly stipend. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The curators are chosen by the states of each province: the university of Leyden has three; the burghermasters of the city have a fourth. 1834 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. 358 The curator [at Pisa] was charged with the general superintendence of student and professor; and whatever directly or indirectly concerned the well¬ being of the University, was within his sphere. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 322/1 An excellent system of public education .. was introduced by the university of Vilna under the superintendence of its curator Prince Adam Czartoryski. b. 1693 Oxford Act 11. 11 Next the Curators [of the Theatre] must take care No breach of Peace be suffer’d there. 1710 in H. Bedford Vind. Ch. Eng. 172 The Curators in their Annual Visitation of the Library. 1893 Oxford Univ. Cal., Curators of the Bodleian Library.. Curators of the Indian Institute .. Curators of the Park, etc. c. 1858 Universities of Scotl. Act (21-2 Viet. c. 83 § 13) The Right of Nomination or Presentation to the Office of Principal and to all Professorships in the University of Edinburgh .. exercised by the Town Council of Edinburgh .. shall be transferred .. to .. Seven Curators.

5. The officer in charge of a museum, gallery of art, library, or the like; a keeper, custodian. In many cases the official title of the chief keeper. 1661 Evelyn Diary 19 July, In which [diving-bell] our curator continued half an hour under water. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 486 The Curator of the Royal Society. 1767 Hunter Ibid. LVIII. 42 The Curators of the British Musaeum. 1837 Lockhart Scott vii, In June 1795 he was appointed one of the Curators of the Advocate’s library. 1889 Whitaker's Almanack 160 Museum of Practical Geology .. Curator, Registrar and Librarian.

6. A designation of public officers of various kinds under the Roman Empire. 1728 H. Herbert tr. Fleury's Eccl. Hist. II. 16 Callidius Gratianus who was Curator in the year 314. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 103 The city was.. divided into fourteen regions, each of which had two police superintendents, called Curators.

curatorial (kjoara’toarial), a. [f. L. curatori-us (f. curator-em curator) + -al1.] Of or pertaining to a curator. 1754 Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 65 They may authenticate tutorial and curatorial inventories. 1834 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 362 On the curatorial system likewise was established the excellence of the classical schools of Holland. 01854 E. Forbes in Wilson & Geikie Mem. xi. 353 My revenues, professorial and curatorial, being as yet small.

curatorship

(kju'reitsjip). [f. curator -ship.] The office or position of a curator.

+

1590 Swinburne Testaments 246 If the names be artificiall, not naturall, as to use proctorship, for curatorship. 1726 Ayliffe Par ergon 186 They., are

curatory ('kjoaratan), sb.

[ad. L. curatoria guardianship, f. curator, see above.] 1. The office or charge of a curator; curatorship; chiefly in Roman and Sc. Law. 1560 Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. (1621) 46 That the Rector.. be exempted from .. any other charge.. such as tutorie, curatorie, executorie, and the like. 1672 Sc. Acts Chas. II, c. 2 Giftes of Tutory or Curatory. 1862 Dalzel Hist. Edin. Univ. I. 243, My curatory of the library distracts me. 1880 Muirhead Gaius 1. § 142 Some are under tutory or curatory, and others under neither of those guardianships.

2. A college of curators in a foreign university. 1834 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 360 The most illustrious scholars in the curatory [of Leyden].

'curatory, a. [ad. L. curatori-us, f. curator, in

curatrix (kju'reitnks).

[L. curatrix, fern, of curator guardian, etc., in F. curatrice. Cudworth uses it in a sense taken from the medical sense of curare to CURE.] fl. A female healer or curer. Obs. nonce-wd. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 167 That Hippocrates, that is the Curatrix of Diseases.

Nature

of

2. A female curator or guardian. 1846 in Worcester; whence in later Diets.

curats,

obs. form of cuirass.

f curature. Obs.~1 [a. OF. curature, or ad. L. curatura (f. curare: see cure t>.).] = CURATORSHIP. 1605 Raleigh Introd. Hist. Eng. (1693) 31 Philip.. King of France, was a Child, .and. .was under the Curature of Baudovin Earl of Flanders. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Curature, care in ordering or managing any thing.

curature,

obs. form of curator.

curb (k3:b), sb.

Forms: 5-7 corbe, curbe, 6-7 courbe, 7 courb, corb, kurbe, 7- curb (dial. 6-7 crubb(e, 9 crub); also /3. (chiefly in senses 8-13) 7 kerbe, 7-9 kirb, 9 kerb. See also crub. [The senses here placed all derive ultimately from F. courbe adj. (= Pr. corb, Sp., Pg., It. curvo):—L. curvus bent, crooked, or from F. courber:—L. curvare: see curb u.1 But their immediate etymological history presents differences, and Branches I and II might be treated as distinct words. Branch I appears only in Eng., and seems to be a derivative from curb v.1, in the sense ‘that which curbs or bends the horse’s neck’; it seems to be the source of curb v.2, under the influence of which again some of the senses under Branch III have arisen. Branch II contains a variety of senses found under F. courbe, subst. use of courbe adj. Branch III appears also to have originated in F. courbe in the sense of a curved or arched piece of timber, iron, etc. used for structural purposes; but the sense appears to have been gradually modified after curb v.2, so as to involve more and more the sense of a restraining or confining border. In this group the word is often spelt kerb, which is at present established in sense 12. Cf. kennel.] 1. 1. A chain or strap passing under the lower jaw of a horse, and fastened to the upper ends of the branches of the bit; used chiefly for checking an unruly horse. The reins being attached to the lower ends of the branches of the bit, leverage is obtained for forcing the chain against the jaw of the horse. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 52 If he yeue him [a strong hors] not a strong bitte with a corbe, he shal neuer con gouerne him. 1530 Palsgr. 209/1 Courbe for a bridell, gourmette. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 1 His angry steede did chide his foming bitt, As much disdayning to the curbe to yield. 1684 R. H. Sch. Recreat. 24 A plain watering Chain, Cheek large, and the Kirb, thick round and big. 1782 Cowper Gilpin xxii, That trot became a gallop soon In spite of curb and rein. 1835 W. Irving Tour Prairies 180 This fine young animal.. reduced to.. pass his life under the harness and the curb.

2. fig. Anything that curbs or restrains; a check, restraint. 1613 Sylvester Microcosmogr. Wks. 800 Service is to the Lofty minde A Curb, a Spur to th’ abiect Hinde. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 112 So checkt was his forwardnesse with the curbe of bashfulnesse. 1720 Ozell Vertot's Rom. Rep. 1. vii. 417 A Dictator, whose Authority might be a Curb upon the Cabals and Intrigues of the Tribunes. 1854-6 Patmore Angel in Ho. 1. 11. ix, In what rough sort he chid his wife For want of curb upon her tongue. 1871 G. Meredith H. Richmond xxxiv. (1889) 352 My temper was beginning to chafe at the curb.

3. Electric Telegr. A method of signalling through a long cable, by sending a powerful signal followed by one or more weak signals of

CURB opposite sign, the effect of which is to ‘curb’ or prevent the main signal from lingering in the cable; a signal transmitted in this way. Only in Comb., as curb-key, curb sender (an instrument for transmitting signals in this way); curb¬ sending, -signal. 1867 Culley Handbk. Pract. Telegr. (ed. 2) 247 Arrangements.. for discharging a cable rapidly, and for equalising the effect of dashes and dots; the most effective of which is the curb key. 1877 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Eng. V. 213 The object of the automatic curb-sender is to diminish the retardation of signals in long cables. 1877 Telegraphic Jrnl. 1 Feb. 27 This system of using two currents, one to produce the signal and the other.. to neutralize.. the residual effect of the first, is what is known as Curb-Sending. Ibid., Trials have been made .. to send curb-signals by means of a handkey.

II. Corresp. to F. courbe sb. in various senses.

4. A hard swelling on the hock or other part of a horse’s leg; the disease characterized by these. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. § 107 A courbe is an yll sorance, and maketh a horse to halte sore, and appereth vppon the hynder legges.. vnder the camborell place. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Forme 145 margin. The courbe, or a long swelling beneath the elbow of the hough. 1695 Land. Gaz. No. 3132/4 One brown Gelding.. a Curb on his near Hock. 1741 Compl. Fam, Piece III. 458 For the Curb, you must leave out the Mercury. 1844 Regul. & Ord. Army 380 The Horses.. show no tendency to Curb or Spavin.

|5. A curve, an arc. [F. courbe.] Obs. rare. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 118 The very coasts of this streight Bosphorus.. boweth and windeth like a curb to Mceotis. 1759 tr. Montaigne in. iii. 51 The form of my study is round .. so that the curb presents me with a view of all my books.

6.

A mould or template by which to mark out curved work. (Sometimes spelt kerb.) 1792 P. Nicholson Carpenter's New Guide (1801) 21 The ceiling wants to be hollowed out.. I shall.. show the method of making a curb for that purpose.. A curve being traced round the points of intersection, will give the form of the curb. 1859 Donaldson & Glen Specifications 582 The Carpenter is to.. provide all kerbs and trammels for tanks and vaults.

f 7. Thieves' cant. A hook. Obs. 1591 [see curber 2].

III. An enclosing framework or border: in the first place, the curved border of something round, but eventually applied also to things straight. The name appears to have originally connoted the curved outline merely, and to have gradually taken more and more from the sense of curb v.2, until this became the characteristic notion, and that of curvature entirely disappeared. Also spelt kerb (+kirb).

8.

a. A frame or ‘coaming’ round the top of a well (to which the lids or covers are fastened). 1511 MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp. Canterb., Payd for mendyng off a boket off sen johnys welle jd.. for a stapylle & a hooke jd..for..ij corbys ijs iiijff. 1512 Ibid., For mendyng off pe corbe a bowt pe welle. 1610 Ibid., For caryng of the courb of the well to Ivy leane. 1807 Hutton Course Math. II. 252 A carpenter is to put an oaken curb to a round well, at 8d. per foot square: the breadth of the curb is to be 7J inches, and the diameter within 3* feet. 1839 Sir C. Fellows Trav. Asia Minor (1852) 18 The mouths or curbs of the wells are formed of the capitals of extremely fine Corinthian pillars.

b. A framing round the top of a brewer’s copper; c. An aperture in a floor or roof to support a trap-door or sky-light. 1664 Evelyn Sylva 1. iv. § 15 [Elm] scarce has any superior for kerbs of coppers. 1743 Lond. & Country Brew. 111. (ed. 2) 211 Fastening his two wooden Doors just above the Curb of the Copper. 1852-61 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet. s.v. Curb, The name curb is also given .. to the frame of.. a skylight. 1859 Donaldson & Glen Specifications 566 The top being prepared to receive the continuous kerb for the grating. Ibid. 578 The floor grating to the Hall is to be fitted with a curb of York stone.. rebated on the top edge for the grating.

9. A circular plate or cylindrical ring of timber or iron round the edge of any circular structure (usually to hold it firmly together). a. A circular or other curvilinear wall-plate at the springing of a dome. b. A cylindrical ring around the ‘eye’ of a dome or similar structure, into which the ribs are framed (sometimes supporting a lantern or cupola). c. The ‘race-plate’ on the top of the fixed portion of a windmill, on which travel the rollers of the cap as it rotates; also, the circular plate or ring at the base of the cap of a windmill, carrying the rollers. 1733 F. Price Brit. Carpenter (1753) 28 The kirb, on which stands a lanthorn, or cupola. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §48 One Kirb or circle of compass timber at each floor. 1820 Tredgold Carpentry (1853) 219 The brick dome .. of St. Mark, at Venice .. was built upon a curb of larch timber .. intended to resist the tendency which a dome has to spread outwards at the base. 1857 J. Walker Specif. Whitby High Lantern, The curb at the top for receiving the ends of the rafters is to consist of a ring of gun-metal. 1885 A. R. Wolff Windmill 64 The cap, or head, of the mill.. is made of timber.. with a circular curb at the lower part, which revolves upon the one attached to the body of the mill.. The rollers .. are attached to the upper curb, and revolve against the .. lower one.

10. A cylindrical ring of timber, iron, etc. forming the base on which the brickwork of a shaft or well is constructed.

CURBER

138

This ‘curb’ may be built into the crown of the arch of a tunnel, as in the case of a ventilating shaft (cf. 9 b); or it may, as in the construction of a mine-shaft, descend with the steening which it bears, as the excavation proceeds. 1811 Farey Derbyshire I. 327 A curb, or flat ring of sound oak or elm is laid on the bottom, on which the stones or bricks are built to the top. The sinking is then begun within this curb. 1838 F. W. Simms Public Wks. Gt. Brit. 32 The brickwork shall rest upon a cast-iron curb, fitting into the crown of the arch of the tunnel, forming a level base for the shaft to rest upon. 1844-Tunnelling 46 The sinking was attempted by means of a barrel (or drum) curb, which upon being undermined descended by its own weight and that of the brickwork (which was constructed upon the curb). Ibid. 109 The shaft.. can be securely connected with the crown of the tunnel, by means of a curb of brick or cast iron.

11. a. A raised margin or edging around an oast, to confine the hops; also round a bed in a garden or hothouse, or round a hearth, to serve as a fender. 1731-7 Miller Gard. Diet. s.v. Lupulus, The Hops must be spread even upon the Oast a Foot thick or more, if the Depth of the Curb will allow it. 1881 Gard. Chron. No. 412. 655 The curbs are filled with a nice lot of plants. 1882 Wore. Exhib. Catal. iii. 3 Polished brass curb.

b. An inclined circular plate placed round the edge of a soap or salt kettle to prevent the contents from boiling over. 1874 in Knight Diet. Mech.

12. a. A margin of stone or other strong material protecting the outer edge of a side-walk and separating it from the roadway on which horses and vehicles travel. In this sense the spelling is now usu. curb in U.S., kerb in U.K. 1836 Libr. Entert. Knouil., Pompeii (ed. 4) I. 91 These curbs [in woodcut, marked ‘kirb’].. separate the foot pavement from the road. 1861 Smiles Engineers II. 29 In fixing the kerbs along the London footpaths. 1882 Nature XXV. 517 The idea is to make the curb of the pavement in the form of an iron box. transf. 1867 Howells Ital. Journ. 124 Leaning on the curb of the precipitous rock.

b. The body of curbstone brokers. U.S. 1903 Nation (N.Y.) 4 June 446 The Stock Exchange and the ‘curb’.. gave .. plain evidence what their opinion was.

13. In various other technical senses, some of which are difficult to classify. a. Archit., Building, etc. An edge or ‘nosing’, as e.g. to a step; also a raised band (not sufficiently high to be a ‘dwarf wall’) to receive the lower ends of the palisades or railings of an enclosure or partition; a breast-wall or retaining-wall to hold up a bank of earth; one of the plates forming the top of the sides of a green¬ house: the lower of the two planes forming the slope of a curb- or mansard-roof; ‘the flashing of lead over the curb-plate to a curb-roof; ‘the woodwork forming the arris of a plaster-work groin’ (Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet. ); also applied to a ‘crib’ or cage to contain concrete until hardened, as in a foundation. b. The cylindrical casing within which a vortex-turbine wheel revolves; also the curved guide encompassing part of the periphery of a breast-wheel or scoop-wheel to confine and direct the water against its buckets or floats. f c. A ‘stilling’ or stand in a brewery to support a cask, etc. Obs. 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. I. 308 Curb for Brick Steps, a timber nosing .. not only to prevent the steps from wearing, but also from being dislocated. 1852-61 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet, s.v., The edge, to a brick or tile step, is also called a curb, even if it be merely a stone or timber nosing. Ibid., Where wrought iron railing bars set close are let into it.. a cast iron curb is now much used. Ibid., The plane, a b [of the roof] is popularly called the curb. 1859 Donaldson & Glen Specifications 619 Kerb part of the tower roof is to be covered with 6 lb. lead .. the surface of the kerbs is to be turned up against the cheeks of the dormers. 1825 Fosbroke Encycl. Antiq. I. 364 Ancient brew-houses had troughs of lead set on the ground, or on courbes.

114. Of uncertain meaning. Obs. 1495 Will of Sir R. Porter (Somerset Ho.), I bequeith to the church of Conway a furnesse and a Curbe of lede to hill [= cover, roof] the church with. 1527 Lane. Wills (Chetham Soc.) 36 Item I beqweth.. a grett pott off brasse and my corbes of leyde a grat of hyron. Item a broche of yron.

IV. 15. attrib. and Comb, curb-bit, -bridle, a bit (or bridle) with a curb; curb-chain, a chain acting as a curb; curb-hook, ‘a hook which the curb is hitched to’ (Felton Carriages Gloss.); curb-key, -sender, -signal (see 3); curbmarket, -price, -stocks U.S. (cf. curb-stone b and kerb sb.); curb-pin (see quot. 1874); curb service N. Amer., service by a shop, etc., to customers in cars at the street curb. Also curbplate, -ROOF, -STONE. 1688 R. Holme Armoury in. 305/2 Mr. Morgan calls.. a Bit or Snaffle.. Curbs or ‘Curb Bits. 1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4698/4 A white Bridle, with a very light Kirb Bit. 1847 Youatt Horse i. 15 To the Romans may be attributed the invention of the curb-bit. 1677 Lond. Gaz. No. 1163/4 A green velvet Saddle.. and a *curb Bridle. 1795 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Pindariana Wks. 1812 IV. 213 For those passions make a strong Curb-bridle. 1833 J- Holland Manuf. Metal II. 312 This rise in the bit is made to press hard against the roof of the horse’s mouth, at the same time that the ’curb chain closely presses the chin. 1900 S. A. Nelson ABC of Wall St. 10 The ’curb market, with its swarm of brokers.

1914 N.Y. Herald 17 Nov. 6/4 Prices again strong in curb market. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Curb-pins, the pins on the lever of a watch-regulator which embrace the hair¬ spring of the balance and regulate its vibrations. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch Gf Clockm. 106 A balance spring uncontrolled by curb pins. 1930 San Antonio (Texas) Light 31 Jan., Closing ’Curb Prices. 1931 Kansas City Star 25 Aug., The hoppers sit on the curb in front of the drug store, honk and attack the ’curb service boys when they come out. 1938 Archit. Rev. LXXXIV. 137 (caption) A curb-service restaurant in Washington, D.C. 1962 Canadian Jrnl. Linguistics VII. 73 A culture pattern based on the automobile, with its motels, filling stations, and curbservice. 1915 World’s Work (N.Y.) Oct. 641 Unlisted (•Curb) Stocks.

feurb, v.1 Obs. rare. [A later spelling of courbe v., a. F. courber to bend, prob. influenced in form by curb v2, and by curve, when this was coming in from Latin.] 1. trans. To bend, bow, curve. See also curbed ppl. a.1 1430 [see courbe v. 2]. 1662 H. More Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 15 [The Spirit of Nature] curbs the matter of the Sun into rounds of figure, which would otherwise be oblong.

2. intr. To bend, bow, cringe. 1377.[see courbe v. i]. 1602 Shaks. Ham. in. iv. 155 [see courbe v. 1: mod. edd. curb], a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Cypress Grove Wks. (1711) 121 Bodies languishing and curbing. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. vi. 26 [They] bow the knee And curb, well pleased, O Cruelty, to thee.

curb (k3:b), v2 [In Branch I, dating back to 16th c., app. f. curb sb. 1; Branch II is much later, f. curb sb. 12.] 1. 1. trans. To put a curb on (a horse); to restrain or control with a curb. 1530 Palsgr. 500/1, I courbe a horse, I fasten the courbe under his chynne. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 643 Part wield thir Arms, part courb the foaming Steed. 1878 M. A. Brown Nadeschda 25 Curbing his fiery steed .. with foaming bit.

2. fig. To restrain, check, keep in check. 1588 J. Udall Diotrephes (Arb.) 10 Bridles to curbe them that kicke at their lordlines. 1607 Shaks. Cor. ill. i. 39 To curbe the will of the Nobilitie. a 1631 Donne Paradoxes (1652) 25 To curbe our naturall appetites. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 106 She begg’d me to curb my transport, for fear of being overheard. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 217 To curb the power of France.

fb. Const, of, from. Ohs. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, i. i. 54 The faire reuerence of your Highnesse curbes mee, From giuing reines and spurres to my free speech. 1596-Merch. V. iv. i. 217 Curbe this cruell diuell of his will. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade 297 To curb or restrain our own Subjects from their natural Rights.

II. 3. To furnish or defend with a curb or curb¬ stone. (In the latter case commonly kerb.) 1861 Sunderland Times 21 Sept., That the footpath behind Cumberland-terrace be flagged and kerbed. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v. Curb, In sinking wells by sections which are curbed before another section is excavated. Ibid., The well at Southampton was .. curbed in this way. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 441 Curbed, lighted, sewered, and repaved.

III. f4. Thieves’ cant. (See [Perhaps a distinct word.] Obs.

curber

2.)

a 1592 Greene Theevesfalling out in Harl. Misc. VIII. 389 (D.) Though you can foyst, nip, prig, lift, curbe, and use the black art.

curbable ('k3:b3b(3)l), a. [f. curb v2 + -able.] That can be curbed or restrained. 1775 in Ash Supple, and in mod. Diets.

curbash: see koorbash. t curbed, ppl. a.1 Also courbed. Bent, bowed, curved.

[f. curb v.1]

[CI430 Lydg. Bochas 1. xx. (1554) 36b, Thing y* is courbyd or wrong.. To make it seme as it went vpright. c 1450 Merlin 261 Longe and courbed, and brode sholderes and leene for age.] 1541 R. Copland Guy don's Quest. Chirurg., The lyuer.. is of fygure as of the moone, curbed towarde the rybbes. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 678 (R.) By crooked and curbed lines. 1646 G. Daniel Poems Wks. 1878 I. 50 Her haire vndrest, Like Adders on her Curbed Shoulders falls. 1691 Ray Creation 11. (1704) 231 Though the Course of the Sun be curbed towards the Tropicks.

curbed (k3:bd), ppl. a.2 [f. curb sb. and u.2] 1. Furnished with or having a curb. 1675 Lond. Gaz. No. 975/4 An old curbed Bridle. 1695 Ibid. 3048/4 Kirb’d Bridle. 1847 Youatt Horse i. 10 The severe and often cruel curbed-bit.

b. curbed roof = curb-roof. 1866 Intell. Observ. No. 57. 178 Zinc-work on the curbed roofs.

2. fig. Restrained, checked. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. v. 131 The Fift Harry, from curb’d License pluckes The muzzle of restraint. 1862 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, xi. 157 Stephen.. owed his curbed authority to the constant rebellion of his Barons.

curber ('k3:b3(r)). Also 6 courber, 7 curbar. [f. curb v.2 + -ER1.] 1. One who or that which curbs, or restrains. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 45 Carthage.. the greatest curber and terror of the Roman weale-publike. x737 L. Clarke Hist. Bible vm. (1740) 568 Great curbers of their passions. 01849 J- C. Mangan Poems (1859) 37 The instructress of maidens And curber of boys.

f2. Thieves' cant. (See quot. 1591.) [Perhaps a distinct word.]

Obs.

CURBING

+ 'curbing, vbl. sb.1 Obs. [f. curb curvature.

v.1]

Curving,

1601 Holland Pliny II. 315 The curbing or crookednesse of the ridge-bone.

curbing ('k3ibii)), vbl. sb.2 [f. curb v.2] 1. The action of the verb curb; checking. 1661 Feltham Resolves 11. lvii. 306 The curbings and the stroaks of Adversity. 1846 D. King Lord's Supper iv. 102 The partial curbing of vicious lusts.

2. a. The furnishing of a side-walk, etc. with a curb. b. concr. The stones collectively forming a curb. (In this sense commonly spelt kerbing.) 1838 J. Hall Notes Western States viii. 106 After removing the rich soil, a stratum of hard clay presents itself, then gravel, and then another layer of clay, all of which are so compact as to require no curbing. 1869 Daily News 2 Feb., The granite kerbing on the sea wall. 1892 Times 14 Mar. 3/2 No paving, curbing, or channelling has been done to . . the road. f3. Thieves' cant. (Cf. curber 2.) Obs.

[Perhaps a distinct word.] 1591 Greene Disc. Coosnage (1859) 53 The nature of the Lift, the Black art, and the Curbing law, which is the Filchers and theeves that come into houses .. or picklocks, or hookers at windowes.

'curbing, ppl. a.

[f. curb v2]

That curbs;

restraining. 1719 D’Urfey Pills (1872) VI. 319 Who from thinking are free, That curbing Disease i’ the Mind. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. IV. 66 ‘To say.. that religion is not a curbing motive, because it does not always restrain, is’ [etc.].

t'curble. Obs. Also 6-7 kirble. [Derivative of curb, app. diminutive in form.]

1. = curb sb. 1. Also attrib. 1598 Florio, Guancetto, a little claspe or kirble hooke about a horses bit. 1614 Markham Cheap Husb. 1. ii. (1668) 24 The kirble shall be thick, round, and large, hanging loosely upon his nether lip. 2. = CURB sb. 8. ? 1780 Five Wonders of World 6 Hoops in women’s petticoats almost as big as a well’s curble.

'curbless, a. rare. [f. curb sb. Without curb or restraint.

+

-less.]

1813 T. Busby tr. Lucretius in. 322 The curbless rage inflames his savage blood. 1848 C. Bronte J. Eyre ix, A torrent, turbid and curbless.

'curb-plate,

[curb sb. 8, 9.] A curvilinear wallplate at the springing of a dome, etc.; = curb 9 a, b; also, the plate or frame round the mouth of a well, etc.; the horizontal timber at the junction of the upper and lower slopes of a curbroof. 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. I. 308 The wall-plate of a circular or elliptically ribbed dome, is termed a curb-plate, as also the horizontal rib at the top, on which the vertical ribs terminate, i860 J. Newlands Carpenter & Joiner's Assist. 257 Curb-plate.. the circular frame of a well.

'curb-roof, [curb sb.] A roof of which each face has two slopes, the lower one steeper than the upper; a mansard-roof. I733 F- Price Brit. Carpenter (1753) 18, B is called a kirb roof, and is much in use, on account of its giving so much room withinside. 1820 Tredgold Carpentry (1853) 95 It appears to have been with a view of lessening.. height that the Mansard or curb roof was invented. 1879 D. J. Hill Bryant 143 A spacious.. mansion .. with a curb-roof, antique dormer windows.

curb-sender: see

curb sb. 3.

'curb-stone, kerb-stone. Also kirb-stone. One of the stones forming a curb, esp. at the edge of a side-path; hence, the stone edge of a side-path. 1791 Act 31 Geo. Ill c. 65 §124 Curb Stone from Eleven to Thirteen Inches wide and from Five to Seven Inches thick. 1806-7 J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) xvm. iii. 132 The two side-spaces from the wall to the kirb-stone. 1850 Kingsley Alt. Locke v, You goes and lies on the kerb¬ stone. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. 1. iv. (ed. 2) 66 Black Guernsey granite for macadamised paving and curb stones.

b. attrib., as curb-stone broker (U.S.), a broker, not a member of the stock exchange, who transacts business in the streets; also curbstone agent, operator. 1848 W. Armstrong Stocks 7 This class comprehends.. all those petty operators and non-descripts, who have neither a local habitation or scarcely, a name, that are dignified by the title of curb-stone brokers, i860 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. 1861 Knickerbocker LVII. 635 All sorts of brokers, from the leading houses down to the curbstone ‘operator’. 1862 R. B Kimball Undercurrents (1868) 321 It is rather a habit with the Curbstone operator when he gets severely winged, to go into the cigar business. 1884 Cent. Mag. Aug. 629/2 Peddling ‘privileges’ to small speculators through curb-stone agents. 1886 Pall Mall G. 28 May 14/1 Both of these men are kerbstone brokers.

curbul3e,

CURD

139

I59i Greene 2nd Pt. Conny-catch. (1592) 24 The Courber, which the common people call the Hooker, is he that with a Curb (as they tearm it) or hook, doth pul out of a window any loose linnen cloth, apparell, or.. other houshold stuffe. 1602 Rowlands Greene’s Ghost (i860) 41 A hooker, whom Conicatching English cals Curbar.

obs. Sc. form of cuir-bouilli.

curby ('k3:bi), a.

[f. curb sb. + -y.] Liable to be affected with curb (see curb sb. 4). Hence 'curbily adv. 1841 Meeson & Welsby Reports VIII. 132 The term ‘curby hocks’ indicated a peculiar form of the hock, which was considered as rendering the horse more liable to throw out a curb. 1875 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Sports 11. vi. 564 Curby hocks are also hereditary, and should be avoided. 1892 Sport. & Dram. News 21 May 360/1 That off hock., was always rather ‘curbily’ inclined.

curce,

obs. form of curse.

curch (k3:tf). Sc. Forms: 5 kerche, (courchie), 5-6 courch(e, curche, (6 cowrtche), 7 kerch, (8 kirch, 9 kertch), 7- curch. [An erroneous singular of curches, repr. OF. couvreches, -chies, pi. of couvrechef: see coverchief, kerchief.] A covering for the head; a kerchief; ‘a square piece of linen used in former times by women, instead of a cap or mutch’ (Jamieson). 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 285 She hyr wolde arayin ful porely .. and .. Up on hyr hede leyn a foule kerche. 1457 Sc. Acts Jas. II, c. 71 On theer heads short curches.. Courchies of theer awin making. C1470 Henry Wallace 1. 241 A soudly courche our hed and nek leit fall. 15 .. Peebles to Play, Ane said, ‘My curches are not press’d’. 1530 Inv. in Nugae Derelictse (1880) x. 9 Item xxi neipkins and brest cowrtchis. Itm thre nek cowrtchis. 1698 M. Martin Voy. Kilda (1749) 50 The Kerch, or Head-dress worn by herself. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 111. v. note, The snood was exchanged for the curch, toy, or coif, when a Scottish lass passed, by marriage, into the matron state. 1854 Mrs. Oliphant Magd. Hepburn I. 150 An old woman with long grey locks escaping from her curch. 1900 A. Carmichael Carmina Gadelica I. p. xxv, On the morning after the marriage the mother of the bride .. placed the ‘breid tri cheamach’, threecornered kertch, on the head of the bride before she rose from her bed. Ibid., The feast of the ‘bord breid’, kertch table, was almost as great as the feast of the marriage table.

curchee, -ie, -y,

obs. forms of curtsy.

curchef, -chyfe,

obs. forms of kerchief.

|| Curculio (k3:'kju:li3o). Entom. [a. L. curculio, -onem corn-weevil.] A Linnaean genus of Beetles, containing the Weevils. Now applied especially to the common fruit-weevils, which are very destructive to plums. 1756 P. Browne Jamaica (1779) 429 The streaked shining Curculio. Ibid. 430 Curculio.. This insect is very destructive to flour as well as to most sorts of grain, i860 Emerson Cond. Life, Fate Wks. (Bohn) II. 327 Such an one has curculios, borers, knife-worms. 1882 Garden 25 Mar. 191/3 The Curculio has made the cultivation of the Plum impossible in Eastern America.

Hence cur,culio'nideous a, belonging to the Curculionidx or weevil-family, cur'culionist, a specialist in the study of the Curculionidx. 1881 Athenaeum No. 2827. 904 A curculionideous larva, found feeding in the bulbs of lilies. 1874 Mivart in Contemp. Rev. XXIV. 362 That this .naturalist is a Carabidist, and that a Curculionist.

|| curcuma ('k3:kju:m3). Also in anglicized form curcume. [med. or mod.L. ad. Arab, kurkum saffron, turmeric: see crocus.] a. Bot. A genus of Zingiberacex consisting of plants with perennial tuberous roots, furnishing various commercial substances, as zedoary, East Indian arrowroot, mango-ginger, turmeric, etc. b. The substance called Turmeric, prepared from the tubers of C. longa, and used as an ingredient in curry powder, as a chemical test for alkalis, and for medicinal and other purposes, attrib., as curcuma paper, turmeric paper used as a chemical test. 1617 Mosan tr. Wirtzung's Pract. Physicke 2nd Table, Turmericke, Cyperus Indicus, the Apothecaries call it Curcuma. 1633 Gerarde Herbal 1. xxvii. 34. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 35 The Curcuma of the Shops is a small Root, about the Size of that of Ginger. 1800 Med. Jrnl. III. 84 The liquor becomes alkaline, and reddens paper prepared with curcuma. C1865 Circ. Sc. I. 351/2 In China, tea is frequently coloured with curcume. 1885 H. O. Forbes Nat. Wandr. E. Archip. 196 Rice yellowed with curcuma powder.

Hence 'curcumin, matter of turmeric.

Chem.,

the

colouring

1850 Pereira Mat. Med. II. i. 1125 Curcumin.. is obtained .. by digesting the alcoholic extract of turmeric in ether. 187s j Attfield Chem. (ed. 6) 531 Turmeric, .owes its yellow colour to curcumin, a resinous matter.

curd (k3:d), sb. Forms: a. 4-5 crodde, (5 crod(e), 4-6 crudd(e, (5 cruyde, 5-6 crude), 5- north, dial. crud; /3. 5-6 curde, curdd(e, 6 courd, 5- curd. [ME. crud (also crod) is found first in 14th c.; the form curd is known from 15th c. The metathesis ru = ur implies that the word is older, and may possibly go back to OE.; but its earlier history and derivation are unknown. No similar word is known in Teutonic or Romanic; hence the source has been sought in Celtic: Irish has cruth, gruth, groth, Gaelic gruth curds, but it is not certain what relation (if any) the Celtic words hold to the English ]

1. a. The coagulated substance formed from milk by the action of acids, either naturally as when milk is left to itself, or artificially by the

addition of rennet, etc.; made into cheese or eaten as food. (Often in pi.) 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. vii. 269 Twey grene cheeses, and a fewe cruddes and crayme. c 1420 Liber Cocorum 13 Styr hit wele.. Tyl hit be gedered on crud harde. 14.. Voc. inWr Wiilcker 590/45 Juncata .. Juncade, sive a crudde ymade yn 'shes. Ibid. 661/14 Hoc coagulum, crodde. 1549 Compl. cot. vi. 42 Thai maid grit cheir of..curdis and quhaye. 1578 Lyte Dodoens vi. xlvi. 719 It melteth the clustered crudde, or milke that is come to a crudde. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 161 Good sooth she is The Queene of Curds and Creame. 1626 Bacon Sylva §385 Milk .. is.. a Compound Body of Cream, Cruds, and Whey. 1788 [see ream sb.2 1 a]. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 197 This acid.. transforms the milk into a curd. 1856 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 294 Betty, who will have curds and cream waiting for me. 1887 J. Service Life Gf Recoil. Dr. Duguid 1. ix. 54 There were nae mair deidly engagements noo than the attack on.. cruds and cream. fig. 1735 Pope Prol. Sat. 306 Sporus, that mere white curd of Ass’s milk? 1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. 574/1 That caused Mrs. Claxton’s cloudy suspicion .. to settle into an absolute curd of sourness.

S

fb. ? The curdled milk in the stomach of a young sucking animal, or the gastric juice of the same, used for rennet. Obs. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. vi. 141 The mylk is crodded now to chese With crudde of kidde, or lambe, other of calf. 1551 Turner Herbal 1. (1568) Bija, The cruddes found in a kyddes maw, or an hyndecalfes maw. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 331 The cruds or rennet of an horse foie maw, called by some Hippace. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 24 The curd [of the calf] hath the same vertue as that of a Hare, Kid, or Lamb.

2. a. transf. Any substance consistency or appearance.

of

similar

1811 A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 605 Sulphuric ether and compound spirit of ether precipitate a thick, white, tenacious curd.

b. The fatty substance found between the flakes of flesh in boiled salmon, cf. curdy 3. 1828 Sir H. Davy Salmonia 98 To find a reason for the effect of crimping and cold in preserving the curd of fish. 1863 Wood Illust. Nat. Hist. III. 327 If it [the salmon] be cooked within an hour or two after being taken from the water, a fatty substance, termed the ‘curd’, is found between the flakes of flesh.

c. The edible ‘head’ of such brassicas as cauliflower and broccoli. 1916 W. F. Rowles Food Garden xi. 201 We may expect to cut the curds at the end of April. 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Feb. 154/1 Most cauliflower crops.. benefit from a side dressing applied shortly before the curd begins to form. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 393/2 It [sc. the cauliflower] has a compact white head (i.e. flowers, often called the curd). 1969 D. Bartrum From Garden to Kitchen 29 Broccoli, with their white, solid flower-heads (curds) are like a small cauliflower but a much hardier vegetable.

3. attrib. and Comb., as curd-cake, puff (confections made with curds); curd-like adj.; curd-breaker, -crusher, -cutter, -mill, apparatus for crushing or cutting up cheesecurd in order to facilitate the separation of the whey; curd soap, a white soap made with tallow and soda. 1706 Closet of Rarities (N.), To make *curd-cakes.—Take a pint of curds [etc.]. 1805 Southey Madoc in W. xiv, Cheese 0£*curd-like whiteness. 1846 j. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 158 Cauliflowers.. of a delicate white curd¬ like appearance. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 247/2 Break the curd into pieces .. by means of a *curd-mill. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 261 To make *Curd Puffs. 1794 Hull Advertiser 20 Sept. 4/1 Yellow Soap 60s. —*Curd 70s. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts III. 850 The white.. tallow soap of the London manufacturers, called curd soap.

curd (k3:d), v. Forms: see the sb. [f. prec.] 1. a. trans. To make into curd; to coagulate, congeal; = curdled, i. 1382 Wyclif Job x. 10 Whether not.. as chese thou hast crudded me? c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. vi. 141 Alle fresshe the mylk is crodded now to chese. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. 11. 36 This oile.. courdeth milke by and by. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. v. 69 It doth posset And curd, like Aygre droppings into Milke, The thin and wholsome blood. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. 1. 601 The feat of crudding it [milk] to a pleasant tartnesse. 1823 New Monthly Mag. IX. 166/2 So acrid .. that they curd milk.

fb. To curdle (blood). Obs. rare. 1601 Shaks. All’s Well I. iii. 155 Dos it curd thy blood To say I am thy mother?

2. intr. To become or form curd; to coagulate, congeal; = curdle v. 3. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xvi. vii. (1495) 555 Quycke syluer cruddeth not by itself kyndly wythout brymstone. Ibid. xix. lxxvi. (1495) 906 Mylke rennyth and curdyth.. and the wheye is departyd therfro. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 17 Styre it tylle it crodde. 1578 Lyte Dodoens vi. xlvi. 719 The iuyee of Figges turneth milke and causeth it to crudde. 1598 Epuiario Kiij, Heat it vntill the Cheese curd. fig- 1589 Pappe w. Hatchet (1844) 29 A Lemman will make his conscience curd like a Posset. 1887 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1918) 65 His thew That onewhere curded, onewhere sucked or sank.

3. trans. To render curdy, cover as with curd. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes 11. i. 33 Two chafd Boars, or blowne Mastiffs, whose rage had curded one anothers chops.

Hence 'curding vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvn. clxviii. (1495) 712 Whete sod wyth juys of rewe dissoluyth.. rennyng and kurdyng of mylke. 1727 C. Threlkeld Stirpes Hibern. Eij, In crudding of Milk it may occupy the place of Ches-lope. 1742 Lond. Gf Country Brew. 1. (ed. 4) 76 Those harsh, curding Well-waters that many drink of.

140

CURDED curded ('k3:did), ppl. a. Also 5-9 crudded. [f. curd v. and sb. + -ed.] 1. Formed into curd, or into a curd-like mass; coagulated, congealed. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 105 Cruddyd, coagulatus. 1563 T. Gale Antidot. 11. 36 If one drope of it.. be put into a pynte of mylke, it shall forthwith become courded. 1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 75 A heape of crudded bloud. 1659 D- Pell Improv. Sea 333 The Seas.. lye all upon a bubling froth, and curded foam. 1813 J. C. Hobhouse Journey 33 Curded goat’s milk. 1820 Shelley Witch Atl. lv, She would often climb The steepest ladder of the crudded rock.

2. Of salmon: Having curd (see curd sb. 2 b). 1865 J. G. Bertram Harvest of Sea (1873) 44 [They] do not like the Dutch salmon so well as their own fine curded fish.

curdiness (’k3:dims). [f. curdy a. + -ness.] The state or quality of being curdy. (Of fish: see curd sb. 2 b.) 1824 Blackw. Mag. XVI. 340 Nothing can then exceed the beautiful curdiness of his texture. 1828 Sir H. Davy Salmonia 98 The albumen is coagulated, and the curdiness [of the salmon] preserved.

curdle (’k3:d(3)l), v. Also 6-7 crudle, 7-8 (9 dial.) cruddle. [Frequentative of curd v.\ 1. trans. To form (milk) into curd; to turn (any liquid) into a soft solid substance like curd; to coagulate, clot, congeal. 1590-6 [see curdled 1, i c.]. 1601 Holland Pliny xxm. vii, It wil cruddle milk as wel as rennet. 1611 Bible Job x. 10 Hast thou not powred me out as milke, and cruddled me like cheese? 1742 Lond. & Country Brew. 1. (ed. 4) 40 The Wort also will be curdled, and broke into small Particles. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts I. 767 All acids curdle milk.

b. to curdle the blood: usually fig. said of the effect of cold, horror, etc. upon a person. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. n. Wks. 1856 I. 26 O how impatience.. cruddles thick my blood, with boiling rage! a 1674 Clarendon Hist. Reb. xvi. (1704) III. 559 Being now awaken’d by this Alarm.. and his flegm a little curdled, he begun to think himself in danger. 1760 C. Johnston Chrysal (1822) I. 14 An holy horror curdled all my blood. 1891 Baring-Gould In Troub. Land v. 63 The glacial bise sweeps over the face of the desert, curdling the blood.

2. transf. and fig. 1627-47 Feltham Resolves (ed. 7) 154 We are curdled to the fashion of a life by time and set successions. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. vi. 210 The surface of the water is fretted and curdled into the finest waves by the undulations of the air. 1816 Byron Dream i, A thought, A slumbering thought.. curdles a long life into one hour. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 203 So beauty curdles envy’s look on thee.

3. intr. To become or form curd; to coagulate. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 348 The milk.. will not cruddle. 1653 H. More Conject. Cabbal. (1713) 190 How this Primordial Water.. should ever coagulate or cruddle into that consistency. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 56 The milk of the goat is.. not so apt to curdle upon the stomach as that of the cow. 1853 Soyer Pantroph. 90 Mint prevented milk from curdling.

b. Of the blood. (Now usually fig.) 1611 Beaum. & Fl. King & no King 1. i, See now my blood cruddles at this! 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat., Manual 1. i. 302 Extravenated Blood .. curdles and putrefies. 1784 Cowper Task VI. 514 The blood thrills and curdles at the thought, a 1845 Barham Ingol. Leg. (1877) 183 It makes the blood curdle with fear.

c. transf. and fig. 1818 Byron Mazeppa xviii, An icy sickness curdling o’er My heart, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. ii. 22 The adjacent atmosphere .. curdled up into visible fog.

curdle ('k3:d(3)l), sb. rare. [f. prec. vb.] The act or product of curdling; fa curd (obs.). a 1593 H. Smith Serm. (1622) 444 There is a kind of downe or curdle upon Wisedom. 1611 Cotgr., Mattes, curds, or curdles. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 30 Tracing the .. winding fountains to their infant bed, Marking each curdle boil and boil away. 1933 D. L. Sayers Murder must Advertise iv. 65 What disgusting stuff cauliflower could be —a curdle of cabbage!

curdled ('k3:d(3)ld), ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ed.] 1. Formed into curd; coagulated, congealed, clotted. 1596 Spenser Astroph. 152 With crudled blood and filthie gore deformed. 1676 J. Beaumont in Phil. Trans. XI. 733 Fill’d with a milky crudeled substance. 1819 Shelley Cyclops 129 Store of curdled cheese. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxiii, The curdled wounds gave no sign of blood.

b. fig. of the blood, etc. 1697 Dryden Virg. JEneid 11. 766, I felt my crudled Blood congeal with Fear. 1815 Byron Parisina xiv, As ice were in her curdled blood.

c. transf. and fig. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. vii. 6 Till crudled cold his corage gan assayle. 1602 Marston Ant. 6? Mel. 1. i. Wks. 1856 I. 16 Crudl’d fogges masked even darknesse brow. 1685 H. More Some Cursory Reft.' 10 This cold and crudled Infidelity. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 93 O’er the water crink’d the curdled wave. 1850 Kingsley Alt. Locke xxviii, Dark curdled clouds .. swept on.

2. Of a lens: (see quot.) 1832 Porter Porcelain & Gl. 245 When this fault [imperfect polishing] exists in a degree so exaggerated as to be visible to the naked eye, the lens is said to be curdled.

curdler ('k3:db(r)). [f. as prec. + -er.] l.That which curdles or coagulates. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 13/2 The most natural curdler of milk .. is the gastric juice of the stomach of a sucking calf.

2. A story, etc., that curdles the blood (cf. curdle v. 3 b). 1886 Baumann Londinismen 36/1 Curdler,.. bloodfreezer. 1966 Listener 21 July 103/3 [A play] too complicated to be a real curdler.

curdless ('k3:dhs), a. Destitute of curd. 1846 in Worcester.

curdling ('k3:dlir|), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the vb. curdle; also concr. 1611 Florio, Quagliata, a curdling or congealing. 1620 Venner Via Recta vii. 154 They inhibit the crudling of milke in the stomacke. 1851 Nichol Archit. Heav. 107 Nebulosities.. having within them curdlings, as they seem at first, separate massive clusters.

'curdling, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That curdles. 1. trans. (In quots. = blood-curdling.) 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. iii, Under the curdling winds. 1863 Whyte Melville Gladiators I. 364 A curdling horror that weighed down the limbs like lead.

2. intr. 1699 Garth Dispens. 15 A while his curdling Blood forgot to glide. 1886 R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 110 Here and there a.. wave.. breaks into curdling foam.

curdly ('k3:dli), a. [f. curdle v. + -y.] Apt to curdle; of a curdled nature or appearance. 1689 G. Harvey Curing Dis. by Expect, vi. 38 Milk., in many [is] very corruptible, coagulable or curdly. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 179 If you find the amalgam begin to be curdly. 1820 A. Cooper Surg. Ess. 232 The curdly substance mixed with pus is discharged.

cur dog, cur-dog: see cur. curdy ('ksidi), a. Also 6-7 cruddy, -ie. [f. curd sb. + -Y.] 1. Full of curds. 1528 Paynell Salerne's Regim. 2 Olde chese, or verye cruddye chese. 1574 Newton Health Mag. 32 The thick and curdy Milke.. commonly called Beastings. 1882 Mrs. Chamberlain W. Worcs. Words 8 Cruddy, curdled; full of curds.

2. Full of curd-like coagulations; resembling curded milk; curd-like in consistency or appearance. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. (Percy Soc.) 4 In the.. cruddy firmament. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. v. 29 His cruell woundes with cruddy bloud congeald. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iii. 106 (Qo.) A good sherris sacke.. ascendes mee into the braine, dries me there all the foolish and dull and crudy [Fo. cruddie] vapors which enuirone it. 1678 Phil. Trans. XII. 950 Making it [tin] thick and cruddy, that is, not so ductile, as otherwise. 1797 Pearson ibid. LXXXVIII. 24 The precipitate did not render solution of hard soap at all curdy. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 46 A white curdy precipitate. 1887 Baring-Gould Gaverocks I. xvi. 233 The moon passed behind a white curdy cloud. 1937 E. J. Labarre Diet. Paper 65/1 Cruddy paper, i.e. mottled.

3. Of salmon, etc.: Full of curd (see curd sb. 2 b). 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire (1891) 118 There they [the Salmon] are found newe, fresh, fatte and cruddye. Ibid. 125 A cruddye matter like creame about the fishe [oysters]. 1859 Lever Davenport Dunn xxxvi, His curdiest salmon declined, his wonderful ‘south-down’ sent away scarcely tasted. 1892 H. G. Hutchinson Fairway Island i, We’ll eat this [salmon] that had the tide-lice on him. He’ll be fine and curdy.

feurdy, v. Obs. rare-1. [f. prec. adj.] trans. To make curd-like, to congeal. (But perh. in quot. cur died is a misprint for curdled.) 1607 Shaks. Cor. v. iii. 66 Chaste as the Iside That’s curdied by the Frost from purest Snow.

cure (kjus(r)), sb.1 Also 5-6 cuyr, 6-7 Sc. cuir(e, 6 cur. [a. OF. cure care (nth c.; also in mod. dial.):—L. cura care.] I. Care, charge; spiritual charge. f 1. a. Care, heed, concern, to have (take, do, etc.) no cure of (a thing): not to care for or regard it. c 1300 K. Alis. 4016 For his lord, nymeth god cure, He dude his lif in aventure. CI385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 152 Construeth that as yow lyst, I do no cure. Ibid. 1143 Dido, I make of yt no cure, c 1450 Henryson Mor. Fab. 5 To get his denner set was all his cure. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. 11. 391 Quhilk labourit hes.. With diligence and all the cuir he ma. a 1541 Wyatt Poems, Request to Cupid, The solemne oathe, wherof she takes no cure, Broken she hath, a 1605 Montgomerie Natur passis Nuriture 46 Of his oun kynd he took no cure.

t b. to do one’s (busy) cure: to give one’s care or attention to some piece of work; to apply oneself diligently (to effect something). Obs. c 1340 Cursor M. 1726 (Trin.) Noe..3af writes her mesure And him self dude his cure, c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. III. 654 And now cerfoil.. doo thi cure To sowe in fatte and moist ydounged soil. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy I. iii, If I see thou do thy besy cure This hyghe empryse for to bryng aboute. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys A ij a, I doo my besy cure for to kepe them honestly frome poudre and dust. 1556 Lauder Tractate 233 Bot trewlie thay suld do thare cure.

|2. Care, anxiety, trouble. Obs. a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxviii. 31 He despisis pe curys & pe noyes of pis life. 1513 Douglas JEneis 1. i. 60 Lo how greit cure, quhat travel, pane, and dowte. 15.. Knt. of Curtesy 82 Alas, Into this cure who hath you brought?

f3. Charge, care (committed to or laid upon any one); a duty, office, function. Obs. (exc. as in 4-)

CURE CI300 Beket 837 And [he] quath the quit al clenliche [of] eche other cure [Laud MS. wike] ther. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. cxxxiv. (1495) 944 Pan .. hathe cure of shepe and of shepeherdes. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 2350 Temporall cures and busynesse worldly. 1555 Eden Decades 38 The women.. haue also the cure of tyllage of the grounde. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. Pref., The Church hath in her immediate cure those inner parts and affections of the mind. [1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 57 Cranmer had declared.. that God had immediately committed to Christian princes the whole cure of all their subjects.]

4. Eccl. a. The spiritual charge or oversight of parishioners or lay people; the office or function of a curate. Commonly in phrase cure of souls. c 1340 Hampole Prose Tr. 25 Holy Bisshopis.. which had cure of mennes soules. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. Proh 88 Bischopes and bachelers .. pat han cure vnder criste. 1490 Caxton How to Die 15 Euery persone hauyng the cure of soules. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 44 The persons and curates of the sayd .v. parishe churches.. shall be dyscharged of the cure of the said inhabitantes. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer, Ordering of Priests, So that you may teach the people committed to your cure and charge. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 309 The Bishops of every province must know that their Metropolitan-Bishop does take cure of all the province. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. v. i. (1869) II. 395 What is called the cure of souls, or the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the parish. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 134 Earning an income by tuition or by parochial cure.

b. (with a and pi.) A parish or other sphere of spiritual ministration; a ‘charge’. ?I4«3 Caxton Vocab. 21b, For to gete A cure of fre chapell. 1531 Dial. Laws Eng. 11. xxxvi. (1638) 127 Then may the Ordinary set in a deputy to serve the Cure. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer, Ordering of Priests, To use both public and private monitions.. as well to the sick as to the whole, within your cures. 1660 R. Coke Power Subj. 202 To the end the Cure may not be destitute of a Pastor. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. iii, A small cure was offered me. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 252 A proclamation.. that.. the clergy of the Established Church should be suffered to reside on their cures without molestation. 1882 Pebody Eng. Journalism xi. 78 He held .. a cure of souls in Essex.

II. Medical or remedial treatment, f 5. a. The medical treatment of a disease, or of a patient. Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 49 And lich unto Pithagoras Of surgery he knew the cures, c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 124 J>ei seyn pat mo men ben heelid bi pis maner cure pan dien. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 11. 865 Wofully cruciat with peynes hiduous, Passyng mannes cure it for to amende. 1607-12 Bacon Ess. Seditions (Arb.) 402 The Cure must answeare to the particuler disease. 1722 De Foe Plague (1756) 49 The said Chirurgeons are to be sequestred from all other Cures, and kept only to this Disease. 1725 ——— Voy. round World (1840) 339 All the while they were under cure.

b. A particular method or course of treatment directed towards the recovery of a patient, as in water-cure, milkrcure, etc. [1704 F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 54 The Cold Bath .. a severe Method of Cure.] 1842 Longf. in Life (1891) I. xxiii. 427 There are about sixty persons here [Marienberg], going through what is called the water-cure. ci86o Mrs. Gatty Aunt Judy's Tales (1863) 29 An unlimited and fatal application of the cold-water cure. 1866 A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 214 In order to carry out effectually the ‘milk cure’,.. milk.. should be taken largely. 1884 Pall Mall G. 6 Sept. 3/1 The prayer-cure, faith-cure, touch-cure.

6. a. Successful medical treatment; the action or process of healing a wound, a disease, or a sick person; restoration to health. Also fig. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 338 Of maister Cerimon the leche And of the cure, which he dede. c 1400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. 97 For to remeve causes pat letten pe cure of olde woundes. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 28 Past care, is still past cure. 1596 Drayton Legends iii. 177 It was no cure, unlesse he could provide Meanes to prevent the danger to ensue. 1611 Bible Luke xiii. 32, I cast out deuils, and I doe cures. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 362 Its bite is very difficult of cure. 1789 W. Buchan Dom. Med. (ed. 11) 483 Mankind are extremely fond of every thing that promises a sudden or miraculous cure, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxiii. 162 The conditions were not favourable to the cure of a cold. 1891 Messenger of Sacred Heart Oct. 312 His cure.. cannot be explained by the use of any remedies known to science.

fb. out of (all) cure: beyond remedy; past help. Obs. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 713 And pus despeired out of alle cure She ladde here lyf, pis woful creature. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 60, I.. am, as who saith, out of cure For ought that I can say or do.

fc. Amendment, rectifying. Obs. rare. 1675 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. To Rdr., The Translation .. was .. so out of order.. that.. it was thought convenient, by comparing it with the Original, to doe something towards the Cure of it.

7. A means of healing; a remedy; a thing, action, or process that restores health. Often fig. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, I. iv. 33 For my little Cure, Let me alone. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 776 Here grows the Cure of all, this Fruit Divine. 1776 Toplady Hymn, ‘Rock of Ages’, Let the water and the blood.. Be of sin the double cure. 1825 A. Caldcleugh Trav. S. Amer. II. xv. 109 The most certain cure is to send those attacked from the elevated spot as soon as possible. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 11 A cure for the headache.

8. f a. One under medical treatment, a patient. Obs. b. A person who has been cured, rare. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 67, I wil follow thy counsel, and become thy cure, desiring thee to be as wise in ministring thy Phisick, as I haue bene willing to putte my lyfe into thy handes. 1591 R. Turnbull Exp. fas. 121 A physitian bidding his cure and pacient to waxe strong. 1837 Pall Mall G. 11 Jan. 4/1 Convalescents or cures of Alpine parching, .apostrophize tenderly their ‘beloved Davos’.

CURE 9. The curing or preserving of fish, pork, etc. Also, a catch of fish so treated.

cure (kjoa(r)), sb.3 slang, [app. an abbreviation of curious or curiosity: cf. curio.

1743 Lond. & Country Brew. 11. (ed. 2) 122 That the Wort may have also its Cure as well as the Hop. 1757 W. Thompson R.N. Advoc. 36 For the Performance of which Method of Cure [salting pork]. 1883 A. Shea Newfoundland 7 The cure of the fish requires much care and judgment... The best cure is effected when the weather is variable. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 143 The fish caught round the Newfoundland coast are generally of good quality, but the Labrador cure .. is often very inferior. 1911 ‘Viking’ Art of Fishcuring xiv. 67 When salting the fish in the tubs it would not be advisable to put one day’s fish down upon the top of the previous day’s cure. 1957 Fish Marketing in W. Europe (O.E.E.C.) ii. 41 The demand for salted herring was declining, and .. the consumer was showing more interest in soft cures, such as pickled, marinated and smoked. 10. [After F. cure, G. kur, cur (see Kursaal).]

It appears to have obtained vogue largely from a Music Hall song with the chorus ‘The cure, the cure, the perfect cure’ (with play on cure sb.), popular in 1862.]

A period of residence at a health-resort, under medical regimen, in order to restore or benefit one’s health. Also Comb., as cure-guest (= G. kurgast), -seeker. 1887 Time Oct. 420 The month’s ‘cure’ at Carlsbad. 1898 Daily News 22 July 5/1 One of the speakers was an old cure servant. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 11 Sept. 10/2 The number of cure-guests registered [at Carlsbad]. 1906 Ibid. 27 Aug. 8/1 Cure-seekers at Homburg. 1908 T. P. O’Connor CampbellBannerman 123 He rarely took the cure [at Marienbad]. Ibid., The severe waters which the other cure-guests were taking. 1921 D. H. Lawrence Let. ? 8 May (1962) II. 653, I.. can’t sit supping for ever at these inside Baden-Baden cure-springs. 1955 Times 5 July 8/4 [He] has left Berlin on his annual leave for an undisclosed destination ‘to take a cure’. 1967 E. S. Turner Taking Cure 9 Taking the cure was usually a quest for healing waters.

11. The process of vulcanizing rubber (see also quot. 1923) or of hardening or curing plastic; also (with qualifying adj.), the degree of hardness produced. 1902 C. O. Weber Chem. India Rubber ix. 301 The pigments and other colouring matters contained in the india rubber... contain some impurity which is responsible for their discoloration, or perhaps the ‘cure’ has been too prolonged or carried out at too high a temperature. 1907 H. L. Terry India-rubber 32 Fine Para rubber.. varies slightly in its properties and price according as it is ‘Up-river hard cure’ or ‘Island soft cure’. 1908 H. A. Wickham Para Rubber 24 Extraction and cure of the rubber latex. Ibid. 29 The antiseptic smoke-cure. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 9 Nov. 12/1 Fine Hard Cure Para Rubber. 1922 H. E. Simmons Rubber Manuf. viii. 48/2 This variation in rate of cure or vulcanizing capacity. Ibid. 98/1 There are two general methods of vulcanization, namely, what is known as the ‘cold cure’ and the ‘hot cure vulcanization’. 1923 B. D. W. Luff Chem. Rubber 19 In works practice, and indeed in technical literature, the term ‘cure’ is frequently employed instead of ‘vulcanisation’. While this has the merit of brevity, it is unfortunately used also to denote the ‘smoking’ of wild or cultivated rubber in the course of its preparation. Ibid. 136 Hydrochloric acid gives a rubber having a slower rate of cure. Ibid. 137 The effect of alum in retarding the cure of the rubber. 1943 Simonds & Ellis Handbk. Plastics iii. 136 The state of cure of a laminated material can be determined with some degree of success by a water-absorption test. 1947 R. L. Wakeman Chem. Commercial Plastics xxvi. 786 Where concentrations of catalyst in the order of 1 per cent are used, heating to 175-260 °F effects cure after several hours. 1961 L. R. Mernagh in W. J. S. Naunton Appl. Sci. Rubber xii. 1062 Hot-air cures may be divided into open-air cures at atmospheric pressure and oven cures.

12. attrib. and Comb., as f cure-bearer, one who bears or has the care of something; so curemaster; esp. one who superintends the curing of herrings; cure-passing a., past remedy, incurable. 1545 Aberdeen Reg. V. 19 (Jam.) Maister & cuir berar of the townis artailyere and graytht thairof. ci6ii Chapman Iliad xxii. 27 Cure-passing fevers then Come shaking down into the joints of miserable men. 1622 Misselden Free Trade 47 Men of good quality .. termed Curemasters. 1733 P. Lindsay Interest Scot. 201 The riding Officer, appointed .. for overseeing the Curing of Herrings .. with one Curemaster.. at least, to assist him. 1892 C. Patrick Mediaev. Scot. vii. 132 They should be first passed by the Cure Masters of Fish.

fcure, sb.2 Obs. [An early phonetic variant of cover; see cure v.2] = cover sb. 1502 Bury Wills (1850) 92, I beqwethe to .. William Coote .. myne syluer salt wyth ye cure, and Alys Coote the other w'oute the cure. 1567 Test. K. Henrie Stewart in Scot. Poems 16th C. II. 262 As the woirme, that worlds under cuire At lenth the tre consumis. 01572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. I. 461 Thei must neidis reteyre in a verray narrow cure.

An odd or eccentric person; a funny fellow. 1856 Punch XXXI. 201 (Farmer), Punch has no mission to repeat The Slang he hears along the street.. But as it’s likely to endure, He asks a question, ’What’s a cure?’ 1889 Monthly Packet Christmas No., Abigail v. 108 ‘You are a cure of a girl!’ was Mrs. Bowden’s neat way of expressing her surprise.

cure (kjua(r)), v.1 [a. F. cure-r (in OF. to take care of, to clean):—L. curare to care for, take care of, cure, f. cur a care.] I. fl* a. tram. To take care of; to care for, regard, b. intr. To take trouble; to take care. 1382 Wyclif Acts viii. 2 Forsoth men dredeful curiden [Vulg. curaverunt] or birieden Stheuene.-Tit. iii. 8 That thei that bileuen to God, curen, or do bisynesse, for to be bifore in goode werkis. r 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 844 In hilles is to cure To set hem on the Southe if thai shall ure. 1603 Philotus lxxxv, Of all thy kin curit not the greif. a 1618 Sylvester Job Triumphant iii. 286 Whose ragged Fathers I refus’d to keep My ShephearcTs Curs, much more to cure my sheep. 1623 A. Taylor Christ's Mercy, I cur’d and cur’d for all that were in woe.

f 2. trans. (and absol.) To take charge of the spiritual interests of (a parish, etc.). Obs. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xx. 323 The Frere.. hyed faste To a lord for a lettre, leue to haue to curen, As a curatour he were, c 1400 Rom. Rose 6845, I walke soules for to cure. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 314 Sithence this Bishop is carefull and diligent in curyng his owne charge.

II. f 3. trans. To treat surgically or medically with the purpose of healing (a disease, or a patient). Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. II. v. (1495) 32 Angels ben callyd Leches and Physicyens for they cure and heele soules. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 94 For & he [the cankre] be curid, J>at is to seie kutt or I-brent, pei perischen pe sunnere. 1530 Palsgr. 504 Je cure is I cure or helpe as a surgyen dothe. 1592 West 1st Pt. Symbol. §102 B, If., the said H. shal.. refuse any longer to be dressed or cured by y* said F. of the said infirmitie.

4. a. To heal, restore to health (a sick person of a disease). Also fig. 1382 Wyclif Luke viii. 43 Sum womman.. which hadde spendid al hir catel in to lechis, nether my3te be curid of ony. 1388-2 Kings v. 3 The prophete schulde haue curid hym of the lepre which he hath, c 1440 Promp. Parti. 110 Curyn’, or heelyn’ of seekenesse.. Sano, euro. 1538 Starkey England 11. ii. 185 Nature hyrselfe curyth the patyent. 1611 Bible Luke vii. 21 Hee cured many of their infirmities. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 548 The cold application was of great use.. and she was soon cured. 1883 G. Lloyd Ebb & Flow II. 160 To be cured of a troublesome complaint. fig- C1530 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 36 Thow shalte nevyr be curyd if thowe oonys knowe the cryme of thyne owne true wyfe. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. iii. ii. 441 Ros. And thus I cur’d him [of love].. Orl. I would not be cured, youth. 1752 A. Murphy Gray's-Inn Jrnl. No. 14 f 2 This has cured me from attempting any sport of that kind. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 2 If 1 Disappointment seldom cures us of expectation. 1832 W. Irving Alhambra II. 148 Time cured him of his grief.

fb. transf. To repair, make good (anything damaged). Obs. 1382 Wyclif j Kings xviii. 30 He curede the auter of the Lord, that was destruyed. a 1656 Ussher Ann. vi. (1658) 264 And there he cured such of his ships as had .. been bruised.

5. a. To heal (a disease or wound); fig. to remedy, rectify, remove (an evil of any kind). 14.. Circumcision in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 91 Hyt cureth sores, hyt heleth every wownd. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 9 b, The whiche cureth, releueth & heleth all defautes. 1610 Shaks. Temp. 1. ii. 106 Your tale, Sir, would cure deafenesse. 1665 Glanvill Seeps. Sci. 50 Deep search discovers more ignorance than it cures. 1708 Motteux Rabelais v. xvi, Well, quoth Fryar John., what can’t be cur’d must be endur’d. 1791 Burke Corr. (1844) III. 357 To cure the evils brought on by vice and folly. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. ix. 166 He had been successful in curing more than one smoky chimney. Mod. The question whether pulmonary consumption can be cured.

b. absol. or intr. To effect a cure; often in kill or cure (see kill v. 7 e). 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI. v. i. 99 Whose Smile and Frowne, like to Achilles Speare Is able with the change, to kill and cure. 1764-1875 [see kill v. 7eJ. 1787 Cowper Stanzas Bill Mortality I. 27 No Med’cine, though it often cure, Can always baulk the Tomb. 1908 Smart Set Sept. 82/1 Buttermilk is good for it... Warranted to cure in thirty days or money refunded.

f6. intr. (for refl.) To be cured, get well again. Obs. rare.

fcure, sb.3 Obs. [ME. cure, app. a variant of curie, cury; in 1460 it is rimed with sure, perh. by confusion with cure si.1] = cury. a 1400-50 Alexander 4275 Haue we no cures of courte, ne na cointe sewes. c 1420 Liber Cocorum 1 Of craft.. that men callis cure [rime degre]. Ibid. 5 Now sly3tes of cure wylle I preche. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 375 To know pe kervynge of fische and flesche after cockes cure [rime sure].

fcure, sb.1 Obs. [Early cure:—OE. eyre.] Choice.

CURED

141

southern

ME.

ciooo in Thorpe's Horn. I. 112 God forjeaf him ajenne eyre. C1205 Lay. 6171 And sefter cure heo him 3euen Jareo hundred 3isles. Ibid. 8077 Ten pusend monen pet wes pe bezste cure Of al Brut-londe. a 1300 K. Horn (Ritson) 1446 The ship bigon to sture With wynd god of cure.

b. intr. (for refl.) To be or become cured. 1668 Stubbe in Phil. Trans. III. 705 In Jamaica the Sugar cures faster in ten days, than in six months in Barbadoes. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. vii. 119 They [grapes] might cure and dry in the sun. 1887 West Shore Mag. (Brit. Columbia) 451 The bunch grass cures on the roots, as it stands, and remains as hay until.. the spring.

f8. To clear (land), as for a crop. Obs. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xvii. 295 We had gotten as much Land cured and trimmed up, as we sowed 22 Bushels of Barley on. 1722-Col. Jack (1840) 168, I had a large quantity of land cured, that is, freed from timber.

9. intr. To reside for some time at a healthresort, following a regimen for the benefit of one’s health. See cure sb.1 10. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 22 Aug. 2/1 Those who have come up to ‘cure’ at Davos. 1905 Ibid. 9 June 10/1 They ‘cured’ together on the balcony, and rowed together on the lake.

10. a. trans. To vulcanize (rubber); also, to harden (plastic) or otherwise improve physical properties during manufacture by chemical treatment. 1853 C. Goodyear Gum-Elastic I. vii. 102 Among many experiments for drying and curing the gum,.. the inventor was much elated with the result of one. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 841/2 The calendered sheets are generally cured between folds of wet cloth. 1902 C. O. Weber Chem. India Rubber ix. 299 ‘Dry heat cured’ water-proof fabrics. Ibid., ‘Cold cured’ cloth. 1907 H. L. Terry India-rubber 79 Goods cured by Dry Heat.. are less likely to be damaged by copper than those which are cold cured. 1908 H. A. Wickham Para Rubber 29 The standard rubber known in commerce as ‘fine Para’ is smoke-cured. Ibid. 32 The weight of the cured rubber should approximate very nearly that of the latex used. 1922 H. E. Simmons Rubber Manuf. viii. 48/2 They cured all of their samples at a temperature of 140 °C. 1947 R. L. Wakeman Chem. Commercial Plastics xxvi. 782 Furfuryl alcohol can be reacted with formaldehyde to yield a viscous mass which can be cured to a thermoset composition by application of heat. 1961 D. W. Huke Introd. Natural & Synthetic Rubbers v. 82 The early synthetic rubbers were much more difficult to cure than natural rubber. 1964 Oleesky & Mohr Handbk. Reinforced Plastics i. 8 The resin is fully cured and has become an infusible solid.

b. intr. To become vulcanization or curing.

vulcanized,

undergo

1922 H. E. Simmons Rubber Manuf. viii. 48/2 A rubber which cures an hour and forty-five minutes more quickly than plain or smoked sheets. Ibid. 49/1 A rapid curing rubber. 1923 B. D. W. Luff Chem. Rubber 136 Sulphuric acid gives a slow-curing rubber if used in slight excess. 1961 D. W. Huke Introd. Natural & Synthetic Rubbers v. 83 With sulphur and accelerators present the compounded rubber may start to cure while being processed.

11. trans. To harden (concrete). 1918 Hool & Johnson Concrete Engineers' Handbk. ii. 156 Where products are cured in this way, it is necessary that racks or cars be used. Ibid. 158 The curing rooms usually open into the molding department as conveniently as possible to the machines supplying the greatest number of products to be cured. 1921 Hatt & Voss Concrete Work II. 175 Demonstrate the relative strength of concrete when cured in the hot sun, in dry air, and in wet sand. Ibid. 179 The stone must be cured under a wet cloth. 1953 Archit. Rev. CXIII. 85 If these connections are grouted, the whole erection is held up while this is being poured and cured. 1970 Fremdsprachen 44 We took great care in curing the concrete, believing that by preventing escape of water from the slab, drying shrinkage would be very small.

t cure, v.2 Obs. [A phonetically reduced form of ME. entire, cover, the v being vocalized or elided, as in o’er, e'er\ cf. skiver, skewer.] trans. To cover; to conceal; to protect. a 1400 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 392 Diveris clowdys eche of us was sodeynely curyng. c 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy 1. 2870 But, o alias! how sone he ouer-caste His heste, his feith, with whiche he was assured, And hadde his fraude with flaterie y-cured. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 110 Curyn’, or hyllyn’ (W. cuueren), operio, cooperio, tego.

fcure, v.3 Obs. rare. [Cf.

cure sb.*, and obs. conjugation of choose.] trans. To choose. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 1870 [)U most nede .. an of 1'CS twa curen and cheosen.

cure, var. of

cover v.2, to recover.

||cur£ (kyre).

In 6 curee. [F., ad. med.L. curatus: see curate.] A parish priest in France or a French-speaking land. 1655 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 345 The most plausible curees heere in the Towne and great Jansenists. 1662 J. Davies Voy. Ambass. (1669) 422 The Cure or Parson of the Parish, came one day to my Quarters. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 341 One must stand well with the cure, be he knave or dunce.

1592 Shaks. Rom. Jul. I. ii. 49 One desparate greefe cures with anothers languish. 01774 Goldsm. tr. Scarron’s Com. Rom. I. 179 Saldagne’s wounds were in the fair way of curing. 1791 Gibbon Lett. Misc. Wks. 1796 I. 232, I must either cure or die.

’cure-,all. Something that cures all diseases; a

7. a. To prepare for keeping, by salting, drying, etc.; to preserve (meat, fish, fruit, tobacco, etc.).

b. As a name for various plants: see quots. (Cf. all-heal.)

1665 Hooke Microgr. 161 What their way is of dressing or curing Sponges.. I cannot learn. 1711 Act 9 Anne in Lond. Gaz. No. 4874/1 Hops.. brought to be cured and bagged at such Ousts. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. ix. 152, I had grapes enough.. to have cured into raisins. I74*> De Foe's Eng. Tradesman xxvi. (1841) I. 258 Herrings cured red from Yarmouth. 1788 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) II. 443 The beef cured and packed by them. 1832 Ht. Martineau Weal & Woe i. 2 A warehouse .. where salt for curing the fish .. was stored.

universal remedy, panacea. Also/ig. 1870 Lowell Cathedral Poet. Wks. (1879) 452 Expect.. A wondrous cure-all in equality. 1871 Napheys Prev. 1st Cure Dis. ill. iv. 741 It has been vaunted as a cure-all.

1793 Nemnich (cited in Britten & Holland Plant-n.), Cure-all, Geum rivale. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Cure-all, the Geum virginianum and the (Enothera biennis.

cured (kjuad), ppl. a.1 [f. cure v.1 and si.1] 1. In senses corresponding to those of the verb; esp. in sense 7: Preserved by salting, drying, etc. 1715 M. Davies Ath. Brit. 1. 276 The Gratitude of the Cur’d Patient. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 239 Salted meat and

cured fish. 1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 31 Oct. 7/4 Mild cured butter.

12. [f. the sb.] Having cure of souls. [F. cure.] *393 Gower Conf. I. Prol. 10 For dignite ne for provende Or cured or withoute cure.

t cured, ppl. a2 having a cover.

Obs.

[f. cure

v2]

Covered,

1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 42 My browne cuppe of erthe curyd. c 1480 Paston Lett. No. 852 III. 271 A standyng coppe curid gilt.. a nother standyng cupp cuerid gilt.

cureless ('kjualis),

a. [See -less.] Without cure or remedy; incurable, irremediable.

a 1541 Wyatt To his vnkind loue, In depe wide wound, the dedly stroke doth turner To cureles skarre. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 181 Then is thy case almost curelesse. 1655 Thetford Perf. Horseman 34 Many good horses are left cureless of these twb gross unsufferable faults. 1718 Pope Iliad xviii. 99 This cureless grief. 1880 McCarthy Own Times IV. 63 He proclaimed to England that her ancient system must fall into cureless ruin.

Hence 'curelessly adv.y incurably. 1852 Robertson Serm. Ser. hi. xii. 154 Fatally, radically, curelessly wrong.

curelessness

('kjoslisnts). condition of being cureless.

The

quality

or

1892 Kipling & Balestier Naulahka xiii, Her heart torn with the curelessness of it all.

curer (’kju3r3(r)). [f. cure v.1 + -er1.] 1. One who or that which cures or heals. 1581 T. Rogers St. Aug. Praiers ix. (1597) 45 Thou purger of wickednes and curer of wounds. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. 11. iii. 39 He is a curer of soules, and you a curer of bodies. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 438 The curers of ailments. 1845 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VI. 11. 548 Panaceas., put forth as checkers or curers of the disease.

2. One whose employment it is to cure fish, etc. 1791 Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 103 There is room enough for the cooper and curer to perform their operations all under cover. 1814-15 Act 55 Geo. Ill, c. 94 §20 If the curer of such herrings shall not deliver such account thereof. 1864 Reader 23 Jan. 99 Curers crowd to buy the fish.

curesse, curet(e, curets,

obs. ff. cuirass.

Curetonian

(kjua'tsuman), a. and sb. Designation of the Syriac version of the Gospels discovered by the Rev. William Cureton, and edited by him from the MS. in 1858. 1861 Scrivener Introd. Crit. N.T. 236 The Curetonian Syriac. Ibid. 237 Such cases.. are common to the Curetonian with the Peshito. 1904 F. C. Burkitt (title) Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe: The Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels. Ibid. II. 17 Where the photograph clearly agreed with the Curetonian against the Peshitta.

curettage (kju'reta:3). Surg. [Fr.: see

curette

and -age.] The application of the curette; scraping or cleaning by means of a curette. 1897 St. Thomas's Hosp. Rep. New Ser. XXV. 84 Various supplementary measures have been added to the curettage. 1908 Practitioner Feb. 180 No more than a curettage of the growth was attempted. 1964 L. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) viii. 252 But curettage is seldom desirable in adolescents in whom the condition usually rectifies itself spontaneously. 1965 J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatment v. 72 Powerful analgesics or premedication may be urgently required should threatened or incomplete abortion occur, or a dilatation and curettage be needed as a result.

curette (kjus'ret). Surg. [a. F. curette, f. curer in sense ‘to clear, cleanse’, applied to various industrial tools as well as in the surgical use.] A small surgical instrument like a scoop, used in removing a cataract from the eye, wax from the ear, granulations, dried mucus, etc., from the throat, uterine cavity, bladder, etc. Also, a suction-instrument used in the removal of a soft cataract. 1753 Sharp in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 325, I then passed the curette (a little scoop) through the pupil. 1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1772) 259, I took off a Quantity of incrustated Gravel with the Currette. 1869 Wells Diseases of Eye 253 The convexity of the curette is to be placed against the edge of the cornea.

Hence cu'rette v., to scrape with a curette; cu'retting vbl. sb. 1888 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Feb. 288 My present practice is to curette in every case of disease affecting.. the uterine mucous membrane. 1890 Braithwaite Retrosp. Med. ClI. 108 Antiseptic curetting in Endometritis (Puerperal).

curettement

(kjo'retmont). Surg. CURETTAGE and -MENT.] = CURETTAGE.

[See

1908 Practitioner Dec. 787 The right ovary had been removed elsewhere five years ago, at which time curettement had also been done.

curf (k3:f). local. Also carf, kerf. [var. f.

carf,

A cherty limestone found in one of the strata of the Portland beds of stone. kerf.]

1839 Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. II. 375/2 A middle or curf bed occurs only in the southernmost of the quarries. 1893 Spon's Mechanic's Own Bk. (ed. 4) 564 Then .. the BastardRoach, Kerf, or Curf is reached. 1936 Discovery Mar. 76/2 Between the ‘Whit Bed’ and ‘Base Bed’ there is an irregular deposit of curf and flint, locally called ‘Pericott’.

curfew ('k3:fju:).

CURIA

142

CURED

Forms: a. (3 coeverfu), 4 corfu, -feu, 4-7 corfew, curfewe, 5 curfu, 5-6 courfeu(e, curpheue, 6-7 curfue, 7 curphew, 8

corfeu, -fue, -phew, curfeu, 5- curfew; £. 4 corfour, 5-6 curfur, 6 courfyre, curfoyr, 7 curfure, -phour; 6 curfle. Also (etymological restorations) 7 couvrefeu, coverfeu, -few. [a. AF. coeverfu, = OF. cuevre-fuy quevre-feuy covre-feu (13th c.), f. couvrey imper. of couvrir to cover + feu fire: cf. the med.L. names ignitegium, pyritegium, from tegere to cover. The corrupt forms in -four, -fury etc. appear to be of phonetic origin, though in some cases associated with fire.] 1. a. A regulation in force in mediaeval Europe by which at a fixed hour in the evening, indicated by the ringing of a bell, fires were to be covered over or extinguished; also, the hour of evening when this signal was given, and the bell rung for the purpose. Also transf. and fig. b. Hence, the practice of ringing a bell at a fixed hour in the evening, usually eight or nine o’clock, continued after the original purpose was obsolete, and often used as a signal in connexion with various municipal or communal regulations; the practice of ringing the evening bell still survives in many towns. In extended use: a restriction imposed upon the movements of the inhabitants of an area for a specified period. The primary purpose of the curfew appears to have been the prevention of conflagrations arising from domestic fires left unextinguished at night. The earliest English quotations make no reference to the original sense of the word; the curfew being already in 13th c. merely a name for the ringing of the evening bell, and the time so marked. [1285 Stat. London Stat. I. 102 Apres Coeverfu persone a Seint Martyn le graunt.] c 1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 1429 Than was the lawe in Rome toun, That, whether lord or garsoun That after Corfu be founde rominde, Faste men scholden hem nimen and binde. C1386 [see 3]. c 1400 Leges Quat. Burgorum lxxxi. in Sc. Acts I. 349 [He] sal gang til his wache wyth twa wapnys at pe ryngyng of pe courfeu. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 110/2 Curfu, ignitegium. 1495 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 90 Yf ther bee any Parishe Clarke y* ringyth curfew after the curfue be ronge at Bowe chirche. 1530 Palsgr. 210/1 Courfewe, a ryngyng of belles towarde evenyng. 1570 Levins Manip. 190 Curfle, operitio ignis. 1561 Bp. Parkhurst Injunctions, If they doo ring at the buriall of the deade, noone or Curpheue. 1570 Burgh Rec. Peebles 324 (Sc. Burgh Rec. Soc.) To regne xij houris, vj houris, and courfyre nychtlie. 1608 Merry Devil Edm. in Hazl. Dodsley X. 251 Well, ’tis nine o’clock, ’tis time to ring curfew. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 40. 1632 Milton Penseroso 74 Oft on a plat of rising ground, I hear the far-off curfew sound. 1750 Gray Elegy i, The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day. 1825 Cobbett Rur. Rides (1830) I. 317, I got to this place about half an hour after the ringing of the eight o’clock bell, or Curfew. 1850 Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. II. 43 Every evening, at nine o’clock, a great bell, or curfew, tolls in the market¬ place of Montgomery, after which no coloured man is permitted to be abroad without a pass. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 414 When the curfew rings for you. 1929 D. H. Lawrence Pansies 103 The curfew of our great day.. the tocsin of this our civilisation. 1939 Punch 18 Oct. 435/1 The attempt.. to get a nine o’clock curfew imposed on members of the Women’s Land Army in training., to prevent them going out with soldiers. 1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 309 The new Prime Minister.. imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew in Jerusalem. 1970 D. Stuart Very Sheltered Life 70 There was an immediate curfew. Everyone had to be off the streets.

H The statement that the curfew was introduced into England by William the Conqueror as a measure of political repression has been current since the 16th century, but rests on no early historical evidence. See Freeman Norm. Cortq. (1875) III. 185 as to what ‘seems to be the origin of the famous and misrepresented curfew’. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 9. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lvi. (1739) 102 It is affirmed, that the Normans did impose a new custom called Coverfeu. 1743-6 Shenstone Elegies xv, So droop’d, I ween, each Britons breast of old When the dull curfew spoke their freedom fled. 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. 412.

fc. Applied also to the ringing of a bell at a fixed hour in the morning. Obs. I592 Shaks. Rom. fs? Jul. iv. iv. 4 Come, stir, stir, stir, The second Cocke hath Crow’d, The Curphew Bell hath rung, ’tis three a clocke. 1673 in L’pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 342 Ring Curphew all the yeare long at 4 a clock in the morning and eight at a night. 1704 Ibid. II. 83 Ringing Curfew Bell at four of ye clock in y' morning, and eight at night.

2. A cover for a fire; a fire-plate, a cover-fire. a 1626 Bacon (J.), For pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like. 1779 Gentl. Mag. XLIX. 406 He had gotten a piece of household furniture of copper, which he was pleased to call a curfew .. F. G... has described it as a curfew, from its use of suddenly putting out a fire. 1837 [see cover-fire],

3. attrib. and Comb., as curfew-knoll, -law, -note, -order, -time. c 1386 Chaucer Miller's T. 459 The dede sleepe.. Fil on this carpenter .. Aboute corfew tyme [v.r. corfeu, curfewe], 1778 W. Pearce Haunts Shaks. 12 At curfew-time lull’d by the lone village bell. 1814 Wordsw. Excursion viii. 172 The curfew-knoll That spake the Norman Conqueror’s stern behest. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxvii, That sleep should have visited his eyes after such a curfew-note, was impossible. 1897 J. Bryce Impr. S. Afr. xxi. 447 Cape Colony has a socalled ‘curfew law’, requiring natives who are out of doors after dark to be provided with a pass. 1931 Daily Express 16 Oct. 11/3 The curfew order of the university is that no cars may be used after nine without leave.

4. curfew-bell.

(See sense i.) A\so fig.

c 1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 1497 Corfour belle ringge gan. 1509 Bury Wills (1850) 112, I gyve toward y' ryngers charge off the gret belle in Seynt Mary Chirche, callyd corfew belle. 1597-8 Bp. Hall Sat. in. iv. 15 But a new rope, to ring the couure-feu bell. 111649 Drumm. of Hawth. Consid. Pari. Wks. (1711) 187 That there shall be cover-feu bells rung .. after the ringing of which no man shall be found upon the streets. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. in. iii. (1852) 542 He .. would ring a loud courfeu bell wherever he saw the fires of animosity. 1839 Keightley Hist. Eng. I. 103 A law of police which directed all fires to be put out at the tolling of a bell called Curfew bell, is by later chroniclers ascribed to Wm. the Conqueror, but without any countenance from the early writers.

cur'fuffle, v. Sc. [Deriv. of a simple fuffle v. to disorder: the first syllable is perh. Gaelic car twist, bend, turn about; used in combination in car-fhocal quibble, prevarication, car-shuil rolling eye, car-tuaitheal wrong turn: cf. the Lowland Sc. curcuddoch, curdoo, curgloff, curjute, curmurring, curnoited, in which the prefix seems to have the sense of L. dis-.] trans. To put into a state of disorder; to ruffle. 1583 R. S. Leg. Bp. St. Androis in Sempill Ballates (1872) 215 His ruffe curfufled about his craig. 1768 Ross Helenore 81 (J?m.) Ye ken where Dick curfuffled a’ her hair.

cur'fuffle, sb. Sc. Also carfuffle, cafuffle, etc. [f. prec. vb. Now widely used as a colloquialism in the forms gefuffle and (esp.) kerfuffle.]

Disorder, flurry, agitation. 1813 G. Bruce Poems 65 An’ Jeanie’s kirtle, aye sae neat, Gat there a sad carfuffle. 1816 Scott Antiq. xx, Monkbarns in an unco carfuffle. Ibid, xxix, Troth, my lord maun be turned feel outright.. and he puts himself into sic a curfuffle for ony thing ye could bring him, Edie. 1823 Misses Corbett Petticoat Tales I. 333 (Jam.) Ye need na put yoursel into ony carfuffle about the matter. 1953 John o' London's 3 July 602/3 The word cafuffle is still in general use in her part of Scotland.. as a noun meaning a state of confusion. 1955 C. S. Lewis Surprised by Joy vii. 114, I could put up with any amount of monotony far more patiently than even the smallest disturbance, bother, bustle, or what the Scotch call kurfuffle. 1960 K. Martin Matter of Time 187 The girl next door and her boy friend are having a wee cafoufle in the garden. 1961 Radio Times 14 Dec. 3/2 You remember the cafuffle there was when the Ministry of Transport introduced their ten-year test for cars. 1971 Times 9 Jan. 16/4 Since the predictable pre-April curfuffle, there has been the predictable summer and autumn hush.

curfur(e: see curfew. I!curia (’kjuaris). [L. curia, in sense i.] 1. Antiq. a. One of the ten divisions into which each of the three ancient Roman tribes were divided; hence used of the divisions in other ancient cities, b. The building belonging to a Roman curia, serving primarily as its place of worship, c. The senate-house at Rome. d. A title given to the senate of ancient Italian towns, as distinguished from that of Rome. 1600 Holland Livy v. 209 Camillus should be called back again out of exile by a Ward-leet, or the suffrages of the Curiae. 1626 Massinger Rom. Actor 1. i, Lets to the curia. And, though unwillingly, give our suffrages, Before we are compell’d. 1656 J. Harrington Oceana 76 (Jod.) The people .. are first divided into thirty curias, or parishes. 1852 Grote Greece 11. lxxxi. X. 549 There is reason for believing that the genuine Carthaginian citizens were distributed into 3 tribes, 30 curiae, and 300 gentes.

2. A court of justice, counsel, or administration; used esp. of the royal and other courts of the feudal organization. In mediaeval L., curia was the word regularly employed to render F. cour, court, and it is so used by modern historians, esp. in Curia regis, the King's Curia, or King’s Court, of the Norman kings of England. [CII78 Glanville 1 Hie incipit liber primus de placitis quae pertinent ad curiam regis.] 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., In our Common Law, Curia signifies a Court of Judicature. 1861 Pearson Early & Mid. Ages Eng. 414 Historically, the court of exchequer .. was developed out of the curia, or great court of the king’s tenants-in-chief. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xi. 377 Whereas, under William the Conqueror and William Rufus the term Curia generally.. refers to the solemn courts held thrice a year or on particular summons, at which all tenantsin-chief were supposed to attend, from the reign of Henry I we have distinct traces of a judicial system, a supreme court of justice called the Curia Regis, presided over by the king or justiciars. 1890 Guardian 28 May 868/1 The Archbishop of Canterbury .. without a curia, without traditions, without committees of experts and theologians .. is going to settle .. some most difficult points.

3. spec, the Curia: the Papal court. 'In the stricter sense, the authorities which administer the Papal Primacy; in a wider acceptation it embraces all the authorities and functionaries forming the immediate entourage or Court of the Pope’ (Cath. Diet.). 1840 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Popes (1847) I- 237 (Stanford) Still more important to the curia was the second article, concerning the plurality of benefices. 1878 Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xix. 352 It was a curious coincidence that the great breach between England and Rome should be the result of a litigation in a matrimonial suit, one of the few points in which the Curia had continued to exercise any real jurisdiction.

4. Hist. a. Each of four electoral bodies in the Austrian constitution of 1861. b. Each of three bodies, representing respectively the nobles, knights, and towns, into which the members of the estates of Bohemia were divided in 1446.

CURIAL

curial ('kjosrial), a. and sb. [a. F. curial, -ale adj., curiale sb., ad. L. curial-is, f. curia.] A. adj. f 1. Of or pertaining to a royal court; having the manners befitting a court; courtly. Obs. 1478 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 45 And other fourmes curiall after the booke of urbanitie. 1484 Caxton Curiall 1 The lyf Curiall whyche thou desirest. Ibid. 3 The maner of the peple curyall or courtly. 1520 St. Papers Hen. VIII, II. 56 To., fall to more curiall, discrete, and clenly order, than ever they used before. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus 1. 793 And to my sisteris, and Ladyis curiall.

2. Of or pertaining to a curia: a. of an ancient Roman or an Italian curia; b. of a judicial, administrative, or other court; c. of the papal Curia. 1677 Govt. Venice 280 The Vicar of the Podestat, or some other Curial Officer, is permitted to go in their stead. 1864 A. J. Horwood Year Bks. 32-3 Edw. /, Introd. 19 note, In the celebrated Pinenden plea.. there is no appearance of curial formalities being observed. 1882 Sat. Rev. 18 Mar. 323 The present Pope, so far as he is left untrammelled by the exigencies of conventional or curial etiquette.

R. sb. 11. A member of a court; a courtier. Obs. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 77 Thou maryd shal bene .. To sum curyal of ryht gret dignite.

2. A member of an ancient Roman or an Italian curia. 1677 Govt. Venice 280 If the Curial should become a Councellor, the Assistance.. would degenerate into Counsel. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome viii. 415 Each municipality was made responsible in the person of its curials, or chief officers.. for its own amount of taxation. 1873 G. W. Kitchin Hist. France 1. vi. I. 52 The curials (or members of the civil municipality) lost their authority.

f 3. A treatise on the Court. Obs. The title given to the treatise or letter of Alain Chartier translated by Caxton. 1484 Caxton Curiall 6 Thus endeth the Curial made by Maystre Alain Charretier. Translated thus in Englysshe by Wylliam Caxton. 1822 K. Digby Broadst. Hon. (1846) 327 What wisdom is in this sentence of Alain Chartier in his Curial!

curialism ('kju3ri3liz(3)m).

[f. curial a.

+

-ISM.] A curial or courtly system: esp. applied to

the policy or Vaticanism.

CURIOSITY

143

1907 Westm. Gaz. 28 May 2/1 How false was the idea given by the old Curia Parliament of what were the feelings and the aspirations of the people of Austria. 1908 Ibid. 16 Jan. 2/1 He wished to see Bohemia divided into curias — Germans being governed by a German, and Czechs by a Czech curia. 1910 Encycl. Brit. III. 26/1 (Austria). Ibid. IV. 126/2 (Bohemia).

system

of

the

papal

Curia;

1870 Church Rev. 13 Aug. 499/2 Curialism, a word come into use during the past week [i.e. in reference to the Vatican Council]. 1891 Speaker 2 May 530/2 Though curialism did prevail [at the Vatican Council], some sense of the older Catholicism has revived.

curialist (’kjuarialist). [f. as prec. +

-1ST; cf. F. curialiste, Cotgr.] A member of the papal Curia; a supporter of its policy or authority. 1847 Buch tr. Hagenbach's Hist. Doctr. II. 456 In the Roman Catholic Church a controversy was carried on between the Curialists and Episcopalians. 1870 Contemp. Rev. XIII. 12 A veteran curialist assured Dr. Mejer that he could discern no principle at all in the manner of transacting business at Rome.

curialistic (kjusna'listik), a. [f. prec. + -ic.] Of or pertaining to curialists or curialism.

equilibrium with one gramme of radium; later extended to denote an equivalent quantity of any of the decay products of radium. Later, a unit of radioactivity equal to 3 7 x io10 disintegrations per second, freq. used loosely as a unit of quantity of any radioactive substance in which there is this degree of radioactivity. Cf. Becquerel 2. 1910 Rutherford in Nature 6 Oct. 430/2 It was suggested that the name Curie, in honour of the late Prof. Curie, should .. be employed for a quantity of radium or of the emanation... The name Curie should be used as a new unit to express the quantity or mass of radium emanation in equilibrium with one gram of radium (element). 1931 M. Curie et al. Rep. Internat. Radium-Standards Committee in Rev. Mod. Physics III. 432 It is recommended that the use of the term curie be extended to include the equilibrium quantity of any decay product of radium. 1954 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXVII. 243/2 Amount of radioactive material shall be expressed in curies (c). The accepted definition of the curie is: —The curie is a unit of radioactivity defined as the uantity of any radioactive nuclide in which the number of isintegrations per second is 3 700 x io10. With this definition the curie is independent of the disintegration rate of radium. 1955 Sci. Amer. July 50/3 The most powerful modern atomic bomb should release no more than 10 billion curies. 1963 Jerrard & McNeill Diet. Sci. Units 37 The curie is too large for normal laboratory work where the radioactivity is generally of the order of millicuries. 1968 Radiation Quantities Units (Internat. Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements) 6 In accordance with the former definition of the curie as a unit of quantity of a radioactive nuclide, it was customary and correct to say: ‘Y curies of 32P were administered... ’ It is still permissible to make such statements rather than use the longer form which is now correct: ‘A quantity of 32P was administered whose activity was Y curies.’ 1970 Sci. Jrnl. Aug. 43/1 A single 1000 MWe reactor will therefore accumulate in its fuel many thousands of millions of curies of fission products.

2. curie point or temperature, a temperature at which the type of magnetism exhibited by a substance changes; spec, that at which a ferromagnetic substance, on being heated, loses its ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic; also, an analogous temperature for a ferroelectric substance, at which it either loses its ferroelectricity or becomes ferroelectric. 1911 Physical Rev. XXXIII. 269 Weiss states that the ‘Curie point’ for cobalt is probably in the neighborhood of iiio° C. 1919 Chem. Abstr. XIII. 951 At about 1280° Fe undergoes a transformation with respect to its magnetic properties and this is referred to here as the Curie or A4 point. 1925 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXII. 267 It will be observed that the line of magnetic transformation (the Curie points) in the y-phase approaches the a to y transformation curve. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 650/1 The temperature at which any ferromagnetic material loses its magnetism is known as the Curie point; it is 770 °C. for iron and 358 °C. for cobalt, i960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. III. 623/2 The transition between ferrimagnetism and paramagnetism is also marked by a Curie temperature. 1967 Electronics 6 Mar. 24/1 (Advt.), High skin temperatures demand an antenna with a high Curie point coupled with low loss characteristics at high frequencies.’ 1968 Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) iv. vii. 119 The ferroelectric range of Rochelle salt is very narrow and that of the phosphates and arsenates is limited to low temperatures. Both crystal types .. are piezoelectric above the Curie point.

curiet,

obs. form of cuirass.

curing (’kjuarii)), vbl. sb.

[-ing1.] The action of

the verb cure. 1. Healing, cure.

1870 Lett, on [Vatican] Council, by ‘Quirinus’ 116 Proclaimed, through the curialistic Cardinal Bonnechose. 1872 W. H. Jervis Gallican Ch. Pref. 11 Those views of the monarchical constitution of the Church.. which characterize the ultra-Catholic or Curialistic school.

1382 Wyclif Jer. xiv. 19 Tyme of curing [1388 heeling]. 1588 J- Read Compend. Method 60 b, Trie all other remedies before he proceede to these sharpe kind of curinges. 1595 Shaks. John hi. iv. 112 Before the curing of a strong disease. 1891 tr. De La Saussaye's Sc. Relig. xxix. 258 The curing of sickness.

fcuri'ality. Obs.

2. a. The process of preparing (fish, etc.) for keeping, by salting, drying or other means.

[ad. OF. curialite, med.L. curialitas, from curialis curial.] a. What pertains to a court, b. Courtliness, c. = courtesy 3 and 4. a 1626 Bacon Advice to Sir G. Villiers (R ), I come to the last of those things which I propounded, which is, the Court and Curiality. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 2 Either through curiosity or curiality, Christian Salutations are thought gross. 1641 Heylin Help to Hist. (1671) 340 [The title of Earl Marshal] was only given them then by the courtesie or curiality of England. 1671 F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 426 The said Earl.. was not stiled the Kings Cousin .. a Curiality, with which the more antient and less Frenchified times were unacquainted. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot., Courtesy or Curiality.

curiara

(ku:ri'a:ra). The native name in Venezuela and Colombia for a dug-out canoe. 1910 ‘H. J. Mozans’ Up the Orinoco 174 The curiara is smaller than the bongo or falca. 1910 M. B. & C. W. Beebe Our Search 12 A network of narrow channels .. allowed us to explore the far interior in our shallow curiara or dug-out. 1927 Chambers's Jrnl. 290/1 Their curiaras are very strong and carefully made.

curiate ('kjoariat), a. [ad. L. curiat-us adj., f. curia.] Of or pertaining to the curiae. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 732/1 In Cicero’s time there were still curies, curial festivals, and curiate assemblies.

curie ('kjuari:, llkyri).

[Named in honour of Pierre Curie (1859-1906), co-discoverer of radium.] 1. Orig., a quantity of radon (radon 222, radium emanation) in radioactive

1672 [see 3]. 1791 Trans. Soc. Encourag. Arts IX. 174 Some observations on the curing of coffee. 1884 Manch. Exam. 25 Feb. 5/3 Efforts to encourage the growth and curing of tobacco.

b. The process of rendering a substance harder or more durable (cf. cure v.1 io, ii). 1853 C. Goodyear Gum-Elastic I. x. 165 (heading) Curing or tanning, commonly known as the acid gas process. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 841/1 After which the true vulcanization, or ‘curing’ as it is termed, can be brought about in the usual way. 1918 Hool & Johnson Concrete Engineers' Handbk. ii. 156 Conditions for curing must be such that the product will not be rapidly dried. 1921 Hatt & Voss Concrete Work I. viii. 180 The process of keeping the product damp is called curing. It is done by sprinkling, immersion, and by the use of steam. 1930 Engineering 25 July 97/3 The sustained pressure during the curing process [of rubber]. 1964 Oleesky & Mohr Handbk. Reinforced Plastics i. 8 Thermosetting plastics .. become increasingly infusable on heating. They undergo a chemical change which is not reversible. This reaction ia called polymerization or curing.

3. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) curing-stone-, (sense 2) curing-room, -stand, -yard-, curinghouse, a building where curing is carried on; spec, ‘the building on a sugar estate (in the West Indies) where the hogsheads of newly potted sugar are placed to harden and drain off the molasses’ (Simmonds Diet. Trade, 1858). 1629 in Chambers Dom. Ann. Scot. II. 31 She.. had sent to the Laird of Lee to borrow his curing-stone for their cattle. 1672 W. Hughes Amer. Physician 33 Athwart the end of the Sugar-house, or Curing-house (as they term it). 1791

Tour Eng. Scot. 100 For the benefit of the Fisheries, public wharfs, store-houses, and curing-houses, should be constructed upon a moderate scale at first. 1862 Macm. Mag. Oct. 511 The owners of boats at Wick engage to fish for particular curers, who have curing-stands there. 1878 Rep. Vermont Board Agric. 79 In connection with .. the manufacturing room was the curing room. 1933 B. Silliman Man. Sugar Cane 46 The line of the floor., deviates only six inches in the curing rooms. Newte

curing, var. of covering2. Obs., recovery. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 111 sekenesse, convalescencia.

Curynge,

or recurynge of

curio (’kjuariau). [A familiar abbreviation of curiosity.] a. An object of art, piece of brica-brac, etc., valued as a curiosity or rarity; a curiosity; more particularly applied to articles of this kind from China, Japan, and the far East. 1851 H. Melville Whale iii. 20 A lot of 'balmed New Zealand heads, great curios you know. 1861 Swinhoe N. China Camp. 299 Everybody had some rare curios to show me, asking me their worth.

b. Comb., as curio-buying, -hunter, -maniac, -shop. 1886 Pall Mall G. 13 Jan. 4/1 As a baby is moved to put everything it sees into its mouth, so the curiomaniac seeks to make everything within the limits of the craze his own. 1887 Guillemard Cruise lMarchesa' I. 41 To the curio-hunter the Liu-kiu Islands are a most unprofitable ground. 1888 Pall Mall G. 19 Sept. 2/1 By a first-class Japanese curiodealer. .you are only shown one thing at a time. 1920 M. Beerbohm Let. 18 May (1964) 245 Your visits to the curioshops. 1970 V. McKenna Some of my Friends have Tails 77 We had to film a scene in a curio shop—the type that sells objects made from skin and ivory and leather.

curio'logic, a. and sb. [A bad adaptation of Gr. KvpioXoytK-os (of which the normal Eng. repr. is cyriologic) ‘speaking literally’ (f. nvpios regular, proper, etc. + Aoyos speech, -Xoyia. speaking), applied by Clemens Alexandrinus to hieroglyphics consisting of simple pictures, as opposed to ovpfioXLKos symbolic.] A. adj. Of or pertaining to that form of hieroglyphic writing in which objects are represented by pictures, and not by symbolic characters. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. xi. 64 The last and most perfect [mode of discourse and writing] is Hieroglyphic, whereof one is Curiologic, the other Symbolic. 1760 Antiq. in Ann. Reg. 156/2 The proper or curiologic character expressed the sun by a figure representing that luminary. 1816 J. Gilchrist Philos. Etym. 27 The kind of hieroglyphics which the Egyptians very properly named Curiologic.

B. sb. Representation by picture-writing. 1816 J. Gilchrist Philos. Etym. 33 Men were led on step by step from hieroglyphics or picture-writing, to curiologics, an abridged form of the former. 1864 R. F. Burton Dahome I. 206 In this land the umbrella is a rude kind of curiologics, faintly resembling European blazonry.

So curio'logical a. = prec., curio'logically adv. curi'ology nonce-wd., representation by curiologic symbols. 1740 Warburton Div. Legat. iv. iv. iii, Hieroglyphics were written curiologically and symbolically. 1814 Edin. Rev. Noy^T47 Those hieroglyphics in which part of a material object is put for the whole are called curiological. 1816 J. Gilchrist Philos. Etym. 32 The same system of curiology must have prevailed at a very early period. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. (1870) 349 The kuriological or imitative [form].

t'curion. Obs. rare-1, [a. F. curion, or ad. L. curio, -onem, f. curia.] The priest of an ancient Roman curia. 1624 A. Darcie Birth of Heresies xii. 51 Because the ancient Curions and Sacrificers were cut and shauen.

Icuriosa (kjuari'auso), sb. pi. [neut. pi. of L. curiosus (see curious a.).] Curiosities, oddities; spec, erotic or pornographic books (cf. curious a. 16b). 1883 Sat. Rev. 17 Mar. 350/2 Indicating at the end of his preface such miscellaneous curiosa as may be found in the mighty volume ensuing. 1920 M. Secker Let. Jan. in C. Mackenzie Life & Times (1966) V. 169 No bookseller would buy a single copy of the Rainbow even with my imprint unless he dealt in ‘curiosa’. 1947 N. Marsh Final Curtain ix. 143 She’s not.. the type to pore over literary curiosa unless ..they were curious in the specialised sense. 1959 J. Thurber Years with Ross iv. 68 Nash was a keen collector of human curiosa. 1970 E. McGirr Death pays Wages ii. 43 Somebody told the old chap that the British Museum Reading Room has a huge collection of curiosa.

II curiosa felicitas (kjuari'aosa fe'lisitaes).

[L. (Petronius Sat. cxviii), lit. ‘careful felicity’.] A studied felicity of expression. 1752 Chesterfield Let. 16 Mar. (1774) II. 229 The delicacy and curiosa felicitas of that poet [sc. Horace]. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. II. xxii. 168 The frequent curiosa felicitas of his [sc. Wordsworth’s] diction. 1886 F. Harrison Choice of Books 1. iii. 61 Tennyson .. has .. a curiosa felicitas of phrase. 1908 L. Johnson in Yeats & Johnson Poetry & Ireland 22 The singular charm, the curiosa felicitas, of Celtic style. 1933 R. Tuve Seasons Months iii. 79 The ‘Curiosa Felicitas’ which produces such ‘handsom Turns and apt Expressions’.

curiosity

(kjuari'Dsiti). Forms: 4-5 cory-, curiouste, 5 curyouste(e, -oste, coriouste, curiowstee, (curyste); also 4-6 curiosite, 5 cury-,

144

CURIOSO curiosite(e, -syte(e, -sytye, 6 curiositye, (kewriosyte), 6-7 curiositie, 6- -ty. [a. OF. curiosete (AngloFr. curiousete), ad. L. curiositatem, f. curids-us: see curious and -ty. Subsequently conformed more closely to the Latin, both in French as curiosite, and in Eng. as curiositie, -ity.] I. As a personal attribute. fl. Carefulness, the application of care or attention. Obs. c 1430 Freemasonry 32 He that lernede best.. And passud hys felows yn curyste. a 1568 Ascham Scholem. II. (Arb.) 87 Caes. Commentaries are to be read with all curiositie. a 1619 Fotherby Atheom. 1. iv. §1 (1622) 20 They which haue marked, with very great curiositie, the memorable things of euery Countrie. 1747 Gould Eng. Ants 56 A little Curiosity in Observation will easily remove so plain an Error.

f2. Careful attention to detail; scrupulousness; exactness, accuracy. Obs. C1391 Chaucer Astrol. 11. §14 heading, To knowe the degree of the sonne by thy riet, for a maner curiosite. 1559 Scot in Strype Ami. Ref. I. App. x. 28 If they be., examyned againe and againe, this curiositie will never come to any end. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 9 Everie one will not suffer such curiositie as they require in ye placing of a house. 1630 Sanderson Serm. (1681) II. 281 The Curiosity that Men use in Weighing Gold or precious Quintessences for Medicine. 1694 Acc. Sev. Late Voy. (1711) p. xxiii, To take the most exact account of all the Coasts .. and to report them at their return with all possible Curiosity.

f3. Proficiency attained by careful application; skill, cleverness, ingenuity. Obs. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 353 Beside her incomparable beautie.. adorned also with all that curiositie could devise. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 1. 58 If our Dioptics could attain to that curiosity as to grind us such Glasses .. we might hazard at last the discovery of Spiritualities themselves. 1676 Shadwell Virtuoso 11, You will arrive at that curiosity in this watery science [swimming], that not a frog breathing will exceed you. 1742 Leoni Palladio's Archit. I. 10 Sumptuous Buildings, which requir’d more Curiosity. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. in. ii. 113 Many expert pilots, and other persons of curiosity who have employed their attention on it.

14. Care or attention carried to excess or unduly bestowed upon matters of inferior moment, a. Undue niceness or fastidiousness as to food, clothing, matters of taste and behaviour. Obs. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 755 The ferthe is, curiosite [v.r. coriouste] with gret entent to make and apparayle his mete. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 2148 Common clething als he vsed, All’ curyouste he refused. C1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Fj, Though I forbid thee proude curiositie Yet do I not counsell nor moue thee to rudenes. 1531 Elyot Gov. ill. xxii, The curiositie and wanton appetite of Heliogabalus. 1601 Cornwallyes Ess. ii. xxviii. (1631) 23 We of these latter times full of a nice curiosity, mislike all the performances of our fore-fathers. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. 11. iv. (1673) 68 A vicious curiosity about meats and drinks. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Worn. (ed. 4) I. ii. 59 In affairs of this kind, it is but just to allow to women a degree of curiosity and care.

fb. Unduly minute nicety, subtlety. Obs.

or

subtle

treatment;

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 1. iv. §6 (1873) 32 This same unprofitable subtility or curiosity is of two sorts. 1620 Markham Farew. Husb. 11. xix. (1668) 103 Besides many other Seeds, which would .. shew but too much curiosity to repeat. 1680 Burnet Rochester (1692) 106 The opposition of Hereticks anciently occasioned too much Curiosity among the fathers.

5. Desire to know or learn: fa. In a blamable sense: The disposition to inquire too minutely into anything; undue or inquisitive desire to know or learn. Obs. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 227 Bi pis answere moun we se how curiouste of science or unskilful coveitise of cunnynge, is to dampne. 1388-Num. iv. 20 Othere men se not bi ony curiouste tho thingis that ben in the seyntuarie .. ellis thei schulen die. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 2 That ye neuer by way of curiosite be besy to attempte ony persone therin. 1604 Hieron Wks. I. 488 It is curiositie to enquire into that which God hath concealed. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 142 Curiosity is the spiritual adultery of the soul. Curiosity is spiritual drunkenness. 1756 Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1842 I. 5 You feared, that the curiosity of this search might endanger the ruin of the whole fabrick.

b. In a neutral or good sense: The desire or inclination to know or learn about anything, esp. what is novel or strange; a feeling of interest leading one to inquire about anything. 1613 Salkeld Treat. Angels 43 But peradventure some may with. .just curiositie demaund, how then shall wee know. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 12 A noble and solid curiosity of knowing things in their beginnings. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 11. (1843) 44/2 There was so little curiosity.. in the country to know any thing of Scotland .. that, etc. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 382 In curiosity I put some of the wood into my mouth and chewed it. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 337 A Plant, which he resuscitated in the presence of any, whose Curiosities brought them to see it. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 253 He had perhaps at first raised this curiosity in me. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xiv, Your curiosity is roused at last. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 393 Nor had you any curiosity to know other states or their laws.

c. Inquisitiveness in reference to trifles or matters which do not concern one. 1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 95 What was the cause why Dina was rauished? was it not hir curiositie? 1603

Plutarch's Mor. 134 Curiositie, which I take to be a desire to know the faults and imperfections in other men. 1836 Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 113 Curiositylooking over other people’s affairs and overlooking our own. 1887 T. Fowler Princ. Morals 11. i. 44 Curiosity.. is usually employed to denote the habit of inquisitiveness as to trifles, and especially as to the private affairs of one’s neighbours. Holland

f 6. Scientific or artistic interest; the quality of a curioso or virtuoso; connoisseurship. Obs. 1661 Evelyn Diary (1827) II. 175, I dined at Mr. Palmer’s in Gray’s Inn, whose curiosity excell’d in clocks. 1694 Molesworth Acct. Sweden 47 This.. qualifies them more for a Life of Labour and Fatigue, than of Art and Curiosity. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Addison Wks. III. 73 Mr. Locker, .was eminent for curiosity and literature.

f7. A pursuit in which any one takes an interest, or for which he has a fancy; a hobby. Obs. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. v, Had their curiosities been sedentary. 1653 Walton Angler Ep. Ded. 4 This pleasant curiositie of Fish and Fishing.. has been thought worthy the pens and practices of divers in other Nations, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 487 Fertilizing of barren ground may be termed a charitable curiosity employing many poor people therein.

|8. A desire to make trial or experience of anything novel; trifling interest or desire; a fancy, a whim. Obs. 1605 Jas. I Gunp. Plot in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 13 [Parliament] is no place for particular men to utter there their private conceipts, nor for satisfaction of their curiosities. 1663 Flagellum; or O. Cromwell (ed. 2) 7 He was placed in Sydney Colledge, more to satisfie his Fathers curiosity and desire, than out of any hopes of Completing him in his Studies. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. 1. x. (1673) 295 A curiosity in many in those times of being baptized in Jordan. a 1718 Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 499 He wholly denied his Wife the Curiosity of changing of but one Piece of foreign Gold.

CURIOUS f 13. A matter upon which undue care is bestowed; a vanity, nicety, refinement. Obs. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 108 f>at he wast himsilf and his goodis, and oper mennis, in lustis, and in ot>er veyn curiositeis. 1474 Caxton Chesse iv. iii. (1860) Kvb, Therfore ought the good women fle the curiositees and places where they myght falle in blame, a 1536 Tindale Wks. 238 (R) Y' greater nomber receaue the wordes for a newnesse and curiositie (as they say). 1617 Moryson Itin. iii. 1. ii. 35 This fashion, and the like curiosities, I would haue an Englishman to leaue when he returns out of Italy. 1643 Burroughes Exp. Hosea ii. (1652) 180 When we are in danger to be stripped of all, it is not time then to stand about curiosities and niceties. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. I. 97 Useless Curiosities, and such as tend to adorn, but not at all to amend the Man..

f 14. A curious detail, feature, or trait. Obs. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 11. xii. (1712) 79 The Eye.. is so exquisitely framed .. that not the least curiosity can be added. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 47 Moscovy-glass, or Lapis speculans, is a Body that seems to have as many Curiosities in its Fabrick as any common Mineral I have met with. 1747 Gould Eng. Ants 17 Pliny informs us that the Ants of his Country are wont to bury their Dead, which is a Curiosity not imitated by ours in England.

15. An object of interest; any object valued as curious, rare, or strange. c 1645 Howell Lett. 1.1. xviii, Amongst other Curiosities which he pleased to shew me up and down Paris. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 201 The Narcissus of Japan . that nice Curiosity. 1665 Boyle Occas. Refl. (1845) 361 heading. Upon the sight of a Branch of Corral among a great Prince’s Collection of Curiosities. 1710 Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) III. 39 These Pyxides or Boxes are mention’d as great curiosities. 1770 Kuckhan in Phil. Trans. LX. 302 Collecting natural curiosities of the insect, bird, and beast kinds. 1869 Semmes Advent. Afloat ii. 695 The cargo, consisting mostly of light Japanese goods, lacker-ware, and curiosities.

tb. collect. = Curious things. Obs. 1786 W. Gilpin Obs. Piet. Beauty I. p. xxii, The bowels of the earth, containing such amazing stores of curiosity.

II. As a quality of things. f9. Careful or elaborate workmanship; perfection of construction; elaborateness, elegance; artistic character. Obs.

c. Applied to a person who is ‘queer’ in his appearance, habits, etc.; cf. oddity.

C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 8 3if pei drawen pe peple in pe holiday by coryouste of gaye wyndownes. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 383, I.. axe .. that my boke be nought refused .. For lack of curiosite. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 72/3 To wryte the curiosyte and werke of the temple.. passeth my connynge to expresse. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxvn. lviii, Betrapped fayre and gaye Wyth shyning trappers of curiositie. 1584 Burghley Let. in Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. v. §9 An instrument of 24 Articles of great length and curiosity, formed in a Romish stile. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 163 You can hardly look on the scales of any Fish, but you may discover abundance of curiosity and beautifying. 1673 Lady's Call. 1. v. IP 53- 49 Because they are loth .. to abate any thing of the curiosity of their dress. 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. 11. (1709) 90 The Regularity of Motion, visible in the great variety and Curiosity of Bodies.

16. Comb., as curiosity-dealer, -monger; curiosity-shop, a shop where curiosities are bought and sold.

f 10. Careful accuracy of construction; nicety, delicacy. Obs. 1593 Fale Dialling Aiij, The making of the Horologicall Cylindre, and the Ring .. we have presently omitted, partly for their curiosity in cutting and delineation. 1662 Evelyn Chalcog. Pref. (1769) 35 This art.. is arrived to the utmost curiosity and accurateness. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, in. 170 How many ticklish Curiosities, and nice Circumstances there are to perform this Experiment exactly. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 21 The chiefest Curiosity in the making.. Hinges is, 1. That the Pin-hole be exactly round.. 2. That the Joints are let exactly into one another. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. I. 154 An idea of the curiosity with which these things are constructed.

II. The quality of being curious or interesting from novelty or strangeness; curiousness. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 105 This I thought good to shew you, not for anie curiositie which is in it, but [etc.]. 1660 Sharrock Vegetables Ep. Ded., The operations themselves .. are devoid of curiosity. 1686 R. Berkeley in Evelyn's Mem. (1857) III. 283 From thence we went the next day to Rotterdam, where the curiosity of the place detained us three days. 1774 T. Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. App. 124 The distance between these, and the instructions actually adopted, is of some curiosity. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. It. Jrnls. II. 96 The curiosity of which was overlaid by their multitude.

III. A matter or thing that has this quality. f 12. A curious question or matter of investigation; a nicety of argument; a subtlety. Obs. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 6 3if pei.. traveilen not in holy writt but veyn pleies and corioustees. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 152 Their subtilties and bold curiosities, who have sought to plucke.. out of heaven the secrets hid from the angels. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xiii. (1611) 206 These nice curiosities are not worthie the labour which wee bestow to answere them, a 1631 Donne Serm. 367 Troubling the peace of the Church, with impertinent and inextricable curiosities. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 11. (1851) 145 Not to make verbal curiosities the end. 1678 Owen Mind of God v. 144 A wrangling science filled with niceties, subtilties, curiosities, futilous termes of Art. 1700 Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo I. 198 The Books which contain’d idle Curiosities were burnt.

fb. A curious or ingenious art, experiment, etc. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 243 Divers curious men., by the falling of a ring Magically prepared. .judged that one Theodorus should succeede in the Empire.. By like curiosities it was found that Odo should succeede. 1626 Bacon Sylva §431 There hath been practised also a curiosity, to set a Tree upon the North side of a Wall [etc.]. 01635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 36 They note him to have had certain curiosities, and secret wayes of intelligence above the rest.

1873 Slang Diet., Cure, an odd person; a contemptuous term, abridged from curiosity, which was formerly the favourite expression.

1789 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Subj. for Painters Wks. 1812 II. 182 Made frequent Curiosity-campaigns. 1818 Hazlitt Eng. Poets v. (1870) 128 A museum or curiosity-shop. 1840 Dickens {title), Old Curiosity Shop. Ibid, i, The curiositydealer’s warehouse, i860 All Year Round No. 74. 569 One —a notable curiosity-monger.

|| curioso (kjusri'susou). arch. PL -i, -os. [a. It. curioso (kuri'oso) a curious person.] In 17th c., usually one who is curious in matters of science and art; b. later, an admirer or collector of curiosities; a connoisseur, virtuoso. 1658-72 Wood Life 24 July 1658, Dr. John Wilkins, warden of Wadham Coll., the greatest curioso of his time. 1710 London & Wise Compl. Gard. (1719) 40 The most judicious sort of Curioso’s. 1727 S. Switzer Pract. Gardiner 11. xiii. 99 Those curioso’s who divide herbs into four degrees of heat, and four degrees of cold. 1806 Surr Winter in Lond. I. 216 [The books] remained stationary on the shelves, except to the curiosi.

curious ('kjuanas), a. Forms: 4-5 coryous, -ious, curiuse, -yus, 4-6 curiouse, -yous, 5 corius, -iouse, -yowse, curiouss, -iowse, -ose, -yws, -yose, 5-6 curyouse, -ius, 6 courious, 4- curious, [a. OF. curius (Ch. de Rol., 1 ith c.) = Pr. curios, Sp. and It. curioso:—L. curids-us used only subjectively ‘full of care or pains, careful, assiduous, inquisitive’; French has also the objective sense in 14th c. (robes curieuses).] A word which has been used from time to time with many shades of meaning; the only senses now really current are 5, 16, and (in some applications) 9.

I. As a subjective quality of persons. fl. a. Bestowing care or pains; careful; studious, attentive. Obs. CI386 Chaucer Shipman's T. 243 My deere wif, I the byseeke.. For to kepe oure good be curious. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. clx. 152 He shold take hym vnto his cure, and be to hym as curyous as he wolde be vnto his owne chylde. c 1500 Melusine 109 Melusyne was full curyous and besy to make al thinges redy. 1580 Sidney Arcadia v. 457 But the curious servant of Philanax forbade him the entry. 1650 Jer. Taylor Holy Living i. § 1 He that is curious of his time, will not easily be unready and unfurnished. 1721 R. Bradley Wks. Nat. 20 The French Gardeners .. are .. very curious to observe, that no broken part of a mushroom be left. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Cowley Wks. II. 38 They were not always strictly curious, whether the opinions .. were true.

fb. Anxious, concerned, solicitous. Obs. c 1400 Rom. Rose 1052 Many a traitour envious, That ben ful busie and curious For to dispraise, and to blame. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 783 Amongest them that were more amorous of her bodie, then curious of her soule. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 1. vi. 191 And I am something curious. .To haue them in safe stowage. e felde he made hem fie And so her curnes dud he brenne.

2. Sc.

A grain.

1474 Act. Audit. 35 (Jam.) Of ilk chalder the thrid kurne. c 1540 Lyndesay Kitteis Conf. 90 Curnis of meil, and luffillis of Malt. 1759 Fountainhall Decis. Lords of Council I. 334 (Jam.) The seed, which is excepted from the multure; this is the 4th pickle or curne. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet ch. xiii, If there be a drap mair lemon or a curn less sugar than just suits you. 1881 ‘J. Strathesk’ Bits fr. Blink Bonny (1882) 137, I boil’d their meal and put a curn o’ spice in’t.

b. transf. A small number or quantity; a few. x785 ^rn/./rom Lond. to Portsm. 8 (Jam.), I saw a curn of camla-like fellows wi’ them. 1787 W. Taylor Scots Poems 72 (Jam.), I frae the neuk fresh coals an’ sticks, An’ i’ the chimly cast a curn. 1820 St. Kathleen IV. 143 (Jam.), Only a curn bubbles brak on the tap. 1847 H. Miller Geol. Bass Rock 109 Yonder’s a curn o’ rough hills. 1891 A. Matthews Poems & Songs 54 Among a curn claikin’ wives.

curn, v. Early form of kern, to form grains, to granulate. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 490 Tho grene corn in somer ssolde curne. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xiii. 180 Shal neuer spir springen vp ne spik on strawe curne [v.r. kerne, kurne].

curnall, curnell, obs. ff. coronal, kernel. curney ('kArni), sb. Sc. [dim. f. curn sb. 2 b.] A company, lot. 1823 Scott Quentin D. xxxi, The whole curney of them is gone.

curnock ('k3:n3k).

local. Also 5 carnok, 8 camock, 6-7 cornock, 7 cornook. [App. another form of crannock, crennoCy one or the other being due to metathesis of r. Perhaps of Welsh origin; the Welsh form being crynog, which, according to Silvan Evans, may be for *cyrnog conical heap, from cwrn cone. A parallel form cyrnen, conical heap, is common in many parts of Wales. This change of *cyrnog, crynog in Welsh would, if certain, account for the earn-, curn-, and cran-, cren-, cryn- forms in Eng. The Welsh crynog appears to be known as a measure only in Glamorganshire and part of Monmouthshire.]

An obsolete (or nearly obsolete) dry measure formerly used in the West of England, from Cheshire to Somersetshire, and in parts of South Wales.

curr, sb. [Echoic: cf. prec.] A curring sound. 1867 Black tv. Mag. Feb. 148 They’ll send the stanes spinnin Wi a whirr and a curr till they sit round the tee.

Ilcurrach, -agh ('kAra, 'kursx). Forms: 5-6 currok, 7 -ogh, (carrogh(e), 8 corrach, 8-9 courach, 9 corach, corrack, 7- corragh, curragh. [Ir. curach boat, little ship; also corrach boat, coracle; cf. Welsh corwg, also corwgl, cwrwgl coracle; these point to an OCelt. *kuruk-0Sy *kurok-os boat. (The spelling carrogh in Camden and his citers is prob. only a misprint.)] A small boat made of wickerwork covered with hides, used from ancient times in Scotland and Ireland; a coracle. £-1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 779 J?ai called J>at bate a currok. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. p. lix, Ane bait of ane bull hid, bound with na thing bot wandis. This bait is callit ane currok; with the quhilk thay fische salmond .. thay beir it to ony place, on thair bak. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. 1. 107 Their carroghes, wherein they passed over the Sciticke vale. 1683 Brit. Spec. 144 The Scots likewise out of their Carroghs or Leather vessels.. landing in whole Swarms. 1747 Carte Hist. Eng. I. 156 Their wicker boats, covered with hides, and called corraghs. 1828 C. Croker Fairy Leg. S. Irel. 11. 53 Corragh or currugh is a small boat used by the fishermen of that part. 1884 Graphic 4 Oct. 353/2 We embarked at an early hour in a ‘corrack’ at Dugort.

currack, -ock (’kArsk). Sc. Also currach, -och. [Cf. Gaelic curran ‘paniers slung on horses for carrying bulky loads, as hay, corn’ (Macleod). The terminations -an and -ag are both diminutive, as is also -ock in Eng. and Sc.] pi. A pair of open wooden or wicker frames slung pannier-wise on each side of a horse, for carrying a load of corn, hay, or other bulky stuff. Cf .crooks: crook sb. 9. 1792 Statist. Acc. Scot. IV. 395 The fuel was carried in creels and the corns in curracks. 1793 W. Anderson Piper of Peebles in C. Rogers Soc. Life Scot. I. vi. 218 Coops and carts were unco rare An’ creels and currocks boot to sair [i.e. behoved to serve]. 1880 Gordon Bk. Chron. Keith 443 A load of plants slung over the horse’s back in the ‘Currach’ style. 1892 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 479 Panniers or currochs were laid across the pony’s back.

Its capacity varied according to place and commodity; for corn it was usually 4 bushels = a ‘coomb’; for wheat sometimes 3 bushels. For coal and lime, it varied locally; in Glamorganshire in 1815, from 10 to 12 or 15 bushels (Davies Agric. of S. Wales II. 172), and the Cheshire crenneke or crynoke of salt in the 16th c. appears to have been at least as much. 1479 Office of Mayor of Bristol in Eng. Gilds (1870) 426 That every sak [of colys] be tryed & provid to be & holde a carnok. 1509 Will of R. Jamys (Somerset Ho.), Quatour modios frumenti de mensura de Chepstow, anglice a Cornock. 1638 Penkethman Artach. Dij, A Cornook conteineth 256 Pounds. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 111. 260/2 A Cornock is 2 strikes or 4 Bushels. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 1. ill. ii. (1743) 157 Four bushels [make] the Comb or Curnock. 1727 W. Mather Yng. Man's Comp. 198, 4 Bushels a Comb, or Curnock, 2 Curnocks a Quarter. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Dry Measure. 1863 Morton Cycl. Agric. 1123-7 (in O.C. F. Words 170), Curnock (Worcestershire), of barley or oats, 4 bushels; of wheat, 9 score 10 lbs. = 3 bushels.

currage, obs. form of courage.

curny ('kArni), a.

currant ('kArant). Forms: a. 4 (raysons of) Coraunte, 5 (reysyns, etc. of) Corance, -awnce -auns, -ence, -ent, -ons, -ouns, 5-6 -aunce, 6 -ans, -ens, 6-7 (raisins of) Corinth. ft. PI. (or collective): 6 coraunce, corints, currents, 6-7 -ance, -antes, corans, corantes, (corinthes), 6-8 currans, 7 -ence, -ains, -ands, corants, -ents, -ins, corrans, -ands, -ants, (7-9 corinths), 6- currants. Sing. 6 coren, 7 corin, coran, curren, current, 7-8 curran, (corinth, 8 curan), 7- currant. [Orig. raisins of Corauntz, AF. raisins de Corauntz, = F. raisins de Corinthe raisins of Corinth; reduced before 1500 to corauntz, coraunce, whence the later corantes, currantsy and coransy currencef currans (found in literature to C1750, and still dial.). Some of the 16th c. herbalists restored the original form Corinth, which has been affected by some writers down to the 19th c.] 1. The raisin or dried fruit prepared from a dwarf seedless variety of grape, grown in the Levant; much used in cookery and confectionery. (Familiarly distinguished from 2 as grocers' or shop currants.) fa. raisins of Corauntz, Corinthy etc. Obs.

Sc. [f. curn sb. Consisting of grains, granular.

4- -Y1.]

1808-24 Jamieson, Meal is said to be curny, when the grains of it are large, or when it is not ground very small. 1816 Scott Old Mort. xx, Wheat-flour.. [is] far frae being sae hearty or kindly to a Scotchman’s stomach as the curney aitmeal is.

curour, obs. form of courier sb. curpen, -in, -on, Sc. var. croupon. curpheue, -ew, -our, obs. forms of curfew. 'curple. Sc. Also 5 courpale, 6 curpall, 7 -ell. (Phonetic corruption of cur per, crupper.] 1. A crupper. 1498 in Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 388 Ane courpale.. and thre girthis to the samyn sadill. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 300 Vpoun ane hors.. Without saidill, curpall, tre, or brydill. 1584 J. Carmichael in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) 432 I’m afraid that John Durie has cracked his curple, at least his mouth is closed. 1675 Cunningham (of Craigend) Diary (1887) 51 To a new Curpell to my maill pillion.

2. transf.

The rump, posteriors.

1787 Burns Ansto. Guidwife Wauchope-ho., I’d be mair vauntie o’ my hap, Douce hingin’ owre my curple, Than .. proud imperial purple.

curr (k3:(r), kArr), v. [Echoic: cf. Da. kurren to coo, to whirr, and the verbs mentioned under cur.] To make a low murmuring sound, like the cooing of a dove or purring of a cat. Hence 'curring vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1677 N. Cox Gent. Recreat. iii. 57 When you have so tamed them [Nightingales] that they begin to Cur and Sweet with chearfulness, and record softly to themselves, a 1693 Urquhart Rabelais III. xiii. 107 The .. curring of Pigeons .. curkling of Quails. 1798 Wordsw. Idiot Boy xxi, The owlets hoot, the owlets curr. 1855 G. Donald in Whistle-binkie (1890) II. 87 Cheetie, Cheetie pussie .. by fireside curring, Sang contented purring, i860 Thomas in Zoologist X. 3651 [The note of the fern-owl] resembled .. the whirring, rapid rotation of a wheel.. the sounds intermixed with curring and croaking notes.

curragh ('kArax, ’kAra). Ireland and Isle of Man. [Ir. corrach marsh, Manx curragh moor, bog, fen.] Marshy waste ground; spec, the proper name of the level stretch of open ground in Co. Kildare, famous for its racecourse and military camp. 1664 in Lex Scripta Isle of Man (1819) 144 Digg and take away Timber in and out of the Curraughes on the North Side. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman vi. i, The bog-bane to the rushy curragh, say I, Nancy. 1908-in M.A.P. XX. 362 A widower living alone in some little mud cottage on the curragh.

currajong, var. kurrajong. curral, obs. form of coral.

[1334 *n Rogers Agric. & Prices II. 545 Raisins de Corauntz.] ?ci390 Form of Cury in Warner Antiq. Culin. 6 Lat it seeth togedre with powdor-fort of gynger.. with raysons of Coraunte. 1463 Mann. & Househ. Exp. 217 Item, ffor vj. li. reysonys off corawnce, xviij. d. 1471 Marg. Paston Lett. No. 681 III. 25 Sende me word qwat price a li. of.. reysonys of Corons. 1562 Bulleyn Bk. Compounds 27 a, Take .. of Raisons of Corans picked. 1578 Lyte Dodoens v. lxxxi. 652 The smal Raysens which are commonly called Corantes, but more rightly Raysens of Corinthe. 1620 Venner Via Recta vii. 122 The small Raisins of^Corinth, which we commonly call Currants.

fi. corauntZy currencey currants, curranty etc. £21502 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 234 Coraunce, at i. d’. ob’. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 Item for a butte of currantes, iii.s. iiii.d. 1578 [see a]. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 165 The plant that beareth the coren. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T.

CURRANT IV. iii. 40 Three pound of Sugar, fiue pound of Currence, Rice. 1628 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. 11. (1688) 235 Grapes of Corinth or Currants. 1655 Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 205 A Prune, a Raisin, or a Curran. 1725 Pope Odyss. xiii. 293 note, The chief riches of the island [Zant] consist in Corinths. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physick (1762) 50 Breakfast.. on Water gruel with Currants. 1748 Mrs. S. Harrison House-kpr.’s Pocket-Bk. i. (ed. 4) 2, I suppose you have Currans, Raisons, and Sugars. 1811 Pinkerton Petral. II. 115 A plumb-pudding, composed of flour with raisins and corinths. 1859 Thackeray Virgin. xxxiii, Had I not best go out and order raisins and corinths for the wedding-cake? i860 Mrs. Harvey Cruise Claymore 271 Of late years the currant has been much more extensively grown in the neighbourhood of Corinth.

2. a. Transferred to the small round berry of certain species of Ribes (R. nigrum, R. rubrum) called Black and Red Currants. (The White Currant is a variety of the Red.) These shrubs, natives of Northern Europe, were introduced into English cultivation some time before 1578, when they are mentioned by Lyte as the Black and Red ‘Beyond sea Gooseberry’. They were vulgarly believed at first to be the source of the Levantine currant; Lyte calls them ‘Bastarde Currant’, and both Gerarde and Parkinson protested against the error of calling them ‘currants’. 1578 Lyte Dodoens vi. xx. 683 The first kinde is called .. Ribes rubrum\ in English Redde Gooseberries, Bastard Corinthes. 1629 Parkinson Paradisus Terr. 558 Those berries.. usually called red currans are not those currans.. that are sold at the Grocers. 1671 Grew Anat. Plants 1. v. §12 Goosberries and Currans. 1677-Anat. Fruits iv. §6 A White Corin, without taking on the Skin, sheweth not unpleasantly how the Seeds are fastned. 1708 J. Philips Cyder 11. 61 Now will the Corinths, now the rasps supply Delicious draughts. 1799 tr. H. Meister's Lett. 181 Tartlets of raspberries, currants, and gooseberries. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. 11. 178 Black and Red Currants belong to the same genus as Gooseberry.

b. The shrub which produces this fruit (more fully currant-bushy currant-tree); also other shrubs of the same genus, as the Flowering Currant, R. sanguineum, a native of North America, cultivated for its deep crimson flowers. 1665-76 Ray Flora 223 Corinthes or currans, as they are vulgarly called, are plants well known. 1783 Johnson 18 Apr. in Boswell, I would plant a great many currants; the fruit is good. 1866 Treas. Bot. 982 R[ibes] sanguineum, the Red-flowered Currant, a native of North America, is., frequently grown in our gardens for ornamental purposes.

3. Applied to various shrubs having fruit (usually edible) resembling that of Ribes. 1866 Treas. Bot. 363 Australian Currant, Leucopogon Richei. Indian C., an American name for Symphoricarpus vulgaris. Native C., of Tasmania, a name applied to some species of Coprosma. Ibid. 674 Leptomeria Billardieri is a pretty broom-like shrub .. producing greenish-red berries, which are called Native Currants in New South Wales and Victoria; they have a pleasant acid taste.. The fruit of another species, L. acerba, is also called Currants in Australia. 1884 Miller Plant-n., W. Indian Currant, Jacquinia armillaris, Beureria havanensis, and B. succulenta. .. Indian Currant-bush, of Tropical America, the genera Miconia and Clidemia.

4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) currant-bun, -cake, -grape, loaf, -vine; (sense 2) currantbush (see also 3), -jelly, -tree, -wine-, currantborer, -clearwing, the clearwing moth JEgeria tipuliformis and its larva; currant-gall, a small round gall, like an unripe currant, formed on the male flowers and leaves of the oak by the insect Spathegaster baccarum- currant-moth, a kind of moth that infests currant-bushes, the Magpiemoth; currant-shrub, a shrub or acid drink made from currants; currant-worm, a larva that infests currant-bushes. 1867 Amer. Naturalist June 223 The *currant-borer moth (Trochilium tipuliforme) darts about the leaves on hot sunny days. 1961 R. South Moths Brit. Isles (ed. 4) II. 344 This species seems to have been introduced into North America, where its caterpillar is known as the ‘currant borer’. 1788 Picken Poems 13 (Jam.), Whangs o’ *curran-buns an’ cheese. 1890 Spectator 19 Apr. 532/1 Currant-buns and plum-puddings. 1813 J. Forbes Orient. Mem. II. xxv. 405 The cotton shrub .. in verdure resembles the *currant-bush. 1605 B. Jonson Volpone v. iv, Ha you ne’re a *curren-but to leape into? 1681 T. Jordan London's Joy in Heath Grocers' Comp. (1869) 545, I have dwelt in a Tub .. But ne’re taught in a Currant-Butt before. 1868 Wood Homes without H. xxv. 492 These are popularly called *Currant-galls, because they look very much like bunches of currants. 1682 Wheler Journ. Greece 1. 32 We had a present sent to us of Figs, Filberds, and *Currant-grapes. 1731-7 Miller Gard. Diet. (ed. 3) s.v. Vitis, The Corinth Grape, vulgarly called the Currant Grape: Is an early Ripener. 1922 W. G. R. Francillon Good Cookery (ed. 2) xxi. 385 *Currant loaf... Cream the yeast. Add some of the milk... Beat in the butter, sugar, fruits and egg. 1933 L. G. D. Acland in Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) 16 Sept. 15/7 Brownie. Bread baked with currants and sugar .. called .. now, usually, currant loaf. 1858-9 Humphreys Genera Brit. Moths, Abraxas Grossulariata, The large Magpie, or *Currant Moth. 1856 Englishw. Dom. Mag. IV. 94 How to make *Currant Shrub. 1649 Surv. Manor Wimbledon in Archaeol. X. 424 (D.) The borders of which grass plots are *coran trees. 1731 Medley Kolben's Cape G. Hope II. 263 The Stem and Leaves of these shrubs are much like those of Corinth trees. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 715/1 In the Ionian Islands the *currantvine is grown on the sides of the lower hills, a 1648 Digby Closet Open. (1669) 113 *Currants-Wine, take a pound of the best currants. 1850 C. M. Yonge Langley School xxvii. 249 They each had a glass of currant wine. 1867 Amer. Naturalist June 222 The Abraxas? ribearia of Fitch, the well-known *Currant-worm, defoliates whole rows of

CURRANT currant bushes. 1886 Harper's Mag. Aug. 447 The natural history of the currant worm and moth.

currant, obs. form of courante, current. currant jelly, [currant 4.] A preserve made of the strained juice of boiled currants heated and mixed with sugar in a preserving-pan. Also fig. Also attrib., as currant-jelly dog, a harrier. 1747 Mrs. Glasse Cookery 145 To make Curran Jelly. Strip the Currants from the Stalks, put them in a Stone Jar [etc.]. 1762 W. Gelleroy Land. Cook 303 To make Currant Jelly. 1831 Athenwum 31 Dec. 852/1 Swallowing the bitter powder of instruction by enclosing it in the currant jelly of amusement. 1851 Illustr. Lond. News n Jan. 27/3 Those agents of woodcraft, called, in flippant parlance, ‘currantjelly dogs’. 1869 L. M. Alcott Good Wives (1871) v. 47 Fired with a housewifely wish to see her store-room stocked with home-made preserves, she undertook to put up her own currant jelly. [1923 H. Cox Dogs & /xvii. 145 Those which are contemptuously termed ‘Red Currant Jelly Dogs’ .. are composed either of Beagle Harriers or.. dwarf Foxhounds.]

curranto, var. of coranto. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 75 Without regarding ought save Cupids Currantoes. 1657 Sancroft Mod. Policies in D’Oyly Life II. 261 You hear so much of a curranto in the application.

'curranty, a. [See -y1.] Full of currants. 1876 M. E. Braddon J. Haggard's Dau. ix, Certain rockcakes, seedy and curranty.

currawong ('kArawDrj). Austral. [Aboriginal.] The native name in Australia for a bird of the genus Strepera (see quot. 1926). 1926 Austral. Encycl. II. 19/2 Birds of the other genus, Strepera, are variously known as bell-magpies or black magpies, as well as by the aboriginal name of ‘currawong’ in New South Wales and Queensland. 1936 F. D. Davison Children of Dark People 5 Currawongs and willy wagtails flitted among the bushes. 1964 Telegraph (Brisbane) 4 Mar. 3/5 Jock was a currawong—a type of magpie—and he sounded off just after dawn every day. 1970 Southerly XXX. 8 In season the currawongs in the camphor-laurels cry like tin-shears.

fcurre. Obs. [a. OF. curre (corre, courre):—L. currus chariot.] A chariot. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 72/2 His cartes chares and curres.

curre, obs. f. and var. of cur. f 'currence. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type *currentia, f. current-em, pr. pple. of currere to run: see -ence. Cf. obs. F. courance.] = currency. 1651 M. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. n. vii. (1739) 44 For the fuller currence of the Money. 1854 Fraser's Mag. XLIX. 6 The time.. will.. not have been lost, if it only strips the argument of all sentimentalism and false currence.

currency ('kAransi). [f. as prec. + -ency.] f 1. a. The fact or condition of flowing, flow; course; concr. a current, stream. Obs. rare. 1657 Howell Londinop. 18 To preserve the currency of the stream. 1698 Tyson in Phil. Trans. XX. 135 To shew the Currency of their Canalis here. 1758 Binnell Descr. Thames 11 The Currency runs.. with such Force, as to render the Navigation thereof imperfect.

fb. 4Fluency; readiness of utterance; easiness of pronunciation’ (J.). Obs. c. Running, rapid motion. (nonce-use.) 1841 L. Hunt Seer 11. (1864) 69 We are truly in a state of transition,—of currency rather [in a coach].

2. The course (of time); the time during which anything is current. 1726 Ayliffe Par ergon 196 The Currency of Time to establish a Custom, ought to be with a Continuando from the beginning to the end of the Term. 1822-56 De Quincey Confess. Wks. 1862 I. 288 She might be in the currency of her eighth year. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 465 During the entire currency of the lease. 1850 Tait's Mag. XVII. 4/1 Must his exclusion run only during the currency of other parts of his sentence?

3. Of money: The fact or quality of being current or passing from man to man as a medium of exchange; circulation. Also^ig. 1699 Locke 2nd Reply to Bp. of Worcester (R.), ’Tis the receiving of them by others, their very passing, that gives them their authority and currency. 1722 Lond. Gaz. No. 6078/2 All such of the said Bills .. lose their Currency. 1729 Pope Dune. 1. 23 note, The papers of Drapier against the currency of Wood’s copper coin in Ireland. 1862 Ruskin Munera P. (1880) 15 The laws of currency and exchange.

4. a. That which is current as a medium of exchange; the circulating medium (whether coins or notes); the money of a country in actual use. 1729 Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 II. 270 Money, .by being coined is made a currency. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. ii. ii. (1869) I. 328 The paper currencies of North America. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 58 If there is a large paper currency side by side with the gold. 1866 Crump Banking vii. 154 The currencies of two countries .. being dissimilar. fig. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) in. v, General Miseries—the common currency of human existence. 1879 Escott England II. 425 Their mischievous influences upon the moral currency.

b. spec. Applied to a current medium of exchange when differing in value from the money of account; e.g. the former currency and banco of Hamburg (see banco), the depreciated paper currency of various countries, and the

150

local shillings and pence, of less value than sterling money formerly used in various British colonies. 1755 Johnson, Currency.. 6. The papers stamped in the English colonies by authority, and passing for money. 1776 Adam Smith PF.AT. i. viii. (1869) I. 73 In the province of New York common labourers earn three shillings and sixpence currency. 1872 Japanese in Amer. 201 Paper money .. is also called currency.

c. Formerly a name for native-born Australians, as distinguished from sterling, or English-born. Also attrib. and as adj. 1827 P. Cunningham N.S. Wales II. xxi. 53 Our Currency lads and lasses are a fine interesting race. 1828 Ibid. (ed. 3) 48 The Currencies grow up tall and slender, like the Americans. 1837 J. D. Lang N.S. Wales I. 220 Contests .. between the colonial youth and natives of England, or, to use the phrase of the colony, between currency and sterling. 1878 Punch 10 Aug. 60/1 We currency-folk have.. been able to absorb your convict refuse without contamination from its criminal leaven. 1892 Lentzner Australian Word-bk. 19 Currency, persons born in Australia, natives of England being termed ‘sterling’. 1894 W. C. Dawe (title) The confessions of a currency girl. 1899 Macm. Mag. June 127/1 The boys when questioned would say: ‘I’m not English; I’m Currency.’ 1953 Landfall VII. 173 She spoke the King's English like a currency lass.

5. The fact or quality of being current, prevalent, or generally reported and accepted among mankind; prevalence, vogue; esp. of ideas, reports, etc. 1722 Lond. Gaz. No. 6077/2 The Currency of the ordinary Distempers. 1798 Ferriar Cert. Varieties Man 213 The story., seems to have gained currency. 1840 Carlyle Heroes (1858) 321 Johnson’s Writings, which once had such currency and celebrity, are now as it were disowned by the young generation. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. 11. iv. §53 The currency of this belief continues.

6. attrib. and Comb, (mostly in senses 3 and 4) as currency crank, restriction.-, currency note, paper money used as currency, esp. the £1 and iot. notes first issued by the Treasury for circulation as legal tender during the war of 1914-18; a treasury note. 1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness of Mankind (1932) ix. 363 General discussion [on currency] has been further burked by dubbing anyone who raised the question, a ‘Currency Crank’. 1944 G. B. Shaw Everybody's Political What's What xi. 84 The Currency Crank is a nuisance in every movement for social reform. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) II. 178 Currency-money here has depreciated .. a full third. 1885 Pall Mall G. 9 June 5 America.. has shown itself able to do strange things in the way of currency-mongering. 1891 J. L. Kipling Beast & Man in India v. 105 A currency note for a thousand rupees. 1914 Proclamation 3 Feb. in Jrnl. Inst. Bankers (1915) XXXVI. 113 Payment for the order at its face value in coins or currency notes. 1920 Discovery May 145/1 Our over-issues of currency notes. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 969/2 The 1914 Act.. allowed an issue of £1 and 10s. currency notes by the Treasury. 1866 Crump Banking viii. 160 The great advantage of coined money for currency purposes. 1849 Miss Mulock Ogilvies 17 He is.. particularly well read on the currency question. 1967 ‘R. Simons’ Taxed to Death ix. 151 Several printed forms about currency restrictions.

current ('kvrsnt), a. Forms: 4-6 corant(e, coraunt, 6 corrant, 4-8 currant, 5-6 curraunt, 6current. [ME. corant, currant, a. OF. corant, cur ant (from 16th c. courant) running, pres, pple. of courir, OF. corre:—L. currere to run. The spelling of the Eng. word as currant (very common in 16th c.) gradually led to its complete conformation to L. current-em.] 1. a. Running; flowing. (Now rare.) c 1300 K. Alis 3461 With him cam.. mony faire juster corant. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 96 Like to the currant fire, that renneth Upon a corde. 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §128 Se that there be no water standynge.. but that it be alwaye currant and rennynge. 1596 Davies Orchestra lxix, Those current travases, That on a triple dactyl foot do run Close by the ground. 1651 T. Barker Art of Angling (1653) 10 They will go currant down the River. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 67 The current streame. 1756 Amory Buncle (1770) I. 265 The water was current through the pond. 1830 W. Phillips Mt. Sinai 1. 597 The current spring.

fb. current ship: see quot. Obs. 1555 Eden Decades 120 The lyghtest shyp which maye bee a passinger betwene them: that lyke as we vse poste horses by lande so may they by this current shippe in shorte space certifie the Lieuetenaunt of suche thynges as shall chaunce.

fc. Her. = courant a. Obs. 1610 Guillim Heraldry in. xv. (1660) 176 He beareth.. three Unicornes in Pale, Current. 1681 T. Jordan London's Joy in Heath Grocers' Comp. (1869) 542 Argent, three Grey¬ hounds Currant Arm’d and Collard, Gules.

fd. Having a fall or inclination; sloping. Obs. (Cf. current sb. 3.) 1523 Fitzherb. Husb. §128 To make them euen somwat dyscendynge or currant one waye or other. 1530 Palsgr. 441 This water avoydeth nat well; by lykelyhod the goutter is nat courrant.

e. Of handwriting: ‘Running’, cursive. 1891 E. Maunde Thompson in Classical Rev. Nov. 418/2 Ought our descendants then to infer that we knew nothing of a current hand?

2. fig. Smoothly flowing; running easily and swiftly; fluent. (Now rare.) 1586 J- Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 97 Mistrusting.. that all went not currant. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 1. iv. (Arb.) 24 Speech by meeter..is more currant and slipper upon the tongue. 1659 Hammond On Ps. vii. 4 Thus the sense is perspicuous and current. 1709

CURRENT Strype Ann. Ref. I. ii. 67 April 18. The Bill.. was read the first time. Apr. 19. Read the second time..Apr. 20. Read the third time, and passed the House. So current it seems this bill went. 1818 Byron Juan I. cc. (MS. reading), Other incidents.. Which shall be specified .. in current rhyme.

3. a. Running in time; in course of passing; in progress. Often used ellipt., as in the 10th current (abbreviated curt.), i.e. the 10th day of the current month, b. Belonging to the current week, month, or other period of time. 1608 Hieron Defenceui. 131 There was not any longtime current and past wherein it has been observed and made usuall. c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) II. 7, I had yours of the tenth current. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 477 [It] does not imply the time fully run out, but that the last part thereof must then be current. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. I. ill. i. (1743) 142 None is to be ordained .. Deacon till he is at least twenty-three current. 1734 Berkeley Let. 17 Mar. Wks. IV. 218, I paid the curates for the current year. 1780 Burke Sp. Econom. Reform Wks. 1842 I. 230 No tax is raised for the current services. 1858 Herschel Outlines Astron. xviii. §927 A date .. always expresses the day or year current and not elapsed. 1862 Ruskin Munera P. (1880) 46 To enlarge his current expenses. 1868 Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 387 We must call the current number for that date the Christmas number.

c. current account, an account kept by a customer at a bank to meet his current expenses; current affairs, events, those in progress, those belonging to the present time; current cost accounting, a method of accounting in which assets are valued on the basis of their replacement cost and increases in their value as a result of inflation are excluded from calculations of profit; current goods (see quot. 1948). 1846 Dickens Piet. Italy 66 A means of establishing a current account with Heaven, on which to draw.. for future bad actions. 1875 H. Fisher Opening, etc. Spec. Banking Accts. 1 The opening, working, and closing of certain classes of Current and Deposit Accounts. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 1 Sept. 6/3 It is the depositor, rather than the current-account customer, who is victimised by this custom. 1951 R- W. Jones Thomson's Diet. Banking (ed. 10) 206/1 A current or running account is the active account on which cheques are drawn and to which credits are paid. 1920 Beerbohm And Even Now 60 Swinburne did, from time to time, take public notice of current affairs. 1955 ‘C. Brown’ Lost Girls x. 111 We began each afternoon’s session with a ‘current affairs’ talk. 1957 B.B.C. Handbk. 102 Up-to-date information on current affairs. 1975 Rep. Inflation Accounting Comm. (F. E. P. Sandilands) i. 3 in Pari. Papers igj4-75 VII. 411 We recommend that a system to be known as ‘Current Cost Accounting should be developed. 1977 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 2 Mar. 2/6 Current cost accounting, a system which takes account of inflation, is called inflation accounting in the United States. 1984 Hitching & Stone Understand Accounting! vii. 85 We shall be turning our attention to the question of ‘value’, and to current cost accounting. 1850 Harper's Mag. June 122 (headline) Monthly record of current events. 1920 S. Lewis Main Street ix. 107 The Thanatopsis Club .. have some of the best ..current-events discussions. 1936 Discovery Nov. 355/2 The distinction between capital goods and current goods is .. one of the most important in the whole of economics. 1948 G. Crowther Outl. Money (ed. 2) v. 129 Every year the community produces a certain total of goods and services; some of them are for immediate consumption, the rest are goods whose value will last beyond the immediate present. These two categories can be called current goods and durable goods. All services are naturally current goods.

4. Of money: Passing from hand to hand; in circulation; in general use as a medium of exchange. 1481 Caxton Myrr. hi. xiv. 167 In the begynnynge of the Regne of Kynge Edward.. was no monoye curraunt in englond but pens and halfpens and ferthynges. 1535 Coverdale Gen. xxiii. 16 Currant money amonge marchauntes [Wyclif preued comune money]. 1611 Coryat Crudities 286 The currantest money of all both in Venice itselfe and in the whole Venetian Signiory. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 501 In Kataia a coine is currant, made of the blacke rinde of a certaine tree. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 66 Of the current coin of the empire. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 33 Pieces of leather impressed with the government mark and passing current like our bank-notes. = Locally current. (Cf. currency 4 b.) 1593 >n Muniments of Irvine (1890) I. 79 The Burrow meillis.. to be payit in Stirlling money.. ar resavit in current money to our greit hurt.

+ 5. Having the quality of current coin; sterling, genuine, authentic: opposed to counterfeit. Obs. I579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 73 Though others seem counterfeit in their deeds .. Euphues will be alwayes currant in his dealings. 1599 Warn. Faire Women 11. 1555 To put your love unto the touch, to try If it be currant, or but counterfait. 1611 Cotgr., A Preuve de marteau, sound, currant, good, right stuffe. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac’s Lett. 67 If the report which passeth be current. 1639 Horn & Rob. Gate Lang. Uni. ix. §85 With a touch-stone we try metals, whether they be good (currant) or counterfeit. 1744 Harris Three Treat, hi. 1. (1765) 141 Do we not try [a piece of Metal].. by the Test, before we take it for Current?

6. Generally reported or known; in general circulation; in general use, prevalent. 1563 Mirr. Mag., J. Shore xxiv. What I sayd was currant every where. 1625 Bacon Ess. Ep. Ded., I doe now publish my Essayes; which, of all my other workes, haue beene most currant. 1631 J. Pory in Ellis Orig. Lett. 11. 271 III. 267 It is current in every mans mouth that the Kings journey into Scotland is putt off. 1775 Burke Corr. (1844) II- 4°, I find it very current that parliament will meet in October. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 549 The stories which were current about both Seymour and the Speaker.

CURRENT 7. Generally accepted; established by common consent; in vogue. Often with mixture of sense 3: Accepted or in vogue at the time in question. *593 Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. 169 If laie Elders had bene currant in Gregories time. 1665 Glanvill Seeps. Sci. 78 The current Theology of Europe. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. Pref., A word which is not current English. 1713 Berkeley Hylas & P. ii. Wks. 1871 I. 309 The current proper signification attached to a common name in any language. 1831 Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 187 The commerce of Holland greatly depends on the current interest. 1884 H. Spencer in Contemp. Rev. XLVI. 46 Current utilitarian speculation.. shows inadequate consciousness of natural causation.

8. Phr. to pass, go, or run current (senses 5-7): to be in circulation or in common use; to be generally related, reported, or accepted; to be received as genuine. (Formerly to pass or go for current.) 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax (1814) 12 And so now it passeth current to be spoken and written Ajax. 1600 Abp. Abbot Exp. Jonah 3 Which opinion hath gone so currant, that.. some of the new writers haue accepted it for a truth. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 16 But most true this may seeme which runneth currant every where. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. 4 Why the Translation of the Seuentie was allowed to passe for currant. 1618 Bolton Floras in. iii. (1636) 168 That invincible rage and furious onset, which goes current with the Barbarous for true valour. 1629 J Rouse Diary 46 It went for currant that the Spanyards had killed the French and Dutch. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World {1840) 210 It went current among the seamen that the Spanish Doctor was an Englishman. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xxi. 250 Their Language [Portuguese] goes current along most of the Sea-coast. 1828 Macaulay Hallam Ess. 1 54 if such arguments are to pass current it will be easy to prove [etc.].

current ('kArant), sb. Forms: 4 curraunt, 6-7 currant, 6- current, [a. OF. corant, curant, sb. use of courant adj.: see prec., with which this is in its orthographical history identical.] 1. That which runs or flows, a stream; spec, a portion of a body of water, or of air, etc. moving in a definite direction. c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 186 Men J?at knowen pe worchinge of pe elementis .. and worchip woundir bi craft in mevynge of currauntis. 1595 Shaks. John 11. i. 441 Two such siluer currents when they ioyne Do glorifie the bankes that bound them in. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 212 A small current of blood, which came directly from its snout, and past into its belly. 1727 Swift Gulliver in. iv. 205 A .. mill turned by a current from a large river. 1863 A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. i. (1878) 10 Great ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream.

2. a. The action or condition of flowing; flow, flux (of a river, etc.); usually in reference to its force or velocity. 1555 Eden Decades 353 Where the currant setteth alwayes to the eastwarde. 1683 Burnet tr. More's Utopia (1684) 65 There is no great Current in the Bay. 1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 57 [The River Trent] comes down from the Hills with a violent Current into the flat Country. 1832 W. Irving Alhambra I. 25, I came to a river with high banks and deep rapid current. 1863 Mary Howitt F. Bremer's Greece II. xiv. 90 The well-known phenomenon of the changing current in the Straits [of Euripus].

fb. The course of a river or other flowing body. Obs. 1696 Whiston Th. Earth 11. (1722) 119 The rise and currents of Rivers are not always the same now as before the Flood. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) I. in. xxvi. 111 The peasants diverted the current of the flame, and saved their villages. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 25 The Earn is a more rapid river than the Forth, has a longer current.

3. The inclination or ‘fall* given to a gutter, roof, etc. to let the water run off. 1582 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 423 No., persons shall make their pavements higher then an other, but that hit may have a reasonable currant. 1699 in Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 559 Neglect of Levelling the streets and ordering the Currents yrof. 1703 T. N. City C. Purchaser 161 Take care that the Gutter.. lie .. in such a Position that it may have a good Current. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 407 All sheet lead is laid with a current to keep it dry. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v., Gutters usually have a current of J inch to the foot.

|4. Circulation (of money), currency. Obs. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 635 This privie councell.. taketh order for the currant and finenes of money. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. vii. (1739) 44 The regulating of the Mint, and the current of Money. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Romish Monks 91 They find a plentiful current of Devotional-Mony.

5. fig. The course of time or of events; the main course. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 136/1 That place was not possessed of the like in manie currents of yeares. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. v. Wks. 1856 I. 66 My joyes passion.. choakes the current of my speach. 1721 Strype Eccl. Mem. 1. 19 More perhaps will be said of him in the current of these memorials. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. ill. xiii. 106 Without some such general comprehension, as we may call it, of the whole current of time. 1817 Chalmers Astron. Disc. iii. (1852) 77 The whole current of my restless and ever-changing history. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. x. 5 19 One more tale will bring us back directly to the current of our story.

6. a. Course or progress in a defined direction; tendency, tenor, drift (of opinions, writings, etc.). 1595 Shaks. John 11. i. 335 Say, shall the currant of our right rome on. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 370 This is.. plaine and obuious out of the very current of the words. 1692 Locke Toleration iii. x, In your first Paper, as the whole Current of

CURRICLE

151 it would make one believe. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. i- 76 The current of men’s opinions having, .set that way. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. xii. 152 [These] words., express the whole current of modern feeling.

fb. The tendency or drift of the common opinion, practice, etc., of a body of persons. Obs. *613 J- Salkeld Treat. Angels 218 Against this opinion is the common current of all Doctors and Fathers. 1650 R. Hollingworth Exerc. cone. Usurped Powers 17 The current of the people or community I am of is to be followed. *738 Swift Pol. Conv. xxxii, Affecting Singularity, against the general Current and Fashion of all about them. 1863 Sat. Rev. XV. 583/1 The current of modern American authorities is in complete accordance with this view.

7. a. Electr. The name given to the apparent transmission or ‘flow’ of electric force through a conducting body: introduced in connexion with the theory that electrical phenomena are due to a fluid (or fluids) which moves in actual ‘streams’; now the common term for the phenomenon, without reference to any theory. An electric current is according to its nature called alternating or continuous, intermittent, pulsatory, or undulatory. 1747 Gentl. Mag. XVII. 141 The frequent exciting such currents of ethereal fire in bed-chambers. 1752 Franklin Let. Wks. 1887 II. 253 Perhaps the aurorae boreales are currents of this fluid in its own region, above our atmosphere. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 48 From the manner in which the peculiar force called electricity is seemingly transmitted through certain bodies.. the term current is commonly used to denote its apparent progress. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (ed. 6) I. x. 306 Faraday., illustrated the laws of these induced currents. 1881 W. L. Carpenter Energy in Nature 153 Dynamo machines .. that supply alternating currents, i.e. currents alternately in opposite directions. Mod. Advt. The [Electric Lighting] Company are prepared to supply current within the district named.

b. transf. Applied to the transmission of nerve-force along a nerve. 1855 Bain Senses Int. I. ii. § 18 A current of nervous stimulus .. derived from the [spinal] cord to the muscles.

8. attrib. and Comb. a. In relation to currents of water, air, and the like, as current-drifted.-, current-bedding, the bedding of geological strata in a sloping direction caused by deposition in a current of water; currentfender, a structure to ward off the current from a bank, etc., which it threatens to undermine; current-gauge, current-meter, an apparatus made for measuring the flow of liquids through a channel; (see also quot. 1868); current-mill, a mill driven by a current-wheel; current-wheel, a wheel driven by a natural current of water, b. Of or pertaining to an electrical current; as current-breaker, -collector, -meter, -regulator, -weigher, etc. 1891 Jrnl. Derbyshire Archaeol. Soc. XIII. 35 The direction of the dip of planes of ’current-bedding. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xvii. 206 A ’current-drifted cask. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. 661 The dynamometer ’current-gage of Woltmann, 1790, is a light water-wheel operated by the current. 1868 W. D. Haskoll Land & Marine Surveying xi. 170 The ’current meter is useful also to ascertain the velocity of under currents. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. 661 The ’current-wheel is perhaps the first application of the force of water in motion to driving machinery. 1866 R. M. Ferguson Electr. (1870) 185 A contrivance for this purpose is called a rheotome or ’current-break. 1962 Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields v. 179 A ’current-carrying conductor. 1884 F. Krohn tr. Glaser de Cew's Mag.- & Dyn.-Electr. Mach. 207 The ’current closers and interrupters. 1889 Pall Mall G. 16 Mar. 3/3 This ’current collector, which is connected with the motor placed between the wheels underneath the floor of the car, moves in the conduit beneath the rail. 1884 F. Krohn tr. Glaser de Cew's Mag.- & Dyn.-Electr. Mach. 272 The ’currentenergised rotating helix. 1962 Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors xiii. 295 The more usual practice is to define the feedback, solely by the way it is derived, as ‘voltage’ (parallel) or ‘’current’ (series) feedback. 1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference x. 210 A ’current-limiting device in neutral circuits. 1879 G. Prescott Sp. Telephone 16 When the latter acts, it does so in obedience to ’current pulsations. 1862 Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xiii. 13 As these instruments have no break pieces or ’current reversers they cannot get out of order. 1888 Bottone Electr. Instr. Making (1894) l92 The current reverser for the Wheatstone single needle telegraph. 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 380 A stratum of a conductor contained between two consecutive surfaces of flow, .is called a ’Current-Sheet. 1946 Nature 13 July qA/2 A system which gives the constant line voltage required for ’current-using devices. 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 341 The suspended coil in Dr. Joule’s ’current-weigher is horizontal and capable of vertical motion.

•(‘current, v.

Obs. rare. Also 7 currant, [f. trans. To render current, give currency or acceptance to. current a.]

1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. Induct. 27 The uneven scale, that currants all thinges by the outwarde stamp of opinion. 1607-What You Will 11. i. 295 Faith, so, so.. As’t please opinion to current it.

Ilcurrente calamo (ka'rentei 'kaebmso), adv. phr. [L., lit. ‘with the pen running on’.] Extempore; without deliberation or hesitation. The actual phr. is not recorded in cl. L. 1776 W. Mason Let. 25 Mar. in Walpole's Corr. (1955) XXVIII. 254 What I here send you was written yesterday

currente calamo. 1857 Trollope Barchester T. II. xiii. 258 His letter.. was written, currente calamo, with very little trouble. 1915 W. J. Locke Jaffery ix. 112 Then to work, and in another three months, currente calamo, the book would be written.

'currented, ppl. a. Having a current.

[f. current sb.

+ -ed2.]

1650 Howell Masaniello i. 43 A strong currented River.

currentless ('kArantlis), a. -less.] Having no current.

[f. current sb. +

i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 191 We reached a spot where the river expanded, and formed a currentless basin. 1886 J. M. Caulfeild Seamanship Notes 5 An anchorage, which is more or less currentless.

currently ('kArantli), adv. [f. current a.] 1. In the manner of a flowing stream; with easy rapid movement; smoothly, fluently, readily. Now rare. 1586 W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 68 The English wordes .. wyll become any one of ye most accustomed sortes of Latine or Greeke verses meetely, and run thereon somewhat currantly. 1598 Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. xv. i. (1622) 223 Neither went things currantly with him.. the siege tooke no effect. 1636 Featly Clavis Myst. lxx. 900 The spouts will not runne currantly, if we pump not deep. 1649 Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) 71 To pare old Trenches .. whose Edges will grow so thick with Grass, that thou canst not get thy water to pass currently. 1768 Woman of Honor I. 131 Lady Harriet.. very currently took her share of the intended presents. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 58 While he holds the reins we roll smoothly and currently along. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. ix. (1819) 122 How currently does the work proceed! 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xi. 187 Able to read in public currently and correctly.

2. In current use, practice, opinion, belief, report, or acceptance; generally, commonly among mankind, popularly; now, at the present time. 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 320 Songs and Ballads., currantly Sung in every place. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xxiii. 167 Many..which beare that name, and currantly passe among us. 1719 J. Richardson Sc. Connoisseur 89 A Story which passes very currently. 1850 Prescott Peru II. 337 He., was detained at home, as currently reported, by illness. 1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. i. (1876) 5 The view currently taken. 1947 J. Hayward Prose Lit. since 1939 11. 20 The same writer.. is currently writing a section of the secret history of the war. 1969 A. Glyn Dragon Variation vi. 187 These were probably the two most exciting and original games [of postal chess] he was currently playing. 1971 Daily Tel. 8 June 10/3 They are currently to be seen at the Hampstead Theatre Club.

f3. With a common current or direction of evidence, opinion, etc. Obs. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. Pref. (J.), Which maketh the simple and ignorant to think they even see how the word of God runneth currently on your side. 1658 Baxter Saving Faith §3. 15 In which you know how currantly the schoolmen .. are against you.

'currentness. Now rare or Obs. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being current. f 1. Fluency, easy flow (of language, etc.). Obs. 1586 W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 51 The English tongue lacketh neyther variety nor currantnesse of phrase. 1656 J. Sergeant tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. Transl. Addr., Her Interpreter.. should speak all languages; at least to that fair degree of currentnesse, as [etc.].

2. The fact of being current or in circulation; currency; the genuine quality that entitles coin, etc. to pass current (obs.). 1583 Stocker Hist. Civ. Warres Lowe C. 11. 42 a, The currauntnesse of the Coyne. 1611 Cotgr., Mise.. the currantnesse, or goodnesse of coyne. 1658 Bp. Reynolds Lord's Supper xvi, As prayer is animated by the Death of Christ (which alone is that character that addes currantness to them).

curreour, currer, obs. forms of courier sb. curret, -ette, obs. forms of cuirass. feurreter, -etter. Obs. [a. 16th c. F. courratier, now courtier, OF. coretier, coratier, in Pr. corratier, Sp. corredor, broker, prob. f. correr, L. currere to run (Darmesteter). (The phonology opposes derivation from L. curare.)] A broker. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Vn courretier.. qui moyenne & va & vient cTvne partie a /’autre, pour faire quelque marche, a curretter, a broaker. [1847 in Halliwell.]

curreye, var. conrey Obs., equipment, etc. curricle (’kArik(a)l). [ad. L. curricul-um running, course, also (race-)chariot, f. curr-ere to run.] f 1. A course, running. (In quot. 1682 taken as dim., a short course.) Obs. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. (1756) 124 Upon a curricle in this world depends a long course of the next. 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 271 The Remedy, .is convey’d ..by the Curricle of the Blood into the Tracheal Ducts.

2. A light two-wheeled carriage, usually drawn by two horses abreast. 1752 H. Walpole Let. 5 Aug. (1903) III. 114 These mountains, where the young gentlemen are forced to drive their curricles with a pair of oxen. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 367 A curricle which is put in motion by the person who sits in it, by turning round a single wheel placed in the front. 1769 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 125/2 A man of 70

CURRICULAR much intoxicated .. rolled against the wheel of their curricle. 1794 W. Felton Carriages (1801) II. 95 Curricles.. are.. a superior kind of two-wheeled carriage. 1802 Projects in Ann. Reg. 773/2 In curricles, single horse chaises, or other carriages. 1888 Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men II. xii. 386 He made these periodical journeys .. in a kind of open curricle.

3. Comb., as curricle-builder; attrib., as curricle artillery, fire-engine, gun (= mounted on a light two-wheeled carriage for rapid movement). 1786 Sir H. Croft Abbey of Kilkhampton 107 Coachbuilders, curricle-builders. 1802 Naval Chron. VIII. 173 Brass guns on curricle carriages. 1807 Southey in Q. Rev. II. 126 Two pieces of curricle artillery. 1878-81 E. Matheson Aid Bk. (1889) 579 Curricle fire-engines.. may be advantageously fitted with shafts for one horse.

Hence 'curricle v.\ f curri'cleer, one who drives a curricle, nonce-wds. 1857 Carlyle Misc. IV. 98 (D.) Who is this that comes curricling through the level yellow sunlight, like one of respectability keeping his gig? 1794 Sporting Mag. IV. 58 The dashing curricle-eers of the day. 1803 Pic Nic No. 5 (1806) I. 177 Our tonish navigators and curricleers.

curricular (k3'rikjub(r)), a. rare. [f. L. curricul-um (see prec.) + -ar.] Of or pertaining to driving or to carriages. 1798 Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1799) II. 186 Gigs, buggies, whiskies, and other implements of curricular motion. 1870 Temple Bar Mag. XXIX. 193 Their heroes go to the drive in a tandem with outriders; but, notwithstanding this strange confusion of curricular arrangements [etc.]. 1881 Standard 12 Apr., The four-in-hand is, as it were, the curricular unit. If a man can manage a Coach and four.. he can do anything in the way of driving.

|| curriculum (ka'rikjubm). PI. -ula. [L., = course, career (lit. and fig.): see above.] A course; spec, a regular course of study or training, as at a school or university. (The recognized term in the Scottish Univerities.) curriculum vitae, the course of one’s life; a brief account of one’s career. 1633 Munimenta Univ. Glasg. (1854) III. 379 Finito anni curriculo discessurum. 1643 Ibid. II. 317 Curriculum quinque anriorum. 1824 J. Russell Tour Germ. (1828) I. iii. 134 When the [German] student has finished his curriculum, and leaves the university. 1829 Glasg. Univ. Cal. 39 The curriculum of students who mean to take degrees in Surgery to be three years. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 84 The completion of the entire curriculum of metamorphosis. 1888 Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men II. ix. 201 Butler’s immortal Work has .. been elbowed out from the Oxford curriculum. 1902 New Internal. Encycl. III. 21/2 Anciently biography was more of a mere curriculum vitae than it is now. 1939 ‘M. Innes’ Stop Press 11. iv. 269, I don’t know much about Benton’s curriculum vitae... He must have an orthodox.. academic record. 1941 Koestler Scum of Earth 59 His superiors.. knew all about my professional travels from the curriculum vitae in their files, written by myself. 1954 New Yorker 25 Dec. 18/2 As for Mr. Lapidus’s curriculum vitae, he was born in Russia fifty-two years ago, grew up in Brooklyn, graduated from the Columbia School of Architecture in 1927, and took a job with the well-known firm of Warren & Wetmore. 1971 Time 22 Mar. 14/2 Eddie’s curriculum vitae.. has been served up in plentiful quantity in the press.

curried ('kArid), ppl. a.1 [f. curry v.1 + -ed.] Rubbed down with a comb; dressed; drubbed. a I553 Udall Royster D. 1. iii. (Arb.) 22 The worste is but a curried cote.

'curried,/>£/. a.2 [f. curry sb.2 and v.3 + -ed.] Prepared with curry or curry-powder. 1855 Eliza Acton Mod. Cookery (1863) 302 Curried Oysters. 1882 B. M. Croker Proper Pride I. v. 95 Fish cutlets, curried fowl, tarts, and cream.

[curriedew, -dow, curridow. Error based on a misreading of curreiden (see quot. c 1400 s.v. curry cl1 46). 1561 Chaucer's Wks. Ggg vi/2 Tho curreideu glosours. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, Curriedew, in. Chaucer signifieth Currie-fauour, or Flatter. 1658 Phillips, Curriedow, a curry-favour or flatterer. 1721 Bailey, Curridow, a Curryfavour or Flatterer. 0[/d].]

currier1 ('kAri3(r)). Forms: 4 curiour, 4-6 coriour, curryour, 4-7 cbrier, 5 coryowre, coryer, correher, coureour, curriour, 5-6 coryer, -ar, coryour, 6 corrier, curryar, courrar, currer, 6-7 coriar, 6- currier. [In sense 1, ME. corier, coryer, a. OF. corier, coryer: — L. coriarius, tanner, currier, f. corium hide, leather. The forms in -our, as coureour, are assimilated to, or directly from, F. courroyeur, in Palsgrave couraieur, OF. conreeur (13th c.) currier, f. conreer, in Cotgr. courroyer, now corroyer to curry, whence senses 2, 3. A confusion between the two words appears already in OF. where we find coroier, couroier as variants of coriier, in which the oi is due to corroyer, corroyeur.] 1. One whose trade is the dressing and colouring of leather after it is tanned. In the earlier quots. confused with tanner-, but the two trades were quite distinct and legally incompatible in 1488. C I380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 471 Seynt petre dwelte in a corieris hous. 1382-Acts ix. 43 Many dayes he dwellide in Joppe, at Symound, sum coriour, or tawier [1388 a curiour; Vulg. Simonem quemdam coriarium]. Ibid. x. 6 [v.r. curryour]. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 93 Coryowre, coriarius, cerdo. 1474 Caxton Chesse iii. iii. 77 Coupers, coryers,

152 tawyers, skynners. 1488 Act 1 Hen. VII, c. 5 §2 That no Tanner whiles he occupieth the mistere of a Tanner, .use the mistere of a Coriour nor blak no leder to be put to sale. C1515 Cocke Lorell's B. (Percy Soc.) 1 The nexte that came was a coryar And a cobeler, his brother. 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 79 When Tanners are with Corners wel agreede. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 36 The tanners, makers, curriers, and dressers of the same [leather]. 1639 [see curry v.1 2]. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 833 Useless to the Currier were their Hides. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 761 The trade of a coach currier is hardly carried on anywhere except in the metropolis. 1854 Lowell Cambr. 30 Years Ago Wks. 1890 I. 70 A currier’s shop, where .. men were always beating skins.

2. One who curries horses, etc. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 134 When short hors and short coriers doo meete. 1786 tr. Beckford's Vathek (1834) 39 A currier of camels.

3. One who curries favour. 1515 Barclay Egloges i. Aiv/2 Flatterers and lyers, curriers of fafell.

t 'currier2. Obs. Also 6 curriar, corriar, corier, 6-7 curriour, 7 courriour. [By some assumed to be identical with currier1; others suggest that it may be from F. coureur, light horseman, scout, skirmisher (see courier sb. 2); but evidence is wanting.] 1. An early kind of fire-arm: see quot. 1834. *557-8 Ld. Wentworth Let. to Q. Mary (on siege of Calais) in Hardwick State Papers (1778), The enemies., with their curriors (which assuredly shot very great bullets and carry far). 1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 105 Their corriars were more woorth Then double tolde, the peeces that wee brought. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 11. 61 He caused his bases, curriers, and harquebusses to be shot off. 1659 Howell Vocab. §6 Smaller guns, as courriours, harque¬ busses, muskets. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 373/2 The Currier, or currier of war.. of the same calibre and strength as the arquebus, but with a longer barrel.

2. A man armed with a currier. *577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1215/1 Heerewith a companie of curriours and caliuers were put forward. 1581 Styward Mart. Discipl. 1. 44 The Caleuers or Coriers. Such must haue either of them a good and sufficient peece.

currier, -or, obs. forms of courier sb. curriery ('kArisri). [f. currier1: cf. OF. corroierie.] The trade or occupation of a currier; the place where the trade of a currier is carried on. In mod. Diets.

currish ('k3:rif), a. Also 5 kurressh, 6 courrissh. (f. cur + -ISH.] 1. Of, relating to, or resembling a cur. *5^5-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Caninus, doggish, currish. 1591 Harington Orl. Fur. vi. lxiv. (1634) 46 One of these ..Doth utter barking words with currish sound. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 139 The Dogs of a Mungrel or Currish kinde. 1709 Lond. Gaz. No. 4545/4 An English Spaniel Dog.. his Ears Currish. C1875 Sir R. Christison Autobiog. (1885) I. 248 Rabies is rare here.. though dogs both of good breeds and currish are extremely numerous.

2. fig. Like a cur in nature; snappish, snarling, quarrelsome; mean-spirited, base, ignoble. c 1460 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 65 A kurresshe herte, a mouthe pat is curteise, Ful wele ye wote thei be not accordyng. 1547 Records Jud. Ur. Aiij, Those currish stomakes, which can do nothyng but barke and brail. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iv. i. 292 To change this currish lew. 1614 T. Adams Devil's Banquet 286 His snarling and currish inuectiues. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. III. 275 Quarrelsome and currish People that bark and snarl at one another. 1820 Byron tr. Morgante Maggiore xxxiv, Currish renegade! 1888 J. Payn Myst. Mirbridge II. xiii, His currish nature prompted him to strike where no blow would be returned.

currishly ('kairifli), adv. [f. prec. 4- -ly2.] In a currish manner. 1519 Horman Vulg. 128 Thou.. oughtest nat to holde courrisshly ageynst thy maister. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 370 Goodwil and courteous interteinment currishly recompenced. 01632 T. Taylor God's Judgem. 1. 1. x. (1642) 26 Whereat the Emperour being netled. .used him most currishly. 1884 Symonds Shaks. Predecessors xiv. 574 Gabriel Harvey.. currishly vented his spleen against the dead man in a clumsy satire.

currishness ('k3:rijnis). [f. as prec. + -ness.] Currish condition or quality. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apophth. 68 b marg., Thei [Cynics] did with their foule mouthes represente the curryshenesse of doggues. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 11. lxix. (R.), Diogenes .. by his currishness got him the name of dog. 1824 Galt Rothelan I. 11. vi. 199 The natural currishness of their temperament.

curror, -our(e, -owre, -ur, obs. ff. courier sb. f 'curry, sb.1 Obs. rare. In 5 curray. [a. F. corroi 13th c. (AngloFr. *corrai), OF. also conroi, conrei, etc., with the primary sense ‘preparation’: see conrey, and curry w.1] The currying or dressing of leather. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas n. xiii. (1554) 52 a, A skin wrought by good curray.

curry ('kAri), sb.2 Forms: (6 carriel, 7 carree), 8 carrye, curree, kerry, 8- currie, curry, [a. Tamil kari sauce, relish for rice, Canarese karil.

CURRY whence Pg. caril, and earlier Eng. and Fr. forms; mod.F. is cari.] 1. a. A preparation of meat, fish, fruit, or vegetables, cooked with a quantity of bruised spices and turmeric, and used as a relish or flavouring, esp. for dishes composed of or served with rice. Hence, a curry — a dish or stew (of rice, meat, etc.) flavoured with this preparation (or with curry-powder). 1598 W. Phillips Linschoten 88 (Y.) Most of their fish is eaten with rice, which they seeth in broth, which they put upon the rice, and is somewhat soure. .but it tasteth well, and is called Carriel. 1681 R. Knox Hist. Ceylon 12 They.. boyl them [fruits] to make Carrees, to use the Portuguez word, that is somewhat to eat with and relish their Rice. 1747 Art of Cookery 52 To make a Currey the Indian way. 1766 Grose Voy. E. Indies (1772) I. 150 (Y.) The currees are infinitely various, being a sort of fricacees to eat with rice, made of any animals or vegetables. 1848 Thackeray Lett.. If you can come to dinner, there’s a curry. 1891 Sharman Fam. Cookery 16 Pour the curry on the dish with the rice.

b. attrib. and Comb., as curry-sauce, -stuff-, curry-leaf tree, a name for Bergera Konigii, the aromatic leaves of which are used to flavour curries; curry-paste, -powder, preparations of turmeric and strong spices, for making curried dishes. 1855 E. Acton Mod. Cookery (rev. ed.) i. 45 A large tablespoonful of Captain White’s currie-paste. 1906 Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xvi. 450 Add the stock, curry-paste, sliced apple. 1810 R. J. Thornton Family Herbal 12 Turmeric., a principal ingredient in the composition of curry-powder. 1883 Mrs. Bishop in Leisure Ho. 146/1 Curry is at each meal, but it is not made with curry powder. 1845 E. Acton Mod. Cookery viii. 201 Currie sauce, highly onioned, is frequently served. 1948 Good Housek. Cookery Bk. 280 Curry sauce.. is much improved by the addition of 1 tbsp. cream immediately before use. i860 Tennent Ceylon I. 463 (Y.) Plots of esculents and curry-stuffs of every variety, onions, chillies, yams [etc.].

2. to give (a person) curry: see quot. 1941. Austral, slang. 1941 Baker Diet. Austral. Slang 21 To give someone curry, to abuse, reprove, express anger at a person. 1944 Coast to Coast 1943 113 I’d like him not to be writing! Wouldn’t I give him curry! Ibid. 124 I’m going to give those old tarts a bit of curry to-night, Ron. 1945 Baker Austral. Lang. vi. 120 A man who attacks another is said .. to give him curry or curried hell.

t 'curry, currie, sb.3 Obs. or arch. Also 6 curee, curie, [a. F. curee, in 14-15th c. cuiree, f. cuir hide, corresponding to a L. type *coriata lit. hide-ful, skin-ful, the entrails of the deer being given to the hounds on the skin: see Littre, and Notes to Sir Tristrem( 1886)1. 474. Cf. quarry.] The portions of an animal slain in the chase that were given to the hounds; the cutting up and disembowelling of the game; transf. any prey thrown to the hounds to be torn in pieces, or seized and torn in pieces by wild beasts: see QUARRY. C1500 Melusine xix. 99 pe herte.. was hadde out of the watre and the curee made & gyue to the houndes as custome is to doo. 1600 Gowrie's Consp. in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 192 His maiestie not staying vppon the curie of the deir, as his vse is. ci6ii Chapman Iliad xvi. 145 A den of wolves .. New come from currie of a stag. Ibid. xvi. 693 Two fierce kings of beasts, oppos’d in strife about a hind Slain on the forehead of a hill, both sharp and hungry set, And to the currie never came but like two deaths they met. 1830 R. Chambers Life J as. I, I. ix. 247 It was James’s practice to superintend the curry or dissection of the deer. [1859 Helps Friends in C. Ser. 11. II. vi. 134 A bill is thrown before the house as the curee to the hounds; and it is tom to pieces by everybody.]

t'curry, sb.* App. an error for carry sb. i. 111682 Sir T. Browne Tracts i. (1684) n Whereof one would lade a Curry or small Cart.

curry ('kAri), v.1 Forms: 3 (?) courey, 4-7 cory, corry, 5-6 cury, 5 corroye, coraye, corey, (core), curray, (pa. t. pi. curreiden), couray, 6 courye, -ie, currey, 6-7 courrie, -y, currie, 4- curry, [a. OF. correie-r, coree-r, orig. conreder, conreer, cunreer, conraer, conraier to put in order, prepare, arrange, dispose, equip, apparel, curry a horse; in Palsgr. and Cotgr. courroyer, mod.F. corroyer to curry leather, = Pr. conrear to arrange, to entertain, It. corredare to equip, furnish, deck out, fit out (a bride or a ship):—early Rom. *conredare to prepare, make ready, etc.: see conrey. In OF. the diphthong ei, oi, in the second syllable, belongs originally only to the stressed forms, whence it has been extended to all. The i6th c. form courroyer seems to have been assimilated to courroye, courroie:—L. corrigia thong, leather strap.]

1. trans. To rub down or dress (a horse, ass, etc.) with a comb. C1290 5. Eng. Leg. I. 61/251 And selde heo [an ass] is icoureyd [? i-conreyd] wel. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. XVIII. xli. (1495) 802 The colte is not.. coryed wyth an horse combe, c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 53 (Matzner) Lik as he wold coraye his maystres hors. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 19 A short horse is soone corryd. 1576 Turberv. Venerie 31 It may suffize to rubbe and courrie the hounde three times in a weeke. 1589 Pappe w. Hatchet 3 Who would currie an Asse with an Iuorie combe? 1617

CURRY

b. Applied to persons. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xxiii. (Arb.) 273 Thou art that fine, foolish .. Alexander that tendest to nothing but to combe and cury thy haire. 1596 Nashe Saffron Walden 107 Currying and smudging and pranking himselfe. 1733 Cheyne Eng. Malady 11. xii. §3 (1734) 243 The Parts affected.. being first well curried with a Flesh-Brush. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life xx. (1826) 251 She curries with towels The Chamber-maid’s bowels.

C-fig-'- To tickle, scrape, scratch, claw, etc. 1598 E. Gilpin Skial. (1878) 59 We shall be curried with the brislie phrases And prick-song termes he hath premeditate. 1607 Dekker Westw. Hoe v. Wks. 1873 II. 352 You shall go on fidling. .curry your instruments: play and away. 1655 Fuller Hist. Camb. (1840) 151 Indeed, with his learned lectures, he .. curried the lazy hides, of many an idle and ignorant friar.

2. To dress (tanned leather) by soaking, scraping, paring, beating, colouring, etc. 14.. Chalmerlan Air c. 22 (Jam.) Item, thai wirk it [lethir] or it be courait. £1440 Promp. Parv. 110 Currayyn ledyr .. corradio. 1490 Caxton Eneydos vii. 30 The hide of an oxe whiche [she] dyd doo corroye well. 1503-4 Act ig Hen. VII, c. 19 Preamb., Upon peyne of forfeitur of every hyde by hym so corryed. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 171 Those skins which are to be courried and dressed. 1639 Sc. Acts, Chas. I (1870) V. App. 610/1 Edward Spencer Corier, craving libertie to buy hydis . . and vent the same being Coried. 1714 Fr. Bk. of Rates 142 All Leather, tanned or curried, coming from Foreign Parts. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxxi, I made the deer’s hide be curried and dressed by a tanner.

fb. To work iron in the forge. corroyer du fer.]

CURSE

153

Caval. hi. 21 First let your groom vncloath him, then currie, rubbe, picke, and dresse him. 1725 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Travelling Horse, Ever where the Horse’s hair is thinnest there curry the gentlest. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 175 Her hide is daily curried and brushed. Markham

Obs.

[F.

1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 58 Spanish-steel.. sometimes proves very unsound, as not being well curried, that is well wrought.

3. transf. To beat or thrash one’s hide for him, give a drubbing to. Also fig. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 1641 For myrth I have hym coryed, beten and blyst. 1530 Palsgr. 504/2 She hath curryed hym with a good staffe. 1580 Baret Alv. C. 1799 He hath well curried thy cote. 1621 Fletcher I si. Princess iv. ii, I have seen him Curry a fellow’s carcass handsomely. 1719 D’Urfey Pills V. 227 This is the great Sir Francis Vere, That so the Spaniards curry’d. 1809 W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 220 He swore .. that.. he would curry his hide till he made him run out of it.

f4. fig. To ‘stroke down’ (a person) with flattery or blandishment. Obs. c 1394 P. PI. Crede 365 Whou J?ey curry kinges & her back clawep.

fb. intr. or absol. To employ flattery or blandishment, so as to cajole or win favour: cf. next. £1400 Test. Love 1. (1560) 280 b/i Tho curreiden glosours, tho welcomeden flatterers. 1575 Brieff Disc. Troubl. at Franckford (1642) 167 Such as. .can cap it, can cope it, and curry for advantage. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, v. i. 81 I would currie with Maister Shallow. 1830 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) II. 51 His Grace meant he was currying to the Duke of Newcastle.

5. fa. to curry favel. to use insincere flattery, or unworthy compliance with the humour of another, in order to gain personal advantage. (Cf. CURRY-FAVEL below.) [OF. estriller fauvel (fauveau, fauvain, also torcher fauvel) to curry the chestnut horse, hence, to employ deceit or hypocrisy, to gloze; cf. favel.] £ 1400 Beryn 362 She toke hym by the swere, As J?ou3e she had lernyd cury fauel of som olde ffrere. a 1420 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 189 The knyght or squier.. but he hide The trouthe and cory favelle, he not the ner is His lordes grace. 1426 Audelay Poems (Percy Soc.) 26 Loke thou core not favel ne be no flaterer. c 1561 Underhill Narr. Reform. (Camden Soc.) 159 Accordynge to the olde provearbe .. He thatt wylle in courte abyde Must cory favelle bake and syde, for souche gett moste gayne. 1570 T. Wilson Demosthenes 77 While they tell you a faire tale and curry fauell with you. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1610) 108 Her pickthanke favourits, who to curry Favell, spared not [etc.],

b. Later, this phrase was transformed into to curry favour: to seek to win favour, or ingratiate oneself with another, by officious courtesy or unworthy complaisance. £1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Fvj, Flatter not as do some, With none curry fauour. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Matt. viii. 20 note, He thoght by this meanes to courry fauour with the worlde. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 470 [It] was then by him published to curry favour with the Royalists. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 250 A set of bravos who.. attempted to curry favour with the government by affronting members of the opposition. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi xxiii. 472 Gossiping traders who seek to curry their favour.

fc. Hence occas. in other phrases of kindred meaning, as to curry acquaintance, good will, applause, friends, pardon. 1571 Campion Hist. Ireland (1809) 162 He curryed acquaintance and friendship with meere Irish enemyes. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1303/2 He.. seeketh all waies he could to currie the bishops good will. 1630 Symmer Rest Weary i. A. iv. b, The proud and ambitious man .. curryes the applause of the world with all his might, a 1745 Swift Poems, Dan Jackson s Reply, ’Tis true indeed, to curry friends, You seem to praise to make amends. 18.. Coleridge Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 250 Currying pardon for his past liberalism by charging .. himself with the guilt of falsehood.

t curry, v.2

Obs.

[perh. derived from currier,

common 16-18th c. form of courier, as if to ride post, to post. Cf. scurry.] intr. To ride or run with haste or rapidity; to scurry. 1608 Chapman Byron's Conspir. v. Plays 1873 II. 245, I am not hee that can .. by midnight leape my horse, curry seauen miles [etc.]. 1630 J. Taylor (Water-P.) Discov. by Sea Wks. 11.21/1 We with our Wherry .. Along the christall Thames did cut and curry. 1676 Marvell Mr. Smirke 34 A Sermon is soon curryed over. curry ('kAn),

v.3

[f.

curry sb.2]

trans.

To

flavour or prepare with curry or curry-powder. 1839 Britannia 12 May, The culinary skill by which.. Lord John Russell curried unfortunate Lord Morpeth into the yellow resemblance of a statesman. 1855 [see curried]. 'curry-comb, sb.

[f. curry v.1]

A comb or

instrument of metal used for currying horses, etc. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 35 A currie-combe, mainecombe, and whip for a Jade. 1618 Fletcher Loyal Subject 1. iii, The devil with a curry-comb Scratch ’em, and scrub ’em. 1714 in Phil. Trans. XXIX. 49 Rubbing and currying .. with a Currycomb and Brush. 1882 H. Lansdell Through Siberia I. 137 Siberian post-horses are sorry objects to look at.. A curry-comb probably never touches their coats. b. attrib. and Comb. 1634 Heywood & Brome Lane. Witches 11. Wks. 1874 IV. 201, I have .. then halfe a score mile to ride by curriecombe time, i’ the morning. 1768 Goldsm. Good-n. Man 1, Old Ruggins, the curry-comb maker. 'curry-comb, 'currycomb, v. trans.

[f.

prec. sb ]

To rub down or groom with a curry¬

comb; to curry. Also transf. and fig.: see curry v. 1708 Motteux Rabelais v. vii. (1737) 26 The Groom., ordered one of his Underlings to.. curricomb him with a Cudgel. 1809 Scott in C. K. Sharpe's Corr. (1888) I. 366, I would willingly embrace your offer of curry-combing Miss Owenson. 1839 Times 13 Sept., They do not believe a priest can currycomb off their sins. 1842 Mrs. Gore Fascin. 42 The principal clerk.. became suddenly as serious as an ass that is being currycombed. Hence 'curry-comber. 1889 Rawlinson Anc. Egypt ii. (ed. 4) 32 The Apis bull .. had his train of attendant priests .. his grooms and currycombers.

.1

t'curry-favel(l. Obs. [See curry v 5 a.] One who solicits favour by flattery or complaisance. 1515 State Papers II. 15 (N.) All the curryfavel, that be next of the deputye is secrete counsayll, dare not.. shewe hym the greate jupardye .. of his soule. 1530 Palsgr. 211/2 Curryfavell, a flatterar, estrille faueav. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ill. xxiv. (Arb.) 299 Sometimes a creeper, and a curry fauell with his superiors. b. (See quot.) 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xvii. (Arb.) 195 If such moderation of words tend to flattery, or soothing, or excusing, it is by the figure Paradiastole, which therfore nothing improperly we call the Curry-fauell, as when we make the best of a bad thing. t'curry-favour. Obs.

.1

[See curry v

5 b.]

1. = prec. 1577 Holinshed Chron. II. 144 A number of prodigal currie favours, who by flatterie set him aloft. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary II. (1625) 116 Men infected with this basenesse of condition, being .. Curri-favours of the world. 1658 Phillips, Curriedotv, a curry-favour, or flatterer. 2. The action of currying favour with others. 1581 Mulcaster Positions cxliii. (1887) 276 We..yeilde to curtesie more, then euen the verie patrones of curtesie do, for all their curifauour. So f'curry-favourer = prec. i. 1563 Nowel Serm. bef. Queen (1853) 225 Their subjects, servants, curry-favourers, and others, will follow. currying (’kArnri), vbl. sb.

[f. curry ti.1]

1. The action of rubbing down with a curry¬ comb. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 120 In curriyng of them we must begin at the head and the necke. 1634 Heywood & Brome Lane. Witches iv. Wks. 1874 IV. 224 The Beast.. hath cost you more the currying, then all the Combs in your Stable are worth. b. Comb, currying-glove, a glove with a rough surface used for currying horses.

2. The process of dressing tanned hides. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 198 To Cordener for coreyyng of a barkyd hyde iiij. d. 1532-3 Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. 1 An acte concernynge true tanninge and coriynge of lether. 1870 Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 295 Tanned leather often undergoes the further operation of currying. b. fig. Drubbing, thrashing. 1807 W. Irving Salmagundi (1824) 6 Nor will the gentlemen .. escape our currying. curry-leaf, -powder: see curry sb.2 i b. currymaul (Herb.), variant of carmele. 1791 Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 414 A species of liquorice called currymaul. curs, obs. form of course, curse. cursal (’k3:s3l), a. [ad. med.L. cursalis, f. cursus course: see -al1.]

Of or belonging to a course;

applied to certain canons of St. Asaph’s and prebendaries of St. David’s Cathedral in Wales. According to some, because originally their prebends were annually changed by course or rotation: Jones &

Freeman Hist. St. David's 313. Others would refer it to the lCursus, officium Ecclesiasticum, seu series Orationum, Psalmorum, Hymnorum, et cEeterarum precationum, quae quotidie in Ecclesia decantatur’ (Du Cange). 1872 M. E. C. Walcott Sacristy II. 84 The preachers of Canterbury and cursal Canons of S. Asaph. 1878 Clergy List, Cathedral Establishments, St. Davids; Prebendaries: 1st Cursal The Queen.

t 'cursant, a. Her. Obs. [ad. L. cursant-em, pr. pple. of cursare to run: cf. course v.] Running, coursing. 1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 55 b, Three Greyhoundes cursante.

feursarary, a. Obs. rare. [app. f. cursare, CORSAIR + -ARY.] Of or pertaining to corsairs. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 385 It serueth them for.. a great defence in time of cursarary inuasions.

cursare, -aro, -ary, obs. forms of corsair. curse (k3:s), sb. Forms: 1-4 curs, 4-5 kors, 4-6 curss(e, 5 curce, 5- curse. [Late OE. curs, of unknown origin; no word of similar form and sense is known in Teutonic, Romanic, or Celtic. (Of connexion with cross, which has been suggested, there is no trace.)] In its various uses the opposite of blessing.

1. a. An utterance consigning, or supposed or intended to consign, (a person or thing) to spiritual and temporal evil, the vengeance of the deity, the blasting of malignant fate, etc. It may be uttered by the deity, or by persons supposed to speak in his name, or to be listened to by him. 10.. Charter of Leofric in Cod. Dipl. IV. 72 Haebbe he her on Sisse life Goddes curs. [Cf. Earle Land Charters & Sax. Doc. 252, 253, etc.] 01050 Liber Scintill. lvi. (1889) 174 Bletsung faeder faestnaS hus bearna, curs sofilice moder awyrtwalafi trymminege. £1125 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS), an. 656 Leidon pa Godes curs and ealre halgane curs and al Cristene folces. £1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 287/314 He 3af alle godes curs and his. 01300 Vox & Wolf 201 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 64 Ich habbe widewene kors Therefore ich fare the wors. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. xiv. (1495) 199 The faders curse greuyth the chyldren. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. iii. 240 Thus haue you breath’d your Curse against your self. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 376 Her prayers and Amen, be a charm and a curse. 1780 Cowper Table Talk 467 God’s curse can cast away ten thousand sail! 1798 Coleridge Anc. Mariner iv. ix, An orphan’s curse would drag to Hell A spirit from on high. 1829 Hood Eugene Aram xii, He told how murderers walk’d the earth Beneath the curse of Cain.

b. spec. A formal ecclesiastical censure or anathema; a sentence of excommunication. 01050 in Thorpe Anc. Laws II. 318 Bisceopum gebyreS J?aet hi sefre on aenine man curs ne settan, butan hy nyde scylan. c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 655 Have noon Awe In swich caas of the Ercedekenes curs, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 111 Curce, excommunicatio, anathema. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 936/1 At the suit of the ladie Katharine Dowager, a cursse was sent from the pope, which curssed both the king and the realme. 0 1763 Shenstone Ess. 176 If any one’s curse can effect damnation, it is not that of the pope, but that of the poor. 1849 Whittier Voices of Freedom, Charter-breakers iii, The waiting crowd .. Stood to hear the priest rehearse, In God’s name, the Church’s curse.

2. a. Without implication of the effect: The uttering of a malediction with invocation or adjuration of the deity; a profane oath, an imprecation. 01050 Liber Scintill. v. (1889) 24 Na ajyldende yfel for yfele oppe curs for curse [maledictum pro maledicto], ac per tojeanes bletsijende. C1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 163 De defies sed is.. hoker and scorn .. curs and leasinges. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 1. i. 196, I giue him curses, yet he giues me loue. 1732 Pope Ep. Bathurst 273 Despairing quacks with curses fled the place. 1835 Whittier Hunters of Men iv, The curse of the sinner and prayer of the saint. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 96 Some curses followed.

b. Used in pi. as an imprecation, expressing irritation or frustration; esp. (histrionically or as a stage-aside) curses, foiled again! 1885 Muskerry & Jourdain Khartoum! viii. 49 Ha! they’re here. Ah, curses! 1926 ‘S. Steele’ {title) Curses, what a night! A nonsensical satire on the mellerdrammer. 1932 J. Corbett Vampire of Skies ii. 29 He happened to be free at the moment — the Yard knew that (curses!) — and his holidays were due in a fortnight. 1967 Gernhard & Holler Snoopy versus Red Baron (song) 4 He flew into the sky to seek revenge, but the Baron shot him down. Curses, foiled again! 1973 S. Allen Curses! 119 If you haven’t learned anything from this book then, ‘Curses! May you be foiled again and again and again!’ c 1977 V. R. Cheatham Skits Spoofs for Young Actors p. v, The Tortoise and the Hare Hit the Road. . . Meet Dr. Frankenstein... Curses! Foiled Again! 1986 R. Claiborne Saying what You Mean 197 ‘Curses!’ the baffled villain snarled.

U In such phrases as not worth a curse, not to care a curse, the expression possibly comes down from the ME. not worth a kerse, kers, cres: see cress 2. But historical connexion between the two is not evidenced, there being an interval of more than 300 years between the examples of the ME. and the modern phrase; and damn (cf. care v. 4 a) occurs as early as curse, so that the coincidence may be merely accidental. 1763 T. Jefferson Let. Writings 1892 I. 346, I do not conceive that any thing can happen .. which you would give a curse to know. 1813 Moore Post-bag ii. 93 For, as to wives, a Grand Signor Need never care one curse about them! 1826 Blackw. Mag. XIX. 357/1 The Chapter on Naval Inventions is not worth a curse. 1827 Scott Jrnl. (1890) II. 43 He will not care a curse for what outward show he has lost.

CURSE 3. a. An object of cursing or execration; an accursed thing or person. 1382 Wyclif Gal. iii. 13 Crist. . maad for vs curs, that is, sacrifice for curs. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Gal. iii. 13 Christ.. being made a curse for vs. 1611 Bible Jer. xxvi. 6, I.. wil make this city a curse to all the nations. 1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 168 Bajazet. . who is the curse and execration of all the world. 1838 Lytton Leila 1. vi, Thy name is a curse in Israel. b. = CUSS sb. 2. 1790 [see rantipole sb. 1]. 1854 B. Young in Jrnl. Discourses I. 83 We have known Gladden Bishop for more than twenty years, and know him to be a poor, dirty curse. Ibid. 169 Why don’t you do it, you poor miserable curses?

c. An angler’s name for a very small gnat or midge. 1889 F. M. Halford Dry-fly Fishing vi. 116 ‘Curses’, or black midges or gnats. 1899 igth Cent. Jan. 122 The monstrously minute ‘curse’.

4. a. The evil inflicted by divine (or supernatural) power in response to an imprecation, or in the way of retributive punishment. 1382 Wyclif Dan. ix. 11 And al Yrael braken the lawe.. and cursse droppide on vs. 1587 Golding De Mornay Ep. Ded. 3 He turned the reproch of his crosse into glorie, and the cursse therof into a blessing. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. ii. 18 ‘Curse on that Cross,’ (quoth then the Sarazin). 1713 Addison Cato 1. ii, Curse on the stripling! how he apes his sire. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. v. 28 This is God’s curse on slavery! a bitter, a bitter, most accursed thing!

b. A great evil (regarded more or less vaguely as inflicted or resting upon a person, community, etc.); a thing which blights or blasts; a blasting affliction, a bane. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. v. iv. 43 Oh ’tis the curse in Loue . .When women cannot loue, where they’re belou’d. 1595 -John iv. ii. 208 It is the curse of Kings, to be attended By slaues, that take their humors for a warrant. 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. x. §1 (1681) 210 The only natural Remedies against this sometimes heavy Curse [mildew]. 1789 W. Buchan Dom. Med. (ed. 11) 81 Many people look upon the necessity man is under of earning his bread by labour, as a curse. 1846 Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 141 The curse of our generation is that so few of us deeply believe anything. 1870 Pall Mall Budget 29 Oct. 19/1 Very ill with that curse of his trade the painter’s colic.

c. curse of Scotland: a name given to the nine of diamonds in a pack of cards. Origin of the name doubtful. A not unlikely suggestion is that the card was so called from resembling the armorial bearings of Dalrymple, Lord Stair, nine lozenges on a saltire, the number and shape of the spots being identical, and their arrangement sufficiently similar. The first Earl of Stair was the object of much execration, especially from the adherents of the Stuarts, for his share in sanctioning the Massacre of Glencoe in 1692, and subsequently for the influential part played by him in bringing about the Union with England in 1707. An opponent says he was ‘at the bottom of the Union’, and ‘so he may be styled the Judas of the Country’. 1715-47 J. Houston Mem. 92 [Lord Justice-Clerk Ormistone] became universally hated in Scotland, where they called him the Curse of Scotland; and when the ladies were at cards playing the Nine of Diamonds (commonly called the Curse of Scotland), they called it the Justice Clerk. 1791 Gentl. Mag. 141 The nine of diamonds [is called] the Curse of Scotland, because every ninth monarch of that nation was a bad King to his subjects. 1810 Sporting Mag. XXXVI. 75 There is the curse of Scotland, plague take that nine of diamonds. 1893 Daily News 21 Feb. 4/8 A problem which has long puzzled antiquaries. Why is the Nine of Diamonds called the Curse of Scotland?

d. the curse: menstruation, colloq. 1930 J. Dos Passos 42nd Parallel 147 She was afraid her period was coming on. She’d only had the curse a few times yet. 1933 ‘E. A. Robertson’ Ordinary Families vi. 115 Ill luck.. had added a premature last straw to my load of misery: I had the curse, i960 Woman's Own 19 Mar. 15/1, I always think it such a pity when girls.. call it ‘the curse’. 1969 G. Greene Travels with my Aunt xii. 120, I forgot the damn pill and I haven’t had the curse for six weeks.

5. attrib. and Comb., as curse-blasted, -loving, -scarred, -worthy adjs.; curse-roll, a list of anathemas; curse-mete, app. formed after the erroneous help-meet for help meet or the modern help-mate; curse-word = cuss-word (cuss sb. 3). 1836 G. S. Faber Answ. Husenbeth 34 After the manner of his curse-loving Church. 1844 Mrs. Browning Drama of Exile, I.. Who yesterday was helpmate and delight Unto mine Adam, am to-day the grief And curse-mete for him. 1855 Bailey Mystic 127 With ominous and curseworthy glory. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) I. 180, I shall have a list longer than the curse-roll of the Pope. 1897 R. M. Stuart Simpkinsville vii. 225 The popular after-dinner ‘curse word story’ of the cloth would never have been tolerated in Simpkinsville.

curse (k3:s), v.

Forms: i cursian, 2-3 cursen, (3-4 kurse, 4 curce), 4-5 cors, (5 cruss), 5-6 cursse, 4- curse. [Goes with curse sb., from which, in its OE. form curs, the vb. cursian was probably immediately derived.] Generally the opposite of to bless in its various uses.

1. trans. To utter against (persons or things) words which consign, or are intended or supposed to consign, them to evil spiritual or temporal, as the wrath of God or the malignity of fate; to damn. a. Said of the deity or supernatural power. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn, ii Cursed be pe man pe leueS upen hwate. Ibid. 181 J?o godes muS cursede eorSe. 1426 Audelay Poems 2 Murthyr, theft, and avoutre.. bene

cursedly

154 cursyd in heven on hye. 1611 Bible Numb, xxiii. 8 How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? 1761 Sterne Trist. Shandy III. xi, May the Father who created man, curse him .. May St. Michael, the advocate of holy souls, curse him. 1821 Byron Cain i. i. 522 O Cain! This spirit [Lucifer] curseth us.

b. Said of persons claiming to speak in the divine name, esp. officers of the church: To pronounce a formal curse against, to anathematize, excommunicate, consign to perdition. a 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137 §4 pe biscopes & lered men heom cursede aeure. Ibid. an. 1140, pe biscop of Wincestre.. cursede alle pe men. a 1300 Cursor M. 17109 (Gott.) Curced in kirc pan sal pai be wid candil, boke, and bell. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 309 [The pope Anastasius] cursede pe emperour. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) ix. 36 Machomete cursez all J>ase pat drinkez wyne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 111 Cursyn’, excommunico, anathematizo, cateziso. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 119 This yere the men of Caithnes in Scotland burned their bishop, because he curssed them for not paiyng of their Tithes. 1611 Bible Numb. xxii. 6 Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse mee this people, for they are too mightie for mee. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. 1. 7 The Jews., cursed them in a solemn manner three times. 1849 Whittier Voices of Freedom, Curse of Char ter-breakers ix, Since that stoled and mitred band Cursed the tyrants of their land. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 79 Those who alienate either house or lot shall be cursed by priests.

2. a. Hence (without implication of the effect): To imprecate or invoke divine vengeance or evil fate upon; to denounce with adjuration of the divine name; to pour maledictions upon; to swear at. Also const, for. c 1200 Ormin 5050 3iflF pat tu currsesst ani3 mann & hatesst himm wipp herrte. C1300 St. Brandon 550 Ich mai cursi the tyme that ich ibore was. 11325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1583 He corsed his clerkes & calde hem chorles. c 1475 Partenay 2851 Full often crossing the hour and the day That thes wordes scapid or mouthed he. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Jan. 49 A thousand sithes I curse that carefull hower. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 52 The citizens .. cursing the tyrant to the devill. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. v. (1841) I. 109, I heard my brother damn the coachman, and curse the maids. 1859 Tennyson Guinevere 529, I did not come to curse thee, Guinevere. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 163 Voltaire.. never knew more German than was needed to curse a postilion. 1922 H. Walpole Cathedral 11. iv. 229 He cursed Foster for a meddling, cantankerous fanatic.

fb. with obj. clause. Obs. rare. c 1500 Maid Emlyn in Anc. Poet. Tracts 27 He cursed that he came thyder. 1638 Ford Fancies ill. iii, The time will come.. When he.. Will curse he train’d me hither.

c. In imprecations (with expressed): = damn, confound.

no

subject

1761 Sterne Tristr. Shandy III. x, Curse the fellow.. I am undone for this bout. 1877 H. Smart Play or Pay iv. (1878) 71 ‘Curse the whist!’ he muttered; ‘what a fool I was to meddle with it!’ 1881 Scribn. Mag. XXI. 269/2 ‘Curse it! why do you treat me so?’

3. To speak impiously against, to rail profanely at (the deity, fate, destiny, etc.); to blaspheme. c 1050 Spelman's Psalms xxxvi[i], 22 (C. MS.) For6am pe bletsiende him yrfweardiafi eorfian, yfelcwej?ende [C. cursiynde] soOlice hine forweorSaS. 1388 Wyclif Job ii. 9 His wijf seide to hym.. Curse thou God, and die. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. i. 37 He., cursed heven; and spake reprochful shame Of highest God. 1611 Bible Isa. viii. 21 They shall fret themselues, and curse their King, and their God. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 774 The Clown, who, cursing Providence, repines. 1732 Pope Ep. Bathurst 402 And sad Sir Balaam curses God and dies.

4. absol. or intr. To utter curses; to swear profanely in anger or irritation. c 1230 Ancr. R. 198 pe pet swereft greate o8es, o8er bitterliche kurseft. C1350 Will. Palerne 1977 He..gan to kurse fast; ‘Where dwelle 3e, a deuel wai, 3e damiseles, so long?’ c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1169 It es mare manhede .. to .. beseke god pair bote to bene, pan outhir for to curse or scorne. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. liii. [Iii.] 190 When they saw theyr goodes taken and spente away.. they cursed bytwene theyr tethe, sayenge, go into Englande or to the deuyll. 1535 Coverdale Matt. xxvi. 74 Then beganne he to curse and to sweare. 1667 Dryden Wild Gallant iv. i, I drink not, I curse not, I cheat not; they are unnecessary vices. 1819 Shelley Cenci iii. i. 314 He., came to upbraid and curse, Mocking our poverty. 1892 D. C. Murray Bob Martin's Lit. Girl I. 13 Coming into collision with some unseen piece of furniture [he] cursed quietly to himself.

5. trans. To afflict with such evils or calamities as are the consequences or indications of divine wrath or the malignancy of fate; to blast, to be cursed with: to be afflicted with by divine decree, by destiny, or by one’s evil fate. 1382 Wyclif Deut. xxviii. 16, 17 Cursid thow shalt be in citee, cursed in feeld; cursid thy bern, and cursid thi relikis. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 945 The Destinies will curse thee for this stroke. 1611 Bible Gen. xii. 3,1 will blesse them that blesse thee, and curse him, that curseth thee. 1727-38 Gay Fables 1. viii. 13 With this plague she’s rightly curst. 1781 Cowper Truth 182 To..curse the desert with a tenfold dearth. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. iv. xiv. Sure some fell fiend has cursed our line, That coward should e’er be son of mine! 1880 J. Cook Boston Lectures, Heredity x, He was temporarily a drunkard, and God cursed him, through that law of initial heredity. Mod. To be cursed with a bad temper, a drunken wife, etc.

corsed, -id, 4-6 curste, 5 curset, -it, -yd, 5-6 curssed. [f. curse v. + -ed1.] 1. That has had a curse pronounced or invoked upon him or it; excommunicated, anathematized; under a curse, blasted with a curse. a 1300 Cursor M. 29332 (Cott.) Qua communs wit cursd man, pat was noght ar, es cursd pan. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xxii. 419 The countrey is pe corsedour per cardinales corner ynne. 1483 Cath. Angl. 87 Cursed, anathematizatus. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 147 The wofullest Diuision.. That euer fell vpon this cursed Earth. 1611 Bible Matt. xxv. 41 Depart from me, ye cursed. 1723 Gay Captives 11. (1772) 41 Shun’d like a pestilence, a curst informer! 1800 Wordsw. Hart-Leap Well 11. vii, But something ails it now; the spot is curst. 1862 Ruskin Munera P. (1880) 92 The cursed figtree, which has leaves but no fruit.

2. Deserving a curse; damnable, execrable, heinously wicked. a 1300 Cursor M. 1106 (Gott.) To haue done suilk a curced dede. 1388 Wyclif Ecclus. x. 9 No thing is cursidere than an auerouse man. CI400 Melayne 310 Appon the cursede Sarazens for to werre. a 1592 H. Smith ITks. (1867) II. 34 Who would have said .. that the chosen people should become the cursedest upon the earth? 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xvn. i. 79 Carefull withall, least the cursed foules of the aire [dirae volucres] should devoure the bodies. 1667 Milton P.L. 1. 388 And with cursed things His holy Rites and solemn Feasts profan’d. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. v. (1841) I. 99 The cursed roots from whence this bitter fruit grows up. 1765 H. Walpole Otranto iv, ‘Dare to proceed in thy curst purpose of a divorce.. and here I lance her anathema at thy head.’

3. Used intensively in expression of hatred, dislike, vexation, etc.: Execrable, detestable, abominable, ‘damned’, ‘confounded’. c 1386 Chaucer Sompn. Prol. 43 God save yow alle, save this cursed Frere. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 39 It was his hard lucke and curssed chaunce. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 209 Earwigs.. are cursed Devourers. 1738 Swift Pol. Conversat. 22, I have cut my Thumb with this cursed Knife. 1819 Byron Juan 11. clii, One’s early valet’s cursed knock. 1876 E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 24 ‘What a cursed piece of buffoonery!’

b. Used adverbially; sometimes emphatic. (Cf. damned, deuced.)

merely

1719 J. Richardson Sc. Connoisseur 116 Our Grandsires they were Papists, Our Fathers Oliverians, Their Beams ’tis said are Atheists, Ours must be Cursed Queer Ones. 1778 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ep. Reviewers Wks. 1812 I. 7 What they disapprove is cursed simple. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain 1. 30 They prefer cursed bad wine to holy water.

4. (Usually spelt curst.) a. Of persons (or their dispositions, tongues, etc.): Malignant; perversely disagreeable or cross; cantankerous, shrewish, virulent. Obs. or arch, (also dial.) C1400 Maundev. (1839) viii. 89 This Heroude was over moche cursed & cruelle. 1550 Coverdale Spir. Perle xv, His [Socrates’] curst and shrewd wife. 1578 Chr. Prayers in Priv. Prayers (1851) 498 When thou didst deal mildly and gently with me, I became the curster. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 156 Curster than she, why ’tis impossible. 1609 Rowlands Knaue of Clubbes 44 One plague That vext him . .was his wiues curst tongue. 1642 Laud Wks. (1853) III. 461 They were glad that I gave him so short and so cursed an answer. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) II. 11. 1. §2. 84 Any Nature thorowly savage, curst, and inveterate. 1836 J. Downe Mountain Decam. I. 218, I have told that lie.. why are ye so curst now as to want me to tell it o’er again? 1879-81 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. s.v., *’E’s a little curst chap.’

fb. Of men or beasts: Fierce, savage, vicious. c 1400 Song Roland 486 Corsabran, the curssid, kenyst in halle. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 82 To straungers he [the dog] is eger and curst. 1576 Turberv. Venerie 184 Terryers.. are muche curster. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 11. i. 25 It is said, God sends a curst Cow short homes. 1623 Bingham Xenophon 101 Dogges, that are curst, men vse to tie vp in the day, and let loose in the night. 1644 Bulwer Chirol. 130 Bridling is like unto curst and fierce bulls. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Bandog, [It] should be chosen .. not too curst nor too gentle of disposition.

fc. fig. Of hair: Rough, bristly. Malignant, irritable. Obs.

Of a sore:

1565-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Csesaries horrida, a cursed head. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 21 As curst sores with often touching waxe angry.

d. Comb., as curst-heartedness, malignity of disposition, wickedness of heart. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. Ii. 19 Although they fome not out their cursthartednesse openly. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 10 A tumour of curst-heartedness.

t 'cursedhede. Obs. execrable wickedness.

[-head.]

Cursedness,

a 1300 Cursor M. 6544 (Gott.) And par-wid forpermare he 3ede, For to se pair curcedhede. 1382 Wyclif Lev. xviii. 27 (MSS. B, D, E, F, H) Alle forsothe thes cursydhedes [v.r. cursidnessis, 1388 abhomynaciouns] diden the tiliers of the erthe that weren bifore 30W.

t cursedhood. Obs. [-hood.] Cursedness; concr. accursed thing (tr. L. anathema). 1382 Wyclif i Chron. ii. 7 The sones of Zamri.. that.. synnede in the theft of cursedhode.

cursedly ('k3:sidli), adv. Also curstly. [f. cursed

+ -LY2.] 1. In a cursed manner; in a way deserving a curse; wickedly, abominably.

cursed, curst ('k3:sid, k3:st), ppl. a. Also 4 cursd, curced, -id, cursud, 4-5 cursede, -id,

1*1386 Chaucer Monk's T. 239 Thou that, .heriest false goddes cursedly, c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon x. 257 Whan bayerd sawe he was so curstly dealed wythall. 1549 Cheke Hurt Sedit. (1641) 61 They judge cursedly the good

CURSEDNESS 2. Used as an intensive with strong expression of reprobation or dislike: In a cursed manner, execrably, detestably, ‘damnably’, ‘con¬ foundedly’. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 20 To be curstly affrayed of his owne shaddow. 1663 T. Porter Witty Combat n. iii, Why, so thou art, insufferably, cursedly drunk. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. (1779) II. xlix. 106 Cursedly down in the mouth. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey v. xv, They voted her ladyship cursedly satirical. 1861 Hughes Tom Broum at Oxf. vi, I can’t see why you should be so cursedly particular.

f3. Malignantly; with perverse ill-temper; crossly, severely, harshly, virulently. •43 Lydg. Chron. Troy ill. xxv, Guido , hath delite to speake cursedly Alway of women. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 232 His procuratours.. cursedly and ful slowly serued hym at his nede. 1590 Marlowe Edw. II, v. ii. 64 To make him fret the more, Speak curstly to him. 1646 Pagitt Heresiogr. (ed. 3) 74 Father Browne, who would curstly correct his old wife. 1650 H. More in Enthus. Triumph. (1656) 106 You., bark and scold.. more cursedly and bitterly then any Butter-quean.

cursedness ('k3:sednis).

Also curstness.

[f.

CURSED + -NESS.]

1. The condition of being cursed or under a curse; damnation; misery, fb. pi. Miseries, misfortunes (obs. rare). 1303 II- Brunne Handl. Synne 7228 Woo to po pat erly .. haunte pe taueme.. Cursednes hem folowyp at pe endyng. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 275/3 To haue soo many cursidnesses or ylle happes. 1579 Tomson Calvin s Serm. Tim. 334/2 Them that were slaues to Sathan, and ouer the eares in the deepe bottomelesse pitte of cursednesse. 1651-3 Jer. Taylor Serm. for Year 1. xi. 142 The Poet describes the cursednesse of their posterity. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz (1850) 265/1 Mr. Watkins Tottle had long lived in a state of single blessedness, as bachelors say, or single cursedness, as spinsters think. 1875 T. Hill True Order Studies 140 If you would .. know the reality and cursedness of sin.

f2. The condition of being execrably wicked; abominable wickedness, b. (with a and pi.) An act or practice of wickedness. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 1575 (Gott.) pair cursednes was noght vnkid. c 1386 Chaucer Pard. T. 310 Ydel sweryng is a cursednes. 1474 Caxton Chesse 30 In moche cursidnes and wickednes. 1549-62 Sternhold & H. Ps. x. 7 His mouth is full of cursedness, a 1639 W. Whateley Prototypes II. xxvi. (1640) 75 By walking in a way of cursednesse.

f3. An accursed thing, ‘abomination’. rare.

Obs.

C1550 Cheke Matt. xxiv. 15 When ie se ye cursednes of desolation, which was spooken of bi daniel ye propheet, standing in an holi place.

4.

(Usually curstness.) Malignancy or perversity of disposition, ill temper, crabbedness; fierceness, savageness; virulence (of poison). Obs. or arch. c 1386 Chaucer Merck. Prol. 27 As I.. Koude tellen of my wyues cursednesse. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 167 He that is to every man contrary, And he that bostithe of his cursidnesse. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ill. xix. (Arb.) 209 With spitefull speach, curstnesse and crueltie. 1600 Holland Livy xxvii. xxxiv. 654 As the curstnesse and rigor of parents, is to be mollified by patience. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 18 Profane persons swear, as dogs bark, not ever for curstness, but for custom. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxi. xix. (1678) 474 The Basilisk far exceeds all Kinds of Serpents in the curstness of its poison. 1870 Ramsay Remin. (ed. 18) p. xxvi, ‘Curstness’ (or crabbedness) of man’s nature.

cur'see. nonce-wd.

[-ee.] One who is cursed. 1829 Carlyle Misc. (1872) II. 112 Which curse being strengthened by a sin of very old standing in the family of the cursee.

cursee,

obs. form of curtsy.

curseful ('k3:sful), a. rare.

CURSOR

i55

to bee bad. 1679 Bedloe Popish Plot 1 None more cursedly ingenious in inventing .. methods of doing mischief.

[f. curse sb. + -ful.]

23 These more then deuylish swerers, banners, and cursers. 1635 Cowley Davideis 1. 933 Thy Cursers, Jacob, shall twice cursed be. C1750 J. Nelson Jrnl. (1836) 133 Such cursers and swearers as could hardly be matched out of hell. 1850 Clough Dipsychus 1. v. 72 Which is worst, To be the curser or the curst. 1855 Motley Dutch Rep. (1858) 63 So speaking, the curser was wont to blow out two waxen torches .. and with this practical illustration the anathema was complete.

curser, cursey, obs. ff. courser, curtsy. curship fkxjip). [f. cur + -ship.] The estate or personality of a cur: used as a mock title. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. ii. 959 How durst th’, I say, oppose thy Curship ’Gainst Arms, Authority, and Worship? 1765 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode IV to R.A.'s Wks. 1812 I. 87 The Lord have mercy on your Curship’s skin.

cursie, obs. form of curtsy. cursing ('k3:sir)), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] 1. The utterance of words which consign to spiritual and temporal evil, the vengeance of the deity, the malign influence of fate, etc.; malediction, imprecation, damning. c 950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xx. 47 Das onfoseS cursung mara [Rushtv. Diet mara vel mast cursunge; Vulg. damnationem majorem]. 1388 Wyclif Dan. ix. 11 And cursyng, and wlatyng which is writun in the book of Moises.. droppide on vs. 1535 Coverdale Mai. iv. 6 That I come not, and smyte the earth with cursynge. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 32 The malesonis waryingis or cursingis quhilk God .. schoris to the transgressouris.

fb. concr. The condition or damnation or perdition; hell. Obs.

place

of

c 950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. v. 29 Don all lichoma Sin jesendad beS in tintergo vel in cursung. Ibid. x. 28.

2. The formal ecclesiastical curse munication.

pronunciation or anathema;

of an excom¬

? c 1120 Charter Pope Agatho (dated 680) in Cod. Dipl. V. 30 Hwa swa hit breket ealre biscope cursunge and eal cristene folces he hafe. Amen, c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 11 No bissop ne mai him chastien ne mid forbode, ne mid scrifte, ne mid cursinge. 01300 Cursor M. 29482 (Cott.) Cursing twa-fald es, pe tan es mare, pe toper lesse. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 130 Whan Thomas it wist, he did mak a cursyng. Roger he cursed first, pat corouned pe 3ong kyng. 1470-85 Malory Arthur 1. iii, That they shold to london come by Cristmas vpon payne of cursynge. 1530 Palsgr. 211 Cursyng.. excommunication. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 35 Forbidden upon paine of curssing. 1872 Ellacombe Ch. Bells Devon vii. 139 Early in the twelfth century.. William of Winchester, by the authority of Celestine II.. brought in the use of cursing with bell, book, and candle.

3. Imprecation of evil; the profane use of imprecations in hatred or evil temper; blasphemy. C1050 Spelman's Psalms cviii. 16 (C. MS.) & he lufode wyrjednysse [C. cursunge] & heo cume him, & he nolde bletsunga & heo biS afyrsad from him. a 1240 Lofsong in Cott. Horn. 205 WreSSe.. cursunge, bac bitunge. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 9116 \>y cursyng now sene hyt ys Wyp veniaunce on py owne flesshe. 1611 Bible Ps. lix. 12 For cursing and lying which they speake. a 1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1886) 215 He had heard that the King was much given to cursing. 1736 Berkeley Disc. Wks. III. 427 It is no common blasphemy.. it is not simple cursing and swearing. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men Wks. I. 343 He will indulge himself with a little cursing and swearing.

'cursing, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That curses. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. i. 212 And you be a cursing hypocrite once, you must be lookt to. 1892 Watson G. Gilfillan iv. 97 The meagre hand of contented or cursing penury.

cursitate ('k3:siteit), v. rare. [f. L. cursitare to run to and fro, freq. of cursare, freq. of currere to run.] intr. To run hither and thither. 1867 Bushnell Mor. Uses cursitating, ghostly appearance.

Dark

Th.

175

A

flitting,

Fraught with a curse or curses. 1382 Wyclif Ecclus. x. 7 Hateful.. is pride; and cursful alle wickidnessis of Jentiles. 1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXI. 306 Those curseful events that have made me the wretch I am. 1871 Frances R. Havergal Ministry of Song (1881) 109 Whose love shone forth upon the curseful tree.

Hence f'cursefully [printed curstfully] adv., accursedly. 1606 Marston Fawne iv. Wks. 1856 II. 78 Was not thou most curstfully madd?

curselarie:

see cursorary.

f'cursement. Obs. rare. In 4 corsement. [f. curse v. + -ment.] Cursing, malediction. •393 Langl. P. PI. C. vii. 65 Hus elopes were of corsement and of kene wordes. [Cf. Psalm cix. 18.]

'cursen, -son, dial. f.

christen a. and v. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. in. Wks. 1856 I. 38 For all this cursond world. 1606 Day lie of Guls 11. iv, Well, god a mercy of all cursen soules. 1613 Beaum. & Fl. Coxcomb 11. ii, As I am a cursten’d whore. Ibid. iv. iii, Nan. Are they cursen’d? Madge. No, they call them infidels. 1851 Cumbrld. Gloss., Cursen, to christen.

cursenary: see cursorary. curser ('k3:s3(r)). [f.

cursed. + -er1.] One who curses; one who utters a curse or malediction; a profane swearer. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 1300 Cursers alle here lyve Shall neuere haue grace for to pryve. 1548 Cranmer Catech.

f cursi’tation. Obs. [ad. L. cursitation-em, n. of action f. cursitare'. see prec.] A running or going hither and thither, perambulation. 1630 Lord Banian 63 The Bridegroome.. with all the children in the Towne .. make their cursitation round about the most publicke streets.. with Trumpets and kettledrummes. 1683 Cave Ecclesiastici Introd. 31 In their wild cursitations up and down the streets.

cursitor ('k3:sit3(r)). Obs. exc. Hist. Forms: 6 cursetor, coursetour, -iter, 6-7 -itor, cursitour, 7 -iter, 6- cursitor. [a. Anglo-Fr. coursetour, ad. med.L. cursitor (Ordericus Vitalis) = cursor runner. (App. formed to have the same relation to cursor, that cursitare has to cursare.) But the exact derivation in sense 1 is obscure.] 1. One of twenty-four officers or clerks of the Court of Chancery, whose office it was to make out all original writs de cursu, i.e. of common official course or routine, each for the particular shire or shires for which he was appointed. The office was abolished in 1835. 1523 Act 14-15 Hen. VIII, c. 8 As well the coursetours and other clerkes, as the sixe clerkes of the said Chauncery. 1641 Termes de la Ley 96 Cursiter is an officer or Clerke belonging to the Chancerie .. They are called Clerkes of the Course in the oath of Clerkes of the Chancery, a 1655 Bp. G. Goodman Crt.Jas. I, I. 280, I have heard that the cursitor’s office of Yorkshire hath been sold for £1,300. 1703 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) V. 308 Mr. Gillingham, cursitor

of Monmouth and Hereford, is dead. 1767 Antiq. Durham Abbey, Descr. Bishoprick 133 Court of Chancery [Durham], Mr. Thomas Hugall, Cursitor and Examiner.

fb. A secretary. Obs. 1762 tr. Busching's Syst. Geog. I. 80 The .. Lay Inspector .. has one or two Secretaries or Cursitors under him.

f2. A running messenger, courier; also fig. Obs. 1571 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 84 [He] sent Scoutes, Cursitors, Messengers.. over the whole land. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxvm. iii. 337 Their office was this, by running.. to be cursitours to and fro. 1646 Fuller Wounded Consc. (1841) 282 The spirits, those cursitors betwixt soul and body, a 1661 - Worthies iii. 101 Dromedaries.. are the Cursitors for travell for the Eastern Country.

|3. One who wanders about the country; a vagabond, tramp. Obs. 1567 Harman (title), A Caueat or Warening, for commen cursetors vulgarely called Vagabones. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxvii. (1887) 156 Common coursiters, which post about still to suruey all scholes, and neuer staie in one. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. iii. §68. 167/2 Cursitors or Vagabonds. 1725 New Cant. Diet., Cursitors, the Fortysecond Order of Vagabonds.

4. cursitor baron. The junior or puisne baron of the Exchequer, a subordinate member of the court who attended to matters ‘of course’ on the revenue side. The office was abolished in 1856. 1642 Vernon Consid. Exchequer 33 The .. Cursitor Baron being so called because he is chosen most usually out of some of the best experienced Clerkes of the two Remembrancers, or Clerke of the Pipes Office, and is to informe the Bench and the Kings learned Counsell.. what the course of the Exchequer is for the preservation of the same. 1689 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 557 Mr. Bradbury, of the Middle Temple, was lately sworn cursitor baron of the exchequer. 1830 Price Law of Exchequer 77 The Cursitor Baron, or, as he is sometimes called, the Fifth or Puisne Baron of the Court of Exchequer.. has no judicial authority in the Court of Exchequer as a Court of Law.

feursitory, a. Obs. rare. [See prec., and -ory.] = cursory, cursitorily adv., cursorily. 1632 Le Grys tr. Paterculus 306 Hee that in the cursitory way of this so contracted a worke, dares take upon him [etc.]. 1628 - tr. Barclay's Argenis 214 Having therefore cursitorily reuiewed her face .. I.. desired her to tell me who she was.

cursive (’k3:siv), a. (sb.) [ad. med.L. curstv-us, f. curs- ppl. stem of currere to run: see -ive. Cf. Du Cange s.v. Scriptura. In mod.F. cursif, -ive (1797 in Hatzfeld).] Of writing: Written with a running hand, so that the characters are rapidly formed without raising the pen, and in consequence have their angles rounded, and separate strokes joined, and at length become slanted. In ancient manuscripts the cursive style, showing some of these characteristics, is distinguished from the more formal uncial writing. 1784 in W. Fry New Vocab. 1827 G. S. Faber Sacr. Cal. Proph. (1844) III. 164 The gradual invention and .. general use of the cursive greek character. 1837-9 Hallam Hist. Lit. i. 1. §56 The complex system of abbreviations which rendered the cursive handwriting almost as operose.. as the more stiff characters of older manuscripts. 1881 Westcott & Hgrt Grk. N.T. Introd. §102 The Cursive MSS. range from the ninth to the sixteenth centuries.

B. sb. A cursive character or manuscript. 1861 Scrivener Introd. N.T. ii. (1874) 40 Colbert. 2844 or 33 of the Gospels, ‘the Queen of the cursives’, as it has been called. 1881 Westcott & Hort Grk. N.T. Introd. §98 The Greek MSS. of the New Testament are divided into two classes .. Uncials and Cursives, according as they are written in capital or minuscule characters.

cursively ('k3:sivli), adv. rare. [f. prec. + -ly2.] fl. In continuous course or succession. Obs. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 1380 This.. empire.. hath .. beene alwaies hereditarie, from grandfather to father, from father to sonne, and so cursively in that manner.

2. In cursive characters. 1833 G. S. Faber Recapit. Apostasy 86 The name uncially expressed ATIOCTATHC, or cursively expressed aTTocnaT-qs. 1885 E. M. Thompson in Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 149/1 Facsimiles of the cursively written papyri.

'cursiveness. rare. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being cursive. C1820 G. S. Faber Eight Dissert. (1845) II. 14 The cursiveness of Ezra’s hebrew character. 1833-Recapit. Apostasy 88 An additional attempt was made to increase the cursiveness of the cursive character.

curskyn, var. cruskyn Obs., vessel for liquids. Cursmas, dial, form of Christmas. curson, var. cursen, dial, form of christen. cursor ('k3:sa(r)). [a. L. cursor runner, agent-n. from currere, curs- to run: cf. courser. The Latin word occurs in the title of lj?e tretis pat men cals Cursor Mundi' (Gott. MS.), ‘The Cursur o the world’ (Cott. MS), of which it is said, 1. 267, Cursur [v.r. Cursor, Coarsur] o werld man oght it call, For almost it ouer-rennes all.]

11. A runner, running messenger. Obs. [01300: see above.] 1566 T. Stapleton Ret. Untr. Jewel iii. 125 He went apace like a.Cursor that telleth good news. 01632 T. Taylor God's Judgem. 11. iv. (1642) 53 He also kept cursors and messengers.. to ride abroad.

CURSORARY 2. a. A part of a mathematical, astronomical, or surveying instrument, which slides backwards and forwards. Exerc. vii. xii. (ed. 7) 666 Every one of these Transames or Cursours must be cut with a square hole .. so as they may be made to run iust upon the staffe to and fro. 1641 W. Gascoigne in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) I. 43 The lowest part of the cross is jointed, to separate it from the cursor on the ruler. 1736 R. Neve City & C. Purchaser, Cursor, a little brass Ruler representing the Horizon: a Label. 1793 Wollaston in Phil. Trans. LXXXIII. 139 The cursor, or moveable wire, in the micrometer-microscopes. 1874 in Knight Diet. Mech. 1594 Blundevil

b. A distinctive symbol on a VDU display (e.g. a flashing underline or rectangle) that indicates the position at which the next character will appear or the next action will take effect, and which is usu. under keyboard control. 1967 Stotz & Cheek Low-Cost Graphic Display for Computer Time-Sharing Console (MIT Technical Memo.) 13 For graphical input, one would like to be able to move a pointer or ‘cursor’ over a stored picture and yet not store the image of the cursor. Ibid., The cursor on the screen ‘follows’ the motion of the ‘mouse’. 1972 L. W. James in J. F. Slater Computer-Aided Typesetting 78/1 The cursor., can be moved vertically a line at a time or horizontally a character at a time to indicate the positions where we wish to make changes in the text. 1983 Austral. Personal Computer Aug. 141/3 It can set the cursor to be visible or invisible, blinking or steady, block or underline. 1983 Times 16 Aug. 16/6 Once the cursor has located the correct screen character a button on the mouse is pressed to execute the command. 1985 P. Laurie Databases i. 13 In a word processor, for instance, Control F might mean move the cursor forward one character.

|| 3. In mediaeval universities, a bachelor of theology giving the courses of lectures upon the Bible which formed one of the necessary preliminaries to the doctorate. 4. Special Comb.: cursor (control) key, any of a set of keys on a VDU keyboard for controlling the movement of a cursor on the screen. 1979 A. Cakir et al. VDT Man. i. 19 The cursor control keys are usually located in a separate block.. on one side of the main keyset. 1981 Electronics 8 Sept. 115 (caption) The cursor keys, right of center, choose menu parameters. 1984 Which Micro? Dec. 20/3 With the cursor key cluster on the right, the Plus 4 looks very like an MSX computer. 1985 Personal Computer World Feb. 145/2 The MZ-800 .. has an identical 69-key keyboard which features a standard qwerty layout, five function keys and a cluster of cursor control keys. 1986 Your Computer Oct. 36/1 Using the cursor keys or a joystick, you can create your shape and then rotate, invert or produce a mirror image of it before saving it in the program files.

t

'cursorary, a. Obs. rare. =

cursory. The reading of the 3rd Quarto (followed by Pope, and by most modern editors), for which Quartos 1 and 2 have cursenary and the First Folio curselarie: cf. cursitory. shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 77 (Qo. 3, 1619) We haue but with a Cursorary eye Ore-view’d them.

cursore,

obs. form of corsair, courser.

II Cursores (k3:'so3ri:z), sb. pi. Ornith. [L. pi. of cursor runner: see above.] The name given by De Blainville, 1815-22, to an order of birds, containing the ostrich and its allies, which are incapable of flight, but are mostly swift runners. It corresponds to Merrem’s division Ratitse. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 283 Cursores. 1847 Carpenter Zool. §440

Birds. Order XII.— Of all the Cursores, the Apteryx of New Zealand appears to be the one which is most completely destitute of wings, and which departs most widely from the general type of the class of Birds.

cursorial (kai'sosrial). a. Zool. [f. L. cursori-us running (taken in reference to Cursores) + -al1.] Adapted, or having limbs adapted, for running; spec, applied to certain birds (Cursores), orthopterous insects (Cursoria), and crustaceans. 1836 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 283/2 The sternum of the Cursorial Birds presents few affinities of structure to that of the rest of the class. 1855 Owen Skel. & Teeth 25 The prehensile or cursorial limb of the denizen of dry land.

cursorily ('k3:s3rili), adv. [f.

cursory a. + -ly2. The L. cursorie was in early use.] In a cursory manner; in passing; hastily; without attention to details. 3rd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 78, I wyll runne it ouer cursorie, rypping a lytle the matter.] 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 128 Thus cursorily to passe it ouer. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1315 Cursarily and by the way to annexe hereto such things as cary some probability. 1685 Boyle Effects of Mot. Advt. 2 While he cursorily read over the Tract. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 23, I have already cursorily mentioned some of the products. 1804 Young in Phil. Trans. XCV. 84 Principles which he has but cursorily investigated. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 20 An allusion was cursorily made to the expenditure in travelling. [1549 Latimer

'cursoriness. [f. as prec. +

-ness.] Cursory quality; hastiness or slightness (of examination or treatment). 1727 in Bailey vol. II. 1885 F. Hall in N. Y. Nation XLI. 240/3 The subject of which has been despatched with uncritical cursoriness.

CURTAIL

156 cursorious (kai'soarias), a. [f. L. cursori-us +

cursy,

-ous: see cursory.] Adapted for running: said of the legs of coleopterous insects.

curt (k3:t), a.

t'cursoriwise, adv. Obs.~0 [Short for in cursory wise: see next.] In a cursory manner. 1598 Florio, Alla fuggita, by the way, cursoriwise. Torriano, Per corso, runningly, cursorie-wise.

1659

cursory ('k3:s3n), a. Also 7 cursorie, cursary. [ad. L. cursori-us of or pertaining to a runner or a race, f. cursor-em runner: in OF. corsoire, cursoire.] 1. Running or passing rapidly over a thing or subject, so as to take no note of details; hasty, hurried, passing. 1601 Dent Pathw. Heauen 277 Cursory saying of a few praiers a little before death, auaileth not. 1661 J. Stephens Procurations 128, I had only a cursory view of it, and that by chance. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xviii, A traveller who stopped to take a cursory refreshment. 1857 Keble Eucharist. Adorat. 37 Obvious to the most cursory reader of the Gospel. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. iii. 60 A cursory inspection shews that these statements are untrustworthy.

f2. Moving about, travelling. Obs. rare. 1606 Proc. agst. Garnet F (T.), Father Cresswell, legier jesuit in Spain; father Baldwin, legier in Flaunders .. besides their cursorie men, as Gerrard, etc. 1610 Rowlands Martin Mark-all 24 Their houses are made cursary like our Coaches with foure wheeles that may be drawne from place to place. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 11. iv. ii. 21 Those Tribes dwelt in their Tents., in a cursory condition, only grazing their Cattel during the season.

3.

Entom.

Adapted

for

running;

=

CURSORIOUS.

4. In mediaeval universities: a. cursory lectures: lectures of a less formal and exhaustive character delivered, especially by bachelors, as additional to the ‘ordinary’ lectures of the authorized teachers in a faculty, and at hours not reserved for these prescribed lectures. [The name would appear to have been first given to the lectures delivered by bachelors as part of the cursus prescribed for the licence, but to have been afterwards extended to all ‘extraordinary’ lectures.] 1841 G. Peacock Stat. Univ. Camb. p. xliv. note 1. 1894 Rashdall Med. Universities vi. §4. 426 The ‘cursory’ lectures of Paris are the ‘extraordinary’ lectures of Bologna. Ibid. 427 Vacation cursory lectures might be given at any hour. Ibid. It is probable that the term ‘cursory’ came to suggest also the more rapid and less formal manner of going over a book usually adopted at these times.

b. cursory bachelor-, (in modern writers) a bachelor who gave cursory lectures.

cursour(e, curst, a.\

obs. form of corsair, courser.

see cursed.

f'curstable. Arch. Obs. [f.

course + table.] ‘A course of stones with mouldings cut on them to form a string course’ (Parker Gloss. 1850). 1278 Bursar's Acc. Merton Coll. (Parker), Pro x pedibus de curstable.

'cursten,

var. cursen, dial, form of christen.

curstfully:

see cursefully.

curstly, -ness:

see cursedly, cursedness.

II cursus ('k3:s3s). [L. cursus course, f. currere to run.] The Latin word for course; occasionally used in mediaeval or technical senses, as a. A race-course, running-ground, or drive; also used spec, of a type of neolithic monument (see quot. 1963); b. A stated order of daily prayer; a ritual, or form of celebration; c. An academic course or curriculum. 1740 Stukeley Stonehenge viii. 35 The western branch .. continues curving along the bottom of the hill, till it meets, what I call, the cursus. Ibid. ix. 41 About half a mile north of Stonehenge, across the first valley, is the cursus or hippodrom, which I discovered, August 6, 1723. 1838 Mrs. Bray Trad. Devonsh. I. 164 For what purpose this avenue or cursus was used. 1865 McLauchlan Early Sc. Church xiv. 188 Whether they made use of any peculiar cursus or liturgy. 1875 McCosh Sc. Philos, xi. 94 The University Commissioners appointed in 1643 a Cursus for Aberdeen. 1883 Athenaeum 17 Mar. 348/3 The line would have cut through the avenue and the cursus of Stonehenge. 1951 Field Archaeol. (Ordnance Survey) (ed. 3) 18 Another feature which is now regarded as part of the henge complex is the extremely elongated earthwork of the type originally called a ‘cursus’ by Stukeley.. because he believed that they were designed as racecourses. 1963 E. S. Wood Field Guide to Archaeol. 11. 138 A class of still enigmatic neolithic monuments are the cursus... These are long parallel banks with outside ditches, with squared or curved ends, running across country often for long distances.

d. The regular varying cadences which mark the end of sentences and phrases, esp. in Greek and Latin prose. 1904 H. A. Wilson in Jrnl. Theol. Stud. V. 387 Prof. E. Norden has traced the use of the ‘cursus’ in Classical writers, Greek as well as Latin. 1910 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 304/1 The cursus or prose rhythm of the pontifical chancery of the 1 ith and 12th centuries. 1910 A. C. Clark (title) The cursus in mediaeval and vulgar Latin. 1959 H. J. Rose Outl. Class. Lit. vi. 188 Three rhythms found their way.. into medieval Latin prose.. where naturally accented syllables took the place of long ones. Hence the three ‘runs’ (cursus) as they were called.

obs. form of curtsy.

[ad. L. curt-us cut or broken short, mutilated, abridged, which became in late L. and Romanic the ordinary word for ‘short’: It., Sp. cortoy Pr. cortf F. court. The Latin adj. was app. adopted at an early date in Ger., giving OS. and OFris. curt (MDu. cort, Du., MLG., and LG. kort, whence also mod.Icel. korta, Sw. and Da. kort), OHG. kurt, kurz (MHG. and mod.Ger. kurz), where the word has taken the place of an original Teut. *skurt-, in OHG. scurz, in OE. scort, sceort, short. But the latter was retained in English.]

1. Short in linear dimension; shortened. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 295 In more temperate climes hair is curt. 1840 Lytton Pilgr. of Rhine xix, Thy limbs are crooked and curt. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) III. xxviii. 297 Plancus.. enacted the part of the seagod Glaucus in curt cerulean vestments.

b. of things immaterial, modes of action, etc. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 351 For which curt reckoning Grotius has no excuse. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethics xx. 318 That vertue so curt and narrow, which we thought to be infinite, a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1687) I. xviii. 258 The most curt and compendious way of bringing about dishonest or dishonourable designs. 1874 Reynolds John Bapt. ii. 89 An angelic Spirit makes a more curt and much easier use than we can do of the functions of matter in its most etherial form.

2. Of words, sentences, style, etc.: Concise, brief, condensed, terse; short to a fault. 1630 B. Jonson New Inn iii. i, What’s his name? Fly. Old Peck. Tip. Maestro de campo, Peck! his name is curt, A monosyllable, but commands the horse well. 1645 Milton Tetrach. (1851) 177 The obscure and curt Ebraisms that follow. 1791 Boswell Johnson (1887) III. 274 He could put together only curt frittered fragments of his own. 1814 D’Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 132 Their Saxon-English is nearly monosyllabic, and their phraseology curt. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. iii. 61 The dry and curt language of a petition in parliament.

b. So brief as to be wanting in courtesy or suavity. 1831 Disraeli Yng. Duke v. vii. (L.), ‘Ah! I know what you are going to say’, observed the gentleman in a curt, gruffish voice, ‘It is all nonsense.’ 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola (1880) I. Introd. 9 He might have been a little less defiant and curt, though, to Lorenzo de’ Medici.

t curt, v. Obs. [f. L. curt-are to cut short, shorten, mutilate, f. curtus short.] trans. To cut short, shorten. a 1618 Sylvester Mem. Mortalitie I. xciii, Curting thy life, hee takes thy Card away.

Hence f'curted ppl. a., shortened, curtailed, curt. 1568 North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. iv. viii. 129 a, To see a foolish courtier weare .. a litel curted cape. 1581 Sidney Astr. & Stella xcii, Be your words made, good Sir, of Indian ware, That you allow me them by so small rate? Or do you curtted Spartanes imitate? 1610 Guillim Heraldry iv. xiv. (1611) 229 The old Britans .. were wont to weare a short and broad Sword; so did the Spartanes also, whom.. their Enemies mocked for so curted a weapon.

curt., cur*. An abbreviation of current a., esp. in such phrases as the ioth curt., i.e. of the current month.

curt, curtace,

obs. ff. court, courteous.

curtail (k3:'teil), v. Forms: 6-7 curtal(l, -toll, 6 curteyl, 7 curtel, cur-, cour-, curt-tail, 6- curtail. [Originally curtal(l, f. curtal a., and still stressed on the first syllable by Johnson 1773. But already in the 16th c. the second syllable began to be associated with the word tail (cf. sense 1), and perhaps by some in the 17th and 18th c. with F. tailler to cut, whence the spelling cur-tail, curt-tail, curtail, and the current pronunciation, given without qualification by Walker 1791.] f 1. To make a curtal of by docking the tail; to dock. Obs. IS77 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. 11. (1586) 115 b, Hys tayle is.. a great commoditie to him to beate away flies: yet some delight to have them curtailed, specially if they be broade buttockt. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 363 The ashes also of an hardy-shrewes taile; provided alwaies, that the shrew were let go aliue, so soone as she was curt-tailed. 1611 Cotgr., Escouer, to curtail, or cut off the taile.

2. To cut short in linear dimension; to shorten by cutting off a part. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 326 Thou hast rackte me, and curtalde me, sometimes I was too long, sometimes to[o] shorte. 1596 Nashe Saffron Walden ig If it be too long, thou hast a combe and a paire of scissers to curtail it. 1607 Rowlands Famous Hist. 38 And Estellard I cur-tail’d by the knees. 1674 S. Vincent Gallant's Acad. 39 Let the three Huswively Spinsters of Destiny rather curtal the thred of thy life. 1787 'G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsemen (1809) 27, I.. firmly believe, that ten men are hanged for every inch curtailed in a Judge’s wig. 1827 Stelart Planter's G. (1828) 71 To lop and deface them .. and .. to curtail the roots.

b. As applied to sentences, verses, lines, letters, and the like, the sense leads on to 3. J553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 169 Some againe will be so short, and in suche wise curtail their sentences. 1599 Thynne Animadv. (1865) 64 Whiche wordes are curteyled for the verse his cause. 1605 Camden Rem. 21 Neither do we or the Welsh so curtail Latine, that we make all therein Monosyllables. 1766 H. Walpole Lett. Cone. Rousseau iv. 153 You have suffered my letter to be curtailed.

CURTAIL 3. To shorten in duration or extent; to cut down; to abbreviate, abridge, diminish, or reduce, in extent or amount. 1589 PasquiVs Return Db, With what face dares anie politique.. curtoll the maintenance of the Church? 1591 Lyly Endym. V. ii, I will by peece-meele curtail my affections towards Dipsas. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 11. i. 12 When a Gentleman is dispos’d to sweare: it is not for any standers by to curtail his oathes. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. iii. 597 Yet I’d be loth my Days to curtal [rime mortal], 1781 Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life & Writ. (1832) I. 234 Greatly to cur-tail salaries is a false economy. 1843 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 195 His family’s slumbers were probably curtailed. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. I. iii. 244 The jurisdiction of the spiritual courts was not immediately curtailed.

4. to curtail (a person, etc.) of: to dock him of some part of his property, to deprive or rob him of something that he has enjoyed or has a right to. So to curtail in, to shorten in respect of. 1581 Lambard Eiren. iii. iv. (1586) 369 Not altogether beheading them [Statutes] of their preambles, Nor any whit curtailing them of their wordes. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. i. 18, I, that am curtail’d of this faire Proportion. 1642 Rogers Naaman 396 How doe we curtail him of his ordinary dues. a 1719 Addison (J.), Fact.. had taken a wrong name, having curtailed it of three letters; for that his name was not Fact but Faction. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. /, III. vi. 114 His beard curtailed of ancient dimensions, he wore peaked. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §2. 279 God is there.. curtailed in no attribute.

|5. To cut off short, lop off. Obs. 1594 Lodge Wounds Civ. War iv. in Hazl. Dodsley VII. 172 Go, curtal off that neck with present stroke.

fcur'tail, sb. Obs. [f. curtail il] The act of curtailing, curtailment. 1797 E. M. Lomax Philanthrope 19 Fancying myself present, .at this office of curtail or extension.

curtail, obs. form of curtal sb. and a. curtailed (k3:'teild), ppl. a. Also 6-7 curtailed, etc. [f. curtail v. and curtal sb. + -ED.] 1. Made a curtal; having the tail docked or cut off. 1591 Florio Sec. Fruites 43 Another [horse] broken winded, curtald, lame, blinde, foundred. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 419 My curtailed dog. 1610 Fletcher Faithf. Shepherdess'To Rdr., With cur-tailed dogs in strings. 1870 Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 101 The yelp of curtailed foxes in every generation is the same.

f b. transf. Shaped at the end as if cut off short. I575 Gascoigne Wks. (1587) 154 A curtolde slipper and a short silke hose. 1592 Greene Def. Conny Catch. (1859) 33 A .. peake pendent, either sharpe .. or curtold lyke the broad ende of a Moule spade. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 218 The smallest roots of Ellebor, such as be.. curtelled, and not sharp pointed in the bottom.

2. Cut short; shortened, abridged; diminished in length, extent, power, privilege. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 217 But let vs heare their curtailed argumentes. c 1620 S. Smith Serm. (1866) I. 156 With the curtailed skirts of David’s ambassadors [cf. 2 Sam. x. 4]. 1641 Milton Reform. 1. (1851) 13 They must mew their feathers, and their pounces, and make but curttail’d Bishops of them. 1879 Lubbock Addr. Pol. Educ. x. 205 According to the most curtailed chronology.

f3. ? Short-skirted: cf. curtal 3d. Obs. 1624 Fletcher Wife for queanes in hired clothes.

CURTAIN

157

Month 11. vi, They are curtail’d

Hence cur'tailedly abbreviatedly.

adv.,

shortly,

1658 W. Burton Itin. Anton. 167 The name thereof., perhaps .. was written curtail’dly.

cur'tailer.

[f. curtail v. + -er.] curtails, shortens, abridges.

One who

1724 Waterland A than. Creed x. 141 That the Latins had not been interpolators of the creed, but that the Greeks had been curtailers. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab Note viii, Disease and war, those sweeping curtailers of population.

cur'tailing, vbl. sb.

Also 6-7 curtailing, 7 curtling. [-ING1.] The action of the verb curtail; shortening, abridging. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary I. (1625) 3 When.. with too much curtailing our arguments .. wee abbreviate . . our Epistles. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Derrabadura, curtailing, caudae truncatio. 1610 Markham Masterp. 11. clix. 468 Now for the manner of curtailing of horses, it is in this sort. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iii. i. 315 The curtling of Jerusalem into Solyma. c 1720 W. Gibson Farrier's Guide 11. lviii. (1738) 217- 1737 Swift Letter 23 July, Against the corruption of English.. with abominable curtailings and quaint modernisms. 1775 Sheridan Rivals Pref., I profited by his judgment and experience in the curtailing of it.

curtailment (k3:'teilm3nt).

[f. curtail v. + -ment.] The action of curtailing, shortening, diminishing; abridgement. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. p. ix, A curtailment of a few repetitions. 1830 Mackintosh Eth. Philos. Wks. 1846 I. 44 A curtailment of gratification. 1878 Morley Diderot I. 167 The copies were returned to their owners with some petty curtailments.

'curtail-step. Also 8 curtal-. [Origin uncertain: curtal adj., and cur tail, have both been suggested.] The lowest step (or steps) of a stair, having the outer end carried round in the form of a scroll. 1736 B. Langley Anc. Masonry 389 The first, or Curtalstep. 1819 in P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. 716. 1852-61 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet. s.v. Curtail, The newel generally

stands upon a curtail step .. Curtail steps .. are employed in handsome staircases.

curtain ('k3:tin, -t(s)n), sb.1 Forms: 4-6 cortyn(e, -eyn(e, courtyn(e, -ein(e, -ayn, curtyn(e, -ein(e, -eyn(e, -ayn(e, 4-7 courtin(e, curten, -ine, 4-8 cortine, curtin, (4 couertine, 5 quirtayn, 5- 6 courting), 6 cortaine, -ayne, (curteynge, cowrtyng), 6-8 courtain(e, 7-8 curtaine, 4, 7curtain. [ME. cortine, curtine, a. OF. cortine, courtine in same sense = Sp. and It. cortina: — L. cortina, in Vulgate (Exod. xxvi. 1, etc.) a curtain. The connexion of this with classical L. cortina round vessel, cauldron, round cavity, vault, arch, circle, is obscure, and the etymology uncertain: see Korting Lat.-Roman, Wbch. s.v.] 1. a. A piece of cloth or similar material suspended by the top so as to admit of being withdrawn sideways, and serving as a screen or hanging for purposes of use or ornament; e.g. to enclose a bed (the earliest English use), to separate one part of a room from another, to regulate the admission of light at a window, to prevent draught at a door or other opening, etc. Chron. (Rolls) 292 Cortinae ill® circa lectum conjugis suae.] oute grete kewery. [Caxton cury, Higden coquorum artificia]. ? c 1390 (title), Form of Cury. la 1400 Morte Arth. 1063 Here es cury un-clene, carle, be my trowthe. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 506 Cookes with }>eire newe conceytes.. Many new curies.. J>ey are contryvynge & Fyndynge. 1513 Douglas JEneis viii. Prol. 95 Throw cury of the quentassens.

cury2. rare. = L. curia. 1886 [See curiate].

curyal, -ose,

obs. forms of curial, curious.

1762 Falconer Shipwr. iii. (1818) 106 Watch the curving prow. 1878 Maclear Celts iii. (1879) 31 The curving shores of Provence and Narbonne.

curyd, curys,

obs. forms of cured, cures.

cus,

obs. form of kiss.

‘curvingly, adv. [-ly2.] In a curving manner. 1923 Weekly Dispatch 13 May 7 Decorated with blue and white stripes that ran out curvingly, somewhat in swastika fashion. 1938 E. Thompson Youngest Disciple i. 9 It was a valley cut deep in the mountains, as by a scimitar, not straight but curvingly.

curvital (’k3:vit3l), a. Geom. [a. mod.F. curvital, f. curvite curvity + -al1.] Of or pertaining to curvity or curvature, curvital function, a function expressing the length of the perpendicular from a fixed point of a curve upon the normal at a variable point, in terms of the length of the arc from the fixed to the variable point.

That

1599 Marston Sco. Villanie iii. xi. 228 His very intellect Is naught but a curuetting Sommerset. 1750 Wesley Wks. (1872) II. 185 A fine curvetting horse. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 490 Rushed through the drawn swords and curvetting horses. 1878 M. A. Brown Nadeschda 25 On his curveting charger’s back.

[-Y1.] Having a curve or curves; full of curves, marked with curves. Comb., as curvy-brimmed adj.

'curving, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That curves.

1886 Carr Synopsis Math. Index C 60.

curvets: see the verb.

curvous ('k3:v3s), a. rare. [f. curve sb. + -ous,

curvy Ck3:vi), a. curvilineal (k3:vi'linral), a. [f. curvi- + L. linealis lineal.] = next. Hence curvi'linealness.

curvetting horse. 1841 C. Lever C. O'Malley xxxiii. 176 The management of your arching necked curveter.

[f. curve sb. + -OMETER.] An instrument for measuring the length of a curve.

1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 11 i/i When any mans Backe beginneth to curvifye or wax croockede. 1623 Cockeram 11, To make Crooked, curuefie.

b. trans. To cause to curvet. 1613 Wotton in Reliq. Wotton. (1672) 419 Sir R. Drury .. corbeteth his Horse before the King’s window.

curvometer (k3:'vDmita(r)).

f 'curvity. Obs. [ad. L. curvitas (or a. F. curvite, Oresme 14th c.), f. curvus curved, crooked.] 1. Curved or bent quality or state; curvature; a curved portion of anything, a curve. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health cviii. 41 A backe the which may have many infirmities, as debylytie, and wekenes, curvytie and gybbositie. 1656 Hobbes Six Lessons Wks. 1845 VII. 253 The rectitude or curvity of the lines. 1705 Phil. Trans. XXV. 2062 The divers flexures and curvities of the Serpent. 1715 Machin in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) I. 269 [I] have added a rule for finding the curvity. 1831 Brewster Newton (1855) I. iii. 42 According to their more or less curvity.

2. fig. conduct.

Moral

obliquity,

crookedness

of

1616 Brent tr. Sarpi’s Counc. Trent (1676) 166 The whole nature of man.. remained crooked; not by the curvity of Adam, but by his own. 1675 Baxter Cath. Theol. 1. iii. 82 That there is as much positivity of Relation in disobedience as in obedience, in curvity as in rectitude. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles III. 136 That God be the motor, .of the action.. but not of the obliquitie or curvitie in acting.

cusche, cuscbet, cuschoun,

obs. ff. cuisse, cushat.

obs. form of cushion.

Cusco-bark. Also Cuzco-. A kind of cinchona bark, obtained from Cuzco in Lower Peru. Also called Cusco-china. Hence Cusco-cinchonine, 'Cusconine, Cu'sconidine, alkaloids obtained from Cuscobark. 1879 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. I. 495-7.

|| CUSCUS1 ('kuskus). Also 7 cuskus. [The same word as couscous, the dish so called being originally made of this grain. In F. couscou, in 18th c. cuzcuz, cousse-couche, couche-couche.] The grain of the African Millet, Holcus spicatus Linn., Penicillaria spicata Willd., a cereal indigenous to Africa, where it has constituted from the earliest times an important article of food. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims 11. viii. xi. 1368 Their bread is made of this Coaua, which is a kind of blacke Wheate, and Cuscus a small white Seed like Millet in Biskany. 1629 Capt. Smith Trav. & Adv. xiii. 25 Cuskus. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 23 (Madagascar), You shall have in exchange .. Barley, Rice and Cuscus, with what fruit you like. Ibid. 28 The lie [Mohelia] inricht us with.. Buffols.. Rice, Pease, Cuscus, Honey. 1852 W. F. Daniell in Pharmac. Jrnl. XI. 395 It constitutes the kouskous of the Joloffs and Moorish nations, the dr a and bishna of Tripoli.

'curvograph. [f. curve (or L. curvus) + -graph.] An instrument for describing curves.

II cuscus2 (‘kAskAs). Also kuss-kuss, cuss cuss, kuskos, cuscuss. [ad. Pers. and Urdu khas khas the sweet-scented root of the grass in question.] The long fibrous aromatic root of an Indian grass, Andropogon muricatus, used for making fans, screens, ornamental baskets, etc. Hence cuscus-grass, cuscus-root.

1817 W. Warcup in Trans. Soc. Arts XXXV. 109 An instrument of my invention for describing curve lines, which I purpose calling the curvograph. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Curvograph, an instrument for drawing a curve without reference to the center.

1810 T. Williamson E. India Vade M. I. 235 (Y.) The Kuss-Kuss.. when fresh, is rather fragrant, though the scent is somewhat terraceous. 1862 Mrs. Speid Last Years Ind. 72 The root of a sweet smelling grass, the cuscus. attrib. 1889 Blackw. Mag. Aug. 247 A targe cuscus mat.

cuscus

163

II cuscus3 ('kAskAs). [mod.L. from the native name; see couscous2.] A genus of marsupial quadrupeds found in New Guinea.

cush-cush ('kujkuj). [Native name.] A species

1662 J. Davies Mandelslo's Trav. E. Ind. 165 There is in this Island a kind of beasts they call Cusos, that keeps constantly in trees, living on nothing but fruit. They resemble our Rabbets. 1880 D’Albertis N. Guinea I. 407 On the branch of a tall tree we may perhaps see a cuscus slowly creeping along. 1889 H. H. Romilly Verandah N. Guinea 69 The opossums and cuscus tribe taste strongly of gum leaves on which they feed.

1871 Kingsley At Last ii. 49 Great roots of yam and cushcush. Ibid. 72 Wild cush-cush roots. 1929 Nicholls & Holland Textbk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) xv. 446 Cush-cush Yam of Trinidad or Yampi of Jamaica (Dioscorea trifida, Linn.), i960 Guardian 8 Jan. 4/7 The ‘couscouche’ yam, the cush-cush of the British West Indies, .are often made into fritters. 1969 Oxf. Bk. Food Plants 182/1 All [yams] are of Old World origin except the cush-cush yam Dioscorea trifida which is native to America.

cuscus, -cus(s)u, -cosoo, vars. of couscous1. cusec. Abbreviation, used in Engineering, etc., of 'cubic foot per second’. 1913 Thomas & Watt Improvem. Rivers (ed. 2) 1. i. 46 The abbreviation ‘second-feet’ which is frequently used in America instead of ‘cubic feet per second’, has the equivalent of ‘cusecs’ among the Anglo-Indian engineers. 1915 C. E. Housden Is Venus Inhabited? 37 We should need a continuous flow of 20,000,000 cusecs. i960 Times 25 July n/6 A rise in river-flow from three cusecs in dry weather to 55,000 in wet.

of yam, Dioscorea trifida, native to South America and cultivated for its edible tubers.

cushes, -ies: see cuisse. 'cushew-bird. Also cashew bird. [So called from the likeness of the blue knot on its forehead to the cashew-nut.] A West Indian name of the Galeated Curassow (Pauxis galeata). 1758 G. Edwards Gleanings Nat. Hist. II. lxxv. 182 The Cushew-Bird takes its name from the knob over its bill, which in shape much resembles an American nut called Cushew. 1852 Th. Ross tr. Humboldt’s Trav. II. xviii. 172 The curassaos and cashew-birds.

fcuser, aphetic f. accuser.

cushie, cushie-doo: see cushat.

1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxx. (1612) 151 More honest than her Cuser.

cushinet, obs. form of cushionet.

cush (kuf), colloq. shortening of cushion sb., esp. in sense 3 c. 1895 A. Roberts Adv. ix. 111 The red was under the cush. Alias hesitated at which ball to play. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 21 Oct. 4/1 It is like watching a game of billiards with wooden cushes and beechwood balls. 1947 D. Davin Gorse blooms Pale 97 And these bottoms and legs bouncing through the room. Cushioned against reality. It cannoned off their cush. 1965 ‘A. Hall’ Berlin Memorandum viii. 83, I was placed in a slow drift for a right-angle.. and brought the nose round full-lock with the kerb for a cush.

cush, v., var. cosh (see cosh sb.3). 'cusher.

Hence

1923 F. L. Packard Four Stragglers 1. ii, ‘A bit of a "cushing” expedition, was it?’.. ‘Just the usual bash on the head with a neddy.’ Ibid. 11. iv, That was the method of the ‘cusher’.

cushag (’kufsg). dial. Also -og. [Manx cuishag vooar, lit. ‘big stalk’.] Senecio jacobxa.

The common ragwort,

1887 Hall Caine Deemster xxiv, There’s gold on the cushags yet. 1894-Manxman 11. xxii, Philip plucked the cushag. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 1 Oct. 2/3 The term ‘weeds’ is defined as including thistles, cushags, and common docks.

cushat ('kAjst).

Chiefly Sc. and north, dial. Forms: i cuscute, -scote, -sceote, 5 cowscott, -schote, 6 cowschet, kowschot, 6-7 coushot, 7, 9 cowshot, 8 cowshut, 8-9 cooscot, 9 cowscot; 6 cuschet, 8- cushat, 9 dial, cushie, cusha. [OE. cuscute, -scote, -sceote (wk. fern.) has no cognates in the other Teutonic langs., and its etymology is obscure. The element scote, scute is app. a deriv. of sceotan (weak grade scut-, scot-) to shoot, and may mean ‘shooter, darter’: cf. sceotan in ./Elfric’s Colloquy, glossed tructos ‘trouts’, app. in reference to their rapid darting motion; also cf. OHG. scozza str. f., shoot (of a plant). For the first part, cu cow offers no likely sense, and Prof. Skeat suggests that we may here have an echo of the bird’s call = modern coo: this is doubtful. Others have taken the first part as OE. ctisc chaste, modest, pure; but the rest of the word then remains unexplained.] The wood-pigeon or ring-dove. 0700 Epinal Gloss. 829 Palumbes, cuscutan [Erfurt cuscotae, Corpus cuscote]. c 1000 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 260/7 Pudumba, cusceote. 10.. Ibid. 286/2 Palumba, cuscote, uel wuduculfre. 14.. Ibid. 702/34 Palumbus, cowscott. 1483 Cath. Angl. 79 Cowschote, palumbus. 1513 Douglas JEneis xn. Prol. 237 The cowschet [v.r. kowschot] crowdis and pirkis on the rys. 1653 Urquhart Rabelais 1. xxxvii, Some dozens of queests, coushots, ringdoves and wood-culvers. 1788 Marshall Yorksh. Gloss., Cooscot, a wood-pigeon. 1781 J. Hutton Tour to Caves Gloss., Cowshut, a wild pigeon. 1792 Burns Bess & Spinning-wheel iii, On lofty aiks the cushats wail. 1813 Scott Rokeby in. x, He heard the Cushat’s murmur hoarse. 1866 Cornh. Mag. Aug. 224 The building cushats cooed and cooed.

b. So cushat-dove (Sc. cusha-dow, cushie-doo). 1805 Scott Last Minstr. 11. xxxiv, Fair Margaret, through the hazel grove, Flew like the startled cushat-dove. 1886 Sidey Mistura Curiosa 103 The Cushie doo That croodles late at e’en.

cushaw (ka'fo:, TaJo:).

U.S. Also cashaw. [perh. Algonquin.] A winter crookneck squash, or a variety of this. 1588 T. Harriot Briefe & True Rep. of Virginia sig. 04”, Coscushaw, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassauy. 1698 G. Thomas Pennsylvania 21 Cucumbers, Coshaws, Artichokes. 1705 R. Beverley Hist. Virginia 11. iv. 27 Their Cushaws are a kind of Pompion, of a bluish green Colour, streaked with White, when they are fit for Use. 1868 W. N. White Gardening for South 214 The best variety [of squash] for family use is the Cashaw, a long, cylindrical, curved variety. 1924 J. W. Raine Land of Saddle-Bags 28, I asked an old man why he preferred ‘cushaws’ (a large crook-neck squash) to pumpkins.

CUSHION Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 151 They set them downe on cosshyns of sylke. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 800/1 With cushins of fine gold. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. iv. iii. 243 lie haue them sleepe on Cushions in my Tent. 1678 R. L’Estrange Seneca's Mor. (1702) 52 A Soldier lent you his Cloak for a Cushing, a 1732 Gay Mad Dog (R.), A prude, at morn and evening prayer, Had worn her velvet cushion bare. 1883 G. Lloyd Ebb & Flow II. 103 A space on the tiny lawn where rugs and cushions were spread out.

b. That set on the book-board of a pulpit, etc., to suppport the bible or other book; cf. cushioncuff er, -thumper in 11. 1615 Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 69 One clothe and one quission of black vellure for the pulpett. 1709 Steele & Swift Tatler No. 70 If 4 Neither is banging a Cushion, Oratory. 1719 Swift To Yng. Clergyman, You will observe some clergymen with their heads held down.. within an inch of the cushion. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. ix. 151 To mend a rent in the cushion of the reading-desk.

c. The seat of a judge or ruler. Cf. woolsack. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 82 Maurice.. having changed the Magistrates in many Towns., the Arminians were fain to leave the cushion against their wills, a 1734 North Lives {1826) I. 130 The Court of Common Pleas had been outwitted by the Kings Bench, till his Lordship came upon the cushion. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 415 Bhawani Sing.. was placed upon his cushion of sovereignty by the assistant to the Political Agent in Malwa.

d. fig.; also as an emblem of ease and luxury.

Med. [f. the name of Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939), American surgeon, who described the condition in 1932.] A syndrome of hypertension, obesity, metabolic disorders, etc., caused by hypersecretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex. Cushing’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome accompanied and caused by an adenoma of the basophil cells of the pituitary gland.

1589 Pappe w. Hatchet B iv, The diuell take al, if truth find not as many soft cushions to leane on, as trecherie. 1607 Shaks. Cor. iv. vii. 43 Not moouing From th’ Caske to th’ Cushion. 1652 A. Ross Hist. World Pref. 1 Idlenesse.. the Devils Cushion, as the Fathers call it. 1785 Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 174 At last [I] have placed myself much at my ease upon the cushion of this one resolution. 1833 Carlyle Misc. (1872) V. 89 Cullies, the easy cushion on which Knaves and Knavesses repose.

1934 Proc. R. Soc. Med. XXVII. 397 He regarded the case .. as a typical one of Cushing’s syndrome. 1936 H. D. Rolleston Endocrine Organs iii. 104 (heading) Cushing’s syndrome. Synonym: pituitary basophilism. 1937 Indexcatal. Surgeon-General's Office 4th Ser. II. 130/2 (heading) Basophilism, pituitary (Cushing’s disease). 1962 J. Howkins Shaw's Textbk. Gynaecol, (ed. 8) xviii. 447 Cushing's disease must be distinguished from Cushing’s syndrome. Cushing’s disease is due perhaps to a basophil adenoma of the anterior pituitary which leads to hyperfunction of the suprarenal cortex. The main symptoms and signs are those due to a disorder of the suprarenal which are now referred to under the term Cushing’s syndrome. 1964 L. Martin Clin. Endocrinol, (ed. 4) i. 32 It is generally accepted that the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome result ultimately from adrenocortical overactivity. Ibid., The basophil adenoma.. is only present in about 50 per cent of cases of Cushing’s syndrome.

1813 Scott Triermain 1. viii, The silver-moss and lichen twined .. A cushion fit for age. i860 Maury Phys. Geog. Sea i. 19 Protected from .. the violence of its waves by cushions of still water. 1882 Vines Sachs' Bot. 220 A circular leaf¬ bearing cushion. 1954 Economist 30 Oct. 411/1 Tea shares are a tricky market; numerous small companies whose shares seldom change hands make it impossible for the stock jobbers to hold any cushion of stock. 1955 Times 6 July 5/5 Mr. Eric Fletcher.. moved an amendment to enable a plaintiff to be entitled to costs on High Court scale when he recovered a sum of £250 or more. He said the introduction of this ‘cushion’ was essential to justice. 1965 Listener 17 June 886/2 Part of their training was to find themselves jobs and hold them with no ecclesiastical cushion to fall back on.

cushion ('kufsn), sb.

I597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, v. iv. 16 But I would the Fruite of her Wombe might miscarry. Officer. If it do, you shall haue a dozen of Cushions againe, you haue but eleuen now. 1649 Milton Eikon. iii. (1851) 356 And thus his pregnant motives are at last prov’d nothing but a Tympany, or a Queen Maries Cushion. 1689 Let.fr. the Pope in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 370 (D.) That a King, .should praise (or rather mock) God for a child, whilst his Queen had only conceived a pillow, and was brought to bed of a cushion.. This was the old contrivance of another Mary-Queen. 1694 S. Johnson Notes Past. Let. Bp. Burnet 1. 37 His Wife went fourty Weeks with a Cushion.

Cushing’s syndrome ('kojirj).

Forms: a. 4 cuyschun, cujshen, 4-6 cuyssh-, cuissh-, -in, -en, -un, -yn, etc.; 4-7 quishin, qui-, quy-, qwi-, qwy-, (quyi-), -ss-, -ssh-, -ssch-, -sch-, -sh-, (szh-), -in, -yn, -en, -ene, -an, -on, -un, -ion, -yon, -ing, -ynge, etc.; 6 quesion, 8 quishing; 4-5 whyss-, whyssh-, whish-, wyssh-, -in, -yne, -ene, etc., etc. /3. 4-6 cusshyn, -on, -en, -ion, -eyn, -on; 5 cusch-, cosch-, cossh-, kussh-, kossch-, cos-, -yn(e, -en, -oun, -one, -yon, -ing, cowssing, etc.; 6-7 cush-en, -in, -yn, -ian, -eon, -ing, etc., (6 cussin, cochen, kushen; 7 cuoshen, coussin, -ion); 6- cushion. (Nearly 70 forms occur.) [Of this word ME. had two types, a. cuisshin, quishin (north, whishin), a. OF. coissin, later coessin, cuissin (13-15th c. in Littre); and /3. cusshyn, cushin, a. F. coussin (14th c.)— earlier cussin (12th c. in Hatzf.); in both languages the latter type is the surviving one. OF. coissin was = Fr. coissin. Cat. coixi, Sp. coxin, cojin, It. coscino, cuscino:—L. type coxinum, f. coxa hip, thigh: cf. L. cubital elbowcushion, f. cubitus elbow. (See P. Meyer in Romania 1892, 87). The history of the form coussin, with which cushion goes, is more obscure. Hatzfeld suggests that it is an altered variant of coissin, influenced by OF. coute quilt: — L. culcita quilt, cushion. T. A. Jenkins in Mod. Lang. Notes, May 1893, argues for its being:—late L. *culticinum, for *culcitinum, a conjectured deriv. of culcita; in which case coissin and coussin would be distinct words without etymological connexion: this their history makes improbable.]

1. a. A case of cloth, silk, etc. stuffed with some soft elastic material, used to give support or ease to the body in sitting, reclining, or kneeling. a. c 1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 877 Whyssynes vpon queldepoyntes, pa[t] koynt wer boJ?e. [1361 Will of Edw. Blk. Prince in Nichols Roy all Wills (1780) 74 Curtyns, quissyns, traversyn.] C1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 1229 And doun she sette here by hym .. vp-on a quysshon [v.r. cuisshyn] gold ybete. 1388 Wyclif 1 Sam. v. 9 Seetis of skynnes, ethir cuyschuns. 01400 Isumbras 579 Bryng a chayere and a qwyschene. 1418 E.E. Wills (1882) 36 Vj reof quisshens of worsted. 1530 Palsgr. 211/2 Cuysshen, coessyn. 1547 in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. App. A. 293 Ther was a carpet and quission laid .. for the chief mourner. 1601 Holland Pliny xix. iv, Beautified with green quishins. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 74 It serueth vs instead of a quishion. /3. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. xiii. 18 Woo to hem that sewen togider cusshens [1388 cuschens] vndir eche cubit of hoond. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 94 Coschyne, sedile. Ibid. 111 Cuschone [1499 Pynson cusshyn], cuscina. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xix. xi, And there was layd a cusshyn of gold that he shold knele vpon. C1530 Ld. Berners Arth.

2. transf. a. Applied to anything resembling or acting as a cushion.

fb. A swelling simulating pregnancy: sometimes called Queen Mary's cushion, after Mary Tudor. (Perhaps sometimes an actual cushion or pad.) Obs.

3. a. In various specific and technical applications: as, the ‘pillow’ used in making bone-lace; a receptacle for pins, a pin-cushion; fan ink-pad for inking a seal, die, etc. (obs.); a flat leathern bag filled with pounce, used by engravers to support the plate; the elastic leathern pad on which gold-leaf is spread and cut with the palette-knife; the rubber of an electrical machine. 1574 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 316 To see her .. take her cushin for bone lace, or her rocke to spinne. 1607 Shaks. Cor. 11. i. 98 Your Beards deserue not so honourable a graue, as to stuffe a Botchers Cushion. 1735 Diet. Polygraph, s.v. Engraving, The Graving cushion is a roundish, but flattish leather bag filled with sand to lay the plate upon, on which it may be turn’d easily any way at pleasure. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 93 Like those cushions your gossips stick with pins in hearts, lozenges, and various forms, against a lying-in. 1776 Trial of Nundocomar 43/2 He dipt his seal on the cushion and sealed the bond. 1832 Nat. Philos., Electric, iii. §57. 15 (Useful Knowl. Soc.) The earlier electricians contented themselves with using the hand as a rubber, till a cushion was introduced for that purpose by Professor Winkler. 1837 Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 117 (Carver & Gilder), With one hand he holds the cushion, which is merely a flat board covered with soft leather. Ibid. 214 {Engraver), The sand-bag, or cushion .. is used for laying the copper plate upon. 1866 Joyce's Sci. Dial. 492 {Electrical Machine) The cushion or rubber is fixed on a glass pillar.

b. A pad worn by women under the hair; a pad or bustle worn beneath the skirt of a woman’s dress. 1774 Westm. Mag. II. 424 We are sorry to find the Ladies returning.. to the long-exploded mode of dressing their hair with the borrowed aid of the Cushion. 1806 Lady Douglas in Examiner 15 March 1813, 173/1 She wore a cushion behind, i860 Fairholt Costume (ed. 2) 476 The hair was arranged over a cushion formed of wool, and covered with silk.

c. The elastic rim or lining of the inner side of a billiard-table or bagatelle board, from which the balls rebound. 1778 C. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr. 193 The Adversary is obliged to play Bricole from the opposite Cushion. 1837 D.

Games & Sports 89 There are likewise two small cushions placed against the sides. 1853 C. Bede Verdant Green xii, A game of billiards on a wooden table that had no cushions. 1856 Crawley Billiards (1859) 5 The cushions are now almost universally made of Vulcanised Indiarubber, though .. old players say that the stroke is more certain from the old stuffed list cushions.

Walker

d. Mech. A body of steam (or air) left in the cylinder of a steam-engine (or air-engine) to act as an elastic buffer to the piston. Also, a body of air which supports an aircraft, hovercraft, etc. 1848 Pract. Mech. jfrnl. I. 78 A cushion of steam is interposed to partially sustain the force of the blow [in a steam hammer]. 1891 Rankine Steam Engine 364 The volume of the cushion air when it is under the greatest pressure [in an air engine]. 1928 New Republic 15 Aug. 331 /1 When the plane catches itself on a cushion of air at the end of a plunge, you feel heavy, i960, etc. [see air-cushion s.v. air sb.' B. II]. 1967 Gloss. Terms Air-Cushion Vehicles (B.S.I.) 5 Cushion, a volume of air under pressure enclosed between the bottom of an ACV and the supporting surface by rigid structure, curtains, skirts or any combination thereof.

e. A sweetmeat in the shape of a cushion. 1906 E. Nesbit Railway Children ix. 190 I’ll give you some peppermint cushions for the little ones. 1921 L. Thorpe Bonbons & Simple Sugar Sweets 49 Satin Cushions... With a pair of scissors cut the mixture into small cushions and leave them until quite firm. 1970 J. Aiken Embroidered Sunset v. 89 Bars of coconut candy, mounds of chocolate drops, of peppermint cushions.

4. In a horse, pig, etc.: a. The fleshy part of the buttock, b. The fibro-fatty frog in the interior of a horse’s hoof; also the coronet or fibrous pad extending round the upper part of the foot, immediately above, and united to the hoof. 1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4777/4 Both of them formerly cut with I.G. on the Cushion. 1712 Ibid. No. 4858/4 A black Spot on each Quishing. 1722 Ibid. No. 6079/9. 1892 W. Fream Elem. Agric. xix. (ed. 4) 344 Outside these structures are two fibro-cartilages, one on each side, united behind and below by the plantar cushion .. The coronary cushion. Mod. A cut of bacon off the cushion.

5. a. Ent.

The little pad or cushion-like process of an insect’s foot; a pulvillus. b. Bot. The enlargement at, or just below, the point of attachment of some leaves; a pulvinus; also a dense mass of foliage such as is formed by some saxifrages and stonecrops. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 285 A distinct cushion; antennae of nine joints. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 137 Sedum acre.. Tufts or cushions 3-10 in. diam. 6. Arch. = coussinet, q.v. 1852 Brees Gloss. Pract. Archit. 133 Cushion, or Coussinet, a stone lying on the top of a pier supporting an arch.

f7. A drinking-vessel. Obs. •594 Taming of Shrew 11, Why, Tapster, I say, Fils a fresh cushen heere! ci6i8 Fletcher Q. Corinth 11. iv, Quissions ye Knaves! (Enter drawers with Quissions).

8. {Our) Lady's Cushion, a name for several plants, esp. Armeria maritima. 1578 Lyte Dodoens iv. 1. 509 Some call it [Thrift] in Englishe our Ladies quishion.

9. Cycling. Short for cushion-tire. 1891 Pall Mall G. 17 Sept. 1/1 Twenty-one starters, five using pneumatic tyres, two cushions, all the rest solids.

10. Phrases, fa. to miss the cushion: to miss the mark; to make a mistake, err. Obs. C1525 Skelton Col. Cloute 998 And whan he weneth to syt Yet may he mysse the quysshyon. 1535 Joye Apol. Tindale 48 Yet hath he missed the kushen in many placis. 1571 Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1623) 168 He was elected Archbishop of St. Davids, but at Rome he was out bid, by him that had more money, and missed the Cushin. 1593 Drayton Eclogues viii. 80 Thy Wits doe erre and misse the Cushion quite. 1608 Hieron Defence 11. 157 He hath missed the cushen and sitteth bare. 1609 Hoby Let. to Mr. T.H. 45 They may misse the cushion in the analogic of the place.

f b. beside (or wide of) the cushion: away from the main purpose or argument, beside the mark; erroneously or mistakenly. Obs. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. Bjb, Thou leanest beside the cushing. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 78 He raungeth abroad to originall sinne altogether besides the cushian. 1598 R. Bernard tr. Terence (1607) 230 Thou art beside the cushin [L. erras]. 1690 W. Walker Idiom. AngloLat. 517 He is wide of the cushion. 01783 H. Brooke Female Officer 1. xiii, The man did not speak much beside the cushion of common sense.

f c. to set or put beside (or besides) the cushion: to turn (any one) out of his place or position; to depose, set aside; to deprive or disappoint of an office or dignity. Obs. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 80, I may set you besyde the cushyn yit. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1305/1 To put enimitie betweene the king and hir; and to set hir besides the cushion, a 1624 Bp. M. Smith Serm. 188 Sometimes putting them besides the cushion, and placing others in their roome. 1663 Spalding Troub. Chas. /(1792) I. 291 (Jam.) The master of Forbes’ regiment was., discharged .. Thus is he set beside the cushion.

11. attrib. and Comb., as cushion-canvas, -cover, -layer, -staffer; cushion-footed, -like, -shaped adjs.; cushion capital Arch, (see quots.); f cushion-cuffer = cushion-thumper; f cushion-lord (see quot.); cushion-pink, a name for Thrift (Armeria maritima); cushion plant, a plant that grows in a dense cushion-like tuft (cf. sense 5 b above); cushion-rafter, an auxiliary rafter beneath and parallel to a principal rafter, a principal brace; cushion-rest

CUSHIONING

164

CUSHION

in Billiards (see quot.); cushion-rider, an early name for a hovercraft type of vehicle supported by a ‘cushion’ of air; so cushion-riding vbl. sb. and ppl. a.; cushion-scale, a common scaleinsect, very injurious to orange and other trees; cushion-star, a fossil star-fish of the genus Goniaster; cushion-stitch, a flat embroidery stitch used to fill in backgrounds in old needlework, esp. in Church embroidery; cushion-thumper, a preacher who indulges in violent action; cushion-tire, a bicycle tire made of india-rubber tubing stuffed with shreds of india-rubber; hence cushicrrutired ppl. a.; cushion-work in Embroidery (see quot.). Also CUSHION-CLOTH, -DANCE. 1611 Cotgr., Gaze, ‘Cushion Canuas; the thinne Canuas that serues women for a ground vnto their Cushions, or Purse-worke, &c. 1835 Whewell Archit. Notes 55 ‘Cushion capitals.. consist of large cubical masses projecting considerably over the shaft of the column, and rounded off at the lower corners. 1842-76 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss., Cushion Capital, a capital used in Romanesque and early Mediaeval architecture, resembling a cushion pressed down by a weight. It is also a cap consisting of a cube rounded off at its lower angles, largely used in the Norman period. 1881 C. C. Harrison Woman's Handiwork 1. 61 The ‘cushion-cover.. has a ground of royal purple velvet, i960 I. Jefferies Dignity & Purity xii. 183 She carried on enthusing about cushion covers. 1683 E. Hooker Pref. Ep. Pordage's Mystic Div. 36 Our impertinently idl Pulpit-praters, or .. too busily laborious ‘Cushion-Cuffers. 1865 Reader 12 Aug. 175/3 A smooth and velvety tiger.. Supple and ‘cushion-footed. 1679 Trials of Green & Berry 64 Mrs. Warrier.. being ‘Cushion-layer in the Chappel. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 1. 11. lix, Soft mosse. .Whose velvet hue and verdure ‘cushion-like did show. 1951 S. Spender World within World 258 Fields enclosed by ‘cushion-like hedges. 1847-78 Halliwell, *Cushion-lord, a lord made by favour, and not for good service to the state; hence, an effeminate person. 1863 Prior Plant-n., *Cushionpink, from its dense tufted growth. 1903 W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-geogr. in. iv. 705 The type of ‘cushionlants.. is represented in the alpine region of mountains of igher latitudes in both hemispheres.. by a multitude of forms. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 764/1 In ‘cushion plants’ the leaves are very small, very close together, and the low habit is protective against winds. 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. 652 Sometimes called principal braces, and sometimes * cushion rafters. 1873 Bennett & Cavendish Billiards 28 * Cushion-rests are rests, shaped to fit over the face of the cushion. 1959 Times 13 Aug. 10/2 This year’s Famborough flying display will feature.. a ‘‘cushion-rider’. 1961 Spectator 14 July 53 A cushion-rider can be lifted vertically and then driven over the ground at speeds which reach into the take-off speeds of ordinary jet aircraft, i960 Aeroplane XCIX. 771/1 Doubtless it has other applications and ideas for ‘cushion-riding craft in mind. 1961 Spectator 14 July 53 A transition between cushion-riding and ordinary aerofoil lift. 1886 Rep. Comm. Agric. Washington U.S. 466 The Cottony ‘Cushion-scale is found only in California, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. 1843 Forbes in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. 80 Orange-yellow .. with crimsonred, are the usual hues of the ‘cushion-stars. 1880 L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery v. 47 ‘Cushion Stitches are taken.. so as to leave all the silk and crewel on the surface. 1886 Daily News 14 Dec. 7/6 Billiard ‘cushion stuffer wanted. 1876 Rock Text. Fabr. viii. 81 Done in cross and tent stitch, or the ‘‘cushion style’. pe full kissti3 mann Off whattse Godd te lenepp. c 1275 Lay. 4075 He was of 3eftes custi.

Hence 'custinesse, liberality. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 105 Largitas, pet is custinesse on englisc.

fcustil(e, costile. Obs. Also custell. [a. OF. coustitle, 15th c. in Godefroy.] A two-edged dagger or large knife. c 147s Partenay 1722 Of Army peple seing grett fuson, With Custiles and Gisarmes many on. Ibid. 4334 Gaffray hym smote vppon the hanche .. Wyth a costile which in hys sleffe gan hold. Ibid. 5853 That fine good custell.. that.. gan hold Brandes the good knyght. 1479 Office Mayor of Bristol in Eng. Gilds 427 With no Glaythes, speerys, longe swerdys, longe daggers, custils, nother Bas3elardes.

custock. Sc. form of castock, cabbage-stalk. 1785 Burns Halloween v. a 1810 Tannahill Poems (1846) 80 A heart not worth a custock. 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold x, Here’s a fine custock.

custode1. [In ME. a. OF. custode (12th c. in Littre), ad. L. custos, custod-em keeper, custodian: cf. It. custode, also Pr. custodi, Sp. custodio, from Rom. type custodius. This has long been obsolete, but the word has been re¬ introduced in recent times from Italian.] One who has the custody of anything; a guardian, custodian: fa. in ME. (ku'stoid). Obs. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 43 J>e chesynge of his successour be maad of mynistris prouincial and custodis. c 1470 Hardyng Chron. ccxxi. vii, And of his soonne Henry he made custode Thomas Beauford, his vncle.

b. in modern use, a. It. custode (kus'tode), pi. -odi, custodian. [1832 Gell Pompeiana II. xi. 4 If the custodi can be believed.] i860 Hawthorne Marb. Faun vii. The old custodes knew her well. 1881 Ruskin Bible in Amiens iv. 1, I love too many cathedrals—though I have never had the happiness of being custode of even one.

Hence fcustodery, custodrie, custode, custodianship.

office

of a

CI380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 43 pe mynystris & custodis may .. in pe same 3eer in here custodries onys clepe to-gidre here brej>eren to chapitre.

fcu'stode2. Obs. [a. F. custode fern., ad. L. custodia custody.] = custodial sb. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. lvi. 218 In this Procession were.. also the rich Custodes of their Idols.. They that carryed them were clothed in yellow'.

custodee (kAsta’di:). [f. stem of L. custod-em, custody, etc. + -EE, after trustee.] A person entrusted with the custody of anything. 1812 M. Edgeworth Tales Fashionable Life V. 221 Sir Terence O’Fay’s exploits in evading duns,.. tricking custodees. 1832 Austin Jurispr. (1879) I. xxv. 487 The possession of the custodee ought to be deemed the possession of the owner. 1836 C. Forster Life Bp. Jebb iii. (ed. 2) 203 The friend of Dr. Townson, and custodee of his papers.

custodial (kA'staudial), a. and sb. [f. L. custodia CUSTODY + -AL1.] A. adj. 1. Relating to custody or guardianship. 1772 Letter to Bp. Rochester 2 (R.) The custodial charges and government [of a church], 1841 L’pool. Jrnl. 4 Dec., After much learned argument as to the custodial relations of illegitimate children. 1887 Scribn. Mag. II. 147 Custodial duties.

2. Special collocation, custodial sentence, a judicial sentence requiring an offender to be held in custody (esp. in prison or at a detention centre), as opp. to a fine, community service, etc. 1953 Tentative Draft of Revision of Rules Courts of N.J. (Supreme Court New Jersey) 142 In all ‘custodial sentences the prisoner shall receive credit on the term imposed for any time he may have served in custody between his arrest and the imposition of sentence. 1965 Criminal Law Rev. Nov. 657 A fresh proposal for the custodial training of adults.. (a) All custodial sentences of less than six months to be abolished, since no effective training is thought possible in this length of time. 1971 R. Cross Punishment, Prison & Public iv. 187 The courts should be empowered to pass fixed-term custodial sentences on young offenders between the ages of seventeen and twenty-one. 1986 Church Times 24 Oct. 11 /1 What are prisons /or? What do we expect from them? How do we handle long-term custodial sentences?

B. sb. A vessel for preserving sacred objects, as the host, relics, etc. (Cf. F. custode.) i860 Reade Cloister & H. lxii. (D.), The priest.. then took the custodial, and showed the patient the Corpus Domini within. 1887 Hutchinson tr. Viresalingam’s Fortune's Wheel 65 Harisastri picked up his custodial and withdrew.

custardmonger, obs. form of costermonger.

cu'stodiam. Irish Law. Also erron. -ium. [L. custodiam custody, from the phraseology of the grant.] A grant by the Exchequer (for three years) of lands, etc., in possession of the Crown.

custe, obs. pa. t. of kiss v.

1662 Earl Orrery State Lett. (1743) I. 82 These lands, which come out of the custodium at April next. 1686 R. Parr Life of Ussher 26 A Person of Quality.. who had newly

CUSTODIAN

167

obtained the Custodium of the Temporalities of that See. 1787 Minor 270 Fresh custodiums, detainers, and executions were issued without number. 1801 Mar. Edgeworth Castle Rackrent (1886) 41 He takes him out a custodiam on all the denominations. attrib. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Custodiam lease, a grant from the Crown under the Exchequer seal, by which the custody of lands, etc., seised in the King’s hands, is demised or committed to some person as custodee or lessee thereof.

custodian (kA'stsudisn).

[f. as prec. + -an.] One who has the custody of a thing or person; a guardian, keeper.

[Not in Todd 1818, Webster 1828, or Craig 1847.] 1781 in Sel. Papers Twining Fam. (1887) 58 The custodian of the galleries. 1836 Dickens Sk. Boz (ed. 3) II. 205 To act as custodian of the person of the supposed lunatic. 1872 Bagehot Physics & Pol. (1876) 28 The close oligarchy, the patriciate.. recognised as the authorised custodian of the fixed law.

Hence custodianship, custodian.

the

office

of

a

1858 Sat. Rev. VI. 550/1 Loading the library table and increasing the responsibility of Mr. Miller’s custodianship. 1883 Times i June 4 The public should contribute to.. a well-organized custodianship for such treasures.

t cu'stodient, a. Obs. rare_1. [ad. L. custodientem, pr. pple. of custodtre to guard.] Guarding, protecting. 1657 Jeanes in Heber’s Jer. Taylor (1839) I. 63 The custodient grace of God.

custodier (kA'st3udi3(r)). Also 5 costodyer, 9 custodiar. [f. L. custodia custody + -er.] One who has the custody of anything; custodian. Now esp. Scotch.

a

c 1470 Harding Chron. lxxviii. i, My knightes..My landes helpe, custodye[r]s of my crowne. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) II. 628 Now euery costodyer kepe well hys wall. 1820 Scott Abbot xix, He had become.. the custodier, as the Scottish phrase went, of some important state secret. 1839 Morn. Herald in Spirit Metrop. Conserv. Press (1840) I. 151 Custodiar to the Bank of England’s treasure. 1892 Ld. Hannen in Law Rep. App. Cases 165 The appellant.. is bound .. to live in the bank house as custodier of the whole premises.

CUSTOM

costumbre, masc., there is change of gender after sbs. in -umen; while Pr. costuma, cosdumna, It. costuma, f. med.L. coustuma, show retention of gender with assimilation of the ending to -a nouns, costume is another form of the same word, of recent adoption from It., through Fr.] 1. a. A habitual or usual practice; common way of acting; usage, fashion, habit (either of an individual or of a community). c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 75 Bere3e us wifi alle iuele customes. Ibid. 89 It is custume J>at ech chirchsocne gofi pis dai a procession, c 1340 Hampole Psalter xxi. 16 As hundes folus ther custom in berkyng & bitynge. c 1356 Will. Palerne 2010 On pat knew pe kostome of pe cuntre of grece. c 1450 tr. T. a Kempis' Imit. 1. xiv, Olde custom is harde to breke. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 162 b, Let vs not come to ye chirche by vse & custome, as the oxe to his stalle. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. Biij, Other fourmes of salutations are also in custome. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. iv. 15 It is a Custome More honour’d in the breach, then the obseruance. 1683 Evelyn Diary 12 Feb., Much offended at the novel costome of burying every one within the body of the Church. 1713 Berkeley Hylas & Phil. 11. Wks. I. 309 Common custom is the standard of propriety in language. 1732-Alciphr. v. § 12 The general manners and customs of those people. 1719 Young Revenge iv. i, I went into the garden. As is my custom. 1833 Ht. Martineau Briery Creek iii. 46 The settlers.. followed the old custom.. of holding their market on a Saturday. 1859 Mill Liberty 126 The despotism of custom is everywhere the standing hindrance to human advancement.

b. The practising of anything habitually; the being or becoming accustomed. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 78 Whan a synner commeth to the custome of synne, than he falleth to contempte. 1534 Whitinton Tullyes Offices 1. (1540) 27 Custome and practyse must be vsed, that we may be as good accompters of our offyces. 1608 Bp. Hall Char. Virtues & V. 11. 94 Custome of sinne hath wrought this senslesnesse. 1867 Jean Ingelow Dreams that came true vii, Custom makes all things easy.

f c .of custom: according to custom, usually, as usual; also adjectivally, usual, customary. Obs.

t 'custodite, v. Obs. rare—*, [f. L. custodit-, ppl. stem of custodtre to guard, f. custod-em guardian.] trans. To guard, protect.

c 1400 Lanfr one's Cirurg. 124 A man pat usij> of custum sich a maner dietynge. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 74 It hathe bene of ane olde costome that sent Gorge shulde be kepte holy day. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 111 For some things there be which of custome I shake off. 1688 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 296, 29th Nov. I went to the Royal Society. We.. dined together as of custom.

1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 341 The athenian matrons .. the better to custodite their chastity.

fd. custom of women (med.L. consuetudo): menstruation. Obs.

custodrie: see custodery under custode. custody ('kAStsdi). Also 5-6 -dye, 5-7 -die, 7 costodie. [ad. L. custodia guarding, keeping, f. custos, custod-em guardian, keeper: see -Y.] 1. Safe keeping, protection, defence; charge, care, guardianship. Const, of the thing guarded, or of the person guarding it. 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 3 There to rest as your Tresour in the Custodie of the seid Chief Officer. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 772 Both.. for a while to be in the custody of their mother. 1555 Eden Decades 54 Leauynge the custodye of the fortresse with a certeyne noble gentelman. a 1626 Bacon (J.), There was prepared a fleet of thirty ships for the custody of the narrow seas. 1652 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) I. 320 When he shall have the custody of the Great Seal. 1704 Lond. Gaz. No. 4048/4 She [a mare] was seen .. in custody of a Man. 1781 Gibbon Decl. F. ciboire: see ciborium; but in sense repr. kl^ojtlov chest, ark.] The ark of the Jewish tabernacle. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour G iij, Before the arch or cybory wherin was the holy bred of the manna.

cybotaxis (saibsu'taeksis). Physics, [f. Gr. Kvfios cube + rd£is arrangement.] An arrangement of molecules in a liquid (see quot. 1927). Hence cybo'tactic a., of or pertaining to cybotaxis. 1927 G. W. Stewart & R. M. Morrow in Physical Rev. XXX. 233 The present paper.. interprets the space array .. not as caused by fragmentary crystals, but by a type of molecular arrangement wherein there is combined mobility of the component molecules and yet a recognizable space array. To this state is given the name ‘cybotaxis’, which means ‘space-arrangement’. The adjective is ‘cybotactic’. A new word is necessary in order to distinguish this state from that called ‘crystalline’. 1941 Nature 22 Nov. 617/1 There are .. two main types of conception of liquid structure .. (1) group and (2) statistical conceptions... The most elegant development of the group type of conception is Stewart’s theory of ‘cybotaxis’. In this the groups are considered to be of transitory nature, continually forming and disappearing. 1948 Sci. News VIII. 96 Their views fit in well with Stewart’s theory that liquids have a ‘cybotactic* structure, viz., that there are small aggregates of molecules arranged as they would be in a crystalline particle.

eye- in obs. forms: see cic-. cycad ('saikad). Bot. [ad mod.L. generic name Cycas, -adis, a. supposed Gr. xvxas found in old edd. of Theophrastus, but now known to be a scribal error for koiieas acc. pi. of the Egyptian doum-palm: see Liddell and Scott.] A plant of the genus Cycas which gives its name to the Cycadacese, a natural order of Gymnosperms, related to the Conifers, but in appearance resembling palms, and having affinity with tree-ferns. 1845 Lindley Veg. Kingd. (1853) 224 The near relation of conifers and cycads. 1883 Sunday Mag. 547/1 Her Majesty planted in the gardens.. a splendid Chinese cycad.

cycadaceous (sika'deijas), a. Bot. [f. mod.L. Cycadacese: see prec. and -aceous.] Of or belonging to the N.O. Cycadacese, or cycads. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 248 A Cycadaceous stem partakes in structure of the peculiarities of both Exogens and Endogens. 1876 Page Adv. Text Bk. Geol. xvii. 327 Cycadaceous plants likewise flourish on the Australian continent.

genus Cyclas or family Cycladidse, comprising numerous fresh-water species. 1866 Tate Brit. Mollusks ii. 36 The shell of Cyclas lacustris contrasts with those of other Cyclads in its subrhombic form.

Cycladic (si'klaedik), a. [f. L. Cyclades pi., a. Gr. KvxXdhes (prjcroi islands) 4- -ic.] Of or pertaining to the Cyclades, a group of islands in the Aegean, lying in a circle round Delos; spec. designating, or pertaining to, the prehistoric civilization of these islands. Also absol. 1915 H. R. Hall JEgean Archseol. ii. 24 It has become a misnomer to call the island culture by a name connecting it in any way with the ‘Mycensean’. The word ‘Cycladic is now used, as the chief discoveries of this early stage of Greek civilisation have been made in the Cyclades. 1920 Discovery June 178/2 ‘Cycladic’.. is sometimes substituted for ‘Minoan’ when one speaks exclusively of the island sites outside of Crete. 1921 Brit. Museum Return 60 Large beaked jug of later Cycladic style .. From Melos or Thera. 1927 Peake & Fleure Priests £f Kings 113 These [sub¬ periods] have been named in the same way, ranging from Early Cycladic I to Late Cycladic III. 1957 V. G. Childe Dawn Europ. Civilization (ed. 6) iv. 49 While it has been customary to assign most cemeteries to the Early Cycladic period (before 2000 B.C.), Aberg has shown that some graves rtiust be Middle or even Late Cycladic.

cyclamate ('sikbmeit, ’saikbmeit). [f. cyc/ohexylsulphamate, f. cyclo- + hexyl + sulphamate, f. sulpham(ic (f. sulph- + am(ide 4-ic) -I- -ate4.] A salt of cyclohexylsulphamic acid, C6Hn NH S03H, esp. the sodium and calcium salts, which have been used as artificial sweetening agents. So 'cyclamated a., containing a cyclamate, having had a cyclamate added. 1951 Jrnl. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. (Sci. ed.) XL. 1 (heading) Studies on cyclamate sodium (Sucaryl sodium), a new noncaloric sweetening agent. 1965 Observer 17 Oct. 33/1 The use of cyclamate as an ‘artificial sweetener’. Ibid., Cyclamates fed to rats at levels of 5 per cent or 10 per cent of the diet reduced their rate of growth. 1969 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 8/2 The decision to withdraw the ban was the result of the recommendation by a special scientific panel convened to determine the best way of making cyclamated products readily available to diabetics. 1970 New Scientist 1 Jan. 21/1 The cyclamate issue .. is certainly stimulating research into ways of satisfying Man’s sweet tooth. Ibid., Cyclamates are only 30 times sweeter than sucrose and saccharin 300 times sweeter.

cyclamen ('sikbmen). Also (6 ciclamin), 7 cyclamine, siclamine, (8 ciclament). [med. and mod.L. cyclamen, L. cyclamtnos or -on, Gr. Kvic\dp.ivos (also KVKXaptLs), ? f. kvkX-os circle, with reference to the shape of the bulbous root.] a. A genus of Primulacese, belonging to Southern Europe, cultivated for their handsome early-blooming flowers; the fleshy root-stocks are greedily sought after by swine, whence the name sowbread, b. A plant of this genus. C1550 Lloyd Treas. Health (1585) Nij, Y' rote of Ciclamin. 1578 Lyte Dodoens ill. xi. 329 Of Sowbread.. There be two sortes of Cyclamen, as Dioscorides writeth. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Cyclamen, The way of planting Cyclamens, is to put their Bulbs two Inches deep in the Ground. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 226 The root of Cyclamen is famous for its acridity; yet this is the principal food of the wild boars of Sicily. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, First visit to Eng. Wks. (Bohn) II. 3 He praised the beautiful cyclamen which grows all about Florence.

c. The shade of colour characteristic of the red or pink cyclamen flower. 1923 Daily Mail 29 Jan. 1 In shades of Powder Blue.. Cyclamen,.. Flamingo, Pink. 1926 Spectator 24 Apr. 750/2 Sleeveless cardigan, in various shades of cyclamen, rose marie and saxe. i960 Harper's Bazaar Aug. 80/2 Cyclamen rayon satin.

cyclamin('sikbmin). Chem. [f. prec. + -in.] A poisonous principle extracted from the tubers of Cyclamen; it is a non-azotized glucoside. 1842 E. Turner Elem. Chem. (ed. 7) in. 1123 Cyclamine. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 294-5 Cyclamin.

cyclane ('saiklein). Chem. [f. cycl(ic a. 7 or 4-ane.] Any saturated cyclic hydrocarbon.

cy'cadeous, a. Bot. [f. mod.L. Cycade-se = Cycadacese (see prec.) + -ous.] = prec.

cycl(o-

1847 Ansted Anc. World ix. 198 The ancient shores., clothed with cycadeous vegetation. 1851 Richardson Geol. (1855) 169 Such a specimen is to be referred to some coniferous or cycadeous plant.

1932 Brit. Chem. Abstr. 559/2 (heading) Raman spectra of cyclanes... Raman spectra of cyclo-propane, -pentane, -hexane, -heptane, and -octane and their Me derivatives show great similarity. 1939 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) HI- 532/1 They [sc. cyclenes] can .. readily be derived from various simple derivatives of the saturated cyclic hydrocarbons (cyclanes).

cycadiform (si'kaediform), a. [See cycad and -form.] Resembling the cycads in form. cycadite ('siksdait). Palseont. -ite.] A fossil cycad.

[f. as prec. 4-

18.. Buckland, Our fossil cycadites allied .. to existing Cycadete. 1885 J. Phillips Man. Geol. (ed. Etheridge) 11. 354-

cycamore, obs. form of sycamore. cyche, cychory, obs. ff. chich, chicory. 1651 Biggs New Disp. [* So Opium and cychory.

cyclad ('sikbd). Zool. [ad. mod.L. Cyclas, -adis the typical genus: see cyclas.] A mollusc of the

cyclar ('saikb(r)), a. rare. [f. cycle + -ar.] Of or pertaining to a cycle; = cyclic. 1768 Horsefall in Phil. Trans. LVIII. 102 D and E are the cyclar numbers, and d and e are the anno domini numbers. 1837 Fraser’s Mag. XVI. 632 The cyclar system of that ingenious nation [Egypt].

cyclarthrodial (sikb'Oraudial), a. Anat. [f. Gr. kvkX-os circle + apdpwSla articulation 4- -al1.] Of, or of the nature of, a cyclarthrosis. IIcyclarthrosis (sikb'Braosis). Anat. [mod.L., f. Gr. kvkX-os circle 4- apdpwots articulation.] A

CYCLAS

CYCLIC

189

circular or rotatory articulation, as that of the radius with the ulna. Ilcyclas (’sikbs). Hist. [L. cyclas, a. Gr. KvxXds a woman’s garment with a border all round it.] A tightly-fitting upper garment or tunic worn by women from ancient times; also sometimes by men, esp. the tunic or surcoat made shorter in front than behind, worn by knights over their armour in the 14th century. i860 Fairholt Costume 97 The lady wears a long gown, over which is a cyclas, or tightly-fitting upper-tunic. 1868 Cussans Her. i. 32 Prince John Plantagenet.. is represented .. as wearing a Cyclas, which reaches below the knees behind, and to the lower part of the thighs in front, being open at the sides as far as the hips. 1883 M. E. Haweis in Contemp. Rev. Sept. 425 Judith of Bohemia wore a cyclas worked with gold, in 1083.

H Identified or confused with ciclatoun q.v.; see also Du Cange s.v. Cyclas. •834 Planche Brit. Costume 95 A rich stuff manufactured in the Cyclades, and therefore called cyclas or ciclaton, gave its name to a garment like a dalmatica or super-tunic worn by both sexes. 1876 Rock Text. Fabr. iv. 27.

cycle ('saik(3)l), sb. Also 4, 7 cicle, 5 cikil. [a. F. cycle or ad. L. cycl-us, a. Gr. kvkXos circle.] 1. 1. Astron. A circle or orbit in the heavens. 1631 Brathwait Whimzies 13 Horizons, Hemispheares.. Astrolabes, Cycles, Epicycles, are his usuall dialect. 1667 Milton P. L. viii. 84 How gird the Sphear With Centric and Eccentric scribl’d o’re, Cycle and Epicycle, Orb in Orb. fig. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. in. viii, What infinitely larger Cycle (of Causes) our little Epicycle revolves on.

2. a. A recurrent period of a definite number of years adopted for purposes of chronology. (See quot. 1788.) cycle of indiction: see indiction. Metonic or lunar cycle: a cycle of 10 years, established by the Greek astronomer Meton, and used for determining the date of Easter. solar cycle: a period of 28 years, at the end of which the days of the week (according to the Julian Calendar) recur on the same days of the month. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 271 The dissonaunce of pe cicles of Dionise the lesse ageyne the trawthe of gospelles. 1398 -Barth. De P.R. ix. iv. (1495) 349 The Cycle and course of the mone conteyneth twelue comyn yeres and seuen yeres Embolismalis. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. ix. xxiii. 5 De cikil of our Salvatioune Dat is pe Annuntiatiowne. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. xii. 211 Of months, of years, Olympiades, Lustres, Indictions, Cycles, Jubilies, &c. 1656 Blount Glossogr. s.v., This revolution is called the Cycle of the Sun, taking name from Sunday, the letter whereof (called therefore Dominical) it appoints for every yeer. 1788 Priestley Led. Hist. in. xiv. m The greatest difficulty in chronology has been to accommodate the two methods of computing time by the course of the moon and that of the sun to each other.. This gave birth to many cycles in use among the ancients. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. i. 47 The Roman church, about the middle of the sixth century, adopted a new cycle, which had been lately composed by Dionysius Exiguus... But the British churches .. continued to use the ancient cycle.

b. gen. A period in which a certain round of events or phenomena is completed, recurring in the same order in succeeding periods of the same length. 1662 Petty Taxes 24 The cycle within which dearths and plenties make their revolution. 1795 Burke On Scarcity Wks. VII. 379 Wages., bear a full proportion.. to the medium of provision during the last bad cycle of twenty years. 1836 J. H. Newman in Lyra Apost. (1849) 185 The world has cycles in its course, when all That once has been, is acted o’er again. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iii. 96 One of those curious cycles which so often come round in human affairs.

c. A long indefinite period of time; an age. 1842 Tennyson Locksley Hall 184 Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt, xix, After many years—ages, centuries, cycles perhaps.

3. a. A recurrent round or course (of successive events, phenomena, etc.); a regular order or succession in which things recur; a round or series which returns upon itself. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (J.), To present our gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the year. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 824 The Caroline Cycle [for the election of Proctors] being still kept back a year. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 47 A committee of nine members, in which every Hanse town was in its turn represented, according to a fixed cycle. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. in. xxxvii. 329 The whole cycle of changes returns into itself, just as do the metamorphoses of an insect.

b. Physics, etc. A recurring series of operations or states, spec, in internal combustion engines. Also, short for cycles per second (abbrev. C.P.S., cps., c/s), the unit of frequency of an oscillation (as an alternating current, a sound wave, etc.). 01884 Knight Did. Mech. Suppl. 382/2 The complete cycle of motions in the Otto engine is accomplished only by two complete revolutions of the working shaft, or four strokes of the piston. 1887 Encyl. Brit. XXII. 479I Generally in heat-engines the working substance returns periodically to the same state of temperature, pressure, volume, and physical condition. When this has occurred the substance is said to have passed through a complete cycle of operations. 1893 T. O’C. Sloane Standard Electr. Diet. 175 Cycle of alternation, a full period of alternation of an alternating current. It begins properly at the zero line, goes to a maximum value in one sense and returns to zero, goes

2

to maximum in the other sense and returns to zero. 1920 Whittaker's Electr. Engineer's Pocket-Bk. (ed. 4) 348 In the early days, when electricity was used only for lighting, frequencies round about 100 cycles were usual. 1929 A. F. Collins Aviation 148 After the power stroke is completed three more strokes must take place before there is another explosion stroke and, hence, another power stroke. Then the series of strokes, or cycle, as it is called, begins all over again, and this is what is meant by a four-stroke cycle engine. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 206/1 C.P.S., cps., c/s, abbrevs. for cycles per second, the usual measure of frequency. 1944 A. Wood Physics of Music iv. 42 The lowest frequencies used in the orchestra are those of the double bass and the bass tuba, which lie between 60 and 80 cycles per second... Tones of male speech embrace a range of from 120 to 8000 c.p.s. 1959 Consumer Rep. (N.Y.) Sept. 452/2 Only one [tweeter] provided adequate and relatively uniform power in the high-frequency range to beyond 20,000 cps. 1965 Electronics Weekly 10 Mar. 22/s It operates from a standard single phase 50 c/s supply. 1967 Electronics 6 Mar. 325/1 Markus continues to use ‘cycles per second* instead of ‘hertz’.

c. Geol. cycle of erosion, sedimentation (see quots.). 1904 Chamberlin & Salisbury Geol. (1905) I. iii. 78 It has now been seen that by whatever method erosion by running water proceeds.. the final result of subaerial erosion must be the production of a base-level... The time involved in the reduction of a land area to base-level is a cycle of erosion. 1921 L. D. Stamp in Geol. Mag. LVIII. 109 A ‘cycle of sedimentation’ comprises the deposits of a complete oscillation of the basin, each oscillation including a positive phase of marine invasion and a negative phase of regression, i960-Britain's Struct. & Scenery (ed. 5) vii. 70 As the cycle of erosion progresses.. features which are due to varying resistance of the rocks.. gradually become eliminated as the surface is reduced to a monotonous level.. plain.

4. gen. A round, course, or period through which anything runs in order to its completion; a single complete period or series of successive events, etc. 1821 Shelley Adonais xxvii, Or hadst thou waited the full cycle, when Thy spirit should have filled its crescent sphere. 1845-6 Trench Huls. Lect. Ser. 1. iv. 66 The cycle of God’s teaching is complete. 1869 J. Martineau Ess. II. 230 Doctrines which have run their cycle.

5. A complete set or series; a circle, a round. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. Bb, To compile, and publish a Compleat Cycle and Hystory of Trades. 1678 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 401 Vide the printed cycle for names of collectors and how many admitted. 1829 Scott Demonol. iv. 121 [He] figures among a cycle of champions. 01836 Godwin Ess. (1873) 217 The most intolerable sentence in the whole cycle of religious morality. 6. spec. A series of poems or prose romances,

collected round or relating to a central event or epoch of mythic history and forming a continuous narrative; as the Arthurian cycle. Also transf. Originally used in the Epic cycle [Gr. o(eirucds) kukAo?], the series of epic poems written by later poets (Cyclic poets) to complete Homer, and presenting (with the Iliad and Odyssey) a continuous history of the Trojan war and of all the heroes engaged in it. 1835 Thirlwall Greece I. vi. 248 They., formed the basis or nucleus of the epic cycle. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 470/1 Those cycles of metrical romances which have for their subjects the exploits of Alexander the Great, King Arthur, and other heroes. 1870 Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 66 The marvellous opening cycle of twenty-eight sonnets. 1873 H. Morley First Sk. Eng. Lit. 61 The cycle of the Charlemagne romances.. those of the Arthurian cycle. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. i. §6. 56 The mythopoeic faculty has not engendered a cycle of miracles around the simple story.

7. Med. [L. cyclus.] With the ‘methodic’ physicians: A course of remedies, hygienic and medicinal, continued during a fixed series of days. 1882 Svd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Cyclus, Cselius Aurelianus distinguished three kinds of cycles or periods.. The cycle was resumed several times if needed. 8. Bot. A complete turn of the spire recognized

in the theory of spiral leaf-arrangement. 1857 Henfrey Bot. 41 The series of leaves included by the spiral line in passing from the first leaf to that which stands directly above it is called a cycle.

9. Zool. In corals, a set of septa of equal length. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iii. 164 The septa in the adult Hexacoralla .. of the same lengths are members of one ‘cycle’; and the cycles are numbered according to the lengths of the septa, the longest being counted as the first. In the young, six equal septa constitute the first cycle.

10. Math. a. Geom. A closed path in a cyclic or multiply-connected region, b. (See quot. 1893.) 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 16 Every new line completes a loop or closed path, or, as we shall call it, a cycle. i893 Forsyth Theory of Functions 593 In the theory of Substitution-Groups the set of homologous corners of a given region is called a cycle.

11. 11. [An abbreviation, familiar and conveniently inclusive, of bicycle and tricycle; but Gr. kvkXos ‘circle’ also meant ‘wheel’.] A bicycle, tricycle, or other machine of the kind. [1870 Nat. Hist. Bicycles in Belgravia Feb. 443 Another idea for a monocycle (which, by the way, might be called a ‘cycle’ at once, for shortness).] 1881 Pall Mall G. 23 June 10/2 The ‘spider wheel’.. marks the commencement of the present era of ’cycles. 1882 Standard 1 May 3 *7 To tax ‘Cycles’ for the benefit of those who have carriages.

12. attrib. and Comb, (chiefly in sense 11), as cycle-battery, -horn, -man, -racing, -scout, -shop, -track, etc.; cycle-car, a light motor-

driven vehicle with three (rarely four) wheels;

cycle-clip = bicycle-clip-, cycleway, a path or lane for the (usu. exclusive) use of bicycles; cf.

bikeway s.v. bike sb.2 2b. 1887 Spectator 17 Sept. 1244 We may see the time when •cycle-batteries will be a feature of every army. 1913 (title) The autocyle, side car and *cycle car user. 1914 Morn. Post 9 Feb. 5 A Cyclecar Paperchase. 1954 ‘N. Shute’ Slide Rule 12 A little car built of motor bicycle components, then known as a cyclecar. 1939-40 Army & Navy Stores Catal. p. xxxi/i ’Cycle clips. 1955 P. Larkin Less Deceived 28 Hatless, I take off My cycle-clips in awkward reverence. 1891 Bicycling News 141 Bells and *cycle-homs. 1887 Globe 19 Apr., ‘*Cycleman’ is the latest name for the ‘Uhlan on wheels’. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 153 Rover *cycleshop. 1916 - Portrait of Artist iv. 182 Some jesuits were walking round the *cycletrack. 1936 Min. Transport Circ. 454 (Roads) 2 Separate cycle tracks will often be justified solely on the grounds of public safety. 1963 Ann. Reg. ig62 449 Extensive use was made of cycle tracks and pedestrian footpaths for segregating traffic about other parts of the town. 1899 Sci. Amer. 13 May 296/3 Mr. Horace M. Dobbins, of Pasadena, organized what is known as the ‘California ’Cycleway Company’. 1963 Times 13 Dec. 15/4 Professor Buchanan might well consider again some adaptation of the Stevenage ‘cycleways’ experiment. 1972 Oxford Times 27 Oct. 3 Cycleways could be introduced in many parts of Oxford. 1983 M. W. Jones Snickelways of York 10/2 The York City Council bestowed upon the street the status of cycleway.

cycle ('saik(3)l), v. [f. prec.

sb. Cf. Gr. kvkXcIv to

go round and round.]

1. intr. To move or revolve in cycles; to pass through cycles. 1842 Tennyson Tuio Voices 348 It may be that no life is found, Which only to one engine bound Falls off, but cycles always round. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. xiv. 490 Whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity.

2. To ride a bicycle or tricycle, to travel by cycle. 1883 [see cycling vbl. sb.]. 1891 Cycl. Tour. Club Gaz. Dec. 340 On landing at Dieppe [he] would cycle or train, according to the state of the weather.

cycle,

obs. form of shekel, sickle.

cycled ('saik(3)ld), ppl. a.

[f. cycle + -ed.] Characterized by or consisting of cycles.

1850 Tennyson In Mem. lxxxv. 28 All knowledge that the sons of flesh Shall gather in the cycled times.

cycledom ('saik(3)ld3m). nonce-wd. [f. cycle sb. 11 + -dom.] The domain or‘world’of cycles and their riders. 1890 B. W. Richardson in AsclepiadWl. 24 In the world of cycledom. 1892 Standard 18 Mar. 6/4 Neither do we intend usurping the part of protectors to Italian cycledom.

cycler (’saikb(r)). [f.

cycle t>. 2 + -er.] One who rides a bicycle or tricycle. 1884 Springfield Wheelmen s Gaz. Nov. 105/2 Over 5000 were mounted cyclers. 1888 J. Pennell in Pall Mall G. 25 Oct. 5 From the standpoint of a touring cycler.

cyclery ('saikbri). N. Amer. [f.

cycle sb. 11

+

-ery.] A bicycle shop. 1897 Trans-Mississippian (Council Bluffs, Iowa) 20 Apr. (Advt.), Council Bluffs Cyclery. 1899 J. F. Fraser Round World on Wheel xxxvii. 484 There is a cyclery—that’s an American word—where machines are hired out at a shilling an hour. 1901 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 1 Oct. 8/2 (Advt.), The stock, tools, etc. of the B.C. Cyclery & Supply Co. 1936 Mencken Amer. Lang. (ed. 4) 176 In Pasadena, Calif.,.. there is a battery, in South Pasadena a cyclery.

cyclette (sai'klst).

[Fr.: see -ette.]

A small

(motor) bicycle. 1898 Daily News 15 Nov. 7/6 The one-mile motor cyclette race. 1923 Daily Mail 28 Feb. 6 The Paris-Nice Trial. How the motor cyclettes fared under strenuous conditions.

cyclian ('siklian), a.

rare. [f. Gr. kvkXl-os circular, cyclic + -an.] = cyclic 2, 3. 1699 Bentley P/10/. Wks. 1836 I. 341 The chorus belonging to the dithyramb was not called a tragic, but cyclian chorus. 1840 tr. Muller's Hist. Lit. Greece xiv. 204 In the time of Aristophanes, the expressions ‘dithyrambic poet’ and ‘teacher of cyclian choruses’ (wtcXiobibaoKaXos) were nearly synonymous. 1847 Leitch tr. Muller's Anc. Art §415 The Cyclian poets, who formed the introduction and continuation to the Iliad.

cyclic ('saiklik, 'si-), a. [a. F. cyclique (16th c. in Hatzfeld), or ad. L. cyclic-us, a Gr. kvkXikos moving in a circle, cyclic, f. kvkXos cycle.] 1. a. Of or pertaining to a cycle or cycles; of the nature of a cycle; revolving or recurring in cycles. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 226 The order he [Moses] has given his narrative is.. conformable to the cyclic ideas of the people he lived amongst. 1840 Mrs. Browning Drama of Exile, While all the cyclic heavens about me spun. 1879 Proctor Pleas. Ways Sc. ii. 31 Cyclic associations between solar and terrestrial phenomena.

b. Belonging to a definite chronological cycle. 1838 Arnold Hist. Rome I. xvii. 368 note, Twenty cyclic years, of ten months each. 1850 C. P. Brown (title). Cyclic Tables of Chronology of the history of the Telugu and Kannadi countries (Madras).

c. Characterized by recurrence in cycles. 1885 F. W. Pary in Lancet 17 Oct. 706 These cases .. have a cyclic character belonging to them, and hence my adoption of the term Cyclic Albuminuria. 1886 Braithwaite's Retrosp. Med. XCIII. 219 A Physiological cyclic change. 1888

CYCLICAL

190

Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 2) II. 600 ‘ Cyclic albuminuria’, by which is denoted the recurrence of traces of albumen in the urine at more or less regular intervals. d. Aeronaut, cyclic pitch control, a method of

controlling the direction or motion of a helicopter by varying the angle of the rotor blades during each cycle of rotation. So cyclic pitch lever, stick. 1944 H. F. Gregory Helicopter (1948) xiv. 164 The first and probably the most common [method of controlling helicopters].. is called cyclic pitch control. What it means is the change of pitch of a blade.. as the blade moves in its cycle of rotation. 1959 F. D. Adams Aeronaut. Diet. 55/2 Cyclic pitch stick, a control stick for cyclic pitch control. 1962 Flight Internat. LXXXI. 865/2 According to the position of a pendulous ‘cyclic-pitch’ lever, the complete rotor disc and resulting lift vector can be tilted to control the flight path.

2. a. Of or belonging to a cycle of mythic and heroic story: see cycle sb. 6. Cyclic poet one of the writers of the ‘Epic cycle*. a 1822 Shelley Def. Poetry Prose Wks. 1888 II. 20 They are the episodes of that cyclic poem written by Time upon the memories of men. 1840 tr. Muller's Hist. Lit. Greece vi. 64 This class of [later] epic poets is called the Cyclic, from their constant endeavour to connect their poems with those of Homer, so that the whole should form a great cycle. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi i. (1870) 11 The Cyclic Poems, which aimed at completing the circle of events with which they deal.

b. transf. Belonging to the cycle of current Greek tradition which underlies the Synoptic Gospels, as distinguished from what is peculiar to a single Synoptist.

as influenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other Cyclical Changes in the Human System.

b. Belonging to a definite chronological cycle. 1838 Arnold Hist. Rome I. xviii. 382 The truce.. was to last only for forty cyclical years of ten months each. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 579 Plato also speaks of an ‘annus magnus’ or cyclical year. 3. = CYCLIC 2. 1841 De Quincey Homer Wks. VI. 293 The many epic and cyclical poems which arose during post-Homeric ages. 1873 S ymonds Grk. Poets vii. (1877) 203 The cyclical poets.

4. Bot. a. Rolled up circularly, as the embryos of many seeds. b. Arranged in whorls, verticillate; hence transf. in Zool. 1866 in Treas. Bot. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 36 Wartcress.. embryo in some species cyclical. 1881 W. B. Carpenter Microscope 546 We find in the nautiloid spire a tendency to pass.. into the cyclical mode of growth.

5. cyclical number: (see quot.). 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 113 A perfect or cyclical number, i.e. a number in which the sum of the divisors equals the whole.

cyclically ('saiklikali, 'si-), adv. [f. cyclical a. -f -ly2.] In a cyclic or cyclical way; in cycles. 1882 Proc. R. Soc. XXXIV. 40 When any cyclic change of I is made to take place by varying H cyclically. 1895 Athenaeum 1 June 710/1 Mr. Burstall commenced the reading of a paper ‘On the Measurement of a Cyclically Varying Temperature’. 1939 New Republic 27 Sept. 210 Employment in this area has been decreased by thousands, not as a result of recession but in addition to the thousands of men cyclically displaced. 1961 P. J. Davis Lore of Large Numbers 60 A decimal whose digits recur cyclically must be a fraction.

1851 Westcott Introd. Gospels iv. (ed. 5) 225 In all the cases of Cyclic quotations parallels occur in the other Synoptic Gospels agreeing (as St. Matthew) with the LXX.

cyclicism ('siklisiz(3)m).

3. cyclic chorus [Gr. kvkXios yopo?] in Gr. Antiq.: the dithyrambic chorus, which was danced in a ring round the altar of Dionysus.

1857 Gosse Creation 367 The principle of prochronic development obtains wherever we are able to test it; that is wherever another principle, that of cyclicism, exists.

1846 Worcester, Cyclic.. noting chorus, cyclical. Beck.

cyclicotomy

a

kind

of verse

or

4. Bot. Of a flower: Having its parts arranged in whorls. 1875 Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 565 In the great majority of Dicotyledons the parts of the flower are arranged in whorls, or the flowers are cyclic; only in a comparatively small number of families .. are all or some of them arranged spirally (acyclic or hemicyclic).

5. Math. Of or pertaining to a circle or cycle. spec, cyclic axis (of a cone of the second order): a line through the vertex perpendicular to the circular section of the cone. (1852 Booth.) cyclic constant, the constant by which a many-valued function is increased after describing a non-evanescible circuit or cycle in a cyclic region. (1881 Maxwell Electr. 8c Magn. I. 18.) cyclic planes (of a cone of the second order): the two planes through one of the axes which are parallel to the circular section of the cone. (1874 Salmon Analyt. Geom. Three Dim. 194.) Sometimes used of any circular sections, cyclic quadrilateral: one inscribable in a circle. (1888 Casey Plane Trigonometry 184.) cyclic regiem: a region or domain within which a closed line can be drawn in such a manner that it cannot shrink indefinitely without passing out of the region.

6. Gr. Prosody. Of a dactyl or anapaest: Occupying in scansion only three ‘times’ instead of four; applied to dactyls which interchange, not (as in Hexameters) with spondees, but with trochees. 1844 Beck & Felton tr. Munk's Metres 102 The cyclic anapaests, so called, are analogous to the irrational dactyls. 1879 L. Campbell Sophocles I. Pref. 44 According to a doubtful theory the dactyls in logaoedic verse are each of them equivalent in time to a trochee, much as a triplet may be occasionally introduced in ordinary music without altering the time. Such a foot is called a ‘lyrical’ or ‘cyclic’ dactyl (7tou9 kvkXios).

7. Org. Chem. Of a compound: having a molecular structure containing one or more ‘closed chains’ or rings of atoms; also, of or pertaining to such compounds. See also ALICYCLIC,

CARBO-CYCLIC,

HETEROCYCLIC,

isocyclic (s.v. iso-) adjs. 1898 Jfrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. 1. 637 It is extremely difficult to separate benzene from cyclic hydrocarbons boiling at a much lower temperature. 1913 Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 10) 544 The cyclic or closed-chain series. 1923 T. H. Pope tr. Molinari's Org. Chem. II. 616 Cyclic compounds. 1937 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 33/2 Cyclic acetals, of use in perfumery and as industrial solvents, are made by condensing dihydric alcohols with unsubstituted araliphatic aldehydes. 1961 L. F. & M. Fieser Adv. Org. Chem. ii. 51 The hydrocarbon is indeed known, and since it has the same number of carbon atoms as propane but is cyclic it is called cyclopropane.

cyclical ('saiklikal, 'si-), a. [f. as prec. + -al1.] 1. Of a line: Returning into itself so as to form a closed curve, rare. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. 122 [The point] must flow back again on itself; that is, there arises a cyclical line which does inclose a space.

b. Of a letter: Circular, encyclical, rare. 1879 Farrar St. Paul I. 434 The genuineness of this cyclical letter is evinced by its extreme naturalness. 2. = CYCLIC I. a 1834 Coleridge (W.), Time, cyclical time, was their abstraction of the Deity. 1837 Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar iii. (1844) ?8 Modes of thought, not cyclical, but successive. 1854 Moseley Astron. lxxix. (ed. 4) 219 The changes of the planetary orbits must return in certain cyclical periods. 1861 E. Smith (title), Health and Disease,

[f. cyclic + -ism.] The quality of being cyclic; cyclic condition.

(sikli'kntami). Surg. [f. Gr. circular + -ropia a cutting.] Division of the ciliary body. kvkXiko-s

1882 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

cyclide ('saiklid, ‘siklaid). Geom. [a. F. cyclide, f. cycle.] ‘The envelope of a sphere whose centre moves on a fixed quadric, and which cuts a fixed sphere orthogonally’ (Salmon). 1874 Salmon Analyt. Geom. Three Dim. 496. 1881 H. in Athenaeum 23 Apr. 563/2 On the Five Focal Quadrics of a Cyclide. Hart

cycling, vbl. sb. and ppl. a. [f. cycle v.] a. The action or activity of riding a bicycle etc.; that rides a bicycle etc. 1883 B. W. Richardson Cycling in Longm. Mag. Oct. 593 To the human family the art of cycling is the bestowal of a new faculty. Ibid. 595 The choicest representatives of cycling circles.

b. cycling lizard, a kind of lizard found in Australia (see quots.). 1937 Discovery May 137/1 The Racehorse or Cycling Lizard.. runs at an incredible speed .. and the movement of the back legs bears a remarkable resemblance to the motion of a cyclist. 1955 A. J. Ross Australia 55 46 The ‘cycling’ lizard, whose leg motions resemble the pedalling action of a man on a bicycle,.. of which the Commonwealth Railway brochure speaks so enticingly.

cyclism (’saikliz(3)m). nonce-wd. [f. cycle sb. + -ism.] The practice of the cyclist; the use of bicycles or tricycles as a means of progression. 1890 Sat. Rev. 2 Aug. 136/1 Military cyclism .. only asks for.. fair trial.

cyclist ('saikhst).

[f. as prec. + -ist.] One who rides a cycle or practises cycling. 1882 Pall Mall G. 25 Sept. 3 The cyclists of London. 1887 Times 9 Apr. 5/4, I passed a group of Lieutenant-Colonel Savile’s military cyclists. attrib. 1884 C. Dickens jun. Diet. Lond. 37/2 The Cyclist Touring Club. 1887 Times 8 Apr. 4/1 There will be an extensive reconnaissance carried out by the Cyclist Corps to the north-east of Canterbury.

2. One who reckons by a cycle or cycles; one who recognizes cycles in the course of phenomena, etc. Hence cy'clistic a. 1882 Bazaar, Exch. & Mart 15 Feb. 175 Readers with cyclistic tendencies.

Ilcyclitis (si'klaitis). Path. [f. Gr.

kvkX-os circle + -ITIS.] Inflammation of the ciliary body.

1861 Bumstead Ven. Dis. (1879) 718 Inflammations of the ciliary body, or cyclitis.

cyclize (’saiklaiz), v. Org. Chem. [f. cycl(ic a. 7 + -ize.] trans. To make (a compound) cyclic (cyclic a. 7); intr. to undergo cyclization, become cyclic. So cycli'zation, the rearrangement of the atoms in a molecule to form one or more ‘closed chains’ or rings: 'cyclized ppl. a. 1909 Chem. News 16 July 24/2 The cyclisation of ketone acids always occurs at one of the carbon atoms near the ketone function. Cyclic chains containing C5 and C6 are most easily formed. 1933 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 11. mi The cyclisation of aromatic compounds in which a cyclic system forms part of an unsaturated side chain. 1934 Webster, Cyclize v.t. 1936 Nature 7 Mar. 411/2 Open ‘cyclised’

CYCLOpolypeptides. 1942 G. Egloff et al. Isomerization of Pure Hydrocarbons vi. 170 1,1,3,3-Tetraphenylbutene cyclized at 2150 in the presence of ‘Floridin’. Ibid. vi. 171 The other form, when treated in the same manner, cyclized into i-bcnzyl-2, 3-diphenylindane. 1949 H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics II. xxviii. 958 Attempts to cyclize this compound. 1954 Archit. Rev. CXV. 356/1 Cyclized (or isomerized) rubber is mostly used for paints which are required to withstand steam and condensation and is thus most commonly used in kitchens and bathrooms. 1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens viii. 117 A similar pathway, but with reduction instead of cyclization, could explain the synthesis of fatty acids.

cyclo- (saiktau, sikteo). 1. Combining form of Gr. kvkXos circle (see cycle), occurring in many technical terms; e.g. cyclo'branchian, a mollusc belonging to the sub-order Cyclobranchia; cyclo'branchiate a. [Gr. /Spdyxia gills]- having gills circularly arranged; applied to a suborder of gastropodous molluscs (Cyclobranchia, -branchiata)-, also said of the gills; cyclo'centric a. (see quot.); cycloce'phalian, -lie a.\ cyclo'cephalus \_KeaXri head] (see quots.); cyclo'clinal a. Geol. [cf. anticlinal], sloping in all directions from a central point; = quaquaversal; cyclo'ccelic a. [koiA/h intestines], having the intestines coiled: said of birds; opposed to orthocoslic; cyclo’gangliate, -ated a. Zool., having circularly-arranged ganglia; 'cyclogen Bot. [-yevys born, produced], a plant having woody tissue disposed in concentric circles; = exogen; so cy'clogenous a. (Syd. Soc. Lex.)\ cyclo'giro, -gyro [cf. autogiro], see quots.; 'cyclogram [-gram], the figure produced by a cyclograph; 'cyclograph [-ypaipos writer], (a) an instrument for tracing circular arcs; (b) Electr. (see quots.); hence cyclo'graphic a.; cy'clographer, a writer of a cycle (of legends, etc.); 'cyclolith [Xldos stone, after monolith, etc.], a name given by some archaeologists to a prehistoric stone circle; ,cyclomor’phosis Biol. [ad. G. cyclomorphose (R. Lauterborn 1904, in Verh. Naturh.-Med. Ver., Heidelberg VII. 614), occas. used in English], the phenomenon in certain organisms, esp. planktonic animals, of undergoing recurrent seasonal changes in form; cyclo'neurous, -’ose a. Zool., having the nervous axis circularly arranged, as in the Radiata; cyclo'plegia Path. [Gr. nXyyi) stroke], paralysis of the ciliary muscle; hence cyclo'plegic a., producing cycloplegia; sb. a cycloplegic agent; cy'clopterous a. [7rrepov wing], round-winged, round-finned; cyclo'rrhaphous a. Ent. [f. mod.L Cyclorapha, Cyclorrhapha (F. Brauer Monographie der Oestriden (1863) 34), Gr. pai/j eye. In It. and Sp. Ciclope, Pg. and F. Cyclope, whence Eng. Cyclop.] 1. One of a race of one-eyed giants in ancient Greek mythology, who forged thunderbolts for Zeus. Hence often used allusively. a. sing. Cyclops, pi. Cyclopes-, but the latter in early use may be like F. Cyclopes, pi. of Cyclope. 1513 Douglas JEnets hi. x. 39 A huge peple we se Of Ciclopes cum hurland to the port. 1561 T. Norton Calvin s Inst. 1. 7 Vnlesse the Epicureans like the Giauntes Cyclopes would.. make warre against God. 1645 Milton Tetrach. (1851) 234 Such an obdurat Cyclops, to have but one eye for this text. 1802 Wordsw. Daisy iv, A little cyclops, with one eye Staring to threaten and defy. 1883 Liddell & Scott Gr. Lex. (ed. 7) s.v., In Hesiod Theogony 140, we find three Cyclopes.. who forged the thunderbolts for Zeus.

fi. sing. Cyclop, pi. Cyclops. [F. Cyclope, -s.] 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 3 b, Achemenides being afraide of the horrible Cyclops. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 11. ii. 511. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 245 The Cyclops, at th’ Almighty Nod, New Thunder hasten for their angry God. 1725 Pope Odyss. ix. 473 The Cyclops all that round him dwell. Ibid. 484 The Cyclop from his den replies. 1819 Shelley Cyclops 111 Cyclops, who live in caverns, not in houses. 1855 Macaulay Hist. IV. xix. 321 In front of the helmet was a huge glass eye like that of a cyclop.

y. pi. Cyclopses. 1681 Rycaut Critick 206 What shall I say of so many Cyclopses? 1819 Shelley Cyclops 25 The one-eyed children of the Ocean God, The man-destroying Cyclopses.

2.

Zool. A genus of small fresh-water copepods, having an eye (apparently single, but really double) situated in the middle of the front of the head. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 967/1 The metamorphosis of the eyes in.. Cyclops, i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 63 Tiny cyprides and Cyclopes disporting in the umbrageous groves of their world.

3. attrib. and Comb. (Cf. cyclope a.) 1682 Dryden Medal 226 Then, Cyclop like, in humane Flesh to deal. 1687 Third Coll. Poems, A Warning (1689) 29/1 His Cyclop Priests will make you truckle under. 1803 Sarrett New Piet. London 177 A Cyclops pig. .because it has only one eye., placed in the middle of the forehead.

cyclorama (saikta'raima). [mod.f. Gr. kvkXos circle + opapa spectacle.] 1. A picture of a landscape or scene arranged on the inside of a cylindrical surface, the spectator standing in the middle. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 191 The panorama forms the surface of a hollow cylinder.. (whence it is .. called .. cyclorama). 1849 {title), Description of the Royal Cyclorama .. Regents Park, opened in 1848. 1888 Pall Mall G. 25 June 11 /1 The cyclorama [of Niagara] which has ‘fetched’ all London.

2. Theatr. A large backcloth or wall, freq. curved, at the back of a stage, used esp. to represent the sky. 1915 H. K. Moderwell Theatre To-Day ii. 52 The ‘skydrops’.. have been replaced .. by an invention that makes a natural landscape possible. This is the ‘Horizont’, which we may name for the purpose a cyclorama. 1930 Observer 18 May 11/2 The stage will have unique features, including an artificial horizon or cyclorama. 1957 Oxf. Compan. Theatre (ed. 2) 173 The cyclorama is, in essence, a curved wall, or section of a dome, built at the back of the stage, and demanding one quality—an absolutely unbroken surface. 1958 W. T. O’Dea Social Hist. Lighting vii. 166 In 1902 the first attempts were made to produce coloured sky effects by coloured light only, the ‘cyclorama’ being installed by Mariano Fortuny at the Scala Opera House in Milan. The cyclorama, which is a smooth, light-coloured surface the full height and width of the stage, can also be used for optical projection of scenery and effects, but it must not be in the path of any illumination other than that deliberately cast upon it.

Hence cyclo'ramic a. 1886 Appleton's Ann. Cycl. 278 (in Cent. Diet.) The laws of cycloramic perspective.

cyclosis (sai'kbusis). [a. Gr. kvkXcuols encircling, f. kvk\o-€iv to encircle, to move in a circle.] 1. Biol. A term (proposed by C. H. Schultz in 1831) for the circulation of latex (milky juice) in

obs. forms of chicory.

'cycular, a.

[An illiterate formation from vehicular (f. vehicul-um): cf. bicycular.] Pertaining to cycles or cycling.

cycle,

after

1891 Cyclist 25 Feb. 142 Entirely in touch with matters cycular. 1892 Strand Mag. July 33/2 The high-water mark of cycular invention.

cyd, var. of side a. Obs., hanging low. cyder, var. of

kvkAoy + otvXos pillar, column + quot.)

Cyderach,

-ar.]

(See

1850 Weale Diet. Terms, Cyclostylar, relating to a structure composed of a circular range of columns without a core; with a core, the range would be a peristyle.

cider.

var. of ciderage, Obs. *579 Langham Gard. Health (1633) 37 Cyderach .. apply it to greene or fresh wounds.

IlCydippe (sai'dipi:).

Zool.

[mod.L., a. Gr. A typical genus of Ctenophora, of which one beautiful species, C. pilosa, is common in the British Seas. Hence cy'dippian a.; cy'dippid, a ctenophoran of the family of Cydippe. Kvhlmrr) proper name of a Nereid.]

cyclostyle ('saikbustail), sb. [f. Gr. «wAos circle, wheel + style, L. stilus.] Name of an apparatus for printing copies of writing. It consists of a pen with a small toothed wheel at the point which cuts minute holes in specially prepared paper tightly stretched over a zinc plate; this paper is then used as a stencil-plate from which copies are printed. Hence cyclostyle apparatus, ink, pen, etc. 1883 Knowledge 16 Feb. Advt., The Cyclostyle. 1887 Chicago Advance 19 May 306/1 She. .prints it herself with the cyclostyle. 1892 Pall Mall G. 17 June 6/1 This is probably the last specimen of a cyclostyle-printed journal which will see the light in Mashonaland.

'cyclostyle, v.

[f. the sb.] trans. To print (copies) by cyclostyle. Hence 'cyclostyled ppl. a. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 3 July 2/3 Note the gradual rise from the cyclostyled circular to the printed appeal. 1928 Daily Express 5 Mar. 2/3 No candidate can be directly boosted by name in any matter printed, typed, or cyclostyled. 1957 Times 19 Aug. 2/7 The inquirer’s first carefree letter to manufacturers will be answered by a flood of shiny prospectuses and cyclostyled price lists.

cy'clotomy. [f. Gr. kvkXos circle -I- -ropua cutting. In sense 1 rendering Ger. kreistheilung.] 1. Math. The problem of the division of a circle into a given number of equal parts (Sylvester). 1879 Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 380 Bachmann’s work, as it seems to me, gives proof, that Cyclotomy is to be regarded not as an incidental application, but as the natural and inherent centre and core of the arithmetic of the future. 1892 Mathews Theory of Numbers 1. 184.

2. Ophthalmic Surg. (See quot.) 1889 Berry Dis. Eye vii. 222 Division of the ciliary muscle, or cyclotomy. Hence cyclo'tomic a., as in cyclotomic

functions. 1879 Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 357 The species of cyclotomic.. functions of which the cubic function above written is an example.

+ -tron.] An apparatus for accelerating charged atomic particles by subjecting them repeatedly to a (usu. horizontal) electric field as they revolve in orbits of increasing diameter in a constant (usu. vertical) magnetic field. cyclo-

E. O. Lawrence et al. in Physical Rev. XLVIII. 495/2 An apparatus of the type developed by Lawrence and Livingston was used to produce a beam of high speed deuterons... Since we shall have many occasions in the future to refer to this apparatus, we feel that it should have a name. The term ‘magnetic resonance accelerator’ is suggested... The word ‘cyclotron’, of obvious derivation, has come to be used as a sort of laboratory slang for the magnetic device. 1936 Discovery June 193/1 Princeton University is.. developing its high voltage apparatus by the installation of a cyclotron, which has proved the most satisfactory means of procuring the high-speed ions necessary for the study of nuclear transformations. 1942 Endeavour I. 40/1 The cyclotron .. consists essentially of a large electromagnet with circular pole pieces, between which is fixed a shallow cylindrical vacuum-tight metal chamber. 1951 Sci. News XXII. 58 The cyclotron derives directly from the linear accelerator. The great length and numerous electrodes of the linear accelerator can be avoided if the particles are made to move in a spiral path by a magnetic field. 1966 [see dee sb. 2]. 1969 Auden City without Walls 97 The High Priests of telescopes and cyclotrons Keep making pronouncements. *935

Hcyclus ('sikbs, ’saikbs).

[L., a. Gr. kvkXos = cycle 6; also a series of pictures representing romantic or historical cycle.

cycle.]

1810 H. Weber Metr. Rom. I. lntrod. 69 A .. third cyclus of romance, no less extensive than that of Arthur and of Charlemagne. 1837-9 Hallam Hist. Lit. (1847) I. iv. §65. 305 That legendary cyclus of heroic song. 1838 Baroness Bunsen in Hare Life I. xi. 482 Hesse’s designs for a cyclus representing the conversion of Germany to Christianity.

'cyclorn. = cycle-horn: see cycle sb. 12. 1891 Wheeling 4 Mar. 426 With an eldritch screech from his cyclorn. 1891 Cycl. Tour. Club Gaz. Aug. 200/1 The croak of a cyclorn warns him.

cycorie, -y,

cyclostylar (saikbu'staib(r)), a. Arch. [f. Gr.

cyclotron ('saikbtmn). [f.

cyclopy: see cyclopia.

the

cycnean, cygnean (sik'niian, sig-), a. rare. [f. L. cycneus, cygneus, = Gr. kvkvcios, f. eyenus, cygnus swan.] swan’s.

*835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 39/1. 1846 Patterson Zool. 39 We took a dead Cydippe, and..exposed it to the sun. *855 Gosse Marine Zool. I. 39 The Beroes and Cydippes.. look like tiny melons of glass, down whose bodies run bands or meridian-lines of paddles, i860 Agassiz Nat. Hist. 17.S. III. 184, I merely infer its Cydippian relationship from the position of the tentacles. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 721 The larva is at first a Cydippid-form.

feydon. Obs. rare. [f. L. cydonia (sc. mala) quinces, quince, from Cydonia, KvSuivla a town of Crete. (In L. also cotonia, cotonea, whence Pr. codoing, F. coing, OF. pi. coins, Eng. quince.)] Quince. Hence fey'doniate v., to treat with juice of quinces, 'cydonin, mucilage of quince seeds. *643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. vi. 26 Adde.. the musilage of Cydon seeds a little. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xix. 743 The tincture of Steel pomated or cydoniated. 1853 Pereira Elem. Mat. Med. (ed. 3) II. 11. 1814 Cydonin (peculiar gum of Quince Seed). 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Cydonin.. forming the chief part of the secondary membrane of the epidermis of the seed.

cyen, cyence: cyerge, cyete,

see scion. obs. forms of cierge, city.

cyesiology (saiiisi'obd^). [f. Gr. kwiois conception, pregnancy + -(o)logy.] That branch of physiology which treats of pregnancy. 1846 Worcester cites Dunglison. 1882 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

cyfer, cyffre, cyfre, cyft, cygh,

obs. forms of cipher sb.

obs. forms of sift, sigh.

'cygnean, a.:

see cycnean.

cygneous (’signiras), a. [f. L. cygn-us swan: cf. L. cycneus, cygneus of a swan.] Swan-like; in Bryology, curved like a swan’s neck. 1880 R. Braithwaite Brit. Moss-Flora I. 192 Phascum curvicolle.. perichsetium rufous-purple, oval with a short apiculus, on a pale cygneous pedicel.

cygnet ('sigrut). Forms: 5 sygnett, syngnett, 5-7 signett, 6 singnett, 6-7 signet, 6-8 cygnette, 7- cygnet. [A dim., of (?) Anglo-Fr. formation, of F. cygne or swan. OF. had the dim. cignel, cigneau

F. cygne is found in end of 14th c., but the ordinary OF. form was cine, earlier cisne, cinne. Cisne appears to be cognate with Sp. cisne, and Olt. cecino swan, which Romanic scholars derive from L. cicinus = eyenus, a. Gr. kvkvos swan. L. eyenus appears to have split into two types: *cicinus, found in Plautus (and app. in late popular Latin), whence the Romanic forms, and cygnus, which was long the accepted form in later MSS. and texts. Under the influence of the latter OF. cine became cygne (cf. mod. It. cigno).]

1. A young swan. In Her. see quot. 1825. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 57 Conuiuium domini Henrici Regis quarti, In coronacione sua apud Westmonasterium .. Graund chare. Syngnettys. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 281 That brout venison and ij. signetts to my Lady. 1562 Bulleyn Bk. Simples (1579) 78 The Signets bee better than the old Swannes. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, v. iii. 56 So doth the Swan her downie Signets saue. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle vii. 2938 Her skin sleek sattin or the cygnettes brest. 1634 Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons xv, For 1 dozen of signetts. 1707 Fleetwood Chron. Prec. (1745) 86 For 8 Cignets or young Swans. 1825 W. Berry Encycl. Herald. I, Cygnet.. properly, a young swan, but swans borne in coat-armour are frequently blazoned cygnets. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxxi. 424 It now rejoices in a drapery as grey as a cygnet’s breast.

2. Comb., as {Her.), see quot.

cygnet-down;

cygnet-royal

1795 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Liberty's Last Squeak Wks. 1812 III. 423 Lone silence .. Her shoes of cygnet-down shall lend. 1847 H. Gough Gloss. Heraldry, Cygnet royal, a swan gorged with a ducal coronet, having a chain affixed thereunto and reflexed over its back.

cykory, -ie,

obs. ff. chicory.

Of or pertaining to -a swan;

1610 J. Melvil Diary (1842) 720 The moderatoris cygnean songe. 1840 Milman Hist. Chr. II. 11. iv. 62 His last, if we may borrow the expression, his cycnean voice, dwelt on a brief exhortation to mutual charity.

cignet, 7 Eng. or L. cygnus (Godef.).

cykylle, cykyr:

see sickle, sicker.

cyl-,

in various words = sil-.

cyle,

see ceil, chill.

CYLENS

194

cylens, see silence. cylere, see cyllour, celure. cylinder ('silind3(r)), sb.

Also 6-7 cylindre, 7 cilinder, sillinder. [ad. L. cylindrus cylinder, roller, a. Gr. KvXivSpos roller, deriv. of kvXIvS- eiv to roll. Cf. 16th c. F. cilindre, cylindre. There was an earlier form chilindre (in sense 3) in ME. and OF.] 1. 1. a. Geom. A solid figure of which the two ends are equal and parallel circles, and the intervening curved surface is such as would be traced out by a straight line moving parallel to itself with its ends in the circumferences of these circles. If the direction of this straight line be perpendicular to the planes of the circles, the figure is a right cylinder, if not, an oblique cylinder. 1570 Billingsley Euclid xi. Def. xviii. 318 A cylinder is a solide or bodely figure which is made, when one of the sides of a rectangle parallelogramme, abiding fixed, the parallelogramme is moued about. 1579-80 North Plutarch (1676) 263 The proportion between the Cylinder.. and the sphere or globe contained in the same. 1647 H. More Itisomn. Philos, ix, A duskish Cylindre through infinite space It did project. 1727 Swift Gulliver in. ii. 186 Cut our bread into cones, cylinders. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. 11. 100 A cylinder is a solid body of the character of a prism, but its ends are circles.

b. In mod. Geom., the solid generated by a straight line moving always parallel to itself and describing any fixed curve (not necessarily a circle). 1877 B. Williamson Int. Calc. (ed. 2) ix. §168 When the base .. is a closed curve of any form .. the surface generated is called a cylinder. Ibid. ix. Ex. 12 The axis of a right circular cylinder.

2. a. Any body or object of cylindrical form (either solid or hollow); in quot. 1661 applied to a cylindrical jewel worn in the ear. axial cylinder = axis-cylinder-, see axis; renal or urinary cylinder = renal or urinary cast: see CAST 3OC. 1641 Hobbes Lett. Wks. 1845 VII. 457 Such matter as the cylinder is made of. a 1661 Holyday Juvenal 21 Wed and be mute. Thy silence and his fear With rich cylinders then shall grace thine ear. 1807 J. E. Smith Phys. Bot. 35 The cylinder of bark was found lined with layers of new wood. 1879 Calderwood Mind & Br. 44 The axial cylinder of each nerve being surrounded by medullary matter.

b. A cylindrical container, liquefied or compressed gas.

spec,

one

for

1791 Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing II. 11. m. iii. 177, I poured the decoctions into glass cylinders, 1889 S. S. Wallian tr. J. N. Demarquay's Ess. on Medical Pneumatol. vi. 245 Carbon dioxide... may also be had in all the larger cities, compressed in iron cylinders. 1904 [see gas-cylinder s.v. gas sb7]. 1935 [see butane]. 1969 Sears Catal. 760/1 Deluxe stove... (Cylinders not inch)... Economy camp stove. Includes two disposable propane cylinders. 1977 J. Bowyer Central Heating ii. 13 The cylinder is often in an airing cupboard.

c. A cylindrical record for a phonograph. Also attrih. 1891 ‘Mark Twain’ Let. 28 Feb. (1920) 297 Ask them on what terms they will rent me a phonograph for 3 months and furnish me cylinders enough to carry 75,000 words. 1893 Harper's Mag. Jan. 214/2 It’s just a phonograph... It don’t seem to be exactly in order. Perhaps the cylinder’s got dry. 1907 Pearson's Mag. Jan. (Advt.), You cannot get the best results from any talking machine without using Columbia Disc or Cvclinder Records. 1956 R. Gelatt Fabulous Phonograph ii. 17 Edison cylinders could be shaved and used over and over again while gramophone cylinders had to be discarded much more quickly. 1967 Amer. N. & Q. Sept. 15/1 Booth’s wax cylinder recording of Othello’s speech to the Senate.

13. A kind of portable sun-dial; = chilindre. 1593 Fale

Dialling A iij b, The making of the Horologicall

Cylindre.

4. a. A cylindrical or somewhat barrel-shaped stone, pierced longitudinally for suspension from the wrist, used as a seal by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and incised with figures, symbols, and cuneiform (or occasionally Aramaic) characters, b. A barrel-shaped, hollow object of baked clay, usually of considerable size, covered with cuneiform writing and buried under the foundations of Babylonian and Assyrian temples. 1851 Layard Pop. Acc. Discov. Nineveh Introd., A few cylinders and gems.. from Assyria and Babylonia. 1857 Loftus Chaldaea & Susiana 130 This discovery at Mugeyer convinced him that the commemorative cylinders of the founders were always deposited at the corners of Babylonian edifices.

II. In Mechanics.

5. Applied more or less specifically to many cylindrical parts of machines, etc. (with reference either to the internal chamber or external surface); a revolving roller in a lock. e.g. The bore of a gun barrel, the part of a revolver which contains the chambers for the cartridges; the barrel of a pump in which the piston works; the glass barrel of an electrical machine; a cylindrical revolving part in a loom, or a carding machine; a revolving roller in a lock, etc. 1571 Digges Pantom. 1. xxx. K, Hauing respecte to the length of the peece, waighte of the Bullet.. proportion of the concaue Cylinders. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech.

Proem 13 The Pump consists of four parts, a hollow Cylindre, a Sucker, a handle .. and a Valve. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 58 If the mouth of the Piece be grown wider then the rest of the Cylinder within by often shooting. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Charged Cylinder., that part which receives the Charge of Powder and Shot.. Vacant Cylinder, that part of the Hollow which remains empty, when the Gun is Charg’d. 1819 Rees's Cycl. XXI. Sig. Gg4v/2 The whole mechanism of the lock, consisting of an interior cylinder or barrel., with its appendages. 1851 Illustr. London News 6 Sept. 275/1 On his fifth visit, he had succeeded in.. turning the cylinder a quarter round.. when the instrument.. slipped... He then had to readjust the cylinder.. and on the day on which he did so.. opened the lock. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts II. 392 Colt’s revolvers.. If the hammer be lowered in the pin, the cylinder is prevented from revolving. 1894 [see cylinder lock (sense 9 b below)]. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 269/2 The cylinder.. or the part in which the key operates, consists of an outer barrel which is fixed to the door and a cylindrical plug which is rotated by the key. 1972 How Things Work I. 234 Another.. type of cylinder lock is the disc tumbler lock, in which the locking action is provided.. by movable discs which lock the cylinder. 6. The cylindrical chamber in which the steam

(or other fluid) acts upon the piston. By extension, applied to the corresponding chamber of rotary engines which is sometimes of an annular form, to function (or click, hit, operate, etc.) on all (orfour, six, etc.) cylinders, of an internal-combustion engine: to be working at full power; hence fig., to function properly, to be in good form; so to miss on all (or four, etc.) cylinders, to be working badly, to be in bad condition. 1697 Papin in Phil. Trans. XIX. 483 He proposes the.. turning a small Surface of Water into Vapour, by Fire applied to the bottom of the Cylinder that contains it, which Vapour forces up the Plug in the Cylinder. 1751 Blake in Phil. Trans. XLVII. 200 The best Proportions for Steam engine Cylinders. 1782 Specif. Watt's Patent No. 1321. 3 The said piston is suspended by a rod.. capable of sliding through a hole in the cover of the cylinder. 1830 J. Millington Mech. Philos. 417 Newcomen’s engine was the first in which a truly bored cylinder with a well-fitting piston was employed. 1893 Engineer LXXV. 574 That will depend on the total amount of work done in the cylinder by expansion. 1912 C. Mathewson Pitching in a Pinch xii. 269 So the best infielder takes time to fit into the infield of a Big League club and have it hit on all four cylinders again. 1917 ‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 72 The needle on the rev.counter quivered to the left as the revolutions dropped, and the engine missed on first one, then two cylinders. 1932 Wodehouse Hot Water ii. 38 He had tended., to undernourish his spiritual self. He had given it the short end, and it was missing, he knew, on several cylinders. Ibid. xv. 245 His smiling face, taken in conjunction with the bottle of wine which he carried, conveyed to Gordon Carlisle the definite picture of a libertine operating on all six cylinders. 193^- Laughing Gas xxi. 228 The old preux chevalier spirit was functioning on all six cylinders. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 96/1 A sure sign that you are clicking on all cylinders. 1958 Spectator 22 Aug. 249/3 Only when he [sc. an actor] allows himself to play deliberately on all cylinders does he stage a dazzling display, i960 [see back-line, backline].

7. Printing, a. The engraved hollow metal roller used in printing calico, etc. b. A similar roller used in letter-press printing for inking the type (now inking-roiler), pressing the paper against the type, or carrying the type or printing surface. 1764 Specif. Fryer’s Patent No. 810 (Calico Printing) The invention is performed by means of engraved copper cylinders. 1790 Specif. Nicholson’s Patent No. 1748. 8 A is the printing cylinder covered with woollen cloth, and B is the inking cylinder with its distributing rollers. 1818 Specif. Cowper’s Patent No. 4194. 2 Conveying the .. paper from one printing cylinder to another. 1858 Specif. Applegath’s Patent No. 372 Comparatively few printing rollers can be arranged round the cylinder carrying the type. 8. Watchmaking. The cylindrical recess on the

verge of the balance in a horizontal escapement. 1765 Mudge Thoughts on Improv. Watches (1772) 23 Making the cylinder of harder materials.. would be an advantage. 1773 Hatton Clock & Watch Work 197 The tooth [of the balance wheel] ought to act at right angles to a line which would touch the cylinder. 1883 Beckett Clocks & Watches 320 In the best watches the cylinder is made of a ruby.

9. attrib. and Comb, f a. simple attrib. or as adj. Cylindrical. Obs. 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. iii. in. 211 Concave and Cylinder glasses [= mirrors]. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. 1. Biv, How to measure a Cylinder Vessel. b. Comb., as cylinder block (see 6), card (see 5),

gun (see 5), head (see 6), machine, -plug, saw, seal (see 4a), stove, etc.; cylinder-like adj.; cylinder-axis = axis-cylinder (see axis1); cylinder-bore, (a) sb. a gun of which the bore is cylindrical or of uniform diameter; so cylinderbored-, (b) vb. to make with a cylindrical bore; cylinder-cock, a cock at the end of the cylinder in a steam-engine to allow water of condensation to escape; cylinder-cover, the steam-tight lid at the end of a steam-cylinder; cylinder-desk, a writing-desk having a curved revolving top which can be pushed back or drawn forward and locked; cylinder-engine (see quot.); cylinderepithelium, epithelium consisting of cylindrical cells; cylinder-escapement, a form of watch

CYLINDERED escapement (also called horizontal escapement), invented by Tompion in 1695, or later by Graham; cylinder-gauge, (n) a tool for giving the size of the opening in the cylinder of an escapement; (6) a gauge for testing the diameter of projectiles for rifled ordnance; also a carefully turned iron cylinder used to gauge the accuracy of the finished bore of a gun (Farrow, Mil. Diet. New York 1885); (c) a steam-gauge attached to the cylinder of an engine; cylinder-glass, sheet glass, made by blowing glass into the form of a cylinder which is then cut open and flattened; cylinder lock, a lock (esp. a door-lock) in which a pin tumbler mechanism is contained inside a cylinder barrel; cylinder-paper-machine, a paper-making machine in which the pulp is taken up by a wirecloth-covered cylinder, instead of the flat wire-cloth used in the Fourdrinier machine; cylinder-press (U.S.), -printing-machine, a machine in which a cylinder is used either for carrying the type or giving the impression; cylinder-watch, a watch with a cylinder or horizontal escapement. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., *Cylinder-axis, Purkinje’s term for the central or axial part of a nerve tubule. 1923 H. R. Ricardo Internal Combustion Engine II. vi. 142 When the induction system is cast in the ‘cylinder block the whole of its internal surface is rough. 1881 Greener Gun 189 ‘Cylinder-bored guns. 1812 Deb. Congress 12 June (1853) 2188 In the year 1762 ‘cylinder cards were first made use of by Mr. Peel. 1827 Farey Steam Eng. 372 The ‘cylindercover must be lifted up whenever the piston is packed. 1891 Rankine Steam Eng. 481 The cylinder cover has in it a stuffing box for the passage of the piston rod. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Cylinder-engine, a paper-machine in which the pulp is taken up on a cylinder and delivered in a continuous sheet to the dryers. 1886 H. Spencer in iqth Cent. May 763 A mucous membrane of the kind covered by ‘cylinderepithelium. 1807 T. Young Nat. Philos. II. 695 ‘Cylinder ’scapement. 1893 Horological Jrrd. July 165 Tompion undoubtedly patented the cylinder escapement in 1695. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 76 [A] ‘Cylinder Gauge .. [is] a steel plate having two tapered slits. 1892 Treat. Ammunition (War Depmt.) 314 note, The cylinder gauge has the advantage of detecting an excentric stud, which could not be found by ring gauges. 1851 Rep. Juries of Exhibition 526 It was not until the year 1832 that the manufacture of ‘cylinder or sheet glass was introduced into this country. 1892 W. W. Greener Breech-Loader 141 An old or true ‘cylinder gun will not.. put three pellets into a pigeon thirty yards distant. 1884 ‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxxii. 332 We blowed out a ‘cylinder-head. 1895 Kipling Land & Sea Tales (1923) 205 Cylinder-head blown off. 1688 R. Holme Armoury ill. 319/1 Provided it be of length ‘Cilender like. 1878 Specific ations of Patents (U.S. Patent Office) 19 Feb. 637/1 A new Improvement In ‘CylinderLocks. 1894 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 14 Aug. 893/1 Cylinder lock. Johannes T. Pedersen, New York, N.Y...a locking plate having a sliding movement on the forked lever, a rotatable cylinder, [etc.]. 1926 G. H. Chubb Locks & Lockmaking iv. 54 Although many firms in this and other countries now make cylinder locks with pin tumbler mechanism, the credit for producing a modem lock in that form belongs to the Yales. 1982 Inventions that changed World 154 This cylinder lock was cheap to produce, i860 W. Blackwood Let. 28 Mar. in Geo. Eliot's Lett. (1954) III. 284 We have got the new ‘cylinder machine working perfectly. 1867 Printers' Register June 138 Davis and Primrose, Manufacturers of.. Single Cylinder Machines. 1962 F. T. Day Introd. Paper iv. 44 A popular name for the M.G. [machine glazed] or cylinder machine is the ‘Yankee’. 1886 Britten Watch & Clockm. 90 ‘Cylinder-plugs, plugs fitting into the top and bottom of the cylinder.. at the extremities of which the pivots are formed. 1859 Printer (N.Y.) II. 30 Messrs. Hoe have long been pre-eminent in the manufacture of ‘cylinder presses. 1851 Rep. Juries of Exhibition 198 ‘Cylinder printing machines are exhibited by Messrs. Napier. 1851 C. Cist Cincinnati 181 They are.. fed to a ‘cylinder saw, which cuts them into staves of the proper thickness and curve. 1887 Scribner's Mag. Jan. 80 The earliest printing-press was a seal, and the ‘cylinder-seal may be said to have been an archaic rotary press. 1922 Guide Babylonian & Assyrian Antiq. (Brit. Mus.) (ed. 3) 82 Cylinder seal.. of Syrian type. 1927 Peake & Fleure Priests & Kings 64 Some of the Egyptians used mace-heads and cylinder-seals almost exactly similar to those found somewhat later in Mesopotamia. 1898 E. N. Westcott David Harum 162 The proximity of wet boots and garments to the big ‘cylinder stove. 1765 Mudge Thoughts on Improv. Watches (1772) 22 The ‘cylinder watch .. is a fine invention. 1885 D. Glasgow Watch fef Clock Making 133 In the best Geneva-made cylinder watches the escape wheel is made small.

'cylinder, v. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To act upon with a cylinder, to press under a cylinder. 1887 Brit. Merc. Gaz. 15 June 34/1 Occasionally they are cylindered to give them a polish.

cylindered ('silindad), ppl.

a. [See -ed2.] Having a cylinder or cylinders (of a specified number or type). 1899 Daily News 14 Sept. 7/5 The engine.. is one of Mr. Drummond’s latest type of four-wheel-coupled inside cylindered express locomotives. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 14 May 4/2 As a hill-climber the Argyll, with its 120 by 140 cylindered engine, has great claims. 1934 A. W. Judge Automobile & Aircraft Engines (ed. 3) i. 20 Variation in the mixture strength in the different cylinders in the multicylindered engines. 1952 H. Webster Railway Motive Power iv. 71 This was an inside cylindered engine of tractive effort 12,808 lb.

CYLINDRACEOcylin'draceo-. Used in Zool. as combining form of cylindraceous a. 1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 195 A straight cylindraceo-tubular operculated shell. 1887 W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 161 Asci cylindraceo-clavate.

cylin draceous, a. [Corresponds to mod.F. cylindrace, and prob. to a mod.L. *cylindraceusy f. cylindrus: see cylinder sb. and -aceous.] Of the form of or resembling a cylinder; cylindrical. 1676 H. More Rem. on 2 late Disc. 31. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 221 Several cylindraceous cavities.. running parallel with the grain of the wood. 1839 Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. 197 Body enclosed in an elongated cylindraceous sac. 1856-8 W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 231 Lumbricus .. Body cylindraceous.

t cy'lindral, a. Obs. [f. L. cylindr-us cylinder sb. + -AL1.] = CYLINDRICAL. 01711 Ken Hymns Evang. Wks. 1721 I. 5 Twice three cylindral Thunder-bolts for bits.

II cylindrenchyma (silin'drerjkima). Bot. Also in anglicized form cylindrenchym. [f. Gr. Kv\iv8p-os cylinder sb. + ey\vp.a infusion.] Tissue consisting of cylindrical cells. 1835 Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) II. 149 The cylindrenchym of the stigma. 1866 Treas. Bot., Cylindrenchyma, cylindrical cellular tissue, such as that of Confervae, of many hairs, etc.

t cy'lindriac, a. Obs. = cylindric. 1612 Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 67 Round Cylindriack timber, as also other Square timber.

cylindric (si'lindrik), a. [ad. mod.L. cylindricusy a. Gr. KvXivbpiKos, f. kvXlvSpos cylinder sb.: see -ic. So F. cylindrique (1596 in Hatzf.).] Having the form of a cylinder, cylindrical. 1688 R. Holme Armoury in. 357/1 A long round Iron Cilindrick socket. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 200 Anthemis nobilis.. disk-flowers cylindric.

b. With other adjectives, denoting a combination of the cylindric and some other form; frequent in Bot.y as cylindriccampanulate, -fusiform, -oblong, -ovoid, -subulate. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 216 Crepis taraxifolia.. involucre cylindric-campanulate. Ibid. 432 Agrostis australis . .Panicle large, 1-3 in., cylindric-fusiform.

cylindrical (si'lindriksl), a. [as prec. + -al1.] 1. Of the form of a cylinder. cylindrical epithelium = cylinder or columnar epithelium, cylindrical eye: an astigmatic eye. cylindrical lens: a lens of the form of a cylinder, or of which one or both surfaces are portions of cylindrical surfaces, cylindrical vault: ‘one in the shape of the segment of a cylinder’ (Gwilt). 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. hi. i. 106 The grosse and somewhat Cylindricall composure of the legs. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys.-Mech. Proem 13 The Cylindrical cavity. 1831 Brewster Optics xxxiii. §163. 275 Particles of hail, some .. globular and others cylindrical.

2. Of, pertaining, or relating to a cylinder. cylindrical projection: a form of projection (in maps, etc.) in which part of a spherical surface is projected upon the surface of a cylinder, which is then unrolled into a plane. (Cf. conical projection.) cylindrical machine: a cylinder (printing) machine. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Cylindrical, pertaining to, or like a Cylinder. 1862 Rep. of Juries, Exhibition 1862 XXVIII. C4 The French cylindrical machines are very excellent. 1866 Proctor Handbk. Stars 38 note, Mercator’s projection is an instance of cylindrical projection, but on a principle altogether distinct.

Hence cy'lindrically adv.; cy'lindricalness. 1656 J. Sergeant tr. White’s Peripat. Inst. 84 It distends these fibres, and .. makes them enwrap one another, as it were, cylindrically, like a bark. 1766 Lane in Phil. Trans. LVII. 452 The pillar of the Electrometer, made of wood, bored cylindrically about | of its length. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Cylindricalness, the being of a cylindrical Form.

cylindricity (silin'drisiti). rare—0, [f. cylindric + -ity.] Cylindrical quality or form. 1846 Worcester cites Maunder.

(1848)

129

Diet. Min., Kylindrite. 1929 H. A. Miers Mineralogy (ed. 2) II. vii. 399 Among other sulpho-salts may be mentioned .. cylindrite, the representative of a small but curious class of compounds containing tin together with lead, antimony, and sulphur. 1968 Embrey & Phemister tr. Kostov's Mineralogy 183 Cylindrite is found as cylindrical forms., and occurs in the Bolivian mines in paragenesis with franckei'te, pyrite, and sphalerite.

cylindro- (si'lindrao), combining form of Gr. KvXiv&pos cylinder sb., used in many recent combinations, as cy'lindro-ce'phalic a. [Gr. K€aAij head], having a head of cylindrical or elongated shape, cy'lindro-’conic, -'conical a., of cylindrical form with one end conical; so cy'lindro-co'noidal a. cy'lindro-cy'lindric, -al a. Arch., formed by the intersection of two cylinders, cylindro'metric a., relating to the measurement of cylinders, cy'lindro-o'gival a., (of a shot) having a cylindrical body and ogival head.

1878 Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. v. 177 Cylindrocephalic, elongated cylindrical skull. 1858 Greener Gunnery 141 Cut a bullet of an elongated form—cylindro-conical if wished. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder 313 Wounds inflicted by cylindro-conoidal projectiles. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build, no Cylindro-cylindric arches, or Welsh groins.

cylindroid ('silindroid), sb.

[mod. ad. Gr. KvXiv&po-ei&ris cylinder-like: see -OID.] 1. A figure resembling a cylinder; spec, one on an elliptical base, an elliptic cylinder. 1663 Dary in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) I. 99, I call them cylindroids (by which I mean) a solid contained under three surfaces. 1704 J. Harris Lex Techn., Cylindroid, is a Solid Figure with Elliptical Bases, parallel, and alike situated. 1879 Sir G. G. Scott Led. Archit. I. 239 That the vaulting surfaces should be portions of cylinders or regular cylindroids.

2. A conoidal cubic surface of fundamental importance in the theory of screws and complexes. 1871 Ball Theory of Screws in Trans. R. Irish Acad. 13 Nov.

cylindroid (silindroid, 'silindroid), a. prec.] Resembling cylindrical in form.

a

cylinder;

[f. as somewhat

r839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 627/1 A cylindroid body. 1847-9 Ibid. IV. 499/1 The bodies of the spermatozoa are .. frequently.. cylindroid.

cylindroidal (silin’droidal), a. [f. as prec. + -al1.] Of the form of a cylindroid; also = prec. 1844 Whewell in Todhunter Acct. W.'s Works (1876) II. 324 Cylindroidal surfaces. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 1521/1 The cylindroidal form which the arm acquires.

|| cylindroma (silin'drauma). Path, [corresp. to a Gr. type * KvXlvbpwpa n. of result, f. KvXivSpociv to roll.] A name applied by Billroth to a certain kind of tumour, characterized ^mong other peculiarities by the arrangement of its cells in cylinders of varying thickness. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 333 Mucous metamorphosis occurs .. in cylindroma and cancer.

|| cylix ('siliks). Gr. Antiq. Also kylix. [Gr. K-uAif.] A shallow cup with tall stem; a tazza. 1850 Leitch Muller’s Anc. Art §367. 460 A cylix with Prometheus reconciled on the bottom. 1885 Athenaeum 634/3 A black-figured cylix of the potter Nicosthenes.

cylke, cyllable, fcyll. Obs.

[a.

etc.: see silk, syllable, etc.

F. del

in sense 'canopy': cf. ceil

d. and s6.] A canopy. a 1552 Leland Collect. (1774) IV. 295 In it was a Cyll of Cloth of gold; bot the King was not under for that sam Day.

Cy'llenian, a.

[f. L. Cylleni-us (f. Cyllene, a mountain, the birthplace of Mercury) -I- -an.] Of Mercury: Cyllenian art, thieving. 1738 Comm. Sense (1739) II. 277 Although the Cyllenian Art did not flourish, etc.

cy'lindrico-, = cylindric b. 1846 Dana Zooph. hemispherical form.

CYMBAL

195

Of

a

cylindrico-

t'cyllerie. Obs. [f.

cyll: see -ery.]

Drapery

forming a canopy. small

1592 R. D. Hyp nerotomachia 11 Capitels .. wrought with a waved shell worke, and cyllerie or draperie.

1855 Owen Anat. Vert. (L.), Each twin-corpuscle is surrounded by a circle of cylindricules.

cyllowre, cylour, -ure, var. of celure Obs., ceiling, canopy. So cylured a., ceiled, canopied.

cylindriform (si'lindrifoim), a. [f. L. cylindrus cylinder sb. + -form: in mod.F. cylindriforme.] Of the form of a cylinder; cylindrical.

c 1440 Promp. Parv. 77 Cyllowre (P. cylere), celatura.Cylured (u. rr. -uryd, -ered), celatus.

cy'lindricule. rare, [see -cule.] cylinder or cylindrical body.

A

1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 80 They differ also in being.. cylindriform. 1877 tr. Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XV. 76 Cylindriform casts.. that arise from the renal tubules.

cylindrite (si'lindrait). Min. Also kyl-. [ad. G. kylindrit (A. Frenzel 1893, in N.Jahrb. Min. II. 11. 125), f. Gr. Kv\iv8p-os cylinder (see quot. 1893) + -ite1.] A blackish-grey sulphide of lead, antimony, and tin, known only from Bolivia. 1893 3ml. Chem. Soc. LXIV. 11. 576 At the Santa Cruz mine at Poopo, in Bolivia, a new mineral has been discovered. This the author has named kylindrite from the cylindrical form in which it occurs. 1896 A. H. Chester

cylte, cyluer,

obs. forms of silt, silver.

Ilcyma ('saims). Also 6 syma, 6-9 sima, 7-8 scima, 8-9 cima. [mod.L., a. Gr. Kvp.a anything swollen, a billow, a wave, a waved or ogee moulding, the young sprout of a cabbage (in which sense also L. cyma, whence the botanical use).] 1. Arch. A moulding of the cornice, the outline of which consists of a concave and a convex line; an ogee. cyma recta-, a moulding concave in its upper part, and convex in its lower part, cyma reversa (rarely inversa): a moulding convex in its upper part, and concave in its lower part.

1563 Shute Archit. Cib, 4 partes geue also to Sima reuersa. Ibid. C iij b, That second parte which remayneth of the Modulus ye shall geue vnto Syma. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 267 Scima reversa.. Scima recta, or Ogee. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 34 b, A Cima inversa of the breadth of two minutes. 1761 Brit. Mag. II. 642 The true cima, or cimaise. 1850 Leitch Muller's Anc. Art §249. 258 A base of several plinths and cymas. 2. Bot. = cyme i and 2. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Cyma .. the young Sprout of Coleworts, or other Herbs; a little Shoot, or Branch: But it is more especially taken by Herbalists for the top of any Plant. 1775 Lightfoot Flora Scotica (1792) I. 236 The cyma, or little umbel which terminates the branches.

cymagraph ('saimagraif, -ae-). [f. prec. + Gr. -ypaos writing, a writer. Erroneously formed: the combining forms of Gr. KVfia being Kv^aro-, kv^o-, cymato-, cymo-.]

An instrument for copying or tracing the contour of profiles and mouldings. 1837 Athenaeum 11 Mar. 179 A paper.. from the Rev. R. Willis descriptive of a new instrument invented by him for tracing profiles and mouldings, and which he called the Symagraph. 1842 R. Willis in Civ. Eng. Gf Arch. Jrnl. V. 219 {title) Description of the Cymagraph for copying mouldings. 1889 Athenaeum 19 Jan. 90/1 The mouldings have been taken full size with the cymagraph.

Hence 'cyma-, prop, cymograph v. nonce-wd. 1844 G. Peacock Address Brit. Assoc, p. xliv, Carefully reduced and tabulated, and their mean results cymographed or projected in curves.

I cymaise (si'meiz). Arch. Obs. Also cymace, cymaize, cimaise. [F. cymaise, ad. L. cymatium: see below.] = cyma, cymatium. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Cymace.. & ledge or outward member in Architecture, fashioned somewhat like a Roman S, and termed a Wave or Ogee. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 32 a, The cymaize being any list that is at the top of any member. Ibid. 35 a, The heads of the Mutules are cut perpendicular, with a cymaise over them. 1761 Brit. Mag. II. 642 The true cima, or cimaise, imitated in ornaments.

cymar (si'ma:(r)). Also 7-9 simarre, (7 semeare), 8-9 simar, symar: see simarre. [ad. F. simarre (OF. chamarre): see chimer1, simarre.] 1. A robe or loose light garment for women; esp. an under garment, a chemise. Used somewhat vaguely in poetry and fiction. [1641 Ariana 201 A Persian simarre or mantle.] 1697 Virgil, JEneid iv. 196 A flow’r’d Cymarr with Golden Fringe, she wore. 1700- Cymon &LIphig. 100 Her body shaded with a slight cymarr. 1824 Wiffen Tasso vi. xci, Whilst young Erminia laid her vests aside.. And to her flowered cymar disrobed complete. 1825 Scott Talism. iii, Disrobed of all clothing saving a cymar of white silk. n Craig.

cynarctomachy (sinaik'tomaki). nonce-wd. [f. Gr. kvv- dog- + apKTos bear + -FaXia fighting ] Fighting of dogs and bears; bear-baiting. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. i. 752 That some occult Design doth ly In bloudy Cynarctomachy.

cynareous (si'neariias), a.

Bot. [f. mod.L. Cynarese, f. Cynara artichoke, a. Gr. Kwdpa taken as = Kivapa artichoke.] = cynaraceous. 1846 Lindley Veg. Kingd. 707 In general the Cynareous genera are characterised by intense bitterness.

cynaroid ('sinaroid), a. Bot. [f. mod.L. Cynara (see prec.) + -oid.] CYNARACEOUS.

Allied to the artichoke;

1882 G. Allen Colours of Flowers ii. 51 The second, or cynaroid tribe, is that of the thistle-heads.

cynder, -dyr, obs. forms of cinder. cyne, obs. form of sign. fcyne-

(kYna-, kins-), in OE. = royal; occurring in many compounds, as cynehelm crown, cynestol throne, some of which are retained as technical terms by modern historians; e.g. cynebot (boot sb.1 9), the king’s boot, compensation paid to the people for the murder of the king. a 1000 in Thorpe O.E. Laws I. 186 GebiraJ? seo cynebot Sam leodum. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 208 ‘Blessed to king, and raised to his cynestole by Archbishop Eanbald.’ 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. §59 A fine of equal amount [to the king’s wergild], the cynebot, was at the same time due to his people.

[cyne, erroneous for cyve, civy.] cynegetic (sinii'c^etik), a. (sb.). rare. [mod. ad. Gr.

KvvTjyeTiK-os pertaining to the chase, f. huntsman, f. kw- dog -I- fiyerrjs leader. In F. cynegetique.] A. adj. Relating to the chase.

KvvrjyeTTjs

1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. hi. Diss. Physic 2 Our Modern Practitioners .. understand as little of them, as they do of the Geoponick, Hieracosophick, or Cynogetick Physicks. 1838 W. H. Drummond Rights Anim. v. 36 To indulge their cynegetic propensities in the fox chase. 1887 Times 3 Oct. 6/1 A Cynegetic Exhibition, including weapons and appliances used in the chase.

B. sb. pi. cynegetics: hunting, the chase. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. I. viii. 32 There are extant of his in Greeke, foure bookes of Cynegeticks or venation. 1887 St. Bernards xv. 178 Dr. Octavius Puffemup.. Member of the Royal Institution of Cynegetics.

fcyner. Obs. [ad. L. ciner-em.] Ashes, cinders. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. XII. 366 A yespon alto grounde of cyner.

cynew, obs. form of sinew. cynghanedd (ksij'hanefi).

Prosody. [Welsh.] An intricate system of alliteration and rhyme in Welsh poetry. 1849 T. Stephens Lit. of Kymry iv. 490 The rhythmical consonancy, termed Cynghanedd, was introduced at that time [jc. late 14th century], and has ever since formed an essential feature in Kymric poetry. [1878 G. M. Hopkins Let. 5 Oct. (1935) 15 Certain chimes suggested by the Welsh poetry I had been reading (what they call cynghanedd).] 1886 - Let. 6 Oct. (1938) 222 His employment of the Welsh cynghanedd or chime I do not look on as quite successful. 1962 Times 31 Jan. (Surv. Wales) p. x/5 Cynghanedd, that complicated system of consonantal correspondencies and internal rhyme.

cynic ('sinik), a. and sb.

Also 6 cinike, 6-7 cinick(e, cynicke, -ike, -ique, 6-8 cynick, (7 cinnick(e, cynnick). [ad. L. cynic-us (perh. in part through F.; cf. cinicque, 1521 in Hatzf.), a. Gr. kvvucos dog-like, currish, churlish, Cynic, f. kvojv, kvv-os dog: see -ic. In the appellation of the Cynic philosophers there was prob. an original reference to the Kwooapyes, a gymnasium where Antisthenes taught; but popular use took it simply in the sense ‘dog-like, currish’, so that kvojv ‘dog’ became a nickname for ‘Cynic’.]

A. adj. 1. (With capital initial.) Belonging to or characteristic of the sect of philosophers called Cynics: see B. 1. 1634 Milton Comus 708 O foolishness of men! that., fetch their precepts from the Cynic tub, Praising the lean and sallow Abstinence! 1846 Trench Mirac. iii. (1862) 145 The Cynic philosopher. 1868 tr. Zeller’s Socrates 247 The

CYNOCEPHALUS

197 Cynic philosophy claims to be the genuine teaching of Socrates.

2. Having the qualities of a cynic (see B. 2); pertaining to a cynic; cynical. *597 PUgr. Parnass. iv. 468, I am not such a peece of Cinicke earthe That I neglect sweete beauties deitie. 1676 Glanvill Seas. Refl. 136 No sullen or Cynick humours, but the complaint of all mankind. 1811 W. R. Spencer Poems 51 Cold Cynic censurers. 1851 Disraeli Life Ld. G. Bentinck (1852) 12 The cynic smile .. the signal of a contempt which he was too haughty to express.

3. cynic year or period: the canicular cycle of the ancient Egyptians; see canicular 3. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 112 That Egyptian Cynick Year which is accomplished but once in 1460 years. 1837 Fraser's Mag. XVI. 632 This erratic period of 1461 years became the great regulating cycle of the Egyptian calendar, under the name of the cynic or canicular period.

4. cynic spasm: see quot. 1882. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xiv. 474 A Cynick Spasm came upon him. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Cynic spasm, a convulsive contraction of the facial muscles of one side .. so that the teeth are shown in the manner of an angry dog.

B. sb. 1. (With capital initial.) One of a sect of philosophers in ancient Greece, founded by Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates, who were marked by an ostentatious contempt for ease, wealth, and the enjoyments of life; the most famous was Diogenes, a pupil of Antisthenes, who carried the principles of the sect to an extreme of asceticism. i547-4 Bauldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 1. xix, He fel straight to the sect of the cinikes, and became Diogenes scholer. 1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 15 Like the Cynique shut up alwaye in a Tub. 1751 J. Brown Shaftesb. Charac. 174 All the old philosophers, from the elegant Plato walking on his rich carpets, to the unbred cynic snarling in his tub. 1868 tr. Zeller's Socrates 256 To the Cynic nothing is good but virtue, nothing bad but vice.

1672 [see 1]. 1847 Lytton Lucretia (1853) 152 The cynicism of his measured vice. 1881 P. Brooks Candle of Lord 150 The bitter cynicism of the newspaper satirist,

b. An instance of cynicism; a cynical utterance. 1891 Spectator 20 June 847/1 That he had uttered his dangerous cynicisms.

,cynico'cratical, a. [See

cynic and -crat.] Of or pertaining to a ruling body of cynics. 1881 L. A. Tollemache in Jrnl. Educ. Oct. 225 Power.. in the hands of a Cynicocratical Conclave.

feyniph, Obs.\

see ciniphes. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 763 Among the Cyniph plagues, this still shall bear the bell, a 1631 Donne Ess. (1651) 183 When they attempted to make Cyniphs.

IlCynips ('simps). Entom. [mod.L.; according to Darmsteter, formed by Linnaeus from Gr. kw- dog + 5/i a kind of cynips, or insect that eats vine-buds, etc. (Others have thought it an alteration of late L. ciniphes, sciniphes, in Vulgate, Exod. viii. 16, rendering Gr. oKv(es.) Also mod.F. cynips.] The typical genus of the gall-flies, hymenopterous insects which puncture plants in order to deposit their eggs, and thus produce galls or gall-nuts. Hence 'cynipid, an insect of the Cynipidse, or family allied to Cynips. cyni'pidean, cyni'pideous, cy'nipidous adjs., of or pertaining to the Cynipidse or gall-flies. 1777 Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 583 Excrescencies occasioned by a small insect called Cynips. 1884 Athenaeum 15 Nov. 628/1 Oak-galls produced by cynipidean insects.

cynism ('simz(a)m). rare. [a. F. cynisme, late L.

2. A person disposed to rail or find fault; now

cynismus, Gr. Kwiopos Cynicism, f. kvojv, kwdog, Cynic: see -ism.] = cynicism.

usually: One who shows a disposition to disbelieve in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions, and is wont to express this by sneers and sarcasms; a sneering fault-finder.

1833 Thirlwall in Philol. Mus. II. 540 The cynism of Antisthenes. 1837 Blackw. Mag. XLII. 395 Principles.. of licentiousness and moral cynism in literature. 1854 tr. Lamartine's Celebr. Char. II. 49 From some unintelligible cynism in language.

1596 Edward III, 11. i, Age is a cynic, not a flatterer. 1599 B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. 11. ii, Thou art such another Cynique now, a man had need walke uprightly before thee. 1632 Heywood Iron Age 1. 1. Wks. 1874 HI- 281 Peace Cinicke, barke not dogge. 1782 Cowper Progr. Err. 175 Blame, cynic, if you can, quadrille or ball. 1866 Alger Solit. Nat. & Man 11. 63 The cynic, who admires and enjoys nothing, despises and censures everything. 1879 G. Meredith Egoist vii. (1889) 60 Cynics are only happy in making the world as barren to others as they have made it for themselves.

cynical ('siniksl), a. [f. as prec. + -al1.] 1. Resembling the Cynic philosophers in contempt of pleasure, churlishness, or disposition to find fault; characteristic of a cynic; surly, currish, misanthropic, captious; now esp. disposed to disbelieve in human sincerity or goodness; sneering. 1588 Greene Pandosto (1607) 24 Canst thou not loue? Commeth this Cynicall passion of prone desires, or peeuish frowardnes? 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 43 They seeke..To be accounted sharpe and Cynicall. 1670 P. Henry Diaries & Lett. (1882) 225 In lodging, diet, apparel, cynical below the calling of a Gospel minister. 1814 D’Israeli Quarrels Auth. (1867) 440 Our cynical Hobbes had no respect for his species. 1875 Farrar Silence & V. iii. 65 A cynical journalism which sneered at every belief.

f2. Belonging to the sect of philosophers; = cynic a. i. Obs. rare.

Cynic

1675 Otway Alcibiades 33 Let the Cynical fool call pleasure a toy.

3. With etymological allusion: Relating to a dog; dog-like. 1616 Bullokar, Cynicall, doggish, c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) III. 27 Besides this Cinicall, ther is a kind of Wolvish humor hath seizd upon most of this peeple. 1869 Sir G. Bowyer in Times Sept., Writing. , in ‘ecclesiastical Latin’ (to which a more cynical name might be given).

cynically (’smikali), adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a cynical way; after the manner of a cynic. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xxi. §9 Fraudes. .and vices.. handled .. rather in a Satyre and Cinicaly, then seriously and wisely. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 501 Not Cynically unsociable. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 82 I was., feeling.. cynically disposed. 1856 Thackeray Christmas Bks. (1872) 43 Our street from the little nook .. whence I and a fellow lodger.. cynically observe it.

'cynicalness,

rare—°. [f. as prec. Cynical quality or character. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Moroseness. In mod. Diets.

Cynicalness,

+

-ness.]

Churlishness,

cynicism ('simsiz(3)m). [f. cynic + -ism. Cf. CYNISM.]

1. (with capital C.) The philosophy of the Cynics: see cynic B. i. 1672 Sir T. Browne Lett. Friend xxiv. (1881) 143 Yet his sober contempt of the world wrought no Democritism or Cynicism, no laughing or snarling at it. 1868 tr. Zeller's Socrates 268 The leading thought of Cynicism is the selfsufficiency of virtue.

2. Cynical disposition, character, or quality.

cynke,

obs. form of sink.

cynnaber, cynne,

obs. ff. cinnabar, sin-.

cyno-. a. Gr. kwo-, combining form of kvojv (kw-) dog; occurring in Greek in many compounds, partly adopted and largely imitated in modern technical terms and nonce-words, as cyno-genealogist, cyno-phre'nology; also 'cynoclept [Gr. kXcttt^s thief; cf. kwokAottos dog¬ stealing], a dog-stealer; cy'nography [F. cynographie], a writing or treatise on dogs; cyno'logical a., of or pertaining to cynology; cy'nologist, one who is versed in cynology; cy'nology, natural history of dogs; cy'nophilist [F. cynophile\ f. Gr. lAos loving], a lover of dogs; cyno'phobia [Gr. aXri head. In mod.F. cynocephale.) 1. One of a fabled race of men with dogs’ heads. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxi. 97 Men and wymmen of pat ile hase heuedes lyke hundes; and pai er called Cynocephales. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 7 It may be the Cynocephali were but men with such heads, discovered by some Grecian. 1816 G. S. Faber Orig. Pagan Idol. II. 479 The cynocephali or dog-headed priests of.. Anubis.

2. A kind of ape having a head like that of a dog; the Dog-faced Baboon. In Zool. taken as the name of the genus. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 157 They..Hue of the milke of certain beasts that we cal Cynocephales, hauing heads and snouts like dogs. Ibid. I. 232 Apes that be headed and long snouted like'dogs, and thereof called Cynocephali. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 6 The shape of their snout like a cynocephale. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 207 The last of the ape kind is the Cynocephalus. 1876 Birch Rede Lect. Egypt 27 Their fauna, comprising the cynocephalus and the camelopard.

f'cynogloss. rare. [a. F. cynoglosse (Pare 16th c.), ad. L. cynoglossum, Gr. KwoyXcoooov, f. kwodog- + yXwaaa tongue.] The plant Cynoglossum or Hound’s-tongue. 1704 F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1718) 93 Another Plant, the Cynogloss .. seems not unlikely to be of use.

cynoid (’sinoid), a. [ad. Gr. KwoeiSy; dog-like, canine, f. kvvo- dog.] Dog-like, allied in form to the dog; belonging to the Cynoidea or canine division of the Carnivora.

cynomome, obs. form of cinnamon. cynomorphic

(smau-, samau'mxfik), a. [Ultimately f. Gr. Kw6popos, f. kvvo- dog- + pLoptftrj form. Cf. mod.F1. cynomorphe dog¬ shaped.] 1. Zool. Belonging to the division Cynomorpha of catarrhine monkeys. 2. (nonce-use, app. after anthropomorphic.) Relating to a dog’s ideas and ways of looking at things. So cyno'morphism. 1892 L. Robinson in Contemp. Rev. Sept. 360 An instance of the operation of the cynomorphic idea can be seen in the behaviour of a dog when a bone is given to him. Ibid. 359 There is, affecting the dog’s point of view, almost undoubtedly such a thing as cynomorphism.

cynoper, obs. form of cinnabar. cynopic (sin-, sai'nDpik), a. nonce-wd. [f. Gr. Kwdirrqs dog-eyed, shameless (f. kvvo- dog- + un/i, dm- eye, face) + -ic.] Dog-faced, shameless. 1854 Badham Halieut. 416 This canicula.. is equal to the gigantic white shark in cynopic impudence and rapacity.

cynosural (sms-, sains'sjusral), a. [f. next + -al1.] Relating to or of the nature of a cynosure. 1855 Kingsley Westw. Ho! 17/2 That cynosural triad [of poets]. 1885 Huxley in Times 9 June 10 To preserve the statue in its cynosural position in this entrance-hall.

cynosure ('sinao-, 'sain3usj3(r), -zjua(r)). Also 6-7 in Lat. form. [a. F. cynosure (16th c.), ad. L. cynosura, a. Gr. Kwooovpa dog’s tail, Ursa Minor.] 1. The northern constellation Ursa Minor, which contains in its tail the Pole-star; also applied to the Pole-star itself. 1596 Fitz-Geffray Sir F. Drake (1881) 14 Cynosure, whose praise the sea-man sings. 1612 Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 199 The circuit of the Cinosura about the pole. 1627 May Lucan 111. (1631) 239 These Ships.. the Cynosure Guides straight along the sea. 1792 D. Lloyd Voy. Life iv. 72 The stedfast Cynosure renown’d at sea.

2. fig. a. Something that serves for guidance or direction; a ‘guiding star’. 1596 Fitz-Geffray Sir F. Drake (1881) 33 The Cynosura of the purest thought, Faire Helice, by whom the heart is taught. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases Consc. (1650) 9 For the guidance of our either caution or liberty.. the onely Cynosure is our Charity. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 18 He hath written, The Rudiments of Grammar.. the Cynosura for many of our best Grammarians. 1809 Mrs. West Mother (1810) 225 Thy victor-flag Flames like a steady cynosure.

b. Something that attracts attention by its brilliancy or beauty; a centre of attraction, interest, or admiration. [1599 Broughton's Lett. viii. 26 You Cynosura and Lucifer of nations, the stupor and admiration of the world.] 1601 Bp. W. Barlow Serm. Paules Crosse 64 Himselfe.. the Cynosure of their affections. 1632 Milton L'Allegro 77 Some beauty .. The Cynosure of neighbouring eyes. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. 11. i, The fair young Queen..the cynosure of all eyes. 1870 Disraeli Lothair lxxxiii. 445 Before another year elapses Rome will be the cynosure of the world.

cynque, cynter: obs. ff. of cinque, cintre. Cynthia

(’sinGia). [L. Cynthia (dea), the Cynthian goddess, i.e. Artemis or Diana, said to have been born on Mount Cynthus; hence the Moon.] A poetic name for the Moon personified as a goddess. Hence 'Cynthian, of the Moon.

CYPRESS

198 1632 Milton Penseroso 59 While Cynthia checks her dragon yoke. 1680 Otway Caius Marius iv. i, The reflection of pale Cynthia’s Brightness. 1814 Byron Lara 11. xxiv, When Cynthia’s light almost gave way to morn. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 318 Nylus increaseth.. when the Sunne .. warming with his vigorous face, the Septentrion sides of these Cynthian Mountaynes.

cynurenic (sinju'rEnik), a. Chem. Also kyn-. [f. Gr. kvv- dog + ovp-ov urine.] In cynurenic acid, a crystalline substance occurring in the urine of the dog. Called also cy'nuric acid. i860 in

cyon,

New Syd. Soc. Year-bk. too. 1868-82 in Watts.

obs. form of scion.

cyparesse (Spenser): see

cypress1.

cyperaceous (sipa'reijss), a. Bot. [f. Bot. L. Cyperacese, f. Cyperus: see -aceous.] Belonging to the Cyperacese or Sedges. 1852 Th. Ross Humboldt's and gramineous plants.

So cy'peroid Cyperus.

a.,

Trav. I. vi. 217 Cyperaceous

allied

in

structure

cype'rographer.

to

nonce-wd. [Cyperus.] writer on sedges. So cype'rologist.

a

A

1881 Bentham in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 361 This essay seems not to have fallen into the hands of any subsequent Cyperographers.

cypers,

obs. form of cypress.

|| Cyperus (sai'pisras, 'saiparss). Bot. [L. cyperus, -os, a kind of rush, a. Gr. Kvrreipos, Kimepos (Herod.), an aromatic marsh-plant.] A large genus of endogenous plants, giving its name to the N.O. Cyperacese. About 700 species are described; C. longus is the Sweet Cyperus, or English Galingale, having aromatic and astringent roots. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 1. ix. (1633) 13 Cyperus Grasse hath roots somewhat like Cyperus. 1658 Sir t. Browne Gard. Cyrus iv, Why Fenny waters afford the hottest and sweetest plants as Calamus, Cyperus and Crowfoot. 1837 Howitt Rur. Life iv. i. (1862) 312 Lo! cyperus decks the ground.

cyphac,

var. siphac, the peritonteum.

cyphel (’saifal). [? ad. Gr. KvtXXapl. the hollows of the ears, clouds of mist: see next.] 1. Formerly a name for the Houseleek (Sempervivum)-, now a book-name for Cherleria sedoides. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words 133 Cyphel, Houseleek. 1787 Withering Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2) I. 462 Cherleria sedoides .. Cyphel. 1883 G. Allen Mountain Tulip in Longm. Mag.,

The Scottish asphodel, the mossy cyphel. 2. Adapted form of cyphella.

|| cyphella (sai'feb). Bot. PI. -te. [mod.L., ad. Gr. KvcfieXXa (plural) the hollows of the ears.] 1. A cup-like depression on the under surface of the thallus of some lichens. 1857 Berkeley

Cryptog. Bot. §452.

2. Generic name of some hymenomycetous fungi.

cypher, cyphon,

var. cipher sb. obs. f. siphon.

cyphonism (’saif3niz(3)m). Gr. Antiq. [ad. Gr. Kvuivtop.6s, punishment by the Kvtfxvv, crooked

piece of wood, bent yoke of a plough, a sort of pillory, f. Kv6s bent, crooked.] Punishment by the Ktxpwv, a sort of pillory in which slaves or criminals were fastened by the neck (Liddell and Scott). For notions formerly held about it see quot. 1848. 1727-51 in Chambers Cycl. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Cyphonism .. some suppose to have been the smearing of the body with honey, and exposing the person to flies, wasps, etc. But the author of the notes on Hesychius says.. that it .. signifies that kind of punishment still used by the Chinese, called.. the wooden collar, by which the neck of the malefactor is bent or weighed downward.

Ilcy'phosis. Path. Also kyphosis. [mod.L., a. Gr. Kvtj>wots, humpbacked condition, f. kv6s bent, hunch-backed.] Backward curvature of the spine; hump-back. Hence cy'photic a., hump-backed (Syd. Soc. Lex.). 1847 South tr. Chelius’ Surg. II. 164 The lordosis is most easy, the cyphosis the most difficult of cure. 1876 Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 13 Kyphosis. 1878 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 277. 1889 Treves Man. Surg. II. 338 In the confirmed kyphotic curve of old age treatment is of little avail.

|| Cypraea (sai'priia). Zool. Also cyprea. [mod.L. f. Cypria a name of Venus: cf. Venusshell, Artemis, and other names of conchology.] The extensive genus of gastropods containing the cowries. Hence cy'praeid, a gastropod of the cowrie family, Cyprseidse. cy'praeiform, cy'praeoid adjs., resembling or allied to the cowries. 1822 J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 153 Cyprsea, an ovate and vaulted univalve. 1834 c. M. Yonge Let. 4 July in C.

Coleridge C.M.Y. (1903) iv- >23, I send..Jane a cyprea. 1913 B. B. Woodward Life of Mollusca vi. 97 The young Cowry shell (Cyprxa) has a thin, sharp lip.

f'cypre. Obs. Also cypyr, -ur, cipre, -er. [ad. L. Cyprus, a. Gr. Kvttpos (from Kimpos Cyprus), the

henna plant. The L. form also occurs.] 1. The henna-shrub (Lawsonia alba or inermis), with fragrant white flowers, found in the Levant. 1382 Wyclif Song Sol. i. 13 The clustre of cipre tree [1611 camphire], 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P R. XVII. xxv. (1495) 618 The Cypre is a tree in Egypte lyke to Oliue in leues. 1558 Warde tr. Alexis’ Seer. 11. 50 b, Take.. Damaske roses.. Bengewyn, Cypre Alexandrine. [1748 Phil. Trans. 566 The Cyprus grows.. as a Shrub of ten or fifteen Feet in Height, and has very much the Appearance of Privet.]

TJ2. Used by confusion for cypress1. a 1440 Sir Eglam. 277 Cypur treys were growyn owte. 14 .. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 716/41 Hec cipressus, a cypyrtre. 1583 Stanyhurst Aeneis 11. (Arb.) 66 A ciper by the churcheseat abydeth. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 63 Cypre-trees.

||'cypres ('si:pre:). [Late Anglo Fr. = F. si pres so near, as near.] Law. As near as practicable: applied to a process in equity by which, in the case of trusts or charities, when a literal execution of the testator’s intention becomes impossible, it is executed as nearly as possible, according to the general purpose. (Used as adv., sb., and adj.) c 1481 Littleton Tenures §352 En ceo cas si l’baron deuy, viuant la feme, deuant ascun estate en le taile fait a eux, &c. donques doit le feoffee per la ley faire estate a la feme cy pres le condition, et auxy cy pres lentent de la condition que il poit faire. [1628 Coke On Litt. 219 In this case if the husband dyeth liuing the wife before an estate in taile made vnto them, &c. then ought the feoffee by the law to make an estate to the wife as neere the condition, and also as neere to the entent of the condition as he may make it.] 1802 Vesey Reports VII. 42 The question .. is, whether the gift fails on account of the death of the trustee; or, whether the doctrine of cy pres takes place; and whether the Court sees its way sufficiently to execute what was the general intention. 1872 J. A. Hessey Mor. Difficulties Bible v. 112 A cypres or approximate administration of a trust is admissible. 1885 Vaughan Hawkins in Law Rep. 29 Ch. Div. 562 The general intention of the testator.. will be carried out cy-pres.

b. fig.

An approximation.

1850 Tait's Mag. XVII. 769/2 The variety of metres introduced is as happy a cy-pres as the language admits of.

cypress1 ('saipres). Forms: 4 ciprese, cypris, sypres, 4-5 cipris, 4-7 cipres, cypres, 5 cipriss, -ys, cyprys, syprees, -ese, cupresse, 5-6 cipresse, 5-7 cypresse, 6 cipreis, cyparesse, syprys, cypers, (6-7 cipers, 7-8 erron. ci-, Cyprus), 8 cipress, 4, 7- cypress. [ME. cipres, cypres, etc., a. OF. cipres (12th c.), cypres (= Pr. cypres, It. cipresso), ad. late L. cypressus (Vulgate, Isidore, etc.), ad. Gr. KvnapLooos cypress. The earlier L. adaptation of the word was cupressus; the later cypressus and rare cyparissus were refashioned after Gr. The current Eng. cypress is assimilated to the late L. form.] 1. a. A well-known coniferous tree, Cupressus sempervirens, a native of Persia and the Levant, extensively cultivated in Western Asia and Southern Europe, with hard durable wood and dense dark foliage; often regarded as symbolic of mourning (see c). Hence, the English name of the genus. a 1300 Cursor M. 1377 (Cott.) Cedre, ciprese [u.r. cipres, cipris], and pine, a 1400 Pistill of Susan 69 p>e sauyne and sypres, selcoup to sene. 1513 Douglas AEneis hi. x. 47 The cipres berand hych thair bewis. 1551 Turner Herbal 1. (1568) N iijb, The lefe of Cypres neuer falleth, but is euer grene. 1616 Bullokar, Cypresse, a tree.. very tall and slender, the tymber whereof is yellowish and of a pleasant smell. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vi, A garden, shaded with avenues of melancholy cypress. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. 247 The wood of Cypress .. is almost imperishable; the gates of Constantinople made of this wood lasted 1,100 years.

b. The wood of this tree. a 1300 Cursor M. 8007 (Gott.) Jni sal find pa wandis pare, Of cydyr, pyne, and of cypress, c 1386 Chaucer Sir Thopas 170 His spere was of fine cipres. 1474 J. Paston Lett. No. 739 III. 110 My wryghtyng box of syprese. 1504 Bury Wills (1850) 98 My coffyr of syprys. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 261 Into a coffer of Ciprus .. he shut it vp. 1673 Phil. Trans. VIII. 6015 Another sort of wood, called Cypress.. better than any Pine for Masts.

c. The branches or sprigs of the tree, used at funerals, or as a symbol of mourning. Also fig. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. i. 60 The great earthes wombe they open to the sky, And with sad Cypresse seemely it embrave. I591 - Daphn. lxxvi. Vouchsafe to deck the same [a hearse] with Cyparesse. 1695 Prior Ode after Queen’s Death v, Let the King dismiss his Woes.. And take the Cypress from his Brows. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. lxxv, ’Tis one thing for a soldier to gather laurels,—and 'tis another to scatter cypress. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. lxxxiv. iv, But that remorseless iron hour Made cypress of her orange flower.

2. a. Applied to various trees or shrubs allied to the true cypress, as African c., the genus Widdringtonia (Miller Plant-n.)-, bald, black, or deciduous c., Taxodium distichum; embossed c., the Chinese genus Glyptostrobus; Japanese c.,

CYPRESS the genus Retinospora; swamp c., the genus Chamaecyparis (Miller). 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. xxviii. 447 Deciduous Cypress has the leaves in two ranks, and spreading; it is a native of America. 1866 Treas. Bot. 967 Retinospora.. R. obtusa, the Japanese Cypress .. very fine forest tree, eighty or more feet high.

b. Applied to various plants taken to resemble the cypress-tree, as broom c., Kochia scoparia; dwarf c., heath c., names proposed by Turner for Lycopodium alpinum; field c., Ajuga Chamaepitys; garden c., (a) in Gerarde, Artemisia maritima; (b) in Lyte, Santolina Chamaecyparissus; standing c., Gilt a coronopifolia; summer c., Kochia scoparia. [c 1000 Sax Leechd. 1. 116 Genim pa ylcan wyrte & cypressum, & dracentsan & hunij.] 1548 Turner Names of Herbes 25 Chamaecyparissus .. maye be called in englishe heath Cypres, because it groweth amonge heath, or dwarfe Cypres. 1578 Lyte Dodoens I. xviii. 28 Called .. in English .. Ground Pyne, Herbe Iue, Forget me not, and field Cypres. Ibid. xix. 29 Some call it in English Lauender Cotton, and som Garden Cypres. 1878-86 Britten & Holland Plant-n., Cypress.. 2. Tamarix gallica.—Cornw.

3. attrib. a. Of cypress or cypress-wood. b. Resembling the foliage or shade of a cypress; cypress-like; dark, gloomy, funereal. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 11. i. 353 In Iuory cofers I haue stuft my crownes: In Cypres chests my arras counterpoints. 1597 Lane. Wills II. 228 A Cypresse chest standing in the like parlour. 1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerp. 67 Great was Macedo; but the Stagyrite, As much out shin’d; as bright Day, Cypress Night. 1870 Athenaeum 19 Nov. 665 Plenty of cypress sentimentality in Kensal Green.

4. Comb., as cypress-arbour, -bough, -bud, -cone, -grove, -leaf, -shade, -spire, -swamp, -timber, -tree, -wood, -wreath; cypresscrowned, cypress-like adjs.; cypress-apple, the fruit or cone of the cypress; cypress-knee, a large woody tumour occurring on the roots of Taxodium (Treas. Bot.); cypress-moss, the Alpine or Savin Club-moss (Lycopodium alpinum); also the moss Hypnum cupressiforme; f cypress-nut, the roundish fruit or cone of the cypress; cypress pine Austral., a tree of the genus Callitris; cypress-spurge, Euphorbium Cyparissias (called by Lyte cypress tithymal); cypress-vine, a name of several American species of Ipomaea, convolvulaceous climbing plants. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 148 Its Fruit, call’d the ‘Cypress-Apple. 1883 A. Dobson Old World Idylls, Dead Letter 1. vi, And still the ‘cypress-arbour showed The same umbrageous hollow. 1720 Gay Poems (1745) II. 152 Black ‘Cypress boughs their drooping heads adorn. 1829 Praed Poems (1865) I. 359 Pale, ‘cypress-crowned. 1812 Byron Ch. Har. 11. xxxviii, The pale crescent sparkles.. Through many a ‘cypress grove. 1889 Science XIII. 176/2 Processes.. sufficiently developed to be classed in importance with the‘cypress knees. 1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot., ‘Cypress-moss, Lycopodium alpinum. 1769 J. Wallis Nat. Hist. Northumberland I. viii. 282 Creeping CypressMoss, or Heath-Moss is frequent on Cheviot. 1847 Leichhardt Jrnl. i. 13 It was covered with ‘cypress-pine, and an Acacia. 1885 Spons' Mech. Own Bk. 131 Cypress pine (Callitris columellaris) is a plentiful tree in Queensland. 1936 F. Clune Roaming round Darling ix. 76 Box-trees and cypress-pines in plenty. 1967 A. M. Blombery Guide Native Austral. Plants ill. 108 Cupressaceae. A family., including the well-known native Callitris (Cypress Pine). 1707 Curios, in Hush. & Gard. 154 The Wood-Spurge, the ‘Cipress-Spurge, and the Mirtle Spurge. 1578 Lyte Dodoens in. xxix. 359 The fifth kinde called ‘Cypres Tithymal. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xxiv. 13 As a ‘Cypers tre vpon the mount Hermon. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam v. liv. 5 The banquet.. Was spread beneath many a dark cypress tree. 1861 Miss E. A. Beaufort Egypt. Sepulchr. II. xxiv. 324 A very fine hall.. with a ceiling of ‘cypress wood.

f 'cypress2. Obs. [A corruption of L. cyperus, cyperosy app. confounded with cypress1.] The Sweet Cyperus or Galingale. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 21 Vyaund de cyprys bastarde .. take whyte Gyngere, and Galyngale, and Canel fayre ymynced. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 67, I sau cipresses, that is gude for the fluxis of the bellye. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 143 Against tikes, lice, and fleas, anoint the dog with bitter almonds .. or roots of maple, or cipers. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 35 Long Cypress.. is a knotty Root. 1799 C. Smith Laboratory II. 400 Add one drachm of the powder of cypress.

b. Comb.y as cypress-powder, cypress-root. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. 99 Enjoyning me never to goe to the Warres, but when Muskets are charged with Cypres-powder. 1652 Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 229 Like another Sejanus, with a periwig daubed with Cypres powder. 1790 W. Woodville Med. Bot. I. 75 note, The root [of Arum maculatum] is used by the French to wash the skin with.. under the name of Cypress Powder. 1879 Prior Plant-n. 61 Cypress-root, or Sweet Cypress .. a plant the aromatic roots of which are known as English galingale, Cyperus longus.

f'cypress3. Obs. or dial. Forms: 5-7 cipres, 6-9 Cyprus, 6-7 cypres, cy-, cipresse, 7 cipress, 7cypress; also 5 (cipre), cipyrs, 6 sipers, sipars, (cyrpe), 6-7 sypers, sipres, 7 sypress, sipris. [prob. f. OF. Ciprey Cypre, the island of Cyprus, from which, in and after the Crusading times,

CYPRIPEDIN

199

various fabrics were brought: see Aldis Wright, note to Shaks. Twelfth Night in. i. 119.] 1. A name of several textile fabrics originally imported from or through Cyprus: a. A cloth of gold or other valuable material. [11400 Inv. in Sir F. Palgrave Kal. Invent. Treas. III. 35.8 Primerement, xxv draps d’or de diverses suytes dount iiii. de Cipre les autres de Lukes.] 14.. Langl. P. PI. B. xv. 224 (MS. O.) Clenlich ycloJ?ed in cipres [MS. C. cipyrs; B. purpre] and in tartaryne. 01440 Sir Degrev. 1482 The scochenus of many kny3t Of gold and Cyprus was i-dy3t.

b. A valuable quality of satin, called more fully satin of CyPres} satin Cypres. *533 >n Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 27 A Sondays gowne of blak lyned with sattyn of sypers. 1548 Hall Chron. (1809) 599 Long and large garmentes of blewe Satten panned with Sipres, poudered with spangles of bullion golde. 1552-3 Inv. Ch. Goods, Staff, in Ann. Litchfield IV. 39 On redde vestement of saten sipars with all things to hitt. 1603 Draperies sold at Norwich, in 38th Rep. Keeper Public Rec. 444 Fustyans of Naples .. Paris clothes .. sattins of Cipres, Spanish sattins.

c. esp. (= cypress lawn) A light transparent material resembling cobweb lawn or crape; like the latter it was, when black, much used for habiliments of mourning. [1398 Test. Ebor. I. 240 Unum [velum] de cypres. 1402 Ibid. I. 289, ij flameola de cipres.] 1577 Eden & Willes Hist. Trav. 260 With two Oxe homes, as it were, made of fine cypres hangyng downe about theyr eares. 1594 Nashe Unfort. Trav. 84 A hundred pages in sutes of white cipresse. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 221 Lawne as white as driuen Snow, Cypresse blacke as ere was Crow. 1616 B. Jonson Epigr. lxxiii, One half drawn In solemn Cyprus, th’ other cobweb lawn. 1678 Phillips, Cipress, a fine curled Stuff, part Silk, part Hair, of a Cobweb thinness, of which Hoods for Women are made. 1721 Lond. Gaz. No. 5930/1 Officers wearing Mourning-Scarfs of Cypress. 1722 Ibid. No. 6084/4 The Colours furled and wrapped in Cypress. [1820 Scott Monast. xviii, The murrey-coloured double-piled Genoa velvet, puffed out with ciprus.] transf. 1718 Warder True Amazons (ed. 2) 3 Having four Wings.. with strong Fibres round and cross them, to strengthen the fine Cypress of which they are framed.

2. A piece of cypress used as a kerchief for the neck or head, as a band for the hat, etc., in sign of mourning, and the like. 1530 Palsgr. 205/2 Cypres for a womans necke, crespe. c 1540 Four P.P. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 350 Sipers, swathbands, ribbons, and sleeve-laces. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 111. i. 131 A Cipresse, not a bosome, Hides my heart. 1609 Dekker Gvlls Horne-bk., Him that wears a trebled Cyprus about his hat. 1611 Florio, Velaregli, shadowes, vailes, Launes, Scarfes, Sipres or Bonegraces that women vse to weare. 01717 Parnell Night-Piece on Death 72 Why then thy flowing sable stoles, Deep pendant cypress, mourning poles.

3. attrib. (or adj.). a. Of cypress. 1530 Palsgr. 173 Crespine, a cypres lynyn clothe. 1607 W. S. Puritan Stage Direct., Enter the widow Plus, Frances, Mary, Sir Godfrey, and Edmond, all in mourning; the latter in a Cyprus hat. 1632 Milton Penseroso 35 Sable stole of cypress lawn. 1678 J. Phillips Tavernier's Trav. Persia 1. 10 The Travellers are wont to wear black Cypress Hoods., over their Faces.

b. Resembling cypress in texture; gauze-like.

characteristic of St. Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), bishop of Carthage, martyred a.d. 258. 169s J Sage (title) The Principles of the Cyprianic Age. 1696 G. Rule (title) The Cyprianick Bishop examined and found not to be diocesan, nor to have superior power to a parish minister, or presbyterian moderator, a 1861 W. Cunningham Hist. Theology Wks. (1863) I. 164 The Cyprianic bishop was very different from the modem one. 1916 J. R. Harris Testimonies 1. viii. 77 We have an almost contemporary witness for the Cyprianic text. Ibid. xiv. 127 Justin starts with the first chapter of the Cyprianic Christology. 1920 Christian World 19 Aug. 8/4 We need for the recovery of Christian unity a man of Cyprianic grasp, though not of Cyprian’s opinions. 1945 G. Dix Shape of Liturgy v. 116 The ‘Cyprianic’ doctrine of the sacrifice came to prevail in the West.

cyprid (’saiprid). Zool. An ostracod crustacean of the family Cyprididse (see Cypris). 1913 H. M. Cadell Story of Forth i. 8 Other shale seams are almost entirely composed of minute entomostraca or cyprids.

cypriferous (sai'pnfaras), a.

Geol. [f. mod. Zool. L. Cypris (from L. Cypris a name of Venus) + -ferous.] Abounding in fossil shells of the genus Cypris of freshwater crustaceans. 1833 Lyell Pr. Geol. III. 233 Green cypriferous marls.

feyprine, a.1 Obs.—° [Erroneous formation. L. cyprinum, Gr. Kinrptvov are deriv. of Cyprus cypre, the henna plant.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Cyprine. .of or belonging to the Cypress-Tree. [Hence in Ash 1775 and mod. Diets.]

cyprine ('sipram, -in), a.2 Ichth. [ad. L. cyprinus, a. Gr. Kwplvos carp.] Belonging to the carp genus Cyprinus, or the carp family, Cyprinidae. 1828 in Webster; whence in mod. Diets.

cyprine ('siprain), sb. Min. [mod. f. L. cyprius of copper q.v.] A blue variety of vesuvianite supposed to contain copper. 1823 Phillips Min. 262 Cyprine.

cyprinid

(si'pramid). Ichth. [f. mod.L. Cyprinidae, the family of fresh-water fishes of which the carp, cyprinus, is the type.] A fish of the carp family. So cy'priniform a., carp-like in structure.

cyprinodont (si'prainaudDnt).

Ichth. [f. as mod.L. generic name Cyprinodon, from L. cyprinus carp + Gr. oSovt- tooth.] A. sb. A malacopterygious fish of the family Cyprinodontidse, of which the typical genus is Cyprinodon; they differ from the cyprinids in having the jaws more projecting and toothed. 1857 Agassiz Nat. Hist. U.S. I. 48 Among fishes..the Cyprinodonts, the Chaetodonts. 1887 C. C. Abbott WasteLand Wand. vi. 166 The many-barred cyprinodont that throngs every stream from Maine to Florida.

1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 1. vii. (1641) 64/2 The Spider .. neat and nimbly her new web she weaves .. Open, lest else th’ ungentle Winds should tear Her Cipres Tent. 1713 Warder True Amazons (ed. 2) 30 Not only Bees, but all other Creatures having a Cypress wing.

B. adj. Of or belonging to this family. Hence cyprino'dontid, -'dontoid a., of or allied to the Cyprinodonts.

C. Dark grey with darker markings; hence cypms-cat, a variety of tabby cat (local).

cyprinoid (si'prainoid), a. and sb. Ichth. [f. L. cyprinus carp + -oid.] A. adj. Resembling or allied to the carp; belonging to the division Cyprinoidea of fishes, comprising the Cyprinidae and other families.

1857 Wright Prov. Diet., Cypress-cat, a tabby-cat, East. 1879 Lubbock Fauna of Norfolk 7 An immense cat of a cypress colour. 1887 N. Sf Q. 7th Ser. IV. 289/1 While discussing the merits of a new kitten recently with a lady from Norwich, she described its colour as ‘Cyprus’—dark grey, with black stripes and markings.

cypressed ('saiprist), a. [f-

1

cypress

+ -ed2.]

Planted or adorned with cypresses. 1850 Sir A. De Vere Piet. Sk. 11. 248 The citied hills, the cypressed vales. 1861 Thornbury Turner (1862) I. 222 On the Cypressed Hill.

1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 287 In the cyprinoid families. 1876 Beneden Anim. Parasites 9 A cyprinoid fish.

B. sb. A fish belonging to the Cyprinoidea. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 1146/2 The vascular tissue .. on the palate of the Cyprinoids. 1878 Bell Gegenbauer's Comp. Anat. 525 In the Cyprinoids the mucous membrane .. is interwoven with .. muscular fibres.

Hence cypri'noidean a. and sb.

Cyprian ('siprisn), a. and sb. Also 7 Ciprian. [f.

Cypriot ('siprrot), Cypriote ('sipriaut), a. and

L. Cyprius of Cyprus + -an. In F. cyprien.] A. adj. 1. Belonging to Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean, famous in ancient times for the worship of Aphrodite or Venus.

sb.

[ad. Gr. KvnpLUiTrjSj f. Kxmpos Cyprus.

Cf.

Cyprian.] A. adj. Belonging to Cyprus. B. sb.

A native or inhabitant of Cyprus; the Greek dialect (ancient or modern) of Cyprus.

1598 Marston Pygmal. ii. 145 See how he paceth like a Ciprian. 1819 J. H. Vaux Mem. I. 72 A very interesting young Cyprian whom I.. attended to her apartments. 1829 Sun 17 Sept. 4/4 A cyprian of the lowest grade. 1843 tr. Custine’s Empire of Czar III. 84 The expenses of these poor cyprians were not diminished in the same proportion as their gains.

1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 1. 309, I was credibly informed by a Cipriot a marchant of good wealth. 1639 Fuller Hist. Holy Warre v. xxix. 278 Take their names as I find them in the Catalogue of Stephen a Cypriot. 1750 Universal Mag. July 4/1 For a while he triumphed over the Tyrians, Sidonians, and Cypriots. 1797 R. Heron Collect. Voy. Trav. 198 St. Spiridion, the Cypriot. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 261/2 Almost every house has a garden, of which the Cypriotes are very fond. 1878 Murray's Handbk. Trav. Turkey in Asia (ed. 4) 179/1 The Inscriptions found.. in Cyprus are in three languages: 1. Cypriote. Ibid. 182/1 Androcles.. was present in the Cypriote fleet which supported Alexander. 1920 J. A. Robertson Hidden Rom. N.T. i. 20 The wealthy Cypriote Mnason, who entertained Paul. 1920 G. E. Buckle Disraeli VI. 300 The occupation of Cyprus ensured the fair treatment of the Cypriot Greeks. 1920 Q. Rev. July 38 This Cypriote School, with its grand Graeco-Oriental seriousness, had many ramifications, one of which, the Palyrene .. lasted down to the third century a.d. 1927 Times (weekly ed.) 25 Aug. 208/3 The Cypriots in Egypt. 1955 Times 6 May 4/3 The House was entitled to know what progress had been made in the discussions with Cypriots about their constitutional future.

Cyprianic

cypri'pedin. Med. [f. F. cypripede = Bot. L.

1627 Massinger Gt. Dk. Florence v. ii, By all the vows which lovers offer at The Cyprian goddess’ altars, c 1673 Roxb. Ball. VI. 112 A stranger unto Love am I.. The Ciprian Boy shall not destroy My freedome and my Reason.

2. transf. Licentious, lewd; in 18-19th c. applied to prostitutes. 1599 Marston Sco. Villanie 1. iii. 184 Consuming all the yeare In Cyprian dalliance. 1782 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode to R.A's. ix. Wks. I. 35 A Damsel of the Cyprian class. 1859 Sat. Rev. VIII. 71/1 The Cyprian patrol which occupies our streets in force every night.

B. sb. An inhabitant or native of Cyprus, a Cypriote; hence transf. A licentious or profligate person; in later use spec, a prostitute.

(sipri'tenik), a. [ad. mod.L. Cyprianicus, f. Cyprianus.) Of, pertaining to, or

Cypripedium Lady’s slipper (Linnteus Gen. PI.

CYPRIPEDIUM 1015), app. a corruption of Cypripodium, f. Gr. Kvirpis Aphrodite + 7toSls shoe, ttoSlov little foot.] A brown powder prepared from the roots of Cypripedium pubescens, a North American orchid; used as an antispasmodic. 1863-72 in Watts Diet. Chem. II. 300.

cypripedium (sipri'piidism).

Bot. [mod.L. (Linnaeus Systerna Naturae (1735)), f. Gr. Kvnpis Aphrodite 4- nebiXov slipper, in reference to the inflated pouch formed by the labellum; cf. cypripedin.] A member of the large genus of orchids so named. Cf. lady’s slipper i.

1775 T. Blaikie Diary Scotch Gardener 4 June (1931) 37 In those woods grow great plenty of the Ceprepedium. 1813 Curtis's Bot. Mag. XXXVIII. 1569 In the Cypripediums which we have before figured.. the two lower external petals are united together. 1873 Young Englishwoman Aug. 395/2 Cypripedium, or Slipper plant. 1890 W. Watson Orchids xxviii. 155 When Cypripediums show signs of bad health, they should be at once shaken free of soil. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 31 Dec. 10/1 Cypripedium orchids. 1904 R. J. Farrer Garden Asia 250 On the shelving banks of grass in open places [grows] the cypripedium. 1938 T. Hay Plants for Connoisseur 47 The hardy terrestrial Cypripediums have long been highly esteemed for the border or rock garden. 1962 Amateur Gardening 14 Oct. 6/3 There are a number of cypripediums suitable for cool house conditions.

||Cypris ('saipris). Zool. [mod.L., a. Gr. Kfinpis Aphrodite. (Names of Venus are applied to many shells.)] A genus of minute fresh-water Crustacea, having the body enclosed in a delicate bivalve shell. 1832 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 275 This cypris inhabits the lakes and ponds of England, where it is not uncommon. i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 63 Tiny cyprides and cyclopes disporting in the umbrageous groves of their world.

cyproid (’saiproid). Zool. [f. prec. +

-oid.] A

crustacean allied to the Cypris. 1852 Dana Crust. 11. 1407 Species of Cyproids.

Cyprus, cyprus-lawn: Cyprus (Bot.):

see cypress3.

see cypre.

cyprusite ('saiprssait). Min.

[f. Cyprus + -ite.] A sulphate of iron occurring in Cyprus. 1882 Dana Min. App. iii. 33 Cyprusite. [Named 1881.]

cyprys,

|| Cypsela ('sipsib). Bot. [mod.Lat., ad. Gr. KvipcX-q hollow vessel, chest, box.] A kind of dry one-seeded fruit; an achene with an adnate calyx, as in the Compositse. 1870 Bentley Bot. 313 The Cypsela differs in nothing essential from the achaenium, except in being inferior and of a compound nature. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. vii. §2. 295 An akene with adnate calyx has been termed a Cypsela.

cypseline ('sipsilain), a. Zool. [f. L. cypselus, a. Gr. KvipeXos the swift.] Of the family Cypselidse or genus Cypselus of birds, comprising the Swifts. 1874 Wood Nat. Hist. 287 The Swifts, technically called the ‘Cypselinae’, or Cypseline birds.

So 'cypseliform, 'cypseloid, cypselo'morphic adjs., having the form or structure of a Swift; belonging to Huxley’s group Cypselimorph.se.

cypselous (’sipsibs), a.

Bot. [f. Cypsela + -ous.] Of the nature of a Cypsela. 1878 Masters Henfrey’s Bot. 292 The involucre, the cypselous fruit, and the pappus.

Cyrcean,

obs. form of Circean. 1609 Downam Chr. Liberty 95 The Cyrcean cup of the Libertines.. transformeth Christianisme into Epicurisme.

cyrcle, cyrcuite, etc.: see

circle, etc.

sb. 1607 Topsell Four-}. Beasts 548 There are more kinds of mice in the Cyrenaican region. 1942 ‘M. Home’ House of Shade v. 80 Suppose he had taken on the character of a Cyrenaican or a Tripolitanian from some southern oasis. 1963 I. W. Zartman Govt. & Pol. N. Afr. (1964) v. 97 There is also a Cyrenaican Workers’ Federation, but there is no nation-wide union. 1969 J. Wright Libya xii. 133 The Cyrenaicans lost heavily during tough fighting in the spring of 1914.

Cyre'nean, Cy'renian a.

= Cyrenaic. 1882 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 214 This reads like an avowal of Epicureanism or of the more selfish philosophy of pleasure known as Cyrenaicism. 1828 Edin. Rev. XLVIII. 221 A peculiar school of philosophy, known over the lettered world by the title of the Cyrenean. 1847 Craig, Cyrenian.

Cyrillic (si'nlik), a. [f. the proper name Cyril (Cyrill-us) + -ic. In mod.F. cyritlique.] Applied to the alphabet employed by the Slavonic peoples of the Eastern Church, the invention of which is attributed to St. Cyril in the 9th century. The Cyrillic is distinguished from another ancient Slavonic alphabet, the Glagolitic (q.v.). 1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 104/2 The use of the Cyrillic letters .. remained in full vigour among those [Slavonians] who belonged to the Eastern Church. Ibid. 127/1 The Servians.. make use of the Cyrillic alphabet. 1856 [see Rouman sb. 2]. 1881 Academy 26 Mar. 226 The Slaves, when they became converts to Christianity, framed two alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic. 1884 Sat. Rev. 7 June 761/1 The Russian Government. . had already forbidden the printing of Lithuanian texts in any but the Cyrillic character.

cyring,

obs. form of syringe.

cyriologic (sirrau'lodjik), a. In 7 kyrio-. The analogical form of curiologic. So cyrio'logical. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 350/1 In the Kyriologick way, to express the Sun, they make a Circle; the Moon, a Crescent. 1824 Johnson Typographia II. 434 Cyriological Hieroglyphics, in which the figures were taken in a proper sense; as the image of a man was placed for a man. 1828 Webster, Cyriologic, relating or pertaining to capital letters. [An error, reprinted in later Diets.]

cyrographer,

Kvpro- from Kvpros curved, arched. In some recent technical terms, as cyrto'ceratite Palseont., a fossil cephalopod of the genus Cyrtoceras, having the shell incurved or bent like a horn. So cyrtocera'titic, cyr'toceran adjs.; cyrto'ceratid, a member of the family containing Cyrtoceras. 'cyrtograph, an instrument for the same purpose as the cyrtometer (Syd. Soc. Lex.), 'cyrtoid, a., resembling a hump or swelling on the back (Syd. Soc. Lex.), 'cyrtolite Min., a variety of zircon with the pyramidal planes convex (Dana). cyr'tometer [F. cyrtome.tr e], an instrument for measuring and recording the curves of the chest; also (Wilson's C.) for measurement of the head; whence cyrto'metric a., cyr'tometry. 'cyrtostyle, a circular portico projecting from the front or other part of a building (Webster, 1864). 1867 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. n. XLIV. 224 Before the blow¬ pipe cyrtolite glows brilliantly. 1870 S. Gee Auscultation & Perc. ii. 10 The Cyrtometer. 1879 Khory Princ. Med. 45 When the outlines are drawn on paper by the help of the cyrtometer. 1885 Lancet 26 Sept., A cyrtometric tracing taken of the chest about the nipple level.

cyrurgien, -erie,

cyse, cyser,

cyred, obs. form of cered ppl. a. 1558-80 W. Warde tr. Alexis’ Seer. 1. 1. 14b, A Violl well stopped with waxe and cyred clothe.

Cyrenaic (sairi'neuk),

a. and sb. [ad. L. Cyrenaic-us, a Gr. Kvp-qvaiKos, f. Kvpqv-q Cyrene, a Greek colony in Africa. In mod.F. Cyrenaique.] A. adj. Belonging to the school of the Socratic philosopher Aristippus of Cyrene, whose doctrine was one of practical hedonism. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 11. (1851) 179 Not Epicurus, nor Aristippus with all his Cyrenaick rout. 1845 Maurice Mor. Met. Philos, in Encycl. Metrop. 585/1 The Cyrenaic doctrine, .terminated in Epicurism.

B. sb. A Cyrenaic philosopher; a follower of Aristippus. 1586 T.B.la Primaud. Fr. Acad. I. 222 Aristippus and all the Cyrinaiks. 1753 L. M. tr. Du Bosq’s Accomplish’d Woman I. 200 [Aristippus] by birth a Cyrenian; from whence his followers were call’d Cyrenaics. 1889 Athenaeum 2 Nov. 592/1 Even the Cyrenaics upheld a certain standard of personal dignity.

the

obs. form of chirographer.

doctrine

early ff. chirurgeon, etc.

cysars, -ers, -ors, -ours,

sir, sire.

Hence Cyre'naicism, Aristippus.

Cyrenaica in north Africa, or its people. Also as

cyrto- (s3:tsu-), repr. Gr.

obs. form of cypress1.

eyre, obs. form of

CYSTI -

200

of

cysme,

obs. if. scissors.

obs. forms of size, cider.

obs. form of schism.

earlier use: see cystis): in mod.F. kyste.] 1. Biol. A thin-walled hollow organ or cavity in an animal body (or plant) containing a liquid secretion; a bladder, sac, vesicle. c 1720 W. Gibson Farrier’s Dispens. ii. i. (1734) 36 Under their [vipers’] tongue is a little Cyst or bag where the poison is deposited. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 228 The Ink or Cuttle fish. . is furnished with a cyst of black liquor. 1866 Treas. Bot., Cy$*..the hollow spaces in parenchyma in which oily matter collects, as in the rind of the orange.

1857 Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. 134 Muller informs us that in C tuberculosa, he has repeatedly seen two kinds of cysts one scarlet, and constituting antheridia, the other larger and at length producing spores. 1867 J. Hogg Microsc. 11.1. 263 They occasionally develop an enveloping cyst and thus become encysted zoospores.

4. Comb., as cyst-fluid, -wall, -worm; also cyst1836-39 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 220/2 Cyst-like tumours. 1847-9 Ibid. IV. 95/2 Atrophy of the renal textures dependent on cyst-formation. 1871 Holmes Syst. Surg. (ed. 2) V. 917 The cyst-worms of one animal give rise to tape-

cyst,

obs. form of cist.

cyst-, combining form of Gr. kvotls, cyst before vowels (cf. CYSTI-, cysto-): as cy'stalgia [F. cystalgie; Gr. SXyos pain] Path., pain in the bladder, esp. of a spasmodic character, cy'stectasy [Gr. cktools extension: see ectasis], dilatation of the bladder; spec, a form of lithotomy in which the neck of the bladder is dilated so as to allow of the removal of the stone, 'cystelminth [Gr. HXpuvs, iXpuvd- worm], a cystic worm. cy'stenchyma, cy'stenchyme [Gr. eyxvPa infusion], a kind of connective tissue occurring in some sponges, and presenting analogies to the parenchyma of plants; hence cysten'chymatous a. cysthe'patic a. (Anat.) [F. cysthepatique: see hepatic], applied to ducts supposed to pass directly from the liver to the gall-bladder. 1887 Sollas Sponges in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 419 A tissue, cystenchyme, which in some respects resembles certain forms of vegetable parenchyme, occurs in some sponges. Ibid., Cystenchyme very commonly forms a layer just below the skin of some Geodinidae, particularly of Pachymatisma. 1678 Phillips, Cystepatick Arterie. 1839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 176/1 Among the Chelonia the gall-bladder., receives its secretion through .. cysthepatic ducts.

cy'stectomy.

Surg. [f. cyst + -ectomy.] Surgical removal of either the gall-bladder or all or part of the urinary bladder, or of a cyst. 1891 C. W. M. Moullin Surgery Index, Cystectomy. 1896 J. G. Smith Abdom. Surg. (ed. 5) II. ix. 961 Weir of New York records three cases of partial cystectomy. In one he removed a triangular portion of the bladder measuring 2* inches on the sides. 1962 Lancet 19 May 1048/2 Total cystectomy was necessary. 1967 S. Boyarsky Neurogenic Bladder xxvi. 203/2 Three patients continued to have chronic cystitis with copious drainage of purulent material from the urethra. Cystectomy was performed in all 3 after attempts at local therapy with anti-bacterial irrigations.

cysted ('sistid), a.

rare. [f. Enclosed in a cyst, encysted. 1755

cyst

-ed.]

+

in Johnson (Cisted); hence in later Diets.

cysteine ('sistinn, ’sistiiain). Biochem. Also -ein. [ad. G. cystein (E. Baumann 1882, in Zietschr.f. physiol. Chem. VIII. 302), f. cyst(ine + -eine.] An amino-acid, HSCH2CH(NH2)COOH, which is a reduction product of cystine and a constituent of glutathione and many proteins. 1884 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVI. A. 1382 Cystine and Cysteine... The hydrochloride of the new base cysteine is obtained by evaporating the filtrate. 1923 Nature 24 Feb. 274/1 The reduction of methylene blue by the sulphydryl compounds, reduced glutathione, cystein, and thioglycollic acid, is an autocatalytic reaction. 1961 Lancet 8 July 87/2 Two cysteine molecules readily give up their hydrogen atoms..to reunite as cystine. 1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xvii. 382 Cystine enters metabolism as cysteine.

cyster, cysterne, obs. ff. sister, cistern. cysti- (sisti), combining form of Gr. kvotls, cyst; in many modern technical words: as cy'stlcolous a. [L. -colus inhabiting], inhabiting a cyst, cy'stiferous a. [L. -fer bearing], bearing or producing cysts, 'cystiform a., of the form of a bladder or cyst, cy'stigerous a. [L. -ger

2. Path. A closed cavity or sac of a morbid or abnormal character, containing liquid or semi¬ solid matter.

bearing],

I73t-I8o Bailey, Cist.. a Tumour where the obstructed Matter collects as in a Bag. 1807-26 S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 25 In abscesses of long standing, the cysts are often of very considerable thickness. fig. 1884 Jaunt in a Junk 71 As it were, form an indelible cyst of penal associations round the very idea.

cutting], an instrument for cutting open the capsule of the crystalline lens.

Cyrenaican (sairi'neiikan), a. [f. as +

ACEPHALOCYST.)

Cyrenaic a. Of or pertaining to the region of

3. Biol, and Cryptogamic Bot. A cell or cavity containing reproductive bodies, embryos, etc., e.g. the spore-case of certain fungi.

cyst (sist). Also 8 cist. [ad. mod.L. cystis (in

b. spec. The sac enclosing a hydatid, or larval form of a species of Taenia or tape-worm, found parasitic in man and various other animals. (Cf.

-an.]

1713 Cheselden Anat. (1726) 181 The liver full of hydatids, and cysts of hydatids adhering to it 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 231 The cyst m which the Cysticercus lies is formed by the irritated tissues of its host.

bearing

or

containing

cysts,

cysti'rrhcea [F. cystirrhee] = cystorrhaea (see cysto-). 'cystitome [F. cystitome; Gr. -Topos

1885 Athenaeum 11 Apr. 474/2 The cysticolous Myzostomida. These parasites inhabit cysts .. which .. are malformations of the tissues of the host produced by the irritation. 1836-39 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 407/2 The Cystiform Entozoa. 1885 W. Roberts Urin. & Renal Dis. (ed. 4) 11. i. 239 Dense fibrous tissue, containing many large cystiform spaces. 1870 Holmes Syst. Surg. I. 511 Cystic or cystigerous growths. 1830 S. Cooper Diet. Pract. Surg. 373 Cystitome.

CYSTIC cystic ('sistik), a. [a. F. cystique (Pare 16th c.), ad. mod.L. cysticus, f. Gr. type * kvotlkos, f. kvotls: see cyst and -ic.] 1. Anat. Pertaining to or connected with the gall-bladder: as cystic artery, duct. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. 111 The cysticke twins from the gate veine [of the liver], a 1735 Arbuthnot (J.), The bile is of two sorts; the cystick.. or the hepatick. 1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 702 The cystic artery.. sends a very considerable twig between the liver and gall-bladder.

2. Pertaining to the urinary bladder. 1881 Mivart Cat 186 The depression in which the bladder lies is called the cystic fissure.

b. cystic oxide: = cystine, cystic calculus, a urinary calculus containing cystine; so cystic urine. 1810 Edin. Rev. XVII. 166 Dr. Wollaston proposes to name it the cystic oxide. 1834 Good Study Med. IV. 407 The Cystic Calculus has a crystalline appearance. 1839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 805/2 Cystic Oxide is wholly dissipated by heat.

CYSTOUS

201

2. One of the projecting cells originating among the basidia of hymenomycetous fungi, and supposed to be sterile basidia. 1858 Carpenter Veg. Phys. §778 These.. cystidia have been supposed to have the nature of antheridia; but this is uncertain. 1881 Gard. Chron. No. 403. 369 Cystidia are distinctly hyaline and glutinous bodies.

cystine ('sistain). Chem. Also -in. [mod. f. Gr. kvotls bladder + -ine.] An organic base, C3NHO7SO2, a yellowish crystalline substance, found in a rare kind of urinary calculus. 1843 Jones in Trans. Med.-Chirurg. Soc. XXVI. 110 The layers exterior to this nucleus contained no cystine. attrib. 1853 G. Bird Urin. Deposits (ed. 4) vii. 187 The specific gravity of cystine urine is generally below the average. 1885 w. Roberts Urin. & Renal Dis. (ed. 4) 1. iii. 89 The following case of cystine calculus.. occurred in the Manchester Infirmary.

Hence cysti'nuria, the condition of body in which cystine is found in the urine.

3. a. Path. Of the nature of a cyst; characterized by formation of cysts, containing cysts (cyst 2).

•853 G. Bird Urin. Deposits vii. 193. 1963 Lancet 19 Jan. 127/1 In patients with cystinuria, lysine and arginine are poorly absorbed from the jejunum and ileum.

1713 R. Russell in Phil. Trans. XXVIII. 277, I separated a Cystick Tumour. 1877 Roberts Handbk. Med. I. 30 Ovarian dropsy .. is a cystic disease of the ovary.

II cystis ('sistis). Obs. Also 6 chistis. [med. or mod.L., a. Gr. kvotls bladder.] = cyst.

b. cystic fibrosis: = mucoviscidosis s.v. muco-. 1938 Amer. Jrnl. Dts. Children LVI. 344 (heading) Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease. *959Jrpl- Amer. Med. Assoc. 5 Sept. 1/1 The primary defect in cystic fibrosis is a dysfunction of the exocrine glands. 1985 N. Y. Times 9 Jan. cio/6 Nosebleeds are sometimes a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as high blood pressure in older adults or cystic fibrosis in young children.

4. Enclosed or living in a cyst, as a hydatid. 1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 25/2 The Cystic Entozoa. 1877 Huxley Inv. Anim. iv. 211 In this condition the animal is what is termed a Cystic worm, or bladder-worm.

II cysticercus (sisti's3:kds). Zool. PI. -ci (-sai). [mod.L., f. Gr. kvotls bladder -I- KepKos tail. F. cysticerque.] The scolex or larva of a tape-worm in its encysted state; a hydatid. 1841-71 T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 152 The discovery that the cystiform Entozoa, Coenurus and Cysticercus.. are merely the Scoleces of ordinary Tape worms. 1875 H. Walton Dis. Eye 24 The cysticercus, the .. larval state of the .. pork tape-worm, gains access to the human body by being swallowed in an earlier larval condition.

Hence cysti'cercal a., cysti'cercoid a. and sb., cysticer'coidal a. 1858 Copland Diet. Pract. Med. III. 11. 1385 A portion of the Taeniae pass through a true cysticereal (bladder-worm) stage. Ibid., True Cysticerci occur only in warm-blooded animals.. and cysticercoid forms principally in cold¬ blooded animals. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iv. 212 The dog devours the louse, and the Cysticercoid becomes a Taenia cucumerina in his intestine.

cysticle ('sistik(3)I). [dim. of cyst after L. type *cysticula\ see -cule.] A small cyst: applied by Owen to an organ, supposed to be that of hearing, in some Acalephse. 1855 Owen Anat. Inv. Anim ix. 169 The part, for which, from its characteristic constancy.. I have proposed the definite term of ‘cysticle’. Ibid. 170 In some Acalephae the cysticles are not complicated with pigment-cells.

cysticotomy (sisti'kDtami). Surg. [f. cystic (in cystic duct) + -tomy.] Incision into the cystic duct. 1900 in Dorland Med. Diet. 1901 W. W. Seymour tr. Kehr's Gallstone Dis. 11. 135 After 190 conservative gall¬ bladder operations (among them 37 cysticotomies..) I have lost.. only 3 patients. 1908 Practitioner Dec. 826 A stone was extracted after the incision of the cystic duct (Cysticotomy). 1938 M. Thorek Mod. Surg. Technic III. xxxv. 1606 Cysticotomy. This operation consists of opening the cystic duct followed by immediate repair. The operation is only of historical interest.

cystid ('sistid). [f. mod.L. cystis cyst + -id.] 1. Geol. A member of the order Cystidea or Cystoidea of fossil echinoderms; a cystidean. 1862 Dana Man. Geol. 162 The Cystids are the most anomalous of Radiates. 1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. (1879) 299 Stemmed Echinoderms or Crinoids, may be divided into three families, viz.: 1. Crinids, 2. Cystids, 3. Blastids.

2. Zool. ‘The sac-like ciliated embryo of some of the Poly zoo* (Syd. Soc. Lex.). 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 459 From one end of this cystid, one or more polypides are developed from thickenings of the wall of the sac.

cystidean (si'stidiian). Geol. [f. mod.L. cystidea, f. cystis: see cyst and -id.] = cystid i. 1862 Dana Man. Geol. 398 Cystideans.. became extinct in the beginning of the Devonian. 1876 Page Adv. Text-Bk. Geol. xii. 207 So may a cystidean.. be considered a seaurchin attached to the bottom by a similar jointed column.

||cy’stidium. Bot. PI. -ia. [mod.L., repr. Gr. type *kvotl8lov, dim. of kvotls bladder: in mod.F. cystidion: sometimes anglicized cystide.] 1. Link's name for a 1-celled, indehiscent, superior, membranous, apocarpous fruit; = utriculus.

1543 Traheron Vigo’s Chirurg. 11. v. 39 Thys caustyue Medicyne hathe strengthe, to breake the node .. euen to the chistis or purse. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. no The humour [is] contained .. in a vesicle or little bladder, though some affirme it hath no cystis or bag at all. 1758 Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 249 The Cystis of the Hydrocele.

cystitic (si'stitik), a. Path. [f. cystit(is + -ic.] Affected with cystitis. 1910 Practitioner July 44 Distended cystitic bladder gave way.

cystitis (si'staitis). Path. [f. cystis + -itis. F. cystite.] Inflammation of the bladder. 1776-83 W. Cullen First Lines §431 (1827) II. 83 The Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder. 1878 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (1879)11.60 Cystitis is a common consequence of stone, prostatic disease, stricture, or gonorrhoea.

cysto- (sistao), combining form of Gr.

kvottj

—

bladder, cyst, usually in reference to the urinary bladder; as in cystobu'bonocele [see bubonocele], hernia of the bladder through the inguinal opening; 'cystocele [F. cystocele-, Gr. K’fjX-q tumour, cele], hernia of the bladder; 'cystocyte [-cyte], one of the large and cyst-like cells of cystenchyma in sponges; cy'stogenous [-genous], producinng cysts, cystiferous; cy'stometer, any instrument for measuring pressure and volume within the bladder; cysto'metrogram [Gr. feerpov measure], a diagram showing the relationship between bladder pressure and volume as it fills; cy'stometry, the measurement of the pressure and volume within the bladder; the study of the bladder by means of such measurements; so cysto'metric a.; cysto'morphous [Gr. p-op^-q form], having the form of a cyst, cyst-like; 'cystoplast (Biol.) [Gr. nXaoros formed, moulded], a cell having a cell-wall; cysto'plastic a. (Surg.), belonging to cystoplasty; 'cystoplasty [F. cystoplastie], an operation for repair of the bladder, as in the case of vesico¬ vaginal fistula; cysto'plegic a., relating to cystoplegia or paralysis of the bladder; cysto'rrhoea [Gr. pola flow, flux], a flow of mucus from the bladder, vesical catarrh; 'cystoscope [Gr. -okottos viewing], sb. an instrument for examining the interior of the bladder; v. to examine (the bladder) with this instrument; cysto'scopic a., relating to or performed with the cystoscope; cy'stoscopy [Gr. oKotna lookout, watch], examination of the bladder with a cystoscope, cy'stostomy [Gr. OTopLu mouth], the formation of an opening into the bladder by incision; 'cystospasm, spasm of the bladder; cysto'spastic a., relating to cystospasm; 'cystotome [so in F.: Gr. -ropos cutting], an instrument for the operation of cystotomy; also an instrument for lacerating the capsule of the crystalline lens in the operation for cataract; cy'stotomy [Gr. -ropua cutting], cutting into the bladder for extraction of a stone or other purpose. kvotis

i860 Mayne Expos. Lex. 254 *Cystobubonocele.. a rare kind of Hernia, in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the inguinal opening. 1811 in R. Hooper Med. Diet., *Cystocele. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder 343 The bladder is liable to protrude from the pelvic cavity, constituting what is denominated a cystocele. 1927 D. K. Rose in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 15 Jan. 151/2, I have devised an instrument called a *cystometer. 1933 Brain LVI. 185 The volumepressure curve as measured by the Rose cystometer, and used to estimate disturbances of vesical innervation. 1964 G. W. Leadbetter in J. F. Glenn Diagnostic Urol. vii. 135 One of three cystometers may be used: (a) water column manometer, (b) Lewis electric recording cystometer, or (c) strain gauge with an electronic recorder. 1927 Jrnl. Urol.

XVII. 493 *Cystometric curve is quite similar to one obtained after giving a sacral anaesthetic. 1964 G. W. Leadbetter in J. F. Glenn Diagnostic Urol. vii. 133 Cystometric study is essential to diagnosis and management in patients who have evidence of neurologic disease. 1936 New England Jrnl. Med. 26 Mar. 617/1 In an attempt to arrive at a better method of treating urinary bladders paralyzed as the result of spinal cord injuries, it was soon demonstrated that *cystometrograms were essential. 1976 Lancet 4 Dec. 1221/1 During the acute stage a cystometrogram showed a flaccid insensitive bladder. 1959 Danish Med. Bull. VI. 194/1 * Cystometry, the measurement of intravesical pressure at various fillings of the bladder and during micturition, appears to have been effected exclusively by means of a catheter inserted through the urethra... We have worked out a new technique.. using a polyethylene catheter inserted percutaneously into the bladder. 1977 Lancet 13 Aug. 335/2 Simple cystometry with a central-venous-pressure set can.. be done in all hospitals and might help to delineate that group of patients who, although presenting with stress incontinence, in reality suffer from detrusor instability. 1984 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 June 1720/2 Cystometry has been used to study bladder function for over 100 years. 1876 Gross Dis. Bladder 43 Catarrh of the bladder, technically denominated *cystorrhcea. 1889 Fenwick in Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 July, Since the introduction of the incandescent-lamp * cystoscope. 1893 Ibid. 10 June 1209 In nearly every case of tumour which I have cystoscoped. 1889 Fenwick in Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 Apr. 49/3 On *cystoscopic examination. 1910 Practitioner Mar. 378 As a general rule the operation of cholecystectomy shows a higher mortality than the cholecystostomy, but in Rimann’s statistics the reverse is the case (cystectomy 3 4 per cent, and •cystostomy 14 3 per cent.). 1908 Practitioner Sept. 434 •Cystoscopy is of great use in determining the character of the fluid issuing from each ureter. 1909 Ibid. Nov. 664 Cytoscopy and ureteral catheterization are necessary. 1938 Nature 24 Sept. 555/1 The radiological methods include.. cystoscopy. 1847 South tr. Chelius’ Surg. II. 594 The operator now grasps the *cystotome with his right hand. 1869 Wells Diseases of Eye 237 For flap extraction I prefer Graefe’s cystotome. 1721 Bailey, *Cystotomy, the cutting of the Bladder. 1888 Pall Mall G. 19 Sept. 6/2 General Salomon.. underwent the operation of cystotomy yesterday.

cystocarp (’sistsukarp). Bot. [f.

cysto- + Gr. Kapnos fruit.] The sexual fruit of the Florideae, a group of Algae; also called cryptocarp. Hence cysto'carpic a. 1875 Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 213 The receptacle, here termed the Cystocarp. Ibid. 235 The cystocarps consist of branches formed of only one or two cells. 1889 Athenaeum 14 Dec. 826 The specimen exhibited [Gracilaria diver gens] possessed tetrasporic and cystocarpic fruits.

cystoid (’sistoid), a. and sb. [mod. f. Gr. kvotls bladder, cyst + -oid: in mod.F. cystoide.] A. adj. 1. Path. Of the nature of a cyst. 1871 Holmes Syst. Surg. (ed. 2) V. 256 Cystoid formations. 1874 Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. 155 Cystoid Tumours.

2. Geol. Belonging to the order Cystoidea of fossil echinoderms: see cystid. 1876 Page Adv. Text-Bk. Geol. xiii. 224 Among the echinoderms a few crinoid and cystoid forms. B. sb. Path. A cystoid formation; = CYST 2. 1872 Thomas Dis. Women 648 The cystoids of the ovary. Hence cy'stoidean a. = cystoid a. 2; sb. A

member of the Cystoidea.

cystolith ('sistaoliO).

[cysto+ Gr. Xld-os stone.] 1. Bot. A club-shaped stratified outgrowth of the walls of some cells, containing minute crystals of calcium carbonate. 1857 Henfrey Elem. Bot. 503 Crystals.. accumulated on a clavate process.. called cystolithes. 1875 Bennett Sachs’ Bot. 64 Masses of cellulose.. known as Cystoliths.

2. Path. ‘Stone or calculus of the bladder’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). Hence cysto'lithic a. [in F. cystolithique], relating to stone in the bladder. 1846 Worcester cites Dunglison (Cystolithic).

II cystoma (si'stsuma). Path. PI. cystomata. [mod. f. Gr. kvotls CYST + -oma forming nouns of product.] a. A tumour containing cysts; a cystic tumour, b. A cyst or cystic tumour which is a new development, as distinguished from one in which the sac is a natural formation (Syd. Soc. Lex.). 1872 Peaslee Ovar. Tumours 30 All ovarian cystomata contain several.. cysts at the beginning. 1876 Wagner’s Gen. Pathol. 504 A small portion of cysts are new formations; properly so-called cystomata.

cy'stomatous a., of the nature of a cystoma. 1876 Wagner’s Gen. Pathol. 475 A cystomatous adenoma of the pituitary body of the size of a walnut was observed.

cystose (si'staus),

a. rare~°. [f. L. type *cystosus: see cyst and -ose.] Containing, or resembling, a cyst; cystic. 1864 in Webster.

cystous

('sistss), a. rare—0, [f. cyst + -ous: cf. mod.F. cysteux.] = prec. 1857 in Dunglison. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Cystous, same as Cystic.

GYTARIN cytarin, cytern(e, obs. ff. cittern,

cithern.

cytase ('saiteis, -z).

Biochem. [f. cyt(o- + Any of various enzymes found in some plant seeds which hydrolyse the hemicellulose constituents of cell walls and were formerly thought to dissolve the whole cell wall. Hence cytasic (sai'teizik) a. -ase.]

1895 W. Jago Bread-making 123 The enzyme, which thus dissolves the parenchymatous cell-walls of the endosperm, has received the name Cytase. Cytase is secreted by the embryo during germination. 1899 J. R. Green Soluble Ferments vii. 88 The existence of cytase has not been known for many years, our acquaintance with it dating back only to 1886, when it was discovered by De Bary. Ibid. xxi. 371 Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus has been shown to be possessed of diastasic, inverting, cytasic, and peptonising power. 1938 E. C. Miller Plant Physiol, (ed. 2) xi. 802 The cytases are destroyed at a temperature of 6o°C. or above. 1956 New Biol. XXI. 12 The secretion of enzymes (cytases) attacking the cell walls of the endosperm. 1962 Howarth & Warne Lowson's Textbk. Bot. (ed. 13) ii. 32 When the seeds, e.g. of lupin and date, germinate, an enzyme, cytase, hydrolyses the hemicellulose, forming sugars.

cytaster (’saitaest3(r)). Biol. [a. G. cytaster (W. Flemming Zellsubstanz (1882) 379), f. as prec. + aster 4.] a. = aster 4. b. An aster-like structure which may be present in or induced in the cell when the nucleus is not dividing. 1892 A. A. Crozier Diet. Bot. Terms 50/2 Cytaster, a series of achromatic rays extending from each pole of the nucleus in karyokinesis into the cytoplasm. 1901 E. B. Wilson in Arch.f. Entwickelungsmechanik XII. 541 In these eggs the first stage is.. followed by the appearance of a variable number of vague clear spots in the cytoplasm which .. become surrounded with radiating lines of granules and finally assume the form of asters. These, which are obviously identical with Morgan’s ‘artificial astrospheres’, may be called cytasters, in contradistinction to the nuclear asters that are connected with the nucleus. 1925-Cell (ed. 3) 1129 Cytaster... An aster not associated with chromosomes; commonly employed as equivalent to ‘accessory aster’ or supernumerary aster. 1952 A. Hughes Mitotic Cycle iv. 108 Cytasters induced in activated Echinarachnius eggs were examined, i960 L. Picken Organization of Cells vii. 254 Any part of the cytoplasm can participate in the formation of scattered cytasters and of the normal amphiaster.

-cyte (salt).

Biol. [ad. Gr. kvt-os hollow, receptacle.] Frequent in composition with the sense ‘cell’, as in collencyte, cystocyte, leucocyte, etc.

cyte, -zane, -ein, -yn, cytharist, cyther: cythen: see

sie v.

CYTOBLAST

202

obs. ff. city, citizen.

see cith-, cider.

Obs., to strain.

Cytherean (siGa'riian), a. and sb. [f. L. Cytherea = Gr. Kvdcpeia a name of Aphrodite or Venus, from Kvd-qpa Cythera, Cerigo.] A. adj. 1. Pertaining to Venus; also transf. (cf. B). 1866 Elgin Cathedral Guide 45 A Cytheraean temple under State supervision and protection.

2. Pertaining to the planet Venus. 1885 Clerke Pop. Hist. Astron. 284 Three distinct atmospheres—the solar, terrestrial, and cytherean— combine to deform outlines.

B. sb. A votaress of Venus; a prostitute attached to a heathen temple in India; also generally. 1751 Beau-philosopher 238 The Baron .. obliged him .. to tack about to some other Cytherean. 1807 J. Johnson Orient. Voy. 96 The contaminated embrace of a modern Cytherean.

cythero' mania.

[f.

as

prec.

+

mania.]

Nymphomania. 1874 in Dunglison. 1884 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

cythole, cythren,

var. citole, cithern Obs.

cytidine ('saitidim). Biochem. [ad. G. cytidin (P. A. Levene and W. A. Jacobs 1910, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. 3152), f. as cytaster + -IDINE.] A nucleoside, C9H13N5O5, composed of cytosine and ribose and obtained by the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid. 1911 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. C. 1. 96 On partial hydrolysis of nucleic acid with ammonia, cytidine, C9H13O5N3, is obtained. 1958 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 894 An investigation into the metabolism of cytidine nucleotides, with special reference to cytidine diphosphate polyols.

cytisine ('sitisain).

Chem. [mod. f. next + A poisonous alkaloid, C20H23N3O, extracted from the ripe seeds of the Laburnum, C. Laburnum, and other species of Cytisus. -ine.]

1830 Lindley N.S. Bot. 91 The seeds of the Laburnum are poisonous; they contain a principle called Cytisine. attrib. 1878 tr. Ziemssen’s Cycl. Med. XVII. 825 Cytisine poisoning.

II cytisus ('sitisas). Bot. [L., a Gr. kvtioos a shrubby leguminous plant.] a. A shrubby plant mentioned by the Greek and Roman writers, as

useful for fodder; now identified with the Shrubby Medic, Medicago arborea. b. Bot. Adopted by Linnseus as the name of a genus of leguminous shrubs and trees, including the common Broom (though this has by many been made the type of a separate genus), the Laburnum, and other species, one of which (C. racemosus), a well-known early flowering greenhouse and window plant with a profusion of yellow flowers, is the Cytisus of florists. By early writers the name was often applied to other shrubby leguminous plants. 1548 Turner Names of Herbes, Cytisus groweth plentuously in mount Appennine.. I haue not sene it in Englande. Cytisus may be called in englishe tre trifoly. 1578 Lyte Dodoens vi. lxi, Cytisus is a shrubbe or bush with leaues, not muche vnlyke Fenugreke, or Sene; the flowers be faire and yellow, almost like to Broome flowers, a 1729 Congreve Ovid's Art of Love (T.), There tamarisks with thick-leav’d box are found, And cytisus and garden-pines abound. 1794 Martyn Rousseau s Bot. xxv. 362 Evergreen Cytisus has the flowers coming out singly from the side of the stalk. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 8 No [more] my goats.. the blooming cytisus .. shall you browse. 1892 Star 14 May 1 /7 Marguerites .. wave gaily above rows of drooping cytisus and hanging grass.

cytitis

(si'taitis).

-iTis.]

‘Inflammation of the skin’ (Syd.

[mod.

f.

Gr.

kvto?

skin

+

Soc.

Lex.).

cytlyng,

obs. form of kitling.

cyto-, combining form of Gr.

kvtos hollow, receptacle, etc., taken in modern formations with the meaning ‘cell’ (cf. -cyte), and used in many biological terms: as cytoblast, etc.: see below. cyto'chemist, one who studies cytochemistry; cyto'chemistry, the chemistry of cells; spec, a branch of biochemistry using microscopical techniques for this study; hence cyto'chemical a., pertaining to cytochemistry; cyto'coccus [Gr. kokkos berry], Haeckel’s term for the nucleus of a Cytula or impregnated ovum; ,cytodiag‘nosis, diagnosis by examining the cell-contents of effusions into the serous cavities of the body (Dorland 1903); cy'togamont, an organism in the process of cytogamy; cy'togamy, (a) the fusion of cells; conjugation, syngamy; (b) a kind of reproduction that sometimes occurs in Paramecium and some other ciliated Protozoa, in which two organisms undergo autogamy while in contact with each other but without any exchange of nuclear material; hence cy'togamous a., undergoing cytogamy; cyto'genesis, the generation or production of cells; cyto'genic, cy'togenous adjs., producing cells, or characterized by the formation of cells; cy'togeny = cytogenesis-, cytolysin (sai'tDlisin, saitsu'laisin) [see lysin], a substance that causes cytolysis; cy'tolysis, the dissolution of cells; hence cyto'Iytic a.; cytomor'phosis, the series of morphological changes undergone by cells during their life; cyto'pathic, cytopatho'genic adjs., of, pertaining to, or producing damage to cells; cytopa'thologist, one who studies cytopathology; cytopa'thology, the pathology of cells; 'cytoplasm, the substance forming the essential constituent of cells, protoplasm; spec. the protoplasm of a cell as distinguished from the nucleus; cyto'plasmic a., pertaining to or consisting of cytoplasm; 'cytoplast, the body or unit of protoplasm contained in a cell (cf. bioplast); 'cytopyge [Gr. ?rvyrj rump], the excretory opening or anus of a unicellular animal; ’cytostome [Gr. oropa mouth], the absorbent opening or mouth of a unicellular animal; cy'tostomous a., pertaining to the cytostome; cyto'toxic a., toxic to cells; of or pertaining to a cytotoxin; cyto'toxin, any substance having a toxic effect on cells; cy'totrophy (see quot.); cyto'tropism = cytotrophy; cyto'zoa sb. pi. (Zool.), [Gr. (a>ov animal], a synonym of the Sporozoa or Gregarinida\ 'cytozyme (see quots.).

1940 Caspersson & Schultz in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXVI. 507 At the centre of the discussion was the nucleolus, which in its staining properties resembled some of the cytoplasmic components, and in some cases appeared ..to be extruded into the cytoplasm. With the recent advances in ‘cytochemical technique, these problems can be studied more critically. 1946 Nature 21 Dec. 917/1 (heading) Establishment of Cytochemical Techniques... It might be feared that his remarks will leave the *cytochemist with a gloomy feeling. [1899 A. Graf in Nova Acta Acad. Leopoldino-Carolime LXXII. 280 Cytochemie.] 1905 Gould Med. Diet. Suppl. 204/1 * Cytochemistry, the chemistry of living cells, i960 Times 26 May 3/2 Honours graduate required for the cyto-chemistry section of the Division of Pathology. 1962 Sci. Survey XI. 185 Another way of exploring the function of structures within cells is to establish their nature by combining electron microscopy

with cell chemistry (cytochemistry). 1908 Practitioner Oct. 621 The method of ‘cytodiagnosis.. usually gives satisfactory results, especially in the case of pleural exudates. 1965 tr. Smolka & Soost s Outl. & Atlas Gynaecol. Cytodiagnosis 3 The development of fundamental cytology and cytodiagnosis in other medical fields has been furthered by the work of the American Society of Cytology. 1939 R. Wichterman in Nature 15 July 123/1 *Cytogamous paramecia, which are considerably smaller than typical vegetative ones, are very insecurely attached to each other at their anterior ends at the beginning of the process... The micro-nucleus of each cytogamont leaves its place near the macro-nucleus and then gradually increases in size. 1900 B D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 71/1 'Cytogamy, the union of cells. 1906 M. Hartog in Cambr. Nat. Hist. I. 1. 33 This process [jc. syngamy] is called also ‘conjugation or ‘cytogamy’. 1939 R. Wichterman in Nature 15 July 123/1, I am therefore proposing a new term, cytogamy, for this phenomenon as distinct from autogamy in single individuals and true conjugation involving a nuclear transfer in joined pairs. 1961 Mackinnon & Hawes Introd. Study Protozoa iv. 292 The life-cycle of Paramecium is complicated. It consists of periods of growth interrupted by binary fission, which is its only means of multiplication, and periodic recourse to the curious sexual processes of conjugation, autogamy, and cytogamy. 1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 140/1 The blastodermic cells are produced by a process of ♦cytogenesis. 1876 Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 439 *Cytogenic tissue consists of a vascular fibrous framework and of cells. 1874 Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. 153 *Cytogenous connective-tissue is met with in other organs. I9°5 Jrn^Path. & Bacteriol. X. in The ♦cytolysins contained in [snake] venom. 1937 Times Lit. Suppl. 6 Mar. 173/2 Prominent among the mobile agents for defence found in the blood stream are the cytolysins. 1907 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Apr. 923/1 There seems to be some toxic condition produced which overcomes natural resistance, resulting in ♦cytolysis. 1946 Nature 21 Dec. 917/2 It is therefore necessary to kill the cell fragments, to remove diffusion difficulties by thorough cytolysis. 1904 Keene's Bath Journal 28 May 5/5 The ‘♦cytolytic’ milk of a cow has been tried. 1910 Practitioner Feb. 199 The virulence of the cocci was evidenced.. by the cytolytic findings. 1908 C. S. Minot {title) The problem of age, growth, and death; a study of ♦cytomorphosis. 1968 Bloom & Fawcett Textbk. Histol. (ed. 9) ix. 219/1 The cartilage cells in a center of ossification undergo a regular sequence of changes referred to as the cytomorphosis of the cartilage cells. 1961 Lancet 29 July 248/2 A .. degeneration of the embryonic cells, a cytopathic effect. 1956 New Gould Med. Diet. (ed. 2) 313/2 ♦Cytopathogenic. 1959 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Path. XL. 61 Experiments.. to isolate cytopathogenic agents from sarcoidotic lesions. 1962 Lancet 26 May 1109/1 Cytopathogenic effects in tissue-cultures of sarcoid skin which are reminiscent of changes that might be associated with a virus. 1962 Times 26 June 3/2 A newly-created post of *Cyto-pathologist. 1936 Stedman Med. Diet. (ed. 13) 281/2 ♦Cytopathology, cellular pathology; morbid changes occurring in cells. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XV. 204/2 A major development of cytopathology is the study of ‘new growths’, among which cancer takes a leading place. 1874 Barker tr. Frey's Histol. 66 This primordial cell-substance is known at the present day by the name protoplasm. It has also received from Beale, Kolliker, and Dujardin respectively the names bioplasm, ♦cytoplasm, and sarcode. 1889 Vines in Nature 24 Oct. 624 The embryo is developed from the whole of the nucleus and more or less of the cytoplasm of the ovum. 1889 Cent. Diet., ♦Cytoplasmic. 1920 L. Doncaster Study of Cytology vii. 91 (heading) The cytoplasmic structures in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 1952 G. H. Bourne et al. Cytology & Cell Physiol, (ed. 2) i. 51 Phase-contrast microscopy reveals the presence of numerous cytoplasmic inclusions in the living cell. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus aire daunce, And wend p2ci most ano)?er way. Ibid. v. 14 Sare it pzrr\ smerted J?at ferd out of France, J?are lered Inglis men fam a new daunce. c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 476 Of remedies of loue she knew per chaunce For she koude of that Art the olde daunce. 1423 Jas. I. Kingis Q. clxxxv, Tham that ar noght entrit inne The dance of lufe. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 1. xvi. 86 God for his merci and pitee kepe Ynglond, that he come not into lijk daunce. 1513 More Rich. Ill, Wks. 53 The lord Stanley and he had departed with diuerse other lordes, and broken all the daunce. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 193 The Emperour.. troubled, at this too long and too bloody dance. 1733 Walpole in Morley Life viii. (1889) 174 This dance .. will no further go. I meant well, but.. the Act could not be carried into execution without an armed force.

6. Phrases: a. to begin, lead the dance; fig. to take the lead in any course of action. c 1325 Coer de L. 3739 The damyseles lede daunse. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 504 Yet made he po as fressh a contenaunce, As J?ough he schulde haue led pe newe daunce. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 360 Crist )?at ledip pe daunce of love. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 1348 Foly foteth it properly, Fansy ledeth the dawnce. 1579 Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 522/2 They must begin the dance to be punished, a 1616 Beaum. & Fl. Cust. Country 11. i, They heard your lordship Was, by the ladies’ choice, to lead the dance. 1742 Mann Let. to H. Walpole 23 Sept., M. de Gages is now the man who begins the dance.

b. to lead, rarely give (a person) a dance\ fig. to lead (him) in a wearying, perplexing, or disappointing course; to cause him to undergo exertion or worry with no adequate result. a 1529 Skelton Edw. IV, 29 She [Fortune] toke me by the hand and led me a daunce. 1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingd. in. ii, I pray God, they may., both be led a dark dance in the night! 1682 Hickeringill Wks. (1716) II. 37, I think he has led me a fair dance, I am so tyred. 1700 S. L. tr. C. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 45 [A monkey] led me such a dance, that I had almost stuck in the Slough. 1798 W. Hutton Autobiog. 65, I should have led them a dance of twenty miles to breakfast at Kidderminster. 1874 Aldrich Prud. Palfrey i. (1885) 12 It was notorious that the late Maria Jane had led Mr. Wiggins something of a dance in this life.

c. Dance of Death: an allegorical repres¬ entation of Death leading men of all ranks and conditions in the dance to the grave: a very common subject of pictorial representation during the middle ages. Also called Dance of Macabre, F. danse macabre: see Littre. C1430 Lydg. Daunce of Machabree Prol., The which daunce at sainct innocentes Portrayed is with all the surplusage. Ibid., Death fyrst speaketh vnto the Pope, and after to euery degree as foloweth. 1480 Robt. Devyll 26 For and we nowe in deathes daunce stode To hell shoulde we go, with horrible vengeaunce. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. clvi. 145 But deth y* is to all persones egall, lastlye tooke hym in his dymme daunce, whan he had ben kyng .xlvii. yeres. 1631 Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 378 The dance of Death.. the Picture of death leading all estates. 1833 J. Dallaway Archit. Eng. 137 (Stanford) The Dance of Macabre (Holbein’s Dance of Death) was painted on the walls.

d. St. Vitus's dance = chorea, q.v.; also fig. Also St. John's, St. Guy's dance, terms applied to the dancing-mania of the middle ages. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. i. 1. iv, Chorus Sancti Viti, or S. Vitus Dance .. they that are taken with it can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or cured. 1721 Bailey, Chorea Santi Viti, St. Vitus’s Dance. 1746 J. Andree (title), Cases of Epilepsy, Hysteric Fits, and St. Vitus’s Dance, with the Process and Cure. 1804 Southey in H. D. Traill Coleridge (1884) 106 His [Coleridge’s] mind is in a perpetual St. Vitus’s dance—eternal activity without action. 1840 Tweedie Pract. Med. II. 205 In St. John’s dance, as well as in that of St. Vitus.. a tympanic state of the abdomen was a frequent symptom.

e. dance upon nothing: an ironical expression for hanging (cf. dance v. 3 b). 1840 Hood Kilmansegg, Her Death ix, Just as the felon condemned to die.. From his gloomy cell in a vision elopes, To caper on sunny greens and slopes, Instead of the dance upon nothing, a 1845 - An Open Question, note, If a dance upon Sunday led so inevitably to a dance upon nothing!

7. attrib. and Comb., as dance-band, -floor, -frock, -leader, -lover, -rhythm, -step, -tune; dance-loving adj.; dance-card, a card bearing the names of (a woman’s) prospective partners at a dance; dance-director, the person who, in

DANCE musical comedies, arranges the dances; dancedrama, a rendering through dancing of a dramatic situation; dance-hall, -house orig. U.S., a public dancing saloon; dance hostess, (a) a woman who holds a dance at her house, etc.; (b) a dancing-partner (sense b, dancing vbl. sb. b); dance-music, ‘music designed as an accompaniment to dancing; also, music written in dance rhythm though not for dancing purposes’ (Grove Diet. Mus.)\ dance programme = dance-card. 1927 Melody Maker Aug. 739/1 It was his boast then that he would have a symphonic *dance band. 1962 J. Wain Strike Father Dead 67 The convention that lays it down that English dance-band singers must put on an American accent. 1895 J. L. Williams Princeton Stories 199 You will here meet several of those whose names you have on your *dance-card, and you may make up your mind whether to remember that fact or not. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 11 Old feather fans, tasselled dancecards, powdered with musk. 1932 Wodehouse Louder & Funnier 84 The *dance-director is instructed to think up a lot of different business for the first encore. 1924 New Republic 26 Nov. 11 Spend a few hours in a New Mexico pueblo at the end of the day of one of their sacred *dance-dramas. 1938 Encycl. Brit. Bk. of Yr. 1938 251/2 Dance dramas, marionette shows, musical comedies, [etc.]. 1958 Times 13 Aug. 5/3 Darrell’s dancedrama The Prisoners.. was not only topical.. but also gripping. 1968 Jrnl. Mus. Acad. Madras XXXIX. 1 The dramatic poem of the Composer Nauka Caritram was also produced as a dance-drama. 1928 Melody Maker Feb. 171/3 The *dance floor was crowded. 1959 M. Shadbolt New Zealanders 32 There was even a crude dance-floor erected for the night a little back from the beach. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 18 Feb. 4/2 An accordion-pleated lace net is one of the prettiest *dance-frocks I have seen for some time. 1858 Mass. Acts & Resolves 125 Any person who shall offer to view .. any .. show, concert, or *dance-hall exhibition of any description shall be punished by a fine. 1891 Scribner's Mag. Sept. 276/1 Port Said .. abounds in French cafes and dancehalls. 1904 Conrad Nostromo 1. viii. 107 From the doors of the dance hall men and women emerged tottering. 1934 T. S. Eliot Rock i. 40 Everythink useful for the people: dance ’alls, picture palaces, swimmin’ baths. 1909 Daily Chron. 8 July 6/5 Lady Londesborough was one of the chief *dance hostesses last night. 1934 F. B. Young This Little World ix. 179 A young woman of a most undesirable class—a ‘dancehostess’ (the word was vaguely familiar and unpleasant) in a London night club. 1961 A. Wilson Old Men at Zoo ii. 113 She’s a dance hostess. 1848 Western Boatman (Cincinnati) June 133 That afternoon I wrote a letter to a friend of mine in Natchez, who was a woman that kept a *dance-house. 1875 Mrs. Stowe We Neighbors xli. 375 He told me that he was in the constant habit of passing through the dancehouses, and talking with people who kept them. 1889 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 24 Apr. 1/8 To run a dance-house and gambling-den. 1946 G. Foreman Last Trek of Indians 256 His forsaken wife, Comes-at-Rain, sprang through the window of the dance house. C1440 Promp. Parv. 114 *Dawnceledere, coralles. 1860G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 152 Very popular.. as a means of producing *dance music. 1906 Dialect Notes III. 133 Got your *dance-program filled up yet? 1913 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. I. 11. i. 149 The dance programme, with Muriel’s name fourteen times repeated. 1926 S. T. Warner Lolly Willowes 1. 42 A bunch of dance programmes kept for the sake of their little pencils. 1968 D. Hopkinson Incense-Tree iv. 46 Dance programmes were usual—with the names of the dances on one side and space for the names of partners on the other, and a small pink pencil tied on with blue cord. 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. II. s.v. Melody, In the matter of rhythm there are two things which play a part—the rhythmic qualities of language, and *dance rhythms. 1947 A. Einstein Mus. Romantic Era xvi. 290 A pathetic recitative changes suddenly into the most impudent dance-rhythm. 1920 S. Lewis Main St. 380 The rude fiddling and banging *dance-steps in the barn. 1936 Discovery June 186/2 For the different kinds of spirits [to be exorcised] different dances are held, each with its special dance-steps. 1962 Times 26 Apr. 8/1 Ready-made and established dance-steps.

dance (darns,

v. Forms: 4-6 daunse, 4-7 daunce, (5 dawnce, 6 dans(s, danse), 5- dance, [a. OF. dance-r, danse-r = Pr. dansar, Sp. danzar, Pg. dan(ar, dansar, It. danzare. The origin of the Romanic word is obscure; it is generally held (after Diez) to be an adoption of OHG. danson to draw, to stretch out, from which is supposed to have arisen the sense ‘to form a file or chain in dancing’. From Romanic the word has been taken (back) in the sense ‘dance’ into German: MHG. tanzen (nth c, MDu. dansen. (OHG. danson was a derivative form from dinsan = Goth, pinsan in at-pinsan to draw towards one.)]

1. intr. To leap, skip, hop, or glide with measured steps and rhythmical movements of the body, usually to the accompaniment of music, either by oneself, or with a partner or in a set. c 1300 K. Alis. 5213 Mery time it is in May.. Maydens so dauncen and thay play. 1388 Wyclif 2 Sam. vi. 14 Dauid .. daunside with all strengthis bifor the Lord. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 147/3 He • • sente them into the gardyn to daunse & to carolle. 1530 Palsgr. 361 After dynner men avaunced them to daunce eche man with eche woman. 1632 Milton L'Allegro 96 Many a youth and many a maid Dancing in the chequer’d shade. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 466 IP3 You shall see her dance, or, if you will do her that Honour, dance with her. 1884 Miss Braddon Ishmael ix, I never danced with any one in my life until to-day. I have danced by myself in the yard sometimes when there was an organ.

fb. to dance barefoot: said of an elder sister when a younger one was married before her. Obs. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 11. i. 33 She must haue a husband; I must dance bare-foot on her wedding day, And for your loue to her leade Apes in hell. 1742 Mrs. Delany Life

DANCERCISE

236 Corr. (1861) II. 188 The eldest daughter was much disappointed that she should dance barefoot, and desired her father to find out a match for her.

c. Of animals taught to perform certain regular movements. c 1530 Hickscorner in Hazl. Dodsley I. 184 Then should ye dance as a bear. 1854 Wood Anim. Life 210 The education of most bears seldom aspires beyond teaching the animal to stand on its hind legs, and raise each foot alternately, a performance popularly entitled ‘dancing’.

d. transf. and fig. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas 1. viii. (1544) 11 a, Beware afore or ye daunce in the rowe Of such as Fortune hath from her whele ithrow. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, v. iv. 68,1 haue some of ’em in Limbo Patrum, and there they are like to dance these three dayes.

e. to dance to or after (a person's) pipe, whistle, etc .'.fig. to follow his lead, act after his desire or instigation. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 61 To daunce after her pipe, I am ny led. 1604 Middleton Father Hubb. Tales Wks. 1886 VIII. 65 Till the old devourer.. death, had made our landlord dance after his pipe. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility iii. 98 When a man .. dances to the tune of the age wherein he lives. 1823 Scott Peveril vii, I thought I had the prettiest girl in the Castle dancing after my whistle. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 523 That most of these councillors, .will ‘dance to Rome’s piping’, if they do but see her gold.

2. To leap, skip, spring, or move up and down, with continuously recurring movement, from excitement or strong emotion. Said also of the lively skipping or prancing of animals, and of the heart, the blood in the veins, etc. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 345 Jx>3 |?ou daunce as any do, Braundysch, & brais \>y brapez breme. c 1400-50 Alexander 2618 For pe dowt of pe dyn daunced stedis. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 291 Some were constrayned to leape and daunce for ioye. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 21 The woman runneth vp and down, daunsing continually like a frantike bodie. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. 1. ii. no, I haue Tremor Cordis on me: my heart daunces, But not for ioy. a 1720 Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 160 The blood more lively danc’d within our veins. 1792 S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. 1. 142 When the heart danced, and life was in its spring. 1821 Lamb. Elia, Valentine's Day, He saw, unseen, the happy girl unfold the Valentine, dance about, clap her hands. 1859 Tennyson Enid 505 Yniol’s heart Danced in his bosom, seeing better days.

b. To run, go, or move on with dancing or tripping motion. 1712 Arbuthnot Jo/m Bull 1. x, How you have danced the round of all the Courts. 1820 Scott Abbot xxiv, The moments.. danced so rapidly away. Ibid, xxxiv, Some sprightly damsel, who thinks to dance through life as through a French galliard. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton ii. 20 These boys of twenty-five will dance over the world’s edge in pursuit of a theory.

3. Of things inanimate: To bob up and down on the ground, on the surface of water, in the air, etc. Often with personification or figurative reference to gay and sprightly motion. 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 7 b, The flame appeareth to leape or daunce from one part to the other, much like as bals of wild fire daunce up and downe in the water. 1567 Drant Horace's Epist. xviii. F vj, Whilst thy ship doth kepe a flote, ydauncinge on the plaine. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 231 Why the limb of the Sun, Moon, Jupiter., and Venus, appear to move or dance. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 135 Care must be taken that the Bressummers and Girders be not weakned more than needs, lest the whole Floor dance. 1812 H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr., Cui bono? iv, Light as the mote that daunceth in the beam. 1884 Q. Victoria More Leaves 138 The little boat rolled and danced.

b. Grimly applied to the movements of the body in pr after death by hanging; to dance upon nothing, to be hanged. 1837 Major Richardson Brit. Legion viii. (ed. 2) 210 To see a fellow-being dancing in air after death, in the manner practised in England. 1839 H. Ainsworth Jack Sheppard xxxi. (Farmer), 'You’ll dance upon nothing, presently’, rejoined Jonathan, brutally. 1862 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1865) III. VIII. iv. 21 This poor soldier, six feet three, your Majesty, is to dance on the top of nothing for a threehalfpenny matter!

4. trans. with the name or description of a dance or measure as cognate object. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 200 (MS. Gg) Daunsynge aboute this flour an esy pas. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xvi. xix, To daunce true mesures without varyaunce. 1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingd. in. ii, They have danced a galliard at beggars’-bush for it. 01627 Middleton Chaste Maid iv. iii, As if they’d dance the sword-dance on the stage. 1762 Goldsm. Life of Nash Wks. 1881 IV. 69 A minuet, danced by two persons. 1844 E. Fitzgerald Lett. (1889) I. 142 If you could see the little girl dance the Polka with her sister!

fb. to dance Barnaby: to dance to a quick movement, move expeditiously, to dance the Tyburn jig\ to be hanged: cf. 3 b. Obs. 1664 Cotton Scarron. 15 Bounce cries the Port-hole, out they fly And make the world dance Barnaby. 1664 Etheredge Com. Revenge v. ii, Widow, here is music; send for a parson, and we will dance Barnaby within this half hour. 1697 Vanbrugh Relapse Epil., Did ever one yet dance the Tyburn jig With a free air, or a well-pawdered wig?

5. to dance attendance: to wait (upon a person) with assiduous attention and ready obsequiousness; orig. to stand waiting or ‘kicking one’s heels’ in an antechamber. See also ATTENDANCE 5. 1522 Skelton Why not to Court 626 And Syr ye must daunce attendance, And take patient sufferaunce, For my Lords Grace, Hath now no time or space, To speke with you

as yet. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, v. ii. 31 To suffer A man of Place.. To dance attendance on their Lordships pleasures, And at the dore too, like a Post with Packets. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethics xxv. 380 Few have observed that the sun and moon and stars dance attendance to it [the earth], and cherish it with their influences. 1768 Gray in Corr. w. Nicholls (1843) 75 Here are a pair of your stray shoes, dancing attendance, till you send for them. 1883 Gilmour Mongols xxxi. 362 After dancing attendance on the court for a month or two they receive their dismission. 6. causal, a. To lead in a dance, cause to dance. 1665 Pepys Diary 11 Oct., Having danced my people as long as I saw fit to sit up, I to bed. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy VI. ii, When my father had danced his white bear backwards and forwards, through half-a-dozen pages. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 1, Though I am obligated to dance a bear, a man may be a gentleman for all that.

b. To move or toss up and down with a dancing jerky motion; to dandle. Wyclif Isa. lxvi. 12 Vp on the knes men shul daunte [ MS H. a 1450 daunsen] 3011. 1546 Heywood Proverbs 11. x, In hope.. In hir dotyng daies to be daunst on the lappe. 1622 Fletcher Sp. Curate 11. i, I have dandled you, and kissed you, and played with you.. and danced you. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 418 To dance a child in one’s arms. 1773 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary July, It was no sport to me to be danced up and down, and to find the waves.. rougher every instant. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Epil., I that danced her on my knee.

7. With compl.: To remove, put, bring, impel, etc., off, away, out, in, etc., by dancing. a 1633 Austin Medit. (1635) 208 So was the blessed head of John.. danced off his shoulders by a Harlot. 1787 Generous Attachment I. 200, I danced away the recollection of it. 1812 Byron Waltz vii, Her nimble feet danced off another’s head. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VI. 1. 169 That an obscure player.. should dance himself into the chamber of the empress. 1880 G. Meredith Trag. Com. iv. (1892) 29 Like a lady danced off her sense of fixity. Mod. I fear he has danced away his chance.

danceable ('da:ns3b(a)l, -ae-), a.

colloq.

[f.

dance v. + -able; cf. F. dansable.] Suitable for

dancing; fit to dance with. i860 W. Collins Worn. White 1. vi. 22 A flirtable, danceable, small-talkable creature of the male sex. 1891 Sat. Rev. 25 July 123/2 ‘The Shaking Polka’.. is a very bright and danceable specimen.

dancer ('dainsafr), -ae-). [f. dance v. + -er.] 1. a. One who dances; spec, one who dances professionally in public. C1440 Promp. Parv. 114 Dawncere, tripudiator, tripudiatrix. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 11. i. 111 God match me with a good dauncer. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2318/4 Stage-Plays, Dancers of the Ropes, and other Publick Shews. 1790 Burns Tam O'Shanter 146 The dancers quick and quicker flew. 1858 Thackeray Virginians xxviii, She is a dancer, and.. no better or worse than her neighbours.

fb. A dancing-master. Obs. 1599-16.. Middleton, etc. Old Law iii. ii, His dancer now came in as I met you. a 1627 Middleton Chaste Maid 1. i, I hold my life you have forgot your dancing: when was the dancer with you?

fc. transf. A dancing-dog. Obs. 1576 Fleming tr. Caius' Dogs in Arb. Garner III. 261 The dog called the Dancer.. [They] are taught and exercised to dance in measure. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 184/1.

2. (pi.) A sect of enthusiasts who arose in 1374, chiefly in parts of Flanders, and were noted for their wild dancing; in Pathol, those affected with the dancing-mania (St. Vitus', St. John's dance, etc.) of the middle ages. 1764 Maclaine tr. Mosheim's Ch. Hist. xiv. 11. v. §8 Directly the reverse of this melancholy sect was the merry one of the Dancers, which .. arose at Aix-la-Chapelle. 1844 Babington tr. Hecker's Epidemics Mid. Ages. i. 88 note. According to the Chronicle of Cologne, the St. John’s dancers sang during their paroxysms. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 602 The sect of the Dancers, who were enthusiasts, first appeared in 1374, on the Lower Rhine, dancing in honor of St. John.

3. = DANDY-ROLLER, q.V. 4. pi. Stairs, slang. 1671 R. Head Eng. Rogue 1. v. (1874) 52 (Farmer) Track up the dancers, go up the stayres. 1725 in New Cant. Diet. *0*2 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Dancers, stairs. 1829 Lytton Disowned 65 Come, track up the dancers, and dowse the glim. 1858-What will he do? xvi. (D.), Come, my Hebe, track the dancers, that is, go up the stairs.

5. pi. A local name for the aurora borealis or northern lights. Also merry dancers. C1717 Lett. fr. Mist's Jrnl. (1722) I. 99 In the North of Scotland . . they are seen continually every Summer in the Evening.. they call them Dancers. 1727 Phil. Trans. XXXV. 304 The Meteor call’d by our Sailors, Merry Dancers, was visible, and very bright. 1863 C. St. John Nat. Hist. Moray 86 April 7th (1847).. we saw a very brilliant aurora borealis, or as they term it here, ‘The Merry Dancers’.

6. slang. (See quots.) 1864 Hotten Slang Diet. 117 Dancer, or dancing-master, a thief who prowls about the roofs of houses, and effects an entrance by attic windows, &c. 1930 E. Wallace Lady of Ascot xni. 120 There were active young men who called themselves dancers, and whose graft was to get into firstfloor flats and get out quickly with such overcoats, wraps, and movables as could be whisked away in half a minute!

dancercise ('damsasaiz, -ae-). orig. U.S. Also dancercize. [Blend of dance sb. and exercise si.]

Dancing

performed

as

an

exercise;

DANCERESS organized physical exercise which incorporates the rhythms of (modern) dance. Also as v. intr. Formerly a proprietary term in the U.S. 1967 D. Drake {title) Dancercize. Ibid. i. 15 Dancercize not only remolds your body, but gives you grace, poise and beauty. 1971 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 8 June 95 Debbie Drake, New York, N.Y... Dancercize... Instructions in dancing and physical conditioning. 1973 Seventeen Apr. 118/1 Exercise, dance, yoga..you can combine it all with Dancercise. Jon Devlin, who started the Dancercise Clubs in New York, says, ‘My way of dancing and exercising is to use the body’s natural motions.’ 1982 Maclean's Mag. 1 Feb. 61 Witnessing a performance of Les Ballets Jazz de Montreal is much like watching a ‘dancercise’ class work itself into a quasi-religious lather of shimmying, shaking, jiving, and high-kicking. 1983 Sunday Tel. 18 Dec. 17/3 (heading) Come dancercising. Ibid. 17/4 While ‘Dancercise’ was a London-based phenomenon in its youth, classes are spreading all over England.

fdanceress. Obs., exc. as nonce-wd. [a. OF. danceresse, danseresse, now supplanted by danseuse: see -ess.] A female dancer. 1388 Wyclif Ecclus. ix. 4 Be thou not customable with a daunseresse [1382 a leperesse or tumbler], neither here thou hir. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) 1. xli. 62b/i The moost excellent Jongleresse or Dawnceresse that was in the cytee of Anthyoche. 1633 Prynne Histrio-Mastix v. viii. 260 What doth a Danceresse doe? She impudently uncovers her head. 1855 Househ. Words XI. 57 A cavalier may .. offer .. a glass now and then to his danceress.

t'dancery. Obs. rare-1, [a. OF. dancing, ball: see -ery.] Dancing.

DANDER

237

danserie,

1615 Chapman Odyss. viii. 504 Two, with whom none would strive in dancery.

dancette (dasn'sst), sb. [app. a modern formation, inferred from next.] 1. Her. A fesse with three indentations. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xiv. §i (ed. 3) 160 The ‘daunces’ are equivalent to a group of fusils conjoined in fesse across the shield, which is sometimes blazoned as a ‘dancette’ or a fesse dancettee.

2. Arch. A zigzag or chevron moulding. 1838 Britton Diet. Archit. 249 The chevron moulding, or dancette. 1876 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss.

dancette, -ee ('daensatei, -ti), a. Her. Also -ty. [app. a corruption of F. danche, denche, in OF. also dansie (:—late L. denticatus, f. dent- tooth) used in same sense. Dancette or dancete may have originated in a scribal error for danche or dansie. OF. had also the phrase i. 31 The mighty temptation which seemed to be dangled before him. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 193 The hopes of a royal marriage were again dangled before the eyes of Eadwine.

c. To hang (any one) on a gallows. 1887 W. C. Russell Frozen Pirate II. iv. 92 This is evidence to dangle even an honester man than you.

J>. fig. (intr.) To hang after or about any one, especially as a loosely attached follower; to follow in a dallying way, without being a formally recognized attendant. 1607 Dekker Sir T. Wyatt Wks. 1873 HI- 115 Wyat .. rising thus in armes, with the Kentish men dangling at his taile. 1727 Swift Past. Dial., Marble Hill & Richmond Lodge, Plump Johnny Gay will now elope; And here no more will dangle Pope. 1734 Fielding Univ. Gallant 1, Pray take her, I dangled after her long enough too. 1760 Foote Minor 1. Wks. 1799 I. 232 The sleek..’prentice us’d to dangle after his mistress, with the great Bible under his arm. a 1859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. 5 Heirs of noble houses.. dangling after actresses. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) IV. xxxvii. 271 The exquisites of the day were men who dangled in the train of ladies.

fb. To stroll idly, or with lounging steps: cf. 1607, 1760 above. Obs. 1778 Learning at a Loss II. 76 They quitted, or, to use their own expression, dangled out of the Room.

4. trans. To lead about in one’s train, or as an appendage. a 1723 Gay Distressed Wife 11, I am not to be dangled about whenever and wherever his odious business calls him.

5. To while away or cause to pass in dangling. 1727 Bolingbroke in Swift's Lett. (1766) II. 77 The noble pretension of dangling away life in an ante-chamber.

6. Comb, (of the verb stem) dangle-berry, Blue Tangle, Gaylussacia frondosa, an American shrub, N.O. Vacciniacese; dangle-jack (see quot.). 1881 Leicestersh. Gloss., Dangle-jack, the primitive roasting-jack, generally a stout bit of worsted with a hook at

1756 Connoisseur No. 122 Seeming ravished with the genteel dangle of his sword-knot. 1888 O. Crawfurd Sylvia Arden ii. 21 He lay there in a swound till they got him up the ladder, with just a dangle of life in him. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 26 Mar. 8/2 We get dangles in the shops made and ready for our use, fashioned of silk cords and tassels. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl., Dangle-money, an early Chinese bronze coinage, so called from its resemblance to and former use as dangles of a musical instrument. 1909 M. B. Saunders Litany Lane. 1. ix, A pair of long jet earrings representing funeral urns with cloths over them had replaced the usual golden dangles. 1909 Webster s.v., A dangle of curls. 1937 Partridge Diet. Slang 207/2 Dangle-parade, a ‘short-arm’ inspection: New Zealand soldiers’. 1957 J- Kerouac On Road (1958) I. vii. 44 On the wall was a nude drawing of Dean, enormous dangle and all.

'dangle, a. rare. [f.

dangle ».] Dangling. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa II. 341 A tame beast.. having long and dangle eares. 1889 Braithwaite Retrosp. Med. C. 241 In many cases the leg is a mere ’dangle limb’ of no service whatever.

'dangled, ppl. a. [f. dangling, or appendages.

dangle v.

furnished

+ -ed.] Hung with dangling

1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 148 For thy flaring frounzed Periwigs, lowe dangled downe with loue-lockes, shalt thou haue thy head side, dangled downe with more Snakes than euer it had hayres. a 1688 Villiers (Dk. Buckhm.) Poems (1775) 141 Nor is it wit that makes the lawyer prize His dangled gown: ’tis knavery in disguise.

danglement ('daei)g(3)lm3nt). [f. -ment.] 1. Dangling.

dangle v. +

1834 Beckford Italy II. 75 He.. passes the flower of his days in this singular species of danglement. 1849 Lytton Caxtons VII. i, The.. suspension and danglement of any puddings whatsoever right over his ingle-nook.

2. concr. (pi.) Dangling appendages, dial. 1855 Robinson Whitby such like appendants.

Gloss., Danglements, tassels and

dangler ('daeBgta(r)). [f. as prec. + -er1.] 1. One who dangles; one who hangs or hovers about a woman; a dallying follower. 1727 Fielding Love in Sev. Masq. Wks. 1775 I. 37 The dangler after a woman. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Dangler, so the Women in Contempt call a Man, who is always hanging after them, but never puts the Question home. 1770 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary 10 Jan., ‘You see’, she cried, ‘what a herd of danglers flutter around you.’ 1828 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 228 Fashionable danglers after literature. 1882 Besant All Sorts xix. 139 Dick Coppin was not.. a dangler after girls’ apron-strings.

2. A dangling appendage or part. I73I_7 Miller Gard. Diet. (ed. 3) s.v. Vitis, You must go over the Vines again.. rubbing off all Danglers, as before, and training in the leading Shoots. 1870 Miss Broughton Red as Rose iv. The long red pendant to his [a turkey-cock’s] nose: I confess to being ignorant as to what function that long flabby dangler has to fulfil.

dangling (’dasrjglii)), vbl. sb.

[-ing1.] The action of the verb dangle, q.v.; fconcr. (pi.) dangling appendages. 1611 Cotgr., Pendiloches, jags, danglings, or things that hang danglingly. 1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. vi. 100 To prevent the dangling down and dagling of so long garments. 1678 Butler Hud. 111. ii. 202 The Royalists.. To leave off Loyalty and Dangling. 1855 Smedley H. Coverdale i. 5 I’ve given up flirting and dangling.

'dangling, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That dangles. I593 Shaks. Rich. II, iii. iv. 29 Goe binde thou vp yond dangling Apricocks. 1635 Quarles Emblems 1. Invoc., Cast off these dangling plummets. 1750 Mrs. Delany Life & Corr. (1861) II. 602, I am very happy that I have no dangling neighbours. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh iii. 767 Thin dangling locks. Hence 'danglingly adv. 1611 Cotgr., Pendiller, to hang danglingly, loosely, or but by halves. dangly, a. [f.

dangl(e v. and sb.

-I-

-y1.]

=

DANGLING ppl. a. 1903 Westm. Gaz. i Jan. 3/1 Then often passementerie motifs dangle from bolero fronts of the short sac kind, for these attractive dangly things are more popular than ever. *959 C. Williams Man in Motion iv. 47 She was wearing dangly ear-rings.

Danian ('deinian), a. Geol. [ad. F. Danien (A. d’Orbigny Prodrome de Paleont. (1850) II. 290), f. L. Dania Denmark, f. Danus Dane: see -ian.] Epithet of a stratigraphical stage or series (not represented in Britain) lying below the Montian stage, and held variously to be the highest division of the Cretaceous or the lowest of the Tertiary; of or pertaining to this stage or the period during which it was deposited. Also absol. *873 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXIX. 377 Cretaceous Period. Danian or Waipara Formation... This is the CretaceoTertiary formation of Dr. Hector. Ibid. Index, Danian formation of New Zealand. 1882 Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 823 The uppermost division, or Danian, of the Continental chalk appears to be absent in England, unless its lower portions are represented by some of the uppermost beds of the Norwich Chalk. 1893 P. Lake tr. Kayser's Comp. Geol. 314 In the North of France the succession of the Upper

DANIC

t Danic, a. Obs. [ad. med.L. Danic-us, f. Dania Denmark.] = Danish. 1613-8 Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. 12 During this Danicq warre. 1692 Ray Dissol. World 111. v. (1732) 363 In the Baltick Danick and Holland shores.

Hence 'Danicism, expression.

DANKISH

243

Cretaceous rocks closely resembles that of England; but still higher zones are represented, and these are united under the term Danian. 1925 Countries of the World xxx. 3072/1 A beautiful stone resembling marble is secured from phosphatic beds of Danian Age. i960 L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct, (ed. 5) xii. 139 These strata form.. transition beds between the Cretaceous and the Tertiary and are sometimes grouped with the one, sometimes with the other, sometimes separated as the Danian and the Montian. 1969 Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond. Aug. 152 The rocks commonly accepted as of Danian age should be included in the Cainozoic. 1971 Nature 19 Feb. 553/2 Impoverished Danian faunas are., often separated by a bedding plane from Cretaceous faunas of similar sedimentary facies.

a

Danish

idiom

or

1881 F. York Powell in Encycl. Brit. XII. 628 The intercourse [of Iceland] writh Denmark began to leave its mark in loan-words and Danicisms.

Daniell ('daenjal). [The name of John Frederic Daniell, English physicist (1790-1845).] a. Used attnb. or in the possessive to designate inventions of Daniell or their modifications, as Daniell(’s) battery or cell, a cell in which the cathode is zinc in either dilute sulphuric acid or a solution of zinc sulphate and the anode is copper in a saturated solution of copper sulphate, with the zinc sulphate solution either floating on top of the copper sulphate solution or separated from it by a porous plate; also DanielVs hygrometer. 1840 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CXXX. 1. 191 Five cells of Professor Daniell’s constant battery* were charged and connected with the electro-magnetic machine. 1863 E. Atkinson tr. Ganot's Physics vi. vi. 269 There are many sources of error in Daniell’s hygrometer. Ibid. x. i. 609 The current produced by a Daniell’s battery is constant for some hours. 1884 F. Krohn tr. Glaser de Cetv's Magn.- & Dyn.Electr. Mach. 233 If the instrument were always graduated with a Daniell cell. 1948 Glasstone Physical Chem. (ed. 2) xii. 934 In the familiar Daniell cell.. the metallic zinc at the left-hand electrode passes into solution as zinc ions, liberating two electrons. 1955 H. L. Penman Humidity iv. 28 Daniell’s hygrometer (1827), where the cooling is produced by forced evaporation of ether. 1957 Encycl. Brit. III. 216/1 The Daniell cell has an open-circuit voltage of about 1 08.

b. Used ellipt. for Daniell cell. 1871 Engl. Mechanic 430/2 The improved Daniell devised by me. 1878 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 93/2 The sawdust Daniell, invented by Sir Wm. Thomson (1858), is very convenient when portability is desired. 1922 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics II. 70/2 Kelvin’s tray battery, which is a form of gravity Daniell, has been largely used in submarine telegraphy.

Daniglacial (deini'gleifral, -Jal, -'gleisial), a. Geol. Also Dani-glacial. [f. L. Dani-a Denmark + glacial a.] Epithet of the first division or ‘sub-epoch’ of the Late Glacial epoch in north¬ western Europe, when the ice-sheet of the last glaciation retreated from Denmark and halted near the tip of the Scandinavian peninsula; of or pertaining to this sub-epoch. Also absol. Cf. Gothiglacial, Finiglacial adjs. 1912 G. De Geer in Compt. Rend. XI Congr. Geol. Internat. igio I. 253 As to the first of the late-glacial sub¬ epochs, which properly may be called the Dani-glacial one, or that part of the last ice-recession when the ice-border retired from the extreme limit of the last glaciation past Denmark .., its duration is not yet known. 1923-Let. 3 Nov. in W. J. Sollas Anc. Hunters (1924) xiv. 662, I hope it will be possible to date not only the commencement of the Gothi-glacial sub-epoch but of the Dani-glacial as well, and thus to determine the whole time which has elapsed since the maximum of the last glaciation. 1927 Peake & Fleure Hunters & Artists i. 6 The first of these lines has been called the Daniglacial moraine, and the second the Gothiglacial, while the space between the two is known as the area of the Daniglacial retreat, and that between the second line and a third to be described is termed the area of the Gothiglacial retreat. 1957 J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. I. 1525 The Daniglacial recession alone may have lasted 10,000-15,000 years, i960 L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct. (ed. 5) xiv. 170 The Dani-Glacial was the period of the ice retreat from Denmark—when ice still covered the whole of Norway and Sweden.

Danish (’deinij), a. and sb. In OE. Denise; 3-4 Denshe, Dench, Danshe; 6 Sc. Dence, Dens, Densch. Also ME. Danais, Danoys, and 6-7 Dansk, q.v. [OE. Denise:—OTeut. *danisk~, whence ON. Danskr, f. Dani-, Dene, Danes + -ish. Thence ME. Densh, etc. In Danish, the vowel is changed as in Dane. The ME. Danais was immed. from OF. daneis, danoys (:—L. Danensis)\ and the late Dansk directly from Danish.] Of or belonging to the Danes and to Denmark. subst. The language of Denmark. Danish axe: a kind of battle-axe with very long blade, and usually without a spike on the back. Danish blue (cheese): see quot. 1948; Danish dog: see Dane. Danish embroidery: see quot. 1882;

Danish modern: a modern style of furniture, characterized by simple clear lines, light woods, and lack of carved or painted decoration; Danish pastry: a yeast cake garnished with sugar, spice, nuts, icing, etc.; also ellipt. 833 O.E. Chron., }>a Denescan ahton w$lstowe gewald. 845 Ibid. [Hi] jefuhton set Pedridan mu)?an wij? Deniscne here. 1297 R. Glouc (1724) 299 Atte laste myd a denchax me smot hym to grounde. c 1300 Havelok 1403 Mi fader was king of denshe lond. CI314 Guy Warw. A. 3585 A danisax [ed. damsax) he bar on his hond. C1340 Gatv. Gr. Knt. 2223 A felle weppen A denez ax nwe dy3t. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xv. Ixi. (1495) 510 Frisia.. endyth atte Danysshe see. 1500-20 Kennedy Fly ting w. Dunbar 356 Densmen of Denmark ar of the kingis kyn. 1545 Aberdeen Reg. V. 19 (Jam.) Ane densh aix. a 1578 Gude & Godly Ball. (1868) 159 Inglis prelatis, Duche and Dence For thair abuse ar rutit out. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iv. iv. 1 Go Captaine, from me greet the Danish King. 1643 in Statist. Acc. Moray V. 16 note. Furnished with. .halberds, densaixes, or Lochaber aixes. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. III. viii. 284 The Grey Matin Hound .. transported to the north, becomes the great Danish dog. . The Mastiff.. transported into Denmark, becomes the little Danish dog. 1825 Scott Note in Jamieson (Suppl.) s.v. Densaixes, A Danish axe was the proper name of a Lochaber-axe; and from the Danes the Isles-men got them. 1870 Blaine Encycl. Rur. Sports 394 The Danish dog is considered as the largest dog known; probably it would be more correct to call it the tallest. 1882 Caulfield & Saward Diet. Needlework, Danish Embroidery, this is an embroidery on cambric, muslin, or batiste, and is suitable for handkerchief borders, necktie ends, and cap lappets .. [Also] a variety of the work only useful for filling in spaces left in Crochet, Tatting, and Embroidery. 1934 Webster, Danish pastry. 1948 Good Housek. Cookery Bk. 383 Danish Blue, a soft white cheese with a blue mould veining, made in Denmark in imitation of Roquefort. 1948 A. H. Rutt Home Furnishing (ed. 2) xiii. 217 Finnish, Norwegian, and Danish Modern employ laminated wood and bentwood effectively. 1950 B. Schulberg Disenchanted (1951) v. 50 The waitress .. brought him .. Danish pastry and coffee. 1953 R. Fuller Second Curtain I think I shall have just a little cheese. They often have Danish blue. 1955 D. Barton Glorious Life 27 Their Danish Blue sandwiches and bitter arrived. 1963 ‘M. Albrand’ Call from Austria i. 12 ‘I could do with another cup of coffee.’ ‘And a Danish?’ 1969 S. Greenlee Spook who sat by Door xv. 133 He entered the panelled reception room, decorated in Danish modern. 1970 New Yorker 26 Sept. 33/2 She stopped at a delicatessen along the way to pick up a Danish pastry ring. Ibid., When the Danish was finished .. she ran the palms of her hands along the sides of her chair.

t/3. Danais, Danoys. a 1300 Cursor M. 24796 (Cott.) To spek a-bute sum pais, bituix him and pe danais. c 1450 Merlin 42 The Danoys, that Vortiger hadde brought in to the londe. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. xci. 73 Kyng Adelbright that was a danoys helde the countie of norfolk and southfolk.

Hence 'Danishry Obs. exc. Hist. [cf. Irishry, etc.], the people of Danish race (in Britain). C1470 Harding Chron. cvm. x, Where Alurede had the victorie, And slewe that daye al the Danyshrye. Ibid. cxix. xiii, A duke of the Danishrie. 1857 Fraser's Mag. LVI. 27 The Danishry rose en masse.

Danisk: see Dansk. Danism1 ('deimz(3)m). [f. Dane + -ism.] A Danish idiom or expression, a Danicism. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 369/2 Many Danisms and a few Suecisms were imported into the language [of Norway].

t'danism2. Obs.~0 [ad. Gr. Saveio^os moneylending, Saveiorrjs, L. danlsta money-lender, SavecoTiKos, L. danlsticus usurious.] Moneylending on usury. So 'danist, da'nistic a. 1623 Cockeram, Danisme, Vsurie. Danist, a vsurer. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. [who adds] Danistick, pertaining to usury. 1692 in Coles. 1775 in Ash. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Danism, the act of lending money on usury.

Danite ('daenait). Obs. exc. Hist. [f. Dan, the name of one of the sons of Jacob and of the tribe of Israel founded by him 4- -ite1. Cf. Genesis xlix. 16 and 17.] 1. A member of the Hebrew tribe of Dan. 1535 CovERDALE^Wg. xiii. 2 There was a man at Zarga, of one of the kynreds of the Danites, named Manoah. 1667 [see Herculean a. 2]. 1847 J- Kitto Cycl. Bibl. Lib. I. 514/1 The inability of the Danites to expel the Philistines and Amorites. 1968 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 119/1 The Levite, however, was persuaded by the Danites migrating northward to accompany them and he became the first priest of the famous sanctuary at Dan.

2. A member of an alleged secret order of Mormons supposed to have arisen in the early days of that sect to act as spies and suppressors of disaffection. 1838 Test (Rushville, Ill.) 12 Dec. 3/4 There, Patton, one of the bloodiest of the Danites, directed two of his bands. 1857 Congress. Globe 24 Feb. App. 289/3 They suppose that there is a secret society existing there, called Danites, Shanpips, or Destroying Angels. 1882 C. Waite Adv. Far West 252 The Danites are expected to act as spies upon the federal officers and other gentiles; to watch the feelings and spirits of the saints, and to report the first indications of disaffection. 1905 Daily Chron. 22 June 3/1 The duties of the Danites, or ‘avenging angels’. 1948 Jrnl. Amer. FolkLore Jan. — Mar. 20 See those dreadful Danites how they lynch many lives.

fdank, sb. Obs. Forms: see adj. [app. f. dank a.] 1. Wetness, humidity, damp. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3751 One pe danke of pe dewe many dede lyggys. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. Prol., The rawish danke of clumzie winter ramps The fluent summers raine. [Cf. Clumsy.]

2. A wet place, pool, marsh, mere. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. Prol. 60 Bedovin in donkis deyp was every syk. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus 1. 2 Eolus out ouir thir rokkis rang, Be donk and daill. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 441 Yet oft they quit The Dank, and rising on stiff Pennons, towre The mid Aereal Skie.

dank (daerjk), a. Forms: 5 dannke, 5-7 danke, 6 dancke, 6- dank; also 6 donk, 7 donke, 8-9 dial. donk. [The adj. and sb. are known from c 1400, the vb. (which we should expect to be formed from the adj.) appears nearly a century earlier; the early quots. for both vb. and adj. refer to dew. The etymology is uncertain. The only words allied in form, and possibly in sense, are Swedish dank ‘moist place in a field, marshy spot’, I cel. dokk (: -danku-) pit, pool. These must evidently be separated from the Germanic stem dink-, dank-, dunk-, whence ON. dokkr dark, Ger. dunkel. There is no original connexion, either of form or sense, between dank and damp, but in recent times damp has acquired the sense of dank and largely taken its place.]

11. Wet, watery, wetting: a. said of dew, rain, clouds, water, etc. Obs. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 313 J>e dewe J?at es dannke, whene )?at it doune falles. c 1400 Destr. Troy 2368 Dropis as dew or a danke rayne. 1513 Douglas JEneis in. ix. 3 Aurora the wak nycht dyd .. chays fra hevin with hir dym skyis donk. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 38 The drops of the fresche deu, quhilk of befor hed maid dikis ande dailis verray done. 1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. B ij, Fruits .. Which the danke moisture of the ayre doth cherish. b. said of marshes, fens, soaking ground,

humid tropical forests, and the like. [1667 Milton P.L. ix. 179 Through each Thicket Danck or Drie.] 1735 Somerville Chase 1. 340 O’er the dank Marsh, bleak Hill, and sandy Plain. 1799 Scotland described (ed. 2) 14 A pool in the midst of a wide, dead, and dank morass. 1851 Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. I. 163 On the dank marshy shores of the oozy Yare. 1857 S. Osborn Quedah xxiv. 351 In those dank and hot forests reptiles abound.

2. Damp: with the connotation that this is an injurious or disagreeable quality, a. of fog, vapour, the air, weather, etc. 1601 ? Marston Pasquil Kath. v. 70 The euening’s raw and danke; I shall take cold. 1757 Dyer Fleece 1. 365 Dank or frosty days. 1784 Cowper Task 1. 437 Vapours, dank and clammy. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. 11. xiv. (1869) 288 A dank, cold mist, encircling all objects, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. v. 41 Dull dank fog choked the valley. b. of substances or surfaces. In this sense app. Obs. after 1650, exc. in northern dialect; but revived by the romantic writers in end of 18th c. 1573 Tusser Husb. xxii. (1878) 60 Dank ling forgot will quickly rot. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. ii. 75 Sleeping sound On the danke and durty ground. 1626 Bacon Sylva §352 In a Cellar or Dank room. 1642 Rogers Naaman 618 Oh that our powder were not danke. 1787 Grose Prov. Gloss., Donk, a little wettish, damp. N[orth]. 1813 Scott Rokeby 11. ix, The dank and sable earth receives Its only carpet from the leaves. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., ‘As donk as a dungeon.’ 1876 Humphreys Coin-Coil. Man. xxvi. 400 Pages of vellum that served as knee-rests to the monks on the dank stone pavements.

3. In 19th c., often said of rank grass or weeds growing in damp places, [perh. associated with rank.) 1820 Shelley Sensit. Plant hi. 55 And thistles, and nettles, and darnels rank, And the dock, and henbane, and hemlock dank. 1827 Keble Chr. Y. 1st Sunday after Trin., Here over shatter’d walls dank weeds are growing. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola i. xviii, That dank luxuriance [of the garden] had begun to penetrate even within the walls of the .. room.

dank (dasrjk), v. Obs. exc. dial. Forms: 4-5 donk(e, 5 downk(e, 5-6 danke, 6 dounk, 7- dank, 9 dial. donk. [See dank a.] + 1. trans. To wet, damp, moisten; originally said of dew, mist, drizzling rain, etc. Obs. a 1310 in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 44 Deowes donketh the dounes. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7997 The droupes, as a dew, dankit his fas. Ibid. 9639 A myste.. All donkyt the dales with the dym showris. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche 6309 The dew now dounkis the rossis redolent. 1634 W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. 11. vii, The water having dank’t his pistoles. b.fig. To damp (the spirits or aspirations); to

depress. Still dial. I555 Abp. Parker Ps. viii. I j b, Thy foes to blanker their threates to danke. a 1575-Corr. 237, I am .. not amazed nor danked. 1864 Bamford Homely Rhymes 135 {Lane. Gloss.) Put th’ Kum-bill i’ the divel’s hous ’At it no moor may dank us.

f2. intr. To become damp.

Obs.

1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 21 The ayre of some moyst weather hath .. caused the powder to give and danke. b. To be a fine rain or mist; to drizzle, dial. 1866 Gentl. Mag. I. 546 They have a peculiar expression in Lancashire, to convey the description of a hazy showery day: ‘it donkes and it dozzles’. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss, s.v., ‘It donks and it dozzles’ = It damps and drizzles.

Hence 'danking vbl. sb. and ppl. a. C1340 Gaw. Gr. Knt. 519 When pe donkande dewe dropez of the leuez. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3248 Was thare no downkynge of dewe that oghte dere scholde.

Dankali, var.

Danakil sb. and a.

dankish ('daegkif), a. [f. dank sb. and a.] 11. = dank a.: wet, humid. Obs. 1545 Raynold Byrth Mankynde iv. ii. (1634) 187 The earth may be ouer waterish, dankish, or ouerhot and dry. 1545 Ascham Toxoph. 11. (Arb.) 118 Take heed also of mistie

and dankyshe dayes. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 247 In a darke and dankish vault at home, There left me and my man. 1626 Bacon Sylva §696 The Moath breedeth upon Cloth .. Especially if.. laid up dankish and wet. 1644 Nye Gunnery 1. (1647) 13 You must suffer the said water to settle .. and congeal in a dankish room.

2. Somewhat dank; inclined to be wet or moist. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Dankish, a little Moist or Wet. 1886 Pall Mall G. 21 July 6/1 Butts and tubs .. stood close packed and cumbersome upon its dankish floor.

Hence humidity.

'dankishness,

DANTZIG

244

DANKLY

dankish

quality,

1576 T. Newton Lemnie's Complex, n. 112 a, A fustie dankishnesse.. vnder the skin. 1611 Cotgr., Relant, mustinesse, fustinesse, ranknesse, dankishnesse. 1630 in J. S. Burn Hist. Parish Reg. Eng. (1862) 68 This place is very much subject to dankishness. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Dankishness, moistness.

dankly (‘daetjkli), adv. [f. dank a. + -ly2.] In a dank or humid manner. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. 4 The dew is rising dankly from the dell. 1870 Miss Broughton Red as a Rose xxvii, Upon the broken headstones the lichens flourish dankly.

the fashionable parties of the season we have observed the frequent announcement of a The Dansante, or a dancing tea. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis I. vii. 71 What did Lady Snapperton do.. at her dejeune dansant after the Bohemian Ball? 1854- Newcomes xiv, Mrs. Toddle Tompkyns’s soiree dansante in Belgrave Square. 1858 Punch 29 May 214/1 Two medical students.. got up an impromptu The Dansante. 1872 E. Braddon Life in India v. 151 The projection of balls and parties dansantes. 1945 J. Betjeman New Bats in Old Belfries 28 How restful to putt, when the strains of a band Announced a the dansant was on at the Grand. 1971 Times 16 June 4/1 In the inelegant heart of London beside Piccadilly Circus it is still possible to go to a the dansant.

IIdanse du ventre

dy vatr). [Fr., lit. = belly-dance (belly sb.

(das

‘dance of the belly’.]

17)1893 National Police Gaz. (U.S.) 23 Dec. 2/2 The danse du ventre has reached New York at last, and has raised quite a storm. 1926 F. M. Ford A Man could stand Up 11. i. 90 They had watched the Hun do the danse du ventre\ 1967 G. Fallon Rendezvous in Rio xv. 129 She arched her back and started to gyrate her stomach in the fascinating danse du ventre.

dankness (’daeijknis). [f. dank a. + -ness.] The quality of being dank; humidity, dampness.

danse macabre: see

1601 Holland Pliny II. 476 The naturall moisture and dankenesse that commeth from thence. 1651 tr. Bacon's Life alsgr- 212/1 Dapyrnesse, propernesse, mignotterie. 1841 Emerson Led., Man the Reformer Wks. (Bohn) II. 238 Each requires of the practitioner .. a certain dapperness and compliance, an acceptance of customs. 1881 Athenseum 12 Feb. 242/2 Dapperness rather than assumed dignity being the chief characteristic.

dapping ('daepnj), vbl. sb.

[f. dap v. + -ing1.] Fishing by a method in which the bait is allowed to dip or bob lightly on the water. So 'dapper, one who daps; dap sb.3, the bait used in dapping; 'dapped ppl. a., dipped. 1799 E. Smith Laboratory II. 272 The few which you may .. take, by dipping or dapping, will scarcely be eatable. 1867 Angling (1876) 263 Daping is in some places called ‘shade-fishing’. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 13 June 11/3 Heavy trout being captured with the natural insect on ‘dapping’ tackle. 1920 Glasgow Herald 17 July 4 A position from which he can lower his ‘dap’ on to the water without drawing the fishes’ attention. Ibid., The floating imitation of the dry-fly fisher or the dapper’s living lure. 1928 Daily Express 28 July 4/6 The patient ‘dapper’, who thrusts his rod between the branches of over-hanging foliage and dangles a blue-bottle temptingly at the extremity of a 3X cast. 1933 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Rebel viii. 163 His father.. needed all his rods—either for ‘dapping’ or ‘trolling’ or ‘casting’. i960 Times 3 Dec. 9/4 It also rises freely in the daytime to a dapped grasshopper. 1967 Daily Mail 8 July 6/6, I am a beautiful dapper: My daddy-longlegs skimmed the surface of the lake like a corps de ballet. Ibid., Levin, though he lacks the light touch needed for dapping, does.. cast as to the manner born. F. Francis

dapple ('daep(3)l), sb. Also 6 dappell. [Unless this is the first element in dapple-grey (q.v.), it is not known until late in the 16th c., being preceded somewhat by examples of the adj. of the same form, and followed by those of the vb. in the simple tenses; the (? ppl.) adj. dappled

DAPPLE

DARBY

246

however appears two centuries earlier. The mutual relations of these and the derivation and etymological development of the whole group are, from the want of data, still uncertain. The primary meaning of dappled was ‘spotted, specked, blotched’, which might arise either from a vb. ‘to spot’ or a sb. = ‘spot, blotch’. A possible connexion is the Icel. depill (found in 13th c.) ‘spot, dot’; according to Vigfusson ‘a dog with spots over the eyes is also called depill’. This is app. a dim. of dapi pool: cf. mod. Norw. dape, depel muddy pool, pond, dub; MLG. dope, dobbe. Thus dapple might perhaps originally mean a ‘splash’, and, hence, a small blotch or speck of colour.] 1. One of many roundish spots or small blotches of colouring by which a surface is diversified.

'dapple-bay, sb. [After dapple-grey: see bay a.] A dappled bay (horse).

1580 Sidney Arcadia 11. 271 (R.) As many eyes upon his body, as my gray mare hath dapples. 1611 Cotgr., Place.. a spot or dapple on a horse. 1868 Lowell Let. 4 Sept. (1894) I. 453, I should like to lie under a tree for a year, with no other industry than to watch the dapples of sunlight on the grass. 1916 D. H. Lawrence Amores 49 When the yellow dapples Of autumn tell the withered tale again.

c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxxi. 142 It [Giraffe] es a faire beste, wele dappled [Cotl. MS. a best pomelee or spotted, Fr. une beste techchele]. Ibid. 143 per er also wilde suyne .. dappeld and spotted [Cott. MS. all spotted, Fr. toutz tecchelez], 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 21 The daplit sky wes lyke the cristell cleir. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. i. 18 A gray steede .. Whose sides with dapled circles weren dight. 1610 Fletcher Faithful Sheph. 11. ii, Only the dappled deer .. Dwells in this fastness. 1632 Milton L'Allegro 41 Till the dappled dawn doth rise. 1718 Prior Poems, The Garland i. The dappl’d Pink, and blushing Rose, i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. 1. i. §6 Beeches cast their dappled shade. 1868 Darwin Anim. & PI. I. ii. 55 Horses of every colour.. are all occasionally dappled. b. Comb, dappled grey = dapple-grey

2. (Without pi.) Spotting, clouding; mottled marking of a surface; dappled condition, dappling. 1591 Horsey Trav. (Hakluyt Soc.) 220 A goodly fare white bull, all spotted over with black naturall dappell. 1648 Earl of Westm. Otia Sacra (1879) 88 The Crimson streaks belace the Damaskt West.. And cast so fair a Dapple o’r the Skies. 1713 Lond. Gaz. No. 5176/4 A Grey Mare, .a little Fleabitten. .on the Dapple behind. 1820 J. Hodgson in J. Raine Mem. (1857) I. 291 The whole sky has a harsh and unnatural dapple. 01889 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1918) 52 For earth .. her dapple is at an end.

3. An animal, as a horse or ass, with a mottled coat. [app. subst. use of dapple a.] a 1635 Corbet Poems (1807) 16 The king.. rides upon his brave gray dapple. 1733 Fielding Quix. 1. i, Thou art just such another squat bag of guts as thy Dapple, a 1800 Cowper Needless Alarm 115 Be it Dapple’s bray, Or be it not, or be it whose it may. 1861 Times 8 Oct. 8/1 The pureblooded dapple, shaking his long ears over that manger.

dapple ('da2p(3)l), a. Also

6 daple. [See dapple

sb., and dappled. The simple adj. is known c 1550: its relation to the sb. and vb. is uncertain. According to analogy, it might be the source of either or both of these; but its date would suggest that it may itself have been worn down from dappled, or short for dapple-grey.] = dappled. 1551 T. Wilson Logike 79 All horses bee not of one colour, but.. some baye, some daple. 1735 Somerville Chase IV. 249 With his Hand Stroke thy soft dapple Sides, as he each Day Visits thy Stall. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 46 There approached them a third sheykh, with a dapple mule. [Dapple cited by Imperial and Century Diets, from Scott, is an error for dappled: see Guy M. xxv.]

Hence f 'dappleness, dappled state. 1611 Cotgr., Pommelure, plumpenesse, roundnesse; also daplenesse.

dapple ('daep(3)l), v. Also 7 daple, dappel. [The (? ppl.) adj. dappled (q.v.) occurs from the end of the 14th c.; but the simple vb. is first known two centuries later, and might have been inferred from the ppl. adj., or formed directly on the sb. or adj. of same form: see dapple s6.] 1. trans. To mark or variegate with rounded spots or cloudy patches of different colour or shade. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. iii. 27 The gentle day.. Dapples the drowsie east with spots of grey. c1620 Fletcher & Mass. Trag. Barnavelt iv. i. They should have dapled ore yon bay with fome. Sir. a 1658 Cleveland Wks. (1687) 14 The trembling Leaves.. Dappling the Walk with light and shade. 1697 Phil. Trans. XIX. 781 A Negro-Boy that is dappel’d in several Places of his Body with White Spots. 1791 Cowper Odyss. xx. 427, I see the walls and arches dappled thick With gore. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 320 How to dapple a horse. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser. 1. (1863) 79 An adjoining meadow, where the sheep are lying, dappling its sloping surface like the small clouds on the summer heaven. 1870 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. 1. (1873) 240 The flickering shadows of forest-leaves dapple the roof of the little porch.

h.fig. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 76 It is in fashion with you to.. dapple your speeches, with new quodled words. 1682 N. O. Boileaus Lutrin. 1. 41 Discord dappled o’re with thousand Crimes.

2. intr. To become dappled or speckled. 1678 Lond. Gaz. No. 1266/4 An iron gray Gelding, beginning to dapple. 1818 Byron Mazeppa xvi, Methought that mist of dawning gray Would never dapple into day. 1883 D. C. Murray Hearts I. vi. 138 The green flooring of the dell [began] to dapple with light and shadow. Hence 'dappling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1830 Wordsw. Russian Fugitive 1. ii, In the dappling east Appeared unwelcome dawn. 1870 Ruskin Lect. Art vi. (1875) 172 The dappling of one wood glade with flowers and sunshine. 1883 G. Allen in Knowledge 3 Aug. 66/1 The.. colour and dappling [of orchids].

1835 D. Booth Analyt. Diet. 30s The colours of Horses are various .. There are also Dapple-bays.

dappled ('daep(a)ld), a. Also 5 dappeld, 6 daplit, 6-7 dapled. [In form, the pa. pple. of dapple v., which however it precedes in recorded use by two centuries. If dapple sb. occurred early enough, an adj. from it in -ed = ‘spotted’, would be possible; cf. F. pommele, OF. pomele, dappled, which similarly occurs long before the vb. pommeler, and was perh. immediately f. pommelle, or OF. pomel, dim. of pomme apple; also OE. seppled in sepplede gold, ‘formed into apples or balls’, from seppel sb.] Marked with roundish spots, patches, or blotches of a different colour or shade; spotted, speckled.

(horse). 1590 Spenser F.Q. in. vii. 37 Fast flying, on a Courser dapled gray. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. xxiii, He saw your steed, a dappled grey. 1842 Tennyson Talking O. 112 Her mother trundled to the gate Behind the dappled grays.

dapple-grey ('daep(3)lgrei), a. (sb.) Forms: 4-5 dappel-, -ul(l-, -il(l-, 6-7 daple-, 5- dapple-grey, -gray. [See dapple sb., a., v. and grey. Since dapple-grey occurs nearly two centuries before dapple itself is exemplified in any grammatical capacity (the only form known to be of equal age being the ppl. adj. dappled), it is difficult to conjecture whence or how the compound was formed. In such combinations, the first element is usually a sb.: e.g. in apple-grey, iron-grey, skyblue, snow-white, etc.; but it is difficult to attach any analogous meaning to ‘spot-grey’, if we suppose dapple here to be the sb. The Germanic languages generally have a combination meaning ‘apple-grey’: viz. ON. apalgrar ‘dapple-grey, i.e. apple-grey, having the streaky colour of an apple’ (Vigfusson), Sw. apel-gra, Norw. apel-graa, Da. abildgraa, pied, piebald; OHG. aphelgrd ‘glaucus’ (Grimm), MHG. apjelgrd, Ger. apfelgrau ‘dapple-grey’ (Flugel), ‘applied to the apple-round spots which show themselves on grey horses’ (Grimm), Du. appel-graauw ‘dapple-grey’. So F. pommele (f. pomme apple) marked with roundish spots (of any colour), gris-pommele grey dappled with darker spots, dapple-grey, pomely grey in Chaucer, C.T. Prol. 616; with which cf. Russ, yablochnyi dappled, f. yabloko apple; all said esp. of the coats of horses. It is not easy to believe that ‘dapple-grey’ which renders these words, has no connexion with ‘apple-grey’, their actual translation; the explanation may be that dapple-grey was a mixture of dappled spotted, taken as the sense-equivalent of F. pommele, with apple-grey the formal representative of Norse apal-gra-, and its Teutonic equivalents. This would account at once for the difficulty in analysing dapple- in this combination, and for its presence here before its appearance as an independent word.]

Grey variegated with rounded spots patches of a darker shade: said of horses.

or

C1386 Chaucer Sir Thopas 173 His steede was al dappull gray [v. rr. dappel- (3 MSS.), dapull, dapil-, dapple-grey]. 14.. T. of Erceldoune 1. 41 Hir palfraye was a dappill graye \v. rr. Cott. dappyll, Lansd. daply, Cambr. dappull gray]. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 116 The bay, the sorrell, the dunne, the daple gray. 1599 T. M[oufet] Silkwormes 72 How they color change.. Then to an yron, then to a dapple gray. 1664 Evelyn Sylva (1679) 29, I read .. That an handful or two of small Oak buttons, mingled with Oats, given to Horses which are black of colour, will in few days eating alter it to a fine Dapple-grey. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 154/2 Daple-Gray is a light Gray spotted, or shaded with a deeper Gray. 1722 Lond. Gaz. No. 6052/2 The other upon a Dapple-grey Horse. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. 1. xxiv, O swiftly can speed my dapple-grey steed. transf. 1639 Mayne City Match v. v. in Hazl. Dodsley XIII. 307 She has three Children living; one dapple-grey, Half Moor, half English.

b. absol.

A horse of this colour.

1639 Drumm. of Hawth. Challenge of Knights Err. Wks. (1711) 232 Christianus .. mounted on a dapple gray, had his armour sky-coloured.

‘dapply, a. rare. [f.

dapple + -y.] = dapple a. dapply-grey = dapple-grey. 17.. Swift Poems, On Rover, Make of lineaments divine Daply female spaniels shine. 1744 J. Claridge Sheph. Banbury's Rules 5 Clouds small and round, like a dappleygrey with a North-wind.

daps: see

dap sb.1

dapsone (’daepsaun).

Pharm. [f. d(i-2 + -t- p(henyl + s(ulph)one in a systematic name (cf. below).] A sulphone given as tablets and by injection in the treatment of

a(mino-

leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis; bis(4-aminophenyl)sulphone, (H2NC6H4)2S02. 1952 Brit. Pharmaceutical Codex 1949 Suppl. 19 Dapsone is bacteriostatic... It is used in the treatment of lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy. 1958, etc. [see Promin], 1968 New Scientist 19 Sept. 582/2 A proportion of leprosy patients who have relapsed during treatment with dapsone or thiambutosine carry drug-resistant strains of M. leprae. 1983 Oxf. Textbk. Med. II. xx. 73/1 Dermatitis herpetiformis... A gluten-free diet rigidly adhered to controls some but not all patients; 70 per cent can omit dapsone after two years of such dieting.

daquiri: see Daiquiri. dar, obs. form of dare sb.3, dare dar, var. of par, thar

v.,

.1

v

need, needs.

darapti (da'raeptai). Logic. A mnemonic term designating the first mood of the third figure of syllogisms, in which both premises are universal affirmatives (a, a), and the conclusion a particular affirmative (i). The initial d indicates that the mood may be reduced to darii of the first figure; the p following the second vowel that there mast be conversion per accidens of the minor premiss. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 30 The thirde figure. Da rap ti. 1654 Z. Coke Art Logick (1657) 136 The third Figure .. The Modes of this Figure are six. Called, Darapti, Felapton, Disamis, Datisi, Bocardo, Ferison. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Darapti.. eg., dA. Every truly religious man is virtuous; rAp. Every truly religious man is hated by the world: ti. Therefore, some virtuous men are hated by the world. 1827 Whately Logic (1848) 101 Third, Darapti, viz. (dA) Every Y is X; (rAp) Every Y is Z; therefore (ti) some Z is X.

darayne, var. of deraign Obs. darbar: see durbar. Darby ('da:bi).

A southern (not the local) pronunciation of Derby, the name of an English town and shire, which was formerly also sometimes so spelt. Hence an English personal surname, and an appellation of various things named after the place or some person of that surname. 1575 Laneham Let. (1871) 4 Chester. . Darby, and Staffoord. 1654 Trapp Comm. Ps. iii. Introd., Summerset, Nottingham, Darby.

1. Father Derby’s or Darby's bands: app. Some rigid form of bond by which a debtor was bound and put within the power of a money¬ lender. (It has been suggested that the term was derived from the name of some noted usurer of the 16th c.) 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 71 To make their coyne, a net to catch yong frye. To binde such babes in father Derbies bands, To stay their steps by statute Staples staffe. 1592 Greene Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 229 Then hath my broker an usurer at hand . . and he brings the money, but they tie the poore soule in such Darbies bands. 1602 Carew Cornwall 15 b, Hee deliuers him so much ware as shall amount to fortie shillings.. for which thee poore wretch is bound in Darbyes bonds, to deliuer him two hundred waight of Tynne.

2. pi. slang.

Handcuffs:

sometimes also,

fetters.

1673 R. Head Canting Acad. 13 Darbies, irons, or Shackles or fetters for Fellons. 1815 Scott Guy M. xxxiii, ‘But the darbies’, said Hatteraick, looking upon his fetters. 1889 D. C. Murray Dang. Catspaw 301 Better get the darbies on him while he’s quiet.

f3. Ready money. Obs. slang. 1682 Hickeringill Wks. (1716) II. 20 Except they., down with their Dust, and ready Darby. 1688 Shadwell Sqr. Alsatia 1. i, The ready, the Darby. 1692 Miracles performed by Money Ep. Ded., Till with Darby’s and Smelts thou thy Purse hast well stored, c 1712 Estcourt Prunella 1. 4 (Farmer) Come, nimbly lay down Darby; Come, pray sir, don’t be tardy. 1785 in Grose Diet. Vulg. Tongue.

4. Short for Derby ale; ale from that town being famous in the 17th c. [1614 J. Cooke Greene's Tu Quoque in Hazl. Dodsley XI. 234, I have sent my daughter this morning as far as Pimlico, to fetch a draught of Derby ale.] a 1704 T. Brown Wks. (1760) II. 162 (D.) Can’t their Darby go down but with a tune? 1719 D’Urfey Pills IV. 103 He .. Did for a .. Draught of Darby call.

5. Plastering. A plasterer’s tool, consisting of a narrow strip of wood two or three feet long, with two handles at the back, used in ‘floating’ or levelling a surface of plaster; also applied to a plasterer’s trowel with one handle, similarly used: see quot. 1881. (Formerly also Derby.) 1819 Rees Cycl. s.v. Stucco, The first coat.. is to be laid on with a trowell, and floated to an even surface with a darby (i.e. a handle-float). 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 390 The Derby is a two-handed float. 1842 Gwilt Archit. (1876) 675 The Derby . . is of such a length as to require two men to use it. 1881 Every Man his own Mechanic § 1379 For laying on fine stuff, and smoothing the finishing surface of a wall, a trowel of peculiar form and make, with the handle springing from and parallel to the blade .. is required .. This trowel is technically called a ‘darby’.

6. Darby and Joan. A jocose appellation for an attached husband and wife who are ‘all in all to each other’, especially in advanced years and in humble life. Hence dial., a pair of china figures, male and female, for the chimney-piece.

DARBYISM

247

Hence Darby-and-Joan v-Joanish a.\ Darby and Joan club, a club for elderly men and

dard (da:d), sb.2 Bot. Formerly also dart. [Fr.,

women.

1925 W. R. Dykes tr. Lorette's System of Pruning p. xxviii, The dart (dard) is an eye which has not grown beyond a certain point and which is surrounded by a rosette of two or three leaves. It is the sign of fruitfulness in the pear. Ibid., In ordinary circumstances, the dart.. swells and adds to itself a rosette of leaves, which gradually increase in number from three to five. Continuing to develop, the dart is finally crowned with seven leaves and is then known as a fruit-spur (lambourde). 1946 Ibid. (ed. 2) 5 We have.. adopted the original French spelling of dard and brindille, written in the first English edition dart and brindle—for both the latter have meanings totally unrelated to the objects referred to as dard and brindille. Ibid. 24 The dard is a bud which has not grown beyond a certain point [etc.]. 1951 Diet. Gardening (R. Hort. Soc.) II. 638/2 Dard, a bud on an apple or pear tree... It may develop into shoot if it receives too much sap, but usually with a steady supply of sap.. becomes a spur carrying a fruit bud.

The Gentl. Mag. (1735) V. 153 has under the title ‘The joys of love never forgot: a song’, a mediocre copy of verses, beginning ‘Dear Chloe, while thus beyond measure, You treat me with doubt and disdain’, and continuing in the third stanza ‘Old Darby, with Joan by his side, You’ve often regarded with wonder: He’s dropsical, she is sore-eyed, Yet they’re never happy asunder’. This has usually been considered the source of the names, and various conjectures have been made, both as to the author, and as to the identity of ‘Darby and Joan’, but with no valid results. It is possible that the names go back to some earlier piece, and as Darby is not a common English surname, it may have originated in a real person. There is also a well-known 19th c. song of the name. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 1. i, You may be a Darby, but I’ll be no Joan, I promise you. 1857 Mrs. Mathews Tea-Table Talk I. 50 They furnished.. a high-life illustration of Derby and Joan. 1869 Trollope He Knew xc. (1878) 500 When we travel together we must go Darby and Joan fashion, as man and wife. 1881 Miss Braddon Asph. III. 251 Daphne., sat by Edgar’s side in a thoroughly Darby-and-Joanish manner. 1887 Punch 18 June 294 Both their Graces were present, Darby-and-Joaning it all over the shop. 1942 Times 18 Dec. 2/4 The Darby and Joan Club, which is believed to be the only one of its kind, was opened by Lord Soulbury at 16, Leigham Court Road, Streatham, yesterday. 1967 Nursing Times 18 Aug. 1083/3 For the gregarious elderly there are Darby and Joan clubs. 1970 D. Clark Deadly Pattern v. 106 She often sang for the Darby and Joan club.

Darbyism ('da:bnz(3)m). [f. the name of Rev. John N. Darby, their first leader.] The principles of a sect of Christians (founded c 1830), also called Plymouth Brethren, or of a branch of these called Exclusive Brethren. So 'Darbyite, one who holds these principles. 1876 Spurgeon Commenting 62 Good as they are, their Darbyism gives them an unpleasant and unhealthy savour. 1882-3 E. E. Whitefield in SchafF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 1856 Plymouth Brethren.. upon the European Continent generally named ‘Darbyites’. 1890 J. Wood Brown Ital. Campaign 11. ii. 148 Darbyite views.

darce,

obs. var. dace, a fish.

Darcy ('da:si). [The name of H. P. G. Darcy (1803-58), inspector of the Paris waterworks.] 1. Used attrib. and in the possessive to designate concepts arising out of Darcy’s work on fluid flow, esp. in Darcy’s law, a law governing the flow of fluid through a porous medium, according to which the volume flow per unit cross-sectional area is proportional to the pressure gradient divided by the viscosity of the fluid. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 493/2 (heading) Ganguillet & Rutter’s modified Darcy formula. 1931 Physics I. 35 In the case of the flow of liquids through porous media.. the empirically established law (D’Arcy law [sic]) that the velocity is proportional to the pressure gradient has been taken as the basis of the hydrodynamics. 1957 Nature 23 Feb. 407/2 The section concerned with underground water devoted most of the sessions to an appreciation of the socalled Darcy’s Law and its application and validity over a wide range of ground-water problems. 1972 R. G. Kazmann Mod. Hydrol. (ed. 2) v. 184 It is only in connection with water flow in the vicinity of discharging wells that.. the flow is often turbulent, and Darcy’s law does not apply.

2. Written darcy (pi. darcys, darcies). A c.g.s. unit of permeability to fluid flow, being the permeability of a medium that allows a flow of i cubic centimetre per second of a liquid of i centipoise viscosity under a pressure gradient of 1 atmosphere/centimetre. i933 R. D. Wyckoff et al. in Rev. Sci. Instruments IV. 395/2 In view of Darcy’s fundamental work in establishing the laws of flow for porous media it has seemed appropriate to name the unit of permeability the darcy. 1971 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists LV. 1694/2 Average porosity is about 34%, and average permeability is in excess of 3 darcys. 1975 G. Anderson Coring i. 15 The American Petroleum Institute has modified the darcy to standardize its use for the petroleum industry.

Dard (da:d), sb.' and a. A. sb. a. A member of any of several peoples of Dardistan, in the extreme north-west of the Indian sub¬ continent. b. Any of the Indo-Aryan languages of these peoples. B. adj. Of or pertaining to these peoples or their languages. 1873 G. W. Leitner Results Tour Dardistan I. ill. p. ii, He might have studied.. my Dardu ‘Vocabularies and Dialogues’.. and then would have been enabled to have added something to our knowledge of.. the Dard languages. 1875 F. Drew Jummoo S’ Kashmir xix. 442, I think that the Dard character, at all events of the lower classes, is generally straightforward. Ibid, xviii. 422 The existence of the Dards as a separate race, as well as something of their language, have .. been facts within the reach of readers of travels. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 598/1 The Dards are described as decidedly Aryan in features. 1902 Ibid. XXVIII. 729/2 Eleven different languages, which have all been usually classed together under the name Dard. 1920 Blackw. Mag. May 620/1 The ‘Indians’ to whom Herodotus refers are none other than the Dards. Ibid., In Ladakh to this day we find pure Dard settlements.

fruit-spur.] (See quots.)

DARE bigynne. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 302 Whanne pou .. ne darist not do it. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. Iv, Arte thou a knygte and darste not telle thy name? 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle v. 2143 [Thou] darst repaire. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 682 Thou .. That dar’st. . advance. /3. a 1300 Cursor M. 5668 (Cott.) How dare [v.r. dar] pou sua pi broker smite! 11470 Henry Wallace iii. 361 Quhi, Scot, dar thou nocht preiff? 1578 Gude & Godlie Ballates (1868) 116 How dar thow for mercy cry?

c. 3rd sing. a. 1 dear(r, north, darr, 1-3 dear, 2-3 der, 3 Orm. darr, 3-6 dar, 5- dare, (8-9 Sc. daur). /3. 6 dareth, -yth, 6- dares.

1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. Prol. 13 On Dardan Plaines. 1813 Byron Br. Abydos 11. iv, Of him who felt the Dardan’s arrow. 1818- Ch. Har. iv. i, The Dardan Shepherd’s prize. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. in. ii. 58 The Dardanian wiues. 1623 Cockeram, Dardanean Art, Witchcraft. 1648 Herrick Hesper., To Julia, About thy wrist the rich Dardanium.

Beowulf 1373 Gif he jesecean dear. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 111 He his men eisian ne der. c 1275 11 Pains of Hell 231 in O.E. Misc. 153 Ne dar no seynt heom bidde fore. 1340 Ayenb. 32 J?et ne dar na3t guo ine pe pepe. 1382 Wyclif Rom. x. 20 Ysaie dar, and seith. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xii. 51 Nere pis see dare na man dwell. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour F viij, A coueytous herte dar well Saye. 1549 Compl. Scotl. 14 3it he dar be sa bold. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado iii. i. 74 Who dare tell her so? 1603-Meas. for M. v. i. 315 The Duke dare No more stretch this finger of mine, then he Dare racke his owne. 1630 Davenant Cruel Bro. 1, A pretty curr! Dare it bite as well as barke? 1816 Scott Antiq. xxvi, ‘Shew me a word my Saunders daur speak, or a turn he daur do.’ 1850 Tennyson In Mem. xlviii, Nor dare she trust a larger lay. P- x533 J- Heywood Mery Play betw. Johan, Tib, etc., The kokold.. for his lyfe daryth not loke hether ward. 1605 Shaks. Macb. 1. vii. 46-7, I dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, in. 418 The fearful Stag dares for his Hind engage. 1798 Frere & Hammond in Anti-Jacobin No. 28 (1852) 140 The man who dares to die. 1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms 11. 241 Poor wretch! he dares not open his eye. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Lit. Wks. (Bohn) II. 113 No priest dares hint at a Providence which does not respect English utility.

[dardyline-, sb.1 Error for dandy-line.

U The present dare has been carelessly used for the past dared or durst.

dard(e, obs. f. dart, and dared (see dare v.). Dardan (’dardan), a. and sb. [ad. L. Dardanus, Dardanius (poet.) Trojan.] adj. Trojan, of Troy. sb. A Trojan. So Dar'danian a. and sb.; || Dar'danium [Pliny N.H. xxxm. iii. 12 Dardanium, vel Dardanum, sc. aurum, ornamentum aureum], a golden bracelet.

1889 in Cent. Diet, (citing Day Brit. Fishes).]

dare (dea(r)), v.1

Pa. t. durst (d3:st), dared (deard); pa. pple. dared. Forms: see below. [One of the interesting group of Teutonic preteritepresent verbs, of which the extant present is an original preterite tense: see can, dow, etc. OE. durran, pres, dearr, durron, pa. dorste, = OS. gidurran, -dar, -durrun, -dorsta, MLG. doren, dar, doren, dorste, OFris. dura, (dur or dor), dorste, OHG. gi-turran, -tar, -turrun, -torsta, pa. pple. gitorran, MHG. turren, tar, turren, torste, subj. torste, Goth, ga-daursan, -dars, -daursun, subj. -daursjau, -daursta: belonging originally to the third ablaut series ders-, dars-, durs-, Aryan dhers-, dhars-, dhrs-: cf. Skr. dhrsh-, perf. dadharsha, to be bold, Gr. dapa-, dpao- in dpaovs bold, dapaeiv to be bold, OSlav. druzate to be bold, dare. In ON., the word is wanting, its sense being supplied by the weak verb pora. It is also lost in mod.Ger. and Du.; in MDu. it appears to have run together with the verb dorven, = OE. purfan to need (see thar); hence in Du., durven is to dare; and Ger. diirfen in some of its uses approaches the sense ‘dare’. These two verbs have also fallen together under a d form in some Frisian dialects; and in ME. there was some confusion between them, dar being sometimes written for thar, while, on the other hand, th- forms (some of them at least from Norse) appear with the sense of dar: see A. 9 below. The original 3rd sing. pres, he dare, and pa. t. durst, remained undisturbed to the modern period, in which the transitive senses (B. II.) were developed; but early in the 16th c. the new forms dares, dared, appeared in the south, and are always used in the transitive senses, and now also in the intransitive sense when followed by to. In the original construction, followed by the infinitive without to, dare, durst are still in common use (esp. in the negative ‘he dare not’, ‘he durst not’); and most writers prefer ‘ he dare go’, or ‘he dares to go’, to ‘he dares go ’. The northern dialects generally retain ‘he dare, he durst’, and writers of northern extraction favour their retention in literary English when followed by the simple infinitive without to.]

A. Inflexions. 1. Pres. Indie, a. ist sing, i dear(r, north, darr, 1- 3 dear, 2-4 der, 3 Orm. darr, 3-6 dar, 5- dare, (Sc. 7 dar, 8 -9 daur). C950 Lindisf. Gosp., Jerome's Prol. |P2 \>e ich darr huelc hwoego.. to eccanne. c 1000 /Elfric Gen. xliv. 34 Ne dear ic ham faran. C1200 Ormin 10659 Ne darr i pe nohht fullhtnenn. c 1205 Lay. 6639 Ne der ich noht kennen. a 1225 St. Marher. 16 Speoken i ne dar nawt. a 1240 Ureisun in Cott. Horn. 185 Mi leofman dear ich swa clipien. C1350 Will. Palerne 938 Y dar nou3t for schame. Ibid. 2169, I der leye mi lif. c 1420 Avow. Arth. xxxviii, I dar lay. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 770, I dare well avowe it. 1605 Shaks. Macb. 1. vii. 44 Letting I dare not wait vpon I would. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 58 If 1, I dare promise my self. 1725 Ramsay Gent. Sheph. -11. iv, I daurna stay. 18.. [see examples in BJ.

b. 2nd sing. 1 dearst, (north. *darst), 2-3 dasrst, 2- 4 derst, 3 Orm. darrst, 3-6 darst, darryst, daryst, 4-5 darist, 5 darste, 5- darest, (7 darst, 7dar’st). fi. north. 4-6 dar, 4- dare. Beowulf 1059 Gif Su .. dearst.. bidan. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 27 J?u ne derst cumen bi-foren him. C1200 Ormin 5614 )?att tu Ne darrst nohht Drihhtin wrappenn. c 1205 Lay. 20375 y>u ne daerst [c 1275 darst].. abiden. c 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 1450 Hypsip. & Medea, Now daryst thow [v.r. darstou] take this viage. c 1400 Rom. Rose 2532 That thou resoun derst

1760 Impostors Detected I. 232 He pretended that the marquis dare not appear abroad by day. 1811 A. Bell in Southey Life (1844) 11. 651 I wish I dare [ = durst] put them down among our books. 1847 Marryat Childr. N. Forest vii, He told me he dare not speak to you on the subject. 1857 Kingsley Two Y. Ago I. 214 She was silent; for to rouse her tyrant was more than she dare do. Ibid. 298 But she went into no trance; she dare not.

2. Pres Indie, plural, a. i durron(-e), 2-3 durre(n, 3-4 duren, dorre(n, 4-5 durn(-e), dore(n, -un, 4-5 dur, dor. /S. 3-6 north, der, 4-5 dar, (5-6 darne), 5- dare, (Sc. 7 dar, 8-9 daur). c 900 Baeda's Hist. I. xxvii. Resp. 5 (1890) 72 J?aet heo nowiht swelces ne durron jefremman. C1205 Lay. 25705 J?is lond cnihtes ne durren wi6 him mare na fehten [c 1275 ne dorre pis lond cnihtes]. a 1225 Juliana 47 Hu durre 3e? C1250 Gen. & Ex. 2239 He ne duren 6e weie cumen in. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 244/133 p»at ne dorre we nou3t. 1340 Ayenb. 38 pet.. nollep oper ne dorre ri3t do. 1382 Wyclif Gen. xliv. 26 We dorun [1388 doren] not se the face of the lord. 11386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. T. 108 (Harl. MS.) As pay pat dor [v.r. dore, dur, dar (3 MSS.), dare] nou3t schewen her presence, c 1400 in Wyclif s Sel. Wks. III. 476 Now durne worldly prestis take so grete lordschipe upon hem. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xxvii. 271 Therfore dur not the marchauntes passen there. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 107 Privyly as 3e doren. /3. 01300 Cursor M. 17425 (Cott.) p>an dar we sai. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. Prol. 152 We dar nou3te wel loke. 1393 Ibid. C. iv. 214 Pore men der nat pleyne. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) vi. 64 Thei dar wel werre with hem. c 1400 Test. Love 11. (1560) 281/2 Loues servaunts.. in no place darne appeare. 15 .. Sir Andrew Barton in Surtees Misc. (1890) 64 To France nor Flanders we der not goe. 1562 WiN3ET Tractates i. Wks. 1888 I. 4 We dar not contemne. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxviii. (1887) 168 Ladies who dare write themselues. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 186 We dare boldly pronounce it. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xxiii, How dare you tell me so?

3. Pres. Subj. a. sing, i dyrre, 1-5 durre, 3-4 dure, 4 derre, 4-5 dorre; pi. 1-5 durren, 4-5 durre. |3. 4- dare, 5 dair, (8-9 Sc. daur). Beowulf 2763 (Z.) 1380 Sec gif 6u dyrre. c888 K. Alfred Boeth. xiv. §i HwaeSer 6u durre jilpan. c 1220 Bestiary 187 No3[t] wurdi, Sat tu dure loken up. a 1250 Owl Night. 1704 Non so kene, That durre abide mine onsene. C1380 Sir Ferumb. 451 Com on 3if pov derre. ^1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. xix, Soo pat she durre no more be so proud. Ibid. xxix. 191 If pou dorre entre .. per in. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xiii. 1 pof a wreche dare thynke god is noght. 1380 [see B. ib], 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 2205 Here is my gloue; take it vp, and thou dare. 1592 Davies Immort. Soul viii. ii, If we dare to judge our Makers Will. Mod. Do it if you dare!

4. Past Indie, a. sing, i dorste, north, darste, 2-6 dorste, 1-6 durste, 3 Orm. durrste, 4-6 dorst, 4- durst, (5 darste, derste, drust, 5-7 dirst); pi. 1 dorston, 2-5 dorste(n, durste(n, (4 draste), 4-6 dorst, 4- durst. jS. 6- dared, (8-9 Sc. daur’d). c 893 K. Alfred Oros. iv. xi, HwaeSer he wiS Romanum winnan dorste. 918 O.E. Chron. (Earle 104), Hie ne dorston past land nawer jesecan. a 1154 Ibid. an. 1135 Durste nan man misdon wiS oSer on his time, c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 97 Da apostlas ne dursten bodian. c 1200 Ormin. 2098 Forrpi durrste he sippenn Don hise peowwess takenn Crist, c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 139 He ne dorste for godes eie forleten. c 1250 Gen. Ex. 2593 Durste 3he non lengere him forhelen. a 1300 Cursor M. 2928 (Cott.) J?ar again durst he not spek. CI300 Havelok 1866 But dursten he [= they] newhen him no more. 1340 Ayenb. 73 \>e rapre.. panne pou dorstest ..consenti. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xxi. 18 His kirtil pe whilke pai durst noght shere. 1380 [see B. 2]. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 174 He his mother derste love. C1440 Partonope 1075 And the hethen drust not abyde. c 1440 York Myst. xxiv. 14 How durst pou stele so stille away! 1535 Joye Apol. Tindale 32 He stretched forth his penne .. as farre as he dirst. 1583 Hollyband Campo di Fior 219 Wentest thou to see? I durst not. 1641 R. Brooke Episc. 39 As Mercury once spared Jupiter’s thunder-bolts which he dirst not steale.

1752 Johnson Rambler No. 204 f 11 They durst not speak. 1849 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 88, I durst not let myself talk to you at Scotsbrig. 0. C1590 Greene Fr. Bacon iv. 10 Lovely Eleonor, Who darde for Edwards sake cut through the seas. Ibid. iv. 18 She darde to brooke Neptunus haughty pride. 1641 Burroughs Sionsjoy 26 They dared not doe as others did. 1650 Fuller Pisgah I. 145 They dared not to stay him. 1790 Cowper Let. to Mrs. Bodham 21 Nov., Such as I dared not have given. 1821 Southey in Q. Rev. XXV. 345 He dared not take the crown himself. 1848 Dickens Dombey xxx, Florence hardly dared to raise her eyes. 1864 J. H. Newman Apologia 288, I dared not tell why. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 1. iv. 48 Any one who dared to lay hands on him.

5. Past Subj. sing, as in Past Indie, pi. 1 dorsten, 2- as in Indie. a 1000 Boeth. Metr. i. 54 Gif hi leodfruman laestan dorsten. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 1. 906 Yn loue I dorst [v.r. durst] haue sworn. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. Prol. 178 pere ne was ratoun.. pat dorst haue ybounden pe belle aboute pe cattis nekke. 1556 Aurelio & Isab. (1608) Cviij, What man .. that dorste haue tolde me.

U This Past Subj. or Conditional durst ( — would dare) is often (like the analogous could, would, should, ought) used indefinitely of present time. c 1400-50 Alexander 1673 Sire, pis I depely disire, durst I it neuyn. 1606 W. Crashaw Rom. Forgeries 161 Do but promise that you will iudge without partialitie, and I durst make you iudges in this case. 1662 Glanvill Lux Orient. (1682) 83, I confess, I’m so timorous that I durst not follow their example. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. xx, I have no desire, and besides if I had, I durst not. 1793 Mrs. Inchbald Midn. Hour 11. i, I hear his vessel is just arrived, I durst not leave my house. 1881 Private Secretary I. 132 My mother does not drink wine and my father durstn’t.

6. Pres. Inf. a. 1 *durran, 2-5 durre(n, 3-4 dur, 5 durn, doren, dorn, dore. /3. 5 daren, -un, darn, (derre), 5- dare, (8-9 Sc. daur). a 1300 Cursor M. 22603 (Cott.) He a word ne sal dur speke. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4548 Na man sal pam dur biry. C1430 Pilgr. Lyf. Manhode 1. lxxxi, per shulde noon dore resceyue it. C1440 Promp. Parv. 114 Darn, or durn (Pynson darun, daren, or dorn), audeo. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xlii. 538 They scholen not doren lyen. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 72 To dore to me doo suche a shame. fi. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) iv. 12 So hardy pat he sail dare ga to hir. 1488 Cath. Angl. 89 Dare, audere, presumere, vsurpare. Ibid. 97 Derre, vsurpare, presumere, audere. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. iii. (1841) I. 64 They shall not dare to despise it. 1816 Scott Old Mort. viii,‘They’ll no daur open a door to us.’ 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Self-Reliance Wks. (Bohn) I. 35 You cannot hope too much, or dare too much. 1871 Macduff Mem. Patmos xi. 153 We cannot dare read the times and seasons of prophecy.

7. Pres. pple. and vbl. sb. 6- daring. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 29 None now daring to take the same from you. 1889 Spectator 19 Oct., Power.. held on the tenure of daring to do, as well as daring to decide.

8. Pa. pple. a. s ? dorren [cf. OHG. gitorran], dorre; 6 dare. /3. 6-7, dial. 8-9 durst, y. 6- dared. a. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode II. v. (1869) 78 How hast thou dorre be so hardi? c 1500 Melusine xlix. 324 How one knyght alone had the hardynes to haue dare come. j3. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1874) I. 207 They sholde not have durst the peoples vyce to blame. 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. iii. Law, But Iochebed would faine (if she had durst) Her deere sonne Moses secretly have nource’t. 1665 Pepys Diary (1875-79) III. 315 A hackney-coach, the first I have durst to go in many a day. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Obs. Journ. Naples 217 They had not durst so much as to take one step. Mod. Sc. If I had durst do it. y. 1529 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 65 They have dared to break out so audaciously. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. 11. ii. 91 Those many had not dar’d to doe that euill. 1883 Daily Tel. 10 Nov. 4/8 A simple monk had dared to consign a Papal decree to the flames.

9. Forms with initial p, th [partly from Norse pora, pordi (Sw. torde, Da. turde), partly confused with thar to need]: Pres. Indie. 2 sing. 3- 4 therstou, pi. 3-4 we thore, 5 they ther(not); Pa. Indie. 3 purte, 3-4 therste, 4 therst, 5 thorst. c 1300 Havelok 10 pe wicteste man.. That purte riden on ani stede. C1300 St. Brandan 581 We ne thore oure maister i-seo. Ibid. 585 Hou therstou .. bifore him nemne his name? c 1300 Beket 1550 Hi ne therste a3e the Kinges wille nomore holde him so. [Also 895, 1156.] c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 2668 Was per pan no man pat in wrappe perst sen ys fas. 1460 Lybeaus Disc. 1155 The four gonne to fle, And thorst naght nyghhe hym nere. 1465 Marg. Paston in Paston Lett. No. 506 II. 195 They say that they thernot take it uppon hem.

B. Signification. I. intr. (Inflected dare, durst (also dares, dared).) I. To have boldness or courage (to do something); to be so bold as. a. followed by inf. without to (the original const.). a 1000 [see examples in A. above]. 1154 O.E. Chron., Ne durste nan man don oper bute god. a 1225 Juliana 42 J>enne darie we & ne durren neuer cumen biuoren him. a 1300 Cursor M. 3586 (Cott.) Baldlik pat dar i sai. 14.. [see examples in A. above]. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 395 Whatsoever the king did, no man durst speake a worde. 1611 Bible John xxi. 12 None of the disciples durst aske him, Who art thou? 1743 Johnson Debates in Parlt. (1787) II. 441 No man dared afterwards.. expose himself to the fury of the people. 1759 H. Walpole Corr. (ed. 3) III. cccxxxv. 302 Two hundred and sixty-eight Sequins are more than I dare lay out. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 74 Nature has caprices which art dares not imitate. 1862 Hislop Sc. Prov. 5 Ae man may steal a horse where anither daurna look ower the hedge.

b. The inf. is often unexpressed. 01225 Ancr. R. 128, & 3elpe6 of hore god, hwar se heo durren & muwen. C1350 Will. Palerne 2040, [I] missaide

DARE

248

DARE

hire as i durst, c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 222 He mai be martyr if he dair. 1535-83 [see A. 4]. 1652 Culpepper Eng. Physician (1809) 343, I have delivered it as plain as I durst. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 344 [They] brought them as near the place as they durst. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. xxi, The will to do, the soul to dare. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos II. xxii. 238 John of Gaunt had favoured the reformer as far as he durst.

c. with to and inf. In this construction the 3rd sing, is now dares and the pa. t. dared; but durst to was formerly used. ‘None dared to speak’, is more emphatic than ‘none durst speak’. C1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 269 The Counsell.. neither durst to abridge or diminish any of them. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. 9 It were to be wished, that they had dared to tell it. 1619 Brent tr. Sarpi's Counc. Trent (1676) 35 A Spanish Notary dared to appear publickly in the Rota. 1625 Burges Pers. Tithes 6 No intelligent man durst absolutely to deny any of these Conclusions. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 5 No one durst to breathe otherwise than according to the Dictates of her Law. 1836 W. Irving Astoria I. 289 No one would dare to desert. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 218 He did not dare to meet his uncle. 1848, 1883 [see A. 4].

2. (ellipt.) To dare to go, to venture. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 3726 Ferrer ne draste pay no3t for fere. 1660 Gauden Brownrig 151 There is nothing so audacious which wit unsanctified will not.. dare at in Heaven or Hell. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. vi. 6 Apollo, .bade me feed My fatning Flocks, nor dare beyond the Reed.

II. trans. (Inflected dares, dared.) 3. To dare to undertake or do; to venture upon, have courage for, face. 1631 May tr. Barclay's Mirr. Mindes 11. 135 To dare all things, but nothing too much. 1704 Swift T. Tub xi, Should some sourer mongrel dare too near an approach. 1827 Heber 1st Olympic Ode 145, I will dare the course. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. iii. no To teach them fortitude that they might dare all things, and bear all things for their Lord.

4. To dare or venture to meet or expose oneself to, to run the risk of meeting; to meet defiantly, defy (a thing). 1602 Shaks. Ham. iv. v. 133, I dare Damnation.. onely lie be reueng’d. 1611 Heywood Gold. Age 1. Wks. 1874 III. 7 A Crown’s worth tugging for, and I wil ha’t Though in pursute I dare my ominous Fate. 1645 Quarles Sol. Recant. 23 O why should’st thou provoke thy God, and dare His curse upon thy practise? 1701 Rowe Amb. Step-Moth. iv. i. 1738 If thou still persist to dare my Power. 1727-38 Gay Fables 1. xx. 36, I stand resolv’d, and dare the event. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xiii. 260 He hesitated not to dare the resentment of the pontiff. 1853 C. Bronte Villette vi, I saw and felt London at last.. I dared the perils of the crossings.

5. a. To challenge or defy (a person). 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 316 An English man .. [cannot] suffer..to be dared by any. 1589 Hay any Work 37 What wisedome is this in you to dare your betters? c 1620 Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 138 A gyant tall, who dart’d him to his face. 1703 Rowe Ulyss. 1. i. 270 The Slave Who fondly dares us with his vain defiance. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) VIII. 395 Woman confiding in and daring woman. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 190 To range the savage haunts, and dare In his dark home the sullen bear. 1886 Harper's Mag. Dec. 105/2 Jabe Pennell begun to hunt him an’ dare him. 1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables xxiii. 254 All the silly things .. were done.. because the doers thereof were ‘dared’ to do them. 1969 I. & P. Opie Children’s Games ix. 264 Sometimes you’re dared to go and tie the wifies’ doors together.

b. With various const., e.g. to dare (a person) to do something, to the fight, etc., fto dare out. 1590 Greene Orl. Fur. (1861) 92 With haughty menaces To dare me out within my palace gates. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 148 He would .. meet the Rebell in the heart of Lydia, and there dare him battell. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. 111. xiii. 25,1 dare him therefore To lay his gay Comparisons a-part. 1632 Randolph Jeal. Lovers v. viii, I dare him to th’ encounter. 1672 Baxter Bagshaw's Scand. 11 As children dare one another into the dirt. 1785 Burns Halloween xiv, I daur you try sic sportin. 1847 Marryat Childr. N. Forest xvii, You wish to dare me to it—well, I won’t be dared to anything. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xxvii. 451 He knew she was daring him to contradict her.

III. dare say. [From sense 1.] a. properly. To be as bold as to say (because one is prepared to affirm it); to venture to assert or affirm. a 1300 Cursor M. 4509 (Cott.) Bot i dar sai, and god it wat, ‘Qua leli luues for-gettes lat’. CI350 Will. Palerne 1452, I dar seie & sopliche do proue, sche schal weld at wille more gold pan ye siluer. r 1460 Play Sacram. 316 Neyther mor or lesse Of dokettis good I dar well saye. 1540-54 Croke 13 Ps. (Percy Soc.) 7 My sute is heard .. I dare well saye. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1862) 311 No Towne nor Citie is there (I dare say) in this whole Shire comparable .. with this one Fleete. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 759 Who devised your Office of Ministery? I dare say, not Christ. 1699 Bentley Phal. 120 This I dare say is the best and neatest Explication.. and.. I believe it the truest.

b. transf. To venture to say (because one thinks it likely); to assume as probable, presume. Almost exclusively in the parenthetic ‘I dare say’; rarely in oblique narration, ‘he dared say’. (In this use now sometimes written as one word, with stress on the first syllable.) Some dialects make the past daresaid, darsayed, dessayed. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones vii. xii, You give your friend a very good character.. and a very deserved one, I dare say. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. 1. 54 (The Letter), La Fleur.. told me he had a letter in his pocket.. which, he durst say, wd suit the occasion. 1807 Anna Porter Hungar. Bro. v, 'Other women have admired you as much .. 1 dare say’.. ‘O! if it’s only a “dare say” ’ cried Demetrius, shrugging up his shoulders. 1853 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 221, I daresay you have thought me very neglectful. 1885 Sir C. S. C. Bowen

Law Rep. 14 Q.B.D. 872, I daresay the rule was drafted without reference to the practice at common law.

dare (ds3(r)), v.2 Obs. or dial. Also 3 deare, 4 dere. [OE. dariatt, app. in sense 3; to pam sersfe paer pa wiSersacan inne dariaS behydde (Ailfric Saints' Lives xxiii. 322). Perh. identical with the stem of MDu. and LG. bedaren to appease, abate, compose, calm, Flemish verdaren, verdarien to astonish, amaze; but the word has not been found in the earlier stages of the Teutonic langs., and the primary signification and sense-development are uncertain.] I. intr. f 1. To gaze fixedly or stupidly; to stare as one terrified, amazed, or fascinated. Obs. 01225 Leg. Kath. 2048 pe keiser.. dearede al adeadet, druicninde & dreori. 0 1250 Owl & Night. 384 Ich mai i-son so wel so on hare, The3 ich bi daie sitte an dare, c 1350 Will. Palerne 4055 pe king was kast in gret )?ou3t; he dared as doted man for pe bestes dedes. 1444 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 218 The snayl goth lowe doun, Darythe in his shelle, yit may he se no sight. 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 1358, I have an hoby can make larkys to dare. 1530 Palsgr. 506/2, I dare, I prye or loke about me,je aduise alentour. What darest thou on this facyon? me thynketh thou woldest catche larkes. 1549 Thomas Hist. Italie 96 The emperour.. constreigned Henry Dandolo .. to stande so longe daryng in an hotte basen, that he lost his sight.

f2. fig. To be in dismay, tremble with fear, lose heart, dread. Obs. c 1300 Cursor M. 21870 (Edin.) For pe se sale rise and rute, mani man sal dere and dute. c 1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2258 For drede he wolde not dare, c 1440 York Myst. xxviii. 2 My flesshe dyderis and daris for doute of my dede. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 2654 Dredefully darynge comen now they be, Theyr wynges traylynge entred into the hall.

13. To lie motionless (generally with the sense of fear), to lie appalled; to crouch. Also fig., esp. in droop and dare. Obs. c 1220 Bestiary 406 Ne sterefi 3e [Se fox] no3t of Se stede .. oc dareS so 3e ded were. 01225 Juliana 42 J>enne darie we & ne durren neuer cumen biuoren him. CI386 Chaucer Shipman's T. 103 Thise wedded men pat lye and dare As in a fourme sit a wery hare, c 1420 Anturs of Arth. iv, The dere in the dellun Thay droupun and daren. 0 1450 Le Morte Arth. 2575 Knyghtis of kynges blode, That longe wylle not droupe and dare. ?01500 Chester PI. (Shaks. Soc.) II. 148 (Date of MS. 1592), Builded thinges to grounde shall falle .. And men in graves dare.

f4. To be hid, lie hid, lurk. Obs. 01225 Leg. Kath. 1135 3ef drihtin, pe darede in ure mennesse, wrahte fc*eos wundres. 1382 Wyclif Mark vii. 24 And Jhesus .. mighte not dare or be priuy [1388 be hid]. 14 .. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 107 The worm.. Dareth full oft and kepeth hym covertly, c 1430 Lydg. Bochas iv. xvii. (1554) 117b, Under floures lyke a serpent dare Til be may styng. c 1440 Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) 1. lxiii, There is moche pryde hydde in the grounde of thyne herte, as the foxe dareth in his denne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 113 Daryn, or drowpyn or prively to be hydde, latito, lateo. fb. with indirect obj. (dative): To be hid from,

escape, be unknown to. 1382 Wyclif 2 Pet. iii. 5 It daarith hem [1388 it is hid fro hem] willinge this thing. Ibid. iii. 8 Oo thing daare 30U not or be not unknowun. -Acts xxvi. 26, I deme no thing of these for to dare him.

II. trans. f5. To daze, paralyse, or render helpless, with the sight of something; to dazzle and fascinate. to dare larks, to fascinate and daze them, in order to catch them. (Cf. sense 1, quots. 1526-30, and daring vbl. sb.1) Obs. 1547 Hooper Answ. Bp. Winchester’s Bk. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 203 Virtuous councillors, whose eyes cannot be dared with these manifest and open abominations. a 1556 Cranmer Wks. I. 107 Like unto men that dare larks, which hold up an hoby, that the larks’ eyes being ever upon the hoby, should not see the net that is laid on their heads. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. x. xxxix. (1612) 256 The Spirit that for God himselfe was made, Was dared by the Flesh. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, iii. ii. 282 Let his Grace go forward, And dare vs with his Cap, like Larkes. 1621 Fletcher Pilgrim 1. i, Some costrell That hovers over her and dares her daily. >671 Temple Ess. Const. Empire Wks. 1731 I. 90 They think France will be dared, and never take Wing, while they see such a Naval Power as ours and the Dutch hovering about all their Coasts, i860 Sala in Cornh. Mag. II. 239 A ‘dare’ for larks or circular board with pieces of looking-glass inserted, used in sunshiny days, for the purpose of daring or dazing larks from their high soaring flight to within a distance convenient for shooting or netting them.

f 6. To daunt, terrify, paralyse with fear. Now dial. 1611 Beaum. & Fl. Maid's Trag. iv. i, For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs, Would dare a woman. 1627 Drayton Agincourt 97 Clifford whom no danger yet could dare. 1778 Gloss. Exmoor Scolding (ed. 9), Dere, to hurry, frighten, or astonish a Child, s.v. Thir, Dere, a Word commonly used by Nurses in Devonshire, signifying to frighten or hurry a Child out of his senses. 1864 Capern Devon Pr ovine., To dare, to frighten. He dare'd me, he surprized me, I was dare'd, I was surprized.

Hence dared ppl. a. 01400-50 Alexander 3044 Selcuth kni3tis, Sum darid [Dubl. MS, dasyd], sum dede, sum depe wondid. 1563 Homilies 11. Idolatry ill. (1859) 252 They become as wise as the blocks themselves which they stare on, and so fall down as dared larks in that gaze. 1678 Dryden (Edipus 1. i, Then cowered like a dared lark.

dare,

.3

v

obs. var. dere., to injure, hurt.

DARE dare (dea(r)), sb.1 Also 6 darre. [f. dare t;.1] 1. An act of daring or defying; a defiance, challenge. Now colloq. 1594 First Pt. Contention v, Card. Euen when thou darest. Hu. Dare. I tell thee Priest, Plantagenets could neuer brooke the dare. 1600 Heywood 2 Edw. IV Wks. 1874 I. 96 His defiance and his dare to warre. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. 1. ii. 191 Sextus Pompeius Hath giuen the dare to Caesar. 1688 Bunyan Dying Sayings Wks. 1767 I. 48 Sin is the dare of God’s justice. 1892 R. H. Davis Van Bibber 87, ‘I didn’t suppose you’d take a dare like that, Van Bibber’, said one of the men. 1897 Kipling Capt. Cour. viii. 161 In a minute half the boats were out and bobbing in the cockly swells, but Troop kept the We're Heres at work dressing-down. He saw no sense in ‘dares’. 1959 I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolch. xi. 230 To give themselves guts when accepting a dare.

f2. Daring, boldness. Now rare or Obs. 1595 Markham Sir R. Grinvile lxxvii, And yet, then these my darre shall be no lesse. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, iv. i. 78 It lends.. A larger Dare to your great Enterprize. 1904 H. R. Martin Tillie 13, I would love to play in the evening if I had the dare.

dare (de9(r)), sb.2 [f.

dare v.2] A contrivance for ‘daring’ or fascinating larks.

i860 Sala Hogarth in Cornh. Mag. II. 239 note, The ‘dare’ I have seen resembles a cocked hat, or chapeau bras, in form, and is studded with bits of looking-glass, not convex, but cut in facets inwards, like the theatrical ornament cast in zinc, and called a ‘logie’. The setting is painted bright red, and the facets turn on pivots, and being set in motion by a string attached to the foot, the larks are sufficiently ‘dared’ and come quite over the fascinating toy. 1888 Athenaeum 28 Jan. 122/1 The dare for larks, or mirror surrounded by smaller ones, over the mantel-piece, which exercised many commentators [Hogarth’s Distressed Poet].

t dare, sb:3 Obs. Also 5 dar. [A singular formed on dars, OF. dars, darZy pi. of darty dard dart, dace. The OF. pi. dars and nom. sing, dars became in Eng. darsey darcey dace.] = dace. [1314 in Wardrobe Acc. 8 Edw. II, 21/12 Dars roches et pik 2s. 8d.) c 147s Piet. Vocab. in Wr.-Wiilcker 763/36 Hie capita, a dar. 1622 Drayton Poly-olb. xxvi, The pretty slender dare, of many call’d the dace. 1708 Motteux Rabelais 1. iii, As large as a Dare-Fish of Loire. 1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling 1. xxiii. 60 The Dace or Dare .. is not unlike a Chub.

t dare, darre, sb.4 Obs. [Cf. F. dare, ‘a huge big bellie; also, Dole’ (Cotgr.).] ? A portion (or some definite portion). 1528 Papers of Earls of Cumbrld. in Whitaker Hist. Craven (1812) 308 Item, for herbes five dares .. for yeast, five dares. 1601 F. Tate Househ. Ord. Edw. II, §2 (1876) 6 His livere.. shalbe a darre of bredde. Ibid. §9 He may take two darres of bred.

dare (= dar), darh, var. of

thar

v., need.

'dare-all.

[f. dare v.1 + all: cf. dare-devil.] One who or that which dares all; a covering that braves all weather, a ‘dread-nought’. Also attrib. or as adj. 1840 T. Hook Fitzherbert I. xi. 120 Enveloped in mackintoshes, great-coats, dare-alls, boas and oilskins. 1902 Daily Chron. 18 Mar. 3/2 Their dare-all Vikings came sailing over the sea to possess themselves of our homes. 1939 ‘A. Bridge’ Four-Part Setting iii. 29 This had developed in her., a dare-all and try-all attitude which didn’t really belong to her character. 1942 Partridge Usage & Abusage 97/1 Venturesome journalists and dareall writers should employ them with care and discretion.

dared, ppl. a.: see

dare v.2

dare-devil ('dea.dEvil), sb. and a. [f.

dare v.1 +

devil: cf. cutthroat, scarecrow.]

A. sb. One ready to dare the devil; one who is recklessly daring. 1794 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Odes to Mr. Paine ii, I deemed myself a dare-devil in rhime. 1841 Lytton Nt Gf Morn. (1851) 152 A dangerous, desperate, reckless dare-devil. 1874 Green Short Hist. x. § 1 Robert Clive.. an idle dare¬ devil of a boy whom his friends had been glad to get rid of.

B. adj. Of or pertaining to a dare-devil; recklessly daring. 1832 W. Irving Alhambra II. 193 A certain dare-devil cast of countenance, i860 Motley Netherl. I. 159 Plenty of dare-devil skippers ready to bring cargoes.

Hence 'dare-.devilish a., 'dare-.devilism, 'dare-,devilry, -deviltry (U.S.). 1886 Blackw. Mag. CXL. 737 His faults were daredevilism and recklessness. 1859 Sat. Rev. VIII. 24/2 The dare-devilry which prompts a respectable girl to make her way into the haunts of vice. 1886 Mrs. C. Praed Miss Jacobsen's Chance I. vi. 111 The spice of dare-devilry in him was in piquant contrast to, etc. 1881 N. Y. Nation XXXII. 369 No city has for courage and dare-deviltry surpassed Milan.

dare-fish: see

DARK

249

dare sb.3

f'darefui, a. Obs. rare. [f.

dare sb.1 or v.1 +

-ful.] Full of daring or defiance. 1605 Shaks. Macb. v. v. 6 We might haue met them darefull, beard to beard. 1614 Sylvester Pari. Vertues Royall 994 Not by the Prowesse.. Of his owne darefull hand.

darer ('ds3r9(r)). [f.

dare v.1 + -er.] One who dares or ventures; one who challenges or defies. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World II. v. iii. § 16. 454 The best, and most fortunate of these Great Darers. 1624 Fletcher Rule a Wife iii. v, Another darer come? 1748 Richardson

Clarissa (1811) V. 348 Women to women, thou knowest, are great darers and incentives. 1884 A. Forbes in Eng. Illust. Mag. Dec. 150 Of such men as Cavagnari is our empire of India—a thinker, a doer, a darer.

'daresome, a. dial. [See -some.] Venturesome, foolhardy. 1854 L. N. Comyn Atherstone Priory I. 101, I don’t like to see her so careless and daresome-like. darf, var. of

derf a. Obs., keen, and tharf v.

darg (da:g). Sc. and north, dial. Also 5 dawerk, dawark, 8 daurk, 9 daark, dark, darrak, darroch, dargue, daurg, [A syncopated form of daywerk, or daywark, daywork, through the series of forms dawark, *da'ark, dark, darg, the latter being now the common form in Scotland.] A day’s work, the task of a day; also, a defined quantity or amount of work, or of the product of work, done in a certain time or at a certain rate of payment; a task. C1425 Wyntoun Chron. ix. xiv. 44 (Jam.) That duleful dawerk that tyme wes done. 1489 Act. Audit. 147 (Jam.) Ffor the spoliatioune of vi dawarkis of hay. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 596 For that same darg and deid. 1605 in Pitcairn Crim. Trials Scot. II. 451 Fourscoir dargis of hay. 1787 Burns Auld Farmer's Salut. xvi, Monie a sair daurk we twa hae wrought. 1794 Statist. Acc. Scot. XII. 300 A darg of marl, i.e. as much as could be cast up by the spade in one day. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxvi, I have a lang day’s darg afore me. 1832-4 De Quincey Clears Wks. 1862 IX. 51 You did what in Westmoreland they call a good darroch. 1851 Greenwell Coal-tr. Terms Northumb. Durh. 21 Darg, a fixed quantity of coal to be worked for a certain price .. the general term in use about Berwick. 1878 Cumbrld. Gloss., Darrak (Centre), dark (S.W.), darg (North C.), day's work. 1875 Ruskin Fors Clavigera VI. 8 Lett. 61 And goes out himself to his day’s darg.

'darg-days, days of work done in lieu or due to the feudal lord, 'darger, 'dargsman, day labourer, 'darging, as a day-labourer.

1803 Jamieson Water-Kelpie iv. in Scott Minstr. Sc. Bord., The darger left his thrift. 1807 J. Stagg Poems 64 The laird and dar’ker cheek by chowle, Wad sit and crack of auld lang seyne. 1788 R. Galloway Poems 119 (Jam.) Glad to fa’ to wark that’s killing, To common darguing. 1885 in D. H. Edwards Mod. Sc. Poets Ser. viii. 44 A bargain .. for drainin’ or for dargin’. 1845 Whistle-binkie Ser. iii. (1890) I. 418 Wamin dargsmen to put on their claes.

dargha:

see dagga2.

dari, = durra, Indian millet or Guinea corn. 1892 Daily News 28 June 2/8 Buckwheat, dari, and millet firm. Ibid. 27 Oct. 7/4 Linseed, buckwheat, dari, and millet. darial, dariel(le, var. of

'daring, ppl. a.1 [f. dare v.1 + -ing2.] 1.

Obs., to need.

Hence of rent 'darker, working

1590 Greene Neuer too late (1600) 8 They set out their faces as Foulers doe their daring glasses, that the Larkes that soare highest, may stoope soonest. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 712 You .. shall with your horse and Hawke ride about her.. till you come so neere her that you may lay your daring-net over her. 1659 Gauden Tears of Church 197 New notions .. are many times.. the daring-glasses or decoyes to bring men into the snares of their.. damnable doctrines.

Of

persons

or

their

attributes:

Bold,

adventurous; hardy, audacious. 1582 Stanyhurst JEneis, etc. (Arb.) 143 A loftye Thrasonical huf snuffe .. in phisnomye daring. 1596 Shaks. 1 Hen. IV, v. i. 91, I do not thinke a brauer Gentleman.. More daring, or more bold, is now aliue. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 129 Half way he met His daring foe. 1758 S. Hayward Serm. xvii. 539 The daring insolence .. of prophane Sinners. 185.5 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 325 Montague, the most daring and inventive of financiers. 2. transf. andfig. 1617 Middleton & Rowley Fair Quarrel 1. i. 314 To walk unmuffl’d.. Even in the daring’st streets through all the city, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 202 Witness Wimbleton in this county, a daring structure. 1697 Addison Ess. on Georgies, The last Georgic has indeed as many metaphors, but not so daring as this. 1876 Freeman Norm. Conq. V. 39 This daring legal fiction. f3. In quasi-tztfoS. comb, with another adj., as

daring-hardy. Obs. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. iii. 43 On paine of death, no person be so bold Or daring hardie as to touch the Listes. 'daring, ppl. a.2 Obs. Also 4 dareand.

[f. dare

v2] Staring, trembling, or crouching with fear, etc.: see the vb. 1333 Minor Poems, Halidon Hill 39 Now er pai dareand all for drede, pat war bifore so stout and gay. 1611 Cotgr., Blotir, to.. lye close to the ground, like a daring Larke, or affrighted fowle. daringly ('deanrjli), adv.

[f. daring ppl. a1 +

-ly2.] In a daring manner. 1605 Chapman, etc. Eastw. Hoe 1. i. (R.), Prouder hopes which daringly o’erstrike Their place and means. 1771 Junius Lett. xlii. 220 The civil rights of the people are daringly invaded. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 533 Men asked.. what impostor had so daringly and so successfully personated his highness. daringness ('deangms).

[f. as prec. + -ness.]

Daring quality or character. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman cTAlf. 11. 70 Full of Daringnesse and of Lying. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. (1703) II. 276 [Falkland], The daringness of his Spirit. 1795 Coleridge Plot Discov. 49 The frequency and daringness of their perjuries. 1880 M. Betham-Edwards Forestalled I. 1. ix. 140 The daringness of. .youth. || dariole.

Also 5 daryol(e, -iolle, -ial, -yal, -eal,

dariole Obs., pasty.

-iel(le, -yel. [a. F. dariole (14th c.) a small pasty

daric ('daerik). Also 6-7 daricke, dari(c)que, 7-9

and minced together’ (Cotgr.), now a cream-

darick. [ad. Gr. Aapenc-os (properly and adj. agreeing with ararrip stater).] A gold coin of ancient Persia, said to have been named from the first Darius. Also a Persian silver coin of the same design, specifically called siglos. Pal. Pleas. I. 40 The King.. sent to the man .. a cuppe of golde and a thousand darices. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 336 Two cups., full, the one of Dariques of gold, the other of silver Dariques. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 243 Timagoras.. had received a bribe of ten thousand Dariques or Sagittaries. 1767 Swinton in Phil. Trans. LVII. 273 note, The bow and arrow.. visible .. on a very curious Daric. 1879 H. Phillips Notes Coins 5 The Persian Daric, of which an example in silver is shown. 1566 Painter

darie,

obs. form of dairy.

'darii. Logic. A mnemonic word designating the third mood of the first figure of syllogisms, in which the major premiss is a universal affirmative (a), and the minor premiss and the conclusion particular affirmatives (t); thus, All A are B; Some C are A: therefore, Some C are B. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 27 Vnto the firste figure belong fower Modes .. Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio.. whereby every Proposition is knowne, either to be universall or particular, affirmative or negative. 1717 Prior Alma III. 383, I could.. With learned skill, now push, now parry. From Darii to Bocardo vary. 1869 Fowler Ded. Logic (ed. 3) 99 Thus Disamis, when reduced, will become Darii. ('dearir)), vbl. sb.1 [f. dare v.1 + -ing1.] The action of the verb dare1; adventurous courage, boldness, hardihood.

daring

1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. ix. (1632) 596 Incredible darings .. were not wanting. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. xv. 80 As if not the Cause, but the Degree of daring, made Fortitude. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §6. 406 The whole people had soon caught the self-confidence and daring of their Queen.

t 'daring, vbl. sb2 Obs. [f. dare v.2] The action of the verb dare2; esp. the catching of larks by dazing or fascinating them (see dare v.2 5). c 1440 Promp. Parv. 113 Darynge, or drowpynge, licitacio, latitatio. 1602 Carew Cornwall (1811) 96 Little round nets fastened to a staff, not much unlike that which is used for daring of larks. 1704 Diet. Rust., Clap-net and Lookingglass; this is otherwise called Doring or Daring. 1766 Pennant Zool. I. 150 What was called daring of larks,

b. attrib. and Comb., as daring-glass, -net.

‘filled with flesh, hearbes, and spices, mingled tart.] Orig., = custard 1 a. dish

of various

kinds

Now, an individual

prepared

in

a

dariole

mould; a sweet or savoury custard, soufflee or jelly; dariole {mould), a very small tin mould shaped like a flower-pot. ? 01400 Morte Arth. 199 With darielles endordide, and daynteez ynewe. c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 38 For darials. Take creme of almonde mylke [etc.]. CI430 Two Cookerybks. 47 Daryoles.—Take wyne & fressche brope, Clowes, Maces, & Marow.. & put £er-to creme.. & 3olkys of Eyroun. Ibid. 53 Darioles. c 1440 Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 443 Daryalys. 1664 Etheredge Com. Revenge iii. iv, I.. did buy a dariole, litte! custarde. [1823 Scott Quentin D. iv, Ordering confections, darioles, and any other light dainties he could think of.] 1846 A. B. Soyer Gastron. Regen. 507 Darioles. Line (very thinly) a dozen small dariole moulds with paste .. flour.. eggs.. sugar... They will be as light as sugar and eat as delicate. 1890 Mrs. Beeton's Cookery Bk. 216/2 Oyster darioles. 1892 T. F. Garrett Encycl. Pract. Cookery I. 516/1 Receipts for. .various Darioles will be found.. the original principle being that of lining a Dariole-mould.. with thin paste and filling up with rich cream, or custard. 1895 Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 15 Sept. 308 Dariols, Plain. Do. Fluted. 1901 Daily Chron. 23 Nov. 8/4 Line some dariole moulds thinly with tomato aspic. Ibid., Set a dariole on each slice of tomato. 1903 Ibid. 21 Mar. 8/5 Darioles a la Maraschino. 1930 Daily Mail 6 June 15/3 Dariole of salmon is made with flaked cooked salmon, set in a mould with aspic jelly, sliced hardboiled eggs, and shrimps. 1965 Listener 16 Sept. 434/2 We then took six individual dariole moulds, the kind used for baking little castle cakes. Darjeeling (da:'d3i:iirj).

The name of a town

and district in Bengal, used attrib. or absol. to designate tea grown there. 1882 Tea Cycl. 294/2 A good field for Darjeeling tea will be found to exist in an active competition with China for the supply of Thibet. 1907 F. F. Thurstan Few Facts concerning Tea 5 Darjeeling, very flavoury, fine quality, coloury liquor, darkish, well made, tippy leaf; appearance no criterion. 1964 L. Deighton Funeral in Berlin i. 10 He poured boiling water on to the Darjeeling. ‘You like Darjeeling?’ 1967 N. Freeling Strike Out 16 Arlette poured out tea.. Darjeeling tea. dark (da:k), a.

Forms: 1-2 deorc, 3 dearc, derc,

dorc, dorck, dare, darck, deork, dure, 3-6 derk, 4 deorke, durke, 4-6 derke, dirk(e, dyrk, 5 derck, dyrke, dork, 4 -7 darke, 6 darck, dearcke, 6- dark. [OE. deorc (repr. earlier *derk, with fracture of e before r + cons.); there is no corresponding

DARK

250

adj. in the other Teutonic langs., but the OHG. wk. vb. tarchanjan, tarhnen, terchinen to conceal, hide, of which the WGer, form would be darknjan, appears to contain the same stem derk, dark. In ME. there is a notable variant therk(e, dherke, thyrke, with the rare substitution of initial p, th, for d, for which see therk.] I. literal. 1. a. Characterized by (absolute or relative) absence of light; devoid of or deficient in light; unilluminated; said esp. of night.

Wilt thou conceale this darke Conspiracy? 1663 J. Spencer Prodigies (1665) 335 We shall find these consecrated weapons of infinite more force against the powers of the Dark Kingdom. 1732 Pope Ep. Bathurst 28 It [gold] serves what life requires, But, dreadful too, the dark Assassin hires. 1792 Mary Wollstonecr. Rights Worn. v. 239 Sometimes displaying the light and sometimes the dark side of their character. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 166 Associated in the public mind with the darkest and meanest vices. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos II. xx. 216 A dark tragedy was preparing in the family of King Robert.

Beowulf 3584 Niht-helm jeswearc deorc ofer dryhtgumum. c 1000 Ags. Ps. lxxiiifi]. 16 J>u daeg settest and deorce niht. a 1225 Juliana 30 Dreihen hire into dare [v.r. dorc] hus. c 1275 Lay. 7563 Hit were dorcke nij?t. e day wex derker J>en pe ny3t. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xvi. xvii, Hit was soone derke soo that he myght knowe no man. 1548 Hall Chron. 113 A very darke night. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 275 The gate was closed, because it was at that time darke. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 354 Lizards shunning Light, a dark Retreat Have found. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 198 If 10 The room was kept dark. 1861 Flo. Nightingale Nursing 24 People lose their health in a dark house. 1875 J. C. Wilcocks Sea Fisherman 190 They will bite when it is so pitchy dark that you cannot see to bait your hook.

oru al pe middelerd derkhede per was inou. c 1300 St. Brandan 37 Al o tide of the dai we were in durchede.

darkie, var. darky, darkey. darkish ('daikij), a.

[f. dark a. + -ish.] Somewhat dark: a. through absence of light.

1557 Sackville Mirr. Mag., Induct, ii, The dayes more darkishe are. 1659-60 Pepys Diary (1879) I. 56 We drank pretty hard.. till it began to be darkish. 1777 Howard Prisons Eng. (1780) 178 The passages are narrow.. and darkish. 1858 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. II. lxxvi. 29 A state of darkish twilight,

b. in shade or colour. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. xxiii. (1495) 877 Matere that is dymme and derkysshe and vnpure. 1538 Leland I tin. IV. 124 The.. Colour.. is of a darkish deepe redde. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 6 Their hair is lank, coarse, and darkish. 1881 C. A. Young Sun 197 A scarlet ribbon, with a darkish band across it.

Hence 'darkishness, darkish quality or state. 1583 Golding Calvin on Deut. xc. 556 God held them in darkishnes, gluing them but a small tast of his Grace.

'dark-'lantern. arrangement concealed.

by

A lantern with a which the light

slide or can be

1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. iii. 45 The pillar of the cloud, the first and perfect pattern of a dark-lantern. 1680 Hickerincill Meroz 27 Vaux is Vaux though he carry a Dark-lanthorn and wear a Vizard. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth v, Simon Glover .. now came to the door with a dark-lantern in his hand.

b. slang.

(See quot.)

01700 B E. Diet. Cant. Crew, A Dark-Lanthorn, the Servant or Agent that Receives the Bribe (at Court).

darkle ('da:k(3)l), v. [A modern word, evolved out of the adverb darkling analysed as a pple.

DARKLESS Probably some parallelism to sparkling has been supposed. See next.] 1. intr. To lie darkling; to show itself darkly. 1819 Byron Juan n. xlix, The night.. darkled o’er the faces pale And the dim desolate deep. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes lxxv, The.. Founder’s Tomb .. darkles and shines with the most wonderful shadows and lights. 1885 Century Mag. 539 The .. fountain .. whose statues and basreliefs darkled above and around a silent pool.

b. To lie in the dark, conceal oneself. 1864 Thackeray D. Duval viii, I remember half-a-dozen men darkling in an alley.

2. To grow dark. 1823 Byron Juan vi. ci, Her cheek began to flush, her eyes to sparkle, And her proud brow’s blue veins to swell and darkle. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. m. 330 Cold and grey, And darkling fast, the waste before her lay. 1880 Howells Undisc. Country ix. 129 The houses darkled away into the gloom of the country.

b. Of the countenance, etc.: To become dark with anger, scorn, etc. 1800 Moore Ode to Anacreon xvii. Note 7 Now with angry scorn you darkle, Now with tender anguish sparkle. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes lxvi. (D.), His honest brows darkling as he looked towards me. 1886 Illust. Lond. News Summer No. 19/2 Peltzer darkling at him with a wicked grin.

3. trans. To render dark or obscure. 1884 [see darkling B. 3]. 1893 National Observer 25 Feb. 370/2 The dramatist.. whose province it is to darkle and obscure.

'darkless, a. nonce-wd. Free from darkness. 1888 Daily News 29 Sept. 5/1 ‘darkless nights’ are enchanting.

In summer time the

darkling (’daiklii)), adv. and a. [ME. darke-ling, f. dark a. + -ling, adverbial formative: cf. back-ling, flat-ling, grove-ling, half-ling.'] A. adv. In the dark; in darkness, lit. and fig. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour 21 She wolde not come in mennis chaumbres bi night derkelyng withoute candelle. 1580 Sidney Arcadia (1662) 379 He came darkeling into his chamber. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. ii. 86 O wilt thou darkling leaue me? 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 1 Our lamps.. at last go out, and leave us darkling. 1667 Milton P.L. hi. 39 The wakeful Bird Sings darkling, and in shadiest Covert hid Tunes her nocturnal Note. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 406 |f 7 Darkling and tir’d we shall the Marshes tread. 1813 Scott Rokeby 1. xxvi, Wilfrid is.. destined, darkling, to pursue Ambition’s maze by Oswald’s clue. 1859 Tennyson Vivien 732 He.. darkling felt the sculptured ornament.

B. pres. pple. and adj. [the ending being confounded with the -ing of participles.] 1. Being, taking place, going on, proceeding, etc. in the dark. a 1763 Shenstone Upon Riddles in Dodsley Coll. Poems (1782) V. 64 Ye writers.. O spare your darkling labours! 1794 Hurdis Tears Affect. 58 Which soars aloft In the first glimpse of morning, and performs A darkling anthem at the gates of Heav’n. 1814 Chalmers Evid. Chr. Revel, x. 285 A single word from God.. is worth a world of darkling speculations. 1859 G. Meredith R. Feverel xx, Here like darkling nightingales they sit. 1863 Mrs. Oliphant Salem Ch. xvi. 286 The mother and son hurried on upon their darkling journey.

2. Characterized darkness; showing obscure.

DARKY

253

by darkness; lying in itself darkly; darksome,

1739 P. Whitehead Manners 3 A doleful tenant of the darkling Cell. 1855 M. Arnold Balder Dead ii, And by the darkling forest-paths the Gods Follow’d. 1865 Gosse Land at weper bigan to glide.. per hit gan dasche adoun .. Ac in pe norj? half of pz churche .. per ne ful no3t a reynes drope. c 1400 Melayne 964 Dede he daschede to the grounde. 1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. II. 43 In my way there are.. many stones to dash against. 1694 Acc. Sev. late Voy. 11. (1711) 168 The Whale .. doth strike about with his Tail and Finns, that the Water dasheth up like Dust. 1724 R. Falconer Voy. (1769) 62 The Tempest was very much abated, and the Waves not dashing so often. 1842 Tennyson Day-dream, The Revival ii, And all the long-pent stream of life Dash’d downward in a cataract. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon II. 418 The full force of the Atlantic is dashing on the cliffs. fig. 1638 D. Featley Strict. Lyndom. 1. 102 Lyes dash one with the other, and truth breakes out of the mouth of the lyar.

13. a. Of persons: To throw oneself with violence, such as would overthrow obstacles or resistance; to go, run, or rush with sudden impetuosity, or with spirited or brilliant action. Also fig. (Const, with var. preps, and advbs.) c 1300 K. Alis. 2837 The gate.. up he brak; In to the cite he con dassche. C1330 Arth. Merl. 6293 (Matz.) Forth dassed the king, a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon lviii. 200 Ye sarazyns dasshed in to the prese to haue rescued Huon. 1596 Pleas. Quippes Upstart Gentlw. in Hazl. E.E.P. IV. 258 Our wantons now in coaches dash, From house to house, from street to street. 1682 Dryden Abs. & Achit. 11. 414 Doeg .. Spurred boldly on, and dashed through thick and thin, Through sense and nonsense. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xviii, Dashing at the steps below. 1823 BRYON.7uan viii. liv, [He] Dash’d on like a spurr’d blood-horse in a race. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. III. iv. 377 [He] rode on madly .. Dashed through the stream and up the other bank. 1886 Ruskin Praeterita I. vii. 230 To leave her card on foot at the doors of ladies who dashed up to hers in their barouche. 1892 Gardiner Student's Hist. Eng. 11 Csesar.. dashed at his stockade and carried it by storm.

b. Said of action with pen or pencil. a 1680 Rochester An Allusion to Horace (R.), With just bold strokes he dashes here and there, Showing great mastery with little care.

f 14. To clash. Obs. c 1325 Coer de L. 4615 Trumpes blewen, tabours dashen.

15. colloq. To make a display, ‘cut a dash’; dash off, out, to burst off, come out, with a dash. 1786 Francis, the Philanthr. I. 159 Bidding fair to dash out, when he was qualified by manhood and experience. 1800 Helena Wells Const. Neville III. 68 He intended to dash off as a star of the first magnitude in the circles of fashion. 1806 Surr Winter in Land. (ed. 3) III. 215 That blade dashes most confoundedly.. he is a princely fellow, to be sure. 1807-8 W. Irving Salmag. (1824) 290 Every lady .. dresses and dashes.

III. 16. Comb. a. with verb + object, as f dash-buckler, a swaggering fellow, swashbuckler; b. with the verb-stem used attrib., as dash-pot, a contrivance for producing gradual descent in a piece of mechanism or for preventing vibration or sudden motion, consisting of a cylinder or chamber containing liquid in which a piston moves; a hydraulic buffer; dash-wheel (see quot. 1874). See also DASH-BOARD. 1567 Fenton Trag. Disc. 123 b, A traine of *dashbucklers or squaring tospottes. 1861 Sci. Amer. 30 Mar. 196/2 The •‘dash pot’ which Watt invented to graduate the descent of the puppet valve into its seat. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. 666 s.v. Cut-off, To seat them without slamming, the valvestems are provided with dash-pots. 1878 in J. Dredge Electr.

Ilium. (1885) II. App. p. lxiv. The arm of the lever may be at right angles to the carbon, one end being weighted and the other attached to the core of a solenoid; the core may have a dash-pot action. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 86/1 The arclamp mechanism is provided with a dash-pot, or contrivance in which a piston moving nearly air-tight in a cylinder prevents sudden jerks in the motion of the mechanism. 1926 Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. (Brit. Engin. Standards Assoc.) 50 Dash-pot, an appliance for preventing the sudden or oscillatory motion of any moving part of a piece of apparatus, by the friction of air or of a liquid. 1930 Engineering 21 Feb. 249/2 The proper function of the piston chamber is, however, that of a dash-pot. 1931 Flight 13 Nov. 1131/2 The dashpot is double acting, and there is a powerful check to spring recoil. 1936 Gloss. Terms Railway Signalling (B.S.I.) 16 Dash pot, a cylinder with a piston valve in which the escape of air or liquid is checked by the valve to assist in lessening shock. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 225/1 Dash pot, a device for damping out vibration; it consists of a piston attached to the part to be damped, fitting loosely in a cylinder of oil. 1959 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 36/1 The variable feed rate for cutting is controlled by a hydraulic dashpot. 1962 Engineering 15 June 793/1 The relay trip current setting is adjustable, .simply by altering vertically the position of the self-locking dashpots. 1839 Ure Diet. Arts 226 Put this mixture into the colour trough.. and after two days wash in the *dash-wheel. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dash-wheel. (Bleaching.) A wheel with compartments revolving partially in a cistern, to wash and rinse calico in the piece, by alternately dipping it in the water and then dashing it from side to side of the compartments.

dash, v.2: see after dash sb.2 dash (daej), sb.1 Forms: 4 dasch, 5-6 dasshe, 6 dasche, dashe, 6- dash. [f. dash v.) 1. A violent blow, stroke, impact, or collision, such as smashes or might smash. (With quot. 1577 cf. dash v. 2.) a 1375 Lay-Folks Mass-Bk. App. iv. 351 Wip his hed he yaf a dasch Ayeyn pe Marbelston. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lxxix, Syr Ector.. gaf sire Palomydes suche a dasshe with aswerd. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1153/2 He offered to hir his cloke, which she (putting it backe with hir hand with a good dash) refused. 1690 W. Walker Idiomat. AngloLat. 22 Let me alone, or I will give you a dash on the teeth. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World ( 1840) 258 The water, falling from a height.. and meeting in the passage with many dashes and interruptions. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 1114 The dash of clouds, or irritating war Of fighting winds. 1858 Lytton What will he do?l. v, Whistling .. in time to the dash of the oars.

12. fig. in phrases at (the) first dash, at one (or a) dash: cf. stroke, blow (F. coup). Obs. 1550 Bale Apol. 37 (R.) He heapeth me in, an whole halfe leafe at a dash, out of Saynt Augustyne. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, 1. ii. 71 She takes vpon her brauely at first dash. 1627 H. Lesly Serm. bef. Majesty 4 Wee are not made absolute entire Christians at the first dash. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 753 What? At first dash so to jear and frump your friend? 1699 W. Hacke Voy. 11. 9 In.. danger, to lose both our Lives and all our substance at one dash. 1710 Acc. Last Distemp. Tom Whigg 11. 48 Designing to immortalize himself and his Patron at a Dash.

13. fig. A sudden blow or stroke that casts down, confounds, depresses, dispirits, etc.; an affliction, discouragement. Obs. 1580 Apol. Prince of Orange in Phoenix (1721) I. 450 That the Course of his Life be found blessed .. without any dash, blow, stumbling. 1629 Rutherford Lett. v. (1862) I. 48, I have received many.. dashes and heavy strokes, since the Lord called me to the ministry. 1637 Ibid. I. 287 The glory of manifested justice in giving of His foes a dash. 1730 T. Boston Mem. vii. 134 This gave me a sore dash.

4. a. The violent throwing and breaking of water (or other liquid) upon or against anything; a splash; a sudden heavy fall of rain; fconcr. a portion of water splashed up. 1570 Levins 35/5 A dashe, labes, aspersio. 1612 T. Comm. Titus i. 8 To giue her harbour.. till the dash and storme be ouer. 1677 W. Harris tr. Lemery's Chym. (ed. 3) 602 During the ebullition.. a great many little dashes of water do fly about, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew s.v. Gust, We say a Dash of Rain, for a sudden, short, impetuous Beat of Rain. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 247 Dr. Macneil seems.. to think the sponging is better than the dash. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton (1882) 12/1 ‘He’s coming round finely, now he’s had a dash of cowd water.’ Taylor

b. The sound of dashing; esp. the splashing sound of water striking or being struck. 1784 Cowper Task 1. 186 Music not unlike The dash of Ocean on his winding shore. 1820 Scott Abbot xxxv, Why did ye not muffle the oars?.. the dash must awaken the sentinel.

5. a. A small portion (of colour, etc.) as it were dashed or thrown carelessly upon a surface. 1713 Berkeley Ess. in Guardian v. Wks. III. 161 The rosy dashes of light which adorn the clouds of the morning and evening. 1884 J. T. Bent in Macm. Mag. Oct. 426/1 Syra is almost entirely a white town, relieved now and again by a dash of yellow wash.

b. A small quantity (of something) thrown into or mingled as a qualifying admixture with something else; an infusion, touch, tinge. Usually fig. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. v. ii. 122 Now (had I not the dash of my former life in me) would Preferment drop on my head. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 892 A thing., not sincerely good, but such as hath a great dash or dose of evil blended with it. 1697 Dampier Voy. (1698) I. 293 It makes most delicate Punch; but it must have a dash of Brandy to hearten it. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 299 f2, I.. resolved that my Descendents should have a Dash of good Blood in their Veins. 1820 W. Irving Sketch-Bk. I. 335 There was a dash of eccentricity and enterprize in his character.

DASH

DASHER

259

fc. A slight specimen, a touch; = cast sb. 9. Obs.

11. Sporting, a. A race run in one heat. U.S. b. A sprint. U.S.

a 1672 Wood office.

1836 Spirit of Times (N.Y.) 20 Feb. 5/3 Or, I will make two races, for one thousand dollars each, give you fifty yards in a dash of one mile, and one hundred yards in a dash of two miles. 1881 Standard 7 Sept. 5/2 They have certainly coined. .the word ‘dash’, to signify a race run in one heat. 1895 Chicago Tribune 24 May 11 /4 At least three of the rivals likely to meet in the 100-yard dash are said to be capable of tying the intercollegiate record. 1948 P.C.C. Chron. (Pasadena, Calif.) 31 Mar. 4/5 Anderson took a third in the open 100 yard dash. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 665/1 Distances up to and including 220 yd. are, in the United States, called dashes.

Life (1848) 161 He gave A. W. a dash of his

6. A hasty stroke of the pen. 1615 Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 414 And thus by meere chaunce with a little dash I have drawne the picture of a Pigmey. 01656 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 310 With one dash to blot it out of the holy Calender. 1691 Ray Creation I. (1704) 41 That this was done by the temerarious dashes of an unguided Pen. 1803 Mackintosh Def. Peltier Wks. 1846 III. 246 Fifty Imperial towns have been erased from the list of independent states, by one dash of the pen.

7. A stroke or line (usually short and straight) made with a pen or the like, or resembling one so made: spec. a. Such a mark drawn through writing for erasure, b. A stroke forming part of a letter or other written or printed character, or used as a flourish in writing, c. A horizontal stroke of varying length (-, —, ——) used in writing or printing to mark a pause or break in a sentence, a parenthetic clause, an omission of words or letters or of the intermediate terms of a series, to separate distinct portions of matter, or for other purposes; sometimes implying the use of strong language; hence as a mild substitute for devil, d. Mus. A short vertical mark (') placed above or beneath a note to indicate that it is to be performed staccato, e. A linear marking, as if made with a pen, on the wings of insects, etc. 1552 Huloet, Dashe or stryke with a penne, litura. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. 1. iv. (ed. 7) 12 Having cancelled the first figure of the multiplyer, by making a dash thorow it with your Pen. 1607 Dekker Westw. Hoe 11. Wks. 1873 II. 297 Marke her dashes, and her strokes, and her breakings, and her bendings. 1612 Brinsley Ludus Lit. xiii. (1627) 177 Making a dash with a pen under every fault. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 470 [P 10 The Transcriber, who probably mistook the Dash of the I for a T. 1733 Swift Poems, On Poetry, In modem wit all printed trash is Set off with num’rous breaks -and dashes-. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 406 The Dash, though often used improperly. . may be introduced with propriety, where the sentence breaks off abruptly .. A dash following a stop, denotes that the pause is to be greater than if the stop were alone. 1848 Rimbault First Bk. Piano 63 The Dash requires a more separate and distinct manner of performance than the Point. 1880 Muirhead Gains Introd. 13 Passages that are illegible in the MS. ..are indicated by dashes, thus-—. 1883 Ld. R. Gower My Remin. II. xxviii. 259 Who the Dash is this person.. and what the Dash does he here? 1899 A. Nicholas Idyl of Wabash 64 A dreadful thought which if put in print would have contained a dash.

f. One of the two signals (the other being the dot) which in various combinations make up the letters of the Morse alphabet. Also dash-anddot, more usually dot-ancLdash (dot sb.1 8). 1859T. P. Shaffner Telegr. Man. 469 Whether the dots, spaces, and dashes be long or short, they should be uniform. 1873 F. Jenkin Electr. & Magn. xxii. §4 Morse signals are sent by a simple key... A short depression or mere tap sends the short elementary signal technically called a dot; a longer depression sends the second elementary signal technically called a dash. 1882 Ogilvie Suppl., Dash-and-dot, consisting of dashes and dots; as, the dash-and-dot alphabet. 1916J. Buchan Greenmantle xx. 268 The sound was regular and concerted —dot, dash, dot—dash, dot, dot.. .the longs and shorts of the Morse Code. 1942 Electronic Engin. XV. 36 On automatic sending it transmits S.O.S. three times followed by a long dash.

8. A sudden impetuous movement, a rush; a sudden vigorous attack or onset. Also fig. 1809 Adm. Cochrane in Naval Chron. XXVI. 164 Our loss in this little dash has.. been severe. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. v. (1889) 36 He .. made up his mind .. to make a dash.. for something more than a mere speaking acquaintance. 1885 Manch. Exam. 25 Feb. 5/2 The dash was successfully made across the desert to Metammeh.

9. a. Spirited vigour of action; capacity for prompt and vigorous action. 1796 Mod. Gulliver's Trav. 50, I began now to suspect I was with sharpers.. and correcting my dash, betted cautiously. 1808 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. IV. 95 The affair., was occasioned .. by the imprudence of the officer, and the dash and eagerness of the men. 1866 Livingstone Jrnl. I. v. 120 In dash and courage they are deficient.

b. to do one's dash (Austral, colloq.), see quots. 1916 and 1966; to have a dash (at) (colloq.), to make an attempt. 1916 C. J. Dennis Songs Sentimental Bloke 121 To do one's dash, to reach one’s Waterloo. 1923 Wodehouse Inimit. Jeeves iii. 37 The blighter’s manner was so cold and unchummy that I bit the bullet and had a dash at being airy. 1930- Very Good, Jeeves! (1957) vi. 114, I supposed I had better have a dash at it and get it over. 1966 G. W. Turner Eng. Lang. Austral. & N.Z. vii. 152 It is tempting to wonder whether the expression ‘he’s done his dash’ meaning ‘he is played out’, ‘he has done all he can’ is connected with the gold-miner’s dashing.

10. A gay or showy appearance, display, parade: usually in phr. to cut a dash, to make a display (see cut v. 25), in Sc. to cast a dash. 1715 Pennecuik Tweeddale 16 (Jam.) Large orderly terrace-walks, which in their summer verdure cast a bonny dash at a distance. 1771 Foote Maid of B. 1. Wks. 1799 II. 213 The squire does not intend to cut a dash till the spring. a 1774 Fergusson Poems {1789) II. 32-33 (Jam.) Daft gowk, .. Are ye come here .. To cast a dash at Reikie’s cross? 1842 P. Parley's Ann. III. 246 Mrs. Cloff was for cutting a dash, giving large dinner-parties. 1887 Punch 12 Mar. 125/1 My wife and girls will wish to cut a dash.

12. a. = DASH-BOARD I. 1868 Rep. Comm. Patents 1867 (U.S.) I. 481/2 Carriage Boot.. January 15, 1867. The apron is combined with a dash cover. 1874 in Knight Diet. Mech. 1893 (used by an Oxford coach-builder in letter). 1911 J. C. Lincoln Cap'n Warren's Wards ii. 15 He says the buggy dash is pretty well scratched up.

b. Now esp. in motor vehicles; = dashboard 1 b. 1902 Kipling in Windsor Mag. Dec. 13/2 Kysh’s hands juggling with the levers behind the discreet backward sloping dash. 1906 Daily Chron. 14 Nov. 9/3 The coil and commutator, being fixed on the dash, are always in front of the driver. 1919 Autocar Handbk. (ed. 9) 253 A second lamp placed somewhere on the dash. 1929 Daily Express 10 Jan. 3/1 The car is fitted with electrical devices with lights on the dashfront to keep the driver informed when anything goes wrong with the lubrication or the ignition. 1944 Coast to Coast 1943 163 They got in the truck and by the light from the dash Black read the slip. 1966 M. Woodhouse Tree Frog xxvii. 205, I fitted the key into the truck’s dash and backed off.

13. The dasher of a churn, esp. the plunger of the old upright or dash-chum; hence dash¬ boards, the fixed beaters in a barrel-churn. 1796 in Repert. Arts & Manuf. (1797) VII. 290 Specification of the Patent granted to Mr. William Raley, of Newbald, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. November 10, 1796... O, the moving dashes or breakers. 1847 in Halliwell. 1865 Harper's Mag. Mar. 541/2 Last summer Joe bought an old-fashioned dash churn. 1877 in N.W. Line. Gloss. 1963 Times 18 May 11/5 Meadar loinithe is a plunging or dash churn.

14. Comb, dash-guard, the metal plate which protects the platform of a tram-car from being splashed by the horses; dash-lamp, a carriage lamp fixed in the centre of the dash-board or ‘dash’; dash-light, a light on the dash-board of a motor vehicle; f dash-line = dash sb. 7; dashrule {Printing), a ‘rule’ or strip of metal for printing a dash across a column or page. Also DASH-BOARD. 1684 R. H. School Recreat. 120 The dash Lines.. above and below, are added only when the Notes ascend above the Staff, or descend below it. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dashrule. 1926 Catholic Mirror June 47 ‘Don’t they call this the dash light?’ she queried, fingering the little nickel-plated illuminator. 1935 M. Eberhart Cases of Susan Dare 285 His mouth tightened in the little glow from the dashlight.

|| dash, sb.2 [Corruption of dashee, through taking the pi. dashees as dashes.] A gift, present, gratuity; = dashee. 1788 Falconbridge Afr. Slave Tr. 7 The Kings of Bonny . . to whom.. they usually make presents (in that country termed dashes). 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Dash, the present with which bargains are sealed on the coast of Africa. 1881 Mem. Geo. Thomson ix. 119 We called in the head man and gave him a dash proportioned to the kindness with which he had received us.

Hence dash v., to give a present to, to ‘tip’. 1861 Du Chaillu Equat. Afr. xiii. 191, I.. offered to dash him (give him some presents). 1881 Mem. Geo. Thomson x. 139 The head man had dashed him a hog.

dash,

adv. [The stem of dash v. used adverbially: cf. bang, crash, etc.] With a dash: see the various senses of the sb. and vb. 1672 Villiers (Dk. Buckhm.) Rehearsal in. i. (Arb.) 67 T’other’s .. at him again, dash with a new conceipt. a 1700 Dryden (J.), The waters .. with a murmuring sound, Dash, dash, upon the ground, To gentle slumbers call. 1787 ‘G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsemen (1809) 22 Fall in with a hackney coach, and he [a horse] will carry you slap dash against it. Mod. The boat went dash against the rocks.

'dash-board, [f. dash

v. and sb. -I- board.] 1. a. A board or leathern apron in the front of a vehicle, to prevent mud from being splashed by the heels of the horses upon the interior of the vehicle. Also, movable sides to a cart for the same purpose (Halliwell).

1846 Rep. Comm. Patents (U.S.) 81 An improvement in sleighs, principally connected with the dash-board, has been patented this year. 1851 Gt. Exhib. Catal. II. 635/1 Adjusting-iron for dash-lamps suitable for sweeps of carriage dash-boards. 1859 Lang Wand. India 172 He fell asleep, his feet over the dashboard, and his head resting on my shoulder. 1882 Miss Braddon Mnt. Royal I. iii. 77 If you fasten the reins to the dashboard, you may trust Felix.

b. In motor vehicles, the panel beneath the windscreen on which electrical instruments and controls are mounted. Also in aircraft. 1904 A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist iv. 114 A cooling apparatus has now been fitted behind the bonnet and in front of the dashboard. 1925 W. Deeping Sorrell Son v. § 1 Sorrell remained by the car. He liked the colour of it, and the compact brightness of the dash-board. 1942 Electronic Engin. XV. 9 A course meter on the dashboard gives a rough indication of distances.

2. a. The spray-board of a paddle-wheel. b. In calico printing (see quot.). i860 Ure Diet. Arts (ed. 5) II. 7 Dash wheels.. were revolving wheels having dash-boards, which are much used in the washing processes necessary in calico printing.

3. Arch. A sloping board to carry off rain¬ water from the face of a wall. 1881 Every Man his own Mechanic § 1298 A piece of wood attached to the face of the wall at an angle and called a dash¬ board.

4. In a churn: see dash sb.1 13. dash-buckler: see dash v. III. dashed (daejt), ppl. a. [f. dash v. + -ed1.] 1. Struck violently against or by something; splashed; mingled, tempered, etc.: see the verb. 1646 Crashaw Steps to Temple Poems 53 Torn skulls, and dash’d out brains. 1647 H. More Song of Soul iii. App. lxvii, Their dashed bodies welter in the weedy scum. 1772 Town Country Mag. 88 Half a dozen glasses of dashed wine. 1879 Spectator 6 Sept. 1126/2 Seeing it [the garden] present a more or less dashed appearance.

2. Marked with a dash, underlined. 1859 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 154 Your dashed ‘induce’ gives the idea that Lyell had unfairly urged Murray.

3. slang or colloq. A euphemism for ‘damned* (see dash v. 11). Also advb., deucedly, confoundedly. Hence 'dashedly adv. 1881 W. E. Norris Matrimony III. 300 A dashed pack of quacks and swindlers. 1888 J. Payn Prince of Blood I. xi. 187 He would find himself dashedly mistaken. 1893 W. S. Gilbert Utopia 11, How utterly dashed absurd.

H'dashee, sb. Also 8 dasje. [Given by Atkins, 1723, in a List of ‘Negrish words’ used on the Guinea Coast.] A gift, present, gratuity. Hence dashee v., to bestow a dashee on, to ‘tip’. 1705 Bosman Guinea (1721) 450 After giving them their Dasje or Present, I dealt with them for the Ivory. 1723 J. Atkins Voy. Guinea (1735) 60 The Negrish Language alters a little in sailing .. Some Negrish words .. Attee ho, how do you do? Dashee, a Present.. Tossu, be gone. Yarra, sick, etc. Ibid. 64 There is a Dashee expected before Ships can wood and water here. Ibid. 100 The Fetish.. whom they constantly Dashee for Health and Safety. Ibid. 169 That Captain .. had.. dashee’d his Negro Friends to go on board and back it.

dasheen (dae'Jiin). [Origin uncertain.] A cultivated variety {Colocasia esculenta) of the taro. 1899 West Indian Bull. I. 131 What is known in Trinidad as ‘dasheen’, also a Colocasia, is not, I think, grown in Jamaica at all. 1910 U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Plant Industry Bull. No. 164 27 It is not always easy to distinguish between the dasheens and the taros, for some of the dasheens have a tendency to throw sprouts from the tips of the tubers. 1913 W. H. Page Let. 26 Jan. in B. J. Hendrick Life of W. H. Page (1922) I. iv. 128 I’m going to grow dasheens. 1918 Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad XVII. 29 The name dasheen appears to be a corruption of the French phrase ‘de la Chine’. 1953 P. Leigh Fermor Violins of St. Jacques 88 Living on dasheen and yam and breadfruit they had uprooted from the plantations. 1968 J. W. Purseglove Tropical Crops II. 587 Some.. also provide temporary lateral shade, as do Xanthosoma spp. (tannias), Colocasia spp. (dasheen and eddoes).

t'dashel. Obs. In 6 dasshel(l. [f. dash v. + -el1, -le instrumental, as in threshel, handle.] A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergillum. 1502 Will ofj. Moore (Somerset Ho.), A Holy Water pott cum le dashell. 1540 Inv. of Plate in Greene Hist. Worcester II. App. 5 A holy water tynnell of selver and gylte, and a dasshel to the same, selver and gylte.

dasher ('daej3(r)). [-er1.] 1. A person who dashes; spec, one who ‘cuts a dash’; a dashing person; a ‘fast’ young woman {colloq.). 1790 Dibdin Sea Songs, Old Cunwell (Farmer), My Poll, once a dasher, now turned to a nurse. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Almeria (1832) 292 She was astonished to find in high life a degree of vulgarity of which her country companions would have been ashamed; but all such things in high life go under the general term of dashing. These young ladies were dashers. 1807 W. Irving Salmag. (1824) 361 To charter a curricle for a month, and have my cypher put on it, as is done by certain dashers of my acquaintance. 1887 Pall Mall G. 23 Nov. 3/2 The fast married woman of fashion .. the unmarried dasher of the same species.

2. That which dashes; spec, the contrivance for agitating the cream in a churn. 1846 Rep. Comm. Patents (U.S.) (1847) 233 What I claim as my invention.. is the combination of the vertical dasher with the oscillating dashers. 1848 D. Drake Let. 7 Jan. in C. D. Drake Pion. Life Kentucky (1870) v. 93 The latter stages of the process [of churning], when the butter rises on the dasher. 1853 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XIV. 1. 74 The oldfashioned barrel-churn, the dashers of which are fixed. 1872 O. W. Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. i. (1885) 26 The empty churn with its idle dasher.

3. =

DASH-BOARD I.

U.S.

1858 O. W. Holmes One-hoss Shay, Boot, top, dasher, from tough old hide. 1859-Prof. Breakf.-t. i. (1891) 14 By no means.. to put their heels through the dasher.

4. Applied to a hunting-cap. 1802 Sporting Mag. XX. 314 Two new pair of Cordovan boots.. and a black velvet dasher from the cap-maker.

5. A dashing attempt, movement, etc. colloq. 1884 Punch 18 Oct. 186/1 Drop your curb, pluck up heart, And go at it a dasher!

DASHI

DASTARDLY

260

| dashi ('daji). [Jap., shortened from dashi-jiru, f. dashi to draw, extract + jiru (shiru) juice, broth.] Cooking stock, esp. a fish stock based upon dried bonito and seaweed; a broth made from the dried flesh of the bonito. 1963 H. Tanaka Pleasures Jap. Cooking i. 4 Dashi, a light, clear fish stock .. is quite indispensable to Japanese cookery. Ibid. iii. 58 Dashi is pale amber in color, crystal clear and delicate in flavor. 1969 Guardian 16 July 16/4 Dried bonito (Katsuobashi).. [is ] used to make .. the simplest and lightest of stocks, dashi. You make it like tea. 1980 Washington Post 4 Dec. E4 He recommends, as an alternative to homemade dashi, the instant dashi, which I have never found without monosodium glutamate in the market.

dashiki ('dajiki). Also dasheki.

[Of W. Afr. origin.] A West African type of shirt, sometimes worn symbolically by U.S. Negroes. 1969 Observer 26 Jan. 9/7 The revolution has spread to the Church: Negro ministers often wear dashikis or turtle-neck sweaters. 1969 Sunday Times 9 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 40 The Harlem blacks want the dasheki, the short African jacket. 1970 ‘J. Morris’ Candywine Devel. xvi. 184 A sleek, oxblood brown singer who was flapping his dashiki shirt.

dashing ('daejir)), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] 1. The action of the verb dash (q.v.), in various senses. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Heurtement, a dashing, a striking. 1694 Acc. Sev. Late Voy. 11. (1711) 47 This Ice becometh very spungy by the dashing of the Sea. 1805 Southey Madoc in W. xvii, The dashing of the oars awaken’d her. 1820 Hazlitt Led. Dram. Lit. 15 The roar and dashing of opinions.

2. Splashing; cortcr. a dash or splash (of mud, etc.); plaster dashed or laid roughly upon a wall; fig. aspersion. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Salpicaduras, dashings, conspersiones. 1598 Florio, Zaccarelle.. dashings or spots of durt or mire. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. v. iv. §24 There is no dashing on the credit of the Lady, nor any the least insinuations of inchastity. 1809-12 Mar. Edgeworth Absentee ix, The dashing was off the walls, no glass in the windows.

3. colloq. The action of ‘cutting a dash’; showy liveliness in dress, manners, etc. 1802 [see dasher i]. 1806 Surr Winter in Lond. II. 11 Mere pips of popularity—mere dots of dashing, a 1847 Mrs. Sherwood Lady of Manor I. ix. 381 That most tasteless and disgusting style of manners which for some years past has obtained the name of dashing; by which term is generally understood all that is ungracious, ungenteel, and repulsive.

4. Comb, dashing-iron, the iron frame by

Ildasht (daejt). [Pers. dasht desert, plain without water.] A name in Iran and some other parts of Asia for a desert, esp. a stony desert. [1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 223/2 The Dasht-Baha-rak is an extensive plain in this district, on which was formerly situated a large city, once the capital of Badakhshan.] 1901 Mem. Geol. Surv. India XXXI. 189 These floods, which, no doubt, were more frequent in former times, have spread the pebbles over large areas in the desert, giving rise to the stony plains known by the name of ‘dasht’. 1925 Blackw. Mag. Mar. 333/2 The coastal belt.. was.. primeval dasht—a dismal succession of open mud flats, patches of low tamarisk, pools of bitter water. 1950 W. B. Fisher Middle East xiii. 267 Firm sandy or stony stretches in which sand dunes (rig) may occur, giving a more ‘normal’ desert topography similar to that of Arabia or the Sahara. The term dasht is applied to this firm desert.

dashy ('dseji), a. [f. dash v. and sb. + -y.] 1. Showy, ostentatiously fashionable, stylish; = dashing ppl. a. 3, 3 b. colloq. 1822 Blackw. Mag. XI. 399 New rugs, with swans and leopards, all so dashy. 1835 Fraser's Mag. XII. 186 Dashy suburban congregations.

2. Characterized by hastiness of execution. 1844 Ld. Brougham A. Lunel III. v. 147 The style was.. somewhat dashy, and here and there a little indistinct.

3. Marked with dashes or strokes,

nonce-use.

1856 Dickens Lett. (1880) I. 425 Many a hand[writing] have I seen.. some loopy, some dashy, some large, some small.

fdasiberd. Obs. Also dasy-, daysy-, dasa-, dose-, dosa-, dossi-, doziberd(e, dosebeirde. [The better form is prob. dasy herd = dazy-beard: see dazy a. inert, dull. Matzner compares LG. dosbart, and the same notion appears in Lowland Sc. dulbart, dulbert = dull-beard, dullard.] A stupid fellow, dullard, simpleton. C1400 Sowdone Bab. 1707 Trusse the forth eke, sir Dasaberde. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wiilcker 694/22 Hie duribuccus, a dasyberd. 1468 Medulla Gram, in Promp. Parv. 114 Duribuccus, J?at neuer opened his moup, a dasiberde. ? a 1500 Chester PI. xii. 5 (MS. of 1592) There is a Doseberd [v.r. Dosseberde] I wolde dear, That walkes about wyde-where. Ibid. 94 Some other sleight I must espie This Dosaberd [v.r. Doziberde] for to destroy.

dasill, dasle, obs. forms of dazzle.

dasometer, bad form for dasymeter.

dasse, var. das; obs. form of dash.

A dashing leather is fixed on the fore part of a Carriage, to prevent the dirt splashing against the passenger.

dassel(l, obs. form of dazzle.

2. Characterized by prompt vigour of action; spirited, lively, impetuous. 1796 Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 271 Even your dashing Matthew could not be guilty of such a blunder. 1796 Burke Lett, noble Ld. Wks. 1842 II. 267 In the dashing style of some of the old declaimers. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §7. 95 A bold, dashing soldier. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 8 He drove away at a dashing pace.

3. Given to fashionable and striking display in manners and dress; that is a ‘dasher’. 1801 Mar. Edgeworth Belinda xix, Mrs. Freke..was a dashing, fashionable woman. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. II. 39 She had two dashing daughters, who dressed as fine as dragons.

b. transf. Of things: stylish, ‘swell’.

Fashionably

showy;

1816J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 75 The dashing colonnade of the Garde Meuble. 1847 De Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun vi. (1853) 12 A dashing pair of Wellington trousers.

dashingly ('daejir)li), adv. [-ly2.] In a dashing manner or style. 1803 Chalmers Let. in Life (1851) I. 476 They were determined to go dashingly to work. 1837 Hawthorne Twice Told Tales (1851) I. xvi. 25 In a smart chaise, a dashingly dressed gentleman and lady. 1870 Dasent Ann. Eventful Life (ed. 4) iii. 69 None of that dashingly destructive work.

dashingness ('daejujnis). [f. dashing/)/)/, a. 3 + -ness.] The quality of being dashing. 1934 E. Bowen Cat Jumps 94 Her dashingness, curtness, and air of experience. 1943 - Seven Winters 31 Edwardian dashingness.

t 'dashism. Obs. nonce-wd. The character of having dash, or being a ‘dasher’. 1788 V. Knox Winter Even, xxviii. (R.), He must fight a duel, before his claim to complete heroism, or dashism, can be universally allowed.

dash-pot, dash-wheel: see dash v. III.

Promp. Parv. 111 DaflFe, or dastard, or he pat not yn tyme, oridurus. Ibid. 114 Dastard, or duribuctius (P. vel duribuccus). c 1440 York Myst. What dastardis! wene ye be wiser J?an we? 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 192 These dronken dastardes .. drinke till they be blinde. 1530 Palsgr. 212/1 Dastarde, estovrdy, butarin. 1552 Huloet, Dastard, excors.. socors, vecors.

2. One who meanly or basely shrinks from danger; a mean, base, or despicable coward; in modern use, esp. one who does malicious acts in a cowardly, skulking way, so as not to expose himself to risk. [1470-85 Malory Arthur ix. iv, As a foole and a dastard to alle knyghthode.] 1526 Skelton Magnyf. 2220 Thou false harted dastarde, thou dare not abyde. c 1537 Thersites in Hazl. Dodsley I. 395,1 shall make the dasters to renne into a bag, To hide them fro me. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. i. 190 Before this out-dar’d dastard, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 41 He was, though a dwarf, no dastard. 1715 Pope Iliad 11. 427 And die the dastard first, who dreads to die. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) II. 602/2 The greatest dastard and the meanest wretch in the world. 1808 Scott Marm., Lochinvar, A laggard in love and a dastard in war. 1870 Bryant Iliad I. 11. 52 What chief or soldier bears a valiant heart, And who are dastards.

B. adj. Characterized by mean shrinking from danger; showing base cowardice; dastardly. C1489 Caxton Blanchardyn liv. 219 Casting away his dastard feare. 1592 Nobody & Someb. (1878) 292 The dastardst coward in the world. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iii. v. (Arb.) 48 To waile thy haps, argues a dastard minde. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 447 A soft, inglorious, dastard train. 1866 Neale Sequences & Hymns 125 We fling the dastard question from us!

t'dastard, v. Obs. [f. prec.: cf.

a 1841 Hook Martha, They slipped over the dashing iron between the horses. 1794 W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 206

c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. C. 312 J?y stryuande stremez .. In on daschande dam, dryuez me ouer. 1628 Earle Microcosm., Tauerne (Arb.) 34 Like a street in a dashing showre. 1839 T. Beale Sperm Whale 391 The howling winds and dashing waves.

c 1440 spekythe dullarde, xxxii. 88

1835 Lytton Rienzi 1. iii, The clients of the Colonna, now pressing, dastard-like, round the disarmed and disabled smith.

dass, Sc. var. of dess, layer, stratum, ledge.

something; splashing.

-ae-), sb. and a. Also 6 daster. [Known only from the 15th c. Notwithstanding its French aspect (cf. bastard) it appears to be of Eng. formation. The Promptorium identifies it in sense with dasiberde; cf. also dasart, of kindred derivation and meaning; these make it probable that the element dast is = dased dull, stupid, inert, f. dase, daze; cf. other native formations with the suffix -ard, as dasart, drunkard, dullard, laggard, sluggard.] A. sb. f 1. One inert or dull of wit, a dullard; a sot. Obs.

C. Comb., as dastard-like adj. or adv.

dasje, daskand: see dashee, dascan.

which the dash-board is fixed to the carriage; dashing-leather, a leathern dash-board.

'dashing, ppl. a. [-ing2.] 1. That dashes; that beats violently against

dastard ('daistad,

dassie ('daesi, ’dasi). 5. Afr. Also dasje, dassi. [Afrikaans: see dassy.] 1. = das 2, dassy. 1814 J. Pinkerton tr. Thunberg's Acct. Cape of Good Hope XVI. 129 The uppermost covers himself with the skin of a Dassi (cavia capensis), to keep out the cold and bad weather. 1828 J. Philip Res. S. Afr. I. ii. 27 Their Sonquaas (soldiers).. wander daily in the fields to catch dasjes, jackals, and other animals. 1835 Andrew Smith Diary 10 July (1940) II. 106 The dassie chews the cud. 1866 J. Leyland Adv. S. Afr. iii. 118 In these mountains I also saw the Dassi (Hyrax Capensis), or Rock Rabbit of the Cape. 1902 [see sense 2]. 1931 Times Educ. Suppl. 22 Aug. iv/3 Hyraxes, known also as ‘Dassies’, or ‘Rock-rabbits’, the conies of the Bible. 1946 Cape Times 28 Aug. 7/6 Eagles, Cape dassies, the mongoose. 1952 Ibid. 22 Nov. 4/6 A whole colony of dassies (rock-rabbits).

2. The sea-fish Diplodus Sparidae); black-tail.

sargus

(family

*853 L. Pappe Edible Fishes Cape G.H. 22 Cantharus Emarginatus.. Dasje.. Rare in Table Bay, but more frequently caught in the several Bays to the East of the Cape. 1902 Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. XI. 220 The Dasje might also with a little stretch of the imagination be likened to the rabbit or dassie, from its general shape, and this is the name by which it is known in Cape Town, Hout Bay, and Kalk Bay. 1930 C. L. Biden Sea-Angling Fishes of Cape xii. 199 Dassie are often caught that when taken from the water are silvery.

dassievanger (’daesivaet)3(r), H'dasifarpr). 5. Afr. [Afrikaans, f. prec. + vanger catcher.] Quot. 1867 identifies the bird with the popular name of i and the scientific name of 2.

1. The bateleur eagle, Terathopius ecaudatus. Cf. BERGHAAN. 1867 [see BERGHAAN], 1889 H. A. Bryden Kloof & Karoo 273 A great black mountain eagle. We know him at once for a berghaan (cock of the mountain), or dassie-vanger (coneyeater). 1893 A. Newton Diet. Birds 132 Dassie-vanger (Coney-catcher), the Dutch name for an Eagle in South Africa, adopted by English residents.

2. A large, black bird of prey with a Y-shaped white mark on the rump, Aquila Verreauxi, found in S. and N.E. Africa and in Palestine. 1951 Cape Argus 20 Oct. (Mag.) 2/4 Most difficult of all birds to shoot, Hoesch found, was the black eagle or dassievanger.

||'dassy. [ad. Du. dasje, dim. of das, das.] The Cape daman, Hyrax capensis; = das 2. 1846 H. H. Methuen Life in Wilderness iv. 79 A rock-rabbit, or dassy (Hyrax Capensis), was shot in the rocks, amongst which these animals always dwell. 1882 Mrs. Hickford Lady Trader 106 A dassy, or rock rabbit.

coward v.] trans. To make a dastard of; to cow, terrify.

1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 73 My womanish stomacke hath serued me to that, which your man-like stomackes are dastarded with. 1620 Shelton Quix. III. xxvi. 186 The Scholar was frighted, the Page clean dastarded. 1665 Dryden Ind. Empr. 11. i, I’m weary of this Flesh, which holds us here, And dastards manly Souls with Hope and Fear.

t 'dastardice. -ise. Obs. [f. after cowardice. -ice1,

dastard sb. + -ise,

Mean

cowardice.]

or

base

1603 Florio Montaigne iii. v. (1634) 498 His faintnesse, dastardise, and impertinencie. 1748 Richardson Clarissa Wks. 1883 VII. 143, I was upbraided with ingratitude, dastardice, and [etc.].

'dastardize, v.

[f.

dastard

sb.

+

-ize:

cf.

cowardize (of same age).] = dastard v. r 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) II. 16 To dastardize or cowe your spirits, a 1700 Dryden (J.), Such things.. As.. would dastardize my courage. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) IV. 208 The moment I beheld her, my heart was dastardized. 1841 Tail’s Mag. 561 To lie. . dastardized in the dust.

dastardliness

('daistsdlims, -ae-). [f. das¬ a. + -ness.] The quality of being dastardly. fl. Inertness or dullness of wit; stupidity. Obs.

tardly

•553 Grimalde Cicero’s Offices 1. (1558) 45 That our appetites obaye reason: and neyther runne before it, nether for slouth or dastardlinesse dragge behind it. 1557 Recorde Whetst. Y iij, But for euery mater to require aied.. it might seme mere dastardlinesse.

2. Mean or base cowardliness. 1561 T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer 1. Civb, Dastardlines or any other reproche. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i.. 14 Alas, our dasterdlines, and timiditie, that faint before daies of triall. 1684 Manton Exp. Lord's Pr. Wks. 1870 I. 223 Observe Peter’s dastardliness .. a question of the damsel’s overturns him. 1807 F. Wrangham Serm. Transl Script. 10 Their proverbial dastardliness of character.

'dastardling.

nonce-wd.

[f.

dastard

sb.

+

-LING, dim. suffix.] A contemptible dastard. 1800 Coleridge Piccolom. iv. iii. 53 Will he, that dastardling, have strength enough [etc.]?

dastardly ('daistadli,

-ae-), a. [f. dastard sb. +

-LY1.]

f 1. Inert of mind or action; stupid, dull. Obs. 1567 Maplet Gr. Forest 96 b, The Owle is called the dastardly Bird: she is of such slouth and sluggishnesse.

2. Like or characteristic of a dastard; showing mean or despicable cowardice. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 251 A feareful, cowardly, and dastardly loute. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 333 Losing courage continually, and daily growing more base

DASTARDLY and dastardly. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxix. 157 The Swiss infantry.. behaved in a dastardly manner and deserted their post. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 207 The most dastardly and perfidious form of assassination. 1872 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. lv. 12 III. 19 The slanders of an avowed antagonist are seldom so mean and dastardly as those of a traitor. Mod. A dastardly outrage.

Dasypeltis and Elachistodon\ many snakes are fond of birds’ eggs.

'dastardly, adv. Obs. [-LY2.] Like a dastard; in a cowardly manner.

dasypod

t

1552 Huloet, Dastardly, or lyke a dastarde, pusillanimiter. a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Skiamachia Wks. (1711) 201 And the brave men of Scotland all the while shall ly still quiet.. calling dastardly upon a parliament. f

DATE

261

'dastardness. Obs. [-ness.] 1. Inertness of understanding,

dasyphyllous (daesi'fibs), a. Bot. [f. Gr. Saav-s rough, hairy + tlAA-ov leaf + -ous.] ‘Having hairy or woolly leaves’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). ('daesipDd). Zool. [f. generic name Dasypus, ad. Gr. Saaimovs, SaawnoS-, hairy or rough-footed.] Of or pertaining to Dasypus, a genus of armadillos; an animal of this genus. Hence da'sypodid sb., da'sypodine a.

IjDasyprocta (daesi'prDkta). Zool. [mod.L., f. stupidity,

dullness. 1552 Huloet, Dastardnes, socordia. 1562 Turner Herbal 11. N iij b, By dastardnes and weiknes of mynde.

Gr. SaaimpuiKT-os having hairy buttocks (f. Saav-s hairy + -npuiKTos buttocks).] A genus of South and Central American rodents, the agoutis. Hence dasy'proctid a. (sb.), dasy'proctine a.

individual applications. 1984 Smith & Bailey Mod. Eng. Legal Syst. i. 10 It would, .cause chaos, even in an age of computerised legal data bases, if every decision on whether a defendant had behaved ‘unreasonably’.. could potentially be cited. 1985 Sunday Times 10 Mar. 80/3 CIR went through its data-base looking for companies interested in investing in new ideas in electronics. 1985 Ashmolean ix. 1/1 A museum and its records are one vast database.

2. Special Comb.: database management, the organization and manipulation of data in a database; database management system, a software package that provides all the functions required for database management; abbrev. DBMS s.v. D III. 3; database manager = database management system above; database system, a database together with a database management system.

1839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 261/2 The Opossums resemble in their dentition the Bandicoots more than the Dasyures. 1881 Times 28 Jan. 3/4 The smaller pouched herbivores have their slayers in the ‘native devil’ (sarcophilus), and in the dasyures or native cats.

1964 Proc. Symposium Development & Managem. Computer-Centered Data Base, Economic Considerations Relevant to ‘Data Base Management, V. LaBolle (work session). 1969 in Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery (1971) XIV. 318/2 A survey of generalized data base management systems. 1971 [see DBMS s.v. D III. 3]. 1983 Computerworld7 Feb. ID-53/1 Data bases and data base management systems (DBMS) were developed to overcome the handicap of file-oriented systems. 1985 Personal Computer World Feb. 25/1 (Advt.), Powerful database management and applications generator with optional graphics and development tools. 1975 Proc. World Conf. Med. Information 1. 335 One general purpose *database manager, available through a commercial time-sharing service, was tested. 1984 Which Micro? Dec. 20/2 The four programs .. consist of a wordprocessor, a spreadsheet, a data base manager and a business graphics designer. 1962 Technical Memo (System Development Corp., Calif.) tmwd-16/007/00. i. 5 It is necessary to define the characteristics of a data base to the *Data Base System so that when instructed to manipulate data, the system can recognize the format and positioning of item information in the entries. 1980 C. S. French Computer Sci. xl. 300 Data base systems are possible with the current hardware available. It is the necessary interface (the data base management system) which needs development.

related to dase-n, to daze. The suffix may be as in herwen, harwen, harewen, occurring beside herijen, herien, mod. harrow and harry, from OE. hergian. The word would thus be a parallel form to *dasijen, *dasien, from dasij adj.: see dazy.] intr. Of the eyes or sight: To be or become dim.

Hence dasy'urine a. Zool., belonging to the subfamily Dasyurinse.

datable, dateable ('dert3b(3)l), a. [f.

1382 Wyclif Deut. xxxiv. 7 The ey3e of hym [Moses] daswed not. -1 Sam. iii. 2 Heli leye in his place, and his eyen daswiden. c 1386 Chaucer Manciple's Prol. 31 Thyn eyen daswen eek [v.rr. dasewen, dasen, dasowepe]. c 1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 68 Myn i3en daswen, myn heer is hoore. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 114 Daswyn’ [printed Dasmyn’], or messen as eyys (H., P. dasyn, or myssyn as eyne), caligo. 1496 Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) viii. xvi. 343 Age.. feblenesse, dasewynge of syght.

1985 New Scientist 7 Nov. 32/1 DAT makes existing audio cassette recorders obsolete. 1986 Times 3 Sept. 23/2 Dats will be a serious threat to the compact disc market. 1987 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 5 Feb. (Blitz Suppl.) 2/1 Unlike compact discs, DAT tapes allow consumers to make their own ‘perfect sound’ dubbings, raising fears of massive copyright breaches.

2. Base cowardice, dastardliness. 1519 Horman Vulg. 55 He rebuked him of his dastardnes and pekishnes. 1639 Fuller Holy War iv. xix. (1840) 211 The dastardness of the Egyptians made these mamalukes more daring.

dastardy ('daistsdi, -ae-). arch. Also 6-7 -ie. [f. dastard sb. + -Y, after cowardy, bastardy.] The

quality of a dastard; base or mean cowardice. 1588 Allen Admon. 19 The whole world deriding our effeminate dastardie. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. 22 Farre from any suspition of dastardy. a 1640 Jackson Creed xi. xxiv. Wks. X. 461 Which did especially aggravate the Israelites dastardy. 1706 Collier Refl. Ridic. 298 We must bear with those that are above us.. without dastardy and baseness. 1850 Blackie JEschylus II. 168 Why run ye thus .. into the hearts of men Scattering dastardy?

daster, -liness,

obs. var. dastard, -liness.

dastoor, dastur(i,

varr. dustoor, dustoory.

fdaswen, v. Obs. Also 4-5 dasewe(n. [Closely

b. pa. pple. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame n. 150 Thou sittest at another booke Tyl fully dasewyd ys thy looke. 14.. Hoccleve To Dk. Bedford 9 Myn yen hath custumed bysynesse So daswed. 1438 Caxton G. de la Tour Fjb, Ye be dasewed and sore dyseased of your syght and wytte.

dasy(e, obs. form of

daisy sb., dazy.

dasylirion

(daesi'lman). [mod.L. (J. G. Zuccarini 1838, in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 18 Aug. 258/1), f. Gr. Saov-s thick + Acipiov lily.] A plant of the liliaceous genus of this name, indigenous to Mexico and the south-western U.S., having white bell-shaped flowers, cultivated as a greenhouse evergreen plant. [1858 Curtis’s Bot. Mag. LXXXIV. tab. 5030 (heading) Bearded-leaved Dasyiirium. 1866 Lindley & Moore Treas. Bot. I. 385/1 Dasylirion, a genus of Bromeliacese, consisting of Mexican plants with short stems, and densely crowded linear leaves which droop gracefully.] 1880 Encycl. Brit. XII. 262/1 The Dasylirions have stout woody stems and large heads of narrow leaves. 1933 Punch 11 Jan. 45/1, I simply yearn to look a dasylirion in the eye. 1951 Did. Gardening (R. Hort. Soc.) II. 640/1 Dasylirions are excellent plants for subtropical bedding, their gracefully drooping leaves being ornamental at all times. 1963 W. Blunt Of Flowers fsf Village 29 The dasylirion has leaves as sharp as saws.

dasyll,

obs. form of dazzle.

dasymeter (dae'simit3(r)).

Improperly daso-. [mod. f. Gr. Saav-s dense + pterpov measure.] An instrument for measuring the density of gases. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 404 The manometer, or dasometer, for finding the density or rarity of the atmosphere. 1874 Knight Did. Mech., Dasymeter.. consists of a thin glass globe, which is weighed in the gas and then in an atmosphere of known density.

dasypeltis (daesi'peltis). [mod.L. (J. G. Wagler Natiirliches System der Amphibien (1830) iv. 178), f. Gr. 8aav-s thick + tte'Att) small shield.] A small harmless egg-eating snake of the genus of this name found in central and south Africa. [1849 A. Smith Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Reptilia Tab. LXXIII, On discovering that Anodon had been employed by conchologists, I adopted Dasypeltis, as proposed by Wagler.] 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 194/2 A very peculiar genus of snakes, Dasypeltis, represented by three species only, is the type of a separate family. 1927 Haldane & Huxley Anim. Biol. xi. 223 The egg-eating snake, Dasypeltis. 1969 A. Bellairs Life of Reptiles. I. iv. 119 Among the selective feeders are the egg-eating colubrids

1875 Blake Zool. 67 Hares are rarest in South America, where their place is occupied by the Cavies and dasyproctine Rodents.

dasypygal (daesi'paigal), a. Zool. [mod. f. Gr. 8aaimvy-os (f. Saou-s hairy + Ttvy-q rump, buttocks).] Having hairy buttocks, roughbottomed. 1875 Blake Zool. 17 The higher dasypygal or anthropoid Apes.

dasyure ('d®si(j)u3(r)).

Zool. [ad. mod.L. dasyurus, f. Gr. Saav-s rough, hairy + ovpa tail.] An animal of the genus Dasyurus or subfamily Dasyurinse, comprising the small carnivorous marsupials of Australia and Tasmania, also called ‘brush-tailed opossums’ or ‘native cats’.

*839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 260/1 In.. its hinder feet Myrmecobius resembles the Dasyurine family.

DAT (direi'ti:, daet), sb. Also dat. [Acronym f. digital audio tape s.v. digital a. 5 b.] Digital audio tape; a recording made in this format.

dat (dat), conj., dem. pron., adj., etc. Repr. dial, (esp. Ir.), W.I., and U.S. Black pronunc. of that. 1688 T. Wharton New Song, Ho, Brother Teague, dost hear de Decree, Lilli Burlero Bullena-la, Dat we shall have a new Debittie, Lilli Burlero Bullena-la. 1792 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry II. v. i. 74 Massa say, somebody say, dat de first man was de fite man; but you say, dat de first man was de black a-man. 1801 in M. Johnson Amer. Advertising, 1800-1900 (i960), All dat goarse [sc. coarse] skin. 1880 W. T. Dennison Orcadian Sketch-Bk. 3 He tankid de Lord for gaean’ Charlie the kingdom an dat wus tankin him for what he niver deud. 1883 [see cutting-up (a) s.v. cutting vbl. sb. 9e]. 1926 N. N. Puckett in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 5/2 The Negro., also sings ‘I wouldn’ marry dat yelluh Nigger gal.’ 1939 Joyce Finnegans Wake 379 And be the seem talkin wharabahts hosetanzies, dat sure is sullibrated word! c i960 L. Bennett in Ramchand & Gray West Indian Poetry (1972) 24 A job Dat suit her dignity. 1973 Sunday Express (Trinidad & Tobago) 1 Apr. (Suppl.) 12/3 Stop dat ole talk.

dat, obs. form of data

daut v., Sc. to fondle.

('delta), pi. of datum, q.v.

database (’deitabeis). Also data base, data-base, [f. data sb. pi. + base s/i.1] 1. A structured collection one that accessible collection

of data held in computer storage; esp. incorporates software to make it in a variety of ways; transf., any large of information.

1962 Technical Memo. (System Development Corp., Calif.) tm-wd- 16/007/00. i. 5 A ‘data base’ is a collection of entries containing item information that can vary in its storage media and in the characteristics of its entries and items. 1967 E. R. Lannon in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer iv. 83 The Search area provides a means of querying the data base. 1971 New Scientist 4 Mar. 498/1 A database is a generalised collection of data not linked to one set of functional questions. 1972 Computer Jrnl. XV. 290/1 Engineering information files set up on disc by Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd... form the data base for a fully integrated production control system. 1972 Science 3 Nov. 472/1 The data base from which the volumes are compiled is maintained on magnetic tape and is updated weekly. 1973 Nature 13 Apr. 485/1, I gave a list of the fifty most cited authors for 1967, using the 1967 SCI as the data base. 1974 Florida FL Reporter XIII. 88/2 A number of sociolinguists.. gradually moved closer to the creolist position as their data-base expanded. 1981 IBM Jrnl. Res. Gf Development XXV. 505 Around 1964 a new term appeared in the computer literature to denote a new concept. The term was ‘data base’, and it was coined by workers in military information systems to denote collections of data shared by end-users of time-sharing computer systems. The commercial data processing world .. appropriated ‘data base’ to denote the data collection which results from consolidating the data requirements of

date v. +

-able.] Capable of being dated. 1837 Fraser's Mag. XVI. 401 Dateable contemporary inscriptions. 1884 Athenaeum 19 Jan. 94/1 The oldest datable Reynolds in the gallery.

datal (’deitsl), a. [f. L. datum date + -al1.] a. Of or pertaining to date; chronological. rare. 1882 Bradshaw's Railw. Manual, The Parliamentary Intelligence .. first appears in datal order.

b. Containing or including the date (as of a charter). 1837 T. D. Hardy Rot. Chart. 31 The Datal clause in Anglo-Saxon charters generally.. precedes the names of the witnesses. Ibid. 34 William the Conqueror.. also commemorated historical occurrences in his datal clauses. 1858 Topographer ou mayst nat py flesshe daunte Be not J>arfor yn wanhope. c 1390 Chaucer Truth 13 Daunt thi self that dauntest otheres dede. c 1425 Jas. I (Scotl.) Good Counsel in Kingis Q. (1884) 51 Sen word is thrall and thocht is only free, Thow dant thi twnge, that pouer has and may. 1533 Gau Richt Vay (1888) 14 Thay quhilk wil nocht suffer god to dant and rewl thayme.. efter his halie wil. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. iv. vii. (1651)163 It daunts whole kingdoms and cities.

fb. To cast down, put down, quell. Obs. ? a 1400 Arthur 113 He daunted pe proude & hawted pe poure. 1513-75 Diurn. Occurrents (1833) 144 To dant the insolence of George erle Huntlie. 1594 G. W. Senior Pref. Verses Spenser's Amoretti, Dawnting thereby our neighboures auncient pride. 1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. xlvii. 511 The secretary in a letter.. trusted the Queen’s Majesty would proceed here in such sort, as both these mischiefs would be daunted.

4. To abate the courage of, discourage, dispirit; to put in awe, abash; to overcome with fear, intimidate, cause to quail. (The current sense.) c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 600,1 dreid me, sa he dantit the, thow durst not with him deill. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 615 This discomfiture .. daunted the hartes of the .. Gascons. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 1. ii. 200 Thinke you a little dinne can daunt mine eares? 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 1063 True Christian fortitude.. may be overborne, but it cannot be daunted. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. xxxii. 227 The spirit of their chief was not daunted by misfortune. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 11. iv, She was not daunted by the practical difficulties in the way.

f5. To daze, stupefy. Obs. exc. dial. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xiii. (1887) 62 Such as.. haue their senses daunted, either thorough dreaming melancholie, or dulling phleame. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. i. 18 Much daunted with that dint her sence was dazd. 1847-78 Halliw., Daunt.. in the provinces, to stun, to knock down.

TII- 6. To dandle, fondle, caress. Obs. 1303 R Brunne Handl. Synne 4880 J»e fadyr.. be chylde dauntede on hys kne. 1382 Wyclif Isa. lxvi. 12 Vp on the knes men shul daunte 3011. 14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 132 Wip siche woordes & cosses dauntynge hir body. 1483 Cath. Angl. 92 To Dawnte (A. or to cherys), blanditractare.

fb. absol.

To toy.

Obs. rare.

a 1529 Skelton Image Ipocr. 225 Some daunte and daly .. in the blak ally Wheras it ever darke is.

III. 7. Herring Fishery. To press herrings into the barrel with a ‘daunt’.

dauphin.

dalt; obs. pa. pple. of deal v.

daun, obs. form of

dauner,

donsie

a.] Sickly; delicate, not robust. 1846 E. W. Farnham Life in Prairie Land (1847) iv. 39, I shall give her enough to eat and wear, and I dont calculate she’ll be very daunsey if she gets that. 1874 E. Eggleston Circuit Rider vi. 61 You look powerful dauncy, said the old man. 1880 W. H. Patterson Antrim & Down Gloss. 31 Donsy, Dauncey, sick, sick-looking. 1891 M. E. Ryan Pagan of Alleghanies v. 82 He ain’t one o’ yer skim-milk, dauncy ones. He's as stout as a young bull. 1912 I. S. Cobb Back Home 148 He looks sort of dauncy and low in his mind. 1926 E. M. Roberts Time of Man (1927) iv. 152 Dorine said that he must be sick. ‘He looks dauncy,’ she said. Ibid. x. 377 ‘Pap he’s sick today,’ Joe said. ‘I see that. He’s dauncy all day.’

salted

1733 P- Lindsay Interest Scot. 201 The largest Herrings .. repackt by themselves, and sufficiently served with fresh Salt, daunted and well oyled. 1891 Rep. Deputation Fishery Board Scot, to Continent 7 No daunting should be used, when the barrel is fully filled up, but it is most desirable on the first filling up.

daunt, sb. [f. daunt v.) flThe act of daunting; intimidation; a check. Obs.

dispiriting,

a 1400 in Leg. Rood 139 pe deue!.. Mony folk In-to helle he clihte, Til pe crosses dunt 3af him a daunt. 1573 Twyne JEneid. xi. Ii iv b, b, O Tyrrhene dastardes still? What daunt within youre hartes doth light? 1640 Bp. Reynolds Passions xxvii. 279 In a sudden daunt and onset of an unexpected evill.

|2. Dandling, caress. Obs. 01548 Thrie Priests Peblis in Pinkerton Sc. Poems I. 43 (Jam.) Of me altyme thow gave but lytil tail; Na of me wald have dant nor dail.

3. Herring Fishery. A disc of wood, usually made of two barrel heads nailed together cross¬ wise, used to press down salted herrings in the barrels. 1890 Regul. Branding Herrings (Sc. Fishery Board) 5 The daunt must be used with all repacked herrings. Ibid. 6 The

wane mekly As pai had bene wel-dantyt ky. 1487 Sc. Acts Jas III, c. 18 Davntit hors depute to werk & nocht to pe sadill. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 277 Maisteris of Museik, to recreat thy spreit With dantit voce and plesande Instrument. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus Prol. 229 Be dantit refrenatioun, A man may.. alter his Inclinatioun.

2. Dispirited; overcome with fear. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. I. 176/2 The forepart of his dawnted host. 1771 Mrs. Griffith tr. Viand’s Shipwreck 143 The daunted look with which he eyed us. 1867 Jean Ingelow Poems, Story Doom VII. 46 The daunted mighty ones kept silent watch.

Hence 'dauntedness. 1660 G. Fox Salut. to Chas. II, 6 God struck thy Fathers Party with dauntedness of spirit.

daunten: see daunton

v.

Sc.

daunter (’do:nt3(r)). Also 6 Sc. danter, -ar. [f. DAUNT V. + -ER1.]

1. One who daunts; fa subduer, vanquisher. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. Prol. 226 Danter of Affrik, Quene fundar of Cartage. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche 4183 The danter of the Romanis pompe and glorye. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. 1. vi. (R.), The danter then of trespassers,

f 2. A tamer (of horses), horse-breaker. Obs. 1513 Douglas Asneis vii. iv. 84 Kyng Picus, Dantar of horss. 1549 Compl. Scot. xvii. 151 The maist perfyit industreus horse dan tars of macedon.

daunting (’domtii)), vbl. sb. [-ING1.] The action of the verb daunt; vanquishing; taming; caressing; discouragement, intimidation. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4032 Man may for no dauntyng Make a sperhauke of a bosarde. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 115 Dawntynge, or grete chersynge, focio. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xli. (1887) 235 It is a great daunting to the best able man. 1654 E. Johnson World. Work. Provid. 117 To the danting of every proud heart.

'daunting, ppl. a. [-ing2.] intimidating, etc.; see the verb.

That

daunts:

01300 Cursor M. 21343 (Cott.) Leon dantand harsk and herd. C1585 Faire Em in. 1052 As for his menacing and daunting threats. 1677 Gilpin Demonol. (1867) 467 A daunting and commanding authority over the consciences of men. 1847 Emerson Poems, Monadnoc Wks. (Bohn) I. 439 Open the daunting map beneath.

Hence 'dauntingly adv., 'dauntingness. 1794 Burns MPherson's Farewell, Sae dauntingly gaed he. 1613-18 Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. 4 (D.) As one who well knew.. how the first euents are those which incusse a daungtingnesse or daring.

dauntless ('dointlis), a. [f. daunt v. (hardly from the sb.) + -less.] Not to be daunted; fearless, intrepid, bold, undaunted. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 111. iii. 17 Let thy dauntlesse minde still ride in triumph, Ouer all mischance. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 603 Browes Of dauntless courage. 1761 Gray Fatal Sisters 41 Low the dauntless Earl is laid. 1817 Scott {title), Harold the Dauntless. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §5. 514 Laud was as dauntless as ever.

Hence 'dauntlessly adv., 'dauntlessness. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab vii. 196 Therefore I rose, and dauntlessly began My lonely.. pilgrimage. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Daunilesness, a being without Fear or Discouragement. 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. xlviii. 292 Shelby .. among the dauntless singled out for dauntlessness.

daunton, danton ('domtan), v. Sc. Forms: 6-7 dantoun, 5-9 danton, 7-9 daunten, 8-9 daunton. [A derivative form of daunt v.; perh. a mistaken form of daunten pres. inf. (in Chaucer, etc.). Always spelt danton, -oun in earlier Sc., as dant was then regularly used for daunt.) = daunt v.: To subdue, tame, intimidate, etc. *535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 8 How the Emprioure Theodocius send ane Armie.. to dantoun this foirsaid Octaueus. 01572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 371 This wonderouse wark of God .. aucht to have dantoned hir furie. i599Jas. I BaotX. Aatpov in. 121 Use., to ride and danton.. couragious horses. 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answ. Nameless Cath. 121 To enforce a grant, or daunten the Prince. 1681 Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 128 Who once at Rome, his ride to danton, His nose saluted with a panton. CI794 urns Song, Blude red Rose, An auld man shall never daunton me. 1837 R. Nicoll Poems {1842) 162 Its sadness shall never danton me.

Hence 'dauntoned ppl. a., tamed, broken in. *597 Skene Quon. Attach, c. 48 §11 Bot it is otherwise of a tame and dantoned horse [de equo domito].

daunz, obs. form of Dan1. dauphin ('daiftn). Fr. Hist. Forms: a. 5-6 dolphyn, 6 dolphyne, dolphine, doulphyn, 6-8 dolphin; /3. 5 daulphyn, 6-7 daulphin, 7- dauphin, [a. F. dauphin (earlier daulphin, in 15th c. also doffin') = Pr. dalfin:—pop. L. *dalphtnus, for L. delphtn-us (ad. Gr. Se\rf>i; dolphin), whence Sp. delfin. It. delfino. In earlier use Eng. had daulphin, also dolphyn, -in, the same as the name of the fish; dauphin is after mod.F., since the

DAUPHINESS

269

17th c. See DOLPHIN.] The title of the eldest son of the King of France, from 1349 to 1830. Originally a title attached to certain seigneuries: Dauphin of the Viennois, Dauphin of Auvergne. According to Littre, the name Dauphin, borne by the lords of the Viennois, was a proper name Delphinus (the same word as the name of the fish), whence the province subject to them was called Dauphine. Humbert III, the last lord of Dauphine, on ceding the province to Philip of Valois in 1349, made it a condition that the title should be perpetuated by being borne by the eldest son of the French king.

a. Form daulphin, dauphin. 1485 Caxton Paris F. 1 A ryche baron daulphyn and lord of the lond. a 1577 Sir T. Smith Commw. Eng. (1633) 44 In France the Kings eldest Sonne hath the title of Daulphin. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 172 The sonne and heire apparant of the French King is known to all by the name of Daulphin. 1681 Nevile Plato Rediv. 107 The Barons call’d in Lewis the Dauphin. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1880) 159 To celebrate the marriage of the dauphin.

jS. Form dolphin, dolphyn, doulphyn. after 1670.)

(Rare

1494 Fabyan Chron. vn. 500 Kyng Iohn.. sent sir Charlys his sone, dolphyn of Vyenne, into Normandy. 1530 Palsgr. 214/2 Doulphyn, the frenche kynges eldest sonne. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Salisbury xxiii, Charles the Dolphyn our chief enemy. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, 1. i. 92 The Dolphin Charles is crowned King in Rheimes. 1670 Cotton Espernon 11. v. 216 The Joy all good Frenchmen were full of, for the Birth of the young Dolphin. 1708 T. Ward Eng. Ref. (1716) 140 The Scottish Queen Had to the Dolphin married been. f2. attrib. or adj. = delphin, q.v. Obs. 1705 Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 14 The Dauphin Edition of this Author.

Hence fdauphinage (dolphynage); also dauphinate, the rule or jurisdiction of a dauphin (of Viennois). 1494 Fabyan Chron. vn. 498 In this yere the dolphyn of Vyen .. solde his dolphynage vnto the Frenshe kynge. 1884 J. Woodward in N. & Q. 16 Aug. 137 The dauphinate of Viennois was then vested in the Crown.

dauphiness (’doifims). Forms: a. 6 dolphines, dolphynesse, etc.; fi. 6 daulph-, 7- dauphiness. [f. dauphin + -ess; the F. title is dauphine.] The wife of the dauphin. 1548 Hall Chron. 230 b, The dolphin & his dolphines. Ibid. 240 b, The Ladye Elizabeth, entiteled Dolphynesse of Vyen. 1596 Danett tr. Comines 202 The Lady Daulphinesse. 1685 Lond. Gaz. No. 2048/3 The King accompanied with the Dauphin and Dauphiness. 1712 Swift Jfrnl. Stella 11 Feb., It is very surprising this news to¬ day, of the dauphin and dauphiness both dying within six days, i860 Froude Hist. Eng. VI. 364 The dangerous competition of the Queen of Scots and Dauphiness of France.

daur, Sc. f.

dare.

daurg, var. of

darg Sc.

daut, dawt (dot), v.

Sc.

Also

6-8

date.

[Etymology unknown. If daut, dawt, is, as it appears to be, the proper form, it ought to represent an original dalt: cf. Sc. faut, maut, saut, etc.; but the two 16- 17th c. examples of date from Scotch writers of English make even this doubtful. Dalt suggests Gael, dalta foster-child; but, though the word appears to be exclusively Scotch, there is no evidence pointing to a Gaelic origin. Connexion with dote, doat is excluded by the fact that Sc. au, aw, does not answer to Eng. 0 from any source. Cf. also daunt v. 6.]

trans. To pet, fondle, caress, make much of. Also absol. 1500-20 Dunbar Petit. Gray Horse 49, I was nevir dautit into stabell, My lyf hes bene so miserable. 1573 Commend. Vprichtnes 228 in Sat. Poems Ref. (1891) I. 285 Quha preissis vprichtlie To serue the Lord mon .. na wayis dres to daut thame daintelie. a 1598 Rollocke Passion 491-2 (Jam.) The father will make much of his sonne, and allure him .. so the Lord dates and allures us. 1633 W. Struther True Happiness 123 Though he datted the Patriarchs by the familiaritie of his divine presence. 1637 Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. 461, I am dawted now and then with pieces of Christ’s love and comforts. 1786 Burns Poet's Welcome to Child ii, I, fatherly, will kiss and daut thee. 1853 J. Milne jfrnl. in Life xiii. (1868) 203 My Lord surely dawts his weak foolish child.

Hence fondled.

dauted,

dawted

ppl.

a.,

petted,

1636 Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. 193, I am handled as softly and delicately as a dawted child. 1692 Scot. Presbyt. Eloq. (1738) 105 Will not a Father take his little dated Davie in his Arms. 1796 Macneill Will fir Jean lvii, The tenderest mither. Fond of ilk dear dauted wean. 1851 Cumbrld. Gloss., Dawtet, caressed, fondled.

dautie, dawtie Ccb:ti). Sc. Also dawty. [f. prec. or its source: but a formation with the dim. and appellative -ie, -Y, from a verb, is unusual.] A person caressed or indulged; a darling, pet, favourite. 1676 J. Fraser Autobiog. in Select. Biog. (Wodrow Soc.) II. 89, I was no dawty. 1727 P. Walker Remark. Passages 122 (Jam.) Giving an account of old Quintin Dick, one of his Dawties. 1823 Galt Entail I. xix. 156, ‘I hae thought o’ that, Girzy, my dawty’, said he.

||dauw (da:u). Also dau, dow. [South African Dutch form of the native name.] A South African species of zebra, Equus Burchellii, approaching the quagga in character. 1802 Sporting Mag. XX. 140 Two sorts of wild horses, the Dau and the Kwagga. 1847 Nat. Encycl. I. 265 The

DAVIS

indigenous Pachydermata are.. the zebra, the dauw, the quagga.

davered (’deivsd), ppl. a. dial. Withered, faded, drooping.

fdavach, -och. Sc. Hist. In 7 dawach(e. [Olr.

1837 M. Palmer Dialogue Devonshire Dial. 6 Now, dear soul, her’s like a daver’d rose. 1864 Capern Devon Provinc., Thy heart is like the daver’d rose.

dabach, dabhach vat, tub (perhaps as a cornmeasure); cf. the similar uses of pint, pottle, and gallon, as measures of land in Anglo-Irish. In med.L. davaca (erron. -ata). A conjectured derivation from damh ox, is erroneous. Dabach occurs as a land-measure in the ‘Book of Deir’. (Goidelica (ed. 2) 217.)]

An ancient Scottish measure of land, consisting in the east of Scotland of 4 ploughgates, each of 8 oxgangs; in the west divided into twenty penny-lands. It is said to have averaged 416 acres, but its extent probably varied with the quality of the land. 1609 Skene tr. Quon. Attach, xxiii. § 11 Provyding that the husband man did haue of him the aucht parte of ane dawache of land [marg. of ane oxgait of land], or mair [unius dauace terre vel plus]. 1794 Statist. Acc. Scot. XIII. 509 There is a davoch of land belonging to this parish. 1797 Ibid. XIX. 290 A davoch contains 32 oxen-gates of 13 acres each, or 416 acres of arable land, c 1817 Hogg Tales & Sk. VI. 269 Heir to seven ploughgates of land, and five half davochs. 1854 C. Innes Orig. Paroch. Scot. II. 335 By an ordinance of King John Balliol in 1292 eight davachs of land, including the islands of Egge and Rume, were among the lands then erected into the Sheriffdom of Skey. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 127 Davoch, a large pastoral measure at one time answering to the plough-gate, though in actual extent 4 times as large.

davenport1 ('daev(3)np03t).

Also devonport. [Said to be from the maker’s name.] A kind of small ornamental writing-table or escritoire fitted with drawers, etc. (Remembered in 1845.) 1853 Pract. Mechanic's Jfrnl. VI. 212 This very elegant and convenient desk is similar to an ordinary Devonport. 1875 Argosy May 329 At her davenport, pen in hand, sat her ladyship. attrib. 1883 Harper's Mag. Jan. 235/1 An inlaid davenport desk.

Davenport2.

Used to designate china, earthenware, etc., made by a family of this name at Longport, Staffordshire, between 1793 and 1882.

[1829 S. Shaw Hist. Staffs. Potteries 2 The largest Potteries known, being Wedgewood’s, Etruria;.. Davenport’s, Longport; Minton’s, Stoke.] 1863 W. Chaffers Marks Pott. & Pore. 124 Davenport Stone China. Staffordshire. Longport. 1872 Lady C. Schreiber Jfrnl. (1911) I. 156 We got nothing but a ‘Davenport’ plate. 1875 L. Troubridge Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 106 A bowl .. marked with an anchor, this we thought at first was Chelsea, but know since that it is Davenport. 1954 G. Savage Porcelain 11. viii. 270 Much nineteenth-century Davenport porcelain survives. Ibid., Two Davenport plaques painted in the manner of Birkett Foster. 1965 A. Christie At Bertram's Hotel i. 10 The china, if not actually Rockingham and Davenport, looked like it.

Davenport3. N. Amer. Also davenport. [Orig. uncertain: perh. from the maker’s name.] A type of large, upholstered couch or sofa which may be convertible into a bed. Freq. attrib. Cf. Chesterfield 2. 1897 Washington Post 31 Oct. 2/5 (Advt.), Davenport sofa, green color. 1898 Amer. Cabinet Maker & Upholsterer 1 Jan. 13/1 Dealers are receiving neatly printed cards reminding them that the entire new line of couches,.. Davenports, Turkish sofas and oriental divans of the Jamestown Lounge Co., will be on exhibition.. during January. 1911 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 22 Apr. 4/4 (Advt.), Davenport sofas, upholstered in Spanish leather, solid quarter cut oak, Early English finish or fumed oak $55. *957 J- Agee Death in Family 11. 242 They slept on the brand-new davenport in the sitting room. 1981 N. Y. Times Mag. 21 June 10/2 There used to be a split on davenport and sofa; now the split is between sofa and couch.

daver (’deiv3(r)), v. dial. [In I. app. cognate with Du. daveren to shake, quake, MLG., LG. dawern, a word of frequentative form, of which the root is uncertain. In II. perh. transferred from the same.] I. Scotch and north Eng. intr. To move or walk as if dazed or stupefied, to stagger; also to be benumbed, trans. To stupefy, stun, benumb. c 1600 Burel in Watson Collect, ii. (1706) 30 (Jam.) Bot tauren and dauren, Like ane daft doitit fule. 1785 Jr til. fr. Lond. 6 in Poems Buchan Dial. (Jam.), We bein wat wou’d soon grow davert to stand .. i' the cauld that time o’ night. 1796 Macneill Will fit Jean lxiii, See them now—howchanged wi’ drinking!.. Davered, doited, daized and blinking. 1820 St. Kathleen III. 115 (Jam.) ‘Here’s the bed, man! Whare .. are ye davering to?’ 1824 E. Swinburne in J. Raine Mem. J. Hodgson (1858) II. 45, I am somewhat davered about the vignettes.

II. south-west. dial. intr. To fade, wither. Also fig. (In first quot. causative or trans.) 1621 J. Reynolds God’s Revenge agst. Murder 1. v. 154 As if time and age had not power to wither the blossomes of our youth, as the Sunne hath to dauer the freshest Rpses and Lillies. 1622 W. Yonge Diary 63 [The] hedges .. davered as if they had been scorched with lightning. 1654 Vilvain Epit. Ess. vii. 54 My Piety ’gan to daver [L. labefacta cadebat], 1787 Grose Prov. Gloss., Daver, to fade like a flower. Devon. 1880 W. Cornwall Gloss., Daver, to soil; to fade as a flower.

[f. daver v.~]

So 'daverdy a. dial., dowdy, unkempt. 1906 Galsworthy Man of Property 1. vii. 95 Even in the garden, that sense of things being pokey haunted old Jolyon; the wicker chair creaked under his weight; the garden-beds looked ‘daverdy’. Ibid. 11. iii. 148 That was how he liked ’em, all of a piece, none of your daverdy, scarecrow women! 1924 -On Expression 7 What an expressive variant of the word ‘dowdy’.. is the word ‘daverdy’..! Dowdy suggests the flannel petticoat, the thick, the dusty appearance; daverdy a sea-green, trailing, down-at-heeledness.

Davey: see Davy1. david, obs. form of davit. Da'vidian. = Davidist. 1885 R. W. Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. III. 472 The rising Davidians, Davists, Georgists, or Family of Love, which .. gave trouble in the reign of Elizabeth.

Davidic (dei'vidik), a. [f. personal name David + -IC.] Of or pertaining to David as king of Israel, or as the reputed author of the Psalms. Also Da'vidical a. [c 1000 Leechdoms (1866) III. 428 Of 6am dauiticum sealmum.] 1827 Coleridge Table-t. 10 Mar., I apprehend many of the Psalms to be Davidical only, not David’s own compositions. 1865 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 819/1 The first [book].. contains the Davidic Jehovistic psalms. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 841/2 We cannot well stop short of the admission that the Psalter must contain Davidic psalms. 1883 Ibid. XVI. 54/1 Amos foretold the redintegration of the Davidic kingdom. 1918 E. Grubb Relig. Experience 186 The glories of the ancient Davidic monarchy. 1951 R. A. Knox Stimuli vii. 15 The Saviour.. to whose coming they looked forward, was to be a national Saviour, a Davidic ruler. 1957 G. E. Wright Bibl. Archaeol. ix. 146/1 The southern kingdom, calling itself ‘Judah’, retained the Davidic dynasty.

'Davidist. [f. personal name David + -ist.] 1. One of a fanatical sect founded by David George or Jores, a Dutch Anabaptist of the 16th century. Also David- Georgian, -jorian, -jorist. 1657 Baxter Agst. Quakers 13 Down to the DavidGeorgians, Wegelians, Familists, and the like of late. *7*7-51 Chambers Cycl, Davidists. .a sect of heretics. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. II. 1471 The ‘Davidjorists’, and other uproarious Anabaptists.

2. A follower of David of Dinant. davidsonite (’dervidsanait). Min. [Named 1836 after Dr. Davidson of Aberdeen: see -ite.] A variety of beryl found near Aberdeen. 1836 T. Thomson Min. I. 247.

[David’s quadrant, error for Davis’s quadrant: see quadrant and next.] [David’s staff. Originally an error of Pietro della Valle’s, who gave Dauidstoff as the English name of an instrument for taking the altitude of the sun. This was reproduced by his translator, Havers, as David’s Staff, which was copied by Blount and Phillips, and is repeated in some modern Diets. So also David's quadrant (= back-staff) in Phillips (ed. 1696), corrected in Kersey’s ed. (1706) to Davis’s quadrant: see QUADRANT sb.1, quot. I 696. 1623 Pietro della Valle Viaggi Let. i. 22 Mar. (1663) IV. 16 Con diuersi altri strumenti: e con vno in particolare, che mi dissero, da poco tempo in qua, essere stato inventato da vn tal Dauid, che dal suo nome l’haueua chiamato Dauidstoff, che in lingua Inglese vale a dir legno di Dauid. 1664 G. Havers translation, One [instrument] invented by one David, and from his name call’d David's Staff. 1674 Blount Glossogr., Davids-staff, is an instrument in Navigation, consisting of two Triangles united together, one longer then the other, both having their base arched, and between them in the circle of their bases, containing an entire Quadrant of ninety degrees. Valle's Travels.]

Davie: see Davy (Jones). 'daviely, adv. Sc. Spiritlessly, listlessly. 1789 Burns Elegy on 1788, Observe the vera nowte an’ sheep, How dowf and daviely they creep. 1825 in Jamieson.

daviesite (’deivizait). Min. [f. the name of Thomas Davies (1837-92), British mineralogist: see -ITE1.] (See quots.) 1889 L. Fletcher in Min. Mag. May 171 Crystals of.. an Oxychloride of lead (Daviesite), from Mina Beatriz, Sierra Gorda, Atacama, South America. 1951 in C. Palache et al. Dana's Syst. Min. (ed. 7) II. 58. 1963 M. H. Hey Index Min. Species, App. (ed. 2) 98 Daviesite... Delete.. Syn. of hemimorphite.

davina (Min.): see davyne. Davis1 ('deivis). The name of Dwight F. Davis (1879-1945), Amer. politican, used in Davis Cup: a cup presented by him and played for annually by international lawn tennis teams; also, the contest for this cup. 1901 Outing (U.S.) June 320/1 Another challenge has now been received from them .. and a second attempt to ‘lift’ the Davis Cup will be made this season. 1936 ‘R. West’ Thinking Reed xi. 374 He would secure front-row seats for

DAWDLER

270

DAVIS the Davis Cup. 1950 Oxf.Jun. Encycl. IX. 309/1 In 1900 an American player called Dwight Davis presented the Davis Cup, which is competed for annually by many countries.

Tongue, I’ll take my davy of it. 1871 M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. I. vi. 210 [They] take their solemn oath and davy that they didn’t do it.

Davis2 ('deivis). The name of Sir Robert H. Davis (1870-1965), used attrib. to designate: (a) apparatus invented by him to permit escape from a submarine; (b) a decompressionchamber for deep-sea diving.

Davy Jones ('deivi ’d33onz). Also simply Davy. In nautical slang: The spirit of the sea; the sailors’ devil. Davy Jones's (or Davy's) locker: the ocean, the deep, esp. as the grave of those who perish at sea.

1931 Hansard 10 June 1021 Six ratings .. escaped from the wreck by means of the Davis submarine escape apparatus. 1936 R. H. Davis Deep Diving 6 The Davis submersible decompression chamber.. was submitted to the Admiralty in 1929. Ibid. vi. 113 Divers could not do useful work there [beyond 204 feet] unless means could be found for improving the conditions of their ascent... The problem has now been solved by the invention of the Davis submersible decompression chamber. Ibid. xiv. 206 The procedure in case of emergency would be for two men to enter the locks wearing the Davis apparatus.. to open the upper hatches and, floating through them, escape to the surface. 1940 E. Ellsberg Men under Sea vii. 89 The Davis ‘lung’.. has always carried in addition to the chemical cartridge a small oxygen cylinder, from which fresh oxygen can be continuously supplied. Ibid. xxii. 305 A diver may work 20 minutes at a depth of 300 feet, come up in a total of 13 minutes’ time to 60 feet, where he enters the Davis chamber, and then be hauled aboard. 1947 Sci. News IV. 12 The Davis submarine escape apparatus is the simplest form of diving apparatus. It consists simply of a counter-lung with a small oxygen cylinder and soda-lime canister, and a mouth-piece.

'Davist. = Davidist. 1885 R. W. Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. III. 201.

davit ('daevit, ’deivit). Naut. Forms: 4 daviot, 5 daviott, devette, dyvette, 7 dauid, -yd, -ed, 7davit. [Formerly also David, and app. an application of that Christian name, as in the case of other machines and tools. Cf. F. davier, the name of several tools, etc., altered from daviet (Rabelais) = Daviet, dim. of OF. Davi David; the tool was still called david by joiners in the 17th c. (Hatzfeld and Darmesteter).] 1. a. A curved piece of timber or iron with a roller or sheave at the end, projecting from a ship’s bow, and used as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor without injuring the side of the vessel; a fish-davit, b. One of a pair of cranes on the side or stern of a ship, fitted with sheaves and pulleys for suspending or lowering a boat. [1373 in Norman-Fr. Indenture in Riley Lond. Mem. 370 (transl.), 30 ores, 1 daviot, for the same boat.] 1485 Naval Accts. Hen. VII (1896) 40 Daviott for the bote. Ibid. 49 Daviottes in the ffore castell. 1495 Ibid. 193 Devettes with a shyver of yron. Ibid., Dyvettes with a colke of brasse. 1622 R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 188 His boate fitted with .. tholes, dauyd, windles, and other. 1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 12 The forecastle, or prow, .the fish-hooke, a loufe-hooke, and the blocke at the Dauids ende. 1627Seamans Gram. ii. 10 The Dauid.. is put out betwixt the Cat and the Loufe, and to be remoued when you please. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 125 Bitts, Catheads and Davits. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776) s.v., The davit .. is employed to fish the anchor. 1820 Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. II. 196 The boats are.. suspended from davits or cranes fixed on the sides of the ship. 1875 J- C. Wilcocks Sea Fisherman 48 Crane-davits of galvanised iron, in shape of the ordinary boat-davits.

2. Comb, davit-cast, a heavy spar used as a crane on board ship; davit-guy, a rope used to steady a davit; davit-roll, the roller or sheave of a davit; davit-rope, the lashing which secures the davit to the shrouds when out of use. 1794 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. I. 434 Our *davit-cast unfortunately has broke it’s windlass. 1893 R. Kipling Many Invent. 364 Stop, seize and fish, and easy on the *davit-guy. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §143 A strong hawser.. being passed .. over the ‘davit-roll.. the anchor and chain were then let down.

davite ('deivait). Min. [See quot.] A variety of alunogen or native sulphate of alumina. 1828 Mill in Brande's Q. Jrnl. 379, I shall therefore take leave to call it Davite in honor of Sir Humphry Davy.

davoch: see davach. davreuxite (dav'roizait). Min. [Named 1878 after the Belgian chemist Ch. Davreux: see -ITE.] A hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese found in Belguim. 1882 in Dana Min. App. iii. 35.

Davy1 (’deivi). In full Davy lamp, Davy’s lamp. [Named after the inventor.] The miner’s safety-lamp invented by Sir Humphry Davy, in which the flame is surrounded with wire-gauze, so as to prevent its communication to explosive gases outside the lamp. 1817 Faraday in B. Jones Life I. 214 The great desideratum of a lamp to afford light with safety:.. merely to refer to that which alone has been found efficacious, the Davy. 1880 C. M. Mason Forty Shires 15 The men find fault with the Davy.

davy2 (’deivi). slang. A vulgar shortening of affidavit, esp. in phr. to take one's davy (= ‘to take one’s oath’). 1764 O’Hara Midas 11. iv. (Farmer), And I with my davy will back it, I’ll swear. 1785 Capt. Grose Diet. Vulgar

1751 Smollett Per. Pic. xiii. (Brewer), This same Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep. 1790 Dibdin Poor Jack iii, And if to old Davy I should go, friend Poll, Why you will ne’er hear of me more, c 1790 J. Willock Voy. 12 The great bugbear of the ocean is Davie Jones .. At the crossing of the line .. [they call] out that Davie Jones and his wife are coming on board and that every thing must be made ready. 1803 Naval Chron. X. 510 The .seamen would have met a watery grave; or, to use a seaman’s phrase, gone to Davy Jones’s locker. 1839 Marryat Phant. Ship xli, I thought you had gone to Davy’s locker.

davyne (’deivin). Min. [ad. Ital. davina, named 1825 after Sir Humphry Davy.] A variety of nephelite, from Vesuvius. 1826 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. XI. 257 Davina (Davyne). 1869 Vesuv. x. 292 Davyne, a hydrous nepheline, is found in cavities of ejected blocks of gray lava on Somma,

Phillips

davyum (’deiviam). Chem. [Named after Sir Humphry Davy, with termination -um as in platinum, etc.] The name given by Kern in 1877 to a supposed metal of the platinum group, announced by him as discovered in Russian platinum ore.

c. fig. 0 1225 Ancr. R. 352 Hwon he pet is ower lif daweS and springeS ase pe dawunge efter nihtes peosternesse. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xvm. 179 Ioye bygynneth dawe.

2. To recover from a swoon, ‘come to ; to awake from sleep; = adaw v.1 i. CI314 Guy Wane. (A.) 558 Adoun he fel a-swounie, & when he gan to dawei [etc.]. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words 19 To Daw, in common speech is to awaken: to be dawed, to have shaken off sleep, to be fully awakened.

3. trans. To rouse or awaken from sleep or a swoon; to revive, ‘bring to’; = adaw v. 2. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xi. x, The Quene.. felle to the erthe in a dede swoune, and thenne syr Bors took her vp, and dawed her. 1530 Palsgr. 507/2, I dawe from swounyng, Je reuiue, je resuscite. 1562 A. Broke Romeus & Jul. in Hazl. Shaks. Libr. (1875) 1. 179 She thought to breake her slepe .. She jhought to daw her now as she had done of olde. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. vi. 90 Thinking her to daw Whom they supposed fain in some inchanted swound.

fdaw, v.2 Obs. rare. [f. daw r6.] intr. ? To play the ‘daw’ or fool. 1596 Sir J. Smythe in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 92 That I would.. ryde lobbinge and dawinge to rayle at your Lordship.

fdaw, v.3 Obs. rare. [Aphetic f. adaw

1879 Watts Diet. Chem. VIII. 626.

daw (do:), sb. Also 5-8 dawe, 6-8 Sc. da. [Known only from the 15th c. (so the compound ca-daw, caddow): its form points to an OE. *dawe (:—da'wa from dafwa), in ablaut relation to OHG. taha, MHG. take (Gothic type *dehwo, OTeut. *dxhwa:—'dehwa). Mod. HG. dialects have ddhi, dache, dacha; MHG. shows a dim. form tahele (OHG. *tahala), mod.G. dahle, since 18th c. dohle; whence med.L. tacula, It. taccola.] 1. A small bird of the crow kind (Corvus monedula); now commonly called jackdaw. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 307 A poor sowter informede a dawe to speke. 1530 Palsgr. 212/1 Dawe, a foule, corneille. 1604 Drayton Owle 188 The theevish Daw, and the dissembling Pye. 1713 Swift Poems, Salamander, Pyes and daws are often stil’d With Christian nick-names like a child. 1851 Carlyle Sterling i. iii. (1872) 14 Old ruinous castles with their ivy and their daws.

2. fig. Applied contemptuously to persons, f a. A silly fellow, simpleton, noodle, fool. Obs. c 1500 Yng. Children's Bk. 140 in Babees Bk. (1868) 25 At thi tabull noj?er crache ne claw, Than men wylle sey J>ou arte A daw. 1560 Ingelend Disob. Child in Hazl. Dodsley II. 285, I never saw One.. in so easy a matter.. thus play the daw. 1563 Homilies 11. Idolatry iii. (1859) 236 O seely, foolish, and dastardly daws. 1608 J. Day Law Trickes 1. i, How the daw Scoures ore his rustie phrases.

b. A lazy person, sluggard; woman, slut, slattern. Sc.

was dawyne lyght. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xxi. 471 Tyl pe day dawede these damseles daunsede. c 1475 Pouf Coilyear 365 Vpon the morne airlie, quhen the day dew. 1513 Douglas JEneis XIII. Prol. 182 As menstralis playng The joly day now dauiis. a 1605 Montgomerie Poems, The Night is neir gone 1 Hay! nou the day dauis. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. x. (N.), The other side from whence the morning daws. 1789 Burns Happy Trio, The cock may craw, the day may daw. 1837 R. Nicoll Poems (1842) 97 Nor hamewith steers till morning daw.

c. An untidy

c 1460 Towneley Myst. 26 Bot if God help amang I may sit downe daw to ken. 1500-20 Dunbar Dance 7 detdly Sytinis 71 Mony slute daw and slepy duddroun. 1513 Douglas JEneis xiii. Prol. 184, I will my cunnand kepe, I will nocht be a daw, I will nocht slepe. 1598 Fergusson Sc. Prov., A year a nurish, seven year a da. 1768 Ross Helenore 135 (Jam.) But I see that but spinning I’ll never be braw, But gae by the name of a dilp or a da. 1862 A. Hislop Prov. Scot. 16 A morning’s sleep Is worth a fauld o’ sheep To a hudderindudderin daw.

d. With reference to the fable of the jay in peacock’s plumes. 1731 Fielding Mod. Husb. 11. ii, That ever Heav’n shou’d make me father to such a drest up daw!

3. Comb., as f dawcock, lit. a male jackdaw; fig. = sense 2 a; f dawpate = sense 2 a. 1556 J- Heywood Spider & F. xcii, Where *dawcocks in doctrine have dominacioun. 1861 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 621 Who brought hither this fool in a play; this very daw-cock to lead the dance. 01529 Skelton Agst. Garnesche 94 Lyke a doctor ‘dawpate. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. Id Epig. (1867) 187 Thou arte a very dawe pate.

daw obs. form of dew; see also dawe, day. fdaw (do:), v.1 Obs. exc. Sc. Forms: 1 dajian, 2-3 da3en, 3-5 dawe(n, 6- daw. [OE. dagian, corresp. to MDu. daghen, Du. and LG. dagen, OHG. tagen, G. tagen, to become day, f. WGer. dag- day. Since the OE. change of a to as did not take place in the vb., the latter is daw, against the sb. day: cf. draw, dray, saw, say, etc. In northern dial, sometimes inflected dew, dawen, after the strong verbs blow, snow, etc. In 16th c. Sc. erroneously spelt dall after fall, fa', etc.] 1. intr. To dawn. a. with it as subject. C900 Bceda's Eccl. Hist. IV. x, Donne hit da^ian ongynnep. c 1205 Lay. 1694 A-marwen po it dawede. C1350 Will. Palerne 1791 Til it dawed to day. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints, Ninian 1417 One pe raorne, as It dew day. 1470-85 Malory Arthur XVII. ii, Within a whyle it dawyd. b. with day (or morning) as subject. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 103 Ac alse wat swo pe pridde dai dageS. C1375 Barbour Troy-bk. 11. 797 And whene pe day

v.2, q.v.]

trans. To daunt, subdue, frighten. 1616 B. Jonson Devil an Ass iv. iv, You daw him too much, in troth, Sir. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 545 External force imprints Truth and Falshood, Superstition and Religion alike upon the dawed spirits of men.

daw (do:), a. [Of obscure origin; Ir., Gael, dath ‘colour’ has been suggested.] Of a pale primrose colour, as the eyes of certain game fowl. 1856 W. B. Tegetmeier Poultry Bk. xiii. 100 Black¬ breasted reds .. have a fine long head; daw eyes. Ibid., The required ‘daw eye’.. is that which resembles the grey eye of a jackdaw. 1873 L. Wright Bk. Poultry 277 There never was a Malay with red eyes; they are invariably pearl, yellow, or daw. 1913 W. Bateson Mendel’s Princ. Heredity (ed. 3) no Malay fowls are peculiar in having a pale, yellowish white iris—the ‘daw-eye’ of fanciers.

dawache: see davach. dawcock: see daw sb. dawd, var. of dad sb.2 dawdle (’do:d(o)l), v.

Also daudle. [Not in Bailey; nor in Johnson’s Diet, (though used by himself in 1781). It apparently became common about 1775 (at first chiefly in feminine use). Ussher’s example (a 1656) was prob. local or dialectal. Supposed to be a local variant of daddle, but used in a more reprehensory sense, perh. by some association with daw sb. sense 2b.] 1. intr. To idle, waste time; to be sluggish or lazy; to loiter, linger, dally. 01656 Ussher Ann. vi. (1658) 382 While he stood dawdling was taken short in his undertakings. 1781 Johnson 3 June in Boswell, If he’ll call on me, and dawdle over a dish of tea in an afternoon. 1796 Jane Austen Pride Prej. xx. 97 Mrs. Bennet, having dawdled about in the vestibule to watch for the end of the conference. 1819 Scott Let. to D. Terry 18 Apr. in Lockhart, A propensity which.. the women very expressively call dawdling. 1866 Ruskin Eth. Dust v. (1883) 90 You all know when you learn with a will and when you dawdle. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xxii. 307 The rest of us dawdled along the road.

2. quasi-frans. (usually with away). 1768 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary July, I could not.. ask for it.. and so dawdled and fretted the time away until Tuesday evening. 1873 Browning Red. Cott. Nt.-Cap 230 Dawdle out my days In exile here at Clairvaux. 1887 Spectator 21 May 696/2 To employ with profit many hours that might otherwise be dawdled away.

dawdle (’do:d(3)l), sb. Also 8 daudle. [f. prec.]

1. One who is the personification of dawdling; esp. a dawdling girl or woman. a 1764 Lloyd Chit-Chat Poet. Wks. 1774 I. 185 Be quick —why sure the gipsy sleeps! Look how the drawling daudle creeps. 1800 Mrs. Hervey Mourtray Fam. III. 141 Mrs. Thornley was rather too much of, what she [Mrs. M.] called, a dawdle, to please her. 1843 F. E. Paget Pageant 118 His wife .. was .. one of those helpless, indolent dawdles that are fit to be nothing but fine ladies. 1879 Baring-Gould Germany I. 392 The sharp clever boy goes into business, the dunce or dawdle into the army.

2. The act of dawdling. 1813 Lady Burghersh Lett. (1893) 38 What with dawdles and delays of the German post-boys. 1876 Green Stray Stud. 70 The evenings are .. a dawdle indoors as the day has been a dawdle out.

dawdler ('do:db(r)). [-er1.] One who dawdles; an idler, loiterer. 1818 Todd, Dawdle, or Dawdler, a trifler; a dallier; one who proceeds slowly or unskilfully in any business. A low word. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. 280, I have been a boy and a dawdler as yet. 1888 J. Payn Myst. Mirbridge xv,

DAWDLING Your habitual dawdler—the man who never keeps his appointments by any chance.

dawdling ('do:dlii)), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the verb dawdle. 1819 [see DAWDLE v. i], 1849 Thackeray Lett. 13 July, Ryde .. would be as nice a place as any.. for dawdling, and getting health. 1875 B’Ness Bunsen in Hare Life II. viii. 457 With old age comes dawdling, that is, doing everything too slowly.

'dawdling, ppl. a.

[-ing2.] characterized by dawdling.

That dawdles;

1773 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary 3 May, The mother is a slow, dawdling, sleepy kind of dame. 1782-Diary 8 Dec., With whom I had a dawdling conversation upon dawdling subjects. 1843 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 265 The dreaming, reading, dawdling existence which best suits me.

Hence 'dawdlingly adv. i860 Sat. Rev. IX. 145/1 Some very important Bill which .. has been dawdlingly postponed from day to day.

dawn: but, notwithstanding the likeness of form, there is no evidence that this is the original of the Eng. word.] 1. a. The first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise, or the time when it appears; the beginning of daylight; daybreak. high, dawn, dawn appearing above a bank of clouds on the horizon; low dawn, dawn appearing on or close to the horizon. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, iv. i. 291 Next day after dawne. 1603 -Meas. for M. iv. ii. 226 Come away, it is almost cleere dawne. 1697 Dampier Voy. I. 498 With such dark black Clouds near the Horizon, that the first glimpse of the Dawn appeared 30 or 40 degrees high .. it is a common saying among Sea-men.. that a high dawn will have high winds, and a low dawn, small winds. 1778 Bp. Lowth Transl. Isaiah xxvi. 19 Thy dew is as the dew of the dawn. 1832 Tennyson Death Old Year ii, He will not see the dawn of day. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos II. viii. 101 The assault had begun at early dawn.

dawdy, Sc. dial f. dowdy.

b. An opalescent colour resembling that seen in the sky at dawn.

dawe (daue, daw), dawen, dawes, obs. forms

1894 Daily News 11 Apr. 3/1 Palest pink and blue shot silk, called by the poetic name of ‘Dawn’, because it suggests the union of those colours in the early morning sky. 1927 Daily Express 21 Mar. 2 Colours include cedar, green, silver, new blue, dawn or bois de rose.

or inflexions of day. Dawes was the early form of the pi. = days; dawen was originally dative pi., but when reduced to dawe, daw, daue, dau, came sometimes to be treated as sing.: see day 13 aj3, and 17.

dawen, obs. f. down sb. dawenyng(e, obs. form of dawning. dawerke, obs. form of daywork. dawg (do:g). Colloq. var. dog sb. 1898 J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes 125 Ev’ry markit mornin’ yer ter be my dawg, ev’ry mornin’ till yer like ter chuck it. 1939 O. Lancaster Homes Sweet Homes 60 Beaten copper reminders that a man’s best friend is his dawg (beloved of the golf-playing classes). 1966 ‘J. Hackston’ Father clears Out 14 The dawg’s ’ad ’is ribs stove in.

dawing ('dour)), vbl. sb. Obs. exc. Sc. Forms: 1 dajung, 3 dawung, 4 daghyng(e, 3-6 dawyng, 4dawing, (5 dayng, 7 dauing, 8 dawin). [OE. dagung, from dagian to become day, to daw. After 1400, northern and chiefly Scotch, being displaced in Eng. by dawning.] 1. Dawn, daybreak; morning twilight. C900 tr. Baeda's Eccl. Hist, m xix. (xxvii.) 242 pa eode [he] ut in dajunge of pam huse. a 1000 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 795 Betwux hancred and dagunge. a 1225 Ancr. R. 20 Bi nihte ine winter, ine sumer ipe dawunge. 1375 Barbour Bruce vii. 318 [Thai] Com on thame in the dawyng, Richt as the day begouth to spryng. c 1420 Avow. Arth. lv, Erly in the dawyng Come thay home from hunting. 1513 Douglas JEneis in. viii. 29 The dawing gan .. wax reid, And chasit away the sterris. a 1605 Montgomerie Misc. Poems, Solsequium 40 The dauing of my long desyrit day. c 1794 Burns As I was a wandering iii, I could na get sleeping till dawin’ for greetin’.

f2. Recovery from swoon, ‘coming-to’. Obs. (See daw v. 2, 3.) 1530 Palsgr. 212 Dawyng, gettyng of lyfe, resuscitation.

f 'dawing, ppl. a. Obs. exc. Sc. Also 4 north. dawande. [f. daw v.1 + -ing2.] Dawning. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. C. 445 J>e dawande day.

fdawish ('donj), a. Obs. [f. daw sb. + -ish.] Like or characteristic of a daw; silly, sluttish. 1540 Hyrde tr. Vives' Instr. Chr. Worn. (1592) Miij, Dawish, and brainlesse, cruell, and murderers. 1543 Bale Yet a Course, &c. 59 (T.) Such dawishe dodypols. 1605 Chapman All Fools in Dodsley (1780) IV. 167 If he [a jackdaw] fed without his dawish noise He might fare better.

dawk (do:k), sb. dial. [app. the same as dalk2.] A hollow in a surface; a depression, furrow, incision. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 66 This Iron .. would not make Gutters on the Surface of the Stuff, but (at the most) little hollow dawks. Ibid. 82 The Iron of the Fore-plane .. makes great Dawks in the Stuff. The Iron., will yet leave some Dawks in the Stuff for the Jointer.. to work out.

Hence dawk v., to make a hollow or incision in. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 203 The Chissel.. might run too fast into the Work, and dawk it. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dauk, to incise with a jerk, or insert a pointed weapon with rapidity.

dawk, var. of dak, dauk. 'dawkin. dial. [? dim. of daw] a. A fool. b. A slattern. Hence 'dawkinly adv., foolishly. 1565 Calfhill Answ. Treat. Crosse (1846) 236 (D.) Then Martiall and Maukin, a dolt with a daukin, might marry together. 1674 Ray N.C. Words 13 Dawgos or Dawkin, a dirty, slattering woman, c 1746 Collier (Tim Bobbin) View Lane. Dial. Wks. (1862) 52 After looking dawkinly-wise a bit. 1875 Lane. Gloss.. Dawkin, a dull, stupid person. Dawkinly, stupidly, foolishly.

dawly, obs. form of dowly a. and adv. dawn (do:n), sb.

DAWNING

271

[Appears late in 16th c., the earlier equivalents being DAWING, DAWNING. App. f. the verb-stem (see next); cf. break in ‘break of day’ (quoted 1584). ON. had dagan, dogun dawn, f. dag a to dawn, t dagan, at dagan at

c. Phr. came the dawn: a cliche used to announce the break of day; hence fig., used to indicate relief after a time of trouble, the dawning of understanding, etc. 1927 Wodehouse Meet Mr Mulliner v. 169 A benevolent glow irradiated the other’s spectacles. ‘Came the Dawn!’ he murmured. ‘Came the Dawn.’ 1929 J. B. Priestley Good Companions ill. v. 582 For her sake alone he.. renounced wealth and fame. Love was his guiding star. Came the dawn. Yeogh!.. What do you think you are—a little hero from Hollywood? 1948 C. Day Lewis Otterbury Incident iii. 29 As for Nick, you never saw such a ‘Came-the-dawn’ expression as he had on his face. 1967 ‘A. Garve’ Very Quiet Place I. iv. 60 It was fun staying up half the night.. but, came the dawn, I was the one who had to.. earn the rent. 1967 Guardian 18 Oct. 1 ‘Came the dawn.’ In the days of silent films this caption introduced the sequence where the young lovers were united after a night of tropical storm.

2. fig. The beginning, commencement, rise, first gleam or appearance (of something compared to light); an incipient gleam (of anything). 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. xii. xlvi, So spring some dawns of joy, so sets the night of sorrow. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 196 IP 2 From the dawn of manhood to its decline. 1767 Babler II. 100 If he possesses but a dawn of spirit. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. 1 Old Actors, You could see the first dawn of an idea stealing slowly over his countenance. 1878 Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. ii. §50. 69 From the earliest dawn of history to the present day.

3. attrib. and Comb., as dawn animal, -animalcule (see quots.), dawn-chill, -cloud, -dew, -flush, -goddess, -light, -mist, -streak, -wind', dawn-illumined, -lit, -tinted adjs.; downward adv.; dawn chorus, the earlymorning bird song; dawn man, an extinct primitive man; spec. (freq. with capital initials) the (fraudulently postulated) prehistoric type of man, Eoanthropus dawsoni: see Piltdown; so dawn woman-, dawn raid: see raid sb. 2 e. 1873 Dawson Earth & Man ii. 23 Eozoon Canadense .. its name of ‘*Dawn-animal’ having reference to its great antiquity and possible connection with the dawn of life on our planet. 1876 Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. x. 189 The organism, Eozoon Canadense, or * Dawn-animalcule of Canada. 1899 A. Werner Captain of Locusts 152 Holcroft shivered involuntarily in the *dawn-chill. 1927 E. Grey Charm of Birds i. 8 [The robin’s song is worth attention .. and, though he may not open the Great Chorus at Dawn in May, he is the last to cease in the evening.] Ibid. iv. 70 In May..the great "‘Dawn Chorus is at its fullest and best. 1966 Guardian 23 Mar. 3/2 The dawn chorus project which we carried out last spring produced the interesting result that skylarks apparently don’t like singing in the rain. 1969 G. Black Cold Jungle xi. 160 The birds ought to be busy on their dawn chorus out in the Hebrides, with a new day practically settled in. 1901 Kipling Kim xv. 383 Thence he vanished like a *dawn-cloud on Jakko. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh 1. Poems VI. 24 A dash of *dawn-dew from the honeysuckle. 1906 Daily Chron. 30 June 4/6 A painter., saw a sunrise and put the *dawn-flush into a picture. 1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. Tide's Hist. Relig. 107 The Sun-god .. and the *dawn-goddess. 1820 Shelley Ode to Liberty xi, As on a *dawn-illumined mountain. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 326, I oft had seen the *dawnlight run As red wine, through the hills. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 29 Oct. 2/3 Rare and transparent as the *dawn-lit dew. 1912 R. Brooke Grantchester in Poetry Rev. Nov. 507 Still in the dawnlit waters cool His ghostly Lordship swims his pool. 1913 Nature 2 Oct. 131/2 It is quite certain that they afford the first evidence we have obtained of a hitherto unknown group of the Hominidae so fundamentally distinct from all the early fossil men found in Europe as to be worthy of generic distinction—a ‘*dawn-man’ of a very primitive and generalised type. 1914 W. K. Gregory in Amer. Museum Jrnl. XIV. 189 The Dawn Man of Piltdown. Ibid. 191/1 All agree that the Dawn Man dates at the very latest from the Old Stone Age. 1927 H. F. Osborn in E. Eyre Europ. Civilization (1934) I. 1. v. 80 We are descended from ‘dawnmen’ not from ‘ape-men’. 1944 H. G. Wells '42 to '44 190 The breeding season of the Dawn-Men may have been an annual affair. 1904 R. J. Farrer Garden of Asia xvi. 151 Across the broad landscape the *dawn-mist lies in heavy, floating wreaths. 1873 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. 11. 221 The *dawn-streaks of a new day. 1822 Shelley Hellas 963 *Dawn-tinted deluges of fire. 1881 W. Wilkins Songs of Study 44 In joyful praises *dawnward rolled. 1887 Kipling Departmental Ditties (1888) 35 The *dawn-wind, softly,

slowly, Brought to burning eyelids sleep. 1916 Blunden Pastorals 35 And through green sprigs a little dawn-wind plains. 1944 H. G. Wells '42 to '44 190 The hardy steppebred *Dawn-Woman of the early Solutrean.

dawn (do:n), v. Also 6 daune, dawne. [Known only from end of 15th c., since which it has displaced the earlier verb daw. App. deduced from dawning, q.v. Cf. also dayn v.] I 1 intr. To begin to grow daylight: said of the day, morning, light; also simply with it.

. .

1499 Pynson Promp. Parv., Dawnyn or dayen [c 1440 dawyn], auroro. 1526 Tindale Matt, xxviii. 1 The Sabboth daye at even which dauneth the morowe after the Sabboth [Wyclif bigynneth to schyne, Geneva & 1611 began to dawne]. - 2 Pet. i. 19 Vntill the daye dawne. C1532 Dewes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 938 To dawne, ajourner. 1611 Bible Matt, xxviii. 1 In the ende of the Sabbath, as it began to dawne towards the first day of the weeke. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 142 [f 5 Before the Light this Morning dawned upon the Earth. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 23 As soon as ever the Morning dawn’d, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxi. 150 Day at length dawned and gradually brightened.

b. transf. To begin to shine, as the sun or any luminary. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. v. i. 2017 Women, like Summer Storms are Cloudy.. But strait the Sun of Beauty dawns abroad. 1811 Heber Hymn, Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, Dawn on our darkness. 1832 Tennyson Margaret v, Look down, and let your blue eyes dawn Upon me thro’ the jasmine-leaves.

2. fig. To begin to develop, expand, brighten, like the daylight at dawn.

or

1717 Pope Epist. to Jervas 4 Where Life awakes, and dawns at ev’ry line. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 412 In the year 1685 his fame.. was only dawning. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos I. xxviii. 234 When prosperity dawned on the elder brother.

3. To begin to brighten, with or as with the light of dawn. 1647 Crashaw Poems 165 When the dark world dawn’d into Christian day. 1651 Fuller's Abel Rediv., Zanchius 390 Zanchius .. became such a light.. that many parts in Christendome dawned with the luster of his writings. 1832 Tennyson CEnone 46, I waited underneath the dawning hills.

b. transf.

To begin to appear, become visible.

1744 Akenside Pleas. Imag. 1. 146, I see them dawn! I see the radiant visions, where they rise. 1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms ill. 307 Its porch and roof of roses dawn Through arching trees.

4 .fig. Of ideas, facts, etc.: To begin to become evident to the mind; to begin to be understood, felt, or perceived. Const, on, upon. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom’s C. xv. 129 The idea that they had either feelings or rights had never dawned upon her. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. ix. 137 It dawned on my recollection that I had heard Judy mention her Uncle. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 66 The distinction between ethics and politics has not yet dawned upon Plato’s mind.

II. f5. transf. To bring to life; to arouse or awake from a swoon, resuscitate; = daw v. 3. r53° Palsgr. 507/2,1 dawne or get life in one that is fallen in a swoune, je reuigore.A can nat dawne him. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 33 If Alexander dawned a weake Soldiour when he was almoste frosen for cold. 1593 Munday Def. Contraries 71 After he had dawned him to remembrance by the helpe of vinager and colde water.

dawne, obs. form of down sb. dawned (do:nd, poet. ‘do:nid), ppl. a. rare. [f. dawn v. + -ed1.] That has begun to brighten. 1818 Keats Endym. 1. 94 The dawned light.

dawner, var. of dander

v. Sc.

dawnger(e, etc., obs. forms of danger, etc. dawning ('damn)), vbl. sb. Also 4 dawynyng, 4-5 dawenyng(e, 4-6 dawnyng(e, 5-6 daunyng(e. [Known before 1300, when it appears beside the earlier dawing (from daw v., OE. dagung, dag-ian), which it gradually superseded. The corresponding verb to dawn, which has similarly displaced daw, is not exemplified till the 15th c., and appears to have been deduced from dawning-, the sb. dawn appeared still later, app. from the vb. As ME. daw-en had also an early doublet form daij-en, day-yn (see day v.1), so beside dawen-yng is found daijen-ing, daien-ing, dain-ing (see dayn v.). No form corresponding to dawening, dawning is recorded in OE., and it was probably from Norse; Sw. and Da. have a form dagning (OSw. daghning C1300), either from daga to dawn, with suffix -n-ing, as in kvad-n-ing, sad-n-ing, tal-n-ing, etc. (Vigf. Introd. xxxi), or from a deriv. vb. *dagna.] 1 The beginning of daylight; dawn, daybreak. In reference to time, now poetic or rhetorical.

.

1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 557 To KeningwurJ>e hii come in pe dawninge. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1188 Dido, The dawenyng vp rist out of the se. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 439 Chasede his enemyes al pat dawenynge [v.r. dawyng]. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lxxxvi, Vppon a day in the daunynge. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccvii. 189 Erly in the dawenynge of the day. 1586 Cogan Haven Health eexliii. (1636) 311 Drinke it in the morning at the dawning of the day. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. i. 160 The Bird of Dawning. 1712 W. Rogers Voy. 104 So we ran North till Dawning. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. xxxii, At dawning to assail ye, Here

DAWNING no bugles sound reveille. 1858 Kingsley Poems, Night Bird 13 Oh sing, and wake the dawning.

b. transf. The east, the ‘orient’. 1879 Butcher & Lang Odyssey 215 Those who dwell toward the dawning.

2. fig. The first gleam or appearance, earliest beginning (of something compared to light). a 1612 Donne Btadavaros (1644) 17 A man as .. illustrious, in the full glory and Noone of Learning, as others were in the dawning, and Morning. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 1. 68 In this early Dawning of the Year. 1781 Gibbon Decl. fcf F. III. liii. 314 In the ninth century, we trace the first dawnings of the restoration of science. 1843 Prescott Mexico (1850) I. 75 The dawnings of a literary culture. 1856 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. v. 198 That principle of intelligence, the dawning of which we observe in the lower animals.

'dawning, ppl. a. [f. dawn v. + -ing2.] That dawns; beginning to grow light, a. lit. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. 11. ii. 10 Dawning day new comfort hath inspir’d. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 423 Fresh as the dawning light. 1791 Cowper Iliadxi. 60 The dawning skies. 1843 Tennyson Two Voices 405 The light increased With freshness in the dawning east.

b. fig.

Showing its early beginning, nascent.

1697 Dryden Virg. JEneid (L.), In dawning youth. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 165 If 5 Those who had paid honours to my dawning merit. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 765 The distinctive colour of the dawning heresy.

dawnt(e, obs. form of daunt. dawsonite (’doissnait).

Min. [Named 1874, after Sir J. W. Dawson of Montreal: see -ite.] A hydrous carbonate of aluminium and sodium, in white transparent or translucent crystals. 1875 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. iii. IX. 64 On Dawsonite, a new mineral.

dawt, dawtie (-y): see daut, dautie. daxie: see dachsie. day (del), sb. Forms: i dse$, 2 de3, deij, dai3, 2-3 daei, dei, da3, 3 (Orm.) da33, 3-5 dai, 3- day, (5-6 daie, daye, 6 Sc. da). PI. 3- days (3-5 dawes; dat.pl. 2-6 dawen, dawe; daw, dau; see below). [A Com. Teut. sb.: OE. dasg (dseges, pi. dagas, -a, -urn) — OFris. dei, dey, di, OS dag (MDu. dach (gh), Du. dag, MLG., LG. dag), OHG., MHG. tac(g), G. tag, ON. dag-r (Sw., Da. dag), Goth, dag-s:—OTeut. *dago-z. In no way related to L. dies; usually referred to an Aryan vb. dhagh-, in Skr. dah to burn: cf. Lith. dagas hot season, OPruss. dagis summer. From the WGer. dag, OE. had regularly in the sing, dees, deeses, dsese; in the plural dagas, dasa (later -ena), dasum. This phonetic exchange se.a survived in early ME., so that while in the sing, the final 3 was regularly palatal (see forms above; gen. deeses, deeies, deies, daies, dayes, dat. deeije, daie, etc.), the pi. was (from dasas), dajes, dahes, dashes, dawes, genit. (:—dasa, -ena) dasa, dawene, dahene, da^en, dat. (:—dasum) dajon, -en, daghen, dawen, dawe, daw, dau. The last survived longest in the phrase 0/ dawe ‘from (life) days’ (see 17 and adawe), and in in his dawe, etc. (see 13 a)?). But soon after 1200 plurals phonetically assimilated to the sing. {deeies, daijes, daies) occur, and at length superseded the earlier forms.] A. Illustration of early forms. a. plural, nom. and accus. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt, xxviii. 20 Ic beo mid eow ealle dagas. c 1160 Hatton G. ibid., Ich beo mid eow ealle da3es. C1200 Ormin 4356 Seflfne da3hess. c 1205 Lay. 8796 Fif dsei3es [C1275 dawes]. 01225 Leg. Kath. 1844 A1 pe tweolf dahes. a 1225 Ancr. R. 70 preo dawes. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 383 J>re dawes & nan mo. 1399 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 377 As it is said by elderne dawis. C1430 Lydg. Bochas vi. i. (I554) r44a> 1° thy last dawes.

p. pi. gen. c 1000 Ags. Ps. ci. 21 On midle minre dagena. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. iv. 2 He faeste feowurtig daga [Lindisf. feuortig daga, Hatton G. feorti3 dae3es]. CI175 Lamb Horn. 87 Fram |?am ester tid fifti da3a. c 1205 Lay. 3615 pe for6 wuren agan feuwerti da3ene [c 1275 dai3es]. Ibid. 4605 Vnder fif dawene [c 1275 dawene] 3eong heo comen to pisse londe. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 2502 Twenti dahene 3ong.

y. pi. dat.: see also 13 a/3. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 61 TEfter J>rym dasum [xxvii. 63 dason] . c 1160 Hatton G. ibid., TEfter prem da3en. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 89 On moyses da3en. c 1205 Lay. 5961 Bi heore aeldre dtewen [c 1275 dawes], c 1300 K. Alis. 5631 In twenty dawen. c 1300 St. Margarete 3 Bi olde dawe Patriarch he was wel he3. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 2480 Etenes bi old dayn Had wrou3t it. c 1430 Freemasonry 394 After the lawe That was y-fownded by olde dawe.

3. In some places dajen, dawen, may be nom. or acc. plural. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 119 Ic seolf beo mid eow alle da3en [OE. ealle dasas].

e. The genitive sing. OE. deeses, early ME. daies, etc., was formerly used adverbially, by day, on the day (Ger. des Tags): see 1 b; it survived in ME. bi daies, a daies, a-days, mod. now-a-days. B. Signification. I. The time of sunlight.

DAY

272

1. a. ‘The time between the rising and setting of the sun’ (J.); the interval of light between successive periods of darkness or night; in ordinary usage including the lighter part of morning and evening twilight, but, when strictly used, limited to the time when the sun is above the horizon, as in ‘at the equinox day and night are equal’, break of day: dawn: see break, daybreak. This is the artificial day of astronomers: see artificial. It is sometimes called the natural day (Ger. naturlicher tag), which however usually means sense 6. c 1000 ^Elfric Gen. i. 5 God.. het pact leoht daeg & pa peostra niht. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 258 \>w 3ifst pe sunne to pe dai3, pe mone to pe nichte. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 1. 97/173 In pat prison pat Maide lai twelf dawes and twelf ni3t. c 1340 Cursor M. 390 (Trin.) To parte pe day fro pe r\yyt. c 1400 Lanjranc's Cirurg. 41 Ofte tymes in pe dai & in pe ny3t. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxxviii. 155 It was then nyne of the day. 1580 Baret Alv. B 1200 The Breake of the daie. 1592 Davies Immort. Soul vi. (1742) 15 O Light, which mak’st the Light which makes the Day. 1635 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. 1. v. 106 The longest day is equall to the longest night. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 15 How often have I bless’d the coming day. 1807 Robinson Archaeol. Graeca in. xxv. 331 The more ancient Greeks distinguished the natural day—that is, the time from the rising to the setting of the sun—into three parts. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 326/1 At North Cape.. the longest day lasts from the 15th of May to the 29th of July, which is two months and a fortnight.

b. Const. The notion of time how long is expressed by the uninflected word (repr. an original accus. or dative), as in day and night, all (the) day, this day, and the like; the notion of time when (without respect to duration) was expressed in OE. by on dees, early ME. on, uppon dai, 0 day, a-day; also by the genitive deeses, esp. in the collocation deeses and nihtes, and in far days, far forth days, = ‘far on in the day’, still used in 17th c. (see far adv. 3 c); about 1200 we find bi dajes, and soon after bi daie by day. See by prep. 19 b. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Mark v. 5 Symle dseges & nihtes he waees on byrgenum. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 87 Swiche hertes fondeS pe fule gost deies and nihtes. c 1200 Ormin 11332 Heold Crist hiss fasste.. Bi da3hess & bi nahhtess. a 1250 Owl fc? Night. 241 Bi daie pu art stare-blind, c 1250 Hymn to Virgin 257 Min hope is in pe da} & nicht. a 1300 Cursor M. 15159 (Cott.) Ilk night of oliuete To pe mont he yode .. And euer on dai pe folk he gaf O godds word pe fode. 1386 Rolls of Par It. III. 225/1 [He] made dyverse enarmynges bi day and eke bi nyght. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 34, I heeld pe wounde open aldai. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 45 She happed to abide so longe on a sonday that it was fer dayes. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 778 The pageauntes were a making day and night at Westminster. 01563 Bale Sel. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 120 It is far days and ye have far to ride to night. 1600 Holland Livy xlv. xxxvi. 1225 It was so far forth dayes as being the eighth houre therof. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, in. 318 Untir’d at Night, and chearful all the Day. 1835 Thirlwall Greece I. 219 He might prosecute his voyage as well as by day. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1880) I. iii. 184 The bags were carried .. day and night at the rate of about five miles an hour.

2. In before day, at day — daybreak, dawn. 01300 Cursor M. 6106 (Gott.) pat pai Sould vte of hous cum bi-for day. c 1420 Avow. Arth. ix, To ride this forest or daye. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 39 A little before day. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. ii. 48 They got up in the morning before day. 1793 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. I. 309 This morning at day we fell in with a Spanish.. Ship.

3. a. Daylight, the light of day. CI340 Cursor M. 8676 (Fairf.), I hit knew quen hit was day. 1382 Wyclif Rom. xiii. 13 As in day wandre we honestly, c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon ix. 223 Whan Reynawde sawe the day, he rose vp. 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 355 Such as could see day at a little hole. 1662 J. Davies tr. Oleanus’ Voy. Ambass. 276 In his Conversion of the darkest Night to bright Day. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 142 P 1 She had now found out, that it was Day before Nine in the Morning. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. x. 218 It was broad day. 1883 Stevenson Treasure Isl. in. xiii. (1886) 107 It was as plain as day.

b. fig. A light like that of day; ‘daylight’ in a difficult question. 1667 Marvell Corr. lxxx. Wks. 1872-5 II. 225, I can not yet see day in the businesse, betwixt the two Houses. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. v. i. 2191 They cast a Day around ’em.

14- Odc of the perpendicular divisions or ‘lights’ of a mullioned window. [F .jour, med.L. dies.) [1409 Will of Ware (Somerset Ho.), Lego vna fenestra trium dierum.] 1447 Will Hen. VI (Hare’s MSS. Caius Coll.), In the east ende of the sd Quier shalbe sat a great gable window of vij daies. 1484 Will of Chocke (Somerset Ho.), A wyndow..of iij dayes. 01490 Botoner Itin. (Nasmith 1778) 296 Et quselibet fenestra.. continet tres dayes vitreatas. 1838 J. Britton Diet. Archit. 40 A part of a window between the mullions is often called a bay, or day. 1859 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet., Day, the mediaeval term for each perpendicular division or light (Fr .jour) of a mullioned window.

5. Mining. The surface of the ground over a mine. Hence day-coal, -drift, -hole (see also 24). 1665 Phil. Trans. I. 80 By letting down Shafts from the day (as Miners speak). 1676 Hodgson ibid. XI. 762 According as the Day-coal heightens or deepens. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 32 Draw your Coals to Bank (or Day) out of the Pit. 1747 Hooson Miner’s Diet. N iij b, The Ore that is found on the Tops of Veins, especially near to the Day. 1881 Raymond Mining Gloss., Day, the surface of the ground over a mine.

II. As a period, natural division, or unit of time. 6. a. The time occupied by the earth in one revolution on its axis, in which the same terrestrial meridian returns to the sun; the space of twenty-four hours, reckoned from a definite or given point. Const, during, in, formerly on, o, a, retained in twice a day, etc.: see A prep.1 8, 8 b. The solar day (and, formerly, the astronomical day) is reckoned from noon to noon; and, as the length of this time varies (within narrow limits) according to the time of the year, its mean or average length is the mean solar day. (The astronomical day is now reckoned from midnight to midnight.) The civil day in civilized countries generally is the period from midnight to midnight, similarly adjusted to its mean length. Ancient nations variously reckoned their day to begin at sunrise, at noon, or at sunset. The sidereal day is the time between the successive meridional transits of a star, or specifically of the first point of Aries, and is about four minutes shorter than the solar day. (The term natural day is sometimes used in this sense, sometimes in sense 1.) c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xv. 32 Drio dogor see Serhuunas mec mis. c 1000 TElfric Gen. i. 5 pa waes jeworpen aefen and morjen an dais. Ibid. ii. 3 God jebletsode pone seofeSan dais and hine gehaljade. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 87 Fram pan halie hester dei boS italde fifti da3a to pisse deie. c 1205 Lay. 19216 preo daiies [c 1275 dajes] wes pe king wuniende pere. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 144 Aftur fyftene dawes . To London he wende. 1382 Wyclif Acts ix. 9 He was thre daies not seynge. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. iob, Symonides.. desired to haue a daies respite graunted him to study vpon it. 01631 Donne Poems (1650) 6 Hours, daies, months, which are the rags of time. 1822 Byron Werner 1. i. 377 Twenty years Of age, if’t is a day. 1831 Brewster Newton (1855) I. xiii. 365 We may regard the length of the day as one of the most unchangeable elements in the system of the world. C1386 Chaucer Sqr's. T. 108 In the space of o day natureel, (This is to seyn, in foure and twenty houres). 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. ix, xxi. (1495) 358 Some daye is artyfycyall and some naturell.. a naturell daye conteynyth xxiiij houres. 1551 Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 244 The Naturall daye.. is commonly accompted from Sonne risinge one daye, to Sonne rising the nexte daye. 1764 Maskelyne in Phil. Trans. LIV. 344 The interval between the transit of the first of Aries across the meridian one day, and its return to it the next day, is called a sidereal day.. The interval between the transit of the sun across the meridian one day, and his transit the next day, is called an apparent solar day. 1812 Woodhouse Astron. xxii. 222 The interval between two successive noons is a natural day. 1834 Nat. Philos., Astron. i. 13/2 (Useful Knowl. Soc.) Although.. the solar day is of variable length, we can.. ascertain its mean or average length; and this quantity is called a mean solar day. Ibid. 14/2 The length or the sidereal day is found to be uniformly 23 hours, 56 minutes, or more accurately 23h 56™ 48 092.

t b. all days: always, for ever. Obs. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt, xxviii. 20 Ic beo mid eow ealle dagas [Lindisf. allum dagum]. c 1160 Hatton G. ibid., Ich beo mid eow ealle da3es. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. cii. For that time forth losten Britons the royame for al dayes.

fc. A day’s travel; a day’s journey. Obs. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. x. 1 Sire Dowel dwelled .. not a day hennes. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia 1. 4 A Towne called Pomeiock, and six dayes higher, their City Skicoak.

d. of a day: lit. lasting only a day, ephemeral; transitory, fleeting, fugitive. 1640 B. Jonson Under-Woods 234 A Lillie of a Day, Is fairer farre, in May, Although it fall, and die that night. 1746 Wesley Serm. (1769) I. Pref. p. vi, I am a Creature of a Day, passing thro’ Life, as an Arrow thro’ the Air. 1818 Keats Let. 3 May (1931) I. 153 My song should die away... Rich in the simple worship of a day. 1834 Rival Sisters 14 Man —the insect of a day. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. 1st Ser. Pref., Apparations of a day.

e. A day noteworthy for its eventfulness, exertion, etc. colloq. 1926 Hemingway Fiesta (1927) vii. 65,1 say. We have had a day... I must have been blind [sc. drunk]. 1963 ‘W. Haggard’ High Wire xii. 127, I expect you’ve had a day—I know I have. But there’s one small thing still.

7. a. The same space of time, esp. the civil day, treated (without reference to its length) as a point or unit of time, on which anything happens, or which fixes a date. Const, on, upon (ME. o, a-: cf. a prep.1 8, a adj* 4). c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xx. 19 And J?am pryddan daege he arist. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud. MS.) an. 1135 D[at] oper dei pa he lai an slep in scip. 0 1400 Cursor M. 5108 (Cott.) Forgiue it vs, lauerd, fra )?is dau. Ibid. 19045 (Cott.) Petre and lohn a dai at none Went to pe kirc. Ibid. 19810 (Edin.) Apon a dai at tide of none, c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 343 Sumtyme men.. weren hool in pe same dai. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxl. 167 Some day y* one part lost, and some day the other. I533~4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 21 §25 Before the saide .xii. daie of Marche. 1600-12 Rowlands Four Knaves (Percy Soc.) 75 They say, The better the day the better the deede. 1704 Nelson Fest. fcf Fasts i. (1739) 16 The first Day of the Week called the Lord’s Day. 1726 tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 262 You need only to know what Day of each Month the Sun enters a Sign of the Ecliptic, and compute one Degree for every Day from thence. 1799 F. Leighton Let. to J. Boucher 21 Sept. (MS.), Pray treat me with a letter on an early day as parliament folks say. 1865 Trollope Belton Est. x. 109 She would return home on the day but one after the funeral.

b. Phrases, one day: on a certain or particular day in the past; on some day in the future. So of future time, some day; and of the present or proximate future, one or some of these days, one of those days: a day of misfortune. *535 Coverdale i Sam. xxvii. i One of these dayes shal I i J ln.t“ th.e. handes of ^aul. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (I925) p6 His meaning is one of these daies to entreate your paines hitherwards. 1594 Spenser Amoretti lxxv, One day I wrote her name upon the strand. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, n.

DAY

273

ii. 22 The King will know him one day. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 53 Had it not been, to revenge himself one day, upon the Spaniards. 1838 Dickens O. Twist xxxvi, You will tell me a different tale one of these days. 1855 Smedley H. Coyer dale xxxv, Some of these days I shall be obliged to give him a lesson. 1936 P. Fleming News from Tartary 1. ix. 55 As we arrived at the inn, the building next to it., collapsed... It was one of those days. 1967 ‘ S. Woods’ Case is Altered xiv. 166 Old Mr. Mallory was waiting to pounce on him, and it soon became obvious that it was going to be one of those days. c. Used without a preposition or article. U.S. 1886 S. W. Mitchell R. Blake 292, I saw a man at the Cape wharf day before yesterday, inquirin’ about Mrs. Wynne. 1905 N. Y. Even. Post 20 May 4 Day before yesterday the President was again in a state of terrific determination. Ibid. 26 Sept. 6 Day after election people will want to know [etc.]. III. A specified or appointed day. 8. a. A specific period of twenty-four hours, the whole or part of which is assigned to some particular purpose,

observance,

or action,

or

which is the date or anniversary of some event, indicated by an attributive addition or by the context; Year's

e.g. day,

saints'

days,

Lady-day,

holy

days,

Christmas- day,

New St.

Swithin's-day, pay-day, rent-day, settling-day, birth-day,

wedding-day,

coronation-day,

etc.

(See the various defining words.) CI175 Lamb. Horn. 11 Nu beo8 icumen.. pa halie da3es uppen us. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 368 A Seyn Nycolas day he com. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7007 Ilk 3ere.. In pe day of bedis deying. 1577 Holinshed Chron. IV. 504 To put us in mind how we violate the Sabboth daie. 1595 Shaks. John v. i. 25 Is this Ascension day? 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa Aij, At London this three and fortieth most joifull Coronation-day of her sacred Majestie. 1600. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 222 Like a bookesellers shoppe on Bartholomew day. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 100 In each term there is one day whereon the courts do not transact business .. These are termed Grand days in the inns of court; and Gaudy days at the two Universities. 1884 Christian World 9 Oct. 764/1 Lord Bramwell.. had spoken of Saturday as ‘pay-day, drink-day, and crime-day’. b. Last day (OE. ytemesta daeg), Day of

c. The Day [tr. G. Der Tag]: a day on which an important event is expected to occur; esp. a day of military conflict or victory. 1914 O. Seaman in Punch 9 Dec. 470/1 [German Crown Prince loq.] Thank Father’s God that I can say My constant aim was Peace; I simply lived to see the Day {Den Tag) when wars would cease. 1914 G. B. Shaw What I really Wrote (1930) ii. 30 When the German fire-eaters drank to The Day (of Armageddon) they were drinking to the day of which our Navy League fire-eaters had first said ‘It’s bound to come’. 1919 Ibid. xii. 321 Just as the lieutenants of the German and British navies.. looked forward to ‘der Tag’ when the preparations would be brought to the test of warfare, the lieutenants of the United States navy are already looking forward.. to ‘The Day’ when the British and American fleets shall fight for that power to blockade [etc.]. 1936 J. Buchan Island of Sheep xiii. 256 The reconnaissance is complete, gentlemen. Tomorrow is The Day. 1959 J. Braine Vodi iv. 68 My Dad .. says we’ll all have to fight for our country when Der Tag comes. That’s German for the Day.

10. = day of battle or contest; day’s work on the field of battle: esp. in phrases to carry, get, win, lose the day. Cf. field, and carry 15 c, etc. 1557 Tusser i00 Points Husb. xci, The battell is fought, thou hast gotten the daye. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 23 Without his aide the day would be perillous. 1642 Rogers Naaman 492 Shew us how we may get the day of our adversary. 1659 Harris Parival's Iron Age 196 The Imperialists, thinking the Day was theirs. 1721 R. Bradley Wks. Nature 139 The Silk Worm at present carries the Day before all others of the Papilionaceous Tribe. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 168 The bloody day of Seneff.

IV. A space of time, a period, fll. A space (of time). Its extent is usually defined by the accompanying words. Now Obs. or Sc.

Wrath, Great Day, etc.: the day on which the

1451 Paston Lett. No. 171 I. 227 They have be fals both to the Clyffordys and to me thys vij yeere day. c 1470 Harding Chron. Proem xxii, Who laye afore Paris a moneth daye. 1550 Crowley Epigr. 1462 You shall..lende but for a monethes day. 1552 T. Gresham in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. App. C. 148 No man convey out any parcel of lead five years day. 1568 E. Tilney Disc. Mariage Cj, I could recite many examples .. if the time woulde suffer mee. You have yet day ynough, quoth the Lady Julia. 01670 Hobbes Dial. Com. Laws 145 Which Statute alloweth to these Provisors Six weeks Day to appear. 1825-79 Jamieson, A month's day, the space of a month; A year's day, the space of a year. 112. Time allowed wherein to be ready, esp.

dead shall be raised to be ‘judged of the deeds

for payment; delay, respite; credit. Obs.

done

CI386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 847 And him bysecheth .. To graunte him dayes of the remenaunt. 1428 E.E. Wills (1882) 82 To have ther-of resonable daies of paiement. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxiii. 263 The truce.. is nat expired, but hath day to endure vnto the first day of Maye next, c 1530 - Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 477, I giue her daye for a moneth, & truse in the meane season. 1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 80 When drapers draw no gaines by giuing day. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 616 Ye Merchants., make them pay deare for daies. 1644 Quarles Barnabas B. 18 I’ll give no day.. I must have present money. 1659 Rushw. Hist. Coll. I. 640 That he might have day until the 25 of October, to consider of the return.

Judgement or of Doom, Doomsday, Judgement day, Day of the Lord, of Accounts, Retribution,

in

the

body’.

See

also

the

various

qualifying words. 971 Blickl. Horn. 57 Seo saul.. onfehp hire lichoman on paem ytmestan daeje. a 1300 Cursor M. 27362 (Cott.) \?e dai of wreth. 1382 Wyclif 2 Pet. iii. 10 Forsothe the day of the Lord shal come as a theef. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 305 He schal 3elde of hem account at pe day of doome. a 1400 Prymer (1891) 82 Haue mercy of me whan pow comest in pe laste day. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon clviii. 606 Vnto the day of Iugemente. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 86 The general 1 resurrection at the last day. Ibid. 11. 96 At ye gret day of the Lord. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 11. xxvii. (1695) 187 In the great Day, wherein the Secrets of all Hearts shall be laid open. 1746-7 Hervey Medit. (1818) 75 The severer doom, and more public infamy, of the great day. i860 Pusey Min. Proph. 109 The Day of Judgment or vengeance. fc. Hence in early versions of N.T. = Judgement: a literal rendering of Gr. r)p.4pa in reference to the Judgement Day. Obs. 1382 Wyclif j Cor. iv. 3 To me it is for the leeste thing that I be demyd of 30U, or of mannis day [Tindale, Rhem. daye, Cranmer, Geneva, 1611, 1881 judgement]. 01628 Preston New Covt. 19 He would not regard to be judged by mans day, as long as he was not judged by the Lord. d. That period of the day allotted by usage or law for work; as, an eight-hour day. (See eight HOURS, WORKING-DAY.) 1813, 1853 [see working-day]. 1850 Working Man's Friend & Fam. Instr. 14 Dec. 300/1 Being at the rate of 4s. 2d. per day of ten hours. 1870 Chambers's Jrnl. 10 Sept. 586/2 In government workshops,.. by special act of Congress, eight hours has been constituted a legal day’s work. 1880 C. Marvin Our Public Offices (ed. 2) 121 [They] worked hard the whole of the seven hours of their official day. 1884 J. E. T. Rogers Six Cent. Work & Wages xii. 327 It is plain that the day was one of eight hours. 1889 R. Tangye One All vii. 116 In 1871 a great agitation sprung [«c] up amongst the operative engineers at Newcastle-onTyne in favour of a nine hours’ day. 1891, etc. [see eight hours]. 9. a. A day appointed, a fixed date, esp. for payment. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 35 Ne beo he nefre swa riche for6 he seal penne is dei cume6. c 1290 5. Eng. Leg. I. 250/334. 1387 Trevisa Higden III. 189 (Matz.) pe dettoures my3te nou3te pay here money al here day. c 1400 Gamelyn 792 He wold .. Come afore pe Iustice to kepen his day. C1500 Merch. & Son in Halliwell Nugx Poet. 21 In cas he faylyd hys day. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 556 The king of Scottis .. come thair to keip his da. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 1. iii. 165 If he should breake his daie, what should I gaine By the exaction of the forfeiture? 16.. Dryden (J.), Or if my debtors do not keep their day. 01883 >n J- G. Butler Bible Work II. 343 Christ, in the interval between the resurrection and ascension, keeps day with his disciples. b. A day in each week (or other period) fixed for receptions, etc.; a day on which a hostess is ‘at home’. 1694 Congreve Double Dealer iii. ix, You have been at my lady Whifler’s upon her day, madam? 1801 Lemaistre Rough Sk. Mod. Paris iv. 59 Each of the ministers has a day, to which all foreigners may be taken by their respective ministers. 1888 Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere (1890) 307 We found she was in town, and went on her ‘day’.

13. The time during which anything exists or takes place; period, time, era. a. expressed more literally by the pi.: e.g. in the days of King Arthur, days of old, in those days, in days to come, men of other days, etc. better days: times when one was better off: so evil days. See also see v. 10 a. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 3 06re men pe waren bi po dajes. 01300 Cursor M. 17546 (Cott.) In aid dais. Ibid. 21712 (Cott.) Nu in vr daies. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. 1. 96 Dauid, in his dayes he Dubbede knihtes. 1470-85 Malory Arthur X. lxxxvi, Yet had I neuer reward .. of her the dayes of my lyf. 1513 Douglas AZneis xiii. ix. 69 Twichyng the stait, quhilum be days gone, Of Latium. 1548 Hall Chron. 239 b, Of no small authoritie in those dayes. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. A ij, I know not where we shall finde one in these our dayes. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 953 What sonne of Israel can hope for good daies, when hee heares his Fathers were so evill? 1652 Culpepper Eng. Physic. 183 An Herb of as great Use with us in these dayes. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. vi. §26 The Jewish state in the days of Josephus. 1806 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 102 The whole town bears evident marks of having seen better days. 1848 Lytton Harold 1. i, In the good old days before the Monk-king reigned. 1880 T. Fowler Locke i. 7 During his undergraduate and bachelor days.

f/3. In this sense, esp., ME. used dawen, dawe, from the OE. dat. pi. onpaem dagum. When dawe (daw) began to be viewed as sing., dawes was often used in the pi. ciooo Ags. Gosp. Matt. iii. 1 On pam dajum com Iohannes. cn6o Hatton G. ibid., On pam da3en. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 47 Swich peu wes bi pan da3en. c 1275 Lay. 397 After pan hexene lawe pat stot [= stood] in pan ilke dawe. 0 1300 Cursor M. 4082 (Cott.) Als it bitidd mikel in paa dauus [v.r. be aide dawes]. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 3852 Non better nar bi po dawe. c 1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 452 Felawes, The which he had y-knowen in olde dawes. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas ill. xiii. 86 b, Neuer.. in their dawes. c 1430 Freemasonry 509 (Matz.) Suche mawmetys he hade yn hys dawe. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. xliv, Tullus Seruillius douchtie in his daw.

b. expressed more fig. by the sing. Now esp. in phrases at or to this or that day, at the present day, in our own day, at some future day, etc.; (in) this day and age, (at) the present time; (at) the moment of speaking or writing. 1382 Wyclif John xiv. 20 In that day 3e schulen knowe, for I am in my fadir, and 3ee in me. 1578 Timme Calvin on Gen. 242 Which Men at this day call Cairum. 1611 Bible

DAY Ezek. xxx. 9 In that day shall messengers goe foorth from me in shippes. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. 1. vi. § 1 To this day .. the Coptites and antient Egyptians call the end of the year V€iat. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. I. 23 Apr., The inconveniences which I overlooked in the high day of health. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. Introd. 4 His wither’d cheek and tresses grey Seem’d to have known a better day. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 403 To this day Palamon and Arcite .. are the delight both of critics and of schoolboys. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 48 They were .. more just than the men of our day. [1917 A. Woollcott Let. 4 Dec. (1944) 41 You will receive a modest Christmas gift.. of no conceivable use in this day and generation.] 1933 Week-end Rev. 7 Oct. 348/1 {title of film) This day and age. 1941 Time 13 Jan. 44/1 She knew that in this day and age a nun could be a scientist, if she were smart as well as conscientious. 1944 H. Croome You've gone Astray xxi. 209 Do you mean to say that in this day and age .. you’re going to come the conventional? 1958 Spectator 18 July 116/2 The needs of this day and age. 1970 New Yorker 17 Oct. 39/2 What a comfort it was in this day and age to meet someone obliging.

(b) the day: the time under consideration, time (now or then) present; (cf. the hour, the moment), order of the day : see order, the day : Sc. for to¬ day, q.v. 1814 Scott Wav. xiii,‘But we maun a’ live the day, and have our dinner. 1839 Sir C. Napier in W. N. Bruce Life iv. (1885) 127 Funk is the order of the day. 1893 W. P. Courtney in Academy 13 May 413/1 The gardens were planned by the best landscape gardeners of the day. 0 1895 Mod. Men and women of the day. The book of the day.

14. With personal pronoun: Period of a person’s rule, activity, career, or life; lifetime. a. in sing. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 376 Heye men ne dorste by hys day wylde best nyme no3t. 01300 Cursor M. 8315 (Cott.) Salamon .. sal be king efter pi dai. c 1300 Beket 649 Heo that was so freo and he3 bi myn ancestres daye. c 1400 Gamelyn 65 Thus dalte the knight his lond by his day. 0 1500 Childe of Bristowe 360 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 124 Yet dwel y stille in peyn.. tyl y haue fulfilled my day. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc iii. 293 Holy abbots honour’d in their day. 1850 L. Hunt Autobiog. (i860) 1, I have had vanities enough in my day.

b. in pi. Time of one’s life, span of existence. to end one's days: to die. 1466 Paston Lett. No. 552 II. 282 Like as the said John Paston deceased had in any time of his daies. 1484 Caxton Curiall 1 That thou myghtest vse thy dayes in takyng companye wyth me. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 756 In his later dayes. .somewhat corpulent. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 289 b, They had neuer feled suche before, in all theyr dayes. 0 1533 Ld. Berners Huon lxv. 222 There myserably he shall ende his dayes. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. xcv, That tongue that tells the story of thy days. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 304 The griefe he conceived.. hastened his daies. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 815, I at Naples pass my peaceful Days. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 753 The kingdom of Burgundy was now in its last days.

15. Time of action, period of power or influence. Proverb, a (every) dog has his (a) day. 1550 Q- Eliz. in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. xxviii. 234 Notwithstanding, as a dog hath a day, so may I perchance have time to declare it in deeds. 1562 j. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 30 But as euery man saith, a dog hath a daie. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. i. 315 The Cat will Mew, and Dogge will haue his day. 1633 B. Jonson Tale Tub 11. i, A man has his hour, ^nd a dog his day. 1703 Rowe Ulyss. 1. i. 71 Suffer the Fools to laugh. .This is their Day. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. 4. 2 Each dog has but his day. 1841 Miall Nonconf. I. i Diplomacy has had its day, and failed. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Prol. v, Our little systems have their day, They have their day and cease to be.

V. Phrases. 16. A-DAY, A-DAYS, q.v. (see also I b); BY day, bi-day (see 1 and by prep. 19, 20); by the day (by prep. 24 c); TO-DAY. fl7. of daw(e (OE. type *of dagutn, ME. of dajen, of daje, of dawe, of dawes, of daw (day), a daw, corruptly on, to daw(e): in to bring, do of or out of dawe, life's dawe, to deprive of life, to kill; to be of dawe, to be dead. Obs. See also adawe adv. 01225 Juliana 31 He walde don hire..ut of dahene. 01300 Cursor M. 4168 (Gott.) pan wil na man of vs mak saue, pat we him [Joseph] suld haue done of daue [v.rr. on dau, of daghe]. Ibid. 7808 (Fairf.) He me be-so3t.. I sulde him bringe on Hues dawe [v.rr. o dau, o daw, of dawe]. c 1300 Seyn Julian 193 pat heo of dawe be. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 282, I trawed my perle don out of dawez. ? 01400 Morte Arth. 2056 That oure soveraygne sulde be distroyede, And alle done of dawez. CI420 Chron. Vilod. 107 Mony a mon was p1 day y do to dawe. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vm. xxxi. 119 De erle pus wes dwne of day. 1513 Douglas JEneis II. iii. 58 He was slane, allace, and brocht of daw.

18. this or that day week (in Sc. eight days), twelve months, etc.: used of measurement of time forward or backward: the same day a week or a year after or before. 1526 Tindale Acts x. 30 This daye nowe .iiij. dayes I fasted. 1651 Cromwell Lett. 3 Sept. (Carlyle), The third of September, (remarkable for a mercy vouchsafed to your forces on this day twelvemonth in Scotland). 1801 Eliz. Helme St. Margaret's Cave III. 244 On the day month that he had made the dreadful avowal. 1815 Byron Let. to Moore 10 Jan., I was married this day week. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xv. (1877) 189 Let Harold see how many.. he holds by this day twelve months. Mod. He is expected this day week (or, in Sc., this day eight days).

19. day about, on alternate days in rotation, each on or for a day in his turn: cf. about, A. 5 b.; day by day, on each successive day, daily,

DAY every day in its turn (without any notion of cessation); also attrib.; day after day, each day as a sequel to the preceding, on every day as it comes (but without intending future continuance); day in (and) day out, every day for an indefinite number of successive days, continuously; day off, a day away from work, school, etc.; day out, a day away from home or one’s lodgings; spec, a servant’s free day; also fig.; (from) day to day, continuously or without interruption from one day to another (said of a continuation of state or conditions); also attrib.; hence day-to-dayness. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 505 Fram daye to daye hii dude the mansinge. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. vm. 177 What j?ou dudest day bi day. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 175 In whiche me thoughte I myghte, day by day, Dwellen alwey. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 112 Day be day, or ouery day, quotidie. 1483 Cath. Angl. 88 From Day to day, die in diem, in dies, dietim. 15.. Moffat Wyf of Auchtirmuchty (Bannatyne MS.), Content am I To tak the pluche my day about. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer 2 b, Te Deum, Day by day we magnifie thee. 1556 Aurelio & Isab. (1608) I iij, From daye to daye you have beane worse. 1605 Shaks. Macb. v. v. 20 To morrow, and to morrow, and to morrow, Creepes in this petty pace from day to day. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 445 f 3 Whether I should still persist in laying my Speculations, from Day to Day, before the Publick. 1771 Mrs. Griffith tr. Viauds Shipwreck 178, I cannot give you, day by day, an account of this, .journey. 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) I. 102 ‘Day in and day out’, all the day long. 1830 Tennyson Poems 33 A world of peace And confidence, day after day. 1836 Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 38, I am sickened by its day-by-day occurrence. 1848 Punch 4 Nov. 182/2 The Servant-Girl’s Idea of Life:—one long day out with ‘the journeyman’. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xv. (1877) 195 Passing each other day by day. 1869 Punch 20 Mar. 111/2 Having made this a holiday with a view to having a ‘day out’, my landlady had not had notice to call me at any particular hour. 1883 Manch. Exam. 8 Dec. 4/1 For day-to-day loans the general charge was 2 to 2J per cent. 1883 B. Harte Carquinez Woods ii. 51 It has been already intimated that it was his ‘day ofF. 1887 M. E. Wilkins Humble Romance (1890) 127 Sewing as she did, day in, day out. 1890 Peel City Guardian 4 Jan. 5/5 It was Fayle’s day out, and he made the most of the chances offered. 1892 Mrs. A. Ireland Lett. G. E. Jewsbury p. xiii, Their fulfilment is wholly incompatible with a migraine or a ‘day ofF. 1893 Eng. Illustr. Mag. 488/2 The bus-driver spends his ‘day ofF in driving on a pal’s bus, on the box-seat by his pal’s side. 1898 A. E. T. Watson Turf i. 17 It may not have been the animal’s ‘day out’, it may do better later on. 1904 Kipling in Windsor Mag. Dec. 10/1 Whatever ’e’s done, let us remember that ’e’s given us a day off. 1927 Public Opinion Jan. 56/3 The British Broadcasting Company will have to offer, day in and day out, a service. Ibid. Feb. 109/2 Work—day in day out—and not much money. 1933 S. Jameson {title) A day off. 1933 Granta 26 Apr. 370/1 Those interested only in the day to day politics of the fall of the dollar and the Russian embargo. 1942 W. S. Churchill End of Beginning (1943) 33 Even in the.. United States the Executive does not stand in the same direct, immediate, day-to-day relation to the Legislative body as we do. 1948 F. R. Leavis Great Tradition iv. i. 200 That kind of self-sufficient day-to-dayness of living Conrad can convey, i960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day vi. 116 One boy .. was kicked around, jeered at or ostracised, day in day out for several years. 1963 Higher Educ. {Cmnd. 2154) xv. 220 The day-to-day conduct of policy must rest with the heads of institutions. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xv. 138 Lifebuoy Toilet Soap With Puralin gives day in-day out protection against B.O. 1971 Daily Tel. 1 July 1 {heading) Teachers’ strike gives 400,000 pupils day off. 20. a. all day: the whole day; fevery day: see 1 b, and alday. all days: always, for ever: see

6 b. better days: see 13 a. every-day, first day, q.v. good day: see good, late in the day: see late, now-a-days, fnow bi-dawe: see now and a-days. one day, one of these days: see 7 b. the other day: two (or a few) days ago: see other. some day, some of these days: see 7 b. time of day: hour of the clock, period of the world’s history, etc.: see time, the day after (or before) the fair: too late (or too early); see fair sb.1 days in bank, days of grace, etc.: see bank2 2, grace, etc. Also All Fools’ Day, Ascension, blackletter, lawful day, etc.: see these words. b. In various colloq. phrases, as to make a day of it: to devote a day to some pursuit, usu. one of pleasure; to spend the day in enjoyment or revelling (see make v.1 i 8 c and cf. night sb. 4 e); to make (one's) day : see make v.1; if it's (or he's, etc.) a day: of a period of time or a person’s age, at least; any day (of the week): at all times; without exception or doubt; cf. every time (every a. 1 e and time sb. 18 b); to call it (half) a day: to consider that one has done a day’s work; fig. to rest content, to leave off; between two days U.S.: overnight; that'll (or that will) be the day (app. orig. N.Z.): (a) that will be a day worth waiting for, experiencing, etc.; (b) (ironically) that is most unlikely; that will never happen; those were the days: an expression (nostalgic or ironic) of regret for time past. 1660 [see make v.' 18 c]. 1731-8 Swift Polite Conv. (1963) 78 She’s on the wrong Side of thirty, if she be a Day. 1763 Boswell London Jrnl. 28 July (1950) 327 Come., let us make a day of it. Let us go down to Greenwich and dine. 1777 [see if conj. 1 a]. 1828 Lamb Let. Dec. (1935) III. 198 From this paradise, making a day of it, you go to see the ruins of an old convent at March Hall. 1829 G. Griffin

DAY

274 Collegians II. xxiii. 169 It’s a long time since you an’ I met. .. ’Tis six years if its a day. [1833 J. Neal Down-Easters I. ix. 134 He’ll do it any day o’ the week .. let alone Saturdays —of course the speaker was a Marylander of Irish parentage.] 1838 J. c. Neal Charcoal Sk. 140, I’ve a great mind to knock off and call it half a day. 1839 Thackeray Catherine i, in Fraser's Mag. May 609/2 She’s seventeen if she’s a day, though he is the very first sweetheart she has had. 1840 Dickens Old. C. Shop xxxix, in Master Humphrey's Clock (1841) II. 11 Why you are a good deal better-looking than her, Barbara... You are, any day. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast (1854) xxviii. 177 Some rascally deed sent him off ‘between two days’. 1843 Spirit of Times 4 Mar. 1/2 When a thing isn’t ‘worth a fig’, one ‘might as well call it half a day and quit’. 1885 [see night sb. 4e]. 1889 ‘Mark Twain’ Yankee 271 It would have been best for Merlin.. to quit and call it half a day. 1902 Conrad Youth 4 He was sixty if a day. 1903 A. D. McFaul Ike Glidden in Maine ii. 12 Hadn’t been’t he left town ’tween two days he’d be good way on the road to the pen’tentiary now. 1906 G. K. Chesterton Dickens viii. 188 Susan Nipper., is more of a heroine than Florence any day of the week. 1919 Wodehouse Damsel in Distress ix. 116 Albert rose, not unwilling to call it a day. 1922 S. Lewis Babbitt xv. 193 ‘Remember how.. we pinched the pants-pressing sign and took and hung it on Prof. Morrison’s door? Oh, gosh, those were the days!’ Those, McKelvey agreed, were the days. 1930 W. S. Maugham Cakes & Ale 268 I’ve had my time and I’m ready to call it a day. 1931 A. L. Rowse Politics & Younger Gen. 155 They would prefer a despotism of the civil service to a despotism of the law any day. 1934 J. T. Farrell Young Manhood xvi, in Studs Lonigan (1936) 347 Jesus, those were the days, weren’t they, Studs? 1936 J. B. Priestley They walk in City 240 He had to be there at nine ..and then worked on until the Belvedere Trading Company.. ‘called it a day’. 1941 Baker N.Z. Slang vi. 50 That'll be the day\.. a cant phrase expressing mild doubt following some boast or claim by a person. 1943 N. Marsh Colour Scheme vi. 101 He’s a beaut. Wait till I get him. That’ll be the day. 1951-Opening Night xi. 248 ‘If I’ve bungled,’ Alleyn muttered, ‘I’ve .. bungled in a big way.’.. Bailey astonished everyone by saying.. ‘That’ll be the day.’ ‘Don’t talk Australian,’ Mr. Fox chided. 1957 G. Bellairs Death in High Provence xiii. 149 Madeleine’s sister is a great age, too. Eighty, if a day. 1957 J. Braine Room at Top xiii. 129 We’ll call it a day... Don’t think badly of me. i960 H. Pinter Room in Birthday Party 107 ‘Maybe there are two landlords.’.. ‘That’ll be the day.’ 1963 V. Nabokov Gift iii. 185 A friend of his.. complained that Carlsbad was no longer what it used to be. Those were the days! he said: ‘you stand with your mug of water and there next to you is King Edward.’ 1965 L. Sands Something to Hide v. 83 ‘Got any free road-maps?’ ‘That’ll be the day. Bob apiece.’

VI. Attributive uses and Combinations. 21. The common use of the possessive genitive day's (as in other nouns of time) somewhat restricts the simple attributive use of day. The genitive is used in, e.g., the day’s duties, needs, sales, takings; a day’s length, sunshine; a day’s fighting, journey, march, rest; a day’s allowance, fast, pay, provisions, victuals, wages, etc. So with the pi. two days’ journey, three days’ pay, etc. See also daysman, day’s work. a 1250 Owl 1st Night. 1588 That gode wif.. Haveth daies kare and notes wake. 1388 Wyclif Luke ii. 44 Thei.. camen a daies iourney [1382 the wey of a day], 1422 E.E. Wills (1882) 50 Myn eche daies gowne. 1548 Hall Chron. 228 b, Ponderynge together yestardayes promise, and two-dayes doyng. 1784 Cowper Task 11. 6 My ear is pained.. with every day’s report. 1859 Tennyson Enid 476 In next day’s tourney. Mod. ‘He has neither night's rest nor day's ease’, as the saying is. A distance of three days’ journey.

22. Such combinations as eight days when used attrib. may become eight-day. 1803 M. Wilmot Jrnl. 13 Apr. in Londonderry & Hyde Russ. Jrnls. (1934) I. 3 My precious Father, saw us safely into the two day Coach. 1836 [see eight], 1847 Nat. Encycl. I. 413 Six-day licenses may be granted. Mod. An eight-day clock.

23. General combinations: a. simple attrib. ‘of the day, esp. as opposed to the night, the day’s’, as day-beam, -blush, -fall, -glory, -god, -going, -hospital, -hours, -season, -spirit; ‘of a day, as a period of time, a day’s’, as day-bill, -journey, -name, -respite, -sum, -ticket, -warning; day-old adj. (also sb. = day-old chick, etc.). x8n Shelley Let. 6 Jan. (1964) I. 38 The ‘day-beam returning. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 265 The day-beam.. O’er Queensberry began to peep. 1825 D. L. Richardson Sonnets 60 The day-beams fade Along the crimson west. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid iv. 76 As Aurora was rising out of her ocean bed And the day-beam lofted. 1824 Byron Juan xv. lxii, A single ‘day-bill Of modern dinners. I*I3-Br. Abydos II. xxviii, When the *day-blush bursts from high. 1889 F. Thompson in Merry England XIII. 300 Who set upon her brow the ‘day-fall’s carcanet? i960 T. Hughes Lupercal 55 Waking, dragged suddenly From a choir-shaken height By the world, Lord, and its dayfall. 1827 Blackw. Mag. XXL 81 Why, *Day-god, why so late? 1638 Jackson Creed ix. xxiv. Wks. VIII. 353 Betwixt three of the clock and the ‘day-going. 1843 Chambers's Jrnl. 30 Dec. 398/1 A kind of ‘day-hospital, to keep the children from wandering idly abroad. 1951 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Aug. 307 The Day Hospital does not belong to the era of Individual Psychiatry. 1958 New Statesman 10 Jan. 34/1 It has long been recognised that given adequate out-patient facilities, day hospitals, occupation centres and hostels, many persons suffering from mental disorder need not enter a mental hospital. 1963 Guardian 16 May 4/6 The Marlborough day hospital, in London. . had had no beds and has been working as a ‘day’ hospital where patients after attendance return to their homes and families at night; and as a ‘night’ hospital where patients can go to work during the day, returning for help in the evenings. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. 11. 77 The upper half of the circle.. is the •Day-Hours, and the lower.. is the Night-Hours 1483

Cath. Angl. 88 A ‘Day iornay, diet a. 1907 Daily Chron. 8 July 4/4 Many poultry-keepers dispose of several thousand •day-old chicks every season. 1911 R. Brooke Let. Feb. (1968) 280 Every night I sit in a cafe near here.. and read the day-old Times. 1928 Daily Tel. 11 May 19/4 Day-olds from reliable pedigree strains cost only 21s a dozen. 1930 Masefield Wanderer of Liverpool 67 It was fine clear easterly weather with a day-old moon. 1959 B.S.I. News Apr. 18/2 Priority is being given to arrangements for the carriage of day-old chicks, i960 Farmer & Stockbreeder $ Jan. 109/3 Year after year crops of goslings are., in big demand as day-olds or ‘growers’, c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xix. 429 A ‘day respyte is worthe moche. 01568 Coverdale Bk. Death I. xxi, Neither need to fear any inconvenience by night, neither swift arrow in the ‘dayseason. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 274 Thy ‘day-sum of delight, c 1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 443 To be redy at a ‘day warning.

b. attrib. ‘Pertaining to or characteristic of the day, existing by day, diurnal’; as day-bell, -bird, -breeze, -clothes, -guest, -haul, -moth, -shift, -task, -watch, -watchman, -wind. 15.. Tale of Basyn 172 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 51 Thei daunsyd all the ny3t, till the son con ryse; The clerke rang the ‘day-bell, as it was his gise. 1774 White in Phil. Trans. LXV. 266 It does not withdraw to rest till a quarter before nine , being the latest of all ‘day-birds. 1808 J. Barlow Colpmb. 11. 540 The ‘day-breeze fans the God. 1644 A. Burgesse Magistrates Commission 15 It ought to be your ‘day-care and your night-care, and your morning-care. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Voy. to Eng. Wks. (Bohn) II. 12 The master never slept but in his ‘day-clothes whilst on board. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 33 If griefe lodges with us over night, Joy shall be our ‘Day Guest. 1888 E. J. Mather Nor’ard of Dogger 103 The smacks had their gear down for a ‘day-haul. 1831 Carlyle Sart. Res. (1858) 73 Your very ‘Daymoth has capabilities in this kind. 1872 Daily News 12 Oct., The people of the ‘day-shift trooping in to relieve the night-workers. 1630 Brathwait Eng. Gentlem., Our Ordinary Gentleman, whose *day-taske is this. 1837 Wheelwright tr. Aristophanes I. 263 Eluding our ‘daywatch. 1722 De Foe Plague (1840) 51 Till the morningman, or *day-watchman, as they called him, came to relieve him. 1846 Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 50 How soft the ‘daywind sighed.

c. With agent-nouns and words expressing action, ‘(that acts or is done) by day, during the day, as distinguished from night’, as daydevourer, -drudge, -flier, -lurker, -nurse, -seller, -sleeper, -trip, -tripper; daydrcrwsiness, -fishing, -journeying, -reflection, -slumber, -somnambulism, -vision; also adjectives, as day-appearing, -flying, -shining, etc. 1821 Shelley Fragments, Wandering i. Like a ‘day¬ appearing dream. 1725 Pope Odyss. xix. 83 A *daydevourer, and an evening spy! 1852 Meanderings of Mem. I. 149 ‘Day-drowsiness—and night’s arousing power. 1837 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. XXVII. 22 He [rr. Carlyle] possesses in no less perfection .. the quality of the historical *day-drudge. 1840 Carlyle Heroes (1858) 237 Show him the way of doing that, the dullest daydrudge kindles into a hero. 1653 Walton Angler 126 There is night as well as •day-fishing for a Trout. 1889 A. R. Wallace Darwinism 24.8 ‘Day-flying moths. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. IV. Ixiv. 274 In leisurely ‘day-journeying from Genoa to London. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 4 Jugglers, *Daylurkers, and Deceivers. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. xxv. 309 The night-nurse.. well beknown to Mrs. Prig the ‘daynurse. 1855 J. R. Beste Wabash I. ii. 48 Our little Isabel amused the youngest children, and constituted herself their day nurse. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 1062 The ‘day-reflection, and the midnight-dream! 1889 Tablet 3 Aug. 167 Two classes of flower-girl—the ‘day-sellers and the night-sellers. 1580 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 2 The ‘day-shining starres. J549 Cheke Hurt Sedit. (1641) 41 ‘Day-sleepers, purssepickers. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 767/2 The bat., awoke from its deep *day-slumber. 1849 H. Mayo Truths in Pop. Superst. vi. 86 Let me narrate some instances.. one of •day-somnambulism. 1903 A. Bennett Leonora viii. 215 He had gone to London by a ‘day-trip on the previous Thursday. 1967 C. Drummond Death at Furlong Post viii. 107 A customer who had taken a day trip to Calais. 1897 Daily News 27 Sept. 3/5 The “day-tripper’ class of excursionists. Ibid., Day trippers by the Marguerite from the Thames, i960 E. W. Hildick Jim Starling & Colonel vii. 57 Day-trippers on their way to Blackpool. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. III. 58 Their night-dreams and day-visions, whereby they divined things.

d. objective or objective genitive, as day¬ dispensing, -distracting, -loving adjs.; dayhater, -prolonger; e. instrumental, as day-lit, day-wearied adjs.; f. adverbial, as day-bom, -hired, -lasting, -lived adjs.; g. similative and parasynthetic, as day-bright, -clear, -eyed adjs. 1849 Thoreau A Week 59 The Society Islanders had their day-born gods. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 26 Nov. 2/3 The dayborn hopeless longing dies. 1590 T. Watson Poems (Arb.) 159 Virgo make fountains of thy *daie-bright eine. a 1592 Greene & Lodge Looking Glasse (1861) 124 The day-bright eyes that made me see. 1785 Burns 2nd Ep. to J. Lapraik XV1‘, Some day-detesting owl. 1725 Pope Odyss. xx. 102 lhe day-distracting theme. 1796 T. Townshend Poems 49 Day-eyed Fancy. 1597 Daniel Civ. Wars 11. c, The ‘dayhater, Minerva s bird. 1751 Female Foundling II. 159 *DayServants. 01649 Drumm. of Hawth. Fam. Epist. Wks. (1711) 139 ‘Day-lasting ornaments. 1885 R. L. Stevenson Dynamiter 136 The broad, ‘daylit unencumbered paths of universal scepticism. 1839 Bailey Festus v. (1848) 48 Things born of vice or ‘day-lived fashion. 1824 J- Bowring Batavian Anthol. 148 ‘Davprolonger-summer's mate. 1595 Shaks. John v. iv. 35 heebie, and ‘day-wearied Sunne.

24.

Special combinations: day-and-night throughout the day and night; f dayand-night-shot, the name of some disease; dayattrib.

DAY before attrib., of the previous day; day-boarder, see boarder; f day-body, a person taken up with the things of the day; day-boy, a school¬ boy (at a boarding-school) who attends the classes but goes home for the evening, as distinguished from a boarder, q.v.; also transf. and attrib.-, day-bug Schoolboy slang, = day¬ boy, day-car, -coach U.S., any railway passenger carriage other than a sleeper; also transf.-, day care, the supervision and care of young children during the day, esp. while their mothers are at work; freq. attrib.-, day centre, a non-residential centre which provides social, recreational, and other facilities, esp. for the elderly or handicapped; day-clock, a clock which requires to be wound up daily; day-coal (see 5); day continuation school, a school for educating young workers released temporarily by their employers; fday, day! a childish expression for ‘good day’, ‘goodbye’ (cf. ta-ta sb.)\ day-degree (see quot.); day dress, = daygown-, day-drift, -hole (see quot. and 5); day editor, the editor in charge of a newspaper during the day; day-eye (Coalmining), a working open to daylight; day-gang, f(a) a day’s march or journey (obs.); (b) a gang of miners, etc., forming the day-shift-, day-gown, a woman’s gown worn by day; day-holding, the holding of an appointed day (for arbitration); day-hours (pi.), those offices for the Canonical Hours which are said in the day-time; day-house (Astrol.), a house in which a planet is said to be stronger by day than by night (Wilson Diet. Astrol.)-, day-length, the length of the day, esp. as it varies at different times of the year; also attrib., spec, designating clothes of a suitable length for wear during the day (see also quot. 1949); t day-liver, one who lives for a day, or for the day; dayman, one employed for the day, or for duty on a special day; day-nettle: see deadnettle and dea-nettle; day nursery, (a) a nursery used by children during the day (as distinguished from night nursery)-, (b) a nursery where children are cared for while their mothers are at work; Day of Atonement [tr. Heb. Yom Kippur], a Jewish fast day, observed from the ninth to the tenth of Tishri; day-on Naut. slang, one who does duty as officer of the day; day release, a system whereby employers allow employees days off from work for education; also attrib.-, day-room, a room occupied by day only; f day-set, sun-set; day-shine, day-light; f day-shutting, close of day, sunset; dayside, (a) U.S., the division of a newspaper’s staff that works during the day; more generally (attrib.), of or pertaining to the day-shift; that works or is performed by day; cf. night-side (c) s.v. night sb. 14; (b) the side of a planet that is facing the sun and is therefore in daylight, esp. in phr. on the dayside-, cf. night-side (d) s.v. night sb. 14; daystone, a naturally detached block of stone found on the surface (see 5); day-streak, streak of dawn; day-student, a student who comes to a college, etc. during the day for lectures or study, but does not reside there; day-ticket, a railway or other ticket covering return on the same day; also, a ticket covering all journeys or entrances made by the purchaser on the day of issue; daytide (poet.,) day-time; day-wages, wages paid by the day; so day-wage attrib.; fday-wait, a watcher or watchman by day; day-'ward sb., ward kept by day; 'dayward a. and adv., towards the day; day-water, surface water (see 5). 1899 Westm. Gaz. 16 Mar. 10/2 The work will be carried out by ‘day and night relays of men. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons’ Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxvii. 436 Unless day-and-night nursing is available it is a wise precaution with many patients to tie their hands loosely to the bed at night. 1527 Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters K ij b, The same water is good agaynste a sore named the *daye and nyght shotte. 1828 Cobbett Serm., Drunkenness 45 Nobody is so dull as the ‘daybefore drunkard. 1853 E. Sewell Exper. Life iii. 26 A very tolerable school.. where they were allowed .. to attend as *day boarders. 1567-8 Abp. Parker Corr. 310, I trust, not so great a *day-body.. but can consider both reason and godliness. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair II. xxi, Georgy was, like some dozen other pupils, only a *day-boy. 1888 Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men I. iii. 302 The attempt was made to send [him]. . as a day-boy, to Rugby school. 1914 Spectator 17 Oct. 516/2 We would train a portion of the men in what we may describe as ‘day-boy’ battalions... Up till the time of the Boer War . there were two battalions of London Militia who were always trained on the ‘day-boy’ system. The men lived in their own homes, and came to the depot each day for their recruit training. 1909 Ware Passing Eng. 105/1 Don’t row with that fellow, he’s only a *day-bug. 1913 C. Mackenzie Sinister Street I. 1. vii. 103 When an older boarder called him a ‘day-bug’ Michael was discreetly silent. 1870 W. F. Rae Westward by Rail (1871) 50 This company build and run their own elegant sleeping coaches and palace *day cars. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 26 Sept. 6/3

DAYAN

275 [Accident in Tennessee] Day-car and day-car were telescoped, buckled, and thrown over. 1964 Economist 4 Jan. 24/2 Adequately staffed day-care centres for children. 1961 Lancet 16 Sept. 6481 A local authority can provide ‘daycentres or social clubs for them if it wishes to do so. 1976 Bridgwater Mercury 21 Dec. 1/3 Grant aid to elderly persons’ clubs, luncheon clubs and day centres will be continued. 1984 Listener zb July 21/1 The health team beavers unobtrusively, arranging a home help here, a weekly visit to a day centre there. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede 38 No sound . but the loud ticking of the old ‘day-clock. 1873 Winfield (Kansas) Courier 11 Jan. 2/7 Elegant ‘Day Coaches, [etc.].. are some of the modern improvements used on this Line. 1887 C. B. George 40 Yrs. on Rail xi. 226 A passenger on his way to the dining-car came out of the day coach into the ladies’ end of my car. 1947 Shell Aviation News CXII. 4/1 Atlantic has applied to the Civil Aeronautics Board for permission to operate day coach services in the triangular area, New York, Washington and Pittsburg. 19x9 Times Educ. Suppl. 25 Sept. 487/1 The ‘day continuation school must sit between eight in the morning and seven in the evening. 1943 Ann. Reg. 1942 68 The Council.. advocated.. day continuation schools for young persons up to the age of 18. 1952 Oxf. Jun. Encycl. X. 142/2 A system of Day Continuation Schools was also included in the 1918 Fisher Act. All young people between the ages of 14 and 18 who had ended full-time schooling were to continue their education at such schools for a period of 320 hours each year. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull IV. vii, Bye! bye, Nic!.. Won’t you like to shake your *day-day, Nic? 1784 P. Oliver in T. Hutchinson's Diary II. 213 Day, day! Yrs, P. Oliver. 1886 Daily News 17 May 3/4 The result is expressed in *day-degrees, a day-degree signifying one degree of excess or deficit of temperature above or below 42 deg. continued for 24 hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours. 1922 Liberty Dresses Spring 10 *Day Dress, in crepe-de-chine... Price \2.\ guineas. 1891 Labour Commission Gloss., *Day drifts or day holes, galleries or inclined planes driven from the surface so that men can walk underground to and from their work without descending and ascending a shaft. 1873 W. Mathews Getting on in World xiv. 218 Mr. Brooks .. acting as leading editor [of the New York Express], reporter, *day editor, night editor, and even typesetter. 1877 Harper's Mag. Dec. 53/2 The day editor in charge. 1890 H. T. Crofton in Trans. Lane. Cheshire Antiq. Soc. VII. 27 Coal would probably be obtained first by ‘drifts’, ‘•dayeyes’, or ‘breast-highs.’ 01300 Cursor M. 5842 Vte of his land *dai-ganges thre. 1840 T. A. Trollope Summ. Britt. II. 163 When the day-gangs come up, and those for the night go down. 1875 L. Troubridge Life amongst Troubridges (1966) x. 116 My old peacock cashmere evening, transformed into a *day gown with long sleeves. 1889 Pall Mall G. 14 Nov. 1/3 Another day gown for a well-known society woman. 1565 in Child Marriages (E.E.T.S.) 44 Ther was diuerse *daie-holdinges to get them to abide together; which they neuer cold bringe to passe. 1892 Pall Mall. G. 11 Feb. 5/1 The coal is won by means of a *day hole. 1855 P. Freeman Princ. Div. Service I. 220 There is, however, attached to each of these ‘*day-hours’ a ‘mid-hour’ Office. 1920 Garner & Allard in Jrnl. Agric. Res. XVIII. 582 The Stewart Cuban Mammoth tobacco which requires a *day length of 12 hours or less to attain the blossoming stage has been grown commercially to some extent under an artificial shade. 1944 A. G. Hatcher in Mod. Lang. Notes Dec. 515 Among the many relationships expressed by noun combinations .. the three-member compound is peculiarly modern .. day-length dresses .. bronze-finish lamp. 1949 New Biol. VII. 52 Day length neutral plants.. flowered whatever the length of day. 1965 Harper's Bazaar Jan. 54/1 He will charge you about 20 or 25 gns. for a day-length dress. 1630 Drumm. of Hawth. Hymn to Fairest Fair, •Day-livers, we rememberance do lose Of ages worn. 1880 Times 8 Oct. 8/5 The Liberal secretaries.. mentioned the names of the chairmen, treasurers, executive ‘*daymen’, and captains of the respective wards. 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 98 Marines, Idlers or Daymen. 1844 Mrs. Parkes in Webster & Parkes Encycl. Domestic Econ. xxvi. i. 1187 *Day nurseries should be prepared for the children by having the windows open early in the morning. 1850 Househ. Words II. 110/1 These institutions were to be Day-Nurseries for the children of the poor. 1884 Harper's Mag. Apr. 782/2 A ‘Day Nursery and Temporary Home for Children’, charging two cents a day to busy mothers. 1896 H. Friederichs In the Evening of his Days 70 (caption) The Day Nursery at Hawarden Castle. 1908 H. de V. Stacpoole Patsy ii, They were in the day nursery, which was also the schoolroom. 1955 Times 15 July 5/7 Under the scheme the boroughs would become responsible for maternity and child welfare, day nurseries, [etc.]. [1611 Bible Lev. xxiii. 27 On the tenth day of this seuenth moneth there shalbe a day of atonement.] 1819 L. Alexander Hebrew Ritual 82 The Conclusion Prayer.. concludes the service of the *Day of Atonement. 1893 Zangwill Ghetto Tragedies 47 The great White Fast, the Day of Atonement. 1932 L. Golding Magnolia Street 1. ii. 33 When she absented herself on the Feast of the New Year and the Day of Atonement, the understanding was she had a cold. 1914 ‘Bartimeus’ Naval Occasions (1918) iv. 27 The *Day-on flopped exhaustedly on to a Wardroom settee. 1945 Youth's Opportunity (Min. Educ. Pamphlet iii) 12 Part-time *day release by industry for the purpose of technical commercial and art courses. 1955 Times 23 May 6/2 In part-time day-release courses an effective proportion .. of the students’ time should be devoted to non-vocational work. 1965 J. Melville There lies your Love i. 24 She was what was called a day-release student: a student who also had a job but was continuing her education. 1823 Nicholson Pract. Builder 577 A Small County Prison.. A spacious *day room on the ground floor. C1386 Chaucer Clerk's T. 718 At *day set he on his way is goon. C1822 Beddoes Pygmalion Poems 154 By moon, or lamp, or sunless •day shine white. 1872 Tennyson Gareth L. 1065 Naked in open dayshine. 1673 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I.316 That every publick house hang out lanthornes .. till 8 a clock at night, from *day shutting. 1927, etc. *Day side [see night side s.v. night sb. 14]. 1963 Daily Tel. 20 May 26/4 He could see the larger stars on the ‘dayside’ of the Earth if he kept both sunshine and earthshine out of his capsule window. 1979 Washington Post 8 Jan. dii/i Postal clerks who sort mail for Zone 11 on the midnight shift.. missed the big dayside collection. 1980 Washington Post Mag. 20 Jan. 8/3 At 11130 he dropped it into the city desk basket and went home, thinking that the dayside would get a kick out of it.

1982 Nature 4 Feb. 365/2 When the solar wind magnetic field points south,.. magnetic ‘reconnection’ can occur across the dayside boundary. 1877 A. H. Green Phys. Geol. x. §3. 441 • Day-stones. 1850 Clough Dipsychus 83 The chilly *day-streak signal. 1883 Durham Univ. Jrnl. 17 Dec. 141 Sorry indeed to see the *day-student system becoming the rule. 1846 Railway Reg. III. 248 *Day tickets—The charge is a fare and a half. 1818 Keats Endym. iii. 365 At brim of •day-tide, a 1592 Greene Orpharion Wks. (Grosart) XII. 86 A labourer for *day wages. 1625 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. 1. (1688) 49 Souldiers, Servants, and all that took DayWages for their Labour. 1963 Times 10 May 6/5 The recent provisional agreement on pay increases for day-wage men and craftsmen had been endorsed. 1496 Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) v. xi. 210, I haue made the a *dayewayte to the people of Israeli. 1597-1602 W. Riding Sessions Rolls 49 ( Yorks. Archaeol. Assoc.), Vigilias suas in diebus anglice their •daywarde. 1876 Lanier Poems, Psalm of West 367 Whilst ever *dayward thou art steadfast drawn. 1698 Cay in Phil. Trans. XX. 369 A meer *Day-Water.. immediately from the Clouds. 1808 Curwen Econ. Feeding Stock 198 A poor clay .. extremely retentive of day-water.

fday, v.1 Obs. In 3 dae3en, dai3en. [A form of daw v., assimilated to day sb.] To dawn. C1205 Lay. 21726 Lihten hit gon d^en [C1275 da3eie]. -21854 Faire hit gon da3i3en.-26940 Hit agon dai3en [C1275 da3e3e]. c 1275 Ibid. 1694 A morwe po nit da3ede [c 1205 dawede]. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 112 Dayyn, or wexyn day., diesco. Ibid. 114 Dawyn idem est, quod dayyn [Pynson dayen], auroro. c 1460 Towneley Myst., Jacob 108 Farewell now, the day dayes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 88 To Day, diere, die seer e.

Hence 'daying vbl. sb. = dawing, dawning. C1420 Anturs of Arth. xxxvii, In pe daying of pe day. C1532 Dewes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 927 At the dayeng, a l' ajourner.

fday, v.2 Obs. [f. day sb.; in several disconnected senses.] 1. trans. To appoint a day to any one; to cite or summon for an appointed day. [transl. Flem. dag hen.] 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 19 That he shold be sente fore and dayed ernestly agayn, for t[o] abyde such Iugement.

2. To submit (a matter) to, or decide by, arbitration. Cf. dayment. 1484 [see daying vbl. s6.]. 1580 Lupton Sivqila 117 They haue bin enforced when all their money was.. spent, to haue their matter dayed, and ended by arbitrement.

3. To give (a person) time for payment; absol. to postpone payment. (Cf. day sb. 12.) 1566 Wager Cruell Debter, The most part of my debtters have honestly payed, And they that were not redy I have gently dayed. 1573 Tusser Husb. lxii. (1878) 139 Ill husbandrie daieth, or letteth it lie: Good husbandrie paieth, the cheaper to bie.

4. To appoint or fix as a date. 1594 Carew Tasso (1881) 114 So when the terme was present come, that dayd The Captaine had.

5. To measure by the day; to furnish with days. 1600 Abp. Abbot Exp. Jonah 545 Is it nothing that their life is dayed and houred, and inched out by a fearful God and terrible? 1616 Budden tr. Aerodius' Parent's Hon. 168 Naturall duty, can neither be dayde nor yeard, nor determined by age, or eldership. 1839 Bailey Festus xiii. (1848) 122 When earth was dayed—was morrowed.

6. to year and day : to subject to the statutory period of a year and a day. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. 28 b, And put them in sauegarde to the lordes vse till they be yered and deyd. 01626 W. Sclater Serm. Exper. (1638) 186 Whiles favours are new, we can.. say, God be thanked; but, once year’d and day’d, they scarce ever come more into our thought.

day, var. of dey, dairywoman. dayabeah, var. dahabeeyah. Daya(c)k, Dayakker, f'dayage.

Obs. ? Demurrage.

[?

varr. Dyak.

f.

day

sb.

+

-age.]

1592 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 70 [Various heads under which dues were claimed].. Ferriage; Daiage; Lastage; Wharfage; Keyage; Cranage.

Ildayal ('daijsl). India. Also dhyal. [See dialbird.] = DIAL-BIRD. 1855 Orr's Circle Sci., Org. Nat. III. 307 The Dayal.. which .. is called the Magpie Robin by the English residents in Ceylon. 1893 Newton Diet. Birds 133 Dayal, or more correctly, it would seem, Dhyal (corrupted into Dial-bird), the Hindostani name commonly adopted by Anglo-Indians.

Ildayan (da'jain). Also dayyan. PI. dayanim, dayans. [Heb.] A religious judge in a Jewish community. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 687/1 Each congregation requires the services of a dayan or religious chief. 1891 M. Friedlander Jewish Religion 11. vi. 463 The meat must not be used as food unless the animal has been examined by a competent person (Rabbi or dayyan) and declared .. kosher. 1892 Zangwill Childr. Ghetto I. 4 The Dayanim, those cadis of the East End, administered justice. 1902 Daily Chron. 3 Jan. 5/1 The Rev. B. Spiers, the Dayan of the Beth Hamedrash of London. 1928 Daily Tel. 3 Jan. 10/4 Dayan Dr. Feldmann. 1928 Sunday Dispatch 30 Dec. 7/2 Problems of divorce and marriage brokerage as well as disputes between synagogues and questions of ritual are settled by the bench of five Dayans—or judges. 1957 L. P. Gartner Jewish Immigrant in Eng. (i960) vii. 204 Rabbi Avigdor Chaikin.. sat as a Dayan upon the Beth Din of the Chief Rabbi.

DAY-BED 'day-bed. A bed to rest on in the daytime; a sofa, couch, lounge; transf. (the using of) a bed by day.

Passages Work. Life I.i. 122 The realities of life had cured me of many day-dreams. attrib. 1829 I. Taylor Enthus. ix. 231 The object of day¬ dream contemplation.

1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, hi. vii. 72 (Qo. 1) He is not lulling on a lewd day bed. 01613 Overbury Charac., Ordinarie Fencer Wks. (1856) in A bench, which in the vacation of the afternoons he uses as his day-bed.-Distaster 127 He is a day-bed for the Devill to slumber on. 1818 Scott Rob Roy xxxix, An old-fashioned day-bed, or settee. 1831 Capt. Trelawny Adv. Younger Son II. 193 Day-beds, fetid air, nightly waltzes and quadrilles, rob her of youth. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 225/2 Day bed, a low lounge with sloping head rest. 1969 L. J. Chiaramonte in Halpert & Story Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland 100 The girls sit down on a day bed (a single cot-type couch found in every kitchen).

So 'day-dream v., to indulge in day-dreams; refl., to transport (oneself) imaginatively by means of a day-dream; 'day-dreamer; 'day¬ dreaming vbl. sb. and ppl. a.\ 'day-dreamy a., pertaining to day-dreams; also, having the quality of a day-dream.

'dayberry. local. (Cornw.) Also deberry (Devon), dabberry (Kent). A local name of the gooseberry, chiefly in its wild form. 1736 Pegge Kenticisms, Dabberries pi., gooseberries. *847-78 Halliwell, Deberries, gooseberries. Devon. 1880 Cornwall Gloss., Day-berry, the wild gooseberry.

'day-blindness. A visual defect in which the eyes see indistinctly, or not at all, by daylight, but tolerably well by artificial light. 1834 Good Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 145. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 114/2 Nyctalopia, night-vision, or day-blindness, probably never occurs as a separate disease.

'daybook, day-book. a. A book in which the occurrences or transactions of the day are entered; a diary, journal; falso, a book for daily use or reference; Naut. a log-book (obs.). 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Papier iournal, a day booke. 1583. j Higins tr. Junius' Nomenclator (N.), Diarium .. Registre journel.. A daie booke, conteining such acts, deedes, and matters as are dailie done. 1603 Florio Montaigne (1634) 111 The daybooke of houshold affaires. 1615 R. Bruch {title) Gerhard’s Soule’s Watch; or a Day¬ booke for the devout Soule, consisting of one and fiftie Heavenly Meditations. 1654 Trapp Comm. Ps. v. 4 The young Lord Harrington, and sundry others, kept Journals, or Day-books, and oft read them over, for an help to Humiliation. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 10 If3, I see a Sentence of Latin in my Brother’s Day-Book of Wit. 1866 Mrs. Gaskell Wives and D. I. 328, ‘I don’t like his looks’, thought Mr. Gibson to himself at night, as over his daybooks he reviewed the events of the day. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Day-book, an old and better name for the log-book.

b. Book-keeping. Originally, a book in which the commercial transactions of the day, as sales, purchases, etc., are entered at once in the order in which they occur; now, very generally restricted to a book containing the daily record of a particular class of transactions, as a purchases daybook, sales daybook, and more especially used of the latter, in which credit sales are recorded. In Book-keeping by double entry, often a synonym of the wastebook, whence transactions are posted in the journal, in the methods of single entry commonly used by tradesmen, the book in which goods sold on credit are entered to the debit of the purchaser, and whence they are posted into the ledger, is called variously daybook or journal. 1660 T. Willsford Scales of Commerce 208 The Diary, or Day-book, ought to be in a large folio. 1682 Scarlett Exchanges 222 In some Fairs they use only to note the Resconter in their Day-books, or Memorial, or PocketBooks that can be blotted out again. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Book, The waste-book.. is in reality a journal or day-book; but that name being applied to another, the name waste book is given to this by way of distinction. .Journalbook or day book, is that wherein the affairs of each day are entered orderly down, as they happen, from the waste-book. 1887 Westm. Rev. June 276 The ledgers and daybooks of every-day business life are his guides.

'daybreak. [Cf. break v. 41 and sb.1 2.] The first appearance of light in the morning; dawn.

W. Irving Sketch-Bk., The Voyage, One given to day-dreaming, and fond of losing himself in reveries. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis I. xxviii. 272 This young daydreamer built castles in the air for himself. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets xi. 376 All day-dreamers and castle-builders. 1884 Athenaeum 6 Dec. 738/1 The girl.. who sits day¬ dreaming in a vignette. 1899 Crompton's Mag. Jan. 109 Mr. Jones fell into a retrospective mood, day-dreaming himself back into the past. 1906 Daily Chron. 3 Aug. 8/5 Day¬ dreaming children can pass into this fairy world at will. 1921 T. S. Eliot in Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Mar. 202/1 The daydreamy feeling of Morris is essentially a slight thing. 1949 4M. Innes’ Journeying Boy (1961) 170 There is no doubt, however, that Humphrey can day-dream himself into some rather alarming world of romantic adventure, with nervous consequences that are by no means desirable. 1820

II daye (dai, 'da:i). India. Also dai, dhaye, dhye, dy, dyah. [f. Hind, dai, Pers. dayah.] In N. India and Persia, a nurse; a wet-nurse; a midwife. 1782 India Gaz. 12 Oct. (Y., Suppl.), Dy (Wet-nurse) 10 Rs. 1810 T. Williamson East India Vade-Mecum I. 341 The Dhye is more generally an attendant upon native ladies. 1825 M. M. Sherwood {title) History of little Lucy and her dhaye. 1877 E. S. Dallas Kettner's Bk. of Table 154 The English child born in India has a nurse called a da’i. 1883 C. J. Wills In Land of Lion & Sun xxix. 326 The ‘dyah’, or wet-nurse, is looked on as a second mother. 1920 Outward Bound Oct. 82/1 The doctor and her least dangerous dai (nurse) clambered into the waiting barouche. 1927 Other Lands Apr. 89/2 The indigenous dais are.. absolutely ignorant.

'day-dawn. Chiefly poetic. The dawn of day,

'day-dream. A dream indulged in while awake, hope

or

1685 Dryden Lucret. (T.), And when awake, thy soul but nods at best, Day dreams and sickly thoughts revolving in thy breast. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 167 ^3 The gay Phantoms that dance before my waking Eyes and compose my Day-Dreams. 1815 Scott Guy M. iv, We shall not pursue a lover’s day-dream any farther. 1864 C. Knight

day-house: see dey-house. f 'daying, vbl. sb. Obs. [f. dayd.!] The action of the verb day, esp. arbitration, settlement of a dispute by ‘daysmen’. 1484 Churchw. Acc. St. Dunstan’s, Canterb., Spent at the dayng betwene Baker and the paryshe. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. K iv, To bie at a newe piyce Or bringe .. To an vneertentie by douwtfull daying. Ibid. O iij. That we maie name our daisemen to this daiyng. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 42 Our Doctrine hath bin approued too long, to be put a daying in these daies. 1598 R. Bernard tr. Terence, Andria in. ii, If I doe obtaine her, why should I make any more daying for the matter? 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. §16 Neither indeed did Philip thus put the matter to daying.

f'dayish, a. Obs. rare. [f. day sb. + -ish.] Of or pertaining to day; diurnal. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. viii. ix. (Tollem. MS.), Dayische signis [diurna] 1535 daye signes].

dayl, obs. form of dale sb.2 day labour, 'day-labour. Labour done as a daily task, or for daily wages; labour hired by the day.

.day-'labourer. A labourer who is hired to work at a certain rate of wages per day; one who earns his living by day labour.

'day-flower. A flower that opens by day; spec. in U.S. the genus Commelyna or Spiderwort. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 99/2 The Virginian Spiderwort.. may be called the Day Flower, for it opens in the day, and closes in the night. 1866 Treas. Bot., Dayflower, an American name for Commelyna.

'day-fly. An insect of the family Ephemeridse, which in the imago or perfect state lives only a few hours or at most a few days; an ephemerid. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 330 A foure footed flie.. it liueth not aboue one day, whereupon it is called Hemerobion (i. a day-fly. 01711 Ken Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 36 This Fly.. Never lives longer than a single Day; ’Tis therefore styl’d a Day-Fly. i860 Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 15 The triple-tailed larva- of dayflies creep in and out.

Day-Glo

('deiglso). Also day-glo, dayglo, dayglow, etc. [f. day sb. + glow sb. or v.'] 1. A proprietary name for a make of fluorescent paint or other colouring matter; also (transf.) applied attrib. to the vivid colours characteristic of Day-Glo paints, as Day-Glo orange, etc.

2. attrib. a. Chiefly of garments; made with a material which incorporates Day-Glo colouring; painted or marked with Day-Glo. Hence loosely, fluorescent.

day-daw. Sc. = next.

1968 Listener 19 Sept. 380/3 The energetic vulgarity of Jack Cardiff’s filming—day-glow flashes for ecstasy and orgasm—has to be seen to be believed. 1974 A. Lurie War between Tates (1977) xvi. 347 Erica flops back. . laughing with delight at Zed, whose arms and torso shine with a watery day-glo light.

1601 Holland Pliny II. 155 Those who vpon the Suns heat haue gotten the headach or a day-feuer. 1610 Camden's Brit. 1. 24 That pestilent day-fever in Britaine, which commonly wee call the British or English swet.

1813 Coleridge Remorse iv. ii. 53 His tender smiles, love’s day-dawn on his lips. 1857 S. Osborn Quedah ix. 109 The daydawn had already chased the stars away. 1887 Morris Odyssey iv. 192 Now doth the Day-dawn speed, And at hand is the mother of morning.

1598 Grenewey Tacitus' Anti. 1. xiv. (1622) 26 At day breaking, the legions .. abandoned their standings. 1647 {title), The Day-breaking if not the Sun-rising of the Gospel with the Indians in New England.

b. fig.

t 'day-fever. Obs. A fever of a day’s duration or coming on in the day-time; the sweatingsickness, ephemera anglica pestilens of old authors.

dayerie, -ry, obs. forms of dairy. dayesie, dayesegh, obs. forms of daisy sb.

daybreak.

So f'day-breaking, the breaking of the day.

What Light was Like iv. 75 The lit night glares like a day-glo strawberry.

C1449 Pecock Repr., His dai labour, c 1655 Milton Sonn. Blindness, ‘Doth God exact day labour, light denied?’ I fondly ask. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 245 Such as escaped, fled into Holland, to save their unhappy lives by Day-labour. 1749 Berkeley Word to Wise Wks. III. 446 By pure dint of day-labour, frugality, and foresight. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. § 101 An expence.. as low, in regard to the value of day labour, as could .. be expected. 1839 De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall, etc. xv. 569 Though in some mines day-labour is also used under ground. 1850-2 J. M. Wilson Farmer's Diet. I. 498/1 The same class of men who perform all kinds of drudgery and day-labour in large towns. 1908 W. St. Clair Baddeley Cotteswold Shrine 76 At the same hour ended his day-labours. 1911 Rep. Labour & Soc. Cond. Germany III. vi-vn. 207 Half the labour is piece and the other half is day labour.

1951 Trade Marks Jrnl. 3 Oct. 917/1 Day-Glo B 698,104. Pigments and fluorescent coating materials (in the nature of paint). Dane & Co., Limited, 1 and 2, Sugar House Lane, Stratford, London, E. 15; Manufacturers. 1952 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 15 Jan. 662/1 Switzer Brothers Inc., Cleveland, Ohio... Day-Glo... For oil paints, water colors, [etc.]. 1963 Punch 19 June 884/2 Sailing ladies can wear.. day-glo vermilion jackets. 1968 Sunday Times 14 Apr. 15 The George Mitchell Choir, greasepaint and day-glo and soft-shoe, was hamming it up on the jetty. 1968 A. Diment Bang Bang Birds vii. 132, I walked down the narrow stairs, painted day-glo orange and decorated by crude paintings of Pop cult figures. 1969 Listener 24 Apr. 578/2 Sitting at home painting the trees with Dayglo. 1978 J. Updike Coup (1979) iv. 169 He., came at last to a stairway. Day-Glo-orange arrows pointed down. 1984 J. Archer First among Equals (1985) ii. 21 Sitting on his own in the corner of a room decorated with wilting balloons and day-glo orange crepe paper.

I53° Palsgr. 804/1 At daye breake, au jour creuer. 1683 Burnet tr. More's Utopia (1684) 81 It is ordinary to have Publick Lectures every Morning before day-break. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 17 Between daybreak and sunrise. attrib. 1825 Waterton Wand. S. Amer. 1. i. 99 The crowing of the hannaquoi will sound in thine ears like the daybreak town-clock.

esp. one of happiness or gratified ambition; a reverie, castle in the air.

DAYLIGHT

276

1959 P. B. Abercrombie Little Difference vi. 108 The day¬ glo socks of the innumerable little girls. 1967 Bahamas Handbk. & Businessmen's Ann. (ed. 7) 52 There was.. an undisclosed number of cloth ‘dayglo’ markers in geometric shapes. 1976 Punch it Aug. 210/2 Through the nearimpenetrable soup of brine there shone an irridescent dot, pinpointing the blundering shark by the day-glo vest it had snagged on its mighty dorsal fin. 1982 Barr & York Official Sloane Ranger Handbk. 130/1 You disappear.. in a car trailing balloons and shoes, wreathed in squirts of synthetic day-glo spaghetti (the new confetti). 1986 A. Clampitt

1548 Act 2-j Edw. VI, c. 13 §7 Other than such as beene common day labourers. 1585 Abp. Sandys Serm. (1841) 104 Should a king then..prefer a mean artificer or a daylabourer before himseli? 1632 Milton L'Allegro 109 His shadowy flail hath threshed the com That ten day-labourers could not end. 1699 Poor Man's Plea 16 In the Southern parts of England, where a Day-labourer can gain 9s. per Week for his Labour. 1755 Smollett Quix. (1803) IV. 43 It makes me sweat like a day-labourer, a 1853 Robertson Lect. Cor. xxiii. (1878) 171 A nation may exist without an astronomer, or philosopher, but a day-labourer is essential to the existence of man.

So 'day-'labouring ppl. a., that works for daily wages. *739 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 313 The day-labouring actors. 1810 Sporting Mag. XXXV. 213 Simpson is a daylabouring man.

dayless ('deilis), a. [f. day sb. + -less.] f 1. Without redress, resource, or result. Obs. [? Having lost his day, or the day.] c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 92 fit's vanytes wasten pore mennus goodis & suffren hem goo dailes whanne pei han nedis to pursue. Ibid. 129 Pore men schullen stonde with oute Sc goo dailes but 3if pei geten knockis. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 159 His enemy was bigiled and passed dayles [in vanum], 1519 Horman Vulg. 247 b, He came ageyne daylesse, or nothynge done [re infecta rediit],

2. Devoid of the light of day; dark. 1816 Byron Prisoner of Chillon Sonnet, To fetters and the damp vault’s dayless gloom. 1892 Ld. Lytton King Poppy Prol. 356 Gleaming thro’ a dayless world.

3. Not divided into days. 1839 Bailey Festus xix. (1848) 218 Deep in all dayless time, degreeless space.

1. a. The light of day. (Formerly also day's light.) f to bum daylight: see burn v. i i b. ° 13™.Cursor 6195 (Cott.) Drightin self J?am ledd *>air wai.. Wit cluden piler on dai light. Ibid. 17344 bar he o naman suld ha sight, Ne nankins leme o dais light. C1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 328 A bak to walke inne by day-light. 1484 Caxton Fables of Alfonse (1889) 1 He had shame by daye ly3t to go in to the hows of his Frend. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. 11. ii. 20 The brightnesse of her cheeke would shame those starres As day-light doth a Lampe. 1715 Lond. Gaz. No. 5283/2 We.. resolved to pursue as long as we had Day-light. 1725 Pope Odyss. xvm. 353 The day¬ light fades. 1862 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) I. 187 His Lectures on Botany were .. as clear as daylight.

b. fig. The full light of knowledge observation; openness, publicity.

and

1690 Locke Hum. Und. iv. xiv. (1695) 374 God has set some things in broad Day-light; as he has given us some ?fxnamDKun0wTedgoe^f856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Character (Wks. Bohn) II. 58 They are good at.. any desperate service which has daylight and honour in it. 1892 Law Times 417/1 A healthy condition of such [jury] lists is not to be relied upon unless they are kept in plenty of daylight.

DAYLIGHTING c. to let daylight into or through: to open up, make a hole in; to stab or shoot a person, slang. 1712 [Swift] Law is a Bottomless-Pit in, in John Bull Still in his Senses vi. 25 I’ll warrant ye, you shall see Day-light through them. 1793 A. Young Example of France (ed. 3) 172 In the language of the streets, day-light is let into him. 1841 Punch I. 101/2 (Farmer) With the .. intention of letting day¬ light into the wittling department. 1890 Illustr. Lond. News Christm. No. 2/1 Some .. sharpshooter will.. let daylight into one of us. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 322 The Molly Maguires looking for him to let daylight through him. 2. a. The time of daylight, the day-time; spec.

the time when daylight appears, day-break, as in before or at daylight. (In early use not clearly separable from 1.) c 1205 Lay. 27337 t>a Fas ferde wes al idiht pa wes hit dailight. a 1250 Owl & Night. 332 From eve fort hit is dai-li^t. 01400 Ywaine & Gaw. 233 Alsone als it was dayes lyght. a tS33 Ld. Berners Huon lxvi. 228 To departe or it be day lyght. 1670 Narborough Jrnl. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. 1. (>694) 112 At Daylight the Wind was at South-West. 1836 Marryat Midsh. Easy xiv. 51 Mesty was up at daylight. 1885 E. Arnold Secret of Death 5 Ofttimes at daylight I would go To watch the sunlight flood the skies.

b. Photography. The period during which film can be ‘taken’ by natural light; spec, (see quot. 1940). Freq. attrib., occurring or performed during daylight (see also 6). 1889^ E. J. Wall Diet. Photogr. 61 Daylight enlarging. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 225/2 Daylight, the average colour of sky and sun at noon, corresponding to a colour temperature of 6500 K. 1940 F. J. Mortimer Wall's Diet. Photogr. (ed. 15) 258 Daylight enlargers.

3. A clear visible space or interval: a. between boats, etc. in a race; b. between the rim of a wine-glass and the surface of the liquor, which must be filled up when a bumper is drunk; c. between a rider and the saddle, etc. slang. 1820 Shelley CEdipus Tyr. 11. ii. 35 All. A toast! a toast! .. Dakry. No heel-taps—darken daylights! 1836 E. Howard R. Reefer xliv, No heel-taps after, and no day-light before. 1884 Camb. Rev. 10 Dec. 132 After about a quarter of a mile, daylight was visible between the two boats.

d. (See quots.) 1930 Engineering 3 Jan. 14/1 The ‘daylight’, i.e. the distance [sc. in a hydraulic press] between the faces of the vertical rams in their highest positions and the surface of the work table. 1968 Gloss. Terms Mechanized & Hand Sheet Metal Work (B.S.I.) 7 Daylight. 1. On the press. The distance between the bed of the press and the face of the slide with the press at the top of its stroke and with the adjustment up. 2. On the die set. The distance between the inner faces of the die set with the press slide at the bottom of its stroke. 3. On the press tool. The distance between the closest points of a press tool with the press fully open and the adjustment up.

4. pi. The eyes. Also in extended use of any vital organ. Also fo beat, scare, etc., the (living) daylight{s) out of (a person), to beat, scare (a person) severely, slang. 1752 Fielding Amelia i. x. (D ), If the lady says such another word to me.. I will darken her daylights. 1821 Blackw. Mag. X. 586, I saw the storm.. through my halfbunged-up daylights. 1848 E. Bennett Mike Fink i. 10/1 We’ll catch the fever and ager,.. and that’ll shake the day¬ lights out o’ us. 1884 E. W. Nye Baled Hay 79 The driver bangs the mule, that is ostensibly pulling his daylights out. 1923 R. D. Paine Comr. Rolling Ocean ii. 22 Putting seven of ’em in irons after they shot the daylights out of me left us mighty short-handed. 1944 E. Caldwell Tragic Ground (1947) xiv. 163 If I could find a stick I’d grab it and beat the daylights out of you. 1951 E. Taylor Game of Hide-andSeek 11. i. 174 Though they scared the daylight out of me, I contempted them. 1955 F. Yerby Treasure of Pleasant Valley (1956) iii. 36 Didn’t mean to hit him... Meant to throw close to him and scare the living daylights out of him. i960 N. Hilliard Maori Girl 111. viii. 229 I’ll go down there and belt the daylights out of him! i960 R. Rae Custard Boys 1. viii. 92 We’ll get yer an’ all the rest of yer gang, an’ when we do we’ll beat the living daylights out of yer. 1963 N.Z. Listener 13 Sept. 10/4, I hated him. He used to beat the daylight out of me. 1964 Illustr. London News 18 Jan. 102/3, I might have chuckled throughout ‘The Suitor’ if its chief actor did not happen to scare the living daylights out of me, as the current saying goes.

5. (See quot.) 1889 Century Diet., Daylight, a name of the American spotted turbot, Lophopsetta maculata, a fish so thin as to be almost transparent. Also called window-pane.

6. attrib. and Comb., as daylight colour, etc.;

daylight factor (see quots.); f daylight-gate, the going or close of the day; daylight-loading a., (of a film-spool, cartridge, etc.) adapted for loading by daylight without the use of a dark¬ room; daylight robbery: see robbery 3; daylight-saving, a method of securing a longer period of daylight at the end of the day, viz. by putting the clock forward (e.g. an hour). Cf. SUMMER TIME 2. 1613 T. Potts Disc. Witches (Chetham Soc.) Bijb, The sayd Spirit.. appeared at sundry times unto her.. about Daylight-gate. 1704 Newton Opticks (J.), Their own day¬ light colours. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 95 A day¬ light piece. 1842 G. S. Faber Provinc. Lett. (1844) II. 301 Through darkling suggestions rather than through day-light assertions. 1850 Ht. Martineau Hist. Peace II. 705 True to broad daylight English life. 1902 Photographic Catal., Rollable daylight loading Films. 1908 Hansard 4th Ser. CLXXXIV. 155 Daylight Saving Bill... Mr. R. Pearce .. in moving the Second Reading said that the object of the Bill was to promote the earlier use of daylight in the summer. 1915 First Rep. Dep. Comm, on Lighting (Cd. 8000) I. p. vi, The ratio of the actual value of the illumination to this enhanced value, expressed as a percentage, is termed the

DAYSMAN

277 daylight factor, and is a measure of the lighting efficiency of the building at the point under consideration. 1916 Hansard 5th Ser. LXXXII. 321 The advocates of daylight saying are adept in securing the consent of one body of opinion on the ground that some other body has adopted it with enthusiasm. 1924 Punch 24 Sept. 338 Two more., weeks of daylight-saving. 1930 Engineering 25 Apr. 550/1 ‘Daylight Factor’, the ratio of the internal illumination to the illumination of a horizontal surface exposed to a hemisphere of sky. 1931 Galsworthy Maid in Waiting vi. 45 ‘Too early,’ said Sir Lawrence, ‘owing to Daylight Saving.’ 1953 Terms Ilium. & Photometry (B.S.I.) 14 Daylight factor. At a given point inside a building. The ratio of the illumination.. at that point to that simultaneously existing.. under an unobstructed sky. 1958 Newnes Complete Amat. Photogr. 257 Roll film tanks. There are two types: daylight loading and daylight developing.

Hence 'daylighter, one of a body of men who sought to enforce the decrees of the Land League in Ireland by violence during the daytime; 'daylighty a. (nonce-wd.), full of daylight, as a picture. 1880 W. Severn in Macm. Mag. No. 245. 379 A truthful simple Muller, or a daylighty Cox. 1886 St. James's Gaz. 25 Nov. 11/2 Seeing the ‘Day-lighters’ she ran into the room where she knew the gun to be and closed the door.

'daylighting, vbl. sb. [f. daylight.] 1. (See DAYLIGHTER.) 1894 Daily Tel. 2 Apr., A case of ‘daylighting’ instead of moonlighting has been reported to the local police.

2. The process, degree, etc., of the illumination of buildings by daylight. Also attrib. 1937 Archit. Rec. Sept. 111/2 The problem of daylighting is therefore bound up with the problem of heating and it is .. desirable to orientate the house so as to obtain the best results for both. 1958 House & Garden Mar. 53/1 Lectures .. on .. Daylighting and Architecture. 1959 Guardian 19 Dec. 2/4 A slab.. 200 feet high .. would infringe daylighting rights in Denman Street. 1961 E. A. Powdrill Vocab. Land Planning iii. 29 Daylighting standards have therefore been devised. Ibid. 32 It is not thought likely that the attainment of good sunlighting will normally demand a more generous spacing than daylighting.

'day-lily. A lily, the flower of which lasts only for a day; a genus of liliaceous plants, Hemerocallis, with large yellow or orange flowers. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 1. lxxiii. (ed. 1633), Day-lilie. This plant bringeth forth in the morning his bud, which at noone is full blowne, or spred abroad, and the same day in the evening it shuts itselfe. 1706 J. Gardiner tr. Rapin (1728) 1. 48 (Jod.) Thou.. Shalt of daylily the fair name receive. 1882 Garden 3 June 391/3 Bouquets are of yellow Day Lily.

daylle, obs. north, form of dole. daylong ('deilDi)), a. and adv.

[f. day sb. + long: cf. life-long.\ a. adj. Lasting all day. b. adv. All through the day. 1855 Tennyson The Brook 53 His weary daylong chirping. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. 1. 187 He mounted .. And daylong rode on from the north. Ibid. III. iv. 195 As firm as rocks that stand The day-long beating of the sea.

dayly(e, obs. forms of daily, dally. 'day-mare.

[After night-mare.] A condition similar to night-mare occurring during wakefulness. Also attrib. 1737 M. Green Spleen 39 The day-mare Spleen, by whose false pleas Men prove mere suicides in ease. 1796 Coleridge Biog. Lit. (1872) II. 744, I necessarily have daymare dreams that something will prevent it. 1871 Sir T. Watson Princ. Physic (ed. 5) I. 737 A lady .. subject to these attacks of imperfect catalepsy: which have.. been called whimsically, but expressively, attacks of day-mare. 1889 Lowell in Atlantic Monthly LXIV. 147 Help me to tame these wild day-mares That sudden on me unawares.

fday

math, day’s math. Obs. A day’s mowing; the extent of meadow-land mown by a man in one day; cf. day-work 2. 1669 Will of R. Mayor in Lichfield Merc. (1889) 23 Aug. 8/1 Alsoe all that parcell of meadow grounds, contayninge one acre or dayes math of ground for her naturall life. And after her deceyse, the above three acres or daye’s workes of arrable land, and one day-math of meadow ground to my daughter, Ursula Mayor. 1804 Duncumb Herefordsh. I. Gloss. (App.), Day's math, is .. about a statute acre; in other words, it is that quantity of grass usually mown by one man in one day, for the purpose of making hay. 1864 Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. IV. 61.

t'dayment. Obs. Also daiment. [f. day v.2 + -ment.] Arbitration. 1519 Horman Vulg. 204 b, Wylt thou be tryed by the lawe: or by dayment. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 207 Many arbitterments without good dayment. 1580 Lupton Sivqila 117 To spende all. .that money and put it to dayment at last.

fdayn, v. Obs. [By-form of dawn, assimilated to day.] To dawn. So 'dayening (in 3 daijen-, daien-, dain-, daning), dawning, dawn. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 77 De dayening cam eft agon. Ibid. 1808 Til fie daning. Ibid. 1810 De daining. Ibid. 3264 Do sprong fie daiening. 1515 Scot. Field 204 Sone after dayned the daie. Ibid. 422 Then dayned the daie.

dayn, -e, obs. forms of deign. dayn-: see dain-.

t 'day-net. Obs. A net used by day in daring larks or in catching small birds; a clap-net. 1608 Machin Dumb. Knt. 11, Madam, I would not have you with the lark Play yourself into a day net. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. Democr. to Rdr. (1676) 3/2 As Larks come down to a day net. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. 27 Some he catches with light (as Larks with day-nets). 1766 Pennant Zool. (1768) II. 330 These nets are known in most parts of England by the name of day-nets or clap-nets.

daynous, var. of deignous a. Obs. 'day-owl. The diurnal or Hawk-owl, which seeks its prey in the day-time. 1840 Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds III. 404 Syrnia Funerea, the Hawk Day-owl. Ibid. 407 Syrnia Nyctea, the Snowy Day-owl.

day-peep. Peep of day; earliest dawn. [1530 Palsgr. 804/1 At daye pype, a la pipe dujour.] 1606 Wily Beguiled in Hazl. Dodsley IX. 250 She’ll run out o’nights a-dancing, and come no more home till day-peep. 1641 Milton Animadv. xiii. (1851) 231 The honest Gardener, that ever since the day-peepe.. had wrought painfully. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth v, Good night, or rather, good morrow, till day-peep.

f 'day-rawe, -rewe. Obs. [f. day + rawe, rewe, row.] The first streak of day; the dawn. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 255 pu aste3e so pe daij rewe pe delefi from dai3 pe deorke nicht. c 1275 [see day-red] c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 893 Ruddon of pe day-rawe ros vpon V3ten. a 1400-50 Alexander 392 Qwen pe day-raw rase he rysis belyfe.

t 'day-red. Obs. The red of the break of day; the rosy dawn. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Luke xxiv. 1 On anum reste-dae3e swy£>e aer on daejered hi$ comun to psere byrjene. c 1275 Doomsday 17 in O.E. Misc. 162 (Cotton MS.) pe engles in pe dai-red [Jesus MS. daye-rewe] blewefi heore beme.

dayri, -rie, -ry, obs. forms of dairy. t 'day-rim. Obs. In i -rima, 2-3 -rime. [f. day + rim.] The ‘rim’ or border of the (coming) day; the dawn. ciooo in Thorpe’s Horn. I. 442 (Bosw.) Hwaet is Ceos fie astihj? swilce arisende daejrima? c 1050 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 175 Aurora, daejrima. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 167 Hwat is pis pe astih3fi alse dai rieme? a 1250 Owl & Night. 328 Wone ich i-so arise verre Other dai-rim other dai-sterre.

'day-rule. Formerly, ‘A rule or order of court, permitting a prisoner in custody in the King’s Bench prison, etc. to go without the bounds of his prison for one day’ (Tomlins Law Diet.)-, also called day-writ. c 1750 W. Stroud Mem. 37, I effected an Escape from the Tipstaffs Man, who had me out by a Day-rule. 1801 Sporting Mag. XVII. 139 An officer confined in the King’s Bench for debt, and a gentleman in the same situation in Newgate, having each obtained a day-rule, met, and quarrelled. 1808 Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 127/1 Absenting themselves from their benefices by a kind of dayrule, like prisoners in the King’s Bench. 1813 Lamb Prol. to Coleridge’s Remorse, Could Quin come stalking from Elysian glades, Or Garrick get a day-rule from the shades.

'day-,scholar. A pupil who attends a boardingschool for daily instruction without boarding there; a day-boy (see day sb. 24). 1833 Ht. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. i. 5 The four elder ones, therefore, between four and nine years old, became day-scholars only. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour (ed. 2) I. 284 (Hoppe) He resumed his studies as a day-scholar at the Charterhouse.

'day-school. a. An elementary week-day school, as distinguished from a Sunday school; or one carried on in the day-time, as distinguished from an evening or night school, b. A school at which there is no provision for boarding pupils, as distinguished from a boarding school. a 1785 in Walpole Letters to Horace Mann (F. Hall). 1816 J. Haigh (title), A practical Treatise on Day Schools; exhibiting their defects, and suggesting Hints for their Improvement. 1838 in Penny Cycl. XXI. 41 Headings’. Number of Children of Working Classes attending.. Dame Schools and common Day Schools.. Number Uneducated in Week-day Schools. Ibid. 42 Number Attending Day or evening schools only.. Both day or evening and Sunday schools. 1841 Ibid. XXI. 42/1 They found many thousands who went to neither day nor Sunday schools. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop viii, She maintained a very small day-school for young ladies of proportionate dimensions. 1889 R. Kipling Willie Winkie 39 It was decided that he should be sent to a day-school. Mod. (title) The Girls’ Public Day-school Company.

dayse, obs. form of daze. 'day-sight. A visual defect in which the eyes see clearly only in the daylight. 1834 Good Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 147 Day-sight is said to be endemic in some parts of France. 1851-60 in Mayne Expos. Lex.

daysman ('deizman). [f. day sb. + man. For sense 1, cf. day v2 2, and dayment.] 1. An umpire or arbitrator; a mediator, arch. 1489 Plumpton Corr. 82 Sir, the dayesmen cannot agre us. 1535 Coverdale Job ix. 33 Nether is there eny dayes man to reproue both the partes, or to laye his honde betwixte us. 1573 New Custom 1. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley III. 14 If neighbours were at variance, they ran not straight to law: Daysmen took

DAY-SPRING up the matter, and cost them not a straw. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. Democr. to Rdr. (1657) 50 They had some common arbitrators, or dayesmen, in every towne, that made a friendly composition between man and man. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1639) 427 A days man or umpire, arbiter. 1746-7 Hervey Medit. (1818) 15 Death, like some able daysman, has laid his hand on the contending parties. 1844 Macaulay Barere Misc. Wks. i860 II. 128 Spurning out of their way the daysman who strives to take his stand between them.

2. A worker by the day; a day-labourer. 01639 Ward Serm. (1862) 105 (D.) He is a good days¬ man, or journeyman, or tasker. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Days-man, a Labourer that works by the Day, as a Thresher, Hedger, etc. 1750 Ellis Country Housew. 16 (E.D.S.) A day’s-man, as we call them in Hertfordshire. 1868 Bushnell Serm. Living Subjects 111 We .. pile up what we think good acts on one another, as some day’s man might the cents of his wages.

|3. Obs. nonce-uses. (See quots.) 1598 Bacon Sacred Medit. (Arb.) 109 For we ought to be daies-men, and not to-morrowes men, considering the shortnesse of our time. 1658 Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 951 We are in Pindars account but iirdi^poi, Daiesmen, i.e. of a daies continuance.

Hence f 'daysmanship, the office of a days¬ man; reconciliation. 1649 Lightfoot Battle w. Wasp's Nest Wks. 1825 I. 407 If you be so good a reconciler, I pray begin at home: the Evangelists need none of your day’smanship.

'day-spring. Daybreak, chiefly poet, or fig.

DAZED

278

early dawn.

or to day). There appears to be no direct connexion between this and sense 2.] f 1. Day-time, a daye tale: by day. Obs. 1530 Palsgr. 699/2 A daye tale he scoulketh in corners and a nyghtes he gothe a thevyng.

2. The reckoning (of work, wages, etc.) by the day. Chiefly attrib., reckoned, paid, or engaged by the day, as in day-tale hand, labour, wages, work, etc.; day-tale man, a day-labourer; daytale pace, ‘a slow pace’ (Halliw.). 1560 Summ. Certain Reasons in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 478 Men that tooke dayetall wages. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 45 It shall bee accounted but for halfe a day with those that worke with yow by daytaile. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy (1770) III. 143 (D.) Holla! you chairman, here’s sixpence; do step into that bookseller's shop, and call me a day-tall critick. 1770 Holmesfield Crt. Rolls in Sheffield Gloss. Addenda, Being daytall-man to Mathias Webster. 1788 W. Marshall Yorksh. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Daitle (that) (that is, day-tale), adj. by the day; as, ‘daitle-man’, a daylabourer; ‘daitle-work’, work done by the day. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Daytal, tale or reckoning by the day. 1888 W. Somerset Word-bk., Day-tale fellow, Day-tale man, a labourer hired by the day. Hence a term of reproach, meaning a lazy, slack workman whose only care is to have his wages, and to do as little as he can to earn them. 1892 Labour Commission Gloss., Datal hands, hands employed in cottonmills at a fixed rate per week of 56/ hours.

day-taler, dataller (’deitabfr)). local, [f. prec.

Now

+ -er1.] A day-labourer, a workman engaged and paid by the day.

C1300 K. Alis. 4290 Day spryng is jolyf tide. 1382 Wyclif^o6 xxxviii. 12 Whether.. thou .. hast shewid to the dai spring his place. 1526-34 Tindale Luke i. 78 The daye springe from an hye hath visited vs. 1555 Eden Decades 264 The day sprynge or dawnynge of the daye gyueth a certeyne lyght before the rysinge of the soonne. 1671 Milton Samson 11 The breath of Heav’n fresh-blowing, pure and sweet, With day-spring born. 1791 Cowper Iliad 1. 588 The day-spring’s daughter rosy palm’d. 1837 Ht. Martineau Soc.Amer. II. 181 The driver declared that he must wait for the day-spring, before he could proceed another step. 1875 Scrivener Lect. Text N. Test. 4 The thousand years and more which separated the Council of Nice from the dayspring of the Reformation.

1875 Lane. Gloss., Dataller (S. Lane.), Daytal-labourer (Furness), a day labourer. 1881 Manch. Guardian 29 Jan. 7/7 Hurst, dataller at Wharton Hall Collieries. 1886 Engineer 13 Aug. 138/1 The wages were paid to datallers for packing and putting the roads in repair.

'day-time. The time of daylight. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xxi[i]. 2,1 crie in the daye tyme .. and in the night season. 01626 Bacon Ess. Fame (Arb.) 579 In the day time she sittith in a Watch Tower, and flyeth, most, by night. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. vi. 18 Lights in the day-time were usual. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. ix. 95 Implying that I never sleep o’ daytimes.

daytimes ('deitaimz), adv. U.S. [f. 'day-star. Also 3 -stern, 5 -sterne, -starne. 1. The morning star. ciooo TElfric Gen. xxxii. 26 Nu gaeS daeg steorra up. ciooo Sax. Leechd. III. 270 Seo sunne & se mona & aefen steorra & daej steorra. 01250 [see day-rim]. 01300 E.E. Psalter cix. 3 Bifore dai-stern gat I pe. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 1355 Fairest of sterres .. o Venus .. O my3ti goddes, daister after ny3t. 1483 Cath. Angl. 89 A Day-sterne, lucifer vel phosphor os. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 39 Early in the morning, so soone as the day starre appeared. 1845 R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. vii. (ed. 2) 157 Such men are as daystars, breaking the night and hastening the dawn.

2. The sun, as the orb of day. poet. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. ii. Babylon 577 His Heav’ntuned harp, which shall resound While the bright day-star rides his glorious Round. 1637 Milton Lycidas 168 So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams. 1789 Wordsw. Evening Walk 190 Sunk to a curve, the day-star lessens still, Gives one bright glance, and drops behind the hill.

3. fig. 1382 Wyclif 2 Pet. i. 19 Til the day bigynne for to 3iue li3t, and the day sterre springe in 30ure hertis. C1460 Towneley Myst. 118 Haylle lytylle tyne mop [the infant Jesus] Of oure crede thou art crop: I wold drynk on thy cop, Lytylle day starne. 1500-20 Dunbar Ballot of our Lady 26 Haile, bricht, be sicht, in hevyn on hicht! Haile, day sterne orientale! 1738 Wesley Hymns,4 We lift our Hearts' i, We lift our Hearts to Thee, O Day-Star from on High! 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. III. xiii. 466 The day-star of the American Union.

t day-sun. Obs. The sun. rhetorical and fig. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xlix. 15 The chosen.. shall behold Christ the daysun. 1587-De Mornay ix. 115 God .. commaunded the daysunne to be, and it was don. 1577 Test 12 Patriarchs (1604) 76 The day-sun of righteousness.

day’s-work ('deizw3:k). (Also written as two words.) a. The work of a day, work done on or proper to a day. Also = daywork 2 (obs.). 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 11. i. 1 Now haue I done a good daies work. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey 11. vii. 59 Foure square Pearches make a Daiesworke, 10 Daie-workes a Roode. 1640 G. H. Witt's Recreations H ij a, Your dayes work’s done, each morning as you rise. C1836 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) IV. 395 Paying him for more day’s works. C1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 10 The logboard, the contents of which are termed ‘the log’,—the working it off, 'the day’s work’.

b. all in the day's work, something unusual but nevertheless taken as part of one’s ordinary duty or routine. Freq. ironical. [1738 Swift Polite Conv. i. 39 Will you be so kind to tie this String for me .. ? it will go all in your Day’s Work.] 1820 Scott Monastery I. ix. 248 That will cost me a farther ride, .. but it is all in the day’s work. 1857 Kingsley Two Y. Ago hi. iii. 91 All in the day’s work, my boy. 1897 [see work sb. 33]- 1939 War Illustr. 220/2 He is not deeply impressed by his experience. ‘It is all in the day’s work’ were his parting words to me. 1953 A. Christie Pocket full of Rye x. 60 This sort of thing seems ordinary enough to you, Inspector. All in the day’s work.

day-tale, daytal, datal ('deiteil, 'deitsl, 'deit(o)l). [f. day + tale reckoning, etc. In sense i parallel to nighter-tale in Chaucer, etc., where the sense ‘reckoning’ appears to pass into that of ‘the time counted or reckoned’ (to night

daytime +

advb. suff. -s.] In the daytime, during the day. 1854 M. S. Cummins Lamplighter xvii, Willie was very busy daytimes, but was always with them in the evening. 1936 L. C. Douglas White Banners viii. 187 Her bed, daytimes, was strewn with illustrated magazines.

day-woman,

dairy-woman: see dey-.

'daywork, day-work. [Cf. also darg.] 11. The work of a day; = day’s work. Obs. or north, dial. 01000 Caedmon's Exod. 151 (Gr.) paet he pset daejweorc dreore jebohte. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vm. xvi. 224 Na man .. evyr herd, or saw befor.. A Daywerk to pat Daywerk lyk. 1535 Coverdale j Chron. xvii. [xvi.] 37 Euery daye his daye worke. 1832 Specimens Yorkshire Dialect, Monny a daywark we ha’ wrought togither.

f2. The amount of land that could be worked (ploughed, mown, etc.) in a day. Obs. [C1270 Merton Coll. Rec. No. 1257 (Essex) Sex Daywercatas terrae meae.] 1318-19 MS. (Sotheby’s Sale Catal. 7 Apr. (1892) 22), Grant from Richard de Twysdenne .. of a Garden of 13 Dayworks of Land in Gudhurst. 1492 Will of Reede (Somerset Ho.), xj day werkes of land. 1534 Inv. Sir L. Bagot in Lichfield Merc. (1889) 23 Aug. 8/1, xxviij daywarke of pea.. xij daye-warke of barley.. xxiiij daye-warke of whet. 1641 Best Farm Bks. (Surtees) 38 The South Wandell close, with its bottomes, is 8 dayworkes, or will serve one mower 8 dayes.

3. Work done by the day and paid by daily wages; day labour. 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 950 With Masons that had their day-work. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3786/4 Committed by one who does Day-work in Deptford and Woolwich Yards. 1751 Labelye Westm. Br. 79 All the workmanship . .being suffered to be done by Day-Work. 1851 Ord. & Regul. R. Engineers §16. 64 To state the weekly delivery of Materials and performance of Day-work.

t'day-writ. Obs. = day-rule. 1809 Tomlins Law Diet, s.v., It is against law to grant liberty to prisoners in execution by other writs than day writs (or rules). daze (deiz), v. Forms: 4-6 dase, (5 dayse, 6-9 daise), 6- daze. [ME. dase-n, a. ON. *dasa, found in Icel. in the refl. dasa-sk to become weary and exhausted, e.g. from cold, Sw. dasa intr. to lie idle; cf. Icel. dasi a lazy fellow. Sense 3 was possibly the earliest in Eng. No cognate words appear in the other Teutonic langs.] I. trans. 1. To prostrate the mental faculties of (a person), as by a blow on the head, a violent shock, weariness, intoxicating drink, etc.; to benumb or confuse the senses; to stun, stupefy. C1325 [see dazed i], 01400-50 Alexander 3997 He was dased of pe dint & half dede him semyd. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7654 The deire of his dynt dasit hym but litle. 0 1563 Bale Sel. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 443 These things daseth their wits, and amazeth their minds. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vii. 7 But shewd by outward signes that dread her sence did daze. 1669 Dryden Tyrannic Love iv. ii, Poor human kind, all dazed in open day, Err after bliss, and blindly miss their way. 1825 Jamieson s. v.. He daises himself with drink. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton xxiii, Jane Wilton was (to use her own word, so expressive to a Lancashire ear) ‘dazed’. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. i. 26 A man dazed and bewildered by such a calamity.

2. esp. To confound or bewilder (the vision) with excess of light or brilliance; to dazzle, lit. and fig. 01529 Skelton Ph. Sparowe 1103 She made me sore amased Vpon her when I gased . . My eyne were so dased. 1570 B. Googe Pop. Kingd. 1. (1880) 11 They are but trumprye and deceytes, to daze the foolish eies. 1631 Heywood Fair Maid of West ii. i. Wks. 1874 II. 352 To daze all eyes that shall behold her state. 1847 Tennyson Princ. v. 11 The sudden light Dazed me half-blind. 1864 Skeat Uhland's Poems 152 Shall earthly splendour that strong eyesight daze?

3. To benumb with cold; to blight or destroy with cold, north. Eng. and Sc. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 6647 For-pi pat pai.. Brynned ay here in pe calde of malice, And ay was dased in charite. 1513 Douglas Asneis vii. Prol. 88 The callour air.. Dasing the blude in euery creature. 1696 Money masters all Things Ixx. 52 They [birds] stay not too long off, lest th’ Eggs be daz’d. 1876 Mid- Yorkshire Gloss., Deaze, to blight, or cause to pine from cold, as when vegetables are frost-nipped, or chickens die in the shell for want of warmth. 1891 Atkinson Moorland 336 He assumed that it [a water rail] was dazed with cold.

II. intr. f4. To be or become stupefied or bewildered; to be benumbed with cold; to remain inactive or torpid. Obs. ■c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. C. 383 per he [the king of Nineveh] dased in pat duste, with droppande teres, c 1460 Towneley Myst. 28, I dase and I dedir For ferd of that taylle. 14.. Kyng (St Hermit 418 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 29 Hopys thou, I wold for a mase Stond in the myre there, and dase Nye hand halve a dey? 1483 Cath. Angl. 90 To Dayse (A. Dase), vbi to be callde. 1529 More Supplic. Soulys Wks. 331/2 Whan his head first began to dase, of that evill drynke.

f5. Of the eyes or vision: To be or become dazzled. Obs. c 1386 [see daswen], 1529 More Dyaloge iv. Wks. 252/1 Which law if it were laied in their light.. wold make al theyr eyen dase. 1635 Quarles Embl. ill. i. (1718) I25 Whose more than Eagle-eyes Can.. gaze On glitt’ring beams of honour, and not daze.

t b. To gaze stupidly (after, upon). Obs.

or with bewildered vision

1523 Skelton Garl. Laurel 641, I saw dyvers.. Dasyng after dottrellis. 1535 Coverdale Deut. xxviii. 32 Thine eyes shal dase vpon them all the daye longe.

6. Of bread or meat: To become dazed (sense 3). Now local. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 54 Observe always to have a brisk clear fire, it will prevent your meat from dazing.

7. ‘To wither; to become rotten or spoiled, from keeping, dampness, etc.’ (Jamieson). Sc. and north. Eng. daze (deiz), sb. [f. daze d.] 1. A dazed condition: a. of the mental faculties; b. A benumbed, deadened condition; loss of virtue or freshness (north, dial.). 1825 Jamieson, To get a daise, to receive such injury' as to become rotten or spoiled, applied to clothes, wood, etc. 1855 Mrs. Gaskell North fef S. xix, I’m all in a swounding daze to day. 1870 Dickens E. Drood ii, A little time and a little water brought him out of his daze.

2. Min. An old name for mica (from its glitter). 1671 Phil. Trans. VI. 2103 Daze is a kind of glittering stone .. some softer, some harder, of different colours. 1715 Thoresby Leeds 467 A brown daze, full of the small sparks of the Mica. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., The word Daze takes in, with them [miners] every stone that is hard and glittering. 1788 Cronstedt's Min. 106 Glimmer, Daze, or Glist.

dazed(deizd),ppl. a. [f. dazed. + -ed. Cf. ON. dasad exhausted.] 1. Benumbed in the stupefied, bewildered.

mental

faculties;

C1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 1084, I stod as stylle as dased quayle. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vi. iv. 56 He wes pan In hys Deyd bot a dasyd man. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 114 Dasyd, or be-dasyd, vertiginosus. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 1. xxvi, My daisit heid fordullit disselie. 1587 Turberv. Trag. T., etc. 0837) 317 It wil delight my dazed sprites. 1789 Burns 2nd Ep. to Davie iv, Whyles daez’t wi’ love, whyles daez’t wi’ drink. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xxii. (1878) 408 She looked dazed, perhaps from the effects of her fall,

b. Dazzled with excess of light. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 153 If for a while you fixe your sight thereon, dimnesse & darknesse doe follow your dazed eies. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. viii. 21 As where th’ Almighties lightning brond does light, It dimmes the dazed eyen. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. I. 11. 512 His troubled eyes and dazed He lifted from the glory of that gold.

2. Benumbed or deadened with cold, north. 1513 Douglas JEneis v. vii. 58 The dasyt bluid .. Walxis dolf and dull throw myne unweildy age. 1674 Ray N.C. Words 14 rze dazed, \ am very cold. 1811 Willan W. Riding Gloss., Dazed.. benumbed with frost. 1873 Swaledale Gloss., Dazzed, chilled.

3. Spoiled in baking or roasting, by using a too strong or too slow heat, north, dial. 1674 Ray N.C. Words, Dazed Bread, dough-baked. Dazed Meat, ill roasted by reason of the badness of the fire. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., A deazed loaf, the dough or paste ill baked, or when the leaven or yeast has failed in its work. 1876 Mid-Yorkshire Gloss., Deazed bread is overbaked outwardly, and not enough baked within.

4. Applied to anything that has lost its freshness and strength, as to wood when it loses its proper colour and texture. Sc. and north. Eng.

DAZEDLY 1825 Jamieson, Daised wud, rotten wood. Specification (Durham), No dazed wood to be used.

D.D.T

279 1892

dazedly ('deizidli), adv. [-ly2.] In a dazed way or manner; finertly, torpidly (as from cold). 13.. [see dazedness]. 1886 Miss Broughton Dr. Cupid III. iv. 90 An idea dazedly flashes across her brain. 1888 Chamb. Jrnl. July 462 They looked dazedly at the judge.

'dazedness,

[-ness.] Dazed condition; fthe state of being numbed or deadened with cold. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4906 Thurgh fire J?at sal swa brinnand be, Agayn pe dasednes [MS. Lansd. coldnes] of charite. 13.. MS. Tib. E. vii. fol. 24 Dasednes of hert als clerkes pruves Es when a man god dasedly loves, And slawly his luf in god settes. 1817 Blackw. Mag. I. 577 What Dan [Chaucer] calls the dasedness of study.

dazel, -ell, -ile, obs. forms of dazzle. dazement ('deizmsnt). rare. [mod. f. daze v. + -ment.] The state of being dazed. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Deeazement, a sensation of cold all over the body from checked perspiration. 1873 L. Wallace Fair God vii. iv. 457 The king relapsed into his dazement.

dazie, dazied, obs. forms of daisy sb., -ied. t'daziness.

Obs. rare-1. [See dazy a. and -ness.] Dazedness, dizziness. 1554 Knox Godly Let. Diij, Oftentymes theyr posteritie are stryken with blindenes and dasynes of mynde.

dazing ('deizir)), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the verb daze; benumbing, stupefaction, as a condition or influence. a 1535 More De quat. Noviss. WTks. 101 When the dasyng of death, shall kepe al swete slepe oute of their waterye eyes. 1535 Coverdale Deut. xxviii. 65 The Lorde shal geue the there a fearfull hert and dasynge of eyes. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 191 It helpeth against the dasing, or giddinesse of the heade. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Deeazins, a severe cold, especially in the head.

fb. A disease of sheep; = dazy sb. Obs. 1799 Ess. High! Soc. III. 404 (Jam.) Daising or Vanquish. This disease .. is .. most severe upon young sheep.

'dazing, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That dazes; fthat is dazed. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1538 Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert. 1531 Frith Judgment upon Tracy Pref. (1829) 245 Whether of a godly zeal, or of a dasing brain, let other men judge.

dazie, obs. form of dazzle. dazy ('deizi), a. rare. [f. daze v. or sb. + -y.] a. In a dazed condition, b. Chill, chilling, benuming with cold {dial.). 1825 Jamieson s.v., A daisie day, a cold raw day, without sunshine. 1880 Blackmore Erema vi. 30 With .. a head still weak and dazy.

f 'dazy, sb. Obs. rare~l. [f. daze v. or from prec. adj.] The ‘gid’ or ‘sturdy’, a disease of sheep and young cattle. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach’s Husb. (1586) 134 If your Bullocke turne round, and have the Dasye, you shal.. feele upon his forehead; and you shall feele it with your thumbe.

dazzle ('daez(3)l), v. Forms; 5-7 dasel(l, 6 dasill, -yll, dazile, dassel(l, 6-7 dazel(l, dasle, 6-8 dazie, (7 daisie), 6- dazzle. [In 15-16th c. dasel, dasle, freq. and dim. of dase, daze v. (esp. in sense 2).] fl. intr. Of the eyes: To lose the faculty of distinct and steady vision, esp. from gazing at too bright light, {lit. and fig.) Obs. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 96 Parauenture his eyen daselyd as he loked from aboue doun. 1530 Palsgr. 507/1, I dasyll, as ones eyes do for lokyng agaynst the sonne or for eyeng any thyng to moche, etc. 1581 G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ill. (1586) 156 b, Her eyes dazell with the least beame thereof [the Sunnej. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. in. ii. 85. 1621 Fletcher Pilgrim v. vi, Ped. Ha? doe I dazell? Rod. Tis the faire Alinda. 1672 Marvell Reh. Transp. 1. 64 His Eyes dazied at the Precipice of his Stature.

|2. To be or become mentally confused or stupefied; to become dizzy. Obs. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. xxxiii. 5 How shamefully the most part of the world dazeleth at Gods righteousnesse. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. in. ii. (1651) 95 Many., tremble at such sights, dazel, and are sick, if they look but down from an high place.

3. trans. To overpower, confuse, or dim (the vision), esp. with excess of brightness. (Also fig.) 1536 Starkey Let. to Cromwell in England (1878) p. xliii, Wyth a clere ye [ = eye] not dasyllyd wyth the glyteryng of such thyngys as are present. 1563 Mirr. Mag., Jane Shore xiii, Doth not the sonne dasill the clearest eyes? 1626 Bacon Sylva §276 If you come.. out of the Dark into a Glaring Light, the eye is dazeled for a time, a 1640 J. Ball Answ. to Can i. (1642) 88 You doe only raise a dust to daisie the eye. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxviii. 135 He tried to dazzle the eyes of the populace by the splendour of his equipage. 1857 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 334 The gas-light, which dazzles my eyes. absol. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 207 IP 12 Light after a time ceases to dazzle.

4. fig. To overpower or confound (the mental faculties), esp. with brilliant or showy qualities; ‘to strike or surprise with splendour’ (J.). 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. xiv. 43 The excellence of the nature of Angels hath so daselled the mindes of many. 1622 E. Elton Compl. Sanct. Sinner (ed. 2) 94 Their vnruly

passions .. dazeling and dimming their iudgements. 1643 JM. Soveraigne Salve Pref., Rhetorick may dazie simple men. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 112 If 8 The ordinary People; who are so used to be dazzled with Riches. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iv. 97 Pope seems to have been dazzled by the amazing vivacity of the man.

b. absol. 1649 Milton Eikon. xii. (1851) 434 If the whole Irishry of Rebels had feed some advocate to speak.. sophistically in their defence, he could have hardly dazl’d better. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 336 Thine are those charms that dazzle and endear. 1879 M. Arnold Fr. Critic on Milton Mixed Ess. 238 A style to dazzle, to gain admirers everywhere.

5. To outshine, dim, or eclipse with a brighter light. Const, fdown, out. rare. 1643 Burroughes Exp. Hosea v. (1652) 243 They can see .. into the beauty of his wayes, so that it dazeleth all the glory of the world in their eies. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 60 It hath not ray’s enough left, to dazie downe the height of my affections. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. It. Jrnls. (1872) I. 47 This church was dazzled out of sight by the Cathedral. 6. trans. To camouflage (a ship) by painting

large patches of colour on it (cf. dazzle sb. 3). 1920 Glasgow Herald 12 Mar. 7 A number of lantern slides were shown of ships ‘dazzled’ during the war.

dazzle ('daez(a)l), sb. [f. prec.] 11. Dazzled state or condition. Obs. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xxvii. 47 We meet with nothing but the puzzle of the soul, and the dazie of the minds dim eyes.

2. a. An act of dazzling; a brightness or glitter that dazzles the vision. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. 11. xl. (1739) 177 This was but a dazzle, an Eclipse ensues. 1751 Paltock P. Wilkins (1884) I. xiv. 144, I could see the lake very well by the dazzle of the water. 1821 Lockhart Valerius I. iv. 46 Fatigued with the uniform flash and dazzle of the Mediterranean waves. 1890 Spectator 13 Sept., One is taking precautions to avoid a draught or a dazzle.

b. fig. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 338 Through whose red and white.. the Glory of the Maker shineth with more Dazie than through any part of the Creation. 1846 Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. 1. 1. i. §5 Amidst the tumult and the dazzle of their busy life.

f dazzleness. Obs. rare~x. dazzledness.] Dazzled condition.

[app.

for

1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 315 Overwhelmed with a perpetuall dazelines of sight.

dazzler (’daezl3(r)). [-ER.] 1. One who dazzles: said e.g. of a ‘showy’ woman. Chiefly slang or colloq. a 1800 Cowper tr. Andreini's Adam v. ix. Wks. 1837 X. 383 Thou Lord immutable .. Thou dazzler and obscurer of the sun! 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xxxvi, Mr. Lumbey shook his head with great solemnity, as though to imply that he supposed she must have been rather a dazzler. 1889 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 27 Sept., [He] appears to be one of these dazzlers. He succeeded in dazzling two of the jury.

2. A dazzling blow, slang. 1883 Reade Many a Slip in Harper's Mag. Dec. 132/1 The carter.. received a dazzler with the left, followed by a heavy right-hander.

'dazzling, vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the verb dazzle; the condition of being dazzled. 1579 Langham Gard. Health (1633) 672 To take away all giddinesse and dasling of the head. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 95 If your eies bee able to beholde it without dazeling.

dazzling

('daezlir)), ppl. a. [-ing2.] fl. That is, or becomes, dazzled or dazed. (See dazzle v. i, 2.) Obs. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. lxviii. 4 His hoarce throt and dazeling eyes, a 1592 Greene Alphonsus (1861) 227 Do my dazzling eyes Deceive me? 1641 Milton Reform. 11. (1851) 67 Unlesse God have smitten us .. with a dazling giddinesse at noon day. 1654 H. L’Estrange Chas. I (1655) 3 This unexpected proposall put his Catholique majesty into such a dazling demur.

2. That dazzles the eyes {esp. with brightness); bright to a degree that dazzles. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 216 b, Drivyng away the dazelyng darkenes of the ugly night. 1667 Milton P.L. 1. 564 A horrid Front Of dreadful length and dazling Arms. 1791 Cowper Odyss. xxiv. 246 Clad in dazzling brass. 1841 Borrow Zincali I. ix. 1. 155 In hot countries, where the sun and moon are particularly dazzling.

3. The painting of large patches of colour on

3. fig. That dazzles the mind of the observer; brilliant or splendid to a degree that dazzles.

warships, etc., as camouflage in time of war. Also Comb. in dazzle-paint, -painted, -painting, -pattern. Also transf.

1749 Smollett Regicide 1. i, The fair one comes, In all the pride of dazzling charms array’d. 1839 De Quincey Recoil. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 113 A neighbourhood so dazzling in its intellectual pretensions.

1917 Admiralty Order 2 July (MS.), The ‘Dazzle’ painting of a ship with large patches of strong colour in a carefully thought-out pattern and colour scheme. 1919 Times 29 May 8/1 ‘Dazzle’, to use the term employed by the camouflage department of the Admiralty. Ibid. 5 June 10/2 A ‘dazzle’ painted ship is on the whole more visible against sky and sea than the usual grey vessel, and this was its chief disadvantage. Furthermore, ‘dazzle’ painting was designed for short range, at which it is impossible to conceal a vessel against its background. 1919 Ibid. 9 June 6/4 Dazzle painting was never intended for use on ‘ships of the line’, but only for merchantmen .. and war vessels working with them. 1919 Athenaeum 11 July 583/2 The other service [sc. the Navy] invented ‘dazzle’. 1920 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 94/2 A geological ‘dazzle-painting’ in ochre and red, brown, purple, and buff. 1921 W. Stevens Let. 5 Dec. (1967) 223 From time immemorial the philosophers and other scene painters have daubed the sky with dazzle paint. 1922 Glasgow Herald 28 Apr. 9 A ‘tramp’ steamer, ‘dazzle’ painted. 1928 C. F. S. Gamble North Sea Air Station xxii. 400 It was decided that all flying-boats should have their hulls ‘dazzle-painted’. 1932 Kipling Limits Renewals 309 Then, area by area, she [sc. a sow] was painted with dazzle-patterns of greenish-yellow and purple-brown. 1948 C. Day Lewis Otterbury Incident i. 9 The superstructure was made of wood, and we’d dazzle-painted the sides.

4. attrib. Designating shoes, etc., in very bright or luminous colours. 1931 Star 8 May 7/4 Although the majority of women seem to prefer shoes with just two colours to match their frocks, ‘dazzle’ footwear are a good second. 1958 Economist 11 Jan. 94/1 Girls in tight jeans and dazzle socks. 1958 J. Townsend Young Devils i. 11 The boy .. his yellow dazzle socks flashing like twin beacons.

dazzled ('daez(3)ld), ppl. a. [f. dazzle *;.] 1. Overpowered or confounded by too strong light or splendour. 1581 J. Bell. Haddon's Answ. Osor. 499 So forcible is the dazeled blindenes of selfe Love, a 1628 F. Greville Sidney (1652) 89 [He] cleareth the daseled eyes of that army, a 1628 - Poems, Hum. Learning xvi, Those dazied notions.. Which our fraile understanding doth retaine. 1811 Wordsw. Sonn. ‘Here pause, etc.', An accursed thing it is to gaze On prosperous tyrants with a dazzled eye. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) II. ix. ii. 131 This indistinct and dazzled apprehension.

2. Outshone or dimmed by a stronger light. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 292 As the bright beames of the Sunne passe the dimme and dazeled light of the Moone. 1833 Tennyson Fatima iv, My spirit.. Faints like a dazzled morning moon.

4. quasi-adv. 1696 Tate & Brady Ps. cxxxix. 6 Too dazling bright for mortal Eye! i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. ii. 13 Its general surface was dazzling white.

dazzlingly ('daezlii)li), adv.

[-ly2.]

fl. In a dazzled manner. (See prec. i.) Obs. 1610 Mirr. Mag., K. Bladud 56 [They] blinded are, and dazelingly they looke.

2. In a dazzling manner; to a degree that dazzles. 01711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 322 His Scales the Sun-beams dazzlingly reflect. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. III. 99 Nothing was to be seen but what was erfectly and dazzlingly white. 1879 Froude Caesar x. 118 ompey’s success had been dazzlingly rapid.

D-Day ('diidei). Also D Day, D-day.

[D for day.] The military code-name for a particular day fixed for the beginning of an operation; spec. the day (6 June 1944) of the invasion of the Atlantic coast of German-occupied France by Allied forces. Also transf., of non-military undertakings; later also used for decimalization day (e.g. in Britain 15 Feb. 1971, on which day decimal currency came into official use). 1918 Field Order No. 8, First Army, A.E.F. 7 Sept., The First Army will attack at H-Hour on D-Day with the object of forcing the evacuation of St. Mihiel salient. 1928 J. M. Saunders Wings 210 The word went out that ‘D’ day was to be Sept. 12. 1942 Newsweek 23 Nov. 27 A major Russian offensive long in preparation abiding the eventful D-day. 1944 Times 10 June 4/1 The Canadians landed on D Day at Bernieres-sur-Mer. 1944 Hutchinson's Piet. Hist. War 12 Apr.-26 Sept. 342 By the end of D-Day plus two they had cleared their respective areas of dead and wounded. 1945 W. S. Churchill Victory (1946) 102 The total [of Germans] captured by the Allies since D-Day was 2,055,575. 1947 Economist 27 Dec. 1047 (heading) D-Day for the [Marshall] Plan. 1948 G. Mikes How to scrape Skies 21 You know that the pipes will burst one day but how exciting it is to spend first of all three pleasant days wrapping them up and then retiring to wait for D-day. 1950 [see air-drop s.v. air sbB. III. 2]. 1963 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Decimal Curr. p. xiv, ‘D-day’. Short for ‘Decimalisation Day’. Ibid. xiii. 132 We hope., that as many organisations as possible will change on ‘Dday’ [in South Africa]. 1970 New Scientist 5 Feb. 245/2 The Anti-Decimal Group will doubtless be busy between now and D-day. 1971 Oxford Mail 15 Feb. 1/2 D-day dawned with a minimum of fuss, and shoppers were taking the new coinage in their stride.

dazzlement ('daez(3)lm3nt). [-ment.] 1. The act of dazzling; a cause of dazzling.

D.D.T. (diidii'tii). Also DDT. An abbreviation

1633 J. Done Hist. Septuagint 55 (T.) It beat back the sight with a dazlement. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. 1. 11. vi, Confused darkness, broken by bewildering dazzlements. 1881 Stevenson Virg. Puerisque 289 Many holes, drilled in the conical turret-roof of this vagabond Pharos, let up spouts of dazzlement into the bearer’s eyes.

for dichlorodiphenylfrichloroethane, a white, crystalline, chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide in the form of a powder, an aqueous emulsion, or a non-aqueous solution. Also attrib. and Comb.

2. The fact or condition of being dazzled. 1840 Carlyle Heroes v. (1858) 324 The blinkard dazzlement and staggerings to and fro of a man sent on an errand he is too weak for.

1943 Soap & Sanitary Chemicals Dec. 117/1 An insecticide material of similar type is now being made in the United States by Geigy & Co., New York, under the name ‘DDT’. 1944 W. S. Churchill Memo. 9 Mar. in 2nd World

DE War (1952) V. 612 The demand for the new insecticide, D.D.T., is urgent and increasing. 1944 Chemical Age 9 Sept. 246/2 All the DDT produced is at present reserved for the use of the armed forces. Ibid., The DDT powder.. was found effective. 1959 New Statesman 13 June 820/3 The mustard is to be powdered by helicopter with a DDT-type chemical. 1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 399 The accumulation of D.D.T. now going on in many people’s fatty tissues might .. be harmful in the long run. 1968 M. Pyke Food & Society viii. n 8 The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, of which DDT is by far the commonest, are very persistent in soil.

de, obs. Sc. form of die v. de, a dialectal (Kentish), foreign, or infantile representation of the. Sometimes in early MSS. a scribal error for de = the.

|| de (dii).'I. A Latin preposition, meaning ‘down from, from, off, concerning’, occurring in some Latin phrases more or less used in English. The chief of these are the following: 1. de bene esse (Law), as of ‘well-being’, as being good, of conditional allowance for the present. ‘To take or do any thing De bene esse, is to accept or allow it, as well done for present,.. but [on fuller examination] to be allowed or disallowed, according to the Merit or Well¬ being of the thing in its own nature’ (Blount, Law Diet. 1670). 1603 Egerton Papers (Camden) 372 (Stanf.) Wherefore, de bene esse, I have provisionally made a warrant redy for his Malye9 signature. 1656 Blount Glossogr. s.v., The Court.. often orders that Defendant to be examined De bene esse, i. that his depositions are to be allowed or suppressed at the hearing, as the Judge shall see cause. 1885 Law Rep. 29 Ch. Div. 290 (Stanf.) The Court ultimately determined that it should be read de bene esse. 2. de congruo, of congruity. a 1623 W. Pemble Justif. (1629) 33 When they tell vs, that faith merits justification de Congruo they intrap themselues in grosse contradiction; seeing to deserve de Congruo is not to deserve at all. 1841, 1856 [see congruity 5 a].

3. de facto, in fact, in reality, in actual existence, force, or possession, as a matter of fact. Very frequently opposed to de jure. Used also as an adj. = ‘actual, actually existing’, and then sometimes so far anglicized as to be prefixed to its sb. 1602 W. Watson Quodlibets 73 (Stanf.) That the Pope erred de facto in the reconciliation of the French King. 1638 Chillingw. Relig. Prot. 1. iii. §30 He may doe it de facto, but de iure he cannot. 1691 Norris Pract. Disc. 29 It will appear, that de facto it is so. 1696 Growth Deism 12 The Shiboleth of the Church now is King William’s de facto Title. 1765 Blackstone Comm. 1. 371 That temporary allegiance, which was due to him as king de facto. 1870 [see de jure, below]. 1891 Law Rep. Weekly Notes 70/1 The acts of the de facto directors might.. bind the company.

Hence f de'facto-man (also defacto sb.), one who recognised William III as king de facto. t de'factoship, a de facto standing, position, or title. 1696 Growth Deism 15 For these de facto-men, and the Jacobites, were but lately the same sort of People. Ibid. 13 And when the King had better Titles.. yet he must be made to pay.. Dr. S-Sixteen Hundred Pounds a Year, for a Defactoship only. 1710 Managers' Pro £sf Con 39 The one allows the Defactoship of the Queen.

4. de fide, of faith, to be held as an article of faith. 1638 Chillingw. Relig. Prot. 1. iii. §5 Some [hold] that the Popes indirect Power over Princes in Temporalities is de Fide; Others the contrary. 1865 Pusey Eirenicon 115 The poorer classes are not, for the most part, even acquainted with the distinction between what is to be believed to be de fide and what is popularly taught them as truth. 1951 Essays in Criticism I. 4 Modern critics .. treat this as self-evident or de fide.

5. de j’ure, of right, by right, according to law. Nearly always opposed to defacto; like that also (though less usually), treated as an adj. = ‘legal’, and placed before the sb. 1611 Court & Times Jas. /(1848) I. 136 (Stanf.) Done de facto, and not de jure. 1638 [see de facto above]. 1694 Poet Buffoon'd, etc. 7 (Stanf.) Husband or Gallant, either way, De facto or De jure sway. 1837 Ht. Martineau Soc. Amer. II. 81 States that are de facto independent, without having anything to do with the question de jure. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 74 It is a de jure, and not a de facto property that we have in it. 6. de novo, anew, afresh, over again from the

beginning. Rarely as adj. = ‘new, fresh’, and prefixed to sb. 1627 Court & Times Chas. /(1848) I. 304 (Stanf.) It is said they have opened de novo Calais to our English trade. 1817 Peel in Edin. Rev. XXIX. 121 We cannot make a constitution de novo. 1847-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 143/2 A de novo development of such texture. 1881 Med. Temp. Jrnl. XLIX. 18 In which it is developed by circumstances de novo.

7. de profundis, the first words of the Latin version of Psalm exxx (cxxix) = ‘Out of the depths (have I cried)’; hence subst. a. the name of this psalm; b. a psalm of penitence; c. a cry from the depths of sorrow, misery, or degradation. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 18 Saying De profundis for me, for my fader and my moder. 1500-20 Kennedie Fly ting w. Dunbar 447 With De profundis fend the, and that failye. 1589 Nashe Pref. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 17 Let subiects for all their insolence, dedicate a De profundis euerie morning to the preseruation of their Caesar. 1890 Open Court 10 Apr.

DE-

280 2204/2 (Stanf.) The Labor cry, the new De Profundis, the passionate psalm of the workers appealing out of the depths of misery and degradation for more wages and less hours of daily toil.

II. The French preposition de, dy (do, anglicized di:, di, da), meaning ‘of, from’, occurring in names of places, as Ashby de la Zouch, in territorial titles, as Earl Grey de Wilton, Lord Talbot de Malahide, and in personal surnames, as De Lisle, D'Israeli, De Quincey; also, in French phrases more or less in English use, as coup d'etat, coup de main, etc. (see coup); de haut en bas, from height to lowness, condescendingly as from a lofty position, with an air of affected superiority; de nouveau, anew, afresh; de rigueur, of strictness, (a matter) strictly or rigorously obligatory, according to strict etiquette; de trop, too much, (one) too many, in the way. 1697 Vanbrugh Relapse 1. ii, Not if you treat him de haut en bas, as you use to do. 1752 Chesterf. Lett. (1792) III. 274,1 know no company in which you are likely to be de trop. 1775 Gibbon in Life & Lett. (1869) 237 (Stanf.) The first chapter has been composed de nouveau three times. 1778 H. Walpole Let. 4 July (1904) X. 271 The Congress has ratified the treaty with France, and intend to treat the Commissioners de haut en bas. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair vi, ‘I should only be de trop', said the Captain. 1849Pendennis xxix, All the young men go to Spratt’s after their balls. It is de rigueur, my dear. 1868 Good Words 1 Aug. 516/1 A de-haut-en-bas-like drawling gait. 1882 W. R. Greg Misc. Essays ix. 181 But her de-haut-en-bas judgment of Macaulay is perhaps widest of the mark. 1885 A. Edwards Girton Girl I. ii. 39 Noble French family who.. dropped the ‘de’ from before their name, and settled here [sc. in Guernsey] . 1887 Illust. Lond. News 5 Mar. 269/3, I am decidedly de trop this morning. 1888 C. M. Yonge Our New Mistress v. 43 The names with a De before them are always the grandest. 1915 Mrs. H. Ward Eltham House vii. 119 Ask an officer to do without his uniforms. My frocks are just as much de rigueur. 1944 A. L. Rowse English Spirit 134 It seems to have been de rigueur to say that the Queen looked twenty. 1965 R. Ferguson Woman with Secret vi. 42 Her father thought he wasn’t good enough for somebody with the ‘de’ in her name. 1966 Listener 17 Nov. 747/2 Hopkins has a distinct tendency to talk de haut en bas to his captive audience.

de-, prefix. The Latin adverb and preposition, used in combination with verbs, and their derivatives. A large number of verbs so formed lived on in French as popular words, or were taken over into the language in earlier or later times as learned words, and thence came into English, as deer esc-ere, decreis-tre, decrease', defend-ere, defend-re, defend', desiderate, desire-r, desire. In later times English verbs, with their derivative adjectives and substantives, as also participial adjectives and substantives without any verbs, have been adapted directly from Latin, or formed from Latin elements, without the intervention of French. The following are the chief uses in Lat. and Eng. I. As an etymological element. In the senses: 1. Down, down from, down to: as dependere to hang down, depend (dependent, -ence, etc.); deponere to lay down, depone, depose; deprimere to press down, depress; descendere to climb down, descend; devorare to gulp down, devour. So of English formation, debreak. 2. Off, away, aside: as decimetre to turn aside, decline; deducere to lead away, deduce; defendere to ward off, defend; depot tare to carry off, deport; designate to mark off, designate; desistere to stand off, desist. b. Away from oneself: as delegare to make over, delegate; deprecari to pray away, deprecate. 3. Down to the bottom, completely; hence thoroughly on and on, away; also methodically, formally: as decldmare to shout away, declaim; declarare to make quite clear, declare; denudare to strip quite bare, denude; deplorare to weep as lost, deplore; derelinquere to abandon completely, derelict; despoliare to spoil utterly, DESPOIL.

b. To exhaustion, to the dregs: as decoquere to boil down or away, decoct; deliquescere to melt away, deliquesce. 4. In a bad sense, so as to put down or subject to some indignity: as decipere to take in, deceive; deludere to make game of, delude; deridere to laugh to scorn, deride; detestari to abominate, detest.

5. In late L., decompositus was used by the grammarians in the sense ‘formed or derived from a compound (word)’, passing later into that of ‘compounded over again, doubly or further compounded’; in this sense the word has in modern times been taken into chemistry, botany, etc. (see decomposite, decompound), and the prefix has been similarly used in other words, as decomplex, demixture.

6. In Latin, de- had also the function of undoing or reversing the action of a verb, e.g. armare to arm, dearmare to disarm, decorate to grace, dedecorare to disgrace, jungere to join, dejungere to unyoke, velare to veil, develare to unveil, and of forming verbs of similar type from substantives, as deartuare to dismember, from artus member, joint, decollate to behead, from collum neck, decorticare to deprive of bark, from corticem bark, deflorate to rob of its flowers, from florem flower. A like notion was usually expressed in classical Latin by the prefix dis-; e.g. cingere to gird, discingere to ungird, convenire to agree, disconvenire to disagree, jungere to join, disjungere to disjoin, diffibulare to unclasp, diloricare to uncorslet, discalceatus unshod. In late L., dis-, Romanic des-, became the favoured form; and although some L. words in de- lived on, or were by scholars adopted into the Romanic langs., all new compounds were formed with des-, and many even of the Latin words in de- were refashioned in Romanic with des-'. thus L. dearmare, decametre, decolorare, decorticare, dedigndri, deformare, *decapitare, Romanic desarmare, descarnare, descorticare, desdegnare, de- and des-formare, de-, descapitare, OF. desarmer, descharner, descorchier, desdaigner, de- and desformer, de-, descapiter. In later F. des- became, first in speech, and finally in writing, de-, in which form it was identical with the de- of learned words from L. de-. In English, early words taken from OF. with desretained this form (now altered back under Latin influence to dis-), as in disarm, disband, disburse, discolour, disdain, disfrock, disjoin, disrobe', but later words have de-, which, although coming from F. de-: —OF. des-:—L. dis-, is usually viewed and treated as identical with Latin de-', e.g. debauch, debord, defy, defile, depeople, derange, develop. In some words both forms have passed into English, as disburse, f deburse, discard, f decard, disconcert, f deconcert, disfrock, defrock. In French the prefix des-, de-, has received an ever increasing extension as a privative, freely prefixed to verbs, as in debarasser, debrutaliser, decentraliser, deconstiper, etc., or used to form verbs of the same type from nouns, as debanquer, debonder, dechaperonner, defroquer, etc. From the free adoption of these into English, de- has here also become a living privative element, freely prefixed to verbs (esp. in -ize, -ate, -fy), and forming verbs of a similar type from substantives or adjectives. Hence: II. As a living prefix, with privative force. I. Forming compound verbs (with their derivative sbs., adjs., etc.), having the sense of undoing the action of the simple verb, or of depriving (anything) of the thing or character therein expressed, e.g. de-acidify to undo or reverse the acidifying process, to take away the acid character, deprive (a thing) of its acid; hence de-acidified, -fying, -fication\ de-anglicize to undo the anglicizing of, to divest of its English character, render no longer English. Some of these are formed by prefixing de- to the original verb, but others are more logically analysed as formed with de- -I- sb. or adj. + verbal suffix, the resulting form being the same in either case. In others, again, no corresponding simple verb is in use: e.g. decephalize, decerebrize, decolourize, defibrinate. The older and more important of these words are given in their places as main words: e.g. dechristianize,

decompose,

demagnetize,

demoralize, etc.

Of others of less importance, of recent use, and of obvious meaning, examples, nearly all of the 19th c. (but decanomze 1624, decardinalize 164s), here follow. (The hyphen is conveniently used when the de- comes before a vowel, and sometimes elsewhere to emphasize the occasional nature of the combination, or draw special attention to its composition; otherwise it is not required.)

de-a'cidtfy {-fled, -fication), de-'alcoholize (-ed, -ization, -ist), de-'alkalize (-ed), de¬ al mericanize, eie-Anathematize, de-'appetize (-ing), de-ar'senicize (-ing), de-'aspirate (-ing, -ation, -ator), debi'tumenize (-at ion), de'brutalize, de'bunnionizer, de'eaesarize, de'ealvinize, de'canonize (-ation), de'eamphorize, de'eardinalize, deca'thedralize, de'celticize, de'chemicalize (-ation), de'choralize, de ciceronize, de'citizenize, de'classicize, de'clericalize (-ation), de'climatize, decon'catenate, de concentrate (-ation), decon'vention-

DEA alize, de'copperize (-ization), de' cultivate, de' doggerelize, de'dogmatize (-ed), de-educate, de-e'lectrify, de-e'lectrize (-ation), defeudalize, de'flexionize {-ed, -ation), deformalize, de'fortify, de'ganglionate {-ed), de'generalize, de'gentilize {-ing), de'germanize, de'heathenize, de'hellenize, {-ation), dehi'storicize, dei'dealize {-ed, -ing, etc.), de-individualize {-ation), de-indi'viduate, de-in'dustrialize {-ation, -ized, -izer), de-'insularize, de-'integrate, de-inte'llectualize {-ed, -ing), dei'talian-ize, de'jansenize, de'junkerize, de'latinize {-ed, -ation), dele'gitimize {-ation), de'liberalize, de'limitize, de'localize, de'ntartialize, de'mentholize {-ed), de'metallize, de'metricize, de'narcotize, de'nucleate {-ed), de-'organize {-ation), de-ori'entalize, de-'ossify {-fication), de-'ozonize {-ation), de'paganize, de'pantheonize (to put out of the pantheon), de'partizanize, dephi' losophize, de'physicalize (to do away with physical development; -ation), de'piedmontize, depo'liticalize, de'priorize (deprive of priority), deprofessionalize, de'protestantize, depro'vincialize, de'rabbinize {-ation), dere'ligionize {-ing), de'ruralize, de'saxonize, dese'miticize, desenti'mentalize {-ed), de'skeletonize (to rid of its skeleton), de'socialize {-ation), desuper' naturalize, deta'rantulize {-ation), de'theorize (to divest of theories), devo'latilize. 1786 Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 134 *Deacidified nitrous air. 1866 Pall Mall G. 21 Sept, n Like blank cartridge or •dealcoholized wine. 1873 M. Collins Sqr. Silchester's III. xxi. 236 It is a capital dealcoholist. 1877 Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 74 The substance consists of ‘deal kali zed fibrin. 1884 Tennyson Becket v. ii. 176 Can the King *de-anathematise this York? 1888 Academy 28 Jan. 56 A *de-appetising feast of dry bones. 1876 F. Douse Grimm’s L. App. F. 210 They both ‘deaspirated the initial. Ibid. § 12. 24 Similar deaspirating movements both in Greek and Sanskrit. Ibid. §22. 47, I have frequently observed.. that when a group of deaspirators are talking together, an h is rarely heard at all. 1879 Whitney Sanskrit Gram. Index 478/2 Deaspiration of aspirate mutes. 1862 Dana Man. Geol. II. 410 The ‘debitumenization of the coal. 1891 Chicago Advance 30 Apr., Not merely to '*debruta!izc' the police force, but to purify and ennoble it. 1872 Dasent Three to One I. 250 An eminent chiropodist and •debunnionizer. 1882 Pall Mall G. 20 May 3/2 The Republicans, .wish to decentralize, to ‘decics arize France. 1832 Southey in Q. Rev. XLVIII. 280 He did not talk of *decalvmizing certain of our provinces, nor of dejansenizing certain corporations. 1891 Chicago Advance 4 June, That this committee intended to de-Calvinize the church. 1624 T. James in Abp. Ussher’s Lett. (1686) 318 He hath., inlarged his Book of Bochel’s *Decanonization. £1645 Howell Lett. (1650) 1.11. xix. 32 He [the Cardinal of Guise] is but young, and they speak of a Bull that is to come from Rome to *decardinalize him. 1881 Academy 28 May 388/3 Ireland is..more *decelticised now than the Scottish Highlands. 1878 Scribner’s Mag. XVI. 436/1 An aroma which no chemistry, or *dechemicalization is potent enough to retain. 1864 Reader 19 Mar. 374/1 Handel meant his oratorios to be choral works. This *dechoralizes them. 1873 H. A. J. Munro Lucret. 473 One of the numerous artifices of Tacitus to *deciceronise the style of his annals. 1890 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 27 May, Any.. plan of *decitizenizing free Americans. 1848 Clough in Life Lett. (1869) I. 125 The ‘jeunes filles’.. were *declassicised by their use of parasols. 1870 Sat. Rev. 12 Feb. 209/1 Nor .. to allow its Bishops to *declericalize any of its priests and deacons by a penny post letter. Ibid., To accept.. a declericalization which was not degradation. 1870 Lit. Churchman XVI. 451/2 Englishmen who have lived much abroad seem to become *de-climatised in this particular. 1862 Mrs. Speid Last Years Ind. 157 So the whole concatenation *deconcatenated. 1893 Sat. Rev. 25 Mar. 333/1 The style of the great Mr. Smith.. greatly *deconventionalized. 1784 B. Franklin in Ann. Reg. 1817 Chron. 381 The odious mixture of pride and beggary.. that have half depopulated and *decultivated Spain. 1890 J. Davidson in Academy 15 Mar. 183/1 An example of the failure of high literary ability to *dedoggerelise it thoroughly. 1878 Gurney Tertium Quid (1887) I. 113 The joylessness and dulness of the ‘dereligionised’ (more truly *dedogmatised) life. 1887 Parish Problems 36 Poverty, care, work.. had slowly *deeducated the Man! 1881 Nature XXIV. 21 Method of *de-electrifying woollen yarn. 1824 Mech. Mag. No. 61. 77 Might not steam be further *deelectrized? Ibid., By following up the means which produced it, namely, by de-electrization. 1871 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §445 *Deflectionized languages are said to be Analytic. 1880 Grant White Every-Day Eng. 275 This *deformalizing of the English language. 1877 P. Thomson in Bible Students' Aids 146 Antiochus *defortifies the Temple. 1885 Romanes Jelly-fish 180 The *deganglionated tissue. 1864 Reader 23 Apr. 511/3 It may be within the compass of critical science to * ^generalize portions of it into the suggesting particulars. 1839 New Monthly Mag. LVI. 454 The *degentilizing distinction above mentioned. 1892 Pall Mall G. 7 Sept. 6/1 His theory is that Germany is being fast *de-Germanized. 1893 Chicago Advance 31 Aug., The vast student-world was being *de-heathenized. 1866 Pall Mall G. 8 Oct. 10 The urban population.. is either thoroughly *de-Hellenized, or is in the process of deHellenization. 1865 W. Kay Crisis Huffeldiana 27 Their attempts to *de-historicize.. the oldest and most venerable document of human history. 1865 J. Grote Treat. Mor. Ideas vii. (1876) 93 The notion.. was very early *deidealized or positivized. 1890 W. S. Lilly Right & Wrong 226 The fine arts, as they exist among us, bear witness.. to thedeidealisingoflife. a 1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. v. (1870) 94 Reason binds men together, and, if we may so

DEACON

281 speak, *deindividualizes them. Ibid., The growth of virtue is a gradual deindividualization of men. 1880 Fairbairn Stud. Life of Christ xv. (1881) 262 Men *deindividuated are almost dehumanised. 1882 B. Leighton in Standard 5 May, To *de-industrialize the population. 1940 Economist 23 Nov. 634/1 The ‘new European order’, in which de-industrialised France is to be reduced to an agricultural hinterland of the Reich. Ibid. 634/2 Their [5c. the Germans’] plan is to create just one more economic vassal, and in sponsoring the movement for ‘de-industrialisation’ the Vichy Government have stupidly.. given their backing to that plan. 1972 Nat. Geographic Sept. 359/2 If man were enlightened .. he would deindustrialize many areas of the Connecticut Valley. 1979 Daily Tel. 13 Dec. 21 The accelerated rundown of British Steel has disturbing implications about the future health of manufacturing industry and the process of ‘deindustrialisation’ that is now the vogue Whitehall phrase. 1985 Inc Apr. 36/1, I began to realize that there were lots of people out there with axes to grind—the small-business camp, the big-business camp, the deindustrializers and the reindustrializers, [etc.]. 1882 Daily Tel. 2 June, In the face of the tunnel that is to *de-insularise us. 1861 Bagehot Biog. Ess. (1881) 142 Years of acquiescing.. usually *deintellectualise a parliamentary statesman before he comes to half his power. 1891 Abbott Philomythus 129 The deintellectualising influence of this resolute faith in miracles. 1889 Pall Mall G. 16 Oct. 2/2 The possibility of first *deItalianising the Sacred College. Ibid. 13 Nov. 2/2 The deItalianizing of the Church. 1832 *Dejansenizing [see decalvinizing]. 1866 Pall Mall G. 13 Aug. 3 Will a junker be allowed to *dejunkerize himself. 1883 Spectator 27 Jan. 126 A certain amount of *delatinisation and some simplification of phraseological structure. 1969 C. Davidson in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 349 People will not move against institutions of power until the legitimizing authority has been stripped away... And we should be forewarned; it is a tricky job and often can backfire, *de-legitimizing us. 1981 Church Times 4 Dec. 1/2 The report recommends that the Churches should urgently consider ‘the delegitimisation of the production, possession and use of nuclear weapons as a crime against humanity’. 1983 MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour 23 Dec., UNESCO., has become .. highly discriminatory against Israel, for example — it’s where the delegitimization campaign against Israel first got under way. 1984 Listener 2 Feb. 9/3 Terrorism is something of a catch-all category' in official thinking, used to de-legitimise a variety of enemies. 1835 Tait's Mag. II. 461 To *deliberalize the principles of the youthful patriot,, 1887 Gurney Tertium Quid II. 194 Further liberalising and *delimitising the conditions of poetic appreciation. 1881 Ohio State Jrnl. 29 Jan., Worthless *dementholized oil. 1754 Huxham in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 861 Tin and copper., are reduced to ashes, and *demetallized. 1883 Athenaeum 28 July 104/2 That passage .. should .. be forthwith *demetricized and turned into honest prose. 1829 Togno, Durand, etc. Mat. Med. The *denarcotized opium. 1892 Poulton & Shipley tr. Weismann's Heredity II. 92 Boveri.. succeeded in rearing such *denucleated eggs by the introduction of spermatozoa. 1864 Homeward Mail 17 Oct. 901 The tendency.. is to *deorientalize the European mind in India. 1881 Athenaeum 9 July 42/3 Glimpses of Anglo-Indian life before it became de-Orientalized. 1874 W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. (ed. 5) II. §341 Ozonized air is also *deozonized by transmission over cold manganese dioxide. 1873 C. B. Fox Ozone & Antozone 95 The deozonisation of air passing over densely populated towns. 1847-8 De Quincey Protestantism Wks. VIII. 156 Rome, it was found, could not be *depaganised. 1859 Lit. Churchman V. 332/1 Among the slowly depaganized people. 1892 Harper's Mag. Sept. 629/2 The bones of Mirabeau .. were carried in great pomp to the Pantheon in 1791; and were *depantheonized.. a year or two later. 1885 American IX. 198 To *departizanize the public service. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIII. 21/2 The work is resumed .. in the Italian language .. as a means for *depiedmontizing the author’s style. 1872 Contemp. Rev. XX. 831 To press philosophy into its service is to *dephilosophize it. 1872 S. Butler Erewhon xi. 99 A time of universal *dephysicalisation would ensue. 1859 Sat. Rev. VIII. 573/2 Dr. Cullen has really.. *de-politicalized the Irish priesthood. 1866 De Morgan in Graves Life Sir W. R. Hamilton (1889) III. 562 You cannot, .let him take any licence which can damage or *de-priorise anything you choose to write on your own subject. 1884 St. James's Gaz. 22 Mar. 4/1 It helps to some extent.. to ‘*deprofessionalize’ the English clergy. 1888 Mission Herald (Boston) Oct. 442 To *deprotestantize the nation. 1861 O. W. Holmes Pages fr. Old Vol. Life (1891) 10 The camp is *deprovincializing us very fast. 1865 Lowell New Eng. Two Cent. Ago Prose Wks. 1890 II. 12 Commerce is deprovincializing the minds of those engaged in it. 1891 Review of Reviews 15 Sept. 267/1 The Jews must be *derabbinised and denationalised. Ibid. , The derabbinisation is far advanced. 1878 *Dereligionized [see dedogmatized]. 1879 W. H. Mallock Is Life Worth Living? 64 To de-religionize life, then, it is not enough to condemn creeds and to abolish prayers. Ibid. 136 The gradual de-religionizing of life. 1888 H. F. Lester Hartas Maturin I. i. 7 The gradual process of *deruralizing his townlet. 1890 Daily News 19 Nov. 2/5 He hoped the Council would not entirely ‘de-ruralise’ the park. 1869 Lowell Poems, Cathedr., A brain *desaxonized. 1892 W. Watson in Bookman Oct. 23/1 Grotesque efforts to get inside the English character and *de-Semiticise his own. 1882 Traill Sterne vi. 88 That thoroughly *desentimentalized ‘domestic interior’. 1886 Blackw. Mag. CXL. 747 She .. *deskeletonized the wretched closet with unsparing dexterity. 1889 Harper's Mag. June 102/1 The way in which darkness isolates and *desocializes the citizen. 1883 Maudsley Body & Will III. iii. 258 Demoralization following desocialization. 1885 Pall Mall G. 3 Sept. 5/2 He will steep himself to the lips in falsehood sooner than allow it to be *desupernaturalized. 1836 Tait's Mag. III. 168 The singular ceremony of ‘*de-tarantulization’ (since a word must needs be coined). 1883 A. B. Edwards in Academy 10 Nov. 309/2 A *de-theorised American. 1868 Birm. Jrnl. Sept. 12 The oil.. has been *devolatilised, so that all danger of explosion is annihilated.

2. Less frequently verbs (and their derivatives) are formed by prefixing de- to a noun (cf. L. defamare, F. defroquer), with the sense: a. To deprive, divest, free from, or rid of the thing in question: as debowel (1375), deflesh, defoliage,

deglaze, deglycerin, dehandle, delawn, f demast, demiracle, demonastery, \ depark, deprivilege, deProtestant, detenant, f detruth; depetticoated, dereligioned ppl. adjs.; de¬ legitimation. (Some of these have forms in dis-, which is the usual prefix for words of this type.) b. To turn out of, dislodge or expel from, as decart, f deparliament (1648); decourt, dehusk. i860 Russell Diary India (1863) I. 299, I completed my journey, and was safely *decarted at the door of a substantial house. 1837-40 Haliburton Clockm. I. 76 He was teetotally *defleshed, a mere walking skeleton. 1831 Huish Mem. Geo. IV, 57 The lovely rosebud fell *defoliaged. 1879 Scribner's Mag. July 402 They.. completely defoliage the trees. 1885 W. L. Carpenter Soap & Candles 151 The French process .. for *deglycerining neutral fats. 1893 in Chicago Advance 9 Mar., She had broken the cover of a tureen, and *dehandled a china pitcher. 1726 Amherst Terrae Fil. xxxix. 215 The bishop ought to be *de-lawn’d. 1666 Lond. Gaz. No. 89/4 Very little damage, besides the *demasting of one Fireship. 1884 Tennyson Becket iii. iii. 137 For as to the fish, they *de-miracled the miraculous draught, and might have sunk a navy. ci8o8 Byron Occas. Pieces xvi. note, Some.. monk of the abbey, about the time it was *demonasteried. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Whetstones-park, a Lane .. fam’d for a Nest of Wenches, now *depark’d. 1648 J. Goodwin Right & Might 19 The men *deparliamented by the Army. 1892 Chicago Advance 14 Jan., She is not a *depetticoated virago, who wants to inaugurate a general swapping of sex. 1979 Times 27 Nov. 2/7 Headings of his document included ‘Investigate and publicize restrictive labour practices’.. ‘*Deprivilege (sic) the Civil Service’. 1986 Times 26 Apr. 8/7 The government believes there is.. a connection between legislation to deprivilege unions and macro-economic improvement. 1890 Guardian 5 Nov. 1745/2 The result., is, to use the phrase of The Times, the ‘*deprotestanting’ of the greater part of Ireland. 1835 Athenaeum 443 The demoralized, *dereligioned invaders of privilege and property. 1883 C. A. Cameron in Pall Mall G. 4 Dec. 1/2 Many unsanitary houses have been *detenanted. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 67 He feares there is Truth in them: Could he *de-truth them all, he would defie them all.

3. By an extension of use de- is sometimes prefixed to adjectives or substantives, as in DEBARE, DECHEERFUL, DEGALANT, DEDOCTOR. (Cf. dis- in discontent, dissatisfied, etc.) dea, deac. U.S. colloq. abbrevs. of

deacon sb.

1 c, d. 1821 Massachusetts Spy 28 Feb. (Th.), Deac Josiah Bridge. Ibid. 4 Apr., Dea. Ebenezer Read. 1907 Springfield Weekly Republ. 17 Jan. 11 Dea Wilson was among the foremost of the town’s citizens. 1913 Sat. Even. Post 1 Feb. 34/3 Look at ’er, deac!

de-accession (dirsek'sejan), v. Chiefly U.S. [f. de- II. 1 + accession v.] trans. To remove an

entry for (an exhibit, book) from the accessions register of a museum, library, etc., usu. in order to sell the item concerned. Also absol. 1972 N.Y. Times 27 Feb. 11. 21/2 The Museum of Art recently de-accessioned (the polite term for ‘sold’) one of its only four Redons. 1973 Time 26 Feb. 43/2 ‘Deaccessioning’ pictures—the barbaric museum jargon for preparing to sell. 1974 J. Goldman Man from Greek & Roman v; 33 You deaccessioned, you took something off your shelves and sold it. 1981 Times 16 Feb. 4/1 The sale of Japanese art included a group of 38 lots of Japanese lacquer ‘recently de-accessioned by the Metropolitan Museum in New York’. 1987 London Rev. Bks. 19 Mar. 5/4 Curators may soon be tempted to start.. ‘de-accessioning’ what their recent predecessors have.. acquired.

Hence as sb., the act or process of deaccessioning; de-ac'cessioned ppl. a., deac'cessioning vbl. sb. 1973 Newsweek 29 Jan. 76 Richard F. Brown, director of Fort Worth’s Kimbell Museum of Art, felt that., the ‘principle’ of de-accession is right although he might ‘disagree with the particular object chosen for de-accession’. 1973 Art in Amer. Jan.-Feb. 24 In order to illustrate.. Mr. Hoving’s policy, he should show all the de-accessioned works. 1973 New Yorker 31 Mar. 83/1 Money gained through sales—or ‘de-accessioning’, in museum parlance —is often used for acquisitions. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Dec. 1604/2 The acquisition by Mellon from the Hermitage of famous paintings... This early twentieth-century instance of sensational ‘de-accessioning’ as it was to be uneuphoniously called by later adepts of the technique.

de-acidify,

etc.: see de- II. i.

deacon ('dirkan, -k(a)n), sb.1 Forms: a. 1 diacon, deacon; ft. 2 diacne, diakne, 4 dyakne, pi. diaknen; y. 2 daecne, 2-4 deakne, 3-5 dekne, (3 gen. pi. deknene); 3-6 deken (-in, -on, -un, -yn(e), 4 deeken (pi. deeknys), decoun, 4-6 decon, decane, 5-6 deaken, deakon, 6 diacon(e, deacone, 5- deacon, [ad. L. diaconus, a. Gr. biaxovos servant, waiting man, messenger, whence spec, in Christian use, servant or minister of the church; an order of ministers in the church. The OE. diacon (deacon) was a learned form immed. from the L.; beside it there appears to have been a popular form *dxcna (? from *disecna, *deaecna), whence 12th c. daecne, deakne, and later dekne, pi. deaknen. From dekne, deakne, came deken, deaken, whence under L. influence deacon. The early ME. diacne, dyakne was perhaps immed. a. OF.

DEACON diacne, dyacne (12th c.; later diacre)-, it might also represent a semi-popular OE. *diacna: cf. ON. djakn, djakni. There were many intermediate forms of the word, from mixture of popular and learned types.] 1. Eccl. The name of an order of ministers or officers in the Christian church. a. In Apostolic times. Their first appointment is traditionally held to be recorded in Acts vi. 1-6, where however the title Staxovos does not occur, but only the cognate words Siaxovtlv (‘serve’) and Siaxovla (‘ministration’). ciooo v^Elfric Homilies (Thorpe) I. 44 Da apostolas jehadodon seofon diaconas.. Daera diacona waes se forma Stephanus. a 1300 Cursor M. 19482 (Cott.) Steuen .. was o pe seuen dekens an. 1382 Wyclif Phil. i. 1 Poul and Tymothe.. to alle the hooly men .. at Philippis, with bischopis and dekenes. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4442 Deken Steven be his name. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. 419 Deacons were stewards of the Church, vnto whome at the first was committed the distribution of Church-goods. 1611 Bible j Tim. ii. 8 Likewise must the deacons bee graue, not double tongued. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. vi. 20 The deacons generally administered the elements. 1875 Manning Mission H. Ghost xv. 417 The Apostles set apart a special order—the Sacred order of deacons—to be ministers of the charity of Jesus Christ to His poor.

b. In Episcopal Churches, a member of the third order of the ministry, ranking below bishops and priests, and having the functions of assisting the priest in divine service, esp. in the celebration of the eucharist, and of visiting the sick, etc. c 900 Baeda's Eccl. Hist. ill. xiv. [xx. ] (1891) 220 Honorius se aercebiscop.. jehalgode Thomam his diacon to biscope. 1122 O.E. Chron., Se daecne haefde ongunnan pone godspel. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 81 Nu comeS )?es diakne. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 392/49 Preostes he made and deknene al-so. 1340 Ayenb. 190 He acsede at onen of his diaknen. 41386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 817 Folk that ben entred into ordre, as sub-dekin, or dekin, or prest. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6943 A preste sange at ane altere, And his dekyn pat stode him nere. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 2221 Whan the Deken redde the holy gospell. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. x. (1739) 18 Deacons.. attending upon the Presbyters to bring the offerings to the Altar to read the Gospel, to Baptize, and Administer the Lord’s Supper. a 1771 Gray Remarks Lydgate's Poems Wks. 1843 V. 292 He was ordained a deacon in 1393, which is usually done in the twenty-third year of a man’s age. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. iv. 133 The three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons.

c. In the Presbyterian system, one of an order of officers appointed to attend to the secular affairs of the congregation, as distinguished from the elders, whose province is the spiritual. (But they do not always exist, at least under this name, their functions, when they are absent, being performed by the elders.) d. In Congregational churches, one of a body of officers elected to advise and assist the pastor, distribute the elements at the communion, administer the charities of the church, and attend to its secular affairs. 1560-1 Bk. Discipline viii. (heading), The Eyght Heid, tuiching the Electioun off Elderis and Deaconis, etc... The office of the Deaconis .. is to receave the rentis, and gadder the almous of the Churche, to keip and distribute the same, as by the ministerie of the Kirk shall be appointed. Thay may also assist in judgement with the Ministeris and Elderis. 1584 J. Melvill Diary (1842) 183 Ther salba twa Deacones: an till attend upon the box.. to collect and distribut to the outward pure .. ane uther to haiflf the cair of our awin inward indigent or diseased. 1644 Owen Wks. XIX. 537-8. 01647 T. Hooker Summe Ch. Discipl. 11. i, This Deacon being the steward or Treasurer of the Church, the thing for which he is mainly to be imployed .. is for the husbanding of the estate and temporalis of the Church. 1647 Resolutions, etc. Congreg. Ch. Canterbury 30 Mar. (MS.), The church .. did order that.. there bee 3 nominated out of wch on shall bee chose to the office of a Deacon. 1648 J. Cotton Way Congreg. Ch. 11. 10 It is an Ordinance of Christ to elect Officers (Deacons and Elders), for this is the power and privilege of the Church of Brethren, a 1657 W. Bradford New Eng. Mem. 355 They had .. in our time four grave men for ruling elders, and three able and godly men for deacons. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. v. vii, The Office and Work of a Deacon is., to keep the Treasury of the Church, and therewith to serve the Tables, which the Church is to provide for, as the Lord’s Table, the Table of the Ministers, and of such as are in Necessity, to whom they are to distribute in simplicity. 1884 R. W. Dale Congreg. Manual v. 116 In some Congregational churches there are both ‘elders’ and ‘deacons’.

e- fig1642 Milton Apol. Smect. xi. (1851) 311 Their office is to pray for others, and not to be the lip-working deacons of other mens appointed words. 1796 C. Burney Mem. Metastasio III. 170 As an old Deacon of Apollo. 1887 Mission. Herald (Boston) Apr. 153 It [the African Lakes Company] acts as deacon to the mission stations themselves, caring for them in secular things.

f2. Applied to the Levites, as an order inferior to the priests in the Jewish Church: cf. bishop 2. ciooo Ags. Gosp. John i. 19 \>a ludeas sendon heora sacerdas and heora diaconas fram Ierusalem. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 79 her com a prost be pi weie.. and wende forS, per com an diacne, a 1300 Cursor M. 7009 (Cott.) For luue of a deken wijf,—Mani man par tint pair lijf [cf. Judges xx. 4]. 1388 Wyclif Num. ii. 51 The dekenes schulen do doun the tabernacle. £1449 Pecock Repr. hi. i. 280 To the dekenis were 30uun xlviij citees.

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282

3. a. In Scotland, the president of an incorporated ‘craft’ or trade in any town; formerly ex officio a member of the town-council. 1424 Sc. Acts Jas. I (1597) §39 like Craft suld haue ane Deakon. 1563 Winiet Four Scoir Thre Quest, xxxix. Wks. 1888 I. 102 As thair is in euery craft almaist ane decane [MS. dekin], a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Hist. Jas. FWks.(i7ii) 88 A deacon of the crafts is killed by the faction of the Hamiltons. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. Wks. 1806 VI. 260 The council [of the Edinburgh magistracy] is composed of deacons, one of whom is returned every year in rotation, as representative of every company of artificers or handicraftsmen. 1787 Burns Brigs of Ayr 154 Ye dainty Deacons, an’ ye douce Conveeners. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xx, The presidents, or deacons, as they were termed, of the working classes.

b. fig. A ‘master’ of his craft; a thoroughly capable man. 1814 Scott Wav. xlvi, Yon man is not a deacon o’ his craft. 1823 Galt Entail III. x. 98, I had got an inkling o’ the law frae my father, who was a deacon at a plea.

4. Freemasonry. Name of a particular inferior office in a lodge: see quot. 1813 J. Ashe Masonic Manual (1825) 227 The Deacons are then named and invested; upon which the new Master addresses them as follows: —‘Brothers J. K., and L. M., I appoint you Deacons of this Lodge. It is your province to attend on the Master, and to assist the Wardens in the active duties of the lodge.

f 5. A set of eucharistic garments for a deacon. 1534 in Peacock Engl. Ch. Furniture 201 A whole vestment for a preist w* deacon and subdeacon of white damaske. 1552 Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. I. 14 Two chesables, othr ways cawlyd deakyn and subdeaken. 1558 Wills &? Inv. N.C. 1. (Surtees 1835) 171 One Cope, a vestment and a deacon all.. of red silk.

6. A very young or aborted calf, or its hide. U.S. colloq. 1873 Chicago Tribune 2 Jan. 6/2 Hides.. deacons, 50 @ 65 0. 1898 E. N. Westcott D. Harum xvii, I guess you got a ‘deakin’ in that lot... That calf died, that’s what that calf done. 1923 Dialect Notes V. 234 Deacon, a calf of veal age; the hide or skin of such a calf. ‘That hide ain’t worth much; it’s only a deacon.’

7. Comb., as deacon-seat (U.S.), a long settee in a log-cabin, cut from a single log. 1851 J. S. Springer Forest Life 71 Directly over the footpole .. and in front of the fire, is the deacon-seat. This seat constitutes our sofa or settee. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 152 We sat down upon the deacon-seat before the fire. 1889 Farmer Americanisms, Deacon seat, a lumberer’s camp term .. why so called is difficult to say.. unless, indeed, it is an allusion to the seats round a pulpit, facing the congregation, reserved for deacons.

Deacon, sb.2

The name of Henry Deacon (1822-76), English industrial chemist, used attrib. or in the possessive to designate a process for the manufacture of chlorine by the catalytic oxidation of hydrochloric acid. 1876 Encycl. Brit. V. 491/1 The production of chlorine by Deacon’s process. 1921 Diet. Occup. Terms (1927) §143 Deacon plant man, deacon process man. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xii. 446 Chlorine has been prepared by displacement with oxygen, in such exothermic reactions as .. the Deacon process.

'deacon, v. U.S. colloq. or slang, [f. prec. sb.] 1. trans. (usually to deacon off). To read aloud (a hymn) one or two lines at a time, the congregation singing the lines as soon as read, according to the early practice of the Congregational Churches of New England. Hence fig. U.S. colloq. 1845 T. W. Coit Puritanism 232 The insult, .was given by deaconing out, as the phrase goes.. the following verses from the 52d Psalm. 1848 Lowell Biglow P. Ser. 1. ix, Without you deacon off the toon you want your folks should sing. 1888 - Heartsease & Rue 166 Well he knew to deacon-off a hymn. 1857 Goodrich Remin. I. 77 (Bartlett) The chorister deaconed the first two lines.

2.

To pack (fruit, etc.) with specimens on the top. U.S. slang.

the

finest

1866 Lowell Biglow P. Introd., To deacon berries is to put the largest atop. 1868 Miss Alcott Lit. Women xi. (Farmer), The strawberries [were] not as ripe as they looked, having been skilfully deaconed.

'deaconal a., deaconate sb., forms sometimes used instead of the more correct diaconal, -ate. 1890 Chicago Advance 7 Aug., Clerical hospitality., deaconal hospitality. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 2256 The subdeaconate [developed] from the deaconate. 1892 Daily News 2 Feb. 5/7 After a meeting of the deaconate.

deaconess (’diikams). Forms: 6 decon-, diacon-, 6-7 deaconisse, 7 diacon-, deaconness, 8deaconess. [f. deacon + -ess, formed after med.L. diaconissa, fern, of diaconus: cf. F. diaconisse (14-18th c.), now usually diaconesse.] 1. Eccl. a. The name of an order of women in the early church, ‘who appear to have undertaken duties in reference to their own sex analogous to those performed by the deacons among men’ {Diet. Chr. Antiq.). b. Also, in some modern churches, of an order of women having functions parallel to those of the deacons in the same, or intermediate between these and those of the women in sense 2. a 1536 Tindale Wks. 250 (R.) Phebe the deaconisse of the church of Cenchris. 1561 T. Norton Calvin s Inst. iv. 89 There were created deaconisses, not to delite God with singing and wyth mumbling not vnderstanded.. but that they should execute publike ministration towarde the poore. 1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. 1 Tim. iii. 11 The Deaconnesses that then were appointed to some Care of Women, which Men were less fit for. 1709 J. Johnson Clergym. Vade M. 11. 100 The office of Deaconesses was.. especially to attend women in the Baptistery, undressing and dressing them again. 1847 Maskell Mon. Rit. III. p. xcv. note, The deaconesses of the primitive ages .. their functions being .. limited to the performance of mere secular duties, such as visiting the sick, and catechizing women. 1885 Catholic Diet, s.v., [Deaconesses] were employed in assisting at the baptism of women.. In the tenth century the office was extinct in the West.. At Constantinople the office survived till 1190. 1617 F. Johnson Plea xx. 317 To the Elders..that rule the Church; and to the Deacons and Deaconesses that serve and minister therein. 01657 W. Bradford New Eng. Mem. 355 They had .. one ancient widow for a deaconess.. She usually sat.. in the congregation with a little birchen rod in her hand, and kept little children in great awe from disturbing the congregation. She did frequently visit the sick and weak, and especially women. 1892 Bk. Ch. of Scotl. 33 Women who being able to make Christian work the chief object of their lives.. having passed throught two years’ training and service in connection with our Homes in Edinburgh or Glasgow, may apply to be set apart as Deaconesses by their kirk-sessions and presbyteries, and will then .. be expected to go to any part of Scotland where they may be required, there to work under the supervision of minister and kirk-session. 1893 British Weekly 30 Nov. 88/2 Miss Hargreave was a deaconess of Carr’s Lane Church, and has been of great service in many ways.

2. The name taken by certain Protestant orders of women with aims similar to those of Sisters of Mercy. 1867 Lady Herbert Cradle L. iii. 102 The Kaiserswerth Deaconesses.. have a school, hospital, and dispensary near the English Protestant Church. 1871 Daily News 4 Nov., The Deaconesses’ Institute prides itself upon being ‘evangelically Protestant’. 1890 Whitaker's Almanack 276 General Hospitals—(No. 7) Deaconesses’ Institution and Training Hospital, Tottenham.

3. nonce-use. A deacon’s wife. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf. -t. (1883) 221 Deacon and deaconess dropped away.

4. Comb. 1884 Pall Mall G. 10 Sept. 2/1 A deaconess-house was opened. 1893 Ch. Times 27 Jan. 81/1 The deaconesswidows, and the widows of the higher clergy.

t'deaconhead. Obs. [-head.] = next. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 32 )>e minstri of presthed, & of dekunhed. 1656 Burgh Rec. in ]. Irving Hist. Dumbartonshire (i860) 534 The crafts of the said burgh sould enjoy the lyke fredome priviledge and deaconhead.

deaconhood ('diikanhud). [-hood.] 1. The office of a deacon: see deacon sb.1 1 b, 3. 1382 Wyclif i Tim. Prol., The ordynaunce of byschophood, and of the dekenehood. c 1449 Pecock Repr. III. ix. 332 Dekenhode was profitable to his clergie.

2. A body of deacons collectively. In mod. Diets.

b. In various uses connoting unfair or dishonest dealing or the like (cf. to doctor)-, see quots. U.S. slang.

deaconry ('diikanri). [-ry.] 1. The office of a deacon; diaconate.

i860 Bartlett Diet. Amer., To deacon a calf is to knock it in the head as soon as it is bom.—Connecticut. 1889 Farmer Americanisms, To deacon land, to filch land by gradually extending one’s fences or boundary lines into the highway or other common property. 1889 Century Diet., Deacon, to sophisticate; adulterate; ‘doctor’: as, to deacon wine or other liquor, slang.

*483 Cath. Angl. 95 A Dekenry, diaconatus. 1560-1 Bk. Discipline v., Privilege of Univ., Tutorie, Curatorie, Deaconrie, or ony siclike. 1642 Sir E. Dering Sp. on Relig. 133 S. Paul calleth his Apostleship but a Deaconry. 1824 G. Chalmers Caledonia III. v. §7. 474 An act annulling that incorporation for having a deaconry.

3. Eccl.

To make (someone) a deacon; to ordain to the diaconate, to admit to deacon’s orders. Cf. priest v. 2. Hence 'deaconing vbl. sb. 1980 Church Times 26 Dec. 16/3 Everyone agreed that the cathedral protest had been dignified. But many were puzzled that it should occur now, as ten women had already been deaconed. Ibid. 16/4 This is the first public deaconing of a woman in the Diocese of Llandaff. 1985 Oxf. Diocesan Mag. Sept. 20/3 To be deaconed by the Bishop of Reading . . on Michaelmas Day: Brian Blackman, [etc.]. 1986 Church Times 30 May 5/2 She believes that the proposed deaconing of women .. is a mark of the respect earned by deaconesses already serving the churches.

deaconship,

b. A body of deacons collectively, a 1679 T. Goodwin IFAs. IV. iv. 188 (R.) The deacons of all those churches should make up a common deaconry.

2. R.C.Ch. The chapel and charitable institution of a ‘region’ of Rome, in charge of a cardinal or regionary deacon. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 1.111. 67 The Chapels that were ordinarily united to these Religious houses, being called Deaconries. Ibid. 1. III. 68 Deaconries, where the Cardinals had their Residence, and .. were call’d Cardinal Deacons, because of their residence in the Deaconry. 1751 Chambers Cycl., Deaconry is also a name still reserved to the chapels and oratories in Rome, under the direction of the several deacons, in their respective regions.. To the deaconries were annexed a sort of hospitals.. governed by the regionary

DEACONSHIP

DEAD

283

deacons, called cardinal deacons. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. hi vii. 117 The churches and monasteries, the hospitals, deaconries or ecclesiastical boards for the poor.

1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 539 Dead shells appear in some cases to be thus employed, but.. in most.. the [Hermit] crab kills the mollusk in order to secure its shell.

deaconship ('diikanjip). [-ship.] The office or position of a deacon.

H to be dead was anciently used in the sense ‘to die’, and later in that of ‘to have died’; also = ‘To die at the hands of anyone, to be put to death, be killed’.

1565 Harding in Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 85 The Priesthood & Deaconship. 1610 J. Robinson Just. Separ. Church Wks. II. 364 The office of deacon-ship which Christ hath left by his apostles for the collection and distribution of the Church’s alms. 1615 Wadsworth in Bedell Lett. 13 Priesthood is giuen by the deliuerie of the Patena.. and of the Chalice.. Deaconship by the deliuerie of the booke of the Gospels. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 400 That none shall be.. ordained an Elder, till after he had well acquitted himself in the Deaconship. 1849-53 Rock Ch. of Fathers IV. 51 In due time the Subdeacon was raised to the Deaconship.

tde'action. Obs. [ad. L. deactidn-em: de- I. 3.] 1656 Blount perfecting.

Glossogr.,

Deaction,

a

finishing

or

deactivate (dii'aektiveit), v. [f. de- h- activate v.] trans. To render inactive or less reactive; spec, to deprive of chemical action, to render less chemically reactive. So deacti'vation, the process or result of deactivating; de'activator, a substance which deactivates. 1904 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 20 Feb. 23523/1 He finds that the law of de-activation is still the same throughout this range of temperature. 1938 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. June 905 Just as the methyl substituent activates all positions,.. so the carbethoxyl group deactivates all positions. 1939 Nature 29 Apr. 734/1 The stabilization of petrols by small quantities of organic compounds known as deactivators, which prevent oxidation, is an important advance. 1947 Science News V. 160 This drift activates or deactivates the aromatic nucleus. 1956 A. K. Osborne Encycl. Iron & Steel Industry 105/2 Deactivation, the process of prior removal of the active constituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid. 1958 Economist 20 Dec. 1051/1 (Advt.), Gum inhibitors and metal deactivators used in motor and aviation fuels to maintain quality during storage and use. 1970 J. Earl Tuners & Amplifiers i. 24 A switch for deactivating the stereo decoder on a weak stereo signal.

dead (ded), a. (sb.*, adv.) Forms: 1-3 dead, 2-3 died, (3 deasd), 2-7 ded, (4 deede, deid, did, Ayenb. dyad, dyead), 4-6 deed, dede, 5 deyde, dyde, 6 dedde, 6-7 deade, (5- Sc. deid), 6- dead. [A common Teut. adj.; orig. pple.: OE. dead = OFris. dad (WFris., NFris. dead), OS. dod, MDu. dot(,d), Du. dood, MLG. dot, dod, LG. dod, OHG., MHG. tot (Ger. todt, tot), ON. daudr (Sw., Da. dod), Goth, daups:—OTeut. *dau-do-z, pre-Teut. *dhau-'tos, pa. pple. from vb. stem dau- (pre-Teut. dhau-), preserved in ON. deyja (:—dau-jan) and in OS. doian, OHS. touwen, to die. The suffix is = L. -tus, Gr. -tos, Skr. -tas. The suffixal d in OTeut. *daudo-z, Eng. dead (pre-Teut. * dhau' tos), as opposed to the p in daupu-z, death (pre-Teut. *'dhautus), shows the influence of the position of the stress accent on the Teutonic representation of original breath mutes, as set forth in Verner’s Law.]

A. adj. I. Literally, and in senses directly connected. * Said of things that have been alive. 1. That has ceased to live; deprived of life; in that state in which the vital functions and powers have come to an end, and are incapable of being restored: a. of men and animals. Beowulf 939 pa wzes Heregar dead min yldra mass. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. ix. 24 Nys pys madden dead. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1135 pat ilc 3aer warth pe king ded. c 1205 Lay. 19229 Hire lauerd wes deed [c 1275 dead], a 1300 Cursor M. 6130 (Cott.) Na hus.. pat par ne was ded [v.rr. deed, dede] man ligand, a 1400 Poems Vernon MS. 534 Better is a quik and an hoi hounde pen a ded lyon. 1458 in Turner Dom. Archit. III. 41 To drawe a deed body out of a lake. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. v. i. 6, I dreamt my Lady came and found me dead. 1606- Tr. & Cr. iv. v. 251 Where thou wilt hit me dead. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Digress. 360 The Bird .. within about a minute more would be stark dead. 1722 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 233 He was shot dead. 1795 Burke Corr. IV. 239 Dead men, in their written opinions, are heard with patience. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. lxxiv. 1 As sometimes in a dead man’s face. . A likeness.. Comes out—to some one of his race.

b. of plants. 1382 Wyclif Jude 12 Heruest trees with outen fruyt, twies deede, drawun up bi the roote. 1521 Fisher Wks. (1876) 326 As a deed stoke, a tree withouten lyfe. 1855 Tennyson Maud 1. iii. 14, I.. found The shining daffodil dead.

c. of parts or organs of animals or plants. See also DEADHEAD sb. 6. c 1000 /Elfric Interrog. Sigewulf (Anglia VII. 30), Mid Sam deadum fellum. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. xciv. (1495) 586 Salte fretyth awaye deed flessh. 1484 Caxton JEsop v. x. He had kytte awey the dede braunches fro the tre. 1561 Eden Arte Nauig. Pref. [f 1J b, Vnsensate by reason of dead fleshe. 1643 J. Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. vii. 27 If. .the skin be burnt dead. 1787 C. B. Trye in Med. Commun. II. 154 The absorbents will remove very little of dead bone. 1821 Shelley Adonais xvi, The young Spring.. threw down Her kindling buds, as if she Autumn were, Or they dead leaves.

d. Specifically used of that which has died of itself, instead of being killed or cut down when alive, as in dead shell (of a mollusc), dead -wood, etc.

c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxii. 24 Gif hwa dead sys, & beam nsbbe. r 1205 Lay. 196 After pa feourOer 3ere he was dead. c 134° Cursor M. 14269 (Trin.) Alle that lyuen & trowen me Deed shul pei neuer be. c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 148 Soore wepte she if any of hem were deed. 1388 Wyclif 2 Cor. v. 14 If oon died for alle, thanne alle weren deed [f?. V. then all died]. [1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 169, I will be dead at once To do my Lady good.] 1382 Wyclif Rom. v. 15 If thorw the gilt of oone many ben deed [dncdavov: Rhem. 6? R.V. ‘many died’]. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. v. iii. 210 Alas my liege, my wife is dead to night. 1605-Lear v. iii. 292 Your eldest Daughters haue fore-done themselues, And desperately are dead. c 1676 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 34 Lord Chesterfields lady is dead in her child-bed month. 1784 Johnson Lett. (1788) II. 373 Macbean, after three days of illness, is dead of a suppression of urine. 1803 Beddoes Hygeia xi. 75 note, I heard., that he was dead of scarlet fever. a 1300 Cursor M. 6688 (Cott.) Qua smites his thain wit a wand, And he be deid vnder his hand, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints, Andreas 8 For one pe cors bath ded pai were. 1460 Capgrave Chron. 265 Condempned to be ded as a tretoure. c 1477 Caxton Jason 10 How many men and .. women haue ben slayn and ded by thy poysons.

2. Bereft of sensation or vitality; benumbed, insensible, a. Of parts of the body. (Also fig.) See also dead palsy. a 1225 Ancr. R. 112 A lutel ihurt i pen eie deruefi more pen de8 a muchel i8e hele: vor pet fleschs is deadure pere. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. i. (1495) 77 Thynges that be deed and dystroyed wyth colde. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. vii. 21 The messenger of so unhappie newes Would faine have dyde: dead was his hart within. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1658) 593 They take Serpents in the Winter time, when they grow dead and stiffe through cold. 1806 Coleridge in Flagg Life W. Allston (1893) 77 My head felt like another man’s head; so dead was it [etc.]. 1893 J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. No. 12 III. 311 The liability to‘dead fingers’. Ibid. 312 This pair of fingers on each hand had been liable for at least two years to become ‘dead’ in the morning after washing.

b. Of persons: deathlike, insensible, swoon. Obs. Also of sleep, a. faint.

in

a

c 1369 Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 127 She.. Was wery, and thus the ded slepe Fil on hir. 1598 Florio, Sopore, a dead swoune, deepe sleepe or drousie sicknes. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 230 We were dead of sleepe. 1610 Barrough Physick (1639) 1. xx. 30 Coma.. may be called in English dead sleep. 1666-7 Pepys Diary 7 Feb. (D.), He was fallen down all along upon the ground dead.. he did presently come to himself. 1752 Fielding Amelia iii. ix. (D.), We there beheld the most shocking sight in the world, Miss Bath lying dead on the floor.. Miss Bath was at length recovered. Mod. She fell on the floor in a dead faint.

c. In hyperbolical phrases expressing extreme fatigue or indisposition. 1813 Annabella Milbanke Diary (MS.), At home dead. 1894 Pall Mall Mag. Feb. 583 I’m nearly dead from being boxed up in the house all day. 1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage xliii. 208 You know, I’m simply dead. I don’t think I can absorb anything more profitably. Let’s go and sit down. 1962 J. Braine Life at Top xiv. 185 ‘It doesn’t matter who started it now,’ I yawned. ‘Honestly, I’m dead on my feet, Susan.’ 1970 P. Carlon Death by Demonstration xvi. 175 One job’s enough. Come evening and I’m dead on my feet usually.

d. Of pain: dull and continuous, as opposed to sharp and sudden pain. 1863 T. B. Curling Dis. Rectum (ed. 3) 24 He complained of suffering from a dead, aching pain. 1894 Mrs. H. H. Gardener Unoff. Patriot 348 She only sat and stared, and was conscious of the dull dead pain.

3. a. As good as dead in respect to (something); insensible to. 1340 Ayenb. 240 He ssel by dyead to pe wordle, and libbe to god. 1601 ? Marston Pasquil & Kath. 1. 307 You are dead to natiue pleasures life. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lix. (1739) 114 He that is in a Monastery is dead to all worldly affairs. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World 224 Obstinate fellows who were dead to reason. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab v. 33 Sensual, and vile; Dead to all love. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. 550 Charles was equally dead to the moderation and to the wisdom of this great Act of Settlement.

b. Hence, As good as dead, in some particular respect or capacity: spec, in Law, cut off from civil rights and so legally reckoned as dead. 1710 Pope Let. to Cromwell 17 May, Dead in a poetical Capacity, as a damn’d Author; and dead in a civil Capacity, as a useless Member of the Common-wealth. 1828 Webster, Dead.. In law, cut off from the rights of a citizen .. as one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. Blackstone.

c. Colloq. phr. dead to the world: unconscious or fast asleep; unaware of the external world. 1899 Ade Doc’ Horne ii. 19 Our host is dead to the world,’ observed the actor... ‘Lef him rest,’ said Doc’. 1906 E. Dyson Fact'ry ’Ands iii. 31 Heaven knows what blissful emotions were stirring softly in his bony breast, but he was ‘dead to the world’. 1906 Dialect Notes III. II. 133 Dead to the world, unconscious. ‘He fell down and was dead to the world for a while.’ 1955 E. Hillary High Adventure 166 He stumbled and fell slowly on to his face and lay there—dead to the world! 1957 G. Frick tr. Yourcenar’s Coup de Grace 56 A muffled sound of snoring rose from the great hall.. where thirty exhausted lads lay dead to the world.

4. Destitute of spiritual life or energy. 1382 Wyclif Eph. ii. 1 Whanne 3e weren deede in 3oure giltis and synnes. 1534 Tindale i Tim. v. 6 She that liveth

in pleasure, is deed even yet alive. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. viii. 35 To have no Desire, is to be Dead. 1668 Howe Bless. Righteous (1825) 206 How often are men the deader for all endeavours to quicken them. 1793 Cowper Stanzas Yearly Bill of Mortality i, He lives, who lives to God alone, And all are dead beside. 1884 J. Parker Apost. Life III. 111 There is no deader thing unburied.. in many places, than the professing Church of Christ.

5 .fig. Of things (practices, feelings, etc.): No longer in existence, or in use; extinct, obsolete, perished, past; esp. of languages, no longer spoken. (See also dead letter.) 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 11. vi. 28 My Loue to her is dead. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. 1. 71 These., are dead tenets and opinions. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 285 IP 5 The Works of Ancient Authors, which are written in dead Languages. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vii. 327 My doubts are dead. 1861 Beresf. Hope Eng. Cathedr. igth C. 167 The lapse from vernacular to dead tongue services. 1884 J. Sharman Hist. Swearing vi. 102 Seeking to revive this dead past.

** Said of things naturally without life. 6. a. Not endowed with life; inanimate. 1430 E.E. Wills (1882) 85 Alle necessarijs longynge to housold of dede store. 1534 More On the Passion Wks. 1274/1 He made it haue a beyng, as hathe the dead stone. 1636 Sanderson Serm. II. 57 Shooting sometimes at a dead mark. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 519 IP 6 There are some living creatures which are raised but just above dead matter. 1857 H. Miller Test. Rocks iii. 156 The long ascending line from dead matter to man.

b. Applied rhetorically, emphasizing the inert and negative qualities of mere matter. (In the quot. there are also associations with branch III.) c1380 W YCLIF Wks. (1880) 23 And J?us J?ese rome renneris beren pe kyngys gold out of oure lond, and bryngen a3en deed leed, and heresie and symonye and goddis curse.

*** Transferred applications of the literal senses.

7. Composed of dead plants, or of dead wood, as a dead hedge or fence (opposed to quickset). 1563 Hyll Art Garden. (1593) 7 A.. rude inclosure., made of..bushes hauing no life, which wee name a dead hedge. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 357 For a dead-fence, none .. better.. than those heathy-turf walls. 1728 Douglas in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 567 The Fences consist of what they call dead Hedges, or Hurdles to keep out.. Cattle. 1805 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. I. 524 A dead hedge is generally placed on the top of the bank.

8. Of, pertaining or relating to a dead person, animal, plant, etc., or to some one’s death. (In some cases not easily separated from the attributive use in B. 6, or from dead, northern form of death sb.) 1580 Sidney Arcadia 11. (1674) 130 (D.) The tomb., which they caused to be made for them with.. notable workmanship, to preserve their dead lives. 1595 Shaks. John v. vii. 65 You breath these dead newes in as dead an eare. 1662 R. Mathew Uni. Alch. §89. 140 His water [was] shewn to two Doctors, whose judgement was that it was a dead water; and .. he would die that night. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond’s Gardening 173 It is more difficult to make Plants grow in Gaps and dead Places, than in a new Spot. 1791 W. Coombe Devil upon Two Sticks (1817) IV. 182 It is what the medical people call a dead case .. a consultation .. to discover the disorder of which their patient died. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Prad. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 399 (Hop-growing) When a dead hill occurs in a garden .. the following is the quickest mode of replacing it.

t9./Causing death, deadly, mortal. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1339 In a ded hate. Ibid. 11017 Pyrrus .. come.. pat doghty to dere with a dede stroke. 1606 Choice, Chance, &c. (1881) 72 Beares a dead wound but as a little stripe. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 445 Thou Churle, for this time (Though full of our displeasure) yet we free thee From the dead blow of it.

10. Devoid of ‘life’ or living organisms; hence, barren, infertile, yielding nothing. (Cf. B. 4.) 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 1. 21 b (marg.), Though the land be as riche as may be, yet yf you goe any deapth, you shall have it barren [margin Dead mould]. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 186 You cannot dig many spades in mold or growthsom earth, before you come at a dead soyl. 1747 Hooson Miner's Diet. G ij b, Dead [is] where there is no Ore.. Deads are the Gear or Work got in such dead Places. 1806 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 57 A rich friable clay on a bottom of dead sand. 1820 Scoresby Acc. Arct. Reg. II. 211 The parallel of 770 to 77*° is considered a ‘dead latitude’ by the fishers, but occasionally it affords whales. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dead-ground {Mining), a body of non-metalliferous rock dividing a vein, which passes on each side of it.

11. Deprived of or wanting some ‘vital’ or characteristic physical quality. 11. Without fire, flame, or glow; extinguished, extinct. (Opposed to live, as in live coal.) 1340 Ayenb. 205 A quic col bernide ope ane hyeape of dyade coles. 1530 Palsgr. 212/2 Deed cole, charbon. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. v. i. 68 Starres, Starres, And all eyes else, dead coales. 1639 Horn & Rob. Gate Lang. Uni. v. §46 Wood burning is called a fire-brand; being quenched.. a dead brand. 1833 H. Coleridge Sonn. xviii, The crackling embers on the hearth are dead. 1884 Illust. Lond. News 19 Jan. 66/3 Putting his dead cigar in his mouth and puffing as though it had been alight.

12. Having lost its active quality or virtue. a. Of drink, etc.: That has lost its sharpness, taste, or flavour; flat, vapid, insipid. ? Obs. 1552 Huloet, Dead, pale, or vinewed to be, as wyne which hath lost his verdure, muceo. 1580 Baret Alv. D 132 Dead and vnsauorie salt. 1596 Nashe Saffron Walden 115 A cup of dead beere, that had stood pawling by him in a pot three dayes. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 430 If.. it [Musk] lose the savour and be dead. 1664 Evelyn Pomona Advt., It will not ferment at all, and then the Cider will be dead, flat, and soure. 1747 Wesley Prim. Physic (1765) 68 Dip a soft Rag in dead small Beer.

DEAD b. dead lime: opposed to quick-lime\ dead steam, exhausted steam. 1831 Mech. Mag. XVI. 79 In certain circumstances carbonate of lime is changed by burning into lime which does not heat with water, and which is called dead lime. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dead steam.

c. Electr. Of a circuit, conductor, etc.: carrying or transmitting no current; not connected to a source of electricity. 1903 A. H. Beavan Tube, Train, etc. xi. 134 The studs are ‘alive’ while the car is over them, and ‘dead’ as soon as it has passed. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 13 July 5/2 There was another stoppage .. caused by a ‘dead’ car. 1929 D. Hammett Dain Curse (1930) xi. 109 The phone was there, but dead. 1937 David Jones In Parenthesis v. 112 Every telephonist with a dead instrument about his ears. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 5/5, I tried to call the operator but the phone was dead.

13. Without colour or brightness: fa. Of the countenance, etc.: Deadly pale, wan. Obs. c 1386 Chaucer Doctor's T. 209 With a face deed as aisshen colde. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas hi. xx. 91 b, With pale and dead visage. 1500-20 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 420, I drup with a ded luke, in my dule habit. 1567 R. Edwards Damon & Pithias in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 98 Why is thy colour so dead? 1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. iii. 177 Honest Iago, that lookes dead with greeuing. 1668 Dryden Maiden Queen 11. 1, The dead colour of her face. b. Of colour, etc.: Without brightness, dull,

lustreless. (See also dead colour.) 1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot. 483 Such like flowers, but of a sadder or deader colour. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton viii. (1840) 138 A thick moss., of a blackish dead colour. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. 59 The principal colours are divided into two series.. bright colours, [and] dead colours; red, green, blue, and yellow belong to the first; and white, grey, black, and brown, to the second. 1855 Brimley Ess. 58 The deader green of ordinary foliage. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dead-gold , the unburnished surface of gold or gold-leaf. .Parts of objects are frequently left unbumished as a foil to the. .burnished portions. 1883 J. Millington Are we to read backwards? 93 Paper of a brown or yellow tint, with a dead or non-reflecting surface.

14. a. Of sound: without resonance, dull, muffled. C1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt, Bryt. (1814) 289 The lady called them again, but.. very softely, for it was with a dead voice. 1580 Baret Alv. D 131 Ones voice, .neither dead in sowne, nor ouer shrill. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxvii. 209 The Bell seem’d to sound more dead. 1675 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 332 They being so cast, severall were found to be ugly dead bells. 1712 F. T. Shorthand 5 The sound of D being like a flat dead T. 1783 Blagden in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 332 A solid .. metallic mass .. yielding a dull dead sound like that metal [lead]. 1847 Mrs. Sherwood Fairchild Fam. III. viii. no A dead sound of some heavy, though soft body, in the .. act of falling. b. Acoustics. Allowing little or no

reverberation. 1907 Science XXVI. 879/2 The small room .. when closed .. also serves to act as a dead air space between the larger room and the building wall. 1923 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics IV. 694/2 A room considered to be right for speech may be just a little too dead for music. 1930 Bell. Syst. Techn. Jrnl. IX. 596 {heading) Reverberation Time in ‘Dead’ Rooms. Ibid., With the advent of radio broadcasting and sound pictures very ‘dead’ rooms have been built. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio ii. 33 To do away with reverberation entirely and try to create entirely ‘dead’ studios. Ibid. 47 A section of the studio with almost completely dead acoustics, i.e. a ‘dead-room’.

15. Not fulfilling the normal and ostensible purpose. (See also dead door (in D. 2), dead-eye, DEAD-LIGHT I, DEAD WELL 2.) 1806 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 381 A .. bridge .. over the water of Bervie, the dead arches of which have been fitted up as a town-hall. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dead.. 2. False; as of imitation doors and windows, put in as architectural devices to balance parts.

III. Without animation, vigour, or activity; inactive, quiet, dull. 16. a. Without vigour or animation, lifeless. a 1000 Seafarer 65 (Bosw.) Me hatran sind Dryhtnes dreamas Sonne Sis deade lif. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 714 Where is your help now, where is your chiertee?.. al as deed is as a stoon? 1579 Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 691/1 To shewe that wee are Gods true seruants we must not go to work with a dead hand (as the prouerb is). 1646 H. Lawrence Comm. Angells 167 Patience without hope is the deadest thing in the world, c 1665 Mrs. Hutchinson Mem. Col. Hutchinson 24 Or can be gathered from a bare dead description, a 1719 Addison (J.), How cold and dead does a prayer appear.. when it is not heightened by solemnity of phrase from the sacred writings. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Race Wks. (Bohn) II. 22 Active intellect and dead conservatism. b. slang. Of a race-horse: not intended to win;

fraudulently run in such a way that it cannot win; chiefly in dead one, dead 'un. 1864 Baily's Mag. June 121 A horse which has been regarded occasionally as a dead one has proved lively enough to beat the winner of the Two Thousand. 1868 London Review 11 July 38/2 The stable and owners might safely lay against what was technically a ‘dead ’un’ from the first. 1880 H. Smart Social Sinners v, Lord, what ‘dead ’uns’ he did back, to be sure! 1922 N. & Q. 12th Ser. XI. 206/2 Dead meat. Horses which are not out to win are so described.

c. Lacking resiliency or springiness; esp. of turf. 1870 N. Y. Herald 22 July 5/6 A dead ball was used, and again it was clearly demonstrated that this is the proper kind to play with. 1895 H. W. W. Wilberforce Lawn Tennis ix. 29 This form of game.. arose from the very wet and dead state of the courts. 1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf viii. 120 You will do well, should you have to choose [a driver] for yourself, to exercise moderation. Avoid too much spring.

DEAD

284 Don’t have a ‘dead’ one. 1930 Morning Post 16 July 16/2 So well did Squires and Peach perform on the dead pitch that the Kent total of 317 was passed without the loss of another wicket.

17. Without active force or practical effect; ineffectual, inoperative. (See also dead letter 1) CI380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 22 3if it be ded feip as fendis han. £1400 Apol. Loll. 3 Seynt Jam seij?, Feij? v/ip outun werkis is deed. 1548 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 133 Good and necessarye ordres .. with-out the which, all lawes and ordenaunces.. ar butt baryn, ded, and vayne. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. xvi, Nor was this a dead word; for the people had formerly a trick of deposing their Kings. 1842 J. H. Newman Par. Serm. VI. xii. 179 To have been so earnest for a dead ordinance.

18. a. Characterized by absence of physical activity, motion, or sound; profoundly quiet or still. (Cf. B. 2.) 1548 Hall Chron. 107 In the dedde tyme of the night. •573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 12 It was in the deadist time of winter. 1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. iv. ii. 67 ’Tisnow dead midnight, a 1610 Knolles(J.), They came in the dead winter to Aleppo. 1863 Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xiv. 294 The dead hours of the night.

b. Of a house: uninhabited, slang. 1879 J. W. Horsley in Macm. Mag. XL. 505/2 Me and the screwsman went to Gravesend, and I found a dead ’un (uninhabited house). 1896 A. Morrison Child Jago 231 On the look out for a dead ’un. 1922 Daily Mail 8 Aug. 2/2 We thought it was a ‘dead’ house, but we walked into a girl’s room and she squealed.

c. Mil. Denoting an area which cannot be fired on from a particular point because of the nature of the ground, intervening obstacles, etc. (Cf. dead angle in D. 2.) 1899 Westm. Gaz. 9 Dec. 5/3 Besides the great advantage which we shall reap from the smashing power of these howitzers against field defences, we shall also find them most valuable to search out hollow or hidden ground ‘dead’ to other fire. 1900 Daily News 5 May 3/2 A high and rather steep hill, surrounded by a good deal of‘dead’ ground. 1919 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. LIII. 38 There is not a single piece of ‘dead’ ground in the whole fortress.

19. Without alertness or briskness, inert. 1884 St. James's Gaz. 4 Apr. 6/1 His recovery [in rowing] is dead, but his work strong.

20. a. Without commercial, social, or intellectual activity; inactive, dull. (Of places, seasons, trade, etc.). 1581 Riche Farewell (Shaks. Soc.) 11 Traffique is so dead by meanes of thes foraine broiles, that [etc.]. 1615 Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 193 As much leasure.. in the most busie Terme, as in the deadest Vacation. 1665 Surv. Aff. Netherl. 25 Complaints against dead Trade. 1676 Temple Let. to Sir W. Godolphin Wks. 1731 II. 395 This Place is now as dead as I have seen any great Town. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 55 If 10 Some [ publishers] never had known such a dead time. 1774 Foote Cozeners 11. Wks. 1799 II. 161 The town is thin, and business begins to grow dead. 1883 Froude in Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. I. 59 It was the dead season; but there were a few persons still in London.

b. Of capital or stock: Lying commercially inactive or unemployed, unproductive. 1570-1 Gresham Let. 7 Mar. in Burgon Life II. 421 There is yet in the Towre xxv or xxx M li. in Spannyshe monney; which is great pity should lye there dead and put to no use. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 325 They will not keep it by them as a dead stocke.. they must imploy it in trade. 1691 Locke Lower. Interest 7 That so none of the money .. may lie dead. 1708 Lond. Gaz. No. 4419/6 A considerable quantity of Arms and Ammunition, which were the dead Stock of the African Company. 1729 Franklin Ess. Wks. (1840) II. 267 The money, which otherwise would have lain dead in their hands, is made to circulate again. 1813 Sir S. Romilly in Examiner 15 Feb. 101/2 A fund, out of which part of this salary was proposed to be paid, was the Dead Fund, amounting to 9000/. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. 1. iii. 44 The dead stock, as it is technically called.

c. Of goods: Lying unsold, unsaleable, for which there is no market. 1669-70 Dryden Tyrannic Love v. i, And all your goods lie dead upon your hands. 1681 R. Knox Hist. Ceylon in Arb. Garner I. 390 And now caps were become a very dead commodity. 1879 Hibbs in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 263/2 A large quantity of finished articles lying as dead stock in the market.

d. Typogr. That has been used or is no longer required, as copy after composition, or type ready for distribution or discarded. 01877 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 679/2 Dead-letter, type which has been used for printing, and is ready for distribution. Dead matter. 1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing I. xxiv. 154 The ‘dead’ letter.. would, if of uniform face, constitute in itself a strong fount.

e. Of a cinema set: out of use. Cf. also quot. 19331929 A. C. & C. B. Edington Studio Murder Myst. i. 7 The skeletons of ‘dead’ sets clothed in flowing veils of gray. 1933 P- Godfrey Back-Stage i. 20 Every stage accessory which becomes‘dead’ —that is to say, which is not used again during the performance—must be cleared to below-stage.

21. a. Of a ball in a game: Inactive (for the time being), out of play. Cf. dead wood i. 1658 Osborn Adv. Son (1673) 104 A place that seems equally inclined to different Opinions, I would advise to count it as Bowlers do, for dead to the present understanding. 1828 Boy's Own Bk. Diversions (ed. 2) 55 If any player shall stop the ball intentionally.. it shall then be considered dead. 1844 Laws of Cricket xxxiii, It any fieldsman stop the ball with his hat, the ball shall be considered dead. 1868 W. J. Whitmore Croquet Tact. 9 The term ‘dead’ ball is borrowed from cricket, and means the ball which, having just been played, has nothing actively to do for one turn. 1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 407/1 (Baseball)

A ball which hits the bat without being struck at, or the person of the striker or umpire, is a dead ball and out of play. 1876 Ibid. IV. 180/2 A ‘dead bowl’ is one knocked off the green, or against one lying in the ditch, or an illegally played bowl, and must at once be removed from the green. 1900 Laws of Cricket 4, 33a. If the ball, whether struck with the bat or not lodges in a batsman’s clothing, the ball shall become ’Dead’. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 426/2 So the game [sc. Rugby football] proceeds until the ball is once more ‘dead’—that is, brought to a standstill. 1966 B. Johnston Armchair Cricket 97 A ball does not become dead when it strikes an umpire.

b. Golf. Of the ball: placed so near the hole that it can be holed with certainty at the next stroke. Also as adv. 1857 H. B. Farnie Golfer’s Manual (1947) vii. 73 A ball is said to be dead .. when it lies so close to the hole that the put is a certainty. 1881 R. Forgan Golfer's Handbk. iii. 30 If you can possibly win a ‘half [i.e. halve a hole] by running your ball ‘dead’ at the side of the hole,.. then the cautious game is to be preferred. 1898 H. G. Hutchinson Golf (ed. 6) 83 Missing a four-inch put which your partner has left you .. and receiving the cheery consolation, ‘Never mind, partner, never mind—another time I’ll try to lay you dead.’ 1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf v. 73 A man may lie ‘dead’ off a run up, but I am referring now to the well-lofted shot that falls ‘plump’ within an easy put of the hole and scarcely moves.

IV. Without motion (relatively or absolutely).

22. a. Of water, air, etc.: Without motion or current; still, standing. (See also dead water.) a 1000 Gnomica (Exon.) 79 (Gr.) Deop deada waej dyme biC lengest. a 1552 Leland Collect. (i774) II • 546 The Water of Forth beyond Banokesbume, a deade depe Water. 1601 Holland Pliny (1634) I. 55 The dead and slow riuer Araris. 1653 Walton Angler 91 As he [the Trout] growes stronger, he gets from the dead, still water, into the sharp streames and the gravel. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xxxvi. (1889) 357 The wind had fallen dead. 1867 Baker Nile Trib. ii. 32 The banks .. had evidently been overflowed during floods, but at the present time the river was dead.

b. Mining. unventilated.

Having

no

current

of

air,

1867 W. W. Smith Coal Coal-mining 27 It would leave the mass of the openings inside of the working ‘bords’ dead or stagnant.

c. Of molten metal: thick and sluggish, either from insufficient melting or from having stood too long in a ladle. Cf. dead-melt v. 1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron xviii. 425 Too long exposure to the heat, or extreme ‘dead-melting’, produces a metal that runs dull and dead, affording ingots also of inferior quality.

d. Of ice: see quots. 1909 Cent. Diet. Suppl. I. 619/3 Dead ice, ancient ice retained in ‘fossil glaciers’ or elsewhere under the soil and not moving downward. 1937 Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. xxii. 381 In Spitzbergen and elsewhere the ice has sometimes advanced over the low ground, but there has been no correspondingly rapid retreat. It has simply been left as ‘dead ice’, decaying by melting very slowly and without the production of large quantities of water. 1966 T. Armstrong et al. Gloss. Snow Ice 13 Dead ice, any part of a glacier which has ceased to flow. Dead ice is usually covered with moraine.

23. Said of parts of machines or apparatus which do not themselves rotate or move. (Cf. also dead-rope (in D. 2), dead-centre 2, -line 1) 1807 Gregory Mechanics II. 474 One of these pulleys called the dead pulley is fixed to the axis and turns with it. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dead.. 3. Motionless; as the dead spindle of a lathe, which does not rotate.

24. a. Characterized by complete and abrupt cessation of motion, action, or speech: as a dead stop, a sudden complete stop. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 19 Others .. are at a dead stand. 1765 s terne Tr. Shandy VII. xliii, My mule made a dead point. 1775 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary, Lett. Dr. Burney Mar., My poor book—at a dead stop now. 1853 Lytton My Novel 1. xi, There was a dead pause. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, ix, The answer spoilt his joke, and brought him to a dead stop.

b. Characterized by abrupt stoppage of motion without recoil; cf. dead beat sb.1 1761 Hirst in Phil. Trans. LI I. 396 It did not stop in winding up, and scaped dead seconds. 1768 tr. P. Le Roy's Attempts for finding Longitude 29 [The escapement] of my watches is a dead one. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Deadstroke hammer, a power-hammer which delivers its blow without being affected by the recoil of the shaft.

c. Cricket. Of a bat: held in a defensive position with a slightly loose grip so that the ball strikes it and immediately drops to the ground. •955 'Times 13 July 8/6 But subsequently Bailey was simply Bailey, calm and unshakable, his whole defence built round the dead bat forward stroke. 1956 R. Alston Test Commentary 113 These days of dead-bat technique and over-cautious defence.

V. Unrelieved, unbroken; absolute; complete; utmost. These senses arise out of several of the preceding (cf. 18, 22, 24); and in some cases there is a blending of two or more notions.

25. a. Of a wall, level, etc.: Unbroken, unrelieved by breaks or interruptions; absolutely uniform and continuous. In dead level there is at once the sense ‘unrelieved, unvaried, monotonous’, and that of ‘having no fall or inclination in any direction, absolute’. 1597 Bacon Coulers Good & Evil (Arb.) 143 It seemeth.. a shorter distance .. if it be all dead and continued, then if it haue trees or buildings or any other markes whereby the eye may deuide it. 1670 Dryden Conq. Granada 11. iii. i, By the dead wall, you, Abdelmelech, wind. 1742 Pope Dune. iv.

DEAD 268 We bring to one dead level every mind, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxii. 153, I become more weary upon a dead level.. than on a steep mountain side. 1868 Yates Rock Ahead 11. i, On every hoarding and dead-wall. 1887 Lowell Democr. 19 To reduce all mankind to a dead level of mediocrity.

fb. Flat. Obs. 1782 Specif. Conway's Patent No. 1310. 2 The oven .. has a dead or flat hearth.

26.

Of calm or silence: Profound, deep (passing into the sense of ‘complete, absolute’: from 18). 1673 Ld. Shaftsbury in Coll, of Poems 248 That we may not be tossed with boisterous Winds, nor overtaken by a sudden dead Calm. 1783 Blagden in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 354 A dead silence on the subject seems to have prevailed. 1839 T. Beale Sperm Whale 205 There was a ‘dead calm’.. not a breath of wind stirring. 1847 Tennyson Princ. iv. 371 We heard In the dead hush the papers that she held Rustle.

27. Said of the lowest or stillest state of the tide, as dead low water, dead neap: cf. 31. 1561 [see dead-water 3]. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 29 The Ocean at his deadest ebbe returns to a full tide. 1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 17 A lowe water, a dead lowewater. a 1641 Spelman Hist. Sacrilege (1698) 285 Such a dead Neipe (as they call it) as no Man living was known to have seen the like, the Sea fell so far back from the Land at Hunstanton. 1679 Dryden Troil. Gf Cr. Pref., At highflood of passion, even in the dead ebb, and lowest water¬ mark of the scene. 1724 Lond. Gaz. No. 6290/3 At dead Low-Water upon a Spring Tide. 1809 Rennell in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 403 note, The.. accident happened at dead neaps. 1857 Livingstone Trav. xxxii. 669, I crossed it at dead low-water.

b. Quite certain, sure, unerring. (Cf. dead certainty in prec. sense.) dead shot, one whose aim is certain death; so dead on the bird, deadon: certain, unerring, exactly right (see quot. 1889). See also dead-hand 2.

h. Colloq. phr. brainless, stupid.

is world a-two. a 1300 Cursor M. 6883 (Cott.) pe folk )?at delt [Trin dalt] war in kinrede tuelue. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 45 3if we dele)? pe somme on pre and pe seuen)?e parte of pe )?ridde. 1480 Caxton Descr. Brit. 24 This kyngdome of Northumberland was first deled in two prouynces. 1535 Coverdale Dan. v. 28 Thy kyngdome is delt in partes. 1570 Sat. Poems Reform. (1890) I. 128 Our Lords are now delt in twa sydis. f2. a. To separate, sever. Obs. a 1000 Daniel 21 (Gr.) Swa no man scyle his gastes lufan wifi gode daelan. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 7 He delefi pe sowle and pe lichame. a 1300 Earth 13 in E.E.P. (1862) 152 He.. deli)? pe dai from ni3t. c 1325 Poem Times Edw. II205 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 333 I-deled from his riht spous. a 1400 Poems Vernon MS. 358 He 3af him wittes fyue, To delen )?at vuel from pe good. b. iritr. (for refl.) To separate oneself, go away, part (from). Obs. rare. ciooo Ags. Ps. liv. 7 [lv. 7] Efne ic feor gewite, fleame daele. c 1205 Lay. 7566 Julius pe kaisere mid alle )?an Romanisce here dalden from )>an fihte. Ibid. 18897 Per heo gunnen daelen. Merlin ferde riht sufi. f3. a. trans. To divide (property, etc.) among a number so that each may have his due share; to distribute in shares; to portion out, apportion. Obs.

of deal’), deal box, door, -shaving, table, etc.;

ciooo Ags. Gosp. Luke xxii. 17 Onfofi and daelafi betwux eow. 1002 Will of Wulfric in Cod. Dipl. VI. 147 Daet heo hig daelan him betweonan. c 1205 Lay. 4053 Heo wuolden al )?is lond daelen heom bi-twenen. a 1300 Cursor M. 3395 (Cott.) Bituix his childer he delt his aght. c 1460 Emare 42 He was curtays in all thyng.. And well kowth dele and dyght. 1535 Coverdale Josh. viii. 2 Ye shal deale amonge you their spoyle & catell. b. To share (property, etc.) with others. Obs. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 2788 (Gr.) Naefre Ismael wifi Isace wifi min agen beam yrfe daelefi. a 1175 Cott. Horn. 219 Hu he mihte delen rice wifi god. a 1225 Ancr. R. 248 Uorto sechen feolawes, & delen mid ham pet god. inga )?olode and daelde eall )?aet heo ahte. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 109 pe fie delefi elmessan for his drihtnes luuan. a 1225 Ancr. R. 224 To dealen his feder chetel to neodfule and to poure. c 1300 Beket 332 A sum of pans I deld on eche side. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. iv. 76 Let nat py lyft half.. Ywite what )?ow delest with py ryht syde. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxii. 102 He.. delez )>am )?is relefe in faire siluer vessell. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4151 Thurgh myght of god )?at all gude deelys. 1588 A- King tr. Canisius' Catech. 12 He .. deillis his sindrie giftis of graces. 1645 Evelyn Diary 25 Feb., There are many charities dealt publicly here. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 227 In comments they deal to the public dull diet. b. to deal out, fformerly also abroad, away,

etc.; deal-apple

{dial.), a fir-cone; deal-end (see i note); dealfish (see quots.); deal-frame, a gang-saw for cutting deals; deal tree {dial.), a fir-tree; deal-worker, a joiner who works up deal; dealyard, a yard where deals are stacked. Also dealboard. a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, * Deal-apples, the conical fruit of the fir-tree. 1728 Vanbr. & Cib. Prov Husb. 1. i, Four mail-trunks, besides the great *deal-box. 1893 Daily News 26 Apr. 6/1 If the Union *deal-carriers did not return to work their places would be filled by free labourers. 1886 Ruskin Praeterita I. vii. 232 Neatly brass-latched *deal doors. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. Customs (1821) 285 What constitutes the difference between a Deal and a Batten, is the width: the former being above 7 inches wide, and the latter not above 7 inches wide. This distinction .. applies also to *Deal Ends and Batten Ends. 1845 in Yarrell Brit. Fishes Suppl., *Deal-fish. 1856 J. Richardson in Encycl. Brit. XII. 303/2 The Vaagmaer or Deal-fish has also been recorded by Dr. Fleming as a British species. 1862 Chambers' Encycl., Dealfish .. a genus of fishes of the ribbonfish family, having the body much compressed, and so named from the resemblance of the form to a piece of deal. 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4246/7 John Thomas, late of Lambeth .. *Deale-Merchant. 1883 Gd. Words Aug. 543/1 Docklabourers, *deal-porters and coal-heavers. 1889 Daily News 24 Oct. 6/6 Dock labourers, wharfingers, *deal runners. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 998 *Deal-shavings or brown Paper, a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, *Deal-tree, a fir-tree. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4126/4 At the Cock in the hoop *DealYard .. are to be sold, Deal-Boards, Laths. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 9 There are no timber-yards.. they are dealyards. Ibid. 12 A deal-yard is for sawn timber.

fdeal

sb.*,

deal-wine.

Obs.

Also dele-wine.

Some unidentified kind of wine, supposed to have been of Rhenish origin. 1613 in Rogers Agric. & Prices V. 449 [cf. also VI. 416/3]. 1616 T. Adams Souls Diseases xvi, He .. cals for wine, that he may make knowne his rare vessell of deale at home not forgetting to [tell] you that a Dutch merchant sent it him. 1616 B. Jonson Masques, Mercury Vind., Paracelsus man .. that he promised you out of white bread and Dele-wine. 1635 Shirley Lady of Pleas, v. i, To the Dutch magazine of sauce, the Stillyard; Where deal and backrag, and what strange wine else .. Shall flow into our room.

deal

(di:l),

Forms:

Inf.

v. i

Pa.

t.

and

dtelan,

2-3

pple.

dealt

dealen,

3

(delt). daelen,

deale(n, 3-5 delen, 3-6 dele, (4 del, 4 daile, 4-6 Sc. deill, 5 delyn, deele), 6-7 deale, 6- deal. Pa. t., 1-3 dselde, 3 delet, 3-4 deld(e, 3-6 delt, 3-5 dalte, 4 dalt, delte, debt, 4-6 deled, -id, -yd, 5 dellyd, 5-6 dealed, -id, -yd, 6 dealte, 6- dealt. Pa. pple., 1 daeled, 3-4 i-deld, 4 ideled, 3-7 delt, 4-6 dalt, 6 dault, 4- as pa. t. [A common Teut. verb: OE. dxlan =

OFris. dela, OS. deljan,

MDu.,

Du., MLG. deelen, OHG. teilan, Ger. teilen, ON. deila (Sw. dela, Da. dele), Goth, dailjan,

forth, etc. 1382 Wyclif Luke xi. 22 He schaL.dele abrood his spuylis. CI430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 55, I schal newe tungis in 30U frame Alle maner of langagis for)? to deele. 1535 Coverdale 2 Sam. vi. 19 He.. dealte out vnto all the people .. vnto euery one a cake of bred. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc v. 447 The provident hand deals out its scanty dole. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiv. 609 To deal out a certain number of herrings to their servants. fc. absol or intr. To make distribution of. Obs. Also with the recipients as indirect obj. (dative) or with to. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7866 Of his fader tresorie.. He delde uor his soule. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. xi. 237 We shuln 3iue & dele oure enemys And alle men )?at arn nedy as pore men & suche. 1456 How Wise Man taught Son 154 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 175 And pore men of thy gode thou dele. 5. To deliver or give {to a person) as his share; to apportion. Also with out. c 1340 Gaw. Gr. Knt. 2285 Dele to me my destine, & do hit out of honde. c 1400-50 Alexander 3475 Dri3tin deyne him to dele a dele of his blis. 1563 B. Googe Eglogs ii. (Arb.) 36 For she thy seruyce nought estemes, but deales the griefe for gayne. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 70 To me.. it deals eternal woe. 1704 Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit, This Grain of Enthusiasm, dealt into every Composition. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. iv, The hard measure that was dealt me. 1849 M. Arnold Mod. Sappho, Hast thou yet dealt him, O life, thy full measure? 1851 Ht. Martineau Hist. Peace (1877) III. iv. xiii. 115 The same measure was dealt out to the family of Napoleon. 6. fa. To bestow, give forth, render, deliver. Obs. exc. as in b, c. a 1250 Owl & Night. 952 He mihte bet speken a sele, ban mid wrappe wordes dele [v.r. deale], c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 344 penne con dry3ttyn hym [Noe] dele dryjly pyse wordez. c 1330 R. Bhunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11890 Ffaire folden, and wel enseled, And to per maister was hit [a letter] deled. c 1400 Destr. Troy 5646 And the dom pat he dulte [? dalte] duly was kept, c 1400 Apol. Loll, xxvii. 100 So may God delen it til an oper. b. esp. To deliver blows. (The earlier notion was that of distributing them (as in sense 4) among several opponents or in various quarters, in all directions, now more definitely expressed by deal about; later, the sense becomes either ‘to give one as his portion’ (as in 5), or simply ‘to deliver’.)

C1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 2219 Strokes hii togider delden, ywis, On helmes & on brbt scheldes. 1375 Barbour Bruce HI. 32 [He] saw thaim swa gret dyntis deill. c 1400 Destr. Troy 6547 Mony dedly dint delt horn amonge. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xi. xi, Syr percyuale delt soo his strokes.. that there durste no man abyde hym. 1640 Rawlins Rebellion 11. i, He’s no true souldier that deales heedlesse blowes. 1700 Dryden Pal. & Arc. hi. 612 One with a broken truncheon deals his blows. 01732 Gay (J.), The nightly mallet deals resounding blows. 1810 Southey Kehama 1. v, Rejoiced they see.. That Nature in his pride hath dealt the blow. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 337 Fortune or fraud soon gave Scipio the chance of dealing a decisive blow.

c. Hence in various expressions, apparently arising out of prec. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. vii. 385 He was perfect in the devilish art of dealing an ill turn. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. I. 447 By fits he deals his fiery bolts about. 1700Pal. & Arc. III. 222 When hissing through the skies the feathered deaths were dealt. 1702 Rowe Tamerl. 1. ii. 671, I Would.. deal like Alha My angry Thunder on the frighted World. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. 11. Confess. Drunkard, We dealt about the wit, or what passes for it after midnight, jovially.

7. Cards, a. To distribute (the cards to be used in a game) to the various players; to give a player (such, or so many cards) in distributing. Also with out, and absol. 1529 Latimer Serm. at Camb. in Foxe A. & M. (1583) 2142, I purpose againe to deale vnto you another carde almost of the same sute. 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 174 Were it as parellous to deale cardes at play, c 1592 Marlowe Mass. Paris 1. ii, Take this as surest thing, That, right or wrong, thou deal thyself a king. 1673 Cotton Compl. Gamester in Singer Hist. Cards 345 He that deals hath the advantage of this game. 1709 Brit. Apollo II. 2/2 D. deals T. thirteen Cards. 1878 H. H. Gibbs Ombre 18 The Dealer’s office is to deal and to see that there is no mistake in the cards dealt. 1891 Speaker 2 May 534/2 At baccarat.. the stakes are made before the cards are dealt.

b. To include (someone) in those to whom one deals cards for a game; freq. fig., to include (a person) in an undertaking; to give (someone) a share or part, colloq. (orig. U.S.). 1942 Berry & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §369/4 Give a share,.. deal one in (on). 1965 J. M. Cain Magician's Wife (1966) xiii. 101 You know everything, and yetyou dealt yourself in. 1969 D. Bagley Spoilers iii. 72 He was on my original list, but he dealt himself in regardless and it would be too risky to leave him out now. 1969 W. Garner Us or Them War xvi. 121 If they won’t deal us in we may end up having to steal it.

8. fa. In Hurling, etc.: To deliver or throw (the ball). Obs. 1602 Carew Cornwall 74 a, Then must hee cast the ball (named Dealing) to some one of his fellowes. 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire (1891) 277 The horsemen .. will alsoe assault anye.. that hath not the Knappan .. or cudgell him after he hath delt the same from him. 1827 Hone Every-day Bk. II. 1008 (Cornish hurling,) The ball [is] thrown up, or dealt.

b. Of a horse. 1737 Bracken Farriery (1757) II. 34 His Carriage, and way of dealing his Legs. Ibid. II. 77 There are Horses that lead, or deal their Legs well.

II. To take part in, have to do with, occupy oneself, do business, act. Mainly intr. f9. intr. To take part in, share or participate in or with, be a partaker of. Obs. c 1175 Pater Noster 225 in Lamb. Horn. 67 pu a3est to hatien wel his sunne, pet 6u ne dele noht per inne. a 1240 Ureisun in Cott. Horn. 187 Hwa se euer wule habbe lot wip pe of pi blisse, he mot deale wip pe of pine pine, c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 109 Of o side ne of other no ping deles he. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 46 Ye shal be partener of my pylgremage, and dele of the pardon that I shal.. fecche ouer the see.

110. a. To engage with in conflict; to contend. [Cf. ON. deila viS to be at feud or quarrel with, to contend.] 993 Byrhtnoth 33 Betere.. 8onne we swa hearde hilde daelon. r 1205 Lay. 30418 pus heo gunnen delen pene daei longe. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 113 Steuen stoutly deles, c 1400 Destr. Troy 11027 Wold haue dongyn hym to dethe, hade pai delt long. 1577 Hammer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 385 How Areobindus slue a mighty Persian after dealing with him hand to hand. 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax (1814) 14 To deal with him at his own weapon. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 125 Brutish that contest and foule, When Reason hath to deal with force.

b. trans. To contend or fight about. Obs. CI205 Lay. 26042 Nu wit scullen delen pen daed of mire majen.

11. a. intr. To have to do with (a person); to have intercourse or dealings with, to associate with. arch, (and now associated with 13). a 1300 Cursor M. 12249 (Cott.) Sum angels wit him deles To lede his wordes pat he meles. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 404 pei delen not wip pes newe ordris, but supposen hem heretikes. c 1400 Rom. Rose 3265 Thou delest with angry folk, ywis. 1514 Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 26 Her name was wanton Besse, Who leest with her delt he thryved not the lesse! 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretarie 11. (1625) 36 With a resolute vow never to deale with him, I then had cast him [his son] off. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 27 |f 6 The Noble Principle.. of Benevolence to all I have to deal with. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xii. 98 One of the charges against him was that of dealing with a familiar spirit.

fb. Of sexual intercourse. Obs. C1340 Cursor M. 1197 (Fairf.) Our lorde .bad he salde wip his wyf dele. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 37 pey etep nou3t, noper delep wip hir wifes. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour 49 An ye loue ani other than youre husbonde, or ani other dele withe you, sauf he only. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius’ Voy. Ambass. 94 They go not to Church the day they have dealt with a woman, till they have wash’d themselves.

DEALABLE 12. To have business communications with; to carry on negotiations, negotiate, treat with; sometimes implying secret or sinister dealings. arch, (and now associated with 13). a 1300 Cursor M. 5848 (Gott.) Wid pe eldest folk of israel, wid pharao pai went to dele. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 267 The grete clerken .. com .. To tret upon this lordes hele, So longe they to-gider dele [etc.]. 1597 Bacon Ess. Negotiating (Arb.) 86 It is generally better to deale by speech, then by letter, and by the mediation of a thirde then by a mans selfe. 1601 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. ii, Now have they dealt with my pothecary to poison me. 1625 Camden's Hist. Eliz. 1. (1688) 127 The Bishop of Rosse dealt with the Duke, as they were Hawking, about the Marriage. 1625 Ussher in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 132, I doubt not, but before this time you have dealt with Sir Peter Vanlore for obtaining Erpinus his ..Persian books. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1823) II. 285 Wilkinson, a prisoner for debt.. was dealt with to accuse him.

13. a. To carry on commercial transactions; to do business, trade, traffic (with a person, in an article). [1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cclxvii. 395 People, suche as I haue dault with all in their marchaundyse. 1599 Minsheu Sp. Diet., Negociar, to deale in businesse, to follow a trade. 1611 Cotgr., Trafiquer, to trafficke, trade,.. commerce, deale in marchandise.] a 1627 Middleton Mayor Quinb. in. ii, I deal in dog’s leather. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety (J.), This is to drive a wholesale trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. 1. iii. 65 Merchants care not to deal with him. 1735 Pope Donne Sat. iv. 140 Who in the secret, deals in Stocks secure, And cheats th’ unknowing Widow and the Poor. 1833 Ht. Martineau Manch. Strike vii. 82 A traveller who deals.. with several firms in this place. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxi. 530 Such persons dealt in finished goods.

fb. trans. To offer for sale. Obs. rare. 1760 Foote Minor 11. Wks. 1799 I. 252 You would not have.. the flints?.. Every pebble of ’em .. He shall deal them as new pavement.

DEALING

297 he deal upon such quantities of wine, alone? 1816 Byron Ch. Har. iii. lxxxiii, Allured By their new vigour, sternly have they dealt On one another. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xv, ‘There is a man thou must deal upon, Bonthron,’ said the knight.

19. To act towards people generally (in some specified way); to conduct oneself, behave, act. c 1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1114 J>ay dronken & daylyeden, & dalten vnty3tel, J?ese lordez & ladyez. Ibid. 1668 per pay dronken & dalten. 1535 Coverdale Josh. i. 7 Y* thou mayest deale wysely whither so euer thou goest. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, iv. ix. 46, I.. doubt not so to deale, As all things shall redound vnto vour good. 1602-Lear iii. vi. 42 Let us deal justly. 1652 Needham Selden's Mare Cl. 152 Michael Attaliates truly did ill. . Nor indeed hath that eminent man dealt any better, who [etc.], c 1680 Beveridge Serm. (1729) I. 446 O Lord I have .. dealt falsly before thee. 1711 Swift Jrnl. to Stella 17 Dec., They had better give up now, if she will not deal openly.

f20. To take action, act, proceed (usually in some matter or affair). Obs. 1470-85 Malory Arthur iv. xiii, Wei said syr Vwayne go on your waye and lete me dele. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 188 To the which the French King aunswered, that without the presence of the .xii. peeres he could not deale in so weightie a matter. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 144 To deale in matters of religion both by word and deed. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 44/1 No man would medle or deale to carrie the same awaie. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. i. 101 Do not you meddle, let me deale in this.

f 21. trans. To treat. Obs. rare. 1586 Let. Earle Leycester i A late and weightie cause dealt in this Parliament.

dealable ('di:bb(3)l), a. [f. deal

v. + -able.] Capable of being dealt with-, suitable for dealing.

1667 Waterhouse Fire Lond. 91 Fled before the Fire, leaving it to its forradge, and not checquing it while dealable with. 1890 Daily News 11 Sept. 3/3 [It] did not vary much in the quotations—7 to 1 being a dealable rate.

dealbate (dii'aelbat), a. [ad. L. dealbat-us, pa.

busy or occupy oneself, to concern oneself with.

pple. of dealbare (see next).] Presenting a whitened surface; esp. in Bot. ‘covered with a very opaque white powder’ (Treas. Bot. 1866).

15. with in: To occupy, employ, or exercise oneself in (a thing); to have to do with, to make use of. (Now often approaching a fig. use of 13.) 1581 Mulcaster Positions ix. (1887) 54 Among the best writers that deale in this kinde. 1597 Bacon Ess. Suitors (Arb.) 44 Plaine dealing, in denying to deale in Sutes at first, is grown .. honourable. 1724 Watts Logic Ded., True Logic is not that noisy thing that deals all in dispute and wrangling. 1748 Chesterf. Lett. II. clviii. 65 All malt liquors fatten, or at least bloat; and I hope you do not deal much in them. 1770 Junius Lett, xxxix. 200 A poor contracted understanding deals in little schemes. 1885 Manch. Exam. 6 July 5/2 Lord E. F-.. deals in vague outlines, as if afraid of being too specific.

16. a. to deal with: to act in regard to, administer, handle, dispose in any way of (a thing); b. to handle effectively; to grapple with; to take successful action in regard to. 1469 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 23 He said that.. he wold deele with you & yours, both be the law & besides the law. 01586 Sidney (J.), If she hated me, I should know what passion to deal with. 1661 Bramhall Just Vind. vi. 153 He so abated their power.. that a Dean and Chapter were able to deal with them. 1737 Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 120 The Lungs are formed accordingly, so that they may the better deal with the Air admitted in Inspiration. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 142 A power more than sufficient to deal with Protector and Parliament together, a 1859 Ibid. V. 33 The Long Parliament did not.. propose to restrain him from dealing according to his pleasure with his parks and his castles, his fisheries and his mines. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §5 (1882) 137 It was with the general anarchy that Hubert had first to deal. 1891 Law Times XC. 462/2 Mrs. Headley .. swore that she had never knowingly transferred or dealt with the mortgage. Ibid. XCII. 93/2 Restraining the defendants from selling or otherwise dealing with the shares.

17. a. to deal with: to act towards (any one), to treat (in some specified way). a 1300 Cursor M. 16461 (Cott.) Iudas .. be-hald and se Hu vile pat pa\ wit him delt. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1661 He .. dalt with hir al in daynte. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. cxlvii. 133 In lyke maner as they had dalt with Burdeaux. 1535 Coverdale Ps. cii[i]. 10 He hath not dealt with vs after our synnes. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 360 Sore displeased, that they were so hardly delt withall. 1611 Bible 2 Sam. xviii. 5 Deale gently for my sake with.. Absalom. 1729 Butler Serm. ix. Wks. 1874 II. 116 We ourselves shall one time or other be dealt with as we deal with others. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §6. 521 The Commons were dealing roughly with the agents of the Royal system.

b. with by (— in regard to) in same sense. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 3 That he wuld not deale so hardly bi me. 1675 tr. Machiavelli's Prince (1883) 305 The Venetians .. have.. dealt.. honourably by him. 1754 Chatham Lett. Nephew vi. 43 If we would deal fairly by ourselves. 1877 Miss Braddon Weavers & Weft 324 It will not be found that I have dealt unjustly by any one.

18. to deal on, upon: to set to work upon. arch. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. ii. 76 Two deep enemies, Foes to my Rest. .Are they that I would haue thee deale vpon. 1599 B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. v. iv, Mit. What, will

c 1000 ./Elfric Deut. v. 5 Ic waes daslere betwix Gode and eow. 1586 St. Trials, Q. Mary (R.), I was acquainted, I confess, with their practices, but I never did intend to be a dealer in them. ci6io Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1735) 396 He was accused to have been a Dealer with the Earl of Bothwell. 1611 Cotgr., Agent, an Agent, a dealer, negotiator. 1727 De Foe Syst. Magic 1. iv. (1840) 112 A sorcerer and enchanter, a witch, or dealer with the Devil. 01745 Swift (J.), These small dealers in wit and learning.

3. One who deals in merchandise, a trader; spec, one who sells articles in the same condition in which he has bought them; often in combination, as cattle-, com-, horse-, moneydealer. 1611 Cotgr., Trafiqueur, a trafficker, trader, marchant, occupier, dealer in the world. 1651 Davenant Gondibert 1. iii. (R.), Such small money (though the people’s gold With which they trade) great dealers skorne to take. 1745 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman Introd. (1841) I. 2 A very great number of considerable dealers, whom we call tradesmen. 1793 Capt. Bentinck in Ld. Auckland's Corr. (1862) III. 48 He is supplied with horses by some dealer in Town. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. (1876) III. xi. §5. 315 Dealers in money (as lenders by profession are improperly called). 1891 Pall Mall G. 29 Oct. 2/1 Costers and hucksters and those not too particular buyers who are euphemistically known as ‘general dealers’.

f4. One who acts (in some specified manner) in his relation to others. Obs. 1547-64 Bauldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) viii. i, Hypocrites and double dealers. 1561 T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer 1. Hiij, An vntrue dealer, and a despiser of men. 1611 Bible Isa. xxi. 2 The treacherous dealer. 1677 Wycherley (title), The Plain Dealer. 1840 Thackeray Catherine i, What! call Peter Brock a doubledealer?

5. A jobber on the Stock Exchange.

14. To have to do with (a thing) in any way; to a 1300 Cursor M. 1517 Jobal.. Was first loger, and fee delt [v.r. dalt] wit. CI400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii. 80 Any man pat deles with sorcery or enchauntementz. 1477 Poston Lett. 807 III. 211 Ther is no man wyllyng to del with your swanes. 1535 Coverdale Ps. lvii. 2 Youre handes deale with wickednesse. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretarie 11. (1625) 112 Speaking of Friendship, I onely deale with such, whose actions [etc.]. 1845-60 Abp. Thomson Laws of Thought Introd. 5 The mind deals with truth. 1869 Huxley in Sci. Opinion 21 Apr. 464 The first question with which I propose to deal. . 1893 Law Times XCV. 26/2 That part of the Companies Act 1862 which deals with guarantee companies.

2. One who has dealings with a person; one who deals in (a thing); fan agent, negotiator. Obs. in general sense except as transf. from next.

f de'albate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of dealbare, to whiten over, whitewash, f. de- + albare to whiten, f. albus white; cf. daub, v.] trans. To whiten. 1623 Cockeram, Dealbate, to whitelime a thing. 1638 T. Whitaker Blood of Grape 30 Milke is bloud dealbated or thrice concocted. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp., This dentifrice also will dealbate the teeth.

dealbation (di:ad'beijan). [ad. L. dealbationem, n. of action f. dealbare (see prec.); cf. F. dealbation (Littre).] The action of whitening; blanching, bleaching.

1719 Defoe Anat. Exchange-Alley 4 A young Dealer that has Money to lay out. 1837 Penny Mag. VI. 186/2 Dealers in bills purchase them either to get a commission, or in return for goods exported. 1870 Gentl. Mag. New Ser. V. 484 The dealers were almost unable to sell stock of any kind. 1890 Cassell's Sat. Jrnl. June 724/3 A jobber was engaged in ‘banging’ the market... Another dealer saw through the trick. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 23/2 Much of the work of the Stock Exchange account is carried out by a department of that institution corresponding to the bankers’ clearing house. Its function is to bring into direct communication the ultimate buyer and the ultimate seller as represented by their respective brokers, thus eliminating, for the purposes of the settlement, the middleman known as the ‘dealer’ or ‘jobber’. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 25 Mar. 9/3 Those dozens of other dealers are on the look-out for orders from brokers whose clientele lies amongst the great body of the public. 1970 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 259/1 Dealers or jobbers in these securities take up their posts in this space every day, and dealers in other classes of securities similarly occupy the floor space allotted to their particular markets.

1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 646 The dealbation of the hair, a 1634 Randolph Muses Looking-glasse iv. i, She.. hath forgot to whiten The naturall rednesse of my nose, she knowes not What ’tis wants dealbation! 1678 R. R[ussell] Geber 11. 1. 11. x. 59 Therefor they cannot whiten [lead] with good Dealbation. 1882 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dealbation, the art of making white the skin and teeth; also of whitening bones for the purposes of anatomy.

1921 W. De Morgan Old Man's Youth xxix. 287 Men have been so often taken at their own valuation, and have been worked up by dealerdom. 1963 Spectator 29 Mar. 393 The new Establishment of officialdom and dealerdom.

b. The ‘blanching’, or reduction to its assay value, of silver coin containing alloy.

dealership ('diibjip). [f. dealer + -ship.] The

1888 W. Rye Records & Record-searching 29 The dealbation is always specially mentioned, and the only mention of blanched silver is in the statement of the farm [etc.].

'deal-'board. [f. deal sb.3 + board.] sb.3 1; a thin board of fir or pine.

= deal

1568-9 in Burgon Life Gresham II. 284 One shippe of Brydges [Bruges] in Flanders, in the which is mastes, clappe-borde, deel-bordes. 1583 in Northern N. & Q. I. 77 A new cheste of Deal-bourd. 1667 Primatt City & C. Build. 146 Deal-Boards from ten to twelve inches broad, and about ten foot long. 1722 De Foe Plague (1884) 99 Doors having Deal-Boards nail’d over them. 1883 Reade in Harper's Mag. July 208/1 He could see through a deal board.

de-alcoholize, -izer, 1st, etc.: see de- II. 1. f deale, dele. Obs. Of uncertain meaning. It seems to be used for the purpose of calling attention, and may be an interjection, or a verb in the imperative, with the force of ‘See!’ ‘mark!’ or ‘note!’ a 1225 Ancr. R. 276 Kumefl J?erof smel of aromaz, oSer of swote healewi? Deale [v.r. Dele]. Ofte druie sprintles bereS winberien? Ibid. 362 Crist [moste] [?olien pine & passiun, & so habben ingong into his riche. Lo, deale hwat he seifi,—so habben ingong into his riche. Ibid. 286. 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 167 O dele, said pe kyng, |?is is a foie Briton.

dealer ('di:b(r)). [f. deal

v. + -er1.] One who deals (in various senses of the verb). 1. a. One who divides, distributes, delivers.

ciooo ^Elfric Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 129 Diuisor, daelere. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 117 Delare, or he pat delythe, distributor, partitor. Delare, or grete almysse yevere, rogatorius. 1611 Cotgr., Distributeur, a distributor, dealer, diuider. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 3 The dealer of the death-wound to the spirit of Pharisaism was a Pharisee.

b. spec. The player who distributes the cards. 1600 Rowlands Let. Humours Blood iii. 58 Make*him but dealer.. If you do finde good dealing, take his eares. 1673 Cotton Compl. Gamester in Singer Hist. Cards 345 Then the dealer.. shuffling them, after cutting, deals to every one three apiece. 1878 H. H. Gibbs Ombre 19 The Dealer then deals nine cards to each player.

dealerdom ('diibdam).

[f. dealer + -dom.] The sphere or influence of a dealer or dealers; dealers collectively.

position, business, or privileges of a dealer; an authorized trading establishment. 1916 W. P. Werheim in Sales Promotion by Mail viii. 295 Getting more business, establishing more agencies and dealerships. 1964 Economist 24 Oct. 384/2 A row of dealerships along the same stretch of main road. 1967 Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. 1. 45/2 (Advt.), Right now our dealership has openings for new and used car men. 1970 Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 2 Oct. 9 A certain proportion became interested in real estate, car dealerships, restaurants, and so forth.

deal-fish: see deal sb.3 3. dealing ('diflir)), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the verb deal. 1. a. Division; distribution (of gifts, blows, cards, etc.); sharing. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 374 J>orw bedes-byddynge and .. f>orw penyes delynge. 1382 Wyclif Num. xxxvi. 4 The delynge [1388 departyng] of lottis. 1382-1 Cor. x. 16 The delynge or part takynge of the body of the Lord. 01400-50 Alexander 451 In delingis of dyntis. 01533 Frith Disput. Purgatory §27 All thyne Executours dealyng, and offeryng of masse pence, help thee not a myte. 0 1602 W. Perkins Cases of Consc. (1619) 347 Others that, .iudge the very dealing of the cardes to bee a lotte. 1885 J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. I. 1. ii. §3. 161 If this dealing out of ideas by exigency is assigned to God. attrib. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1257/2 His feeding .. all commers thrise a weeke appointed for his dealing daies.

f b. concr. A part, division. Obs. 01300 E.E. Psalter cxxxv. 13 J>at delt the Rede See in delinges wele.

2. Intercourse, friendly or business communication, connexion. Now usually pi. 1538 Starkey England 1. ii. 38 To loue euery man iche other, wyth al ryghtwyse and just delyng togyddur. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretarie 1. (1625) 92 About two moneths since, he had dealings with a neighbour of yours, touching a Farme. 1611 Bible John iv. 9 The Iewes haue no dealings with the Samaritanes. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 55 The dealing or business that is between body and body, being as real as that between body and ghost. 1712

DEALKYLATION Arbuthnot John Bull 1. viii, Hocus had dealings with John’s wife. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 678 It was rumoured.. he had dealings with St. Germains.

3. Trading, trafficking; buying and selling. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 234 Such as would not be impos’d upon, will find the best Ware and Dealing at Brumpton-Park. 1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. iii. (ed. 3) 22 Where dealings are transacted on a large scale, it is not difficult for commodities to be exchanged against commodities.

4. a. Acting (in some specified way) towards others; way of acting, conduct, behaviour. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour E vij b, For of good delyng and of good guydynge cam neuer but worship and honoure. c 1500 Melusine 310 His vnkynd & abhomynable deelyng. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxxvii. 154 To ryde out to se the dealyng of thenglysshmen. 1573 G. Harvey Lett.-bk. (Camden) 1 A present redres of so wrongful delings. 1674 in Essex Paper's (Camden) I. 176 The unworthy dealing of Sir Robr Howard. 1874 Morley Compromise {1886) 37 Want of faithful dealing in the highest matters.

b. with with: Acting towards, treatment of. a 1679 T. Goodwin Wks. (1861) III. 288 What if God will use his absoluteness.. in this his dealing with his children. 1718 Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell 11. lvi. 175 Such a Dealing with their Soveraign as they.. would not have allowed in any of their own .. Servants. 1885 Spectator 8 Aug. 1043/1 The fluctuations of policy which have marked England’s dealings with the Soudan.

5. attrib., dealing-book (Stock Exch.). 1899 Westm. Gaz. 19 July 8/2 Dealing-books that have been innocent for weeks of more than two or three bargains a day have been filling rapidly. 1907 Ibid. 25 Mar. 9/3 There .. is one man very much absorbed in his dealing-book.

dealkylation (dii.selki'leijan). Chem. [f. de- + alkylation.] The removal of an alkyl group or groups. So de'alkylate v. trans.; de'alkylated ppl. a. 1921 Chem. Abstr. XV. 865 Toluene is produced from xylene by the action of H.. in the presence of Fe203 as a catalyst. Other similar dealkylations may be effected by the same method. 1937 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIX. 1418 Di-I-butylbenzene is dealkylated in the presence of phosphoric acid and benzene. 1946 Nature 30 Nov. 800/1 A broad programme on alkylation and dealkylation. 1968 S. Patai Chem. Amino Group vi. 332 The formation of the major products—dealkylated amine and formaldehyde.

fdealth. Obs. nonce-wd. [f. wealth, growth.] Portion dealt.

deal

v.,

after

1637 N. Whiting Hist. Albino & B. (N.), Then know, Bellama, since thou aimst at wealth, Where Fortune has bestowed her largest dealth.

t de'ambulate, v. Obs. [f. L. deambulare to walk abroad: see de- I. 3.] 1623 Cockeram, Deambulate, to walke abroad.

deambulation (dii.aembju'leijan). [ad. L. deambulation-em, n. of action f. deambulare.] The action of walking abroad or taking a walk. e to he hen hine owen lijf. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 26 pat hat is wihynne he arterye is ful derwarde & nedih gret kepynge. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 4.48 Of satisfaccioun the leeste deede Right dereworthe were it in this neede.

2. Worthy, honourable, noble, glorious. CII75 Lamb. Horn. 79 bet he alihte.. from derewurS wuninge. 01175 Cott. Horn. 231 Se hlaford into bar halle come mid his dierewurd jeferede. 1340-70 Alex. & Dind. 243 Whan dereworbe dindimus he enditinge hurde. 01400-50 Alexander 2679 Now dose him fra Darius, a dereworth [ti.r. darworth] prince, c 1420 Avow. Arth. xxii, Bidus me Sir Gauan, Is derwurthe on dese!

3. Of persons: Dearly esteemed, dear, beloved. a 1225 Ancr. R. 2 Louerd! seiS Godes Spuse to hire deorewurSe Spus. 1382 Wyclif 2 Cor. vii. 1 Moost dereworthe britheren. c 1400 Sowdone Bab 1512 My fader so dereworth and der. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 498 Of alle freendes thow, the derwortheste. 1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 117 A dearworth dame.

t 'dearworthily, adv. Obs. [f. dearworthy + -ly2.] Worthily, honourably; preciously, richly; affectionately. a 1300 Cursor M. 13669 (Gott.) Ful derworthili his lauerd he gret. ?o 1400 Morte Arth. 3252 A duches dere-worthily dyghte in dyaperde wedis. c 1410 Love Bonavent. Mirr. iv.

(Gibbs MS.), [Sche] roos uppe and clypped hire derworthyly [ed. 153° worthily] and tenderly. Ibid, xiv, Sche.. clyppynge hym derworthyly [v.r. derworthely; ed. 1530 louyngely] in hyre armes.

f 'dearworthiness. Obs. [f. as prec. -1- -ness. OE. had deorwyrpnes.] Preciousness, worthi¬ ness, valuableness; pi. (in OE.), valuables, treasures. [c888 K. Alfred Boeth. vii. §4 Mid golde, je mid seolfre, ge mid eallum deorwyrbnessum.] c 1325 Metr. Horn. 11 Than es the gret derworthines Of precheours that bers witnes. Ibid. 73 Wit lovely worde and dereworthynes.

f 'dearworthly, adv. Obs. In 3-4-liche, 4-lye, -li, -ly, (derwurly). [Early ME. f. dearworth a. + -liche, -ly2.] = dearworthily. CI205 Lay. 1515i Twa hundred cnihten..be sculen biwiten bene king, durewurSliche burh alle bing. a 1225 Ancr. R. 410 beos beon deoruwurSiiche i-wust. 01300 Cursor M. 5322 (Cott.) He.. mensked him derworthli [v. rr. dereworthly, -worhely]. CI320 R. Brunne Medit. 180 How derwurly, afore hys ende, A derwurh 3yfte he wulde with he lete. c 1325 Metr. Horn. 84 Wei birs us blis the derworthelye. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle II. lxiii. (1859) 59 Thou .. keptest me ful derworthly, that I went nought from the.

+'dearworthy, derworthy, a. Obs. [A ME. formation from dearworth, with assimilation of the second element to worthy.] = DEARWORTH. 01300 Cursor M. 4731 (Cott.) Mi stiward ioseph al fedes me, For darworthi par-til es he. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. 11. i. 31 Is present fortune derworpi to pe. 1414 Brampton Penit. Ps. vii, Helde no3t thi wretthe on my frealnesse, Thi derworthi childeryn whan thou schalt blesse. c 1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 52 pe derworpiest oile pat euere was. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) 111. 1086 O, pou dere worthy emperowere!

deary, -rie ('dran), sb. and a. Also 7-8 dearee. [f. dear a.1 + -IE, -Y4.] Diminutive of dear. A. sb. A little dear; a darling: a familiar term of amatory and conjugal endearment. 1681 Otway Soldier's Fort. in. i, Lose thee, poor Love, poor Dearee, poor Baby. 1705 Vanbrugh Confed. v. ii. 301 [To their husbands] Bye, dearies! 1739 R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobianus 151 You’ll be her Love, her Dearee, what you will. 1795 Wolcott (P. Pindar) Pindariana Wks. 1812 IV. 73 He hugs and kisses his old Deary. 1870 Dickens E. Drood i, Here’s another ready for ye, deary. 1890 WT. A. Wallace Only a Sister! 88 A Mapleton in love is a Mapleton still, for all your pretty ways, dearie.

B. adj. dial. See quots. 1691 Ray N.C. Words, Deary, little. 1828 Craven Dial., Deary, an adjunct to little and equivalent to very; ‘This is a deary little bit’. 1877 N.W. Line. Gloss, s.v., 41 never seed such deary little apples in all my life.’ 1888 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v., ‘There is a deary little gibby lamb.’

C. interj. deary me! an extension of dear me! usually more sorrowful in its tone. 1785 Hutton Bran New Wark 343 (E.D.S.) Deary me! deary me! forgive me good Sir. I’ll steal naa maar. . My mother, my brothers and sisters, and my aid neam, O deary me! 1815 Jane Taylor Display xi. (ed. 2) 132 ‘Deary me!’ said she. 1833 Marry at P. Simple i, O deary me! he must have lost a mint of money.

deas(e, deasse, obs. forms of dais. lideasil, deiseal ('djejsl, 'desol), adv., sb. Also deisal, deisul. [Gaelic deiseil (deiseal, deasal) adj. and adv., righthandwise, turned toward the right, dextrorsum, f. deas right hand, south, in OIr. dess, des, Welsh dehau, cognate with Lat. dex-ter, Gr. 8e£-ioy. (The meaning of the latter part is unknown.)] Righthandwise, towards the right; motion with continuous turning to the right, as in going round an object with the right hand towards it, or in the same direction as the hands of a clock, or the apparent course of the sun (a practice held auspicious by the Celts). 1771 Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1769, 309 (Jam. s.v. Widdersinnis) At marriages and baptisms they make a procession round the church, Deasoil, i.e., sunways. 1774-5 Tour Scotl. in 1772, II. 15 (Jam.) The unhappy lunatics are brought here by their friends, who first perform the ceremony of the Deasil thrice round a neighbouring cairn. 1794 Statist. Acc. Perthshire XI. 521 (Jam.) If a person's meat or drink were to.. come against his breath, they instantly cry out, Deisheal! which is an ejaculation praying that it may go the right way. 1814 Scott Wav. xxiv, The surgeon .. perambulated his couch three times, moving from east to west, according to the course of the sun .. which was called making the deasil. 1875 Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. vi. 300 There was a sacred stone in Jura round which the people used to move ‘deasil’, i.e. sunwise. 1897 Daily News 26 July 5/1 Walking the deisul’ round a person or place was lately, perhaps is still, a ceremony in the Highlands. 1945 Archit. Rev. XCVII. 49/3 English roundabouts run deisul, clockwise. 1947 Auden Age of Anxiety (1948) ii. 49 O Primal Age When we danced deisal.

de-aspirate, -ation, -ator: see de- II. 1. death (ds9), sb. Forms: a. 1-4 deap, 2 dap, diep, 2- 3 dap, 2-4 dep, 3 death, diap, diath, dip, 4 deep, dyap, dyeap, 4-5 deythe, 4-6 deth, dethe, 5 deeth, 6 Sc. deith, 6- death. Also /3. 3 dead, dad, 3- 6 ded, dede, (4 dedd, did), 4-5 (6-8 Sc.) deed, 5-6 deyd, 6-9 (chiefly Sc.) dead, 4-9 Sc. deid. [A Common Teut. sb.: OE. deap= OFris. dath,

DEATH dad (WFris. dead), OS. dod, dod (MDu. and MLG. dot(d-), Du. dood), OHG. tod, MHG. tot (Ger. tod), ON. orig. daudr, usually daudi (Sw., Da. dod), Goth, daupus, an OTeut. deriv. in -pu-z (= L. -tu-s) of the verbal stem dau- (preTeut. type dhau-, *'dhau-tu-s), whence ON. deyja to die. (Cf. also dead.) Of the ME. form ded, dede, usual in the northern dial, (but not confined to it), Sc. 4- deid (did), also spelt 6dead, the history is not quite clear; the final d agrees with Sw. and Da., and suggests Norse influence, but the vowel regularly represents OE. ea: cf Sc. breid, heid, steid (brid, etc.).] 1. 1. The act or fact of dying; the end of life; the final cessation of the vital functions of an animal or plant, a. of an individual. 971 Blickl. Horn. 33 He mid his costunge are costunge oforswij?de, and mid his deal>e urne deaj?. c 1250 Old Kentish Serm. in O.E. Misc. 36 Non ne wot pane dai of his diape. a 1300 K. Horn 58 So fele m^ten ype Bringe hem pre to dipe. £1449 Pecock Repr. 376 The wommen .. whiche after hir husbondis deethis wolden .. lyue chaast. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. v. i. 293 The death of a deare friend. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 832 With him all deaths I could endure, without him live no life. 1887 J. A. Hamilton in Diet. Nat. Biog. IX. 370/2 He bore the scar to his death. fi. £1205 Lay. 8424-6 Herigal.. sweor, pat Euelin i Son dsei Daed sculde polien. Euelin wes swifie of-dred, For me him dead bi-hsehte. a 1300 Cursor M. 905 (Cott.) J>ou sal be slan wit duble dedd. £1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) Pref. 1 He wald .. suffer hard passioun and dede. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 2577 Sho saw hir deed semed nere at hande. 1533 Gau Richt Vay (1888) 13 Sayand to ane oder god giff the ane ewil deid. 1570 Buchanan Ane Admonitioun Wks. 23 To revenge his faderis deid. a 1605 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxii. ^.1 Then wer I out of dout of deed.

b. in the abstract. £888 K. /Elfred Boeth. viii. 26 Se deap hit huru afirrep. a 1200 Moral Ode xcviii. in E.E.P. (1862) 28 Diefi com in pis middenerd purh pe ealde deofles onde. c 1340 Cursor M. 835 (Trin.) Fro pat tyme furst coom dep to man. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. ii. (1495) 187 Deth is callyd mors for it is bitter. 1583 Harsnet Serm. Ezek. (1658) 128 There are no two things so opposite as Life and Death. 1667 Milton P.L. 1. 3 The Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast Brought Death into the World. 1769 Cowper Lett. 21 Jan., Death is either the most formidable, or the most comfortable thing we have in prospect. 1859 Seeley Ecce Homo iv. (ed. 8) 35 The Greek did not believe death to be annihilation. /3. 01300 Cursor M. 20841 (Gott.) pat lijf, ne dede, ne wele, ne wa, Mai neuer turn mi hert pe fra. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 1666 Ded es pe mast dred thing pat es. 1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 269 Thryldome is weill wer than deid. £1420 Sir Amadas (Weber) 152 Then com deyd.. And partyd my dere husbond and me. 1533 Gau Richt Vay (1888) 45 As S. Paul sais.. Deid is swolit throw wictore.

c. as a personified agent. (Usually figured as a skeleton; see also death’s-head.) 971 [see 7]. a 1300 Cursor M. 18116 (Cott.) To ded i said, ‘quar es pi stang?’ 1504 Bury Wills (Camden) 105 A blak clothe steynyd wl an image of deth. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 11. vii. 63, O hell! what haue we here? A carrion death, within whose emptie eye There is a written scroule. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 490 Over them triumphant Death his Dart Shook; but delaid to strike. 1839 Longf. Reaper us eode sihSe biuoren.. & com pe deaS per efter. X340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 355 Of pe dede and whi it es to drede. a 1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 3 When pe dede has sundyrde oure bodyes and oure saules. enne bure}est pu here saule .. from pan ufele deafie. c 1200 Ormin 19052 fcfiss lif niss nohht rihht nemmnedd lif Acc daep itt ma33 ben nemmnedd. £1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 651 [He] delyuered vus of pe deth secounde. 1382 Wyclif Rev. xxi. 8 The pool brennynge with fijr and brunston, that is the secounde deeth. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) Pref. 1 To by and delyuer vs fra deed withouten end. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour Dvj, The perille of the deth of helle. 1534 Tindale Rom. viii. 6 To be carnally mynded, is deeth. 1885 S. Cox Expositions I. xx, The want of this [eternal] life is eternal death.

b. Loss or deprivation of civil life; the fact or state of being cut off from society, or from certain rights and privileges, as by banishment, imprisonment for life, etc. (Usually civil death.) 1622 Fletcher Sp. Curate iv. i, This banishment is a kind of civil death. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 1. ii. 145 A dissolution is the civil death of the parliament. 1767 Ibid. II. 121 It may also determine by his civil death; as if he enters into a monastery, whereby he is dead in law. 1772 Fletcher Appeal Wks. 1795 I. 100 Does not the spirit of persecution . . inflict at least academic death upon [them]? 1871 Markby Elem. Law §120 A sort of conventional death, or, as it is sometimes called, a civil death.

c. Of a thing: Cessation extinction, destruction.

of being,

end,

1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle hi. x. (1483) 56 And oure deth is withouten deth for it hath none ende. 1718 Watts Hymns 111. xxiii, Our faith beholds the dying Lord, And dooms our sins to death. 1821 Shelley Boat on Serchio 29 From the lamp’s death to the morning ray. 1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 48 Suspicion murders love, and from its death Come anguish and remorse.

6. Bloodshed, slaughter, murder. 01626 Bacon (J.), Not to suffer a man of death to live. 1822 Shelley Hellas 431 The dew is foul with death. 1883 Church & Brodribb tr. Livy xxii. Ii. 118 Some were cut

down by the foe as they rose covered with blood from the field of death.

7. Cause or occasion of death, as in to be the death of; something that kills, or renders liable to death; often hyperbolically; poet, a deadly weapon, poison, etc. 971 Blickl. Horn. 67 He ewasp, ‘Eala deap, ic beo pin deap’. 1382 Wyclif 2 Kings iv. 40 Thei crieden oute, seyinge, Deth in the pott! deth in the pott! 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, 11. i. 14

Poore fellow neuer ioy’d since the price of oats rose, it was the death of him. 1599-Much Ado 11. ii. 19 What life is in that, to be the death of this marriage? 16.. Dryden (J.), Swiftly flies The feather’d death, and hisses through the skies. 1704 Pope Windsor For. 132 The clam’rous lapwings feel the leaden death. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 1, A school would be his death. 1816 Jane Austen Emma II. iii. 56 Oh! dear, I thought it would have been the death of me! 1842 Miall Nonconf. II. 49 These churchmen magistrates will be the death of us. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vi. 260 You might mix his draught with death. 1863 ‘Ouida’ Held in Bondage I. iii. 63 A mill-wheel monotony would be the death of me. 1956 S. Beckett Waiting for Godot 1. 35 Estragon (convulsed with merriment). He’ll be the death of me! fi. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 365 pou art mi liif, mi ded y-wis ..Y dye for pe loue of pe. £1500 Melusine 26 He thenne pulled out of hys brest the piece of the swerd, and knew that it was hys dede. 1725 Ramsay Gent. Sheph. 11. ii, Her cheeks, her mouth, her een, Will be my dead. 1792 Burns Auld Rob Morris iii, The wounds I must hide that will soon be my dead. 0 1894 Mod. Sc. You have been the deid o’ him.

f8. a. A general mortality caused by an epidemic disease; a pestilence. Obs. exc. as in b. [£1358 Edw. III. Let. to Pope Innocent VI in Hist. Lett. N. Registers (Rolls) 405 Quodam morbo incurabili in tibia, mala mors vulgariter nuncupato, percussus.] c 1400 Knighton Chron. iv. an. 1348, Scoti.. sumpserunt in juramentum .. sub hac forma quando jurare volebant, Per foedam mortem Anglorum, anglice be the foul dethe of Engelond. 1480 Caxton Descr. Brit. 35 This was moche vsed to-for ye grete deth [ Trevisa pe furste moreyn]. 1480-90 Chron. Scots in Pinkerton Hist. Scot. I. App. 502 (an. 1482) Thar was ane gret hungyr and deid in Scotland. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 29 Thys yere was a gret deth at the Menerys. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 961/1 In this yeare a great death of the pestilence reigned in London.

b. Black Death, the name now commonly given to the Great Pestilence or visitation of the Oriental Plague, which devastated most countries of Europe near the middle of the 14th c., and caused great mortality in England in 1348-9; sometimes also including the recurrences of the epidemic in 1360 and 1379. The name ‘black death’ is modern, and was app. introduced into English history by Mrs. Penrose (Mrs. Markham) in 1823, and into medical literature by Babington’s transl. of Hecker’s Der Schwarze Tod in 1833. In earlier writers we find the pestilence, the plague, great pestilence, great death, or in distinction from later visitations the furste moreyn, the first pestilence, Latin chroniclers have pestis, pestilentia, epidemia, mortalitas. The distinctive magna mortalitas, ‘great mortality’ or ‘death’, and its equivalents, prevailed in many languages: Ger. das grosse sterben, LGer. degrote dot, Flem. degroete doet, Da. den store dod or mandboth, Swed. (1402) store dodhin, later stordoden,

digerdoden (thick or frequent mortality), Norweg. (14th c.) manndaudi hinn mikli; cf. It. mortalega grande, F. la grande peste, etc. The epithet ‘black’ is of uncertain origin, and not known to be contemporary anywhere. It is first found in Swedish and Danish 16th c. chroniclers (swarta dodhen, den sorte dod). Hence, in German, Schlozer in 1773 used der schwarze Tod in reference to Iceland, and Sprengel in 1794 took it as a general appellation. From modern German the name has passed into Dutch (de zwaarte dood) and English, and has influenced French (la peste noire). The quots. 1758 and 1780 below are translations from Danish and Swedish through German, and refer not to the pestilence of 1348, which did not reach Iceland, but to a later visitation in 1402-3, known at the time asplagan mikli (the great plague), but called by modern Icelandic historians, from 17th c., svarti daudi (black death). [£1440 Walsingham Chron. Title of chap., De magna mortalitate in anglia, quae a modernis vocatur prima pestilentia. 1758 tr. Horrebow's Nat. Hist. Iceland in Gentl. Mag. XXVIII. 79 In the 14th century a disease called the Sorte dod, or black death, destroyed almost all the inhabitants in the place [Iceland]. 1780 tr. Lett, from Ihre (1776) in Von Troll's Lett. Iceland 305 Schlozer divides the Icelandic literature into three periods .. the golden period, from the introduction of Christianity to the close of the thirteenth [sic—should be fourteenth] century, when the black death or the great plague.. checked the progress of poetry. 1800 Med. Jrnl. IV. 365 He [Cit. Papon] speaks of the plague.. in 1347, otherwise called the black plague.] 1823 Mrs. Markham [Eliz. Penrose] Hist. Eng. xviii, Edward’s successes in France were interrupted during the next six years by a most terrible pestilence—so terrible as to be called the black death. 1833 B. G. Babington (title) The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century. From the German of J. F. E. Hecker, M.D. 1874 Green Short Hist. v. §4. an. 1349, The Black Death fell on the village almost as fiercely as on the town. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 164/2 s.v. Plague, The mortality of the black death was.. enormous. It is estimated in various parts of Europe at two-thirds or threefourths of the population in the first pestilence, in England even higher. 1893 F. A. Gasquet (title) The Great Pestilence (a.d. 1348-9), now commonly known as the Black Death.

f9. Hunting. A blast sounded at the death of the game; = mort. Obs. 1741 Compl. Fam. Piece 11. i. 293 He that first gets in cries Hoo-up.. and blows a Death.

10. As a vehement exclamation imprecation. See also ’sdeath.

or

1604 Shaks. Oth. iii. iii. 396 Death and damnation! Oh! 1668 Dryden Evening's Love iv. ii, Death, you make me mad, sir! 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xi. Death! to be seen by ladies.. in such vulgar attitudes!

11. Phrases. f 11. In ME. the genitive was occasionally (as in nouns of time) used adverbially = In the condition of death, dead; so lives (gen. of life) = alive. Obs. 01250 Owl & Night. 1630 Ah thu nevre mon to gode Lives ne deathes, stal ne stode. £1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 5459 Ni3t no day swiken y nille Liues or depes that ich him se.

12. to death (Sc. to deid, occas. in Eng. to dead): a. lit. following verbs as an adverbial extension expressing result, as to \slay, beat, stone, etc. to death', hence to do to {the) death (arch.), to kill, slay; to put to death, to kill, esp. in the execution of justice, to execute. £ 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xx. 18 Hij je-nyperiafi hyne to deape. 0 1225 Juliana 62 He sloh him wifi a stan to deafie. 01300 Cursor M. 6711 (Cott.) To ded [v.r. depe] pat beist man sal stan. £1330 R. Brunne Chron (1810) 127 pe date .. pat Steuen to dede was dight. £1400 Destr. Troy 9533 The Troiens.. dong horn to dethe. £1489 Caxton Blanchardyn v. (1890) 21 Wounded to deth. 1560-1 Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. vii. §2 For suche.. the Civill swearde aught to punische to death. £1600 Shaks. Sonn. xeix. A vengeful canker eat him up to death. 1611-Cymb. v. v. 235 The Gods do meane to strike me To death with mortall ioy. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. iii. 189 Shot to death with darts. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xix, The slave-owner can whip his refractory slave to death. £ 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 3581 So mani to ded ther he dede. £1400 Destr. Troy 11932 The knightes.. The pepull with pyne puttyn to dethe. 0 1400 Sir Perc. 930 Ther he was done to the dede. 1503-4 Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 34 Preamb., Dyvers [were] put to deth. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 391 lack Cade.. did to death the Lord Say, and others. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. iii. 3 Done to death by slanderous tongues. 1631 Gouge Gods Arrows iii. §60. 295 Ministers of Justice in putting capitall malefactors to death. 1847 Grote Greece (1862) III. xxxiv. 225 They were all put to death. 1858 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. II. lxxx. 36 Haunted by pictures of some he had done to death.

b. intensifying verbs of feeling, as hate, resent, or adjs., as sick, wearied: to the last extremity, to the uttermost, to the point of physical or nervous exhaustion, beyond endurance. 01300 Cursor M. 13070 (Cott.) Herodias him hated to ded. 1583 Hollyband Campo di Fior 241 Clodius is inamoured to dead of a certaine yong woman. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, iv. ii. 1 Grif. How do’s your Grace? Kath. O Griffith, sicke to death. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 1. 11. 58 The Hereticks abhor me to death. 1670 Dryden Conq. Granada Pt. 11. ill. iii, I’m sad to death, that I must be your foe. 1773 Mrs. Chapone Improv. Mind (1774) II. 80 A gentleman who would resent to death an imputation of falsehood. 1806 Bloomfield Wild Flowers Poems (1845) 220 Some almost laugh’d themselves to dead. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xxii, My stars, Simmun!.. You frighten me to death! 1850 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 142, I have also been bothered to death with servants.

c. to the death formerly interchanged with to death in all senses; it is now used only in certain expressions, as to pursue, persecute, wage war to the death.

DEATH 1382 Wyclif Matt. xxvi. 38 My soule is sorowful til to the deth. c 1400 Three Kings Cologne iv. 12 Ezechias was syke to pe dethe. c 1450 Merlin 122 These shull the [= thee] love and serue euer to the deth. 1563 Winset Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 95 To baneis Christianis.. and condemne thame to the dethe. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 217 The which Castell the king hated to the death. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 261 With such speeches he fought unto the death. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 1. iii. 73 You are both sure, and will assist mee? Com. To the death my Lord. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode v. i, And she takes it to the death. 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy ii, When he [an attorney] was obliged .. to hunt his man to the death. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 207 Four generations of Stuarts had waged a war to the death with four generations of Puritans.

d. to do (a thing) to death, to overdo; to repeat too often dr ad nauseam. 1882 H. D. Traill Recaptured Rhymes 112, I am also called Played-out and Done-to-death, And It-will-washno-more. 1886 H. Baumann Londinismen 43/2 Done to death,.. iiberspannt geschrieben. a 1889 in Barrere & Leland Diet. Slang (1889) I. 320/2 Caricature of Academy pictures done to death in comic journals with utmost regularity for many past years. 1909 W. S. Sparrow Hints on House Furnishing 11. iii. 134 Diapered patterns for wall¬ papers and carpets.. were ‘done to death’. 1965 New Statesman 16 Apr. 605/1 It [5c. a tune] was mercilessly done to death by countless performers.

13. a. f to have or take the death: to meet one’s death, to die. Obs. So to catch one's death: see catch v. 30. to be the death of : see sense 7. to be (or make it) death (for): i.e. to be (or make it) a matter of death of capital punishment. c 1435 Torr. Portugal 1229 The kyng had wend he had the dede. c 1470 Henry Wallace xi. 837 Throuch cowatice, gud Ector tuk the ded. 1652 H. Bell Luther's Colloq. (Cassell’s Ed.) 13 It should be death for any person to have.. a copy thereof. 1847 Tennyson Princ. Prol. 150, I would make it death For any male thing but to peep at us.

t b. to go one's death (on or upon), to do one’s utmost (for); to risk one’s all (on). Obs. U.S. slang. 1833 D. Crockett Sketches 74 My little boys at home will go their death to support my election. Ibid. 173 You think they don’t go their death upon a jig, but they do. 1835 A. B. Longstreet Georgia Scenes (1840) 199 I’ll go my death upon you at the shooting match. 1878 Scribner's Mag. XV. 400/1 The consulship at Rio Janeiro is vacant, and being worth $6,000, he is moved to ‘go his death on Rio’.

14. death's door, the gates or jaws of death: figurative phrases denoting a near approach to, or great danger of, death. 1382 Wyclif Ps. cvi[i]. 18 And they ne3heden to the 3atis of deth. 1550 Coverdale Spir. Perle xviii, To bring unto deaths door, that he may restore unto life again. 1646 P. Bulkeley Gospel Covt. To Rdr. 1 When death comes to our dores, and we are at deaths-dore. 1746 Berkeley 2nd Let. Tar-water §12 Many patients might thereby be rescued from the jaws of death. 1855 Tennyson Charge Lt. Brigade, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell, Rode the six hundred, i860 Trollope Framley P. xliii, Poor Mrs. Crawley had been at death’s door.

15. to be in at the death (in Fox-hunting): to be present when the game is killed by the hounds. Also fig. 1788 W. Cowper Let. 3 Mar. (1904) III. 240, I have been in at the death of a fox. 1800 Windham Speeches Pari. (1812) I. 337 For the empty fame of being in at the death. 1841 Lytton Nt. & Morn. v. ix, A skilful huntsman.. who generally contrived to be in at the death. 1919 L. Strachey in Athenaeum 13 June 454/1 Creevey.. had a trick of being ‘in at the death’ on every important occasion:.. he invariably popped up at the critical moment. 1933 N. Coward Design for Living 11. iii. 71 You have a tremendous sense of the ‘right moment’, Ernest. It’s wonderful. You pop up like a genie out of a bottle, just to be in at the death!

16. to be death on (slang): to be eminently capable of doing execution on, or a very good hand at dealing with; to be very fond of. orig. U.S. 1839 Spirit of Times 5 Oct. 368/3 [His] nose is so red that no musquito can stand the blaze of it. It’s death upon gallinipers, too. 1855 Haliburton Nat. & Hum. Nat. 225 (Bartlett) Women., are born with certain natural tastes. Sally was death on lace, i860 Bartlett Diet. Amer. s.v., To be death on a thing, is to be.. a capital hand at it, like the quack doctor who could not manage the whooping-cough, but was, as he expressed it, ‘death on fits’. Vulgar. 1884 E. Fawcett Gentl. of Leisure i. 9 Fanny hasn’t forgotten you .. she was always death on you English chaps. 1892 Lentzner Australian Word-bk. 19 Death on, good at..‘Death on rabbits’, would mean a very good rabbit shot.

17. a. In various other phraseological expressions; as as pale as death (see pale); and colloq. as sure as death, to ride, come on, hang on, etc., like death, or like grim death. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame 502 But this as sooth as deeth, certeyn, Hit was of golde. c 1440 Partonope 6999 And in £>is wise cristenyd was he, As siker as dethe, with-outen nay. 1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. 11. i, They would giue out .. That I were iealous! nay, as sure as death, That they would say. 1766 Goldsm. Vicar xix, As sure as death there is our master and mistress come home. 1786 Burns Scotch Drink x, Then Burnewin comes on like death, At every chaup. 1831 S. E. Ferrier Destiny xlviii, Oh, as sure as death, then, that’s just owning that you are going to be married. 1836 D. Crockett Exploits & Adventures in Texas x. 151 He hung on like grim death. 1837 T. Hook Jack Brag III. v. 182 Jack., was holding on, like grim Death, by the companion. 1847 [see grim a. 4b]. 1893 Tit Bits 23 Dec. 211/3 The baby., holds on to that finger like grim death. 1928 D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club ix. 112 If ever you see him again, Fentiman, freeze on to him like grim death. 1928 R. Cullum Myst. Barren Lands xi. 106 ‘Think

304 you’ll ever get it?’..‘Sure,’ he said emphatically. ‘Just as sure as-death.’

b. (a fate) worse than death, a misfortune, situation, etc., regarded as being worse than death; spec, loss of virginity; rape (formerly euphem., now usu. jocular). [1653 D Osborne Let. ? 28 Aug. (1903) 141 The Roman courage, when they killed themselves to avoid misfortunes that were infinitely worse than death. 1781 Gibbon Decl. (S? F. III. xxxi. 238 The matrons and virgins of Rome were exposed to injuries more dreadful, in the apprehension of chastity, than death itself.] 1810 Jane Porter Scottish Chiefs III. iii. 68 But where was he who had delivered herself from a worse fate than death? 1832 F. Trollope Dom. Manners (1949) 421 Then would a parliament of love .. doom to worse than death the spitter and tobacco chewer. 1894 Rider Haggard People of Mist vi. 40 It is the custom of my mistress to carry a portion of this poison hidden in her hair, since a time might come when she must use it to save herself from worse than death. 1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes (1917) xix. 168 [The ape] threw her roughly across his broad, hairy shoulders, and leaped back into the trees, bearing Jane Porter away toward a fate a thousand times worse than death. 1926 Sat. Rev. 6 Feb. 166/1 The heroine, Countess Olga, is saved from a fate worse than death. 1949 R. Harvey Curtain Time 22 If she hadn’t got across, she would’ve had what they call a Fate Worse than Death. 1952 ‘C. Brand’ London Particular vii. 95 Madonna Lily was obviously marked up for a double dose of Worse than Death.

c. like death (warmed up), colloq. phr. indicating a feeling or appearance of extreme illness or exhaustion. 1939 Soldiers' War Slang Diet. 7/2 To feel like death warmed up, to feel ill. 1942 N. Marsh Death & Dancing Footman ii. 42, I look like death warmed up and what I feel is nobody’s business. 1964 J. Pendower Sinister Talent xx. 185 It damned near killed me... I still feel like death warmed up. 1969 Guardian 14 Feb. 11/1 Much of the time I feel like death. I am in rather a bad temper.

d. in the death, in the end; finally, slang. 1958 F. Norman Bang to Rights 172 In the death this geezer got a repreave. 1962 R. Cook Crust on its Uppers iii. 42 In the death, though, it went the way of all the best bent jams. Ibid. xvi. 157 After all, you had to marry someone in the death.

III. Combinations. 18. General combinations of obvious meaning. These may be formed at will, and to any extent: examples are here given. The use of the hyphen is mainly syntactical; it usually implies also a main stress on death-, as in 'deathgrasp, 'death-,sickness, 'death-po fluted.

a. attributive. [As with other names of things, employed instead of the genitive death's (see note below). In this construction already freely used in OE., as in deap-beam, -bedd, -ewealm, -daeg, -denu, -spere, -stede, etc.] Of death; belonging or pertaining to death; as deathagony, -angel, -camp, -cart, -chamber, -chime, -cry, -cult, -dew, -dirge, f -door, f fall, -fever, -flower, -grapple, -groan, -hour, -knell, -march, -note, -pang, -pill, -sentence, -shot, -shriek, -sleep, -song, -stab, -stiffening, -terror, -token, -train, -vacancy, -wraith, etc.; also objective, as death-control (after birth-control), -dealer, -worship. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. v. 1751 Soo sodeynly on¬ to deth for to falle. Som men wene that deth-fal were myserye. 1601 Chester Love's Mart. (1878) 39 Many Death-doore-knocking Soules complaine. 1606 Shaks. Tr. Cr. 11. iii. 187 He is so plaguy proud, that the death tokens of it Cry no recouery. 1635 Cowley Davideis iv. 972 One would have thought.. That Nature’s self in her Deathpangs had been, a 1780 J. Carver Trav. 334 The number of the death-cries they give, declares how many of their own party are lost. Ibid. 337 They are then bound to a stake.. and obliged for the last time to sing their death-song. 1792 R. Cumberland Calvary Poems 1803 II. 67 Christ’s deathhour. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc iv. 262 He knew That this was the Death-Angel Azrael, And that his hour was come. 1798 Sotheby tr. Wieland's Oberon (1826) II. 25 Pale as the cheek with death-dew icy cold. 1799 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. IV. 82 To name Sidney Smith’s First Lieutenant to the Death-vacancy of Captain Miller. 1811 W. R. Spencer Poems 96 And our death-sentence ends the book. 1813 Byron Giaour xxiii, The deathshot hissing from afar. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab. vn. 14 Nature confirms the faith his death-groan sealed. Ibid. ix. 104 The melancholy winds a death-dirge sung. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles vi. xviii, I must not Moray’s death-knell hear! 1816 J. Wilson City of Plague 11. iv. 103 Now may I ask whose pious care Hath plac’d these death-flowers here! 1829 Carlyle Misc. (1857) II.55 He gave the death-stab to modern Superstition. 1834 Ht. Martineau Demerara ix. 128 The animal was not to be restrained.. till the long death-grapple was over. 1838 Lytton Leila I. v, The death-shriek of his agonised father. 1841 Borrow Zincali II. iii. ii. 60 The death-carts.. went through the streets.. picking up the dead bodies. 1842 Pusey Crisis Eng. Ch. too From this deathsleep.. Protestant Germany was awakened by another battle-cry. 1851 Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 221 The Rigor Mortis, or death-stiffening of the muscles. 1882 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. II. 3 The gallery out of which the death-chamber opened. 1883 A. I. Menken Infelicia 22 The last tremble of the conscious death-agony. 1884 Gurney & Myers in 19th Cent. May 792 Alleged apparitions of living persons, the commonest of which are death-wraiths. 1897 Daily News 10 Dec. 7/2 During what was known as the ‘death march’ from Gundamuk to Peshawur.. one battalion was .. decimated by cholera. 1903 Daily Chron. 20 Oct. 5/1 Said he, You death dealers, I’ll stop you. 1904 R. J. Farrer Garden of Asia vi. 44 The glow of the death-flowers .. has faded. 1917 -On Eaves of World I. iv. 71 The inevitable death-terror impels every human soul. 1920 Masefield Enslaved 78 That devil’s horn Its quavering death-note blew. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 579 The deathflower of the potato blight on

DEATH her breast. 1925 D. H. Lawrence St. Mawr 201 They had found their raison d’etre in self-torture and death-worship. a 1930-Etruscan Places (1932) ii. 60 On the sculptured side of the sarcophagus the two death-dealers wield the hammer of death. 1938 Auden & Isherwood On Frontier ill. ii. 115 Your dreary death-cult is hardly likely to amuse a young lady. 1944 Ann. Reg. 1943 204 In the course of a three-day ‘liquidation’.. the Germans killed more than 1,000 Jews in ‘death camps’. 1948 S. Gilbert tr. Camus’s Plague ill. i. 164 This system.. was really a great improvement on the death-carts driven by negroes. 1949 Koestler Promise & Fulfilment vi. 58 At that time the death trains had started rattling through Eastern Europe. 195S World Population & Resources (P.E.P.) I. i. 9 Whereas death-control has always been actively fostered by Governments, birth-control has almost always been left to voluntary action. 1962 Guardian 16 Feb. 7/2 This is the authentic Jewish experience: herding, the death-march, endless hunger. 1963 I. Fleming On H.M. Secret Service xvi. 175 Had Campbell got a death pill, perhaps one of the buttons on his ski-jacket or trousers? 1970 Nature 14 Feb. 595/1 Population growth, death control and the expansion of the labour force are proceeding rapidly.

b. objective, with pres, pples. [already in OE., as deap-berende\, as deaths bearing, - boding, -braving, -bringing, -counterfeiting, -darting, -dealing, -defying, -giving, -subduing, -threatening, etc., adjs. 1580 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 269 The. .summons of the death-threatning trumpet. 1581-Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 27 Death-bringing sinnes. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. iii. ii. 364 Death-counterfeiting sleepe. 1592 —-Rom. & Jul. ill. ii. 47 The death-darting eye of Cockatrice. 1593-Lucr. 165 No noise but Owles & wolues death-boding cries. 1633 Ford Broken H. 1. ii, Death-braving Ithocles. 01711 Ken Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 171 Their Deathsubduing King. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 156 This death-dealing creature. 1821 Shelley Fugitives iv. 7 As a death-boding spirit, i860 Sat. Rev. X. 574/1 When these death-dealing missiles fell among them. 1878 Geo. Eliot in Macm. Mag. July 168 What is martyrdom But death-defying utterance of belief? 1882 Longfellow In Harbor 39 Life-giving, death-giving, which will it be? 1942 S. Spender Life & Poet 30 Tyrants who wish to freeze institutions into death-giving instead of life-giving forms. 1950 W. de la Mare Inward Companion 68 This deathdefying acrobat.

c. instrumental, with pa. pples., and parasynthetic, as death-begirt, -dewed, -divided, -laden, -marked, -polluted, -shadowed, -sheeted, -slain, -winged, -wounded, etc., adjs. 1592 Shaks. Rom. Jul. Prol. 9 The fearful passage of their death-mark’d love. ?ci6oo Distracted Emp. 11. i. in Bullen O. PI. III. 192 Having his deathe-slayne mistres in his armes. 1623 Massinger Dk. Milan v. ii, Secrets that restore To life death-wounded men! 1647 H. More Song of Soul 1. iii. xxi, Through the death-shadowed wood. 1787 Mary Wollstonecr. Wks. (1798) IV. 139 Those mansions, where death-divided friends should meet. 1809 Byron To Florence viii, The death-wing’d tempest’s blast. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam x. xiii, The death-polluted land. 1832 Motherwell Poet. Wks. (1847) 4 The dark death-laden banner. 01839 Milman Good Friday Wks. II. 336 By thy drooping death-dew’d brow. 1871 G. Macdonald Songs Winter Days iii. iv. Death-sheeted figures, long and white. 1879 Browning Ivan Ivanov. 30 Each village death-begirt.

d. adverbial relations of various kinds, with adjs. and pples., rarely verbs. [With adjs. already in OE., as deap-faege, -scyldig, -weri$.] In, to, unto, of, like, as death; as death-black, -cold, -dark, -deaf, -deep, -devoted, -doomed, -due, -great, -pale, -still, -weary, -white, -worthy, etc., adjs.; death-doom vb. See also DEATH-SICK. 1614 Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue vi. 210 So, the SaintThief, which suffered with our Saviour Was led to Life by his Death-due Behaviour. 1742 Francis Horace iv. xiv. (Jod.), The death-devoted breast. 1742 Young Nt. Th. v. 75 This Death-deep Silence, and incumbent Shade. 1776 Mickle tr. Camoens' Lusiad 350 Death-doom’d man. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc x. 596 The death-pale face. 1796 T. Townshend Poems 105 What tho’ the sigh or wailing voice Can’t soothe the death-cold ear. 1829 E. Elliott Village Patriarch Pref., With only one star., in the death-black firmament. 1839 Bailey Festus ii. (1848) 11 Like Asshur’s death-great monarch. 1863 Baring-Gould Iceland 259, I can death-doom him as I please. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 242 To death-deaf Carthage shout in vain. 1866 Howells Venet. Life iii. 34 All the floors .. are death-cold in winter. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 19 Oct. 2/4 Wild lilies lie on a death-white heart. 1907 Daily Chron. 20 Aug. 3/2 Those death-still places which have no houses. 1921 W. de la Mare Veil 91 Rouse the Old Enemy from his death-still swoon. 1932 E. Sitwell Bath 81 They will play with .. their death-dark negro slave.

H The genitive, now used (as a possessive) only in poetry or when death is personified, was formerly freely used where we should now use of, or death- in combination, as in death's evil, sorrow, sting; death's bed, day, wound (see death-bed, etc.). See also death’s-face, -head, -HERB, -RING. a 1000 Guthlac 350 (Gr.) Nis me ^aes deafes sorj. C1200 Ormin 1374 peer Cristess mennissenesse Drannc daepess drinneh. c 1230 Halt Meid. 17 pat dreori dede .. 3iue6 pat deafies dunt. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 538 Thogh thow seeke in thy bed now lye, Be nat agast, no dethes euel haast thow. 1847 Lyte Hymn, ‘ Abide with me' vi, Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?

19. Special combs., death-adder, a name for the genus Acanthophis of venomous serpents, esp. A. antarctica of Australia; also erron. f. deaf-adder, deaf adder: see deaf a. i d, 7; deathbaby (U.S.), see quot.; death-bill (Eccl.), a list

DEATH of dead for whom prayers were to be said (see quot.); death-blast, (a) a blast of a horn, etc. announcing or presaging death; (b) a storm or wind of destructive or deadly character; deathbone Austral., a bone pointed at a person and intended to cause his death (cf. bone sb. 1 e); death camas(s) = death quamash; death cap = death-cup-, death-chair, the electric chair; death-cord, the rope used for hanging, the gallows-rope; death-cup, the poisonous fungus Amanita phalloides-, death-dance, a dance at or in connexion with death; the Dance of Death; death-doing a., doing to death, killing, murderous (see also dead-doing); death-drake {Angling), a kind of artificial fly (see drake); death-duty, a duty levied on the devolution of property in consequence of the owner’s death; legacy, and probate and succession duties; f death-evil {dede-, deed-), a mortal disease; also, the name of a specific disease (quot. 1559); death-feigning, the feigning of death, esp. by an animal; death-feud, a feud prosecuted to the death; death-flame = death-fire i; deathflurry {Whale-fishery), the convulsive struggles of a dying whale after being harpooned (see flurry); also fig.-, death grant, a State benefit payable towards the expenses, esp. of a funeral, incurred in connection with a person’s death; f death-head = death’s-head; death-house, {a) a place where a person dies; {b) colloq., that part of a prison where persons awaiting execution are housed; also, the execution shed; f death-ill (Sc. fdede-ill), mortal illness; deathinstinct [tr. G. todestrieb (Freud 1920, Jenseits des Lustprinzips vi)], a destructive or self¬ destructive tendency postulated by Freud (cf. death-wish); death-mask, a cast of plaster or the like, taken from a person’s face after death; death-moss (see quot.); death-moth, the Death’s-head Moth; death-or-glory attrib. phr., {a) (with capital initials) a regimental nickname (see quot. 1890); {b) transf.; deathpenalty, the penalty of death, capital punishment; death-penny, the obolus placed in the mouth of a corpse, with which to pay the ferryman in Hades; death-pile, a funeral pile; death quamash, a plant of the western U.S., the bulb of which is poisonous to animals; deathrate, the proportion of the number of deaths to the population of a country, town, etc., usually reckoned at so much per thousand per annum; death-rattle, a rattling sound in the throat of a dying person, caused by the partial stoppage of the air-passage by mucus; death-ray, (chiefly in Science Fiction) a ray that causes death; death¬ ring, a finger-ring constructed to convey poison in shaking hands (W. Jones, Finger-rings 1877, 435); death-roll, a list of the names of those who have been killed in an accident, battle, etc.; death-rope, a gallows-rope; death-ruckle, -ruttle (Sc.) = death-rattle-, death-sough {Sc.), ‘the last inspiration of a dying person’ (Jam.); death squad, an armed paramilitary group formed to murder political enemies, suspected subversives, etc.; death-tick = death-watch i; death-trance, a trance in which the action of the heart, lungs, etc. is so reduced as to produce the semblance of death {Syd. Soc. Lex. 1882); death-trap, applied to any place or structure which is unhealthy or dangerous without its being suspected, and is thus a trap for the lives of the unwary; death-wave (see quots.); deathweight, a small weight placed on the eyelids of a corpse to keep them closed. i860 Chambers' Encycl. s.v. Adder, A very venomous serpent of New South Wales (Acanthophis tortor) is sometimes called the *death-adder. 1615 Sir E. Hobv Curry-combe 59 The gracelesse people, who stopped their eares like the death Adder. 1881 A Chequered Career 321 The deaf adder, or death adder, as some people miscall it. 1892 N.Y. Nation n Aug. 107/1 A certain fungus called ‘•death-baby’.. fabled to foretell death in the family. 1849 Rock Ch. of Fathers II. 383 note, Abp. Lanfranc. .allotted the office of drawing up and sending off these *death-bills to the precentor. 1820 Scott Abbot xxxviii, A bugle sounded loudly..‘It is the *death-blast to Queen Mary’s royalty’, said Ambrosius. 1875 tr- Comte de Paris' Hist. Civ. War Amer. I. 456 The storm which in consequence of its periodical return in the beginning of November, sailors call the death-blast. 1933 Bulletin (Sydney) 19 Apr. 20/3 Even the semi-civilised Binghi of to-day is not proof against the old belief in the *death-bone. 1889 Cent. Diet. s.v. Camass, * Death camass, the poisonous root of Zygadenus venenosus. 1937 Range Plant Handbk. (Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agric.) W209 The more virulent species of death camas cause the majority of sheep losses. 1820 St. Kathleen IV. 23 (Jam.) She had for three nights successively seen a *deathcandle flitting.. along the cliffs. 1925 R. T. & F. W. Rolfe Romance of Fungus World iii. 37 Amanita phalloides, sometimes known as the *Death Cap. 1949 Oxf.Jun. Encycl. II. 172/1 Many fungi are mildly poisonous, but only one

DEATH-FIRE

305 British species, the Death Cap, is deadly poisonous. 1890 N. Y. Tribune 7 Aug. 2/1 Kemmler stepped into the •deathchair. 1919 Kipling Lett. Travel (1920) 269 Pinioned men in the death-chair before the current is switched on. 01851 Joanna Baillie (Ogilvie), Have I done well to give this hoary vet’ran .. To the *death-cord, unheard? 1904 Westm. Gaz. 6 Oct. 10/1 The ‘*death-cup’ is very abundant in woods in this country. 1865-8 F. Parkman France & Eng. in Amer. (1880) 275 The ghostly *death-dance of the breakers, a 1652 Brome New Acad. 1. Wks. 1873 II. 9 Here’s the *death-doing point. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc vii. 362 That death-doing foe. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory II. 298 {Angling) * Death-drake.. taken chiefly in an evening, when the May-fly is almost gone. 1881 Gladstone in Daily News 5 Apr. 2/6 My attention has been turned to a much larger subject—the subject of *death duties. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 32 Sipen at Gloucestre *dede euelle him toke. 1559 Morwyng Evonym. 256 Angry byles, such as in some mens legges the late wrytars call the deed evill. 1924 J. A. Thomson Science Old & New vi. 33 The ‘*death-feigning’ or ‘playing ’possum’ of various animals. 1959 Southwood 6 Leston Land & Water Bugs xii. 355 Pressure on the bug, as by forceps in the laboratory, causes ‘death-feigning’ immobilization. 1820 Scott Abbot xi, They have threatened a *death-feud if any one touches us. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 65 That fays and spectres.. spread the *death-flame on the wold, i860 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. III. ci. 2 The convulsive effort,—‘*death-flurry’ as the whalers call it, —which is taking place in America on the subject of slavery. 1946 National Insurance Act 9 & 10 Geo. 6 c. 67 § 22 A person shall be entitled to a *death grant in respect of the death of any person.. if.. he has reasonably incurred., expenses.. in connection with the funeral of the deceased. 1971 Reader's Digest Family Guide to Law 293/1 The Government makes a lump-sum payment, called a death grant, to the next-of-kin of a person who has died, or to the person paying for the funeral. 1771 Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 287 They are mere *death-heads; they kill innocent mirth. 1851 Longf. Gold Leg. iv. Refectory, None of your deathheads carved in wood. 1920 Masefield Enslaved 8 The place was like a *death-house save for cawings overhead. 1923 E. Wallace Missing Million xxxviii. 293 He has three murders behind him, and the grey doors of the death-house in front of him. 1930 E. Rice Voyage to Purilia xiii. 168 The death-house—a huge edifice, crowded .. with condemned men awaiting execution. 1958 G. Mikes East is East 120 The Death House is a Chinese institution. People are sent there to die because the Chinese regard it as bad luck if people die at home, i960 Guardian 2 May 1/7 There is less than 24 hours to go before Chessman leaves the death house ..and goes to his.. Maker. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. x. 230 In-til hys *Dede-ill quhen he lay. 1675 Durham Exp. Commandm. To Rdr. 1 b (Jam.) The death-ill of a natural unrenewed man. 1822 Galt Steam-boat 292 (Jam.) Na, na! There’s nae dead-ill about Loui. 1922 C. J. M. Hubback tr. Freud's Beyond Pleasure Principle vi. 38 The opposition between the ego or *death instincts and the sexual or life instincts would then cease. 1961 J. A. C. Brown Freud & Post-Freudians ii. 27 The Death instinct is a force which is constantly working towards death. 1877 Dowden Shaks. Primer ii. 29 There exists a *death-mask. .which bears the date 1616 and which may be the original cast from the dead poet’s face. 1838 Miss Pardoe River & Desert I. 247 On many.. venerable pines hung wreaths of the greyishcoloured, silken parasite which is called in ‘wood-craft’ the * death-moss, a 1821 Keats Ode to Melancholy 6 Nor let the beetle, nor the *death-moth be Your mournful Psyche. 1890 Farmer Slang I. 199/1 The 17th [Lancers] are still wellknown as the *Death or Glory Boys, from their badge, which consists of a death’s head, with the words, ‘or glory’. 1959 W. K. Richmond Brit. Birds of Prey ix. 116 He is content to play second fiddle and leaves the death-or-glory stuff to his partner. 1962 Guardian 20 Dec. 6/1 Sir Roy Welensky’s death-or-glory approach to political problems. 1875 E. White Life in Christ 11. xiv. (1878) 155 The *deathpenalty of the law of Moses. 1863 Whyte Melville Gladiators III. 258 Scatter a handful of dust over my forehead, and lay the *death-penny on my tongue. 1851 Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi Windows 11. 76 Had all the •death-piles of the ancient years Flared up in vain before me? 1084 Miller Plant-n. 264/2 Zygadenus venenosus. ‘•Death Quamash’, Hog’s Potato. 1859 Ann. Rep. RegistrarGeneral p. ii, The *death rate was below the average. 1864 Soc. Sc Rev. 68 The death rates in the army had been reduced .. by sanitary measures. 1873 B. Stewart Conserv. Force i. 1 The death rate .. varies with the temperature. 1829 Lytton Devereux vi. iv, His lips quivered wildly—I heard the *death-rattle. 1919 B. Munn Skeleton Man xxvii. 90 Had the man once used his *death rays he was watched carefully enough to have been caught.. red-handed. 1947 Crowther & Whiddington Science at War 4 The situation was grave and the public had already begun to long for death-rays that would dispatch the strongest enemy at will. 1961 J. B. Priestley Saturn over Water vi. 85 You may have some ridiculous ideas .. that we are .. discovering fantastic gases or death rays out of science fiction. 1963 Ann. Reg. IQ62 386 Unlikely rumours were also heard that it might be developed as a military death ray or anti-missile weapon. 1864 M. B. Chesnut Diary 1 Aug. (1949) 42s Day after day we read the *death roll. 1873 Porcupine XIV. 725/2 Two other actresses also appear on this week’s death-roll. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 17 Oct. 10/1 The terrible disaster at Seaham in 1880, when the death-roll approximated to nearly 200. 1940 Manch. Guardian Weekly 5 Jan. 5 The full extent of the death-roll and damage will not be known for several days. 1815 Scott Guy M. xxvii, That was the *death-ruckle—he’s dead. 1820 Blackw. Mag. Sept. 652 (Jam.) Heard nae ye the lang drawn *death-sough? 1969 Times 3 Jan. 3/7 In Sao Paulo.. the new year has brought the macabre news from a mysterious *death squad that 1969 will be ‘a year full of work’ . 1976 Guardian Weekly 3 Oct. 8 The victims of the assassination schemes are for the most part political moderates, and there seems to be no geographical limit to the operations of the death squads. 1984 Daily Mail 20 Oct. 10/1 A student found dead in a London courtyard is believed to have been the victim of a death squad sent from Africa to kill his father. 1853 H. Melville Cock-A-DoodleDoo! in Harper's Mag. Dec. 81/1, I might as well have asked him if he had heard the *death-tick. 1879 Jefferies Wild Life in S.C. 207 In the huge beams or woodwork, the deathtick is sure to be heard in the silence of the night. 1835 Browning Paracelsus v. 128 This murky, loathsome •Death-trap, this slaughter-house. 1889 Spectator 14 Dec.

830 If., the Board schools are death-traps. 1848 C. A. Week at Lizard 103 About one in every nine is more boisterous . . than the rest: this the fishermen call ‘the *death wave’. 1886 J. Milne Earthquakes 171 Phenomena.. on the Wexford coast.. popularly known as ‘death waves’, probably in consequence of the lives which have been lost by these sudden inundations. 1850 Mrs. Browning Poet's Vow v. iv-v, They laid the *death-weights on mine eyes. Johns

death a.y var. of

deaf a. in some MSS., and in mod. dial. See also death-adder in death sb. 19. a 1500 Metr. Life St. Kath. 436 There is made hole dethe and dombe. 1574 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. 116 As he was death, and most dunch, I cried out more in speaking unto him, than I do use in preaching. 1875 Sussex Gloss., Death, deaf.. ‘afflicted with deathness’. So death v. = deaf v. to deafen. C1440 York Myst. xxxi. 186 Lo! sirs, he dethis vs with dynne!

death-bed ('dsBbed). Also 5-6 ded-, dead-; 6 death’s bed. a. The bed on which a person dies; the bed of death. (In OE. the grave.) Beowulf 5795 Nu is.. dryhten Geata, deaS-bedde fast. c 1400 Gamelyn 24 On his deep bed to a-bide Goddes wille. es wounde]. 1489 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxliii. 290 There he caught deths wounde. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 465 Ane deidis wound in his heid. 1667 Milton P.L. iii. 252 Death his deaths wound shall then receive. 1763 Scrafton Indostan (1770) 43 Mustapha Caun.. received his death’s wound from an arrow.

deathy

('ds0i), a. and adv. [f. death sb. + -y.] A. adj. Of the nature or character of death; = DEATHLY a. 3,4. 1801 [cf. deathiness]. 1820 Shelley Witch Atl. lxx, A mimic day within that deathy nook. 1825 Southey Tale of Paraguay iv. 38 A deathy paleness settled in its stead. 1826 Blackw. Mag. XX. 665 The Raven dislikes all animal food that has not a deathy smack.

B. as adv. To a degree resembling death; =

death-watch ('de0wmj). Also 8 dead-. 1. The popular name of various insects which make a noise like the ticking of a watch, supposed by the ignorant and superstitious to portend death; esp. the death watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum, or Trogium pulsatorium, a book louse of the order Psocoptera.

DEATHLY adv. 2. 1796 Southey Ballads, Donica xx, Her cheeks were deathy white and wan. 1811 Shelley Moonbeam ii. i Now all is deathy still.

1668 Wilkins Real Char. n. v. §2. 127 Sheathed Winged Insects.. That of a long slender body, frequent about houses, making a noise like the minute of a Watch .. Death Watch. 1700 Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo II. 385 The Death-watch Spiders spread their curious Hair. 1762 Goldsm. Ci/. W. xc, I listened for death-watches in the wainscot. 1817 Kirby & Spence Introd. Ent. II. xxiv. 383 A little wood-louse.. —which on that account has been confounded with the death-watch—is said also, .to emit a ticking noise. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 272 Both sexes, in the season of love, have the habit of calling one another by striking rapidly with their mandibles on the wood.. This noise, similar to the accelerated beating of a watch, has occasioned.. the vulgar name of Death-watch. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 132/2 Many of the Malacodermata are wood-borers; these include the Death-watch Beetles (Anobium). 1881 Besant & Rice Chapl. of Fleet I. 294 Last night I heard the death-watch. 1925 E. G. Blake Enemies of Timber vi. 136 The death-watch beetle.. confines its activities exclusively to structural timbers, and is practically identical in its methods and habits with the common furniture beetle. 1955 Times 9 May 5/2 The death-watch beetle did not attack sound and permanently dry timber. 1964 N. E. Hickin Household Insect Pests v. 56 One interesting habit shown by the species Trogium pulsatorium is the tapping noise which it produces by vibrating its abdomen against a material such as paper. It is probable that the first reference to the ‘Death Watch’ concerned this Book Louse and not the wood-boring beetle. 1969 R. F. Chapman Insects xxviii. 575 The death watch beetle, Xestobium, produces tapping sounds by bending its head down and banging it against the floor of its burrow. comb. 1710 E. Ward Brit. Hud. 60 Thy Melancholy Tick, That sounds, alas, so Death-watch like.

c 1430 Lydc. Compl. Bl. Knt. lxxxvi, And whyle the twylyght and the rowes rede Of Phebus lyght were deaurat a lyte. c 1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners {1570) B iij, The tree of this science with braunches deaurate. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 57 Of so eye-bewitching a deaurate ruddy dye is the skin-coat of this landgrave. 1616 Bullokar, Deaurate, guilded, glistering like gold.

2. A watch or vigil by the dead or dying. 'death-wish. [tr. G. todeswunsch, f. tod death + wunsch wish.] A conscious or unconscious wish for the death of oneself or another; also fig. 1896 L. Housman Green Arras 68 And I, at the deathwish then. Stood looking upon it all. 1913 A. A. Brill tr. Freud's Interpr. of Dreams v. 218 The death-wish towards parents is to be explained by reference to earliest childhood. 1929 P. Mairet Adler's Problems of Neurosis vi. 84 After having triumphed over him and having had the death-wish granted by fate, he remained still unsatisfied. 1937 ‘C. Caudwell’ Illusion & Reality 97 The same secret deathwishes are shown by these aristocrats if they turn revolutionary. 1947 Partisan Rev. XIV. 233 Even in America.. the death-wish of the business community appears to go beyond the normal limits of political incompetence and geographical security. 1953 X. Fielding Stronghold 153 A death-wish, a longing to be underground, to be in a tomb, buried. 1958 New Statesman 11 Jan. 29/1 Whatever handicaps Mr. Macmillan labours under as Prime Minister, they do not include the death-wish; he is still jauntily determined to win the next election.

'death-worm. fl. = DEATH-WATCH I. Obs. i773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 195 No ticking death-worm told a fancied doom.

2. poet.

A ‘worm of death’.

fde'aurate, a.

Obs. [ad. L. deaurat-us, pa. pple. of deaurare (late L.) to gild over, f. de- I. 3 + aurare to gild, f. aurum gold.] Gilded, golden.

deaurate (di:'o:reit), v. ? Obs. [f. L. deaurat-, ppl. stem of deaurare to gild: see prec.] trans. To gild over. Hence deaura ted ppl. a. 1562 Bulleyn Bk. Simples 95 a, Golde is holsome to deaurate or gilde Losinges. 1603 H. Crosse Vertues Commw. (1878) 54 To .. deaurate and guild ouer his spottes and sores with the tincture and dye of holynesse. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Deaurate, to gild or lay over with gold [also in Bailey (folio) and Johnson]. 1818 J. Brown Psyche 62 She.. to illuminate his pen, A deaurated thought inspires, But instantaneously retires.

Hence deau'ration, the action of gilding. 1658 Phillips, Deauration, a gilding over. 1706-(ed. Kersey), Deauration, a gilding, or laying over with Gold: Among Apothecaries, the gilding of Pills to prevent ill Tastes. 1721 in Bailey. 1755 in Johnson; and mod. Diets.

deave (di:v), v. Now Sc. and north, dial. In 4-6 (9) deve, (4-5 dewe), 6 Sc. deiv(e, 9 deeve. [OE. deafian in adeafian (J between vowels = v) to wax deaf. The trans. type *diefan, *dyfan to make deaf, corresp. to Goth. (ga)daubjan, OHG., MHG. touben, touben, Ger. (be)tauben, does not appear in OE., and the trans. seems to be an extension of the intrans. use in ME.: cf. dead v.] fl. intr. To become deaf. Obs. rare. [C1050 Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 179/25 Obsurduit adeafede.] 13.. in Pol. Rel. wounde. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxvi. 562 He made him a grete wounde but no deed wounde. 1793 Ld. Auckland Corr. (1862) III 122 Jacobinism is., more likely to receive its death-wound in the South of France than in Flanders. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Death-wound, a law term for the starting of a butt end, or springing a fatal leak. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 3 The

deb (deb), orig. U.S. Also debby. Colloq. abbrev. of debutante; hence debs' (or deb's, debbies') delight, an eligible or attractive young man in high society. Also attrib. or as adj. 1920 F. Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise 11. ii. 227 Dancing with mid-Westem or New Jersey debbies. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 437 Josie Powell that was, prettiest deb in Dublin. 1926 Ladies' Home Jrnl. July 26 One of my deb cousins makes a transcendent cocktail. 1927 Sunday Express 10 July 10 It appears that her comments on society have roused the ire of the great army of debutantes... How the angry ‘debs’ propose to deal with their victim.. I cannot imagine. 1928 Sunday Dispatch 9 Dec. 11/2 The impossibility of parents doing any of the old kind of chaperonage in the hours kept by the present day (or night) ‘debbies’ during their present season. 1934 J. O’Hara Appointment in Samarra v. 135 Joe Montgomery could be classified under many headings... Well-dressed man. Debbies’ delight. Roue. 1940 M. Dickens Mariana vii. 217 She presents her at Court, drags her to all the deb. dances. 1948 N. Marsh Death in White Tie iii. 33 Lord Robert half suspected his nephew Donald of being a Debs’ Delight. 1958 Oxf. Mail 1 July 6/6 His girl is a dim creation and Pauline Arden makes her unnecessarily ‘debby’. 1958 Daily Mail 4 July 10/4 She danced with-at a debby night spot clad in little more than a nylon nightie. 1966 J. Betjeman High & Low 56 The debs may turn disdainful backs On Pearl’s uncouth mechanic slacks. 1970 Daily Tel. 5 Sept. 16 Somewhat debby (though none was in fact a deb), the girls must also be ready to display their social graces at Council cocktail parties.

t de'bacchate, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. debacchari, f. Bacchus', see de- I. 3.] To rage or rave as a bacchanal. Hence f debac'chation. 1623 Cockeram, Debacchate, to reuile one after the manner of drunkards. 1633 Prynne Histrio-M. 1. vi. xii. (R.), Who defile their holiday with.. most wicked debacchations, and sacrilegious execrations. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Debacchation, a raging or madness. 01751 in Bp. Lavington Enthus. Method. .] trans. To divest of its barbarous character, to

1823 De Quincey Lett. Education v. (i860) 103 Wherever law and intellectual order prevail, they debarbarize (if I may be allowed such a coinage) what in its elements might be barbarous. 1848 Wiseman Ess. (1853) III. 427 To bring.. the blessing, not of civilization, but of debarbarization. 1857 De Quincey China Wks. 1871 XVI. 241 No Asiatic state has ever debarbarised itself. 1885 G. Meredith Diana II. iii. 72 Before society can be civilized it has to be debarbarized. 1930 W. R. Inge Christian Ethics v. 223 The Catholic Church might.. have.. found a congenial task in debarbarising Christianity. 1963 Guardian 19 Feb. 4/2 Our chance to de-barbarise our society.

debarcation, var. of debarkation.

Horace's Arte of Poetrie Aij, As wooddes are made debayre of leaues by turnyng of the yeare. enne

pi

t debo'nairty, debo'narity. Obs. Forms: 3-5 debonerte, -airte, 4 -eirete, 4-5 -airete, 5 -ertee, -ayrte(e, -airty, -arte, -arete, 6 debonnairetie, 6-7 debonaritie, 7 -airitie, -ty, -arety, -erity, -arity. [ME. a. OF. debonairete, -eretie (13th c.), f. debonaire: see -ty. Debonarity is a later assimilation to the type of similarity, etc.] Debonair character or disposition; mildness, gentleness, meekness; graciousness, kindness; courtesy, affability. a 1225 Ancr. R. 390 Jmruh his debonerte, luue hefde ouerkumen hine. a 1240 Wohunge in Cott. Horn. 269 Debonairte of herte. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. |P466 This Ire is with deboneirete and it is wroj? withoute bitternes. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 111. liii. (1869) 163 This cometh..of youre debonayrtee. 1491 Caxton Vitas Pair. (W. de W.

DEBONARIOUS 1495) 11. 209 a/2 Pacyence, humylyte, debonarete, & wyllefull obedyence. 1600 Holland Livy xl. xlvi. 1089 The goodnature and debonaritie [facilitas] of the two Censors. 1637 Bastwick Litany 11. 3 A Prince of surpassing debonerity. a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1687) I. viii. 95 The chearfull debonairity expressed therein. 1688 Bp. S. Parker Enq. Reasons Abrogating Test 2 He quickly repents him of that Debonarity.

t debo'narious, a. Obs. rare~x. [f. debonair after words in -arious, f. L. -drius, F. -aire.] = debonair; cf. next. 11485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 447 Your debonarius obedyauns ravyssyt me to trankquelyte!

t 'debonary, a. Obs. [f. debonair after words in -ary, an alteration of F. -aire, e.g. ordinaire, ordinary.] = debonair. 1402 Hoccleve Letter of Cupid 347 They [women] ben .. ful of humylite, Shamefaste, debonarie and amyable. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas (1558) n. v. 8 To her declaring with reasons debonary [rime tary], 1630 Tinker of Turvey 46 Of a comely visage, courteous, gentle and debonary.

de'bord, v. ? Obs. Also 7 deboard, Sc deboird. [a. F. debord-er, in 15-16th c. desborder, f. des-:—L. dis- (de- I. 6) + bord border.] 1. intr. Of a body of water: To pass beyond its borders or banks, to overflow. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 316 As the Water groweth in the River, and so from it debording. Ibid. 317 Violent streames do ever deface, transplant, and destroy all that they debord upon. 1635 Person Varieties 1. 24 Such as aske, why the Sea doth never debord. 1859 R- F. Burton in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 194 A wide expanse .. over which the stream when in flood debords to a distance of two miles.

f2. fig. To go out of bounds, deviate; to go beyond bounds, go to excess. Obs. c 1620 Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 77 That hence I from my duety not debord. a 1658 Durham Ten Commandm. 0675) 362 (Jam.) It is a wonder that men should take pleasure to deboard in their cloathing. 1671 True Nonconf. 401 Debording from common methods, a 1678 Woodhead Holy Living (1688) 113 Least.. your passions sometimes debord where you would not have them.

Hence de'bording vbl. sb. = next. 1635 Person Varieties 11. 66 Great debording of waters. 1652 Urquh art Jewel Wks. (1834) 225 Too great proness to such like debordings and youthful emancipations.

t de'bordment. Obs. [a. F. debor dement, f. deborder: see prec. and -ment.] Going beyond bounds, excess. 1603 Florio Montaigne 111. ix. (1632) 540 Against the ignorance and debordement of Magistrates. 1646 H. Lawrence Comm. Angells 88 The debordments and excesses of no beasts are so great as those of mankind. 1659 Gauden Tears of Church 214 To cleanse it of all those debordments and debasements fain upon Christian Religion.

debosh, -bosche, obs. or arch. f. debauch. de'boshed, ppl. a. Also 7 debosht. An early variant of debauched, representing the pronunciation of F. debauche\ connected with the main form by debaushed, debausht. Obs. in Eng. before the middle of 17th c.; retained longer in Scotch; revived by Scott, and now frequent in literary English, with somewhat vaguer sense than debauched. 1599 James IBaotX. Acopov (1603) 110 Ouer superfluous like a deboshed waister. 1605 Shaks. Lear 1. iv. 263 Men so disorder’d, so debosh’d, and bold. 1624 Heywood Gunaik. 11. 16 One Herostratus, a wicked and debosht fellow. i637-5o Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 358 Ignorant and debosht ministers are tolerated. 1826 Scott Woodst. iii, Swash¬ bucklers, deboshed revellers, bloody brawlers. 1859 Kingsley Plays & Purit. Misc. II. 109 An utterly deboshed, insincere, decrepit, and decaying age. 1867 Lowell Biglow P. Ser. 11. 55 Many deboshed younger brothers of., good families may have sought refuge in Virginia.

deboshee, -ery, -ment, obs. ff. debauchee, etc. debost(e: see deboist. debouch (di'bu:J, ||debuf), v. Also debouche. [mod. a. F. debouche-r, in 17th c. desboucher, OF. desbouchier (13th c.), f. de-\—des-, L. dis(see de- I. 6) + bouche mouth. Cf. It. sboccare ‘to mouth or fall into the sea as a river’ (Florio).] 1. Milit. (intr.) To issue from a narrow or confined place, as a defile or a wood, into open country; hence gen. to issue or emerge from a narrower into a wider place or space. [1665 Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 161 We have hardly any words that do so fully express the French, .ennui, bizarre, debouche.. Let us therefore.. make as many of these do homage as are like to prove good citizens.] 1760 Lond. Mag. XXIX. 177 We saw the column of infantry debouching into Minden plain. 1812 Examiner 24 Aug. S3112 These two companies gave the .. cavalry time to debouche. 1813 Ibid. 7 June 355/2 General Bertrand.. appearing to intend debouching from Jaselitz upon the enemy’s right. 1840 Barham Ingol. Leg.: Leech of Folkestone (1877) 370 The travellers debouched on the open plain on Aldington Frith. fig. 1839 Times 4 Oct., Mr. Labouchere debouches upon the cabinet.

2. transf. Of a ravine, river, etc.: To issue as at a mouth or outlet into a wider place or space. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 168 This little stream that debouches from the lake. 1850 B. Taylor Eldorado

DEBRUISE

314

xxii. (1862) 236 The ravine finally debouched upon the river at the Middle Bar. 1878 H. M. Stanley Dark Cont. I. viii. 167 Nakidino Creek, into which an important stream debouches.

3. trans. (causal). To lead forth into open ground; to provide an outlet for. 1745 Duncan Forbes in Ellis Orig. Lett. 11. IV. 355 No more than a hundred and fifty or a hundred and sixty of the Mackenzies have been debouched. 1844 W. H. Maxwell Sports & Adv. Scotl. xxiii. (1855) 190 Huge outlets which debouche the waters.

de'bouch, sb. rare. Also debouche. [f. prec. vb.] = next (sense 1). 1813 Examiner 7 June 354/2 Fortified rising points, which defended the debouches from the Spree. Ibid. 3 May 274/2 The debouch from the Hartz. 1823 Southey Hist. Penins. War I. 696 The debouches of villarcayo, Orduna, and Munguia.

debouche (debuje). [Fr.: f. deboucher (see above).] 1. Milit. An opening where troops debouch or may debouch; gen. a place of exit, outlet, opening. 1760 Lond. Mag. XXIX. 171 The generals will take particular notice of the nine Debouche’s, by which the army may advance to form in the plain of Minden. 1813 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) X. 545 Desirable to obtain possession of the debouches of the mountains towards Vera. 1857 J- W. Croker Ess. Fr. Rev. iv. 202 (Stanf.) One gate, as an additional debouche for the crowd.

2. fig. An opening, outlet, or market for goods. 1846 Worcester cites Rawson.

de'bouchment.

Also debouchement. [a. F. debouchement, f. deboucher (see debouch v.) + -MENT.]

1. Milit. The action or fact of debouching. 1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie II. iii. 44 To unravel the mystery of so sudden a debouchement from the cover. 1871 Daily News 19 Sept., The debouchment of Stephenson’s brigade through the railway arch.

2. The mouth or outlet of a river, a pass, etc. 1859 Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 42 The coast.. presents but three debouchments that deserve the name of rivers.

debouchure (debujyr). [In form, French, f. deboucher to debouch + -ure; but this sense is not Fr.] = DEBOUCHMENT 2, EMBOUCHURE I. 1844 Kinglake Eothen xii. (1878) 168 Towards the debouchure of the river. 1890 Spectator 11 Jan. 41 Thence two railways would connect her with Zanzibar and the debouchure of the Zambesi.

debourse,

var. of deburse.

fde'bout, v. Obs. [a. F. debouter, in OF. deboter (10th c.), f. de- (de- I. 2) + bouter, OF. boter to push.] trans. To thrust out, expel, oust. 1619 Time's Storehouse 208 (L.) Not able enough to debout them out of their possessions. 1644 Hume Hist. Ho. Douglas 264 (Jam.) His fraud was detected.. and he debouted, and put from that authority.

t de'boutement. Obs. [a. OF. debotement, deboutement, f. debouter: see prec. and -ment.] A thrusting forth, expulsion. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 11. xxviii. 121 Deboutemens and brekyng out of wyndes that mete aboue the clowdes.

fde'bowel, v. Obs.

[de- II. 2.]

= disbowel,

disembowel. 1375 Barbour Bruce xx. 285 He debowalit wes clenly, And bawlmyt syne full rychly. 1513 Douglas JEneis iv. ii. 25 The beistis costis, as thai debowalit wer. a 1547 Surrey AZneid iv. 80 With giftes that day, and beastes debowled.

deboyse, deboyst,

var. deboise Obs.

fde'braid, v. Obs. rare. In 4-5 debreyd. [f. deI. 1 -I- braid v.1 3 to snatch.] To snatch down (rendering L. decerpere). 1388 [see debreak).

fde'branch, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. desbranchir (Palsgr. & Cotgr.), or desbranche-r (15-16th c. Godef.), f. de-, des- (de- I. 6) + branche branch.] trans. To deprive of branches, to lop. Hence de'branching vbl. sb. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 538 After such pruning and debranching.

fde'break, v. Obs. rare.

[f. de- I. 1 -(- break u.] trans. To break down (transl. L. decerpere). 1382 Wyclif Mark i. 26 The onclene goost debrekynge [v.r. to-braydynge, 1388 debreidynge, to-breidinge] hym, and cryinge with grete vois.

Debrett (di'bret), sb. A colloquial designation of ‘Debrett’s Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland’, the first edition of which, issued in 1803, was compiled by John Debrett (c 1750-1822). Also transf. 1848, etc. [see Burke j6.]. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis I. ix. 85 You cannot begin your genealogical studies too early; I wish.. you would read in Debrett every day. 1873 [see wet-nurse v. b). 1910 Baroness Orczy Lady Molly of Scotland Yard iv. 82 If you have studied Debrett at all, you know.. that the peerage is one of those old English ones which date back some six hundred years. 1970 Guardian 18 Aug. 1/5 The 1970 Debrett was published yesterday.

debridement (debridma).

Surg. [Fr., lit. ‘unbridling’.] The removal from a wound, etc., of damaged tissue or foreign matter (see also quot. 1842). Hence de'bride v. trans., to perform debridement on. 1842 Dunglison Med. Lex. (ed. 3) 217/2 Debridement, the removal of filaments, &c., in a wound or abscess, which prevent the discharge of pus. In a more general acceptation, it means the cutting of a soft, membranous or aponeurotic part, which interferes with the exercise of any organ whatever. 1929 F. A. Pottle Stretchers (1930) 149 Debridement about half the extensor muscles of thigh. Wounds of entrance and exit in knee joint debrided. 1967 S. Taylor et al. Short Textbk. Surg. xxxii. 473 Where there is .. contamination of the wound by dirt and foreign bodies, full debridement must be carried out.

debrief (di:'bri:f), v. colloq. [f. de- II. i + brief u.2] trans. To obtain information from (a person) on the completion of a mission or after a journey. Usu. pass. So de'briefing vbl. sb. 1945 Picture Post 31 Mar. 9/1 Crump and his men go through a medical test,.. de-briefing and customs. 1945 John o' London's 16 Nov. 70/2 The R.A.F. use of the atrocity debrief. When airmen receive their orders for an operation they 4re said to be briefed for it—a quite legitimate extension of the legal term. But when they return to give their report, they do not just report, as one would think. They are debriefed. 1951 Life 17 Dec. 31/2 He went to the debriefing shed and made a routine report on the railroad bombing mission. 1964 Observer 13 Sept. 2/2 He [re. a defecting Russian scientist] is now in the U.S., presumably being debriefed by American intelligence. 1964 J. Porter Dover One xi. 138,1 want everybody back at the station .. for a de-briefing session. 1965 Guardian 22 Mar. 9/6 Leonov and Belyaev.. will stay at the space station for several days to be debriefed and medically examined.

|| debris, debris (debri, 'deibri:, ’debri:). [F. debris, vbl. sb. from obs. debriser (Cotgr.), OF. debrisier: see debruise d.] 1. The remains of anything broken down or destroyed; ruins, wreck: a. orig. (in Eng.) fig.; b. in Geol. applied to any accumulation of loose material arising from the waste of rocks; also to drifted accumulation of vegetable or animal matter (Page); thence, c. any similar rubbish formed by destructive operations. 1708 Collier Eccl. Hist. I. a.d. 685 To retire with the debris of the army. 1735 Swift Lett, to Dk. of Dorset, Your Grace is now disposing of the debris of two bishoprics. 1778 H. Walpole Let. to W. Mason 18 July, The best they can hope for, is to sit down with the debris of an empire. 1802 Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 363 A temporary receptacle for the debris of the Alps. 1849 Murchison Siluria xiv. 356 The debris of the ancient rocks. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. ill. iii. 105 Accumulated rubbish and debris. 1858 Geikie Hist. Boulder ix. 176 The sandstone cliffs., are battered down and their debris carried out to sea. 1885 Act 48-g Viet. c. 39 §5 The sanitary authority shall remove the same and all foundations, debris, and other materials. d. = SLIME sb. 4, tailing vbl. sb.1 2 b. 1871 Cape Monthly Mag. June 358 In the paucity of materials in the debris of pans worked for diamonds, I would have less difficulty in finding traces of these rocks. 1882 H. G. Hanks Sec. Rep. State Min. Calif. 283 Debris,.. the silt, sand and gravel that flow from the hydraulic mines; called in miner’s parlance, tailings, slums, and sometimes by the outlandish name of ‘slickens’. 1902 D. Ward Digest Criminal Cases Superior Courts Colony C.G.H. 5/2 The accused, an employe, not of De Beers, but of a debris washer. 1967 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) viii. 12 Dirt, {debris),.. any material, such as rock or clay, etc., associated with the mineral and extracted during mining operations.

2. attrib., as debris-cone, a cone formed by the accumulation of volcanic ejecta, debris, etc. 1890 J. D. Dana Char. Volcanoes 113 The cone was found to be literally a debris-cone, not a lava-cone or cinder-cone in any part. Ibid. 171 Between 1880 and 1882 another debris cone began in the basin of Halema’uma’u. 1895 -Man. Geol. (ed. 4) III. v. 285 The basin contained a debris-cone made of the fallen blocks, and not at all of ejected material.

de Broglie (da ’braulji:). The name of L. V. de Broglie (born 1892), French physicist, used attrib., esp. in de Broglie wave, the wave which in wave mechanics is taken as accounting for or representing the wave-like properties of a material particle, esp. an elementary particle. 1922 Nature 17 June 781/1 An improved De Broglie photographic spectrometer was used. 1927 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXV. 208 (heading) The de Broglie Phase Wave in Generalised Space-Time. 1928 G. Birtwistle New Quantum Mechanics xxiii. 189 The de Broglie wave length associated with the particle. 1952 R. E. Marshak Meson Physics iii. 97 The de Broglie wave length of the meson is much larger and comparable with the nuclear radius. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 38 The energy, E, of a single photon of light of wavelength A is given by the de Broglie relation, E = hc/X = hv, where v is the frequency, c the velocity of light and h Planck’s constant.

debruise (di'bruiz), v. Forms: 3-8 debruse, 4 debrise, 7- debruise. [a. ONF. debruisier, debrusier = OF. debrisier, to break down or in pieces, crush, f. de- (de- I. 1) + brisier to break.] 11- trans. To break down, break in pieces, crush, smash. Obs. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 298 Hii.. stenede hym wyt> stones As me stenede Seynt Steuene, and debrusede ys bones. 01300 Fragm. Pop. Sc. (Wright) 178 Tho oure Louerd .. debrusede helle 3ates. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. xxxiv. 27 Whan I shal debrise the chaynes of her 30c. 1618 M. Dalton

DE-BRUTALIZE Countrey Justice 195 Though it were lawfull to make the trenches, and to debruse the Nusans [a Weare on the Trent],

fb. intr. To be dashed to pieces. Obs. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 288 \>e flor to brae vnder hem.. And hii velle and debrusede somme anon to depe. Ibid. 537 He hupte & debrusede, & deide in an stounde. 2. Her. (trans.) To cross (a charge, esp. an

animal) with an ordinary so as partially to hide it, and as it were press it down; usually in pa. pple. debruised; also said of a serpent so bent or ‘folded’ that its head or tail is partly covered by its body, counter-debruised.'. see quot. 1830. I572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 114 His fielde is de Argent, a Lyon salient Gules, debrused with a Barre de Azure. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry 11. i. 10 Composed of the two bodies of trees laid crosse each other: but then one must Debruse and bear down the other. 1830 Robson Brit. Herald III. Gloss., Counter-debruised, when either the head or tail of a serpent in the bowing or embowing, is turned under, in a contrary direction the one to the other. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Engl. I. 252 He .. exhibited on his escutcheon the lions of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister under which, according to the law of heraldry, they were debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.

de-brutalize: see de- II. i. debt (det), sb. Forms: 3-4 dete, 3-6 dette, 4-6 dett, det, deytt(e, 5-7 debte, 7- debt. [ME. det, dette, a. OF. dete, dette:—pop. L. *debita for L. debitum (pa. pple. of debere to owe), lit. (that which is) owed or due, money owed, debt. Often made masc. in OF. after debitum, and from 13th to 16th c. sometimes artificially spelt debte, after which debt has become the English spelling since the 16th c.] 1. That which is owed or due; anything (as money, goods, or service) which one person is under obligation to pay or render to another: a. a sum of money or a material thing. a 1300 Cursor M. 7642 Dauid .. wightli wan o pam his dete [v.rr. dette, dett]. ou will nowthire be dyssayuede ne dyssayue. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems (1893) xxi. 102 Quhair fortoun .. dissavis With freyndly smylingis of ane hure. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. xv. §4 He can neither erre nor deceiue. 1769 Junius Lett. xxxv. 163 A moment of difficulty and danger, at which flattery and falsehood can no longer deceive. 1808 Scott Marm. vi. xvii, Ah, what a tangled web we weave, When first we practise to deceive! 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 160 The makers of household implements.. should be ashamed to deceive in the practice of their craft.

c. refi. To allow oneself to be misled; to delude oneself. [F. se tromper.] 1382 Wyclif Jas. i. 22 Be je doers of the word and not herers onely, deceyuynge you silf. 1535 Coverdale Bel & Dr. 7 Daniel smyled, and sayde: O kynge, disceaue not thyselfe. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, I can no longer deceive myself. 1884 Gladstone in Standard 29 Feb. 2/7 Do not let us deceive ourselves on that point.

d. In pass, sometimes merely: To be mistaken, be in error. c 1315 Shoreham 93 Ac many man desceyved hys .. And weyneth that he be out of peryl. c 1325 Poem temp. Edw. II (Percy) lv, Forsoth he is deseyved, He wenyth he doth ful wel. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour 33 We are foule deceiued in you the tyme passed. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 41 He was not deceaued in his opinion. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. v. i. 111 That is the voice, Or I am much deceiu’d, of Portia. 1603- Meas. for M. ill. i. 197 How much is the good Duke deceiu’d in Angelo. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xiv. vi, I am very much deceived in Mr. Nightingale, if., he hath not much goodness of heart at the bottom.

f3. To be or prove false to, play false, deal treacherously with; to betray. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 1894 (Cott.) Quen noe sagh .. pat pis rauen had him deceueid, Lete vt a doue. c 1470 Henry Wallace vi. 480 Thai swor that he had dissawit thair lord. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 6 The corruptyble rychesse of this worlde.. forsaketh and deceyueth hym whan he weneth best. 1596 Shaks. 1 Hen. IV, v. i. 11 You have deceiu’d our trust. 1605 Camden Rem., Epitaphs 53 Fame deceaues the dead mans trust. 1658 Whole Duty Man xv. §26. 125 He that does not carefully look to his masters profit, deceives his trust.

b. fig. To prove false to; fto frustrate (a purpose, etc.) obs.; to disappoint (hope, expectation, etc.). 1571 Act 13 Eliz. in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 360 Which good meaning of that good lawe.. is daylie.. deceyved by diverse evill disposed persons. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. lxviii, Till.. doubtful moonlight did our rage deceive. 1697 -Virg. Georg, iii. 190 The weak old Stallion will deceive thy Care, a 1700-- (J.), Nor are my hopes deceiv’d. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. ii. 89 Never was expectation more completely deceived.

f4. To cheat, overreach; defraud. Obs. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 319 pat mad pe Tresorere pou has desceyued him. 1382 Wyclif j Thess. iv. 6 That no man ouer go nether disceyue his brother in chaffaringe. 1481 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 332 Desceteously wrought as in tannyng, where-thurgh the kynges lege peopell scholde be disceuyd. 1533 Gau Richt Vay( 1888) 16 Thay that sellis aid and ewil guidis for new and thair throw dissauis oders falslie. 1625 Bacon Ess. Gardens (Arb.) 563 That the Borders.. be

DECEIVED

f5. To beguile, wile away (time, tediousness, etc.). Obs. (Cf. cheat v. 5.) 1591 Florio Sec. Fruites 65 Let us do something to deceaue the time, and that we may not thinke it long. 1663 Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr. ii. (1668) 5 To deceive the tediousness of the pilgrimage. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. x. (R.), This while I sung, my sorrows I deceiv ’d. 1784 Cowper Task hi. 362 Happy to deceive the time, Not waste it. 1841 Catlin N. Amer. Ind. (1844) II. xxxvii. 36 Amusements to deceive away the time.

deceived (di'siivd, poet, di'siivid), ppl. a.

[f. prec. + -ed1.] Deluded, imposed upon, misled, mistaken, etc.: see the verb. 1569 T. Norton (title) To the Quenes Maiesties poore deceyued Subjects of the North Countrey, drawen into rebellion. 1611 Bible Job xii. 16 The deceiued and the deceiuer are his. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. iii. 11 Speeches taken.. from deceived Philosophers, and deceived, or deceiving Schoolemen. 1820 Keats St. Agnes xxxvii, I curse not.. Though thou forsakest a deceived thing. b. absol. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nature's Paradox 158 The Deceived, as well as the Deceivers. 1847 Sir W. Hamilton Let. to De Morgan 5, I was wrong.. in presuming you to be a deceiver, and not rather a deceived.

deceiver (di'si:v3(r)). Forms: a. 4 deceiuour, 4-5 deceyuour(e, -or, 5-6 -ar, 6 deceyuer, deceauer, 7- deceiver. f$. 4-6 dis-: see deceive, [a. AF. decevour = OF. deceveur, earlier deceveor, f. stem of decev-oir\ subsequently taking the form of an Eng. derivative of deceive v.\ see -er1 2.] 1. One who (or that which) deceives; a cheat, impostor. 1382 Wyclif 2 John 7 Many deceyuours [1388 disseyueris] wenten out in to the world, c 1450 tr. De Imitatione iii. i, What are all temporale binges but deceyuours. 1483 Cath. Angl. 101 A Dissauer, deceptor. 1535 Coverdale7o6 xii. 16 Both the deceaver, and him that is deceaved. 1555 Eden Decades 313 An Italian deceauer who had before deluded the kynges of Englande and Portugale. 1634 Milton Comus 596 Hence with thy brew’d enchantments, foul deceiver! 1832 Lytton Eugene A. 1. v, The passions are at once our masters and our deceivers.

2. Comb. 1624 W. Hall Man's Gt. Enemy in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 199 Deceiuer-like, hee said, Yee shall not dye.

deceiving (di'siivir)), vbl. sb.

[-ing1.] The action

of the verb deceive; deception. C1400 Rom. Rose 1590 Withouten any deceiving. 1523 Froiss. I. xviii. 25 Than the Englisshe lordes.. for doubte of deceyuyng.. kept styll the two trompettis pryuely. 1568 Bible (Bishops’) 2 Pet. ii. 13 Delighting them selues in their deceiuings. 1833 Mrs. Browning Prometh. Bound Poems 1850 I. 171 For in my mind Deceiving works more shame than torturing. Ld. Berners

de'ceiving, ppl. a.

DECENARY

325

.. Set with Fine Flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they Deceiue the Trees. 1626-Sylva §479 Where two Plants draw (much) the same Juyce, there the Neighbourhood hurteth; for the one deceiveth the other. fb. with of: To cheat out of. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 8626 (Cott.) Sco parceuid, pat sco was of hir child deceuid. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 73 Whanne pei be raueine & ypocrisie disceyuen hem of here goodis. I525 Wido Edyth, The sixt merye Jest: how this wydowe Edyth deceiued a Draper., of a new Gowne and a new Kyrtell. 1620 J. Wilkinson Coroners Sherifes 62 To deceive them of it and to gain it for themselves. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 990 Childless thou art, Childless remain; so Death Shall be deceav’d his glut, a 1761 Oldys in D’Israeli Cur. Lit. (1866) 563[He] deceived me of a good sum of money which he owed me.

(-ing2.]

That deceives;

deceitful, misleading, fallacious. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xlvii. 87 This fals dissavand warldis bliss. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. ill. ii. 260 Manie deceyuing promises of life. 01653 Gouge Comm. Heb. xiii. 5 Covetousnesse is a deceiving sin. c 1793 Telegraph in Spir. Publ. Jrnls. (1799) I. 26 The most deceiving tongue.

Hence de'ceivingly adv. 14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 143 Hydynge deceyuaundly wikke wij> medelynge of good, c 1440 York Myst. xiii. 140 At carpe to me dissayuandly. 1888 Harper's Mag. Oct. 806 To listen appreciatingly even if deceivingly.

(dii'ssbreit), v. [f. de- + ac)celerate v.] trans. To diminish the speed of; to cause to go slower. Also intr. or absol.

decelerate

1899 Times 30 Sept. 3/5 The 7.45 a.m. ex Exeter., is decelerated nine minutes. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 22 Oct. 2/1 Two years ago this timing was decelerated by 5 min. 1924 Public Opinion 26 Apr. 399/3 Pushing the third button decelerates the whole system. 1928 Evening Standard 18 Mar., There would be a catastrophe if you decelerated too suddenly. 1957 Times 3 Sept. 4/2 Their thrust reversal unit, designed to assist in decelerating aircraft after landing.

deceleration (dkseb’reijbn).

[f.

as prec.

+

-ATION.] The action or process of decelerating. 1897 Daily News 20 July 5/2 As far as the Great Northern and Caledonian Companies are concerned, ‘deceleration’ has been the order of the day in making the summer arrangements. 1900 Ibid. 24 Mar. 5/6 These alterations and decelerations’ affect only Chatham trains. 1922 Field 18 Feb., Our travel was one of smooth acceleration and deceleration. 1926 Bulletin 1 Dec. 5/6 Drive cautiously and avoid sudden acceleration or deceleration. 1930 A. Bennett Imperial Palace iv. 17 Her accelerations and decelerations, her brakings, could hardly be perceived. 1955 Roadcraft (H.M.S.O.) VII. 70 There are two normal methods by which the speed of a motor vehicle may be reduced—(a) by the deceleration of the engine as the pressure on the accelerator is relaxed, and (b) by the application of the brakes. 1971 Daily Tel. 1 July 30/5 The cosmonauts could have died of a

lack of blood supply to the brain caused by the strong deceleration during re-entry from space.

decelerator (di:'sebreit3(r)). [f.

decelerate v. + -or.] An apparatus for reducing the speed of an engine.

1907 Westm. Gaz. 18 Nov. 6/3 The decelerator which automatically throttles the engine whenever the clutch is disengaged.

decelerometer

(,di:seb'rDmit3(r)).

[f.

DECELERATE V. + -METER, after ACCELEROMETER.]

An instrument for ascertaining the deceleration of a moving body. 1924 Sci. Amer. Mar. 171/3 A decelerometer.. is being used for making tests of the effectiveness of brakes. 1958 Engineering 21 Mar. 371/3 Recording decelerometers were found capable of giving a complete record of braking behaviour.

decelticize, etc.: see

de- II. 1.

decern-, L. decern ten, used in combination, as decemjugis ten-yoked, decempedalis ten feet long, decemplicatus ten-fold, etc.; hence in various technical words: decem'costate a. [costa], having ten ribs, decem'dentate a. [L. dens tooth], having ten teeth or points (Smart 1836). de'cemfid a. [L. -fidus cleft], divided into ten parts, segments, or lobes (ibid.), decem'florous a. [L. -flor-us, -flowered], ‘having ten flowers’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1882). decem'foliate, -'foliolate [L. folium leaf,foliolus leaflet], having ten leaves or leaflets, de'cemjugate a. [L,. jugat-us yoked], ‘having ten pairs of leaflets or of other organs’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1882). decern'locular a. [L. loculus little bag], ten-celled, having ten little cells for seeds (Smart 1836). f decemnovenal a. [L. decemnovem nineteen], of nineteen years = decennovennal. ,decemnove'narian, a man of the Nineteenth Century; hence decemnove'narianism, the characteristics distinctive of a man of the Nineteenth Century; decemnove'narianize v., to act the decemnovenarian. de'cempedal a. [L. decempedalis, f. pes, ped- feet], (a) ten feet in length (obs.); (b) having ten feet, de'cempedate a. — prec. b (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1882). decem'pennate a. [L. penna wing], having ten flight-feathers on the pinion-bone, 'decemplex a. [L. -plex -fold], tenfold (S.S. Lex.). 'decemplicate a. [L. plicatus plaited, folded], ‘having ten plaits or folds’ (ibid.). decem'punctate a. [L. punctum a point], ‘having ten points or spots’ (ibid.), decem'striate a. [L. striatus grooved], ‘having ten striae’ (ibid.). 1858 Bentham Handbk. Brit. Flora 7 Decemdentate .. Decemfid.. Decemfoliate.. Decemfoliolate. 1588 J. Harvey Disc. Probl. 95 The Golden, decemnouenall, or Lunarie circle. 1698 Wallis in Phil. Trans. XX. 187 That is, this is the Eighth Year of such Decem-novenal Cycle, or Circle of Nineteen Years. 1863 [De Morgan] From Matter to Spirit Pref. 6 We, respectable decemnovenarians as we are, have been so nourished on theories .. that most of us cannot live with an unexplained fact in our heads. 1890 F. Hall in N. Y. Nation L. 316/1 Though a decemnovenarian, as some would call him, he is not to be allowed to decemnovenarianize in language. 1864 Miss Cobbe Studies New & Old (1865) 359 We have all heard much concerning this ‘Decemnovenarianism’ for a long time before he received his formidable cognomen. Ibid. 379 Is it Steam which has made ‘Decemnovenarianism’, or ‘Decemnovenarianism’ which has created Steam? 1827 G. S. Faber Sacr. Cal. Proph. (1844) I. 48 A yet future decempartite division of that Empire. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Decempedal, of ten foot, or ten foot long. 1708 Motteux Rabelais iv. lxiv. (1737) 262 The shadow is decempedal.

December (di'sembafr)). Also 4-6 -bre, 4 -bir, descembre, 5 decembyr, 6 desember. Abbreviated Dec. [a. OF. decembre, dezembre, ad. L. December, f. decern ten, this being originally the tenth month of the Roman year. The meaning of -ber in this and the names of the three preceding months is uncertain.] 1. The twelfth and last month of the year according to the modern reckoning; that in which the winter solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere. [a 1000 Menologium 220 (Gr.) paenne folcum bringfi morgen, to mannum monaS to tune Decembris .. serra Jula.] 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) ^oSpe endlefye day of December pe toun hii wonne so. 01300 Cursor M. 24916 (Cott.) pat moneth pat man clepes.. Decembre \v.r. -ber, -bir, descembre]. 1460 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 20 Written at London 9 of December. 1573 Tusser Husb., December's husbandries O dirtie December For Christmas remember. 1593 T. Morley Madrigals, ‘Aprill is my mistris face'. Within her bosom is September, But in her heart a cold December. 01643 Cartwright Ordinary 1. ii, Don’t you see December in her face? 1775 N. Wraxall Tour N. Europe 88 The weather, which .. was become in a few hours as cold and piercing as our Decembers. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. 1. xxi, Alike to him was time or tide, December’s snow or July’s pride. 1841 T. H. Key in Smith Diet. Antiq. s.v. Calendar, Roman, The winter solstice at Rome, in the year 46 b.c., occurred on the 24th of December of the Julian Calendar. 1886 Miss Braddon Under Red Flag vi, The Man

of December and Sedan—it was thus Blanquists and Internationals spoke of the late Emperor [Napoleon III] — was dethroned.

2. attrib. and Comb. December moth (see quots.). 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. iii. 298 Or wallow naked in December snow. 01679 Earl Orrery Guzman iii, Were our Hearts as much mortified as those December-Lovers Looks! 1832 J. Rennie Consp. Butterfl. & M. 38 The December Moth (Paecilocampa Populi, Stephens) appears in December. 1863 Kingsley Water Bab. iv. (ed. 2) 160 Pleasant December days. 1907 R. South Moths Brit. Isles I. 113 (heading) The December Moth (Paecilocampa populi). 1945 V. Temple Butterflies & Moths in Brit. PI. 80 (caption) Caterpillar of the December Moth.

Hence De'cember v. nonce-wd., (a) trans. to give the character of December to; (b) intr. to celebrate December (as the time of Christmas festivities). De'cemberish a., f De'cemberly a., resembling December in dreariness and darkness. De'cembrist, one connected in some specific way with this month; see quot. 1882. 1876 J. Ellis Caesar in Egypt 332 Now balls are deserted, and plays unremember’d, And all the May joys prematurely December’d. 1888 Times (Weekly Ed.) 7 Dec. 7/1 The Cabinet was seeking a pretext for ‘Decembering’ . 1795 Burns Let. to Mrs. Dunlop 15 Dec., As I am in a complete Decemberish humour, gloomy, sullen, stupid. 1765 Sterne Tr. Shandy VIII. ix, In the many bleak and Decemberly nights of a seven years widowhood. 1882 H. Lansdell Through Siberia II. 2 Certain of them called ‘Decembrists’, who in December 1825 tried to raise a revolt among the soldiers of Nicolas, and deprive him of his throne.

II decemvir (di'semv3(r)). [L., sing, of decemviri, originally decern viri'the ten men’.] Rom. Antiq. (pi.) A body of ten men acting as a commission, council, college, or ruling authority; esp. the two bodies of magistrates appointed in 451 and 450 b.c. to draw up a code of laws (the laws of the Twelve Tables) who were, during the time, entrusted with the supreme government of Rome. [1579 North Plutarch (1612) 864 Cicero.. did one day sharply reproue and inueigh against this law of the Decemuiri.] 1600 Holland Livy iii. xxxii. 109 Agreed it was that there should be created Decemvirs above all appeale. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xliv, The Decemvirs, who sullied by their actions the honour of inscribing, on brass, or wood, or ivory, the Twelve Tables of the Roman Laws. 1838 Arnold Hist. Rome I. 253 A commission invested with such extraordinary powers as those committed to the decemvirs. 1868 Smith Sm. Diet. Rom. Antiq. 127/2 Decemviri Litibus Judicandis .. Augustus transferred to these decemvirs the presidency in the courts of the centumviri.

b. transf. A council or ruling body of ten, as the Council of Ten of the Venetian Republic. 1615 R. Cocks Diary 2 Aug., I had much adowe with Zanzabars desemvery. 1821 Byron Two Foscari 1. 188. I look Forward to be one day of the decemvirs. 1832 tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. ix. 202 The decemvirs dared unblushingly propose to their colleagues, etc.

c. sing. A member of such a body. 1703 Rowe Fair Penit. iv. i. (Jod.), He slew his only daughter To save her from the fierce Decemvir’s lust. 1744 tr. Livy l. 272 (Jod.) C. Julius, a decemvir, appointed him a day for taking his trial. 1849 Grote Greece 11. lxxii. (1862) VI. 351 Like the Decemvir Appius Claudius at Rome.

Hence de'cemvirship, the office of decemvir. 1600 Holland Livy 115 (R.) The decemvirship, and the conditions of his colleagues together, had so greatly changed.

decemviral (di'semviral), a. [ad. L. decemviralis, f. decemvir: see -AL1.] Of or pertaining to the decemvirs. 1600 Holland Livy 127 (R.) The decemvirall lawes (which now are knowne by the name of the twelve Tables). 1651 Howell Venice 13 Three Senators.. have power to summon the Decemvirall Colledg. 1833 Thirlwall in Philol. Museum II. 477 The advantages of the consular over the decemviral form of government. 1852 Grote Greece 11. lxxiv. IX. 416 His decemviral governments or Dekarchies.

decemvirate (di'ssmvireit). [ad. L. decemviratus, f. decemvir: see -ate1.] The office or government of decemvirs; a body of decemvirs. 1620 E. Blount Horae Subsec. 233 After the Decemvirate, they returned againe to Consuls. 1704 Hearne Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 369 The Decemvirate regarded neither Senate nor people, but cut off the most considerable Citizens of both sorts. 1838 Arnold Hist. Rome I. xv. 302 The decemvirate seems indeed to have exhibited the perfect model of an aristocratical royalty, vested not in one person but in several.

b. transf. A body of ten rulers, councillors, etc., as the Venetian Council of Ten. Also attrib. 1651 Howell Venice 13 They read the letters addressd to the Decemvirat Colledg. 1653 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 12 The room.. is now possessed by the Decemvirate or ten Worthies that now reign far more absolutely than ever any King did in England, c 1776 Sir W. Jones Let. Ld. Althorpe, If such a decemvirate should ever attempt to restore our constitutional liberty by constitutional means.

de'cenary, improp. de'cennary, a. and sb. [ad. med.L. decenarius (decennarius), f. med.L. decena (decenna) a tithing: see decener.] A. adj. Of of pertaining to a decena or tithing. 1752 Fielding Causes Incr. Robbers §5 (R.) To prevent idle persons wandering from place to place.. was one great point of the decennary constitution.

DECENCE B. sb.

— med.L. decena, a tithing: see quot.

1881. Apparently taken by the 17th c. antiquaries as formed on decenner decener + -Y, and so accepted by later writers. [11250 Bracton iii. 11. x, Diligenter erit inquirendum si [latro] fuerit in franco plegio et decenna, et tunc erit decenna in misericordia coram justitiarios nostros.] 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. xlviii. (1739) 84 View of free Pledges must be, to see that the Decennaries be full, c 1670 Hobbes Dial. Com. Laws 201 The whole Land was divided into Hundreds, and those again into Decennaries. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 114 No man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some tithing or decennary. 1881 T. S. Frampton Hundred of Wrotham 36 All males .. should .. be enrolled in a tithing, or decennary, which originally consisted of ten free families. [Cf. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. 66 He was registered in the decenna before he reached adolescence.]

t'decence.

Obs.

[a. F. decence (13-14th c. in

Hatzf.), ad. L. decentia: see next.] = next. 1678 Sprat Serm. Gal. vi. 10 In good works.. there may be goodness in the general; but decence and gracefulness can be only in the particulars in doing the good. 1683 W. Clagett Answ. Dissenter's Object. 7 When the Decence and Convenience of a thing is considered, we should attribute much to the Wisdom of Authority. 1697 Dryden Virg. JEneid x. 96 And must I own .. my secret smart—What with more decence were in silence kept. H As confessedly Fr.\ 1836 Greville Diary 94 (Stanford) To the opera to see Taglioni dance.. Her grace and decence are something that no one can imagine who has not seen her.

decency ('diissnsi).

[ad. L. decentia, f. decent-em

becoming, fitting, decent.] The quality or fact of being decent. fl.

Appropriateness

circumstances fitness,

or

or

fitness

requirements

seemliness,

propriety:

of a.

to the

of

the

speech,

dignity. Obs. 1584 Powel Lloyd's Cambria 364 Reseruing two things, that is to say his conscience, and also the decencie of his state. 1649 Milton Eikon. 17 With Scholastic flourishes, beneath the decencie of a king. 1661 Morgan Sphere Gentry iv. v. 78 According to the Decency of the said Name of the Duke of Somerset and the nobility of his .. estate. f c. Fitness of form or proportion: Comeliness. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. xiv. (1660) 170 Neither can Art forme a fashion of more stately decencie, than she hath done on the Stage. 1667 Primatt City & C. Builder 80 For decency it will be requisite not to have the girders altogether so deep as ten inches in the second, third, and fourth Story. f2. Decent or orderly condition of civil or social life. Obs. 1651 Hobbes Govt. Soc. x. §1. 148 In [the state of civill Government there is] the Dominion of reason, peace, security, riches, decency, society, elegancy [etc.]. 1660 R. Coke Power (s? Subj. 89 Decencie and order must presuppose laws and directions. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. II. 121 God, as he is a God of Decency and Order, and not of Anarchy and Confusion [etc.]. 3. Propriety of behaviour or demeanour; due to

what

is

becoming;

decency. Ibid. xix. 433 Both sexes have little notion or conception of decency, the men especially seeming to be unconscious of any impropriety in nakedness.

c. Conformity to the standard of becoming one’s position; respectability.

living

1751 Johnson Rambler No. 166 If 2 Those whom a very little assistance would enable to support themselves with decency. 1785 Paley Mor. Philos, iii. ix, There is a certain appearance, attendance, establishment, and mode of living, which custom has annexed to the several ranks and orders of civil life (and which compose what is called decency).

4.pi. Decent or becoming acts or observances; the established observances of decent life or decorum; proprieties. (Rarely sing.) 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 601 Those graceful acts, Those thousand decencies that daily flow From all her words and actions mixed with love And sweet compliance. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode Ep. Ded., They have copied .. the delicacies of expression, and the decencies of behaviour from your lordship. 1700-Sigismonda & G. 701 O ever faithful heart, I have perform’d the ceremonial part, The decencies of grief. 1723 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 204, I told her I thought it was a decency to the ladies. 1735 Pope Ep. Lady 164 Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour, Content to dwell in decencies for ever. 1827 Macaulay Machiavelli Ess. (1854) 49/2 He became careless of the decencies which were expected from a man so highly distinguished in the literary and political world.

b.pl. The outward conditions or requirements of a decent life. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1878) 375 He may be.. better able to command the decencies .. of life. 1832 Lewis Use & Ab. Pol. Terms xiii. 111 In this sense the poor are those who .. severally enjoy a less quantity of decencies and necessaries. 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy xxiv. 213 The little man was buttoning on a pair of black gaiters, the only serviceable decency he had at his command. 1894 H. Sidgwick in Times 13 Jan. 11/4 It was not easy to distinguish decencies and comforts on the one hand and luxuries on the other.

case;

action, or behaviour. 1567 Drant Horace, Arte of Poetrie (R.), Of sortes and ages thou must note the manner and the guyse, A decensie for stirring youth, for elder folke likewise. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ill. xxiii. (Arb.) 269 To npt-nov.. we in our vulgar call it by a scholasticall terme [decencie] our owne Saxon English terme is [seemelynesse]. Ibid. 271 Your decencies are of sundrie sorts, according to the many circumstances accompanying our writing, speech or behauiour. 1636 Healey Epictetus' Manuall fix. 79 Thou neglectest another [function] which thou mightest execute with full decency. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. (1843) 33/1 The king was always the most punctual observer of all decency in his devotion. 1719 Waterland Vind. Christ's Divinity 107 Why so concern’d about the fitness, and decency of his Interpretation? 1725 Watts Logic 11. v. §4 The great Design of Prudence .. is to determine and manage every Affair with Decency, and to the best Advantage. 1762 Hume Hist. Eng. III. liv. 173 His discourse on the scaffold was full of decency and courage. fb. What is appropriate to a person’s rank or

regard

DECENT

326

conformity

(in

behaviour, speech, or action) to the standard of propriety or good taste. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. (1843) 23/2 He [Wm. Earl of Pembroke].. lived towards the favourites with that decency, as would not suffer them to censure or reproach his master’s judgment. 1682 Norris Hierocles 39 To bear.. the loss of our goods with mildness and decency. 1702 Eng. Theophrastus 342 We do sometimes out of vanity or decency what we could do out of inclination and duty. 1732-3 Swift Let. Mrs. Pilkington 1 Jan., I cannot with decency shew them, except to a very few. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones x. viii, If I had not the patience of fifty Jobs, you would make me forget all decency and decorum. 1798 Wordsw. Old Cumbrld. Beggar, Many, I believe, there are Who live a life of virtuous decency. 1855 Ld. Houghton in Life (1891) I. xi. 516 As I have got two letters from you to-day, I must write in decency before I go to sleep. 1883 Gladstone in Times 9 June, Less than that I cannot say in justice and in decency. b. esp. Compliance with recognized notions of modesty or delicacy; freedom from impropriety. 1639 tr. Du. Bosq's Compl. Woman F iv, Peradventure they would .. accuse him for not writing, as decency obliged him therein.. Is there one sole word in all this worke.. to make one blush in reading it? 1684 Earl Roscom. Ess. Transl. Verse, Immodest words admit of no defence; For want of decency is want of sense. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 137 Sir Elisha Leightoun.. maintained an outward decency..yet he was a very vicious man. 1886 H. H. Johnston Kilimanjaro Exp. ii. 28 The black glistening forms of the burly negroes on whom nakedness sits with

decend, etc.: see descend, etc. decene fdi:si:n). Chem. [f. Gr. SeVa ten + -ene.] The olefine of the decacarbon or decyl series, C10H2o- Also called decylene. 1877 Watts Fownes' Chem. 52.

t'decener. Obs. Forms: 6 decenier, disener, 7 deciner, -or, 7-8 decenner. [a. AngloFr. decener = OF. decenier, mod.F. dixenierf dizenier, dizainier, in med.L. decenarius (improp. decennarius)t f. decena, in OF. dizeine, -ainey Pr. desena, Sp. decena, a group of ten, a tithing.] 1. One in command of ten soldiers. 1555 Watreman Fardle Facions 11. x. 211 Their capitaines ouer ten, whiche, by a terme borowed of the Frenche, we calle Diseners. 1589 Ive tr. Du Bellay's Instr. 80 The Souldiers [should exercise] by themselues euerie holie day, with their Deceniers [chefs de chambre] Chiefs of squadrons, and Corporals. 1627 S. Ward Serm., Jethro's Justice, From the Gouernour of the thousand to the Centurion, from him to the Tithing-man or Decinor.

2. a. The head of a decena or tithing; a tithingman or borsholder; b. A member of a tithing. 1607 Cowell Interpr., Deciners.. signifieth .. such as were wont to have the oversight and checke of ten friburgs for the maintenance of the king’s peace. 1624 Termes de la Ley s.v., Deciner is not now used for the chiefe man of a Dozein, but for him that is sworne to the Kings peace. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. xxvi. (1739) 43 All Free-men were Decenners, that is, ranked into several tens. 1752 Fielding Causes Incr. Robbers §5 (R.) In case of the default of appearance in a decenner, his nine pledges had one and thirty days to bring the delinquent forth to justice. [1869 W. Molyneux Burton on Trent 105 There was a staff of men six in number called ‘Deciners’, whose duty it was in modern times to assist the constables in preserving the peace of the manor and borough.. The name commonly given to these officers was dozener, and under it at the present day they are associated in many instances with municipal boroughs.]

decennal (di'senal), a. ? Obs. [ad. L. decennalisof ten years, f. decern + ann-us. Cf. F. decennal (16th c. in Hatzf.).] = decennial. 1648 ‘Mercurius Pragmaticus’ Plea for King 26 They.. appointed Archons, or Decennall Governors, that is, one Prince for ten years. 1708 Motteux Rabelais (1737) V. 235 A Decennal Prescription.

t dece'nnalian, a. Obs. = prec. 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias I. 376 The Medontidse still held the decennalian government.

decennary (di'senan), a. and sb. [f. L. decenn-is of ten years + -ary: cf. decennal.] A. adj. Of or pertaining to a period of ten years; decennial. 1855 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XVI. II. 577 The average homeproduce of wheat.. during each of these decennary periods.

B. sb. A period of ten years; a decennium. 1822 W. R. Hamilton in Parr’s Wks. (1828) VIII. 34 The awful predictions of the Whigs during the last decennary. 1826 H. C. Robinson Diary (1869) II. 322 The fifth decennary of the nineteenth century. 1873 C. Robinson N.S. Wales 72 Dividing the decennary into two equal parts, it will be found that., during the earlier five years [etc.].

decennary: see decenary. de'cenniad. [irreg. f. L. decennium + -ad, after triad, chiliad, etc.] = decennium. 1864 Soc. Science Rev. 239 The increase.. was found in the ten years ending in 1851 to be less than it had been in any previous decenniad. 1882 Athenaeum 3 June 692/1 During three decenniads of the latter half of the present century.

decennial (di'senisl), a. (sb.) [f. L. decenni-um (see next) -I- -al1: cf. centennial. The L. adj. was decennal-is, whence decennal.] A. adj. Of or pertaining to a period of ten years. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Decennial, belonging to or conteining ten years. 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet. 91 At a complete decennial interval. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. IV. 111 The interest of a majority of the house.. illegally to perpetuate its authority and vote itself decennial. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxv. 625 A table in which decennial averages may be stated. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. iii. 52 The decennial return of income to be made by each college.

b. Of persons: Holding office for ten years. 1728 Newton Chronol. Amended 37 Charops, the first decennial Archon of the Athenians. 1866 Felton Anc. Mod. Gr. II. v. 74 Seven decennial archons carried on the government till b.c. 683.

B. sb. A decennial celebration. U.S.

anniversary

or

its

1889 in Century Diet.

Hence de'cennially adv., every ten years. 1874 Daily News 16 Feb. 5/5 Opportunity of decennially reviewing the progress throughout the world of fine arts.

|| decennium (di'semam). PI. -ia. [L., f. decennis of ten years, f. decern ten -I- annus year: cf. biennis, bienniumy and centennium.] A space of ten years, a decade (of years). 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet. 91 Reckoning on still by complete Decenniums. 1801 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XII. 590 To unteach all their lessons of the last decennium. 1864 Pusey Led. Daniel i. 8 In the last decennia of the last century. 1881 Census Eng. Wales Prelim. Report p. xii, The decrease of the population of I reland., in each succeeding decennium.

t decennoval (di'scnaval), a. Obs. [ad. L. decennovdl-iSy f. decem-novem nineteen: see -al1.] Of or pertaining to nineteen (years). 1681 Hooke Phil. Collect. XII. 28 Dionysius Exiguus introduced the Decennoval Cycle (called the Golden Number) for the Celebration of Easter. 1694 Holder Disc. Time 75 Meton.. constituted a Decennoval Circle, or of 19 years.

So f de'cennovary, f decenno'vennal, = prec. 1694 Holder Disc. Time 77 In this whole Decennovary Progress of the Epacts. 1677 Cary Chronol. 1.11. 1. ii. 57 An Interval of 1257 Years, which make 66 Decenovenal Cycles, and somewhat more. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 425 Through the whole Decennovennal Cycle.

decension, -sor, obs. descension, -sor. decent ('dirsant), a. [a. F. decent (15th c. in Hatzf.), or ad. L. decent-em, pr. pple. of decere to become, to be fitting. It is used etymologically by Wynkyn de Worde (perh. as French) in 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. v. xxix., The fyngres highte digiti.. of this worde decent [Bodl. MS. decere], to saye in Englysshe semely, for they ben semely sette.]

1. a. Becoming, suitable, appropriate, or proper to the circumstances or special re¬ quirements of the case; seemly, fitting. Obs. or arch. 1539 [see b]. 1547 Latimer ist Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 33 It was not decent that the kings horsses shuld be kept in them [abbeys]. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xxiii. (Arb.) 279 Tell thine errand in such termes as are decent betwixt enemies. 1661 Evelyn Diary 20 Dec., The funeral of the Bishop of Hereford .. was a decent solemnity, a 1677 Barrow Serm. Matt. i. 20 (Wks. 1716) II. 257 Decent it was that as man did approve so man also should condemn sin in the flesh. 1695 Dryden Par all. Poetry Paint., Since there must be ornaments both in painting and poetry, if they are not necessary, they must at least be decent, that is in their due place, and but moderately used. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 231 If 2 After a decent Time spent in the Father’s House, the Bridegroom went to prepare his Seat for her Reception. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones v. iii, So total a change .. that we think it decent to communicate it in a fresh chapter. 1827 Pollok Course T. iii. Showing, too, in plain and decent phrase. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 75 The founders of the Anglican Church had retained episcopacy as an ancient, a decent, and a convenient ecclesiastical polity, but had not declared that form of church government to be of divine institution.

fb. Appropriate dignity.

with

regard

to

rank

or

1539 Ad 31 Hen. VlIIy c. 5 A goodly.. manour, decent and convenient for a king. 1547 Latimer ist Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 33 God teacheth what honoure is decente for the kynge. 1640 Yorke Union Hon. 77 The Tombe .. is not so decent, nor convenient as his honour and acts deserved. *657 J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 67 He useth a decent and due epithet, thus. Honourable Judge. 1716 Lady M. W. Montague Basset Table 77 When kings, queens, knaves are set in decent rank. r ben harme-doers & loveth falshode and desepcion. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xxvi. 95 What grete decepcions and iniuries she ymagyneth ayenst the. c 1500 Doctr. Gd. Servauntes in Anc. Poet. Tracts (Percy Soc.) 4 Fie dysceyte, gyle, and decepcyon. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 126 For greit disceptioun all this thing he did. er men tellej? J>at it is nou3t pe feste of pe decollacioun. Ibid. V. 49 (Matz.) Of the decollacioun of Seint John. 1485 Caxton St. Wenefr. 13 The lyf whiche she after hyr decollacion lyued by the space of 15 yere. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iii. 462 In this xxv. yere, aboute the feast of the Decollacion of Seynt Iohn Baptyst. 1647 Wharton Ireland's War Wks. (1683) 262 The Decollation of Mary Queen of Scots. 1654 Vilvain Epit. Ess. vii. 31 A fourth is added of King Charls decollation. 1793 W. Hodges Trav. India 91 The grand sacrifice was preceded by the decolation of a kid and a cock, the heads of which were thrown upon the altar. 1848 Mrs. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 131 The decollation of St. Paul. 1884 Sala Journey due South 1. i. (1887) 18 [He] strenuously denied the painlessness of decollation by the guillotine. fig. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. ii. 7 He by a decollation of all hope annihilated his mercy.

2.

Conch. The truncating or truncated condition of a spiral shell: see decollated 2. 1866 Tate Brit. Mollusks iv. 185 The decollation of the upper whorls of the shells.

decollator1 ('di:koleit9(r)). [agent-n. in L. form from decollare to decollate v.1] 1. One who decollates; a decapitator. 1843 Blacktv. Mag. LIII. 522 The Sans-culottes. .would have raised you by acclamation to the dignity of Decollator of the royal family.

2. Surg. performing decapitator.

An obstetric instrument for decollation of the foetus; a

1871 Barnes Lect. Obst. Oper. 217-8 If Braun’s decollator be used the movement employed is rotatory from right to left.

decollator2

(di:k9'leit3(r), 'dekaleita^)) [f. v2 + -or.] A piece of office machinery which separates sheets of paper, esp. multi-part continuous stationery, into different piles.

decollate

1978 Computer Users' Handbk. 490/1 (heading) Continuous stationery, decollators. 1980 Daily Tel. 23 Apr. 3 (Advt.), Filing cabinets.. bursters, decollators and forms handling equipment. 1983 Diet. Computing 101/1 Decollator, a machine that can process multicopy printed output into separate stacks of copy and used carbon paper.

|| decollement (dekolma). [Fr., f. decoller to unstick, disengage.] I. Med. The process of separating organs or tissues from surrounding parts; also, the state of being thus separated. 1842 Dunglison Med. Lex. (ed. 3), Decollement, the state of an organ that is separated from the surrounding parts, owing to destruction of the cellular membrane which united them; the skin is decollee; i.e., separated from the subjacent arts. 1908 Practitioner Sept. 45s The third danger zone is ehind in the neighbourhood of the portal vein and vena cava. Injury to these vessels may be avoided by practising ‘decollement’ of the duodenum. Ibid., The stage of decollement being completed, ablation may be proceeded with.

2. Geol. A process in which some strata are supposed to become partly detached from those underneath and slide over them, becoming folded. 1927 L. W. Collet Structure of Alps 11. viii. 129 The folds of the Jura must be considered .. to be due to a phenomenon of 'decollement'. Ibid. 139 Owing to the push exerted by the Alps in formation, the sedimentary rocks of the Jura have been detached on the Middle Muschelkalk, of which the salt beds played the role of a lubricant, and folded. This kind of folding is a ‘decollement'. 1935 E. B. Bailey Tectonic Ess. xi. 176 Complications have developed along a plane of decollement (ungluing) in the Trias. 1969 M. G. Rutten Geol. W. Europe x. 204 The French literature has become permeated almost completely by the idea of ‘decollement’ in the sense of gravity sliding since about 1950.

|| decolletage (dekaltc^). Also decolletage, decoltage. [Fr.: see decollete ppl. a.) 1. The low-cut neck of a bodice. 1894 Season X. 34/2 Into the breast pleats are placed fan¬ shaped gores .. loosely smocked into the decoltage. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 14 Mar. 3/2 The sleeves and upper bodice are in creamy white chiffon, and the dark line round the decolletage of black jet. 1902 Queen 10 May 816/2 A soft fold of pink silk at the decolletage. 1933 Mrs. C. S. Peel Life's

Enchanted Cup iv. 47 The decolletage was, in the case of young girls, decorously cut.

2. Exposure of the neck and shoulders by the low cut of the bodice. Also fig. 1894 Sat. Rev. LXXVIII. 596 Such art as that of John Oliver Hobbes, so typically feminine in its discreet decolletage, is not truth but effect. 1921 Public Opinion 8 July 37/3 A bold decolletage of shoulders still young and white. 1924 Blackw. Mag. Nov. 678/1 Skeletta's everincreasing decolletage had a sort of embarrassed fascination for us. 1937 J. Laver Taste & Fashion xiii. 192 A considerable proportion of young women will be decollete, for decolletage is a powerful weapon of attractiveness.

IIdecollete (dekolte), ppl. a.; fem.-ee. [Fr., pa. pple. of decolleter to expose the neck, etc., f. de-, des- (de- I. 6) + collet collar of a dress.] a. Of a dress, etc.: Cut low round the neck; low-necked, b. Wearing a low-necked dress. 1831 Greville Mem. Geo. IV (1875) II. xiii. 106 The Queen is a prude, and will not let the ladies come decolletees to her parties. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair xlviii, A stout countess of sixty, decolletee. 1884 West. Daily Press 16 Dec. 7/4 Englishwomen will imitate their French sisters in.. the excessively decollete bodices.. they patronise.

C.fig. 1890 Forum IX. 682 Of an American writer whose questionable book ran like wildfire into every reading home .., a publisher said: ‘You cannot blame her; she was born decollete.’ 1952 S. Kauffmann Philanderer (1953) iii. 49 Before the wildness of the twenties, there was Victorianism; and before that there was the eighteenth century, very decollete. 1966 Listener 20 Jan. 99/3 The glittering Mrs Cheveley, with her decollete dresses and decollete past.

II decolletee (dekolte). [fem. pa. pple. of decolleter-. see decollete ppl. a.] The low-cut neck of a bodice. 1907 Daily Chron. 2 July 10/5 Mohair braid round the decolletee and armpits in bretelles and as bands on the skirt. 1908 Ibid. 24 Aug. 7/5 Decolletee and sleeves are in Malines.

.decolonization, [f. de- II. 2 + colonization sA.] The withdrawal from its former colonies of a colonial power; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies. Also transf. 1938 M. J. Bonn Crumbling of Empire ii. ioi A decolonization movement is sweeping over the continents. An age of empire-breaking is following an age of empiremaking. 1957 Economist 19 Oct. 213/2 Nor did the postwar return of the colonial powers reverse or halt the process of ‘decolonisation’, i960 Guardian 6 Oct. 10/4 Britain, as a liberal state, engaged in working out the logic of decolonisation. 1967 Times 30 Nov. 11/1 If the full glory of decolonization is to throw the alien power out neck and crop, this satisfaction can hardly be denied the National Liberation Front.

decolorant (di'kAlarant), a. and sb. [a. decolorant, pr. pple. of decolorer, repr. decolorant-em: see decolour.] A. adj. Decolorizing.

F. L.

1886-8 in Encycl. Diet.

B. sb. A decolorizing agent. 1864 in Webster.

decolorate

(di'kAbrat), a. [ad. L. decoloratus, pa. pple. of decolorare.] ‘Having lost its colour’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1882).

decolorate

(di'kAbreit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. decolorare to decolour.] fa. = discolour (obs.). b. To deprive of colour, decolour. 1623 Cockeram, Decolorate, to staine. a 1846 Phil. Mag. (cited in Worcester). In mod. Diets.

decoloration (dikAb'reiJan). Also -colour-, [a. F. decoloration, ad. L. decoloration-em, n. of action from decolorare to decolour.] Deprivation or loss of colour; -[discoloration. 1623 Cockeram, Decoloration, a staining. Chilmead tr. Ferrantis Love Melancholy 121 (T.),

1640 E. We must not understand by this word pale a simple decoloration or whiteness of the skin. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Decoloration, a staining or marring the Colour. 1876 tr. Schiitzenberger’s Ferment. 113 If we now add a fresh quantity of the reducing fluid until the second decolouration.

decolorimeter

(di,kAb'rimm(r)).

[f.

L.

decolor-em deprived of colour + Gr. perpov measure: see -meter.] An instrument for measuring the power or effect of a decolorizing agent. 1863-72 in Watts Diet. Chem. II. 308.

decolorize, -ourize (di'kAbraiz), v. [f.

de- II.

1. + colorize.] 1. trans. To deprive of colour. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 503/2 Chlorine passed through a solution of haematosine decolorizes it. 1870 P. M. Duncan Transform. Insects (1882) 170 The leaves, and even the variegated flowers, are in this way often completely decolourised. fig. 1887 F. Robinson New Relig. Med. 78 Temperament plays a part, colouring or decolourizing present and future.

2. intr. To lose colour; to become colourless. 1908 Practitioner Feb. 205 Characteristics of the gonococcus... Its characteristic half-moon shape, and the fact that it decolourises with Gram’s method.

Hence decolori'zation, -izing, the action of depriving of its colour; de'colorizer, an agent that decolorizes; de'colo(u)rized, de'colorizing ppl. a.

DECOLOUR 1871 Athenaeum 19 Aug. 251 The decolourization of flowers and leaves by electrical discharges. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 509 Decolorised blood-clot. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 177 Decolourized indigo. 1965 R. Cruikshank Med. Microbiol, (ed. 11) xlv. 646 In order to render the decolourised organisms visible.. a contrast or counterstain is then applied. C1865 Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 125/2 The charcoal is very valuable as a decoloriser and disinfectant. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11. in. 160 Its decolorizing properties.

decolour, -or (di'kAb(r)), v. [a. F. decolore-r, or ad. L. decolorare, to deprive of its colour, discolour, f. de- I. 6 + color are to colour. Cf. discolour.] t L trans. To discolour; fig. to stain. ci6i8 E. Bolton Hypercritica (1722) 210 That Herb, with which the Britanns are reported to have painted and decolour’d their Bodies. 1630 Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 198, I remember with what character that proud Cardinall was decoloured.

2. To deprive of colour, decolorize. de'colouring ppl. a.

Hence

1832 G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 196 To which are added manganese and oxide of cobalt as decolouring substances. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11. hi. 160 Animal charcoal is used for the purpose of decolouring various liquids.

t de'coloured, ppl. a. Obs. rare~l. [For decollar ed.] Cut low in the neck; low-necked. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 11. civ. (1869) 113 To nekke and breste white a coote wel decoloured [escolletees] to be wel biholde.

decommission (diika'mijbn), v.

[f. de-

II. i +

v.] trans. To take (a ship, aeroplane, etc.) out of service; to close down (esp. a nuclear reactor).

commission

1922 Ann. Rep. Sec. Navy (U.S.) 8 A large number of vessels were decommissioned with a view to retaining them in good condition for future service. 1971 Flying Apr. S2/3 Some [flight service stations] were closed when they doused the bonfires, and some more were decommissioned after World War II. 1980 Daily Tel. 4 Nov. 11/3 This is not because we cannot totally decommission power station reactors or that it is too dangerous to do so. 1983 Sci. Amer. Dec. S5/3 Municipal heating systems will also make use of the heat produced in ‘back-pressure’ power plants, which we will have to build when all the nuclear reactors have been decommissioned. 1987 Aviation News 6-19 Mar. 1034/4 On 16 March 1959, VF-871 was decommissioned and amalgamated with VF-870.

Hence deco'mmissioned missioning vbl. sb.

DECOMPOUND

344

ppl.

a.,

deco'm-

1922 Ann. Rep. Sec. Navy (U.S.) 8 (heading) Decommissioning of ships. 1929 Ann. Rep. U.S. Navy Dept. (1930) 12 The Rigel, tending the decommissioned destroyers at San Diego, requires a great deal of work. 1947 New Yorker 12 July 18/2 The Navy used to count on taking seven months to activate a decommissioned destroyer. 1967 ‘J. Winton’ HMS Leviathan (1969) ii. 25 The ship’s present decommissioned state. 1978 R. M. Nixon Memoirs 536 We ordered the decommissioning of the two large Navy yachts that had been maintained exclusively for the President’s use. 1979 Nature 22 Mar. 297/3 The second [chapter] discusses routine emission of radiation and radiological protection,.. and the eighth decommissioning.

.decompensation.

Med. [f. de- II. 2 + i c.] A state or condition of having lost compensation (sense 1 c), spec., as in cardiac decompensation, circulatory decompensation, a failure of the heart to maintain adequate circulation, after a period of compensation. Hence de'compensated ppl. a. compensation

1905 Gould Diet. New Med. Terms 208/1. 1938 H. A. Christian Osier's Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 13) 1037 Treatment of the Permanently Decompensated Cardiac. Ibid., Sooner or later irremediable decompensation will come. 1953 Faber Med. Diet. 114/1 Cardiac or circulatory decompensation. 1961 Lancet 5 Aug. 314/2 We considered they had died from decompensated hypertensive cardiac failure. 1961 Ibid. 19 Aug. 429/1 Patients with enlarged hearts, cardiac decompensation, and diabetes.

decomplex (’diikom.plEks), a. [f.

de- I. 5

+

after decomposite, decompound.] Repeatedly complex; compounded of parts which are themselves complex. complex,

1748 Hartley Observ. Man 1. i. 77 The Varieties of the Associations hinder particular ones from being so close and permanent, between the complex Parts of decomplex Ideas, as between the simple Parts of complex ones. 1840 De Quincey Style i. Wks. 1890 X. 150 This monster model of sentence, bloated with decomplex intercalations.. is the prevailing model in newspaper eloquence.

fdecom'pone, v.

Sc. Obs1 [ad. med.L. decomponere, back-formation from decompositus-. see decomposite.] = decompound v. i. Hence fdecom'ponit ppl. a. = decompound a. 1522 Vaus Rudiment. Ddiiijb (Jam.), How mony figures is there in ane pronowne? Thre. Quhilk thre? Ane simple, & ane componit, and ane decomponit. The simple as is, the componit as idem, the decomponit as identidem.

decomponent

(diikam'paunant). ? Obs. [Formed on a L. type de-component-em, f. de-componere, not in ancient L., but inferred from decompose, decomposition-, see de- I. 6.] A decomposing agent. 1797 Henry in Phil. Trans. LXXXVII. 409 That the decomponent of the water.. is not a metallic body, will

appear highly probable. 1800 Ibid. XC. 189 The action of the electric fluid itself, as a decomponent.

1655 Gouge Comm. Heb. Epist., Simple, compound, or decomposite notions. 1869 Latham s.v., The decomposite character of such words is often concealed or disguised.

decom'ponible,

a. rare. [f. assumed L. decomponere (see prec.) + -ble.] Capable of being decomposed or resolved into its elements.

B. sb. A decomposite substance, word, etc.; a compound formed from something already composite.

1859 H. Coleridge in Philol. Soc. Trans. 19 The word is decomponible in that language into simpler elements.

1622 T. Jackson Judah 48 That elegant metaphoricall decomposite of the Apostle unto Timothie [2 Tim. i. 6, avatumvfxlv 'rekindle’]. 01626 Bacon Minerals Wks. 1857 III. 807 The decomposites of three metals or more, are too long to enquire of. 1678 Phillips, Decomposite, a term in Grammar, signifying a word equally compounded, that is by the addition of two other words, as In-dis-positio. 1706(ed. Kersey), Decomposite (in Grammar), a Word doubly compounded; as In-dis-position\ also, a Term us d by Apothecaries, when a Physical Composition is encreas’d. 1848 Latham Eng. Lang. §299 Compounds wherein one element is Compound are called Decomposites. 1863 W. Smith tr. Curtius' Gr. Gram., Eng. Index, Decomposites, Augm[ent] in, §239 [Some verbs, which are not merely compounded with prepositions, but derived from already compound nouns (Decomposita), have the Augment at the beginning].

decomposability

(diikampauza'biliti). Also -ibility. [f. next + -ITY.] The quality or property of being decomposable. 1862 Ansted Channel 1st. I. iv. (ed. 2) 64 A proof of the decomposability of the granite rock. 1881 LOCKYER in Nature No. 617. 397 This decomposibility of the terrestrial elements.

decomposable (di:k3m'p30Z3b(3)l), a.

Also -ible. [f. next + -able; so F. decomposable (1790 in Hatzf.).] Capable of being decomposed, or separated into its constituent elements. (Usually in reference to chemical decomposition.) 1784 Kirwan in Phil. Trans. LXXIV. 180 Plumbago cannot be supposed decomposable by red precipitate. 1800 Henry Epit. Chem. (1808) 419 Decomposible substances. 1831 Brewster Optics vii. 73 This white light will possess the remarkable property of . being decomposable only by absorption. 1872 Huxley Phys. iv. 83 Animal matter of a highly decomposable character.

decompose (diiksm'pauz), v. [a. F. decompose-r (16th c. in Littre), f. de-, des- (de- I. 6) + composer to compose.] 1. trans. To separate or resolve into its constituent parts or elements. (Of the separation of substances into their chemical elements, of light into its constituent colours; also of force or motion. Cf. decomposition 2.) 01751 Bolingbroke Ess. i. Hum. Knowl. (R.), The chemist who has.. decomposed a thousand natural, and composed as many artificial bodies. 1805 Med. Jrnl. XIV. 272 Attempts to decompose water by the Galvanic pile. 1831 Brewster Optics vii. §66. 72 We have therefore by absorption decomposed green light into yellow and blue. ci86o Faraday Forces Nat. i. 28, I can decompose this marble and change it.

b. To disintegrate; to rot. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 19 The seasons decompose its cliffs.

c. fig. of immaterial things. 1796 Burke Lett. Noble Ld. Wks. VIII. 61 Analytical legislators, and constitution-venders, are quite as busy in their trade of decomposing organization. 1816 Scott Antiq. i, Were I compelled to decompose the motives of my worthy friend. 1846 Mill Logic Introd. §7, I do not attempt to decompose the mental operations in question into their ultimate elements.

f d. Printing. To distribute (type that has been set up or composed). Obs. 1816 Singer Hist. Cards 153 Go and take out the pieces from the press, and decompose them.

2. intr. (for refl.) To suffer decomposition or disintegration; to break up; to decay, rot. 1793 Beddoes Calculus, etc. 215 The mucus, contained in great quantities in the lungs, and which is continually decomposing. 1865 Sat. Rev. 11 Mar. 269/1 The' broken armies decompose into bands of roving marauds . 1872 Huxley Phys. vii. 156 Such compounds as abound in the mineral world, or immediately decompose into them. Mod. Soon after death the softer parts of organized bodies begin to decompose.

decomposed (diiksm’psuzd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED1.]

Subjected to organic decay, rotten.

1846 Nonconf. VI. 28 Why should decomposed potatoes be more objectionable than decomposed partridges?

decom'poser.

Something decomposes; a decomposing agent. [-er1.]

that

1821 Examiner 10/1 The turn for parody seems .. to be, in its very essence, a decomposer of greatness. 1850 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. 135 The soil is a slow decomposer of manure.

decomposible, -ibility:

see

decomposable,

-ABILITY.

decom'posing,

ppl. a. [-ing2.] That decomposes; usually intr. undergoing decomposition, in process of organic decay.

1833 Thirlwall in Philol. Museum II. 546 The decomposing hand has grown tired of its work. 1862 Ansted Channel Isl. II. x. (ed. 2) 263 Veins of soft clay and some of decomposing greenstone. 1870 H. Macmillan Bible Teach. viii. 153 These plants die, and form by their decomposing remains a rich and fertile mould.

decomposite (dii'kDmpazit), a. and sb. [ad. late L.

decompositus, a Latin rendering of Gr. used by Priscian in the sense ‘formed or derived from a compound word’, by mediteval and modern L. writers as ‘further or more deeply compounded’. Cf. decompone. Hence a series of senses, found also in decompound, decomposition, in which de- is used differently from the more ordinary sense in decompose and derivatives. See de- I. 5.] A. adj. Further compounded; formed by adding another element or constituent to something already composite.

-rrapaavvOeTos

decomposition (diikompa'zijan). [n. of action f. decompound and decompose, with the respective senses of the prefix in these words: cf. decomposite. Mod.F. has decomposition in sense 2, of date 1694 in Acad. Diet., whence perhaps the English uses. For the adventitious association of compose composition, see these words.] 1. Allied to decomposite: with de- I. 5.

and

fl. Further composition or compounding; compounding of things already composite. (Cf. DECOMPLEX, DECOMPOUND.) Obs. 1659 O. Walker Instruct. Oratory 52 The English. . hath an elegant way of expressing them [Epithets].. in a dexterous decomposition of two, or three words together. As: Tast-pleasing-fruits. 1674 Boyle Corpusc. Philos. 11 The almost innumerable diversifications, that compositions and decompositions may make of a small number, not perhaps exceeding twenty, of distinct things. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. iv. iv. §9 The many Decompositions that go to the making up the complex Ideas of those modes. II. Allied to decompose: with de- I. 6.

2. The action or process of decomposing, separation or resolution (of anything) into its constituent elements, a. Used of the separation of substances into their chemical elements, of light into the prismatic colours, decomposition of forces, in Dynamics = resolution of forces. 1762 Univ. Mag. Jan. 12 If then the vinegar be used for precipitating it, there will be scarce any further decomposition of this magistery. 1794 G. Adams Nat. n Johnson. 1787 Sir J. Hawkins Life Johnson Wks. I. 373 note, James and Kent were mere decorators. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz (1850) 154/1 The ornamental painter and decorator’sjourneyman. 1885 Late Reports 14 Q. Bench Div. 600 They carried on .. the business of upholsterers, house painters, and decorators.

immediately do all the meanest and triflingest things himself, without any inferiour or subordinate minister.

2. Characterized by decorum or outward conformity to the recognized standard of propriety and good taste in manners, behaviour, etc. [1673 Pules of Civility 144 It is not decorous to look in the Glass, to comb, brush, or do any thing of that nature to ourselves, whilst the said person be in the Room.] 1792 V. Knox Serm. ix. (R.), Individuals, who support a decorous character. 1795 Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 291 Their language .. is cool, decorous, and conciliatory. 1821 Byron Vis.Judg. xcv, Some grumbling voice, Which now and then will make a slight inroad Upon decorous silence. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. I. 293 Washington, the most decorous and respectable personage that ever went ceremoniously through the realities of life. 1874 Helps Soc. Press, iii. 40 In a great city everything has to be made outwardly decorous.

b. Of language: Exemplifying propriety of diction. 1873 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. 11. 224 A treatise of permanent value for philosophic statement and decorous English.

U Explained in the sense of L. decorosus.

decoratory (’dekaratan), a. rare. [f. L. decorat-

1727 Bailey vol. II, De'corous, Decoro'se, fair and lovely, beautiful, graceful, comely.

ppl. stem (see decorate) + -ory.] Pertaining to decoration; decorative.

decorously (see prec.), adv.

1889 J. Hirst in Archaeol. Inst. No. 181. 34 Creations of the decoratory and representative Arts.

fde'core, sb. Obs. Also 6 decur, decoure. [app. a. AngloFr. *decour, ad. L. decor, decorem: see decor. Littre has mod.F. decor, in 16th c. decore

masc., as a deriv. of decorer to decorate.] Grace, honour, glory, beauty, adornment. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 11. 337 With great worship, decoure and dignite.. She was receyued. Ibid. 11. 1925 In worship, praisyng, beaute and decur. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (1885) 49 Quhais decore cheiflie does consiste in Nobilitie of gentle men, etc. 1616 Lane Sqr.'s T. 43 He fraught theare minde with faire decore Of truith, iustice (twins), groundes of virtues lore.

fde'core, a. Sc. Obs. Also 6 decoir. [ad. L. decor-us becoming, comely, f. decor, -drem becomingness, f. decere to become.] Comely, beautiful. 1500-20 Dunbar Ballot of our Lady 49 Hail, more decore, than of before, And swetar be sic sevyne. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 11. 300 Ane sweit nimphe maist faithfull and decoir.

fde'core, v. Obs. or arch. Also 6-7 Sc. decoir, [a. F. decore-r (14th c.), ad. L. decora-re to decorate.] To decorate, adorn, embellish. 1490 Caxton Eneydos vi. (1890) 24 The name thenne and Royalme of Fenyce hath be moche hiely decored by merueyllous artes and myryfyke. 1548 Hall Chron. (1809) 59 To decore and beautifye the House of God. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 1. (1879) 64 The Women of Ailgna vse to colour their faces.. whereby they think their beautie is greatly decored. 1603 Philotus xlvii, Deck vp and do thyself decoir. 1634 Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. 129 Decored and trimmed as a bride. oru3 her decretz and hire iugementys. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. v. 172 He gert fiame pare decrete retrete, And all tyl wndo paire sentens. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. io8b/i Lyke as it is had in the decrete. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 5 The decreet maid in our provincial counsale. 1571 Sat. Poems Reform. xxviii. 78 Aganis thair Cannoun Law thay gaif decreit. 01605 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxxii. 10 Nane dou reduce the Destinies decreit. b. Sc. Law. = decree 4 c. (The vernacular

form in Sc.; now arch.) 1491 Sc. Acts Jas. IV (1597) §30 Within twentie daies after the decreet of the deliuerance be given there vpon. 1584 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1597) §139 All decreetes giuen be quhatsumeuer Judges. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 21 The effect

of ane decreit given be Arbiters is, that it sail be obeyed, quhither it be just or nocht. 1752 in Scots Mag. June (1753) 287/2 He had procured a sist.. against the decreet. 1812 Chalmers Let. in Life (1851) I. 272 The only effect of this decreet of the Court of Teinds. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet ch. ii, It went. .just like a decreet in absence. 1833 Act 3-4 Will. IV, c. 46 §70 Such summary decreets and warrants.

f 2. A decision, determination. Obs. rare. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 101 Chaunge pi decret, & do not pis pat )?u hast vowid unwarly. c 1470 Henry Wallace viii. 630 This decret thar wit amang thaim fand; Gyff Wallace wald apon him tak the croun, To gyff battaill thai suld be redy boun.

f decreet (di'krirt), v. Obs. Forms: see prec. [a. F. decrete-ry f. decret decree. Only Sc. after 15th c.] 1. trans. To decree, order, ordain. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. vi. iv. 72 He Decretyd hym J?ar Kyng to be. 1457 Sc. Acts Jas. II (1814) II. 48/1 It is decretyt & ordainyt p* wapinschawings be haldin be pe lords. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) 1. xlix. 97a/i It is decreted by sentence dyuyne. C1565 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (1728) 62 It is also.. decreeted that all faithful men shall lay to their shoulders for expelling of thir common enemies. 1633 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1817) V. 42/2 Quhat they sail decreit and determine.

2. To decide, something).

determine,

resolve

(to

do

1582-8 Hist. James VI (1804) 138 He decrettit to pas hame, and to leaue the Regent’s company.

3. intr. To pronounce a decision or judgement. 1563 WinJet Wks. (1890) II. 30 Paraduentuir he..hes brestit out erar of a manlie passioun, than decretit be heuinlie ressoun. 1597 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 1324 Since 3e 3oursells submit To do as I decreit. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 21 Be consent of the parties, the Arbiters may decreit as they please. Ibid. 65 Arbiters.. may not decreit vpon ane halie day.

Hence de'ereeted ppl. a., decreed. 172. Wodrow Corr. (1843) H- 558 A Decreeted Non-juror. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxx. 168 The more to pacify the king he showed to him.. the decreted bull.

decrement ('deknmant). [ad. L. decrement-urn, f. decre- stem of inceptive deere-sc-ere to decrease: see -ment.] 1. a. The process or fact of decreasing or growing gradually less, or (with pi.) an instance of this; decrease, diminution, lessening, waste, loss. (Opposed to increment.) 1621 Mountagu Diatribae 310 The decrements of the First-fruits. 1631 Brathwait Whimzies 93 Hee would finde his decrements great, his increments small: his receits come farre short of his disbursements. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxi. 151 The greater decrement of the pressure of the Air. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth v. (1723) 253 Rocks.. suffer a continual Decrement, and grow lower and lower. 1774 J. Bryant Mythology I. 339 A society.. where there is a continual decrement. ' 1840 J. H. Green Vital Dynamics 81 Signs of the decrement of vital energy.

fb. spec. Bodily decay, wasting away. Obs. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. iv. 289 Our decrement accelerates, we set apace, and in our last dayes precipitate into our graves. 1692 Ray Dissol. World iii. v. (1732) 340 There is a Decrement or Decay both of Things and Men.

c. The wane (of the moon): spec, in Heraldry. 1610 Guillim Heraldry ill. iii. (1611) 91 Her divers denominations in Heraldrie, as her increment in her increase.. her decrement in her waning and her detriment in her change and eclipse. 1822 T. Taylor Apuleius 292 The Moon. . defining the month through her increments, and afterwards by her equal decrements.

d. decrement of life: in the doctrine of annuities and tables of mortality: The (annual) decrease of a given number of persons by death. 1752 Phil. Trans. XLVII. liii. 335 The decrements of life may be esteemed nearly equal, after a certain age. 1755 Brakenridge ibid. XLIX. 180 It will be easy to form a table of the decrements of life. 1851 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 11. vi. 178 The decrement of life, or the law of mortality.

e. Crystallography. ‘A successive diminution of the layers of molecules, applied to the faces of the primitive form, by which the secondary forms are supposed to be produced’ (Webster). 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 146 The decrements on the edges concur with those in the angles to produce the same crystalline form. 1823 H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 18 When the additions do not cover the whole surface of a primary form, but there are rows of molecules omitted on the edges, or angles or the superimposed plates, such omission is called a decrement. 1858 Buckle Civiliz. II. vii. 402 The secondary forms of all crystals are derived from their primary forms by a regular process of decrement.

2. a. The amount lost by diminution or waste; spec, in Math, a small quantity by which a variable diminishes (e.g. in a given small time). 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual., [What] the obtained powder amounts to over and above the decrement of weight. 1758 I. Lyons Fluxions 90 Let Y be the decrement of y. 1812-6 Playfair Nat. Phil. (1819) I. 227 The decrements of heat in each second. 1846 H. Rogers Ess. (i860) I. 202 Admitting increase or diminution by infinitely small increments or decrements. 1883 Economist 15 Sept., If the unearned increment is to be appropriated by the State.. The undeserved decrement, as perhaps it may be called, would surely claim compensation.

b. The ratio of the amplitudes of two successive cycles of a damped oscillation; also (more fully logarithmic decrement), the natural logarithm of this. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 50/1 Such needles have great advantages—where, for instance, the time of oscillation, the logarithmic decrement, or the extent of swing of the needle

DECREMETER has to be observed. 1908 E. H. Barton Text-bk. Sound x. 577 Hartmann-Kempf found that the relation between logarithmic decrement and amplitude for three makes of tuning-fork is almost linear. 1913 [see decremeter]. 1927 E. G. Richardson Sound iv. 121 To estimate the rate of decay, the ratio of the amplitudes in two successive periods is obtained, a quantity which is known as the decrement. It is the logarithm of this quantity.. which usually figures in calculations. 1929 J. A. Ratcliffe Physical Principles of Wireless i. 14 The reciprocal of this quantity, Ry/- , is of great importance in the theory of oscillatory circuits; it is known as the decrement of the circuit, and corresponds to the logarithmic decrement of a mechanical oscillatory system. 1936 L. S. Palmer Wireless Engin. iii. 47 Circuits with small decrements have good selectivity. 1966 W. T. Thomson Vibration Theory ii. 48 A body vibrating in a viscous medium has a period of 0 20 sec. and an initial amplitude of 1 o in. Determine the logarithmic decrement if the amplitude after 10 cycles is 0 02 in.

f3. Applied to certain college expenses at Oxford: see quot. 1726. Obs. [*4^3 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 271 Item in decrementis, iij. li, vij. s’, i. d\] 1726 R. Newton in Reminiscences (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) 64 Decrements, each Scholar’s proportion for Fuel, Candles, Salt, and other common necessaries: originally so call’d as so much did, on these accounts, decrescere, or was discounted from a Scholar’s Endowment.

decremeter

('dekrimi:t3(r), de'krsmit3(r)). Electr. [f. decre(ment + -meter.] An instrument which measures the logarithmic decrement of an oscillatory circuit. 1913 Year-Bk. Wireless Telegr. & Teleph. 294 The Marconi Company has brought out an instrument called a decremeter, which enables an approximate measurement of the decrement of a circuit to be made. 1931 Moyer & Wostrel Radio Handbk. iii. 112 The decremeter.. may be considered as a wave meter in which the movable plates of the variable condenser carry a dial graduated in values of decrements... This device gives a direct reading of the decrement on a dial.

de'creolize, v. [f.

de- II. i + creolize v. 2b.] trans. To modify from a creolized towards a standard language; to cause (a language) to lose its creolization. Chiefly as pa. pple. and ppl. a. Also de'creolizing vbl. sb.; de,creoli'zation. 1933 Bloomfield Language xxvi. 474 It is a question whether during this process the dialect that is being decreolized may not influence the speech of the community. 1968 ITorf/XXIV. 260 The Negro speech has influenced the dialect of the entire region but has itself often become quite thoroughly ‘decreolized’. 1971 I. F. Hancock in J. Spencer Eng. Lang. W. Afr. 116 Krio,..as with Gullah, Jamaican Creole, Guyana Creole and Cameroon Pidgin, is spoken side by side with English, which constantly exerts a ‘standardizing’ pressure on the language, resulting in its gradual decreolisation, especially with regard to pronunciation. 1974 Florida FL Reporter XII. 78/3 Grammatical differences (accountable for by perhaps some late-ordered, over-generalised rules or by perhaps decreolizing rules). 1977 Language LIII. 334 The strongest motive for variation in decreolization is the pressure to avoid the basilect. 1982 English World-Wide II. 245 A pidgin English which eventually became a plantation Creole language and ultimately a decreolized language. 1983 Word XXXIV. 207 According to Valdman .., decreolization plays a considerable role in Haiti, not only among the bilinguals.

t decre'pidity. rare—1. [f. decrepid, variant of decrepit, after timidity, etc.] = decrepitude. 1760 Misc. in Ann. Reg. 190/2 Age pictured in the mind is decrepidity in winter, retiring in the evening to the comfortable shelter of a fire-side.

decrepit (di'krepit), a. (sb.) Also 6 decrepute, decreaped, 6-7 decrepite, -et, 7 -ate, 7-9 decrepid, 8 decripid, -ed, decripped. [a. F. decrepit (16th c.), in 15th c. descrepy, ad. L. decrepitus very old, decrepit, f. de- down + crepit-, ppl. stem of crepare to crack, creak, rattle. The final -it has had many forms assimilated to pa. pples., adjs. in -id, etc.] 1. Of living beings (and their attributes): Wasted or worn out with old age, decayed and enfeebled with infirmities; old and feeble. 1450 Henryson Praise of Age 2 Ane auld man, and decrepit, hard I sing. 1511-2 Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 3 § 1 Every man.. not lame decrepute or maymed. 1550 Crowley Inform. & Petit. 463 To sustayne theyr parents decrepet age. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. lxxxix. 361 A fourth farre older decrepate with age. 1689-90 Temple Ess. Health & Long Life Wks. 1731 I. 273 With common Diseases Strength grows decrepit. 1752 Fielding Amelia (1775) X. 4 Poor old decrepit people, who are incapable of getting a livelihood by work. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xx. 283 Some poor old pensioner, decrepit and feeble-eyed. r

ft. decrepid, etc. a 1616 Beaum. & Fl. Lit. Fr. Lawyer i. i, Thou shalt not find I am decrepid. 1696 Dryden Let. Mrs. Stewart 1 Oct. Wks. 1800 I. 11. 66 How can you be so good to an old decrepid man? 1719 D’Urfey Pills (1872) IV. 317 Decripped old Sinners. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 216 A poor decrepid old woman. 1845 G. E. Day tr. Simon’s Anim. Chem. I. 204 An old, decrepid .. animal.

2. fig. of things. 1594 Nashe Unfort. Trav. 23 The decrepite Churches in contention beyond sea. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xxi. 264 Decrepite superstitions. 1780 Burke Sp. Econ. Reform Wks. III. 261 The poor wasted decrepid revenue of the principality. 1863 D. G. Mitchell My Farm of Edgewood 124 The decrepid apple trees are rooted up. 1878 Lecky Eng. in 18th C. I. i. 116 The military administrations of surrounding nations were singularly decrepit and corrupt.

DECRETAL

35i B. sb. One who is decrepit. Obs. or local.

decrescence

1578 Banister Hist. Man 1. 25 In men full of dayes, and such decrepittes as old age hath long arrested. 1887 S. Cheshire Gloss., Decrippit, a cripple, lame person.

fde'crepit, v.

Obs.—1 decrepit (see quot.).

[f. prec.]

To make

1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 310/2 The Tying Neck and Heels, is a Punishment of decrepiting, that is benumming the Body, by drawing it all together, as it were into a round Ball.

t decrepitage, decrepitancy. Obs. formations = decrepitude.

Irregular

1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals II. III. 176 Of his goodness and decrepitage [bonta e decrepita], Ibid. III. 11. 302 His age .. his infirmities, and decrepitancy.

decrepitate (di'krepiteit), v. [f. med. or mod.L. decrepitare, f. de- down, away + -crepitare to crackle, freq. of crepare to crack. Cf. F. decrepiter (1690 in Hatzf.).] 1. trans. To calcine or roast (a salt or mineral) until it no longer crackles in the fire. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 11. v. 87 And so will it come to passe in a pot of salt, although decrepitated. 1684 Boyle Porousn. Anim. & Solid Bod. viii. 125 A pound of Dantzick Vitriol and a pound of Sea Salt, after the former had been very lightly calcined, and the latter decrepitated. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 379 Decrepitate them, i.e. dry them till they crack, in a pan, crucible, or clean fire shovel. 1832 G. R. Porter Porcelain Gl. 82 The salt purified and decrepitated,—that is, subjected to the action of heat until all crackling noise has ceased.

2. intr. Of salts and minerals: To make a crackling noise when suddenly heated, accompanied by a violent disintegration of their particles. This is owing to the sudden conversion into steam of the water enclosed within the substance, or, as in some natural minerals, to the unequal expansion of the laminae which compose them. Watts Diet. Chem. 1677 Plot Oxfordsh. 54 Put in the fire, it presently decrepitates with no less noise than salt itself. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 331 If transparent calcareous spar be exposed to a sudden heat, it decrepitates and loses its transparency. 1849 Dana Geol. v. (1850) 324 note, It decrepitates .. but does not fuse.

Hence de'erepitated ppl. a., de'erepitating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1662 R. Mathew Uni. Alch. §101. 165 Let thy salt stand meanly red til it wil crack no more, and that is called decrepitating. 1765 Univ. Mag. XXXVII. 84/2, I.. take equal parts of decrepitated salt and nitre. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad v. 53 Decrepitating salts with fury crack. 1874 Grove Contrib. Sc. in Corr. Phys. Forces 304 A brilliant combustion, attended with a decrepitating noise.

decrepitation (dikrepi'teijan). [n. of action f. decrepitate: see -ation. Also mod.F. (1742 in Hatzf.), and prob. in i6-i7th c. Latin.] The action of the verb decrepitate: a. The calcining of a salt or mineral until it ceases to crackle with the heat. b. The crackling and disintegration of a salt or mineral when exposed to sudden heat. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 142 Unless the hydropick moisture.. be exhausted by flagration or decrepitation. 1685 Phil. Trans. XV. 1061 In the decrepitation of common Salt. 1827 Faraday Chem. Manip. v. 169 Decrepitation is generally occasioned by the expansion of the outer portions before the interior has had time to heat. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 242 Said to contain nitre, a proof of which is shewn by their frequent decrepitation when thrown on the fire.

decrepitly (di'krepitli), adv.

[-LY2.]

In

a

decrepit manner. 1848 Lowell Sir Launfal 11. i, And she rose up decrepitly For a last dim look at earth and sea.

t de'erepitness.

Obs.

Also

7-8

decrepid-.

[-NESS.] = DECREPITUDE. 1601 Cornwallyes Ep. x, Before decrepitness and death catch me. 1677 Wycherley PI. Dealer 11. i, Wou’dst thou make me the Staff of thy Age, the Crutch of thy Decrepidness? 1703 J. Savage Lett. Antients viii. 49 The Decrepidness of extream Old Age.

decrepitude (di'krepitjuid). [a. F. decrepitude (14th c.), prob. repr. a med.L. *decrepitudo, f. decrepitus, or on the model of similar formations: see -tude.] The state or condition of being decrepit; a state of feebleness and decay, esp. that due to old age. lit. and fig. 1603 Florio Montaigne I. xix. (1632) 37 She.. dies in her decrepitude. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 151 Jfi The several stages by which animal life makes its progress from infancy to decrepitude. 1784 Cowper Task 11. 489 Praise from the rivel’d lips of toothless, bald Decrepitude. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus lxi. 161 Still when hoary decrepitude .. Nods a tremulous Yes to all. 1875 Merivale Gen. Hist. Rome lxxv. (1877) 627 Paganism thus stricken down in her decrepitude never rose again.

fde'erepity. Obs. [a. OF. decrepite (15th-17th c. in Godef.), ad. med.L. decrepit-as, -tatem (Du Cange), f. L. decrepitus.] = decrepitude. 1576 Newton tr. Lemnie's Complex. 30 a, The firste enteraunce and steppe into Olde Age, which is the nexte neighboure to decrepitie and dotage. 1598 Florio, Decrepita.. olde age, decrepitie. 1603 - Montaigne 11. xxix. (1632) 394 Being demanded what his studies would stead him in his decrepity. 1605 Chapman All Fooles Plays 1873 I. 160 A true Loadstone to draw on Decrepity.

(di'kresons). rare. [ad. L. decrescentia decreasing, waning, f. decrescere to decrease: see -ENCE.] Waning state or condition. 1872 Contemp. Rev. XX. 899 They have attained their maximum of development, and, by inevitable sequence, have begun their decrescence.

I decrescendo (dekrej'jendo, deikra'Jendao). Mus. [It. = decreasing.] A musical direction indicating that the tone is to be gradually lessened in force or loudness; = diminuendo. As sb.: A gradual diminution of loudness of tone. Also attrib. and as v. intr. 1806 in T. Busby Diet. Mus. (ed. 2). 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. s.v., A decrescendo of 48 bars from Jff. 1890 G. B. Shaw London Music (1937) 365 The Wagnerian interpretation of the decrescendo mark over the chord. 1903 R. Langbridge Flame & Flood xvi. 165 Her voice., crescendoed .. and decrescendoed. 1968 Language XLIV. 87 A long decrescendo and downglide typically follow the peak of stress.

decrescent (di'kresant), a. and sb.

Also 7-8 decressant. [ad. L. decrescent-em, pr. pple. of decrescere to decrease: see -ent. For the earlier spelling, cf. crescent.] A. adj. Decreasing, growing gradually less. Chiefly of the moon: Waning, in her decrement; in Her. represented with the horns towards the sinister side. In Bot. applied to organs which decrease gradually from the base upwards. 1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. iii. (1660) in He beareth Azure, a Moon decressant Proper. 1674 Jeake Arith. 1. (1696) 30 Then draw the Decrescent Lunular, or Separatrix. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Decrement, The moon looking to the left side of the escutcheon is always supposed to be decressant. 1811 Pinkerton Petral. II. 167 A dozen specimens, which presented a decrescent progression, with regard to the size of the grain. 1872 Tennyson Gareth Lyn. 518 Between the increscent and decrescent moon.

B. sb. The moon in her decrement or wane: used in Her. as a bearing. (Opposed to increscent.) 1616 Bullokar, Decressant, the Moone in the last quarter. ? 1620 Feltham Resolves xxviii. (1st ed.) 88 Thus while he sinnes, he is a Decressant; when he repents, a Cressant. 1691 Lond. Gaz. No. 2674/4 A Cross Moline between 2 Increscents and 2 Decrescents. 1851 J. B. Hume Poems, Glenfinlas 162 The wan decrescent’s slanting beams.

decrese, decresse,

obs. forms of decrease.

decresion, var. of

decretion Obs., decrease.

decretal (di'krktal), a., sb. Also 4-7 -ale, -all(e, (7 decreetall). [a. F. decretal, -ale (13th c.), ad. L. decretalis of or containing a decree, whence med.L. decretales (sc. epistolse) papal letters containing decrees, decretale a decree, statute, constitution.] A. adj. 1. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, a decree or decrees, a. Pertaining to the papal decrees: see B. 1. \ decretal right. canon law. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. ill. v. 175 After the decretall and cyuyll ryght. 1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. iv. vii. 43 The decretall epistles heaped together by Gregorie the .ix. 1563-87 Foxe a. & M. (1596) 5/1 Decided by certeine new decretal or rather extradecretal and extravagant constitutions. e clerkes ouer alle ne rouht to do amys. 1377 Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 428 Ac in canoun ne in pe decretales I can nou3te rede a lyne. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 1. v. 26 They., goo leme anon the lawes or decretals. CI555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 191 That, .the Pope would sign a Decretall drawn out for his purpose. 1645 Milton Colast. Wks. (1851) 358 To uphold his opinion, by Canons, and Gregorian decretals. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist, iyth C. I. v. 69 The Name of Decretals is particularly given to Letters of the Popes which contain Constitutions and Regulations. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1841) I. vii. 524 Upon these spurious decretals was built the great fabric of papal supremacy over the different national churches. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. II. ix. 312 The first decretal, which was withheld by Campeggio, in which he had pronounced the marriage with Catherine invalid, i860 Lit. Churchman VI. 304/2 The false decretals of Isidore.

It The sing, was occasionally used instead of the pl. in sense b above. Obs. I53I Dial. Laws Eng. II. xxvi. (1638) no They that be learned in the law.. hold the decretall bindeth not in this Realme. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 307 They brought forth a Decretal, a Book of the Bishop of Romes Law, to bind me to answer.

2. transf. A decree, ordinance. 1588 Greene Perimedes 3 To phlebotomie, to fomentacions, and such medicinall decretals. smale children. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 3 Not only with a dedignation of good works, but also with an indignation against good workers. 1716 M. Davies Ath. Brit. II. 270 The Socinians reject the Imputation .. with the utmost Horror and Dedignation.

2. Displeasure, anger (= disdain sb. 2); pass., state of being under a person’s displeasure, disfavour. *538 Leland Itin. IV. 33 Wainflete was very great with Henry the vi, wherby he was in great Dedignation with Edward the iv.

DEDIGNE t'dedigne, v. prec.)]

DEDUCIBLE

357 Obs.—°

[ad. L. dedignare (see

1623 Cockeram, Dedigne, to disdaine.

t de'dignify, v. Obs. [f. de- II. 1 + dignify 7;.] trans. To deprive of dignity or worthiness; to disparage, flout. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes in. xi. 151 What greater affront could he put upon himselfe, then to dedignifie his countenance, as not worthy to be look’d on by a Lady.

I! dedimus (’dedimas). Law. [From the words of the writ, dedimus potestatem, Lat. ‘we have given the power’.] A writ empowering one who is not a judge to do some act in place of a judge. 1489-90 Plumpton Corr. 92 Afore Easter, send upp your pardons, wrytes of dedimus. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull 1. vii, He talks of nothing but.. Writs of Error, Actions of Trover and Conversion, Trespasses, Precipes et Dedimus. I771 Smollett Humph. Cl. II. 26 June, He., found means to obtain a Dedimus as an acting justice of peace. 1800 Bentham Method of Census Wks. (1843) X. 353/1 Acting justices .. who have taken out their respective dedimuses.

deding, var. of dedeign d.2 Sc. dedir, obs. form of didder «., to tremble. dedist, obs. form of didst: see do v. deditician (dedi'tijan), sb. and a. Rom. Law. Also -itian. [f. L. deditici-us, orig. an alien enemy who had surrendered unconditionally, then a freedman of the class described below; f. dedit-, ppl. stem of dedere to surrender: see -ICIOUS and -AN.] A freedman who, on account of some grave offence committed during his state of slavery, was not allowed the full rights of citizenship. Also attrib. or as adj. 1880 Muirhead Ulpian i. § 11 Those freedmen are ranked as dediticians who have been put in chains by their owners as a punishment, or branded, or put to the torture because of some offence and thereof found guilty, or given up to fight either with the sword or with wild beasts, or cast into a gladiatorial training-school or into prison, and have afterwards been manumitted, no matter how. Ibid. vii. §4 A woman of deditician condition.

Hence dedi'ticiancy, the condition or state of a deditician. dedition (di'dijsn). Now rare or Obs. [ad. L. dedition-em, n. of action from dedere to lay down, give up, f. de- I. 3 + dare to give, to put.] Giving up, yielding, surrender. 1523 St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 135 For dedicion of their places townes and strengthes to the Kinges subjection. 1659 Hammond On Ps. cx. 7. 566 Eastern Princes.. in token of dedition exacted from subjugated provinces Earth and Water. 1667 Decay of Chr. Piety xiii. §1. 334 [They] make an entire dedition of themselves, and submit to the severest and ignoblest vassalage. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. IV. 598 He disputes not the .. Dedition made by his Faction. 1851 Gallenga Italy 367 He insisted upon distinct and positive terms of dedition.

t dedi'titious, a. rare~°. [f. L. deditici-usy -itius (see above) + -ous.] (See quot.) 1727 Bailey vol. II, Dedititious, yielding, or delivering himself up into the power of another.

dedly, obs. form of deadly.

'dedolent, a. rare. Also dedolant. [ad. L. dedolent-emy pr. pple. of dedolere to give over grieving, f. de- I. 6 + dolere to grieve.] That feels sorrow no more; feeling no compunction; insensible, callous. 1633 Rogers Treat. Sacraments 11. 23 With an insensible, dedolent heart, with a dead benummed spirit. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 20 Men .. accursed with indelible infamy and dedolent impenitency. 1698 R. Fergusson View Eccles. 46 His Forehead is Brass double gilt and his Understanding.. Callous and Dedolent. 1893 s. Grand’ Heavenly Twins I. v. i. 3 She was sleeping soundly, not because she was dedolent but because she was exhausted. 1951 Auden Nones (1952) 34 A tanker sinks into a dedolant sea.

dedolomitization (.diidDbnntai'zeiJan). Petrol. [f. DE- + DOLOMITIZE V. + -ATION.] The changing of dolomite into rock of another kind. So de'dolomitize v. trans., de'dolomitized ppl. a. *903 J- J- H. Teall in Geol. Mag. 4th Ser. X. 514 The cherty dolomites have been dedolomitised by the formation of magnesian silicates... But dedolomitisation has also been produced in another way... The carbonic acid freed itself more readily from the magnesia.. converting the original dolomite into an aggregate calcite and periclase. 1930 Peach & Horne Geol. Scotl. 113 Another method of dedolomitization should be added to those enumerated by Teall. 1969 Nature 9 Aug. 607/2 The partially dedolomitized rocks have three components—calcite of the original limestone, unreplaced dolomite and calcite after dolomite.

deducate ('dedjuikeit), v.

(See quot.) 'deducated, dedu'eation, 'deducator.

So

1867 Furnivall Pref. to Hymns to Virgin p. viii, Many educated (or deducated) persons. Note, We sadly want some word like this deducate, deducation, &c., to denote the wilful down-leading into prejudice and unreason .. Let any one think of the amount of deducation attempted about the Repeal of the Corn Laws.. &c., and then see how hard the deducators still are at their work!

deduce (di'djuis), v. Also 6-7 erron. diduce. [ad. L. deduc-ere to lead down, derive, in med.L. to infer logically, f. de- I. 1,2 + ducere to lead. Cf. deduct. In 16-17th c. there was frequent confusion of the forms of deduce and diduce, q.v. (The sense-development had already taken place in Latin, and does not agree with the chronological data in English.)]

1. lit. trans. a. To bring, convey; spec, (after Lat.), to lead forth or conduct (a colony), arch. 1578 Banister Hist. Man v. 71 If any of the wayes deducyng choler, come vnto the bottome of the ventricle. 1612 Selden Illustr. of Drayton §17 (R.) Advising him he should hither deduce a colony. 1685 Stillingfl. Orig. Brit. i. 5 The Romans began to deduce Colonies, to settle Magistrates and Jurisdictions here. 1822 T. Taylor Apuleius 340 Sagacious nature may from thence deduce it [the blood] through all the members. 1866 J. B. Rose Virgil's Georg. 88 Still Ausonian colonists rehearse, Deduced from Troy, the incoherent verse.

fb. To bring or draw (water, etc.) from. Obs. 1602 Fulbecke 2nd Pt. Par all. 54 By that meane he deduced water out of the earth, c 1630 Risdon Surv. Devon § 107 (1810) 104 Conduits.. nourished with waters deduced from out of the fields.

fc. To bring or draw down. Obs. 1621 G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xn. (1626) 244 Orions mother Mycale, eft-soone Could with her charmes deduce the strugling Moone.

\2.fig. a. To lead, bring. Obs.

f dedoctor. Obs. nonce-wd. [cf. de- II. 3; agentn. f. L. dedocere to cause to unlearn, to teach the contrary of, f. de- I. 6 + docere to teach: cf. DOCTOR.] 1656 Hobbes Six Lessons vi. adfin., Dedoctors of morality.

1545 Joye Exp. Dan. Ded. A. iv, Christ himself doth., deduce us unto the readinge of thys boke. 1585 J. Hilton in Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vi. §27 That.. we be .. made partakers of his Testament, and so deduced to the knowledge of his godly will. 1706 Collier Reft. Ridic. 25 He continually deduces the conversation to this topick. 1612 Bacon Ess. Judicature (Arb.) 458 Many times, the thing deduced to Iudgement, may bee meum et tuum [etc.].

dedolation (diidsu'leijbn). Med. [n. of action from L. dedolare to hew away, f. de- I. 2 + dolare to chip, hew.] ‘The shaving off of a portion of the skin or other part of small importance by an oblique cut’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.).

fc. To lead away, turn aside, divert. 1541 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 32 The vicar., wolde deduce

1857 Dunglison Med. Diet, s.v., It is commonly on the head that wounds by dedolation are observed.

f de'doleate, v. Obs.~° [irreg. f. L. dedolere: see DEDOLENT.] 1623 Cockeram, Dedoleate, to end ones sorrow or griefe.

fdedolence. Obs. [ad. L. dedolentia abandonment of grief, ceasing to grieve, f. dedolere: see dedolent.] Absence of grief or sorrow; insensibility, callousness. 1606 Birnie Kirk-Buriall (1833) 10 Our Heroik burials .. wherein the toutting of trumpets, trampling of steades, and trouping of men, may sufficiently testifie the dedolence of men. 1633 Rogers Treat. Sacraments 11. 127 This chases away the cloudes of dedolence and impenitency. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter iii. 15 There is a dedolence, to be in pain and not to feel it.

f 'dedolency. Obs. [f. L. dedolentia: see next and -ency.] = prec. e ic demo [ut arbitror], c 1000 /Ei.fric Gram. xxvi. (Z.) 155 Censeo ic deme oSSe ic asmeaje. c 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 1244 (Dido) And demede as hem liste. c 1386 -Clerk's T. 932 For sche is fairer, as thay demen alle, Than is Grisild. 0 1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 20 To fele and with resone to deme. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 15 He is not.. here in the countrey, but as I deeme and you have enformed, about London. 1725 Pope Odyss. iii. 61 He too, I deem, implores the power divine.

b. with obj. and complement (sb., adj. or pple., or in fin. phrase; fformerly often with/or, as). c 1205 Lay. 22140 J>ene pe king demde for-lore. 01225 Ancr. R. 120 pet tu schalt demen pi suluen wod. 01300 Cursor M. 26814 (Cott.) It mai nan him for buxum deme. I34°“7° Alex. Gf Dind. 218 Oure doctourus dere, demed for wise. 71400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 102, I demede him for deed.

DEEM c I45° St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 5163 J>ai demed it better all’ to dye. 1548 Hall Chron. 191b, What so ever jeoperdy or perill might bee construed or demed, to have insued. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 35 A vertue which you deeme yourselfe to have. 1628 Digby Voy. Medit. 51, I deemed it much my best and shortest way. 1681 P. Rycaut Critick 201 He went to the House of the World, which was always deemed for a Deceiver. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. 1. 9 For never can I deem him less than God. 1754 Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 45 Deemed as very unjust in Gaming. *827 Jarman Powell's Devises II. 293 A general permission ..appears to have been deemed sufficient. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos I. xxxii. 277 Harold.. deemed it time to repress these inroads. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 398 Works.. which have been deemed to fulfil their design fairly.

c. with that and clause. c 1205 Lay. 24250 Men gunnen demen pat nes i nane londe burh nan swa hende. c 1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 940, I ought to deme .. That in the salte see my wyf is deed. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas 1. ii. (1544) 5 a, Nembroth .. Dempt.. He transcended al other of noblesse. CI450 Merlin 10 She demed that it was the enmy that so hadde hir begiled. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. i. (1611) 184 Wee may boldly deeme there is neither, where both are not. 1739 Melmoth Fitzosb. Lett. (1763) 291 Nor dempt he, simple wight, no mortal may The blinded god .. when he list, foresay. 1887 Bowen Virgil JEneid 11. 371 (1889) 126 Deeming we come with forces allied.

7. intr. To judge or think (in a specified way) of a person or thing. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame 11. 88 Thow demest of thy selfe amys. c 1400 Rom. Rose 2198 Of hem noon other deme I can. c 1440 Generydes 4710 Wele I wote in hym ye demyd amys. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 24 Let vs see how the Greekes named it [Poetry], and howe they deemed of it. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 146, I shall. .give you so good occasion to deeme well of me. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 599 Though higher of the genial Bed by far, And with mysterious reverence I deem. 1762 Blackstone in Gutch Coll. Cur. II. 362 These capital mistakes.. occasion’d the Editor., to deem with less reverence of this Roll. 1814 Scott Wav. lxi, Where the ties of affection were highly deemed of. i860 J. P. Kennedy Horse Shoe R. ix. 105, I cannot deem otherwise of them,

f 8. To think to do something, to expect, hope. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 51 Symon Magus.. was reprouid of Petre, for he demid to possede pe 3eft of God bi money. 1819 Byron Juan 11. clxxii, A creature meant To be her happiness, and whom she deem’d To render happy.

f9. trans. To think of (something) as existent; to guess, suspect, surmise, imagine. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 528 Ne deme no dishonesty in your derfe hert, poi I put me pus pertly my purpos to shewe. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. xxvi, As Kynge mark redde these letters, he demed treson by syr Tristram. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 114 Your imaginations doe already deeme the matter I must utter. 1598-9 Parismus 1. (1661) 15 All the companie began to deeme that which afterward proued true.

b. intr. To think of, have a thought or idea of. 1814 Cary Dante (Chandos) 302 The shining of a flambeau at his back Lit sudden ere he deem of its approach. 1818 Byron Ch. Har. iv. cxxxvii, Something unearthly which they deem not of.

110. trans. To pronounce, proclaim, celebrate, announce, declare; to tell, say, utter. Also intr. with of. [An exclusively poetic sense, found already in OE., probably derived from sense 4. Cf. also ON. dcema in poetry, to talk.] a 1000 Fat. Apost. (Gr.) io J?aer hie dryhtnes ae deman sceoldon, reccan fore rincum. a 1000 Guthlac (Gr.) 498 pset we aefaestra daede demen, secjen dryhtne lof ealra para bisena. c 1205 Lay. 23059 j^Elles ne cunne we demen [c 1275 telle] of ArSures deden. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. C. 119 Dyngne Dauid.. pat demed pis speche, In a psalme. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 154 Alle per lymmes, how pai besemed, In his buke has Dares demed, Both of Troie & of Grece. CI350 Will. Palerne 151 Hire deth was nei3 di3t, to deme pe sope. a 1400-50 Alexander 1231 pan he dryfes to pe duke, as demys [Dubl. MS. tellys] pe textis. 01547 Surrey Aeneid 11. 156 Then some gan deme to me The cruell wrek of him that framde the craft [crudele canebant artificis scelus].

f b. with double obj. To celebrate as, style, call, name, poetic. Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1020 Forpy pe derk dede see hit is demed euer more. Ibid. 1611 Baltazar.. pat now is demed Danyel of derne coninges.

t deem (di:m), sb. Obs. [f. deem t;.] Judgement, opinion, thought, surmise. 1606 Shaks. Troylus & Cressida iv. iv. 61 Troy. Here me my loue: be thou but true of heart. Cres. I true? how now? what wicked deeme is this? 1629 Gaule Holy Madn. 163 Honour what is it; but an imposed.. Hight, and Deeme? 1648 Symmons Vind. Chas. I, 292 Much wrong should they have in the world’s deem.

de-emanate (dii'emsneit), v.

[f. de- II. i + trans. To deprive (a radioactive substance) of the power of emitting its characteristic radioactive gas or ‘emanation’. Hence de-'emanated ppl. a.; de-ema'nation. emanate v.]

1902 Rutherford & Soddy in Phil. Mag. IV. 371 If thorium oxide be exposed to a white heat its power of giving an emanation is to a large extent destroyed. Thoria that has been so treated is referred to throughout as ‘de-emanated’. Ibid. 575 Water-vapour exerts no influence.. in deemanating thoria. 1902 —— in Jfrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXI. 333 (heading) The de-emanation of thoria. 1904 Rutherford Radio-activity 216 Thus de-emanation does not permanently destroy the power of thorium of giving out an emanation. Ibid., The de-emanated thoria was dissolved.

361

deeme,

DEEP

obs. form of dime.

deemed (di:md), ppl. a. [f.

deem v.

+ -ed.]

Judged, thought, supposed. 1667 H. More Divine Dial. ii. xxviii. 346 Then with pure Eyes thou shalt behold.. That deemed mischiefs are no harms. 1671 Milton P.R. 1. 21 And with them came From Nazareth the son of Joseph deemed.

deemer ('di:m3(r)). Forms: 1 ddemere, 1-5 demere, 3 demare, 3-5 demer, 5- 6 demar, 5deemer. [OE. ddemere, f. dceman to deem: see -er1.] One who deems. fl. A judge. Obs. /95° Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xii. 27 Da doemeras [iudices] bi8on iuera. 01225 Ancr. R. 306 Let skile sitten ase demare upon pe dom stol. 1382 Wyclif Ps. vii. 12 God riBtwis demere [1388 iust iuge], c 1440 York Myst. xxiii. 142 So schall bothe heuen & helle Be demers of pis dede. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 118 Demar (P. or domes man), judicator. c 1580 C’tess Pembroke Ps. cxix. V ii, Then be my causes deemer.

2. One who deems, judges, or opines; fone who censures or (unfavourably) criticizes others. r 1410 Love Bonavent. Mirr. xv. 37 (Gibbs MS.)J?at powe be not a presumptuouse and temerarye deemer of oper men. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xviii. 42 To wirk vengeance on ane demar. 1557 Sir J. Cheke in T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer (1561) ad fin., Counted ouerstraight a deemer of thinges. 1610 Barrough Meth. Physick Ep. Ded. (1639) 2 Plato that most grave and wise deemer of the state tyrannical. 1854 Trench Synon. N.T. xi. 44 Our profound English proverb, ‘Ill doers are ill deemers’.

fb. One that distinguishes or discriminates. Obs. c 1400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 29 Ne pe skyn of pe fyngris endis .. ne schulde nou3t be a good demere in knowynge hoot, cold [etc.]. 1548-77 Vicary Anat. ii. (1888) 23 The Skinne .. is made temperate, because he should be a good deemer of heate from colde.

deeming ('diimii]), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] f 1. Judging, judgement. Obs.

2. The forming or expressing of a judgement or opinion; thinking, opining; feensure; fa surmise or suspicion. 1340 Ayenb. 27 pe venimouse herte of pe enuiouse zene3ep. .ine ualse demynges. 1476 Sir J. Paston in Lett. No. 771 III. 152 Iff I had hadde any demyng off my lordys dethe iiij howrs or he dyed. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xviii. 25 God send thame a widdy wicht, That can not lat sic demyng be. 1513 Douglas JEneis x. ix. 1 Nane incertane rumor nor demyng, Bot sovyr bodword cam thar. 1580 IIollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Souspefon, suspition, deeming. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 418 Doubts, Deemings, and Uncertainties. 1821 Byron Sardan. 11. i. 379 You may do your own deeming.

de-emotionalize (din'msujanolaiz), v.

[f. de-

II. 1 + EMOTIONALIZE t>.] trans. To render emotionless. So de-e'motionalized ppl. a. 1942 Mind LI. 84 The defence of the obsessional neurotic, namely de-emotionalised talk. 1957 J. S. Huxley Religion without Revel, (ed. 2) iii. 55 Hypostasised ‘forces’ and ‘principles’ are de-emotionalised refinements of personalised thinking.

[f. de- II.

2

+

emphasis.] A lessening or removal of emphasis;

spec, in radio communications, a reduction in the relative strength of higher audio frequencies made in order to restore the original form of the signal. 1940 RCA Review Jan. 359 A de-emphasis circuit at the receiver. 1942 A. Hund Frequency Modulation ii. 221 Networks for a-f accentuation and deaccentuation are also known as circuits for a-f preemphasis and deemphasis respectively. 1957 K. W. Wittfogel Oriental Despotism 7 These methods, which use distortion and de-emphasis rather than open discussion. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 254 Pre-emphasis of top (i.e. prior to transmission), with a corresponding de-emphasis at the receiver, helps to reduce the noise level still further. 1965 Economist 2 Jan. 27/3 The new policy aims were marked by major de-emphasis on air defence.

de-emphasize (dii'emfasaiz), v. [f.

DE- II. I +

emphasize v.] trans. To remove emphasis from,

or reduce emphasis on. 1938 Time 28 Nov. 22 One way to de-emphasize football is to hold the games in the morning. 1949 M. Mead Male & Female vii. 152 The dual character of the eliminative tract also provides a background for re-emphasizing and de¬ emphasizing sex differences. 1952 Essays in Criticism II. 11. 212 Without de-emphasizing feeling, he.. emphasizes that poetic sensitivity is a correlative of a poet’s knowledge. 1956 A. H. Compton Atomic Quest ii. 107 Ernest Lawrence., urged that this process be de-emphasized so that greater effort could be applied to the methods that gave greater promise of immediate production. 1961 A. West Trend is Up vii. 306 We’re trying to make it a good college. We’ve deemphasized football. 1970 Economics VIII. 145 The examination de-emphasizes technical detail.

deemster ('di:msta(r)).

[01300 Cursor M. 5585 (Fairf.) Prest & demestre [v. rr. demister, demmepster, domes man] forsothe say I. — For other examples see Dempster.] 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) VI. xlix. 206 The deemster, or judge, delivers to the woman a rope, a sword, and a ring. 1820 Edin. Rev. XXXIV. 192 King Sigurd.. craved that the deemsters should pronounce sentence of outlawry. 1857 Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. II. 258 The decree was the Deemster’s ‘Breastlaw’.

2. The title of each of the two justices of the Isle of Man, one of whom has jurisdiction over the southern, the other over the northern division of the island. 1611 Speed Theat. Gt. Brit. xlvi. (1614) 91/1 All controversies are there [Man Hand] determined by certaine judges.. and them they call Deemsters and chuse forth among themselves. 1656 J. Chaloner Descr. I. of Man in Dr. King Vale Royall iv. 30 There are four Merchants.. chosen .. and sworn by the Deemsters. 1863 Keble Life Bp. Wilson v. 163 The steward was assisted in these trials by one or both of the Deemsters. 1883 Birm. Weekly Post 15 Dec. 3/5 His honour Richard Sherwood, her Majesty’s Northern Deemster, or second judge of the island.. Deemster Sherwood was appointed one of the judges of the island in March last.

deemstership ('dirmstajip). -ship.]

[f. deemster + The office of deemster in the Isle of

Man. 1894 Hall Caine Manxman in. iii. Let the Deemstership go to perdition. 1902 Daily Chron. 28 Mar. si2 When he retired from his deemstership of the Isle of Man in 1897.

deen(e, obs. forms of dean1, din.

deener:

see deaner.

dee-nettle:

1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 1495 3yf he demep pytyfully At hys demyng getyp he mercy, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 118/1 Demynge or dome, judicium. C1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4197 This wise shalle crist.. the day of his demyng.

de-emphasis (dii'emfssis).

q.v. The form deemster is that proper to the Manx judges, and has been used in the general sense as a historical archaism by some modern writers.] 1. A judge. Obs. or arch, in general sense.

[One of the modern representatives of ME. demestre, in form fern, of demere deemer, judge; the other (and, phonetically, more regular form) is dempster.

see dea-nettle.

deep (di:p), a.

Forms: 1 diop, deop, 2-3 deop, 2-5 dep, (3 dop, deap, dup, 4 dipe, dupe, duppe, {Ayenb.) dyep), 4-6 depe, (5 deype, 5-6 Sc. deip, 6 deape, diep(e), 5-7 deepe, 4- deep. Compar. deeper; in 1 deopre, 4 deppere, 4-6 depper. Superl. deepest; in 1 deopost, 4 depperste, 4-5 deppest(e, 5 deppist, dyppest. [A Com. Teut. adj.; OE. diop, deop = OFris. diop, diap, diep, OS. diop. diap (MDu, Du., LG. diep), OHG. tiof (MHG., mod.Ger. tief), ON. djupr (Sw. djup, Da. dyb), Goth, diups:—OTeut. *deupo-z, -a, -om, belonging to an ablaut series deup-, daup-, dup-, whence OE. dyppan (:—dupjan) to dip; pre-Teut. root dhub: dhup. The regular early ME. form was dep; the forms dipe, diip, diipe, dyep, correspond to an OE. by-form diepe, dype, with ablaut; perh. taken from diepe, dype, deep s/>.]

I. Literal senses. 1. a.. Having great or considerable extension downward. 854 Chart, in Cod. Dipl. V. 111 Of lusan j?orne to deopan delle. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. John iv. ii J>es pytt is deop. C1205 Lay. 647 He lette makien enne die pe wes wnderliche deop [C1275 swipe deap]. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 6 Grantebrugge and Hontyndone [have] mest plente of dup fen. C1300 St. Brandan 574 Ich caste him in a dupe dich. 13.. Poems fr. Vernon MS. 578 Schip is more siker in luitel water pen in pe deope see. 1340 Ayenb. 264 Helle is., dyep wyp-oute botme. c 1420 Avow. Arth. xvii, In a dale depe. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1679 Twa bestes come fra pe depe se. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 44 The greate deepe valleis. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. i. 4 In the deepe bosome of the Ocean buried. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 232 Wee buried the slayne people in deep graves. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 380 Holes.. so deep as not to be fathomed. 1819 Shelley Fragm. Serpent 4 Through the deep grass of the meadow, i860 Tyndall Glaciers 1. vii. 55 [The stream] had cut a deep gorge in the clean ice.

b. Having great or considerable extension inward from the surface or exterior, or backward from the front. a 1000 Riddles lvii. 4 (Gr.) Heafioglemma feng, deopra dolga. c 1250 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems {1866) 214 His wund dop ant wide. 01300 Cursor M. 12923 (Cott.) He..yode in-to depe desert. CI400 Destr. Troy 1876 Depe woundes to the dethe. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. viii. 2 Mony wild beistis den and deip caverne. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 88 She presented me a Handkercher.. with a deep frindge. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 181 A deep Convex-glass. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 127 Make the Rooms next the Front deeper, or shallower. 1775 Wraxall Tour North. Europe 303 Very deep and gloomy woods, of twenty English miles in length. 1820 Shelley Summer & Winter 12 When birds die In the deep forests. 1842 Tennyson Morte D' Arthur 5 His wound was deep. c. deep vuater(s): see water sb. 6 c. d. deep end: the end of a swimming-pool at which the water is deepest; so in colloq. fig. phr. to go (in) off the deep end, etc.: to give way to emotion or anger; to ‘let oneself go’. 1921 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Dec. 853/3 Saint-Saens rarely, if ever, takes any risks; he never, to use the slang of the moment, ‘went in off the deep end’. 1922 Joad Highbrows vi. 186 She passed her life metaphorically at the end of a divingboard, ready at the slightest provocation to go in at the deep end. 1923 Weekly Dispatch 21 Jan. 5 Mr. Nicholas Hannen

DEEP .. plays the second fiddling husband admirably, except when, once or twice, he goes off the deep end a trifle too explosively. 1924 Galsworthy White Monkey 11. iv, Would it not be more in the mode, really dramatic—if one ‘went over the deep end’, as they said, just once? 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 115 A very common phrase since the war is to go (in) off the deep end, an expression evidently taken from the deep end of a swimming-bath where the diving board is. 1934 F. W. Crofts 12.30 from Croydon vii. 84 Yes, I’ve been. And found the old boy brimming over with wrath against you. And when he heard I was coming on the same job he fairly went off the deep end. 1963 T. Parker Unknown Citizen iii. 88 I’m not going to do what I’ve done before, go off the deep end, nothing like that. 1966 G. Greene Comedians 1. iv. 113 Mr Smith trundled to the deepend before he emerged. 1970 V. Gielgud Candle-Holders vii. 62 Simon Astley was too much like the instructor in a swimming-bath, who throws you in at the deep end.

2.

a. ' Having downward.

DEEP

362

a

(specified)

dimension

The depth is sometimes indicated by prefixing a word giving the equivalent of a measure, as ankle-, knee-deep. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 1398 (Gr.) Fiftena stod deop ofer dunum flod elna. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 207 Two foote depe is good for corne tillage. 1576 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 386 He penned the water but one foote deepe. 1608 Middleton Mad World in, This puts me in mind of a hole seven foot deep; my grave. 1696 Whiston Th. Earth 11. (1722) 221 The Waters might cover the Earth in general about 50 Miles deep. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxviii, Long grass .. almost ancle-deep in dew. 1832 Examiner 44/2 The ditch .. was eight feet deep. 1875 F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XVI. 750/2 The mud was everywhere ankle-deep.

b. Having a (specified) dimension inward from the surface, outer part, or front; spec, (with simple numeral prefixed) of persons, chiefly soldiers, having (so many) ranks standing one behind another. Also, with numeral prefixed, having so many engagements or obligations. 1646 H. Lawrence Comm. Angells 63 The pleasure is but skin deepe. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India 107 The first File., was as deep as the Street would admit. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 127 The Front-Room is 25 Foot, and the Back-Room 15 Foot deep. 1780 Langton in Boswell Johnson (1848) 646/2 The company began to collect round him .. four, if not five deep. 1835 Burnes Trav. Bokhara (ed. 2) I. 133 Five regiments .. drawn up in line, three deep. 1838 Thirlwall Greece III. xxiii. 280 The Thebans .. stood five-and-twenty deep. 1921 Discovery Sept. 242/2 He proposed to her, and she accepted him—if he would wait his turn; she was four deep already! 1935 Lady Fortescue Perfume from Provence 109 The lawyer was always engaged six deep whenever I called to see him.

c. Cricket. Of a fielder or fielding position; farther than normal from the batsman. (See also deep field below.) 1867 G. H. Selkirk Guide to Cricket Ground ii. 25 Deep Cover, etc. When twenty-two are in the field the men that stand far out are designated by the names of the positions of the men they support, with the word ‘deep’ prefixed. 1897 K. S. Ranjitsinhji Jubilee Bk. Cricket ii. 54 When a man is put on the boundary behind extra-cover or cover, he is usually called deep-extra-cover or deep-cover.

3. a. Placed or situated far (or a specified distance) down or beneath the surface; of a ship, low in the water, b. Far in from the margin, far back. c 1000 Ags. Ps. cxiv. 8 J>u mine sawle .. ofer deopum deape jelaeddest. a 1340 Hampole Psalter ix. 8 \?ai pat has synned mare sail be deppest in hell. C1400 Maundev. (1839) xxiv. 255 This Lond of Cathay is in Asye the depe. 1641 Bp. of Lincoln in Cobbett Pari. Hist. 1807 II. 798 Yet shall you find St. Paul.. intermeddle, knuckle deep, with Secular Affairs. 1669 Sturmy Mariner's Mag. 1. ii. 19 It is a hot Ship, but deep and foul.. a Prize worth fighting for. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 548 The frozen Earth lyes buried there.. seven Cubits deep in Snow. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840) 246 We were now a very deep ship, having near two hundred tons of goods on board. 1842 E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. 334 The deep veins are situated among the deeper structures of the body. 1885 Gen. Grant Personal Mem. I. xxi. 297 A portion of the ground .. was two feet deep in water.

c. spec. Of mining operations; far below the surface of the ground; so deep-mined a. (contrasted with opencast); deep lead : see lead sb.2 6 b. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 239/2 Even in very deep shafts, when complete, daylight may be seen from the bottom, i860 Mining Gloss, (ed. 2) 37 Deep level, the watercourse leading to the engine-shaft, being always the deepest adit in the mine. 1862 Otago: Its Goldfields & Resources 18 The deep sinking has not, so far, realised the sanguine expectations once entertained regarding it. 1899 Daily News 3 May 3/5 Deep-level mines and deep-level mining. 1921 Diet. Occup. Terms (1927) §581 Deep sinking labourer; navvy or miner engaged in sinking deep holes or shafts. 1948 Ann. Reg. 1947 493, 4 million tons of deep-mined coal a week.

4. Of physical actions: Extending to or coming from a depth; also transf. of agents. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 437 b/i He maketh a depe enclynacion. 1589 R. Harvey PI. Perc. 15 To be compted high fliers and deepe swimmers. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 106 Fetching a deepe sigh. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 159 Jf 8, I here fetched a deep sigh. 1784 Cowper Task v. 64 Fearful of too deep a plunge. 1866 Huxley Physiol, iv. (1869) 102 In taking a deep inspiration.

f5. Of ground or roads: Covered with a depth of mud, sand, or loose soil. Obs. C1386 Chaucer Friar's T. 243 Deep was the way, for which the carte stood, c 1470 Henry Wallace v. 285 His hors stuffyt, for the way was depe and lang. 1523 Act 14-15 Hen. VIII, c. 6 Many other common waies..be so depe and noyous, by wearyng and course of water. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 253 We incountred with such deep sandy ground. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand, viii, To walk upwards of three

hundred miles through deep roads. 1828 C. Croker Fairy Leg. 167 The roads were excessively deep, from the heavy rains. [We now say ‘deep in mud, dust, etc.’]

11. Figurative senses. * Of things, states, actions, etc. 6. a. Hard to fathom or ‘get to the bottom of; penetrating far into a subject, profound. c 1000 Ags. Ps. xci[i]. 4 Waeran Cine jepancas dearie deope. c 1200 Ormin 5501 Off all pe boc i Godess hus pe deope di3hellnesse. Ibid. 7205 Bisshopess off dep lare. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1609 For his depe diuinite & his dere sawes. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1553 J?ai left all depe questyouns. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xci[i]. 5 Thy thoughtes are very depe. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 315 A man of deepe learning. 1611 Bible j Cor. ii. 10. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. of Sterne i. 5 They suppose a work to be deep, in proportion to its darkness, i860 Ruskin Mod. Painters V. vii. iv. 150 A deep book.. for deep people. 1875 Helps Anim. Mast. iv. 86 In this work.. hopeful that I should find something very deep, and very significant. b. Lying below the surface; not superficial;

profound. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Char. Wks. (Bohn) II. 60 It is in the deep traits of race that the fortunes of nations are written. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 6 In all that belongs to its deeper significance. 1874-Compromise (1886) 28 Of these deeper causes, the most important.. is the growth of the Historic Method. f7. Solemn; grave: a. of oaths, protestations,

etc. Obs. (In OE. also of divine messages, etc.: Awful, dread, stern.) a 1000 Caedmon's Exod. 518 (Gr.) Moyses saejde halite spraece, deop aerende. a 1000 Guthlac 641 (Gr.) J>urh deopne dom. c 1000 Ags. Ps. cxxxi. 11 J>aes deopne ap Drihten aswor. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 233 Grettore op non nys, pan by pe olde chyrche of Glastynbury [h]wo so dep op nome. 1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 117 To sweare by deepe And very solemne othes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. vii. 25 Nor are the deepest sacraments.. of any force to perswade. 1649 Bp. Hall Cases Consc. 59 Beleeving the sellers deepe protestation. fb. Of grave consequence or effect; grave,

serious, weighty, important. Obs. 1596 Shaks. I Hen. IV, 1. iii. 190 lie reade you Matter, deepe and dangerous. 1605 - Macb. 1. iii. 126 The Instruments of Darknesse.. Winne vs with honest Trifles, to betray’s In deepest consequences. 1643 Milton Divorce 1. vi, This is a deep and serious verity. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 26 IP 6 A View of Nature in her deep and solemn Scenes. 8. As an attribute of moral qualities or of

actions in which sinking or abasement is present. a. Of sin, crime, guilt (into which one may fall or sink): Grave, heinous. a 1000 Guthlac 830 (Gr.) Onguldon deopra Arena, a 1000 Juliana 301 (Gr.) Jmrh deopne gedwolan. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 73 J?anne pe sinfulle man beo8 bifallen on depe sinne. a 1400-50 Alexander 1866 A depe dishonoure 3e do to 3oure name. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 11. ii. 28 And with a vertuous Vizor hide deepe vice. 1605-Macb. 1. vii. 20 The deepe damnation of his taking off. Mod. He is in deep disgrace. b. Of humility, or of things humble or lowly. a 1225 Ancr. R. 246 Auh habbe 3e dope dich of deope edmodnesse. 1340 Ayenb. 211 He ssel to god grede mid dyepe herte. [1843 Carlyle Past Pr. (1858) 159 Letters .. answered with new deep humilities.]

9. Deep-rooted in the breast; that comes from or enters into one’s inmost nature or feelings; that affects one profoundly. a 1400-50 Alexander 265 With depe desire of delite. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1, iv. 69 If my deepe prayres cannot appease thee. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 1. 451 Deep Horrour seizes ev’ry Humane Breast. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India 389 A deep sense of Honour. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 107 If 1, I saw in his Countenance a deep Sorrow. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc ix. 13 Through every fibre a deep fear Crept shivering. 1832 Ht. Martineau Demerara i. 7 Alfred .. yet entertained a deep dislike of the system. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 107 The manner, they said, is one .. in which every Englishman .. has a deep interest. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon II. 72 John’s feelings were too deep for words.

10. Said of actions, processes, etc. in which the mind is profoundly absorbed or occupied. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 127 From the deep consideration and hard suppose of my present evils. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Introd., In the deep Discovery of the Subterranean World. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest v, Gazing on her with that deep attention which marks an enamoured mind. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 85 He passed the next night in deep study.

+ 11. a. Said of things involving heavy expenditure or liability; expensive; heavy. Obs. 1614 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 616 Ye Merchants lode them with deepe and unreasonable prices. 1649-Cases Consc. 43 The deep expence he hath beene at. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. 11. vi. §5 The people paid deep Taxes. 1710 Swift Jrnl. to Stella 29 Sept., I have the first floor, a dining-room and bed-chamber, at eight shillings a week; plaguy deep. 1728 Vanbr. & Cib. Prov. Husb. 11. i, Overjoy’d for winning a deep Stake. 1781 Cowper Expostulation 608 Chargeable with deep arrears. b. Of drinking, gaming, or other practices. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 131 Deep swearings, not only needlesse, but also hurtfull. 1709 Swift Adv. Relig., That ruinous practice of deep gaming. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. ii. §4 She took a turn towards expensive Diversions, particularly deep Play. 1827 Scott Jrnl. 8 Jan., He could not resist the temptation of deep play. 1838 Thirlwall Greece V. xlii. 220 Deep drinking was customary among the Thracians. [Here there is a mixture of senses.]

12. a. Of conditions, states, or qualities: Intense, profound, very great in measure or

degree. Of actions: mighty, influential.

Powerfully

affecting,

1605 Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows Ii. §50 Without a deepe check to my selfe for my backwardnes. 1616 tr. De Domims' Motives 13 This consideration. . hath in deepe measure seized upon mee. 1642 Rogers Naaman 11 If the Lord having man at a deepe, yea infinite advantage. 1873 Morley Rousseau I. 188 That influence.. [gave] a deep and remarkable bias, first to the American Revolution, and a dozen years afterwards to the French Revolution. 1889 J. M. Duncan Dis. Women xx. (ed. 4) 162 And in order to their examination, the deep influence of an anesthetic is necessary.

b. Said esp. of sleep, silence, and similar conditions, in which one may be deeply plunged or immersed. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health (1587) 34a, The 83. Chapter doth shew of a terrible and depe slepe. CI585 ? J- Polmon Famous Battles 262 They maye be wrapped in deepe silence. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 84 Drowned in deepe and thick darkenes. 1611 Bible 2 Cor. viii. 2 Their deepe pouertie abounded vnto the riches of their liberalitie. 1734 tr. Rollin’s Anc. Hist. (1827) VII. XVII. 34s Which at last ended in deep consumption. 1805 Wordsw. Waggoner 1. 6 In silence deeper far than that of deepest noon. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxii. (1856) 279 Now comes the deep stillness after it.

c: Used of the intense or extreme stage of winter, night, etc., when nature is ‘plunged’ in darkness or death. a 15ss Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 323, I would be very loth, now this deep winter . to take such a journey. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, 1. iv. 19 Deepe Night, darke Night, the silent of the Night. 1607 Topsell Four-}. Beasts (1658) 4.59 In the deepest cold weather he cometh into the Mountains of Norway. 1633 T. Stafford Pac. Hib. To Rdr. 3 In her deepe and declining age. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vii, It was deep night before he left Naples. 1806-7 J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) v. iii, During the deepest part of the tragedy. 1821 Joanna Baillie Met. Leg., Columbus xlix, But when the deep eclipse came on. 1851 Hawthorne Wonder Bk., Gorgon’s Head( 1879) 87 It was now deep night.

13. a. Of colour (or coloured objects): Intense from the quantity of colour through or on which one looks; highly chromatic. The opposite of faint, thin. 1555 Eden Decades 236 Iacinthes.. are best that are of diepeste colour. ci6oo Shaks. Sonn. liv. 5 The cankerblooms have full as deep a dye As the perfumed tincture of the roses. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 74 All manner of Blues, from the faintest to the deepest. Ibid., As the liquor grew thicker and thicker, this tincture appear’d deeper and deeper. 1668 Excell. Pen & Pencil 81 In putting the deep and dark shadows in the Face. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 394 According as you would have it deeper or lighter. 121839 Praed Poems (1864) I. 6 Like the glow of a deep carnation. 1873 Black Pr. of Thule x. 164 Deeper and deeper grew the colour of the sun.

b. Qualifying names of colours. Orig. with sbs. of colour, as ‘a deep blue’ (F. un bleu fonce); when the colour word is used as an adj., deep becomes functionally an adv., and is sometimes hyphened: cf. deep adv. 2, 3 b. 1597 Shaks. Lover’s Compl. 213 The deepe greene Emrald. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 73 Of a deep Scarlet colour. 1776 Withering Brit. Plants (1796) II. 485 Petals..deep orange. 1831 Brewster Optics xi. 99 Deep crimson red. 1883 L'pool Courier 25 Sept. 4/6 Glittering on the deep blue dome.

c. deep mourning: complete or full mourning: that which symbolizes deep grief. 1722 Lond. Gaz. No. 6084/6 The Coachman in deep Mourning. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. xviii. If 6 A lady dressed in the deepest mourning. 1863 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 167 [She] was very tall, dressed in deep black.

14. a. Of sound (or a source of sound): Low in pitch, grave; full-toned, resonant. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, 11. iv. 12 Between two Dogs, which hath the deeper mouth. 1610- Temp. iii. iii. 98 That deepe and dreadfull Organ-Pipe. 1629 Milton Ode Nativity xiii, And let the bass of heaven’s deep organ blow. 1704 Pope Autumn 20 And with deep murmurs fills the sounding shores. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth ii, ‘Why, so I can’ .. said one of the deepest voices that ever answered question. 1886 Pall Mall G. 28 Sept. 14/1 He possesses a very fine deep bass voice.

b. with mixture of senses. Cf. 7, 9. 1605 Shaks. 1818 Shelley

Macb. v. iii. 27 Curses, not lowd, but deepe. Rev. Islam vii. vii, They began to breathe

Deep curses.

115. Far advanced (in time), late. Obs. rare. *599 B- Jonson Cynthia's Rev. iv. i, I marie how forward the day is.. ’slight, ’tis deeper than I took it, past five.

** Of persons, and their faculties. 16. ‘Having the power to enter far into a subject* (J.), penetrating, profound; having profound knowledge, learning, or insight. c 1200 Ormin 7084 £>att haffdenn dep innsihht and v/itt. C1400 Destr. Troy 9237 Of wit noble, Depe of discrecioun. 1577_87 Holinshed Chron. II. 43/2 A deepe clerke, and one that read much. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iii. vii. 75 Meditating with two deepe Diuines. c 1610 Middleton, etc. Widow 1. ii, I shall be glad to learn too, Of one so deep as you are. 1640 Bp. Hall Episc. 1. v. 20 Wise Fregivillseus (a deep head, and one that was able to cut even betwixt the league, the Church, and the State), a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 212 He was no deep seaman. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xv. vi, The deepest politicians, who see to the bottom. 1781 Cowper Conversation 741 The World grown old her deep discernment shows, Claps spectacles on her sagacious nose. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits i. Wks. (Bohn) II. 9 He [Carlyle] was clever and deep, but he defied the sympathies of everybody. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 19 There is none of Plato’s writings which shows so deep an insight into the sources of human evil.

DEEP

363

17. Profound in craft or subtlety; in mod. slang, profoundly cunning, artful, or sly. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 758 He was close and secret and a depe dissimuler. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 776 Oh depe and wretched dissimulation. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, II. i. 38 Deepe, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. i. 743 There is a Machiavelian plot.. And deep design in 't. 1688 Shadwell Sqr. Alsatia in. (1720) 63 Fools! nay there I am sure you are out: they are all deep, they are very deep and sharp. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 485 If 8 Which is the deeper man of the two. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xxxii, You’re a deep one, Mr. Pip. 1877 N.W. Line. Gloss, s.v., ‘He’s as deep as a well’, and ’He’s as deep as Wilkes’, are common expressions to indicate subtilty and craft.

18. Of an agent: Who does (what is expressed) deeply, profoundly, gravely, excessively. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 242 b, Amonge the most depe synners. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. ii. 73 Two deepe enemies, Foes to my Rest. 1615 Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 378 Yet she is a deepe Idolater. 1722 De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 279 She had been the deepest sufferer by far. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. i. (1875) 9 Shakspeare was no deep reader. 1884 A. R. Pennington Wiclif i\. 28 A great favourite with deep thinkers.

19. a. Much immersed, involved, or implicated (in debt, guilt, ruin, drink, etc.); far advanced, far on. Often passing into the adverb. 1567 Damon & P. in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 76 For all their high looks, I know some sticks full deep in merchants’ books. 1587 R. Hovenden in Collectanea (Oxford Hist. Soc.) I. 215 Being. , deepe in your Lordships debt. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Illy 1. iv. 220 For in that sinne, he is as deepe as I. 1600-A. Y.L. iv. i. 220 How deepe I am in loue. 1638 Junius Painting of Anc. 58 Comming from a drinkfeast .. deepe in drinke. 1662 Hobbes Consid. (1680) 6 To his dammage some thousands of pounds deep. 1771 T. Hull Sir W. Harrington (1797) I. 53, I shall be at as great a loss, being the sum deep with my banker already. 1782 Cowper Boadicea 16 Rome shall perish.. Deep in ruin as in guilt. 1784- Task v. 494 The age of virtuous politics is past, And we are deep in that of cold pretence. 1856 Macleod in Crump Banking i. 9 The Plebeians .. got deeper and deeper into debt.

b. Greatly immersed, engrossed, absorbed (in some occupation). 1735 Pope Ep. Lady 63 Now deep in Taylor and the Book of Martyrs. ? 1746 Gray Lett, to J. Chute Wks. 1884 II. 131, I was in the Coffee-House very deep in advertisements. 1820 Byron Mar. Fal. 1. i. 3 Still the Signory is deep in council. 1855 Browning By the Fireside iii, There he is at it, deep in Greek.

III. a. Examples of the comparative superlative. Cf. Also deepmost.

and

a 1000 Csedmoris Exod. 364 (Gr.) Done deopestan drencfloda. ri330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6567 In deppest flod. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 344 pe depperste place of helle. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiv. Iv. (Tollem. MS.), be depper [1495 deper] pe diche is withinne. c 1400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 21 To pe deppest place. 1503 Hawes Examp. Virt. xiii. 278 Then went we downe to a depper vale. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage vm. v. 760 Still waters are deepest. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. in. xxxviii. 242 As well the Grave, as any other deeper place.

b. The superl. is used absol. = deepest part. 01400-50 Alexander 712 Into pe dyppest of pe dyke bothum. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon iv. 115 They wente and dwelled in the deppeste of the foreste of Ardeyne. 1556 Aurelio 6? Isab. (1608) c, From the depest of the earth unto the greatest height of the heaven, a 1861 Clough Song of Lamech 92 And in his slumber’s deepest he beheld .. our father Cain.

IV. Comb. a. Attributive uses of phrases, as deep-mouth (= deep-mouthed), deep-water y deep-welly deep-sea. I795 J- Phillips Hist. Inland Navig. 324 A deep-water canal at this place would be essentially useful. 1806 Sporting Mag. XXVIII. 192 A deep-mouth Norman hound. 01877 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 682/2 Deep-well pump, a pump specifically adapted for oil and brine wells which are bored of small diameters and to great depths. 1890 Nature 10 Apr. 541 There will be no deep-water channel into the river. 1906 Daily Chron. 5 Sept. 3/3 To allow these deep-well waters .. to run heedlessly to waste, is a policy of which a later generation of Australians may have bitter cause for complaint. 1963 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) iv. 6 Deep well pump, any kind of pump delivering from a well, shaft or borehole.

b. Parasynthetic derivatives, forming adjectives, as deep-bellied [deep belly + -ed], having a deep belly, -bosomed [Gr. padvKoXnos], -brained, -breasted, -brcrwed, -chested, -coloured, -ditched, -eyed, -faced, -ftewed, -grassed, -nosed, -piled, -rutted, -sighted, -thoughted, -throated, -toned, -vaulted, -voiced, -waisted, etc. 1682 Lond. Gaz. No. 1744/4 A dark brown Mare.. fat, and *deep-bellied. 1851 Buckley Iliad 346 Trojan (dames) and ‘deep-bosomed Dardanians. 1876 Pater Greek Studies (1895) 81 The deep-bosomed daughters of the Ocean. 1905 R. Garnett Shakespeare 56 Not all deep-bosomed earth’s wide fruitfulness. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 14 Aug. 2/3 The brown-faced, deep-bosomed peasant women. 1597 Shaks. Lover's Cotnpl. 209 ‘Deep-brained sonnets. 1935 W. G. Hardy Father Abraham 101 A tall, ‘deep-breasted woman was standing in the door of the tent. er waxeS wunde & deopeS into pe soule.

c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 13 It is noo nede to depe us in pis story more pan pe gospel tellith. 01541 Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 173 And deep thyself in travail more and more. 1578 Chr. Prayers in Priv. Prayers (1851) 444 A droopy night ever deepeth the minds of them.

deep-drawn ('di:p,drain), ppl. a.

[deep adv. 3.] 1. Drawn deeply or from the depths (esp. of the breast). 1813 T. Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 224 They can never suppress the deep-drawn sigh, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xvi.

DEEPEN

2. Of metals: produced or worked by deep drawing; suitable for deep drawing (cf. deep a. IV. c). 1925 Forging, Stamping, Heat Treating XI. 427 The importance of selecting the proper stock for deep drawn shells. 1926 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXIII. 589 The manufacture of deep-drawn cylinders. 1959 Motor Manual (ed. 36) i. 7 The sheet is not pushed into the die by the punch, but is stretched into it, which is why the type of sheet steel known as deep drawn must be used.

deepen ('di:p(3)n), v. [Like most verbs in -en, a comparatively modern formation from deep a., taking the place of the earlier deep v. See -en5.] 1. trans. To make deep or deeper (in various senses); to increase the depth of. Q. Eliz. an. 1601 (R.) He.. heightened the ditches, deepened the trenches. 1612 Peacham Gentl. Exerc. xxiii. 80 You must deepen your colours so that the Orpiment may be the highest. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 75 Nor will the Blues be diluted or deepened after the manner I speak of. 1785 J- Phillips Treat. Inland Navig. 45 To widen and deepen the River Stort. 1858 Merc. Marine Mag. V. 226 The ship will have passed the shoal and deepened herwater to 9 fathoms. 1870 Ruskin Led. Art ii. (1875) 43 Means of deepening and confirming your convictions. '. orig. U.S. [f. prec.] trans. To subject to a deep-freeze process; to refrigerate; also transf. and fig. So deep-freezer, a deep¬ freeze; deep-freezing vbl. sb.-, deep-frozen ppl. a. 1949 Time 18 July 34/1 Helen Hayes stuck a hand into her deep freezer. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 63/1 Deep freezer. Ibid. 438/1 Most fruits are suitable for deep freezing. 1953 A. Huxley Let. 8 Dec. (1969) 689 The product is deep-frozen the moment it leaves the pod. 1956 Sci. News Let. 3 Nov. 279/2 Deep-frozen shrimps from India may soon be making an appearance on dining tables in the United States. 1957 ‘B. Buckingham’ Boiled Alive xxxiii. 249 If the cook deep-froze the body, he knew about the murder. 1959 Listener 5 Feb. 263/2 We all know the deep-frozen expert from the one who is humanly concerned to put something across. 1959 Observer 15 Mar. 16/3 Why should Gilbert and Sullivan be specially exempt?.. Perpetuity would deep-freeze them as well. 1959 Woman 2 May 33/1 With deep freezing and modern refrigerated transport, fish doesn’t depend on the season nearly as much as it used to. 1970 Daily Tel. 28 Apr. 17 Leading manufacturers of refrigerators and deep-freezers.. are producing space-saving models which are ideal for our small British kitchens. 1971 Ibid. 25 Jan. 10 No doubt these arguments are today accepted by all but a few deep-frozen ideologues on Labour’s Left wing.

deepie ('di:pi). colloq. [f.

deep a.

+ -ie, as in

talkie.] A three-dimensional cinematographic

or television film. 1953 Dilys Powell in Sunday Times 8 Feb. 9/7 Twentieth-Century Fox., has announced that all its important films are now to be what I will venture to call deepies. 1954 Britannica Bk. of Year 627/2 The normal kind of film was called a flat or flattie, the three-dimensional a deepie. 1966 T.V. Times (Australia) 7 Dec. 10/2 Three-D television is now the subject of experiment... This week, I discussed the future of ‘deepies’ with Mr B. Brownless.

deeping ('di:pn)). [f.

deep v. + -ing1.] Each of the sections (a fathom deep) of which a fishingnet is composed.

1859 R* F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 314 The bridge of the nose is.. not without a deepening in the interorbital portion. 1880 J. Caird Philos. Relig. vii. 192 Dints, marks, spatial deepenings and elevations.

1615 E. S. Britain's Buss in Arb. Garner III. 629 Each net must be in depth seven deepings. Each deeping must be a fathom, that is two yards, deep. 1879 E. Robertson in Encycl. Brit. IX. 251/2 They [twine drift-nets] are .. netted by hand, and are made in narrower pieces called deepings, which are laced together one below the other to make up the required depth.

'deepening, ppl. a.

deepish

3. A depression in a surface.

[-ing2.]

That deepens;

becoming deep or deeper: see deepen 2. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. 1. (R.), Ere yet the deepening incidents prevail. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, The deepening gloom. 1867 Miss Braddon Aur. Floyd i. 5 Against the deepening crimson of the sky.

Hence 'deepeningly adv. 1878 Grosart in H. More's Poems, Introd. 19/2 The same impression is inevitable in reading More.. and deepeningly as you ponder his Poetry.

deep-fetched, f-fet ('diip.fetjt, -,fet), ppl. a. [deep adv. 3.] Fetched from deep in the bosom,

or from far below the surface of things; far¬ fetched. 1562 Cooper Answ. Priv. Masse (1850) 130 O profound and deep-fetched reason. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, 11. iv. 33 To see my teares, and heare my deepe-fet groanes. 1604 Meeting of Gallants 20 Vomiting out some two or three deepe-fetch Oaths, a 1618 Sylvester Panaretus 465 And sending forth a deep-fet sigh. 1647 H. More Poems, Resolution 109 By deep-fetchd sighs and pure devotion. 1708 Ozell tr. Boileau's Lutrin 10 With deep fetch’d Bellowings the noble Beast Exhales his Spirits.

deep-freeze, deep freeze, orig. U.S. [f.

deep

a. + freeze sb.1] 1. (Written Deep-freeze.) The registered American trade-name of a type of refrigerator capable of rapid freezing. Hence, a refrigerator or process in which food can be quickly frozen and stored almost indefinitely at a very low temperature. Also attrib. 1941 Official Gaz. U.S. Pat. Off. 8 July 260/2 Deepfreeze. For Refrigerating Apparatus and Parts Thereof. 1942 Science Illustr. Mar. 3/1 The Deepfreeze home locker looks like an up-ended white enameled barrel with an encased compressor housing at its side. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 218/1 ‘Polythene’.. is particularly suitable for deep¬ freeze and quick-frozen foods. Ibid. 473/2 A refrigerator with a special deep-freeze compartment. 1957 W. H. Whyte Organization Man 250 The chickens are stacked high in the deep freeze. 1958 Sunday Times 27 Apr. 22/6

('di:pij), a. [f. deep Somewhat or rather deep.

a.

+

-ish1.]

1878 I. L. Bird Lady's Life Rocky Mountains (1879) 197 We crossed a deepish stream on the ice. 1920 Blackw. Mag. July 86/2 It’s only a deepish scratch. 1925 A. S. M. Hutchinson One Increasing Purpose 1. xx. 128 Rather, rather deepish things. 1926 Spectator 6 Mar. 408/2 The Government was now in deepish water. 1959 Times 27 May 5/2 Dixon was caught at deepish mid-off.

deep-laid ('di:p,leid), ppl. a.

[deep adv. 3.] Deeply laid; planned with profound cunning.

Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 104 Any deep-laid scheme or fine spun artifice. 1783 Miss Baltimores I. 74 He is a deep-laid villain after women. 1846 Grote Greece 1. xv. (1862) I. 241 The deep-laid designs of Zeus. 1869 Trollope He Knew xxiii. (1878) 130 He himself had had no very deep-laid scheme in his addresses to Colonel Osborne. 1768-74 Tucker

deeply (di:pli), adv. Also dep-, depe-, diepe-, -lie. [OE. dioplice, deoplice, adv. f. deoplic adj., deriv. of deop, deep: see -ly2.] 1. To a great or considerable depth; far downwards, inwards, etc. (See 7.) 01400-50 Alexander 1396 (Dubl. MS.) • • Dryves dartez at owr dukez deply f?aim wounden. 1573 Tusser Husb. xlviii. (1878) 104 Three poles to a hillock .. set deeplie and strong. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. i. (1611) 2 Preiudices deepely rooted in the hearts of men. 1597 Gerarde Herbal 1. xliv. (1633), They.. who have deepliest waded in this sea of simples. 1627 May Lucan vii. 725 All people there Are deeplyer wounded than our age can beare. 1707 Sloane Jamaica I. 96 The leaves were thinner, deeplier, and more regularly cut. a 1717 Parnell Gift of Poetry (R.), I.. sink in deep affliction, deeply down. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 3 It is a tendency deeply seated in the mind of our age. i860 Tyndall Glac: 1. xvi. 118 The glacier was deeply fissured. •

b. In reference to drinking; also to sighing. (Here other notions than the literal enter in.) 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Mark viii. 12 Then he syghed diepely in his spirite. 1695 Ld. Preston Boeth. iv. 176 They deeply tasted of th’ infected Bowl. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, in.

610 When the Kids their Dams too deeply drain. 1813 Scott Rokeby 1. vi, Deeply he drank, and fiercely fed.

2. fig. With deep thought, insight, knowledge, etc.; profoundly, thoroughly. c 888 K. ^lfred Boeth. xxxv. §1 Swa hwa swa wille dioplice spirijan aefter ryhte. c 1000 /Elfric Colloquy (Wright’s Vocab. 12), J>earle deoplice [j?u] spriest. 01225 Ancr. R. 154 Isaac.. uorto t>enchen deoplic[h]e souhte onlich stude. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xiii. 144 He preched & spak so depely of Dyvynyty. 1523 Act if-15 Hen. VIII c. 5 Persons .. lemed, and depely studied in Phisicke. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. hi. 329 To search depelier of vnknowen things. 1605 Shaks. Macb. 11. ii. 30 Consider it not so deepely. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. Sterne ii. 35 He was deeply read in Beroalde. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 22, I should like to consider the matter a little more deeply.

b. With profound craft, subtlety, or cunning. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iv. iv. 42 Both dissemble deepely their affections. 1617 Fletcher Valentinian v. vi, Either you love too dearly, Or deeply you dissemble. Mod. The plot was deeply laid, but it has been discovered.

f3. With deep seriousness, solemnly. Obs. £■1300 Havelok 1417 Deplike dede he him swere. 01400-50 Alexander 1186 J?at me was done many day depely to swere. ?I503 Plumpton Corr. p. lxiv, And, yf nede be, depely depose afore the Kynge & hys counsell, that yt is matter of trawth. 1513^ Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 2881 Charged full depely Theyr offyee to execute. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 22 And this I dare most deepely take mine oath on. 1602 Shaks. Ham. hi. ii. 234 ’Tis deepely swome. 1671 H. M. Erasm. Colloq. 401 Even when he had deeply sworn to it.

4. Gravely, seriously, heavily; esp. in reference to being involved in guilt, liability, obligation, or the like. 1382 Wyclif Hos. ix. 9 Thei synneden depely. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 343 F. G. who is so deepely in your bookes of accountes. 1586 Let. Earl Leycester 13 For which

I count my selfe the deeplyest bounde to give him my humblest thankes. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 17 Henry .. left the kingdome deepely indebted. 1621 Sanderson 12 Serm. (1632) 51 And stoutly maintaine Gods truth, when it is deepeliest slandered. 1700 S. L. tr. C. Fryke's Voy. 76 Now the other Buffel was deeply engaged too. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 658 Of all the enemies of the government he was.. the most deeply criminal. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 1. ix. 103 The archbishop had committed himself so deeply that he could not afford to wait.

fb. In reference to fines: Heavily.

Obs.

1631 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 36 If it had not been that this man hath suffered as he hath I should have sentenced him deepely. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vii. §20 The Starr-Chamber deeply fined Sr. Richard Knightly.. for entertaining and receiving the Press Gentelmen.

5. With deep feeling, emotion, etc.; in a high degree, profoundly, intensely, extremely. 01400-50 Alexander 1673 Sire, )?is I depely disire, durst I it neuyn. Ibid. 1698 Summe.. depely J?am playnt Quat.. euill pai suffird. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 111 With them the sayd Pope had bene so depely offended. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. 11. iii. 14 He straight declin’d, droop’d, tooke it deeply. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 120 They curst him deeply. 1781 Cowper Hope 333 His soul abhors a mercenary thought, And him as deeply who abhors it not. 1851 Dixon W. Penn xv. (1872) 131 All this was deeply interesting to Penn. 1857 Buckle Civiliz. I. xiv. 850 Of these shortcomings I am deeply sensible. 6. Of physical states or qualities: a.

Profoundly, soundly, with complete absorption of the faculties, b. With deep colour, intensely, c. With a deep, grave, or sonorous voice. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 122 Deeply plunged in a profound sleepe. 1695 Blackmore Pr. Arth. III. 706 Some deeply Red, and others faintly Blue. 1820 Shelley Vision of Sea 77 Smile not, my child, But sleep deeply and sweetly. 0 1845 Hood Ruth ii, On her cheek an autumn flush Deeply ripened. 1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 948/2 A pack of hounds came .. baying deeply.

7. Comb. Deeply (mostly in sense i) qualifying a pple. is now usually hyphened when the pple. is used attributively, preceding its sb., but not when it follows; as ‘the leaf is deeply serrated’, ‘a deeply-serrated leaf. 1816 J. Scott Visit Paris Pref. 35 Deeply-bottomed bravery. 1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) I. xxvii. 424 Deeply-rooted popular prejudices. 1865 Howells Venet. Life xix. 295 That deeply-serrated block of steel. 1879 Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 166 Lofty and deeply-receding jambs.

'deepmost, a. (superl.)

rare. [f. deep a. -most. Cf. topmost, inmost, etc.] Deepest.

+

1810 Scott Lady of L. 11. xx, From her deepmost glen. 1841 Lady F. Hastings Poems 233 Shout, echo! from thy deepmost cell.

deep-mouthed ('diipmauSd, -mau0t), a. [f. deep mouth + -ed2.] 1. Having a deep or sonorous voice: esp. of dogs. 1595 Shaks. John v. ii. 173 And mocke the deepe mouth’d Thunder. 1599-Hen. V, v. Prol. 11 Out-voyce the deepmouth’d Sea. 1662 Dryden Wild Gallant iii. i, A Serenade of deep-mouth’d Currs. 1696 Lond. Gaz. No. 3204/4 A Pack of deep mouth’d Hounds to be sold. 1725 Pope Odyss xix. 504 Parnassus.. With deep-mouthed hounds the huntertroop invades. 1818 Byron Juan 1. cxxiii, ’Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog’s honest bark Bay deep-mouth’d welcome. 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy ii, The sound .. awoke the deepmouthed dogs around the house.

2. lit. Having a deep or capacious mouth, rare. 1844 Mrs. Browning Wine of Cyprus ii, Some deepmouthed Greek exemplar Would become your Cyprus wine.

deepness (di:pms).

Now rare; displaced by depth. Forms: see deep a., and -ness; in ME. 4-5 depnes(se. [OE. diopnes, deopnes, f. deop deep: see -ness.] 1. The quality of being deep, or of considerable extension or distance downwards, or inwards; depth. 1382 Wyclif Matt. xiii. 5 For thei hadde nat depnesse of erthe. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 89 J>ou3 pat pei acorden togidere in depnes & in streitnesse of pe mou)?. 1530 Palsgr. 213/1 Depnesse of any thyng,, profundite. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. XLII. 169 A river.. which for the bredth and deepness of it is frequented with much shipping. 1765 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 121 Seeds, many of which, from their deepness in the earth, will not vegetate. 1823 Scott Peveril iv, The deepness of his obeisance.

fb. Of ground or roads: cf. deep a. 5. Obs. 1603 Knolles (J.), By reason of the deepness of the way and heaviness of the great ordnance. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 292 The deepnesse of the Way. 1780 Impart. Hist. War Amer. 240 [The troops] had suffered excessively from the severity of the climate, the deepness of the roads.

2. Measurement or dimension downwards, inwards, or through; depth. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10, 312 Fyue fot hit ha)? of depnes. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle v. xiv. (1483) 107 Ther is no body parfit withouten thre dymensions that is breede lengthe and depnesse. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 1. Defin., As I take it here, the depenesse of his bodie is his thicknesse in the sides. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 252 The deepness of the Sea usually answers to the height of Mountains. 1703 Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 138 In deepness they were four yards each.

3. fig. Of thought, knowledge, etc.: Depth; penetration; profundity. a 1000 Hymns iii. 33 (Gr.) Swa paet aenij ne wat eorCbuendra 6a deopnesse Drihtnes mihta. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 980 J>is is nu pe derfschipe of pi dusi onsware, and te deopnesse. 1340 Ayenb. 105 \?e dyepnesse of his zo)?hede. c 1440 Secrees 127 \>e clernesse of 3oure wyt & pe depnesse of 30ure conynge passys all men. 1548-77 Vicary Anat. Ep. Ded. (1888) 7 We who.. practise in Surgerie, according to the deepnes of the Arte. 1653 Manton Exp. James i. 25 Deepness of Meditation, a 1720 Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 271 Deepness of thought.

fb. In bad sense: Deep cunning or subtlety. 1526 Tindale Rev. ii. 24 Vnto you., which have not knowen the depnes of Satan. 1646 J. Gregory Notes 6? Obs. xxvi. (T.), The greatest deepness of Satan.

4. Of moral qualities, feelings, etc.: Depth, intensity; gravity. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 49 )?es put bitacnefi deopnesse of sunne. a 1533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) H vi, The depenesse of good wylles ought to be wonne with the depnes of the hearte. 1632 Lithgow Trav. in. 114 In the deepnesse of sorrow.

5. Of physical qualities, etc.: a. Of sound: Sonorousness, or lowness of pitch, b. Of colour, etc.: Intensity. 1626 Bacon Sylva §852 Heat also dilateth the Pipes, and Organs, which causeth the Deepnesse of the Voice. 1684 R. H. School Recreat. 11 For Deepness of Cry, the largest Dogs having the greatest mouths. 1711 Budgell Spect. No. 116 If 3 These [hounds].. by the Deepness of their Mouths and the Variety of their Notes. 1822 Scott Pirate xx, Her glowing cheek.. in the deepness of its crimson.

f 6. concr. A deep place or cavity, an abyss; a deep part of the sea, etc. Obs. a 1000 Lamb. Ps. lxviii. 3 (Bosw.) Ic com on deopnysse S£e. c 1000 Gosp. Nicod. 24 (Bosw.) On Ssere hellican deopnysse. 01300 E.E. Psalter lxviii. 16 Ne ouerswelyhe me depenes. 1382 Wyclif Ps. cxlviii. 7 Dragonnes, and alle depnessis. e bene pet com)? of pe dyepnesse of pe herte. 1535 Coverdale i Cor. ii. 10 All thinges yee euen the depenesses of the Godhead. 1549 Compl. Scot. i. 21 The iugement of gode .. is ane profound onknauen deipnes.

deep-read ('dkp'red), ppl. a.

[deep adv. 3.] Deeply read; skilled by profound reading.

1639 Massinger Unnat. Combat iv. i, A deep-read man. 1790 Burns The Whistle vi, Gallant Sir Robert, deep-read in old wines. 1822 T. Mitchell Aristoph. II. 286 Great scholars, Deep-read—full to a plethora with knowledge.

deep-rooted (di:p,ru:tid), a.

[deep adv. 3.] Deeply rooted or implanted; chiefly fig., of feelings, opinions, prejudices, etc. 1669 Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xxxiv. 228 Where Vertue is deep-rooted, occasions work little upon them. 1672 Otway Titus & B. 1. ii, So long establish’d and deep-rooted Love. 1834 Pringle African Sk. x. 314 The Governor’s jealousy .. was too deep-rooted. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 70 A deep-rooted reverence for truth.

Hence deep-'rootedness. i860 Pusey Min. Proph. 90 deeprootedness of the soul in grace.

DEER

366

DEEPNESS

The

strength

and

deep sea, deep-sea. Also 7 dipsie, dipsy. The deeper part of the sea or ocean at a distance from the shore. Used attrib. or as adj.: Of or belonging to the deep sea. deep-sea lead, line, a head and line used for soundings in deep water, deep-sea fisheries, fisheries prosecuted at a distance from land, in which the fishermen are absent from home for a lengthened period. 1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 29 Heaue the lead, try the dipsie line. 1627- Seaman's Gram. ix. 43 The Dipsie line.. is a small line some hundred and fifty fadome

long, with a long plummet at the end.. which is first marked at twenty fadome, and after increased by tens to the end. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India 13 Heaving our Dipsy-lead we were in soundings eighty Fathom depth. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1789), Sonder, to sound: to heave the handlead, or deep-sea-lead. 1835 Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. iv. 55 We now sounded with the deepsea lead every two hours. 1853 Herschel Pop. Lect. Sc. ii. §2 (1873) 48 Among deepsea fishes. 1875 J. H. Bennet Winter Medit. 1. v. 128 The pioneer of deep-sea dredging, the late Edward Forbes. 1880 Wyville Thomson in Rep. Challenger Exp. Zool. I. 50 Faunse which have successively occupied the same deep-sea. 1887 E. J. Mather (title), Nor’ard of the Dogger: the story of. .the Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen.

deep-searching ('di:p’s3itjig), ppl. a. [deep adv. 3.] That searches or penetrates deeply. 1599 Marston Sco. Villanie i. i. 174 O for some deepsearching Corycean. 01643 W. Cartwright Ordinary 11. iii, He’s nois’d about for a deep-searching head. 1844 Marg. Fuller Worn. 19th C. (1862) 19 The only sermons of a persuasive and deep-searching influence.

deep-seated ('di:p,si:tid), a. [deep adv. Having its seat far beneath the surface.

3.]

1741 Monro Anat. (ed. 3) 5 The deep-seated kind of Paronychia. 1813 J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 375 A deepseated abscess. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 190 The conversion into steam of water which.. obtains access to the deepseated molten rocks. fig. 1847 Grote Greece 11. xliv. (1862) IV. 13 Causes, deep-seated as well as various. 1887 Jessopp Arcady ii. 35 The deep-seated faith in charms and occult lore.

t 'deep-seen, a. Obs. [deep adv. 3.] That sees or has seen deeply into things. 1597-8 Bp. Hall Sat. iv. i. 170 Some nose-wise pedant.. whose deepe-sene skil Hath three times construed either Flaccus ore.

deep-set (’di:p,sst), ppl. Deeply set.

a.

[deep

adv.

3.]

1832 Tennyson Palace of Art xiii, The deep-set windows, stain’d and traced. 1877 Black Green Past. iv. (1878) 28 Deep-set keen grey eyes.

f'deepship. Obs. rare~x. In 3 deopschipe. [f. deep a. + -ship.] Depth, profound mystery. 01225 Leg. Kath. 1341 Ha [= she] Crist cleopede.. and schawde seo66en suteliche pe deopschipe and te derne run of his dea6 on rode.

deepsome ('diipssm), a. poetic, rare. [f. deep a. or sb. + -some. Cf. darksome, gladsome.] Having deepness or depths; more or less deep. 1615 Chapman Odyss. iv. 769 He dived the deepsome watery heaps. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 133 The hollow vales are filled And deepsome glades. Ibid. I. 218 He plunged him with a bound Into the deepsome sea.

deep-waterman (.diip'woitaman). [f. deep water -I- man sb.'] A sea-going vessel as opposed to a coaster. 1906 Daily Chron. 21 Mar. 6/4 Owners, not of ‘deepwatermen’ only, but of coasting craft as well. 1909 Ibid. 13 Aug. 3/1 What of the hundreds of fine deep-water men that still fly the Red Ensign? 1924 R. Clements Gipsy of Horn 57 This .. constitutes the time-honoured decoration of a deepwaterman.

deer (dis(r)). Forms: i dior, deor, 2-3 deor, (2 dter), 2-4 der, (2-3 dor, 3 dier, 3-4 duer, 4 dur, 5 dure, deure), 4-6 dere, (4-7 deere, 5, 7 diere, 5(Sc.) deir, 6-7 deare), 4- deer, (5 theer). PI. 1-9 normally same as sing.; also 2 deore, deoran, 2-3 -en; 3-4 deores, dueres, 7-9 occas. deers. [A Comm. Teut. sb.: OE. dior, deor = OS. dier, OFris. diar, dier (MDu. and Du. and LG. dier), OHG. tior (MHG. tier, Ger. tier, thier):—WG. dior, ON. *djur (Icel. dyr, Sw. djur. Da. dyr); Goth, dius, diuz-:— OTeut. deuzom:—pre-Teut. dheu'som. Generally referred to a root dhus to breathe (cf. animal from anima), and thought by some etymologists to be the neuter of an adj. used subst. Cf. dear a.*. (Not connected with Gr. Orjp wild beast.)]

fl. A beast: usually a quadruped, as distinguished from birds and fishes; but sometimes, like beasty applied to animals of lower orders. Obs. C950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xviii. 25 Se carnal )?aet micla dear. 0 1000 Boeth. Metr. xxvii. 24 Swa swa fugl o86e dior. c 1000 ./Elfric Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 118/31 Fera, wild deor. Bellua, re8e deor.. Unicornis, anhyrne deor. 1154 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1135 Pais he makede men & dier. c 1200 Ormin 1176 Shep iss.. stilie der. Ibid. 1312 Lamb iss soflfte & stille deor. 01250 Owl & Night. 1321 Al swo deth mani dor and man. 11250 Gen. & Ex. 4025 Also leun is m^tful der. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 18 The rybaud and the felle diere here I se hym comen.

fi. plural. ciooo j*Elfric Gen. i. 25 And he sig ofer )?a deor. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 43 Innan )?an ilke sea weren un-aneomned deor, summe feSerfotetd, summe al bute fet. Ibid. 115 )>ene bifi his erd ihened..on wilde deoran. 11200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 177 Oref, and deor, and fishshes, and fugeles. Ibid. 209 Hie habbefl geres after wilde deore. Ibid. 224 Of wilde diere. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 4020 On ilc brend eft twin der. Ibid. 4032 Efte he sacrede deres mor. 0 1310 in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 44 Deores with huere derne rounes. Ibid. xiv. 45 In dounes with this dueres plawes. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Kt. 1151 Der drof in pe dale.. bot heterly pay were Restayed with pe stablye.

2. a. The general name of a family (Cervidae) of ruminant quadrupeds, distinguished by the

possession of deciduous branching horns or antlers, and by the presence of spots on the young: the various genera and species being distinguished as reinrdeery moose-deer, red deery fallonv deer; the musk deer belong to a different family, Moschidae. A specific application of the word, which occurs in OE. only contextually, but became distinct in the ME. period, and by its close remained as the usual sense. [C893 K. Alfred Oros. 1. i. (Sw.) 18 He [Ohthere] haefde pa jyt 8a he )>one cyningc sohte, tamra deora unbebohtra syx hund. \>a deor hi hataS hranas.] 01131 [see der fold in 4]. C1205 Lay. 2586 To huntien after deoren [c 1275 after deores]. 1297 R. Glouc. (Rolls) 9047 He let [make] pe pare of Wodestoke, & der per inne do. c 1325 Song on Passion 59 {O.E. Misc.) He was todrawe so dur islawe in chace. 1375 Barbour Bruce vii. 497 [He] went, .to purchase venysoun, For than the deir war in sesoun. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. (Camden) iv, Thay felle to the female dure, feyful thyk fold. 1464 Mann. & Househ. Exp. 195 A payr breganderys cueryd wyth whyte deris leder. 1470-85 Malory Arthur x. lxi, He chaced at the reed dere. 1538 Starkey England 1. iii. 98 A dere louyth a lene barren .. ground. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. ill. i. 209 Like a Deere, strocken by many Princes. 1611 Cory at Crudities 10 A goodly Parke.. wherein there is Deere. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 80 An hog, an ox, a goat, or a deer. 1855 Longf. Hiaw. ill. 169 Where the red deer herd together.

b. occasional plural deers. c 1275 [see 1205 in prec.]. 1674 N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. 11. (1677) 58 The reasons why Harts and Deers do lose their Horns yearly. 1769 Home Fatal Discov. iii, Stretch’d on the skins of deers. C1817 Hogg Tales & Sk. II. 89 The place of rendezvous, to which the deers were to be driven.

t c. deer of ten: a stag of ten, i.e. one having ten points or tines on his horns; an adult stag of five years at least, and therefore ‘warrantable’ or fit to be hunted. Obs. 1631 Massinger Emp. of East iv. ii, He will make you royal sport, He is a deer Of ten, at the least.

3. small deer: a phrase originally, and perhaps still by Shakspere, used in sense 1; but now humorously associated with sense 2. 14.. Sir Beues (1885) p. 74/2 (MS.C.) Ratons & myse and soche smale dere, That was hys mete that vii yere. 1605 Shaks. Lear iii. iv. 144 But Mice, and Rats, and such small Deare, Haue bin Toms food, for seuen long yeare. 1883 G. Allen in Colin Clout's Calender 14 Live mainly upon worms, slugs, and other hardy small deer. transf. 1857 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Poets x. II. 17 The small deer that were herded together by Johnson as the most eminent of English poets.

4. a. attrib. and Comb.y as deerbedy herd, -hide, -keeper, kind, life, -sinew, -snaring, etc.; deer¬ like, deer-loved adjs. [Several already in OE., as deor-fald an enclosure or cage for wild beasts in the amphitheatre, or for beasts of the chase, a deer-park, deor-edisc deer-park, deor-net net for wild animals, etc.] 1835 W. Irving Tour Prairies xi, The tall grass was pressed down into numerous *‘deer beds’, where those animals had couched. 01000 Ags. Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 201 Cauea, domus in theatro, *deorfald. 01131 O.E. Chron. an. 1123 Se king rad in his der fald [aet Wudestoke]. i860 G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 123 Peaks .. where the scattered remnants of the great *deer herds can repose in security. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles iii. xix, Goat-skins or *deer-hides o’er them cast. 1849 James Woodman vii, I have got my *deer-keepers watching. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. III. xxxix. 359 Animals of the *deer kind, i860 G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 122 The shepherds.. see a good deal of *deer life. 1840 Mrs. Norton Dream 127 The dark, *deer-like eyes. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. IV. liv. 114 Deer-like shyness. 1831 Lytton Godolph. 23 The *deer-loved fern, ciooo j^Elfric Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 167 Cassis, *deomet. 1856 KANEy4rct. Expl. II. vii. 79 To walk up Mary River Ravine until we reach the *deer-plains. 1866 Kingsley Herew. I. vi. 178 Sea-bows of horn and *deer-sinew. 1862 S. St. John Forests Far East II. 34, I have been out *deer-snaring in this neighbourhood.

b. Special comb.: deer-ball, an underground fruit body of a fungus of the genus Elaphomyces; deer-bleat U.S., an instrument serving to imitate the bleating of a deer; deer-brush, an American shrub in Arizona; deer-cart, the covered cart in which a tame stag to be hunted is carried to the meet; deer-culler N.Z. (see quot. 1947); so deer-culling; deer-dog = deer¬ hound; deer-drive, a shooting expedition in which the deer are driven past the sportsman; so deer-driving; deer-eyed a, having eyes like deer, having soft or languid eyes; deer-fence, a high railing such as deer cannot leap over; deerflesh, venison; deer-fly, any one of various flies which infest deer; also attrib.; deer-forest, a ‘forest’ or extensive track of unenclosed wild land reserved for deer; f deer-goat, an old name for the capriform or caprine antelopes; deergrass, species of Rhexia (N.O. Melastomacese); deer-horn, (a) the material of a deer’s horn; (6) U.S., a large rough mussel of the Mississippi, Trigonia or Unio verrucosa, the shell of which is used for making buttons; deer-leap, a lower place in a hedge or fence where deer may leap; deer-meat = deer-flesh; deer-neck, a thin neck (of a horse) resembling a deer’s; deer-park, a park in which deer are kept; f deer-reeve, a township officer in New England in the colonial

DEER days, whose duty it was to execute the laws as to deer; deer-plain, a plain inhabited by deer; deer-saddle, a saddle on which a slain deer is carried away; deer’s eye = buck-eye (the tree); deer’s foot (grass), the fine grass Agrostis setacea; deer’s hair = deer-hair; deer’s milk, a local name of the wood spurge, Euphorbia amygdaloides; deer-stand U.S., a station for the shooters at a deer-drive; deer’s tongue, deertongue, a N. American Cichoraceous plant, Liatris odoratissima\ deer-tiger, the puma or cougar; deer-track, (a) the marks of a deer’s passage; (b) a route habitually taken by deer; deer-yard U.S., an open spot where deer herd, and where the ground is trodden by them. [1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot. 1320 Tubera cervina. The Deares underground balles or Mushromes are another sort of these Tuberaes.] 1854 Mayne Expos. Lex., ♦Deer-Ball. 1866 Lindley & Moore Treas. Bot., Deer balls, a synonym of Hart’s Truffles, Lycoperdon Nuts, and Elaphomyces. 1950 Ainsworth & Bisby Diet. Fungi (ed. 3) 95 Deer balls, (Lycoperdon nuts or harts’ truffles), Elaphomyces fruit bodies. 1852 Marcy & McClellan Explor. Red River 27 June (1853) vi. 50 The idea occurred to me of attempting to call them with a *deer-bleat, which one of the Delawares had made for me. 1883 W. H. Bishop in Harper's Mag. Mar. 502/2 The ‘♦deer brush’ resembles horns. 1840 Hood Up the Rhine 186 The hearse, very like a *deer-cart. 1947 P. Newton Wayleggo (1949) 153 *Deer cullers, men who shoot deer professionally for the Government or an acclimatization society. 1965 M. Shadbolt Among Cinders xxvi. 260 He was a deer-culler when he wasn’t writing. 1959 -New Zealanders 113 He went *deer-culling for a year. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxiii, Many a *deer-dog howl’d around. 1834 W. A. Carruthers Kentuckian II. 108 Would you put this clamjamfry against a ♦deer drive? 1882 Society 21 Oct. 19/1 Setting out for a deer-drive, i860 G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 143 Mr. Scrope. . was a great hand at ♦deerdriving. 1884 Q. Victoria More Leaves 14 The gate of the ♦deer-fence. 01300 Cursor M. 3603 (Cott.) If pou me Mere flesse \v.r. venisun] ani gete. 1853 J- Benwell Travels 127 Dusky-looking *deer-flies constantly alighted on our faces and hands. 1937 E. Francis in Public Health Reports (U.S.) 22 Jan. 1 This name [sc. tularaemia] was given to the disease by the writer in 1920 after establishing the identity of .. ‘deer-fly fever’ in man. 1950 A. P. Herbert Independent Member 276 The discomforts and dangers we should have to face ashore in Labrador—including black-fly, mosquitoes, deer-fly and dogs. 1854 Act 17-8 Viet. c. 91 §42 Where such shootings or *deer forests are actually let. 1892 E. Weston Bell Scot. Deerhound 80 Probably not more than twenty deer forests, recognized as such, were in existence prior to the beginning of the present century. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 93 Of the first kinde of Tragelaphvs which may be called a *Deer-goat. 1693 Sir T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 30 The Deer-Goat.. being partly like a deer partly like a Goat. 1866 Treas. Bot. 972/2 Low perennial often bristly herbs, commonly called * Deer-grass, or Meadow-beauty, [with] large showy cymose flowers. 1843 ‘R- Carlton’ New Purchase I. xvii. 122 A powder horn, and its loader of ♦deerhorn. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XII. 167/2 Deer-horn is almost exclusively used for handles by cutlers and walking-stick and umbrella makers. 1897 Daily News 1 Feb. 6/2 A saddle, probably Burgundian workmanship of 1400, composed of polished deer-hom plates. 1540-2 Act 31 Hen. VIII, c. 5 To make Mere leapes and breakes in the sayde hedges and fences. 1838 James Robber i, In front appeared a ♦deer-park. i860 G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 172 It is no light business to get our big stag .. on the Meer saddle. 1762 J. Clayton Flora Virginica 57 ZEsculus floribus octandris Linn... * Dear’s Eye, and Bucks Eyes. 1835 J. H. Ingraham South-West II. 137 After a farther ride of a mile., we arrived at the ‘♦deerstand’. 1883 Century Mag. XXVI. 383 Among the lily-pads, ♦deer-tongue, and other aquatic plants. 1787 W. Attmore Jrnl. Tour N. Carolina (1922) 24 One part of the Company go into the Wood .. to trail for the *Deer Tracks, and put the Dogs on the Scent. 1829 J. F. Cooper Wish-ton-Wish ix, Several times did I fall upon a maze of well-beaten deertracks, that as often led to nothing. 1859 J. Conway Lett, from Highlands 17 A pass, or deer-track, winding up through places apparently inaccessible. 1849 C. Lanman Lett. Alleghany Mts. viii. 58, I discovered a large spot of bare earth, which I took to be a ♦deer-yard. 1880 7th Rep. Surv. Adirondack Reg. N.Y. 159 We reached an open forest plateau on the mountain, where we were surprised to find a ‘deer-yard’. Here the deep snow was tramped down by deer into a broad central level area.

deer(e, obs. f. dear, and dere v., to injure. deerberry ('dis.bsri). A name given to the berry or succulent fruit of several North American procumbent shrubs or herbs, esp. of Gaultheria procumbens (N.O. Ericaceae), commonly called Winter-green in U.S. Also of Vaccinium stamineum, also called Squaw Huckleberry, and Mitchella repens (N.O. Cinchonaceae), a creeping herb, widely distributed in America. The name is also sometimes applied to the plants themselves. 1862 Chambers' Encycl. 649. 1866 Treas. Bot. 522 The berries [of Gaultheria] are known by various names, as Partridge-berry, Chequer-berry, Deer-berry, Tea-berry, Box-berry, and afford winter food to partridges, deer, and other animals.

'deer-,coloured, a. tawny-red.

Of the colour of a deer;

1611 Cotgr., Blond.. bright tawnie, or deer-coloured. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2408/4 A brown Gelding [with].. Deer-coloured Haunches. 1746-7 Mrs Delany Autobiog. (1861) II. 447 A flowered silk., on a pale deer-coloured figured ground.

367

DEEVE

'deer-hair, deer’s hair. 1. The hair of deer.

i830-35 D. Booth Analyt. Diet. Eng. Lang. 257 In the woodcraft of former times, many devices for catching deer were employed by the deer stalkers. 1833 Chamber's Jrnl. 19 Oct. 298/1 One who really knew the mountains well, having been an incorrigible deer-stalker. 1875 J. H. Bennet Winter Medit. 1. vii. 189 Reached by Scottish deer-stalkers and hardy mountaineers. 1885 Black White Heather ii, The smartest deer-stalker and the best trainer of dogs in Sutherlandshire.

1494 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 19 Cushions, stuffed with Horse hair.. Deers-hair, and Goats-hair.

2. The common name in Scotland and north of England of a small moorland species of clubrush, Scirpus caespitosus. 1772-8 Lightfoot Flora Scot. (1789) II. 1080 (App.) Scirpus caespitosus Deer’s Hair Scotis australibus. a 1802 Leyden Ld. Soulis lxvi, And on the spot, where they boil’d the pot, The spreat and the deer-hair ne’er shall grow. 1816 Scott Old Mort. i, Moss, lichen, and deer-hair are fast covering those stones. 1853 G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Borders 203 Deer's Hair. Abundantly on all our moors.

f'deer-hay. Obs.

[f. deer + hay, a net set round an animal’s haunt.] A net set for the capture of deer. I5°3 Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 11 The greatest Destruction of Red Deer and Fallow., is with Nets called Deer-hays and Buck-stalls. 1598 Manwood Lawes Forest xviii. §9 (1615) !35Sporting Mag. VIII. 177 Taking a buck in a deerhayes, or net, is not unfrequent in parks.

'deer-hound A dog of a breed used for hunting red-deer, a stag-hound; particularly, one of a Scottish breed, a large variety of the rough greyhound, standing 28 inches or more. [1814 Scott Wav. lxiii, Two grim and half-starved deer greyhounds.] 1818 W. H. Scott Brit. Field Sports 384 Few Packs of Deer Hounds are now kept. 1838 W. Scrope Deerstalking xii. 260 The deerhound is known under the names of Irish wolfhound, Irish greyhound, Highland deerhound, and Scotch greyhound. 1858 Jesse Anecd. Dogs (Bohn) 121 The Highland greyhounds, or deerhounds as they are called in the Highlands, have a great antipathy to the sheep-dogs. 1892 E. Weston Bell {title). The Ancient Scottish Deerhound.

'deericide. nonce-wd. [f. deer + -cide.] The killing or killer of a deer. 1832 J. R. Hope-Scott in R. Omsby Mem. (1884) I. 41 The second [day] crowned with the above-mentioned deericide.

f'deer-kin. Obs. In 2-3 -cyn, -cen. [See kin.] Beast-kind as distinct from man. 01175 Cott. Horn. 221 Niatenu and deor-cen and fu3elcyn. Ibid. 225 Of diercynne and of fugel cynne. e dede ys confusyun, And more ys pe dyffamacyun. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 313 Som tyme it were a greet diffamacioun for a man to vse more rynges pan oon. 1533 Bellenden Livy 11. (1822) 164 The Romanis has maid thair playis allanerlie this day to youre diffamacioun and schame. 1633 Prynne Histrio-Mastix 1. iii. vi. (R ), Their ayme is onely men’s defamation, not their reformation. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 262 If 2 Any thing that may tend to the Defamation of particular Persons, Families, or Societies.

2. The action of defaming, or attacking any one’s good fame; the fact of being defamed or slandered; also (with pi.), an act or instance of defaming. C1386 Chaucer Friar's T. 6 In punysshynge.. Of diffamacioun and auowtrye. 11425 Wyntoun Cron. v. xii. 1322 Wylful Defamatyownvs. 1529 More Dyaloge 1. Wks. 127/1 The priest sued him before ye bishoppes offyciall for Dyffamatyon. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 113 Defamations breathed from the poyson of malice. 1633 Ames Agst. Cerem. 11. 530 It was necessarie to speak againe for a good cause, lest diffamation should przevayl against it. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 105 If 4 The Father of Boniface brought his Action of Defamation.. and recovered Dammages. 1726 Ayliffe Par ergon 212 Diffamation, or Defamation.. is the uttering of reproachful Speeches, or contumelious Language of any one, with an Intent of raising an ill Fame of the Party thus reproached; and this extends to Writing, .and to Deeds. 1883 Law Rep. 11 Q. Bench Div. 595 An advocate is protected from an action for defamation only when the words he utters are spoken bona fide, and are relevant to the matters before the Court.

t de'famative, a. Obs. In 6 dyff-. [f. L. diffamat-, ppl. stem of diffamare, with change of prefix as in defame: see -ive.] Defamatory. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xxii. 295 Yf he hath caused wrytynges dyfTamatyues for to be founde in place openly. 1634 A. Warwick Spare Min. (1637) 91 Defamative reports.

f 'defamator. Obs. rare~x. [f. as prec.: see -or.] One who defames, a slanderer. 1704 Gentl. Instructed (1732) 66 (D.) We should keep in pay a brigade of hunters to ferret our defamators, and to clear the nation of this noxious vermin.

defamatory (di'faemstan), a. Also 6-7 diff-. [ad. med.L. diffamatorius, F. diffamatoire (14th c.), f. as prec.: see -ory.] 1. Of the nature of, or characterized by, defamation; having the property of defaming. 1592 Sutcliffe (title), Answere to a certaine libel, supplicatory, or rather Diffamatory. 1656 Earl Monm. Advt.fr. Pamass. 144 Though the poets let fly diffamatory verses. 1669 Clarendon Ess. Tracts (1727) 157 Defamatory writings. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones (1775) II. 177 Who., condemn the whole in general defamatory terms. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 482 James, .had instituted a civil suit against Oates for defamatory words.

b. Const, of, to.

DEFAME 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. iii. §23 For dispersing of scandalous Pamphlets defamatory to the Queen and State. Ibid. x. i. §26 Such papers defamatory of the present Government. 1868 Stanley Westm. Abb. vi. 523 A passage defamatory of ten Bishops. 1891 Times 14 Jan. 5/5 The Portuguese Government has protested .. against the posting .. of bills and circulars defamatory to its credit.

2. Of persons: Employing or addicted to defamation. 1769 Junius Lett. ii. 13 All such defamatory writers. 1836 Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 333 They have a good excuse for being defamatory.

defame (di'feim), v. Forms: 4-7 diff-, 4-5 deff-, 4-6 dyff-, 6 diffame, 4- defame. [ME. diffame-n and defame-n, a. OF. diffame-r, rarely desfamer, deffamer, _defamer (mod.F. diffamer) = Pr. diffamar, It. diffamare, ad. L. diffamare to spread abroad by an ill report, f. dif- = dis- + fama rumour, report, fame. In this word and its derivatives, while French retains the prefix as dis-, des-, de-, Eng. has the form de-, prob. after med.L. defamare (Du Cange); cf. post-cl. L. defamatus dishonoured, infamous, defamis shameful. (Etymologically, perhaps, sense 1 belongs to defamare, senses 2-4 to diffamare.)]

1. trans.

To bring ill fame, infamy, or dishonour upon, to dishonour or disgrace in fact; to render infamous. Obs. or arch. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 6571 For to make hym be ashamede he shulde be so defamede. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 537 Me were leuere ded than hire defame, c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxviii. 580 We ben dyffamed bi thys grete knave, that doth somoche labour. 1526 Tindale Matt. i. 19 Ioseph, loth to defame her. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 92 The hauen of Alexandria, newly defamed with a number of wracks. 1684 Contempl. State of Man 1. ix. (1699) 103 Crimes so Infamous, as they not only defame the Person who commits them, but [etc.]. 1725 Pope Odyss. xix. 16 Lest.. Dishonest wounds, or violence of soul, Defame the bridal feast. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. cxi. 23 The grand old name of gentleman, Defamed by every charlatan.

2. To attack the good fame or reputation of (a

DEFAULT

37° your names, With slaundrous speeches and most false defames. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 447 Nibles at the Fame OFs absent Friend; and seems t’ assent By silence to ’s Defames.

defamed (di'feimd), ppl. a. [f. prec. vb. + -ed.] 1. fa. Brought to disgrace, dishonoured, of ill fame (obs.). slandered.

b.

Attacked

in

reputation,

1474 Caxton Chesse 4 The euyl lyf and diffamed of a kyng is the lyf of a cruel beste. 1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 176 Maist vile and diffamit creaturis. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. iii. 30 Souldyoures, a violent and a diffamed kynde of people. 1631 Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 146 None were to be admitted if of a defamed life. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 74 The defamed dead recovereth never. 1891 Scrivener Fields & Cities 159 The defamed character of a fellow-workman.

2. Her.

Said of a lion or other beast which is figured without a tail. [F. diffame.] 1863 Chambers' Encycl. s.v. Infamed 570 Defamed is an epithet applied to a lion or other animal which has lost its tail, the loss being supposed to disgrace or defame it. 1882 Cussans Heraldry vi (ed. 3) 86.

Hence de'famedly adv.

f3. To raise an imputation of (some specific offence) against (any one); to accuse. Const, also with with, by, or clause. Obs. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 8304 Ioye he ha)? hym self to dyffame Of alle hys synnes. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xv. clix. (1495) 546 One Tenes..was deffamyd that he had lyen by his stepdame. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. v. (1885) 118 His creauncers shul.. defame his highnes off mysgouernance. 1482 Caxton Treviso's Higden vn. iii, One bisshop that was sharply defamed by symonye. 1564 Grindal Fun. Serm. Wks. (1843) 20 As diffaming him, that for ambition’ sake he would do a thing contrary to his conscience. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. iii. iv. (1673) 347 You defame us with Treason against the Emperour. 1736 Chandler Hist. Persec. 213 Others are defamed for heresy; such who are spoken against by common report. 1820 Scott Ivanhoe xxxviii, Rebecca.. is, by many frequent and suspicious circumstances, defamed of sorcery.

f4. To publish, spread abroad, proclaim. [Rendering diffamare in the Vulgate], Obs. 1382 Wyclif Wisd. ii. 12 He.defameth a3en vs [Vuig. diffamat in nos] the synnes of oure disciplyne.-Matt. ix. 31 Thei goynge out defameden [1388 diffameden] hym thorw3 al that lond.-1 Thess. i. 8 Forsoth of 30U the word of the Lord is defamyd, or moche told.

de'fameless, a. rare. [f. defame sb. or v. + -less.] Free from discredit or reproach. 1888 Ramsay Scotl. & Scotsmen 18th C. II. ix. 151 Nothing could be more defameless than their manners.

defamer (di'feim9(r)). Also 5 deff-, 5-6 diff-, dyff-. [f. DEFAME v. + -er. Cf. OF. dijfameur, dejfameur.] One who defames. at any man myght ordayne defautles War noght a poynt to pat fairnes.

de'faultress. rare. female defaulter.

DEFEAT

372

[f. defaulter + -ess.]

A

1736 Swift New Prop. Quadrille, The defaultress to be amerced as foresaid at the next meeting.

f de'faulture. Obs. rare. [f. defaults. + -ure: cf. failure.] The action of defaulting; failure to fulfil an engagement. 1632 Indenture in Arb. Garner I. 317 If any one of the aforesaid parties .. should fail in the payment of such money .. then it should be lawful to and for the rest of the said parties .. to supply the same, or to admit some other person or persons to have the share of such defaulture, paying the sum imposed on the said share.

fde'faulty, a. Obs. Also 5 defawty, 5-6 -fauti, -fautie, -fauty. [f. default sb. + -y: cf. defaultive, faulty.] Faulty, defective, in fault. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 115 Defawty, defectivus. ou languissed and art deffeted for talent and desijr of J>i ra)?er fortune. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 136/1 My body is deffeted by the tormentis, that the woundes suffre nothyng to entre in to my thought.

f3. To destroy the beauty, form, or figure of; to disfigure, deface, spoil. Obs. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) 1. xii. 65 a/2 She was soo deffayted and dysfygured by the grete abstynences that she made. Ibid. 1. 1. 101 b/2 His vysage .. was also pale and dyffeated as of a deed man. 1495 Treviso's Barth. De P.R. iv. iii. (ed. W. de W.) 83 Dryenesse .. makyth the body euyll colouryd, and defacyth and defetyth [corpus discolorat et deformat\ Harl. MS. 4787 (c 1410) euel y-hewed & deface^ 6 defete; Addit. MS. 27944 (f 1425) euel I-hewed & defactif & defete; orig. probably euel yhewed & defaced & defet]. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 1. iii. 346 Defeate thy fauour, with an vsurp’d Beard.

f4. Hunting. To cut up (an animal). Obs. 14.. Le Venery de Twety in Rel. Ant. I. 153 And whan the hert is take.. and shal be defeted. Ibid. 154 And whan the boor is i-take, he be deffetyd al velue.

5. To bring to nought, cause to fail, frustrate, nullify (a plan, purpose, scheme, etc.). *474 Caxton Chesse 65 Thynges and honoures shal ben defetid by sodeyn deth. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 34 b, Whiche illusyon.. as soone as it was detected .. anone it auoyded & was defeted. 1538 Starkey England iv. 118 Yf hyt were wel ordiyd justyce schold not be so defettyd. 1602 Shaks. Ham. ill. iii. 40 My stronger guilt, defeats my strong intent. 1660 Hickeringill Jamaica (1661) 73 The most promising designs .. are many times easily defeated. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 1. in. x. (1743) 204 Almost sufficient to defeat the old adage, ‘Rome was not built in a day’. 1781 Cowper Charity 38 To thwart its influence, and

DEFEATANCE

7. To do (a person) out of (something expected, or naturally coming to him); to disappoint, defraud, cheat. 1538 Starkey England 1. iv. 121 The credytorys holly are defayted of theyr dette. 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 20 § 1 Feined recoueries.. to binde and defete their heires inheritable by the limitacion of suche giftes. 1569 Newton Cicero's Olde Age 14 a, That they might defeate him from the use and possession of his goods. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts 382 That thou maist not be defeated of that glory which awaits for thee. 1667 Milton P. L. xi. 254 Death .. Defeated of his seisure. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 475 A means of defeating their landlords of the security which the law has given them. 1777 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 6 Oct., Having been defeated of my first design. 1846 Mill Logic hi. xxvi. §3 The assertion that a cause has been defeated of an effect that is connected with it by a completely ascertained law of causation.

fb. To deprive of (something one already possesses); to dispossess. Obs. 1591 Harington Orl. Fur. xxxvi. xlvii. (1634) 301 Rogero sunders them.. Then of their daggers he them both defeateth. 1606 Day lie of Guls 1. ii. (1881) 12 That whosoeuer.. can defeate him of his daughters shall with theyr loues inioy his dukedome. 1677 Govt. Venice 29 They are never defeated of those marks of Honour, unless they have done something dishonourable. 8. To discomfit or overthrow in a contest; to

vanquish, beat, gain the victory over: a. in battle. The sense gradually passes from ‘undo, annihilate, ruin, cut to pieces, destroy, rout’, in the early quots., to that merely of ‘beat, gain the victory over, put to the worse’, in the modem ones. (Not in Shaks.) 1562 J. Shute Combine's Turk. Wars 6 The armie of Baiazith was defeicted, and he taken by Tamerlano. 1579 E. K. Gloss. Spenser's Sheph. Cal. June, Great armies were defaicted and put to flyght at the onely hearing of hys name. 1606 Holland Sueton. 15 After this, he defeited Scipio and Ivba. Ibid. 47 When Lollius and Varrus were defaited. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. 47 Then.. he made an end of defeating them, the most of them being constrained to leap into the Sea. 1667 Ld. Orrery State Lett. (1743) II. 213 Three English ships., fell on the Irish, killed some, and defeat the rest. 1776 Trial of Nundocomar 64/2 Their army was defeated before the walls of Patna. 1838 Thirlwall Greece IV. 437 An engagement followed, in which Therimachus was defeated and slain. 1861 Westm. Rev. Oct. 497 But though defeated the Cotton States were not vanquished.

b. transf. and fig. 1781 Cowper Retirement 781 ’Tis love like his that can alone defeat The foes of man. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam vi. lii, But that she Who loved me did with absent looks defeat Despair. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 139 Isabell was not to be so easily defeated.

t de'featance. Obs. rare, [f- defeat v. + -ance. (Not in Fr.)] Defeat. a 1612 Broughton Wks. (1662) III. 693 By 3000 well giuen to a courtier and a lady, procured grief to Q. Elizabeth and defeatance.

defeated (di'fiitid), ppl. a.

[-ed1.] Undone, frustrated, vanquished, etc.; see the verb. 1602 Shaks. Ham. i. ii. io As ’twere, with a defeated ioy. 1660 Hickeringill Jamaica (1661) 86 Daring to rally defeated courage, a 1859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. 239 The malevolence of the defeated party soon revived in all its energy.

defeater (di'fi:t3(r)). which defeats.

DEFECATOR

373

its end defeat. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 414 To., defeat the ulterior objects of the articles. 1855 Emerson Misc. 223 A man who commits a crime defeats the end of his existence. 6. Law. To render null and void, to annul. I525 Tunstal, etc. To Wolsey (MS. Cott. Vesp. C in. 189 b), In case ye wold have these points at this tyme be expresse convention defeatyd. 1583 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) II. 62 Herbye defeating all former will and willes, by me att anye tyme made. 1642 Perkins Prof. Bk. iv. §279 This exchange is good until it be defeated by the wife or her heire. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 142 The lessee’s estate might also, by the antient law, be at any time defeated, by a common recovery suffered by the tenant of the freehold. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 49 A condition that defeats an estate. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. s.v. Defeasance, A Defeasance on a bond .. defeats that in the same manner.

[-er1.]

One who or that

1844 Tupper Crock of G. xiii, That inevitable defeator of all printed secrets—impatience. 1864 Sala in Daily Tel. 11 Oct., The loss inflicted by the defeated on the defeater.

defeating, vbl. sb. [-ing1.] The action of the verb defeat, q.v. 1592 Good Newes fr. Fraunce Title-p., Together with the defeating, drowning, and taking of much victuaille, come and money, sent by the enemy. 1593 Watson Tears of Fancie xxvi. Poems (Arb.) 191 So liue I now and looke for ioyes defeating. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 94 The defeating of some companies of Dragoons.

de'feating, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That defeats; see the verb. 1674 Boyle Excell. Theol. dispositions of his providence.

1.

iii.

106

The

defeating

defeatism (di'fi:tiz(3)m). [ad. F. defaitisme, f. defaite defeat sb.: see -ism.] Conduct tending to bring about acceptance of (the certainty of) defeat; a disposition to accept defeat. 1918 Observer 9 June 6/4 Irish Nationalists will henceforth support Pacifism, and that means defeatism. 1922 Daily Mail 13 Nov. 10 At an order from the leaders, the Labour Press has broken into a campaign of defeatism, lamenting that organised capital is still too strong to admit of

any possible chance of the levy becoming law this time. 1926 C. L. Graves Hubert Parry II. 79 He was as far removed from foolish optimism as from ‘defeatism’. 1928 Galsworthy Swan Song 124 To acknowledge the limitations of human nature was a sort of defeatism. 1942 F. G. Hackforth-Jones One-One-One vi. 65 Defeatism., must be guarded against; it was as dangerous an attitude of mind as the twin-headed monsters of Complacency and Wishful Thinking.

defeatist (di'fiitist). [ad. F. defaitiste: cf. prec.] One who advocates defeatism or accepts defeat. Also attrib. or as adj. 1918 Observer 9 June 8/6 The political creed of the party, . . is to support the Government in winning the war and in defeating the intrigues of Pacifists and Defeatists. 1918 Times 19 June 6/4 The Independent Nationalist Press .. has applied the label ‘defeatist’ to those Nationalists who voted for a moderate policy at the Irish Convention. 1920 igth Cent. Mar. 556 The shop-stewards, too, in the great factories in Berlin and other towns were disloyal and ‘defeatist’. 1921 N. Angell Fruits of Victory vii. 207 The repression of pacifist and defeatist propaganda during the War. 1921 igth Cent. Jan. 151 Throughout the Great War, as in the Japanese War, he was a defeatist. 1927 C. E. Montague Right off Map xxii, Lovel sat down to his separate table and map, but could not take his eyes from the abhorred defeatist. 1029 Daily Tel. 8 Jan. 10/3 The defeatist tactics of those who belittle his leadership.

t de'featment. Obs. [f. defeat v. + -ment.] The action of defeating, defeat. 1. In battle or war; = DEFEAT sb. 3. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iv. i. 98 The cause of many defeatments. 01635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 19 Considering the defeatments of Blackwater. 1733 Millner Compend. Jrnl. 167 The Seat of the War was wholly in Flanders, removed thither by the French Defeatment.

2. Undoing, frustration, disappointment (of a purpose, design, etc.); = defeat sb. 2. 1647 Sprigge Anglia Rediv. 1. vi. (1854) 53 Had these letters been delivered to the King (as they might have been but for this defeatment). 1674 Owen Wks. (1851) VIII. 491 The defeatment of these advantages. 1681 H. More Exp. Dan. 261 In defeatment of his Power and Laws in the Church.

defeature (di'fi:tjua(r)), sb. Obs. or arch. Also 7 defaiture, defeiture, diffeature. [a. OF. dejfaiture, desfaiture, f. desfaire to undo, etc., after faiture:—L. factura making, doing. In Eng. conformed in spelling to defeat, and in sense 2 associated with feature.] 11. Undoing, ruin; = defeat sb. 1. Obs. 1592 Daniel Compl. Rosamond, The Day before the Night of my Defeature. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 17 For their first loves defeature. 1615 Life Lady Jane Grey B iij b, After her most vnfortunate marriage and the utter defaiture almost of her name and honours. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle iii. 900 To make defeature Of his estate in blisse he doth intend.

2. Disfigurement, defacement; features, arch. Cf. defeat v. 3.

marring

Mel. II. ii. I. i. 233 Many rivers .. defecate and clear. 1671 R. Bohun Wind 235 The Air is generally defecate and serene. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. v. 146 It renders the mass of bloud defecate.

2. Mentally, morally, or spiritually purified. c 1450 Henryson Test. Cres. (R.), Sith ye are all seven deficate Perticipant of diuine sapience. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. iv. 1. i, Calvinists, more defecate than the rest, yet ..not free from superstition. 1653 H. More Conject. Cabbal. (1713) 23 A pure and defecate Ethereal Spirit. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 1209 Minds elevate, and panting for unseen, And defecate from sense.

defecate ('dsfikeit), v. Also 6 deficate, 7-9 defaecate. [f. ppl. stem of L. defsecare to cleanse from dregs, purify, f. DE- I. 6 + faex, pi. faec-es dregs. Cf. F. defequer (16th c. in Littre).] 1. trans. To clear from dregs or impurities; to purify, clarify, refine. 1575 Laneham Let. (1871) 58 When .. it iz defecated by al nights standing, the drink iz the better. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. 11. i, Some are of opinion that such fat standing waters make the best Beere, and that seething doth defecate it. 1707 Sloahe Jamaica I. 20 The gum, which they defecate in water by boiling and purging. 1753 Hervey Theron & Asp. (1757) I. xii. 457 Some like the Distillers Alembick sublimate; others like the Common sewers defecate. 1881 H. Nicholson From Sword to Share xxxii. 255 The juice should be.. defecated and concentrated on the most approved methods.

2. fig. To purify from pollution or extraneous admixture (of things immaterial). 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. iv. 1. iii, Till Luther’s time.. who began upon a sudden to defecate, and as another sun to drive away those foggy mists of superstition. 1648 Boyle Seraph. Love (1700) 58 To Defecate and Exalt our Conceptions. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. i. 17 If we defecate the notion from materiality. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 177 If 4 To defecate and clear my mind by brisker motions. 1866 Lowell Biglow P. Introd. Poems 1890 II. 162 A growing tendency to curtail language into a mere convenience, and to defecate it of all emotion. 1870 W. M. Rossetti Life of Shelley p. xx, To defecate life of its misery.

3. To remove (dregs or faeces) by a purifying process; to purge away; to void as excrement. Also fig. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. iv. 13 It [the air] soon began to defecate and to depose these particles upon the oily surface. 1862 Goulburn Pers. Relig. iv. vii. (1873) 311 To defecate the dregs of the mind. 1872 H. Macmillan True Vine iii. 91 By the death of the body, sin is defecated.

b. absol.

To void the faeces.

1864 in Webster. 1878 A. Hamilton Nerv. Dis. 108 The patient should not be allowed to get up to defecate. 1889 J. M. Duncan Clin. Led. Dis. Women xiv. (ed. 4) 96.

Hence 'defecating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1855 Maurice Let. in Life (1884) II. vii. 277 Get it clear by any defecating processes. 1885 Manch. Even. News 29 May 2/2 The use of defecating powders.

of

Now chiefly an echo of the Shaksperian use. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 299 Carefull houres with times deformed hand, Haue written strange defeatures in my face. Ibid. 11. i. 98. 1592- Ven. Gf Ad. 736 To mingle beauty with infirmities, And pure perfection with impure defeature. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) V. 312 All the defeatures of guilt, .stood on the brow of the former. 1829 Southey Colloq. Society Ded. 1. iv, Ere hearthardening bigotry.. With sour defeature marr’d his countenance. 1842 Tait's Mag. IX. 354 To see the veil uplifted from the deformities and defeatures of my fellowcreatures.

f3. Frustration; = defeat sb. 2. Obs. 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answ. Nameless Cath. 14 The defeature and discouerie of those horrible Traitors. 1668 E. Kemp Reasons for Use of Ch. Prayers 10 Have they had no disappointments, no defeatures? 1681 Glanvill Sadducismus 1. (1726) 31 The Defeature of its Purposes.

f4. Defeat in battle or contest. Obs. 1598 Florio, Soffratto, a defeature or ouerthrow. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 481 After the defeiture of K. Perseus. 1623 Massinger Bondman iv. i, Have you acquainted her with the defeature Of the Carthaginians. 1810 Southey Kehama xi. ii, Complaining of defeature twice sustain’d. 1834 Fraser's Mag. X. 417 This comfort we to our defeature lend.

de'feature, v. [f. prec. sb., sense 2. Cf. OF. deffaiturer (13th c. in Godef.), with which however the Eng. word is not historically connected.] trans. To disfigure, deface, mar the features of. Hence de'featured ppl. a. 179a J. Fennell Proc. at Paris (L.), Events defeatured by exaggeration. 1818 Blackui. Mag. II. 493 A.. face, defeatured horribly. 1863 Ld. Lytton Ring Amasis II. 137 Ruined defeatured shapes of Beauty.

defeazable, -ance, var. defeasible, -ance. f 'defecate, ppl. a. obs. Also 5 delicate, 7 defaecate. [ad. L. defxcat-us pa. pple. of defxcare (see next). In early times used as pa. pple. of DEFECATE H.] 1. Purified from dregs, clarified, clear and pure. a. as pple. 1533 Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 34b, Ale or biere welle and perfytely brewed and clensed, and.. settled and defecate. 1650 W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659) 257 Joys., defecate from your dregs of guilt.

b. as adj. 1576 Newton Lemnie’s Complex. (1633) 143 This pure, cleare, defecate, lovely, and amiable juyce. 1621-51 Anat.

defecated ('deftkeitid), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ed.] 1. Cleared of dregs or impurities; clarified, clear. 1641 Wilkins Math. Magick 11. v. (1648) 185 Have the air .. so pure and defecated as is required. 1677 Grew Anat. Fruits iii. §6 A more defecated or better fined Juyce. 1733 Cheyne Eng. Malady Pref. (1734) 5 Generous, defecated, spirituous Liquors. 1865 Sat. Rev. 17 June 721/1 We have a right to ask.. that our rivers should flow with water, and not with defecated sewage.

2. fig. purified.

Mentally,

morally,

or

spiritually

1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xx. §4 A great deale of cleare elocution, and defecated conceit. 1793 T. Taylor Or at. Julian 39 Consider the defecated nature of that pure and divine body. 1862 F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 279 His judgment daily becomes more and more defecated.

3. transf. Of evil: Unmixed, unmitigated. 1796 Burke Let. Noble Ld. Wks. VIII. 57 The principle of evil himself, incorporeal, pure, unmixed, dephlegmated, defecated, evil. 1827 Hare Guesses Ser. 1. (1873) 92 "The Penal Colonies.. have been the seats of simple, defecated crime.

defecation (dcft'keijan). Also defalcation, [ad. L. defse cation-em, n. of action from defsecare to defecate. Also in mod.F.] The action or process of defecating. 1. The action of purifying from dregs or lees; cleansing from impurities; clarification. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Defecation, a purging from dregs, a refining. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (ed. 2) 218 Depuration and defecation.. of the blood and vital spirits. 1865 Standard 26 Jan., Unless some means are taken for the defecation of the sewage before it is discharged into the river.

2. Purification of the mind or soul from what is gross or low. 1649 JER- Taylor Gt. Exemp. 1. Ad §ix. 142 A defecation of his faculties and an opportunity of Prayer.

3. The discharging of the faeces. 1830 R. Knox Bedard's Anat. 310 In coughing, sneezing, vomiting, defecation.. a greater or less number of the muscles .. act in unison. 1847-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 142/2 Cases of defecation of hair.. are .. to be received with distrust. 1872 Huxley Phys. vi. 153 When defecation takes place.

defecator ('defikeit3(r)). [agent-n. f. defecate v.: see -or.] One who or that which defecates or

DEFECT purifies; spec, in Sugar-manufacture: see quot. 1874. 1864 Webster, Defecator, that which cleanses or purifies. 1874 Knight Mech. Diet., Defecator, an apparatus for the removal from a saccharine liquid of the immature and feculent matters which would impair the concentrated result... Defecators for sorghum partake of the character of filters. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts III. 944 (Sugar), This dissolving pan is sometimes .. called a ‘defecator’.

defect (di'fskt, 'di:-), sb. Also 5 defaicte, 5-6 defecte. [ad. L. defect-us defect, want, f. ppl. stem of deficere to leave, desert, fail, etc.: see defect v. In early use repr. OF. defaicte privation, or defaict evil, misfortune: see defeat

1. The fact of being wanting or falling short; lack or absence of something essential to completeness (opposed to excess); deficiency. 1589 Nashe Introd. Green's Menaphon (Arb.) n To supplie all other inferiour foundations defects. 1592 Davies Immort. Soul Introd. v. 2 Which Ill being nought but a Defect of Good. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 112 Holding on a meane path betweene excesse and defect. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. ii. 43, I must supply a defect in my former relation. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1817) I. 360 The excess of one check is balanced by the defect of some other. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 495 Having little money to give, the Estates supplied the defect by loyal protestations and barbarous statues. 1878 Morley Crit. Misc., Condorcet 66 The excess of scepticism and the defect of enthusiasm.

b. in defect: wanting, deficient, defective, in (t/or) defect of. in default of, for want of. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 1 The latter being in defect. Ibid. i. 5 Our bodies are.. prone to pine away for defect of daily food. 1641 French Distill, i. (1651) 3 In defect of a Furnace., we may use a Kettle. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. (1659) 174 That [quality], .in whose defect the Devils are unhappy. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 76 Besides the scutages they were liable to in defect of personal attendance. 1865 Grote Plato I. i. 47 In other [animals] water was in excess and fire in defect.

2. A shortcoming or failing; a fault, blemish, flaw, imperfection (in a person or thing). c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 44 An hidde defaicte is sumtyme in nature Under covert. 1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 138 But having no defects, why dost abhor me? 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. i. (1611) 2 The manifold defects whereunto every kind of regiment is subiect. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. (1843) 25/1 The very good general reputation he had, notwithstanding his defects, acquired. 1752 Fielding Covent Gard. Jrnl. No. 56 Ill breeding.. is not a single defect, it is the result of many. 1857 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Poets II. x. 18 Its incurable defect is an utter absence of imagination. 1878 Morley Crit. Misc., Vauvenargues 14 Vauvenargues has the defects of his qualities.

b. Naut. (See quots.) 1829 Marry at F. Mildmay v, Having delivered.. an account of our defects, they were sent up to the Admiralty. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Defects, an official return of the state of a ship as to what is required for her hull and equipment, and what repairs she stands in need of. Upon this return a ship is ordered to sea, into harbour, into dock, or paid out of commission.

f3. The quality of being defectiveness, faultiness. Obs.

imperfect;

1538 Starkey England ii. i. 178 The defecte of nature ys with vs such, c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. cxlix. 11 When all my best doth worship thy defect. 1776 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. vii. (1876) 414 The merit or defect of performances.

4. The quantity or amount by which anything falls short; in Math, a part by which a figure or quantity is wanting or deficient. 1660 Barrow Euclid vi. xxvii, The greatest is that AD which is applied to the half being like to the defect KI. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 223 Supplying the defect of the Dividend with Cyphers. 1823 H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 290 When a decrement by 1 row of molecules takes place on the edge of any parallelopiped, the ratio of the edges of the defect [etc.]. 1858 Herschel Astron. §545 An allowance .. proportional to the excess or defect of Jupiter’s distance from the earth above or below its average amount.

f5. Failure (of the heavenly bodies) to shine; eclipse; wane of the moon. Obs. [L. defectus.] 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1307 The defect of the Moone and her occultation. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 4 When the moon is in the wane, they [Apes] are heavie and sorrowful.. for, as other beasts, so do these fear the defect of the stars and planets. 1692 Ray Dissol. World 259 Prodigious and lasting Defects of the Sun, such as happened when Csesar the Dictator was slain.

f6. A falling away (from), defection. Obs. 1540 in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. xlix. 367 The king.. made a defect from his purpose of reformation with great precipitancy. C1790 Willock Voy. 308 When a priest apostatizes.. they seldom place his defect to the account of conscience.

fde'fect, a. Obs. [ad. L. defectus, pa. pple. of deficere: wanting.

see

DEFECTIVE

374

next.]

Defective,

deficient,

1600 Tourneur Transf. Metamorph. Prol. i, This huge concauitie, defect of light. 1630 J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. (N.), Their service was defect and lame. 1664 Flodden F. vi. 56 And sage advice was clean defect.

de'fect, v. [f. L. defect-, ppl. stem of deficere to leave, desert, depart, cease, fail, f. de- + facere to make, do.] I. intr. fl.,To fail, fall short, become deficient or wanting; to fall off from (a standard, etc.). Obs. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 143/2 After he perceiued that nature began to faile and defect, he yeelded himselfe to die. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man iv.

(1603) 315 The vertue and goodnesse of men seemeth to defect from that of former ages. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. v. 18 Yet have the inquiries of most defected by the way. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 295 The Moon suddenly defected in an ecclipse. a 1677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 16 Not.. to defect from the right.. course thereto.

2. To fall away from (a person, party, or cause); to become a rebel or deserter; spec, to desert to a Communist country from a non-Communist country, or vice versa. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. liii. 241 Thay had defected frome the Christiane Religioune. 1646 Buck Rich. Ill, 1. 15 The Duke was now secretly in his heart defected from the King, and become male-content. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 340 He defected, and fled to the contrary part, i860 Russell Diary India I. xviii. 280 The native troops and gunners defected. 1955 Times 10 May 11/2 There must be many soldiers in the satellite armies who commit ideological sin in thought, but it is difficult to see how they could defect in action. Ibid. 27 Aug. 6/1 Dr. John .. defected to east Berlin last year. 1959 Ibid. 28 May 15/5 A plot by a member of Parliament and a lobby correspondent to persuade a top Russian scientist to ‘defect’, i960 Guardian 16 Sept. 13/2 One of the two code clerks who defected to Russia.

(1882) 92 After the defection of Iudas the traitour. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. lxx. 284 Fearing lest the defection of his souldiers should daily more and more increase. 1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref., When the United Netherlands made their defection from the Crown of Spain. 1777 Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) II. vi. 251 A spirit of defection had already begun to spread among those whom he trusted most. 1884 Nonconf. & Indep. 21 Feb. 186/3 The Liberal defection on Wednesday morning was .. small.

3. A falling away from faith, religion, duty, or virtue; backsliding; apostasy. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries 11. (R.), Suche a defection from Christ as Saint Paul speketh of. 1549 Latimer 5th Serm. be/. Edtv. VI (Arb.) 132 Also the defection is come and swaruinge from the fayth. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. I The Lord for this end permitteth many generall defections and corruptions. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iv. vii. 355 The defection and disobedience of the first Man, which brought Death into the World. 1738 Warburton Div. Legal. 1. 287 Their frequent Defections into Idolatry. I772 Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 300 The times of defection and idolatry. 1882 Farrar Early Chr. II. 436 For each such defection we must find forgiveness.

Hence de'fectionist, defection.

one

who

advocates

1846 Worcester cites Morn. Chron.

II. trans. f3. To cause to desert or fall away. Obs.

f de'fectious, a. Obs. [f. defection: see -ous.

1636 Prynne Unbish. Tim. Ded. (1661) 7 Defect me from (the Episcopal) throne, expell me the City. 1685 F. Spence House of Medici 373 The means of defecting his garrison.

Cf. infectious.] 1. Having defects, defective.

f4. To hurt, damage, dishonour. Obs.

1581 Pettie Guazzo’s Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 11 b, Without Conversation our life would bee defectious. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 43 Perchance in some one defectious peece, we may find a blemish.

make

defective;

to

1579 Remedie agst. Loue Cij, To brydell all affectes, As .. Drunkennesse, Whordome, which our God defectes. 1639 Troubles Q. Eliz. (N.), Men may much suspect; But yet, my lord, none can my life defect.

Hence fde'fected ppl. a., f defecting vbl. sb. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxviii. (R.), Defected honour neuer more is to be got againe. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (1885) 62 A certane gret schip, bot throuch aldnes defected. 1602 Carew Cornwall (1723) 140 a, There dwelt another, so affected, or rather defected [being deaf and dumb]. 1635 Heywood Hierarch. 11. Comm. 104, I finde myselfe much defected and disabled in my knowledge and understanding. 1686 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 262 The Archbishop of York now died.. I look on this as a great stroke to the poor Church of England, now in this defecting period.

defectant (di'fektant). rare. [f. defect v. + -ant. (No corresp. L. or F.)] = defector. 1883 Field 1 Dec. 759 Defectant after defectant causing.. the honorary secretary an immense amount of trouble.

defectibility (di.fektibi liti). [f. next + -ity.] Liability to fail or become defective. a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 108 This is.. to detect.. the defectibility. .in his creature. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles III. Sin came first into the world from the Defectibilitie of our rst Parents their Free-wil. 1705 Purshall Mech. Macrocosm 13 A Defectibilty in these is Inconsistent with Infinite Wisdom. 1845 R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. viii. (ed. 2) 192 The certain defectibility of all institutions, which depend not upon the principle of self-government.

de'fectible, a. Also 7 -able. [f. L. defect-, ppl. stem of deficere (see defect v.) 4- -ble: cf. perfectible.] Liable to fail or fall short. a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 104 The sin of a creature defectable maybe ordained. 1674 Hickman Quinquart. Hist. (ed. 2) 12 The defectible nature of the will. 1736 Butler Anal. I. v. Wks. (1874) I. 101 Such creatures.. would for ever remain defectible.

defection (di'fekjan). In 6 defeccion. [ad. L. defection-em desertion, revolt, failure, eclipse, deficiency, fainting, etc., n. of action from L. deficere: see defect v. Cf. F. defection (in OF. 13-15th c., and in mod.F. 18-19th c., but obs. in 16th c., when the Eng. word was adopted from L.).] 1. The action or fact of failing, falling short or becoming defective; failure (0/ anything). 1544 Phaer Regim. Lyfe (1553) Gvjb, Mani times foloweth defeccion of the strength. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 36 You., suffer no defection of your renoune, nor eclipse of dignitie. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 11. 62 The stopping of the waters [of Jordan] above must necessarily command their defection beneath. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 29/2 As soon as he remembred these words, he fell into a great defection of Spirit. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xxiv, I underwent.. miserable defections of hope, intolerable encroachments of despair. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. iii. §1. 129 All the cumbrous ceremonial might be strictly attended to without flaw or defection.

fb. spec. Failure of vitality; a fainting away or swooning. Obs. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 417 The vrine that hee auoyded in his defections or swounds. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xix. 680 It may be sometimes good in sudden Defections of the Soul to sprinkle cold water on the Face.

fc. Imperfection, defectiveness; an instance of this, a defect. Obs. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 273 In whom, if there be any defection.. it is to be referred to Nature. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 93 He himself in his anatomy of his affections and defections .. acknowledges himself to be severe. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Defection.. an infirmity. 1677 Hale Contempl. 11. 38 The Light of Nature shews us, that there is a great defection and disorder in our Natures.

2. The action of falling away from allegiance or adherence to a leader, party, or cause; desertion. 1552 Huloet, Defection, properly wheras an armye doth forsake their owne captayne. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11.

2. Of the nature of defection or desertion. 1630 Lord Relig. defectious apostasie.

Persees

Ep.

Ded.,

Relapse

and

defectivation (di.fekti'veijan). Linguistics, [f. defective a. 4- -ATION.] The process or result of making, or becoming, defective. 1957 Hjelmslev & Uldall Outl. Glossematics 83 It involves syncretism, defectivation, and manifestation. 1963 Language XXXIX. 328 The intensive term of an opposition is also the one on which 'defectivations' and ‘syncretisms’ depend.

defective (di'fektiv), a. and sb. Also 5 defectif, -yf, def(f)ectyff(e, 5-6 def(f)ectyve. [a. F. defectif, -ive (14th c. in Littre), ad. L. defectiv-us (Tertull.), f. defect-, ppl. stem of deficere: see defect v.\ A. adj. 1. a. Having a defect or defects; wanting some essential part or proper quality; faulty, imperfect, incomplete. 1472 in Surtees Misc. (1890) 25 The crosse in the markythe his defectyff & lyke to fall. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. clxiv. 148 And tho lete kyng edward amende the lawes of walys that were defectif. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 4 Weightes and mesures so found defectif to be forfeit and brent. 1528 Paynel Salerne's Regim. Xivb, Saffron comfortethe defectiue membres, and principallye the harte. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 153 For a Prince hee hath beene thought somwhat defective. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 8 Why modern and daily Buildings are so exceedingly Defective? 1781 Cowper Poems, Ep. to Lady Austen 62 In aid of our defective sight, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxiv. 171 My defective French pronunciation. 1893 Law Times' Rep. LXVIII. 309/1 The defective condition of the drains.

b. defective fifth (in Music): an interval containing a semitone less than the perfect fifth. defective hyperbola (in Math.): = deficient hyperbola. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Semi-Diapason, a Term in Musick, signifying a defective or imperfect Octave. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Curve, [Newton’s] Enumeration of the Curves of the second kind.. Six are defective parabolas, having no diameters.. Seven are defective hyperbolas, having diameters. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Semidiapente, a defective fifth, called a false fifth.

c. spec. Mentally defective. 1898 Amer. Jrnl. Sociology Nov. 334 Numerous are the cases of idiotic women, the mothers of defective illegitimate children. 1899 Act 62 63 Viet. c. 32 § 1 A school authority .. may .. make such arrangements.. for ascertaining—(a) what children in their district, not being imbecile, and not being merely dull or backward, are defective, that is to say, what children by reason of mental or physical defect are incapable of receiving proper benefit from.. instruction in the ordinary.. schools. 1908 A. F. Tredgold Mental Deficiency viii. 123 A group of children existed who were so far defective that they could not be satisfactorily taught in the ordinary public schools, but who were not sufficiently defective to be certified as imbeciles or idiots. Ibid. 124 These defective children would suffer by association with imbeciles. 1933 L. P. Clark Amentia p. xi, Though our compassion be great for the defective child, the need of understanding [etc.].

2. defective in (\of): wanting or deficient in. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 112 A soveraigne preservative, and defective of no vertue save Iustice and Mercy. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. i. 233 All which the Moore is defectiue in. er. ‘Et delicie mee cum filiis hominum.’ 1382 Wyclif Gen. ii. 8 The Lord God had plawntid paradise of delice fro bigynnyng. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy iii. xxviii, Causinge the ay re enuyron be delyse To resemble a very paradyse. 1435 Misyn Fire of Love 96 p>e delis of endles lufe. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 174 In thy delyces holy mother of God. 1614 T. Adams Devil's Banquet 3 If she discouers the greene and gay flowers of delice. 1656 Jer. Taylor in Four C. Eng. Lett. 104 My delices were really in seeing you severe and unconcerned. 1685 Evelyn Mrs. Godolphin 47 The love of God and delices of Religion.

b. spec. Sensual voluptuousness.

or

worldly

pleasure;

a 1225 Ancr. R. 368 )?et heo gleowede & gomede.. & liuede in delices? 1340 Ayenb. 24 J>e guodes of hap byep he3nesses, richesses, delices, and prosperites. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 133 For certis delices ben pe appetites of py fyue wittes. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 50 Take 3e Cristes crosse, he saith; and counte we delices claye. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 535/2 Paule sayde of wanton wiedowes, that the wiedow which liueth in delyces, is dead euen whyle she liueth. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles 1. iii. x. 106 No smooth and effeminate delices for itching ears.

2. Something that affords pleasure; a delight. 14.. Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 248 To don hym sorwe was here delys [rime prys]. 1564 Haward Eutropius vii. 73 Hee was called the love and delices of mankynde. 1664 Evelyn tr. Freart's Archit. Ep. Ded. 15 S. Germain’s and Versailles, which were then the ordinary residence and delices of the King. 1779 Swinburne Trav. Spain xxxiv. (T.), Zehra, with all its delices, is erased from the face of the earth.

b. A dainty, delicacy. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 195 b/i She had no thynge but barly brede and sometyme benes, the whiche.. she ete for alle delyces. 1599 Buttes Dyets drie Dinner Aaviij, There with Cates, Delices, Tabacco, Mell. 1652 C. B. Stapylton Herodian 91 Whence, .many Fragrant Spices Are brought to us, as rare and choise Delices.

H Spenser stresses xdelicesy confusion with delicies.

perhaps

by

1590-6 Spenser F.Q. ii. v. 28 And now he has pourd out his ydle mynd In daintie delices, and lavish joyes. Ibid. iv.

DELICI ATE

417

x. 6 An island strong, Abounding all with delices most rare. Ibid. v. iii. 40.

fde'liciate, v. Obs. rare. [Formed after OF. delicier (12-16th c.), trans. to rejoice, ref1. to enjoy oneself, feast, med.L. deliciari to feast, f. L. delicia, -se: see delice, and -ate3.] 1. intr. To take one’s pleasure, enjoy oneself, revel, luxuriate. 1633 A. H. Partheneia Sacra 18 (R.) When Flora is disposed to deliciate with her minions. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 811 These Evil Demons therefore did as it were Deliciate and Epicurize in them.

2. trans. To delightful, delight.

fill

with

delight,

render

1658 R. Franck North. Mem. (1821) 77, I perceive you disordered, but not much deliciated. Ibid. 122 Whilst the birds harmoniously deliciat the air.

t'delicies, sb. pi. Obs. rare. [ad. L. deliciae, -as: cf. delice.] = delices, delights; joys; dainties. 1597 1st Pt. Return fr. Parnass. II. III. iv. 1355 Inspire me streight with some rare delicies, Or He dismount thee from thy radiant coach. 1607 Walkington Opt. Glass 9 Charon and Atropos are corn’d to call me away from my delicies.

f delici'osity. Obs. rare. In 5 -iosite, -iousite, diliciousite. [f. delicious or its L. or Fr. equivalent. A med.L. *deliciositas and OF. *deliciousete were prob. used, though not yet registered.] The quality of being delicious, or of affording delight; concr. something in which this quality is embodied; a delicacy, a luxury. c 1440 Gesta Rom. lxiii. 274 (Harl. MS.) To abide still with pe deliciousites. Ibid., As ofte as the flessh is ouercome with diliciousites. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 255 To speke and write tho wordis in sum gaynes and bewte or in sum deliciosite.

The habitual Intemperance which is too commonly annexed to festival and delicious Tables.

fb. Of persons: Addicted to sensuous indulgence; voluptuous, luxurious, dainty. Obs. *393 Gower Conf. III. 33 If that thou understode, What is to ben delicious, Thou woldest nought ben curious, c 1450 Mtrour Saluacioun 914 Of mete nor drinke was sho neure yhit diliciouse. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 116/2 Thyse monckes ben ouer delycious. 1530 Palsgr. 309/2 Delyciouse, daynty mouthed or delycate. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. 1. Eden (1641) 84/1 Idleness.. Defiles our body, Yea sobrest men it makes dilicious. 1680 Morden Geog. Red. (1685) 71 The Gentry are.. Costly in their Apparel, Delicious in their Diet. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 448 A delicious mouth or palate.

deliciously (di'lijasli), adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a delicious manner. 1. So as to afford intense pleasure; delightfully. Sqr.'s T. 71 Herknynge hise Mynstrals hir thynges pleye Beforn hym at the bord deliciously. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 19 He..repayred the places ryght delycyously. 1747 Carte Hist. Eng. I. 577 No cost being spared either to purchase the greatest rarities, or to dress them deliciously. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 259 There was something so deliciously amiable in her character. 1863 E. C. Clayton Queens of Song II. 322 Her voice was invariably pure, true, and deliciously sweet. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi v. 106 The air was deliciously cool. i883. Manch. Exam. 19 Dec. 5/3 The explanation is deliciously grotesque. C1386 Chaucer

b. With intense delight or enjoyment. 1696 Stanhope Chr. Pattern (1711) 290 Yet does He., importune us to sit and eat deliciously with him. 1706 Reflex, upon Ridicule 239 He deliciously imbibes the Elogies that are given him. 1799 Southey Love Elegies iv, O’er the page of Love’s despair, My Delia bent deliciously to grieve. 1864 Skeat UhlancTs Poems 294 Beneath its shade he oft would sit And dream deliciously.

f2. Luxuriously, voluptuously, sumptuously. delicious (di'lijas), a. Also 4-6 -yci-, -icy-, -ycy-, -ous, -owse, dilicious(e, 5 dylycy-, 6 delicius, di-, 6-7 delitious, 7 delishous. [a. OF. and Anglo-Fr. delicious (later F. delicieus, -eux) = Pr. delicios, Sp. delicioso, It. delizioso, ad. late L. delicios-us delicious, delicate (Augustine), f. L. delicia, -se\ see delice and -ous.] 1. a. Highly pleasing or delightful; affording great pleasure or enjoyment. In mod. use, usually less dignified than ‘delightful’, and expressing an intenser degree and lower quality of pleasure. C1300 K. Alis. 38 Theo wondres, of worm and best, Deliciouse hit is to lest, c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. 11. iii. 36 J?ise ben faire binges .. and only while pei ben herd .. pei ben deliciouse. ycke. [1692 Coles, Dely, little. Old word.—Hence in Kersey, Bailey, Ash, etc.]

deligated (’deligeitid), ppl. a. Surg. [f. L. deligat-us bound fast (see next) + -ED.] Tied with a ligature, as an artery. 1840 R. Liston Elem. Surg. (ed. 2) 204 The immediate effect of a tightly-drawn ligature is to divide the internal and middle coats at the deligated point. 1859 Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 330/1 With deligated salivary ducts.

f3. With fondness, fondly. Obs. Test. Love 1. (1560) 275 b/2 She [Love] gan deliciously mee comfort with sugred words. ai salle wip-out delite [Cott. lite, rime quite, quitte].

f de'lite, a. Obs. rare. In 5 delyte. [a. OF. delit delicious.] Delightful. c 1430 Lydg. Hors, Shepe & G. 3 This pascalle Lambe with-owte spott.. pis lambe moste delyte.

delite, the earlier form of delight. delitescence (ddi'tssans). [f. delitescent: see -ence. (In the medical sense used in F. by Pare in 16th c.)] 1. The condition of lying hid; latent state, concealment, seclusion. 1776 Johnson Lett, to Mrs. Thrale 22 May, To sooth him into inactivity or delitescence. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxx. (1870) II. 213 The obscuration, the delitescence of mental activities.

2. Med. a. ‘Term applied to the sudden disappearance of inflammation, or of its events, by resolution, no other part of the body being affected.’ b. ‘The period during which poisons, as those of rabies and smallpox, remain in the system before they produce visible symptoms’ (= incubation). Syd. Soc. Lex. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 513/2 This speedy termination of the disease has been called by the French writers delitescence. 1877 Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 46 Resolution may take place very quickly, this being termed delitescence.

deli'tescency. [f. as prec.: see -ency.] a. The quality of being delitescent, b. = prec. 1. 1696 Aubrey Misc. Introd. (1857) p. xiii, From 1670 to this very day.. I have enjoyed a happy delitescency. 1805 Pref. to Brathwait's Drunken Barnaby (ed. 5), Republishing this facetious little book after a delitescency of near a hundred years. 1821 J. L. Adolphus Let. to Heber 8 An extraordinary development of the passion for delitescency.

delitescent (deli'tesant, ’dir-), a. [ad. L. delitescent-em, pr. pple. of delitescere to hide away, f. de- I. 2 -I- latescere, inceptive of latere to lie hid.] Lying hid, latent, concealed. 1684 T. Hockin God's Decrees 212 The vertue of those means .. may be long delitescent, and lye hid. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxx. (1870) II. 213 The immense proportion of our intellectual possessions consists of our delitescent cognitions.

t de'litigate, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. delitigare: see -ATE3.] 1623 Cockeram,

Delitigate, to skold or chide vehemently.

Hence deliti'gation. 1727 Bailey vol. contending.

II, Delitigation, a striving, a chiding, a

fdelitous, a. Obs. Also 5 delytous. [a. OF. delitous (Bozon), -eus, f. delit delight: see -ous.] Delightful. CX400 Rom. Rose 90 In this sesoun delytous, Whan love affraieth al thing. Ibid. 489 Swich solace, swich ioie, and play.. As was in that place delytous.

deliver, a. Obs. or arch. Also 4-7 delyuer(e, (4 delyure, 5 deliuuer, -liuere, -lyvyr, 6 -liure). [a. OF. delivre, deslivre (cf. It. dilibero), vbl. adj. from delivrer to deliver.] fl. Free, at liberty. Obs. c 1305 Edmund Conf. 290 in E.E.P. (1862) 78 He ne m^te him wawe fot ne hond: his poer him was binome; Ac delyure he hadde al his po^t.

2. Free from all encumbrance or impediments; active, nimble, agile, quick in action. C1350 Will. Palerne 3596 Dou3thi man and deliuer in dedes of armes. 1375 Barbour Bruce iii. 737 Bot the Kingis folk, that war Deliuer off fute. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 289 Delyvere men strong and swyper. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas ill. i. (1554) 70b, Light and deliuer, voyde of al fatness. 1472 Paston Lett. No. 696 III. 47 He is one the lyghtest, delyverst, best spokyn, fayrest archer. 1530 Palsgr. 309/2 Delyver of ones lymmes as they that prove

DELIVER mastryes, souple. Delyver, redy, quicke to do any thyng, agile, deliure. a 1562 G. Cavendish Wolsey (1827) 141 A number of the most deliverest soldiers. 1580 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 326 Pyrocles, of a more fine and deliuer strength. 1600 Holland Livy xxvm. xx. 683 b, Being men light and deliver of bodie. [arch. 1814 Scott Wav. xlii, Mr. Waverley looks cleanmade and deliver. 1887 Eng. Illust. Mag. Nov. 72 He is the most deliver at that exercise I have ever set eyes on.]

f3. Delivered (of a child). Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1084 Alle hende pat honestly mo3t an hert glade, Aboutte my lady watz lent, quen ho delyuer were. £1325 Metr. Horn. 168 That this abbas suld paynes dreght, And be delyuer of hir chylde. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xv. 67 Mary was delyuer of hir childe vnder a palme tree, c 1460 Towneley Myst., Purif. Mary 117 Ffourty dayes syn that thou was Delyuer of thy son.

deliver (di'liv3(r)), v.1 Also 3-5 deliure, 3-6 delyuer(e, 4 deliuyr, delyuyr, diiyuer(e, 4-5 delyuir(e, 4-6 delyure, diliuer(e, 6 Sc. delywer. [a. F. delivrer, in OF. also deslivrer, = Pr. de-, deslivrar, Cat. desliurar, OSp. delibrar, It. diliberare:—late pop. L. deliberare, in Romanic partly refashioned as *deslibrare (de- I. 6), used in sense of L. liberate to set free, liberate (see Du Cange). (In cl.Lat. deliberare had a different sense: see deliberate.)] 1.1. trans. To set free, liberate, release, rescue, save. Const, from, out of, f of. fa. To release from a place. Obs. (exc. as merged in b, and as a traditional phrase in reference to gaol-delivery). C1325 Coer de L. 1140 Whenne I am servyd off that fee, Thenne schal Richard delyveryd bee. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 45 Scho delyuerd pe lordes oute of pe toure. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 798 The Lorde Stanley was delivered out of ward. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 277 The way turned short east.. and delivered us entirely from the mountains. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 134 That they could not upon an habeas corpus either bail or deliver a prisoner. 1863 H. Cox Instit. 11. x. 534 A commission of general gaol delivery.

b. Now esp. To set free from restraint, imminent danger, annoyance, trouble, or evil generally. a 1225 Ancr. R. 234 Nolde heo neuer enes bisechen ure Louerd pet he allunge deliurede hire perof. c 1250 Old Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 33 pet he us deliuri of alle eueles. 1382 Wyclif Matt. vi. 13 And leede vs nat in to temptacioun, but delyuere vs fro yuel. £1386 Chaucer Moder of God 34 Fro temptacioun deliure me. 1549 Bk. Com. Prayer, Litany, From al euill and mischiefe, from synne, from the craftes and assaultes of the deuyll; from thy wrathe, and from euerlastyng damnacion: Good lorde deliuer us. 1611 Bible 1 Sam. xvii. 37 The Lord that delivered me out of the paw of the lion.. he will deliver me out of the hand of this Philistine. 1651 Reliq. Wotton. 199, I fell into these thoughts, of which there were two wayes to be delivered. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xii. 205 God .. had .. delivered me from blood-guiltness. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 26 Chilperic was delivered from the necessity of inventing any new expedient. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 396 Stood in body before them, a fainting host to deliver.

fc. spec. To release or free (any one) from his vow, by putting him in a position to discharge it; to accept combat offered by. [So in OF.] Obs. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1688 3if thow hufe alle the daye, thou bees noghte delyuerede. 1470-85 Malory Arthur vn. xiv, I care not.. what knyghte soo euer he be, for I shal soone delyuer hym. 1475 Bk. Noblesse 77 For to take entreprises, to answere or deliver a gentilman that desire in worship to doo armes in liestis to the utteraunce, or to certein pointis. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxiii. 617 Then it was sayd to all the knightes there about, Sirs, is there any of you that will delyuer this knight?.. Sir Wylliam of Fermyton .. sayd .. if it pleases him a lytell to rest hym, he shall anone be delyuered, for I shall arme me agaynst hym.

12. a. To free, rid, divest, clear (a) ofy (b) from. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 3248 Deliuer pi lond .. Of alle pine dedeliche fon. £1374 Chaucer Boeth. 111. i. 64 Who so wil sowe a felde plentiuous lat hym first delyuer it of thornes. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. (1549) 32 At last god hath deliuered the .. of him. 1562 Homilies 11. Good Friday {1859) 411 It pleased him [Christ] to deliver himself of all His godly honour. 1868 Bushnell Serm. on living Subj. 21 The salutation will be quite delivered of its harshness by just observing that [etc.]. C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 193 Anoynte pe pacient & pis wole delyvere him fro icching. 1627 Donne Serm. v. 50 Yet we doe not deliver Moses from all infirmity herein. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 323 A stone.. which hath the vertue to deliuer a woman from her paine in child-birth. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. To Rdr., If the Expressions.. be.. delivered from Amphibologies.

fb. reft. To free oneself, get clear or rid of. Obs.

422 1610 Guillim Heraldry iv. v. (1660) 282 That so his momentany passion .. might by some like intermission of time be delivered, and so vanish away.

3. a. To disburden (a woman) of the foetus, to bring to childbirth; in passive, to give birth to a child or offspring. Rarely said of beasts. (The active is late and chiefly in obstetrical use.) c 1325 Metr. Horn. 63 For than com tim Mari mild Suld be deliuerd of hir child. £1340 Cursor M. 5562 (Fairf.) per wimmen.. ar deliuered be paire awen sli3t. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. lxxi. 53 Tyme come that she shold be delyuered and bere a child. 1484-Fables of JEsop 1. ix, A bytche which wold lyttre and be delyured of her lytyl dogges. 1568 Tilney Disc. Mariage Cviij, To have thy wyfe with childe safely delyvered. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. 11. ii. 25 She is, something before her time, deliuer’d. 1685 Cooke Marrow of Chirurg. in. 1. i. (ed. 4) 168 The third time they sent and begged I would deliver her. 1754-64 Smellie Midwif. I. Introd. 70 A better method of delivering in laborious and preternatural cases. 1805 Med.Jrnl. XIV. 521 By making an incision in the urethra.. the patient might be delivered. c 1850 Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 448 The queen .. was in due time safely delivered of a prince. fig. 1634 Heywood Mayden-head well Lost 1. Wks. 1874 IV. 108 My brain’s in labour, and must be deliuered Of some new mischeife. a 1640 Peacham (J.), Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 281, I have been delivered of an infinite variety of speeches about virtue before now, and to many persons.

t b. pass. Of the offspring: To be brought forth (lit. and fig.). Obs. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 12 All beastes so soone as they are delivered from their dam get upon their feete. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. lxxvii. 11 Those children nursed, deliver’d from thy brain. 1604-Oth. 1. iii. 378 There are many Euents in the Wombe of Time, which wilbe deliuered.

4. To disburden, unload. ? Obs. *793 Smeaton Edystone L. §289 The Weston was delivered of her cargo. 1805 in A. Duncan Nelson 231, 26th. Delivered the Spaniard, and sunk her. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt, xxxiv. 267 The brace of revellers went staggering over the azotea, delivering their stomachs.

5. reft. To disburden oneself of what is in one’s mind; to express one’s opinion or thought; to utter words or sounds; to speak, discourse. (Cf. io.) £1340 Cursor M. 20391 (Trin.), I delyuered me of my sermoun. 1654 tr. Martini's Conq. China 217 He delivered himself thus unto them, ‘I hope by your valour to obtain the Empire of the world’. 1660 Trial Regie. 42, I now desire to know, whether it be proper now to deliver my self, before you proceed to the calling of Witnesses. 1713 Steele Englishman No. 3. 19 Some Merchants.. delivered themselves against the Bill before our Houses of Lords and Commons. 1752 Fielding Amelia vi. vii, Amelia delivered herself on the subject of second marriages with much eloquence. 1869 Goulburn Purs. Holiness x. 91 Delivering Himself., in sentiments the very tones of which are unearthly.

II. f6. a. trans. To get rid of or dispose of quickly, to dispatch; refl. to make haste, be quick. £1340 Gaw. Gr. Knt. 1414 pe mete & pe masse watz metely delyuered. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 302 Deliuer the.. and mak na delay. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxxvi. 510 The Romayns.. sayd, Harke, ye sir cardynalles, delyuer you atones, and make a pope; Ye tary to longe. 1530 Palsgr. 510/2, I delyver, I rydde or dispatche thynges shortly out of handes, Je despeche.

fb. ? To dispatch, make away with. Obs. rare. a 1400-50 Alexander 3930 f>»s breme best.. A3t and tuenti men of armes onone scho delyuird. £1450 Guy Warw. (C.) 10140 And wyth the grace of god almyght To delyuyr ther enmyes wyth ryght.

1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 15 a, If a man make a deede of feoffemente unto another.. and delyvereth to him the deed but no livery of seisin, c 1590 Marlowe Faust, v. 11 o Speak, Faustus, do you deliver this as your deed? 1623 in New Shaks. Soc. Trans. (1885) 505 Wch said Indentr was sealled and deliuered by all the parties thervnto. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 306 A seventh requisite to a good deed is that it be delivered, by the party himself or his certain attorney. 1844 Williams Real Prop. vii. (1877) The words ‘I deliver this as my act and deed’, which are spoken at the same time, are held to be equivalent to delivery, even if the party keep the deed himself.

fc. poetic, with weakened sense of ‘To hand over, present’. Obs. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 1. ii. 43 O that I.. might not be deliuered to the world Till I had made mine owne occasion mellow. 1607-Cor. v. iii. 39 The sorrow that deliuers vs thus chang’d Makes you think so. d. Colloq. phr. to deliver the goods: see good

a. C. 8. Now also absol. (chiefly U.S.); also const, on. 1942 in Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §243/3.1959 F. Astaire Steps in Time(i960) xxi. 244, I have a horror of not delivering—making good, so to speak; and I can’t stand the thought of letting everybody down—studio and public as well as myself. 1970 N. Y. Times 28 Oct. 46 This autumn the President has a major opportunity to deliver on his pledge. 1976 Set. Amer. Sept. 160/3 Mrs. Gandhi could not deliver on her promises. 1978 Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVI. 351/2 If Toscanini’s players didn’t deliver at a rehearsal, Toscanini would explode. 1985 Company Dec. 82/1 Whether you go there for the art at the Louvre,.. or just plain old sightseeing, Paris certainly delivers in full.

IV. 9. To give forth, send forth, emit; to discharge, launch; to cast, throw, project: a. things material. 1597 T. J. Serm. Paules C. 37 The bow, being ready bent to deliuer the arrowe. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, v. iv. 59 A File of Boyes .. deliuer’d such a showre of Pibbles. 1633 T. James Voy. 71 [The pump] did deliuer water very sufficiently. 1702 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) V. 207 The earl of Kent, as he was delivering his bowl upon the green at Tunbridge Wells last Wensday, fell down and immediately died. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 291 In delivering his harpoon he lost his balance. 1850 ‘Bat’ Crick. Man. 39 Before a ball is delivered, the umpires station themselves at their respective wickets. 1885 Manch. Exam. 15 May 5/2 The enemy.. waited till Middleton’s volunteers had approached very close before they delivered their fire.

b. a blow, assault, attack, etc. to deliver battle: to give battle, make or begin an attack.

a 1300 Cursor M. 5012 (Cott.) Him sal deliuer your yongeist child. £1340 Ibid. 15879 (Fairf.) He deliuered his maister vp. c 1300 Beket 724 The Kynges baillyf delivri him to anhonge other to drawe. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour E vij b, The moders of them shall be delyuered to the dolorous deth of helle. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 771 That the goods of a sanctuary man, shoulde be delivered in payment of his debtes. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 111. i. 29 See them deliuered ouer To execution, and the hand of death. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 321 The French came from the mountaine, and .. delivered up their armes. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 90 Hee also assaults Tzinner, which tho a while well kept.. is in the end delivered. 1771 Mrs. Griffith tr. Viaud's Shipwreck 97 To take our chance, and deliver ourselves over into the hands of Providence. 1777 Watson Philip II (1839) 133 ‘Count Egmont,’ said Alva, ‘deliver your sword; it is the will of the King that you give it up, and go to prison.’ 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 2 When premiers deliver up their portfolios.

fc. To put forth freely (bodily action, etc.): cf. delivery 6. Obs.

c. to deliver a gaol: to clear it of prisoners in order to bring them to trial at the assizes.

another’s possession or keeping; spec, to give or distribute to the proper person or quarter (letters or goods brought by post, carrier, or messenger); to present (an account, etc.). Const. to, or with simple dative.

1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 405 b/i A lytel medecyne ofte delyuereth a grete languor and payne. 1576 Baker Jewell of Health 53 b, This water.. delyvereth the griefe of the stone.

b. Law. To give or hand over formally (esp. a deed to the grantee, or to a third party): see delivery 4 b (b). So ‘to deliver’ seisin of hereditaments, or a corporeal chattel.

1842 Alison Hist. Europe XI. lxxv. §36. 349 The Emperor was .. obliged to deliver a defensive battle. 1864 Daily Tel. 19 Nov., The assaults were badly delivered. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §6. 405 When Philip at last was forced to deliver his blow.

fb. refl. To give oneself up, surrender, devote oneself. Obs.

fd. transf. To make riddance of, get rid of, dispel (pain, disease, etc.); to relieve. Obs.

I. 28 Who had his pardon delyvered him on the Tower Hill. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. n. xxii. 122 To joyn in a Petition to be delivered to a Iudge, etc. 1745 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 9 He delivered back the String of Wampum sent him. 1843 Prescott Mexico (1850) I. 255 A message which he must deliver in person. 1881 Goldw. Smith Lect. & Ess. 260 The postmaster had written the letter as well as delivered it. 1892 Law Times' Rep. LXVII. 52/2 No bill of costs was ever delivered. Mod. Get the address from the postman who delivers in that part of the town. How often are letters delivered here? fig. 1526-34 Tindale 1 Cor. xi. 2 That ye..kepe the ordinaunces even as I delyvered them to you. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. iv. 37 The superstitious idle-headed-Eld Receiu’d and did deliuer to our age This tale of Heme the Hunter. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II, Seven persons only were necessary to deliver the history of the creation and fall from Adam to Moses.

III. 7. a. To give up entirely, give over, surrender, yield; formerly often spec, to give up to an evil fate, devote to destruction, ruin, or the like. Also with over (obs. or arch.), up.

c 1300 K. Alis. 1319 Anon they deliverid heom of Macedoyne. £1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon ix. 208, I counseyll you that ye.. delyver yourselfe of Reynawde assone as ye maye. 1530 Palsgr. 511/1, I can nat delyver me of hym by no meanes. [1709 Berkeley Ess. Vision §51 [He] may be able to deliver himself from that prejudice.]

1523 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 34 To deliver any gayole wthin the towne. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 24 § 16 All suche iustices.. shal haue auctoritee .. to deliuer the same gaoles from time to time. 1890 Spectator 26 Apr. 584/2 The gaol must be delivered before the Judge leaves the assize town.

DELIVER

53° Palsgr. 510/2,1 delyver, I gyve a thyng in to ones handes to kepe. Je liure. 1535 Wriothesley Chron. (1875)

01586 Sidney (J.), Musidorus could not perform any action.. more strongly, or deliver that strength more nimbly. 1845 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. V. II. 530 He [a horse] must.. be taught to raise his knee and deliver his leg with freedom.

To give out as produce, to produce, yield. Obs. 1605 Verstegan Dec. Intell. ii. (1628) 51 The mynes. .do deliuer gold, siluer, copper.

10. a. To give forth in words, utter, enunciate, pronounce openly or formally. (Cf. 5.) Here the object is usually either something in the speaker’s mind, as a judgement or opinion, or (now very commonly) the speech or utterance itself, with reference to its mode of delivery. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 56 To a question by him propounded, this answere was delivered. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 11. xiii. [xiv.] (Arb.) 134 The vowell is alwayes more easily deliuered then the consonant. 1615 Crooke Body of Man v. xxxi. (1616) 341 Galen deliuering the recepts of health. 1667 Pepys Diary (1879) IV. 435 He is .. old to deliver what he thinks on every occasion. 1771 Junius Lett. liv. 286, I am called upon to deliver my opinion. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 384 Dr. John Reid .. intends to deliver .. a Course of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine. 1873 Hamerton Intell. Life 150 Like an orator who knows that he can deliver a passage, and compose at the same time the one which is to follow. 1882 Times 25 Nov. 4 The Master of the Rolls, in delivering judgment, said [etc.].

b. absol. or intr. To ‘deliver oneselF, discourse; to pronounce an opinion or verdict; to ‘make deliverance’. 1807 Robinson Archceol. Grseca v. xxi. 525 They first delivered on civil affars: afterwards the discourse turned on war. 1859 Sala Tiv. round Clock (1861) 97 Poor jurymen..

DELIVER understanding a great deal more about the case on which they have to deliver at its commencement than at its termination.

fc. absol. or intr. To utter notes in singing. I53° Palsgr. 510/2, I delyver quickly, as one dothe in syngynge.. I never herde boye in my lyfe delyver more quyckely.

+ 11* a. trans. To declare, communicate, report, relate, narrate, tell, make known; to state, affirm, assert; to express in words, set forth, describe. Obs. *557 Order of Hospttalls H vj, Goe to the Lord Maior, and deliuer unto him the disobedience of the said Constable. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 219 The Duke.. himselfe unto the king, delivered what hee had seene. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. v. ii. 4, I.. heard the old Shepheard deliuer the manner how he found it. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 114/1 The time of his birth is no where expresly delivered. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 1. 80, I will here deliver one or two Optical Experiments. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. 0778) II. 1 (Fille de Chambre) What the old French officer had delivered upon travelling. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. i. 5 Particulars so plainly delivered . . in the Acts of the Apostles. 1800 Vince Hydrostat. (1806) 5 Like his general principles of motion before delivered.

fb. with obj. clause. Obs. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 44 It was delivered hee hung himselfe for griefe. 1658 Browne Hydriot, i, That they held that Practice in Gallia, Caesar expressly delivereth. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 161 Who founded these, their Annals nor their Sanscript deliver not.

fc. with obj. and complement. Obs. 1636 Massinger Gt. Dk. Florence 1. ii, She is deliver’d.. For a masterpiece in nature. 1649 Milton Eikon. 11 History delivers him a deep dissembler, a 1687 Petty Pol. Arith. iv. (1691) 64 The Author.. delivers the Proportion .. to be as Thirty to Eighty two.

V. 12. Pottery and Founding. To set free from the mould; reft, and intr. To free itself from the mould; to leave the mould easily. 1782 Wedgwood in Phil. Trans. LXX11. 31 o To make the clay deliver easily, it will be necessary to oil the mould. 1832 Porter Porcelain & Gl. 50 The ware.. dries in a sufficient degree to deliver itself (according to the workman’s phrase) easily from the mould. 1880 C. T. Newton Ess. Art & Archaeol. vi. 272 That oil or grease had been applied .. to make the mould deliver.

t deliver, v.2 Obs. [A variant of deliber v., with Romanic change of L. b to v, as in prec.] = deliber, to deliberate, determine. 1382 Wyclif 2 Sam. xxiv. 13 Now thanne delyver, and see, what word I shal answere to hym. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. 1. 966 Deliuer pis mater, so god 30ur soulys saue. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 520 Oft in his mynd revoluand to and fro, Syne at the last deliuerit hes rycht sone, To tak his tyme sen it wes oportune.

Hence resolved.

f delivered

DELIVERER

423

ppl.

a.,

determined,

1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 259 With deliverit mind to assailye thame in the brek of the day. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 12 We consent nocht with ane deliverit mynd.

trial by Jury] If any man can giue evidence, or can say any thing against the prisoner, let him come now, for he standeth vpon his deliuerance [Budden: nam de captivi liberatione agitur]. 1660 Trial Regie. 21. Col. Harrison. ‘I do offer myself to be tried in your own way, by God and my Countrey.’ Clerk. ‘God send you a good deliverance.’ Ibid. 35 For now the Prisoner [Col. Harrison] stands at the Bar upon his Deliverance. 1781 Trial Ld. Geo. Gordon 7 Clerk. ‘How will you be tried?’ Gordon. ‘By God and my country.’ Clerk. ‘God send you a good deliverance.’ (It is possible that this has been in later times associated with the ‘true deliverance’ of the Jury: see 8 b.)

|2. The being delivered of offspring, the bringing forth of offspring; delivery. Obs. C1325 Metr. Horn. 72 This womane yode wit chylde full lange..myght scho haue na delyueraunce. C1350 Will. Palerne 4080 Mi wif.. Deied at pe deliueraunce of mi dere sone. C1450 Merlin 13 Two women ffor to helpe hir at hir delyueraunce when tyme is. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Churching of Women, To geue you safe deliuerance. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. v. v. 370 Nere Mother Reioyc’d deliuerance more. 1625 Gonsalvio's Sp. Inquis. 122 Within foure dayes after her deliuerance, they tooke the childe away from her. fig. 1660 Willsford Scales Comm. 190 Sulphurious Meteors fir’d in the wombs of clouds, break forth in their deliverance with amazement to mortals.

|3. The action of giving up or yielding; surrender. Obs. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 158, I am not bonden to mak deliuerance. 1404 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. I. 38 Awyn .. is accordit with all the men that arne therinne save vij, tor to have dilyverance of the Castell at a certayn day. 1548 Hall Chron. 19 b, The kyng openly saied that if they wolde not deliver them, he woulde take them without deliverance. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 227 To make deliverance of the towne of Barwike.

f4. The action of handing over, transferring, or delivering a thing to another; delivery. Obs. CI340 Cursor M. 5045 (Fairf.) He made del[i]ueraunce per of corne. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 404 Eer than the receyuer make Execucioun or Delyuerance of the thing or deede bi him 30uun. 1528 Tyball in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. xvii. 38 After the delyverance of the sayd New Testament to them. 1631 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 35 The Sheriffe did not make deliverance of 400 sheepe. b. Law. writ of second deliverance: a writ for

re-delivery to the owner of goods distrained or unlawfully taken, after they have been returned to the distrainer in consequence of a judgement being given against the owner in an action of replevin. 01565 Rastell tr. Fitzherbert's Nat. Brevium (1652) 174 The plaintiff may sue a Writ of second Deliverance. 1618 Pulton Stat. (1632) 47 marg., A Writ of Second deliuerance. 1708 Termes de la Ley 508 b, Second Deliverance is a Writ made by the Filacer, to deliver Cattel distreined, after the Plaintiff is Non-suit in Replevin. 1845 Stephen Laws Eng. (1874) III. v. xi. 616 The Statute of Westminster 2(13 Edw. I c. 2).. allowed him a judicial writ issuing out of the original record (called a writ of second deliverance).

f5. Sending forth, emission, issue, discharge.

deliverable (di'lrv3r3b(3)l), a. [f. deliver v.1 + -able: cf. OF. deliverable, delivrable (15-17th c. in Godef.).] That can or may be delivered; to be delivered (according to agreement): cf. payable. *755 Magens Insurances I. 401 Ten thousand Pounds of

1626 Bacon Sylva §9 This Motion worketh.. by way of Proofe and Search, which way to deliuer itself; And then worketh in progresse, where it findeth the Deliuerance easiest.

good and deliverable Dutch made Starch. 1877 Act 40-1 Viet. c. 39 §5 Where the document.. makes the goods deliverable to the bearer. 1889 Macm. Mag. Mar. 270/2 So wild and shrill a cry of human anguish, that the like of it I could never imagine deliverable by human lips.

*553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 222 Singyng plaine song, and counterfeictyng those that doe speake distinctly, helpe muche to have a good deliveraunce. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 11. i. 97 At each words deliuerance. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxx. ix. 397 For his speech, readie he was ynough in quicke deliverance.

deliverance (di'livarans). [a. OF. delivrance, desl- (12th c. in Littre) = Pr. delivransa, desl-, f. delivrer, delivrar to deliver: see -ance.] 1. The action of delivering or setting free, or fact of being set free (fof, from confinement, danger, evil, etc.); liberation, release, rescue. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 1. 197/118 A-serued heo hath to alle pe

f 7. The action of reporting or stating something; that which is stated; statement, narration, declaration; = delivery 8. Obs.

contreie deliueraunce of langour. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 121 William Marschalle .. gaf for his delyuerance pe castelle of Schirbume. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3585 For J?air deliverance fra payn. 13.. Poems fr. Vernon MS. 226/200 Of alle J?eos Merueylous chaunces Vr lord hat? sent vs diliueraunces. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xxiii. 247 It hath a round wyndowe abouen that.. seruethe for delyuerance of smoke, c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4074 Sho .. lete hym out at a wyndowe so making his delyvrance. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 275/2 That he shold praye to god for the delyueraunce of his sekenesse. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 408 On the behalfe of king Richard for his delyveraunce out of prison. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. in. xxxv. 221 Our deliverance from the bondage of sin. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1858) 139 The greatest deliverances I enjoyed, such as my escape from Sallee. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 144 At no moment.. had hopes of deliverance been higher.

fb. ‘Delivery’ of a gaol: see deliver v.1 2 c. c 1400 Gamelyn 745 pat J?ou graunte him me Til pe nexte sittyng of delyueraunce. 1464 Nottingham Rec. II. 377 Paied to the Justices of Deliuerance for the Gaole Delyuere. 1487 Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 3 The next generall gaoles deliveraunce of eny suche gaole.

c. In the ritual observed at a criminal trial. 1565 Sir T. Smith Commonw. Eng. xxv. 99 No man that is once indicted can be deliuered without arraignment. Ibid. [Form of proclamation in court when no indictment is produced], A. B. prisoner standeth here at the barre, if any man can say any thing against him, let him now speake, for the prisoner standeth at his deliuerance: If no man do then come, he is deliuered without anie further processe or trouble. [In Budden’s Latin transl. 1601: nam vinctus liberationem expectat: si nemo eum turn incusaverit, in libertatem pristinam asseritur.] Ibid. 102 [Form of procl. on

16. The action or manner of uttering words in speaking; utterance, enunciation, delivery. Obs.

1431 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 276 To make a trewe delyueraunce of swiche goodys as thei receyue. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxix. (Percy Soc.) 143 And to Venus he made deliveraunce Of his complaint. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 7 What confused deliverance is this? Ibid. 11. 44 Doth not the very deliverance of your own fact condemne you? 1621 T. Adams White Devill (1635) in, If there wanted nothing in the deliverance. b. An utterance; esp. of a formal character. 1859 Mill Liberty ii. (1865) 29 Things which are not provided for. .in the recorded deliverances of the Founder of Christianity. 1879 M. Arnold Fr. Critic on Milton Mixed Ess. 241 Macaulay’s writing.. often.. is really obscure, if one takes his deliverances seriously. 1883 Manch. Guardian 29 Sept. 7/3 We can complain of no ambiguity in his present deliverance. 8. Sc. Law. Judgement delivered; a judicial or

administrative proceeding.

order

in

an

action

or

other

In its most general sense applicable to any order pronounced by any body exercising quasi-judicial functions. In the Bankruptcy Act of 1856 (19 & 20 Viet. c. 79 §4) ‘deliverance’ is defined as including ‘any order, warrant, judgement, decision, interlocutor, or decree’. Hence the word has acquired a quasi-technical application to orders in bankruptcy proceedings. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. vn. vi. 90 Of £at [he] Stablysyd, and mad ordynance.. and full delyverance. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems ix. 133 Of fals solisting ffor wrang deliuerance At Counsale, Sessioun, and at Parliament. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 562 In this mater.. Rycht sone I wald heir 3our deliuerance. 11565 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (1728) 14 (Jam.) Both parties were compromit by their oaths to stand at the deliverance of the arbitrators chosen by them both. 01649 Drumm. of Hawth. Skiamachia Wks. (1711) 194 We hope your lordships will give us leave.. to remember your lordships of your deliverance, June the first, 1642. 1752 J. Louthian Form of

Process (ed. 2) 35 The Deliverance on the Bill is, Fiat ut petitur, to the — Day of — next to come. 1833 Act 3-4 Will. IV, c. 46 §25 The said sheriff shall.. affix a deliverance thereon finding and declaring.. that this Act has not been adopted. 1868 Act 31-2 Viet. c. 101 §75 The judgment or deliverance so pronounced shall form a valid and sufficient warrant for the preparation in Chancery of the writ.

b. In the (English) Jurors’ oath, in a trial for treason or felony, used app. in the sense: Determination of the question at issue, verdict. 1660 Trial Regie. 11 Oct. 32 His Oath was then read to him [Sir T. Allen, juror]: You shall well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lord the King, and the prisoners at the Bar, whom you shall have in Charge, according to your Evidence. So help you God! 1892 S. F. Harris Princ. Crim. Law (ed. 6) xiv. 412. [The current formula: the same words with the last clause expanded to ‘and a true verdict give, according to the evidence’.] (The meaning here has been matter of discussion: cf. 1 c above, and Tomlins Law Diet. s.v. Jury.)

c. Formal judgement pronounced, expression of opinion, verdict. [1847 De Quincey Wks. XII. 184 Milton v. Southey & Landor, Wordsworth never said the thing ascribed to him here as any formal judgment, or what the Scottish law would call deliverance.] 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §2. 298 We cannot but attach great value to the deliberate deliverance of so impartial.. a man. 1871 Sarah Tytler Sisters Wives 154 Dr. Harris’s deliverance was. .that Mr. Duke was not looking very well.

fd. Used consultum.

(in

Sc.)

to

render

L.

senatus

*533 Bellenden Livy (1822) 212 (Jam.) Thir novellis maid the Faderis sa astonist, that thay usit the samen deliverance that thay usit in extreme necessite. |9. = DELIVERNESSJ DELIVERY 6. Obs. 14.. Chaucer Pars. T. IP378 (Harl. 7334) pe goodes of body ben hele of body, strengj?e, deliuerance [m* texts deliuerness], beaute [etc.]. 1500-20 Dunbar Thistle & Rose 95 Lusty of schaip, lycht of deliuerance.

de'liverancy. rare-*. [See prec. and-ancy.] = DELIVERANCE 7 b. 1853 Tait's Mag. XX. 365 Being the accredited organ of the Government on Scotch topics, his deliverancy necessarily carries more weight than those of any ordinary member.

fdelive1 ration. Obs. rare~x. [a. OF. delivration (in earlier and more popular form delivraison, -oison, -ison), ad. late pop. L. deliberdtion-em (Du Cange), n. of action from deliberate to liberate.] Deliverance, liberation, release. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. 148 Who is fettered in chaynes He thinketh long after delyveracion Of his great wo. ppl. a.1 [f. deliver v.1 + Set free; disburdened of offspring; handed over; surrendered; formally uttered or stated, etc.: see the verb.

delivered (di'livsd), -ED1.]

c 1440 Promp. Parv. 117 Delyueryd, liberatus, erutus. 1588 Tit. A. iv. ii. 142 Cornelia, the midwife, and my selfe, And none else but the deliuered Empresse. 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Warres 123 Prince of the delivered City. 1893 Poll Mall G. 13 Jan. 2/1 The additional cost.. for delivered bread. Shaks.

t

delivered,

ppl.

a.2: see deliver

.2

v

[f. deliver v.1 + -ee.] The person to whom something is delivered.

deliveree (di.livs'ri:).

1887 V. Sampson in Cape Law Jrnl. 37 The putting of a deliveree in possession. Ibid. 43 The deliveror should point out the subject of delivery to the deliveree.

deliveree,

obs. form of delivery.

deliverer (di'liv3re(r)). Also

4-6 dely-, 4 -ere, 6

-our; see also deliveror. [a. OF. delivrere (12th

c. in Hatzf.), in obi. case delivreor, -our, -eur:—late pop. L. deliberator, -orem, agent-n. from deliberate, F. delivrer to deliver: see -er1.] One who delivers. 1. One who sets free or releases; a liberator, rescuer, saviour. 01340 Hampole Psalter lxix. 7 My helpere & my delyuerere ert J?ou. 1382 Wyclif Ps. xvii[i]. 2 My refut, and my delyuerere. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 117 Delyuerer, liberator. 1555 Eden Decades Pref. to Rdr. (Arb.) 53 Thou oughteste to.. bee thankefull to thy delyuerer. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 149 Thy great deliverer, who shall bruise The Serpents head. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. III. lxv. 622 He stood forth as the deliverer of his country. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 404 Though he had been a deliverer by accident, he was a despot by nature.

2. One who hands over, commits, surrenders, etc.; esp. one who delivers letters or goods. 1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 16 The seller, exchaunger or deliuerer. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §8 By indenture to be made betwene the deliuerour.. and the receiuour. 1622 Misselden Free Trade 104 The Stranger.. would be a deliuerer heere of money at a high rate. 1766 Entick London IV. 295 There is.. a deliverer of letters to the House of Commons, at 6s. 8d. per day. 1888 Daily News 25 Aug. 5/3 Each deliverer of milk will possess a share.

3. One who utters, enunciates, sets forth, etc. (rare.) 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vm. vi. § 12 Thereof God himself was..the deviser, the discusser, the deliverer. 1651 Reliq. Wotton. 202 Among the Deliverers of this Art. 1822 New Monthly Mag. IV. 195 The public deliverers of song at the Grecian festivals.

deliveress

(di'livsris). rare. [Short delivreress, f. deliverer + -ess, in delivreresse: see -ess.] A female deliverer.

for F.

1644 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 72 At one side of the cross, kneels Charles VII armed, and at the other Joan d’Arc.. as the deliveress of the town. 1839 Q. Rev. June 98 Nancy comes like the deliveress of the pious /Eneas.

f de'liverhede. Obs. [f. deliver a. + -hede, -HEAD.] Nimbleness, agility. 1496 Dives Paup. (W. de W.) in. xiii. 148/2 They shal haue delyuerhede of body and lightnesse.

delivering (di'hvsrit)), vbl. sb. [f. deliver v.1 + -ING2.] The action of the verb deliver, q.v.; deliverance, delivery (in various senses). c 1320 Seuyti Sag. 1536 (W.) The maister.. hadde mani a blessing, For his disciple deliuering. r 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 5800 Of his delyueryng gled and blithe. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. Ixv. 6 By thy wonderfull deliveringes, thy power may be shewed abrode. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. §36 (R.) Excommunications.. were deliverings over to Satan. 1889 J. M. Duncan Dis. Women vi. (ed. 4) 26 Judgement of the method to be pursued in delivering. attrib. 1881 Daily News 19 Jan. 5/5 A few heavy railway collecting or delivering vans.

delivering, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That delivers: see the verb. 1887 Pall Mall G. 29 Nov. 11/1 There was no evidence that the delivering company.. were not willing to supply the coal at 85. a ton.

fde'liverly, adv. Obs. or arch. For forms see DELIVER a. [f. DELIVER a. + -LY2.]

1. Lightly, actively, nimbly, quickly. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2009 Deliuerly he dressed vp, er pe day sprenged. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 1088 He.. sette [his signet] Upon the wex deliverliche and rathe, c 1440 Partonope 7051 His Swerd he pulleth oute delyuerly. 1549 Chaloner Erasmus on Folly R ij a. The nemblier and more deliverly to goe about theyr charge. 1657 S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. x. 50 The claw-tailed Humble Bee.. flyes as deliverly when great with young as when she is barren.

2. Deftly, cleverly. I53° Palsgr. 550, I fynger, I handell an instrument of musyke delyverly. 1612 Two Noble K. in. v, Carry it sweetly and deliverly. 1870 Emerson Soc. & Solit., Clubs Wks. (Bohn) III. 93 We get a mechanical advantage in detaching it well and deliverly.

H As adj. (erroneous archaism). 1820 Scott Monast. xvii, A deliverly fellow was Hughie —could read and write like a priest, and could wield brand and buckler with the best of the riders.

de'liverment. rare. [f. deliver v.1 4- -ment. (Cf. OF. delivrement in Godef.)] = deliverance 7 b; open pronouncement.

DELL

424

DELIYERESS

statement,

1893 Nat. Observer 13 May 640/1 Because the Emperor has heretofore spoken unadvisedly, it by no means follows that.. Tuesday’s deliverment makes for complete ineptitude.

f de'liverness. Obs. [f. deliver a. -I- -ness.] Lightness, activity, nimbleness, agility, quickness. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 5900 Delyvernes and bewte of body, c 1386 Chaucer Melib. If 199 Grete thinges ben not ay accompliced by strengthe, ne by delyvernes of body. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. 1. xi. 30 To voyde the strokis by delyuernes of body. 1540 Elyot Image Gov. (1556) 69 b, Fewe men surmounted hym in strength and delivernesse. a 1607 Brightman Revelation (1615) 700 Certainly this., deserueth to be called properly by the Latin name, Expedition, for the deliuernes thereof.

deliveror (di,liv3'ro:(r)).

[f. deliver d.1: see -or.] A technical variant of deliverer, used as correlative to deliveree: one who makes a legal delivery of goods, etc. 1887 [see deliveree].

delivery (di'livari). Forms: 5 deliveree, 5-6 delyuery(e, 6 -ere, 6-7 deliverie, 6- -ery. [a. Anglo-Fr. delivree, fern. sb. f. pa. pple. of delivrer to deliver: cf. livery, and see -Y.] fl. a. The action of setting free; release, rescue, deliverance. Obs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxxiii. 266 The quene made assyduat laboure for the delyuerye of the kynge her husbonde. 1555 Eden Decades 103 Thankes geuynge to almyghty god for his delyuery and preseruation from so many imminent perels. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 90 A servant of his.. by force attempting his Lords delivery. 1671 Milton Samson 1505 Thy hopes are not ill founded, nor seem vain, Of his delivery. 1766 Gqldsm. Vic. W. xxx, Here is the brave man to whom I owe my delivery. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs II. 58 Some that called upon the Lord for delivery before there was need.

b. The action of delivering a gaol: see deliver v.1 2 c, and jail-delivery. 2. a. The fact of being delivered of, or act of bringing forth, offspring; childbirth. Usually of the mother; formerly sometimes of the child; cf. deliver v. 3. I577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 111. (1586) 139 For this poore creature.. is as much tormented in her deliverie, as a shrew. 1611 Bible Isa. xxvi. 17 Like as a woman.. that draweth neere the time of her deliuerie. 1648 W. Mountague Devoute Ess. 1. xii. § 1 (R.) As they are twins.. their delivery is commonly after such a manner, as that of Pharez and Zara. 1676 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist.

MSS. Comm. App. v. 29 My prayers shall attend your ladies good delivery of a brave boy. 1868 Chambers' Encycl. VI. 446/1 Midwife., a woman who assists in parturition or delivery. attrib. 1876 tr. Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XI. 562 That form of paralysis.. in newly-bom children .. which we should call delivery-paralysis.

b. As the action of the accoucheur or midwife. [1660 Shirley Andromana in. i. 8, I am with child to hear the news: Pr’ythee Be quick in the delivery.] 1767 Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 323 Injury in a laborious, hasty or injudicious delivery. 1800 Med. Jrnl. III. 483, I therefore did not conceive myself justified.. in proceeding to immediate delivery. 1889 W. S. Playfair Treat. Midwifery II. iv. ii. 163 No other means of effecting artificial delivery was known.

simplicitie in the Messingers delivery and lookes. a 1639 Wotton (J.), The duke had the neater limbs, and freer delivery. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. xxxii. 319 There is a great deal in a delivery, as it is called, in a way, a manner, a deportment, to engage people’s attention and liking. 1818 Todd, Deliverness, agility.. What we now term delivery. fig. 1762-71 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) II. 177 It has the greatest freedom of pencil, the happiest delivery of nature.

7. a. The utterance or enunciation (of words), the delivering (of a speech, etc.).

a 1639 Marmion Antiquary in. ii, My head labours with the pangs of delivery. 1823 Scott Peveril xlvi, Out started the dwarf.. and the poor German, on seeing the portentous delivery of his fiddlecase, tumbled on the floor.

1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ii. (1586) 58 All their force and vertue lyeth in the sweete deliverie of their wordes. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 37 His skill and delivery of forraigne languages [was] so wonderfull. 1665 Lloyd State Worthies (1670) 22 One thing he advised young men to take care of in their publick deliveries. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India III. ii. 68 Four days were occupied in the delivery of the speech. 1879 McCarthy Own Times II. xix. 57 The speech occupied some five hours in delivery.

3. The act surrender.

of;

b. Manner 01 utterance or enunciation in public speaking or singing.

1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 772 The whole counsaile had sente him to require of her the deliverie of him [her child]. 1548 Hall Chron. 245 b, The delivery of the Castell of Barwyke. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 181 The deliverie of the rocke of Saint Julian and of the fort. 1780 Impartial Hist. War Amer. 147 Marching directly to Boston, there to demand a delivery of the powder and stores, and in case of refusal to attack the troops. 1844 H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 158 The arrest of Trimbak, and his delivery to the British Government.

1667 Pepys Diary 19 May, Meriton .. hath a strange knack of a grave, serious delivery. 1769 Johnson in Boswell Life an. 1781 (1848) 679/2 His delivery, though unconstrained, was not negligent. 1853 Holyoake Rudim. Public Speaking 13 The power of distinct and forcible pronunciation is the basis of delivery. 1892 Sat. Rev. 15 Oct. 443/1 Few men. °f his generation had a greater fund of talk or a more telling delivery.

c. fig.

of

giving

up

possession

4. a. The action of handing over, or conveying into the hands of another; esp. the action of a carrier in delivering letters or goods entrusted to him for conveyance to a person at a distance. 1480 War dr. Acc. Edw. IV (1830) 140 For the deliveree of the said stuff and bedding. 1556 in Hakluyt Voy. (1886) III. 113 Hauing receiued any priuie letters., you shal.. let the deliuerie of them at your arriuing in Russia. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 124 He might forge other Letters.. else why kept he them two dayes without delivery. 1679 Burnet Hist. Ref. I. 1. (R.), The investitures of bishops and abbots .. had been originally given by the delivery of the pastoral ring and staff. 1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. III. 652 Extraordinary charges for the delivery of goods. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, ii, It [a letter] will be here by the two o’clock delivery. 1851 Ht. Martineau Hist. Peace (1877) III. iv. xiv. 139 The convenience of two or three deliveries of letters per day. 1879 R. M. Ballantyne Post Haste vii. (1880) 74 The delivery of a telegram. fig. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 1. v. §9 Another error is in the manner of the tradition and delivery of knowledge. attrib. 1720 De Foe Capt. Singleton xviii. (1840) 316 Our proper delivery port.. was at Madagascar. 1889 Daily News 11 Dec. 3/2 Carmen’s wages: — Delivery men: Driving, is. per day and 7d. per ton.

b. Law. (a) The formal or legal handing over of anything to another; esp. the putting of property into the legal possession of another person. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 264 Goods are gotten .. by deliuerie. 1625 Gill Sacr. Philos. 1. 87 Whereof we have already assurance, yea deliverie, and seisure. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 47 Acts which have been held to be a part performance of an agreement.. such as delivery of possession; and payment of the whole, or a considerable part of the consideration. 1887 V. Sampson in Cape Law Jrnl. 38 We now come to the several species of constructive delivery, of which delivery brevis manus, or short-hand is the first. 1891 Law Times XC. 473/1 After delivery of defence the plaintiff discontinued his action.

(b) The formal transfer of a deed by the grantor or his attorney to the grantee or to a third party, either by act or by word: formerly essential to the validity of the deed. 1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 25 Absolute estates of inheritance which .. do not pass by livery and seisin, but by delivery of the deed or feoffment. 1809 Tomlins Law Diet. s.v. Deed, If I have sealed my deed, and after I deliver it to him to whom it is made, or to some other by his appointment, and say nothing, this is a good delivery. 1853 Wharton Pennsylv. Digest 261 Delivery is necessary to give effect to a bond.

5. a. The act of sending forth or delivering (a missile, a blow, etc.); emission, discharge; throwing or bowling of a ball (at cricket, base¬ ball, etc.). Also, = ball sb.1 4 c. 1702 Savery Miner's Friend 46 The delivery of your Water into a convenient Trough. 1787 Specif. Bryant's Patent No. 1631 Useful.. by its much greater delivery of water. 1816 W. Lambert Instr. & Rules of Cricket 22 Very few Bowlers run alike before the delivery of the Ball. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 109 The peril.. from the delivery of the spear. 1837 W. Martin Bk. of Sports 96 If the hand be above the shoulder in the delivery, the umpire must call ‘no ball’. 1868 J. Lillywhite Cricketers' Compan. 54 Mr. Jupp.. played Southerton’s ‘curly’ deliveries with consummate skill. 1882 Daily Tel. 19 May (Cricket), Crossland at 68 came on with his fast deliveries, i960 J. Fingleton Four Chukkas 59 He thus played ‘doggo’ to 388 deliveries.

b. Founding. See quot. (Cf. deliver t;.1 12.) 1874 Knight Diet. Meek., Delivery {Founding), the draft or allowance by which a pattern is made to free itself from close lateral contact with the sand of the mold as it is lifted. Also called draw-taper.

f 6. Free putting forth of bodily action, ‘use of the limbs, activity’ (J.); action, bearing, deportment. Obs. 01586 Sidney (J.), Musidorus could not., deliver that strength more nimbly, or become the delivery more gracefully. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 127 Men .. for their severall callings questionlesse of very good delivery. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 223 Observing

f8. The action of setting forth in words, or that which is set forth; communication, narration, statement; = deliverance 7. Obs. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 22 The order hereafter to be observed in delivery of examples. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. v. ii. 10, I make a broken deliuerie of the Businesse. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. iv, Which enigmatical deliveries comprehended usefull verities. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxxvii. 145, I will forbear the delivery of many matters, that possibly might bring much contentment.

9. attrib. and Comb.-, delivery cart, company, date, port, system, tube, van, -wagon-, delivery box, order (see quots.); delivery pipe, a pipe through which liquids are ejected, spec, from a pump; also, a service-pipe; delivery room, a room in a hospital in which a mother is delivered (of a child). 1888 Lockwood's Diet. Mech. Engin., *Delivery box, the upper or delivery chamber of a series of two or three throw pumps, into which the liquid is lifted by the pistons and from which it is delivered. 1859 G. Measom Illustr. Guide Lane. & Carlisle Railw. 115 (Advt.), Tradesmen’s •Delivery Carts and Vans. 1856 Mrs. Gaskell Let. ?29 Apr. (1966) 388, I have just sent you off a parcel by the •Delivery Company. 1962 J. Braine Life at Top iv. 68, I started to worry about the Tiffield order again; Mottram was bound to talk about ’delivery dates tomorrow. 1967 O. Wynd Walk Softly i. 8 It’s run like a precision machine. Delivery dates are met. 1882 R. Bithell Counting-house Diet. 93 • Delivery order, a.. document, entitling.. the legal holder thereof, to the delivery of any goods.. of the value of forty shillings, or upwards, lying in any dock, port, wharf, or warehouse. 1924 Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 245/1 Ownership in goods can be transferred by mere endorsement of a bill of lading or a delivery order... A delivery order, or formal request, signed by the owner of goods, that they be delivered to the firm or person named, or to ‘bearer’, must be lodged with the bill of lading or freight release. 1965 Perry & Ryder Thomson's Diet. Banking (ed. 11) 209/1 When delivery orders are taken as security, the banker’s letter of lien.. should be signed by the customer. 1870 Technol. Diet. (ed. 2) II. 176/1 ’Delivery-pipe of a feed-pump (Locom.), Das Druckrohr, Tuyau de refoulement. 1888 Lockwoods Diet. Mech. Engin., Delivery pipes, the series of pipes through which the liquids drawn up by pumping machinery are ejected. 1889 P. N. Hasluck Model Engin. Handybk. 111 To connect the delivery-pipe union. 1895 Daily News 14 Sept. 5/1 It was noticed that this water had the power to dissolve the lead of the delivery pipes. 1720 •Delivery port [see sense 4]. 1949 M. Mead Male & Female iii. 62 In our own society, our images of the .. rituals of the ’delivery-room .. overlay any realization of what a shock birth is. 1967 Nursing Times 8 Sept. 1199/2 Once labour is established, the mother should be in a delivery room where in a normal confinement she will have her baby without any further move. 1961 Listener 28 Dec. 1098/2 This means developing nuclear weapons and •delivery systems so strong and so varied that no surprise attack could knock out the power to retaliate. 1967 Guardian 16 May 16/8 France.. might.. be interested.. in the development of a European delivery system. 1968 Listener 19 Dec. 813/1 After the war, the Soviet Union had two defence priorities: the construction of nuclear weapons and delivery systems. 1879 Noad & Preece Electricity 221 The •delivery tube conducts the gases into a graduated receiver. 1868 Third Member for Birmingham 22 Oct. (Advt.), William Keel’s, *delivery van. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 22 Feb. 11/1 For the purpose of manufacturing in England motor¬ cars, motor-omnibuses, and delivery-vans. 1907 Ibid. 21 Nov. 4/3 Delivered free by express motor delivery-van. i960 Library Assoc. Rec. Aug. 262/2 Delivery van, a vehicle intended and adapted primarily for the transport of books in boxes or trays, and providing no facilities for the selection of books. 1882 G. W. Peck Peck's Fun 88 Smith took them [sc. the goods] out to put them in the ’delivery wagon. 1889 Kansas Times & Star 14 Dec., The sign painted on one side of the delivery wagon going to the various schools with supplies.

dell1 (del). [ME. delle, corresp. to MDu. and MLG. delle, mod.Du. del, MHG. and mod.G. telle-.—WGer. *dalja- or *deljon- fern., deriv. of *dalo-, OLG. dal, dale; root meaning ‘deep or low place.’ Cf. also Goth, ibdalja, and OE. xfdsel, descent. (Dell bears nearly the same

DELL etymological relation to dale, that den does to dean.)] 11. A deep hole, a pit. Obs. 1531 Elyot Gov. ii. ix, Curtius.. enforsed his horse to lepe in to the dell or pitte. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Mar. 51 Thilke same .. Ewe.. Fell headlong into a dell [gloss, a hole in the ground], 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) II. 889/1 He met with dells or other deep holes. 1783 Ainsworth Lot. Diet. (Morell) 1, A dell, fossa.

2. A deep natural hollow or vale of no great extent, the sides usually clothed with trees or foliage. c 1220 Bestiary 5 Bi wile weie so he [Se leun] wile To dele niSer wenden. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. i, On a day thay horn dy3t into the depe dellus. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 17 The deip durandlie draif in mony deip dell. 1610 Fletcher Faithif. Shepherdess 11. ii, Yon same dell, O’ertopp’d with mourning cypress and sad yew Shall be my cabin. 1634 Milton Comus 312 Every alley green, Dingle, or bushy dell. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxviii, Disputing. . on the situation of a dell where they meant to form an ambuscade. 1798 Coleridge Fear in Solitude, A green and silent spot, amid the hills, A small and silent dell! 1845 B’ness Bunsen in Hare Life II. iii. 86 Miss Gurney’s cottage is in a sheltered dell, with woods on each side. transf. 1812 Southey in Omniana I. 54 Young ladies would do well to remember, that if laughter displays dimples, it creates dells.

dell2 (del). Rogues’ Cant. arch. A young girl (of the vagrant class); a wench. 1567 Harman Caveat 75 A Dell is a yonge wenche, able for generation, and not yet knowen .. by the vpright man. 1621 B. Jonson Gipsies Metamorph. Wks. (Rtldg.) 624/1 Sweet doxies and dells, My Roses and Nells, Scarce out of your shells. 1630 Taylor (Water P.) Wks. 11. 112/1 She’s a Priests Lemman, and a Tinkers Pad, Or Dell, or Doxy, (though the names be bad). 1688 R. Holmes Armoury 11. iii. §68 Dells, trulls, dirty Drabs. 1834 H. Ainsworth Rookwood III. v, ‘Sharp as needles’, said a dark-eyed dell.

dell(e, obs. form of DEAL. II Della Crusca (.della ’kruska). [It. Accademia della Crusca, lit. Academy of the bran or chaff.] The name of an Academy established at Florence in 1582, mainly with the object of sifting and purifying the Italian language; whence its name, and its emblem, a sieve. The first edition of its Dictionary, the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, appeared in 1612, and the fourth, 1729-38, has long been considered as the standard authority for the Italian language. A new edition on more historical lines was begun in 1881.

Hence Della-'Cruscan a., of, pertaining to, or after the style of the Academy della Crusca, or its methods; also, applied to a school of English poetry, affecting an artifical style, started towards the end of the 18th c.; sb. a member of this Academy, or English school of poetry. Hence Della-'Cruscanism. One of the noted writers of this school was Mr. Robert Merry, who (having been elected a member of the Florentine Academy) adopted the signature of Della Crusca, whence the name was extended to the school as a whole. [1796 Gifford Maeviad Introd. 8-9 While the epidemic malady was spreading from fool to fool, Della Crusca [i.e. Merry] came over [from Italy], and immediately announced himself by a sonnet to Love., and from one end of the kingdom to the other, all was nonsense and Della Crusca.] 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 48 Mr. Pratt has certainly indulged too much in the flimsy Della Cruscan style. 1821 Shelley Boat on Serchio 67 In such transalpine Tuscan As would have killed a Della-Cruscan. 1857 Trench Defic. Eng. Diets. 7 It is for those who use a language to sift the bran from the flour, to reject that and retain this. They are to be the true Della Cruscans. 1881 Athenaeum 20 Aug. 230/1 The detestable Della Cruscanism which makes many new volumes of verse a positive offence.

1887 Daily News 13 Jan. 5/2 A reform in the direction of what may be called dockyard de-localisation.

delomorphic (diitau'moifik), a. Anat. [ad. G. delomorph (A. Rollett 1870, in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissenschaften VIII. 338), f. Gr. SijAos visible + p.opfi form + -ic.] Having a definite form, spec, denoting certain cells of the gastric glands of the stomach. Also delo'morphous a. 1882 J. N. Langley in Jrnl. Physiology III. 272 He [sc. Rollett] found that in winter the gastric glands of the bat contained no delomorphous or border-cells, but contained many in summer. 1890 Billings Med. Diet., Delomorphous cells, large parietal cells of secretory portion of peptic glands. 1891 W. D. Halliburton Chem. Physiol. & Path. 633 Cells of a different nature called parietal cells (Heidenhain), delomorphic cells (Rollett), or oxyntic cells (Langley).

Ildeloo (di'lu:). [Native name in Dor language (in Sudan) for the gazelle.] A species of antelope, Cephalolophus grimmia, found in northern Africa, akin to the duykerbok of South Africa. 1861 J. Petherick Egypt, etc. 482 (Vocab. Dor language) Gazelle = diloo. 1874 G. Schweinfurth Heart of Africa I. 244 The Deloo has only one pair of these glands.

delope (di'bup), v. Hist. [Of uncertain orgin; cf. lope v. and Du. loop barrel of a gun: revived by Georgette Heyer (1902-74), English historical novelist.] intr. Of a duellist: to fire into the air, deliberately missing one’s opponent. 1836 Art of Duelling 47 Sometimes a man is placed in a situation when he considers it his duty to delope, (or fire in the air). 1868 A. Steinmetz Romance of Duelling I. vi. 113 (as 1836). 1935 G. Heyer Regency Buck x. 131 However much Mr. Farnaby might know himself to have been in the wrong, no dependence could be placed on his tacitly acknowledging it on the ground by deloping, or firing into the air. 1958 — Venetia vi. 84 He added superb marksmanship to his other accomplishments, and might have put a bullet through me at double the range... In fact, he deloped—fired in the air! 1977 Observer 20 Nov. 29/3 Both he and his opponent, Martynov, seemed about to delope, to fire into the air, when he remarked loudly: ‘I’m not going to fire at that fool.’ Enraged, Martynov.. fired. Lermontov fell. 1980 G. Wheeler Cato's War xi. 156 Twice I held my fire until they’d missed, then deloped —fired in the air—because the fools weren’t worth the bullet.

deloul (ds'luil). Also delool, delul, dolool. [colloq. Arab, delul, Arab, dalul, lit. obedient.] A dromedary. 1830 J. L. Burckhardt Notes on Bedouins 260 What is called in Egypt and Africa hedjein, and in Arabia deloul, (both terms signifying the camels trained for riding). 1855 R. F. Burton El-Medinah II. xx. 225 Bedouins bestriding naked-backed ‘Deluls’. 1865 [see hygeen]. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 242/1 The ‘hejeen’, or dromedary, sometimes also called ‘delool’, or ‘facile’.

delouse (dir'laus), vb. [f. de- II. 2 -I- louse sb.-, cf. G. entlausen.] trans. To clear of lice. So de'Iousing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1919 Library Assoc. Rec. Sept. 6 The inhabitants of each barrack went in turn to the delousing station on the other side of the island, where the delousing process took three days. 1921 Glasgow Herald 9 July 7 The fact that there were no adequate means of delousing these men. 1929 A. Forbes Hist. Army Ordn. Serv. III. ii. 46 Disinfectors for de¬ lousing clothing. 1937 Auden in B. Dobree From Anne to Victoria 92 The wearing of wigs helped to delouse the upper classes. 1946 G. Millar Horned Pigeon v. 65 We were going to the delousing-pen. 1964 R. Church Voyage Home i. 7 The stench polluted.. the holy air of the garden surrounding the temple. They sat delousing each other.

b. transf. and fig. unpleasant, slang.

To free from something

Della Robbia (,deb 'rDbia). [Name of a family of Italian painters and sculptors of the fifteenth century.] a. Used attrib. to designate the enamelled terra-cotta ware made by Luca Della Robbia and his successors, b. Any similar ware.

1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §355/2 Delouse, to get rid of displeasing companions. 1943 Times Weekly 18 Aug. 2 The road itself had been ‘deloused’ of mines. 1946 Brickhill & Norton Escape to Danger xx. 179 His squadron was ‘delousing’ Fortresses as they came back home out of Holland.

1787 P. Beckford Lett. fr. Italy (1805) I. 307 Some curious specimens in Terra della Robbia. 1850 Art Jrnl. 1 Oct. 313/2 Many fine specimens of the Della Robbia ware are yet to be found in the Florentine churches. 1878 Lloyd's Weekly 19 May 5/4 (Stanford), A mural tablet in Della Robbia ware. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 589/2 Though Luca was not the inventor of the process [sc. the production of terra-cotta reliefs covered with enamel], yet his genius so improved and extended its application that it is not unnaturally known now as Della Robbia ware. 1961 M. Beadle These Ruins are Inhabited (1963) i. 11 Della Robbia plaques.

fde'loyalty. Obs. rare—1. [ad. F. deloyaute formerly desloyaulte: see de- I. 6. ] =

delly (’deli), a. rare. Abounding in dells.

DELPHINESTRIAN

425

[f.

dell

sb.1

+

-y.]

1861 G. Calvert Univ. Restoration, Delly woods remote.

delocalize (dii'bukslaiz), v. [f. de- II. 1 + localize v.] trans. To detach or remove from its place or locality, or from local limitations. 1855 De Morgan in Graves Life Sir W. R. Hamilton (1889) III. 505 The Morning Register I could not use; you had better not delocalize it. 1867 Lowell Study Wind., Gt. Public Character, We can have no St. Simons or Pepyses till we have a Paris or London to delocalize our gossip and give it historic breadth. 1870 R. B. D. Morier Rep. Land Tenure (Pari. Papers) 208 It was necessary to find some means of effecting the transfers.. without delocalizing the Land Register.

Hence delocalized ppl. a., delocali'zation.

DISLOYALTY. 1571 Admon. Regent 112 in Sempill Ballads (1872) 132 Sum hes.. Lyfes losit for thair deloyaltie.

backing future productions—a kind of consensus forecasting technique in which panels of different experts are called in. 1983 Leisure, Recreation & Tourism Abstr. iv. no. 1872, An overview and guide to the major forecasting methods currently in use. Trend extrapolation, Delphi forecasting, structural forecasting and dynamic forecasting are reviewed.

Delphian ('delfian). [f. Delphi place name + -an.] Of or relating to Delphi, a town of ancient Greece on the slope of Mount Parnassus, and to the sanctuary and oracle of Apollo there; hence, of or relating to the Delphic Apollo; and transf. oracular, of the obscure and ambiguous nature of the responses of the Delphic oracle. 1625 Hart Anat. Ur. 1. ii. 25 [They] are nothing at all ashamed, by the vrine alone to deliuer their Delphian oracles concerning all diseases. 1631 Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 48 This treasure.. was a part of the Delphian riches. 1873 Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. 11. 322 His eyes had an inward Delphian look. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid 11. 113 We send, perplexed, to the Delphian fane, Counsel to ask of the god.

So 'Delphic, f 'Delphical a. 1599 Marston Sco. Villanie 169 Some of his new-minted Epithets (as Reall, Intrinsecate, Delphicke). -coumaric acid.

delphinine ('delfinain), sb. Chem. [f. Bot. L. Delphinium the genus Larkspur.] A highly poisonous alkaloid obtained from the seeds of Delphinium Staphesagria or Stavesacre. Called also del'phinia, and formerly 'delphia, del.phina, 'delphine. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 7 The chemical principle called Delphine. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 246 Delphina was discovered, in 1819, by MM. Lassaigne and Feneulle in the seeds of the .. stavesacre. 1840 Henry Elem. Chem. II. 304 Of Delphia. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 31 o Delphinine produces nausea when taken internally. It is said to act on the nervous system, and is used as a remedy in chronic swellings of the glands. 1876 Harley Mat. Med. 769 The active properties are due to delphinia or delphinine.

'delphinine, a. Of the nature of a dolphin: in Zool., of or pertaining to the Delphininas or sub¬ family of Cetacea, containing the Dolphins and Porpoises. t 'delphinite. Obs. Min. [f. L. Delphinatus, Dauphine (f. delphtnus, Dauphin), where found.] An obsolete name of yellowish green Epidote. 1804 Fourcroy's Chem. II. 426 This is the.. delphinite of Saussure.

del'phinity. A humorous nonce-wd. after humanity. Dolphin-kind, the nature of dolphins. i860 Lever Day's Ride x, History has never told that the dolphins .. charmed by Orpheus were peculiar dolphins.. they were .. fish .. taken ‘ex medio acervo’ of delphinity.

|| delphinium (dsrfimsm). Bot. [Bot. Lat. Delphinium, a. Gr. he\iviov larkspur (Dioscorides), dim. of dolphin (so named from the form of the nectary).] a. A genus of plants, N.O. Ranunculaceas, with handsome flowers of irregular form, comprising the common larkspur and many other species. The name is in ordinary horticultural use for the cultivated species and varieties. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 200 Sow divers Annuals.. as double marigold. Digitalis, Delphinium. 1882 The Garden 3 June 384/1 Another fine group is formed by a row of tall-growing Delphiniums.. in front of Clematises and Roses.

b. A deep blue like that of the indigo-blue delphinium. 1923 Daily Mail 23 Apr. 6 Exclusive colourings, including .. Delphinium, Saxe. 1927 Observer 9 Oct. 21 Nut Brown, Cocoa, Delphinium. 1970 Guardian 5 May 7/1 Mini dress . . coffee, apple, rose or delphinium print on green. 1971 M. Lee Dying for Fun xlvii. 220 Pretty girls dressed in pastiche rags and delphinium-blue Wellington boots.

'delphinoid,

a.

DELTOID

426

DELPHINIC

and

sb.

Zool.

[ad.

Gr.

8e\.2 [Deduced from demarcation after mark vb.: cf. Sp. and Pg. demarcar and demarcate.] = demarcate. 1834 H. O’Brien Round Towers Ireland 242 Nor are their [myriads of ages’] limits demarked by the vague and indefinite exordium of even the talented .. legislator, Moses himself. 1883 F. Hall in (N.Y.) Nation XXXVII. 434/3 Distinguishing traits.. such as everywhere demark the denizens of a colony from those of its mother country.

de'martialize, v. nonce-wd. [f. de- II. 1 + martial a. + -ize.] trans. To deprive of warlike character or organization. 1882 W. E. Baxter Winter in India xiv. 133 The whole population being disarmed and demartialized.

dematerialize (.diims'tianalaiz), v. [f. de- II. i + material a. + -ize.] a. trans. To deprive of material character or qualities; to render immaterial, b. intr. To become dematerialized. Hence dema'terialized ppl. a.y -izing ppl. a. and vbl. sb., dema.teriali'zation. 1884 H. Spencer in 19th Cent. Jan. 3 The gradual dematerialisation of the ghost and of the god. 1890 Spectator 11 Oct., The seeds of that spiritual development which was to culminate in the completely dematerialised God of Christianity. 1891 Cosmopolitan XII. 114/1 He has dematerialized everything into a memory. 1892 Scot. Leader 29 Jan. 4 She will gradually dematerialise, and fade away like a vapour before the eyes. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 1 Apr. 2/3 ‘The administrators of our manufacturing and commercial firms and the commercial traveller are not necessarily condemned to a barren materialism... ’ Perhaps when he has de¬ materialised the commercial traveller he will try his hand on the Stock Exchange. 1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister Street II. iv. iv. 928 These abrupt dematerializations of the underworld were really very difficult to deal with. 1935 Burlington Mag. Aug. 53/2 It is a ‘dematerialisation’ which afterwards El Greco realised in another way. 1956 R. M. Lester Towards Hereafter ii. 30 The clothes began to take shape, and slowly filled out until the medium was sitting in her chair again, looking just as she had done before the dematerializing. i960 M. Cecil Something in Common ii. 30 She .. dematerialized backwards into her office.

demath, dial. var. of day-math. 1559 Lane. Wills III. 125 One demathe of hey. 1820 Gloss. Dial. Chesh., Demath, generally used for a statute acre, but erroneously so, for it is properly one-half of a Cheshire acre .. the Demath bears [the proportion] of 32 to 30} to the statute acre. 1887 Darlington South Chesh. Gloss, s.v., We speak of a ‘five-demath’ or a ‘seven-demath field’. Wilbraham

demaund(e, obs. form of demand. demay, obs. var. of dismay v. fde'mayn, short for pain-demaine (panis dominicus), bread of the finest quality: see demeine. demayn(e, obs. f. demean d.1, demesne. demd, -on, obs. f. deemed, from deem v. t deme, sb.1 Obs. Forms: i deema, 1-2 dema, 2-3 deme. [OE. deema, dema = OHG. tuomo. Gothic type ddmja:—OTeut. domjon-, f. domjudgement, doom.] A judge, arbiter, ruler. C825 Vesp. Psalter xlix. [1.] 6 ForSon god doema is. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 95 J?e helend is alles moncunnes dema. CI205 Lay. 9634 J?erof he wes deme & due feole 3ere. a 1250 Owl & Night'. 1783 Wa schal unker speche rede And telle tovore unker deme?

deme (di:m), sb.2 [ad. Gr. Sij/xoy district, township.] 1. A township or division of ancient Attica. In modern Greece: A commune. [1628 Hobbes Thucvd. (1822) 86 Acharnas, which is the greatest town in all Attica of those that are called Demoi.] *833 Thirlwall in Philol. Mus. II. 290 The procession .. is supposed to take place in the deme of Dicteopolis. 1838 —— Greece II. 73 The ten tribes were subdivided into districts of various extent, called demes, each containing a town or village, as its chief place. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece xii. 383 He was made a citizen and enrolled in the respectable Acharnian deme. 1881 Blackvi. Mag. Apr. 542 (Greece her Claims) Elementary schools in most of the demes.

2. Biol. Any undifferentiated aggregate of cells, plastids, or monads. (Applied by Perrier to the tertiary or higher individual resulting

DEME from the aggregate integration of merides or permanent colonies of cells.) 1883 P* Geddes in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 843/1 The term colony, corm, or deme may indifferently be applied to these aggregates of primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary order which are not, however, integrated into a whole, and do not reach the full individuality of the next higher order. Ibid. 843/2 Starting from the unit of the first order, the plastid or monad, and terming any undifferentiated aggregate a deme, we have a monad-deme integrating into a secondary unit or dyad, this rising through dyad-demes into a triad, these forming triad-demes, etc.

3. Ecol. A local population of closely related plants or animals; also used as the second element of more precise terms, as in ecodeme, gamodeme, topodeme, etc. Hence demo'logical a. *939 Gilmour & Gregor in Nature 19 Aug. 333/1 In the course of work on the experimental delimitation of botanical groups, the need has arisen for a term which can be applied to any specified assemblage of taxonomically closely related individuals... We propose the term deme (from the Greek brjfiog) for this purpose, with appropriate prefixes to denote particular kinds of demes. 1954 Genetica XXVII. 150 The essence of the deme terminology is the construction of a series of category-terms by the addition of one or more virtually self-explanatory prefixes to the ‘neutral’ suffix ‘-deme’. Ibid. 151 Sometimes, however, demological units will coincide with recognised taxa. 1961 G. G. Simpson Princ. Animal Taxon, v. 176 The smallest unit of population that has evolutionary significance is a group of individual animals (of one species or subspecies) so localized that they are in easy and more or less frequent contact with each other. .. That minimal population unit is called a deme. 1966 R. L. Smith Ecology Field Biol, xxiii. 431 Collectively, individuals within each group make up a genetical population, or deme... Individuals that make up the deme are not identical. 1969 Nature 22 Nov. 750/1 The patterns of polymorphisms he found in Arizona indicate that within a species there are small units, or demes, of the order of a hundred or so mice that do not mix with other demes.

deme, obs. form of deem

DEMEANING

433

v.,

dime.

tde'mean, sb. Obs. Also 5 demene, 6 demayne. [f. DEMEAN V.1] 1. Bearing, behaviour, demeanour. c 1450 Crt. of Love 734 But somewhat strange and sad of her demene She is. 1534 More On the Passion Wks. 1292/2 For which demeane, besyde yc sentence of deth condicionally pronounced .. god .. declared after certeyne other punishmentes. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 40 Another Damsell.. That was right fayre and modest of demayne. 1607 Beaum. & Fl. Woman Hater hi. iv, You sewers, carvers, ushers of the court, Sirnamed gentle for your fair demean. 1692 J. Salter Triumphs Jesus 2 She was a Virgin of severe demean, a 1756 G. West On Travelling (R.), These she.. would shew, With grave demean and solemn vanity.

2. Treatment (of others). 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. vi. 18 All the vile demeane and usage bad, With which he had those two so ill bestad.

demean (di'miin), v.1

Forms: 4-5 demeyn(e, demein(e, 4-6 demene, (5 demeene, dymene), 4-6 (chiefly Sc.) demane, 4-7 (chiefly Sc.) demayn(e, demain(e, 5 demesne, 5-7 demeane, 6 demean, [a. OF. demene-r (in Ch. de Roland 1 ith c.), also deminer, -maner, -moner (pres. t. il demeine, demaine) to lead, exercise, practise, employ, treat, direct, etc., se demener to carry or conduct oneself, = Pr. demenar. It. dimenare, a Romanic deriv. of de- pref. + menace, F. mener to lead, conduct, etc.:—L. minare, orig. (= minart) to threaten, in post-cl. L. ‘to drive or conduct’ cattle, and, by transference, ships, men, etc. The demaine, demane forms, found chiefly in Sc., are perhaps derived from the OF. tonic form demeine, demaine. Demesne is taken over from the sb. so spelt.] fl. trans. To conduct, carry on (a business, action, etc.); to manage, deal with, employ. Obs. c 1315 Shoreham 167 Tha3 hy[t] be thorj senne demeyned. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 2196 Scheo .. well cou)>e demeyne richeyse. c 1440 Lydg. Secrees 4 Alle his Empryses demenyd wern and lad By thavys.. Of Arystotiles witt and providence, c 1449 Pecock Repr. ill. vi. 312 Cristis.. abstenyng fro temporal vnmovable possessiouns lettith not preestis for to hem take.. and weel demene into gode vsis. 1490 Caxton Eneydos iv. 19 For to demeane this to effecte. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. clxxxv. 219 So often they went bytwene the parties, and so sagely demeaned their busynesse. 1529 More Comf. agst. Trib. 11. Wks. 1207/2 Euen for hys riches alone, though he demened it neuer so wel. 1613 Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 21 These vses being turned into estates shall be demeaned in all respects as estates in possession. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 68 As our obdurat Clergy have with violence demean’d the matter.

fb. To lead (one’s life, days). 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle iv. ii. (1483) 59 How they demenen the dayes of theyr lyues.

fc. To express, exhibit (sorrow, joy, mirth, etc.). Obs. (= ME. lead in same sense.) [Cf. Cotgr. demener le dueil de, to lament, or mourne for; demener ioye, to rejoyce, make merrie, be glad.] C1400 Rom. Rose 5238 For hert fulfilled of gentilnesse, Can yvel demene his distresse. c 1477 Caxton Jason 69 They began to crye and demene the gretteste sorowe of the world. 1:1489- Blanchardyn iv. 21 Suffryng theym to demayne theire rewthis and complayntes. 1564 Haward Eutropius III. 31 There was great myrth demeaned at Rome after theese newes. 1565 Golding Ovid's Met. vm. (1593) 195 Then all the hunters shouting out demeaned joie ynough. 1607 Heywood Woman Killed v. iv, With what strange vertue he demeanes his greefe.

fd. To produce, or keep up (a sound).

Obs.

[So in OF.] 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 407/2 The leuys of the trees demened a swete sounde whiche came by a wynde agreable. f2. To handle, manipulate, manage (instruments, tools, weapons, etc.). Obs. CI300 K. Alis. 663 The fyve him taught to skyrme and ride, And to demayne an horsis bride [ = bridle], c 1325 Coer de L. 456 What knyght.. coude best his crafte For to demene well his shafte. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame 959 Lo, is it not a grete myschaunce To lat a fool han gouernaunce Of thing that he can not demeyne? |3. To manage (a person, country, etc.); to direct, rule, govern, control. Obs. 1375 Barbour Bruce xx. 396 The kyng.. Wes enterit in the land of span3e, All haill the cuntre till [de]man3e. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1988 The Kynge.. Demenys the medylwarde menskfully hyme selfene. c 1440 Generydes 4622, I am your child, demeane me as ye list, c 1470 Harding Chron. cxl. ii, [He gave] Ierusalem to Henry.. With all Surry [ = Syria], to haue and to demain. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 766 To the ende that themselves would alone demeane and governe the king at their pleasure. f4. To deal with or treat (any one) in a specified way. b. esp. (chiefly in Sc. writers) To treat badly, illtreat, maltreat. Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 196 And thought he wolde upon the night Demene her at his owne wille. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882)111. 1582 Lord, demene me with mesuer! 1509-10 Act 1 Hen. VIII, c. 20 § 1 Merchauntz denysyns.. [shall] be well and honestely intreated and demeaned. 1595 Spenser Col. Clout 681 Cause have I none.. To quite them ill, that me demeand so well. 1682 Lond. Gaz. No. 1682/1 The Lords Commissioners of Justiciary.. Decerne and Adjudge the said Archibald Earl of Argile to be Execute to the Death, Demained as a Traitor, and to underly the pains of Treason. 1685 Argyll’s Declar. in Crookshank Hist. Ch. Scotl. (1751) II. 316 (Jam.) Demeaning and executing them .. as the most desperate traitors. b. 1375 Barbour Bruce xi. 609 Full dyspitfully Thair fais demanit thaim rycht stratly. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 238/2 In the fornais of fyre of fayth he was destrayned, smeton, demened and beten [L. feriebatur and perducebatur]. 1513 Douglas JEneis ix. viii. 52 Sail I the se demanyt on sik wys? 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. vii. 39 That mighty man did her demeane With all the evill termes, and cruell meane, That he could make. 01651 Calderwood Hist. Kirk (1842-6) III. 69 Putt a barrel! of powder under me, rather than I would be demained after this manner. f5. To deal, distribute, hand over. Obs. 1439 E.E. Wills (1882) 114 The thirde parte to be demenyd and yoven.. to pore peple. 01656 Ussher Ann. (1658) 461 In lieu of Cyprus, to demeane unto him certain Cities with a yearly allowance of corn. 6. refl. [from 1] To behave, conduct or comport oneself (in a specified way). The only existing sense: cf. demeanour. 11320 Sir Beues 3651 So Beues demeinede him pat dai. C1375 Sc. Leg. Saints, Egipciane 557 Bot I lefit nocht pant myne syned, Bot me demaynyt as I dyd are. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle 1. xv. (1859) 12, I haue none experyence of wysedom, how my selue to demene. c 1450 Crt. of Love 731 Demene you lich a maid With shamefast drede. 1530 Palsgr. 511 /1, I demeane, or behave my selfe . .Je me porte ..je me demayne. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 349 Your subjectes have lovyngly demeaned themselves unto you. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iv. iii. 83 Now out of doubt Antipholus is mad, Else would he neuer so demeane himselfe. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia in. i. 43 So well he demeaned himselfe in this businesse. 1682 Norris Hierocles 31 We should.. demean ourselves soberly and justly towards all. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) I. 1. iii. 191 To demean himself like a Gentleman. 1821 Southey in Q. Rev. XXV. 305 No man who engaged in the rebellion demeaned himself throughout its course so honourably and so humanely. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. G? It. Jrnls. I. 109 The Prince Borghese certainly demeans himself like a kind and liberal gentleman. b. fig. of things. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 150 b margin, How will demeaneth itselfe passively and actively. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 35 To have a vigilant eye how Bookes demeane themselves as well as men. 1854 j Scoffern in Orr’s Circ. Sc. Chem. 287 In many of its relations it [hydrogen] demeans itself so much like a metal, that [etc.]. fc. with an object equivalent to the refl. pronoun. Obs. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints Prol. 81 Hou scho demanyt hir flesche, Til [= while] saule & body to-gydir ves. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3925 Troilus. . demenyt well his maners & be mesure wroght. 1633 Ford Broken H. 1. ii, How doth the youthful general demean His actions in these fortunes? 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Pref. §12 That man demean and use his own body in that decorum which [etc.]. fd. absol. (Cf. behave 3.) Obs. 1703 Penn in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 206 How to demean towards them, least there should be any alterations in their tempers. 1703 Rules of Civility ix, How we are to demean at our Entrance into a Noblemans House. f 7. pass. To be behaved, to behave or conduct oneself: = prec. sense. Obs. Cf. demeaned. 1375 Barbour Bruce v. 229, I wald ga se.. how my men demanit are. c 1450 Merlin 79 We pray yow to yeve us counseile .. how we myght beste be demened in this matere. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 60 It was affirmed (that being with loyalty demeaned) you should at length receive the reward of.. glory. U 8. app. To bear or have in mind; to remember. Obs. (? Associated or confused with

MEAN

v.) c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 1163 [A mershall] Whensoeuer youre sovereyn a feest make shall, demeene what estates shalle sitte in the hall. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 625 But it is to demeane and presuppose that the entent of hym was nat good. C1530 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture 356 in

Babees Bk. (1868) 81 Then giue good eare to heare some grace, to washe your selfe demeane.

demean (di'miin), v.2 [f. de- I. 1 + mean a.t prob. after debase: cf. also bemean v.3 It has been suggested that this originated in a misconception of demean v.* in certain constructions, such as that of quot. 1596 in 4 b, and 1590 in sense 6 of that vb. (Johnson actually puts the latter quot. under the sense ‘debase’.) It is rare before 1700, and the only 17th c. quots. (1601, 1659 below) are somewhat doubtful. Quot. 1751 in sense 2 shows how in certain contexts demean may be taken in either sense. See monograph on the word by Dr. Fitzedward Hall in (New York) Nation, May 7, 1891.]

1. trans. To lower reputation or character.

in

condition,

status,

1601 R. Abbot Kingdom of Christ 5 (L.) In his birth and life and death, far demeaned beneath all kingly state. 1715 Jane Barker Exilius 1. 59 By it (jealousy] we demean the Person we love, through unworthy Suspicion. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. 11. 140 The Author [is] demean’d, if not actively and passively ridicul’d. 1734 tr. Rollin’s Anc. Hist. (1827) I. II. iii. 306 Without any way demeaning or aspersing poverty. 1862 Hawthorne Our Old Home (1883) I. 106 There is an elbow-chair by the fireside which it would not demean his dignity to fill.

2. esp. refl. To lower or humble oneself. 1659 Burton’s Diary (1828) IV. 373, I incline rather to have Masters of Chancery attend you, and go on errands on both sides. It will cut off all debates about ceremonies, of your members going up and demeaning themselves, or of their demeaning themselves here. 1720 Lett.fr. Mist’s Jrnl. (1722) I. 306 That Men of Honour and Estate should demean themselves by base condescension. a 1751 Doddridge Fam. Expos. §169 (T.) It is a thousand times fitter that I should wash thine [feet]; nor can I bear to see thee demean thyself thus. 1754 Richardson Grandison IV. xviii. 140 A woman is looked upon as demeaning herself, if she gains a maintenance by her needle. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair vi. (1856) 40 It was, of course, Mrs. Sedley’s opinion that her son would demean himself by a marriage with an artist’s daughter. 1876 Black Madcap V. xxix. 260 Could a girl so far demean herself as to ask for love?

b. Const, to or to do (what is beneath one). 1764 Foote Mayor of G. 11. ii, Have I, sirrah, demean’d myself to wed such a thing, such a reptile as thee! 1767 S. Paterson Another Trav. I. 427 This lesser philosophy engagingly demeans itself to all characters and situations. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede 15 This woman’s kin wouldn’t like her to demean herself to a common carpenter. 1861 Sat. Rev. 30 Nov. 551 They would not demean themselves to submit to this sort of paltry tutelage.

tde'mean, a. Obs. [app. an extended form of mean adj.; perh. from confusion of mesne, demesne.] Of middle position, middle-class, middling. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 382 Y am her bote a demeyne kni3t of pt realme of fraunce [orig. draft Y am her a meyne kny3t].

demean, demeane, earlier forms of demesne. t de'meanance. Obs. Also 5-6 demenaunce. [f. + -ance. Prob. formed in AngloFr.] Demeanour, behaviour.

demean v.

i486 Surtees Misc. (1890) 48 A graduate of the Universitie of Cambridge, with record under the seal of the same Universitie testifying his demenaunce there. a 1529 Skelton Balettes Wks. I. 25 Demure demeanaunce, womanly of porte. 1532 W. Walter Guiscard & S. (1597) Bij, Your vertuous talke and carefull demeanance. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 1. 11. lxxxvii, Fair replying with demeanance mild.

fde'meanant, a. Obs. In 5 demenaunt. [ad. OF. demenant, pres. pple. of demener: see demean t).1 and -ant1. Cf. F. demener marchandise, to trade or traffique. Cotgr.] Dealing, trading. 1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 404 None other citezen withyn the seid cite demenaunt. Ibid. 393 No citezen resident withyn the cite and demenaunt.

demeaned (di'miind), ppl. a. [f. demean + -ED.] Conducted, behaved, -mannered (in a specified way). Cf. demean v.1 7. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 1051 For so demeyned she was in honeste, That vnavised noting hir astert. C1450 Merlin 106 Whan thei sawgh hym thus demened. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 142 Vilde, lewd, and ill demeaned. 1634 Massinger Very Woman iii. v, A very handsome fellow, And well demeaned!

demeaning (di'miimi)), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +

-ING1.] f 1. Managing, ordering, governing, directing, etc. 1429 in Rymer Foedera (1710) X. 426 In Demesnyng of the which Tretie. 1432 Paston Lett. No. 18 I. 32 The reule, demesnyng, and governance.. of the Kinges persone. c 1440 Generydes 2052 Thre thowsand knyghtes att his demening. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 177 They se clerely, after the demenyng of goddes sufferaunce, al thynghes that were to come.

2. Conduct, behaviour, demeanour. Obs. exc. in demeaning of oneself, comporting oneself. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 750 Hir sad demening, of wil not variable. 1461 Paston Lett. No. 405 II. 31 For cause of his lyght demeanyng towards them. 1580 North Plutarch To Rdr., The particular affairs of men.. and their demeaning of themselves when [etc.], c 1640 J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys (1883) II. 66 Other misgovemances, and unruly demeanings.

DEMEANING de'meaning, ppl. a. [f. demean v.2 + -ing2.] That demeans; lowering in character, repute, etc. 1880 Dorothy 70 That demeaning to him\ 1889 Pall the men to whose memory it their bones .. beside those of

DEMENTIA

434

is uncommonly odd, very Mall G. 7 May 2/3 Where are would be demeaning to place Nelson and Collingwood?

demeanour (di'mi:n3(r)). Forms: 5-7 demeanure, 6 -er, (-ewr, 7 -eure), 6-9 -our, -or, (6 oure); also 6 demen-, demeinour, demain-, demaner, 6-7 demanour, (6 demesner, demeasnure, 7 demesnour). [A derivative of demean v.', app. of English or Anglo-Fr. formation: the corresponding OF. words are demenement, demene, demenee. It is not certain from the evidence whether the suffix was originally -ure, OF. -eure:—L. -atura, as in armour, or the Fr. -er of the infinitive, taken substantively, as in demurrer, disclaimer, dinner, supper, user, etc. In either case the ending is assimilated to the -our of Anglo-Fr. words like honour, favour, etc., and -or (favoured in U.S.) a further alteration of this after honor, favor. Cf. BEHAVIOUR.]

1. Conduct, way of acting, mode of proceeding (in an affair); conduct of life, manner of living; practice, behaviour. Formerly often with a and pi. 1494 Fabyan Chron. n. xlviii. 32 The kynge disdeynynge this demeanure of Andragius. 1535 Fisher Wks. (1876) 419 His shameful demainer. 1543-4 Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 6 § 1 Mayntenaunce, imbracery, sinister labour and corrupt demeanours. 1550 Crowley Way to Wealth 185 If you be found abhominable in thy behavioure towardes thy neigh¬ bour, what shalt thou be founde.. in thy demaners to God ward? 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 157 The Iunior Iudge told me of a very wise demeanour of the now mayor of Ross. 1661 Bramhall Just Vind. iv. 59 Unlesse they would giue caution by oath for their good demesnour. 1077 E. Smith in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 40 A commission is appointed to examine Lord Shaftsb[ury’s] demeanours. 1783 W. F. Martyn Geog. Mag. I. 34 Rewards or punishments due to its [the soul’s] demeanor on earth.

fb. Wrong conduct, misdemeanour. rare.

Obs.

1681 Trial S. Colledge 20 You cannot think we can give a priviledge to any Friend of yours to commit any Demeanor to offer Bribes to any person.

2. Manner of comporting oneself outwardly or towards others; bearing, (outward) behaviour. (The usual current sense.) 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C’tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 292 In fauour, in wordes, in gesture, in euery demeanour of herself so grete noblenes dyde appere. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1188/2 Nine Frenchmen apparelled like women .. and counterfeiting some like demeanor to the apparell wherein they were disguised. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon's Adv. Learn. 384 Pliant demeanure pacifies great offences. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 59 With Goddess-like demeanour forth she went. 11820 S. Rogers Italy, Gt. St. Bernard 9 Two dogs of grave demeanour welcomed me. 1876 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. I. 1. ii. 71 The Turks .. are.. remarkable for gravity and almost apathy of demeanour.

f 3. Treatment of any one.

Obs.

1548 Hall Chron. 200 b, Thei were sore beaten, wounded, and very evil intreated. Good men lamented this ungodly demeanure.

+ 4. Management, direction. Obs. 16.. Milton (Webster), God commits the managing so great a trust.. to the demeanour of every grown man.

fde'melle, v. Obs. [A derivative of mell v., or OF. mesler, metier to mix; OF. desmeller, -metier was to disperse, f. des-, de- — L. dis- + mesler, meler to mix.] trans. To mix, mingle.

fde'member, t). Obs. [ad. F. demembrer (OF. desm-), or med.L. demembrare, var. of dismembrdre to dismember, f. L. de-, dis- (see de1.6) + membrum limb.] By-form of dismember.

demented and disproved the lie.

1491 Sc. Actsjas. IV, §9 (1814) II. 225 Quhare ony man happinis to be slane or demembrit within the Realme. c 1575 Balfour Practicks( 1754) 47 Be ressoun of the pane of deith, or demembring.

Hence de'membrer; de’membring vbl. sb. 1491 Sc. Actsjas. IV, §9(1814) II. 225/1 He sail pass and persew the slaaris or Demembraris. 1566 ed. Sc. Acts, Jas. IV, c. 50. 91b heading, Anent slauchter or demembring.

demembration (dnmem'breijsn). [ad. med.L. demembration-em, n. of action f. demembrare to dismember: see prec. Cf. OF. demanbration (Godef.).] The cutting off of a limb; mutilation; dismemberment. (Chiefly in Sc. Law.) 1597 ed. Sc. Acts, Jas. IV, §28 heading, Anent man-slayers taken, or fugitive: and of Demembration. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. Treat. 134 Mutilation and demembration is punished as slauchter. 1746-7 Act 20 Geo. II, Any jurisdiction inferring the loss of life or demembration is abrogated. 1857 Jeffreys Roxburghshire II. iv. 269 The slaughter and demembration of a number of Turnbulls. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scotl., Demembration .. is applied to the offence of maliciously cutting off, or otherwise separating any limb, or member, from the body of another. fig. 1828-40 Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) I. 221 Demembration of the kingdom could not for a moment be entertained.

i|demembr&. Her. [Fr.] = dismembered. 1727-51 in Chambers Cycl.

demenagement (demena3mia). [Fr.] The removal of household possessions from one place to another; moving house. 1875 Lady C. Schreiber Jrnl. (1911) I. 363 They were in the course of demenagement, going to Spa. 1892 C. M. Yonge Let. in C. R. Coleridge C.M. Y. Life Lett. (1903) xii. 312 Gertrude had to be moved into the drawing-room. .. The demenagement will last for another week at least. 1937 Lady Fortescue Sunset House iv. 72 Bedlam had not been let loose; it was only the demenagement of the Italian family. 1952 M. Steen Phoenix Rising xi. 245 It would have been rather tiresome .. to have set up house .. and be faced with demenagement at almost any moment.

demenaunt, obs. form of demeanant. t'demency. Obs. Also -cie, -sy. [ad. L. dementia madness, f. demens, -ment-em out of one’s mind, f. de- I. 6 -I- mens mind. Cf. F. demenee (15th c. in Hatzf.).] 1. Madness; infatuation. 1522 Skelton Why not to Court 679 The kynge his clemency Despenseth with his demensy. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 71 That were a poynt of demency or madnes. 1627 W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 225 Saint Paul.. imputes to them no lesse than franticke demency. 2. Med. = dementia, [tr. F. demenee (Pinel).] 1858 Copland Diet. Med. II. 441 M. Pinel arranged mental diseases into i8t Mania.. 2d Melancholia.. 3d Demency, or a particular debility of the operations of the understanding, and of the acts of the will.

demegoric (di:mi'gDnk), a. (ad. Gr. Sr)HryyopiK-6s, f. Sijp.rjyopos popular orator, f. Srpios common people + ayopevetv to harangue.] Of or pertaining to public speaking.

Beowulf 364 Metod hie ne cu^on, daeda demend. C1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 171 For pat hie shulen cnowen ure demendes wraSSe.

demein(e, obs. form of demean

.1

v

f demeine. Obs. Also demayn,-demaine. [Short for pain-demaine, AF. pain demeine, L. panis dominicus, i.e. ‘Lord’s bread’: see demesne.] Bread of the finest quality. 1288 Liber Albus (Rolls) I. 353 Panis dominicus qui dicitur demeine ponderabit wastellum quadrantis. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. xxxvii, Thre soppus of demayn.. For to cumford his brayne. 1859 Riley Liber Albus (Rolls) I. p. lxvii, The very finest white bread, it would seem, was that known as Demeine or lords’ bread.

demelaunce, obs. form of demi-lance. ||demel£ (demele). [Fr.; = quarrel, contest, debate; cf. demeler to disembroil, disengage, f. des-, de- (de- I. 6) + mesler, meler to mix.] Discussion between parties having opposite interests; debate, contention, quarrel. 1661 Evelyn Land. Swed. Amb. Diary (1892) II. 487 During this demesle. .a bold and dextrous fellow, .cut the ham-strings of 2 of them. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xxii, At the risk of a demele with a cook. 1834 Greville Mem. Geo. IV (1874) III. xxiii. 69 (Stanf.) There is a fresh demele with Russia.

1877 Miss Yonge Cameos Ser. dementing demon of the Stewarts.

de'ment, v.2 rare-',

f 'demend. Obs. [OE. demend, f. pr. pple. of deman to deem.] A judge.

demeigne, demeine, obs. ff. demesne.

Hence de'menting ppl. a.

1516 Will of R. Peke of Wakefield 4 June, A vestement.. with myn armes and my wyffes demellede togedder.

demeasne, obs. form of demesne.

1892 J. B. Bury in Fortn. Rev. 651 The controversy.. is, like most other controversies of the day .. carried on in such a demegoric atmosphere, that [etc.].

Russell Ocean Trag. I. viii, It would not require more than two or three incidents of this sort to utterly dement him.

demene, obs. form of demean v., demesne. demension, -tion, obs. forms of dimension. dement (di'ment), a. and sb. [a. F. dement adj. and sb., ad. L. demens, dement-em out of one’s mind, f. de- I. 6 + mens, mentem mind.] A. adj. Out of one’s mind, insane, demented. Obs. or arch. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus in. 290 With mind dement vneis scho micht sustene The words. 1856 J. H. Newman Callista (1890) 248 Speak, man, speak! Are you dumb as well as dement?

B. sb. A person affected with dementia; one out of his mind. 1888 H. A. S[mith] Darwin 43 A dement was known to the writer who could repeat the whole of the New Testament verbatim. 1890 Mercier Sanity & Ins. xv. 379 An old dement begins to whimper because his posset is not ready.

dement (di'ment), v.1 [ad. L. dementare to deprive of mind, drive mad (cf. OF. dementer, Godef.), f. demens, dementem, dement a.] trans. To put out of one’s mind, drive mad, craze. 1545 Joye Exp. Dan. v. (R.), He was thus demented and bewitched with these pestilent purswasions. 1550 Bale Apol. 80 Minysters of Sathan, whych thus seke to demente the symple hartes of the people, a 1662 Baillie Lett. II. 255 (Jam.) If the finger of God in their spirits should so far dement them as to disagree. 1703 D. Williamson Serm. bef. Gen. Assembly 50 The Heathens used to say, whom the gods would destroy these they demented. 1890 W. C.

in.

xxxi.

315

The

[a. F. dementir, in OF. desmentir, f. des-, de- (de- I. 6) + mentir —L. mentirito lie.] trans. To give the lie to; to assert or prove to be false. 1884 H. S. Wilson Stud. Hist. 330 With firmness, she

dementalize

(dii'mentslaiz), v. Philos, [f. deII. 1 + mentalize.] To remove mind or mental characteristics from. So de'mentalized ppl. a. 1936 R. G. Collingwood Human Nature & Human Hist. 24 Sciences of this type tend systematically to dementalize mind and convert it into nature. 195° Mind LIX. 406 Can an adequate de-mentalized psychology ever be achieved?

f de'mentate, a. Obs. [ad. L. dementat-us, pa. pple. of dementare to dement.] Driven mad, crazed, demented. 1640 Intentions of Armie Scotl. 7 The plots of our dementat adversaries. 1675 J. Smith Chr. Relig. Appeal 11. I Raving and dementate Persons.

dementate (di'menteit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. dementare to dement.]

= dement v.' ? Obs. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. Democr. to Rdr. (1676) 44/1 Daphnis insana, which had a secret quality to dementate. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 566 To..inflame you, and dementate you to your own ruine. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. v. 107, I speak not here of men dementated with wine. 1829 Southey Sir T. More (1831) II. 86 Those whom the Prince of this World .. dementates. Hence de'mentated ppl. a. = dementate a demented; de'mentating ppl. a. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 195 In the dementating furies of divination. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. Dissert. Physick 38 Thinking the dementating Disaster of those young Ladies was caus’d .. by their being drunk. 1726 De Foe Hist. Devil 1. xi. (1840) 172 The blind dementated world. 1813 Q. Rev. IX. 419 Some..seem to have been perfectly dementated.

dementation

(.diimen'teijsn). [ad. med.L. dementation-em (Du Cange), n. of action from dementare to dement.] The action of dementing; the fact or condition of being demented; madness, infatuation. 1617 Donne Serm. cxxxviii. Wks. 1839. V. 469 And then lastly.. they come to that infatuation, that Dementation, as that they lose [etc.]. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 35 Dementation goeth before Perdition. 1879 Farrar St. Paul I. 610 notet The ‘strong delusion’ of the English version is a happy expression; it is., judicial infatuation, the dementation before doom. 1889 Gladstone in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 486 This policy may be called one of dementation.

t de'mentative, a. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. dementare + -ive.] Characterized by madness. 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet. 398 Their dementative Anger and Rage.

demented (di'msntid), ppl. a. [f.

dement v. +

-ed1; corresp. to L. dementatus dementate.] Out

of one’s mind, crazed, mad; infatuated. 1644 J. Maxwell Sacr. Regum Maj. 105 Who can be so demented, as .. to .. runne the hazard of totall ruine. 1726 De Foe Hist. Devil 11. x. (1840) 343 All their demented lunatic tricks. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xii, Is the man demented? 1885 J. Payn Talk of Town II. 248 He threw himself out of the room like one demented,

b. Affected with dementia. 1858 Copland Diet. Med. II. 462 Maniacs and monomaniacs are carried away.. by illusions and hallucinations .. the demented person neither imagines nor supposes anything. 1878 J. R. Reynolds Syst. Med. II. 33 There is a group of demented patients, in whom the mind is almost extinguished. 1883 Quain Diet. Med. s.v. Dementia, Fewer are left to reach the demented stage.

Hence de'mentedly adv., de'mentedness. 1891 Melbourne Punch 4 June 365/4 Those behind., hurled themselves dementedly against those in front. 1876 G. Meredith Beauch. Career 228 A delusion amounting to dementedness.

dementholize, -ed: see

de- II. 1.

II d&menti (demati). [Fr., f. dementir to give the lie.] = dementie. In modern use applied esp. to an official contradiction of a published statement. Also (nonce-wd.) f dementir = DEMENT V.2. 1698 Vanbrugh Prov. Wife 1. ii, The very looking-glass gives her the dementi. 1707 Ld. Raby in Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 42 As for his Person, he did not dementir [jit] y* Description I had of him. 1771 H. Walpole Lett, to H. Mann 8 May, I will run no risk of having a dementi. 1883 Times Dec. (Stanf.), That elaborate affectation of candour which distinguishes the official dementi. 1918 A. Gray tr. R. Grelling's The Crime II. v. 228 The semi-official organ seeks to defend the reports of Pourtales against the English dementis. 1921 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 103 My information contradicts the dementis published by the Deutsche Tageszeitung. 1950 M. Hay Foot of Pride vii. 209 They.. waited for the Vatican to publish a dementi.

IIdementia (dk'menfis). [L. n. of state from demens, dementem: see dement a. First used to render the term demenee of Pinel. Formerly Englished as demency.]

DEMENTIA PR^COX 1. Med. A species of insanity characterized by failure or loss of the mental powers; usually consequent on other forms of insanity, mental shock, various diseases, etc. 1806 D. Davis tr. Pinel's Treat. Insanity 252 To cause periodical and curable mania to degenerate into dementia or idiotism. 1840 Tweedie Syst. Pract. Med. II. 107 A state .. which French writers after Pinel have denominated demence. English writers have translated this term into dementia. 1851 Hooper Vade Mecum (1858) 131 The sudden attacks of dementia produce a state of mind nearly allied to idiocy. 1874 Maudsley Respons. in Ment. Dis. iii. 73 When his memory is impaired, his feelings quenched, his intelligence enfeebled or extinct, he is said to be suffering from dementia.

2. gen. Infatuation under the influence of which the judgement is as it were paralysed. 1877 Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. n. 130 Emissaries., succeeded in persuading them—such the dementia of the night—that Robespierre was a Royalist agent.

II dementia praecox (dii'menfis 'priikoks). Med. [mod.L. (A. Pick 1891, in Prager Med. Wochenschr. 8 July 312/2), used to render Fr. demence precoce (B. A. Morel, Traite des degenerescences (1857), iv. 391), f. dementia + L. praecox (see precocious a.).] = SCHIZOPHRENIA. 1899 Amer. Jml. Insanity July 116 ‘Dementia praecox* is Kraepelin’s latest designation for the three types which it includes. Ibid. 118 The term ‘Dementia Praecox’, thus bringing together with katatonia a number of these variable forms .. unifies them as belonging to one group. 1902 A. R. Defendorf tr. Kraepeliris Clin. Psychiatry 152 Dementia praecox is the name first applied by A. Pick, in 1891, to a group of cases.. characterized by maniacal symptoms followed by melancholia and rapid deterioration. 1922 tr. Freud's lntrod. Led. xxviii. 384 Paranoia and dementia praecox, when fully developed, are not amenable to analysis. 1926 W. McDougall Outl. Abnormal Psychol, ii. 41 A boy presenting a clear picture of Dementia Praecox of the paranoid type. 1937 J. Joyce L,et. 30 Aug. (1966) III. 406 He was supposed to be an absolutely hopeless case of dementia praecox. 1970 N. Milford Zelda Fitzgerald 256 Dr. Meyer wanted Zelda to face her sickness squarely, not passively in the fixed terms of dementia praecox and schizophrenia.

fde'mentie, sb. Obs. [a. obs. F. dementie (1587 in Godef.) = mod.F. dementi giving of the He, f. dementir = dement v.2 Now only as French: see dementi.] The giving any one the lie. Hence fde'mentie v. trans., to give the lie to, belie; = DEMENT V.2 1594 Saviolo Practice n. Vj a, To come to the ende of this Treatise of Dementies or giuing the lie. Ibid. V ij a, I come directly to bee dementied, and so consequentlye muste become Challenger.

de'mentify, v. rare. [f. L. dement-em dement a. + -fy.] = dement v.1 1856 Olmsted Slave States 420 Dementifying bigotry or self-important humility.

demeore, ME. form of demur vb. and sb. de'mephitize, v. rare~°. [f. de- II. i + mephit-ic + -ize.] trans. ‘To purify from foul unwholesome air’ (Webster 1828). Hence demephiti'zation (Med. Repository, cited ibid.). demer, obs. form of deemer, judge. 1510 Love Bonavent. Mirr. xv. Evj, A presumptuous., demer of other men.

Demerara (dema'rEsrs, dema'raire). The name of a region of Guyana, used to designate a kind of (raw) cane-sugar, originally and chiefly brought from Demerara, the crystals of which have a yellowish-brown colour. 1848 Sugar Question n. 72 With a long price of 42s. for Demerara sugar, and more labour, the estates could go on. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 251/1 The ‘Demerara crystals’ are very popular for their purity and saccharine strength. 1895 Army 6=f Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 106/1 Sugars.. Demerara, best, per 28 lb tin 5/3. 1895 Young Woman Dec. 98/2 Sprinkle them with a little Demerara sugar to form a crisp brown coating. 1901 Brit. Med. Jml. 4 May 1119/2 The West India Committee have caused several grocers to be prosecuted. . for selling yellow crystals as Demerara sugar. 1959 Which? Oct. 134/2 Demerara sugar consists roughly of 98 per cent of sucrose, 0.7 per cent of other sugars and 0.5 per cent of moisture. In addition there are traces of some minerals and even smaller traces of a few vitamins.

demere, ME. form of demur, delay. t demerge (di'm3:d3), v. Obs. [ad. L. demergere to plunge down into, submerge, f. de- I. 1 + mergere to plunge, dip. Cf. also OF. de-mergier (14-iSth c.).] trans. To plunge, immerse. ci6io Donne Wks. 1839 VI. 347 Our Soules demerged into those bodies are allowed to partake Earthly pleasures. 1669 Boyle Contn. New. Exp. 11. (1682) 23 Air breaking forth through the Water, in which it was demerged.

demerger ('di:m3d33(r)). Comm. Also de¬ merger. [de- II. 3 ] The dissolution of a merger between business concerns; the separation of one or more firms or trading companies from a large group. 1948 Sunday Times 27 June 1/5 As from next Wednesday the oil and petrol pool, which has operated since early in the

DEMERLAYK

435 war, will go out of business. But this ‘de-merger’ will not mean that the public will get branded petrol from the garage pumps for a long while to come. 1968 Socialist Leader 21 Sept. 1/4 The Government says that it reserves the right to refer the new G.E.C.-English Electric to the Monopolies Commission... However, it is difficult to see what the Commission could do. A de-merger is, of course, out of the question. 1980 Times 27 Mar. 6/8 The present tax rules can in practice effectively discourage demergers of this kind, by charging the assets of the ‘demerged’ company to advance corporation tax and income tax as distributions.

Hence (as a back-formation) de'merge v. intr. and trans.; de'merged ppl. a., de'merging. 1980 Economist 16 Feb. 75/1 ‘Demerging* is the code word in Whitehall these days. Ibid. 28 June 77/1 Thegovernment hit on encouraging large firms to ‘demerge’. 1980 N. Y. Times 6 July in. 7/1 It may be time to ‘demerge’ his company into several smaller concerns. 1980 Demerged [see demerger]. 1981 Times 8 May 25/2 The latest pioneer, Francis Sumner, is also attempting to demerge at a difficult period of the group’s history. 1983 Ibid. 26 Mar. 13/3 House of Fraser directors were last night believed to be ready to recommend shareholders to vote against a proposal by Lonrho that it demerge Harrods from the rest of the.. group. 1985 Daily Tel. 13 Aug. 12 Hanson Trust might decide to go for Bowater Inc, America’s biggest newsprint producer, and the company which was de-merged from its British parent in 1984.

demerit (di'ment), sb. [a. F. demerite, or ad. L. demeritum, f. ppl. stem of L. demereri to merit, deserve, f. de- I. 3 + mererito deserve, meritum desert, merit. In Romanic the prefix appears to have been taken in a privative sense (de- I. 6), hence med.L. demeritum fault, It. demerito, F. demerite (14th c. in Littre) ‘desert, merite, deseruing; also (the contrarie) a disseruice, demerite, midseed .. (in which sence it is most commonly used at this day)’, Cotgr.] fl. Merit, desert, deserving (in a good or indifferent sense). Freq. in pi. Obs. 1399 Rolls of Par It. III. 424/1 Your owne Wordes. .that ye were not worthy .. ne able, for to governe for your owne Demerites. 1447 Will of Hen. VI in Carter King's Coll. Chapel i. 13 His most fereful and last dome when every man shal.. be examined and demed after his demeritees. 1490 Caxton Eneydos, xxiv. 91 A mercyfull god and pyteous wylle retrybue hym iustely alle after his demeryte. 1548 Hall Chron. 151b, For his demerites, called the good duke of Gloucester. 1548 Udall Erasm. Paraphr. Luke 3 a, Your demerites are so ferre aboue all prayses of man. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 233 Worldly happines beyond all reason and demerit. 1607 Shaks. Cor. 1. i. 276 Opinion that so stickes on Marcius, shall Of his demerits rob Cominius. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena Ep. Ded. Aiijb, Considering your known noble demerits, and princely courtesie. 1731 Gay in Swift's Lett. Wks. 1841 II. 665 Envy not the demerits of those who are most conspicuously distinguished.

fb. That by which one obtains merit; meritorious or deserving act. Obs.

a

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. Pref., What thanks then .. for these his notable demerits ought our Protector to receive of his? 1601 Holland Pliny I. 456 It is reputed a singular demerit and gracious act, not to kill a citizen of Rome. 1655 M. Carter Hon. Rediv. (1660) 8 The first atchiever in any Stock whatever, was a new man ennobled for some demerit.

2. Desert in a bad sense: quality deserving blame or punishment; ill-desert; censurable conduct: opposed to merit. In later use, sometimes, deficiency or want of merit. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) f If iij, To assemble these fooles in one bande, And their demerites worthily to note. 1643 SirT. Browne Relig. Med. (1656) 1. §53 The one being so far beyond our deserts, the other so infinitely below our demerits. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethics xiv. 193 The least sin is of infinite demerit; because it breaketh the union between God and the soul. 1700 Dryden Fables, Meleager & Atal. 327 Mine is the merit, the demerit thine. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 155 God teach me humility, and to know my own demerit! 1851 Dixon W. Penn xxxii. (1872) 308 It is no demerit in Penn that he did not see at once the evil. 1865 Lecky Ration. (1878) I. 357 The rationalistic doctrine of personal merit and demerit.

fb. A blameworthy act, sin, offence. (Almost always in pi.). Obs. 1485 Act 1 Hen. VII, c. 4 Priests, .culpable, or by their Demerits openly reported of incontinent living in their Bodies. 1494 Fabyan vii. 507 Some there were that for theyr demerytys were adiugyd to perpetuall prysone. 1549 Compl. Scot. iii. 27 That samyn boreau is stikkit or hangit eftiruart for his cruel demeritis. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. iii. 226 Not for their owne demerits, but for mine Fell slaughter on their soules. a 1637 B Jonson Underwoods, Misc. Poems lvi, There is no father that for one demerit, Or two, or three, a son will disinherit.

c. transf. As a quality of things: Fault, defect. 1832 Lewis Use & Ab. Pol. Terms vi. 62 The merits or demerits of hereditary royalty. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. Pref. 2 Which has, it may be, the demerit of being new.

f3. That which is merited (esp. for ill doing); desert; punishment deserved. Obs. 1621 Cade Serm. 12 But Ahab .. had quickly his demerits, being destroyed, and al his seed. 1728 Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 393 Many members of the Assembly thought deposition the demerit of what was already found.

4. A penalty mark awarded as a punishment for misconduct, poor work, etc., esp. in schools or the Services; a ‘black’ mark. Also demerit mark, point, orig. U.S. 1862 G. C. Strong Cadet Life at West Point 150 The more immediate penalty is the demerit. 1877 R. J. Burdette Rise & Fall of Mustache 311 Got three demerit marks for drawing a picture of her [sc. a teacher]. 1903 Daily Chron. 20

Feb. 3/3 The smallest breach of any one of them [sc. military regulations] is visited by a ‘demerit’ mark. 1966 D. Bagley Wyatt's Hurricane ii. 40 There have been a few cases, you know, mostly among the enlisted men, and they’ve got shipped back to the States with a big black demerit to spend a year or two in the stockade. 1976 N.Z. Financial Times 10 Dec. 18/1 Demerit points are recorded against an employee for unsatisfactory work attendance. 1980 L. Birnbach et al. Official Preppy Handbk. 43/2 The process., has its uncomfortable aspects: rules, parietals, demerits, and disciplinary action.

demerit (di'ment), v. [f. L. demerit-, ppl. stem of demereri to deserve (see prec.); partly after F. demeriter (16th c. in Hatzf.), to merit disapproval, fail to merit.] f 1. a. trans. To merit, deserve, be worthy of (good or evil; sometimes spec, the latter, and opposed to merit). Obs. 1538 J. Husee Let. Visct. Lisle 12 Jan. in Lisle Papers V. 19 The caitiff.. shall suffer such pains as he hath demerited. 1548 Udall Erasm. Par. Pref. 5 If I have demerited any love or thanke. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus iii. 7 Any matter or meanes dementing the fauour of God. 1619 H. Hutton Follies Anat. (1842) 26 These are the subjects which demerit blame. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 570 Those that compose .. Antidotaries .. think they demerit much praise. 1711 Bp. Wilson in Keble Life ix. (1863) 283 Such sentence .. as the nature of your crime shall demerit.

fb. To obtain by merit, to earn (favour, love, etc.). Obs. 1555 Eden Decades 25 They browght with them.. to demerite the fauour of owre men great plentie of vytayles. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xv. §110 His Princely desire to aduance their weale, and demerit their loue. 1613 T. Godwin Rom. Antiq. (1674) 96 Noblemen, .sometimes, to demerit the Emperour his love endangered their lives in this fight.

fc. To earn favour of (a person). Obs. 1597 J. King On Jonas (1618) 3 89 A Priest of Baal will cut and launce his owne flesh to demerite his idoll. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus iii. 5 The likeliest things to demerit God: as workes of righteousnesse. a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. (1688) 37 To demerit by all courtesie the men of meaner Rank.

2. fa. To deprive of merit, to take away the merit of, disparage. Obs. 1576 Woolton Chr. Manual Civ. (L.), Faith by her own dignity and worthiness doth not demerit justice and righteousness, a 1643 W. Cartwright Siege 1. i, My lofty widdow, Who, if that I had dignity, hath promis’d T’ accept my person, will be hence demerited.

b. To lower in status by giving unfavourable assessment of conduct. U.S.

an

1895 Century Mag. Oct. 843/2 He stands a fair chance of being demerited and punished until his hope of release before he is of age is almost extinguished.

3. To fail to merit; to deserve to lose or be without. Dianea iii. 217 Wherein hath the Doricia demerited thy affections? 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) V. xxxii. 208 A blessing that once was designed for him, and which he is not accused of demeriting by misbehaviour. 1865 Trench Synon. N. T. §47 (1876) 163 It is unearned and unmerited, or indeed demeritedLr as the faithful man will most freely acknowledge. 1654

Cokaine

unfortunate

f4. a. intr. To incur demerit or guilt; to merit disapproval or blame, deserve ill. Obs. 1604 Parsons 3rd Pt. Three Convers. Eng. 122 The soules in Purgatory may meritt and demeritt; nor are sure yet of their saluation. 1605 B. Jonson Volpone iv. ii, I will be tender to his reputation, How euer he demerit, a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1687) I. 478 For us, who deserved nothing from him, who had demerited so much against him. a 1734 North Lives (1826) I. 96 For he was..the kings servant already, and had not demerited.

fb. trans. demerit.

To earn or incur in the way of

1635 Shelford Learned Disc. 140 (T.) Adam demerited but one sin to his posterity, viz. original, which cannot be augmented.

demeritorious (dii.meri'tosnss), a. [f. demerit after meritorious: cf. F. demeritoire (15th c. in Hatzf.).] 1. Bringing demerit, ill-deserving, blame¬ worthy; opp. to meritorious. 1605 T. Bell Motives cone. Romish Faith 92 Good works are meritorious to such as be viatores and Hue in this world; and likewise euill workes demeritorious, a 1670 Hacket Cent. Serm. (1675) 229 The ill use of it.. in those that perish is demeritorious. 1871 Alabaster Wheel of Law 46 The demeritorious kind is illustrated by a wilful breach of the law. 1882 L. Stephen Science Ethics 279, I deserve blame, and my conduct is de-meritorious.

f 2. Failing to deserve, undeserving. Obs. rare. a 1640 Jackson Creed x. xli, Some kind of endeavours are .. as effectual, as others are idle and impertinent or demeritorious of God’s grace to convert us.

Hence demeri'toriously adv., according to illdesert. 01703 Burkitt On N.T. Rom. viii. 6 The end and condition of all carnally-minded persons .. is death: always demeritoriously, that which deserves death.

fdemerlayk. Obs. Forms: 3 dweomerlak, -lac, 4 demorlayk, 4-5 demerlayk(e. [f. ME. dweomer:—OE. dwimer in gedwimor, -er, illusion, phantasm, gedwimere juggler, sorcerer + ME. layk, laik play, a ON. leikr (= OE. lac).

436

DEMERSAL Cf. dweomercrteft.] Magic, practice of occult art, jugglery. c 1205 Lay. 270 J?a sende Asscanius .. After heom 3end pat lond, J?e cupen dweomerlakes song. Ibid. 11326 Tuhten to dzeSe mid drenche oSer mid dweomerlace oSer mid steles bite, c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1578 Deuinores of demorlaykes pat dremes cow)?e rede. 01400-50 Alexander 414 All J?is demerlayke he did bot be pe deuyllis craftis.

demersal (di‘m3:s3l), a. [f. L. demersus, pa. pple. of demergere to submerge: see -al.] Of the eggs of fishes: sinking to the bottom of the sea, deposited at or near the bottom. Of fish, etc.: living near the bottom. 1889 Nature 13 June 159/2 The herring with its demersal eggs, fixed firmly to the bottom. 1911 Ann. Rept. Sea Fish. 1909 p. vi, in Pari. Papers XXIV, Demersal fish landed from each ‘Area’ of the North Sea. 1915 A. Meek in Rep. Dove Mar. Lab. Culler coats 14 The region where the demersal fry are mainly congregated. 1925 Public Opinion 16 Oct. 376/1 This increase was most marked in the bottom living or demersal fish. 1936 J. T. Jenkins Fishes Brit. Isles (ed. 2) 9 Practically all freshwater fish lay demersal eggs. 1959 New Scientist 7 May 1035/1 Demersal fishes (those caught near the bottom). 1968 F. R. H. Jones Fish Migration ii. 13 In the Pacific Ocean, however, demersal eggs are quite common among species whose Atlantic counterparts have pelagic eggs.

t demerse (di'm3:s), v. Obs. [f. L. demers-, ppl. stem of demergere: see demerge.] trans. To plunge down, immerse, submerge. 1662 J. Sparrow tr. Behme s Rem. Wks., 1st Apol. to B. Tylcken 73 When it demersed it self into the Center, to hide it self from the Light of God. 1669 Boyle Contn. New. Exp. 11. (1682) 22 The Reciever was demersed under the water all this night. 1691 E. Taylor tr. Behme's Theos. Philos. 369 And demerse itself solely into the single Love of God.

fde'merse, a. Bot. Obs. [ad. L. demersus, pa. pple. of demergere.] = next. 1793 Martyn Lang. Bot., Demersum folium, a demerse leaf.. frequent in aquatic plants.

demersed (di'm3:st), ppl. a. [f. prec. vb. + -ed.] Plunged down, immersed. In Bot. (repr. L. demersus): Growing beneath the water, submerged. 1866 Treas. Bot., Demersed, buried beneath water.

demersion (di'nrajdn). Obs. or rare. [ad. L. demersion-em. n. of action from demergere: see demerge. (Occurs also in 15-16th c. French.)] Plunging in, immersion; submergence, drowning. 1692 Ray Dissol. World hi. v. (1732) 360 This Sinking and Demersion of buildings. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Demersion, (with Chymists) the putting any Medicine into a dissolving Liquor. 1807 Robinson Archseol. Graeca 1. xx. 93 KaTairovTiafios, demersion, or drowning in the sea. 1820 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. II. 507 He was .. muddled with mathematics, to whom they were always a sentence of intellectual demersion.

de'mesmerize, v. [f. de- II. i. + mesmerize.] To bring out of the mesmeric state. Hence de'mesmerizing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.; also demesmeri'zation. 1855 Smedley Occult Sciences 232 note, The eyelids.. required to be set at liberty by the demesmerizing process. 1866 Guide Elgin Cathedral ii. 158 The demesmerising reappearance of the sheriff released the party from their rigidity. 1870 Eng. Mech. 4 Feb. 508/1 He will find it very difficult to demesmerise his subjects.

demesne

(di'mein,

di'miin).

Forms:

4-7

demeyn, -e, 4-8 demayn, -e, 5 demene, -eigne, 5-6

6-8 demean(e, 7-8 7- demesne, [a. Anglo-F. demeyne, -eine, -eigne, -ene, later demesne = OF. demeine, -aine, -oine, originally a subst. use of the adj. demenie, demeigne, demeine, -aine, -oine, etc., belonging to a lord, seigneurial, domanial, of the nature of private property, own, proper: — L. dominic-us, -um of or belonging to a lord or master, f. dominus lord; see in Du Cange dominicus ‘proprius’, dominicum ‘proprietas, domanium, quod ad dominum spectat’. Demesne is thus a differentiated spelling of the word domain, q.v. Though the correct Latin equivalent was dominicum, in med.L. it was often represented by dominium, or by domanium, a latinized form of the vernacular word. demeine,

6-

demain(e,

demeasne, demesn,

The Anglo-French spelling demesne of the law-books, and 17th c. legal antiquaries, was partly merely graphic (the quiescence of original s before a consonant leading to the insertion of a non-etymological s to indicate a long vowel), as in mesne = OF. meien, meen, mean, mod.F. moyen; partly perhaps influenced by association with mesne itself, in ‘mesne lord’, or with mesnie.—mansionata house, household establishment. Demesne land was app. viewed by some as terra mansionatica, land attached to the mansion or supporting the owner and his household. Perhaps also Bracton’s words (see sense 3) gave the notion that the word has some connexion with mensa. The prevailing pronunciation in the dictionaries and in the modern poets is (di'mkn); but (di'mein) is also in good legal and general use, and is historically preferable: cf. the variant form domain.]

I. Possession. [In Germanic, including English, law, the primary idea in relation to property is possession, not ownership (= Roman

dominium), as we now understand it. Hence, derivatives of L. dominium and proprietas became in mediaeval law chiefly or even exclusively associated with possession. (Sir F. Pollock.)]

I. Law. Possession (of real estate) as one’s own. Chiefly in the phrase to hold in demesne (tenere in dominico), i.e. in one’s own hands as possessor by free tenure. (Formerly sometimes in pi. by confusion with senses in II.) Applied either to the absolute ownership of the king, or to the tenure of the person who held land to his own use, mediately or immediately from the king. Opposed to ‘to hold in service* (tenere in servitio): if A held lands, immediately or mediately of the king, part of which he retained in his own hands, and part of which were in turn held of him by B, he was said to hold the former ‘in demesne’, and the latter ‘in service*. B, in his turn, might hold his portion wholly ‘in demesne’, or partly also ‘in service’ by admitting a tenant under him. In every case, the ultimate (free) holder, ‘the person who stands at the bottom of the scale, who seems most like an owner of the land, and who has a general right of doing what he pleases with it, is said to hold the land in demesne’. Prof. F. W. Maitland. [1292 Britton iii. xv. §1 Car en demeyne porrount estre tenuz terres et rentes, en fee, et a terme de vie. Mes demeyne proprement est tenement qe chescun tient severalment en fee.. Et demeyne si est dit a la difference de ceo qe est tenu en seignurie ou en service, ou en commun ovekes autres. transl. For in demeyne may be held lands and rents, in fee and for term of life. But demeyne is properly a tenement which is held severally in fee.. The word demeyne is also used in distinction from that which is holden in seignory or service, or in common with others.] C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 7 Romeyns, That wan it [Britain] of Casbalan in to per demeyns. C1449 Pecock Repr. ill. iii. 290 Tho whiche thei helden in her owne demenys. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxii. 257 All other thynges comprised in this present article of Merle and of Calais we.. hold them in demayn. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 466 The Manor of Hethe.. which the King now hath in demeane. 1612 Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 120 When the Duke of Normandy had conquered England .. he .. gave not away whole shires and counties in demesne to any of his servitors. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. iv. xiv. §32 Had not some Laws of Provision now been made, England had long since been turned part of Sl. Peters Patrimony in demeans. 1672 Leycester in Ormerod Cheshire (1880) I. 11 The names of such towns.. as Earl Hugh held in demaine at that time. 1876 Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxii. 8 A terrier of a gigantic manor, setting out the lands held in demesne by the lord.

b. in his demesne as of fee {in dominico suo ut de feodo): in possession as an estate of inheritance. Not applied to things incapable of physical possession, such as an advowson, for which the phrase is ut de feodo, or ut de feodo etjure. (Elphinstone, etc. Interpr. of Deeds, 1885, 571-2.) The phrase is quite erroneously explained by Cowell, Interp. s.v. Demaine. [1292 Britton i. xxi. §4 Terres.. qe il ne avoint en lour demeyne cum de fee. transl. Which they held in their demesne as of fee.] 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 12 §5 As gode .. as if the King were seised of the premises in his demesne as of fee. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 13 Preamb., [They] enteryd into the sayd Maners.. & thereof wer seased in ther demean as of Fee in Cooparcenery. 1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 4 b, Suche one was seised in his demeane as of fee. 1628 Coke On Litt. 17 a, In his demesne as of fee, in dominico suo ut in feodo. 1642 Perkins Prof. Bk. ix. §612. 265 Hee .. died seised of the Land in his demeasne as of fee.

c. in ancient demesne: see 4. f2. transf. and fig. Possession; dominion, power. C1300 K. Alis. 7561 That soffred theo duyk Hirkan To have yn demayn othir woman. C1386 Chaucer Monk's T. 675 Alisandre.. That all'the world weelded in his demeyne [v.r. demeigne, demeygne]. c 1400 Rom. Rose 3310 To bidde me my thought refreyne, Which Love hath caught in his demeyne. 14.. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 113 Sche that hath heven in hur demeyn. 1508 Will of Payne (Somerset Ho.) [Goods that Jesu] hath suffred me to haue in my demayn in this worlde. 01541 Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 56 Since that thou hast My heart in thy demain, For service true. 1747 Carte Hist. Eng. I. 32 Such was the place the Druids chose for their habitation, and they seem to have enjoyed it in demesne.

II. A possession; an estate possessed.

3. An estate held in demesne: land possessed or occupied by the owner himself, and not held of him by any subordinate tenant, a. In the wider sense, applied to all land not held of the owner by freehold tenants, i.e. including lands held of him by villein or copyhold tenure, b. In a more restricted sense, excluding the land held by the villeins or copyholders, and applied only to that actually occupied or held ‘in hand’ by the owner. (Cf. Vinogradoff, Villainage in Engl. 223-4.) Hence c. in modern use, The land immediately attached to a mansion, and held along with it for use or pleasure; the park, chase, home-farm, etc. [c 1250 Bracton iv. iii. ix. §5 Est autem Dominicum, quod quis habet ad mensam suam & proprie, sicut sunt Bordlands Anglice. Item dicitur Dominicum Villenagium, quod traditur villanis, quod quis tempestive & intempestive sumere possit pro voluntate sua & revocare. 1292 Britton 1. xix. § 1 Queus demeynes nous tenoms en nostre meyn en cel counte. transl. What demeynes in the same county we hold in our hands.] 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiv. 1. (Tollem. MS.), ‘Praedium’ is a felde o)>er demayn, pat an husbonde ordeynep for him selfe, and chesep tofore all oper. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. 2 It is to be inquered how many feldes are of the demeyns and howe many acres are in euery felde. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 32 The tenauntes.. vpon the demeanes of the saide late monasteri. 1562 Act 5 Eliz. c. 21 § 1 Noblemen.. have imparked, invironed and inclosed

DEMESNE many Parcels of their said Demeans. 1613 Sir H. Finch Late (1636) 145 Land in the Lords hands (whereof seuerall men hold by suite of Court) is termed a Mannor: the land considered apart from the seruice, is termed demesnes. 1641 Termes de la Ley 107 b, Demaines, or Demesnes, generally speaking according to the Law, be all the parts of any Manor which be not in the hands of freeholders of estate of inheritance, though they be occupied by Copiholders, Lessees for yeeres or for life, as well as tenant at will.. Yet in common speech that is ordinarily called Demesnes, which is neither free nor copy. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 47 Two material causes of a manor are demesnes and services. b, c. 1538 Leland I tin. I. 71 Sokbourne where as the Eldest House is of the Coniers, with the Demains about of it, a Mile Cumpace of exceding plesaunt Ground. 1623 Cockeram, Demaynes, the Lords Manor house. 1670 Cotton Espernon 1. iii. 128 This Castle with the demean and territory belonging to it. 1732 Swift Proposal for Act of Pari. Wks. 1841 II. 123 Applying 100 acres of., land that lies nearest his palace as a demesne for the convenience of his family. 1844 Disraeli Coningsby iii. iv, A grassy demesne, which was called the Lower Park. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt viii, Except on the demesne immediately around the house, the timber had been mismanaged. 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. vii. 194 Reserving to himself only the mansion and the demesne in its vicinity.

d. demesne of the Crown, Royal demesne: the private property of the Crown, Crown-lands. demesne of the State, State demesne: land held by the state or nation, and of which the revenues are appropriated to national purposes. 1292 [see 4]. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. x, The Kyng off Ffraunce myght not sumtyme dyspende off his demaynes, as in lordeshippes, and oper patrimonie peculier, so mich as myght tho the Kynge off England, a 1577 Sir T. Smith Commw. Eng. (1609) 69 The revenues of the crowne, as well that which came of patrimonie, which we call the demeasnes. 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 684 Part also they [the Romans] reserved to their State as a demean. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 11. 57 Converting them into demeans of his Crown. 1698 Sidney Disc. Govt. iii. §29 (1704) 360 According to the known maxim of the State, that the demeasnes of the Crown.. cannot be alienated. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scotl. I. iii. 226 These were part of the royal demesnes. 1832 W. Irving Alhambra I. 40 The Alhambra continued a royal demesne, and was occasionally inhabited by the Castilian monarchs. 1838 Arnold Hist. Rome {1846) I. xiv. 271 The mass of the conquered territory was left as the demesne of the State. 1874 Green Short Hist. ii. §6. 89 The bulk of the cities were situated in the royal demesne.

4. ancient demesne: a demesne possessed from ancient times; spec, the ancient demesne of the crown, i.e. that property which belonged to the king at the Norman Conquest, as recorded in Domesday-book, called in 1 Edw. VI. c. 4 ‘his ancient possessions’. The tenants of such lands had various privileges, hence the phrase came to be applied elliptically to their tenure, as in tenants in, or by ancient demesne, to plead ancient demesne. [1292 Britton iii. ii. §12 Auncienes demeynes sount terres de nos veuz maners annex a nostre Coroune, en les queles demeynes demurent acunes gentz fraunchement par chartre feffez, et ceux sount nos frauncs tenauntz. transl. Ancient demeynes are lands which were part of the ancient manors annexed to our Crown, in which demeynes dwell some who have been freely enfeoffed by charter,—and these are free tenants.] 1522 Act 13 Hen. VIII, Stat. Ireland (1621) 73 Any person .. seised of lands.. in fee simple, fee taile, or for terme of life, copyholde, and auncient demeane. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 177 The sundry and ancient demaines of husbandmen were quite done away. 1651 G. W. tr. Cowell's Inst. 94 The service of ancient Demesn is that which the tenants of the ancient Demesnes of the King performed. Now ancient Demesne is all that which was immediately held of the King St. Edward, or William the Conquerour. 1708 Termes dela Ley 40 Ancient demesne or demayn is a certain Tenure whereby all Mannors belonging to the Crown in the days of William the Conqueror were held. 1810 in Risdon's Surv. Devon App. 17 Places.. priviledged, and free from Tax and Toll.. some by ancient Demesne. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 693 Application was made for leave to plead ancient demesne. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 116 Tenants in ancient demesne could not sue or be sued for their lands in the King’s courts. fig• 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 18 b, Custome encreaseth natures will, and maketh by auncient demeane thynges to bee justly observed whiche nature hath appoyncted.

5. By extension: a. The land or territory subject to a king or prince; the territory or dominion of a sovereign or state; a domain. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 201 A lond in t?e myddel bitwene pe demeynnes of Rome and Apulia. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 53 The Low-countries, which had formerly been of the Demaynes of France. 1670 Cotton Espernon 1. 1. 3 Jane Albret Queen of Navarre, a great Fautress to those of the Reformed Religion.. desirous to draw all places within her demean into the same perswasion. 1871 Browning Balaust. 1464 And I was son to thee, recipient due Of sceptre and demesne.

b. Landed property, an estate; usually pi. estates, lands. 1584 Powel Lloyd's Cambria 123 Borough townes with the Demeanes of the same. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iii. v. 182 A Gentleman of Noble Parentage, Of faire demeanes. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man (1631) 359 Whose house should contain no greater circuit than Cincinnatus’ demaines. 1607 G. Wilkins Mis. Enforced Marriage in Hazl. Dodsley IX. 473 Our demesnes lay near together. 1735 Somerville Chase1. 104 By smiling Fortune blest With large Demesnes, hereditary Wealth. 1844 Disraeli Coningsby 11. ii, The noble proprietor of this demesne had many of the virtues of his class. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Manners Wks. (Bohn) II. 48 If he is rich, he buys a demesne, and builds a hall.

DEMESNIAL 6. fig. A district, region, territory; domain. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. 11. i. 20 By her Fine foote, Straight leg, and Quiuering thigh, And the Demeanes, that there Adiacent lie. 1659 Hammond On Ps. lxxxiii. 12 Annot. 416 These pastures and fat demeans of God. a 1821 Keats Sonn.y Chapman's Homer, One wide expanse .. That deepbrowed Homer ruled as his demesne [rime serene]. 1851 Nichol Archit. Heav. 99 Alas! that the demesne of knowlege is so uncleared.

f7. pi. Estate, means. [Probably associated with the latter word.] Obs. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. liii. 84 In this fall of their melted demeans, they grow ashamed to be publicly seen come short of their wonted reuelling. 1629 Massinger Picture I. i, You know How narrow our demeans are. 1650 W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659) 323 Can he want demeanes that is such a Prince?

III. attrib. or as adj. [The original OF. adjective use, = ‘own’, does not appear to have come into English; it was common in Anglo-Fr. (e.g. 1292 Britton hi. xx. §3 Ne tint mie les tenementz en soen noun demeyne—transl. Did not hold the holdings in his own name), and it persisted down to modern times, also, in a few technical phrases, e.g. son assault demesne, ‘[it was] his [the plaintiff s] own assault*, the common plea in justification on the ground of self-defence to an action for battery. 1809 Tomlins Law Diet. II. 3 H. b/i s.v. Pleading, In an action of assault and battery [a man with leave of Court may plead] these three [pleas]: Not guilty, Son assault demesne, and the Statute of Limitations.]

8. Of or demesnial.

pertaining

to

a

demesne

(3):

1533 St. Papers Hen. VIII, IV. 634 We brynt theis townes .. with many oder by steadinges, and demayn places. 1801 Strutt Sports & Past. i. i. 14 Excepting only the king’s own desmean park. 1839 T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (Camden) p. xviii, Allowed to assart the demesne woods. 1861 Times 10 Oct., Extensive demesne farms are occupied .. by the larger proprietors.

b. esp. in demesne lands, lands of a demesne. 14.. Tretyce in W. of Henley's Husb. (1890) 44 Come is sowen upon your demayn londis. 1558-9 Act 1 Eliz. c. 19 §2 Any the Demean Landes commonly used or occupyed with any suche Mansion or Dwelling House. 1654 Fuller Two Serm. 49 King William .. caused a Survey-Booke to be made of all the Demesne Lands in England. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes iv. 193 The Grant of Tithes was not only for the King’s demain lands, but for all the lands of the whole Kingdom. 1846 Arnold Later Hist. Rome II. x. 275 The State never lost its right of re-entering into the possession of its demesne lands, if the tenants.. ceased to occupy them. 1861 Times 16 Oct., Most of the large farms, not demesne lands farmed by the proprietor, are under lease.

demesnial (di'meimsl, -'miinial), a. [f. demesne, after manorial, etc.: see -ial.] Of or pertaining to a demesne; domanial. 1857 Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. II. 442 Austrasia contained the chief demesnial towns and cities.. of the Carlovingian Sovereigns.

fde'mess, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. demess-, ppl. stem of demetere to mow down, reap.] To cut down (corn), to reap. 1657 Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 315 Found in many fields when the segetives are demessed.

demester, obs. f. deemster, dempster. demetallize, demetricize: see de- II. i. demethylate (dii'meGileit), v. Chem. [f. de- II. 1 + methylate v.] To remove a methyl group from. Hence demethylating ppl. a., demethy'lation. 1911 Chem. Abstr. V. 2880 (title) Influence of caffeine on protein metabolism in dogs, with some remarks on demethylation in the body. 1933 Ibid. XXVII. 1624 (title) Demethylating the phenol ethers. 1940 Nature 3 Aug. 166/1 Demethylation definitely occurs in the animal body. 1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. xxvi. 682 Ethers that are sensitive to other demethylating reagents.

Demetian (di'mirjisn), a. and sb. Also Dimetian. [f. Demetia, Dimetia, Dyfed in S.W. Wales (Cardigan, Pembroke, and Carmarthen) + -ian.] Of or pertaining to Demetia in South Wales; also as sb., the dialect of this region. 1841 Anc. Laws & Inst. Wales Pref. xii, The Dimetian or West Wales Code. 1877 H. Hicks in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXXIII. 230, I propose now to divide the Pre-Cambrian rocks into two distinct series under the local names of Dimetian (Dimetia being the ancient name for a kingdom which included this part of Wales) for the lower, and Pebidian .. for the upper series. Ibid. 231 The rocks which compose the Dimetian series are chiefly compact quartz schists. Ibid. 238 My endeavour has chiefly been to point out spots where the unconformity between them [jc. Pebidian rocks] and the Cambrians above, or the Dimetians below, is well marked. 1885 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 2) 639 The so-called ‘Dimetian’ I regard as a granite which has invaded the Cambrian rocks. 1910 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 838/2 Three [legal] codes.. called Venedotian, Demetian and Gwentian, are said to have been written down by Bleggwryd, archdeacon of Llandaff 1913 J. M. Jones Welsh Gram. 8 Demetian, the dialect of Dyfed or South West Wales. Ibid., Dialectal forms, chiefly Demetian and Powysian -e, begin to appear in the MSS. of the 15th century.

demeuer, -meure, DEMURE, etc.

DEMI

437

-mewre,

etc.,

obs.

ff.

demeyn(e, obs. f. demean v.1, demesne. demi ('demi), sb., a., prefix. Also 5-6 dimi. [F. demi:—L,. dimidium half: see dimidiate. The Fr.

word is a sb. and adj., and much used in combination. It began to be used in English in the 15th c. attrib. in Heraldry, and in the 16th c. in names of cannon, and soon passed to other uses. At first it was often written separately; hence it was also treated as a simple adj., and occasionally as a sb. (In certain uses the separate word survives as demy, q.v.) But demi- is now almost always hyphened to the word which it qualifies, and it has become to a large extent a living element, capable of being prefixed to almost any sb. (often also to adjs., and sometimes to verbs).] A. As separate word. (Formerly also demy.) I. adj. (or adv.) Half; half-sized, diminutive. Now rare. 1418 E.E. Wills (1882) 36 Also a bed of red and grene dimi Selour. i486 [see B. il. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. lii, Cannons, double and demie. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 202 Upon these few words, M. Harding is able to build up his Dimi Communion, his Priuate Masse. 1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hipp. (1878) 43 Ere that demi the way The course had ouerpast. Ibid. 48 Ere that The day was demi past. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 377 From hence spring demy and double tertians and quartanes. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 688 The complaints of this barking demie man. 1722 De Foe Plague (1884) 218 This demy Quarantine. 1891 Daily News 29 June 2/7 For wools of the demi class there is a good demand.. In single demi wefts there is an average turnover.

tH. as sb. A half. Chiefly ellipt. Obs. See also

demy. 1501 Will of Stoyll (Somerset Ho.), A girdell callid a Demye weying ij vnee large by Troye. 1604 E. Grimstone Hist. Siege Ostend 90 Two whole Canons and three demies. 1761 Bill of Fare in Pennant London (1813) 562, 1 Grand Pyramid of Demies of Shell fish of various Sorts.

B. demi- in combination. Among the chief groups of compounds are the following: 1. In Heraldry, etc., indicating the half-length figure of a man or animal, or the half of a charge or bearing: e.g. demi-angel, -figure, -forester, -horse, -lion, -man, -monk, -moor, -ram, -virgin, -wyvem; demi-belt, f-pheon, -ship, etc.; demi-vol, a single wing of a bird used as a bearing. i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. Bva, Demy is calde in armys halfe a best in the felde. 1882 Academy No. 513. 161 [Consecration] crosses.. consisting of *demi-angels holding shields. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xxviii. § 1 (ed. 3) 434 Two *demi-belts pale-wise. Ibid. x. 55 In the Arms of the See of Oxford are three *demi-figures. 1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 68 A pair of.. flower vases, with *demi-horses as handles, standing on square plinths. 1610 Guillim Heraldry 111. xv. (1660) 193 He beareth.. a *Demy Lyon Rampand. 1696 Lond. Gaz. No. 3229/4 Crest a Demy-Lion Regardant. 1928 Blunden Jap. Garl. 16 The inscrutable and dog-like grin Of demi-lions hedge me in! 1864 Boutell Her. xvii. §2. 269 A *demi-monk grasping a scourge of knotted cords. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 344 With an iron hook or *demi-pheon ingrail’d within, a 1661 Fuller Worthies 11. (1662) 299 A *Demi-ramme mounting Argent, armed Or. 1792 W. Boys Hist. Sandwich 797 The old seal of mayoralty [of Dover].. with four *demi-ships conjoined with four demi-lions. 1864 Boutell Her. xxi. §11. 368 *Demi virgin, couped below the shoulders. 1857 H. Ainsworth M. Clitheroe 11. 277 A *demi-wyvem carved in stone.

2. In Costume, indicating an article of half the full size or length; hence a definitely shorter or curtailed form of the article, as f demi-cap, f -collar, f -coronal, f -gown, -robe, \-shirt, -train; f demi-crown, a coronet. See also demiCEINT, -GIRDLE. 1568 North Gueuara's Diall Pr. iv. (1679) 627/1 To see a foolish Courtier weare a *demy cappe, scant to cover the crowne of his head. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, iv. i. (Order of Coronation). Marquesse Dorset., on his head, a *Demy Coronall of Gold. 1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. I. 99 And if you doe nothing but change your cloath of gold for a russet coat; and your cut-work band for a *demy collar. 1641 Hist. Rich. Ill 219 Having on his head a *demy Crown appointed for the degree of a Prince. 1480 War dr. Acc. Edw. IV (1830) 124, Vj *demy gownes and a shorte loose gowne. 1721 Strype Eccl. Mem. II. i. 7 Every of their footmen in demigowns, bare-headed. 1807 in Pall Mall Budget 7 Oct. (1886) 30/1 A *demie robe of white Albany gauze. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 146 Under this garment they weare a smocke .. in length agreeing to our *demi-shirts. 1818 La Belle AssembleeXVII. 36 Hessian robe of white satin, with •demi-train. 1891 Daily News 20 May 3/1 Demi-trains are ordained by French couturiers to be worn in the street.

3. In Arms and Armour, indicating a piece of half the size of the full piece, or a reduced variety of the latter, forming a less complete covering; as demi-brassard, -gardebras, a piece of plate-armour for the upper arm at the back; demi-chamfron, a piece covering the face of the horse less completely than the chamfron; demi-cuirass (see quot.); demi-jambe, a piece covering the front of the leg; demimentonniere, a mentonniere or chin-piece for the tilt covering the left side only;. demipauldron, the smaller and lighter form of pauldron or shoulder-plate used in the end of the 15th c.; demi-pike = half-pike; demiplacard, -placate, = demi-cuirass; demi-suit, the suit of light armour used in and after the

15th

c.;

demi-vambrace,

a

piece

of

plate-

armour protecting the outside of the fore-arm. See also demi-lance, -pique. 1874 Boutell Arms Arm. viii. 147 A corslet of iron, formed of two pieces.. which enclosed and protected the body, front and back, above the waist, and as low down as the hips; this may be called a * demi-cuirass. 1883 J. Hatton in Harper's Mag. Nov. 849/1 The armor.. is a *demi-suit worn in the days of Henry VIII. 4. In Artillery, distinguishing a piece of definitely smaller size than the full-sized piece so named,

as

demi-bombard:

see

also demi-

CANNON, -CULVERIN, -HAKE.

5.

In

-distance,

Fortification,

as

-parallel:

quots.

see

demi-caponier, Also

demi-

bastion, -GORGE, -LUNE, -REVETMENT. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Demi-caponniere, a construction across the ditch, having but one parapet and glacis. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), * Demi- distance of Polygons.. is the distance between the outward Polygons and the Flank. 1851 J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. 233 When arrived at about 150 yards from the enemy’s covered way, he forms other places of arms, called *demi-parallels. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Demi-parallel, shorter entrenchments thrown up between the main parallels of attack, for the protection of guards of the trenches. 6. In Military tactics, the Manege, etc., as f demi-hearse, -pesade, -pommada; demibrigade, the name given, under the first French Republic, to a regiment of infantry and artillery (Littre); see also demi-bateau, -sap, -volte. 1799 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 7/1 The sons of the Mammalukes.. he brought into the •demi-brigades to supply the place of the French drummers. 1635 Barriffe Mil. Discip. lxxvi. (1643) 210 The next firing in Front which I present unto you, is the *Demie-hearse. 1884 E. L. Anderson Mod. Horsemanship 11. xvii. 154 The Greeks., practised their horses in leaping, in the career.. and even in the *demi-pesade. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy V. xxix, Springing into the air, he turned him about like a wind-mill, and made above a hundred frisks, turns, and *demipommadas. 7. In Weights, Measures, Coins, etc., as f demibarrel, \ -galonier, f -groat, -mark, -second, \-sextier, f -sovereign; demi-ame, half an aam; demi-farthing, a copper coin of Ceylon, of the value of half a farthing. 1494 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 23 No such Merchant.. should put any Herring to Sale by Barrel, * Demy-Barrel, or Firkin. c 1740 Shenstone Economy 1. 44 Ev’n for a *demi-groat, this open’d soul.. Revibrates quick. 1863 A. J. Horwood Yearbks. 30-1 Edw. I, Pref. 26 note, Mr. Booth’s qusere.. as to the reason for the tender of the *demy-mark in a writ of right. 1816 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1843) II. 248 Mr. Delisle observed a fly.. which ran nearly three inches in a *demisecond, and in that space made 540 steps. 1817 Cobbett Wks. XXXII. 142 Under the old-fashioned names of guineas and half-guineas, and not, as the newspapers told us .. under the name of sovereigns and *demi-sovereigns. 8. With names of fabrics, stuffs, etc., usually indicating that they are half of inferior material; as t demi-buckram, -lustre,

f -worsted.

Also

DEMI-CASTOR. a 1568 Ascham Scholem (Arb.) 100 Clothe him selfe with nothing els, but a *demie bukram cassok. 1880 Daily News 8 Nov/2/7 *Demi-lustres and Irish wools being relatively higher in price. 1536 A. Basset in Mrs. Green Lett. R. & Illust. Ladies II. 295 Send me some *demi worsted for a robe and a collar. 9. Music. f demi-cadence, an imperfect cadence, quaver;

a

half-close;

f demi-crotchet,

(see

ditone); f demi-quaver, a semi-quaver.

(All

and

rare.)

See

a also

minor

a

third

obs.

f demi-ditone,

demisemiquaver,

-SEMITONE, -TONE. 1828 Busby Mus. Manual, *Demi-Cadence, an expression used in contradistinction to Full-Cadence.. so a demicadence is always on some other than the key-note. 1659 Leak Waterwks. 28 If you will you may put on *Demi Crochets, or Quavers. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Demiditone.. the same with Tierce Minor. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Demiditone, in music, is used by some for a third minor. 1669 Cokaine Death T. Pilkington Poems 79 Whose Loss our trembling Heart such wise lament As they like Semi- and *Demi-quavers went. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Demi-quaver, a Musical Note; see Semi-quaver. 10. With names of material or geometrical figures: Half, semi-; as demi-canal, -column, -cylinder (hence demi-cylindrical adj.), demidome, -tube;

f -hill,

-metope,

fdemi-globe,

-orbit,

-sphere

-pillar, -plate, =

hemisphere;

demi-octagonal, -octangular, of the shape of half of an octagon. See also demi-circle. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 20 The place.. taken by the •demi-canal. 1879 Sir G. G. Scott Led. Archit. II. 38 An entire pillar of this form must have suggested the *demicolumn. 1781 Gibbon Decl. F. (1846) III. xl. 621 The altar.. was placed in the eastern recess, artificially built in the form of a *demicylinder. 1879 Sir G. G. Scott Led. Archit. I. 51 The most normal and readily invented vault is .. of the continuous barrel or *demi-cylindrical form. 1862 R. H. Patterson Ess. Hist. & Art 410 Beneath an apex or •demi-dome, stands the relic-shrine. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. III. xxxii. App. 327 The flat side of this •demi-globe. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 131 A mighty Heap in Form of a *Demi-hill. 1774 T. West Antiq. Furness (1805) 362 The ruins of the chapter-house, with four *demi-octangular buttresses in front. 1875 Croll Climate & T. App. 537 The *demi-orbit, or..the 180° comprehended betwixt the two equinoxes. 1776 Lond. & Westm. Guide 13 Four Gothic *Demi Pillars painted with blue Veins, and gilt Capitals. 1885 Athenseum 28 Feb. 284/1

DEMI-ATLAS A *demiplate .. is never the second plate [of the ambulacra]. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1828) III. xxxv. 571 A deep channel or *demitube.

11. With ordinary class-nouns, indicating a person or thing which has half the characteristics connoted by the name; or is half this and half not, half-and-half; hence sometimes with sense ‘of equivocal quality or character’; as demi-atheist, -Atlas, -beast, -beau, -bisque (bisk sb.), -brute, -caesura, -canon, crack (crack sb. n-15), -Christian, -critic, -dandiprat, -deity, -devil, -doctor, -gentleman, -king, -lawyer, -millionaire, -Mohammedan, -Moor, -owl, -pagan, -Pelagian '(so . -Pelagianism), -priest, -pro¬ phetess, -savage, -urchin, -votary, -wolf-,

t demi-damsel, -lady, -lass (rendering Sp. semidoncella); fdemi-male, a eunuch. See also DEMI-GOD, -ISLAND, -ISLE, -MONDE. 1856 Boker Calaynos i. i, Why talk you thus, you *demi-atheist? 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. 1. v. 23 The *demy Atlas of this Earth. 1849 J. W. Donaldson Theatre Greeks 252 The composition of demigods with *demibeasts formed a diverting contrast, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Subbeau, or *Demibeau, a wou’d-be-fine. 1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. II. 606 Destitute of the finer feelings of our nature, and a *demi-brute. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 382 This semi-pause may be called a *demi-caesura. 1712 Cooke Voy. to S. Sea 396 To the Cathedral belong ten Canons.. six *Demi-Canons, and six half Demi-Canons [etc.]. 1622 Massinger Virg. Mart. 11. i, Herein thou shewed’st thyself a perfect *demi-Christian too. 1674 S. Vincent Yng. Gallant's Acad. To Rdr. Avijb, Nay the Stationers themselves are turned *Demi-Criticks. 1756 Gray’s-Inn Jrnl. I. 167 We the .. Demi-critics of the City of London, in Coffee-houses assembled. 1620 Shelton Quix. iv. xvi. II. 201 To this Hole came the two *demi-Damsels. 1622 Massinger Virg. Mart. 11. iii, Adieu, *demi-dandiprat, adieu! 1640 T. Rawlins Rebellion in Hazl. Dodsley XIV. 74 A religious sacrifice of praise Unto thy *demi-deity. 1820 Byron Mar. Fal. 11. i. 390 The demy-deity Alcides. 1604 Shaks. Oth. v. ii. 301 Demand that *demy-Diuell, Why he hath thus ensnar’d my Soule and Body. 1823 W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) IV. 399 What demi-devils we are to mar such scenes of quiet and loveliness with our passions! 1737 Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 90 *Demi-Doctors, who do more Mischief than all the right-knowing of the Profession do good. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. vi. §14 But a *Demi-King, depriued of all Soueraignty ouer one half-deale of his Kingdome. 1742 Jarvis Quix. 1. iv. xvi. (D.), At this hole then this pair of *demilasses [rendered by Motteux and Ozell, 1757, *demy-ladies] planted themselves. 1825 T. Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 45 Chicaneries.. and delays of lawyers and *demi-lawyers. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 235 Being a *demi Mahumetan. 1728 Morgan Algiers II. v. 294 He was always called Aga, as are generally those *Demi-Males: every Eunuch is an Aga. 1614 Sylvester Du Bartas, Pari. Vertues Roy all 108 Those daring *Demi-Moores. 1622 Massinger Virg. Mart. 11. i, As I am a *demi-pagan, I sold the victuals. 1626 tr. Parallel Aiij, What kindred.. hath Arminius.. with the *Demipelagians? Ibid. Dij, *Demipelagianisme is Pelagianisme. 1590 L. Lloyd Diall Daies 18 So inspired by god Phoebus, that she was accompted and taken for a *demie Prophetesse. 1800 Helena Wells C. Neville III. 318 The little *demi-savage gained so many friends. 1627 Drayton Agincourt, etc. 173 Other like Beasts yet had the feete of Fowles, That *DemyVrchins weare, and Demy-Owles. 1663 Cowley Complaint vii, My gross Mistake, My self a *demy-Votary to make. 1605 Shaks. Macb. 111. i. 94 As.. Mungrels, Spaniels, Curres.. and *Demy-Wolues are dipt All by the Name of Dogges.

12. With nouns of action, condition, state; as demi-assignation, -atheism, -bob, -flexion, -incognito, -nudity, -premisses, -pronation, -relief, -result, -sacrilege, -translucence; demimetamorphosis (Entom.), partial meta¬

morphosis, hemi-metabolism; demi-toilet, half evening (or dinner) dress, not full dress. 1667 G. Digby Elvira in Hazl. Dodsley XV. 61 Such words imply Little less than a *demi-assignation. 1710 Berkeley Princ. Hum. Knowl. §155 Sunk into a sort of *Demy-atheism. 1842 Barham Ingol. Leg., Auto-da-fe, Returning his bow with a slight *demi-bob. 1808 Med. Jrnl. XIX. 81 *Demi-flexion becomes at length as painful as the extension at full length. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 76/2 The fore-arm was in a state of demi-flexion. 1891 Pall Mall G. 5 Mar. 1/2 When a Royal personage comes to Paris in *demi-incognito. 1816 Gentl. Mag. LXXXVI. 1. 227 Loosely attired in the *demi-nudity of the Grecian costume. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxx. (1611) 400 They iudge conclusions by *demipremises and halfe principles. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 76/2 The fore-arm was in a state of *demi-pronation. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., *Demi-relief.. half raised, as if cut in two, and half only fixed to the plane. 1612 W. Sclater Ministers Portion 29 Popish *Demisacrilege had made seisure of tithes. 1828 Scott Diary 17 May in Lockhart, I contrived to make a *demi toilette at Holland House. 1880 Disraeli Endym. xxii, The sisters were in demi-toilet, which seemed artless, though in fact it was profoundly devised. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley v. 47 Dawn was just beginning to .. give a *demi-translucence to its opaque shadows.

13. With adjectives: as demi-heavenly, -high, -human, -Norman, -official, -pagan, -pectinate, -savage, -simple, -unenfranchised-, demi-equitant ( Bot.) = obvolute. (With most of these semi- is now the usual prefix.) 1616 Sylvester Du Bartas, Tobacco Battered 536 *Demiheav’nly, and most free by Birth. 1871 Figure Training 120 We may go far before we meet with anything superior to the plain *demi-high button-boot now so much worn. 1822

DEMIDOVITE

438 O’Connor Chron. Eri I. p. lxvii, These wretched mortals.. considered but *demi-human, the link between man and monkey. 1876 Tennyson Harold 111. i, Our dear England Is ♦demi-Norman. 1804 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. II. 275 These.. are surely inferior to the *demi-official letters of the second volume. 1818 Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 201 The publications in the demi-official newspaper of this country. 1833 Chalmers Const. Man. (1835) I. i. 104 The warfare of savage or *demisavage nations. 1591 F. Sparry tr. Cattan’s Geomancie 168 The one is simple, the vther *demy simple. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 25 Feb. 2/2 Extracting verdicts from semi-disfranchised and *demi-unenfranchised constituencies.

14. With verbs and verbal derivatives: as \ demi-corpsed, f -deify, f -digested, f -na~ tured, f -turned. 1828 J. Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 286 He [the rider] becomes *demicorpsed with the noble animal. 1784 Cowper Task v. 266 They *demi-deify and fume him so. 1660 Fisher Rusticks Alarm Wks. (1679) 229 In thy meer *demi-digested demications against them. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iv. vii. 88 And to such wondrous doing brought his horse, As had he beene encorps’d and *demy-Natur’d With the braue Beast. 1793 J. Williams Calm Exam. 74 Has the sphere of rectitude been *demi-turned, and what was yesterday uprightness, now antipodic?

demi-Atlas: see demi- i i . demi-bain ('demibein). [Fr.; = half bath.] = DEMI-BATH. 1847 in Craig.

f'demi-bar. Obs. kind of false dice.

[bar sb.1 21.]

Name for a

1592 Nobody & Someb. (1878) 337 Those are called high Fulloms .. low Fulloms.. Those Demi-bars .. bar Sizeaces.

demi-bastion ('dsmi'baestisn). Fortif. [demi5.] A work of the form of half a bastion, having one face and one flank. Hence 'demi-'bastioned ahaving demi-bastions. 1695 Lond. Gaz. No. 3100/4 The Dutch were not able to maintain themselves in the Demi-Bastion. 1813 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 198/2 Against the demy-bastion on the south¬ eastern angle and the termination of the curtain of the southern face. 1832 Southey Hist. Penins. War III. 235 Their efforts had been misdirected against the face of a demibastion. 1851 J. s. Macaulay Field Fortif. 22 Of Demi-bastioned Forts.

Ildemi-bateau (damibato). [Fr.; = half-boat:

steps based on the classical technique; also applied to a dancer. 1776 Publ. Advertiser 2 Nov. 1/1 New Ballet Demicaracteres, called Les Amusemens Champetre. 1828 J. Ebers Seven Years of King's Theatre iii. 72 The exquisite prettiness of the demi-caractere steps of Fanny Bias. Ibid. iv. 99 Fanny Bias was a dancer of the demi-caractere, perfect in .. beautiful little half steps. 1950 Ballet Ann. IV. 70 A neck which is just too short for the demands of a classical ballerina. Hence she is at her best in demi-caractere roles. 1957 Times 23 Aug. 11/3 A delightful demi-caractere dancer. 1963 Van Praagh & Brinson Choreogr. Art. 177 Really talented demi-charactere dancers are able to fill roles in either of the other categories.

f .demi'eastor. Obs. Also -caster, [a. F. demicastor ‘chapeau de poil de castor melange’ (Racine 17th c.): see demi- 8, castor1.] a. An inferior quality of beaver’s fur, or a mixture of beaver’s and other fur: usually attrib., as in demicastor hat. b. A hat made of this. 1637 Lane. Wills II. 142 To Wm Nickson one demicastor hatt. c 1645 Howell Lett. III. xi, In that more subtill air of yours tinsell sometimes passes for tissue, Venice Beads for Perl, and Demicastors for Bevers. 1721 C. King Brit. Merch. II. 236 Beaver, Demicastor, and Felt Hats, made in .. Paris. fig. 01658 Cleveland Sir I. Presbyter 58 Pray for the Mitred Authors, and defie Those Demicastors of Divinity.

demication: see dimi-. t'demiceint. Obs. Forms: 5-6 demycent, -sent, dymyceynt, -sent, dymisent, dymysen, -son. [a. F. demi-ceint, demi-ceinct, ‘a halfe-girdle; a woman’s girdle, whose forpart is of gold or siluer, and hinder of silke, &c.’ (Cotgr.); f. demihalf + OF. ceint-.—L. cinctum girdle.] A girdle having ornamental work only in the front. 1483 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 116 A dymysen with a red crosse hamossid with siluer wrought with golde. 1503 Will of Tymperley (Somerset Ho.), A dymysent gyrdell of siluer & gilt. Ibid., A dymycent withoute any corse of siluer & gilt. CI524 Churchw. Acc. St. Maryhill, London (Nichols 1797) 128 A demysent with a cheyne and a pommander and a pendent. 1538 Bury Wills (1850) 136 My best hamysid gyrdyll of gold callyd a dymysent. 1543 Nottingham Rec. III. 397 My dymyson gyrdylle and my coralle beydes.

demi-chamfron: see demi- 3.

see bateau.] A half-bateau used in constructing pontoons.

demi-circle (’demi,s3:k(3)l). [demi- 10.] 1. A semicircle. Now rare.

1853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 98 Those [pontoons] of greater breadth are formed by uniting two demi-bateaux at the broader ends so as to constitute an entire bateau.

1654 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 308 Mathematical and magical curiosities.. a balance on a demi-circle. 1662 Gerbier Princ. 2 How a Point, Line, Angle, Demi-circle .. must be made. 1726 Cavallier Mem. iii. 185 The Hill being in the form of a Demi-Circle. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xxi. § 11. 370 A demi-circle of glory edged with clouds.

demi-bath ('demibaiG, -se-), [transl. Fr. demibain.1 A bath in which the body can be immersed only up to the loins. 1847 >n Craig.

demi-bombard, -brassard, -brigade: see DEMI- 4, 3, 6. demibranch ('demibraeijk). Zool. [f. demi- + Gr. ppa-yxia gills.] = hemibranch (sense a). 1903 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B. 150 A descending lamella and its corresponding ascending lamella together constitute a demibranch. The demibranchs are inner and outer, lying towards the visceral mass and the mantle respectively. 1946 Nature 12 Oct. 523/1 On percolation through the gills, the water passes into the interlamellar chambers .. of the outer and inner demibranchs respectively.

2. Surveying. An instrument of semicircular form used for measuring angles. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., substitute for the theodolite.

Demi-circle. .a

modest

Hence demi-'circular a., semicircular. 1821 Lockhart Valerino I. ix. 146 The party might consist of about twenty, who reclined along one demicircular couch.

demi-coronal: see demi- 2. f 'demi-.cross. Obs. [demi- i, 10.] 1. The title of one of the degrees among the Knights of Malta.

demic ('demik), a.

1788 Piet. Tour thro' Part of Europe 19 There are also some Demi-crosses, who, by express permission, are authorized to wear the golden cross with three points.

1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 263 Perhaps beauty is demic or epidemic here.

1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Demi-cross, an instrument used by the Dutch to take the sun’s altitude, or that of a star at sea.. The Demi-cross is of this figure: 4.

demi-cadence: see demi- 9.

demi-crotchet, -cuirass: see demi- 9, 3.

t tdemi-’cannon. Obs. Also-canon, [a. F. demicanon (16th c. in Littre): see demi- 4.] A kind of large gun formerly used, of about inches bore: see cannon sb.1 2.

demi-culverin (.demi'ltAlvarin). Obs. exc. Hist. [ad. F. demi-coulevrine: see demi- 4 and culverin.] A kind of cannon formerly in use, of about 4J inches bore.

1556 [see demi a.]. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1188/2 They were answered againe with foure or five canons, and demi canons. 1587 Harrison England 11. xvi. (1877) 1. 281 The names of our greatest ordinance.. Demie Canon six thousand pounds, and six inches and an halfe within the mouth. Cannon, seauen thousand pounds, and eight inches within the mouth. 1673 Phil. Trans. VIII. 6040 In the Year 1672. July 9, there was cast a Demy-canon; weighing 34 hundreds of weight. 1707 Farquhar Beaux Strat. in. ii, Her eyes.. Are demi-canons to be sure; so I won’t stand their battery. *735-6 Carte Ormonde I. 341 There were three demicanon, two sakers, and one minion.

1587 Harrison England 11. xvi. (1877) 1. 281 Demie Culuerijn weigheth three thousand pounds. 1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. ill. i, They had planted mee three demiculuerings, just in the mouth of the breach. 1611 Coryat Crudities 104 One .. was exceeding great. . about sixteene foote long, made of brasse, a demy culverin. 1627 Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xiv. 70. 1692 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 372 The feild train of artillery in the Tower for Flanders.. are to consist of 23 pounders, 10 sakers, and 8 demiculverins. 1772 Simes Mil. Guide, Demi-culverin. It is a very good field piece. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xvi. 685 Demiculverins from a ship of war were ranged along the parapets. attrib. 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 165 She carries., six iron demiculverin drakes. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. (1703) II. 219 Retiring about Demy Culvering shot behind a Stone Wall.

nonce-wd. [f. Gr. Sij^-os district, country, people + -ic.] Belonging to or characteristic of the people.

b. attrib., as in demi-cannon cut, drake. (See CUT sb.2 31 a, DRAKE.) 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 165 She carries 16 pieces of ordinance .. four whole culverin drakes, and four iron demi-cannon drakes. 1642 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. ill. (1692) I. The Walls., are singularly well fortified with Brass and Iron Guns, both Culverins and Demi-Cannon-Cuts.

demi-caponier: See demi- 5. II demi-caract£re (damikarakter), sb. and a. Ballet. [Fr.] (Of) a dance which retains the form of the character dance but is executed with

2. An instrument for taking altitudes: see quot.

demi-damsel, -deify, -devil: see demi- i i , 14. demidiate: see dimi-. demi-distance, -ditone, -farthing, -galonier, -gardebras: see demi- 5, 9, 7, 3. demidovite

(demi'dovait). Min. Also demidoffite. [ad. F. demidovite (N. Nordenskiold

DEMI-EQUITANT 1856, in Bull. Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou XXIX. 1. 128), f. the name of Prince Anatolil Nikolaevich Demidov (1813-1870), Russian patron and traveller: see -ite1.] (See quot. 1955-) 1868 Dana Syst. Min. (ed 5) 403 Demidoffite [ed. 6, demidovite] occurs at Tagilsk, Urals, in mammillated crusts of a sky-blue color. 1955 M. H. Hey Index Min. Species (ed. 2) 214 Demidovite. Silicate and phosphate of Cu. Ibid. 401 Demidoffite... Syn. of Demidovite.

demi-equitant: see demi- 13. t demi-galliot, -galleyot. [demi a.: cf. F. demi-galere, It. mezzagalea (Jal).] A small-sized galliot or brigantine formerly used in the Mediterranean. 1632 W. Lithgow Trav. B. v. 180 This Tartaneta, or Demi galleyot, belonged to the lie of Stagiro, aunciently Thasia.

Cain .. that is, of demigration? 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy II. v, The reason.. of this sudden demigration.

demi-groat: see demi- 7. t 'demi-.hake, -haque. Obs. exc. Hist. Also 9 demy-hag. [demi- 4.] A fire-arm used in the 16th c.; a smaller kind of haque or hackbut. Also called half-haque, half-hagg. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 6 No person .. shall shote in anie crossebowe, handgunne, hagbut or demy hake. [1549 Compl. Scotl. vi. 41 Hagbutes of croche, half haggis, culverenis.] 1581 Lambarde Eiren. iv. iv. (1588) 477 If any erson have .. used or kept.. any hagbut or demyhake. 1801 trutt Sports & Past. 11. i. 52 In addition to the hand-guns, 1 meet with other instruments of like kind .. namely demy hags, or hag butts. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 373/1 The demihaque was a kind of long pistol, the butt-end of which was made to curve so as almost to become a semicircle.

demi-hearse: see demi- 6.

t,demi-'gauntlet. Surg., Obs.

,demi-’hunter. Watchmaking, [demi- ii.]

1706 Phillips Demi-gantlet, a sort of Bandage us’d in the setting of disjoynted Fingers. 1823 in Crabbe Techn. Did.

1844 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 80 [A] Demi Hunter .. [is] a Watch case in which a glass of about half the diameter of the hunting cover is let into it.

f demi-girdle. Obs. — demiceint, q.v. 1501 [see demi A. II.]. 1533 in Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 155 A dymye gyrdell. 1535 Ibid. 170 A demye gyrdell.

II demi-glace (damiglas). Cookery. [Fr.; cf. glaze sb. 2.] Half-glaze; meat stock from which the liquid has been partially evaporated. Also attrib. 1906 Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. x. 276 Demiglace sauce. Ingredients—] a pint of Espagnole sauce.. ] of a pint of good gravy, salt and pepper. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 438/2 Demi-glace Sauce (Half-glaze Sauce). Espagnole sauce to which has been added meat glaze or good gravy... Demi-glace is served with high-class meat dishes.

demigod ('demigod), [demi- ii: rendering L. semideus.] In ancient mythology, etc.: A being partly of divine nature, as one sprung from the intercourse of a deity and a mortal, or a man raised to divine rank; a minor or inferior deity. 1530 Palsgr. 366 What so ever goddes or demye goddes that they be. 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 278 They did sacrifice .. unto the demy-gods, Androcrates.. and Polyidus. 1596 Shaks. Merck. V. hi. ii. 115 What demie God Hath come so neere creation? 1667 Milton P.L. i. 796 The great Seraphic Lords and Cherubim.. A thousand Demy-Gods on golden seats, Frequent and full. 1712 Pope Vertumnus 75 A thousand sylvans, demigods, and gods That haunt our mountains. 1874 Sayce Compar. Philol. viii. 307 The gods and demi-gods of pagan antiquity. 1878 Emerson Misc. Papers, Fort, of Repub. Wks. (Bohn) III. 388 Arkwright and Whitney were the demi-gods of cotton.

,demi'goddess. rare, [demi- i i + goddess: rendering L. semidea.] A female demigod. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 498 The most antique demi-goddesses that ever were. 1788 Mrs. Hughes Hen. & Isab. I. 74 Her whole appearance .. reminded the beholder of a nymph or demy goddess. 1836-48 B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Clouds 1. iv, Or am I to think that the musical maids Are certain divine demigoddesses?

Hence demi'goddess-ship. 1858 in Grosart’s Spenser (1882) III. p. xciii, Upon Rosalinde .. an affection of the demigoddess-ship .. is .. charged.

demi-gorge ('demi,go:d3). Fortif. [demi- 5.] That part of the internal polygon from the angle of the curtain to the centre of the bastion (or point where the lines of the two adjacent curtains intersect); forming half of the gorge or entrance of the bastion. 1706 in Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1755 T. Forbes in C. Gist’s Jrnls. (1893) 151 The length of the Curtains is about 30 feet, and the Demigorge of the Bastions about eighty. 1851 J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. 29 Vauban strengthened the continued line with redans placed 260 yards apart, having 30 yards of demigorge, and 44 yards of capital. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 267 Set off 40 yards on each side of the re-entering angle of the counterscarp for their demi-gorges.

f demigraine. Obs. [a. OF. demigraine pomegranate: cf. F. grenade pomegranate, also name of a stuff.] Name of some textile fabric. 1540 Ld. Treas. Acds. Scot, in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *302 To be ane cote to the Fwle, vi quarteris Deme-grane and vi quarteris Frenche 3allow.

f demi'grane. Obs. [a. F. demigraine (Cotgr.), var. of migraine, med.L. demigrania, for L. hemicrania, a. Gr. fuxLKpaviov pain on one side of the head.] = hemicrania. c 1400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. 301 And for demigrania pou schalt lete blood in pe templis of his heed.. I hadde a 3ong man .. pat hadde demigrayn of hoot cause.

f 'demigrate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. demigrare to migrate from, depart, f. de- I. 2 + migrare to migrate.] intr. To remove to another place or dwelling; to migrate. 1623 Cockeram, Demigrate, to change houses. 1651 Biggs New Disp. fz88 Hath it demigrated to another place?

Hence f demi'gration. 1623 Cockeram, Demigration, a changing of places, or houses. 1628 Bp. Hall Quo Vadis ? §22 Are wee so foolish that..wee will needs bring upon our selues..the curse of

demi-man

439

tdemi-island. Obs. Also-iland. [demi- ii.] A peninsula. 1600 Holland Livy xxxii. xxi. 822 Peloponnesus is a demie island [peninsula]. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World II. iv. vi. §8. 245 He was kept vnder sure guard in a demie-Iland. 1652-62 Heylin Cosmogr. in. (1673) 2/2 It is a demyIsland, or Peninsula, environed on all sides with waters.

Hence fdemi-'islander, an inhabitant of a peninsula. 01649 Drumm. of Hawth. Fam. Epist. Wks. (1711) 146 We can hardly repair unto you demi-islanders, without dancing and tossing on your arm of the sea.

tdemi-isle. Obs. = prec. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxii. viii. 200 That Biland, or demy Isle which the Sindi inhabit. 1610-Camden's Brit. I. 189 From S. Michaels mount southward .. there is thrust forth a bi-land or demi-Isle. 1776 Mickle tr. Camoen’s Lusiad 284 Southward sea-girt she forms a demiisle.

demi-jambe: see demi- 3. demijohn ('d£mid3Dn). Forms: 8 demijan, 9 demijean, demi-john, demijohn. [In F. damejeanne (1694 Th. Corneille dame-jane, 1701 Furetiere Dame Jeanne, lit. ‘Dame Jane’); so Sp. dama-juana (as if Dama Juana)-, mod.Pr., in different dialects, dama-jana, damajano, damojano, damejano, dabajano, debajano-, Cat. damajana; It. damigiana-, mod. Arabic damajanah, damajanah, etc. in 19th c. lexicons. The current Eng. form is the result of popular perversion as in ‘sparrow-grass’; the earlier demijan, demijean, approach more closely to the F. and Romanic, whence the word was adopted. The original nationality and etymology of the word are disputed: see Rev. A. L. Mayhew in Academy 14 Oct. 1893. Some have assumed the Arabic to be the source of the Romanic forms, and have sought to explain this as of Persian origin, and derived from the name of the town Damghan or Damaghdn , a commercial emporium S.E. of the Caspian. But this is not supported by any historical evidence; moreover, the word does not occur in Persian dictionaries, nor in Arabic lexicons before the 19th c., and the unfixedness of its form (ddmijdnah, damajanah, damajanah, damanjanah) points, in the opinion of Arabic scholars, to its recent adoption from some foreign language, probably from Levantine use of It. damigiana. Assuming the word to be Romanic, some have taken the Provencal and Catalan forms as the starting-point, and conjectured for these either a L. type *dtmidiana from dlmidium half (Alart in Rev. Lang. Rom. Jan. 1877), or the phrase de mediana of middle or mean (size) (in illustration of which Darmesteter cites from a 13th c. tariff of Narbonne the phrase ‘ampolas de mieja megeira’ = L. ampullds de media men sura). But these suggestions fail to explain the initial da- prevalent in all the langs.; on account of which M. Paul Meyer (like Littre) thinks that all the Romanic forms are simply adaptations or transliterations of the French, this being simply Dame Jeanne ‘Dame Jane’, as a popular appellation (cf. Bellarmine, greybeard, etc.). This is also most in accordance with the historical evidence at present known, since the word occurs in French in the 17th c., while no trace of it equally early has been found elsewhere.]

A large bottle with bulging body and narrow neck, holding from 3 to 10 (or, in extreme cases, 2 to 15) gallons, and usually cased in wicker- or rush-work, with one or two handles of the same, for convenience of transport. An ordinary size is 5 gallons. Demijohns of clear glass, of ovate-quadrilateral section in the body (14 x 16 inches diam.), are employed to export vinegar and spirits to the West Indies, and are in common household use in the islands. The name is sometimes also given to vessels of earthenware or stoneware similarly cased. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1776), Dame-jeanne, a demijan, or large bottle, containing about four or five gallons, covered with basket-work, and much used in merchant-ships. 1803 Capt. Fellowes in Naval Chron. X. 183, I perceived one of the seamen emptying a demijean .. containing five gallons. [Not in Todd 1818, nor in Pantologia 1819.] 1828 Webster, Demijohn, a glass vessel or bottle enclosed in wicker-work. 1842 Dickens Amer. Notes (1850) 122/2 Two large stone jars in wicker cases, technically known as demi-johns. 1859 Leisure Hour No. 406. 626 Archy paraded round the table with a huge demijohn made of unglazed brick-earth. 1880 Times 7 May 3 The price paid for them was said to be a ‘demijohn’ of rum. 1894 Letter fr. Messrs. Scrutton, Sons, & Co., We have at

present 500 demijohns filled with vinegar going by one of our steamers to the West Indies. Comb. 1884 L. Oliphant Haifa (1887) 134 Cisterns., some of them demijohn-shaped.

demi-lance ('demilarns, -®-). Forms: 5 demye launce, 6 demy-, deme-, demi-, dimilaunce, dimilance, 6-7 demy-, 6-8 demilance, 7 demilaunce, 6-9 demi-lance, [a. F. demie lance (15th c. in Littre): cf. demi- 3.] 1. A lance with short shaft, used in the 15th and 16th centuries. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxii. 487 Charlemagn .. helde a demye launce in hys hande. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 307/1 Who in the waie stroke the lord Gilbert Humsard such a blow with his demilance, that he feld both him and his horsse to the ground. 1598 Deloney Jacke Neivb. ii. 43 Fiftie tall men.. demilances in their hands. 1697 Dryden Virgil vii. 1010 Light demi-lances from afar they throw, Fasten’d with leathern thongs, to gall the foe. 1877 Miss Yonge Cameos III. xxx. 301 He struck him such a blow with his demi-lance as to unhorse him. attrib. 1658 J. Burbury Hist. Christina Alessandro 358 His Holinesse likewise ordered that five of his demy-lance men should every day wait by turns on her Majesty.

2. A light horseman armed with a demilance. In the literal sense, obs. by 1600, exc. as historical,; in 17th c. often used humorously like ‘cavalier’. 1544 Cranmer in M. Burrows Worthies All Souls v. (1874) 65 To send up one demy-launce well furnished. 1560 Diurn. Occurrents (1833) 56Vm fute men and xviijc lycht horsemen and dimilances. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxi. §48 Nineteene Knights, sixe hundred demi-Lances. 1631 Shirley Love's Cruelty in. ii, Be not angry, demi-lance. 1755 Carte Hist. Eng. IV. 55 The forces under his command consisting of 600 demilances, 200 archers on horsebacke, 3000 on foot. 1849 J. Grant Kirkaldy of Gr. ix. 82 Kirkaldy with his troop of demi-lances accompanied this column of the army.

Hence demi-'lancer = demi-lance 2. 1552 Huloet, Dimilauncer or bearer of a dimilaunce, lancearius. 1625 Markham Souldiers Accid. 40 The second Troope of Horse were called Launders or Demi-launders. 1767 Entick London I. 452 A large body of demi-lancers in bright armour.

demi-lass: see demi- ii. de'militarize, v. [f. de- II. i + military + -IZE.] trans. To take away the military organization from. (In quot. 1883 referring to the organization of the Austrian ‘military frontier’.) Also, to place (a sovereign state) under an obligation not to maintain armed forces in a specified region. Hence demilitarization; de militarized ppl. a. 1883 A. J. Patterson in Pall Mall G. 2 Oct. 1/2 Two out of the Croatian frontier regiments were demilitarized. But .. the Hungarians.. delayed the process of demilitarization. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 4 Jan. 2/1 With Vladivostok demilitarised, and with Port Arthur and its entire hinterland confiscated. 1919 J. L. Garvin Econ. Foundations of Peace xix. 485 If a demilitarised Germany were given a fair chance to recover .. the powers of suasion and control by economic action would be paramount. 1934 H. Nicolson Curzon: Last Phase 295 Ismet Pasha.. made some passing reference to the possibility of establishing demilitarised zones in Thrace. 1936 Economist 14 Mar. 571/1 Owing to Herr Hitler’s action last Saturday in reoccupying the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland the peace of Europe to¬ day is balancing .. ‘on the razor’s edge’. 1940 Ibid. 6 July 7/1 The French generals would still, it appears, resist an attack, but demilitarisation, not cession of territory or occupation, is what Italy asks of them. 1947 Daily Tel. 24 July, Mr. Marshall denied that the question of a 40-year Four-Power treaty guaranteeing German demilitarisation .. cropped up on Monday. 1959 Ann. Reg. 1958 143 Israel and Jordan had agreed to try to carry out properly the July 1948 Agreement for the demilitarization of the Mount Scopus area. 1966 Daily Tel. 12 Oct., The draft of a treaty to keep space permanently demilitarised.

demilune (’d£mil(j)u:n), sb. (a.) [a. F. demilune, in 16th-17th c. demie lune half moon: cf. demi10.]

fl.gen. A‘half-moon’, a crescent. Obs. 01734 North Lives (1808) I. 228 An immense mass of stone of the shape of a demilune, a 1734-Exam. in. vii. §95 (*74°) 578 These stately Figures were planted in a Demilune about an huge Fire.

2. Fortif. An outwork resembling a bastion with a crescent-shaped gorge, constructed to protect a bastion or curtain. I727-5I Chambers Cycl., Demi-Lune, Half-Moon, in fortification, an outwork .. consisting of two faces, and two little flanks. 1870 Daily News 26 Sept., Demi-lunes have been constructed before the gates of Paris.

3. Physiol. demilunes (crescents) of Giannuzzi or Heidenhain: certain crescent¬ shaped protoplasmic bodies found in the salivary glands. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Demilune of Giannuzzi, a granular mass of protoplasm, of semilunar form, which forms part of the cell-contents of the salivary cells.

B. adj. Crescent-shaped, semilunar. 1885 Proc. R. Soc. 19 Mar. 215 The demilune cells and the serous cells, which are present.. in the sub-maxillary gland of the cat.

demi-lustre, -mentonniere, -meta¬ morphosis, -metope: see demi- 8, 3, 12, 10. demi-man: see demi a.

DEMI-MONDAINE II demi-mondaine (damimoden). [Fr.; f. demi¬ monde.] A woman of the demi-monde. 1894 Nation (N.Y.) 12 July 29/1 The conclusion is irresistible that he has been fooled into believing demimondaines women of good society. 1898 W. J. Locke Idols xxi. 211 Her manner was that of the insolently luxurious demi-mondaine. 1922 Daily Mail 21 Nov. 6 Miss Mae Murray, most alluring of screen demi-mondaines. 1969 Times 25 Oct. p. iii/4 She presents a young, vivacious demimondaine who becomes steadily more tragic.

demi-monde (damimSd,

[Fr.; lit. ‘half-world’, ‘half-and-half society’, a phrase invented by Dumas the younger. Cf. demi-rep.] a. The class of women of doubtful reputation and social standing, upon the outskirts of ‘society.’ (Sometimes, though improperly, extended to include courtesans in general.) ’demimDnd).

1855 Fraser's Mag. LI. 579 His [Dumas’] Demi-Monde is the link between good and bad society.. the world of compromised women, a social limbo, the inmates of which .. are perpetually struggling to emerge into the paradise of honest and respectable ladies. 1859 G. A. Sala Twice round Clock 30 Countesses, actresses—demi-monde adventuresses. 1884 Mrs. C. Praed Zero xiv, The demi-Monde overflowed the Hotel de Paris. 1893 N.Y. Nation 27 Apr. 320/1 His province is the demi-monde, the Boheme of the modern Miirger, the Paris of Zola and the Naturalists.

b. attrib. or as adj. 1864 Sala Quite Alone I. i. 10 ‘Is she demi-monde?’ .. ‘Nobody knows’.

demi-natured: see

demi- 14.

demine (dii'main), v. [f.

de- II. 1

+

mine v. 5.]

In warfare: to remove mines from. 1945 Manch. Guardian 18 July 8/1 The time that it will take to ‘de-mine’ France is incalculable owing to the variety of local conditions.

demineralization (dii.minsralai'zeijsn). [f.

etc.: usually in reference to France or other European country. 1951 N. Marsh Opening Night iv. 83 Your rental, demipension, here, is two [pounds]. 1959 Listener 15 Jan. 128/3 Cost? Demi-pension everywhere. Bread and wine make a good third meal.

demi-pique ('demipi:k), a. (sb.) Also 7 -pick. [demi- 10.]

A. adj. Of a saddle: ‘Half-peaked’; having a peak of about half the height of that of the older war-saddle. B. as sb. A demi-pique saddle. 1695 Lond. Gaz. No. 3104/4 He had on a Demy-Pick Crimson Velvet Saddle. 1761 Earl Pembroke Milit. Equit. (1778) 9 To be as firm, to work as well, and be quite as much at his ease [on the bare back] as on any demipique saddle. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. (1815) 3 Send Williams thither, with my saddle-horse and the demi pique. 1819 Scott Legend Montrose ii, His rider occupied his demipique, or war-saddle, with an air that shewed it was his familiar seat. 1833 M. Scott Tom Cringle xvii. (1859) 450 Two stout ponies .. ready saddled with old fashioned demipiques and large holsters at each of the saddle bows.

'demi-piqued (-pi:kt), a. Also 8 -peak’d, [f. prec. + -ed.] = prec. A. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy I. x, He was master of a very handsome demi-peak’d saddle, quilted on the seat with green plush. 1761 Earl Pembroke Milit. Equit. (1778) 17 Nobody can be truly said to have a seat, who is not equally firm on flat, or demipiqued saddles.

demi-placard, -premisses: see

-placate,

-pommada,

demi- 3, 6, 12.

t ,demi-'puppet. Obs. [demi- 10.] A half-sized or dwarf puppet. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 36 You demy-Puppets, that By Moone-shine doe the greene sowre Ringlets make.

de-

II + mineralization.] The removal of salts, esp. from sea or brackish water; also, any abnormal loss of salts from the body. Hence de'mineralize v. trans.y to remove salts from; de1 mineralized ppl. a.; de'mineralizer, an apparatus or installation used for de¬ mineralization; de'mineralizing vbl. sb. 1903 Med. Record LXIII. 621/1 The demineralization is proved by an increase in the mineral residue of the urine .. and by a correlative decrease in the mineralization of the blood. 1934 Webster, Demineralize v. 1943 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Feb. 186/2 The precise composition of this demineralized effluent depends to some extent upon the uality of the raw water. Ibid., The demineralizing process oes not remove silica from water. Ibid. 192/1 The total cost of demineralizing this water is.. 27 cents per 1000 gallons. 1955 Bull. Atomic Sci. Oct. 286/3 Recent developments in the demineralization of sea water. 1956 Nature 28 jan. 183/1 The clear end was cut off and dissolved in demineralized water and the metal then recovered by electro-deposition. 1958 New Scientist 6 Nov. 1199/1 The new water supply scheme for Guernsey will be of this form, and some 500,000 gallons of sea water will be demineralised each day. i960 Farmer Stockbreeder 1 Mar. 137/3 She [sc. a sow] has been demineralized, and her bones softened, i960 Times 18 Aug. p. ix/4 A special de-mineralizer to remove substances that might be harmful to the boilers. 1962 Lancet 2 June 1168/2 The essential defect has been recognised as a failure in the calcification of new bone and cartilage, rather than a demineralisation of existing bone.

deminish,

DEMISE

440

etc.: see diminish, etc.

demi-quaver, -relief: see

demi- 9, 12.

demi-rep (’demirep). Also -rip. [f.

demi- 11 + ‘rep, for reputation, ’ mentioned by Swift Polite Conversation, Introd. p. li, among ‘some abbreviations exquisitely refined,’ then in current use. Cf. also reputable, in common use in 18th c. in sense ‘honourable, respectable, decent’, and disreputable.] A woman whose character is only half reputable; a woman of doubtful reputation or suspected chastity. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xv. ix, He had yet no knowledge of that character which is vulgarly called a demirep, that is to say, a woman that intrigues with every man she likes, under the name and appearance of virtue .. in short, whom every body knows to be what no body calls her. 1754 Connoisseur No. 4, An order of females lately sprung up.. usually distinguished by the denomination of Demi-Reps; a word not to be found in any of our dictionaries, a 1764 Lloyd Poems, A Tale, Venus.. The greatest demirep above. 1831 Lytton Godolph. 57 A coaxing note from some titled demirep affecting the De Stael. 1887 Athenaeum 12 Nov. 631 His heroine appears.. more of the demirep than has been commonly known. attrib. 1784 New Spectator XX. 4/1 Adepts in the demirip language. 1841 Edin. Rev. LXxIII. 382 Women of the demirep genus. transf. 1863 A. Gilchrist Life W. Blake I. 99 The now dingy demi-rep street.

Hence demi'repdom, the domain or world of demi-reps; the demi-monde. in Froude Life in London I. vi. 158, I do not see well what good I can get by meeting him much, or Lady B. and demirepdom. 1839 Carlyle

f demi-'ostade, -ostage. Obs. Also 6 Sc. damyostage. [a. OF. demie ostade, hostade, estade, f. demi, -e half + ostade, hostade, austade, ‘the stuffe worsted or woosted’(Cotgr. 1611)] A stuff: apparently half-worsted half-linen, linsey-woolsey. 1537 Ld. Treas. Accts. Scot, in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. 290 Twa steikis of double Damyostage to hing about the Quein [at her funeral]. 1538 Aberd. Reg. V. 16 (Jam.), A hogtone of demyostage begareit with veluot. [1593 tr. Guicciardini's Descr. Low Countreys 33 b, Sarges or Sayes, Wosteds, Demiwosteds [It. ostate, mezze ostate] or Russels. 1764 Anderson Orig. Commerce (1787) II. 112 To England, Antwerp sent.. linen both fine and coarse, serges, demy ostades (quaere if not worsteds?), tapestry. 1882 Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needlework, Demyostage, a description of Taminy, or woollen cloth, formerly used in Scotland.]

demiourgos transcription

(dhmi'auagos). A strict of Gr. 8iqp.iovpy6s (see s.v.

Demiurge). 1920 T. P. Nunn Education-, Data & First Princ. 192 The ‘pure’ geologist still presses for the kind of understanding of the earth’s structure that we might ascribe to the demiourgos who made it. 1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 56 The familiar conception of the demiourgos in gnostic philosophy.

demi-parallel:

see demi- 5.

demi-parcel. Obs.

[demi-7.] The half. a 1592 Greene Alphonsus (1861) 232 My tongue denies for to set forth The demi-parcel of your valiant deeds. f

demi-pauldron, -pectinate, -pesade, -pike: see demi- 3, 13, 6.

|| demi-pension (damipasjS). [Fr.] The price of bed, breakfast, and one other meal at a hotel,

demi-reputable

(demi'repjut3b(3)l), a. [f. demi- + reputable; see demi-rep.] Of doubtful reputation. Also ,demi-repu‘tation. 1897 W. J. Locke Derelicts xvii. 224 That fashionable demi-reputable world which had drawn him to his precipice. 1909 M. B. Saunders Litany Lane x. People with doubtful histories, women of demi-reputation.

,demi-re'vetment. Fortif. [a. F. demirevetement: see demi- 5.] A revetment or retaining wall for the face of a rampart, which is carried not to the top, but only as high as the cover in front of it, leaving the rest as an earthen rampart at the natural slope. So demi-re'vetted ppl. a. (see quot.). 1857 Birch Anc. Pottery (1858) I. 106 At Mespila and Larissa, the walls were demi-revetted, or faced with stone only half way up; namely about 50 feet from the bottom of the ditch. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Demi-revetment.

demisable (di'maiz3b(3)l), a. [f.

demise v.

+

-able.] Capable of being demised. 1657 Sir H. Grimstone in Croke Reports I. 499 The land .. was.. copyhold land, and demisable in fee. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 97 That they have been demised, or demisable, by copy of court roll immemorially. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 206 It was contended that the manor and fishery were not demisable under the power, as no rent was then paid for them.

tde'misal.

Obs. [f. demise demised: = demise i b.

t;.]

What

is

1709 Brit. Apollo II. No. 53 3/2 He only got a Broken Pate, Turn’d out to Grass from all Demisals. Ibid. No. 56 3/1 Or on the Sex spent your Demisals, And therefore seek to make Reprizals.

||‘demi-sang. Law. [Fr.] Half-blood. [ 1575-r7o8 Termes de la Ley (as Anglo-French) Halfe blood. Demy sancke ou sangue ] 1797-1820 Tomlins Later Diet. Demy-sangue, half-blood [as in] brothers of the halfblood, because they had not both one father and mother. 1823 Crabbe Tech. Diet.

demi-sap. Fortif. [demi- 5.] A sap, or trench of approach, with a single parapet. 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4251/2 We began the Demi-Saps on the Right and Left. 1708 Ibid. No. 4467/3 A Demy-Sap was begun from the Right of the Attack on the Right.

demise (di'maiz), sb. [app. of Anglo-Fr. origin: demise or desmise is not recorded in OF., but is regularly formed as the fern. sb. from pa. pple. of desmettre, demettre, to send away, dismiss, reft, to resign, abdicate: cf. F. mise, remise. In English, the prefix being identical with L. de-, there is a manifest tendency to treat it as de- I. 1, as if to ‘hand down’ or ‘lay down’ were the notion.] 1. Law. Conveyance or transfer of an estate by will or lease. 1509-10 Act J Hen. VIII, c. 18 §2 All Dymyses, Leses, releses.. made .. by her or to her. 1587 Lady Stafford in Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 210 Nor [shall] any hinderaunce rowe to theim by this demize. 1638 Sanderson Serm II. 94 n a demise a man parteth with more of his interest; he transmitteth together with the possession, the use also or fruit of the thing letten or demised. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1120 Plaintiff held by virtue of a demise. 1876 Digby Real Prop. v. fi. 206 The proper mode of granting an estate for years at common law is by words of demise followed by the entry of the lessee.

fb. The estate demised. Obs. rare. a 1660 Hammond Wks. I. 725 (R.), I conceive it ridiculous to make the condition of an indenture something that is necessarily annext to the possession of the demise.

2. Transference or devolution of sovereignty, as by the death or deposition of the sovereign; usually in phr. demise of the crown. [1547 Act 1 Edw. VI, c. 7 Preamb., Which Actions.. by the Death or Demise of the Kings of this Realm have been discontinued. 1660 Bond Scut. Reg. 58 The King hath a perpetual succession, and never dyeth; For in Law it is called the demise of the King, and there is no Inter¬ regnum.] 1689 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 299 That King James., had by demise abdicated himself and wholly vacated his right. 1714 Swift Present State of Affairs, The regents appointed by parliament upon the demise of the crown. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 249 When Edward the Fourth.. was driven from his throne for a few months .. this temporary transfer of his dignity was denominated his demise. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 534 The unexpected demise of the crown changed the whole aspect of affairs. 1857 Sir J. F. W. Herschel Essays 615 Demise of the chair.

3. Transferred to the death or decease which occasions the demise of an estate, etc.; hence, popularly, = Decease, death. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) I. ii. 7 Her father’s considerable estate, on his demise.. went with the name. 1799 Med. Jrnl. I. 206 We lament the early demise of this favourite friend of science. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 417 To trace their lives from the moment of their birth, marking the exact period of the demise of each individual. 1878 Gladstone Prim. Homer 43 The Odyssey does not bring us to the demise of Odusseus. fig. 1839 Times 13 May, After the ostensible demise of the outward cabinet, i860 T. L. Peacock Wks. (1875) HI- 473 The demise of that periodical prevented the publication.

demise (di'maiz), v. [f. demise sb.] 1. Law. (trans.) To give, grant, convey, or transfer (an estate) by will or by lease. 1480 Bury Wills (1850) 64 By oure chartre beryng the date of thees presentes have dimised, assigned, deliuered.. to Henri Hardman clerk, William Duffeld.. the forseid maner. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 61 § 1 To lette and demyse fermes ther for the terme of vij yere and undir. 1587 Lady Stafford in Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 208 Woods.. to be demized to a yong man. 1661 J. Stephens Procurations 38 Afterwards Q. Eliz... did demise the said Commandery and Rectory to Dr. Forth. 1733 Neal Hist. Purit. II. 7 For demising away the Impropriations annexed to Bishopricks and Colleges. 1844 Williams Real Prop. (1877) 445 This word demise operates as an absolute covenant for the quiet enjoyment of the lands by the lessee.

b. To convey or transfer (a title or dignity); esp. said of the transmission of sovereignty, as by the abdication or death of the sovereign. 1670 Cotton Espernon 1. 1. 37 His Majesty would have given them in Sovereignty, and have demis’d to him the Title of'the Crown. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 2*9 When we say the demise of the crown, we mean only that.. the kingdom is transferred or demised to his successor. 1892 G. B. Smith Hist. Eng. Parlt. II. ix. ii. 20 He therefore recommended the Convention to declare that James II had voluntarily demised the crown.

c. intr. To pass by bequest or inheritance. 1823 Greville Mem. (1874) I. 64 Now arose a difficulty —whether the property of the late King demised to the King or to the Crown.

|2. gen. To convey, transmit; to ‘lease’. Obs. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 247 What Honour, Canst thou demise to any childe of mine? a 1660 Hammond Wks. IV. xiv. (R.), Upon which condition his reasonable soul is at his own conception demised to him.

f3. To let go: to dismiss. Obs. ^1541 Wyatt Defence Wks. (1861) p. xxxiv, [What] the King and his Council thought in this matter when they demised Mason at his first examination, and for the small weight there was either against him or me. 1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. 191a, The Thebanes he demised and let go at their libertee. c 1610-15 Lives Women Saints 141 That

DEM I-SEASON wearie bones may be refreshed. And wasted redressed, And griefe demisd that it oppressed.

DEMIT

441 mindes

4. intr. To resign the crown; to die, decease. rare. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. x. 103 When Shaw Abbas demised, his Son Shaw Tomas succeeded him. 1783 Cowper Lett. 31 May, The Kings .. must go on demising to the end of the chapter.

Hence de'mised ppl. a., de'mising vbl. sb. *547 Vicary's Anal. (1888) App. iii. 131 The orderinge, bestowinge, sellinge, dymysyng.. of the late parishe churches. 1587 R. Hovenden in Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 211 The demising of Alsolne Colledg Woodes. 1682 Eng. Elect. Sheriffs 33 It is plainly implyed in the Demised and Confirmed things and customs. 1876 Digby Real Prop. § 1. 380 To pay the rent or to repair the demised premises.

'demi-'season, a. [ad. F. demi-saison (also in Eng. use), as in robe de demi-saison, a dress intermediate between a winter and a summer dress.] Of costume: Of a style intermediate between that of the past and that of the coming season. [1769 in Jesse G. Selwyn & Contemps. II. (1882) 380 (Stanf.), I.. wish to know. . if it is to be a demi saison or a winter velvet. 1883 Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 2 (ibid.), The demi-saison costume.] 1890 Daily News 24 Mar. 6/1 The demi-season cape that is most largely worn. 1892 Ibid. 15 Oct. 7/3 Bonnets.. are still demi-season in style.

II demi-sec (damisek), a. (sb.) [Fr., lit. ‘half¬ dry’.] Of champagne and other wines: moderately sweetened; medium to mediumsweet. Also absol. or as sb. Cf. sec a. and semi¬ sweet s.v. semi- 1 a. 1926 P. M. Shand Bk. Wine v. 151 Champagne. . is fortified in the sense that the liqueur dexpedition, which is added .. so as to impart any of the degrees of dryness of flavour.. (doux, mi-doux, demi-sec, sec, dry, extra-dry, brut.. etc.).. is made of Fine Champagne Cognac diluted with old wine. 1952 A. Lichine Wines of France xviii. 247 Demi-sec Champagne contains up to 8 per cent, and sweet or Doux up to 10 [per cent of sugar]. 1965 A. Sichel Penguin Bk. Wines iii. 151 The degree of sweetness of a Champagne is indicated on the label, according to a formula respected by the whole trade... ‘Demi-Sec’ begins to taste distinctly sweet. 1978 Washington Post 20 Nov. E14/3 For your pumpkin pie dessert choose something less dry such as the demi-sec of Hanns Kornell. 1984 Which? Dec. 568/1 Both [wines] also come in sweeter demi-sec version. 1985 N.Y. Times Mag. 26 May 42/2 Gratien & Meyer’s sweeter sparkling wines, its sec and demi-sec, should appeal to the vast market of Americans.

|| demi-sel (cbmisel). [Fr., lit.‘half-salt’.] (See quot. 1946.) 1946 A. L. Simon Cone. Encycl. Gastronomy ix. 13/2 Demi-sel, a French whole-milk soft cheese, about 4 oz. in weight, similar to Gournay, but with 2 per cent added salt. 1966 M. Kelly Dead Corse vi. 98 Why do you hanker for brown skin, Amazon pirate? You’re lovely creamy white, like demi-sel.

demi-semi (’demi'semi), a. [f. demi- 13 + SEMI- half: prob. taken from demisemiquaver: see next.] lit. Half-half, i.e. quarter; but usually a contemptuous diminutive. 1805 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. III. 312 The demi-semi statesmen of the present age. 1842 Miall in Nonconf. II. 409 Demi-semi-sacramentarianism. 1874 Helps Soc. Press. vii. (1875) 98 Half men, ‘demi-semi’ men, were, .of no use. 1901 Contemp. Rev. Mar. 358 England., no longer., employed the demi-semi-educated to educate the voters. 1906 Daily Chron. 1 May 3/1 Among the demi-semieducated a laugh can always be raised by sitting down upon a silk hat! 1908 Ibid. 13 May 7/7 In the demi-semi-rural districts on the outskirts of towns. 1929 A. Huxley Holy Face 28 Her sage-green dress was only demi-semi-evening.

demisemiquaver ('demi'semi.kweivafr)). Music, [demi- 9.] A note of half the value of a semiquaver; the symbol for this note, resembling a quaver, but with three hooks instead of one. Also attrib., as in demisemiquaver rest. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Demi-semi-quaver, the least Note in Musick. 1822 T. L. Peacock Maid Marian (1837) 176 The song of the choristers died away in a shake of demisemiquavers. 1848 Rimbault First Bk. Piano 55 The Demisemiquaver Rest has three crooks turning to the left.

demi-'semitone. Music, rare, [demi- 9.] Half a semitone; a quarter-tone. 1866 Engel Nat. Mus. ii. 27 Councillor Tilesius informs us that the natives of Nukahiva.. distinctly intone demisemitones (quarter-tones) in their vocal performances.

demi-sheath ('demiji:0). Entom. [Cf. demi-3.] A half-sheath; i.e. one of the two channelled organs of which the tubular sheaths, covering the ovipositors or stings of insects, are composed. demi-sphere, a hemisphere: see demi- 10. demiss (di'mis), a. [ad. L. demtss-us let down, lowered, sunken, downcast, lowly, pa. pple. of demittere to demit. Cf. It. demisso ‘demisse, base, submisse, faint’ Florio, F. demis out of joint, OF. desmis, also ‘submitted, humble, submissiue’ (Cotgr.).] 1. Submissive, humble, lowly; also in bad sense. Abject, base.

1S7* J- Jones Bathes of Bath 11. 10 a, So demisse of nature. 1581 Savile Tactus' Hist. 1. Iii. (1591) 30 Among the seuerer sort Vitellius was thought base and demisse. 1596 Spenser Hymne Heavenly Love 136 He downe descended, like a most demisse And abiect thrall. 1612 R. Sheldon Serm. St. Martin's 9 Spoken vnder correction of faith, and with demisse reuerence. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Ad Sec. xv. §6 Sullen gestures or demiss behaviour. 1837 H. E. Manning in J. R. S. Leslie Life (1921) 269, I wrote a very soft, demiss rejoinder. [1888 cf. demissness.] 1888 C. M. Doughty Arabia Deserta I. 253 Not timid as the demiss Damascene Christians. 1903 J. Bryce Studies in Contemp. Biogr. 53 By appearing too demiss or too unenterprising in foreign affairs.

139 He most demisely beseecheth.. he might now haue experience of her merciful lenity.

t de'missness. Obs. or arch. [f. as prec. + -ness.] Dejectedness, submissiveness, humility, abased manner. 1603 Florio Montaigne 147 Cato.. blamed them for their demissnesse. 1649 Bulwer Pathomyot. 11. v. 168 Exhibiting an humble reverence, with a sweet demisseness. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. III. lxxxvii. 161 A kind of independence of manner.. very different from the demissness of the humbler classes of the Old World.

de'missory, a. Obs. Variant

f2. lit. Hanging down. Obs.

f

e antecedens; Bot I deny J>e consequens. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 1. i. 84 Sp. Nay, that I can deny by a circumstance. Pro. It shall goe hard but ile proue it by another. 1596-1 Hen. IV, 11. iv. 544, I deny your Maior. 1660 Barrow Euclid 11. i. Schol., Let 4- A be to be multiplied into B—C; then because + A is not affirmed of all B, but only of a part of it, whereby it exceeds C, therefore AC must remain denied. 1725 Watts Logic in. ii. §2 If the middle term be denied of either part of the conclusion, it may shew that the terms of the conclusion disagree, but it can never shew that they agree. 1866 T. Fowler Deduct. Logic (1869) 110 If we affirm the antecedent, we must affirm the consequent, or, if we deny the consequent, we must deny the antecedent; but, if we deny the antecedent or affirm the consequent, no conclusion can be drawn.

3. To refuse to admit the truth of (a doctrine or tenet); to reject as untrue or unfounded; the opposite of assert or maintain. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 137 This were to deny either the vniuersality or the equality of originall corruption. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. 1. §20 That doctrine of Epicurus, that denied the Providence of God, was no Atheism.. Those that heretofore denied the Divinity of the Holy Ghost. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 494 To deny the Resurrection of Christ. 1733 Berkeley Th. Vision Vind. §6 They who deny the Freedom and Immortality of the soul in effect deny its being. 1838 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xxvi. (1866) II. 58 Those who still denied the apparition of ghosts.

DENY

467

b. To refuse to admit the existence of; to reject as non-existent or unreal. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. §1. iii. (1676) 33/1 Many deny Witches at all, or [say] if there be any, they can do no harm. 1879 Standard 29 Nov. 5/4 The Albanian League, so often denied, has again been proved to have a real existence.

II. To say ‘no’ to the claims of. 4. To refuse to recognize or acknowledge (a person or thing) as having a certain character or certain claims; to disown, disavow, repudiate, renounce. c 1340 Cursor M. 20871 (Trin.) Denyinge he [Petur] fet wepynge he ros. 1382 Wyclif Luke xii. 9 Forsoth he that schal denye me bifor men, schal be denyed bifore the aungelis of God. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 45 pare denyed Petre oure Lord. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 16 Thay that denisz thair dettis and wil noth pay thair crediturs. 1583 Stanyhurst JEneis 11. (Arb.) 46, I wyl not deny my Greecian ofspring. 1604 Jas. I. Counterbl. (Arb.) 100 Why do we not denie God and adore the Deuill, as they doe? 1622 Wither St. Peter's Day, For if thy great apostle said He would not thee denie, Whom he that very night denayd, On what shall we relie? 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World (1757) 232 Some of his men.. happening to be taken separately, he denied them, and suffered eight of them to be hanged as pyrates. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 176 He could not deny his own hand and seal. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. v. 289 Swegen, the godson of Cassar, had denied his faith.

b. with complemental obj. or phrase. (Often blending with 1 b.) L.L.L. iv. iii. 119 Thou for whom Ioue would sweare .. And denie himselfe for Ioue. 1595-John 1. ii. 251 Hast thou denied thy selfe a Faulconbridge? 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 123 Letters of Credence signed by the King .. who .. denied them for true. 1588 Shaks.

III. To say ‘no’ to a request or proposal, or to him who makes it; to refuse. 5. To refuse or withhold (anything asked for, claimed or desired); to refuse to give or grant. C1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 1489 Deiphebus.. Come hire to preye .. To holde hym on pe morwe companye At dyner, which she wolde not denye. 1494 Fabyan Chrort. I. cc. (R.), He asked a great summe of money of Seynt Edmundes landes, whiche the rulers denayed. c 1590 Marlowe Faust. (Rtldg.) 98/1 Not to deny The just requests of those that wish him well. 1628 Wither Brit. Rememb. 268, I will denay No more obedience then by law I may. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 1. 222 Trees their Forrest-fruit deny’d. 1725 Pope Odyss. iii. 331 The royal dame his lawless suit deny’d. 01839 Praed Poems (1864) II. 161 Thou art very bold to take What we must still deny.

b. Const, (a) To deny a thing to a person, or (6) a person a thing. The latter connects this with sense 6; but the personal object was here originally dative, while there it appears to be accusative. In the passive either object may be made subject. (a) 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. xii. (1495) 196 Auctoryte of techynge and soueraynte is graunted to men and denyed to wymmen. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys( 1874) I. 3 To vs may no hauen in Englonde be denayd. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 297 Mete and drynke was denyed to none of them. 1610 Shaks. Timon iv. iii. 537 Giue to dogges What thou denyest to men. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 278 IP 2 You will not deny your Advice to a distressed Damsel. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 73 Experience will not allow us to deny a place to art. (1b) CI340 Cursor M. 1586 (Fairf.) He wende pat god of mi3t walde deny ham heyuen bri3t. 1576 Gascoigne Philomene (Arb.) 95 To denay His own deare child and sonne in lawe The thing that both did pray. 1593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, 1. iii. 107 Then let him be denay’d the Regent-ship. 1649 H. Lawrence Some Consider at. 36 No man that considers the premises will deny me this, That [etc.]. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 3 It is unjust to denie Merchants or Strangers the benefit of Port, Provisions, Commerce, and Navigation. 1814 D’Israeli Quarrels Auth. (1867) 424 All the consolations of fame were denied him during his life. 1863 H. Cox Instit. ill. vii. 701 Parliament was denied its proper control over an important branch of public expenditure.

c. fig. (predicated of things.) 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondis Eromena 78 Finding no armour that.. denied entrance to the fine edge of his damask blade. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 137 A steep wilderness, whose hairie sides .. Access deni’d. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 66 The known course of human things . . denies to virtue its full scope. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §6. 146 Their [the Friars’] vow of poverty.. would have denied them the possession of books. 6. To say ‘no’ to, to refuse (a person who

makes a request or demand); candidate).

fto reject (a

CI340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1493 For bat durst I not do, lest I denayed were. Ibid. 1497 3if any were so vilanous pat yow denaye wolde. ou maist not haue parfit liberte, but |?ou denye piself utterly. 1827 Keble Chr. Y., Morning xiv, Room to deny ourselves.

|8. To refuse to do (be, or suffer) anything. Obs. (Formerly sometimes with negative clause, and elliptically with pronominal substitute (it, which, etc.) for infin.). a 1400 Pistill of Susan 140 3if pou pis neodes deny, c 1400 Ywaine & Gaw. 80 Ne for us denyd noght for to rise, a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 85 The king sent vnto her onis, tuyes, thries, and she denied not to come. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. I. 103/1 They fiatlie denied to doo anie of those things. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 11. i. 180 If she denie to wed. 1647 May Hist. Pari. 11. iii. 34 The King denied to give any other Answer. 1725 Butler Serm. vii. (1726) 125 He absolutely denyed to curse Israel. 1781 Crabbe Poems, Library, Why then denies the studious man to share Man’s common good. absol. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. 11. xxix, And how she blushed, and how she sighed, And, half consenting, half denied, And said that she would die a maid.

f9. To refuse permission to, not to allow; to forbid (to do anything, the doing of it). Obs. or arch. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon lxxxiv. 264 [He] herde how Gerarde offred to goo .. how he had denyed hym to go. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. 11. iii. 174 One thing more, That woman¬ hood denies my tongue to tell. 1593-Rich. II, 11. iii. 129, I am denyde to sue my Liuerie here. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World 1. 176 This place denieth dispute. 1642 Chas. I Answ. Declar. Both Houses 1 July 55 Inforced..to deny a good Law, for an ill Preamble. 01687 Petty Pol. Arith. x. (1691) 116 The Laws denying Strangers to Purchase. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xvi. 463 Patroclus shakes his lance, but fate denies. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xiv, You may deny me to accompany you, but cannot hinder me from following.

110. To refuse to take or accept. Obs. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vii. 57 What were those three, The which thy proffred curtesie denayd? 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 11. i. 204 If you .. denie his offer’d homage. 1691 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) III. 362 Dr. Beveridge did lately denie the bishoprick of Bath and Wells. 1725 Pope Odyss. xvii. 78 Their false addresses gen’rous he deny’d.

11. fa. To refuse admittance to (a visitor); to be ‘not at home’ to. (Akin to 6.) Obs. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, 11. iv. 544 If you Sherife, so: if not, let him enter. 1709 Steele If 9 When he is too well to deny Company, receive them. 1736 Swift Proposal, etc. Wks. At doors where they expect to be denied.

will deny the Tatler No. 89 and too ill to 1824 VII. 373

b. To refuse access to (a person visited); to announce as ‘not at home’. (Akin to 5.) 1665 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 44, I was at Gasington to speake with Mrs. H... but she denied her selfe. 1689 Ibid. III. 317, I inquir’d after him; he denied himself. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 96 If 8 Denying my Lord to impertinent suitors and my Lady to unwelcome visitants. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. v. ii, He is now in the house, though the servants are ordered to deny him. 1869 Trollope Ph. Finn (Tauchn. ed.) III. 76, I had told the servant to deny me. 1885 Law Times Rep. LII. 614/2 When a debtor keeps house and denies himself to a creditor.

fde'ny, sb.1 Obs. Also denay(e. [a. F. deni, OF. desni\ also denoi, desnoy: from stem of denier to deny, orig. denei-er, denoi-er.] Act of denying. 1. Denial, contradiction of a statement; negation. 1535 Joye Apol. Tindale (Arb.) 6 The Saduceis in denying the lyfe aftir this, denied by the same denye but only those two.

2. Refusal (of what is asked, offered, etc.). 1530 Proper Dyaloge (1863) 6 Their chefe lordshippes & londes principall.. Unto the clergye they gaue .. Which to receiue without excepcion The courteous clergy made no denay. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xvi. xxv. (R.), Of mild denaies, of tender scornes, of sweet Repulses. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 11. iv. 127 My Ioue can giue no place, bide no denay. 1611 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. iv. Schisme (1641) 218/1 Yet use no Threats, nor give them flat Denies. 1622 Rowlands Good Newes 35 The second widow gaue him the denie.

t'deny, denye, sb.2 Obs. rare~*. [a. OF. deiene, deene, dene, mod.F. doyenne, orig. OF. deienet:—h. decanat-us.] = deanery. [1292 Britton ii. xvii. §6 Sicum dene ou thresorie ou chaunterie.] 1340 Ayenb. 42 Dyngnetes of holi cherche, ase bye)? bissopriches, abbayes, oper denyes [F. deenez].

denying (di'nanij), vbl. sb. [f. deny v. 4- -ing1.] The action of the verb deny; denial, refusal, abnegation. C1450 tr. De Imitatione II. ix, No better remedie pan pacience & denyeng of myself in pe wille of god. 1483 Cath. Angl. 95 A Deniynge, abdicacio .. abnegacio .. negacio. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. cci. [cxcvii.] 613 There demaundes and denyenges were longe a debatyng. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 90 He sent me the denaying. 1785 Paley Mor. Philos. (1818) I. 184 There are falsehoods which are not lies .. as .. a servant’s denying his master. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 340 Not at all of universal denying, nor of universal doubting.

de'nying, ppl. a. [-ing2.] That denies. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 117 He was accounted sparing, giving rather than denying. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 190 The controversial and denying humour.

Hence de'nyingly adv., in a way that denies or refuses. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser. 1. (1863) 51 May shakes her graceful head denyingly. 1859 Tennyson Vivien 336 How hard you look and how denyingly!

fde'nyte, v.

Obs. rare. [app. associated with

deny, and nait, nyit, to deny.] = deny v. c 1420 Sir Amadace (Camden) 56 Say we haue togethir bene, I hope fulle wele he haue me sene, He wille hitte neuyr denyte [rimes tite, quite].

deob'struct, v. [f. ppl. stem deobstruct-, of mod.L. type *deobstruere: see deobstruent, obstruct. Cf. mod.F. desobstruer (Tissot 1778).] trans. To clear of obstruction. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 11. vi. (1712) S7 Hypericon .. is a singular good Wound-herb, as useful also for deobstructing the pores of the Body. 1647 JER- Taylor Dissuas. Popery Pref., To de-obstruct the passages of necessary truth. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 274 Such as carry off the Faeces and Mucus, deobstruct the Mouths of the Lacteals.

Hence deob'structed, deob'structing ppl. adjs.; also deob'struction sb. [F. desobstruction], the action of deobstructing; deob'structive a. [in F. desobstructif], having the quality of deobstructing; deobstruent. 1664 Evelyn tr. Freart’s Archit. Ep. Ded. 9 The deobstruction of Encounters. 1698 Phil. Trans. XX. 432 For rendering it more de-obstructive. 1702 Sir J. Floyer ibid. XXIII. 1169 Both in its discussing quality and deobstructing. 1757 Johnstone ibid. L. 548 From the deobstructed duct. 1782 Elphinston Martial III. xlvii. 153 But, above all, the deobstructive beet.

deobstruent (dii'Dbstruiont), a. and sb. Med. [ad. mod.L. type deobstruent-em (pr. pple. of *deobstruere), modern f. de- I. 6 + obstruere to obstruct. Cf. mod.F. desobstruant (Tissot 1778).] A. adj. That removes obstructions by opening the natural passages or pores of the body. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 81 A subtile detergent Oil, which makes them universally deobstruent and opening. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 65 Valuable on account of its aperient, deobstruent, and cooling properties.

B. sb. A deobstruent medicine or substance. 01691 Boyle Wks. V. 118 (R.) A diaphoretic, a deobstruent, a diuretic. 1697 Phil. Trans. XIX. 403 They gave her also Vomitives and Deobstruents. 1844 T. J. Graham Dom. Med. 14 As an alterative and deobstruent.. it [calomel] is employed.. in indolent inflammation of the liver. t de'obturated, pa. pple. Obs. [de- I. 6.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Deobturated, shut or stopped from. Dr. Charl[eton] in his Physiologia.

fde'occate. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. deoccare to harrow in, f. de- I. i + occdre to harrow.] 1623 Cockeram, Deoccate, to harrow, or clod the Land.

deoch an doris (dDxan'dDns, djox-). Chiefly Sc. and Irish. Also deoc(h)-an-doruis, deoch-andorris, deoch an dorus, doch-an-dorris, etc. [Gael, deoch an doruis, lit. ‘drink at the door’.] A parting drink, a stirrup-cup. 1682-91 J. Fraser Chron. Frasers (1905) 124 That ordinary farewell drink, a parting called Deoch i Dorrish, which, as it is said, Prior Dawson had invented. Ibid. 366 He must drink Doch in Dorris, a homely drow which the Highlanders takes [sic] with their familiars. 1810 W. Hickey Memoirs1 (1925) IV. 343 Sir George.. insisted upon our taking the Dukkin Doreege (I know not whether I spell it correctly. It means the parting glass, or glass at the door, in the Irish language). 1819 Scott Br. Lamm. II. iv. 85 The Lord Keeper, the Master, and the domestics, had drunk doch-an-dorroch, or the stirrup-cup, in the liquors adapted to their various ranks. 1824-Redgauntlet I. ii. 22 This was a parting cup .. and .. fell under the exception of Dochan dorroch. 1839 D. M. Moir Life Mansie Wauch xxii. 283 To give Peter Farrel a dram by way of ‘doch-an-dorris’, as the Gaelic folk say. 1866 ‘An Old Stager’ Stage Reminisc. 13 Having partaken of deoch an doruis with our worthy host, we left the house. 1892 W. Ewing Poems 14 Then doch and dorus wis proposed. 1912 Lauder & Harper It's Nice when you love a Wee Lassie 3 We gave them as much as they wanted to eat, An’ a wee deoch an’ doris before their retreat. 1914 Joyce Dubliners 96 Let us have another one as a deoc an doruis. 1915 A. D. Gillespie Lett, from Flanders (1916) 240 An impromptu concert, which wound up with a song from me and ‘wee doch-an-dorris’ from Bankier. 1920 Glasgow Herald 17 Nov. 9 A deoch an doris or a kindly pledge in whisky. 1931 A. J. Cronin Hatter's Castle 11. iv. 199 I’m wi’ ye, juist a wee deoch-an-dorris to keep out the cauld. 1970 Guardian 2 June 12/7 The Scot[’s].. last drink, the deoch an doris, by ancient custom must be taken standing, and .. need not be paid for.

fde'ocular, a. Obs. [f. L. de- privative (cf. deI. 6, II. 3) + oculus eye, ocularis of the eyes: cf. L. deformis shapeless, deprandis without dinner, fasting.] Not using the eyes; blind. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 1. 22 It is a deocular error. Ibid. x. 506 Zetland, and the adjacent lies there; have found such a sting of deoccular government within these few yeares.

de'oculate, v. nonce-wd. [f. de- II. i + L. ocul¬ us eye + -ate3.] trans. To deprive of eyes, or of eyesight. 1816 Lamb Let. to Wordsworth, Final Mem. I. 188 Dorothy, I hear, has mounted spectacles; so you have deoculated two of your dearest relations in life.

deodand (’diiaudaend). [a. AFr. deodande, ad. med.(Anglo-)L. deodandum, i.e. Deo dandum that is to be given to God.] A thing forfeited or to be given to God; spec, in Eng. Law, a personal

chattel which, having been the immediate occasion of the death of a human being, was given to God as an expiatory offering, i.e. forfeited to the Crown to be applied to pious uses, e.g. to be distributed in alms. (Abolished in 1846.) [1292 Britton 1. ii. § 14 Volums ausi qe le vessel et quant qe leynz serra trove soit prise cum deodande et enroule par le Corouner.] 1523 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 34 The.. Chauncelor.. shall have deodands. 1529 More Dyaloge in. Wks. 235/2 The kynges almoygners, to whome the goodes of such men as kyll themselfe be appoynted by the lawe.. as deodandes to be geuen in almes. 1613 Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 214 If a man being vpon a Cart carrying Faggots .. fall downe by the moouing of one of the horses in the Cart, and die of it; both that and all the other horses in the Cart, and the Cart it selfe, are forfeit. And these are called Deodands. 1627 Sir R. Boyle Diary (1886) II. 222 [A] boat.. being forfeicted to me for a deodant. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-cr. 1. (1721) 42 The Sinners did bequeath these Estates.. to Ecclesiastical Locusts and Caterpillars, calling them Deodands, or given to God, that’s the Priest-craft Word. 1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 232 The inquest.. brought in their verdict accidental death by an ox, and found the ox a deodand. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 302 If a man falls from a boat or ship in fresh water, and is drowned, it hath been said, that the vessel and cargo are in strictness of law a deodand. 1827 Gentl. Mag. XCVII. 11. 13 Apprehensive that the diamonds, if they entered the church, might be claimed as a deodand to the altar. 1845 Stephen Laws Eng. II. 551. 1882 Times 3 Aug. 7/4 Deodands are also things of the past.

b. loosely. The amount to be forfeited as the value of a deodand. 1831 Trelawny Adv. Younger Son I. 58 The master without appealing to me, laid a deodand on the gun. 1838 Mech. Mag. XXIX. 368 The jury levy a deodand of £15°°» upon the boiler or steam engine of the Victoria. 1842 Ibid. XXXVI. 6 Deodand after deodand has been imposed by honest and indignant juries.

II deodar (’di:3uda:(r)). Also in mod.L. form deodara (diiso'darra). [a. Hindi deodar, dewdar:—Skr. deva-dara divine tree, tree or timber of the gods. (The name occurs already in Avicenna c 1030 as diudar. It is given in various parts of India to other trees besides this with which it has come into Europe.)] A sub-species of cedar (Cedrus Libani, var. Deodara), a large tree closely allied to the cedar of Lebanon, found native in the Western Himalayas from Nepal to Afghanistan, and now largely grown as an ornamental tree in England. The wood is of extreme durability. [1804 Gott in Roxb. Flora Indica III. 652 The only account I can give you of the Devdar pine is from.. enquiries.. made of the natives. 1814 W. Roxburgh Hort. Bengal 69 Pinus Deodara. Hindoostani, Deva-daroo. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 34/1 Abies Deodara, the Sacred Indian Fir. The Hindoos call it the Devadara or God-tree, and hold it in a sort of veneration.] 1842 P. J. Selby Brit. Forest Trees 539 The timber of the deodar employed in buildings. 1871 Sat. Rev. 29 Apr. 53 A ton of deodar seeds was ordered from India, and twelve hundred pounds’ worth of deodar plants stuck into a heathy bank. 1884 Q. Victoria More Leaves 370, I afterwards planted a deodara on the lawn.

DEOXIDATE

468

DEODAR

179 The essential properties of chlorinated compounds are bleaching and deodorising.

de-'orbit, v. [f. de- II. i + orbit ».] a. intr. Of

de'odorizer. [f. deodorize + -er.] Something

1962 Flight Internal. LXXXI. 64/1 The ability to orbit, manoeuvre, rendezvous, ‘de-orbit’, re-enter and land .. and the ability to transfer men and material between spacecraft, were cited by Mr Gardner as common needs for both military and scientific/exploration types of space systems. 1963 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 49 Warheads de-orbited from satellites could reach their targets.. quickly. 1969 New Scientist 27 Feb. 449 (caption) CSM deorbits and command module separates from service module. 1971 Physics Bull. Dec. 717/2 Salyut was eventually de-orbited and burnt up over the Pacific Ocean on 11 October. 1977 Aviation Week & Space Technol. 24 Oct. 45/2 NASA want to either reboost or deorbit the Skylab space station on that mission. 1985 Aerospace America Nov. 51/2 The entry capsule is separated, de-orbits, and enters the Martian atmosphere.

that deodorizes; a deodorizing agent. 1849 J. F. Johnston Exper. Agric. 265 Both as a fixer of ammonia, and as a deodoriser or remover of smells. 1892 Pall Mall G. 7 Sept. 2/1 The deodoriser is run through a sixinch pipe to the great sewer. deol, -ful, obs. forms of dole, doleful.

v. Obs. [f. L. deonerdre to disburden, f. de- I. 6 + oner are to load, onus, oner- load.] trans. To disburden. fde'onerate,

1623 Cockeram, Deonerate, to unload. 1651 Raleigh's Ghost 80 To deonerate and disburden the body of the excrementall part of meat and food. deontic (dii'Dntik), sb. and a. Philos, [f. Gr. beov, Scout-

(see DEONTOLOGY) + -IC.]

A. sb. 1. PI. (See quots.)

[After ethics, eudemonics, etc.]

a 1866 J. Grote Moral Ideals (1876) vii. 102 A science of duty (deontics or deontology). 1906 J. S. Stuart-Glennie in Sociol Pap. II. 250 The second order of ethical sciences.. form the contents of three classes of sciences—Economics, Deontics, and Juridics. 1929 Mind XXXVIII. 275 Deontics .., meaning.. that which, either perfectly or in a definite degree, is obligatory upon all.

2. sing. (See quot.) 1926 Mind XXXV. 395 Ethical arguments.. should be able to exhibit their ‘deontic’ in the same way as inference reveals its ‘logic’.

B. adj. Of or relating to duty, obligation, etc. 1951 Mind LX. 1 (title) Deontic logic. 1955 A. N. Prior Formal Logic 221 There are ‘laws of movement’ of deontic operators analogous to those of ordinary modal operators. deontological

(dimntau'lDdykal),

a.

[f.

as

deontology + -ic + -al1.] Of, pertaining to, or according to deontology. a 1832 Bentham Deontology (1834) I. i. 20 Let the moralist regard the great Deontological Law, as steadily as the Turnsole looks upon the Sun. 1867 J. H. Stirling tr. Schwegler's Hist. Philos, (ed. 8) 129 The special theory of ethical action was completely elaborated by the later Stoics, who were thus the founders of all deontological schemes. deontologist (.diiDn'tDbdpst).

[f. deontolog-

y + -1ST.] One who treats of deontology. 111832 Bentham Deontology (1834) I. ii. 27 [It] separates the dominions of the Legislator from those of the Deontologist. deontology (,di:Dn'tDbd3i).

[f. Gr. Seov, Seovrthat which is binding, duty (neuter of pr. pple. of Sei it is binding, it behoves) + -Aoyia discourse.] The science of duty; that branch of knowledge which deals with moral obligations; ethics.

fdeodate (’dhsudeit), sb. and a. Obs. [ad. L. deb datum given to God: in sense 2, taken as = a deb datum given by God.] A. sb. 1. A thing given to God.

1826 Bentham in West. Rev. VI. 448 Ethics has received the more expressive name of Deontology, a 1832 Deontology (1834) I. ii. 28 Deontology or Private Ethics, may be considered the science by which happiness is created out of motives extra-legislatorial. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi vii. (1870) 214 A system which may be called one of deontology, or that which ought to be, and to be done. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Medical deontology, the duties and rights of medical practitioners.

a 1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. xxii. §4 Their Corban.. wherein that blessed widows deodate was laid up.

deoperculate (di:3u'p3:kjubt), a. Bot. [f. de- I.

2. A thing given by God, a gift from God. 01633 G. Herbert in Walton Life (1670) 65 All my Tythes and Church-dues are a deodate from Thee, O my God.

B. adj.

Given by God.

1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. 248, I gather’d up the Deodate good Gold.

deodorant (dii'audarant), sb. [Formed as if from a L. *deodorant-em, pr. pple. of *deodorare, f. odor-em smell, odour, on analogy of decolor are: see de- I. 6. (The long o is taken over from odour: cf. next.)] A substance or preparation that- destroys the odour of fetid effluvia, etc.; a deodorizer. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 106 Employed as a disinfectant and deodorant.

deodorize (dii'audaraiz), v. [f. de- II. 1 + L. odor odour 4- -ize.] trans. To deprive of odour, esp. of offensive or noisome odour; to take away the (bad) smell of. Also^ig. 1858 Sat. Rev. V. 632/1 To defecate and deodorize the sewage of London. 1870 Observer 13 Nov., Liquid portions of the sewage.. when deodorised being allowed to flow away. fig. 1863 Sat. Rev. 203 Sin and wickedness are carefully deodorised now-a-days before they can get into print.

Hence de'odorized, de'odorizing ppl. adjs.; also deodori'zation, removal of (bad) smell. 1856 Engineer II. 671/3 (Sewage of towns) The deodorising system has.. achieved a perfect success at Leicester. Ibid. 672/1 Deodorisation, in its practical sense, does not simply mean the removal of offensive smell, but the purification of the water by the abstraction of all extraneous matter. C1865 Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 97/1 A bleaching and deodorising agent. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 226 The deodorized tincture of opium. 1876 Harley Mat. Med.

6 + L. operculatus, pa. pple. of operculare to cover with a lid: see operculate.] Having lost the operculum: see also quots. 1866 Treas. Bot., Deoperculate, a term used in describing mosses, when the operculum will not separate spontaneously from the spore-cases. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Deoperculate.. Also, without an operculum. deo'perculate, v.

Bot. [See prec. and -ate3.] intr. To shed the operculum. Mod. Liverworts with deoperculating capsules. t deoppilate (di:'Dpileit), v.

Med. Obs. [f. deII. 1 + oppilate: in mod. medical L. deoppilare, f. L. oppilare to stop up.] trans. To free from obstruction; absol. to remove obstructions. 1620 Venner Via Recta vii. 134 It.. deoppilateth or vnstoppeth the veines. 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 214 For Raisins of the Sun .. deoppilate more than Malaga. Ibid. 421 Aperitives ought to.. deoppilate the Interstices.

So de'oppilant a., that removes deoppi'lation, the removal of de'oppilative a., tending obstructions, deobstruent; sb. a drug having this quality.

obstructions; obstructions; to remove medicine or

1625 Hart Anat. Ur. 1. ii. 31 Cordiall and deoppilatiue medicines. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 111. xxii. 165 It becomes effectuall in deopilations. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. viii. 313 An excellent deoppilative. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 162 It is an universal Digestive and Deoppilative. 1854 Mayne Expos. Lex. 264 Aperient, deobstruent, deoppilant; applied to medicines. 1862 Marsh Eng. Lang. 89 To produce that salutary deopilation of the spleen which the French hold to be so serviceable to the health of sedentary gentlemen. deor, obs. form of dear, deer.

a spacecraft, etc.: to leave or move out of orbit, b. trans. To send or take out of orbit.

de-’orbit, sb. [f. the vb.] The act or process of moving out of orbit by a spacecraft. Also attrib., esp. as de-orbit burn. 1967 New Scientist 16 Nov. 424 The critical factor will be to determine the moment of de-orbit. 1976 Times 4 Sept. 4/3, I guess I don’t know whether that deorbit burn (the rocket firing) happened or not. 1981 Daily Tel. 15 Apr. 1/2 A second ‘de-orbit bum’ three minutes later jockeyed the craft into a nose-high position for re-entry.

f de’ordinate, a. Obs. [ad. med.L. deordinatus, f. de- 1.6 + ordinatus ordered. A doublet of disordinate.] Perverted from the natural order; inordinate. 1623 T. Ailesbury Serm. (1624) 13 The Idolatry consisted.. in the deordinate intent of the Sacrificers. 1720 Welton Suffer. Son of God II. xxiv. 641 The Principles of a Deordinate and Excessive Self-Love.

f de'ordinate, v. Obs. [f. med.L. verbal type *deordinare: see prec. and -ate3 5.] trans. To pervert from the natural order. 1688 Norris Theory Love 11. ii. 107 A sensual pleasure deordinated from the end.. for which it was designed.

deordination (diroidi'neijsn). Now rare or Obs. [ad. med.L. deordination-em (Du Cange), n. of action f. verbal type *deordinare (It. disordinare, OF. desordener) to disorder, f. DE- I. 6 + ordinare to order, ordin-em order. A doublet of disor dination. ] 1. Departure from or violation of order, esp. of moral order; disorder. 1596 Bell Surv. Popery hi. ix. 378 The guilte and the deordination. 1635 Sibbes Soules Confl. xii. §3. 166 This sheweth us what a wonderfull deordination and disorder is brought upon mans nature. 1647 Jer. Taylor Dissuas. Popery i. (1686) 99 She refuses to run into the same excess of riot and de-ordination. 1688 Norris Theory Love 11. ii. 101 A deordination from the end of Nature. 1891 Manning in Dublin Rev. July 157 It denotes an abuse, an excess, a deordination in human society.

2. Departure from condition, as in decomposition, etc.

ordinary physical

or normal deformity,

1686 Goad Celest. Bodies in. iii. 472 A Token of the Dissolution, and as it were the Deordination of the Compound. Ibid. in. iv. 505 Under these years, the same Deordination is found in Animals, Lambs, Hares, Calves.

deore, obs. form of dear a. and adv. de-organize, de-orientalize: see de- II. 1. deorling, deoreling, early ff. darling. II de'orsum, adv. nonce-use. [L. = downwards.] Downward. 1770 J. Clubbe Physiognomy 19 There is the same stupidity.. the same deorsum tendency in the one as in the other.

deorwurSe, var. dearworth a. Obs. precious. t de'osculate, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. deoscularito kiss warmly or affectionately, f. de- I. 3 + osculari to kiss.] To kiss affectionately. Hence f deoscu'lation, kissing. 1623 Cockeram, Deosculate, to kiss sweetly. 1658 Phillips, Deosculation, a kissing with eagemesse. a 1699 Stillingfl. (J.), Acts of worship required to be performed to images, viz.- processions, genuflections, thurifications, and deosculations. 1755 Amory Memoirs 440 note. 1783 Ainsworth Lat. Diet. (Morell) 1, Deosculation, osculatio.

de-ossify, -fication: see de- II. i. II Deo volente ('diiau vsu'lenti:). Also (erron.) Deo volens. [L.] God willing; if nothing prevents (the fulfilment of a promise). Abbrev. D.V. (D III. 3). 1767 Gray Let. 6 June in Wks. (1884) III. 268 My intention is (Deo volente) to come to Cambridge on Friday or Saturday next. 1854 E. K. Kane Jrnl. 11 Sept, in Arctic Explor. (1856) I. xxvii. 356 Deo volente, I will be more lucky tomorrow. 1954 M. Lowry Let. 25 Jan. (1967) 360 Deo volens, they will more than get it back in the end. 1957 B. & C. Evans Diet. Contemp. Amer. Usage 131/1 The use of the phrase ‘D.V.’, the initials of Deo volente, or the English form God willing, as an interjection after an expressed intention is a verbal counterpart of knocking on wood and has about the same value.

deoxidate (dir'Dksideit), v. Chem. Also 8-9 deoxy-. [f. de- II. i + oxidate d.] trans. To

DEOXIDATION

469

reduce from the state of an oxide, to remove the oxygen from (an oxide or other compound); intr. to undergo deoxidation. Hence de'oxidated ppl. a.\ de'oxidating ppl. a., causing or suffering deoxidation. 1799 Sir H. Davy in Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knowl. 73 Phosoxygen is produced, and the metals deoxydated. 1808 - in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 90 Dark brown matter was separated at the deoxydating surface. 1801 Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XCII. 66 The white oxide.. may be deoxidated to a certain degree. 1837 R. Bede Pract. Chem. 10 The latter [flame of a blow-pipe] is called oxidating, the former deoxidating.

deoxidation (diroksi'deifan).

[n. of action f. prec. vb.] The removal of oxygen from an oxide or other compound.

1799 Sir H. Davy in Beddoes Contrib. Phys. Med. Know! 70 It is necessary that the temperature of deoxydation be greater than that of oxydation. 1801 Wollaston in Phil. Trans. XCI. 430 The pile of Volta decomposes water, and produces other effects of oxidation and de-oxidation. 1883 G. Allen in Nature 8 Mar. 439 The function of a leaf is the absorption of carbonic acid from the air, and its deoxidation under the influence of sunlight.

de'oxidator. [agent-n. f. deoxidate v.: see -or.] A deoxidating agent or apparatus. C1865 J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 396/2 The charcoal is employed as a deoxidator.

deoxidize (di:‘Dksidaiz), v. Chem. Also 9 deoxyd-. [f. de- II. 1 + oxidize.] = deoxidate. 1794 [ see deoxidizing below]. 1800 Henry Epit. Chem. (1808) 50 Its action is .. exerted in de-oxidizing bodies. 1810 -Elem. Chem. (1826) I. 533 The silica, also .. is partly de¬ oxidized. 1869 E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 357 Whether disinfectants act by oxidising, or by deoxidising.

Hence de'oxidized ppl. a., de'oxidizing ppl. a. and vbl.sb.; also deoxidi'zation, de-

'oxidizement, de'oxidizer. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. App. 527 The de¬ oxidizing power of the solar rays. 1805 Lane in Phil. Trans. XCV. 282 The deoxidising property of light. 1847 Craig, Deoxydization, deoxydation. c i860 Faraday Forces Nat. vi. 200 note, A colourless deoxidised indigo. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. 11. viii. §70 Animals, in some of their minor processes, are probably de-oxidizers. 1877 W. Thomson Voy. Challenger I. iv. 279 Due to some deoxidizing process.

deoxy-,prefix. Chem.

[f. de- II. 3 + oxy- 2.] A

prefix used in forming the names of chemical compounds, indicating the loss of one or more atoms

of oxygen;

=

desoxy-

(which

is

less

common). 1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIV. 404 Deoxycodeine, Ci8H2iN02. 1949 Biochem Jrnl. Suggestions to Authors 9 Spellings, etc., adopted .. deoxy (prefix) not desoxy.

deoxy,cortico'sterone. Biochem. Also desoxy-. [f. DEOXY- + CORTICOSTERONE.] A Steroid compound, C2iH30O3, occuring in the adrenal cortex and also prepared synthetically. 1937 Steiger & Reichstein in Nature 29 May 926/1 This compound differs from corticosterone only by the absence of the fourth oxygen, and can therefore also be called desoxcorticosterone. 1938 Chem. Abstr. XXXII. 578 The structure of the biol. active desoxycorticosterone from stigmasterol. 1941 Ann. Reg. 1940 344 Deoxycorticosterone was prepared artifically. 1952 G. Bourne et. al. Cytology (ed. 2) xi. 478 From the adrenal cortex there have been extracted two main groups of physiologically active steroids. One group, exemplified by desoxycorticosterone, acts primarily on the salt balance of the body and regulates the excretion of Na and Cl by the kidney. 1956 Nature 28 Jan. 189/2 Comparisons are being made of the wool growth of adrenalectomized sheep maintained on different levels of cortisone and deoxycorticosterone. 1965 New Scientist 1 July 33/1 The true mineralocorticoid hormone is aldosterone, but there are compounds such as deoxycorticosterone and fluorocortisol that have potent related properties.

deoxy'cortone.

Biochem.

[Shortened

deoxygenize (di:'Dksid3inaiz), v. Chem. [f. deII. I + OXYGENIZE V.] = DEOXYGENATE.

fde'paint, sb. Obs. rare—'1, [f. depaint t>.] Painting, pictorial representation.

1881 Gunther in Encycl. Brit. XII. 687/1 Until the air is so much deoxygenized as to render a renewal of it necessary.

1594 Zepheria xvii. in Arb. Garner V. 73 How shall I deck my Love in love’s habiliment And her embellish in a right depaint?

de.oxyribo'nucleic

'acid. Biochem. Also desoxy-. [f. deoxyribo(se + nucleic a.] A generic term for any of the nucleic acids which yield deoxyribose on hydrolysis, which are generally found in and confined to the chromosomes of higher organisms, and which store genetic information. Also called deoxy-, desoxyribose nucleic acid. Abbrev. D.N.A., DNA. 1931 Levene & Bass Nucleic Acids ix. 294 (heading) Desoxyribonucleic acids. 1938 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1722 Secondly there are deoxyribonucleic acids, in which the sugar component is d-2-deoxyribose and of which ‘thymus nucleic acid’ is the classical example. 1944 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CLVI. 691 The key role of the desoxyribose type of these substances in the reproduction of inheritable characteristics has been emphasized by the identification of desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) as a major component of chromosomal nucleoprotein. 1947 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VIII. 622/1 Deoxyribonucleic acid has been identified in only a few viruses, for example those of psittacosis,.. vaccinia,.. influenza [etc.]. 1951 Lancet 16 June 1287/1 In normal animal and plant cells deoxyribonucleic acid (D.N.A.) is located entirely within the nucleus. 1953 Sci. News XXIX. 109 The structure proposed for the salts of deoxyribose nucleic acid consists of two chains coiled in the same direction about the same axis. 1955 New Biol. XIX. 9 DNA molecules are chains which can be broken down into nucleotides. Each nucleotide molecule can be broken down by hydrolysis into a molecule of phosphoric acid, one of desoxyribose (a five carbon sugar) and one of a purine (adenine or guanine) or of a pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine or 5-methyl cytosine, but in some phages thymine or 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine). 1955 Sci. Amer. Oct. 70/3 The chromosomes are made largely of DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid). DNA can exist in a great multitude of forms, all built of the same building blocks but with the units arranged in different sequences. The hereditary information carried by a DNA molecule is contained in the order of arrangement of these units. 1962 A. Huxley Let. 26 Dec. (1969) 945 He talked such nonsense .. about true intelligence residing only in the DNA molecule. 1964 Listener 19 Mar 493/2 The spiral of deoxyribonucleic acid. 1970 Nature 5 Sept. 998/2 Demolition of the hallowed idea of the molecular biologist that RNA cannot synthesize DNA has prompted a reinvestigation of other ideas. Hence .deoxyribo'nuclease [-ase], any

enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of DNA, causing it to split up into smaller nucleotide units. 1946 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CLXVI. 393 (heading) Streptomycin and desoxyribonuclease in the study of variations in the properties of a bacterial virus. 1965 Peacocke & Drysdale Molecular Basis Heredity vii. 69 If.. one or other of the two nucleic acids has been eliminated from the material by digestion with a specific enzyme (deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease), the remaining nucleic acid can be located. 1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xx. 481 Degradation of nucleic acids begins with partial hydrolysis.. catalysed by ribonucleases or deoxyribonucleases.

de.oxyribo.nucleo'protein.

Biochem. Also desoxy-. [f. deoxy-.] ‘A nucleoprotein that yields a deoxyribonucleic acid on hydrolysis’ (Webster 1961). Abbrev. D.N.A.P. 1944 JmlBiol. Chem. CLVI. 692 Most desoxyribonucleoproteins contain very small amounts of tryptophane. 1955 Sci. News Let. 30 Apr. 280/3 The chemical has properties which place it in the class of biologically important substances termed desoxyribonucleoproteins. .. The substances are giant molecules which are found exclusively in the chromosomes and appear to be the carriers of cell heredity. 1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 436/2 One of these.. was probably glycoprotein in nature, and was clearly different from the desoxyribonucleoprotein (d.n.a.p.).

from

deoxy'ribose.

prec.] = prec. 1949 Lancet 28 Jan. 159/1 Deoxycortone plus ascorbic acid. . seems to be an effective substitute for the naturally occurring anti-arthritic sterol hormone. Ibid. 26 Nov. 993/1 The patients were treated with an intramuscular injection of 5 mg. Deoxycortone (desoxycorticosterone) acetate in 1 ml. of oleum arachis. 1963 Brit. Pharmaceutical Codex 233 Deoxycortone is a mineralocorticosteroid which causes sodium retention and potassium excretion. It is used .. in the treatment of Addison’s disease.

deoxygenate (di:'Dksid3ineit), v. Chem. [f.

de-

II. 1 -I- oxygenate v.] trans. To deprive of (free) oxygen; also = deoxidate, deoxidize. 1799 Kirwan Geol. Ess. 150 By deoxygenating the vitriolic contained in the Epsom salt. 1804 T. Trotter Drunkenness iii. 58 Alkohol certainly deoxygenates the blood in some degree. 1808 Sir H. Davy in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 336 Potassium may partially de-oxygenate the earths.

Hence de'oxygenated ppl. a., de'oxygenating vbl. sb. and ppl. a.; also deoxyge'nation. 1799 Sir H. Davy in Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knouil. 86 A deoxygenated atmosphere. 1803 —— in Phil. Trans. XCIII. 271 The deoxygenation of skin. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. xxiii. (ed. 3) 239 An oxygenating or a deoxygenating flame. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connect. Phys. Sc. xxiv. (1849) 224 The most refrangible extremity of the spectrum has an oxygenizing power and the other that of deoxygenating. 1878 Foster Phys. 11. i. §2. 210 The ordinary deoxygenation of the blood.

DEPAINT

Biochem. Also desoxy-. [f. deoxy- + ribose.] Any of the sugars derived from ribose by the replacement of a hydroxyl group by a hydrogen atom; deoxyribose nucleic acid: see deoxyribonucleic acid. 1931 Levene & Bass Nucleic Acids i. 26 This reaction is now the general method for the preparation of 2-desoxy sugars. By this procedure 2-desoxyribose [etc.].. have been prepared. 1961 Times 18 Aug. 12/4 The sugar component of the nucleic acid of chromosomes is known chemically as deoxyribose. 1967 Listener 3 Aug. 142/1 Each nucleotide is composed of a base, a sugar called deoxyribose, and phosphate.

deozonize, to deprive of ozone: see de- II. 1.

t de'paint, ppl. a. Obs. Forms: 3-4depeint, 4-5 -peynt, 4-6 -paynt, 6 depaint. [ME. depeint, a. F. depeint, pa. pple. of depeindre (13th c. in Hatzf.), ad. L. depingere to depict, after F. peindre to paint. After the formation of the verb (see next) gradually superseded by the normal depainted.] Depicted, painted, delineated; ornamented; coloured: see the verb. Chiefly as pa. pple. a 1225 Ancr. R. 396 ‘In manibus meis descripsi te’ [Isa. xlix. 16]. Ich habbe, he seiS, depeint pe in mine honden. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 8739 J>ey shul be leyde yn toumbe of stone And hys ymage ful feyre depeynte Ry3t as he were a cors seynt. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 1101, & coronde wern alle of pe same fasoun, Depaynt in perlez & wedez qwyte. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy 1. v, Vnder flowers depeynt of stablenesse. c 1500 Lancelot 1703 Bot cherice them with wordis fair depaynt. 1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 215 Her handes depaint with veines all blew and white.

t depaint (di'peint), v. Obs. or arch. Forms: 4-5 depeint(e, -peynt(e, -paynt(e, 6-7 depaynt (6 depant, 7-8 depeint), 6- depaint. [ME. depeinten, f. depeint pa. pple.; taken as Eng. repr. of F. depeindre (3rd sing. pres, il depeint): see prec. Depeint was connected with depict by the transitional forms depeinct, depinct.] 1. trans. To represent or portray in colours, to paint; to depict; to delineate. a 1225, 1303 [see depaint ppl. a.]. C1325 Coer de L. 2963 Off red sendel were her baneres, With three gryffouns depayntyd wel. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 649 J?e kny3t comlyche hade In pe more half of his schelde hir ymage depaynted. CI350 Will. Palerne 3573, & bereth in his blasoun of a brit hewe A wel huge werwolf wonderli depeinted. c 1440 Gesta Rom. xxxix. 362 (Add. MS.) He did make a walle white, and with rede Coloure he depeynted the Image of the woman. 1570 B. Googe Pop. Kingd. 1. (1880) 10 With crosse depainted braue upon his backe and eke his brest. 1604 T. Wright Passions vi. 294 The Geographers .. depaint in theyr Cardes.. the Countries and Cities adioyning. 1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerp. 77 Apelles could not depaint Motion. 1748 Thomson Cast. Indol. 1. 326 Those pleased the most, where, by a cunning hand, Depeinten [pseudo-archaic pa. pple.] was the patriarchal age. fig. 1595 Daniel Sonnets 4 No colours can depaint my sorrows. 1848 J. A. Carlyle tr. Dante's Inferno (1849) 37 The anguish of the people who are here below, on my face depaints that pity, which thou takest for fear.

2. To depict or portray in words; to describe graphically, or by comparison. 1382 Wyclif Bible Pref. Ep. iii. 63 A bishop, whom in short sermoun he depeynted. 1555 Abp. Parker Ps. cxlii. 406 My troublouse state I did depaynt. 1664 Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 167 There are no words sufficient to depaint so real an affection. 1714 Gay Sheph. Week Prol. 61 Such Ladies fair wou’d I depaint In Roundelay or Sonnet quaint. 1771-2 Batchelor (1773) II. 13 Her lips you may in sort depaint By cherries ripe. 1808 J. Mayne Siller Gun 11. 129 Amid the scenes, depainted here, O’ love, and war, and social cheer.

b. Const, out, forth. 1553 Short Catech. in Liturg. & Doc. Edw. VI (1844) 513 Canst thou yet further depaint me out that congregation, which thou callest a kingdom or commonweal of Christians? 1578 Timme Caluine on Gen. 333 The state of the Church could not be more lively depainted forth. 1622 J. Reynolds God's Revenge 11. vi. 42 In their speeches depainting forth the ioyes of heaven. 1679 G. R. tr. Boyatuau's Theat. World 11. 147 Depainting them out in lively colours.

3. To set forth or represent, as a painting or picture does. 1598 Yong Diana 87 This sumptuous Palace., that this table doth depaint vnto vs. 1607 Walkington Opt. Glass xv. (1664) 152 This temperature must be depainted forth of us .. according to a kind of exigency, c 1660 Wharton Wks. (1683) 357 If then success be it which best depaints A glorious Cause, Turks are the only Saints.

4. To paint or decorate with colours or painted figures; sometimes, to paint, colour (a surface). c 1320 Cast. Love 704 Jus Castel is siker and feir abouten, And is al depeynted w*-outen Wip J?reo heowes pl wel bef> sene. CI400 Maundev. (1839) xxvii. 277 Faire chambres depeynted all with gold and azure. 14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 151 A cote.. depeynted wij> alle maner of vertues & floryshed wij? alle the floures of goddes gardens. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 1577 Clothes of golde and arras were hanged in the hall Depaynted with pyctures. 153° Palsgr. 512/2, I depaynte, I coloure a thynge with colours.. This terme as yet is nat admytted in comen spetche. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 129 They were wont to depaint themselues with sundry colours. 1706 [see depainted].

b. transf. and fig. To adorn as with painted figures. C1325 [see depaint ppl. a.], c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. i. J>e cercle of pe sterres in alle pe places pere as pe shynyng ny3t is depeynted. 1382 Wyclif Lev. xi. 30 A stellioun, that is a werme depeyntid as with sterris. c 1450 Crt. of Love xv Depeinted wonderly, With many a thousand daisies, rede as rose And white also. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. (Percy Soc.) 4 A medowe both gaye and glorious, Whiche Flora depainted with many a colour. 1598 Yong Diana 468 Let now each meade with flowers be depainted, Of sundrie colours sweetest odours glowing. iii

dep, obs. f. deep; (dep.) abbrev. of deputy. fde'pact, ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. depact-us, pa. pple. of departgere to drive down, fix into the ground, etc.] Fixed down, fastened. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xi. xx. (1678) 293 If the Weapon be so depact and fastned in a Bone that you cannot drive it forth on the other side.

depaganize, depantheonize: see de- II. 1.

5. To stain, distain. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 1611, I have eke seyn with teris al depeynted, Your lettre. 1600 Fairfax Tasso 11. xliii. 28 Few siluer drops her vermile cheekes depaint.

DEPAINTER Hence de'painted ppl. a., painted, depicted. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sotule 11. xlvi. (1859) 53 A1 this erdely fyre is but thyng depeynted in regard of that other. 1706 Maule Hist. Piets in Misc. Scot. I. 18 By reason of their depainted bodies.

fde'painter. Obs. [f. depaint v. + -er.] One who or that which depaints, or paints. 1513 Douglas JEneis xii. Prol. 261 Welcum depayntar of the blomyt medis.

fde'pair, v. Obs. Also depeyre, depeire. [a. OF. des-, depeire-r, to despoil, f. des-, de- (de- I. 6) + -peirer:—L. peiorare: cf. appair, impair, and DISPAYRE ife.] trans. To impair, injure, dilapidate. a 1460 Lydgate Lyfe of our Ladye (Caxton) E. 5, c. 1 (R.) As the tryed syluer is depeired. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 11. xxii, Na wretchis word may depair 30ur hie name. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 338 The corps hole and sounde was funde, verely.. Nothyng depaired that ther coude be seen. 1568 T. Howell Arb. Amitie (1879) 63 Depaire no Church, nor auncient acte, in building be not sloe.

depalatalization

(dii.paetatalai'zeijan). Phonetics, [f. de- II. i + palatalization.] The loss of palatalization. 1952 Archivum Linguisticum IV. 11. 137 The depalatalisation of the unfamiliar sounds [ji] and [X]. 1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 79/1 We should not overlook the reverse phenomenon of depalatalization: the dropping of y before vowels in words where it used to be generally pronounced.

t de’palmate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl. stem of L. depalmare, f. de- + palma palm of the hand.] ‘To giue one a box on the eare’ (Cockeram 1623). t de'pance. Obs. rare—[a. F. depens (in 12th c. despans), ad. L. dispens-um, or F. depense (in 13th c. despanse), ad. L. dispensa: see DISPENSE i6.] Payment, disbursement. C1450 Paper Roll in 3rd Rep. Hist. MSS. Commiss. 279/1 Which he complesshed withoute other payements of Fynaunce, raunceoun, or depance.

fdepa'rayll, a. Obs. rare. [a. OF. despareil different, dissimilar, f. des- = L. dis- + pareil like, of the same kind = Pr. parelh, Sp. parejo, It. parecchio:—Rom. *pariculo- dim. of L. par equal.] Unlike, dissimilar, diverse. 1413 Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle 1. x. (1859) 7 There ben here many dyuerse pilgrymes deparayll of habyte.

fdepar'dieu, inter]. Obs. [a. OF. phrase de par Dieu, by the authority, or in the name, of God.] In God’s name; by God: used as an asseveration. CI290 Beket 1352 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 145 Nov de pardeus [MS. Harl. 2277 deperdeus] quath pe pope, doth ase 3e habbeth i-J>ou3t. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 1058 Quod Troylus. depardeu, y assente. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 1452 *Wel depardieux’ quap pe kyng ‘ne schal he no3t gon al-one.’ 1634 W. Cartwright Ordinary 11. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley XII. 240 [arch.] Depardieu, You snyb mine old years, sans fail, I wene you bin A jangler and a golierdis.

t de'pardon, v. Obs. [f. de- + pardon v.: perh. after part, depart.] trans. To excuse, forgive. 1501 Bury Wills (1850) 90, I will that my tenaynts..be depardond of ye half of all ther rents that xall be due on to me to the Mychelmesse next after my decesse.

depa'rochialize, v. nonce-wd. [f.

DEPART

470

de- II. 1

+ parochialize v.) trans. To deprive of parochial character. Hence depa'rochializing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.\ also deparochiali'zation. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIII. 211/1 We must not think of turning an impassable ditch into a passable road, for fear England should thereby be ‘deparochialized’. Ibid. 211/2 The new formula of deparochialization. Ibid., The ‘ deparochializing’ cry will.. do equally well for both.

depa'rochiate, v. Obs. nonce-wd. [f. de- I. 2 + L. parochia parish + -ate3; after depatriate.] intr. To depart from one’s own parish. t

1762 Foote Orators 1. Wks. 1799 I . 196 The culture of our lands will sustain an infinite injury, if such a number of peasants were to deparochiate.

depart (di'pait), v.

Also 3-6 departe, 5-6 deperte, 6-7 Sc. depairt. Pa. pple. 4-5 depart(e, 6 Sc. depairt. [a. OF. depart-ir (depp-, desp-, dip-) = Pr. departir, Sp., Pg. departer, desparter, It. di-, dis-partire, spartire, Rom. compound of de- or dis- (des-) 4- partire, for L. dispertire to divide, f. dis- + partire to part, divide. See deI. 6.] I. To divide or part, with its derived senses, f 1. trans. To divide into parts, dispart. Obs. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 394 Hii departede vorst her ost as in foure partye. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 27 J>is werke I departe and dele in seuene bookes. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xi. 43 J?e 3erde of Moyses, with pe whilk he departid pe Reed See. 11430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 219 Departe thy tyme prudently on thre. 1551 Turner Herbal 1. (1568) Hiva, Leues..very deply indentyd, euen to the very synewes whiche depart the myde leues.

fb. intr. To divide, become divided. Obs. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 63 \>e Rede see [i.e. Arabian Sea] strecche)? forp, and departed in tweie mouthes and sees. J?at oon is i-cleped Persicus .. pat oper is i-cleped

Arabicus. 1548-77 Vicary Anat. v. (1888) 37 [The sinews] depart agayne into two, and eche goeth into one eye.

nou, Sen that we must depairt. 1641 Hinde J. Bruen xlii. 133 So loth wee were to depart asunder.

fc .Her. See departed 2. Obs. |2. trans. To divide or part among persons, etc.; to distribute, partition, deal out; to divide with others, or among themselves, to share; sometimes (with the notion of division more or less lost, as in deal v.) to bestow, impart. Obs.

6. intr. To go away (from a person or place); to take one’s leave. (The current sense, but chiefly in literary use; to depart from = to leave.)

a 1340 Hampole Psalter xxi. 18 J>ai departid to J?aim my clathes. 1388 Wyclif Prov. xi. 24 Sum men departen her own thingis, and ben maad richere. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas 1. x. (1544) 21 a, This Kingdom.. Should haue be departed of right betwene us twein. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 76 b/2 Yf thou haue but lytyl, yet studye to gyue and to departe therof gladly. C1530 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 103 Be content to departe to a man wylling to learne suche thinges as thou knowest. 1557 N. T. (Genex.) John xix. 24 They departed my rayment among them. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. 55 a, He departed with him both money and other rewards. 1651 Reliq. Wotton. 22 He could depart his affection between two extremes.

fb. To deal (blows). Obs. rare. c 1477 Caxton Jason 16 b, Whan the kyng apperceyued that Jason departed suche strokes.

fc. absol. To share, partake (with a person in a thing). Obs. c 1440 Generydes 3418, I shall.. in wurchippe the avaunce, And largely departe with the also. 1499 Plumpton Corr. 137, I am willing to depart with him in lands & in goods. 1549 Coverdale Erasm. Par. 2 Cor. viii. 14 Whyles eche of you departeth with other, so that neyther of you lacke anye thyng.

|3. trans. To put asunder, sunder, separate, part. Obs. R. Glouc. (1724) 466 King Lowis.. And Elianore is quene, vor kunrede departed were. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 129 That deth shuld us departe attwo. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) iii. 16 A gret Hille, that men clepen Olympus, that departeth Macedonye and Trachye. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 265 Departe li^tli pe toop and pe fleisch of pe gomis. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour Dj, That god hath ioyned man may not departe. C1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 67 There began a great and a sore batayle betwene these two knightes. And Arthur dyd his payne.. to depart them. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Matrimony, Till death vs departe [ altd. 1662 to do part]. 1601 Down/. Earl Huntington 11. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley VIII. 134 The world shall nat depart us till we die. a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1810) 1. 199 The closest union here cannot last longer than till death us depart. 1297

fb. To (another).

sever or separate

(a thing) from

1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 3710 f>ai er.. Departed halely fra pe body of Criste. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 10 It is unpossible to departe po qualitees from bodies. Ibid. 142 Whanne a membre is depertid from pe bodi. 1526 Tindale Rom. viii. 39 To departe [so Cranmer and 1557 Geneva; Rhem. and 1611 separate] us from Goddes love. 1574 Hyll Planting 78 You must translate them, and depart them farther from other. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. x. 14 Which Seuerne now from Logris doth depart.

fc. To separate in perception or thought; to discern apart, distinguish. Obs. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 340 As pes J?ree persones of God ben o God .. so alle dedes and werkes of pe Trinite mai not be departid from ot?er. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 248 We .. had egally departed his good dedes and his euyl. c 1510 More Picus Wks. 2/2 Straunge tokens.. departing (as it wer) and .. seuering the cradles of such speciall chyldren fro the company of other of the common sorte.

fd. intr. To separate, make separation. Obs. 1388 Wyclif Isa. lix. 2 3oure wickednesses han departid bitwixe 30U and 3oure God. 1480 Caxton Descr. Brit. 8 The Seuarn departed somtyme bitwene Englond and Wales.

fe. Old Chem. To separate a metal from an alloy or a solution. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v., Depart farther, and get your Silver out of the Aqua Fortis. 1751 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The water of the first recipient serves for the first operation of departing, and the rest for the subsequent ones.

f4. trans. To sever, break off, dissolve (a connexion or the like). Obs. C1386 Chaucer Frankl. T. 804, I have wel lever ever to suffre woo, Than I departe the love bytwix yow tuo. c 1400 Apol. Loll 70 Mariage mad in £rid & ferd degre.. is so confermid pat it mai not be departid. 1470-85 Malory Arthur viii. xxxviii, Ye departed the loue bitwene me and my wyf. 15.. Hacket Treas. of Amadis 274 So sweete and so faithfull a conjunction can not be departed without a great heart breaking. 1579 Twyne Phisicke agst. Fortune 11. lvii. 233 b, With staues to depart their nightly conflictes.

fb. intr. (for refl.) Of a connexion, etc.: To be severed, dissolved, or broken off. Obs. *375 Barbour Bruce 11. 169 Thusgat maid thai thar aquentance That neuir syne.. Departyt quhill thai lyffand war. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xx. 138 Thanne cam coueityse .. For a mantel of menyuere, he made lele matrimonye Departen ar deth cam, and deuors shupte. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. lxxxi. 103 Than the bysshoppe sayd, Sirs, than our company shall depart.

II. To go apart or away, with its derived senses. The perfect tenses (intrans.) were formerly formed with be: cf. is gone.

f5. intr. To go asunder; to part or separate from each other, to take leave of each other. Obs. C1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 121/527 So departede pe court po, and euerech to is In drou3. CI330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 52 In luf pei departed, Hardknout home went. C1500 NutBrown Maid 33, I here you saye farwel: nay, nay, we departe not soo sone. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 208 The putrifaction of the flesh ready to depart from the bone, a 1605 Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxxix. 12 Adeu nou; be treu

a 1225 [see departing vbl. sb. 3 a], c 1340 Cursor M. 11893 (Fairf.) Be pat we fra pe depart [earlier texts part], a 1340 Hampole Psalter vi. 8 Departis fra me all pat wirkes wickednes. c 1477 Caxton Jason 68 He departed out of temple and also from Athenes. 1526 Tindale John xvi. 7 Yf I departe, I will sende him vnto you. 1547-8 Ordre of Commvnion 16 Then shall the Prieste..let the people depart. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 111. 818 The Learned Leaches in Despair depart. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 113 She then said to him, Depart, and return not hither.

b. To set out (on a journey), set forth, start. Opp. to arrive. (Now commonly to leave.) c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon i. 52 Whan the momyng came, departed well erly from Parys the sayd Guenelon and his felawes. 1548 Hall Chron. 208 b, He entered the ship with the other, which were redy to depart. 1625-6 Purchas Pilgrimes II. 1081 The Negui was departed. And every man hastened to follow after. 1792 Mrs. C. Smith Desmond. III. 61 In case the Duke should be departed, he directs her instantly to set out for Paris. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 969 If the ship did not depart from Portsmouth with convoy. Time-table. The train departs at 6.30.

t c. To go away to or into (a place); to go forth, pass, proceed, make one’s way. Obs. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 305 To defende pat mater schal not departe into al pe lyme. 1586 B. Young Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 227 He had a desire to depart home to his lodging. 1611 Bible Matt. ii. 12 They departed into their owne countrey another way.

f d. to depart one's way: to go one’s way. Obs. 1535 Coverdale 1 Esdras ix. 51 Departe youre waye then, & eate the best, & drynke the swetest.

7. intr. To leave this world, decease, die, pass away. (Now only to depart from (this) life.) 1501 Bury Wills (1850) 85 My body, if it happyt me to departe wrin vij. myle of gret Berkehamstede, to be buryed ther. 1526 Tindale Luke ii. 29 Lorde, now lettest thou thy seruaunt departe in peace. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 576 Constantius departit in Eborac throw Infirmitie. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 39 That Marcellus a little before day, was departed. 1605 Stow Annales 39 He departed out of this life at Yorke. 1702 J. Logan in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 94, I went to visit him the day before he departed. £21862 Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. iv. 227 When a Scotch minister departed from this life.

8. trans. To go away from, leave, quit, forsake. Now rare, exc. in phr. to depart this life (= 7). £•1340 Cursor M. 20266 (Br. Mus. MS.) Rewe on vs, departe vs nou3t. 1536 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 138 Nicholas Hore paid for the wine and departed their company. 1548 Hall Chron. 114 All the Welshemen were commaunded .. to depart the toune. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. i. (1611) 186 The soules of men departing this life. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lix. (1739) 112 No Clergyman or other may depart the Realm, without the King’s Licence. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 517 § 1 Sir Roger de Coverley is dead. He departed this life at his house in the country. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. II. 126 Jugurtha was commanded to depart Italy. 1839 Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 33 The clergy were ordered to depart the kingdom. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect, xxxiv, Mrs. J. Gargery had departed this life on Monday last.

f9. To send away, dismiss. Obs. 1484 Caxton Chivalry 73 Charite.. departeth euery vyce. C1500 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 28 The Kynge.. made them grete chere and so departyd them home agayne. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World Pref. 17 The abolished parts are

departed by small degrees.

110. intr. To start, spring, come forth, or issue from; to come of. Obs. c 1477 Caxton Jason 56 b, By theyr countenaunce and habylements.. they ben departed from noble and goode hous. f 1489-Blanchardyn xliv. 173 Of churles, bothe man and wyfT, can departe noo goode fruyte.

11. intr. (transf. and fig. from 6.) To withdraw, turn aside, diverge, deviate; to desist (from a course of action, etc.), to depart from: to leave, abandon; to cease to follow, observe or practise. *393 Gower Conf. III. 103 The.. Nile.. Departeth fro his cours and falleth Into the see Alexandrine. 1535 Coverdale Prov. iii. 7 Feare y* Lorde and departe from euell. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. ii. 41 Shamefull lustes.. which depart From course of nature. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xl. 255 It was not with a design to depart from the worship of God. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. vn. §24 They depart from received opinions. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 673 The fourth narrative departs in several important points from the Chronicles. 1893 Law Times XCV. 27/1 Disinclination.. to depart from the long-established practice.

111. f 12. depart with. a. To take leave of; to go away from. (Cf. 5, 6.) Obs. rare. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) 1. iii. 22 Cursed & dampned spyrite, departe than forth with this creature. *563 Foxe A. & M. 763 b, And so departed I with them.

t b. To part with; to give up, surrender; to give away, bestow. (Cf. 2.) Obs. C1485 Digby Myst. (1882) ill. 102 O ye good fathyr of grete degre, thus to departe with your ryches. 1595 Shaks. John 11. i. 563 Iohn. .Hath willingly departed with a part. 1642 Perkins Prof. Bk. i. §47- 21 Shee hath departed with her right by the feoffment. 1792 Chipman Amer. Law Rep. (1871) 41 The officer had a lien on the cattle. On receipt I do not consider that the officer wholly departs with that lien.

t 13. So depart from, in the same sense (12 b). 1548 Cranmer Catech. 81 b, Neyther by threatnyng.. cause him to depart from any portion of his goodes. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 5 With what difficultie depart they [stones] from their naturall roughnesse? 1681 Burnet Hist.

DEPART

t depart, sb. Obs. [a. F. depart (13th c. in Godef.), f. departir to depart. Partly treated as directly from the English verb; cf. the sbs. leave, return, etc.] 1. The act of departing, departure, a. Parting, separation, b. Departure from this life, death. c 1330 Arth. & Merl. 4539 For depart of his felawes, And for her men that weren y-slawe. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. vii. 20 That lewd lover did the most lament For her depart. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. v. iv. 96 At my depart I gaue this [ring] vnto Iulia. 1593 —-— j Hen. VI, 11. i. 110 When your braue Father breath’d his latest gaspe, Tydings. .Were brought me of your Losse, and his Depart. 1642 H. More Song of Soul 11.11. 11. xxxviii, The plantall lifes depart. 1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) h 99 For her depart my heart was sair. 1840 Sportsman in Irel. Scotl. II. iv. 71, The salmon having long since made his depart.

2. Old Chem.

The separation of one metal from another with which it is alloyed. a 1626 Bacon (J.), The chymists have a liquor called water of depart. 1686 W. Harris tr. Lemery's Course Chym. (ed. 2) 79 The Depart, or parting of Metals, is when a Dissolvent quits the Metal it had dissolved to betake itself unto another. I7°4 J- Harris Lex. Techn. s.v., A certain Operation in Chymistry is called the Depart, because the Particles of Silver are made by it to depart from Gold when they were before melted together. 1751 Chambers Cycl., Depart, a method of refining, or separating gold from silver by means of aqua fortis ... if you again filtrate this water, and pour on it the liquor of fixed nitre, you will have another depart, the calamine precipitating to the bottom.

t de'partable, -ible, a. Obs. [a. OF. departable (i3~i4th c. in Godef.), f. depart-ir vb.: see -ble. The form in -ible follows L. analogy: cf. L. partibilis from partiri.] 1. That may be parted or separated; separable. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xvii. 26 pe Trinite, Thre persones in parcelles departable fro other, And alle \>re but o god. c 1449 Pecock Repr. in. ii. 282 Ri3t of vce is dyuers and departable fro the ri3t of lordschip. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 104 Yf eny of them were departable from other.

2. That may be, or is to be, distributed; divisible.

divided or

[1292 Britton iii. viii. §4 Qe le heretage soit departable entre touz les enfauntz.] 1483 Cath. Angl. 96 Departiabylle, diuisibilis. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c 26 §35 Landes, .to be departed and departable amonges issues and heires males. 1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 139 b, The whiche tenementes be departable among the brethren. 1741 T. Robinson Gavelkind ii. 26 They had always been departible.

fde'partal. Obs. rare.

[f. depart after arrival.] Departure.

v.

+ -al1,

1823 Galt Entail I. xi. 82 When my father took his departal to a better world. 1836-in Tait's Mag. III. 393 Speaking of my departal from Glasgow.

f departance. Obs. [a. OF. departance, f. depart-ir: see -ance.] Departure. 1579 Wills lnv. N.C. (Surtees) 15, I will, that after the departence of this mortal liff..my bodie be buried. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 61, I license craue for this departaunce.

t de'parte. In phrase lay a departe (? error) for lay aparte, lay aside. C1489 Caxton Blanchardyn iii. 17 All rewthis layde a departe, as well for his fader as for his modre.

departed (di'paitad), ppl. a.

[f. depart

v.

+

-ED1.] f 1. Divided into parts, etc.: see depart v. 1,2. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. IP898 (H.) Eyther thay forletin her confessours al utterly, or ellis thay departen here schrifte in divers places; but sothely such departed schrifte hath no mercy of God. 1463 Bury Wills (1850) 36, I beqwethe..a doubyl ryng departyd of gold, with a ruby and a turkeys.

+ 2. Separated, parted; severed from the main body, schismatic, apostate; in Her. separated by a dividing line (cf. party a.). Obs. 1439 C’tess Warwick in E.E. Wills (1883) 117 A Skochen of myn Armes departyd with my lordys. £1511 1st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 31/1 These ketters .. is departed of the holy Romes chyrche. 1633 Earl Manch. Al Mondo (1636) 14 If wee consider Death aright, It is but a departed breath from dead earth.

3. That has departed or gone away; past, bygone. 1552 Huloet, Departed, Saunders Cabinet Pictures

dissitus, praeteritus. 1845 J. Antiquity and departed

20

greatness.

4. a. spec.

DEPARTMENT

47i

Ref. II. 88 The inferior clergy departed from their right of being in the House of Commons.

That

has

departed

this

life;

deceased. 1503-4 Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 25 Pream., Lyfe [is] as uncertayne to such as survyve as to them now departed. 1599 B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. v. iv, Shedding funereal tears over his departed dog. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 419 If 1 Magicians, Demons, and departed Spirits. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. iii. ii. 311 The works of a departed artist.

b. In this sense often used absolutely, the departed (sing, and pi.): cf. deceased. Also (esp. joc.) the dear departed. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 208 The seats and circumstances of the departed. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho ii, A prayer for the soul of the departed. 1814 Jane Austen Mansf. Park iii. 56 Barely enough to .. enable me to live so as not to disgrace the memory of the dear departed. 1838 Dickens Nickleby iii. 20 The dear departed had never deigned to profit by her advice. 1868 L. M. Alcott Little Women (1871) xi. 137 Beth.. sat making a winding-sheet,

while the dear-departed lay in the domino-box. i875 Manning Mission H. Ghost ix. 249 The Catholic Church.. cherishes with loving memory all her departed. 1887 Bowen JEneid vi. 220 The departed is placed on the funeral bed. 1910 W. S. Houghton (title) The dear departed. 1964 E. Longford Victoria R.I. xxiv. 355 If the living Albert kept Queen Victoria and Disraeli apart, the dear departed brought them together.

departer1 (di'pa:t3(r)). [f. depart v. + -er1: probably a. OF. departeur (nom. case orig. departure, obj. departeor), f. departir to depart.] 11. A divider, distributor; discerner. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Luke xii. 14 A! man, who ordeynede me domesman, ether departer, on 30U? -Hebr. iv. 12 The word of God is.. departer or demer of thou3tis and intenciouns of hertis. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 61 He is not ordeind juge ne departar vp on men.

f2. Old Chem. One who separates a metal from an alloy; a refiner of gold or silver. Cf. PARTER. 1656 Blount Glossogr. s.v. Finour, Finours of Gold and Silver.. A[ct] 4 H[en.] 7. ca. 2. They be also called Porters in the same place; sometimes Departers.

3. One who separates or secedes from a body or cause; a seceder. (Now merged in sense 4.) 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 311 A departer from his Captaynes Banner. 1820 Examiner No. 652. 644/1 Lady Charlotte Lindsay, another of the departers. i»6o Pusey Min. Proph. 61 They are all departers, i.e. ..before they were cast out visibly in the body, they departed in mind.

4. One who departs or goes away. 1673 O. Walker Education 223 The Patron leaveth the rest and accompanieth the departer. 1705 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. II. 231 An Act about Departers out of this Province. 1747 Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 13 The hurry and disorder of departers, carrying away their effects.

fde'parter2. Law. Obs. [subst. use of AF. departer (Britton III. iv. 25) = OF. departir pres, inf. to depart, departing.] = departure 6. 1628 Coke On Litt. 139 a, A departer in despight of the Court.. when the Tenant or Defendant after appearance.. makes departure in despight of the Court.. It is called a retraxit. 1751 Chambers Cycl., Departure or Departer, in law, a term properly applied to a person, who first pleading one thing in bar of an action, and that being replied to, he waves it, and insists on something different.

departible, var. form of departable a.

Obs.

de'parting, vbl. sb. [f. departs. + -ing1.] The action of the verb depart, in various senses. f 1. Division (in various senses); distribution, sharing. Obs. a 1340 Hampole Psalter cxxxv. 13 He departyd pe redd see in departynges. 11380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 81 In departyng of meritis to whom pat hem likip. 1382-1 Cor. xii. 6 Departingis of worchingis. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xv. xlvi. (1495) 504 Dalmacia is a prouynce of Grece by olde departynge of londe. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 407 In summe cuntreis the departing was mad other wise and into iij parties, c 1450 Merlin 236 Ech man toke at his wille of that hym liked, and made noon other departynge. 1513 Douglas JEneis vi. Prol. 90 The sted of fell turmentis, With seir departingis. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 1. 93 In departing of the bootie.

f2. Separation. Obs. or arch. C1300 K. Alis. 912 And makith mony departyng Bytweone knyght and his swetyng. C1340 Cursor M. 895 (Fairf.) Fra pis day sal departynge be for-soj? betwix wommon and pe. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 72 Be ware of making of mariagis, & of diuorsis or departingis. 1530 Palsgr. 213/1 Departynge of man and wyfe, repudiation, diuorse. 1593 Shaks. j Hen. VI, 11. vi. 43 A deadly grone like life and deaths departing. 1852-5 M. Arnold Poems, Faded Leaves, At this bitter departing.

fb. concr. Place boundary. Obs.

of

separation;

division,

1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 5 And pat erj?ely watir wole first come out pat is in pe necke, and so til it be come out vnto pe departinge bitwixe it and pe quinte essence.

3. The action of leaving, taking one’s leave or going away; departure. (In early use ‘leaving each other, separation’, as in 2. Now rare or Obs.\ replaced by departure.) a 1225 Ancr. R. 250 pis was his driwerie pet he bileauede and jef ham in his departunge. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 6113 pe day of departyng fra God away. 1:1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 162 The day is come of hire departyng. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 186 At my Lordes departynge from London, c 1500 Three Kings Sons 73 Athis, my frende, the tyme is come now of oure departyng. 1644 Milton Judgm. Bucer (1851) 335 Not. .the mis-beleeving of him who departs, but the departing of him who misbeleevs. fb. = departure 2b; decease, death. Obs. 1388 Wyclif 2 Tim. iv. 6 The tyme of my departyng is ny3- 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 486 How King Donald was crownit.. and of his worthie Deidis.. and his Departing. 1633 Bp. Hall Medit. Vows, Passing Bell (1851) 87 It calls us., to our preparation, for our own departing. attrib. a 1618 Raleigh Rem. (1664) 114 If you were laid upon your departing bed.

f c .fig. Departure from a given state or course; falling away; secession, desertion, apostasy. 1526 Tindale 2 Thess. ii. 3 Except there come a departynge fyrst. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 563 The departing and declining of the soule.

|4. departing with: parting with, giving up. 1529 Wolsey in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. II. 11 Of the frankke departyng with of all that I had in thys world.

de'parting,ppl. a. [f. departs. 4- -ing2.] That departs, goes away, or takes leave; parting; fig. vanishing (often with reference to sense b). I75I Johnson Rambler No. 187 |f 3 She stood awhile to gaze upon the departing vessel. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 57 The opposite streams of entering and departing courtiers. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 155 Reflecting the departing glory of Hellas. 18.. Turing Hymn'The Radiant morn', The shadows of departing day.

b. Dying. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 331 It is the only sacrifice that my old departing ghost desireth of thee. 1633 Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows, Passing-bell (1851) 87 It calls us .. to our prayers, for the departing soul. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 183 While the prayer for the departing was read at his bedside.

t de'partingly, adv. Obs. rare. [f. prec. -ly2.] In a divided manner; separately.

+

1388 Wyclif Num. x. 7 Symple cry of trumpis schal be, and thei schulen not soune departyngli [1382 not stowndmeel; Vulg. non concise ululabunt].

t de’partising, vbl. sb. Sc. Obs. [? from a vb. departise (cf. OF. departissement, departisseur), or ? corruption of departison.] Partition. 1478 Act. Audit. 86 (Jam.) The said breve of depertising of the said half landis of Blith. 1480 Act. Dom. Cone. 66 (ibid.) The divisioune & departising made.. the xx day of Julij.

t de'partison. Obs. In 5 -ysoun, -own, -on, -isonne; also 5-6 departson. [a. OF. departison, f. departer, after partison:—L. partition-em, n. of action from partire to divide.] Earlier form of DEPARTITION.

1. Division into parts; distribution, partition. 1444 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 217 Make a departysoun Of ther tresours to folk in indigence, c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4176 And taken hire half his kyngdome be twypart departisonne.

2. Separation. c 1440 Lydg. Secrees 29 Thou must first Conceyven.. unkouth divysion, Watir from Eyr by a dysseuerance, And ffyr from Eyr by a departyson.

3. Departure; transf. decease. ci450 Lonelich Grail xliii. 423 Aftyr here deth and departysown. CI475 Partenay 104 At ther departson had thay gret dolour.

t departition (diipai'tijan). Obs. Also 5 -ycyon, -isyon, 6 -ysion, -icion. [n. of action f. depart v., on L. analogies: cf. L. partitio, dispertltio, f. partire, dispertire. The earlier form, from OF., was departison, of which this may be considered an adaptation to the Latin type.] 1. Distribution, partition; = prec. 1. ? c 1530 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 33 Peraventure thei seke departysion of ther heritage.

2. Separation; severance. C1400 Test. Love iii. (1560) 294/1 The same law that joyneth by wedlocke .. yeveth libel of departicion bycause of devorse. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy iii. xxv, Now hast thou made a departisyon Of vs that were by hole affection Yknyt in one. 1470-85 Malory Arthur xm. vii, Hit shall greue me ryghte sore the departycyon of this felauship.

3. Departure. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ix. xxxvi, Ye putte vpon me that I shold ben cause of his departycyon.

departitor (di:pa:'tait3(r)).

rare. [Agent-n. from depart v. with L. suffix: cf. L. partitor, dispertitor.] One who divides or distributes. 1884 J. Payne iooi Nights IX. 138, I called in a departitor from the Cadi’s Court and he divided amongst us the money.

departizanize: see de- II. i. department

(di'paitmsnt), sb. Also 5 departement. [ME. a. F. departement (12th c. in Hatzf.) = Pr. departe-, departiment, It. dipartemento, a Romanic deriv. of departire, F. departir-. see depart v. and -ment. The senses in I from OF. were apparently obsolete before those in II were introduced from modem French.]

11. The action of departing. Obs. fl. = departure, in various senses: a. separation; b. going away, leave-taking, withdrawal; c. decease. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 1890 Y* we come to thi joys with out departement. C1477 Caxton Jason 65 Alas Jason., prolonge ye and tarye your departement. c 1500 Melusine 97 Thanne he toke leue of them and they were sorowfull of theire departement. 1572 Lament. Lady Scotland in Sc. Poems 16th C. II. 250 Befoir her last department. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 87 By meanes whereof grew this.. unkinde department betweene us. 1624 Wotton Archit. (1672) 61 Our Sight is not well contented with those sudden departments from one extream to another, a 1677 Barrow Wks. (1686) II. 382 The seperation, department and absence of the soul from the body.

f2. Division, partition, distribution. Obs. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 18 Making the distributions and departments of his rayes.

II. 3. a. ‘Separate allotment; province or business assigned to a particular person’ (J.); hence in wider application: A separate division or part of a complex whole or organized system, esp. of activities or studies; a branch, province. Freq. in trivial use.

[Johnson, 1755, calls it ‘a French term’.] 01735 Arbuthnot (J.), The Roman fleets., had their several stations and departments. 1764 Foote Patron 11. Wks. 1799 I. 349 The highest pitch of perfection in every department of writing but one—the dramatic. 1824 T. Creevey Let. 23 Sept. (1903) 11. 83 Lady-has two maids here—one French and the other Italian, the latter of which presides over the bonnet department. 1832 G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 528 Among the professors .. Messrs. Gautier and Picot, whose departments are severally astronomy and history. 1856 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. v. 173 Hitherto.. little progress has been made in this department of knowledge. 1883 Nature 17 May 56 To judge .. whether the co-operation of scientific men would have rendered the English department more instructive than it is. 1966 Listener 20 Jan. 88/1 It will depend on two things: organization and performance in the field. .. There are limits to what may be expected of us in either department.

b. spec. One of the separate divisions or branches of state or municipal administration. In the U.S. the word is used in the titles of the great branches of administration, i.e. (in 1988), the Departments (Depts.) of State (orig. Foreign Affairs), Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, and Education. In Great Britain, the great departments of State were not so named titularly until the mid-20th c., when a number of new departments were created under that name during the administrative reorganizations of the 1960s and 1970s (alongside others which retained the title Ministry or Office)', e.g. (in 1988) the Departments of Education and Science, Employment, Energy, the Environment, Health and Social Security, Trade and Industry, and Transport. The word is also used in naming subdivisions or branches of these, e.g. the Prisons Dept, of the Home Office, and for certain other branches of administration; also in the Departments of a local government authority, as the Highways Department. *769 Junius Lett. i. 3 Only mark how the principal departments of the State are bestowed. 1791 Washington Writ. (1892) XII. 81 Statements from the proper department [of the United States] will.. apprize you of the exact result. 1863 H. Cox Instit. Pref. 7 A general account of the British Government, of the powers and practice of its several departments. Ibid. in. vii. 696 The regulation of other departments subordinate to the Treasury. 1890 M. Townsend U.S. 274 The Department of State was established by Act of Congress July 27, 1789, which act denominated it as the Department of Foreign Affairs. 1892 A. B. Hart Form, of Union 144 In establishing the Treasury Department a strong effort was made to create a Secretary of the Treasury as an agent of Congress.

4. a. One of the districts into which France is divided for administrative purposes, and which were substituted for the old provinces in 1790. Also applied to administrative divisions in some other countries. Freq. in French form. 1792 Explan. New Terms in Ann. Reg. p. xv, Departments, the general divisions of France. 1793 Objections to War Examined 15 Its States broken up and converted into French Departments. 1841 W. Spalding Italy It. Isl. III. 383 Corsica., is still a province of that kingdom [France]. It forms a department, called by its own name. 1846 R. Ford Gatherings from Spain iv. 30 The French .. introduced their own system of departements, by which districts were neatly squared out. 1859 Jephson Brittany xvi. 253 Situated on the confluence of the lie and the Vilaine, from whence the modern department derives its name. 1964 Ann. Reg. IQ63 245 From 12-16 June he visited the Charente and Poitou regions and from 24-29 September the departements of Vaucluse, Drome, Ain, and Rhone,

b. A part, portion, section, region, rare. 1832 Ht. Martineau Demerara i. 2 In the richest regions of this department of the globe.

5. department store orig. U.S., a large shop selling many different kinds of article. Cf. DEPARTMENTAL a. 3. 1887 in F. Presbrey Advertising (1929) xxxv. 314 Evening Wisconsin.. H. Heyn’s Department Store. 1893 Harper's Mag. Apr. 659/2 They [sc. Brooklyn stores] compare favorably with the best and largest of the department stores of New York. 1910 H. G. Wells Mr. Polly i. 24 One of those large, rather low-class establishments which sell everything from pianos and furniture to books and millinery—a department store. 1953 Manch. Guardian Weekly 30 July 7 Department stores in up-and-coming cities around the world.

de'partment, v. nonce-tod. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To divide into departments, or branches.

[1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) p. xi/2 A list of the Society’s Departmental Price Lists.. will be found on page xii.] 1911 R. Strong in W. B. Robertson Encycl. Retail Trading xii. 114 Small wonder that., the growth of a departmental store is sometimes phenomenal. 1924 Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 235/2 The departmental stores and the larger retail shops throughout the Western States. 1926 A. James Commerce i. 53 Departmental stores contain under one roof many departments. It is possible to purchase groceries, boots and shoes, furniture, clothing, toilet requisites, as well as listen to the latest jazz music from the orchestra. 1955 Times 14 May 12/1 Perhaps the departmental stores were the most consistent in their experience. Hence depart'mentally adv.\ also de-

attachment to departmental methods; depart'mentalize v., to divide into departments; depart'mentalized ppl. a.; par t'mentalism,

departmentalization. 1846 R. Ford Gatherings fr. Spain 31 It was found to be no easy matter to carry departmentalization. 1878 Fraser's Mag. XVIII. 636 We have.. been, geographically speaking, in the Jura, though departmentally in the Doubs. 1886 Pall Mall G. 1 Jan. 4/1 The.. crippling diseases of official red tape and departmentalism. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 6 Dec. 9/3 The Bovril business was strikingly departmentalised .. and .. the managing-director.. still occupies the position he has held from the start. 1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 40 That tendency to departmentalize human nature from which modern psychology has at length shaken itself free. 1930 N.Y. Times 10 Aug. v. 2/2 Everything should be organized and departmentalized. 1931 W. Rose Outl. Mod. Knowl. p. xiii, Scientific investigation is thus becoming more departmentalised; each worker finds himself compelled to devote his mind and energies to a more restricted field. 1931 A. L. Rowse Politics & Younger Generation i. 11 The normal continental type of a departmentalized social life. 1933 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVII. 346 In the beginning there was no departmentalisation of flying. The pioneers designed, financed, built, flew, crashed and repaired their own aircraft. 1936 MindKLV. 250 The feeble-minded .. seem to be more departmentalised than normal children. 1940 Economist 27 July 125/1 The ultimate task of linking these ‘Special’ and ‘Registered’ accounts into an organic whole will demand more elastic methods. As a result of this departmentalisation, sterling is rapidly losing the homogeneity which is the hall-mark of a free currency. 1961 Daily Tel. 25 Feb. 8/2 If these negotiations fail, then President de Gaulle will have no alternative but to proceed with his interim plans for Algeria—departmentalisation, and the admission of more Moslems to office. 1962 Listener 5 July 19/2 Professor Haydn was arguing against departmentalization of history, the separate analysis of religious, political, and economic ‘factors’.

departson, var.

departison, Obs., departure.

departure (di'pa:tju3(r)). [a. OF. *departeure, despar teiire:—late L. type *dispartitura, f. disparttre, F. depart-ir to depart: see -ure.] fl. a. Separation, severance, parting. Obs. .] trans. To deprive of the character of a

port; to make no longer a port; to dis-port. 1691 Beverley Mem. Kingd. Christ Constantinoplitan port shall not be de-ported.

deportable (di'postabfa)!), a. [f. Liable deportation. -able.]

DEPOSE

481

to,

or

5

deport v.

punishable

Its

+ by,

1891 Stevenson Vailima Lett. (1895) 100 This intervention would have been a deportable offence. 1957 T. P. Neill Common Good xi. 182/1 No immigrant is admitted if he cannot show that he is not liable to become a public charge, and if he does so within five years, he is automatically deportable.

t de'portate, v. Obs. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L. deportare.] trans. To carry or convey away; = deport v. 5. 1599 tr. Gabelhouer’s Bk. Physicke 172/1 Akornes which the mise have deportatede into their domicilles.

f de'portates, sb. pi.

Obs. rare, [cf. med.L. deportus in same sense (Du Cange), deport des benefices (Cotgr.). For the form cf. annates.] ‘The first fruits, or one yeres reuenue of vacant benefices (due vnto the Prince, Patron, or Prelate)’ (Cotgr.). 1532 Address fr. Convoc. in Strype Eccl. Mem. App. xli, Nothing at al.. should bee exacted in the Court of Rome, by the reason of letters, bulls, seals, annates.. first fruits, or deportates, or by whatsoever other title., they be called.

deportation (diipa'teijan). [ad. L. deportationem, n. of action from deportare to carry off, convey away, transport: see deport v. II. Cf. F. deportation (i5~i6th c. in Hatzf., not in Cotgr.), the modern common use of which has influenced that of the English word.] 1. The action of carrying away; forcible removal, esp. into exile; transportation. 1595 in Cramond Ann. Banff II. 21 Reservand the tua pairt to the present Viccare to his death or deportatione. 1605 G. Powel Refut. Epist. Puritan Papist 112 Banishment .. among the Romanes was 3-fold, Interdiction, Relegation, and Deportation. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts Ezek. i. 2 The first deportation into Babylon. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 15 An Abjuration, which is a Deportation for ever into a foreign Land, was antiently with us, a civil Death, i860 Sat. Rev. X. 510/2 Wholesale deportations to Cayenne. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VI. liv. 443 The mass of the Jewish residents .. had been more than once swept away by general edicts of exile or deportation. 1877 C. Geikie Christ xxxi. (1879) 364 After the deportation of the ten tribes to Assyria.

2. Deportment, pseudo-archaism. 1616 J. Lane Cont. Sqr.'s T. ix. 144 The vulgar admiration Stoode stupified att Horbills deportation.

f depor'tator. Obs. rare, [agent-n. in L. form from L. deportare to deport.] One who deports or transports. 1629 T. Adams Serm. Heb. vi. 8 Wks. 1058 Oppressors, Inclosers, Depopulators, Deportators, Depravators.

deportee (diipos’ti:). [f. deport v. + -ee1.] One who is or has been deported; spec, in Indian use, = DETENU. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 13 Dec. 5/1 One party of fifteen deportees from Constantinople having been massacred. 1909 J. Morley Recoil. (1917) II. 309 The failure to tell the deportee what he is arrested for. 1910 V. Chirol Indian Unrest vii. 99 The grounds on which Government announced the release of these deportees last winter were even more unhappily chosen than the moment for the

announcement. 1914 Morn. Post 3 Feb. 9/4 To intercept the Umgeni and give the deportees an opportunity of returning to their homes. 1920 Glasgow Herald 13 Mar. 9 The Dongola embarked yesterday at Devonport 100 Russian prisoners of war .., 9 Russian deportees, and an escort. 1939 A. Toynbee Study Hist. V. 124 The Milesian deportees were settled at the mouth of the River Tigris. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 6 Mar. 126/3 In that sparsely populated, primitive and depressed region .. the deportees were more or less abandoned to fend for themselves.

deportment (di'pDstmsnt). [a. OF. deportement (mod.F. de-), f. OF. deporter to deport.] 1. Manner of conducting oneself; conduct {of life); behaviour. Obs. or arch, in general sense. 1601 Bp. W. Barlow Defence 206 Heretickes will bee exceeding holy, both in the deportment of their life, and in [etc.] . 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 1255 The honor and the shame that was to ensue unto them, by the different deportment of themselves in this action. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk( 1842) 385 This Antichristian deportment, How unlike it is to the Cariage of Christ’s Apostles. 1719 Young Revenge v. i, She forgives my late deportment to her. 1839 Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. xiii. (1847) 150 Luidhard.. whose saintly deportment reflected a lustre on the faith which he professed.

fb. pi. Obs. (Cf. manners, ways.) 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 499 By his deportments and carriage in all actions. 1665 G. Havers P. della Valle's Trav. E. India 26 The King., was slain for his evil deportments. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. xxiii, He humbled his deportments before her.

2. Referring to merely external manner: Carriage, bearing, demeanour, address. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 150 The bridge was full of women .. many of them in faire deportment unmasqued their faces. 1641 Brome Jov. Crew 1. Wks. 1873 III. 360 Provided your deportment be gentile. 1689 Shadwell Bury F. 11, His air, his mien, his deportment charm’d me so. 1761 Churchill Rosciad Wks. 1767 I. 29 What’s a fine person or a beauteous face, Unless deportment gives them decent grace? 1881 Daily Tel. 27 Dec., In the character of., a dancing-master, in which capacity he gives a comical lesson in deportment.

3. fig. The manner in which a substance acts under particular conditions; ‘behaviour’. 1830 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 38 The identity of their deportment under similar circumstances. 1863 Tyndall Heat v. 146 This is illustrated by the deportment of both ice and bismuth on liquefying.

Hence de'portmented ppl. taught deportment.

a.

(nonce-wd.),

1861 J. Pycroft Agony Point I. 209 Frenched, and musicked, and deportmented.

t deportract, v. Obs. rare. [f. de- (as in next) + portract var. of portrait v.] — next. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. 26 Whose Image was erected in a stately seat, wherein before the Trinitee was deportracted.

fdepor'tray, v. Obs. [f. de- (as in depainty describe) + portray v.] trans. To portray, depict. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. v. vii. §13. 42 The Picture of this British woman here last deportraied.

[deporture. Explained as: Carriage, bearing, deportment. Error for departure. [1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiv. §285. 871/2 Her stately port and majesticall departure.] Quoted in 1775 Gray's Poems 34 note, Her stately port and majestical deporture. Hence in 1864 Webster (citing Speed), and some later Diets.]

deposable (di'p3uz3b(3)l), a. Also 7 -ible. [f. depose v. + -able.] That may be deposed; liable to be deposed. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. ill. 117 Kings.. deposible at the peoples pleasures. 11645 Howell Lett. I. iv. viii, Keepers of the Great Seal, which, for Title and Office, are deposable. 1849 Blackw. Mag. LXVI. 338 One of themselves, elected by themselves, deposable by themselves.

deposal (di'pauzal). Also 5 depoisale, deposayle, -ayll, 6-7 -all. [prob. a. AFr. deposaille, f. deposer to depose: see -al1 5, and cf. disposal.] The act of deposing from office; deposition. 1397 Rolls of Parlt. III. 379/1 It was communed and spoken in manere of deposal of my liege Loord. c 1470 Harding Chron. clvii. iv, By depoisale and playne coronacion. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 405 (Rich. II) It was behovefull and necessary for the weale of the realme to proceede unto the sentence of his deposall. 1631 J. Burges Answ. Rejoined 220 The places voyded by the deposall of inconformable Ministers. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) IX. xiv. i. 7 All the acts of John XXIII till his deposal were the acts of the successor of St. Peter.

fde’pose, sb. Obs. Also 5 depos, Sc. depois. [f. depose t;.]

1. The state of being laid up or committed to some one for safe keeping; custody, keeping, charge; concr. that which is so laid up, a deposit. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 218 For God.. Hath set him but a litel while That he shall regne upon depose. C1430 Lydg. Bochas 11. xxii. (1554) 58 b, The sayd herd .. [and] His wyfe .. This yong child toke in their depos. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 119 Depose, depositum. 1488 Inv. in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) II. 390 The gold and silver, .jowellis and uther stuff .. that he had in depois the tyme of his deceis.

2. Deposition from office or authority. 1559 Ferrers in Mirr. Mag., Rich. II vii, To helpe the Percyes plying my depose.

depose (di'pauz), v. Also 6 Sc. depois. [a. F. depose-r (12th c. in Littre), f. de- I. 1 + poser to place, put down: — Rom. posare = late L. pausare to cease, lie down, lay down, etc.: see pose, repose. Through form-association with inflexions of L. ponere, posui, positum, and contact of sense, this -poser came to be treated as synonymous with OF. -pondre (:—L. ponere) and took its place in the compounds, so that deposer is now used instead of OF. depondre, L. deponere to depose, and associated in idea with deposit, deposition, depositor, etc., which had no original connexion with depose.] 1. trans. To lay down, put down (anything material); to deposit, arch. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. xi. 460 Take leves.. of Citur tree .. And into must.. Depose, and close or faste it closed se. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 223 b, Saynt Peter & Saynt Paule.. by martyrdome deposed there the tabernacles of theyr bodyes. 1621 B. Jonson Gypsies Metamorph., Face of a rose, I pray thee depose Some small piece of silver. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. 33 The ashes of Sacrifices.. were carefully carried out by the Priests, and deposed in a clean field. 1718 Prior Solomon 11. 607 The youthful Band depose their glitt’ring Arms. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) III. vi. iii. 419 A paper which he solemnly deposed on the high altar.

fb. To put, lay, or place (somewhere) for safe keeping; to place or put in some one’s charge. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 18 We must depose and lay foorth ourselues, both bodie, and goods, life, and time .. into the hands of the prince, a 1612 Donne Btadavaros (1644) 108 [Josephus] sayes, our Soule is, par tic ula Dei, and deposed and committed in trust to us. 1750 Carte Hist. Eng. II. 643 [He] left them [writings] in the monastery where they had been deposed.

fc. Of fluids: To deposit (as a sediment). Obs. 1758 Huxham in Phil. Trans. I. 524 The urine was.. turbid, and.. deposed a great deal of lateritious sediment. 1816 Accum Chem. Tests (1818) 246 A blue precipitate will be deposed.

f2. fig. To put away, lay aside (a feeling, quality, character, office, etc.). Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 73 Depose or put from you the olde man .. and be ye renewed in the spiryte of your mynde. 1620 Venner Via Recta vii. 139 Being sodden., they depose all their hurt. 1628 Hobbes Thucyd. 11. lxv, They deposed not their anger till they had fined him in a sum of money. 1677 Govt. Venice 50 The General.. can hardly bring himself to depose an Authority that he can so easily keep.

3. To put down from office or authority; esp. to put down from sovereignty, to dethrone. (The earliest and still the prevailing sense.) CI300 K. Alis. 7822 Theo kyng dude him [ajustise] anon depose, c 1470 Harding Chron. exevi, The parliament then for his misgouernaunce Deposed him [Richard II]. 1535 Coverdale Dan. v. 20 He was deposed from his kyngly trone, and his magesty was taken from him. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 157 The Aldermen that before were deposed, were agayne restored to their wardes and offices. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xl. 254 In deposing the High Priest.. they deposed that peculiar Government of God. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. 10 Mar., The late emperor..was deposed by his brother. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 23 Shortly after the battle of Hastings, Saxon prelates and abbots were violently deposed. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 108 Sir Thomas More .. declared as his opinion that parliament had power to depose kings if it so pleased.

b. gen. To put down, bring down, lower (from a position or estate). Obs. exc. as fig. from prec. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xv. 514 Ri3t so 3e clerkes for 30wre coueityse, ar longe, Shal pei.. 3owre pryde depose. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 77/3, I that am an only sone to my fader and moder I shold depose theyr olde age with heuynes and sorow to helle. 1671 Milton P.R. i. 413 He before had sat Among the prime in splendour, now deposed, Ejected, emptied. 1873 Holland A. Bonnie, xviii. 281, I had never seen Mrs. Belden so thoroughly deposed from her selfpossession.

f4. a. To take away, deprive a person of (authority, etc.); also to remove (a burden or obligation; opp. to impose). Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 200 In sory plite..he lay, The corone on his hede deposed. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, iv. i. 192 You may my Glories and my state depose, But not my Griefes, still am I King of those. 1617 Moryson Itin. iii. iv. iii. 195 Princes know well to impose exactions, and know not how to depose them.

fb. To divest, deprive, dispossess (a person of something that enhances). Obs. 1558 Knox First Blast (Arb.) 29 If a king shulde depose himself of his diademe or crowne and royal estat. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] tr. Hist. Ivstine 98 a, He was content to depose him[self] of such a trouble as to be a soueraigne. 1649 Lovelace Poems 10 Depose your finger of that Ring, And Crowne mine with’t awhile. 1681 Nevile Plato Rediv. 257 It would be very preposterous to believe, that the Peers would depose themselves of their Hereditary Rights.

5. To testify, bear witness; to testify to, attest; esp. to give evidence upon oath in a court of law, to make a deposition. a. techn. (a) trans. with simple obj. (usually pro¬ nominal). ? 01500 Chester PI. (Shaks. Soc.) 219 And blynde was borne undowtedlye And that we will depose. 1566 in Peacock Eng. Ch. Furniture 43 And that we will depose vpon a book. 01626 Bacon (J.), To depose the yearly rent or valuation of lands. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vii. 340 Each much deposes; hear them in their turn. 1873 Browning Red Cott.

DEPOSED Nt.-cap 1347 And what discretion proved, I find deposed At Vire, confirmed by his own words.

(b) with obj. clause (or obj. and infitt.). 1562 Child-Marriages (E.E.T.S.) 106 They cold not depose her to be of honest name. 1602 T. Fitzherbert Apol. 20 a, [He] offred to depose that he knew that one of the prisoners .. was otherwhere then was sayd in his inditement. 01715 Burnet Own Time II. 396 The earls of Clare, Anglesey and some others.. deposed what Lord Howard had said. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 236 The workman .. deposed, that he carried the .. Vase .. to the furnace. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 231 It was deposed that La Barre and D’Etallonde had passed within thirty yards of the sacred procession without removing their hats.

(c) intr. (for or against a person, to (tfor) or against a thing or fact.) c 1400 [see deposing vbl. sb. 2.] 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 1 Other witnes .. of as good .. credence as those be whiche deposed against them, a 1569 Kingesmyll Man's Est. xi. (1580) 74 Pilate could not but thus depose for his innocence, saying, I finde no faulte in hym. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 1. ii. 26 Then seeing ’twas he that made you to depose, Your Oath..is vaine. 1623 T. Scot Highw. God 57 The honest Heathen or Turke, for whose truth the Christian dares depose. 1841 D’Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 416 He dreaded lest the spectators of his dexterity should depose against his own witchcraft. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell M. Barton xix, The shot, the finding of the body, the subsequent discovery of the gun, were rapidly deposed to. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Hallib. hi. x, He deposed to having fastened up the house at eleven o’clock.

b. gen. To testify, bear witness, affirm, assert. 1529 More Dyaloge hi. Wks. 211/2 Than should either the newe proues depose the same that the other did before, or els thei shoulde depose the contrary. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. Pref. A b, [I] have knowne the Author from both our infancies, and.. can depose in what fashion he effecteth his labours. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. 11 We shall not with Epigenes in Pliny, depose that this Art had its being from Eternity. 01840 J. H. Newman Paroch. Serm. Rom. iv. 23 When our memory deposes otherwise.

fc. To promise formally upon oath; to swear (to do something). Obs. 1610 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 122 You shall depose to be true liege man unto the Queene’s Majestie.

f6. causally. To examine on oath, to evidence or deposition of; to cite as a call to give evidence. (Cf. to swear a pass. To give evidence, testify, bear Obs.

DEPOSIT

482

take the witness, witness.) witness.

1562 Act 5 Eliz. c. 9 §5 No Person .. so convicted .. to be .. received as a Witness to be deposed and sworn in any Court. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, i. iii. 30. 1623 Massinger Dk. Milan iv. i, Grant thou hadst a thousand witnesses To be deposed they heard it. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. xxxvi. (1647) 225 S. Cyprian is the man whom I would choose .. to depose in this cause. 1721 Strype Eccl. Mem. II. ix. 69 The said bishop got leave for certain of the clergy to be deposed on his behalf.

|7. To set, put, or lay down in writing. Obs. 1668 Excellency of Pen & Pencil Aiij, This little Tract.. where the requisites for Limning in Water-Colours are deposed., the Colours particularly nominated [etc.]. 1698 Phil. Trans. XX. 287, I put here the Differences by me computed.. and deposed according to the Order of the Excesses.

deposed (di'pauzd), ppl. a. [f. depose v. -ED1.] Put down from office or authority.

+

1552 Huloet, Deposed, abactus, depositus, depulsus. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 124 A deposed tyrant. 1864 Burton Scot Abr. I. ii. 100 The families who had lost their estates adhered to the old title with the mournful pride of deposed monarchs.

deposer (di'p9oz9(r)). [f. depose v. + -er1.] 1. One who deposes or puts down another from office or authority. 1639 R. Baillie Let. in Macdonald Covenanters Moray & Ross (1875) I. 23 A deposer of godly ministers. 1699 Bentley Phal. 45 One of Phalaris’s Deposers.

2. One who deposes or makes a statement on oath; a deponent. 1581 State Trials, E. Champion (R.), To be duly examined .. whether they be true and their deposers of credit.

deposing (di'psuznj), vbl. sb. [-ing1.] action of the verb depose; deposition. 1. Putting down from authority.

The

1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxliii. (1482) 283 After the deposynge of kyng Rychard. 1548 Hall Chron. 15 When newes of kyng Richardes deposyng were reported, c 1630 Risdon Surv. Devon §68 (1810) 65 The deposing of the lord mayor. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xiv. 100 The deposing of kings was branded as the worst birth of popery and fanaticism. attrib. 1662 Jesuit's Reasons (1675) 117 The Popes deposing power. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. iii. 147 A few.. disclaimed the deposing power of the Roman see.

2. Giving testimony on oath. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 60 Noyper J?e deposing of pe witnes, nor pe sentens 3euing of pe juge, be it self makip a J?ing ri3tful. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong., Deposition de tesmoings, a deposing of witnesses.

deposit (di'pozit), sb. Also 7-9 deposite. [ad. L. depositum, that which is put down, anything deposited or committed for safe keeping, a deposit, sb. use of neuter of depositus, pa. pple. of deponere-. see depone, depose.] 1. a. Something laid up in a place, or committed to the charge of a person, for safe keeping. Also fig. a 1660 Hammond Wks. II. 1. 677 (R.) It seems your church is not so faithful a guardian of her deposit. 1759

Robertson Hist. Scott. I. v. 332 To bring him this precious deposite [the casket containing Q. Mary's letters]. 1806 A. Duncan Nelson’s Fun. 22 The.. barge contained the sacred deposit of the body. 1865 Seeley Ecce Homo ii. (ed. 8) 12 He declines to use for his own convenience what he regards as a sacred deposit committed to him for the good of others.

b. spec. A sum of money deposited in a bank usually at interest. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) II. 1. vii. 35 No coin or specie .. is paid out again, unless in cases of deposites. 1855 Hist. Eng. IV. 493 The bank of Saint George.. had begun to receive deposits and to make loans before Columbus had crossed the Atlantic. 1887 Spectator 3 Sept. 1177 The increase of 40 per cent, in Savings-Banks’ deposits. Macaulay

c. Something, usually a sum of money, committed to another person’s charge as a pledge for the performance of some contract, in part payment of a thing purchased, etc. 1737 Common Sense (1738) I. 151 What is not subject to Chance is foreign to a Lottery; it is a mere useless Deposite. 1766 Entick London IV. 262 The conditions of insurance are 2s. per cent, premium, and 10s. deposit on brick houses. 1771 Cumberland West Ind. iii. iii, Not.. necessary to place a deposit in my hands for so trifling a sum. 1818 M. Birkbeck Journ. Amer. 37 With this they may pay the first deposit on farms of eighty or a hundred acres. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law vii. 42 Where the deposit is considerable, and it is probable that the purchase may not be completed for a long time.

2. The state of being deposited or placed in safe keeping; in phr. on, upon (f in) deposit. 1624 Bacon Consid. war with Spain, They had the other day the Valtoline, and now have put it in deposite. 1701 C. Lyttelton in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. IV. 220 The king’s body is here at the English Benedictines in deposit, there to be kept.. till they can have an opportunity to send him to Westminster to be buried. 1866 Crump Banking i. 19 No interest being allowed by [the Bank of England] for money that is placed there upon deposit. 1883 Times 10 July 4 The sum to be paid into Court, and invested or placed on deposit for the benefit of the infant.

3. Something deposited, laid or thrown down; a mass or layer of matter that has subsided or been precipitated from a fluid medium, or has collected in one place by any natural process. In Geol., any mass of material deposited by aqueous agency, or precipitated from solution by chemical action. In Mining, an accumulation of ore, esp. of a somewhat casual character, as when occurring in ‘pockets’. In Electro-plating Gf Electro-typing, the film of metal deposited by galvanic action upon the exposed ground or surface. 1781 Cowper Charity 249 The swell of pity .. throws the golden sands, A rich deposit, on the bordering lands. 1794 Kirwan Min. I. 469 We now recur to the dried deposite. 1836 Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. vi. 80 Covered with recent deposites of sandstone, clay, and gypsum. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 32 A membrane laden with deposits of fat. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 39 The rich brown deposit of the Nile. Mod. Rich deposits of gold found in South Africa.

4. The act of depositing, laying down, placing in safe keeping, etc.: cf. prec. senses, and various senses of deposit v. 01773 Chesterf. Wks. (1779) IV. App. 50 My solemn deposit of the truth. 1794 Ld. Auckland Corr. (1862) III. 273 For the deposit of all kinds of.. merchandise and effects. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 151 A deposit of white powder soon takes place. 1841 Catlin N. Amer. Ind. (1844) I. xii. 89 This cemetery or place of deposite for the dead. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Deposit., a naked bailment of goods to be kept for the bailor without recompence, and to be returned when the bailor shall require it. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot., Depositation or Deposit, is a contract, by which a subject, belonging to one person, is intrusted to the gratuitous custody of another, to be re-delivered on demand.

5. A place where things are deposited or stored; a depository, a depot. (Chiefly U.S.) 1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. xii. (1840) I. 194 After I had thus secured one part of my little living stock, I went about.. searching for another private place, to make such another deposit. 1783 J. Huntington in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) IV. 27 A safe deposit where every military article may be kept in good order and repair. 1786 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 61 The advantages of Alexandria, as the principal deposit of the fur trade. 1808 A. Parsons Trav. x. 207 It is the great magazine or deposit for the goods which they bring from those parts. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. II. 60 The Church of Santa Croce, the great monumental deposit of Florentine worthies.

6. attrib. and Comb., as deposit account, -house, -money, -warrant (see quots.); (sense 3) deposit bed, gold, mine-, deposit-receipt, a receipt for anything deposited, spec, one given by a banker for money deposited with him at a specified rate of interest for a fixed time. 1795 Southey Lett.fr. Spain (1808) II. 216 The bodies soon after death are placed in a deposit-house. 1822 T. Mitchell Aristoph. II. 129 The losing party also being obliged, beside the payment of other charges, to restore the deposit-money to his adversary. 1833 H. Barnard in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1918) XIII. 346, I.. hired a horse for 50 cents to go down to see the deposite mines, which are spread over the whole country. 1849 C. Lanman Lett, from Alleghany Mts. i. 11 Heretofore the gold ore of Lumpkin county has been obtained from what is called the deposit beds. Ibid. 17 The deposit gold is extracted from the gravel by means of a simple machine called a rocker. 1851 C. Cist Cincinnati 89 Their average deposit account during that period was about eight hundred thousand dollars. 1866 Crump Banking iii. 77 Deposit accounts .. are sums placed at stated rates of interest with a bank, for which receipts are given, called deposit receipts. 1893 Bithell Counting-house Diet., Deposit Warrant, an acknowledgement, receipt, or certificate showing that certain commodities have been

deposited in a certain place for safe keeping, as security for a loan, or some other defined purp°se- a *®95 Mod. The deposit-receipt was returned for re-enfacement.

deposit (di'pozit), v. Also 7 deposite. [a. obs. F. depositer ‘to lay downe as a gage.. to commit vnto the keeping or trust of (Cotgr.); ad. med.L. depositore to deposit, freq. of L. deponere, used in med.L. to represent OF. deposer.] 1. trans. To lay, put, or set down; to place in a more or less permanent position of rest. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xii. x, He deposited his reckoning.. mounted, and set forwards towards Coventry. 1833 L. Ritchie Wand, by Loire 196 We deposit our person in the stern of a little boat. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. (1872) I. 2 At Folkestone we were deposited at a railway station. 1891 Law Reports Weekly Notes 120/1 The defendants.. damaged the plaintiff’s land by depositing thereon dredgings from the river.

b. To lay (eggs). 1692 Bentley Boyle Led. iv, He .. observed that no other species were produced, but of such as he saw go in and deposit their eggs there. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 322 She flies to some neighbouring pool, where she deposites her eggs. 1797-1804 Bewick Brit. Birds (1847) I. 268 The author could never find the egg of the Cuckoo deposited in any nest but in that of a Lark. 1834 McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 334 These Insects.. deposit in the ground a great number of eggs.

c. Said of the laying down of substances held in solution, and of similar operations wrought by natural agencies: to form as a natural deposit. 1671 Grew Anat. Plants 1. i. §48 (1682) 10 The greater and grosser part of the Sap may be.. deposited into those [leaves]. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. I. 54 The vapours., depositing.. a slimy substance mixed with sulphur and salts. 187I Huxley Physiogr. 53 The evaporation of any dew that may have been deposited. Ibid. 143 [The water] deposits more or less of the matter which it holds in suspension. fig. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. 11. vii. 302 Society, as it refines, deposits this [grossness] among its other impurities. 1877 L. Tollemache in Fortn. Rev. Dec. 855 A myth [may be] deposited from a misunderstood text.

d. intr. To be laid down or precipitated, to settle, rare. [In its origin app. like ‘the house is building’ (for 0building) = ‘being built’.] 1831 Brewster Nat. Magic vi. (1833) 155 Moisture might be depositing in a stratum of one density. 1845 Darwin Voy. Nat. vi. (1873) 109 When the great calcareous formation was depositing beneath the surrounding sea. 1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts I. 198/2 When no more silver deposits on the copper, the operation is completed.

f 2.fig. {trans.) To lay aside, put away, give up; to lay down (one’s life, etc.). Obs. 1646 Sir J. Temple Irish Rebell. 14 Animosities.. seemed now to be quite deposited and buried in a firm conglutination of their affections. 1682 Address from Barnstaple in Lond. Gaz. No. 1712/4 We are so far from any thought of.. impairing.. the Grandeur of this .. Monarchy, that we will rather deposite our Lives in aggrandizing it. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones 1. x, Though., his countenance, as well as his air and voice, had much of roughness in it, yet he could at any time deposite this, and appear all gentleness and good-humour. 1804 Miniature No. 21 If 3 When stripped of the buskin, he necessarily deposits his dignity.

3. To place in some repository, to commit to the charge of any one, for safe keeping; spec, to place (money) in a bank at interest. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 277 [He] had.. deposited his wife in the hands of that most vertuous Princesse, the Cardinall Infanta. 1735 Berkeley Querist §44 The silver supposed to be deposited in the bank. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 365 Into this island, in times of danger, the inhabitants deposited their most valuable effects, to secure them from plunder. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 190 The Egyptian stone relic deposited in the British Museum. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. xxiii, Fred had taken the wise step of depositing the eighty pounds with his mother.

b. To place in the hands of another as a pledge for the performance of some contract, in part payment of a purchase, etc. 1624 Massinger Pari. Love 11. i, Let us to a notary, Draw the conditions, see the crowns deposited. 1687 in Scott Peveril xi. note, Euery person that puts in either horse, mair, or gelding, shall.. depositt the sume of fiue shill, apiece. 1714 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett, to W. Montagu (1887) I. 89 The best way, to deposit a certain sum in some friend’s hands, and buy some little Cornish borough. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) II. 70 In making agreement for hire of cattle the money was required to be deposited.

C- fig. 1634 ‘E. Knott’ Chanty Maintained ii. §24 The Apostles have .. deposited in her [the Church], as in a rich storehouse, all things belonging to truth. 1671 Milton Samson 429 To violate the sacred trust of silence Deposited within thee. 1739 Butler Serm. Matt. xxiv. 14 Christianity is.. a trust, deposited with us in behalf of others .. as well as for our own instruction. 1837 J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (ed. 3) I. ix. 136 You will be depositing your good feelings into your heart, and they will spring up into fruit.

fd. To commit, entrust (to a person). Obs. rare. I733 Swift Advice Freemen Dublin, Some employments are still deposited to persons born here.

4. absol. To make or pay a deposit, rare. 1799 Piece of Fam. Biog. III. 102 He bid, ’twas knock’d down to him, he deposited, and it was sent home.

Hence de'posited ppl. a., depositing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety xix. |f 3 The greater difficulty will be, to perswade the depositing of those lusts, a 1693

DEPOSIT

Circ. Sc. I. 215/2 The depositing vessels [in electro-plating] are made of various materials.

deposit, obs. Sc. form of deposed

(depose v.).

depositable (di'pDzit3b(3)l), a. rare. [f. deposit v. -able.] That may be deposited. 1807 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. V. 196 Notes at hand at a long date, which, if not negotiable, are depositable.

depositary (di'pDzitan), sb. (ad. L. depositari-us one who receives or makes a deposit, F. depositaire (i4-i_5th c. in Hatzf.); f. L. depositppl. stem of deponere (depone, depose): see -ary1. Often confounded with depository, when that is used of a person, or this of a thing.] 1. A person with whom anything is lodged in trust; a trustee; one to whom anything (material or immaterial) is committed or confided. In Law, a bailee of personal property, to be kept by him for the bailor without recompense. 1605 Shaks. Lear n. iv. 254,1 gaue you all.. Made you my Guardians, my Depositaries. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 495 If 10 They [Jews]., are the Depositaries of these.. Prophecies. 1772 Junius Lett. Ded., I am the sole depositary of my own secret, and it shall perish with me. 1850 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. Introd. (1863) 17 The Evangelists and Apostles are still enthroned as the depositaries of truth. 1853 C. Bronte Villette xviii, I have never been the depositary of her plans and secrets. 1864 H. Ainsworth John Lam 1. iv, Voisin was induced .. to deliver up the codicil to the king’s will, of which he was the depositary.

2. A place or receptacle in which something is deposited; = depository i. Enquirer 1. v. 31 Books are the depositary of every thing that is most honourable to man. i860 Maury Phys. Geog. Sea §466 The ocean then is the great depositary of everything that water can dissolve and carry down from the surface of the continents. 1871 H. Ainsworth Tower Hill 11. x, Used.. as a depositary for State records. 1797 Godwin

depositary, a. rare. [f. deposit sb. + -ary1.] 1. Geol. Belonging to or of the nature of a deposit. [Cf. sedimentary.] 1839 Murchison Silur. Svst. 1. xx. 259 Before the beds entirely recover their natural depositary characters. Ibid. 1. xxxv. 468 The other trap rocks of this district, instead of having a depositary character, have all been intruded.

2. Receiving deposits: said of a bank. 1886 Rept. Sec. of Treasury 88 (Cent. Diet.) A number of failures have taken place among the depositary banks.

t de'positate, ppl. a. Sc. Obs. [ad. med.L. depositat-us, pa. pple. of depositore.] Deposited. 1723 Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 86 His corpse is depositate within. 1756 Mrs. Calderwood Jrnl. (1884) 298 The skilling being first depositate in a neutrall person’s hand. f depositate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of med.L. depositdre to deposit; or f. obs. F. depositer: see -ATE3 7.] = DEPOSIT V. 1618 Naunton in Fortescue Papers 65 What teares and complaints he depositated in my bosome. 1650 Howell Masaniello 1. 102 All the furniture and goods that were there depositated. 1782 A. Monro Anat. 13 The Marrow is., depositated in these cells.

depositation action

f.

DEPOSITUM

483

Urquhart Rabelais in. xxxiv. 285 That deposited Box. 1842 H. Miller O.R. Sandst. xiv. 301 The transporting and depositing agents. 1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 420 Based upon a deposited substratum of rock, c 1865 G. Gore in

(dipDzi'teiJan). Chiefly Sc. [n. of med.L. depositdre to deposit: see The action of depositing; a deposit.

-ATION.] 1622 Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 316 Forbidding any execution, depositation of moneys, or other courses of justice to be done thereupon. 1707 Invent. R. War dr. (1815) 331 (Jam.) The delivery of the Regalia of Scotland by the Earl Marischal, and their depositation in.. the castle of Edinburgh. 1754 Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 288 Depositation is a contract, by which one who has the custody of a thing committed to him (the depositary), is obliged to restore it to the depositor. 1806 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. III. 205 A spontaneous depositation of ochre. 1833 Act 3-4 Will. IV, c. 46 §82 To deposit the same with the procurator fiscal.. who shall.. grant a certificate of such depositation. 1847 Ld. Cockburn Jrnl. II. 167 No such stream can pass through the soil of a good mind without enriching it by its depositations. 1861 [see deposit sb. 4].

depositee (di.pozi'ti:).

[f. deposit v. + -ee: correlative to depositor.] A person with whom something is deposited or placed in charge. 1676-7 Hale Contempl. 1. (1689) 165 Thou art but an accountant, a steward, the Depositee of what thou hast received. 1891 Law Times' Rep. LXIII. 693/2 The deposit of this lease gave the depositee a right to its possession.

deposition (diipsu'zijsn, dsp-). Also 5 -ycion, 5-7 -icion, 6 -icyon. [a. OF. deposition, also desp(12th c. in Hatzf.), ad. L. deposition-em, n. of action from deponere: see depose. Used as the noun of action from depone, depose, and deposit.] I. The action of putting down or deposing. 1. The taking down of the body of Christ from the cross; a representation of this in art. [Cf. L. deponere in Vulgate, Mk. xv. 46, Luke xxiii. 53.] 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 206b, The maner of.. his deposicyon or takynge downe from the crosse. 1848 Mrs. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 217 In the Descent or Deposition from the cross, and in the Entombment, Mary Magdalene is generally conspicuous. 1859 Jephson Brittany viii. 118 The figures.. represent the Judgment of Pilate, the

Bearing the Cross, the Deposition, the Entombment, the Resurrection.

12. The action of laying down, laying aside, or putting away (e.g. a burden); usually fig. Obs. 1577 Fulke Confut. Purg. 116 The day of Christian mens death is the deposition of paine. 1615 Hieron Wks. I. 653 As it were, the quitting himselfe of a burthen, by the deposition whereof the soule is after a sort eased and lightened. 1616 Chapman Hymne to Apollo 43 Why sit ye here.. nor deposition make Of navall arms? 1748 Hartley Observ. Man 11. iv. 402 The Soul is reduced to a state of Inactivity by the Deposition of the gross Body.

13. Surg. ‘Old term for the depressing of the lens in the operation of couching’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). Obs. 4. The action of deposing or putting down from a position of dignity or authority; degradation, dethronement. *399 Rolls of Parlt. III. 452/1 If [they] evere be adheraunt to Richard that was Kyng and is deposed, in counsel, helpe, or comfort agayns that deposition. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I . 283 After the deposicion of kynge Hildericus. 1548 Hall Chron. Introd. 8 To resigne.. all the homages and fealties dewe to him as kyng.. But er this deposicion was executed [etc.]. 1660 R. Coke Power Subj. 150 Henry the Fourth his unjust usurpation, and deposition of.. Richard the Second. 1726 Ayliffe Par ergon 206 The word Deposition properly signifies a solemn depriving of a Man of his Clerical Orders by the way of a Sentence. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xv. 287 Kings are said to find the step a short one from deposition to the scaffold.

5. The giving of testimony upon oath in a court of law, or the testimony so given; spec, a statement in answer to interrogatories, constituting evidence, taken down in writing to be read in court as a substitute for the production of the witness. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vn. 334 Mychaell Tony..was, by deposycion of the aldermen, founde gylty in the sayde cryme of perjury. 1562 Act 5 Eliz. c. 9 §6 If any Person .. commit .. Perjury, by his .. Deposition in any of the Courts. 1633 T. Stafford Pac. Hib. i. (1821) 24 As well by deposition of witnesses as by all other kinde of proofes. 1726 Ayliffe Par ergon 149 A witness is obliged to swear pro forma, otherwise his Deposition is not valid without an Oath. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. s.v., It is a.. rule at common law, that when the witness himself may be produced, his deposition cannot be read, for it is not the best evidence. 1863 H. Cox Instit. 11. x. 544 The statements of the witnesses are reduced to writing, and are then termed depositions.

b. transf. and fig. Testimony, statement (esp. of formal character). c. Allegation (of something). 1587 Golding De Mornay Pref. 9 Others whose depositions or rather oppositions against vs, I thinke men wil wonder at. 1648 W. Mountague Devout Ess. ix. ii, The influence of Princes upon the disposition of their Courts, needs not the deposition of examples. 1699 Bentley Phal. Pref. 13,1 will give a clear and full Answer to every part of their Depositions. 1885 J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. II. 9 The depositions of consciousness on this matter.

II. The action of depositing. 6. The action of depositing, laying down, or

placing in a more or less permanent or final position; spec, interment [med.L. depositio in liturgical language], or placing of a saint’s body or relics in a new resting-place. 1659 Vulgar Err. Censured 78 True Christians .. allow that which Christ hath redeemed a civill deposition, a decent Repose. Adam had a worthy Sepulchre. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. § 167 After being wrought, to be returned to its place of deposition. 1833 Whewell Astron. i. 27 The ripening of the seed, its proper deposition in order for the reproduction of a new plant. 1875 W. Houghton Sk. Brit. Insects 130 The deposition of the eggs by these insect cuckoos. [1894 j. T. Fowler Adamnan Intr. xlv, The depositio or burial being in these cases commemorated rather than the natalis or birthday to the future life.]

7. The placing of something in a repository, or in charge of a person, for safe keeping; cotter, a deposit.

depositive (di'pDzitiv), a. [f. deposit v. (or its L. etymon) + -ive. Cf. OF. depositif in similar sense.] Having the quality of depositing, tending to deposit. In Path, see quot. 1857 Dunglison Med. Lex. 286 Depositive.. an epithet used by Mr. Erasmus Wilson to express that condition of the membrane in which plastic lymph is exuded into the tissue of the derma.

depositor (di'pDzita(r)). [In form = L. depositor, agent-n. from L. deponere (depone, depose); but taken as agent-n. from deposit v.: so mod.F. depositeur, connected in sense with depot deposit.] 1. One who deposes. f 1. One who makes a deposition, a deponent. 1565 Sir T. Smith Commm. Eng. (1623) 196 That all men may hear from the mouth of the depositors and witnesses what is said.

II. One who or that which deposits.

2. One who deposits or places something in charge of another; spec, one who deposits money in a bank. 1624 T. Scott Votivae Angliae 26 Bavaria is but Spaines Depositor, and the King of Spayne, Bavaria’s Patrone and protector. 1781 Sir W. Jones Law of Bailments Wks. 1799 VI. 679 A depositor shall carefully enquire into the character of his intended depositary. 1832 Examiner 551/2 All persons were entitled to become depositors of goods. 1835 Penny Cycl. III. 385/2 Where a depositor has.. a drawing account, the balance is struck every six months. 1880 Muirhead Gaius Digest 486 The deposit still left the legal possession in the depositor, the depositary being merely his agent in possessing.

3. a. An apparatus for depositing some substance, b. A workman who coats articles with silver in electro-plating. 1834 Brit. Husb. I. 264 A ‘depositor’, which consists merely of an addition to the coulter of any common plough by wings fixed in the beam. C1865 G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 216/1 The depositor should provide a large number of pieces of copper wire .. for suspending the .. articles to be coated.

III. |4. One in whose hand something is deposited; = depositary^. i. Obs. 1604 E. Grimstone Hist. Siege Ostend 145 That the sayd goods be put into the hands of the depositor of the armie.

depository (di’pozitari). [f. (or on the same type as) med.L. depositorium, f. ppl. stem deposit- or agent-n. depositor-em: see -ory.] 1. A place or receptacle in which things are deposited or placed for safe keeping; a storehouse, a repository. 1750 Beawes Lex Mercat. (1752) 5 Alexandria.. the depository of all merchandizes from the East and West. 1840 H. Ainsworth Tower of London 11. x, The Jewel Tower..the depository of the Regalia. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law xx. 158 The Act.. directs that convenient depositories shall be provided .. for all such wills .. as shall be deposited therein for safe custody. fig. 1841 Myers Cath. Th. hi. §1. 2 [The Bible] is..a Providential Depository of certain Revelations of truth and duty which have been made at sundry times.

2. A person (a body of persons, or a thing personified) to whom something is committed for safe keeping; usually fig. (with reference to immaterial things); = depositary sb. i. 1656 Hammond Answ. to Schism disarmed vii. ii. f3lf we hold these doctrines deposited in the Church.. we must hold .. that the depository is so trusty, as it cannot deceive us. 1779 Johnson Lett. Mrs. Thrale 8 Nov., I think well of her judgment in chusing you to be the depository of her troubles. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VI. liv. 456 The pretensions advanced .. for the Roman Church .. to be the sole depository of all moral principles and practice. 1878 S. Cox Salv. Mundi viii. (ed. 3) 174 Even in those early days when one man, one family, one nation were successively chosen to be the depositories of Divine Truth.

1592 West 1st Pt. Symbol., §16 A, Deposition is a Contract reall in which a thing moueable is freelie giuen to be kept, that the selfe same thing be restored whensoeuer it shall please him that so leaueth it. 1651 C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. 1. 140 The depositions committed to the Churches trust. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1817) 111. 279 Every fresh deposition [in a savings bank]. 8. The process of depositing or fact of being

II depositum (di'pDzitsm). Obs. PI. -a, -ums. [L. depositum’, sb. use of neuter pa. pple. of deponere to lay down: see depone, deposit.] 1. Something placed in a person’s charge or laid up in a place for safe keeping; = deposit sb. 1. a. lit.

deposited by natural agency; precipitation.

1592 West 1st Pt. Symbol. §i6B, The thing left is called Receptum, Commendatum or depositum. 1617 Collins Def. Bp. Ely 81 Two depositums of like nature. 1669 Woodhead St. Teresa 11. 272 She.. had foretold of a certain Depositum, that was to be reserved in that place; and the event following declared her meaning concerning her Body. 1673 Lady's Call. 11. §1 JP 2. 57 Testaments and other depositums of the greatest trust were usually committed to their custody. 1745 A. Butler Lives of Saints (1836) I. 527 She was to give to God an account of the least farthing of what was intrusted as a depositum in her hands.

1799 Kirwan Geol. Ess. 11 The crystallization, precipitation, and deposition of these solids. 1830 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 11. vi. (1851) 162 A deposition of dew presently begins. 1880 A. R. Wallace Isl. Life 214 The average rate of Deposition of the Sedimentary Rocks.

b. The result of this precipitate, sediment.

process;

a

deposit,

1797 M. Baillie Morb. Anat. (1807) 450, I have found [the pineal] gland without any deposition of earthy matter. 1831 Brewster Optics xiii. in A common pane of crown glass.. that has on its surface a fine deposition of moisture. 1867 J. Hogg Microsc. 1. ii. 133 The symmetrical and figurate depositions of siliceous crystals.

depositional (.diips'zifanal), a. [f. deposition 8 + -al.] Of, relating to, or caused by deposition. 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. XVI. 461 Subordinate or local systems of crust-strains.. are concentrated along old depositional and structural limits. 1902 [see aggrade v.]. 1967 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 120 Finer material is moved by longshore drift and currents to build up such depositional features as tombolos on the lee shore.

b. fig. of immaterial things: esp. of the faith or doctrine committed to the keeping of the Church. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) 1 Tim. vi. 20 O Timothee, keepe the depositum [Vulg. custodi depositum]. 1583 Fulke Defence xxi. 569 Affected novelties of terms, such as neither English nor Christian ears ever heard in the English tongue: Scandal, prepuce, neophyte, depositum, gratis, parasceve, paraclete. 1642 Rogers Naaman To Rdr., Unto whose hands, the great depositum of Truth is put. 1656 Hammond Answ. to Schism disarmed viii. ii. § 1 That depositum .. that the Apostles thus deposited in all Churches, the several articles of the Apostolick faith or Creed. 01711 Ken Dedicat. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 7 And rather dye glad Martyrs at the Stake, Than the

DEPOSITURE Depositum he left, forsake. 1732 Stackhouse Hist. Bible (1767) III. v. iii. 348 His life was a sacred depositum of God’s.

2. Something given as a pledge; = deposit sb. 1 c. Depositum, a pledge. 1711 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) VI. 704 To pay down.. half of that as a depositum for the remaining parts. 1623 Cockeram,

3. A place where things are deposited or stored; a depot, depository, ‘storehouse’ (lit. and fig-)Diary 19 Nov., Towards the lower end of the church.. is the depositum and statue of the Countess Matilda. 1646 J. Hall Horse Vac. 78 It is a fit depositum of knowledge. 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour II. 227 By means of these famous fairs, Leipsic is the depositum of a great part of the merchandize of Europe and the Indies. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog: I. iv, The .. most complete depositum of facts relating to the history of America, to be found in the United States. 1644 Evelyn

depositure (di'pDzitjud(r)). rare. [In form corresp. to a L. type *depositura, f. ppl. stem of deponere (depone, depose); in sense associated with deposit vb.: see -ure.] The action of depositing or placing. 1635 Jackson Creed vm. xxxiii. Wks. VIII. 179 The interring or depositure of his body in the .. sepulchre. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Introd., By precious embalments, Depositure in dry Earths. 1884 Rogers Soc. Life Scotl. II. x. 16 The depositure of the national records in the Register House.

fde'post, depoost. Obs. [a. Of. depost (14th c. in Littre and Hatzf.), mod.F. depot, ad. L. depositum: see above.] An earlier equivalent of deposit sb. sense 1. 1382 Wyclif 1 Tim. vi. 20 Thou Tymothe kepe the depoost, or thing bitakun to thee. -2 Tim. i. 12, I woot to whom I haue bileuyd, and I am certeyn for he is my3ti for to kepe my depoost, or thing putt in keping. 1735 Dyche & Pardon, Depost or Depositum [ed. 3, Deposit].

fde'posure. Obs. rare. [f. deposed. 4- -ure: cf. composure, exposure.] The action of deposing from office; = deposition 4. C1630 Drumm. of Hawth. Mem. State Wks. (1711) 130 After the deposure of king Richard II. 1648 Fairfax, etc. Remonstrance 28 An utter rejection, expulsion, and deposure .. of his whole race.

depot ('depsu, di'pau, 'diipau). Also depot, depot, [a. F. depot (depo), in OF. depost (14th c. in Littre and Hatzf.), (= It., Sp. deposito), ad. L. depositum: see depositum, deposit, depost, all forms of the same word. As in the case of other words from modern French, the pronunciation varies widely. The French (depo), with short e and 0 and undefined stress, is foreign to English habits of utterance. The earlier English rendering, as shown by the dictionaries down to 1860-70, was, according to the French historical stress and quantity, or the English conception of it (cf. bureau, chateau, Tussaud), (dii'pso), or, with a conscious effort to reproduce the first vowel in French, (dei'pso); these pronunciations were (1895) still heard, but the stress is now more usually on the first syllable, and the quantity of the 0 doubtful, giving ('dspao, ’diipso), in England, ('diipao, ’deipso), in U.S. (where the word is much more in popular use, and ('dirpDt, dii'pDt), are mentioned by Longfellow, Lowell, etc., as popular vulgarisms). The form ('depaoj comes as near the French (depo) as English analogies admit. The earlier Eng. spelling omitted the accent-marks, and this is now usual; the spelling depot belongs especially to the pronunciation (dii'pau); the actual F. spelling depot goes together with the attempt to pronounce as in French.]

f 1. The act of depositing; deposit, deposition. Obs. rare. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. I. 72 Some [mountains] have.. been formed by successive depots in the sea.

f2. A deposit or collection (of matter, supplies, etc.); = deposit sb. 3, 1. Obs. 1835 Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. xxxvii. 513 To fetch a third depot of fish. 1850 W. B. Clarke Wreck Favorite 133 The nelleys had discovered our depot of blubber and had eaten a portion of it.

3. Mil. a. A place where military stores are deposited, b. The head-quarters of a regiment, where supplies are received and whence they are distributed, c. A station where recruits are assembled and drilled, and where soldiers who cannot join their regiments remain, d. attrib. Applied to a portion of a regiment which remains at home when the rest are on foreign service. 1798 Beresford in Ld. Auckland's Corr. III. 412 Large quantities of arms are in their possession. Dublin is the great depot. 1812 W. C. in Examiner 25 May 334/2 Barracks and Military Depots are building. 1844 Regul. Ord. Army 80 By the continual transit of Officers between the Service and Depot Companies. 1853 Stocqueler Milit. Encycl. s.v., Regiments embarking for India usually leave one company at home, for the purpose of recruiting, which is called the depot company. 1859 Musketry Instr. 85 When men leave a depot battalion to join the service companies. 1861 Swinhoe N. China Camp. 7 The island [of Chusan].. from its central position, would form a good depot for troops.

e. A place of confinement for prisoners of war. The name used both in France and England during the War with Napoleon. 1806 J. Forbes Lett. fr. France I. 231 Prisoners of war .. [at] Fontainbleau and Valenciennes, the two principal depots appointed for that purpose. 1814 D. H. O’Brien Captiv. Escape 87 We were safely lodged in Sarre Louis

DEPRAVATIVE

484 jail. This is a depot for seamen, and one of punishment for officers who may transgress. 1839 36 Years Sea-faring Life 29 Fearing death almost as little as a life of misery in a French depot.

4. a. A place where goods are deposited or stored; e.g. a coal depot, grain depot, furniture depot, a store-house, depository, emporium. 1795 tr. Moritz's Travels 241 There was written on the sign: ‘The Navigation Inn’; because it is the depot, or storehouse, of the colliers of the Trent. 1802 Edin. Rev. I. 142 Lake Winipic.. seems calculated .. to become the grand depot of this traffic. 1804 H. T. Colebrooke Husb. Bengal (1806) 184 It is not practicable to render Great Britain the general depot of saltpetre. 1863 Sir G. G. Scott in Archseol. Cant. V. 7 note, The church was used as the coal depot for the castle. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 154 Grain brought down to the maritime depots .. in the Crimea.

b. Physiol. The site of an accumulation or deposit of a substance (esp. fat) in an animal body. So attrib., applied to any substance stored for eventual absorption by the organism, or to an action or process concerned with the deposition of such a substance. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 515/2 Depots of matter take place in the disorganized tissue. 1906 L. Hill Rec. Adv. Physiol. & Bio-Chem. xi. 288 The proteid metabolism.. only begins to increase in the final stage of starvation when the reserve of depot fat is almost exhausted. 1912 E. H. Starling Princ. Human Physiol, xi. 884 From the physiological standpoint the most important intracellular depot of fat is in the liver. 1930 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. LXXXVII. 148 Fat obtained from the various depots. Ibid., The total depot fat. 1936 Nature 21 Mar. 479/1 As we pass from depot fats of aquatic to those of land animals we find marked simplification in the mixed fatty acids. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. V. 601/1 The composition of the fat depots is practically identical with the fat in the food. 1961 Lancet 12 Aug. 345/1 A steroid preparation which is highly concentrated, and has a depot effect. Ibid. 9 Sept. 577/2 Daily injections.. were replaced by a single intramuscular depot injection. 1970 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. vi. 16/2 There are two main types of insulin in clinical use, those with a rapid onset and short duration of action, and those whose action is slow in onset and lasts longer, the depot insulins.

5. U.S. A railway station. (In Great Britain formerly, and still sometimes, a goods station at a terminus: cf. sense 4 a.) [1830 Booth L'pool & M'chester Railway 46 This Railway will cost above £800,000 including the.. stations and depots at each end. 1837 F. Whishaw Anal. Railways 286 When there are warehouses attached to a station the whole is called a depot.] 1842 Longf. in Life (1891) I. 415 To borrow the expression of a fellow-traveller, we were ‘ticketed through to the depot’ (pronouncing the last word so as to rhyme with teapot). 1861 Lowell Biglow P. Ser. 11. i. Poems 1890 II. 232 With all ou’ doors for deepot [rime teapot]. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Innoc. Abr. xii. 78 You cannot pass into the waiting-room of the depot till you have secured your ticket. [1892 Camden Town Directory, 71 London and North-western Goods Depot, Chalk Farm Road.]

6. Fortif. (See quot.) 1823 in Crabb Techn. Diet. 1853 Stocqueler Milit. Encycl. s.v., In fortification, the term is likewise used to denote a particular place at the trail of the trenches, out of the reach of the cannon of a besieged place. It is here that besiegers generally assemble, when ordered to attack the outworks or support the troops in the trenches.

7. attrib. (See spec, use in 3 d.) 1881 Chicago Times 16 Apr., The company is constructing depot building.. at Leaf River. 1884 C. R. Markham in Pall Mall G. 20 Aug. 1/2 The party should never have been left without a depot ship wintering within accessible distance. a

Also depot v. trans., to place in a depot. 1921 H. G. Ponting Gt. White South 274 When near the summit, Captain Scott told off four more of the party to depot their surplus and return.

depotentiate (.diipso'tenjieit), v. [f. de- II. 1 + L. potentia power: cf. potentiate.] trans. To deprive of power or potency. Hence depo'tentiated ppl. a., depotenti'ation. 1841 Fraser's Mag. XXIII. 144 Productive powers, which unite together, combine not as dead materials by addition, but multiply into and potentiate one another, as in separating they do not merely subtract from each other, but utterly depotentiate. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 463 A temporary self-exinanition or depotentiation of the pre-existent Logos. 1886 A. B. Bruce Mirac. Elem. in Gospels viii. 275 Christ’s life on earth in reference to the divine aspect was a depotentiated life.

depoulsour: see depulsor. tde'poverish, v. Obs. [f. de- 1. i, 3 -I- radical of impoverish', cf. OF. apovrir, apovriss-, F. appauvrir, f. povre, pauvre poor; also depauper, depauperate.] trans. To make poor, impoverish. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 350 So is your power depoverished, and Lordes and great men brought to infelicitie.

depper, -est, obs. comp, and sup. of deep. depravable (di'preiv3b(a)l), a. [f. deprave v. + -able.] Liable to be depraved. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. 631 Humane Nature is so mutable and depravable.

t 'depravate, ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. depravatus, pa. pple. of depravare to deprave.] Depraved, corrupted, demoralized. 152. Barclay Sallust's Jugurth 15 b, A great part of the Senatours were.. so deprauat that they contemned and set

at nought pe words of Adherball. 1538 Hen. VIII in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 137 Thynges.. which, nowe beinge deprauate, are lyke.. to be the vtter ruine of Christen relygyon. a 1555 Bradford Wks. 166 Seeing my corruption and depravate nature. 1665 G. Harvey Advice agst. Plague 15 Contributing to the generation of depravate bloud.

Hence f ’depravately adv. 1666 G. Harvey Morb. Angl. ii. 15 A consumption of the parts of the body, weakly, or depravately, or not at all attracting nutriment.

f depravate

(’depraveit), v. Obs. or arch. [f. L. depravat-, ppl. stem of depravare to deprave.] trans. = deprave. 1548 Hooper Declar. 10 Commandm. vii. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 345 To depravate the use of the sacraments otherwise than they be taught in the scripture. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 625 The Pharesies & Saduces, which with their gloses deprauated the Scriptures. 1609 J. Davies Holy Roode xxiii, The rest, in depth of scorne and hate, His Diuine Truth with taunts doe deprauate. 1847 Bushnell Chr. Nurt. i. (1861) 27 The belief that a child’s nature is somehow depravated by descent from parents.

depravation

(diipra'veijsn, dep-). [ad_. L. depravation-em, n. of action from depravare to deprave. Cf. F. depravation (16th c. in Littre).] 1. ' The action or fact of making or becoming depraved, bad, or corrupt; deterioration, degeneration, esp. moral deterioration; an instance of this. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. xiv. §16 This malice which we assigne in his [the Devil’s] nature, is not by creation but by deprauation. 01667 Cowley Ess., Dangers in Much Company, The total Loss of Reason is less deplorable than the total Depravation of it. 1775 Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 48 We are as secure from intentional depravations of Government as human wisdom can make us. 1795 Burke Tracts on Popery Laws Wks. 1842 II. 442 If this be improvement, truly I know not what can be called a depravation of society. 1850 H. Rogers Ess. II. iv. 204 Causes of depravation.. to which the language had in a measure adapted itself. 1862 Ellicott Destiny of Creature ii. (1865) 26 Depravations of instincts.

b. Deterioration or degeneration of an organ, secretion, tissue, etc. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 334 Trembling, which is a depravation of voluntary motion, c 1720 W. Gibson Farrier's Guide 11. xxviii. (1738) 101 The beginning of the Distemper did proceed from the Corruption or Depravation of the Blood. 1749 Bp. Lavington Enthus. Methodists (1820) 225 Some depravation of the organs of the ear. 1851-60 Mayne Expos. Lex., Depravation, term for a deterioration, or change for the worse; applied to the secretions, or the functions of the body.

2. The condition or quality of being depraved; corruption. Formerly, in Theol., = depravity c. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 495 Originall sinne is the vice or deprauation of the whole man. 1587 Golding De Mornay xvii. (1617) 305 Notwithstanding all this deprauation, yet the soule liueth and abideth pure and cleane in God. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts, Rom. vi. 6 That by.. his death the whole bulke of our maliciousness and depravation might be so far destroyed. 1725 R. Taylor Disc, on the Fall v. 122 A sense of the depravation of our nature, or of original sin which is in us. 1728 Morgan Algiers I. iv. 73 Their Licentiousness and Depravation of Morals visibly increased. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) V. xlv. 350 Contrasting the most exquisite charms of nature with the grossest depravation of humanity.

b. (with pi.) An instance of this. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. i. hi. i, Calling it [Melancholy] a depravation of the principall function. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles 1. 1. xii. 79 Those Leters, which the Jews now use .. being but depravations of the Syriac. 1675 Traherne Chr. Ethicks xxvii. 429 All the cross and disorderly things .. are meer corruptions and depravations of nature, which free agents have let in upon themselves. 1846 Maurice Relig. World 1. iii. (1861) 71 I would by no means support a paradox .. that Buddhism was the original doctrine of which Brahminism was a depravation.

t c. A depraving influence or cause. Obs. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 99 fn When the Dictates of Honour are contrary to those of Religion and Equity, they are the greatest Depravations of human nature.

13. Perversion or writing, etc.). Obs.

corruption

(of

a

text,

1566 T. Stapleton Ret. Untr. Jewel Epist. ij, You note that for Vntruthe, yea and for a foule deprauation of holi scripture which is the very saying.. of S. Hilary. 1624 Gataker Trajisubst. 90 The next Division hee maketh entrance into with a grosse and shamelesse Depravation [substitution of ‘any thing’ for ‘no thing’]. 1699 Bentley Phal. pciii. 396 This is the common Reading.. but if we examine it, it will be found to be a manifest Depravation. 1768 Johnson Pref. to Shaks. Wks. IX. 277 This great poet .. made no collection of his works, nor desired to rescue those that had been already published from the depravations that obscured them. 1849 W. Fitzgerald tr. Whitaker's Disput. 157 To persuade us of the depravation of the original scriptures.

f4. Vilification, defamation, detraction, back¬ biting, calumny. Obs. [So It. depravazione.] (Perhaps the earliest sense in Eng.: cf. also deprave.) 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 238 All ye crymes of y* tonge, as sclaunders, detraccyons, deprauacyons or dispraysynges. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 1. ii. §8. 10 A meere deprauation and calumny without all shadowe of truth. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. v. ii. 132 Stubborne Criticks, apt without a theame For deprauation.

t de'pravative, a. Obs. [f. L. depravat- ppl. stem + -ive.] Tending to deprave. 1682 H. More Annot. Glanvill's Lux O. 37 A debilitative, diminutive, or privative, not depravative deterioration.

DEPRAVATOR t ‘depravator. Obs. rare—1. [Agent-n. in L. form from L. depravare to deprave. Cf. F. depravateur (1551 in Hatzf.).] A depraver. 1629 T. Adams Serm. Heb. vi. 8 Wks. 1058 A great number of these Field-bryers.. Oppressors, Inclosers, Depopulators, Deportators, Depravators.

fde'prave, sb. Obs. Detraction, slander.

rare.

[f.

deprave t:.]

1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey, Author to Work 23 Whose iustly-honourd Names Shield from Depraue, Couch rabid Blatants, silence Surquedry. 1615 Chapman Odyss. xxii. 585 That both on my head pour’d depraves unjust, And on my mother’s, scandalling the court.

fde'prave, a. Obs. rare. [An extension of prave = L. pravus, after deprave vb. and its derivatives: cf. depravity.] Depraved. 01711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 96 Ah me, even from the Womb I came deprave.

deprave (di'prerv), v. [ad. L. depravare to distort, pervert, corrupt (f. de- I. 3 + pravus crooked, wrong, perverse: perh. immediately from F. depraver (14th c. in Hatzf.). Sense 4 was perh. the earliest in Eng.: cf. also the derivatives.] 1. To make bad; to pervert in character or quality; to deteriorate, impair, spoil, vitiate. Now rare, exc. as in 2. 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. xlvi, Olde folkes wyll depraue [printed depryue, L. depravabunt] thy mynde with their couetousnes. 1552 Huloet, Depraue, peruert, or makeyll, deprauo. 1558 WARDEtr. Alexis' Seer. (1568) 42 b, Sorowe, sadnesse, or melancholie corrupte the bloude .. and deprave and hurt nature. C1630 Donne Serm. viii. 83 A good worke not depraved with an ill Ende. 1685 Boyle Salub. Air 14 The air is depraved . .by being impregnated with Mineral Expirations. 01784 Johnson in Croker's Boswell (1831) V. 419, I believe that the loss of teeth may deprave the voice of a singer. 1802 Trans. Soc. Encourag. Arts XX. 222 It [sea-salt] rather depraves than improves the oils.

b. To corrupt (a text, word, etc.), arch. 1382 Wyclif Job Prol., The thingis.. bi the vice of writeris depraued. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner Gij, Whence in tract of time the name is depraved: and B put for C. 1663 Charleton Chorea Gigant. 25 He was forced to deprave the Text. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes iv. 179 But the second Paragraph being so depraved by after Transcribers, as not to be made Sense of. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) 11. xi. 187 Restoring the true reading where it had been depraved. 1859 F. Hall Vasavadatta Pref. 9 note, If his text has not been depraved at the hands of the scribes.

fc. To debase (coinage), falsify (measures, etc.). Obs. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. ii. (1876) 68 And if our treasure be farre spent and exhaust.. I could wish that any other order were taken for the recouery of it, then the deprauing of our coines. a 1632 T. Taylor Godsjfudgem. 1. 1. xxxi. (1642) 140 Among earthly princes, it is accounted a crime.. to counterfeit or deprave their seales. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 397 The Levites were esteemed the fittest keepers of measures.. which willingly would not falsifie, or deprave the same. 1733 Neal Hist. Purit. II. 424 Some Ministers in our state.. endeavoured to make our money not worth taking, by depraving it.

fd. To desecrate. Obs. rare a 1529 Skelton Ware the Hauke [42 He wrought amys To hawke in my church of Dis.] 301 Dys church ye thus depravyd.

2. spec. To make morally bad; to pervert, debase, or corrupt morally. (The current sense.) 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 59, I neuyr..hadde any suspycyon hethirto that the kynde of wemen hadde be deprauyd and defoyled by suche a foule synne. 1594 Spenser Amoretti xxxi, A hart.. Whose pryde depraues each other better part. 1667 Milton P.L. v. 471 One Almightie is, from whom All things proceed, and up to him return, If not deprav’d from good. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. v. Wks. 1874 I. 101 Vicious indulgence, .depraves the inward constitution and character. 1890 Spectator 1 Mar., The belief that a witch was a person who leagued herself with the Devil to defy God and deprave man.

f 3. To pervert the meaning or intention of, to pervert by misconstruing. Obs. 1382 Wyclif 2 Pet. iii. 16 Summe harde thinges in vnderstondinge, the whiche unwijse.. men deprauen .. to her owne perdicioun. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 93 By .. depravynge and mysiudgyng his entent in thynges that be good. 1581 J. Bell Haddon s Answ. Osor. 344 b, What can be spoken so sincerely, but by sinister construing may be depraved? 1643 Milton Divorce 11. xiii. Wks. 1738 I. 198 Our Saviour here confutes not Moses’ Law, but the false Glosses that deprav’d the Law. 1660 H. More Myst. Godliness VI. xvii. 214, I must confess they have not depraved the meaning of the seventh verse. 1703 [see DEPRAVING vbl. sb.].

f4. To represent as bad; to vilify, defame, decry, disparage. Obs. [So It. 'depravare. .to backbite’ (Florio).] 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. iii. 172, I com not to chyde, Ne to depraue pi persone with a proud herte. 1388 Wyclif Prov. i. 29 Thei depraueden al myn amendyng [1382 baebitiden]. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 159 The peple of Englonde deprauenge theire owne thynges commende other straunge. 1581 J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 1 b, How maliciously and wickedly England hath bene accused and depraved by her cursed enemy Osorius. 1642 Rogers Naaman 97 Perhaps I shall heare the godly depraved, jeered at. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 174 Unjustly thou deprav’st it with the name Of Servitude.

fb. absol.

DEPRECATE

485 1599 Shaks. Much Ado v. i. 95 Fashion-monging boyes, That lye, and cog, and flout, depraue, and slander. 1816 Byron Monody on Sheridan 73 Behold the host! delighting to deprave, Who track the steps of Glory to the grave.. Distort the truth, accumulate the lie, And pile the pyramid of Calumny!

f 5. intr. To grow or become bad or depraved; to suffer corruption. Obs. rare. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. 11. iii. §28 A Self-sufficiency, that soon improved into Plenty, that quickly depraved into Riot, and that at last occasioned their Ruin.

U Formerly often confused erroneously used for, deprive.

with,

or

1572 J- Jones Bathes of Bath Ep. Ded. 2 Sicknesse.. depriveth, deminisheth or depraveth the partes accidentally of their operations, c 16x4 Drayton Legend of Duke Robert (1748) 194 O that a tyrant then should me deprave Of that which else all living creatures have! 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. 1. iv, Lunatick persons, that are depraved [edd. 1660 and later deprived] of their wits by the Moones motion. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 407 John the 17. who after he was depraved his Papacy, had his eyes pulled out. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 263 Oils entirely deprav’d of their Salts are not acrid.

depraved (di'preivd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED, repr. L. depravatus, F. deprave.] 1. Rendered bad or worse; perverted, vitiated, debased, corrupt. Now chiefly of taste, appetite, and the like. 1610 Guillim Heraldry ill. iv. (1660) 113 We take no notice of any other forme .. but onely of this depraved shape. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 73 Convulsion is a depraved motion of the Muscles, a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 363 She corrected a depraved place in Cyprian. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 268 If 4 If they would but correct their depraved Taste. 1736 Bailey Househ. Did. 34 A depraved Appetite, is when a person desires to eat and drink things that are unfit for food; as.. earth, mortar, chalk, and such like things. 1807 Opie Led. Art iv. (1848) 321 A moderately lively red .. will appear brilliant, if surrounded by others of the same class but of a more depraved quality. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 37 Fruit.. every species here is dwindled in growth and depraved in flavour. 1889 J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women xvi. (ed. 4) 119 The women are always in what may be vaguely called, depraved health.

2. spec. wicked.

Rendered

morally

bad;

corrupt,

1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. x. §1 Presuming man to be, in regard of his depraued minde, little better than a wild beast. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 806 So all shall turn degenerate, all deprav’d. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. v. Wks. 1874 I. 102 Depraved creatures want to be renewed. 1798 Ferriar Illustr. Sterne i. 11 The morals of the Court were most depraved. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz (C.D. ed.) 221 A place of resort for the worst and most depraved characters.

depravedly (di'preividli, - eivdli), adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a depraved manner; perversely, corruptly. 1643 Sir T. Browne Rel. Med. To Rdr., The writings.. depravedly, anticipatively counterfeitly imprinted. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nature's Paradox 298 So depravedly reprobate. 01693 Urquhart Rabelais iii. xxiii. 186 What moved .. him to be so .. depravedly bent against the good Fathers?

de'pravedness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] Depraved or corrupt quality or condition; depravity. 1612-15 Bp. Hall Contempl., O.T. xvm. iv. No place could be too private for an honest prophet, in so extreame depravednesse. 1642 Rogers Naaman To Rdr. §2 The depravednesse and disorder of the appetite. 1715 Hist. Remark. Tryals A, The Depravedness of Human Nature. 1885 L. Oliphant Sympneumata xv. 224 His unsoundness, and insaneness, and depravedness of outer structure.

depravement (di'preivmsnt). arch. [f. deprave v. + -ment.] Depravation, perversion, corruption; -[misinterpretation. 1645 Milton Tetrarch. Pr. Wks. (1847) 212/2 That such an irreligious depravement.. may be .. solidly refuted, and in the room a better explanation given. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. x. 42 That apparitions.. are either deceptions of sight, or melancholy depravements of phancy. 1677 Gilpin Demonol. (1867) 120 Our thoughts do not naturally delight in spiritual things, because of their depravement. 1779 Swinburne Trav. Spain xli. (R.), A period .. when all arts and sciences were fallen to the lowest ebb of depravement. 1839 J. R. Darley Introd. Beaum. Gf FI. Wks. I. 35 Is the graziose of Correggio an improvement on the grandiose of Raffael, or a voluptuous depravement of it?

depraver (di'preiv9(r)). Also 7 -our. [f. deprave v. + -er1.] One who depraves. 1. One who corrupts, perverts, or debases; a corrupter, perverter. *557 tsee DEPRAVERESS]. 1563-87 FOXE A. & M. (1596) 39/2 The deprauers of the ueritie. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 1 The devil, that.. depraver of all goodness. 1709 J. Johnson Clergym. Vade M11. 247 They that tear, or cut the books of the Old or New Testament.. or sell them to Depravers of books .. are excommunicated for a year. 1878 Dowden Stud. Lit. 34 The great depravers of religion.

f 2. One who vilifies or defames; a defamer, traducer. Obs. 1584 Whitgift Let. to Burghley, A defender, not a depraver, of the present state and government. 01634 Chapman Sonn. xxi, So shall pale Envy famish with her food, And thou spread further by thy vain depravours [rime favours]. 1642 Chas. I Sp. 27 Sept, in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. II. 22 Brownists, Anabaptists, and publick Depravers of the Book of Common Prayer. 1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. ii. 71 Penalties appointed for depravers of the said book, and such as should speak in derogation of anything contained in it.

t de'praveress. Obs. nonce-wd. In 6 -res. prec. -I- -ess.] A female depraver.

[f.

1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 177 (Vnstedfast Woman) O temerous tauntres that delightes in toyes.. Iangling iestres, depraueres [ed. 2 deprauers] of swete ioyes.

de'praving, vbl. sb. [f. deprave v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb deprave in various senses. 01500 Cuckow & Night, xxxv, Thereof cometh.. anger and envie, Depraving, shame, untrust, and jelousie. 1548 Act 1 & 2 Edw. VI, c. i. §2 If any manner of person .. shall preache, declare or speake any thinge in the derogacion or depravinge of the saide Booke [of Common Prayer]. 1583 Babington Commandm. ix. (1637) 87 Telling and hearing the depravings of the wicked. 1703 J. Barrett Analecta 48 It would be a manifest depraving of that sacred Text, .to turn it thus.

de'praving, ppl. a. [-ing2.] fdefaming, traducing (obs.).

That depraves;

1606 Holland Sueton. 152 Some depraving backefriendes of hers. 1686 W. de Britaine Hum. Prud. vi. 29 A clear Soul, like a Castle, against all the Artillery of depraving Spirits, is impregnable. 1881 Athenaeum 24 Dec. 847/2 The stoiy has not a depraving tendency.

Hence de'pravingly adv. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 71 His Words., as this Doctor.. both inelegantly and depravingly renders them.

depravity (di'przeviti). [An extension of pravity (ad. L. pravitds) previously used in same sense, after deprave and its derivatives. (No corresponding form in Latin or French.)] The quality or condition of being depraved or corrupt. fa. Perverted or corrupted quality. Obs. 1643 Sir T. Browne Rel. Med. 11. §7 An humorous depravity of mind. 1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 298 A depravity in the Fluids may have a great Share in producing these Symptoms.

b. Perversion of the moral faculties; corruption, viciousness, abandoned wick¬ edness. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. i, By aberration of conceit they extenuate his depravitie, and ascribe some goodnesse unto him. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest i, Such depravity cannot surely exist in human nature. 1830 Mackintosh Eth. Philos. Wks. 1846 I. 232 The winding approaches of temptation, the slippery path to depravity. 1883 Froude Short Stud., Origen IV. ill. 300 The conscience of the ignorant masses.. was rising in indignation against the depravity of the educated.

c. Theol. The innate corruption of human nature due to original sin. Often total depravity. In common use from the time of Jonathan Edwards: the earlier terms were pravity and depravation. [1735 J- Taylor Doctr. Orig. Sin iii. 184 Inquiring into the Corruption and Depravity of Mankind, of the Men and Women that lived in his Times.] 1757 Edwards Doctr. Orig. Sin i. §1 By Original Sin, as the phrase has been most commonly used by divines, is meant the innate sinful depravity of the heart. But.. it is vulgarly understood in that latitude, which includes not only the depravity of nature, but the imputation of Adam’s first sin. 1794 A. Fuller Lett. i. 3 July Wks. 302 On the total depravity of Human Nature. 1874 j. H. Blunt Did. Sects s.v. Calvinists, Both the elect and nonrelect come into the world in a state of total depravity and alienation from God, and can, of themselves, do nothing but sin.

d. A depraved act or practice. 1641 Milton Reform. 1. (1851) 4 Characterizing the Depravities of the Church. 1665 Glanvill Seeps. Sci. xiv. 90 As some Regions have their proper Vices.. so they have their mental depravities, which are drawn in with the air of their Countrey. 1808 J. Malcolm Anecd. London 18th C. (Title-p.), Anecdotes of the Depravities, Dresses and Amusements of the Citizens of London.

t'deprecable, a. Obs. rare. [In form ad. L. depreedbilis that may be entreated (Vulgate); but in sense from deprecate v.] Capable of being, or to be, deprecated. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 19 A detestable sin, a deprecable punishment! 1648 Eikon Bas. 149, I look upon the Temporal Destruction of the greatest King as far less deprecable than the Eternal Damnation of the Meanest Subject.

t 'deprecant, ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. deprecant-em, pr. ppl. of deprecari to deprecate.] Deprecating. 1624 F. White Repl. Fisher 541 Meanes and causes impetrant, or deprecant, to appease Gods wrath. Ibid. 549 By Satisfaction he vnderstandeth deprecant Satisfaction, not compensant.

deprecate ('depnkeit), v. [f. L. deprecat-, ppl. stem of deprecari to pray (a thing) away, to ward off by praying, pray against, f. de- I. 2 + precari to pray.]

1. trans. To pray against (evil); to pray for deliverance from; to seek to avert by prayer. arch. 1628 Earle Microcosm., Meddling Man (Arb.) 89 Wise men still deprecate these mens kindnesses. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows ii. §3. 135 The judgements which Salomon.. earnestly deprecateth and prayeth against. 1633 Bp. Hall Medit. (1851) 153, I cannot deprecate thy rebuke: my sins call for correction: but I deprecate thine anger. 1778 Lowth Transl. Isaiah xlvii. 11 Evil shall come upon thee, which thou shalt not know how to deprecate. 1833 Ht. Martineau Three Ages ii. 47 While the rest of the nation were at church, deprecating God’s judgements.

DEPRECATING f2. intr. To pray (against). Obs. rare. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 37 Where we are to deprecate.. against dangers of waters, let us commemorate the saving of Noah in the flood.

3. trans. To plead earnestly against; to express an earnest wish against (a proceeding); to express earnest disapproval of (a course, plan, purpose, etc.). 1641 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 133 Saint Paul undertaketh.. that he shall return and deprecate his fault. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. xix. 385 Other accounts .. whose verities not onely, but whose relations honest minds doe deprecate. 1659 Bp. Walton Consid. Considered v. §2 Cappellus.. no where that I know affirms this, but rather deprecates is as a calumny. 1742 Fielding J. Andrews iv. vi, I believe.. he’d behave so that nobody should deprecate what I had done. 1808 Med. Jrnl. XIX. 389, I cannot help' deprecating the conduct of the other two anatomists. 1875 Ouseley Mus. Form xiii. 60 Such a method of proceeding is greatly to be deprecated. 1882 Times 5 Dec. 7 To deprecate panic is an excellent counsel in itself.

f4. To make prayer or supplication to, to beseech (a person). Obs. 1624 F. White Repl. Fisher Pref. 10 You haue libertie to deprecate his Gratious Maiestie to forget things past. 1715-20 Pope Iliad ix. 236 Much he advised them all, Ulysses most, To deprecate the chief, and save the host. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 11 |f 7 To deprecate the clouds lest sorrow should overwhelm us, is the cowardice of idleness. 1822 T. Taylor Apuleius 75 But the most iniquitous woman, falling at his knees, deprecated him as follows: Why, O my sone I beseech you, do you give [etc.].

fb. absol. To make supplication. Obs. 1625 Donne Serm. 24 Feb. (1626) 8 He falls vpon his face .. and laments, and deprecates on their behalfe.

f 5. To call down by prayer, invoke (evil). Obs. 1746 W. Horsley Fool (1748) I. No. 16. 114 Deprecating on unhappy Criminals, under Sentence of Death, all the Mischief they can think of. a 1790 Franklin Autobiog. 442 Upon the heads of these very mischievous men they deprecated no vengeance.

Hence 'deprecated ppl. a., 'deprecating vbl. sb. 1768 c. Shaw Monody vii. 61 Why.. strike this deprecated blow? 1839 Times 11 July in Spirit Metropol. Conserv. Press (1840) I. 158 To persist in such a deprecated and odious innovation.

deprecating ('deprikeitiij), ppl. a. [f. deprecate v. + -ing2.] That deprecates or expresses disapproval or disavowal; deprecatory. 1871 L. W. M. Lockhart Fair to See xviii, A bright, but withal deprecating, smile on her lovely face. 1919 Wodehouse Damsel in Distress xi, Albert waved a deprecating hand. 1925 M. A. Lowndes Some Men & Women 199 With a queer, half-deprecating, half-humorous look on his handsome face.

deprecatingly

('depnkeitnjli), adv. [f. deprecating ppl. a. + -ly2.] In a deprecating manner. 1837 Marryat Dog-fiend i. io ‘O Lord, sir! let me off this time, it’s only a soldier', said S. deprecatingly. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola hi. xix, She put up one hand deprecatingly to arrest Romola’s remonstrance.

deprecation (depri'keifan). [a. F. deprecation (12th c. in Hatzf.), ad. L. deprecation-em, n. of action from deprecarito deprecate.] The action of deprecating. fl. Intercessory prayer. Obs. [So in L.] 1556 Lauder Tractate (1864) 19 The deprecatioun of the maker for all Catholyke kyngis and prencis and thare liegis.

2. Prayer for the averting or removal {of evil, disaster, etc.). 1596 J Norden Progr. Pietie (1847) 12 Deprecation, or a Prayer to prevent evils, whereby we desire God to remove sin from us and whatsoever punishment we have injustice deserved. 1631 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 87 My Lord Keeper answered with a deprecation: God forbid that Norfolke should be divided in custome from all England. 1649 Roberts Clavis Bibl. 342 His Deprecation of two things, viz. Present evils, and Future feares. 1673 True Worship God 8 A Confession of sin, Deprecation of Gods displeasure, Imploring his Mercy. 1754-8 T. Newton Prophecies, Daniel xiv. 221 If there shall be need of greater intercession and deprecation. 1856 J. H. Newman Callista xvi, No reversal or respite had followed their most assiduous acts of deprecation. 1892 W. B. Scott Autob. I. xxiv. 343 The processional deprecations of the Devil Worshippers.

fb. Formerly: Prayer for forgiveness. Obs. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Deprecation, supplication, or requiring of pardon. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii 6 They may then run on their impious courses without any repentance or deprecation.

3. Entreaty or earnest desire that something may be averted or removed; earnest expression of feeling against (a proposal, practice, etc.). 1612-5 Bp. Hall Contempl., O.T. xx. ix, Deprecacions of evil to a malicious man are no better than advices. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 208 If 7 The censures of criticism, which, however, I shall not endeavour to soften by a formal deprecation. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 1. i, [He] turned his .. glassy eye on the frank speaker with a look of deprecation. 1870 Dickens E. Drood ii, In a tone of gentle deprecation.

f4. Imprecation: curse. Obs. rare. 1634 Brereton Trav. (1844) 48 Her sister denied, and with this deprecation, wished if she had any bread, that it might be turned into a stone, a 1804 W. Gilpin Serm. III. xi. (R.), We may.. apply to him the scriptural deprecation, ‘He that withholdeth his corn, the people shall curse him.’

deprecative (’deprikeitiv), a. [a. F. deprecatif, -ive (13th c. in Britton, 14th c. in Hatzf.), ad. L.

DEPRECIATION

486

deprecativ-us, f. ppl. stem of deprecari to deprecate: see -ive.] Having the quality of deprecating; of or pertaining to deprecation, f a. Intercessory, precative (obs.). b. Praying for deliverance from evil. c. Expressing earnest disapproval (of a proposal). 1490 Caxton Eneydos ix. 37 To the, thenne.. I addresse my thoughte deprecatyue.. that it maye playse the to entende to the correction of the maners .. of our matrones. 01617 Bayne Diocesans Tryall (1621) 58 They imposed hands even on Deaconesses, where it could not be otherwise considered then a deprecative gesture. 1672-5 T. Comber Comp, to Temple I. 752 (R.) The form itself is very ancient, consisting.. of two parts, the first deprecative, the second indicative; the one intreating for pardon, the other dispensing it. 1884 Century Mag. XXVlII. 588 It better leased his deprecative soul to put them in an empty cigarox.

Hence 'deprecatively adv., in a deprecative manner; in the way of entreaty for deliverance. 1638 Penit. Conf. viii. (1657) 270 The form of absolution is expressed in the third person deprecatively. 1879 P. R. Drummond Perthshire 1. xiv. 80 Looking up to him deprecatively, he said [etc.].

deprecator ('depnkeit3(r)). [a. L. deprecator, agent-n. from L. deprecari to deprecate.] One who deprecates; fa petitioner {obs.). 1656 Trapp Comm. John xiv. 16 And he shall give you another Comforter. Or, pleader, deprecator, advocate. 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias I. 220 That they should propitiate Jupiter, and employ j^Eacus.. as their deprecator.

deprecatory ('depnkeitan), a. {sb.) [ad. L. deprecatori-us, f. deprecator: see prec. and -ory. Cf. F. deprecatoire (15th c. in Hatzf.).] A. adj. 1. Serving to deprecate; that prays for deliverance from or aversion of evil. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 21 Deprecatorie, in praying for pardon of a thing committed. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII, 190 Bishop Fox.. sent many humble and deprecatorie letters to the Scottish King, to appease him. c 1630 Donne Serm. 1. 504 All his Prayer .. is but Deprecatory, he does but pray that God will forbeare him. 1738 Warburton Div. Legat. I. II. I. 89 Deprecatory Rites to avert Evil.

2. Expressing a wish or hope that something feared may be averted; deprecating anticipated disapproval. 1704 Swift T. Tub iii. (T.), Before I had performed the due discourses, expostulatory, supplicatory, or deprecatory, with my good lords the criticks. 1838 Lytton Leila I. v, The Israelite did .. seem to hear this deprecatory remonstrance. 1871 H. Ainsworth Tower Hill i. viii, ‘Your Grace is mistaken’, observed Cromwell, in a deprecatory tone. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. xvi, ‘Oh’, said Rosamond, with a slight deprecatory laugh, ‘I was only going to say that we sometimes have dancing.’

fB. sb. Obs.

A deprecatory word or expression.

1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. i. 171 To convey his Consolatories, Suasories, Deprecatories. a 1734 North Exam. (1740) 343 Now he is passive, full of Deprecatories and Apologetics.

Hence 'deprecatorily adv., in a deprecatory manner, in a way that expresses a prayer or desire against something. 1873 Brit. Q. Rev. 388, ‘I do not know’, said Sir William, deprecatorily, ‘that it is necessary to go down so low as that.’

fde'prece, v. Obs. rare. [See note below.] trans. ? To set free from confinement or restraint; to release. C1340 Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1219 Bot wolde 3e, lady louely, pen leue me grante, & deprece your prysoun [prisoner], & pray hym to ryse. [Of uncertain etymology. Deprece occurs in the same poem as a spelling of depress v., but no sense of that word suits here. OF. had despresser to free from a press, free from pressure. OF. despriser to let out of prison, release from confinement, app. agrees in sense, but not in form.]

deprece, var. of depress v. depreciant (di'priijrant), a. [ad. L. depretiantem, pr. pple. of depretiare: see next.] Depreciating. 1885 F. Hall in Nation XL. 446/2 Who superfluously self-depreciant and lowly-minded.

is

so

depreciate (di'priifieit), v. Also depredate, [f. L. depretiat- {-ciat-), ppl. stem of depretiare (in med.L. commonly spelt depreciare), f. de- I. 1 + pretium price. Cf. mod.F. deprecier {Diet. Acad. 1762).] 1. trans. To lower in value, lessen the value of. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. x. 205 A method.. which much depreciates the esteeme and value of miracles. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 1.53 As these dioptrical Glasses, do heighten and illustrate the Works of Nature, so do they.. disparage and depredate those of Art. 1739 Cibber Apol. v. 102 Booth thought it depreciated the Dignity of Tragedy to raise a Smile. 1862 Fraser’s Mag. Nov. 631 Our architectural reputation, never high, is still more depreciated by the building at South Kensington.

b. spec. To lower the price or market value of; to reduce the purchasing power of (money). 1656 Blount Glossogr., Depretiate, to make the price less, to make cheaper. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade 358 That we shall.. Depretiate our Silver Standard. 1782 Paine Let. Abbe Raynal (1791) 25 Every man depreciated his own money by his own consent. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. in. xiii, It is true that suspension of the obligation to pay in specie, did put it in the power of the Bank to depreciate the currency.

1893 Bithell Counting-House Diet. s.v. Depreciation, Bank Notes or State Notes are depreciated in value when issued against a small reserve of bullion.

2. To lower in estimation; to represent as of less value; to underrate, undervalue, belittle. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. To Rdr., Where.. I do indefinitely depretiate Aristotle’s Doctrine, I would be understood to speak of his Physicks. 1704 Hearne Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 262 Alexander.. began to extoll his own Actions, and to depritiate those of his Father Philip. 1769 Junius Lett. ii. 13 His bounty., this writer would in vain depreciate. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. III. ix, I don’t like to hear you depreciate yourself. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 11 Pleasure [by Plato] is depreciated as relative, while good is exalted as absolute. absol. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 93 If 13 The duty of criticism is neither to depreciate nor dignify by partial representations. 1804 Man in Moon No. 24. 189 He depreciates from the merits of the very man he had praised before. 1882 A. W. Ward Dickens iii. 54 At the bottom lay a desire to depreciate.

3. intr. worth.

To fall in value, to become of less

ou sal se hem 3itt to ny3t do me greet deray. 1375 Barbour Bruce xv. 438 Lordyngis, it war my will Till mak

DERAY end of the gret deray That dowglass makis vs ilk day. c 1440 York Myst. xxvii. 121 Peter I have prayed for the So that thou schall no3t drede his dray, c 1450 Guy Warw. (C.) 4336 Who hath done pe all J?ys deraye. 1480 Caxton Ovid's Met. xii. xix, Achylles was full of desraye and inyquyte, and drewe the body of Hector by grete woodenes. ? a 1550 Freiris of Berwik 536 In thy depairting se thow mak no deray Vnot no wicht, bot frely pass thy way.

3. Disorderly mirth and revelry as in a dance or similar festivity. Chiefly in the alliterative phrase dancing and deray. arch. 1500-20 Dunbar Poems lxxviii. 14 For din, nor danceing, nor deray, It will nocht walkin me no wise. 1513 Douglas JEneis 1. xi. heading, Off the bancat, and of the greit deray, And how Cupide inflambes the lady gay. a 1550 Christis Kirke Gr. i, Wes nevir in Scotland hard nor sene Sic dansing nor deray. 1807 J. Stagg Poems 65 Wi’ lowpin’, dancin’ and deray. 1824 Scott Redgauntlet Let. xi, There was., dancing and deray within. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. 1.11.1. xii, So have we seen fond weddings.. celebrated with an outburst of triumph and deray, at which the elderly shook their heads. 1892 Daily News 2 Dec. 5/2 The dancing and deray were so public that all classes had their share of the fun.

H 4. err on. for array. 1538 Aberdeen Reg. V. 16 (Jam.) To be in thair best deray ilk persone.

t deray (di'rei), v. Obs. Also dray. [a. OF. desreer, -reier, -rayer, later desroiery derroyer, derayer, = Pr. desreiar, It. disredare:— Rom. type *des-redare, f. L. dis- + -redare, f. *redo preparation, order: see array. (The atonic stem in OF. was desre-y the tonic desrei-y -rai-y -roi-y which was afterwards extended to the inf. and other atonic forms.)] refl. and intr. To act or behave in a disorderly manner; to rage. 1340-70 Alisaunder 883 Nectanabus.. graithes him sone Deraide as a dragoun dreedful in fight. C1350 Will. Palerne 1210 Jnis despitusly pe duk drayed him J?anne. Ibid. 2061 He deraied him as a deuel.

f Used for deraign v.1 [Confusion of derayne with infin. deraye(n.] c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 3915 Finde a Sarrazin o^er a kn^t, & he schal ano^er finde, J>at schal deray[ne] his ri3t kinde. C1325 Coer de L. 5456 Wylt thou graunt with spere and scheeld Deraye the ryght in the feelde.

derayn(e, variants of deraign v. Obs. derb, a. rare. ? nonce-wd. [a. Ger. derb compact, solid, rough.] Rough, uncrystallized, massive. 1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. 329 If.. I oppose transparent chrystallized Alumen to opake derb (unchrystallized) Alumen.

Derby ('darbi, 'd3ibi). The name of a town (in OE. named by the Northmen Deoraby, Deorby) and shire of England, and of an earldom named from the shire or county. See also Darby. Hence: 1. a. Proper name of the most noted annual horse-race in England, founded in 1780 by the twelfth Earl of Derby, and run at the Epsom races, usually on the Wednesday before, or the second Wednesday after, Whitsunday (the actual date being fixed each year in connexion with those of the Newmarket and Ascot meetings, by the Jockey Club). 1844 W. H. Maxwell Sports & Adv. Scotl. xxxix. (1855) 305 What care I about Oaks or Derbys? 1848 Disraeli in Harper's Mag. Aug. (1883) 340/2 ‘You do not know what the Derby is’. ‘Yes I do. It is the Blue Ribbon of the TurF. 1871 M. Collins Mrq. & Merck. II. vi. 161, I had been to the Derby.

b. Hence attrib. and in comb.y as Derby day, the day on which the ‘Derby’ is run; Derby dog, the proverbial dog on the race-course, after this has been otherwise cleared; hence allusively, something sure to turn up or come in the way. 1838 Observer 26 Aug. 2/2 During last Epsom races, on the Derby day we believe, [etc.]. 1862 Times 6 June, It was a real Derby gathering, and, if possible, a Derby gathering exaggerated with all its queer melange of high and low. 1867 Punch LII. 227/1 The Mystery of the Derby dog., the never-failing apparition of the Derby dog at Epsom. 1871 M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. I. vi. 190 On a Derby Day the hill at Epsom is thronged with them. 1885 Times 4 June 10/2 The reputation which invariably attaches to a Derby winner.

c. transf. Of similar important races in other countries, as the French Derby. 1890 Whitaker's Aim. 584/1 The winner of the French Derby. 1894 Daily News 20 Feb. 5/3 The great ‘Snowshoe Derby’ took place on Sunday and yesterday at Holmenkollen near Christiania.

d. Applied to any kind of important sporting contest; also air Derby (see also aerial Derby, s. v. aerial a. 5); local Derby, a match between two teams from the same district. 1909 Daily Chron. 17 June 5/6 The twenty-ninth Medway Barge Sailing Match, known locally as ‘the barge Derby’. 1914 Daily Express 3 Oct. 3/1 A local Derby [sc. football match] between Liverpool and Everton. 1914 Whitaker's Almanack 1915 822/2 Air ‘Derby’ round London (94^ miles). 1919 Sphere 28 June 259 (heading) An air derby at 129 miles per hour. 1962 BBC Handbk. 37 It would still be right for local talent to be nursed and local derbies to be played.

2. a. Short for Derby hat. a stiff felt hat with a rounded crown and narrow brim. U.S.

DERECOGNITION

496 1888 Pall Mall G. 12 June 14/1 Girls or young ladies are seen with their hands thrust deep into the ulster pocket.. the derby tipped on one side. Ibid. 24 Sept. 11/1 Low felt hats — Derby hats, as they are generally called here [U.S.]—were universal.

b. A kind of sporting-boot having no stiffening and a very low heel (see also quot. 1968). 1901 Daily News 23 Feb. 6/4 The Prince Consort is represented .. as wearing low-heeled, square-toed ‘Derbies’, with buckles on them. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 15 Apr. 10/2 Russia calf Derbys for shooting-boots. 1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 130 Derby,., the most common form of shoe. A tie shoe with eyelets and laces, the quarter and facings stitched on top of the vamp.

3. Plastering. = Darby 5. 1823-42 [see Darby 5]. 1876 W. Papworth in Encycl. Brit. IV. 504 He is furnished with.. a hand float, a quirk float, and a derby or darby, which is a long two-handled float for forming the floated coat of lime and hair.

4. Derby neck = Derbyshire neck. 1769 T. Prosser {title), An Account of the Method of Cure of the Bronchocele, or Derby-neck. 1771 Barretti Journ. Lond. to Genoa II. 148 Gavays mean a Derby-neck or a man that has a Derby-neck.

5. a. Denoting a variety of porcelain made at Derby, esp. a soft-paste porcelain made from about 1750, Crown Derby being a variety made from 1784. Cf. Crown Derby s.v. crown sb. 35. 1850 [see Crown Derby Eastlake Hints Household

s.v. crown sb. 35]. 1868 C. L. Taste ix. 194 The qualities which distinguish old Chelsea, Derby, Worcester, and Plymouth china are well known to connoisseurs. 1869 Lady C. Schreiber Jrnl. (1952) I. 1. One small Derby group. Ibid. 4 A small Derby statuette of Neptune. 1875 W. F. Tiffin {title) A Chronograph of the Bow, Chelsea and Derby Porcelain Manufactories. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 641/2 The Derby under-glaze blue was remarkably fine. 1957 Mankowitz & Haggar Encycl. Eng. Pottery 70/2 The work of the earliest phase of Derby porcelain was nonphosphatic. .. The next phase of Derby was characterized by the use of pale delicate colours, [etc.]. b. Derby red = chrome red (chrome 3). 1904 Goodchild & Tweney Technol. Sci. Diet. 155/1 Derby red, a scarlet red pigment of good covering and staining power, sometimes used as a substitute for vermilion. 1937 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 550/1 Austrian cinnabar. Derby red, Chinese red.

6. Derby or Derbyshire cheese, a hard, pressed cheese made from partly skimmed milk, produced chiefly in the Derbyshire district. Also ellipt. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 355/2 Derby cheese in its best forms is much like Leicester, being ‘clean’ in flavour and mellow. 1905 W. H. Simmonds Pract. Grocer III. 79 The true ‘Derbyshire’ cheese, .is a small cylindrical or flat and thin cheese of pale colour, and generally of rich, buttery quality. ‘Derby Goudas’ are a variety shaped like the Dutch Gouda. 1955 J. G. Davis Diet. Dairying (ed. 2) 189 Derbyshire or Derby cheese, one of the oldest of our national cheese, but it was not until recently that a uniform method came to be adopted for its manufacture. 1970 Listener 12 Nov. 661 You can buy a special Derby cheese in good food shops in London that’s got a green stripe in it—known as Sage-green Derby.

7. Derby scheme: in the war of 1914-18, a recruiting scheme initiated in October 1915 by the seventeenth Earl of Derby. Also Derby recruit and simply Derby, a soldier recruited under this scheme. 1915 Times 4 Dec. 9/6 Last week of the Derby Scheme. Ibid. 20 Dec. 9/2 Men who have been attested and classified under the Derby scheme. 1917 P. Gibbs Battles of Somme 177 Old English regiments with new men in them, including some of the ‘Derby recruits’. vr6v plant), a parasitic vegetable growth in the skin; hence dermo'phytic a. || Der'mopterap/. Zool. [Gr. heppomepos, f. mepov wing], a sub-order of Insectivora, containing the Galeopithecus or Flying Lemur of the Moluccas (from the extension of skin, which enables them to take flying leaps from tree to tree), der'mopterous a., having membranous wings (or fins), dermopte'rygian a., having membranous fins, dermo'rhynchous a. [ pvyx°s snout, bill], having the bill covered by an epidermis, as in the duck, dermo'sclerite [oKX-qpos hard], a mass of calcareous or siliceous spicules in the outer layer of the tissue of some Actinozoa. dermo'skeleton, dermskeleton, the external bony, shelly, crustaceous, or coriaceous integument of many invertebrates and some vertebrates (e.g. crabs, tortoises); the exoskeleton; hence dermo'skeletal a. dermo'tensor, a tensor muscle of the skin, der'motomy [-ropia cutting], the anatomy or dissection of the skin. 1878 Bell tr. Gegenbaur’s Comp. Anat. 111 In the Porifera .. The number of these pore-canals (dermo-gastric pores), which have consequently a dermal and gastric orifice, is generally very great. 1900 Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 4 Aug. 197/2 (heading) Dermographia and anidrosis. 1896 H. Leloir in T. L. Stedman Dis. Skin 819 The dermographism was more marked upon the face than upon the rest of the body. 1908 Practitioner Feb. 252 From these individuals we get a history of attacks of urticaria, whilst they may even show dermographism. 1971 D. M. Pillsbury Man. Dermatol, xv. 190 Physical agents, e.g., heat, cold, sunlight, scratching (dermographism) or heavy pressure may be responsible for urticaria in some individuals. 1851-60 Mayne Expos. Lex. Dermography, Dermology, improperly used for Dermatography, Dermatology. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 171/2 Pores., which traverse directly the dermo-muscular envelope. 1878 Bell tr. Gegenbaur’s Comp. Anat. 36 Where the coelom is present, the integument, with the muscles, forms a dermo-muscular tube. 1854 Owen Skel. & Teeth (1855) 183 Both dermoneural and dermohEemal spines may present two structures. 1836-9 Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 880/1 The exterior of the body becomes hardened .. and forms .. the Dermo-skeleton. 1854 Owen Skel. & Teeth (1855) 181 The bones of the dermoskeleton.. which constitute the complex skull of osseous fishes.

dermoid (*d3:mDid), a. and sb. [mod. f. Gr. bepna skin + -oid: in mod.F. dermoide. (Not on Gr. analogies: see dermatoid.)] A. adj. Resembling or of the nature of skin. (Sometimes loosely, Of or belonging to the skin, dermal.) dermoid cyst, ‘a sebaceous cyst having a wall with structure like that of the skin’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Cyst). 1818 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 460 Those nations who have the dermoid system highly coloured. 1872 Peaslee Ovar. Tumours 35 In the case of dermoid cysts, the more common contents are produced by the true skin, which constitutes a part or the whole of their internal surface. 1877 Burnett Ear 43 The skin of the canal is extended over the drum¬ head, forming its dermoid or outer layer.

B. sb. A dermoid cyst. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 686 The intraperitoneal dermoids may be very numerous. 1906 Practitioner Nov. 664 These are the dermoids of the head and neck, or mediastinum; others, more complex ones, occur in the sexual organs. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxxi. 508 Sometimes a bridge of skin links the coloboma to the globe, or there is a dermoid astride the limbus at the site of the coloboma.

der'moidal, a. [f. prec. + -al1.] = prec. 1818 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 458 The instanteous penetration of the dermoidal system by the blood.

fdern, a. and sb. Obs. or arch. Forms: 1 derne, WS. dieme, dyme, 2 s.w. dyme, 2-7 derne, 2-3, 7 dearne, 3 deorne, Orm. daerne, 3-4 dume, 4-9 dern, {dial. darn). [OE. derne, dierne, dyme = OS. derni, OFris. derny hidden, secret, obscure, OHG. tarni lying hid:—OTeut. *darnjo-.] A. adj. fl. Of actions, etc.: Done or proceeding in secret or in the dark; kept concealed; hence, dark, of evil or deceitful nature. Obs. Beowulf 4342 (Thorpe) Swa sceal mses don, nealles inwitnet o8rum brejdan dyrnum craefte. £897 K. Alfred Gregory's Past. xiii. 78 Dylaes 6a smyltnesse 8es domes hine jewemme [o88e] se dyrna [v.r. dierna] sefst, o58e to hraed irre. c 1220 Bestiary 90 Old in hise sinnes derne. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 1950 Vdas 8or quiles gaf hem red, 8at was fulfilt of derne sped, c 1300 Beket 23 The Princes doubter.. lovede him in dume love, c 1386 Chaucer Miller's T. 14 This clerk .. Of derne love he cowde and of solas. £1400 Destr. Troy 478 Dissyring full depely in her derne hert. c 1460 Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 310 Now bese unlokyn many dern dede. [a 1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary v. iv. in Hazl. Dodsl. XII. 311 [arch.] Hent him, for dern love, hent him.]

fb. Of persons: Secret in purpose or action; reserved, close; hence, underhand, sly, crafty. Obs. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 490 (Gr.) Dyme deofles boda wearp hine on wyrmes lie. 11205 Lay. 13604 Uortigerne pe swike wes ful derne [1275 deorne]. a 1300 Cursor M. 7234 (Cott.) Traitur dern and priue theif. c 1386 Chaucer Miller's T. 111 Ye moste been ful deerne as in this cas. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13625 Deruyst & derne, myn awne dere cosyn, I graunt pe pe gouernanse of pis grete yle.

f2. Not made known, kept unrevealed or private; not divulged. Obs. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Luke viii. 47 Da pact wif jeseah pact hit him naes dyrne, heo com forht. c 1200 Ormin 9236 Forr Crist wass i patt time 3et All unneup & all daerne. a 1225 Ancr. R. 154 God his derne runes, & his heouenliche priuitez scheawede his leoue freond. c 1330 Assump. Virg. (BM. MS) 856 No man mai wite ne se What is pi derne priuete. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 353 Poule.. herd derne wordes of God.

fb. Of a person: Treated as a confidant; entrusted with hidden matters; privy. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 6509 (Cott.) pis moyses was ful dern and dere To drighten.. He taght him tabels of pe lai.

f c. Phr. to hold, keep (a thing) dern. Obs. ciooo Ags. Ps. cxviii. [cxix.] 19 Ne do pu me dyrne hine pa deoran bebodu. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wem. 450 We dule for na euill deid, sa it be derne haldin. 01575 How Merchande dyd Wife betray 175 in Hazl. E.P.P. 1. 204, I pray the.. As thou art my trewe weddyd fere, In thy chaumber thou woldest kepe me dern.

3. Of places, etc.: Secret, not generally known, private, arch. Beowulf 4629 (Thorpe) Se gu8-scea5a.. hord eft jesceat, dryht-sele dyrnne. a 1000 Elene 1081 (Gr.) pset 8u funde, pa 8e in foldan gen deope bedolfen dierne sindon. c 1205 Lay. 6750 pe king hin lette don in to ane derne [£ 1275 deorne] bure. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 1289 On a dern stede he dede hem hide. 01400-50 Alexander 4045 Darke in dennes vndire dounes & in derne holis. 1584 Sc. Acts fas. VI (1814) 305 (Jam.) Gun pulder.. placeit.. within the voltis, laiche and darne partes and placeis thairof. 1806 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 360 At the south-east corner is the darn, or private gate. 1814 Scott Wav. xii, That Davie Gellatly should meet them at the dern path. Ibid, xviii, There’s not a dern nook, or cove, or com, in the whole country, that he’s not acquainted with.

4. Of places: Serving well to conceal, as lying out of the way, dark, etc.; hence, dark, sombre, solitary, wild, drear, arch. c 1470 Henry Wallace iv. 430 Fast on to Tay his buschement can he draw. In a dern woode thai stellit thaim full law. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wem. 242 Thai drank, and did away dule, vnder derne bewis. 1608 Shaks. Per. in. Prol. 15 By many a dern and painful perch Of Pericles the careful search.. Is made. 1612 Shelton Quix. m. xii. I. 240 He searching Adventures blind Among these dearn Woods and Rocks. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 11. hi. in. xii, Sing we to these wast hills, dern, deaf, forlorn. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words, Deafely, lonely, solitary, far from neighbors. Dearn, signifies the same. 1813 Hogg Queen s Wake 96 Mid wastes that dern and dreary lie.

5. Dark, drear, dire. arch. 1570 Levins Manip. 211/4 Dearne, dirus. 1613 W. Leigh Drumme Devot. 35 The light of Israel was put out for a time, Queene Elizabeth died, a dearne day to England, had it not beene presently repayred with as cleare a light from Scotland. Ibid. 39 Prognostications of our dearne light. 1650 B. Discolliminium 46 These derne, dreery, direfull dayes condunghill’d and uglified me into a darke dense lumpe. 1845 T. Cooper Pur gat. Suicides (1877) 16 It was a crude excess Of all things dem and doleful, dark and drear. 1856 Dobell Eng. in Time War, Evening Dream, The awful, twilight dern and dun.

f6. Deep, profound, intense, lit. and fig. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3060 Hir chyn full choise was the chekys benethe, With a dympull full derne, daynte to se. £1500 Spir. Remed. in Halliw. Nugse Poet. 64 My myddelle woundys they bene derne and depe, Ther ys no plaster that persyth aryght. 1594 Warres of Cyrus (N.), Who, wounded with report of beauties pride, Unable to restraine his derne desire.

B. sb. f 1* A hidden thing; a secret. Obs. a 1000 Gnom. Vers. 2 (Gr.) Nelle ic pe min dyme geseejan. a 1300 E.E. Psalter 1. 8 [li. 6] (Matz.) Derne of pi wisdam pou opened unto me. 01340 Hampole Psalter xliii. 23 God., knawis all pe dem in oure hert.

f2. Secrecy, concealment, privacy. Chiefly in dem, in secret. Obs. a 1250 Owl Gf Night. 608 Ich can nimen mus at berne, An ek at Chirche in pe derne. 01300 Cursor M. 2935 (Cott.) Sister, to pe in dem i sai, pou seis pe folk er all a-wai. Ibid. 21250 (Cott.) Marc, men sais, it wratte in dem. £1420 Avow. Arth. lii, I am comun here loe In derne for to play. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wem. 9,1 drew in derne to the dyk to dirkin eftir myrthis.

f 3. A secret place; a place of concealment. 0 1340 Hampole Psalter xxx. 25 )?ou sail hide paim in dem of pi face, c 1450 Henryson Mor. Fab. 27 Unto ane derne for dread hee him addrest. £1500 Leaues true Love (W. de W.), To a derne I me droughe Her wyll to knowe.

f4. Darkness. Obs. 1500-20 Dunbar Ballot our Lady 3 Haile, steme supeme ..Lucerne in derne. 15.. Bannatyne Poems (1770) 98 (Jam.) My dule in dem, bot gif thow dill, Doutless bot dreid I de.

dern, a door-post: see durn. dern, U.S. var. darn sb. 1853 5. Lit. Messenger XIX. 222/1 Cave said he did not care a dem for the oysters. 1874 E. Eggleston Circuit Rider (1895) 120, I tole him as how I didn’t keer three continental dems fer his whole band. 1876 ‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer vi. 56, I wouldn’t give a dern for spunk-water. 1893 McCarthy Red Diamonds I. 69 Ef it had been Noah I shouldn’t have cared a dem.

dern, U.S. var. darn a. 1853 in D.A.E. 1876 ‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer ix. 97 I’d druther [rather] they was devils a dem sight. 1883Life Mississippi xviii. 219 ‘Where was you bom?’ ‘In Florida, Missouri.’ ‘Dern sight better stayed there!’ 1919 T. K. Holmes Manfr. Tall Timber xviii. 220 The dem fool! Thirty thousand against thirty millions!

fdern, darn, v. Obs. exc. dial. Also 2-3 dxmen, deorne. [OE. diernart, dyrnan, demon = OS. dernjan, OHG. toman, tarnen, MHG. temen to hide:—OTeut. *darnjan, f. *darnjo-, OE. derne, dern a.] f 1. trans. To hide, conceal, keep secret. Obs. C893 K. Alfred Oros. v. x, J>eh hie hit aer swipe him betweonum diemden [later MS. dymdon]. ciooo TElfric Gen. xlv. i Da ne mihte Ioseph hine leng dyrnan. 1205 Lay. 7694 Alle hine graetten & heore grame daemden [1275 deorne]. Ibid. 18549 Naes pe king noht swa wis.. pact imong his du3epe his poht cu8e demen. £1315 Shoreham 79 And he ondede hym cristendom, No lenge he nolde hyt demy.

2. refl. To hide, conceal oneself, dial. 1604 in Pitcairn Crim. Trials Scot. II. 428 The said George darnit him selflf and his servandis in ane out-hous. 1837 R. Nicoll Poems (1843) 118 We dern oursel’s down ’mang the fresh aiten strae. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. x. (1858) 211 He.. escaped them by derning himself in a foxearth.

3. intr. To seek concealment; to hide. dial. 1584 Hudson Du Bartas' Judith (1611) 31 Their courage quailed and they began to dem. 1600 J. Melvill Diary (1842) 318 The enemies fled and darned. 1813 Hogg Queen's Wake 79 Ane nycht he darnit in Maisry’s cot. 1847 J. Halliday Rustic Bard 261 We’ve., dern’d amang its green.

f4. trans. To cause to hide, to run to earth. 1584 Hudson Du Bartas' Judith 86 (Jam.) Holopherne, Who did a hundred famous princes derne. 1637 R- Monro Exped. Mackay's Reg. 11. 112 (Jam.) The cunning hunter.. giving one sweat after another, till he kill or derne, in putting the fox in the earth, and then hooke him out.

dern, obs. and dial, form of darn dern, U.S. var. darn

.1

v

.2

v

1830 in D.A.E. 1848 J. J. Hooper Widow Rugby in Simon Suggs' Adv., etc. 128 Who dars to call me hit? Dern his old gray har, it shan’t purtect him! 1883 ‘Mark Twain’ Life Mississippi xviii. 226 ‘Dod dern’ was the nearest he ventured to the luxury of swearing. 1891 H. C. Bunner Short Sixes 100 ‘Dern you,’ said the keeper to Dr. Tibbitt.

t derne, adv. Obs. Also 1-3 dierne, 6 dern, 7 darne. [OE. derney dierney dyrne = OS. darnoy adv. from derny etc. adj.] ‘Dernly’, secretly. 0 1200 Moral Ode 77 in Trin. Coll. Horn. 222 Ne bie hit no swo derne idon. £1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 697, I compast hem a kynde crafte & kende hit hem derne. c 1440 Bone Flor. 1958 They..went forthe, so seyth the boke, Prevely and derne. 1631 A. Craige Pilgr. & Heremite 5, I drew me dame to the doore, some din to heare.

DERNED f derned, ppl. a. Obs. or dial. Also darned, [f. dern v.] Hidden, concealed; secret, privy. 1600 Gowrie's Conspir. in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 190 He privatly.. took the fellow, and band him in a privie derned house, and, after lokking many durres vppon him, left him there. 1616 Jas. I, Disc. Powder Treason Wks. 242 That rightly-damned crew, now no more darned conspirators, but open and avowed rebels. 1631 A. Craige Pilgr. & Heremite 7 When at the colde Caue doore darned I stood. 1725 Ramsay Gent. Sheph. 1. ii, A little fae Lies darn’d within my breast this mony a day.

derned, U.S. var. darned a. (= damned). 1843 Spirit of Times 11 Feb. 591/3 He said he would ‘be dod derned if he’d go’! Ibid., Report and be derned. 1873 J. H. Beadle Undevel. West xxi. 405 [He] was rich afo’ the war; derned poor now. 1898 H. S. Canfield Maid of Frontier i. 6 The derned rangers will have to make the same ride.

dernel, -al, obs. forms of darnel. t'derner.

Obs. Also dirner. [Etymology unknown: ? connected with dern, durn, door¬ frame.] The lintel of a door. a 1300 Cursor M. 6078 (Cott.) )?is lamb blod.. bar-wit yee mak pan takning, On aij?er post per hus to smer, A takin o tav on pair derner [v.r. dernere]. Ibid. 6103 (Cott.) On pair post and on dirner.

t'demful, a.

Obs. [f. dern sb. + -ful. pseudo-archaism.] Mournful, dreary.

DEROGATION

504

A

?i59i L. Bryskett Mourn. Muse Thest. 90 in Spenser Astroph., The birds..this lucklesse chance foretold, By dernfull noise.

t'dernhede. Obs. rare—1, [f. dern a. + -hede: see -head.] Secret matter; privity; a secret. 01300 Cursor M. 18454 (Cott.) Noght we dere O paa dernhede tell you namar.

dernier

('d3:ni9(r), ||dernje), a. [a. F. dernier:—OF. derreniery deriv. of derrein: see darrein. The suffix is as in prem-ier, L. primdrius.] a. Last; ultimate, final. 1602 R. T. Five Godlie Serm. 45 The latter day.. wherein we must take our dernier adewe. 01688 Villiers (Dk. Buckhm.) Chances, Sir, I am in the demiere confusion to avow, that [etc.]. 01734 North Lives I. 109 While this dernier writ of error hung in the House of Lords undetermined. 1751 Mrs. E. Heywood Betsy Thoughtless I. 149 Every thing but the dernier undoing deed. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) III. 96 On how many chances did this dernier hope hang!

b. dernier resort (now always in F. form dernier ressort): last resort; orig. (in reference to legal jurisdiction) the last tribunal or court to which appeal can be made, that which has the power of final decision; hence, a last or final resource or refuge. 1641 Abp. Williams Sp. in Apol. Bishops (1661) 89 Here I have fixt my Areopagus, and dernier resort, being not like to make any further appeal. 01709 Atkyns Pari. & Pol. Tracts (1734) 97 The High Court of Parliament is the dernier Resort. 1709 Refl. Sacheverell's Serm. 3 The People .. were the dernier Resort of Justice and Dominion. 1711 Vind. Sacheverell 73 The Pretender is your dernier Resort. 1778 Fothergill in Phil. Trans. LXIX. 2, I recommended, as a dernier resort, a trial of electricity. 1792 J. Belknap Hist. New-Hampshire III. 256 The dernier resort was to a court of appeals, consisting of the Governor and Council. 1893 Nation (N.Y.) 9 Feb. iii/i The word elementum.. hithertofore, as a dernier ressort, has been referred in some way to alimentum.

c. le (or the) dernier cri [Fr., lit. ‘the last cry’]: the very latest fashion. Also in predicative use and (without article) attrib. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 10 Dec. 3/2 At a moment when cutsteel is le dernier cri. 1903 Lady's Realm XIV. 407/1 The shade par excellence for grey Father Thames is scarlet; in Paris this is the dernier cri. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 13 June 6/7 There was a time when the lisp was, so to speak, the ‘dernier cri’. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 249 Henry and James’s wax smartsuited freshcheeked models, the gentlemen Henry, dernier cri James. 1928 Daily Express 16 June 5/5 That is why they wear hats and gowns that they are told are le dernier cri. Ibid. 9 Nov. 5/4 Any old necklace can be made modern and ‘dernier cri’. i960 Times 8 Jan. 13/6 The drabness of much dernier cri music.

d. dernier mot: the last word (see word sb. 25). 1834 J. S. Mill in Monthly Repos. VIII. 311 Propositions .. are put forth with an air of authority,.. as if they were the dernier mot of some great question. 1905 To-Day 8 Mar. 175/2 One would have thought this group the dernier mot of singing. 1937 S. Spender Forward from Liberalism 94 Private property.. and inheritance, appeared to me.. the dernier mot of legislation.

t'dernly, adv. Obs. Also 2-3 derneliche, 3-6 dernely, compar. 3 dern(e)luker. [f. dern a.: see -LY2. It is properly the adv. of an O.E. derived adj. *dernelic.] 1. In a secret manner, with secrecy. rH75 Lamb. Horn. 153 Nedre smujeS derneliche. 01225 Ancr. R. 128 Vorte. don derneluker perinne flesliche fulSen. 01300 Cursor M. 2517 (Cott.) Dernlik he did pam bide, c 1300 Beket 27 This Maide longede sore And lovede him durneliche. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xiv. 164 Menye of (>o bryddes Hudden and heleden durneliche here egges, For no foul sholde hem fynde. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13700 pe schalke, that, .so dernely hym did dere & dispit.

2. So as to be concealed or hidden. el3°S St. Kenelm 283 in E.E.P. (1862) 55 \>e holi bodi: pat durneliche lai pere. 1513 Douglas JEneis vm. i. 146 So dernly hyd none wyst quhair he was gone.

3. Dismally. [A Spenserian archaism.] 1590 Spenser F.Q. hi. i. 14 Their puissance, whylome full dernely tryde. Ibid. in. xii. 34 Had not the lady.. Dernly unto her called to abstaine. 1591-Daphn. xxviii, Thus dearnely plained. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage II. xx. 223 A Lion .. roared so dernely, that all the women in Rome (foure hundred miles from thence) for very horror proued abortive.

f 'dernship. Obs. In 3 damscipe. [f. dern a. + -ship.] Secrecy; = dernhede. c 1205 Lay. 258 Mid damscipe he heo luuede. a 1225 Ancr. R. 152 [Cott. MS.] Niht, ich cleopie deameschipe [other MSS. priuite].

fde'rob, v. Obs. Also derobbe,-rube,-robe. [a. F. derober (OF. also desrober, 13th c. in Littre), f. de- (des-), L. dis- + OF. rober to rob, take by stealth or force: see rob. (In the second quot. perh. associated with robe: cf. divest and derobe.)] trans. To rob, plunder. 1546 St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 46 He wold preferre captaynes to Your Highnes service, but they wyl derobbe al. 1616 Budden tr. Aerodius’ Parents' Hon. Ep. Ded. 4 Methinks Lucius Brutus his seueritie well abated.. that derobed himself of all respect of a Father.

derobe (di'rsob), v. rare. [f. de- II. i + robeil] trans. To disrobe; to doff. 1841 Tait's Mag. VIII. 155 We quickly derobed our ‘dusty apparelling’.

f'derogant, a. Obs. [ad. L. derogant-em, pr. pple. of derogare to derogate.] Derogating, derogatory. c 1620 T. Adams Wks. (1861-2) I. 12 (D.) The other is both arrogant in man, and derogant to God.

'derogate, ppl. a. Now rare. [ad. L. derogdt-us, pa. pple. of derogare: see next.] fl. pa. pple. Annulled or abrogated in part; lessened in authority, force, estimation, etc. Obs. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy III. xxvii, And leest through tongues to his hygh estate Through false reporte it were derogate. 1548 Hall. Chron. 117 The chief ruler beyng in presence, the authoritie of the substitute, was clerely derogate. 1563-87 Foxe A. fif M. (1684) III. 311 The once made oblation of Christ is hereby derogate, when this Sacramental.. offering of thanksgiving is believed to be propitiatory.

2. adj.

Deteriorated; debased.

1605 Shaks. Lear i. iv. 302 And from her derogate body neuer spring A babe to honor her! 1849 Fraser's Mag. XL. 533 They are (like all his poetry) made derogate by vile conceits.

derogate ('derageit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. derogare to repeal in part, take away or detract from, diminish, disparage, f. de- I. 2 + rogare to ask, question, propose a law. Cf. prec., and see -ate3 3-5.] f 1. trans. To repeal or abrogate in part (a law, sentence, etc.); to destroy or impair the force and effect of; to lessen the extent or authority of. Obs. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 3199 There may be no counseyll.. To derogate or chaunge deuyne sentence. 1559 Fabyan's Chron. vn. 717 The Englishe seruice and the communion boke was derogated and disanulled, and a generalle submission.. made to the sea of Roome. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. (J.), By severall contrary customs.. many of these civil and canon laws are controuled and derogated.

f2. To detract from; to disparage, depreciate. Obs.

lessen,

abate,

1526 Pilgr- Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 217 He dothe.. as moche as is in hym, to derogate and destroy the autoritie of holy scripture. 1561 Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 19 b, There be some at this day, which doe playnly derogate the manhode of Christ. 1570 Billingsley Euclid xi. Def. xii. 316 Which thing is not here spoken, any thing to derogate the author of the booke. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. (1851) 260 To derogate the honour of the State.

13. To curtail or deprive (a person) o/any part of his rights. Obs. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 24 Marcus Aurelius, whom no man can derogate of anie parte of honour and wisedome. 1570 Buchanan Admonitioun Wks. (1892) 30 Ye lordis wald not consent to put down y* quene or derogat hir of hir authoritie in ony maner.

4. To take away (something/rom a thing) so as to lessen or impair it. arch. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 11. 105 Is that bicause their purpose is to derogate any thing from the law. 1577 Holinshed Chron. II. 134 To derogat things meerely preiudiciall to the kings roiall prerogative. 1593 Abp. Bancroft Daung. Posit. 1. vi. 26 [He] made Actes to derogate the free passage of the Gospell. 1623 Bingham Xenophon 141 Not to derogate credit from your owne word. 1755 Young Centaur i. Wks. 1757 IV. 119 Nor can the diminishing imagery of our notions derogate less from Him. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Mod. Gallantry, Just so much respect as a woman derogates from her own sex.. she deserves to have diminished from herself.

5. absol. or intr. To take away a part from; to detract, to make an improper or injurious abatement from. Now chiefly from an excellency; also, from a right, privilege, or possession. c 1560 Calvin's Com. Prayer Bk. in Phenix (1708) II. 206 Other Sacrifices for Sin are blasphemous and derogate from the Sufficiency hereof. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882)

59 It derogateth greatly from the glorie and maiestie of God, to saye, [etc.] 1640 Wilkins New Planet i. (1707) 155 Fear of Derogating from the Authority of the Ancients. 1726-31 Tindal Rapin’s Hist. Eng. (1743) H. xvii. 124 This present Treaty shall in no way derogate from former Treaties. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. (1875) II. xiv. 88 This award is not intended to derogate from the liberties of the realm.

b. from a person: i.e. in respect of his excellency, eminence, authority, rights, etc. Now arch. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. in. xvi. (1612) 71 How captiously he derogates from me, and mine estate, a 1617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 78 This is a wicked Doctrin derogating from Christ. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 101 |f 3 We can now allow Caesar to be a great Man, without derogating from Pompey. 1870 Rossetti Life of Shelley p. xiv, This vile stuff capable only of derogating from the typical Shelley.

fc. with to. Obs. rare. a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams II. 218 This fell into a harsh construction, derogating much to the Archbishop’s credit.

6. intr. To do something derogatory to one’s rank or position; to fall away in character or conduct from-, to degenerate. [Cf. F. deroger, deroger a noblesse, to do anything entailing loss of the privileges of nobility, e.g. to engage in a profession incompatible therewith.] 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 11. i. 48 You cannot derogate, my Lord. 1706 Estcourt Fair Examp. 11. i, The World grows extravagant and derogates.. from the Parsimony of our Ancestors, a 1830 Hazlitt (O.), Would Charles X derogate from his ancestors? Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line? 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh ill. 439, I’m well aware I do not derogate In loving Romney Leigh. 1862 Trollope Orley F. lvii. (ed. 4) 416 In these days, too, Snow ere had derogated even from the position in which Graham ad first known him. 1888 Temple Bar Mag. Oct. 183 A nobleman derogates if he marries a lady who on her side has less than sixteen quarterings.

f Reproducing a barbarism of the Vulgate. 1609 Bible (Douay) Ezek. xxxv. 13 You .. have derogated [1611 multiplied] your wordes against me. [Vulg. derogastis adversum me verba vestra.]

Hence 'derogated ppl. a., 'derogating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. c 1629 Layton Syon's Plea (ed. 2) 17 Their derogating from the King, their injury to his Lawes. 1654 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 55 The most mischievous scandals and derogating Defamations. 1674 Prideaux Lett. (Camden) 11 Whatsoever harsh or derogateing expression be found in any part of his booke.

t 'derogately, adv. Obs. [f. derogate ppl. a. + -LY2.] = DEROGATORILY. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. 11. ii. 33 More laught at, that I should Once name you derogately.

derogation (dera'geijan).

In 5 -acion. [a. F. derogation (14th c. -acion, in Hatzf.), ad. L. derogation-em, n. of action from derogare to derogate. In L. used only in the sense ‘partial abrogation of a law’: but in the mod. langs. in all the senses of the vb.] 1. The partial abrogation or repeal of a law, contract, treaty, legal right, etc. 1548 Hall Chron. Hen. V, An. 8. 72 b, Long sufferaunce is no acquittance, nor prolongyng of tyme derogacion to right. 1628 Coke On Litt. 282 b, New and subtile inuentions in derogation of the Common Law. 1691 Ray Creation 1. 22 In derogation to the precedent Rule. 1692 South Serm. (1697) 1. 430 The Scripture that allows of the Will, is neither the Abrogation, nor Derogation, nor Dispensation, nor Relaxation of that Law. 1792 Chipman Amer. Law Rep. (1871) 13 A privilege in derogation of the common law right of the creditor. 1885 Act 48-49 Viet. c. 38 § 1 This section shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any powers .. vested in the Committee of.. Council on Education.

2. The taking away (in part) of the power or authority (of a person, etc.); lessening, weakening, curtailment, or impairment of authority; detraction from. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione 111. lxiii. He t>at do)?e hindringe to eny of my seintes, doJ>e derogacion to me. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 304 One thynge he dyd to ye derogacion of ye munkys of Cantorbury. 1533 Bellenden Livy 11. (1822) 195 It maid plane derogacioun to the Faderis to creat ony tribunis in times cumming, be votis of thair assessouris or clientis. 1536 Act 28 Hen. VIII (1621 in Bolton Stat. Irel. 118), Acts and Statutes made .. in derogation, extirpation, and extinguishment of the Bishop of Rome. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iv. xix. (1634) 717 marg.. With derogation from Baptisme, force [is] given unto confirmation which doth not belong unto it. 1750 Carte Hist. Eng- II. 511 Papal usurpations, to the derogation of the Crown. 1779 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 269, I hope, too, that you will not think it any.. derogation from the deference I ought to pay to your judgment.

3. Detraction from the honour, or reputation of; lowering or lessening in value or estimation, disparagement, depreciation. 1520 Caxton's Chron. Eng. iv. 31/2 Nero thought it sholde be great derogacion to his name and he were slayne of Karles. 1549 Compl. Scot. Epist. 5 As this nobil prelat hes dune .. vytht out dirrogatione of his speritual dignite. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (1862) 516/2 He is a very brave man, neither is that any thing which I speake to his derogation. 1641 Milton Reform. 11. (1851) 37 Clogs, and indeed derogations, and debasements to their high calling. 1656 Cowley Pindar. Odes Notes (1669) 10 He does it in derogation from his adversary Bacchilides. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 1. iii. (1695) 15 This is no Derogation to their Truth and Certainty. 1713 Addison Ct. Tariff He had heard the Plaintiff speak in derogation of the Portuguese. *873 H. Rogers Orig. Bible vii. 279, I am far from saying this in derogation.

DEROGATIVE

DERRING DO

5°5

4. Falling off in rank, character, or excellence; loss of rank; deterioration, debasement. 1838—9 Hallam Mist. Lit. II. iv. 11. §56. 155 He discusses also the derogation to nobility by plebeian occupation. 1847 L. Hunt Jar Honey (1848) 197 The sweets of the wild flowers, the industry of the bee, will continue without change or derogation. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes I. 227 He might pretend surely to his kinswoman's hand without derogation. 1864 Sala in Daily Tel. 27 July, Men .. who shudder at the derogation and degradation of the Northern American clergy.

derogative (di'rogativ), a. [a. OF. derogatif, -we (1403 in Godef.), f. L. type *derogativ-us, f. ppl. stem of derogate: see -ative.] Characterized by derogating; tending to derogation. 1477 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 305 Prejudicial! or derogatyve to the lyberties .. of the bisshop. 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 13 § 1 Actes and statutes.. derogatiue vnto the most auncient.. priuileges of your said countie Palatine. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. xi. 47 A conceit derogative unto himselfe. 1888 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 73 Too derogative of the intelligence of Londoners.

Hence de'rogatively adv. In mod. Diets.

derogator ('derageitaCr)). Also -our, -er. [a. L. derogatory agent-n. from derogate to derogate.] One who derogates; one who diminishes or takes from the authority of anything. 1580 Lupton Sivqila 120 The derogaters of Christes merits and passion. 1623 Cockeram ii, Which Diminisheth, Derogatour. 1684 Vind. of Case of Indiff. Things 9 It may be thought he is a Champion for the perfection and sufficiency of Scripture, and we the derogators from it.

derogatorily (di'rogatsnli), adv. [f. derogatory + -ly2.] In a derogatory manner; with derogation or disparagement. 1603 Sir C. Heydon Jud. Astrol. xxii. 481 Without speaking vqreuerently or derogatorily of God. 1648 Prynne Plea for Lords 17 He writes.. derogatorily of the Commons. 1827 Hare Guesses (1859) 337 By speaking derogatorily and slightingly of some other power.

de'rogatoriness. rare. Derogatory quality.

t B. sb. Obs. rare~°. 1611 Cotgr., derogation.

Derogatoire,

a

derogatorie,

or

act

of

f de'roge, v. Obs. rare. [a. F. deroge-r (Oresme 14th c.), ad. L. derogare.'] = derogate. 1427 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 326/2 It was nought youre entent in any wyse to deroge or do prejudice unto my Lord.

derotremate (dereu’trnmst), a.

Zool. [ad. mod.L. derotremat-us (in neuter pi. Derotremata name of the group), f. Gr. hep-q neck + Tpqp.a{thole, boring.] Of or pertaining to the Derotremata, a group of urodele batrachians, having gill-slits or branchial apertures, instead of external gill-tufts. So dero'trematous a., 'derotreme a. and sb. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 828/2 [Supra-renal capsules] have not been found among the Derotremate .. orders.

derout (di'raut), sb.

[a. F. deroute ‘a rout, a defeature, or flight of men’ (Cotgr.), f. derouter: see next.] An utter defeat, a rout. 1644 R. Baillie Lett. Jrnls. (1841) II. 188 We trust to heare shortly of their totall derout, c 1729 Earl of Ailesbury Mem. (1890) 591 [Ramillies] was called a derout rather than a battle. 1803 E. Hay Insurr. Wexf. 150 This derout was.. occasioned by the example of one of the divisional commanders.

derout (di'raut), v. [a. F. deroute-r, OF. desrouter (-roter, -ruter, -roupter):—late L. *disruptare, f. di(s)rupt-us, pa. pple. of dirumpere to break in pieces: cf. disrupt.] trans. To put completely to flight; to rout. Hence de'routed ppl. a. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. Ord. Ciij, Untill not only all their blowes be awarded, but themselves also all derouted. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. vi. 537 Till dark derouted foes should yield to flight. 1839 W. H. Maxwell Wellington & Brit. Armies (1877) 147 The Spanish being utterly derouted.

[f. as prec. + -ness.]

derraine, -reyne, var. of deraign v. Obs.

1727 in Bailey vol. II.

derrar, -ere, obs. compar. of dear a. f deroga'torious, a.

Obs.

[f. L. derogdtori-us

DEROGATORY + -OUS.] = next. C1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 234 His doings were derogatorious.. to the supremacy of the Pope. 1601 Deacon & Walker Spirits Divels 186 Your speech is derogatorious to the efficacie. .of Christ’s death.

derogatory (di'rogatan), a. and sb. [ad. L. derogatori-us, f. derogator: see prec. and -ory. Cf. F. derogatoire (1341 in Hatzf.).] A. adj. 1. Having the character of derogating, of taking away or detracting from authority, rights, or standing, of impairing in force or effect. Const. tOyfrom (fof). 1502-3 Plumpton Corr. 174 Not intending to have his grant derogatorie unto justice. 1638 Chillingw. Relig. Prot. 1. vi. §4. 326 If you conceive such a prayer derogatory from the perfection of your faith. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 501 That none be chosen, or no course be taken derogatory thereto. 1651 Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xiv. § 12. 221 Provided there be nothing contain’d in the Law.. derogatory from his supreme power. 1730 Swift Drapier's Lett. ii. Rep. Comm. Whiteh., A just.. exercise of your., royal prerogative, in no manner derogatory or invasive of any liberties. 1788 V. Knox Winter Even. II. iv. x. 60 An opinion derogatory from the value of life. 1825 Scott Talism. xx, Incidents mortifying to his pride, and derogatory from his authority. 1863 H. Cox Instit. 1. vi. 34 This Act was annulled as derogatory to the King’s just rights.

2. Having the effect of lowering in honour or estimation; depreciatory, respectful, lowering.

disparaging,

dis¬

1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 1/2 The 2nd [was] derogatorie to kings and emperors. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 13 a, All holy Writ warrants that delight, so it be not derogatory to any part of Gods owne worship. 1776 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. vii. (1876) 48 Who probably would think it derogatory to their character, to be supposed to borrow. 1838-9 Hallam Hist. Lit. III. iv. 111. §34. 151 It would be .. derogatory to a man of the slightest claim to polite letters, were he unacquainted with the essays of Bacon. 1839 James Louis XIV, I. 292 Conduct, .derogatory to his rank. 1849 Dickens Dav. Copp. (C.D. ed.) 181 To have imposed any derogatory work upon him. i860 Farrar Orig. Lang. (1865) 40 What plans are consonant to, and what are derogatory of God’s.. Infinite Wisdom.

|3. derogatory clause: a clause in a legal document, a will, deed, etc., by which the right of subsequently altering or cancelling it is abrogated, and the validity of a later document, doing this, is made dependent on the correct repetition of the clause and its formal revocation. Obs. 1528 in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. xxx. 89 As doth appear by composition made.. and also confirmed by Boniface the IV.. with clauses derogatory. 1590 Swinburne Testaments 266 What maner of reuocation is to be made in the second testament, that it may suffice to reuoke the former testament, wherein is a clause derogatorie of the will of the testator. 01626 Bacon Max. Uses Com. Law xix. (1636) 70 A derogatory clause is good to disable any latter act, except you revoke the same clause before you proceed to establish any later disposition or declaration.

derre, obs. f. dear a.; obs. inflexional form of dare v. derrick (’denk), sb. Also 7-9 derick. [from the surname of a noted hangman at Tyburn c 1600. The name is orig. the Du. Dirk, Dierryk, Diederik = Ger. Dietrich, Theoderic.] f 1. a. A hangman; hanging; the gallows. (Cf. Jack Ketch.) c 1600 Ballad Death Earl Essex (N.), Derick, thou know’st at Coles I sav’d Thy life lost for a rape there done. 1606 Dekker Sev. Sinnes 1. (Arb.) 17, I would there were a Derick to hang vp him too. 1607 W. S. Puritan iv. i, Would Derrick had been his fortune seven years ago. 1608 Dekker Bellman of Lond. (N.), He rides circuit with the devil, and Derrick must be his host, and Tybome the inn at which he will light. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Deric.. is with us abusively used for a Hang-man; because one of that name was not long since a famed executioner at Tiburn.

b. attrib. derrick-jastro. ? a 1610 Healey Disc. New World 174 (N.) This is inhabited only with Serjeants, beadles, deputy-constables, and Derrick-jastroes.

2. A contrivance or machine for hoisting or moving heavy weights: f a. orig. A tackle used at the outer quarter of the mizen-mast. Obs. b. A spar or boom set up obliquely, with its head steadied by guys and its foot secured by lashings, or pivoted or socketed to the deck, floor, etc., and furnished with suitable tackle and purchases; orig. and chiefly used on board ship. c. A kind of crane (more fully derrickcrane ) in which the jib is pivoted to the foot of the central post, so that it may take various angles with the perpendicular; a ‘jib and tie’ crane. Also often applied to any outstanding jib or arm with a pulley at the end, e.g. those outside the lofts of stables, warehouses, etc. d. floating derrick: one erected on a kind of boat, with a horizontal boom supported by stays from the top of the central post. e. A tall structure used to support telegraph wires, f. A structure erected over a deep-bored well, esp. an oil-well, to support the drilling apparatus, orig. U.S. a. 1727-52 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ship (Plate), Mizon Mast ..Derrick and Spann. 1794 Rigging & Seamanship I. 165 Derrick, a tackle used at the outer quarter of a mizen-yard, consisting of a double and single block, connected by a fall. b. 1756 Gentl. Mag. XXVI. 429 Lightning.. cut out a piece of what they call the Derrick, at least 18 inches diameter and 15 or 16 feet long. 1800 Colquhoun Comm. Thames 626 Get up and rig a Derick for the purpose of discharging the Cargo. 1878 Besant 8c Rice Celia’s Arb. xxii. (1887) 161 They had jurymasts to serve as derricks on occasion. c. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Stonehenge Wks. (Bolin) II. 126 Swinging a block of granite.. with an ordinary derrick. 1881 Raymond Mining Gloss., Derrick, the hoisting-tower over an artesian well-boring. 1885 Ducane Punishm. & Prev. Crime 179 The construction of the large cranes and derricks in the quarries.

d. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v., Bishop’s floating-derrick .. used in 1850 .. is capable of self-propulsion by means of paddle-wheels, and thus removes its suspended load to a position of safety for repair or other purpose. e. 1886 Daily News 28 Dec. 5/6 They have.. a very large derrick here holding up an immense number of wires and a good many cables. f. 1861 Daily Dispatch (Richmond, Va.) 30 Apr. 1/4 Shanties, derricks, engine-houses, and dwellings, were at once enveloped in flames. 1865 Times 18 Oct. 9/5 All along the last few miles to Oil City the derricks have been becoming thicker and thicker. Ibid. 24 Oct. 6/1 The derrick used at oil wells .. is a mere tall pyramid-shaped scaffolding, about 50 ft. high. 1883, 1885 [see rig sb.’ 3 a]. 1961 H. van Dongen in K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) viii. 152 It is the precise spot chosen by the oil-prospectors for drilling, and it is here that the approaching derrick will settle down.

3. attrib., as derrick-floor, -pole, etc.; derrickcar, a railroad truck on which a small derrick is mounted, for use in clearing lines from any obstruction (U.S.); derrick-crane: see 2 c. 1865 Pall Mall G. 21 June 9 About the same depth from their derrick floors. 1882 Times 27 Dec. 9/2 Unlike the derrick pole of an ordinary turret ship. 1883 Rosher Treat. Rating 42 To lay down moorings and moor a derrick hulk to them.

f 'derrick, v. Obs. rare. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To hang. 1600 W. Kemp Nine Days’ W. in Arb. Garner VIII. 37 One that.. would pol his father, derick his dad! do anything.

derricking (’denkn)), vbl. sb. and ppl. a. [f. DERRICK sb. + -ING1,2.] a. vbl. sb. The action of operating the jib of a derrick-crane, b. ppl. a. Operating as a derrick. 1888 Lockwood's Diet. Mech. Engin. s.v. Derrick, Portable cranes .. are provided with movable jibs, whose mechanism for derricking is made in various types. 1911 C. W. Hill Electr. Crane Constr. iii. 31 An electric motor.. was provided to drive the lifting and derricking motions. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Diet. 236/1 Derricking jib crane, a jib crane in which the inclination of the jib .. can be varied by shortening or lengthening the tie-ropes between post and jib. 1958 H. H. Broughton Electr. Cranes (ed. 3) xvii. 236 Derricking motion. The movement of a crane jib when it is pivoting in a vertical plane is known as derricking or luffing. Ibid. 239 Hoisting rope is taken up which prevents the load from being lowered as it would be with ordinary derricking gear.

derrid, derride ('derid, -aid). Chem. [a. G. derrid(M. Greshoff 1890, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XXIII. 3538), f. derr(is: see -id4, -ide.] a. An extract of derris as obtained by Greshoff (see quots.). b. (See quot. 19392.) 1890 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. & Trans. XXI. 559/2 Derris elliptica. This plant was stated to afford the most important of several drugs passing under the name of ‘tuba root’.. a resinous body with an acid reaction, to which the name ‘derrid’ has been given... In the root it exists together with a brown colouring matter called ‘derris red’, derived from the tannin of derris. 1900 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXVIII. 1. 109 Derride, C33H30O10, prepared from the root of Derris elliptica, Benth... is a pale yellow substance. 1915 J. D. Gimlette Malay Poisons v. 93 A poisonous resin called tubain by Leonard Wray and derrid by Greshoff. 1939 Meyer & Koolhaas in Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas LVIII. 211 The name derride has been assigned to the new substance in memory of Greshoff, who was one of the first to isolate a substance from derris root: this substance was not examined at the time and he termed it derride. 1939 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1100 Meyer and Koolhaas have suggested the name ‘derride’ for this substance [5c. /-elliptone], somewhat unfortunately, as it has already been used by Greshoff.. for a resinous extract from D. elliptica root.

II derri^re (dsri'83(r)). colloq. [Fr.] = behind C. sb. 1774 G. Selwyn Let. 13 Aug. in 15th Rep. Hist. MSS. Commission (1897) 278 S'il fait le fier.A shall give him several spanks upon his derriere. 1814 in J. Agate These were Actors (1943) 31 He..exposed his derriere to his mistress. 1933 J- Martin-Harvey Autobiogr. vii. 83 Another poor girl with an undisguisable "derriere'. 1935 G. B. Shaw Let. 17 Mar. in Shaw & Mrs. P. Campbell (1952) 308 You shouldnt have left that poor young lady.. with a sore derriere by dealing a quite useless parting kick.

derring do, derring-do. pseudo-archaism. In 4-5 dorryng, (dorynge, duryng) don (do, to do), 5 doryng(e do, 6 derrynge do, derring doe, 9 derring-do. The two words durring, dorryng, daring, vbl. sb. from durran, dorren to dare, and don, do, pres. inf. of do v., literally daring to do, which, by a chain of misunderstandings and errors, have come to be treated as a kind of substantive combination, taken to mean, Daring action or feats, ‘desperate courage’. The words come incidentally in their ordinary sense and construction followed by the object ‘that’ (= what, that which) in Chaucer’s Troylus; whence, in an imitative passage by Lydgate, in an absolute construction more liable to misunderstanding; Lydgate’s dorryng do was misprinted in the 16th c. editions (1513 and 1555) derrynge do, in which form it was picked up by Spenser and misconstrued as a subst. phrase, explained in the Glossary to the Sheph. Cal. as ‘manhood and chevalrie’. Modern romantic writers, led by Sir W. Scott, have taken it from Spenser, printed it derring-do, and accentuated the erroneous use. C1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 837 Troylus was neuere vn-to no wight.. in no degre secounde, In dorryng don [v. rr. duryng do, dorynge to do] t?at longeth to a knyght.. His herte ay wi^> pe firste and wij? pe beste Stod paregal, to dorre don [v. rr. durre to do, dore don] that hym leste. 1430 Lydg.

DERRINGER Chron. Troy n. xvi. (MSS. Digby 232 If. 56 a/2; 230 If. 81 a/i), And parygal, of manhode and of dede, he [Troylus] was to any J>at I can of rede, In dorryng [i>. rr. doryng(e] do, this noble worpy wyght, Ffor to fulfille pat longep to a kny3t, The secounde Ector., he called was. [edd. 1513, 1555 In derrynge do, this noble worthy wyght.] 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Oct. 65 For ever who in derring doe were dreade, The loftie verse of hem was loved aye. [G/o$s., In derring doe, in manhood and chevalrie.] Ibid. Dec. 43, I durst in derring do [mispr. to] compare With shepheards swayne. 1590-F.Q. 11. iv. 42 Drad for his derring doe and bloody deed. 1596 Ibid. vi. v. 37 A man of mickle name, Renowned much in armes and derring doe. 1820 Scott Ivanhoe xxix, Singular.. if there be two who can do a deed of such derring-do. [Note. Derring-do, desperate courage.] 1843 Lytton Last Bar. 1. vi, Such wonders and derring-do are too solemn for laughter. 1866 G. W. Dasent Gisli 107 Such a deed of derring-do would long be borne in mind. 1885 Burton Arab. Nts. (1887) III. 433 Who is for duello, who is for derring-do, who is for knightly devoir?

So f derring doers, daring doers; f herring-

deed;

fDER-DOING, q.v. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. ii. 38 Dreadful derring dooers. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. vi. v. 66 That Mantuan swain, who chang’d his slender reed.. From Corydon to Turnus derring-deed.

Derringer

('dsrind33(r)). U.S. Also Deringer, [from the surname of the inventor, Henry Deringer (1786-1868), a gunsmith in U.S.] A small pistol with large bore, very effective at short range. Also attrib.

1853 G. D. Brewerton Overland with Kit Carson (1930) 188 A preventive to interference.. in the shape of Bowie knives, ‘Derringers’, and ‘six-shooters’. 1854 J. R. Bartlett Personal Narr. Explor. Texas I. iii. 48 My carriage driver carried a pair of Deringer pistols. 1856 B. Harte Poems, Dow's Flat, With a shovel and pick on his shoulder, and a derringer hid in his breast, 1876 Besant & Rice Gold. Butterfly Prol., To have both bowie and Derringer ready to hand. 1890 Century Mag. Jan. 435/1 A large derringer bullet had entered the back of the head [of Pres. Lincoln]. fig. 1890 Daily News 4 Dec. 5/2 Tiny tomes, literary derringers for the waistcoat pocket.

derris

('dsris). [mod.L. (J. de Loureiro Flora Cochinchinensis (1790) II. 432), a. Gr. Seppis a leather covering, membrane (referring to the pod).] a. Bot. A member of the genus of woody tropical climbing plants so called, belonging to the family Leguminosae. i860 G. Bentham in Jrnl. Linnean Soc. IV. Suppl. 21 Derris has the flat pod of Lonchocarpus, varying likewise in consistency from thin and membranous to thick and almost woody. Ibid. 22, I adopted for the whole genus Loureiro’s old name, Derris, because I could clearly identify it with his character. 1936 D. H. Grist Outl. Malayan Agric. 182 Two species of derris are commonly cultivated in the Malay Peninsula. 1968 J. W. Purseglove Tropical Crops I. 257 Derris is propagated vegetatively by well-ripened stem cuttings.

b. A preparation, esp. the powdered root, of various species of Derris (and also of other genera containing rotenone), used extensively as an insecticide. Also attrib. 1890 [see derrid, derride]. 1919 N. E. McIndoo et al. in Jrnl. Agric. Research XVII. 199 Derris, known widely as a powerful East Indies fish poison, was found to fulfill several of the requirements of a general insecticide; it acts both as a contact insecticide and as a stomach poison. Ibid. 200 Derris powder.. was found to be efficient against dog fleas, chicken lice, house flies. 1932 R. F. Fortune Sorcerers of Dobu iii. 174 Derris, a vegetable poison in the roots of a tall liana, is used publicly for stupefying fish. 1936 Discovery Feb. 42/2 The successful derris treatments for Warble Fly damage. 1958 Times 25 Jan. 9/1 The derris will take care of the caterpillars and the BHC, of most of the other pests that afflict our plants. 1963 H. Martin Insecticide & Fungicide Handbk. i. 8 The other principal insecticide available prior to 1939 was derris, the ground root of species of the genera Derris and Lonchocarpus. 1971 Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 6/4 Don’t forget the dustings of derris powder round their [sc. daffodil bulbs’] necks to scotch the maggots of the bulb flies.

derry1

('deri). A meaningless word in the refrains of popular songs; hence> a ballad or set of verses. a 1553 Udall Royster D. 11. iii. (Arb.) 36 With chip and cherie Heyh derie derie. i860 Borrow Sleeping Bard 50 If one can patch together any nonsensical derry, he is styled a graduate bard.

derry2 ('deri). Austral, and N.Z. [app. jocular adaptation of derry in the refrain derry down.] A ‘down’ (down sb.3 5); esp. in phr. to have a derry on, to be prejudiced against. 1896 Argus 19 Mar. 5/9 (Morris), Have you any particular ‘derry’ upon this Wendouree? 1897 D. McK. Wright Station Ballads 107, I ain’t down on them if they ain’t got a derry on me! 1900 H. Lawson Verses Pop. & Humorous 185 It’s orful when the p’leece has got a derry on a chap. 1915 Bulletin (Sydney) 15 Aug. 47/1 If you do, the Johns have a derry on yer ever after. 1918 Chrons. N.Z.E.F. 20 Dec. 245/1 He.. [has] a particularly keen ‘derry’ on the paradeground N.C.O. 1948 D. W. Ballantyne Cunninghams (1963) 1. x. 58 She didn’t like the Baptists though, had had a derry on that crowd ever since Hilda took her to an evening service.

derry3

(’deri). slang, [f. derelict a. and sb. + -y6.] A derelict building.

1968 Busby & Holtham Main Line Kill v. 52 Red said it was time to kip in the derry... The derry was the second of a row of empty houses. 1969 Guardian 5 Aug. 4/8 Mary.. lives with her husband, two Belgian boys, three English

DESACRALIZATION

506 girls, and a young Frenchman in a ‘derry’—a deserted house —in Chelsea.

Byron Juan ill. xxix, Like dervises, who turn as on a pivot. 1832 G. A. Herklots tr. Customs Moosulmans 206 The first class of Durwayshes is denominated Salik. 1847 Emerson

derth(e,

Poems, Saadi Wks. (Bohn) I. 475 Barefooted Dervish is not poor, If fate unlock his bosom’s door. 1852 E. B. Eastwick tr. Bdgk 0 Bahdr 10 Adventures of the Four Darweshes. 1869 Pall Mall G. 7 Jan. 10 Whirling about all round you like dancing dervishes. 1877 A. B. Edwards Up Nile ii. 37 And now, their guttural chorus audible long before they arrived in sight, came the howling dervishes. attrib. 1704 J. Pitts Acc. Mahometans vii. (1738) 125 Give themselves up to a Dervise sort of Life. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 1810 This pantheistic dervish system. _ _

obs. form of dearth.

dertrum

('d3:tr3m). Zool. Also dertron. [mod.L., ad. Gr. beprpov beak.] The extremity of the upper bill of a bird when in any way distinguished from the rest of the beak. 1889 in Cent. Diet. 1893 A. Newton Diet. Birds 1. 33 Various parts of the rostrum have received special names: oilmen, the dorsal ridge of the upper bill; apex or tip; dertrum, in which it often terminates. 1959 Van Tyne & Berger Fund. Ornith. 566 Dertrum. Extremity of the upper mandible (maxilla); the hook of the bill. 1964 G. R. Mountfort in A. L. Thomson New Diet. Birds 93/1 Upper mandible... may be divided into the culmen, or dorsal ridge from the tip (dertrum) of the bill to the forehead, and the upper mandibular tomia, or lateral cutting edges.

Hence 'dervishhood, the estate or condition of a dervish, 'dervishism, the principles and practice of the dervishes; the dervish system. dervish-like a.

L. deruncinare to plane off.]

1850 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. Introd. (1863) 22 Asceticism .. strangely uncouth, and dervish-like. 1865 Sat. Rev. 4 Feb. 144/2 Dr. Vambery wandered, because he has the genuine wild spirit of Dervishism strong within him. 1884 Browning Ferishtah 9 Half-way on Dervishhood, not wholly there.

1656 Blount Glossogr., Deruncinate, to cut off or pill away that which is superfluous.

Derwenter ('d3:want3(r)). Australia,

derue: see

derf a., derve v.

f de'runcinate, v. Obs. rare[f. ppl. stem of

Hence fderuncination. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Deruncination (in Husbandry), a cutting off Trees, Bushes, etc. or any thing that incumbers the Ground. Hence in Bailey, Ash, etc.

deruralize:

see de-

derure, compar. of

II.

i.

derf a.

Obs.

derv (d3:v). [f. the initial letters of diesel-engined road vehicle.] Diesel oil for road vehicles. Also attrib. 1948 in Partridge Diet. Forces’ Slang 7939-7945 54.195a Economist 15 Mar. 666/2 Suggestions that ‘derv’ fuel might be given preferential treatment in any increase in motor fuel duty. 1958 Oxford Mail 17 Jan. 6/4 The fuel which supplies the motive power for buses is fuel oil (or ‘derv’). 1958 Times 17 July 10/6 The major fuel companies yesterday announced increases of Jd. a gallon from to-day in Derv, vaporizing oil, gas oil, and light fuel oil.

f derve, v. Obs. Forms: 1 deorfan, 2-4 derue(n; pa. t. 3 derfde, 4 deruede; pa. pple. 3 idoruen, idorve, iderued, 4 deruet. [ME. derven str. and weak; the str. vb. app. = OE. deorfan (pa. t. dearf, durfon, pa. pple. dorfen) to labour; besides this there probably existed a causal weak vb. dierfan (dierfde) to cause to labour, afflict, grieve; confusion of this with the strong vb., as in burn, etc. would account for the ME. forms and sense. OE. deorfan was app. cognate with the stem of OFris. forderva, and OLFrankish fardurvon, transl. ‘perierunt’ Ps. lxxii. 19.] 1. intr. To labour. (Only in OE.) a 1000 in Thorpe Horn. II. 516/26 (Bosw.) Ne wificweSe ic to deorfenne jyt, 5if ic nydbehefe eom gyt Sinum folce.

2. trans. molest.

To trouble, grieve,

hurt, afflict,

c 1205 Lay. 8731 Hunger him derfde. Ibid. 18715 SwiSe he murnede, his mod wes iderued. 01225 Ancr. R. 106 He was idoruen in alle his oSre wittes. a 1240 Lofsong in Cott. Horn. 211 binge pat me deruefi mest. c 1320 Cast. Love 676 None kunnes asaylyng Ne may him deruen. a 1375 Joseph Arim. 47 Beo pou no ping a-dred, for non schal pe derue. absol. 01225 Ancr. R. 112 A lutel ihurt i pen eie derueS more pen de6 a muchel i8e hele.

f'derverye. Obs. rare. [a. OF. derverie, desverie, madness, f. derver, desver, to lose one’s reason, go mad. (Cf. Kcerting, 2441.)] Madness. 1480 Caxton Ovids Met. x. vii, Withdrawe thyn herte fro such rage and derverye.

dervish (’d3:vij).

Forms; 6-9 dervis, 7-9 dervise, (7 dervice, dervys, dervisse, -iche, dervize, derwis, darvish, derveesh), 7- dervish, (8 derwish, 9 dirvesh, darwesh, durwaysh, -weesh). [a. Pers. darvesh, darvish poor, a religious mendicant, a friar, in Arab, darwesh, darwtsh, Turkish dervish, the latter being the immediate source of the European forms: cf. It. dervis, F. dervis, derviche (in 1559 derviss), Sp. derviche, Ger. derwisch. Some of the variant spellings represent Arabic and Persian forms of the word. (The native Arabic equivalent is faqir poor, fakir.)] A Mohammedan friar, who has taken vows of poverty and austere life. Of these there are various orders, some of whom are known from their fantastic practices as dancing or whirling, and as howling dervishes. 1585 T- Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. iii. xvii. 102 The thirde sect of the religious Turkes called Dervis. Ibid. 102 b, These devoute Dervis live of almes. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims II. ix. 1611 An order of Derueeshes, that tume round with Musike in their Diuine Seruice. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 316 Priests called Darvishes. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. 1. iii. (1636) 200 A Dervice, or religious man of theirs. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 307 The Dervisse an order of begging Friar. 1728 Morgan Algiers I. vi. 186 A wandering Derwish, a devout Moor. 1744 Trav. C. Thompson III. 267 They are not the dancing Dervises, of which Sort there are none in Egypt. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India I. ill. iii. 510 A Dirvesh, or professor of piety. 1821

[named from the river Derwent in Tasmania, on the banks of which was a convict settlement.] A released convict.

1853 J. Rochfort Adventures of Surveyor in N.Z. ii. 16 Here we engaged a new steward.. who I think was a Derwenter from what I have since seen of him. 1884 Boldrewood Melb. Mem. xx. 140 An odd pair of Sawyers, generally ‘Derwenters’ as the Tasmanian expirees were called. 1892 in Lentzner Australian Word-bk. 20.

dery, deryge,

obs. forms of dairy, dirge.

derye, var.

dere v. Obs., to hurt.

derzie, -y,

varr. durzee.

des, des-

obs. forms of dais, dice. in obs. words: see dec-, desc-, dess-, dis-.

des- prefix. Regular Romanic form of L. dis-, in Olt., Sp., Pg., Pr., OFr.; in mod.Fr. retained (as des-) before a vowel or silent h (deshabille), otherwise reduced to de- (OF. descharge, mod. decharge). In some cases apparently representing a late L. de- ex-, for L. ex-. Partly from the frequent substitution of dis-, des-, for L. de- in late L. and Romanic (see de- prefix 6), partly through the phonetic reduction of des- to de- in later French, the two prefixes have in that language largely fallen together under the mod.F. de-. Early OF. words passed into English with the prefix in the form des(descharge, ME. descharge)-, here it was sometimes, in conformity with later OF. pronunciation, reduced to de- (OF. desmembre, demembre, ME. demembre); but usually the r was retained, and the prefix at length changed back to the L. type dis- (discharge, dismembre, also spelt dys-) as was also done to some extent in French itself (descorde, now discorde). In English, therefore, des- is merely the earlier form of dis- in words from OF., e.g. desarm, desblame, descharge, desclaundre, descolour, desdain, desembogue, desere (= desheir), deserite (disherit), desgyse, deshonour, desinter essed, desjoyne, desjune, desmail, desmay, desmesure, desordein, desordere, desparage, desparple, despend, despense, despeople, desplay, desport, despreve (= disprove), despute, desray, destempre, desturb, destribute, etc. All these have a later form in dis-, under which they are treated in this Dictionary. Only a few words became obsolete before dis- forms appeared. The prefix is exceptionally retained in descant, and it is occasionally found for de- before a vowel, in chemical terms from modern French, as desoxalic, desoxybenzoin, f desoxydate. In despatch, modern var. of dispatch, the spelling des- is not historical, but originated in an 18th c. etymological error. There are many words beginning with des- in which the s belongs to the root-word, and the prefix is de-, as descry, describe, descend, deserve, despair, despite, despoil, destroy. From confusion of these with words in which des- is the prefix, they also were in late ME. often spelt with dis(discry, discribe, etc.). And, on the other hand, words in difollowed by s- were sometimes confused with words in disprefix, and so also written des- (destinct, destress, etc.). Both these errors have been corrected in the later orthography.

desacralization

(dii.saekralai’zeijsn). [f. de-

II.

+ SACRAL a.2 + -IZ(E + -ATION.] a. The process of the ritual removal of a taboo, b. Secularization; the process of rendering something less sacred. So de'sacralize v. trans. I

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 338/2 Temporary direct taboos, whether natural or acquired, may be removed by a process of desacralization or of purification. Thus, new crops are frequently taboo till the chief has partaken of them;.. and the crops thus desacralized become free to all. 1942 H. Webster Taboo i. 34 A state of taboo which has been

DESACRATE

507

formally imposed by the constituted authorities may be as formally lifted by an act of desacralization. 1959 W. R. Trask tr. Eliade s Sacred & Profane 13 Desacralization pervades the entire experience of the nonreligious man of modern societies. Ibid., The man who lives.. in a desacralized world. 1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media xv. 155 The visual desacralizes the universe and produces the ‘nonreligious man of modern societies’. 1967 C. Davis Question of Conscience in. i. 183 Thus, nature, the State and society have all been desacralized.

t desacrate, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. desacrat-, ppl. stem of desacrare to consecrate.] 1727 Bailey vol. dedicate.

II,

To Desacrate, to consecrate or

desai ('desai).

Indian Hist. Also 7 desie, 9 desaye, dessai. [Marathi desai.] A native Indian revenue official, or petty chief. 1698 J. Fryer Acc. E. India & Persia 120 The Desie or Farmer, who squeezes the Countryman, as much as the Governor does the Citizen. 1800 Wellington Suppl. Desp. (1858) II. 116 He has sent 300 horse to seize the dessays of the villages which you mention. 1835 J. Bird tr. Ali Mohammed Khan's Pol. & Stat. Hist. Gujarat 408 (Y.), The Desayes.. made a complaint at Court. 1883 Pioneer Mail 24 Jan. (Y.), The Desai of Sawantwari has arrived at Delhi on a visit. 1885 G. S. Forbes Wild Life in Canara 20 They were also instructed to rendezvous .. under their Dessaies at any point which might be threatened.

desaife, desait(e, obs. ff. deceive, deceit. desalinate (dii'sselineit), v. [f. de- II. i + salin(e sb. + -ate3.] trans. To remove salt from. Hence de'salinated ppl. a.- desalination, the removal of salt. 1949 Koestler Promise Fulf. 1. xiv. 162 The strange experiment of de-salinating the soil of the barren area. Ibid. 11. ii. 209 The blond, good-looking young man with his neutral, ‘de-salinated’ features. 1958 New Scientist 29 May 75 Desalination of desert waters, i960 Times 15 Mar. 3/1 Among its present projects are .. desalination studies. 1962 Economist 16 June 1138/1 Visions of deserts blooming under the touch of desalinated seawater. 1969 Times 2 May (Suppl.) p. v/i Desalination techniques have advanced enormously since the Second World War.

desalt (dii'solt, -a:-),«. [f. de- II.

2 + saltsZi.1] trans. To remove salt or salts from. Sode'salter, a desalting apparatus; de'salting vbl. sb. and ppl. a.

1909 in Webster. 1945 Times 29 June, The Permutit sea water de-salting apparatus for producing drinking water from sea water without the use of heat. 1956 Nature 14 Jan. 77/1 Active work continues on the desalting of water. Ibid. 83/1 A simplified form of desalter, employing ion-exchange membranes. Ibid., The solution to be desalted .. is separated from the anode. Ibid. 4 Feb. 237/2 The plasma was deproteinized, and the resultant liquid and the two specimens of urine desalted. 1965 Listener 2 Sept. 342/1 Tenders to build a combined nuclear-power station and de¬ salting plant on the shores of the Mediterranean. 1968 Times 22 Nov. 14/8 Desalting water by a flash distillation process.

|| desaparecido (desapare'siSo). [Sp., lit. ‘disappeared, missing person*, pa. ppl. of desaparecer to disappear.] Any of the many people who disappeared in Argentina during the period of military rule between 1976 and 1983, presumed killed by members of the armed services or of the police. Usu. in pi. 1977 Time 11 Apr. 45/3 Amnesty International.. accused the military of arbitrary detention, torture, summary executions and the ‘disappearance’ of at least 500 suspects. .. Amnesty charges that many of the desaparecidos were innocent citizens abducted and murdered by soldiers and police in mufti. 1979 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Oct. 45/3 The desaparecidos are persons who, usually after being detained by teams of well-armed men, vanish without a trace. 1985 Newsweek 25 Nov. 104C/1 The Official Story, made in Argentina after the downfall of the military government, raises the issue of the desaparecidos.

f de'sarcinate, v. Obs. rare—°. [f. de-II. i + L. sarcina bundle, burden, *sarcinare to burden (sarcinatus burdened).] 1656 Blount Glossogr., unburthen, to unfraught.

Desarcinate,

to

unload,

or

Hence desarcination. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Desarcination, a taking of baggage, an unloading. Hence in Ash.

desarde, obs. form of dicer. 1538 Bale Thre Lawes 1396 Counterfet desardes.

desart, obs. form of desert, dessert.

||desax£ (dezakse), a. Also -axe. [Fr.] Of the crankshaft of a motor-car: see quot. 1908. 1906 Daily Chron. 14 Nov. 9/3 The setting of the crank¬ shaft desaxes, or out of line with the cylinders. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 4 June 4/2 An uncommon feature of the Metallurgique engine is the setting of the crank-shaft desaxes—that is to say, the centre of the crank is set slightly out of line with the centre of the cylinder. 1912 Motor Manual (ed. 14) iii. 66 Principle of Offset Cylinder, or Desaxe Crankshaft Setting. 1963 Bird & Hutton-Stott Veteran Motor Car 100 It is the first known example of the desaxe crankshaft... Desaxe engines became quite the thing about ten years later.

desaxonize: see de- II. 1. desayue, desayvabel, obs. forms of deceive, -ABLE. desblame, var. of disblame v. Obs. desc-, obs. spelling of dec-, des-, disc-, diss-. descale (dii'skeil), v. [f. de- II. 2 + scale sb.2 5.] trans. To remove scale from (metal or other surfaces). So de'scaler, a substance or device for descaling; de'scaling vbl. sb., the process of removing scale; also attrib. 1932 W. H. Hatfield in Jrnl. West of Scotland Iron & Steel Inst. (1931-32) XXXIX. 80/2 Descaling. The removal of the scale incurred in rolling, heat-treatment, and other work operations is a very essential part of the manufacture of corrosion-resistant steels... The descaling solution has a fairly long life. 1958 Times Rev. Industry Feb. 19/1 To maintain output during descaling operations. 1958 New Scientist 31 July 526/1 It involved rotating the evaporation tubes while the de-scaler was being applied. 1959 Design Oct. 59/2 The heater is easy to keep clean, and descale where the water is hard.

IDescamisado (deskami'sado). [Sp.; = shirtless, f. des- = dis- + camisa shirt + -ado. Cf. sans-culotte.] A nickname given to the ultra¬ liberals in the Spanish revolutionary war of 1820-23, and still sometimes used in an analogous sense. 1823 Blackw. Mag. XIV. 514 Men of liberal ideas, and.. members of the Descamisados. 1827 Hare Guesses Ser. 11. (1867) 542 What is the folly of the descamisados but man’s stripping himself of the fig-leaf. 1877 Wraxall Hugo's Miserables III. xxiii. 12 We are going to the abyss, and the descamisados have led us to it.

descant (’deskaent), sb. Forms: 4-5 deschaunt, 5-6 dyscant, 6-9 dis-, 6- descant, [a. OF. deschant (13th c. and in Cotgr.), also ONF. descaunt, descant, rarely dis-, mod.F. dechant, = Pr. deschans, Sp. discante, Pg. descante, ad. med.L. discant-us part-song, refrain, descant, f. L. dis- asunder, apart + cantus singing, song. The form directly from OF. was used by Wyclif; a form in dis- immediately from L. occurs from the 15th c., and would be normal for English (see Dis-).] I. Music. Now only Hist., or poet. 1. A melodious accompaniment to a simple musical theme (the plainsong), sung or played, and often merely extemporized, above it, and thus forming an air to its bass: the earliest form of counterpoint. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 77 Grete crying of song as deschaunt, contre note and orgene. ?c 1475 Sqr. lowe Degre 790 Your quere nor organ songe shall wante, With countre note, and dyscant. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 1. xlii, I play and sing, Fabourdoun, pricksang, discant, countering. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. I. ii. 94 You are too flat, And marre the concord, with too harsh a descant. 1595 Spenser Epithal. v, The merry Larke hir mattins sings aloft; The Thrush replyes; the Mavis descant playes. 1683 Chalkhill Thealma Gf Cl. ioo Sweet lays Wrought with such curious descant as would raise Attention in a stone. 1762 Churchill Poems, Proph. Famine, The youth.. skill’d in rustic lays, Fast by her side his am’rous descant plays. 1881 Macfarren Counterp. i. 1 Descant seems to have been the art of improvising a melodic accompaniment to a fixed song. fig. 1641 Wither in R. Palmer Bk. of Praise xxvii. 28 To this Concert when we sing Whistling winds your descants bring. 1659 Rowbotham Gate Lang. Uni. Pref. (1664) Evij, The descant of meeter hath often corrupted the plain-song of truth. 1865 F. G. Lee Direct. Angl. §116. no Canticles (a descant of praise on the Lessons).

fb. base descant, binding descant: see quots. double descant, double counterpoint, plain descant, plain or simple counterpoint. Obs.

desaster, obs. form of disaster. desate, desave, obs. ff. deceit, deceive. desaturate (dii'saetjureit), v. [f. de- II. i + saturate v.] trans. To cause to become unsaturated, to make less saturated. de'saturated ppl. a.; desatu'ration.

Sight, Light 1st Work (ed. 2) i. 17 White is thus the de-saturated ‘colour’ par excellence. 1970 Amateur Photographer 11 Mar. 62/3 Distant colours are desaturated by white light scattered by the atmosphere. Weston

So

1911 Engineer 10 Mar. 243/1 The statement that the blood is desaturated in its passage through the lung requires proof. Ibid., Desaturation of the blood in its passage through the lungs. 1931 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 285 At very low intensities, under ordinary conditions of vision.. all sensations are completely de-saturated, and the spectrum is simply a band of grey. Ibid. 287 De-saturation is not, in fact, complete in the case of spectral colours... Even if there be no complete de-saturation, the problem of explaining a partial de-saturation is essentially the same. 1962 H. C.

1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 76 Two plainesong notes for one in the descant.. is commonlie called binding descant. Ibid. 86 Base descant.. is Tfiat kinde of descanting, where your sight of taking and vsing your cordes must be vnder the plainsong. Ibid. 105 Double descant., is verie neere the nature of a Canon .. which being sung after diuers sortes, by changing the partes, maketh diuers manners of harmonie.

2. The soprano or highest part of the score in part-singing. 1569 J. Sanford tr. Agrippas Van. Artes 30 While the children braie the Discante. 1609 Douland Ornithop. Microl. 83 Discantus is the vppermost part of each Song. 1644 Sir E. Dering Prop. Sacr. Ciij, Children neigh forth the descant. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 2025 Composed for three voices—descant, tenor, and bass.

DESCANT 3. gen. A warbled song, a melodious strain. 1576 Gascoigne Philomene 6 To heare the descant of the Nightingale. 1615 Wither Sheph. Hunt. i. Juvenilia (1633) 393 The cage doth some birds good, And .. Will teach them sweeter descants than the wood. 1742 Gray Sonnet on Death of West 3 The birds in vain their amorous descant join. 1877 Bryant Poems, Waiting by Gate ii, I hear the wood-thrush piping one mellow descant more.

4. The art of singing or writing music in parts; musical composition, harmony; also, a harmonized composition. 1565-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Asymphonia, discord in descant. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 93 If thou haddest learned .. the first noat of Descant thou wouldest have kept thy Sol. Fa. to thyselfe. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., The word descant signifieth, in our toung the forme of setting together of sundry voices or concords for producing of harmony.. But in this signification it is seldome vsed. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 1. iv. 42 The whole chorus joined in descant and sang a hymn. 1674 T. Campion (title). The Art of Descant, or composing Musick in Parts. 1795 Mason Ch. Mus. ii. 100 A descant of thirtie-eight proportions of sondry kind. 1825 Southey Tale of Paraguay ill. xxxix, Into a descant of her own Hath blended all their notes. 1871 Q. Rev. No. 261. 158 The notion of playing two different notes in successive harmony to one of longer duration, or the art of descant, had not yet occurred to any one. 1882 Rockstro in Grove Diet. Music III. 269 [Counterpoint] was.. evolved by slow degrees, from Diaphonia, Discant, and Organum.

5. An instrumental prelude, variations on a given theme.

consisting of

1644 Milton Educ., Exercise, While the skilful Organist plies his grave and fancied descant in lofty Fugues. 1795 Mason Ch. Mus. i. 58 foot-n.. By Discant, the Musicians of Milton’s time meant preluding on a given ground. 1813 Scott Rokeby v. xii, And then a low sad descant rung, As prelude to the lay he sung. 1882 Shorthouse J. Inglesant II. 378 Mr. Inglesant being pressed to oblige the company, played a descant upon a ground bass in the Italian manner. fig. 1806-7 J- Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) xvm. 204 That peculiar species of prelusive flourish, or descant, with which Reviewers are accustomed to usher in the Performance under immediate examination.

II. Transferred uses: often with distinct reference to the plainsong or ground, and in the phrases run or sing descant. f6. Variation from that which is typical or customary; an instance of this, shift of descant. a change of ‘tune’, i.e. of argumentative position. *563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 621 Whereas you say, they eat it spiritually, that is but a blind shift of descant. 1581 J. Bell Haddon s Answ. Osor. 119 Osorius lacketh not a shift of descante here, thinkyng thereby to craze the force of veritie. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. vm. xliv. 117 Runnes nimble descant on the plainest vices. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. 111. xiii. 184 Running, Leaping, and Dancing, the descants on the plain song of walking, a 1661 -- Worthies (1840) I. 224 Their [basket] making is daily improved with much descant of art. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 543 IP4 Providence has shewn.. Wisdom.. in the multiplicity of Descants which it has made on every Original Species.

7. Varied comment on a theme, amplification of a subject; a comment, criticism, observation, remark; foccas. censorious criticism, carping (obs.). 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, iii. vii. 49 On that ground lie make a holy Descant. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 36 The wantoner sort of them sing descant on their mistress’s glove. 1630 Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 320 Let not calumny runne descant on your tongue. 1639 Fuller Holy War 11. xlvi. (1840) 114 Roger Hoveden’s witty descant on the time. 1642 Rogers Naaman 209 If thy Religion should cost thee some disgrace, scorne and descant. 1654 H. L’Estrange Chas. I (1655) 7 It doth .. render King Charles obnoxious to untoward and sinister descants, a 1677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 29 Neither shall I make any descant or reflection thereon. 1710 Moderation & Loyalty of the Dissenters Exemplify'd 3 Rendering Things worse than they were by Partiallity and Discant. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 77 With merry descants on a nation’s woes. 1820 Shelley Let. to Maria Gisborne Poet. Wks. (1891) 373/1 There are themes enough for many a bout Of thought-entangled descant.

b. A disquisition, dissertation, discourse. 1622 Donne Serm. xvi. 162 The fathers have infinitely delighted themselves in this Descant, the blessed effect of holy teares. 1667 Waterhouse Fire Lond. 177 O remember the Prophetical descant of glorious King James. 1713 Addison Guardian No. 102 After this short descant on the uncertainty of our English weather. 1791 Paine Rights of Man (ed. 4) 46, I have now to follow Mr. Burke through.. a sort of descant upon governments. 1841 D’Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 196 He instructed the world by ethical descants.

III. 8. attrib. and Comb, descant-clef, the soprano or treble clef; descant-viol, the treble viol, or violin, which plays the air or soprano part. 1728 North Mem. of Musick (1846) 67 No wonder.. that organs.. with the descant manner, at last entered the churches.

descant (di'skaent), v. Also 6-9 dis- (6-7 dys-). [a. OF. deschanter, descanter, = Pr. deschantar, Sp. discantar, Pg. descantar, in med.L. discantare (des-, de-), f. the sb.: see prec.] 1. Music, a. intr. To play or sing an air in harmony with a fixed theme; gen. to warble, sing harmoniously; also in phr. to descant it. *538 [see descanter], 1597 Morley Mus. 76 In descanting you must. seeke true cordes. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 772 They will.. sing so sweetly, and withall descant it so finely and tunably. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Contre, To

DESCANTER

508

.. sing the Plainesong whereon another descants. 1879 Parry in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 670 This new mode of descanting. 1887 Bowen Virg. Eclogue vi. 8, I with a meadow reed upon sylvan themes will descant.

fb. trans. To sing in ‘descant’ (words, etc.). 1538 Starkey England 1. iv. 134 The wordys [of Church music] be so straunge and so dyuersely descantyd.

2. intr. To make remarks, comments, or observations; to comment (on, upon, f of a text, theme, etc.). c 1510 More Picus Wks. 15/1 The company of the court.. descanted therof to his rebuke. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. ii. 7 They have curiously descanted upon theis woords. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. i. 27 To see my Shadow in the Sunne, And descant on mine own Deformity. 1598 J. Dickenson Green in Cone. (1878) 160 Nor presumptuously descant of the vnknowen proceedings of the almighty. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia 1. 13 Many began strangely to discant of those crosse beginnings. 1649 Milton Eikon. B, To descant on the misfortunes of a Person fall’n from dignity is not commendable. 1738 Warburton Div. Legat. I. Ded. 23 To descant upon their very Hats and Habits. 1791 Boswell Johnson 5 Aug. an. 1763, He used to descant critically on the dishes which had been at table. 1850 Kingsley Alt. Locke vi, He ran on descanting coarsely on beauties.

b. To discourse at large, enlarge (upon, on a theme). Also with indirect pass. a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) I. 68 The friar rather descanted than commented, a 1782 Kames in M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 73 The young champion .. discants upon his address in catching the animal. 1791 Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life & Writ. (1832) I. 353 Abbe Syeyes. .descants with much self-sufficiency on government. 1836 Johnsoniana 362 Johnson never accustomed himself to descant on the ingratitude of mankind. 1878 Gladstone Prim. Homer 9 It was the bard’s duty to descant upon the freshest and most interesting subjects.

f3. trans. To comment on, discourse about, discuss; occas. to criticize, carp at. Obs. 1627 F. E. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 53 Where they might descant their griefs. 1642 Rogers Naaman 376 Such secrets as these must be.. adored, not descanted, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711) 31 But who can descant right your grave aspects?

3. fig. a. ? Dejection, depression of spirits. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 166b, In suche descense it [the mynde] is moost apte to distraccyons & waueryng fantasyes.

b. Bringing down or lowering in estimation; depreciation. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus 1. 287 That hir honour distres thoill nor ruine: Nor suffer it in na way haif discence. 4. a. Genealogical extraction; = descent 7. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. ix. xxvi. 106 In lineale Descens fra Sanct Margret. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 281 Soe the linealle descense of the prosapy or kynrede of Feramundus faylede by men. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 11. 1212 Son to duke Leoffwin by liniall discence. 1513 Douglas JEneis ill. iii. 39 From that ilk prince.. Is the descence of our genealogy. b. Transmission by inheritance; = descent

10. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 402 Dissence of heritage.

descend (di'send), v. Also 4 dessende, disend, dyssente, decend, 4-7 discend(e, 4-6 descende, (5-6 dyscend), (6 desend). Pa. t. and pple. descended; 4-5 descend, 5 discent, 6 discend. [a. F. descend-re (1 ith c. in Littre) = Pr. deissendre, It. descendere, Sp. descender:—L. descendere, f. de- I. 1 + scandere to climb. In early times often treated as if the prefix were des- (q.v.) and the stem -cend, -send, -end, whence the variant spellings in dis-, dys-, de-.] I. Intransitive senses. * To move down or into a lower position. 1. a. To move or pass from a higher to a lower position in space; to come or go down, fall, sink. (The general word, including all kinds of downward motion, vertical or oblique; the opposite of ascend.)

descanting (di'skEentiij), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +

a 1325 Prose Psalter xlviii. 18 [xlix. 17] His glorie ne shal nou3t descenden wyf? hym. £1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 626 As sone as pay arn borne bylyue In pe water of baptem pay dyssente. a 1330 Roland 6? V. 131 J>an decended a l^tnesse, Doun ri3tes fram pe heuen blis. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 94 The moist droppes of the rein Descenden into middel erthe. £1400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 143 J>at he may not discende downward, c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 505 A man some tyme fro Jerusalem descendande. 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 35 b, Those furious Rebells.. descended downe their hil with such a furie. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 193, I passed to the Nile descending on it at my leasure to the sea. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxiii. 86 The water rebounded up so high that when it came to descend again it fell as small as dew. Ibid. lxi. 251 The two Priests descended from their Pulpits. 1728 Pemberton Newton's Philos. 194 The earth in moving round the sun is continually descending toward it. 1790 W. Wrighte Grotesque Archit. 7 The two wings.. are each descended to by a flight of four steps. 1823 F. Clissold Ascent Mt. Blanc 19 From the heights of the mountain.. immense avalanches often descend. 1875 Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. iv. (ed. 5) 44 In the autumn of 799 Charles descended from the Alps once more.

-ING1.] The action of the vb. descant: a. singing in ‘descant’; b. commenting, disquisition.

etc.

f4. intr. To work with intricate variation on\ to fashion with artistic skill. Obs. rare. a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) I. 397 Lace, costing nothing save a little thread descanted on by art and industry. Ibid. III. 90 The God of nature is pleased to descant on a plain hollowness with such wonderful contrivances.

descanter (di'sksent3(r)). [f. prec. + -er1.] 1. One who sings or plays the ‘descant’. Obs. exc. Hist. 1538 Starkey England 1. iii. 80 Curyouse descanterys and deuysarys of new songys. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 70 A Descanter.. [is] one that can extempore sing a part upon a playne song. 1879 Parry in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 671 De Muris.. speaks with great bitterness of extempore descanters.

2. One who holds forth or discourses. 1805 Foster Ess. iv. iv. 180 A descanter on the invisible world who makes you think of a popish cathedral.

b. fig. said of immaterial agents, influences,

1538 Starkey England 1. iv. 137 Our Curyouse dyscantyng and conteryng [printed canteryng] in Churchys. 1561 Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 12 A wonderfull descantyng vpon letters. 1575 Brief Disc. Troubles Franckford (1846) 206 The trollinge and descantinge off" the Psalmes. 1680 Burnet Rochester (T.), The descantings of fanciful men upon them [the Scriptures]. 1851 Gladstone Glean. VI. xxi. 14, I waive descanting on personal qualities.

01300 Cursor M. 10884 (Cott.) And godds might in pe [sal] descend. £1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) ix. 36 Intill his awen heued his wikkidness schall descend. } a 1500 Wycket (1828) p. xiv, Ye say that the manhoode of Christe descendeth into eche part of euery hoost. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 1012 And on the suitors let thy wrath descend. 1806 J. Forbes Lett.fr. France II. 400 The shades of evening began to descend. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus 1. 10 Sleep nor quiet upon my eyes descended.

de'seanting, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing2.] Commenting, criticizing: in quot. criticizing censoriously, carping.

fc. To disembark, land from a vessel; to alight from a horse, carriage, etc. Obs. (as a specific sense).

1594 J. Dickenson Arisbas (1878) 28 To shield me from the descanting verdites of such vnfriendly readers.

£ 1477 Caxton Jason 73 b, They ben in entencion for to descende in colchos. c 1489 [see descending vbl. sb. 1]. 1513 Douglas JEneis vm. i. 22 To schaw..How Troianis war discend in Latium. 1548 Hall Chron. 176 b, They left their horses, & discended to flight on fote. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 263 Having viewed the Hand fortified on all parts where he might descend.

descater, obs. form of disscatter

v.

descece, -ces(s, obs. forms of decease. desceit, desceiue, obs. flf. deceit, deceive. f de’scence, de'seense. Obs. Forms: 4 dissence, 5 descens, dyscens, 5-6 descense, 6 discence, 6-7 descence. [Two forms: ME. descens, a. OF. descens masc., ad. L. descensus descent, descending, f. descenders, also ME. descense, a. OF. descense fern., ad. late L. type descensa (descesa), fern. sb. f. descensus, pa. pple. of descendere, analogous to sbs. in -ata, -ada, -ee: cf. It. descesa. The spelling descence app. represents the descens form: see defence.] 1. A going or coming down; = descent i. 1543 Necess. Doctr. in Formul. Faith 234 Iesu Christ’s life, death, burial, and descense to hell. 1582-8 Hist. James VI (1804) 278 In his discence .. he come foment the Colledge of Justice. 1600 Abp. Abbot Exp. Jonah 219 We all do hold the article of Christ’s descense into Hell.

b. Extension downwards: cf. descend

v.

2.

1578 Banister Hist. Man. i. 8 The descense of yc Sagittal Suture is not common either in man or woman.

2. concr. A downward slope; a way down; = descent 2 a, 2 b. a 1440 Found. St. Bartholomew's 40 From the highe descense of heuynnes.. hedir I descende. 1618 Bolton Floras 11. vi. 108 The very jawes of the first descence from the Alps into Italy.

d. Astron., etc. Of a heavenly body: (a) To move towards the horizon, sink, (b) To move southwards; see also descending ppl. a. 5. £ 1391 Chaucer Astrol. 11. § 12 Than fond I the [2] degree of libra .. dessending on my west Orisonte. c 1500 Lancelot 972 The sone discending closit in the vest. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 23 The signes in equall tymes do ascend and descende. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 541 The setting Sun Slowly descended. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 832 Mars., from the Northern limit., to If., is North descending. 1830 Hogg Flodden Field, Sol with broadened orb descending Left fierce warriors still contending. 1882 Sharpless Astron. 21 If these northern or circumpolar stars be watched .. such as are to the west of the pole will descend.

f e. to descend into or within oneself : to betake oneself to deep meditation or consideration. Obs. 01572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. (1846) I. 338 To move the hartis.. of the trew servandis of God .. to discend within thame selfis and deiplie to considder quhat shalbe the end of this pretended tyranny. 1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 11 Those Philosophers that.. descended not into themselues, to know themselues and their nature. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. iii The while her Son..with holiest meditations fed, Into himself descended, and at once All his great work to come before him set.

2. transf. To have a downward extension, direction, or slope; to slope or extend downwards.

DESCEND £1391 Chaucer Astrol. 1. §4 A lyne pat cometh dessendinge fro the ryng down to the nethereste bordure. £ 1400 Maundev. (1839) xxv. 259 It strecchethe toward the West.. descendynge toward the litille Armenye. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 236 Their streetes either descend or ascend, which is verie troublesome. 1684 R. H. School Recreat. 120 The dash Lines., are added only when the Notes ascend above the Staff, or descend below it. 1798 H. Skrine Tours Wales 155 With a gateway at each extremity, as the hill descends. 1894 Christian World 27 Sep. 712/1 To your right.. the fields descend from your feet to the Chesil Beach. fig. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 445 See, how the order and chain of this government descends down by steps and degrees, from the Supreme God to the Earth and Men.

3. a. To come down with or as a hostile force; to make an incursion or attack; to fall violently upon. (Cf. come down g.) £ 1430 Lydg. Bochas 1. viii. (1544) 15 b, Zisara, which was discendid doun With a great hoost. 1548 Hall Chron. 227 b, The kyng of England your master, is neither descended in these partes of his owne fre mocion, nor yet of us xequyred. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 188 That the Turke woulde descend upon his realme of Naples. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid 1. 527 Not upon Libya’s hearths to descend with sword and with fire.

b. to descend on or upon: to visit unexpectedly; freq. applied to unwanted visitors. 1916 A. Huxley Lett. (1969) 98, I have at the moment staying with me in Balliol young Robert Nichols, who descended on me for a day or two. 1922 Ibid. 208 Aunt Ethel has wisely not divulged the fact that she is going to be at Como.. otherwise Aunt N would have been sure to descend upon her. 1971 R. Lewis Error of Judgment i. 12 What a trial it must be for her.. to have an HMI descend on the college.

f4. fig. To submit, yield. Obs. rare. £1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 134 In pes with 30W to lyue, & at 3our conseil descend. Ibid. 270 To what manere of pes pe parties wille descend.

5. To proceed (in discourse or writing) to something subsequent in time or order, or (esp.) from generals to particulars. 1340 Ayenb. 123 Erpan ich decendi to pe uirtues pet byep contraries to pe zeue zennes. £1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 513 To discende doun in specialte, fful mane articlis.. ben openly contrarie to pe apostlis reule. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 406 From thence hee descendeth to particular affayres. 01617 Hieron Wks. II. 461 By these degrees did our Sauiour discend to this speech. 1630 Prynne AntiArmin. 79 Descend we unto Edward the VI his pious Raigne. 1657 J. Smith Myst. Rhet. A b, Whereby we having spoken of a thing in general, descend unto particulars. 1797 Burke Regie. Peace iii. Wks. VIII. 380 But let us descend to particulars. 1827 Macaulay Ess., Machiavelli (1854) 32/1 Historians rarely descend to those details from which alone the real state of a community can be collected. 6. To come down ideally, mentally, or

morally; to condescend, stoop (to do something); usually in bad sense, to stoop to something unworthy. 1554-9 T. Waterton in Songs & Ball. Ph. & Mary (i860) 9 Hath made wronge ryght, and from the truth desendyd. 1608 Bp. Hall Char. Virtues & V. 1. 54 If. .he descend to disports of chance, his games shall never make him. .pale with feare. 1626 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 225 He hath descended to make this Explanation. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility iii. 99 To see men .. descend to the meanest and unworthiest compliances. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 208 |f 3, I have seldom descended to the arts by which favour is obtained. 1813 Byron Giaour xxxii. Not oft to smile descendeth he. 1829 Blackw. Mag. XXVI. 599 Wordsworth. . descends to such babyisms. 1853 Lynch Self-Improv. v. 129 A man should never descend to his company, but he should condescend to it.

7. a. To go or come down, fall, or sink, in any scale. 1608-11 Bp. Hall Medit. Vowes 11. §78 Winter comes on softly, first by colde dewes, then hoare frostes, untill at last it descende to the hardest weather of all. 01625 Fletcher False One v, ii, Thy glories now have touch’d the highest point, And must descend.

b. Music. To proceed to a lower note; to go down the scale. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 81 It is vnpossible to ascende or descende in continuall deduction without a discord. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. iii. 4 If the Notes descend a second. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. ix. 176 A Tune, which consisted of only Three Notes in Compass, Rising gradually in the first Part, and descending.. in the Second. 1848 Rimbault First Bk. Piano 35 In the Major Scale the two semitones retaih their situations, both ascending and descending.

c. Math. Of series: To proceed from higher to lower quantities or powers. See descending ppl. a- 31876 E. Brooks Philos. Arith. 347 The sum of the terms of an infinite series descending equals the first term divided by 1 minus the rate.

** To come down by generation or inheritance. 8. To be derived in the way of generation; to

come of, spring from (an ancestor or ancestral stock), a. simply to descend (from or of). Now rare in active voice. 1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 61 Ony male That were in lyne ewyn descendand. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. 1. xvii. 2 Fra Sem discendand lynealy. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C’tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 290 They..which descended of noble lygnage. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. 1. ii. 241 Thou should’st haue better pleas’d me with this deede, Hadst thou descended from another house. 1780 Johnson L.P., Congreve, William Congreve descended from a family in Staffordshire. 1788 Gibbon Decl. & F. (1846) IV. xli. 36 Although Theodatus descended from a race of heroes.

DESCEND b. Now nearly always descended (from, fof).

in

passive,

to

be

Reeve's T. 64. 1399 Rolls of Parlt. III. 423/1, I Henry of Lancastre .. am disendit by right lyne of the Blode comyng from the gude lord Kyng Henry therde. c 1470 Harding Chron. (Lansd. MS. 200 fol. 1) So lynyall of his generacioun, 3e bene discent. 1513 Douclas JEneis HI. ii. 54 O 3e dour pepill discend from Dardanus. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. II. (1586) 82b, Sayd to bee descended of Gentlemen. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 674 If a dog be not wel descended .. there can be little hope of his goodnesse. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 78 f 8 We are descended of ancient Families. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 357 Such other collateral relations as were descended from the person who first acquired it. C1386 Chaucer

c .fig. To be derived, originate. (Const, as in a and b.) CI400 Apol. Loll. 21 Contumacy descendend of swilk crime. 1645 N. Stone Enchir. Fortif. 81 It would be vain to write the Etymologies of each word, much lesse those descended of the Greeke. a 1726 Collier Agst. Despair (J.), Despair descends from a mean original; the offspring of fear, laziness, and impatience.

fd. trans. To trace down (lineage). Obs. rare. I572 J* Jones Bathes of Bath, Whose Genealogie .. may lineally be descended to your Honour.

9. a. intr.

Of property, privileges, etc.: To come down by way of inheritance; to pass to an heir. i486 Bk. St. Alban's, Her. C viij b, Bot the possessionis & the patrimonyes descendid to other men. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 13 The premisses with ther appurtenaunces decended unto John last Duke of Norff. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows iii. §93. 353 The Crowne and Kingdome by just and unquestionable title descended on her. 1667 Duchess of Newcastle Life Dk. N. (1886) 138 A good estate in the west, which afterwards descended upon my Lord. 1668 Hale Pref. Rolle's Abridgem. 7 Lands in Fee-simple discend to the Uncle and not immediately to the Father. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 445 The defendant.. pleaded.. that the said reversion descended.

b. transf. Of personal qualities, etc.: To pass by heredity; to be transmitted to offspring. 1548 Hall Chron. 226 Of a certayne privie canker engendered in the hartes of their forefathers.. and after by lyneall succession descended into the stomackes of their nephewes. 1713 Steele Englishman No. 28. 182 The eternal Mark of having had a wicked Ancestor descends to his Posterity. 1843 Lever J. Hinton iv. (1878) 20 Our principles may come from our fathers; our prejudices certainly descend from the female branch.

II. Transitive senses. [Not in L.; both in Fr.] 110. a. (causal.) To cause to descend; to bring or send down. Obs. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 21/1 Assoylle the synnars whan thou descendest into helle them of thy partye. 1509 Hawes Past Pleas, xxvii. xxi, I shew my power in every sundry wyse, Some to descende and on some to aryse. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xiii. 22 As steps that descend us towards our Graues. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. in. iv. 267 The Seminal Tincture of the Herb .. being again descended by Dews or Rain upon the .. Earth. fig. x598 Barckley Felic. Man 111. (1603) 265 Christ., descended himselfe of the greatest nobilitie that ever was in this world.

fb. Old Chem. descent 1 d. Obs.

To distil ‘by descent’; see

1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. Ep. in Ashm. (1652) 115 First Calcine, and after that Putrefye, Dyssolve, Dystill, Sublyme, Descende, and Fyxe.

11. To go or come down (a hill, wall, flight of steps, etc.); to pass downwards over, along, or through (a space). 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 49 Descending the lists of a second combate. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi’s Eromena 122 With a ladder of cords.. speedily descended the walls. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 606 They both descend the Hill. 1799 Colebrooke in Life (1873) 437 Laden on canoes and small boats, to descend the Mahanadi. 1807 Hutton Course Math. II. 151 To find the space descended by a body in 7 seconds. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 221 The two women descended the steps.

f de'scend, sb. Obs. rare. In6dyssende. [f. prec. vb. ] A descent; a downward slope. 1519 Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 31 wattersewers and the dyssendis per off.. be dykid.

All

descendable: var. of descendible. descendance, -ence (di'sendans).

Now rare. [a. F. descendance (13th c. in Littre), f. descendre to descend: in earlier use often spelt -ence as in med.L. descendentia: see -ance, -ence.] 1. The action or fact of descending or springing from a particular ancestor or origin; = DESCENT 7. 1599 Minsheu Sp. Gram. 12 Etymologie .. this searching out of originall and descendence of words. 1630 Brathwait Eng. Gentlem. Ep. Ded., Lineall descendence. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 238 With Mr. Darwin’s Theory of Descendence. 1885 H. Kendall in ipth Cent., The fact that Jesus Christ had descendance from King David. 1891 Black to. Mag. CL. 712/2 A descendance that is not lineal either of mind or spirit.

2. concr. Descendants. (App. a corruption: cf. DESCENDANT B. I, quot. 1623, and ACCIDENCE.) (Sir T. Elyot has inhabitance = inhabitants.) a 1661 Fuller Worthies iii. (1662) 60 In some descendance from the Duke of Norfolk, in the Stanhops and the Arundels.

de'scendancy, -ency. arch. -ancy.

Also

DESCENDING

5°9

spelt

-ency

[f. as prec. + after med.L.

descendentia.] a. The condition or quality of being descended, b. A stage in lineal descent, a generation; = descent 9. c. = descendance. 1601 R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 257 The unfortunate successes hapned in his proper descendencie. 1630 Ibid. 251 Placentia was not granted absolutely to the house of Farnesi but only to the fourth descendencie, after which it returnes againe to the King of Spaine. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 86 From Father to Son, in a continued descendency. 1661 Morgan Sph. Gentry 11. i. 6 To distinguish the degree of decendency. 1790 W. Combe Devil on Two Sticks (1817) I. 78 Their descendancy from the common mother, Eve. 1934 Dylan Thomas Let. 9 May (1966) 124 If a poem, in the John Donne descendency, is fairly good, they print it; if very good in the Tennyson descendency, they refuse to.

descendant, -ent (di'sendsnt), a. and sb. Also 6 discendant. [a. F. descendant (13th c. in Littre), pr. pple. of descendre to descend, used as adj. and sb. Also spelt -ent after L. descendent-em: see -ANT, -ENT. Johnson gives Descendant sb., Descendent adj., and remarks ‘It seems to be established that the substantive should derive the termination from the French, and the adjective from the Latin’. In the sb. sense i, and the related sense 2 of the adj. -ant is now always used; in the other senses of both, -ent is perhaps preferable, but these are either obsolete or so rarely used as to make the distinction one of little practical moment.]

A. adj. 1. lit. Descending; coming or going down. rare. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 1. (1645) 99 The aire.. maketh one descendent body together with the dish. 1658 R. White tr. Digby's Powd. Symp. (1660) 59 The ascending water becoming more heavy then the descendant on the other side. 1691 Ray Creation (J.), This descendent juice is that which principally nourishes both fruit and plant. 1839 Bailey Festus (1848) 59/2 The descendent city of the skies. fb. Astron. (Cf. descend v. i d.) Obs. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. 1. xi. (ed. 7) 296 The Descendent [Signs] are these, Cancer, Leo, [etc.]. 1631 Widdowes Nat. Philos. 14 The Ascendant [node] is higher where (.. doth come nearest unto us. The descendant, when the ( is removing from us. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 818 The Descendent Node of the Moon.

c. Her. shield.

Descending towards the base of the

1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 42 Their descendante, percussed, and contercoloured.

tayles..

2. Descending or originating from an ancestor; also fig. (See descend v. 8.) 1594 Parsons Confer. Success. 11. viii. 184 Of the right discendant line of K. John, a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts e and glas Oure vrinals and oure descensories. 1584 R Scot Discov. Witcher, xiv. i. 295 Also their lamps their urinalles, discensories, sublimatories, alembicks, viols, croslets, cucurbits, stillatories, and their fornace of calcination. 1594 Plat Chem. Concl. 31 Some commend the distillation.. that is performed by a descensorie. 1678 R. R[ussell] Geber 11. 1. iv. xii. 112 A chymical Descensory.

t de'seensory, a. Old Chem. [ad. L. descensdri¬ us, f. descens-, ppl. stem of descendere to descend: see -ory.] Relating to, or of the nature of, distillation by descent. 1678 R. R[ussell] Geber v. iv. 275 The Descensory Furnace is made as before described. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. v. 146 The specifick properties of Liquors perish in descensory distillation.

descent (di'ssnt). Also 5 dessente, 5-6 dissent, 5-7 discent, 6 discente. [a. F. descente (1304 in Hatzf.), formed from descendre after attente, vente, etc. from attendre, vendre, etc., the etymological form being descence, -ense.] 1. a. The action of descending; a going or coming down; downward motion (of any kind). 1590 Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 28 In their discents and fall. 1606 Shaks. Tr. fif Cr. v. ii. 175 Not the dreadful! spout . Shall dizzie with more clamour Neptunes eare In his discent. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 319 It is to be observed, that the descent into hell was not in the ancient creeds or rules of faith. 1698 Keill Exam. Th. Earth (1734) 163 The great resistance they met with in their descent through the Air. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. vii. (1878) 125, I do not think the descent to Avemus is always easy.

b. fig. (of an immaterial agent or influence). CI374 Chaucer Troylus 1. 319 Lest fully the descente Of scome fille on himself. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2)1. 159 The descent of a great storm may make the pilot helpless. c. Corresp. to trans. sense of the verb (descend

v. 11). 1611 Coryat Crudities 80 The descent of the mountaine I found more wearysome.. then the ascent. 1748 F. Smith Voy. Disc. N.-W. Pass. I. 95 The Sides high Marble Clifts,

from the sea, or from high ground: cf. descend 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 194 Some small peeces of artillery, to hinder their descent. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 11. 710 He hears, but hears from far, Of Tumults, and Descents, and distant War. 1698 T. Froger Voy. 26 It was determin’d to make a Descent upon the Country, to take the King prisoner. 1816 Scott Old Mort. Introd., Argyle was threatening a descent upon Scotland. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §8. 430 A daring descent of the English forces upon Cadiz.

4. fig. a. A coming down to a lower state or condition; fall, decline, sinking; progress downwards to that which is lower or subordinate. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 163 Oh, foul descent! that I, who erst contended With gods to sit the highest, am now constraind Into a Beast, and mixt with bestial slime, a 1704 Locke (J.), Observing such gradual and gentle descents downwards, in those parts of the creation that are beneath men. 1889 Spectator 26 Oct. 540 Since the descent to household suffrage.

b. A stage or step downward in any scale; a degree below. ? Obs. *5^9 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 42 Her birth was by manie degrees greater than mine, and my woorth by manie discents lesse than hers. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 410 Infinite descents Beneath what other Creatures are to thee. 1728 Young Love Fame 1. (1757) 84 With what a decent pride he throws his eyes Above the man by three descents less wise?

5. With reference to physical qualities: A fall, lowering (of the pitch of sound, temperature, etc.). 1581 Mulcaster Positions x. (1887) 58 Their perorations, and closinges, with a discent, and fall of the voice. 1836 Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. i. 24 The proximity of a sand-bank is indicated by a rapid descent of the temperature of the sea at its surface. Mod. A sudden descent of an octave in the melody.

6. f a. The action of proceeding in sequence, discourse, or argument, to what is subsequent; subsequent part or course; succession. Obs. b. The action of descending from generals to particulars, c. Logic. An inference from a proposition containing a higher to one containing a lower term. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 35 What also the faith of Christendome was concerning the Minister of confirmation

DESCENTIVE

7. a.

The fact of ‘descending’ or being descended from an ancestor or ancestral stock; lineage. Also attrib. CI33° R- Brunne Chron. (1810) 249 J>is ilk pre barons, J>orgh descent of blode, Haf right & resons to pe coroune. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 230 Which rightfull heire was by descent, c 1430 Lydg. Hors, Shepe, & G. 9 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 15 Cryste whiche lynally doune came Be dissent conveyed the pedegrewe Frome the patryarke Abrahame. 1530 Palsgr. 213/1 Descent of lynage, descente. *559 Mirr. Mag., Fall R. Tresilian v, By discent a gentleman. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. 123, I would draw his descent from Hector, or Achilles. 1728 Young Love Fame in. (1757) 104 A Welch descent, which well-paid heralds damn; Or, longer still, a Dutchman’s epigram. 1839 Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. xiii. (1847) 141 A chieftain of imperial descent. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 107 The descent in the female line was not formally denied. 1950 Amer. Anthropologist LII. 1. 2 We may differentiate unilineal descent groups from a kinship system proper. 1951 R. Firth Elem. Soc. Org. i. 8 In such a small community less importance is attached to preserving a male descent-name than to marking the establishment of a new social unit. 1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound i. 18 The framework of Fijian social organisation was a system of agnatic descent-groups. 1958 G. Lienhardt in Middleton & Tait Tribes without Rulers 105 Every tribe contains descent groups from many clans of both categories.

b. transf. of animals and plants; in Biol. extended to origination of species (= EVOLUTION 6c). 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 192 Many Camells abound here.. The Dromodarie and it are of one descent, but varie according to the Countrie. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. (1871)317 On the theory of descent with modification. 1871 - {title), The Descent of Man and Selection in relation to Sex. 1882 Vines Sachs' Bot. 776 Descent determines the specific character of the growth. 1884 J. Fiske Evolutionist xiv. 366 The researches.. into the palseontology of the horse have established beyond question the descent of the genus equus from a five-toed mammal not larger than a pig, and somewhat resembling a tapir. attrib. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man xi. 388 In accordance with the descent-theory, we may infer that [etc.].

c. fig. Derivation particular source.

DESCRIBE

511

.. I shall make evident in the descent of this discourse. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 73/2 These five, Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, Archelaus, by continul Descent succeeding one another, compleat the Ionick Sect.

or

origination

from

a

c 1530 Remedie of Loue (R.), Ransake yet we would.. Of this worde the true orthographic, The verie discent of ethimologie. 1707 Curios, in Husb. S? Gard. Pref. 4 Whenever I cannot fully discover the Rise and Descent of any Effect. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 108 Its visitation.. in the present year, is deducible from a similar descent.

f8. a. A line of descent, lineage, race, stock. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 206 Elizabeth pe gent, fair lady was sche, Tuo sons of per descent, tuo douhters ladies fre. 1605 Verstegan Dec. Intell. iii. (1628) 63 Of whose descents are since issued the greatest Princes at this present in Germanie. 1618 Chapman Hesiod 1. 228 Then form’d our Father Jove a Third Descent, Whose Age was Brazen.

fb. A descendant (lit. and fig.)’, also, descendants collectively, offspring, issue. Obs. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (i860) 23 The noble actys of the seyd erles of Angew wyth her lynealle dessentys. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 67 Augusta of the Taurines, an ancient descent from the Ligurians. 1615 Chapman Odyss. vi. 22 She went Up to the chamber, where the fair descent Of great Alcinous slept. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 979 Our descent.. Which must be born to certain woe, devourd By Death at last.

9. A stage in the line of descent; a generation. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 809 Which house .. enjoyed the same [crown] three discentes. 1593 Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. 7 Euen twelue descents after the flood. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. 308 Such as can prove their Gentility for three or four Descents. 1765-9 Blackstone Comm. (1793) 252 After a breach of the succession that continued for three descents. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) 11. 67 A lineal succession of four descents without the least opposition.

10. Law.

a. The passing of property (in England only of real property) to the heir or heirs without disposition by will; transmission by inheritance. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 243 To haf pe scheld horgh heritage descent, c 1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. ix, The grete lordis of pe londe, by reason off nev Dissentes ffallyng vnto ham, by reason also off manages, Purchasses, and o[’er titles, schal often tymes growe to be gretter than thay be now. 1523 Fitzherb. Surv. Prol., Than if the owner make a true pee degre or conueyaunce by discente or by purchace vnto the said landes. 1628 Coke On Lift. 13 b, Discent signifieth when lands do by right of blood fall unto any after the death of his ancestors. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 303 That fines should be paid upon admittance, as well upon alienation as descent. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handybk. Prop. Law xxiii. 177 No real property.. can pass otherwise than by grant by deed .. or by descent or devise, whereas mere personal property will pass by delivery from hand to hand.

f b. descent cast: transmission by inheritance actually effected (with special reference to its bearing on an outstanding adverse claim); cf. cast v. 36. Obs. [01626 Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law i. (1636) 3 If I make a feoffment in fee, upon condition that the feoffee shall m-feoffe over, and the feoffee be disseised, and a discent [be] cast.] 01845 Stephens Comment. Laws Engl. (1868) III. 518 An Act was passed in the year 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 27) containing.. the provisions.. that no descent cast or discontinuance happening after 31st Dec. 1833, should toll or defeat any right of entry or action for the recovery of land.

c. transf. and fig. Transmission of a title, dignity, personal quality, etc. to heirs or to offspring. I4J3 PUgr. Sowle iv. vii. (Caxton 1483) 61 The synne of Adam hath atteyned to men by.. descent of kyndely herytage. ci6ii Chapman Iliad 11. 156 His incorrupted sceptre.. his sceptre of descent, o 1704 Locke (J.), If the agreement and consent of men first gave a sceptre into any one’s hand, that also must direct its descent and conveyance.

f de'scentive, a. Obs. rare. In 6 disc-, [f. prec. + -ive.] Descending; = descensive. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe 7 The notable immunities, franchises, priuileges she is endowed with.. by the discentiue line of Kings from the Conquest.

desceptation,

obs. var. of disceptation.

f de'scercle, v. Obs. rare. [a. OF. des-, decercler, f. des-, de- (de- I. 6) + cercle circle, hoop. The mod. repr. would be decircle.] trans. To deprive of its circle or circles. To descercle a helm: cf. circle sb. 10 b. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 102 Rolland .. araught maradas vpon his helme, that he descerkled and departed it.

descern, desces, -ceise, descharge, descide, descipher, descition, obs. ff. discern (decern), decease, discharge, decide, DECIPHER, DECISION. 1644 Prynne & Walker Fiennes' Trial 118 The supreame Councell of the Realme to whose descition it belongeth.

deschooling(di:'sku:lnj). [f.

de- II. i + school + -ING1.] Illich’s term for the action or process of transferring the function of education (within a society, etc.) from conventional schools to other, non-institutional systems of learning which are held to allow the student to develop more freely.

sb.1

1970 I. Illich in Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 17 Oct. 68 The radical deschooling of society begins.. with the unmasking by cultural revolutionaries of the myth of schooling. 1972 Where Nov. 301/1 The search for alternatives to school implicit in the issue of de-schooling. 1974 Howard Jrnl. XIV. 38 The ‘deschooling’ debate and the ‘free school’ movement. 1978 Peace News 6 Oct. 17/2 A proportion of the meeting believed passionately in de-schooling and reckoned the arguments in favour too well known and too wide ranging to need trotting out again.

Hence de'school v. trans. and intr., de'schooled ppl. a.; de'schooler, one who advocates deschooling. 1971 I. Illich (title) Deschooling society. 1971 Time 7 June 33/3 His deschooled world would replace most formal classes with networks of ‘learning exchanges’. 1971 Sunday Times 10 Oct. 17/5 Education must remember what it is for or the traditionalists in strange alliance with the de¬ schoolers will cut it back and start again. 1978 T. Roszak Person/Planet vii. 190 The deschoolers are up against.. their stubbornest obstacles. 1982 Times 8 Sept. 8/1 Hardly a county council in Britain does not have its quota of deschoolers. Ibid. 8/4 In the county of Hereford and Worcester.. 13 other families are deschooling without official objection.

describe (di'skraib), v. Also 6-7 descrybe, discrybe, 8 discribe, [ad. L. descrtb-ere to copy off, transcribe, write down, write off, sketch off in writing or painting, mark off, etc., f. de- I. 2 -I- scribere to write. Preceded in ME. use by descrive (through OF.), of which describe may be considered as an assimilation to the orig. L. form. The spelling dis- arose from confusion with words having the prefix des-, dis-: see des-.] f 1. To write down, set forth in writing or in written words; to transcribe, copy out. Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 233 So Peter Bercharius in his dictionary describeth it. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1653) 625 Whose verses I will here describe [verses follow]. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Exhort. §12 Christ our Lawgiver hath described all his Father’s will in Sanctions and Signatures of laws.

fb. To write down in a register; to enrol. Obs. *535 Coverdale i Chron. iv. 41 These that are now descrybed by name. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World II. iv. v. §6. 218 He was indeed gone into iEgypt.. describing a royall Army, a 1667 Jer. Taylor Wks. (1835) I. 262 (Cent. Diet.) His name was described in the book of life.

fc. To write down as one’s opinion; to declare, state. Obs. rare. 1771 Fletcher Checks Wks. 1795 11- 3°° Is it modest to describe ecathedra, that the dead Ephesians.. could not work for life?

2. To set forth in words, written or spoken, by reference to qualities, recognizable features, or characteristic marks; to give a detailed or graphic account of. (The ordinary current sense.) 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 203 As auncyent Cronycles descryben it full playne. 1538 Starkey England 11. i. 144 Hys perfayt state.. of vs before descrybyd. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 220 Describe we next the Nature of the Bees. 1727 Swift Gulliver 11. viii. 173 Discribing the rest of his household-stuff. 1833 Lamb Elia Ser. n. Wedding, I am ill at describing female apparel. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 38 He was described for us .. by a master hand.

b. with complement. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. iii. (1611) 7 The institution thereof is described as being established. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 314 That the Iland was no lesse fortified then had beene described unto them. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 71 Glanville describes a fine to be an accommodation of a.. suit. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 23 Pleasures as well as opinions may be described as good or bad.

3. To set forth in delineation or pictorial representation; to represent, picture, portray; in quot. 1526 fig. Obs. or arch. 1526 Tindale Gal. iii. 1 To whom Jesus Christ was described before the eyes. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. iv. 1 Take a tyle.. and descrybe vpon the cite off Ierusalem. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 149 Then describe they certaine signes upon the hands and forehead. 1620 E. Blount Horae Subsec. 352 A Gladiatore .. admirably described in Marble. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 362 Accept the preceeding Map.. This describing India on the other side Ganges. 1774 J- Bryant Mythol. II. 123 We find the Sun to be described under the appearance of a bright star.

fde'scide, v.

fb. Of things: To represent or stand for pictorially. Obs.

1657 Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 324 Its leafs are variously descided and serrated in their circuit.

1643 Vicars Looking-glass Malign. 13 The picture of a man in a tub.. to describe a Roundhead. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 317 These twelve Divisions are to describe the twelve Hours of the Day. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §121 A second model.. to describe the external form.

Obs. rare. [f. L. de-scindere or di-scindere to divide, or dis-cidere to cut in pieces.] To cut, indent.

descl-:

see discl-.

descloizite (dei'kbizait).

Min. [named from Descloizeaux, a French mineralogist.] A vanadate of lead and zinc, an orthorhombic mineral, of olive-green colour, occurring in small crystals on a silicious and ferruginous gangue from South America (Dana). [1854 A. Damour in Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. XLI. 78 Je ropose de lui donner le nom de descloizite, comme ommage a.. M. Descloizeaux.] 1854 Dana Syst. Min. (ed. 4) II. 361 Descloizite.. Trimetric.. Lustre bright. Colour mostly deep black. 1951 J. R. Partington Gen. & Inorg. Chem. (ed. 2) xxi. 644 Vanadium is widely distributed, the principal ores being carnotite,.. vanadinite,.. descloizite, [etc.].

desconfite, -ure,

obs. IT. discomfit, -ure.

descrial (di'skraial). [f.

descry v.1 + -al1 II. 5.] Discovery of something obscure or distant.

1605 Answ. Discov. Rom. Doctr. 1 The strange Discriall of this great Discouerer.

describa'bility. [f. next: see

-ity.] Capability

of being described. a 1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos, ii. (1870) 38 A definiteness or describability as to happiness.

describable (di’skraibsb^Jl), a. [f.

describe v. + -able.] Capable of or admitting description.

1802 Paley Nat. Theol. ix. (R.), Keill has reckoned up, in the human body, four hundred and fourty-six muscles, dissectible and describable. 1877 Lady Brassey Voy. Sunbeam xv. (1878) 269 Another shade, only describable by the term molten lava colour.

4. To delineate, mark out the form or shape of, trace the outline of (a geometrical figure, etc.): a. said of personal agents. 1552 Huloet, Describe, circumscribo. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 122 Describe the like arck from B to A. 1570 Billingsley Euclid 1. i. 8 A triangle.. set or described vpon a line. 1669 Dryden Tyrannic Love iv. i, With chalk I first describe a circle here. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 126 To measure and describe the Ground-plot. 1831 Brewster Optics i. §15 Describe arches of circles.

b. said of things. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 55 A lyne, moved .. can but describe a plat forme .. And a plat forme moved .. describeth a Body. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 239 It beginneth to divide it selfe two waies, and to describe the lie of Thanet. 1821 Craig Lect. Drawing i. 7 Representing objects by lines which describe their contours or dimensions.

5. To form or trace by motion; to pass or travel over (a certain course or distance). 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 34 The most northely circle which the Sonne describeth. 1662 Hobbes Seven Probl. Wks. 1845 VII. 10 The arches are the spaces which these two motions describe. 1713 Berkeley Hylas & Phil. i. Wks. 1871 I. 281 A body that describes a mile in an hour. 1869 Phillips Vesuv. ix. 252 They describe parabolic curves. 1869 Tyndall Notes Lect. Light 29 The white-hot particles of carbon in a flame describe lines of light.

6. To mark off or distribute into parts; to map or parcel out. rare. 1535 Coverdale Josh, xviii. 6 Descrybe ye the londe in seuen partes [so 1611 and R.V.; Wyclif, discryue].

fb. To apportion, assign under limits. [So in Lat.] Obs. rare. 1531 Elyot Gov. i. ii, I wyll therfore kepe my penne within the space that is discribed to me.

de'scribble, v.

H7. = descry v.1 Cf. descrive v.x and the converse confusion in descry v.2

1794 Miss Gunning Packet IV. 275, I can, as you find, describble Richard and Sarah Adams; but.. to describe would be absolute presumption.

1574 Rich Merc. & Soldier Hviij, Venus was first described, sittynge in her Waggon. 1592 Greene Tullies Love (1609) G, As soone as she had discribed him, and for certainty knew that it was he, yonder quoth she comes that

nonce-wd. [f. scribble after describe.] trans. To scribble an account of.

DESCRIBEE

DESCRIPTIVISM

512

odde man of Rome. 1620 Shelton Quix. IV. xxii. 185 Over¬ night we described this Wharf. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 567, I describ’d his way Bent all on speed, and markt his Aerie Gate. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. xlvii. (1792) VIII. 312 The smallest blemish has not been described by . .jealous .. eyes.

Hence described ppl. a. 1552 Huloet, Described, circumscriptus. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 196 Their described width. 1865 Tylor Early Hist. Man. iv. 64 In the described position of the three relations of speech.

describee (di,skrai'bi:). [f. describe v. + -ee.] One to whom a thing is described. 1830 Disraeli in Home Letters (1885) 50 Description is always a bore, both to the describer and to the describee. 1885 Punch 23 May 243/2 Describee is a happy specimen of a whole series of words much required in our language.

de'scribeless, a. nonce-wd. [f. describe v. + -less.] Incapable of description, indescribable. a 1850 W. Thom in D. Jerrold's Shilling Mag., Come, though no verdure on your describeless and ruined limbs.

describent (di'skraibant), a. and sb.

[ad. L. descrtbentem, pr. pple. of describere to describe.] A. adj. ‘Describing, marking out by its motion’ (Ash 1775). B. sb. Geom. A point, line, or surface, producing by its motion a line, surface, or solid; a generatrix. 1704 in J. Harris Lex. Techn.

b. (with pi.) A statement which describes, sets forth, or portrays; a graphic or detailed account of a person, thing, scene, etc. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 8875 Yhit wille I imagyn .. Ffor to gyf it a descripcion. c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 1911 Thai send.. The discriptioune Off him tane thar. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 95 A description or an evident declaration of a thyng as though we sawe it even now doen. 1676 Ray Corr. (1848) 122 Clusius.. had .. better descriptions of them [species of birds]. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 186 Polybius.. takes notice of Vesuvius, in his description of Italy. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 108 An old man answering the description of Humphrey. 1878 Morley Carlyle Grit. Misc. Ser. 1. 198 The more correct description of what has happened.

c. Logic. (See quots.) 1628 T. Spencer Logick 193 A description is a sentence which setteth out a thing, even by other arguments. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 143 3 Descriptions .. are definitions of a more lax and fanciful kind. 1843 Mill Logic 1. viii. §5 The second kind of imperfect definition, in which the name of a class is defined by.. attributes which are not included in its connotation .. has been termed Description.

f

d. Philos. Phr. kncruoledge by description: see ACQUAINTANCE I b. 3. a. The combination of qualities or features that marks out or serves to describe a particular class. Hence, b. A sort, species, kind, or variety, capable of being so described.

describing (di'skraibiij), vbl. sb. [f. describe v.

[11391 Chaucer Astrol. 1. §21 Shapen in maner. .of a lop webbe aftur the olde descripcioun. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. xliii. 11 The commynge in, the goinge out, all the maner and descripcion therof.] 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. ill. ii. 303 Pay him sixe thousand .. Before a friend of this description Shall lose a haire. 1864 D. G. Mitchell Sev. Stor. 306 The man must be a roue of the worst description. b. 1781 T. Gilbert Relief Poor 6 That all Descriptions of poor Persons should be sent thither. 1785 Paley Pol. Philos. (ed. 8) I. 303 The invitation, or voluntary admission, of impure thoughts .. falls within the same description. 1844 Mrs. Houston Yacht Voy. Texas II. 278 The Volante..is a description of vehicle, peculiar .. to Cuba.

+ -ING1.] The action of the vb. describe; description.

f4. Pictorial representation; painting. Obs. rare.

1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 120 By the makinge and describyng of this onely Mappe. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 22 Their passionate describing of passions. 1817 Cobbett Taking Leave 9 Greater powers of describing.

1620 E. Blount Horae Subsec. 366 The high Altar is set out by Michael Angeloes curious description of the day of Iudgement. ou quytez vchon as hys desserte. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour Evijb, God rewarded eche of them after their deserte and meryte. 01541 Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 168 Such sauce as they have served To me without desart. 1615 Chapman Odyss. 1. 75 .’Fgisthus past his fate, and had desert To warrant our infliction. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Sighs & Grones i, O do not use me After my sinnes! look not on my desert. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 193 |f 1 Some will always mistake the degree of their own desert. 1861 Mill Utilit. v. 66 What constitutes desert? .. a person is understood to deserve good if he does right, evil if he does wrong.

b. In a good excellence, worth.

sense:

Meritoriousness,

. rr. desert, dishert]. Ibid. 6533 (Gott.) Quen [moyses] was comen into dissert. 1484 Caxton Fables of A If once (1889) 2 He doubted to be robbed within the desertys of Arabe. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 65 Barren Mountaynes, Sand and salty Desarts. 1691 Ray Creation 1. (1704) 94 More parched than the Desarts of Libya. 1768 Boswell Corsica ii. (ed. 2) 117 [tr. Tacitus] Where they make a desart, they call it peace. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 12 Sept., She fluttered, and flattered, but all was preaching to the desert. 1815 Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. Introd. 25 He could live in his desart and hunt his deer. 1823 Byron Island 11. viii. note, The ‘ship of the desert’ is the Oriental figure for the camel or dromedary. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. i. (1858) 64 The Desert.. a wild waste of pebbly soil.

fb. formerly applied more widely to any wild, uninhabited region, including forest-land. Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiv. Ii. (1495) 486 Places of wodes and mountayns that ben not sowen ben callyd desertes. C1511 1st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 In our lande is also a grete deserte or forest. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. 11. vii. no In this desert inaccessible, Vnder the shade of melancholly boughes. 1643 Denham Cooper's H. 186 Cities in desarts, Woods in Cities plants. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales I. 69 Moors covered with whinberry bushes .. A more uninteresting desert cannot be conceived.

2. transf. and fig. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 748 To roam the howling desart of the Main. 1813 Byron Giaour 958 The leafless desert of the mind. 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 752 What in monastic language is called a desert; by which term an establishment is designated where those brethren whose piety flies the highest pitch may at once enjoy the advantages of the eremite and the discipline of the coenobite life. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 243 The middle age between himself and the polytheism of the Empire was a parched desert to him.

|3. abstractly. Desert or deserted condition; desolation. Obs. c 1450 Merlin 59 He was in a waste contree full of diserte. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cclxxxiv. 424 The distructyon and conquest of the cytie of Lymoges, and how it was left clene voyde as a towne of desert.

+ 4. An alleged name for a covey of lapwings. i486 Bk. St. Albans F vj b, A Desserte of Lapwyngs. 1688 in R. Holme Armoury.

5. Comb. a. attrib., as desert-air, -belt, -bird, -cave, -circle, -dweller, -folk, -pelican, -ranger, -troop', b. locative and instrumental, as desertbred, -frequenting, -haunting, -locked, -wearied, -worn adjs.; c. similative, as desertworld', desert-brown, -grey, -like, -long, looking adjs.; also desert boot (see quot. 1948); desertchough, a bird of the genus Podoces, family Corvidae, found in the desert regions of Central Asia; desert-falcon, a species of falcon inhabiting deserts and prairies, a member of the subgenus Gennsea, allied to the peregrines; desert island, an uninhabited, or seemingly uninhabited, and remote island; also attrib. and fig., esp. (of equipment, cultural objects, or behaviour) suited to the social isolation and limited baggage allowance of a castaway on a desert island; desert-lemon Austral., a rutaceous tree, Eremocitrus glauca (Atalantia glauca), bearing a small acid fruit; desert oak

DESERT

5i5 Austral, (see oak 3 b); desert pea (see pea1 3); desert polish, the polish imparted to rocks or other hard surfaces by the friction of the windblown sand of the desert; Desert Rat colloq., a soldier of the 7th (British) armoured division, whose divisional sign was the figure of a jerboa, and which took part in the desert campaign in N. Africa (1941-2); desert-rod, a genus of labiate plants (Eremostachys) from the Caucasus {Treas. Bot.); desert-ship, ‘ship of the desert’, the camel or dromedary; desert-snake, a serpent of the family Psammophidse, a sandsnake; desert varnish, a dark-coloured film composed of iron and manganese oxides, usually with some silica, deposited on exposed rocks in the desert and becoming polished by wind abrasion; and in various specific names of plants and animals, as desert-lark, -mouse,

-willow. 1750 Gray Elegy xiv, And waste its sweetness on the *desert air. 1913 Kipling Songs from Books 142 For he knows which fountain dries, behind which *desert-belt. 1813 Byron Giaour 950 The *desert-bird Whose beak unlocks her bosom’s stream To still her famish’d nestlings’ scream. 1948 Partridge Diet. Forces' Slang 54 *Desert boots, brown boots reaching either halfway up the ankle or to just over it and tightly laced; they had crepe soles and, made of suede or of reversed calf, they did not need to be polished. 1964 Listener 12 Nov. 764/2 He was wearing suede desert boots. 1862 M. L. Whately Ragged Life Egypt x. (1863) 88 It [is] hard for any who are not *desert-bred to find their way. 1923 Daily Mail 5 Mar. 13 Nigger, Regal Blue, Grey, * Desert Brown. 1885 W. B. Yeats in Dublin Univ. Rev. Sept., In gloom Of * desert-caves. 1879 Dowden Southey vii. 193 The *desert-circle girded by the sky. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 111. iv, The *desert-dweller met his path. 1916 R. Graves Over the Brazier 15 Soft words of grace He spoke Unto lost *desert-folk. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It (1882) v. 28 The *desert-frequenting tribes of Indians. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 10/2 This species (Varanus griseus) is a large, desert-frequenting lizard. 1906 Ibid. 1 Oct. 4/3 The kiang [sc. wild ass] is a desert-frequenting species. 1901 Ibid. 2 Jan. 2/1 Two stalwart sportsmen with .. their *desert-grey hounds gliding near them. 1894 R. B. Sharpe Handbk. Birds Gt. Brit. I. 112 From its pale coloration this Pipit might be considered a *desert-haunting bird. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts 13 They are driuen to a coast vnnauigable, where were many *desart Islandes inhabited of wilde men. 1690 Locke Govt. II. §14 The Promises and Bargains., between the two Men in the Desert Island, mentioned by Garcilasso De la vega,.. are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a State of Nature. 1743 F. Sheridan Let. 16 Nov. in Private Corresp. D. Garrick (1831) I. 17 To something worse than the desert Island. 1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain 11. i. 337 It is like having all the Spaniards and savages spoiling Robinson Crusoe’s desert island! 1922 C. E. Montague Disenchantment xiii. 175 All castaways together, all really marooned on the one desert island. 1930 F. Brett Young Jim Redlake in. v. 376, I always except the Meistersinger. I think I should choose it as my desert-island opera. 1939 Mind XLVIII. 156, I find that desert-island morality always rouses suspicion among ordinary men. 1942 Radio Times 23 Jan. 15/4 ‘Desert Island Discs'... Vic Oliver discusses with Roy Plomley the eight records he would choose if he were condemned to spend the rest of his life on a desert island with a gramophone for his entertainment. 1883 Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming in igth Cent. Aug. 302 * Desert-larks, wheat-ears, and other.. birds do their best to diminish the locusts. 1889 J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 8 Atalantia glauca,.. ‘Native Kumquat’, ‘*Desert Lemon’. 1621 Lady M. Wroth Urania 441 In the *Desart-like wildernes. 1872 Baker Nile Tribut. xxii. 384 These *desert-locked and remote countries. 1932 Auden Orators in, Spare us the numbing zero-hour, The *desertlong retreat. 1844 Mem. Babylonian P'cess. II. 121 A sandy *desert-looking tract. 1896 * Desert oak [see oak 3 b]. 1903 ‘T. Collins’ Such is Life 91 She had revelled in the audacious black-and-scarlet glory of the *desert pea. 1929 K. S. Prichard Coonardoo 217 It was a good season, the desert pea scarlet under the mulga. 1967 A. M. Blombery Guide Native Austral. Plants 101 (caption) Clianthus formosus (Sturt’s Desert Pea). 1845 Mrs. Norton Child of Islands (1846) 113 A *desert-pelican whose heart’s best blood Oozed in slow drops. 1903 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) I. ill. 11. i. 436 On the sandy plains of Wyoming, Utah, and the adjacent territories, surfaces even of such hard materials as chalcedony are etched into furrows and wrinkles, acquiring at the same time a peculiar and characteristic glaze (‘*desert-polish’). 1822 J. Montgomery Hymn, ‘Hail to the Lord's Anointed' iv, Arabia’s *desertranger To Him shall bow the knee. 1944 in Shorter Oxf. Eng. Diet. Add. (1956) 2487/3 As we stewed our tea— *desert-rat style. 1945 W. S. Churchill Victory (1946) 217 Dear Desert Rats, may your glory ever shine. 1958 Times 17 Apr. 11 /4 The desert rat insignia will continue to be worn by all officers and men of the 7th Armoured Brigade Group. 1824 Byron Def. Trans. 1. i. 116 The .. patient swiftness of the *desert ship, The helmless dromedary! a 1845 Hood An Open Question xiv, That desert-ship the camel of the East. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. iv. 352 The brackish cup Drained by a *desert-troop. 1903 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) II. 1425/1 *Desert-polish or varnish. 1904 C. R. Van Hise Treat. Metamorphism 547 In arid regions the hardened film has frequently been smoothed by the wind-blown sand, so as to present a polished surface. Such polished hardened films are known as ‘desert varnish’. 1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xiii. 270 The loose salts are blown away, but oxides of iron, accompanied by traces of manganese and other similar oxides, form a red, brown, or black film which is firmly retained. The surfaces of long-exposed rocks and pebbles thus acquire a characteristic coat of ‘desert varnish’. 1970 R. J. Small Study Landforms ix. 294 Capillary rise is associated with the chemical breakdown of the interior of large boulders and the deposition of a hard crust of ‘desert varnish’.. on their surface. 1827 Keble Chr. Y. 2nd Sund. after Easter, The *desert-wearied tribes. i833 Rock Hierurg. (1892) I. 182 Pilgrimage through this *desert-

world. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer ix, Sun¬ burned and *desert-wom passengers. desert, obs. form of dessert sb. desert (’dezat), a. Also 4-6 deserte, 6-8 desart. [ME. de'sert a. OF. desert, mod.F. de- (nth c.) = Pr. and Cat. desert, Sp. desierto, It. deserto-.— L. desert-us abandoned, forsaken, left or lying waste, pa. pple. of deserere to sever connexion with, leave, forsake, abandon, etc.: in later use treated as an attributive use of desert sb.2, and stressed 'desert', but the earlier stress is found archaically in 18-19th c. in sense 1.] 1. Deserted, forsaken, abandoned, arch. Sometimes as pa. pple.: cf. desert v. 4. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 233 Wyde clothes destytut and desert from al old honeste and good vsage. 1540 Hyrde tr. Vive's Instr. Chr. Worn. (1592) M vj, Noemy had beene a widow and desert in deede. 1633 P. Fletcher Poet. Misc., Elisa 11. iv, Her desert self and now cold Lord lamenting. 1774 S. Wesley in Westm. Mag. II. 654 When .. lies desert the monumented clay. 1792 S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. 1. 69 As through the gardens desert paths I rove. 1868 Morris Earthly Par. 1. 254 In that wan place desert of hope and fear. 2. Uninhabited, unpeopled, desolate, lonely. (In mod. usage this sense and 3 are freq. combined.) 1297 R. Glouc. 232 J>e decyples.. Byleuede in a wyldemesse.. J>at me clepuj? nou Glastynbury, pzt desert was po. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Cant. 514 He fand him in land deserte. 1494 Fabyan Chron. 1. ii. 9 This lie wl Geaunts whylom inhabyt.. Nowe beynge deserte. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. in. (1586) 127 They seeke the secretest and desartest places that may be. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 1. 94 When Deucalion hurl’d His Mother’s Entrails on the desart World. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 85 (p2 Fallen asleep in a desart wood. 1856 Bryant Poems, To a Waterfowl iv, The desert and illimitable air. 3. Uncultivated and unproductive, barren, waste; of the nature of a desert. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 158 Prodegalite.. is the moder of pouerte, Wherof the londes ben deserte. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xiii, The contre.. was tho almost diserte ffor lakke off tillers. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 52 The Countrey.. is desart, sterile and full of loose sand. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 147 A thirsty Train That long have travell’d thro’ a Desart Plain. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess of Mar 17 Nov., The kingdom of Bohemia is the most desert of any I have seen in Germany. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. Ii. 243 A cross-road leading over a desert arid tract. 4. fig. Dry, uninteresting, rare. 01674 Milton Hist. Mosc. Pref. (1851) 470 To save the Reader a far longer travail of wandring through so many desert Authors. desert

(di'z3:t),

v.

[a.

mod.F.

deserter

to

abandon, in OF. to make desert, leave desert, = Pr. and Sp. desertar, It. desertare ‘to make desart or

desolate’

(Florio),

late

L.

desertare

(Du

Cange), freq. of deserere to abandon.] 1. trans. To abandon, forsake, relinquish, give up (a thing); to depart from (a place or position). 1603 in Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. 11. xiii. 365 He.. was resoluit to obey God calling him thairto, and to leave and desert the said school. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxx. 175 He that deserteth the Means, deserteth the Ends. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xiv. 488 His slacken’d hand deserts the lance it bore. 1784 Cowper Task 1. 392 The languid eye, the cheek Deserted of its bloom. C1790 Willock Voy. 250 We resolved to run every risk rather than desert her [a ship]. 1798 H. Skrine Two Tours Wales 6 Here deserting its banks, we climbed the hills. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 8 Here .. Plato seems prepared to desert his ancient ground. 1879 Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 36 Such a plant would soon be deserted. 2. To forsake (a person, institution, cause, etc. having moral or legal claims upon one); spec, of a soldier or sailor: To quit without permission, run away from (the service, his colours, ship, post of duty, commander, or comrades). 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 11. (1843) 44/1 His affection to the church so notorious, that he never deserted it. 1654 tr. Martini's Conq. China 182 Kiangus seeing himself deserted of the Tartars .. returned to the City. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 277 The Dutch that sometimes desert us, and go over to the King of Candi. c 1790 Willock Voy. 175 The Christian merchants.. totally deserted him. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest xii, The offence you have committed by deserting your post. 1891 Sir H. C. Lopes in Law Times' Rep. LXV. 603/1 A husband deserts his wife if he wilfully absents himself from her society, in spite of her wish. b. To abandon or give up to something, arch. 1658 J. Webb tr. Cleopatra VIII. ii. 53 The Princesse.. deserted her soul to the most violent effects of Passion. 1673 Milton True Relig. Wks. (1847) 563/2 It cannot be imagined that God would desert such painful and zealous labourers .. to damnable errours. 1812 Landor Count Julian Wks. 1846 II. 508 Gracious God! Desert me to my sufferings, but sustain My faith in Thee! c. Of powers or faculties: To fail so as to disappoint the needs or expectations of. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 563 Wisdom.. deserts thee not. 1748 Anson's Voy. 11. x. (ed. 4) 322 The infallibility of the Holy Father had .. deserted him. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 260 In the presence of Socrates, his thoughts seem to desert him. fd. To fall short of (a standard). Obs. rare. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 11. 91 The Quicksilver.. will not much desert nor surmount the determinate height.. of 29 inches. 3. intr. (or absol.) To forsake one’s duty, one’s post, or one’s party; esp. of a soldier or sailor: To

DESERTED quit or run away from the service in violation of oath or allegiance. 1689 Jrnl. Ho. Lords, The Lords Spiritual.. who Deserted (not Protested) against the Vote in the House of Peers. 1693 W. Freke Art of War v. 247 Hannibal finding his Souldiers desert. 1792 Gentl. Mag. LXII. 1. 561 The fourth regiment.. deserted in a body with their Colonel at their head. 1802-3 tr- Pallas’ Trav. (1812) II. 299 The Kozaks., deserted to the Turks. 1840 Thirlwall Greece VII. lvii. 230 He deserted in the midst of the battle. 4. Sc. Law. a. trans. (with pa. pple. in 6 desert.) To relinquish altogether, or to put off for the time (a suit or ‘diet*); to prorogue (Parliament), b. intr.

To cease to have legal force, become

inoperative. 1539 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1814) 353 (Jam.) That this present parliament proceide.. quhill it pleiss the kingis grace that the samin be desert. 1569 Diurn. Occurr. (1833) 152 Thair foir that the saidis lettres sould desert in thameselff. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 251 For deserting a Diet, or assoilizieing a Pannel. 1773 Erskine Inst. iv. (Jam.), If any of the executions appear informal, the court deserts the diet. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scotl. s.v. Desertion, To desert the diet simpliciter.. will.. put a stop to all further proceedings. Hence de'serting vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1646 J. Whitaker Uzziah 23 His just deserting of them. 1700 Dryden Palam. & Arc. III. 411 Bought senates and deserting troops are mine. 1883 Times 27 Aug. 3/6 Colonel Rubalcaba.. almost single-handed, had pursued his deserting regiment. deserted(di'z3:tid),ppl. a. [f. deserts. + -ed.] Forsaken, abandoned, left desolate. 1629 J. Maxwell tr. Herodian (1635) 413 The deserted Villages. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 922 Thy deserted host. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 107 [f 8 The hospital for the reception of deserted infants. 1769 Goldsmith {title) The Deserted Village: a Poem. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 212 The deserted hamlets were then set on fire. de'sertedness. [f. prec. + -ness.] Deserted condition, forlorn desolation. 1818 Blackw. Mag. III. 219 The.. unexpected desertedness.. of this romantic city. 1866 Alger Solit. Nat. & Man 11. 37 True desertedness and its pangs. deserter (di'z3:t3(r)). Also 7 desertor, -our.

[f.

desert v. + -er1; after F. deserteur, L. desertor one who forsakes, abandons, or deserts, agentnoun from deserere to leave, forsake.] 1. One who forsakes or abandons a person, place, or cause; usually with implied breach of duty or allegiance. Const, of. 1635 A. Stafford Fern. Glory (1869) 80 A base Desertour of my Mother Church. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 91 Streight to their ancient Cells.. The reconcil’d Deserters will repair. 1769 Junius Lett. xv. 64 A submissive administration .. collected from the deserters of all parties. 1885 Act. 48-Q Viet. c. 60 §15 The extradition of offenders (including deserters of wives and children). 2. esp. A soldier or seaman who quits the service without permission, in violation of oath or allegiance. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety iii. §7. 219 We are the same desertors whether we stay in our own camp, or run over to the enemy’s. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 91 These we immediately hung up.. as it is the constant custom, which the Dutch observe whenever they catch any of their Deserters. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 165 Deserters of different ranks came in from Cabul. attrib. 1871 Daily News 13 Jan., The deserter officers. desertful (di'z3:tful), a.1 ? Obs. [f. desert sb.1 +

land into desert or arid waste, esp. as a result of human activity. [1968 H. N. le Hourerou in Annales Algeriennes de Geographic III. VI. 6 (heading) Desertisation ou desertification?] 1974 Collier's Year Bk. 1974 555/2 The governing council.. established as priorities the concerns of the developing countries.. health, land, water, and ‘desertification’. 1977 Observer 28 Aug. 4/1 The small circles of desert around waterholes and settlements join up and spread outwards, until a new desert has been created... Desertification is overwhelmingly a man-made process. 1979 Nature 4 Jan. 2/2 As increasingly marginal land is brought under cultivation, deforestation and desertification will increase. 1980 J. Mercer Canary Islanders 8 The approach of the Pleistocene ice to the north and of desertification to the south brought an end to the Tethys flora. 1984 Times 17 Feb. 6/1 A reassessment of the areas threatened by desertification now indicates that 135 million people live in areas severely affected.

Hence (as a back-formation) de'sertified ppl. a. 1980 Times 5 June 25/4 Excessively low productivity of the desertified centre. 1982 Christian Science Monitor 28 June 6/3 Altogether, 1,490,000 square kilometers, or 15.5 percent of all China’s land, is arid, and of this 328,000 square kilometers, 3.4 percent, is desertified.

desertion (di‘z3:j3n). Also 7 dissertion. [a. F. desertion (1414 in Hatzf.), ad. L. desertidn-em, n. of action from deserere to forsake, abandon, f. de- I. 2 -I- serere to join.] 1. The action of deserting, forsaking, or abandoning, esp. a person or thing that has moral or legal claims to the deserter’s support; sometimes simply, abandonment of or departure from a place. 1591 W. Perkins {title), Spiritual Desertions, seruing to Terrifie all Drowsie Protestants. 1612-15 Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. iv. vi, Season, and sea, and wind, and their Master’s desertion, had agreed to render them perfectly miserable. 1651 Davenant Gondibert 11. ill. lxiv, These scorn the Courts dissertion of their age. 1671 Milton Samson 632 Swoonings of despair, And sense of Heaven’s desertion. 1683 Brit. Spec. 178 After the Desertion of this Island by the Romans. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 170 f 13 Mingled his assurances of protection .. with threats of total desertion. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxviii. 278 A desertion of the coast and a trial of the open water. 1875 Jowett Plato I. 341 He is certain that desertion of his duty is an evil.

2. Law.

The wilful abandonment of an employment or of duty, in violation of a legal or moral obligation; esp. such abandonment of the military or naval service. Also, wilful abandonment of the conjugal society, without reasonable cause, on the part of a husband or wife. 1712 W. Rogers Voy. Introd. 18 In case of Death, Sickness or Desertion of any of the above Officers. 1811 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. VIII. 292 They have nearly put a stop to desertion from the enemy’s ranks. 1840 Thirlwall Greece VII. lvii. 231 Ranks thinned by frequent desertions. 1891 Sir H. C. Lopes in Law Times’ Rep. LXV. 603/1 To constitute desertion the parties must be living together as man and wife when the desertion takes place.

3. Sc. Law. desertion of the diet: Abandonment of proceedings on the libel in virtue of which the panel has been brought into court; which may be simpliciter, altogether, or pro loco et tempore, temporarily. See desert v. 4. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scotl. 281/1 The effect of such a [simpliciter] desertion of the diet is declared to be, that the panel shall be for ever free of all challenge or question touching that offence.

-ful.] Of great desert; meritorious, deserving. Const, of. 1583 Golding Calvin on Deut. lxxxiv. 518 To shewe that God is beholden to vs, that our workes are desertfull. 1621 Fletcher Wild-Goose Chase v. vi, Till I be more desertful in your eye. 1638 Ford Lady’s Trial iv. i, Therein He shews himself desertful of his happiness.

1751 Johnson Rambler No. 174 If 13, I was convinced, by a total desertion, of the impropriety of my conduct. 1821 Southey Vis. Judgem. iii, That long drear dream of desertion. 1876 Farrar Marlb. Serm. vi. 51 The College buildings will be almost melancholy in their desertion and silence.

fde'sertful, a}

fb. Theol. ‘Spiritual despondency: a sense of the dereliction of God’ (Johnson). Obs.

Obs. rare.

[f. desert sb.2

+

-ful.] Desert, desolate. 1601 Chester Loues Mart. 21 Enuie, go packe thee.. To some desertfull plaine or Wildernesse. de'sertfuUy, adv. [f. desertful a.1 + -ly.] By desert, deservingly, rightfully. 1598 Munday & Chettle Downf. Earl Huntington n. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley VIII. 132 As Lacy lies, Desertfully, for pride and treason stabb’d. 1619 Time’s Storehouse 58/2 (L.), Aristotle (and very desertfully) calleth the commonwealth of the Massilians oligarchia. 1625 Modell Wit 62 Wherefore desertfully .. a fault of diuers conditions .. ought not to bee censured with one and the same punishment. desertic (di'z3:tik), a.

[f. desert sb.2

+

-ic.]

Characteristic of a desert. Also fig. 1936 Nature 19 Dec. 1042/1 With development of desertic conditions in North Africa and Arabia bringing increasing settlement near rivers, some degree of isolation and a high degree of long-continued local intermarriage developed. 1956 Wyndham Lewis Red Priest xxxiii. 286 There is nothing awaiting me but a hideous desertic existence. 1963 D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier’s Erosion Gf Sedimentation 406 Hamada.., an Arabic term used in the Sahara to describe a bare stony plain... It is a typical feature of the desertic climate. desertification (d£,z3:tifi'keij3n). [f. desert sb 2 +

-ification.]

DESERVE

516

The process of becoming or

rendering desert; the transformation of fertile

4. Deserted condition; desertedness.

a 1716 South (J.), The spiritual agonies of a soul under desertion.

fdesertive (di'z3:tiv), a. Obs. rare. [f. desert sb.1 4- -ive.] Meritorious, worthy. 1596 Nashe Saffron Walden 124 Master Bodley, a Gentleman.. of singular desertiue reckoning and industrie. desertization

(dssatai'zeijan). [ad. F. desertisation (1968, H. N. le Hourerou in Annales Algeriennes de Geographie III. vi. 5), f. DESERT sb.2 + -IZATION.] = DESERTIFICATION. 1968 H. N. le Hourerou in Annales Algeriennes de Geographie III. vi. 5 (Summary) The author attempts to define desertization as a more or less irreversible reduction in vegetation, leading to the extension of desert lands to regions that did not show those characteristics. 1972 Science 1 Sept. 764/1 The process often called ‘savannization’ and ‘desertization’ of the tropical humid regions can very well be explained by these characteristics. 1976 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 24 Nov. 5/4 The creation of desert by any phenomena—man-made or natural—is called desertization. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 86 Removal of vegetation for firewood or by the grazing of domesticated animals exposes the soil to wind erosion, resulting in dune development and encroachment, and to the erosive action of the infrequent high intensity storms, which produce gully systems (arroyos) with alarming rapidity. These phenomena are known collectively as desertization.

desertless (di’z3:tles), a.1

[f.

desert

sb1

+

-LESS.]

1. Without desert or merit: undeserving. Ess. ii. li. (1631) 329 If desertlesse the begger and you differ but in the quantitie. 1631 Heywood Maid of West ii. I. Wks. 1874 II. 352 prize me low And °* desertlesse merit. 1700 Astry tr. Saavedro-Faxardo II. 108 He promis’d to reform the Militia, and afterwards admitted Persons wholly desertless. 1891 Pall Mall G. 23 Dec. 2/3 Constant to her desertless husband. 1601 Cornwallyes

f 2. Unmerited, undeserved. Obs. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. xv. 47 This augmenteth my greefe, Thus to be chargde, with desertles repreefe. 1600 Dekker Gentle Craft Wks. 1873 I. 74 Your Grace.. Heapt on the head of this degenerous boy, Desertless favours. 1613-31 Primer our Lady 366 The mother wailing For her Sons desertlesse paine.

|3. Involving thankless.

no

recompense

or

reward;

1607 Tourneur Rev. Trag. in. vi, I am allotted To that desertlesse office, to present you With the yet bleeding head. 1615 T. Adams Lycanthropy Ep. Ded. 1 It is no desertlesse office to discover that insatiate beast. Hence de'sertlessly adv., undeservedly. 1611 Beaum. & Fl. King & no King in. ii, People will call you valiant; desertlessly I think.

desertless ('dezatlis), a.2 rare. [f.

desert sb.2 +

-LESS.] Without or devoid of desert land. 1822 New Monthly Mag. IV. 374 We recognize the lion as having some other relation to our desertless island.

desertness ('dezatnis). [f.

desert a. + -ness.] Desert condition; barren desolation.

a 1400 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 203 In whylsum place of desertnes. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke v. 64 The desertenesse of the countrey liyng waste, a 1656 l Issher Ann. (1658) 773 The desertnesse of the Country .. did much afflict them, i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. ix. i. 201 True desertness is not in the want of leaves, but of life.

f de'sertrice. Obs. rare. [f. deserter: on the type of F. feminines, e.g. acteur, actrice: see -trice.] A female deserter. 1645 Milton Tetrach. (1851) 166 Cleave to a Wife, but let her bee a wife.. not an adversary, not a desertrice. So also de'sertress, de'sertrix. (see -trix.] In mod. Diets.

t de'sertuous, de'sartuous, a. Obs. [irreg. f. L. desertum desert sb.2 + -ous.] Of the nature of a desert; of or pertaining to a desert. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 253 In all this deformed Countrey, wee saw neyther house, nor Village, for it is altogether desartuous. Ibid. vii. 320 The Isthmus, and Confine of Desartuous Arabia. Ibid. ix. 378 My Desartuous wandring.

'deserty, a. [f. desert sb.2 + -y.] Having the quality of a desert. 1891 W. S. Hawkes in Chicago Advance 29 Jan., The most deserty of deserts, where there is not a green thing.

t de'servably, adv. Obs. rare. [f. *deservable (f. deserve v. + -able).] Deservedly, justly. 1593 Q- Eliz. Boethius iv. 86 Want of punishment, which deserueably thy self hast confest is the greatest yll Iniquitie can haue.

deserve (di'z3:v), v. Forms: 4- deserve; also 4 de-, des-, discerve, desserve, 4-6 disserve, 6 dyserve. [a. OF. deserv-ir, now (for sake of pronunciation) desservir:—L. deservire to serve zealously, well, or meritoriously, f. de- I. 3 + servire to serve: hence, in late pop. L., to merit by service.] f 1. trans. To acquire or earn a rightful claim, by virtue of actions or qualities, to (something); to become entitled to or worthy of (reward or punishment, esteem or disesteem, position, designation, or any specified treatment). Obs. or arch. [1292 Britton v. x. §5 Si ele ne puisse averrer..qe ele pout dowarie aver deservi.] c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 613 3yf euer py mon vpon molde merit disserued. c 1340 Cursor M. ■035° (Trin.) Childre pat.. ofte deseruen [Laud decervyn] muchel mede. c 1400 Rom. Rose 3093, I drede youre wrath to disserve. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 22 §4 Artificers .. waste moch part of the day and deserve not their wagis. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huort lxiii. 219 Honoure is dewe to them that dyserueth it. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. ii. 124 When at your hands did I deserue this scorne? 1713 Addison Cato 1. ii, ’Tis not in mortals to Command Success, But we’ll do more, Sempronius; we’ll Deserve it.

fb. Const, with inf. Obs. or arch. £2385 Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 502 That hast deseruyd sorere for to smerte. c 1400 Maundev. (1839) ix. 200 Men that han disserved to ben dede.

t c. with indirect obj. and subord. clause. Obs. 1529 More Dyaloge iv. Wks. 268/1 Nor neuer deserued we vnto him y* he should so much doe for vs.

2. To have acquired, and thus to have, a rightful claim to; to be entitled to, in return for services or meritorious actions, or sometimes for ill deeds and qualities; to be worthy to have. (Now the ordinary sense, in which to deserve is the result of having deserved in sense i.) [c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) Prol. i He desserued neuer nane euill; for he did neuer euill, ne thoght neuer euill.] c 1440 Promp. Parv. 120 Deservyn..be worthy to havyn (K), mereor. c 1500 New Not-br. Mayd in Anc. Poet. Tracts (Percy Soc.) 46 Mercy or grace, A fore your face, He none

DESERVED deserueth in dede. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner Gv, We have many other herbes which deserve that name. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado in. i. 45 Doth not the Gentleman Deserue as full as fortunate a bed? 1631 Shirley Love Tricks v. ii, He gave me two or three kicks, which I deserved well enough. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxvii. 156 All Crimes doe equally deserve the name of Injustice. 1668 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 10 Mr. Ho... deserves a better fate than to be ever of the loosing side. 1676 Lister in Ray's Corr. (1848) 124, I am well pleased your Catalogue of Plants is again to be printed: it certainly deserves it. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. 10 Oct. (1887) I. 128,1 deserve not all the reproaches you make me. c 1850 Arab. Nts. 546 Do you think that you deserve the favour? Mod. The subject deserves fuller treatment than can be given to it here. fig. or transf. a 1631 Donne Lett., To Mrs. B. White (1651) 6 Not to return til towards Christmas, except the business deserve him not so long.

b. Const, with inf. 1585 J. B. tr. Viret's Sch. Beastes Aivb, Yf the beastes do better their office.. then men doe theirs, they deserve more to be called reasonable, then men. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. xiii. (1627) 174 Herein many a Master deserves rather to be beaten then the scholler. 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Spir. Laws Wks. (Bohn) I. 65 Only those books come down which deserve to last. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 90 The clergy had won the battle then because they deserved to win it.

3. absol. or. intr. f a. To become entitled to the fitting recompense of action, character, or qualities, b. To be so entitled; to have just claims for reward or punishment; to merit, be worthy. Often in phr. to deserve ill or -well of. c 1300 Treat. Pop. Science 140 And went wheder heo hath deserved, to joye other to pyne. at neuer did ne disserued [Cott. seruid] vileny. 1382 Wyclif Heb. xiii. 16 By suche oostis God is disseruyd. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. Prol. 93 How lang sail I thus foruay Quhilk 30W and Venus in this garth deseruis? 1625 Massinger New Way iv. ii, Of all the scum that grew rich by my riots, This.. and this.. have worst deserved me. 1634-Very Woman 11. iii, You in this Shall much deserve me.

f b. intr. with to, for, or infinitive in same sense. Obs. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 250 Loue techip to for3eue hem and disserue to hem. C1450 tr. De Imitatione in. Iv, Thou knowist. . hov muche tribulacion deseruip to purge pe rust of my vices. C1460 Bp. Grossetest's Househ. Stat. in Babees Bk. (1868) 330 The vessels deseruyng for ale and wyne. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 109 b, For these vertues .. deserueth to the gyfte of pite, and thexercyse of them disposeth .. man to the perfeccyon of the same.

f6. trans. To give in return for service rendered; to pay back, requite. Obs. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1624 Medea, My might, ne my labour, May nat disserve it in myn lyvys day. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 156 But other, which have nought deserved Through vertue.. A king shall nought deserve grace. 1470-85 Malory Arthur 11. ix, I am moche beholdyng vnto hym, & I haue yll deserued it vnto hym for his kyndenes. 1523-5 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. 638 (R.) Whereof we shall thanke you, and deserve it to you and yours.

deserved (di'z3:vd, -id),ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ed.] 1. Rightfully earned; merited. 1552 Huloet, Deserued, meritus. 1579 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 20 His deserued credite. 1607 Shaks. Cor. 111. iii. 140 Giue him deseru’d vexation. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 9 If 1 The Old Batchelor, a Comedy of deserved Reputation. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxii, The day of thy deserved doom. 1859 F. Hall Vdsavadattd, Pref. 46 Commentaries which are held in deserved esteem.

f2. That has deserved [L. meritus]; meritorious, worthy; = deserving ppl. a. Obs. rare. 1607 Shaks. Cor. iii. i. 292 Rome, whose Gratitude Towards her deserued Children, is enroll’d.

fde'service. Obs. rare-'. In 5 -yce. [f. after

service.

(OF.

.1;

deserve

had deservice deserving.

=

disservice.)] = desert sb 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. lxxviii. 64 He reproued .. lyther tyrants and hem chastysed after hir deseruyse.

t de'servient, ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. deservient-em, pr. pple. of deservire to serve zealously, etc.] Of service, helpful. 1578 Banister Hist. Man i. 22 Passages.. deseruient to the transmitting of Sinewes. 1661 Sir H. Vane's Politicks 12 More sutable to the Time, then deservient to Necessity.

deserving

(di'z3:vii)), vbl. sb.

[f. deserve v.

+

.1

-ING1.] Desert, merit; = desert sb 1388 Wyclif Ps. vii. 5 Falle Y, bi disseruyng. 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 37 Aftyr ther olde merytys and deseruynges.. holpe .. or lettyd. a 1541 Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 185 Chastise me not for my deserving According to thy just conceived ire. 1600 E. Blount tr Conestaggio 94 Striving to make knowne his better deserving. 1721 Cibber Love in Riddle 11. i, My weak Praise would wrong his full Deservings. 1814 Mrs. J. West Alicia de Lacy I. 181 Was he, indeed .. ignorant of his own deserving? 1866 Kingsley Herew. iii, Ah, that he would reward the proud according to their deservings.

de'serving, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] a. That deserves (good, ill, etc.); used contextually with either sense implied; but esp. in a good sense, meritorious, worthy. Esp. in phr. deserving poor. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 117 Your meritorious and wel deserving behaviour. ci6io Middleton, etc. Widow 1. i, To the deservingest of all her sex. 1676 Dryden Aurengz. v. i. p. 77 Cease to grieve And for a more deserving Husband live, a 1685 Otway (J.), Courts are the places .. Where the deserving ought to rise. 1801 Observer 29 Nov. 4/2 [The bill] proposed to enable Overseers to relieve the deserving Poor. 1828 G. W. Bridges Ann. Jamaica II. xv. 224 Severer punishment upon the deserving culprits, a 1897 Mod. The problem of the relief of the deserving poor. 1971 B. Inglis Poverty Industrial Revolution i. 17 The deserving poor had been issued with small badges which served as a kind of begging licence.

b. Const, of (rarely omitted). 1769 Goldsmith Rom. Hist. (1786) II. 259 He was highly deserving this distinction. 1813 J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 171 Observations the more deserving of your attention. 1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) II. xii. 206 They all appeared deserving his attention. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 405 Delinquents.. deserving of exemplary punishment.

de'servingness.

[f. as prec. -I-ness.] Deserving quality, desert, merit; worthiness.

1631 Celestina xii. 145 Growne to.. a better deservingnesse in your selves. 1865 J. Grote Treat. Moral Ideas ii. (1876) 21 That virtue consisted in moral beauty, or in deservingness of human approbation.

desese,

obs. var. of disease, disseise v.

fdese'speir, sb. Obs. Also 5 dess-, dis-, -peyr(e. [a. OF. desespeir (mod.F. desespoir), vbl. sb. from desesperer to despair, q.v.] By-form of

.

despair sb c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 1. 605 With desespeir [v. rr. dessespeir, disespeyr] so sorwfully me offendeth. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 125 In desespeire a man to falle.

t dese'speire, v. Obs. Also disespeyre. [a. OF. desespere-r.] By-form of despair v. c 1380 Chaucer Compl. to his Lady 7 So desespaired I am from alle blisse. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 236 A verray preef of his mercy, that no man disespeyre. ibid. 179 Disespeyred.

f de'sesperance, -aunce. Obs. Also dis-. [a. OF. desesperance (12th c. in Hatzf.) = Pr. desesperansa, a Romanic compound of des-, L. dis+ esperantia, -za, -ce, f. esperare, esperer:—L. sperare to hope.] Despairing, despair. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus II. 1258 (1307) That lay..Bytwixen hope and derk desesperaunce. c 1460 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 68 His suerte he putteth in disesperaunce.

t de'sesperat, a. Obs. In 4 dis-. [ad. OF. desespere, Pr. desesperat, — L. desperat-us despaired, desperate.] Desperate, hopeless. c 1384 Chaucer H. Fame iii. 925 And wost thy selfen outtirly Disesperat of alle blys.

deseue, -seuy, -seve, obs. fT.

deceive v. CI350 Will. Palerne 3307 A-drad to pe deth pei deseuy here wold.

desever, obs. form of

dissever v.

de-sex, desex (dii'seks), v. [f.

de- II. 2 + sex s6.] trans. a. To castrate or spay. b. To deprive of the distinctive qualities of sex; also, to remove or minimize the sexual appeal of. So de'sexed ppl. a. 1911 Experiment Station Record XXV. v. 474 Measurements of desexed heifers show that in conformation they approach the type of a castrated male rather than that of a normal male. 1928 Time 16 Jan. 18 Those who show themselves to be morons should be de-sexed before they reach the reproductive stage. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio xii. 212 Small changes of pitch therefore tend not to change the apparent sex of a voice, but rather to de¬ sex it. 1963 Economist 28 Nov. 1338/1 The desexed version of a more uninhibited .. dance.

desexualize (dii'seksjuralaiz), v.

[f. de- + trans. a. To deprive of sex or sexual characters; to deprive of the distinctive qualities of a sex. So de'sexualized ppl. a. sexual + -ize.]

1894 Idler Sept. 195 The most highly cultured, mentally most richly endowed women I have known—not desexualised. 1919 M. K. Bradby Psycho-Analysis 50 They regard all human energy as sexual, or ‘libido’, though Jung holds that it may become de-sexualised by turning from a sexual aim to non-sexual surrogate. 1926 Spectator 19 June 1038/2 The self-flatterer.. desexualizes the human form that he may pride himself on his idealization of it. 1940 Mind XLIX. 352 Thus the ‘conclusion’ that every thirst for knowledge is a ‘ desexualised’ form of sexual curiosity is not an unwarranted generalisation but either an inexcusable linguistic eccentricity or a fruitful linguistic modification. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Feb. 90/2 Later adolescent pictures show a normal interest in sex, but both boys and girls become fashion-plate types, essentially desexualized. 1969 P. A. Robinson Freudian Left 207 Intensification of genital sexuality.. left the body essentially desexualized.

b. To castrate. 1913 in Dorland Med. Diet. (ed. 7).

deseyt, -te, deseyve,

obs.

forms

of deceit,

deceive, etc.

desgise, -guise, -gyse, deshabille: desherit,

see dishabille.

etc., obs. form of disherit, etc.

deshese, deshight, deshonour, desi,

obs. fT. disguise.

obs. ff. disease, desight.

obs. form of dishonour.

obs. form of dizzy a.

desiatin,

var. of dessiatine.

desiccant (di'siksnt, 'dssikant), a. and sb.

(di'z3:vir)li), adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a deserving manner; meritoriously.

[ad. desiccant-em, pr. pple. of desiccare: see desiccate, and note there as to stress.] A. adj. Having the property of drying; serving to dry; esp. of a medicinal agent. 1775 Ash, Desiccant, drying, drying up humours. 1875 H.

1552 Huloet, Deseruingly, merito. C1561 Veron Free¬ will 51 b, Iustlye and deseruinglye put from those thinges. 1650 R. Stapylton Strada's Low C. Warres vm. 3 Had often (and deservingly) the experience of ill fortune. 1737 Clorana 125 Bellmont had placed his Friendship very deservingly.

Wood Therap. (1879) 39 Litharge .. used as a desiccant astringent powder for ulcers. 1940 Chambers’s Techn. Diet. 236/2 Desiccants, substances of a hygroscopic nature, capable of absorbing moisture and therefore used as drying agents. 1958 Engineering 14 Mar. 352/3 Air passing through the desiccant (activated alumina) is practically sterile when

deservingly

L.

C.

DESIDERY

518

DESICCATE it leaves. 1967 Times Rev. Industry May 80/2 A hermetically sealed polythene film bag, with a quantity of desiccant enclosed within it.

B. sb. A drying or desiccating medicine or remedy which dries up.

agent;

a

1676 Wiseman Surgery vm. v. (R.), We endeavour by moderate detergents and desiccants, to cleanse and dry the diseased parts. 1866 Pall Mall G. No. 492. 739/1 Dry air is the most effective desiccant.

'desiccate, ppl. a. arch. [ad. L. desiccat-us dried up, pa. pple. of desiccate: see next.] Desiccated, dried. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 179 But daies thre this seede is goode bewette In mylk or meth, and after desiccate Sette hem; thai wol be swete. 1626 Bacon Sylva §842 Bodies desiccate, by Heat, oT Age. 1840 Browning Sordello 11. 313 Juicy in youth or desiccate with age.

desiccate (di'sikeit, 'desikeit), v. [f. L. desiccat-, ppl. stem of desiccdre to dry completely, dry up, f. de- I. 3 + siccdre to dry, siccus dry. (For changing stress see note to contemplate: de'siccate is the only pronunciation in Diets, down to 1864, and in Ogilvie 1882, Cassell 1883.)]

B. sb.

A desiccative agent: a desiccant. ? Obs.

c 1400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 57 A moist discracie.. !>ou schalt help wip desiccativis. 1541 R- Copland Guydon's Formularye R iij b, Medycyns that be colde, dyssycatyues, and infrigidatyues. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 138 Wheat is such a desiccatiue, that it wil draw and drie vp the wine or any other liquor in a barrell which is buried within it. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 72. 2/1 Coffe is a very great Desiccative. 1758 J- s. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 201 The Wound .. was dressed with .. Desiccatives, calcined Alum [etc.].

desiccator (di'sik3t3(r), 'desikeit3(r)). [agent-n. in L. form from desiccdre to desiccate.] One who or that which desiccates or dries; a name given to a chemical apparatus used to dry substances which are decomposed by heat or by exposure to the air (= exsiccator); and, in later commercial use, to contrivances for the desiccation of fruit, milk, or other articles of food, also of tan-bark, etc. 1837 R. B. Ede Pract. Chem. 173 Occasionally evaporations are performed with much benefit by aid of desiccators. 1883 in Encycl. Diet. (Cassell).

1. trans. To make quite dry; to deprive thoroughly of moisture; to dry, dry up. Also fig.

desiccatory (di'sikstari),

In U.S. applied to the thorough drying of articles of food for preservation. 1575 Turberv. Faulconrie 261 They doe mollifie, and desiccate the wounde or disease. 1626 Bacon Sylva §727 Wine helpeth to digest and desiccate the moisture. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 181 This .. will desiccate an ulcer. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. iv. 426 No., courtly art [shall] Damp the bold thought or desiccate the heart. 1832 I. Taylor Saturday Even. (1834) 297 Atheism in all its forms desiccates the affections. 1839 Bailey Festus Proem, Though we should by art Bring earth to gas and desiccate the sea. 1883 Proctor in Knowl. 3 Aug. 74/1 The shock was of sufficient intensity to.. partially desiccate the muscular tissues.

ci8oo Travels of Anacharsis II. 467 (L.) Pork is desiccatory, but it strengthens and passes easily. 1892 Athenaeum 30 Jan. 145/2 Beneath the desiccatory influences to which Central Asia has been subject for centuries.

2. intr. To become dry.

rare.

1679 Rycaut Grk. Church 277 Bodies of such whom they have Canonized for Saints to continue unconsumed, and .. to dry and desiccate like the Mummies in Egypt.

Hence desiccating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1651 tr. Bacon's Life Death 7 They speak much of the Elementary Quality of Siccity or Drienesse; and of things Desiccating. 1866 J. Martineau Ess. I. 388 The very things which this desiccating rationalism flung off. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §63 The., air was.. thoroughly dried by being passed through a desiccating apparatus. 1893 Athenaeum 1 Apr. 402/2 That desiccating of the AngloSaxon in North America which Humboldt and others have commented upon.

desiccate ('dssikat), sb.

[f. the ppl. adj.] desiccated substance or product.

A

1926 Science 28 May 549 Some of my experiments were carried out with this desiccate. 1940 Nature 6 July 30/2 We decided to try desiccated 9 -11 day chick embryos as a source of active principle... The desiccate was reconstituted by adding sterile distilled water.

desiccated (di'sikeitid, 'desikeitid), ppl. a.

[f. + -ED.] Deprived or freed of moisture; dried; (of food) dried for preservation. desiccate v.

1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. vii. 193 By elevation., from the Sea or some desiccated places thereof. 1847-8 H. Miller First Impr. xvii. (1857) 330 The living souls. .which had once animated these withered and desiccated bodies. 1884 Health Exhib. Catal. 9/1 Preserved Potato and Desiccated Soup. Ibid. 18/1 American Breakfast Cereals., hulled, crushed, steam-cooked, and desiccated.

desiccation (desi'keijan).

[ad. L. desiccationem, n. of action from desiccdre: see desiccate i>.] The action of making quite dry; depriving or freeing of moisture; dried up condition. 1477 Norton Ord. Alch. vii. in Ashm. (1652) 104 Another Fier is Fire of Disiccation. 1541 R. Copland Guydon's Formularye T iv b, Composed woundes apostemate with venym requyreth stronge desiccacyon. 1684 T. Burnet Th. Earth 11. 26 A great drought and dessication of the earth. 1805 W. Saunders Min. Waters 352 To finish the desiccation of the residue over a water bath. 1836 Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. iii. 44 Mummies, reduced to an extraordinary degree of desiccation. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi iv. 91 The general desiccation which Africa has undergone.

b. attrib.y as desiccation-cracky in Geol.y a crack produced in a bed of clay in the process of drying, and subsequently filled by a new deposit of soft matter. 1865 Page Geol. Terms 173 Appearances.. known as desiccation cracks.. not to be confounded with ‘joints’, ‘cleavage’ and similar phenomena. 1880 A. R. Wallace Isl. Life vi. 85 Irregular desiccation marks, like the cracks at the bottom of a sun-dried muddy pool. 1882 Geikie Text-bk. Geol. iv. 1. 485 These desiccation-cracks or sun-cracks., prove that the surface of rock on which they lie was exposed to the air and dried before the next layer of water-borne sediment was deposited upon it.

desiccative (di'sikstiv, 'desikeitiv), a. and sb. Also 5-6 desyccatif, dyssyccatiue. [ad. med.L. desiccativ-us, f. L. desiccat-: see above and -ive.] A. adj. Having the tendency or quality of drying up. 1541R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 A iv b. The faculte of medycyns ought to be desyccatyfe. 1601 Holland Pliny xxxi. x, Astringent it is, desiccative, binding, and knitting. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 60 Warm winds, as the Sirocco, Harmatan, etc., are more desiccative than cold winds. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 429 It is more desiccative than linseed oil.

a.

[f. as desiccate v.

+ -ory.] Desiccative.

deside,

obs. form of decide.

desidera'bility. Obs. [f. next: see -ity.] The quality of being desirable; desirableness. t

1635 Heywood Hierarch. 11. Comm. Desiderabilitie.. Pulchritude, Iucunditie.

97 Amabilitie,

t de'siderable, a. Obs. Also 4 deseder-, desyder-. [ad. L. desiderabil-is desirable, f. desiderdre (see desiderate): cf. rare OF. desiderable t and see desirable.] To be desired; desirable. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xviii. 11 pe domes of God are desiderabile abouen all riches, c 1340 - Prose Tr. 2 Sothely, Ihesu, desederabill es thi name, c 1450 tr. De Imitatione III. v, Verily pere is non o^er pinge here laudable ner desiderable. 1540-54 Croke Ps. (Percy Soc.) 33 More then gold desiderable Or stones most precious to se. 1611 Coryat Crudities 32 My selfe hauing had the happinesse to enjoy his desiderable commerce. 1675 Art Contentm. x. x. 233 ’Tis sure no such desiderable guest that we should go out to meet it.

Hence f de'siderably adv. Obs. 1635 Quarles Embl. v. v. 263 O.. most holy fire! how sweetly doest thou bume!.. how desiderably doest thou inflame me!

desiderant (di'sidsrant), a. and sb. rare. [ad. L. desiderant-em, pr. pple. of desiderdre to desire.] A. adj. Desiring, desirous: (implied in next adv.). B. sb. One who desires a thing. i860 J. R. Ballantyne Bible for the Pandits in When one writes up 'The smallest donation thankfully received’, it is tacitly implied that the donation shall not be what the desiderant does not care to have.

f de'siderantly, adv. Obs. rare-', [f. prec. + -ly2: cf. L. desideranter, and OF. desideramment, similarly formed.] Desiringly, desirously. c 145° of god.

De Imitatione 111. liv, pat J>ei aske so desiderantly

desiderata,

pi. of desideratum, q.v.

f de'siderate, a. and sb. Obs. [ad. L. desideratus desired: see next.] A. adj. Desired; desirable. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon’s Adv. Learn, iv. ii. 199 So these are the Parts which in the knowledge of Medicine, touching the cure of Diseases, are desiderate.

B. sb. A thing that is desired; a desideratum. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon’s Adv. Learn. Pref. 23 Where we deliver up any thing as a Desiderate. 1664 Evelyn Sylva (1776) 558 Those who shall once oblige our nation with a full and Absolutely Compleat Dictionary, as yet a Desiderate amongst us. 1670-Mem. (1857) III. 223 When I shall have received those other desiderates, I may proceed to the compiling part.

desiderate (di'sidoreit), v. [f. L. desiderat-, ppl. stem of desiderdre to miss, long for, desire, f. de(de- I. 1, 2) + a radical also found in con¬ siderate, perhaps connected with sidus, siderstar, constellation; but the sense-history is unknown: cf. consider.] trans. To desire with a sense of want or regret; to feel a desire or longing for; to feel the want of; to desire, want, miss. 1645 R. Baillie Dissuasive Vind. (1655) 29 In that pastorall freedome I desiderate these three things. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. Pref. Avja, If any way..wee may obtaine a worke, so much desired, at least, desiderated of truth. 1730 T. Boston Mem. App. xii. 453, I desiderated satisfying impressions. 1788 Gibbon Let. Misc. WTks. 1796 I. 679 In an evening I desiderate the resources of a family or a club. 1829 Southey in Q. Rev. XXXIX. 123 The great step which is now desiderated in education. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxxix. (1870) II. 384 He evacuates the phasnomenon of all that desiderates explanation. 1839 John Bull 11 Aug., We desiderate to know whether murder itself be considered one [an offence], 1865 Trollope Belton Est.

xxvii. 321 Incapable of enjoying the kind of life which he desiderated.

desiderated (di'sidareitid), ppl. a. [f. prec. vb. + -ED.] Desired, wanted, required. a 1743 Cheyne (J.), Eclipses are of wonderful assistance toward the solution of this so desirable and so much desiderated problem. 1836 T. Hook Gurney Married(1839) 396 Kitty returned .. bearing in her hand .. the desiderated (I like the word, it is so long and so new) basin of broth. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. xxv. (1857) 550 The desiderated want was to be supplied by its writer.

desideratum (di.sida'reijan). [ad. L. desideration-em, n. of action from desiderate: see DESIDERATE and -ATION.] 1. The action of desiderating; desire, with feeling of want or regret. ?ri525 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 386 Yif it like youre benygnyte Nouth to ben displesid wyth my desideracyon Me longith to youre presense now conjunct to the unyte. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter iii. 18 Thus it [i.e. Amen] is a note of confirmation, as well as desideration. 1813 W. Taylor Eng. Synon. (1856) 293 Desire is aroused by hope, while desideration is inflicted by reminiscence. 1861 G. Meredith Evan Harrington I. iv. 53 He will assuredly so dispose of his influence as to suit the desiderations of his family.

|2. Thing desired, desideratum. Obs. rare. 1836 Landor Peric. & Asp. lxxviii, Coriander-seed might correct it.. The very desideration!

desiderative (di'sictarativ), a. and sb. [ad. L. desiderativ-us (in late L. grammarians), f. desiderat- ppl. stem: see -ive. (In mod.F. desideratif.)] A. adj. 1. Having, expressing, or denoting desire; pertaining to desire. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 207/1 That to every apprehensive faculty, there might be a desiderative; to embrace what it judgeth good, to refuse what it esteemeth evil. 1816 T. Taylor Ess. VI11. 50 The liver signifying that he lived solely according to the desiderative part of his nature.

2. Gram. Of a verb or verbal form: Formed from another verb to express a desire of doing the act thereby denoted; of or pertaining to such a verb. 1552 Huloet Hvb/i It is to be noted how all verbes endyng in Turio.. be verbes desideratyue, as desierynge or entendynge to perfourme the act of their significations. 1711 tr. Werenfels' Disc. Logomachys 226 Verbs.. frequentative, inchoative, imitative, and desiderative. 1857 M. Williams Sanskrit Gram. (1864) 202 Nouns and participles derived from the desiderative base are not uncommon. 1879 Whitney Sansk. Gram. §1026 By the desiderative conjugation is signified a desire for the action or condition denoted by the simple root.

B. sb. Gram. A desiderative verb, verbal form, or conjugation: see prec. 1751 Harris Hermes 1. vii. (1786) 127 A species of Verbs called.. in Latin Desiderativa, the Desideratives or Meditatives. 1855 Forbes Hindustani Gram. (1868) 65 Desideratives, as.. ‘to wish, or to be about, or like to speak’. 1857 M. Williams Sanskrit Gram. (1864) 205 Desideratives may take a passive form by adding ya to the desiderative base after rejecting final a.

iI desideratum (di.sids'reitam). PI. -ata. [a. L. desideratum thing desired, neuter of desideratus, pa. pple. of desiderdre: see desiderate v. The subst. use belongs to med.L. Also used in the L. form in mod.F. and Sp.] Something for which a desire or longing is felt; something wanting and required or desired. 1652 N. Culverwel Light of Nat. 33 (Stanf.) All Desiderata shall be suppli’d. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 454 Here that Desideratum my Lord Bacon speaketh of. , is supplyed. 1668 Wilkins Real Char. Ep. to Rdr. 63 The various Desiderata, proposed by Learned men, or such things as were conceived yet wanting to the advancement of several parts of Learning. 1782 A. Monro Compar. Anat. Introd. (ed. 3) 6 A.. technical dictionary.. is one of the desiderata in anatomy. 1802 Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 338 The explanation of them was still a desideratum in geology. 1807 Southey Life (1850) III. 105 One of the greatest desideratums in modern Oriental literature. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 161 The fitness of the animal for food is the great desideratum. 1876 Mozley Univ. Serm. iii. 0877) 47 A great number of people in every age, do want morality without religion: it is a great desideratum.

!|desi'derium. [L._ = longing, sense of want, desire, f. stem of desiderdre: see desiderate.] An ardent desire or wish; a longing, properly for a thing once possessed and now missed; a sense of loss. *7*5 Swift Let. to Pope 28 June, When I leave a country . I think as seldom as I can of what I loved or esteemed in it, to avoid the desiderium which of all things makes life most uneasy. 1789 G. White Selborne (1853) II. xxxiii. 249 This strange affection probably was occasioned by that desiderium. 1883 Sat. Rev. 21 Apr. 485/2 Many Liberals regard the memory of Lord Beaconsfield with a desiderium which has not been exhibited towards that of any English political leader within the memory of living man.

f de'sidery. Obs. rare. [a. OF. desiderie (11 th c. in Godef.), ad. L. desiderium longing, desire: see prec.] Desire, wish. r ]45D Craft of Lovers (R.), My name is True loue—of cardinal desidery .. the very exemplary. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge I. 1498 To brynge his doughter to the hous of Ely

DESIDIOSE

519

.. after her desydery. Ibid. 2899 There to be tumylate after her desydery.

c. phr. by {\out of, on, upon) design: on purpose, purposely, intentionally.

t desidi'ose, a. Obs. = next.

1628 Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 65 The man being upon design gone.. into Sanctuary. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 11. xii. 261 On design to extirpate all the smiths in Israel. 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Warres 141 Either out of Design, or Simplicity, a 1715 Burnet Own Time (1766) I. 4, I have, on design, avoided all laboured periods. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 628 William, whether by accident or by design, was not admitted.

1727 Bailey vol. II, Desidiose, desidious, idle, slothful, lazy, sluggish. 1755 Johnson, Desidiose, idle, lazy, heavy. 1822 Mrs. E. Nathan Langreath III. 290 From the lower orders becoming desidiose. [Used jestingly.]

fde'sidious, a. Obs. Also 7 diss-. [ad. L. desidios-us slothful, f. desidia sitting idle, indolence, slothfulness, f. desidere to sit long, sit idle, f. de- I.3 + sedere to sit.] Idle, indolent, slothful. ^21540 [implied in next]. 1608 R. Crakanthorpe Serm. (1609) Aiija, Some, .blamed both him and other Bishops, as being desidious. 1637 R- Humphrey tr. St. Ambrose ii. 5 To be desidious and defectiue in pious workes. 1647 Ward Simp. Cabler (1843) 75 Yee fight the battells of the Lord, bee neither desidious nor perfidious. 1656 in Blount Glossogr.

t desidiousness. Obs. [f. prec. Idleness, indolence, slothfulness.

+

-ness.]

a 1540 Leland Let. to Cromwell in Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 68 The Germanes perceiving our desidiousness and negligence do send daily young Scholars hither, that spoileth them [ancient authors] and cutteth them out of libraries, returning home and putting them abroad as monuments of their own country [etc.]. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. xxxviii. (1739) 58 This dissidiousness of the greater sort made one step further to the full perfection of that manner of Trial. 1651 Ibid. 11. vi. (1739) 33 He found the People.. vexed at his Grandfather’s desidiousness.

desie(n, obs. form of dizzy. desight (dir'sait). [f. de- + sight; prob. orig. a variant of dessight, dissight, q.v.] A thing unsightly, an ugly object to look at, an eyesore. (But in the first quot. perhaps a misprint for despight.) [1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie hi. xxiv. (Arb.) 292 [If he] come sodainly to be pold or shauen, it will seeme onely to himselfe, a deshight and very vndecent.] 1834 G. Cox Oxford in 1834, v- 65 A splendid error and a grand desight, Grotesquely Gothic, blunderingly bright. 1852 Miss Yonge Cameos II. vi. 68 Three emeralds, three pearls, and one large rough pebble, which was such a desight to the others, that [etc.].

de'sightment. rare. [f. as prec. + -ment.] The act of making unsightly; disfigurement. £21864 Times (Webster), Substitute whatever desightment or damage in risk.

jury-masts

at

3. The thing aimed at; the end in view; the final purpose. [1605 Shaks. Macb. 11. i. 55 Wither’d Murther.. towards his designe Moues like a Ghost.] 1657 Cromwell in Four C. Eng. Lett. 86 We desire .. that the design be Dunkirk rather than Grauelines. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 604 If Milk be thy Design; with plenteous Hand Bring Clover-grass. 1711 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett, to W. Montagu 24 Mar., Happiness is the natural design of all the world. 1833 Chalmers Const. Man (1835) I. iv. 187 Virtue was the design of our Creation.

4. Contrivance in accordance with a preconceived plan; adaptation of means to ends; pre-arranged purpose; spec, used in reference to the view that the universe manifests Divine forethought and testifies to an intelligent Creator (the argument from design). 1665 Manley Grotius’ Low C. Warres 141 Either out of Design, or Simplicity. 1736 [see designer i], 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. ii. §3 The argument from design remains as it was. Ibid. ii. §4 The machine, which we are inspecting, demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. 1831 Brewster Newton (1855) I. xiii. 359 The arrangements, therefore, upon which the stability of the system depends, must have been the result of design. 1855 Tennyson Maud 11.11. i, What a lovely shell.. With delicate spire and whorl, How exquisitely minute, A miracle of design! 1883 Hicks (title), Critique of Design-Arguments.

5. In a bad sense: Crafty contrivance, hypocritical scheming; an instance of this. Cf. designing ppl. a. 2. arch. £21704 T. Brown Praise of Poverty Wks. 1730 I. 94 Honesty (they think) design, and design honesty. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 1. xiv. (1858) 219 A .. faithful.. servant.. without passions, sullenness, or designs. 1738 Wesley Hymns, ‘Almighty Maker, God!' vi, Thy Glories I abate, Or praise Thee with Design. 1796 Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 276 If this mistake proceeds from design you are still less fit. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. v. 99 ’Twas all deceit and lying, false design.

II. A plan in art. 6. A preliminary sketch for a picture or other

design (di'zain), sb. Also 6 de-, des-, disseigne, disseine, 7 designe, (dessein, disseene, 8 deseign). [In 16th c. des(s)eigne, a. I5~i6th c. F. desseing (in 16th c. also dessing, desing) ‘designe, purpose, proiect, priuat intention or determination’ (Cotgr.), f. desseigner to design. In 16th c. It. disegno (also dissegno, designo) had the senses ‘purpose, designe, draught; model, plot, picture, pourtrait’ (Florio). Hence the artistic sense was taken into Fr., and gradually differentiated in spelling, so that in mod.F. dessein is ‘purpose, plan’, dessin ‘design in art’. Eng. on the contrary uses design, conformed to the verb, in both senses.] I. A mental plan. 1. a. A plan or scheme conceived in the mind and intended for subsequent execution; the preliminary conception of an idea that is to be carried into effect by action; a project. 1593 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. xv. §4 (Spencer’s ed. 1611 p. 46) What the lawe of God hath, either for or against our disseignes. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. viii. 25 By counterfet disguise To their deseigne to make the easier way. 1625 Purchas Pilgrims II. 1293 The Emperor vndertaketh no high design without his approvement. 1738 Wesley Psalms ii. 1 Why do the Jews and Gentiles join To execute a vain Design? a 1843 Southey Inscriptions xli, What inexhaustive springs of public wealth The vast design required. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 534 Grey , had concurred in the design of insurrection.

work of art; the plan of a building or any part of it, or the outline of a piece of decorative work, after which the actual structure or texture is to be completed; a delineation, pattern. 1638 Junius Painting of Ancients 270 What beauty and force there is in a good and proportionable designe. 1645 N. Stone Enchirid. Fortif. 78 Profile, An Italian word for that designe that showes the side .. of any work. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 252 ’Tis usual., for any person before he begins to Erect a Building, to have Designs or Draughts drawn upon Paper.. in which Designs .. each Floor or Story is delineated. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §278 The necessary designs for the iron rails of the balcony. 1821 W. M. Craig Drawing, Painting, etc. lect. 1. 29 That these itinerant workmen had a certain set of designs, or rather patterns, handed down from generation to generation. Mod. The Committee appointed to report on the designs sent in for the new Corn Exchange.

7. a. The combination of artistic details or architectural features which go to make up a picture, statue, building, etc.; the artistic idea as executed; a piece of decorative work, an artistic device.

b. ‘A scheme formed to the detriment of

1644 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 73, I was particularly desirous of seeing this palace, from the extravagance of the design. 1670 Sir S. Crow in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 15 Their ordnary designes [in tapestry].. beeing deformed and mishapen. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian Prol. (1826) 3 Simplicity and grandeur of design. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iii. v. 133 A silver bracelet of rare and most artistic design. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 11. vii, To admire the designs on the enamelled silver centres. 1884 Times (weekly ed.) 26 Sept. 4/1 It is the design that sells the cloth.

another’ (J.); a plan or purpose of attack upon or on.

b. transf. of literary work in this and prec. sense.

121704 Locke (J.), A sedate, settled design upon another man’s life. 1704 Cibber Careless Husb. 11. i, To be in love, now, is only to have a design upon a woman, a modish way of declaring war against her virtue. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. 1. 598 It was thought necessary to relinquish the design on Bristol. 1858 Lytton What Will he do? 1. i, He had no design on your pocket.

1875 Emerson Lett. Soc. Aims, Poet. & Imag. Wks. (Bohn) III. 153 Great design belongs to a poem, and is better than any skill of execution,—but how rare! 1879 B. Taylor Stud. Germ. Lit. 262 His design is evidently greater than his power of execution. 8. The art of picturesque delineation and

2. a. In weaker sense: Purpose, aim, intention. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv. i. 88 [Armado writes] Thine in the dearest designe of industrie. Ibid. v. i. 105. 1594-Rich. Ill, 1. ii. 211 That it may please you leaue these sad designes To him that hath most cause to be a Mourner. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 108 They who ask relief, have one designe: and he who gives it, another. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. vi. 37 He. , demands On what design the Boys had bound his hands. 1734 tr. Rollin’s Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 344 With design to besiege it. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 50 The design of this chapter is to inquire, how far this is the case. 1792 B. Munchhausen’s Trav. xxx. 135 They extended an elephant’s hide, tanned and prepared for the design, across the summit of the tower. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xxxiii. (1878) 564 My design had been to go at once to London.

b. = Intention to go. (Cf. design

v.

13.)

1725 De Foe New Voy. (1840) 57 My design was to the north part of the island.

construction; original work in a graphic or plastic art. arts of design, those in which design plays a principal part, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, engraving. school of design: a school in which the arts of design are specially taught. 1638 Junius Painting of Ancients 271 [From] Designe and Proportion . .we should proceed to Colour. 1735 Berkeley Querist §68 The art of design, and its influence in most trades or manufactures. 1850 Leitch Muller's Anc. Art §25. 9 Design or the graphic art.. produces by means of light and shade the appearance of bodies on a surface. 1854 Ruskin Two Paths i. (1858) 44 Design, properly so called, is human invention, consulting human capacity.

9. attrib. and Comb., as design book, consultant, engineer-, design-conscious a. (see conscious a. 12). 1936 Burlington Mag. Nov. 235/2 The silversmiths appear to have had in their minds the forms depicted in German

DESIGN design-books. 1955 H. Read Grass Roots of Art (rev. ed.) vii. 137 The buying public.. was becoming design-conscious. i960 Guardian 30 Sept. 10/2 Plagiarism .. is a rare headache to the design-conscious Scandinavian nations. X954 H. Read Anarchy & Order 226 The attempt of certain artists to adapt themselves to the modem industrial system by calling themselves ‘design consultants’ has had no appreciable effect on the cultural situation. 1970 J. Quartermain Man who walked on Diamonds iv. 23 It was a design consultant’s idea of hell. 1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers iii. 49 Not infrequently, a design engineer will ask the logical designer to make alterations for various reasons.

design (di'zain), v. Also 6 desyne, 6-7 designe, 7 disseigne, dissigne. [a. F. designer (16th c. in Rabelais, in 14th c. desinner Godef. Suppl.) ‘to denote, signifie, or shew by a marke or token, to designe, prescribe, appoint’ (Cotgr.), ad. L. designate, dissignare to mark out, trace out, denote, designate, appoint, contrive, etc., f. deI. 2 and dis- + signare to mark, signum mark, sign. Cf. Pr. designar, desegnar, Sp., Pg. designar, It. disegnare (in 16th c. also dissegnare, designate, Florio). In It. the vb. had in 16th c. the senses ‘to designe, contriue, plot, purpose, intend; also to draw, paint, embroither, modle, pourtray’ (Florio); thence obs. F. desseigner ‘to designe, purpose, proiect, lay a plot’ (Cotgr.), and mod.F. dessiner, in 16th c. designer, 17th c. dessigner, to design in the artistic sense. In Eng., design combines all these senses.] 1. [after L. designare, F. designer] To mark out, nominate, appoint, designate. fl. trans. To point out by distinctive sign, mark, or token; to indicate. Also with forth, out. Obs. *593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. i. 203 We shall see Iustice designe the Victors Chiualrie. 1594 Spenser Amoretti lxxiv, Most happy letters!.. With which that happy name was first desynd. 1610 Donne Pseudo Martyr 313 The Sunne, which designes priesthod, is so much bigger then the Moon. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 117 The Forme..being vsualL.with such Substantiues to designe out the subiect denominated of the Adiectiue. 1641 T. Warmstry Blind Guide Forsaken 37 Designing forth unto us the place whither hee is ascended. 1668 Sedley Mulb. Gard. 1. ii, Those Cravats that design the Right Honourable. absol. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. lxxxviii. (1612) 360 Euen so As had their Oracles of them dissigned long ago.

2. To point out by name or by descriptive phrase; in Law, to specify (a person) by title, profession, trade, etc.; to designate, name, style. Sometimes with double obj. (direct and complemental). arch. 1603-21 Knolles Hist. Turks 1311 Willing the Turks to designe the partie which had thrown the stone. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World II. iv. iii. §1. 178 He left his Kingdom to the worthiest, as designing Perdiccas. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 393 Voltaire.. in designing Geneva, called it la petite Republique voisine de ses terres. 1814 Southey Roderick xvm, The plains Burgensian.. ere long To be design’d Castille. 1874 Act 37-8 Viet. c. 94 §38 The writer .. is not named or designed.

13. Of names, signs, etc.: To signify, stand for. 1627 Hak^will Apol. (1630) Bbbiijb, The numerall.. then designeth so many hundred thousand, a 1631 Donne Serm. (1839) IV. evii. 466 A few lines of ciphers will design .. that number. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 138 Names which did designe temporary offices.

f4. To appoint to office, function, or position; to designate, nominate. Const, as in 2. Obs. 1596 Bell Surv. Popery iii. xii. 509 The priest was designed ouer the penitents in euerie church. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 127 A perpetuall and unquenchable fire, for the watching whereof, were Dogs designed. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. (1632) 862 Where Election designeth the Successor, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Jas. V Wks. (1711) 113 The commission .. in which he is designed lieutenant. 1668 Davenant Man's the Master v. i, When you design’d your man to court her in your shape. 1701 Rowe Ambit. Step-Moth. 11. i. 555 Great, just and merciful, such as Mankind .. would have design’d a King.

5. To appoint or assign (something to a person); to make over, bestow, grant, give. Const, to or dative. Obs. exc. in Sc. Law. 1572 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1597) §48 They haue appoynted, marked, and designed the said manse, with foure acres.. to the vse of the Minister.. that sail.. minister at the said kirk. 1592 Davies Immort. Soul xxxiii. (R.), Three kinds of life to her designed be. 1608 J. King Serm. St. Mary's 8 Afterwardes when Michal was designed to him [David]. 1650-60 Tatham Wks. (1879) 169 He is the challenged and justly may Design the way of fighting. 1651 Fuller's Abel Rediv., Musculus 257 Designing unto Musculus one of the principallest Churches. 1681 Glanvill Sadducismus 11. 296 The Spirit’s name which he designed her was Locas. 1784 Cowper Task vi. 580 Nature., when she form’d, designed them an abode. 1864 Daily Review 14 Nov., The minister of Dalgety in 1862 .. stating.. that in terms of the Act 1663, chapter 21, he was entitled to have grass designed to him for the support of a horse .. and praying the Presbytery to make the necessary designation accordingly.

6. Hence, with mixture of II, and ultimately fusing with io: To set apart in thought for the use or advantage of some one; to intend to bestow or give. Const, for, f to, f on. 1664 Dryden Rival Ladies Ded., This worthless Present was design’d you, long before it was a Play. 1666-Ann. Mirab. lx, Their mounting shot is on our sails designed: Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light. 1673 Essex Papers (Camden) I. 153 Trear. designes the place to Orrery, but I am confident it will never be. 1701 Pennsylv. Archives

DESIGNABLE

520

I. 142, I fully design’d you a visit. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 245 What present I had designed for her. 1833 Ht. Martineau Brooke Farm ii. 22 Hearing what favours were designed for his boy. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 30 These fragments are designed for the German, rather than the English reader.

7. To appoint, destine, devote (a thing or person) to a fate or purpose. Now merged in 10. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. 23 a, Because I am Christ the iust, therfore you will designe me to the Crosse vniustly. 1623 Massinger Bondman iv. ii, This well-built city, not long since designed To spoil and rapine. 1662 Gerbier Princ. 15 The Duke .. designed in his Will ten Thousand Gilders.. to .. alter what he had Built amisse. 1691 Ray Creation (1714) 174 Neither yet need those who are designed to Divinity itself fear to look into these studies. [1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 139 The Goods design’d as a Present to the Indians.]

II. [allied to design sb. I, obs. F. desseigner] To plan, purpose, intend. 8. To form a plan or scheme of; to conceive and arrange in the mind; to originate mentally, plan out, contrive. 1548 Hall Chron. 215 When all thing was redy, according as he desyned. 1594 Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 218 The matters which they disseigne and worke with much wisdome. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. v. (1702) I. 430 That he should begin his Journey., so unfit for Travel., if his going away was design’d the day before. 1682 Bunyan Holy War (Cassell) 250 If the enemy .. should design and plot our ruin. 1795 Southey Vis. Maid of Orleans 1. 170 Eternal Wisdom deals Or peace to man, or misery, for his good Alike design’d. 1812 S. Rogers Columbus vii. 46 He can suspend the laws himself designed.

9. In weaker sense: To purpose, intend, mean. fRarely, to be designed (obs.), like to purposed, resolved, determined, minded, etc.

be

1660 R. Coke Justice Vind. Ep. Ded. 5, I designe no more than to demonstrate that [etc.]. 1701 De Foe True-born Eng. 34 And yet he really designs no wrong. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. /, III. vi. 82 [Charles] designed inviting great artists to England.

b. with inf. phr. 1655-60 Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 106/2 Great Queens, if you are design’d to speak to Mortals, Make me acquainted with your rumbling voice. 1678 Butler Hud. III. i. 1386 How does the Devil know What ’twas that I design’d to do? 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 162, I design to go with you. 1874 Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 224 Those objects which we design to bequeath to posterity.

c. with subord. clause as obj. 01704 T. Brown Declam. Praise Wealth Argum., A proclamation, that she design’d her smiles should no more fall on the unworthy. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. vii. (1841) I. 125, I did not design you should have heard.

10. With complement (a. inf. or sb., b. prep, phr.): To purpose or intend (a thing) to be or do (something); to mean (a thing) to serve some purpose or fulfil some plan. a. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 137 So far as you design the Balcony to project. 1713 Addison Cato 1. iv, Other creatures, Than what our nature and the Gods design’d us. 1733 Ld. Orrery in Duncombe's Lett. (1773) II. 35 The wood-walk, which I designed a labyrinth, is almost finished. 1779 Cowper Lett. 21 Sept., I have glazed the two frames, designed to receive my pine plants. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xiv. 116 With one., kick, designed to express his contempt, i860 Hook Lives Abps. (1869) I. i. 18 The emperors designed it to be a general council. b. a 1700 Dryden (J.), You are not for obscurity designed. But, like the sun, must cheer all human kind. 1746 in Leisure Hour (1880) 23 A pewter teapot, but I believe it was designed for silver. 1756 Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1808 I. 67 Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed; and they will answer, that the laws were designed as a protection for the poor and weak. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. xxi, The morning I designed for our departure. 1882 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. II. 21 The palace which Somerset designed for this splendid site. 11. intr. To have purposes or intentions (of a

specified kind), rare. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xiv. vii, To mother.. that you designed honourably.

persuade

the

12. trans. To have in view, contemplate. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 1. i. 18 Before he come to the Subject it self which he designes. 1784 Cowper Task hi. 11 So I, designing other themes, and call’d T’ adorn the Sofa with eulogium. 1877 W. Bruce Comm. Revelation 87 Tell him that his natural Enemies are not designed in the promise.

13. intr. and quasi -pass, (usually with for): To intend to go or start; to be bound for (a place). 1644 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 75 Within sight of Tours where we were designed for the rest of the time. 1684 Lady Russell Lett. I. xv. 42 The question.. when I design for Stratton. 1688 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. IV. 141 They design to Bristol, but will take Exeter.. in the way. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 21 Ships.. designed on long Voyages. 1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 360 From Guam we design for Batavia. 1819 R. Chapman Life Jas. V 129 This convinced them all that the king designed for France. 1823 Scott Quentin D. viii, On the succeeding day we were designed for Amboise. 1845 Carlyle Cromwell (1871) II. 133 The new Lord Lieutenant had at first designed for Munster.

b. transf. To intend to start upon a certain course; to mean to enter upon a pursuit. 1694 Gibson in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 225 And if he designs for Law, ’tis high time to begin. III. (allied to DESIGN sb. II, It. disegnare, F.

dessiner] To sketch, delineate, draw; to fashion artistically.

14. trans. f a. To make a sketch of (an object or scene); to sketch, draw. Obs. b. To trace the outline of, delineate. (designment, implying the vb. in this sense, is quoted of 157o.) 1635 Cowley Davideis 1. 747 The Prophet Gad in learned Dust designs Th’ immortal solid Rules of fancy’d Lines. 1638 Junius Painting of Ancients 290 A good invention well designed and seasonably coloured. 1644 Evelyn Diary (1871) 69 The prospect was so tempting that I designed it with my crayon. 1699 Lister Journ. Paris 53 In the Flore . they have designed..an Universal Map. 1782 Mann in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 421 Designing, painting.. and describing every Fish. 1879 Stevenson Trav. Cevennes 211 The monstrous ribs and gullies of the mountain were faintly designed in the moonshine.

c. To make the preliminary sketch of (a work of art, a picture, statue, ornamental fabric, etc.); to make the plans and drawings necessary for the construction of (a building, ship, machine, etc.), which the workmen have to follow out. 1697 Evelyn Numism. vii. 240 Mons. Morelli, who both Designets [? designes] and Ingraves the Medals, a 1700 Dryden (J.), The prince designs The new elected seat, and draws the lines. 1743 Peterhouse College Order in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 37 In Consideration of his Designing, .the new Building. 1893 Weekly Notes 89/1 To design and superintend the construction of the docks in question.

15. To plan and execute (a structure, work of art, etc.); to fashion with artistic skill or decorative device; to furnish or adorn with a design. 1666 Dryden Ann. Mirab. clii, The weaver, charmed with what his loom designed. 1697-Virg. Past. v. 102 Behold, four hallow’d Altars we design. 1703 Steele Tend. Husb. in. ii, However my Face is very prettily design’d today. 1853 Kingsley Hypatia v, Did Christians.. design its statues and its frescoes? 1865 j. Fergusson Hist. Archit. I. 1. iv. v. 346 The Roman bridges were designed on the same grand scale as their aqueducts. 1874 Green Short Hist. i. §6. 52 A lady summons him .. to design a robe which she is embroidering.

16. intr. a. To trace the outline of a figure or form; to put a graphic representation on paper, canvas, etc.; to draw, sketch, b. To form or fashion a work of art; in a narrower sense, to form decorative figures, devise artistic patterns. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. 128 Unless he that Copies, Design perfectly himself. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 149 One he knew could both design and copy well. 1854 Ruskin Two Paths i. (1858) 44 A painter designs when he chooses some things, refuses others, and arranges all. 1885 H. V. Barnett in Mag. of Art Sept. 454/1 She.. began to design and to paint with delicacy, taste, and truth.

designable, a. [f. L. designate (see designate v.) + -ble. In sense 2 f. design v. + -able.] fl. ('design3b(3)l) That can be distinctly marked out; distinguishable. Obs. 1644 Digby Two Treat. 1. 85 The mover.. cannot passe over all these infinite designable degrees in an instant. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes Qual. (1667) 3 Matter., must have Motion in some or all its designable Parts. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 242 Book-Ware-Houses, furnish’d with such an Ideal, optable or designable Arianizing Library.

2. (d3'zain3b(3)l) Capable of being designed. designate ('designst), ppl. a. [ad. L. designat-us, pa. pple. of designate to designate.] Marked out for office or position; appointed or nominated, but not yet installed, as in bishop designate, spec, in the University of Cambridge. 1646 Buck Rich. Ill, 1. 3 Richard Plantagenet.. King of England, designate by King Henry the Sixth .. This Duke of Yorke, and King designate. 1847 Sir W. Hamilton Let. 32 Definite, or, more precisely, predefinite.. is equivalent.. to designate and pre-designate. 1877 World VII. 11 The husband designate was present. 1878 Cambr. Univ. Cal. 5 There are three days of general admission to the title of Bachelor Designate of Arts in every year. 1888 Times 27 June 12/4 The Lord Bishop of Bedford Designate will preach. 1892 Ordinances of Cambr. Univ. 152 At the creation of Doctors of Law in every year, the names be arranged in order of seniority according to the seniority of the Doctors Designate as Masters of Law. 1925 Cambr. Univ. Cal. 85 Bachelors in Arts, Law, Medicine, Surgery, and Music remain ‘Bachelors designate’ until the 31st of December.

Hence 'designatehood, the condition of being designate. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIV. 705/1 The period of Designatehood.

designate ('des-, 'dezigneit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. designare to mark out, trace out, denote by some indication, contrive, devise, appoint to an office, f. de- (de- 1.3) + signdre to mark. Some of the senses of the L. verb, having come down through It. and Fr., are expressed by design; designate is a modern formation taking up the other senses: cf. F. designer as distinct from dessiner and obs. desseigner.] 1. trans. To point out, indicate; to particularize, specify. 1801 Brit. Crit. July (T.), Of these [faults] so few examples occur, that it would be invidious to designate them. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. viii. 522 Its faults designate and its merits prize. 1828 Webster s.v., The limits are designated on the map. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert’s R. (1855) 107 He need only designate to me the way to his chamber. 1846 Trench Miracles xxx. (1862) 430 The man .. designates the channel in which he desires that this mercy may flow. 1861 Mrs. H. Wood East Lynne I. xi. 170 It had

DESIGNATION four post horses.. the number having been designated by Lord Mount-Severn.

2. Of things: To serve to point out; to be an indication of. With compl.: To point out, specify as being so and so. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. II. 251 A black Triton .. meant.. by his crown of feathers, to designate the native Indians, c 1829 Landor Wks. (1868) II. 93 Her lips [in a picture] were half-open; her hair flew loosely behind her, designating that she was in haste. 01831 A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 65 Those interior effects of Divine grace, which designate their nature.. to the.. possessor. 1870 Rogers Hist. Gleanings Ser. 11. 200 A man’s dress designated his rank and calling. 1884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. 11. iv. 293 The only function of the mathematical symbol is to designate p and q as absolutely equal in rank.

3. To point out by a name or descriptive appellation; to name, denominate, entitle, style. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. ix. 693 The coalition . gave existence to the ministry which that circumstance has served to designate. 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. 11. v. (1838) 161 The title Blumine, whereby she is here designated. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. i. (1879) 29 Clusters and nebulae are designated by their number in the catalogues. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 79 Two very distinct conceptions, .equally designated by the common name of civil liberty.

b. with double obj. or compl.: describe, or characterize (as).

To

name,

1836 Random Recoil. Ho. Lords xvi. 397, I designate them [his ideas] as somewhat above mediocrity. 1854 Macaulay Misc. Writ, (i860) II. 228 He is designated, in Mr. Ivimey’s History of the Baptists, as the depraved Bunyan, the wicked tinker of Elstow. 1862 Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xix. 360 Miriam is almost always designated as the ‘prophetess’. 1879 M. Arnold Guide Eng. Lit. Mixed Ess. 194, I wonder at his designating Milton our greatest poet.

4. Of things: To serve as a name for, stand for; to be descriptive of. 1816 Singer Hist. Cards 45 The term continued to designate hired troops. 1842 Alison Hist. Europe (1849-50) X. lxix. §29. 438 The celebrated saying..‘If these books [etc.]’.. designates the whole system of their.. government.

5. To appoint, set apart, select, nominate for duty or office; to destine or devote to a purpose or fate. Const, /or, to. 1791 J. Barlow Adv. Priv. Orders 1. 27 A mere savage.. would decide the question of equality by a trial of bodily strength, designating the man that could lift the heaviest beam to be the legislator. 1828 Webster s.v., This captain was designated to that station. 1853 Maurice Proph. & Kings xxii. 378 Josiah .. was designated to his task before his birth. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. vii. vi. (1864) IV. 202 Men .. equally designated for perdition in this world and the next. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 394 A clause designating the successor by name.

'designated, ppl. a. [f. designate v. + -ed1.] a. = DESIGNATE ppl. a. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. ix. 436 Harold was virtually.. the designated successor to the crown.

b. designated hitter (Baseball), a substitute named before the start of a game to hit for the pitcher anywhere in the batting order; also designated pinch hitter and fig. 1973 N.Y. Times 4 Feb. si/i In the baseball box scores this summer, he will be listed as the ‘dh\ the designated hitter for the pitcher. Ibid. 17 Feb. 31/2 (caption) Fenton, I want you to meet Ted Bolton [rr. a newly-appointed employee], our new designated pinch-hitter. 1973 Newsweek 26 Mar. 27/3 His main qualifications for office were an unswerving loyalty to Peron—who tapped him in 1972 as his own designated pinch hitter in the election. 1985 N. Y. Times 23 Oct. A23/1 Missouri was chosen by Congress as the designated hitter for [black] freedom and equality. 1986 Ibid. 11 June D29/1 He did have strong opinions on certain elements of baseball. On the designated hitter:*.. it’s appalling.’

designation (des-, dezig'neijsn). [ad. L. designation-em, n. of action from designare (see designate). Cf. F. designation (14th c. in Hatzf., and in mod.F.; not in Cotgr. 1611).] 1. The action of marking or pointing out; indication of a particular person, place, or thing by gesture, words, or recognizable signs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P R. xix. cxxvi. (1495) 926 Alpha is wryte for desygnacion of letters, for amonge Grekys this letter tokenyth one. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxix. (1611) 374 Wherefore was it said vnto Moyses by particular designation, This very place.. is holy ground. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iv. vii. 357 The designation of an end in working is the great perfection of an intelligent Agent. 1731 Bailey vol. II, Designation.. also the marking the abutments .and boundings of an estate. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. 640 With designation of the finger's end. 1794 Paley Evid. (1825) II. 224 The designation of the time would have been more determinate, i860 Trench Serm. Westm. Abb. xv. 164 The intention with which he thus designated Jesus unto them: they understand it.. not at the first designation.

b. concr. A distinctive mark or indication. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. xiii. 224 Those stars.. were indeed but designations of such quarters and portions of the yeare, wherein the same were observed. 1831 J. Davies Manual Mat. Med. 26 The word ana.. is placed before the designation of the quantity.

2. The action of appointing or nominating a person for a particular office or duty; the fact of being thus nominated; appointment, nomination. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. Ded. § 14 There hath not been .. any public designation of writers or inquirers. 1640 Bp. Hall Episc. 11. xvi. 176 It was in the Bishops power to raise the Clergie from one degree to another, neither might they refuse his designations. 1674 Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 83

DESIGNATIVE

521

His Designation of God unto his Kingdom. C1689 in Somers Tracts I. 315 Till the King in Designation be actually invested with the Regal Office. 1791 Cowper Iliad. IV. 458 By designation of the Greeks was sent Ambassador. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. ix. 378 This quasi designation of Eadward to the crown.

f b. The appointment of a summoning of an assembly. Obs.

thing;

DESIGNMENT

uses. 1940 B. Russell Inquiry vii. 109 The designatum of ‘this’ is continually changing. 1958 Meyer & Wilkinson tr. Carnap's Introd. Symb. Logic §20 The color red is the designatum of the French word ‘rouge’. 1964 Language XL. 266 The designatum of the whole expression is a Boolean sum of the designata of the members.

the

01638 Mede Disc. Ezek. xx. 20 Wks. (1672) 1. 56 The designation or pitching that Seventh upon the day we call Saturday. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. §9 By designation of Conventions for prayer. 1697 Bp. Patrick Comm. Ex. xvi. 5 The Designation of this seventh Day was .. from their wonderful Deliverance. 1777 Burke Let. Sheriffs Bristol Wks. 1842 I. 218 At the first designation of these assemblies.

fc. The qualification of being marked out or fitted for an employment; vocation, bent (of mind), ‘call’. Obs. 1657 Burton's Diary (1828) II. 14 That man that has a designation to that work [preaching], 1736 Bolingbroke Patriot. (1749) 12 These are the men to whom the part I mentioned is assigned. Their talents denote their general designation. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Cowley Wks. II. 6 That particular designation of mind, and propensity for some certain science or employment, which is commonly called Genius.

designed (di'zaind), ppl.

a. [f. design v. + -ed.] Marked out, appointed, designate, b. Planned, purposed, intended, c. Drawn, outlined; formed, fashioned, or framed according to design.

fa.

a. 1609 Bible (Douay) Num. viii. Comm., Their designed offices. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII, Wks. (i860) 331 His two designed generals. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome ii. 28 He was designed Consul for next Year. 1751 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Bishop, Bishop designed, episcopus designatus. b. 1586 B. Young Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 180b, Fortifying my designed purpose. 1660 Barrow Euclid Pref. (17*4) 3 A Size beyond the design’d Proportion. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. 1 Jan. (1887) I. 139 Making my designed return a mystery. 1865 Mozley Mirac. vii. 291 note, That this failure.. should be designed. c. 1870 Emerson Soc. & Solit., Art Wks. (Bohn) III. 16 An oak-tree.. being the form in nature best designed to resist a constant assailing force.

3. The action of devoting by appointment to a particular purpose or use; an act of this nature. arch.

t to be designed, to be purposed or minded: see design v. 9.

1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. in. i. 6 Designation or deputation is when a man appoints a thing for such an use. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 329 To make various designations of their profits. 1796 C. Marshall Garden, xii. (1813) 136 The designation of trees to a wall necessarily occasions cutting.

designedly (di'zainidli),

b. Sc. Law. The setting apart of manses and glebes for the clergy from the church lands by the presbytery of the bounds. IS7* Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1597) §48 Vpon the said marking and designation, the Arch-bishop .. sal giue his testimonial!, bearing how he [etc.]. 1861 in W. Bell Diet. Law Scotl. s.v., After a designation by the presbytery. 1864 [see design v. Si-

c. U.S. The authoritative allotment of ground for oyster-culture; concr. the ground thus allotted. f4. Purpose, intention, design. Obs. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr., The end of his life in Hannahs designation. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 111. i. §7 So far is there a constant Connection between the Sound and the Idea and a Designation that the one stand for the other. 1737 Whiston Josephus' Antiq. xvm. vi. §9 God proved opposite to his designation. 1763 Mrs. Brooke Lady J. Mandeville (1782) II. 2 This mutual passion is the designation of heaven to restore him.

f5. Sketching, delineation. Obs. rare. 1796 Jane West Gossip's Story I. 4 A mere novice in landscape designation, I confine myself to the delineation of .. human character.

6. A descriptive name, an appellation; spec, in Law, the statement of profession, trade, residence, etc., added for purposes of identification to a person’s name. 1824 Landor Imag. Conv. (1846) 8 A designation which I have no right to. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi ii. (1870) 43 The name Argeioi.. as a designation of the army before Troy. 1876 E. Mellor Priesth. i. 15 The name ‘priesthood’ .. became a designation of the whole Church of God.

designative ('des-, ’dszigneitiv), a. and sb. [ad. med.L. designativ-us, f. ppl. stem designat-: see -ive. In mod.F. designatif.] A. adj. Having the quality of designating. 1611 Cotgr., Designatif, designatiue, denotatiue. 1812 J. Henry Camp. agst. Quebec 91 Merely designative of the raw soldier. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. 35 Then are the words designative of the sort of act first mentioned. 1845 F. Barham An Odd Medley 8 The [Hebrew] designative preposition ath.

B. sb. Anything used to designate. 1824 J. Gilchrist Etym. Interpr. 77 Perhaps the scientific purpose intended is as well accomplished by these as by any designatives that could be invented.

designator designator,

('des-, ’dezigneitafr)). [a. agent-n. from designare

L. to

DESIGNATE.]

1. One who designates or points out. 2. Rom. Antiq. An officer who assigned to each person his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies. 1706 in Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., There were designators at funeral solemnities, and at the games, theatres, and shews.

'designatory, a. [f. L. type *designatori-us, f. designator: see prec. and -ory.] Of or pertaining to a designator or designation. 1885 Sir L. W. Cave in Law Times' Rep. LII. 518/1 That the indefinite article has the same designatory force as the definite.

designatum ('des-, ’dezigneitam). Philos. PI. -ata. [f. L. designatum, neut. pa. pple. of designare to mark out, indicate (see designate ?;.).] The object or class of objects, whether existing or not, that a sign designates. (Cf. DENOTATUM.) 1938 [see denotatum]. 1940 Jrnl. Religion July 266 No appeal to revelation can deliver a man from responsibility for determining the designata and denotata of the words he

adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] By design, on purpose, intentionally.

1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) III. 394 You need not be their enemies, directly or designedly. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 234 If 1 An Art of being often designedly dull. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 343 Designedly irritating the judges.

de'signedness.

[f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being designed or purposed; intentional character. 1864 in Latham. Mod. ‘coincidence’ was obvious.

The

designedness

of

designer (di'zain3(r)).

Also 7 designor,

the

[f.

design v. + -er1.] One who designs.

1. One who originates a plan or plans. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 11. 11. 151 Thoughtful and cogitative, a great designor. 1736 Butler Anal. 11. Concl. Wks. 1874 1. 307 Ten thousand thousand instances of design cannot but prove a designer. 1863 J. G. Murphy Comm. Gen. i. 2 The Great Designer.

2. In bad sense: One who cherishes evil designs or is actuated by selfish purposes; a plotter, schemer, intriguer.

designful (di’zainful), a. [f.

design sb. + -ful.] Full of design; purposed, intentional.

01677 [see next], 1867 J. H. Stirling Crit. Ess. (1868) 206 The ascription to Kant of designful reticence and intentional obscurity. 1890-Gifford Lect. iv. 73 The .. designful contrivance of the world.

de'signfulness. [f. prec. +

-ness.] Designful quality: a. craftiness, scheming; b. fullness of design, intentional or prearranged character. 01677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 II. 83 Drawn over with ..features of base designfulness. 1890 J. H. Stirling Gifford Lect. v. 94 The designfulness is but contingent.

designing (di'zainii)), vbl. sb. [f.

design v. + The action of design v.; marking out, nomination; planning, preliminary sketching, etc. -ING1.]

o 1618 Raleigh Maxims St. (1651) 77 Upon the designing of his successour. 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour IV. 92 The designing was by Michael Angelo. 1884 Athenaeum 12 Jan. 59/1 Both the Dublin cathedrals are of English designing.

b. Evil design, plotting, scheming. 1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) III. 55 Petty designings. 1795 Jemima II. 18 Her suspicions were excited by his detected disguise, and probable deep designings. c. attrib. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. 403 The designing Arts.. such as Architecture. 1864 Daily Tel. 29 June, It has a ‘designing class’ at South Kensington.

designing (di'zainnj), ppl. a. [-ing2.] 1. That designs, plans, etc.; characterized by constructive forethought. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 11. xi. § 13 (1712) 78 A knowing and designing Providence. 17x1 Steele Sped. No. 43 [f 3 We are all Grave, Serious, Designing Men, in our Way. 1850 McCosh Div. Govt. in. i. (1874) 299 The order and adaptation of nature suggest a designing mind.

2. That cherishes evil designs or is actuated by ulterior motives; scheming, crafty, artful. 01671 Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 100 The sad consequences that crafty and designing men have brought to pass. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 131 If 6 The old Knight is impos’d upon by a designing Fellow. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid 11. 196 Feigned tears and designing sorrow.

designingly,

adv. Intentionally; with purpose, craftily.

[f. evil

prec. design

+ or

-ly2.]

selfish

1684 H. More Answ. Bj b. Over prone cunningly and designingly to serve their turns. 1879 Baring-Gould Germany II. 239 Trades’-unions are an excellent institution, if not ignorantly or designingly misdirected.

designless (di'zainlis), a.

[f.

design

sb.

+

1649 Prynne Demurrer 83 The greatest designers, plotters and lifters up of themselves against the interest of Christ, a 1704 T. Brown Praise of Wealth Wks. 1730 I. 84 The cunning designer gets into the princes favour. 1726 in H. Campbell Love-lett. Mary Q. Scots (1824) 20 Where is one faithful friend to be chosen out among a thousand base designers?

-less.] Void of design or plan; purposeless. 1643 Hammond Serm. at Oxf. Wks. 1683 IV. 513 That designless love of sinning, a 1691 Boyle Hist. Air xii. (1692) 65 These Wounds must have been made by some designless Agent. 1883 Jefferies Story of my Heart 59 The designless, formless chaos of chance-directed matter.

3. a. One who makes an artistic design or plan of construction; a draughtsman; spec, one whose business is to invent or prepare designs or patterns for the manufacturer or constructor.

de'signlessly, adv.

1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. 147 Where the Workman is not an accomplished Designer. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 190 IP 10 Sculptors, painters, and designers. 1891 Leeds Mercury 21 May 5/1 The designers of these tank vessels. 1892 Labour Commission Gloss. No. 9 Designer, the architect who designs the enrichment for the ‘modeller’ in the plastering trade. Mod. A designer in a textile factory. b. Freq. used attrib. in fashion, etc., to denote

goods bearing the name or label of a famous designer, with the implication that they are expensive or prestigious. Also transf. and fig. orig. U.S. 1966 N. Y. Times 12 Feb. 31/7 (heading) Designer scarves join name-dropping game. 1973 E. Jong Fear of Flying (1974) ii. 37 She was all gotten up in designer clothes. 1977 Washington Post 8 Jan. ci/6 Mrs. Carter has been known to have a sharp eye for price tags, rejecting anything she feels inflated by designer labels. 1978 Ibid. 30 Dec. C2/1 At the moment, designer jeans are such big business that Bloomingdale’s has created a department called ‘Pure Jeanius’. 1979 United States 1980/81 (Penguin Travel Guides) 321 For good buys on top-brand and designer sheets and pillowcases, New York is definitely the place. 1984 Times 4 Sept. 12/1 Small wonder Perrier is called Designer Water. My local wine bar has the cheek to charge 7op a glass. 1985 S. Lowry Young Fogey Handbk. viii. 69 He loves seafood .. and detests designer dishes. 1985 Mail on Sunday (Colour Suppl.) 3 Mar. 53/1 After all, this is designer-label land where the window boxes have electronic water sprinklers and the cat’s manicurist is on a retainer.

c. Special Comb, designer drug orig. U.S., a drug synthesized to mimic a legally restricted or prohibited drug without itself being subject to such restriction. 1983 Sacramento Union 17 Dec. E8/7 Thirty-four people have died in the last four years after using ‘designer drugs’, heroin look-alikes concocted in underground laboratories and hitting the streets one step ahead of government regulations. 1985 Sunday Times 24 Mar. 12/1 A stillgrowing line of what are known as ‘designer drugs’, new compounds that are synthetic ‘analogues’ of existing illegal mind-altering substances. 1985 Times 3 Dec. 5/8 Designer drugs were an added threat to the rising menace of heroin and cocaine addiction. 1986 Washington Post 2 June B4/1 The accidental discovery a few years ago of a ‘designer drug’ — called MPTP — that produced Parkinson’s symptoms in addicts.

[f. prec. + -ly2.] Without design or plan; with no specific purpose.

1648 Boyle Seraph. Love xiii. (1700) 77 His [the Sun’s] visits are made designlessly. 01691 - Wks. VI. 80 (R.) Not rashly or designlessly shuffled by a blind hazard.

t

de signment. Obs.

[f. design v. + -ment.] =

DESIGNATION, DESIGN.

1. Indication by sign or token. Sacr. Philos, ii. 156 No Scripture is so direct.. as this for the certaine designement of the time, a 1684 Leighton Comm. 1 Pet. ii. 14 The them that are sent.. is a very clear designment of the inferior governors of those times. 1625 Gill

2. Appointment or nomination to office or function; consignment or destination to a fate. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Luke vi. 12 Annot., As a preparation to the designement of his Apostles. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 7 Designements to offices and places. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 93 Paul & Barnabas.. went to the Gentiles, by .. speciall designement made at Antioch. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. iv. xviii. (1713) 326 No designment of them to Sin and Damnation. 1732 Law Serious C. xxii. (1761) 420 It is by the express designment of God, that some beings are Angels, and others are men.

3. Appointment, arrangement, or ordination of affairs; planning, designing; hence, that which is planned; an enterprise, undertaking, design. 1583 Harsnet Serm. Ezek. (1658) 135 Had he had freedome to haue altered Gods Designment, Adams liberty had bene aboue the designment of God. 1594 Ord. Prayer in Liturg. Serv. Q. Eliz. (1847) 654 Cruel designments so closely plotted against her innocent life. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. i. 22 The desperate Tempest hath so bang’d the Turkes, That their designement halts. 1611 Coryat Crudities 205 A very disastrous accident.. frustrated his whole designement. 1659 Gentl. Calling (1696) 139 Many hours .. intervening between the Designment and the Execution [of a Duel]. 1738 Warburton Div. Legat. I. 216 A strange Jumble as well as Iniquity in this Designment.

4. Artistic representation, delineation; an outline, sketch; an original draught or design. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. in Billingsley Euclide Aj, Of all these, liuely designementes.. to be in velame parchement described. 1658 Dryden Death O. Cromwell 96 For though some meaner artist’s skill were shown.. Yet still the fair designment was his own. 1667-Ess. Dram. Poesie (R.), Shall that excuse the ill painture or designment of them? I7°3 T. N. City & C. Purchaser 85 A neat and full Expression of the 1st Idea or Designment thereof.

DESILICATE desilicate (di:'silikeit), v. [f. de- II. i.] trans. To deprive of silica. Hence de'silicated ppl. a. In mod. Diets.

desi’licify, de'silicize, v. [f.

de- II. 1.]

trans.

To free from silex or silicon; = desiliconize. Hence desi.licifi'cation. In mod. Diets.

desiliconize (dii'siliks.naiz), v. [f.

de- II. 1.] tram. To deprive of or free from silicon. Hence de'siliconized ppl. a.\ -izing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.\

desiliconi'zation. 1881 C. R. A. Wright in Encycl. Brit. XIII. 333/1 {Iron) The decarbonizing and desiliconizing of iron by the action of an oxidizing atmosphere is the essential feature of the processes of refining pig iron and of making natural steel. 1891 Times 8 Oct. 14/6 They had suffered more from desiliconization than from desulphurization.

desilver (di:'silv3(r)), v. [f.

de- II. 2.] tram. To deprive of its silver, remove the silver from. 1864 in Webster. 1886 Fenn Master of Ceremonies I. ii. 9 The over-cleaned and de-silvered plated pot.

desilverize (dii'silvaraiz), v. [f.

de-II. i.] tram. To extract the silver from (lead or other metal). 1872 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 450 Two systems .. desilverizing and refining two charges of [lead] in twentyfour hours. 1886 A. J. Balfour Question 1239 Gold & Silver Comm., The cost of desilverising the copper.

Hence de'silverized ppl. a., de'silverizing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.\ also desilveri'zation. 1870 J. Percy {title), The Metallurgy of Lead, including Desilverization and Cupellation. 1872 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 449 The desilverizing kettle holds 22,000 pounds of lead. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 49/2 In lead pipes the soft desilverised lead is considered best.

desinence ('desmans), [a. F. desinence (16th c. in Hatzfeld) = It. desinenza ‘a desinence or termination’ (Florio), ad. med.L. desinentia, f. desinent-em\ see next.] Termination, ending, close; Gram, a termination, suffix, or ending of a word. 1599 Bp. Hall Sat. Poster., Fettering together the series of the verses, with the bondes of like cadence or desinence of rime. 1623 Favine Theat. Hon. 11. i. 67 The Romaine desinence or ending. 1814 Berington Lit. Hist. Mid. Ages v. (1846) 273 The ear was thus flattered by a certain musical desinence, nor could it a moment doubt where every verse closed. 1873 Bardsley Surnames i. (1875) !3 The Saxon added ‘son’, as a desinence, as ‘Williamson’.

desinent ('desinont), a. ? Obs. [ad. L. desinentem, pr. pple. of desinere to leave off, close, f. deI. 1, 2 + sinere to leave.] Forming the end, terminal; ending, closing. Masque Blackness, Six tritons.. their upper parts human .. their desinent parts fish. 1677 Cary Chronol. 11. 11. 111. iii. 227 The State was left in Confusion .. until the 38th desinent of Azariah. Ibid. 228 An. 39 of Uzziah desinent. 1605

B.

Jonson

desi'nential, a.

med.L. desinentia (see desinent) + -al1.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a desinence or ending.

[f.

1818 Monthly Mag. XLVI. 322 The desinential characteristics of the Latin noun. 1869 F. Hall in Lauder's Tractate 24 The desinential -it, for -ed [in Scotch pa. pples.]

desiner,

var. of decener, Obs. Art Warre 14 Under the charge of a Desiner or chiefe of a chamber. 1591

Garrard

desines,

obs. form of dizziness.

desinterressed,

var. of disinteressed a. Obs.

fde'sipiate, v.

Obs.~° [irreg. f. L. desipere (desipio) to be foolish, f. de- 1.6 + sapere to be wise.] intr. To become foolish. 1623

in Cockeram. 1663 F. Hawkins Youth's Behav. 102.

desipience (di'sipians). desipient-em desipient: foolish trifling, silliness.

DESIRE

522

[ad. L. desipientia, f. see -ence.] Folly;

Glossogr., Desipience is when the sick person speaks and doth idly; dotage. 1882 A. W. Ward Dickens ii. 24 Occasional desipience in the form of the wildest farce. 1887 Spectator 17 Sept. 1251 The maturity of sweet desipience. 1656 Blount

de'sipiency. [see prec., and

-ency.] = prec. T. Browne Lett. Friend §22 Many are mad but in .. one prevalent desipiency. 1856 Titan Mag. Dec. 496 If the desipere be but in loco, religion itself will not forbid the seasonable desipiency. 1672 Sir

desipient (di'sipisnt), a. rare. [ad. L. desipientem, pr. pple. of desipere to be void of understanding, f. de- I. 6 + sapere to know.] Foolish, silly; playing the fool, idly trifling. 1727 in Bailey vol. II. 1894 Stevenson in Times 2 June 17/4 In his character of disinterested spectator, gracefully desipient.

desirability (di.zarars'biliti).

[f. next + -ity.] The quality of being desirable; desirableness; quasi-concr. (with pi.) a desirable condition or thing. 1824 Southey Life & Corr. (1850) V. 189, I see possibilities and capabilities and desirabilities. 1859 Farrar

Eric 95 Of this school he often bragged as the acme of desirability. 1861 Beresf. Hope Eng. Cathedr. igth C. iii. 68 Any decision upon the distinctive possibility or desirability of new cathedrals. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets iii. 87 The desirability of consorting with none but the best company.

desirable (di'zai3reb(3)l), a. (sb.)

Also 7-8 desireable. [a. F. desirable (12th c. in Hatzfeld), f. desirer to desire, after L. desiderabilis.] A. adj. 1. Worthy to be desired; to be wished for. In early use often standing for the qualities which cause a thing to be desired: Pleasant, delectable, choice, excellent, goodly. 1382 Wyclif Prov. xxi. 20 Desyrable tresor and oile in the dwelling place of the ri3twis. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn xxiii. 80 Blanchardyn.. as that thinge whiche most he desyred in this world, dyde accepte this gracyouse and desyrable ansuere. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 126 Greate varietye of desirable flowers. 1611 Bible Ezek. xxiii. 12 She doted vpon the Assyrians.. horsemen riding vpon horses, all of them desireable young men. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. iii. iii. §7 No evil is in its self desirable, or to be chosen. 1783 Watson Philip III (1839) 169 It was surely desirable to put a period to these calamities. 1833 J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 301 This exceedingly convenient and desirable machine. 1891 H. Matthews in Law Times XCII. 96/1 Some general modifications in the rules.. are now desirable.

f2. To regrettable.

be

regretted

or

desiderated;

1650 T. Froysell Gale of Opportunity (1652) 1 He lived amiable and dyed desirable.

f3. Characterized by or full of desire. Obs. 1759 Sarah Fielding C'tess of Dellwyn II. 23 With the desireable View of rendering her Smiles or Frowns of Consequence.

B. sb. 1. That which is desirable; a desirable property or thing. 1645 E. Willan in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xvi. 11 All these desirables are encircled within the compass of the first remarkable. 1721 Watts Serm. ii. Wks. 1812 I. 18 He., despises fame.. pleasure and riches, and all mortal desirables. 1797 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Beggar Gir/(i8i3) V. 52 Besides the desirables it would purchase [etc.]. 1873 Miss Broughton Nancy II. 82 At that time, you see, he had not all the desirables.

2. One who is desirable. 1669 H. More Antid. Idolatry viii. 93 The highest of all desirables, that is, God himself. 1853 R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp. Tour xvi, Certainly all parties concurred in placing him high on the list of ‘desirables’. 1904 Daily Chron. 21 Sept. 8/5 Nor did the individual who spoke proudly of ‘moving in a circle’—of ‘desirables’—realise the vulgarity of the expression. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 21 June 8/2 The real undesirables.. would have to be kept back and looked after until they became ‘desirables’. 1908 Ibid. 26 June 2/1 Could not the undesirables be got rid of, and the desirables multiplied?

de'sirableness.

[f. prec.

+

-ness.]

1. The quality or fact of being desirable. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. (1843) 34/1 Discourses upon the thing itself, and the desirableness of it. a 1665 J. Goodwin Filled w. the Spirit (1867) 125 Matters of lighter concernment or less desirableness. 1817 Malthus Popul. III. App. 229 The desirableness of a great and efficient population. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. I. 384 To discuss .. the desirableness of fulfilling the engagement into which he had entered.

f2. In active sense: Desirousness. Obs. 1649 St. Trials, Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne (R.), To declare my desireableness to keep within the bounds of reason, moderation, and discretion.

desirably (di'zaiarabli), adv.

[f. as prec.

+

-ly2.] In a desirable manner; according to what

is desirable. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 70 The ground where you would most desirably dig a well.

f de'sirant, ppl. a. Obs. [a. F. desirant, pr. pple. of desirer to desire; repr. L. desiderant-em.] Desiring, desirous of. c 1450 Merlin 73 That I sholde remembre the thinge that I beste loved.. and that I am moste desiraunte.

desire (di'zaisjr)), sb. Forms: 4-5 desir, desyr, (desijr, dessire, dissire, -yre), 4-6 desyre, desier, (5 desyer, desere, 6 desyir), 4- desire. [ME. a. OF. desir (12th c. in Littre), mod.F. desir = Pr. dezir, desire, It. desio, desire, deriv. f. the vb. desirare, F. desirer to desire: see next.] 1. The fact or condition of desiring; that feeling or emotion which is directed to the attainment or possession of some object from which pleasure or satisfaction is expected; longing, craving; a particular instance of this feeling, a wish. I33 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 3410 3yf f;ou haue grete desyre To be clepyd lorde or syre. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 147 Gret desir of heuenely bynges. 14.. Why I can't be a nun 303 in E.E.P. (1862) 146 Thy fyrst desyre and thyne entent Was to bene a nune professed. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 757 The execrable desyre of sovereintie. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi’s Eromena 92, I have a great desire to get a sight of him. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox 353 Seeing the cards thus shuffled to his own desire. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 11. xii. §15 (1712) 83 An unsatiable desire after that just and decorous temper of Mind. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 206 |f 4 This conflict of desires. 1759-Rasselas xxxvii, His predominant passion was desire of money. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 2 The elder King felt a strong desire to see his brother. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. 1. i. n Objects of desire to the

barbarian. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Relig. Wks. (Bohn) II. 100 The new age has new desires. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. s 1 A man should pray to have right desires, before he prays that his desires may be fulfilled,

b. personified. 1575 Gascoigne Pr. Pleas. Kenilw., That wretch Desire Whom neither death could daunt [etc.]. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. 1. i. 734 As fleet As Desire’s lightning feet. 1876 Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. II. xxvii. 170 Desire has trimmed the sails, and Circumstance brings but the breeze to fill them.

2. spec. Physical or sensual appetite; lust. c 1340 Hampole Prose Tr. 3 This name Ihesu .. dose away greuesnes of fleschely desyris. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. xliv. (1495) 257 The appetyte of the stomak is callyd desyre. a 1400-50 Alexander 4289 To blemysch oure blode with bodely dissires. a 1535 Wyatt in Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 224 If thy desire haue ouer thee the power, Subiect then art thou and no gouernour. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 1. vi. 47 That satiate yet vnsatisfi’d desire. 1711 Steele Spect. No. 151 IP 2 A constant Pruriency of inordinate Desire. 1756 Burke Subl. &? B. ill. i. Which shows that beauty, and the passion caused by beauty, which I call love, is different from desire. 1867 Baker Nile Tribut. viii. 166 The flesh of the crocodile is eaten greedily, being supposed to promote desire. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid iv. 91 Against enkindled desire Honour itself was feeble.

f3. Longing for something lost or missed; regret; desiderium. Obs. c 1611 Chapman Iliad xvu. 380 So unremoved stood these steeds, their heads to earth let fall, And warm tears gushing from their eyes, with passionate desire Of their kind manager.

4. A wish as expressed or stated in words; a request, petition. C1340 Cursor M. 10513 (Trin.) J?y desire and py preyere Is comen to goddes ere. 1414 Rolls of Par It. III. 549/1 The Kyng thanketh hem of here gode desire, willyng put it in execution als sone as he wel may. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxiii. 135 The erle sent thyder, at their desyers, John of Norwyche, to be their Captayne. 1670 Marvell Corr. clxxxvi. Wks. 1872-5 II. 377 The House hath been in conference with the Lords upon their desire, about the Addresse .. concerning Popish Recusants. 1794 Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) I 428 The Agents have written desires from me to land everything as fast as possible. 1842 Bischoff Woollen Manuf. II. 83, I also send, at your desire, a general list of articles used in the woollen manufacture.

5. transf. An object of desire; that which one desires or longs for. (Originally only contextual). 1340-7° Alisaunder 1047 Hee hoped to haue there of his hertes desyres. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle 1. xxxix. (Caxton, repr. 1859) 43 He sawe that he ne myght nought acheuen hys desyre. 1535 Coverdale Ps. liii. [liv.] 7 So that myne eye seyth his desyre vpon myne enemies. 1611 Bible Haggai ii. 7 The desire of all nations shall come. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. 11. i. We steered off to the North expecting a Sea-Breez at E.N.E. and the third day had our desire. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 159 If 5 Farewel my Terentia, my Heart’s Desire, farewel. 1732 Fielding Mock Doctor Ded., That politeness which.. has made you the desire of the great, and the envy of the whole profession. 1863 Tennyson Welcome Alex., Welcome her, welcome the land’s desire.

desire (di'zaia(r)), v. Also 3-7 desyre, 4 desirre, 4-5 disire, -yre, 4-6 desir, 5 dissire, -yre, desier, desyr, disere, 5-6 dessire, -yre, dyssire, -yre, 6 dissier. [ME. a. OF. desire-r (earlier desidrer, desirrer) — Pr. desirar, It. desiare, disirare, Rom. type desirare:—L. desiderate to miss, long for, desire: see desiderate u.] 1. trans. To have a strong wish for; to long for, covet, crave, a. with simple obj. c 1230 Hali Meid. 11 Ant 1’enne wile.. J>c king of alle kinges desire be to leofmon. 1340 Ayenb. 244 j>er is.. al bet herte may wylnj, and of guod desiri. a 1400-50 Alexander 922 To be kyng he kest slik a hate, bat he desiris his deth. 1538 Starkey England 1. i. 21 Of al thyng best and most to be desyryd. 1607-12 Bacon Ess., Empire (Arb.) 294 It is a miserable state of minde to have few thinges to desier, and manie thinges to feare. 1670 Milton Hist. Eng. iv. Wks. (1851) 169 Offa..a comely Person., much desir'd of the people; and such his virtue.. as might have otherwise been worthy to have reigned. 1832 Tennyson 'Of old sat Freedom on the heights,’ Her open eyes desire the truth. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus lxii. 50 Many a wistful boy and maidens many desire it. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 201 Do not all men desire happiness?

b. with infiti.: To wish, long (to be, have, do). a 1300 Cursor M. 10486 (Cott.) Suilk a worthi sun.. Als sco desird for to haf. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xiv. 62 Desirand to see pure wifes and pare childer. c 1425 Hampole's Psalter Metr. Pref. 29 WTho so desires it to know. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xvm. vi, To speke wyth her gretly desyrynge. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iv. v. 140 If you desire to know the certaintie. 1697 Dryden JEneid 11. init.. Since.. Troy’s disastrous end [you] desire to know. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 30 They do not desire to bring down their theory to the level of their practice.

c. with obj. clause. c 1340 Cursor M. 1801 (Trin.) J>enne desired po caitifs badde J>at J>ei had ben by noe ladde. c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. lxi. 3 Dost thou desire my slumbers should be broken? 1784 Cowper Ttroc. 811 To you.. Who wise yourselves, desire your sons should learn Your wisdom. 1850 Tennyson In Mem. Li. 1 Do we indeed desire the dead Should still be near us? 4859 -Lancelot Elaine 1089 You desire your child to live.

2. intr. (or absol.) To have or feel a desire. our lord was Inailed to pe tre. a 1325 Prose Psalter xli[i]. 1 As pe hert desiret to pe welles of waters, so de-sired my soule to pe, Lord. *477 Norton Ord. Alch. Proem in Ashm. (1652) 6 Every estate desireth after good. 1549-62 Sternhold & H. Ps. cxliii. 6 My soule desireth after thee.

|3. trans. Of things: To require, need, demand. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 29 It desyreth a moyst ground, riche and good. 1587 Golding De Mornay xxvi. 397 True beautie desireth no painting. 1591 Spenser Tears of Muses 541 A doleful case desires a dolefull song. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts 292 There be many kindes of Mise, and every one of them desireth a particular tractate.

4. To long for (something lost); to feel the loss of, miss, regret, desiderate. (In quot. 1614, pass., to be missed, to be wanting.) Obs. or arch. 1557 North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. 232 b/2 On the death of thy child Verissimus, thy sonne so much desired. 1611 Bible 2 Chron. xxi. 20 He reigned in Ierusalem eight yeeres, and departed without being desired. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 142 Otherwise .. Pharaohs discretion would have been much desired. 1658 Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. Ep. Ded., That the Reader., may not desire an Epistle, or complain that there is one wanting. 1869 Tennyson Holy Grail 897 And now his chair desires him here in vain.

5. To express a wish for (an object); to ask for, request. Const, a. with simple obj.: to d. a thing; b. to d. a thing of, from (fat) a person (arch.); c. with inf. obj.; to d. to know, have, etc., something; d. with obj. cl., to d. that... a. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 399 Erls, doukes of pe best.. Me [Felice] haue desired apli3t, pat neuer of me hadde s^t. c 1350 Will. Palerne 4583, I desired pis damisele.. To haue hire to pi broker.. Ac hire moder in no maner hire nold me graunte. c 1450 Merlin 27 When thei wiste that Vortiger disered the pees, they were gladde. 1656 Burton s Diary (1828) I. 39, I move that his Highness’s advice may be desired in it. 1754 Chatham Lett. Nephew iv. 21 If you are forced to desire farther information.. do it with proper apologies. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 97, I had spared thee, but thou desiredst my death. b. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7897 J?ai.. sent to pat souerain .. dessirond full depely delyuerans of hir. 1535 Coverdale i Kings ii. 16 Now desyre I one peticion of the.-Job xxxi. 16 When the poore desyred eny thinge at me, haue I denyed it them? 1651 Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) 282 What you desire from mee. 1666 Pepys Diary 5 Dec., I gave him my song.. which he has often desired of me. c. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1022 To these kynges he come.. And to haue of hor helpe hertely dissyred. 1450 W. Somner in Four C. Eng. Lett. 4 The maister desyryd to wete yf the shepmen wolde holde with the duke. 1563 Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 191, I.. thereupon desired to have the Council’s letters. 1785 Mod. Times I. 16 He desired never to hear any thing of me. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxiii, He alighted at the Dominican Convent, and desired to see the Duke of Albany. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid in. 358 Speech I crave of the seer, and desire his counsel to learn. d. 1404 Rolls of Parlt. III. 549/1 The Comunes desiren that the Kyng shulde leve upon his owne. 1656 Burton's Diary (1828) I. 80, I desire it may not die. 1689 Tryal Bps. 19 We desire it may be read in English for we don’t understand Law-Latin. 1738 Swift Pol. Conversat. 98 Run to my Lady M-; and desire she will remember to be here at Six. 1823 Southey Hist. Penins. War I. 176 He desired Velarde would write to the court.

6. To express a wish to (a person); to request, pray, entreat. fa. with simple object: to make a request to (obs.); fb. to d. a person a thing, or of a thing (obs.)] c. to d. a person to do something (the most freq. construction); d. to d. a person that, or of a person that... fa. 1526-34 TindaleJoAw xii. 21 Certayne Grekes .. cam to Philip .. and desired him, sayinge: Syr we wolde fayne se Iesus. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 32/2 John spake unto him, and desired him in like maner and contestation as before. fb. ai .. desseli bath late and are War tentand to pe apostels lare. Ibid. 26881 (Cott.) Als if he desseli did ill.

dessende, -ente, obs. ff. descend, descent. dessert (di'z3:t). Also 7-8 desert, 8 des-, disart, 9 desert, [a. F. dessert (Estienne 1539) ‘removal of the dishes, dessert’, f. desservir to remove what has been served, to clear (the table), f. des-, L. dis- + servir to serve.] 1. a. A course of fruit, sweetmeats, etc. served after a dinner or supper; ‘the last course at an entertainment’ (J.). 1600 W. Vaughan Direct. Health (1633) n. ix. 54 Such eating, which the French call desert, is unnaturall. 1666 Pepys Diary 12 July, The dessert coming, with roses upon it, the Duchesse bid him try. 1708 W. King Cookery 261 'Tis the dessert that graces all the feast. 1739 R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobiatius 96 If the Guests may pocket the Desart. 1834 Lytton Pompeii iv. iii, The dessert or last course was already on the table. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Bract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 69 The Medlar.. when in a state of incipient decay is employed for the dessert. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) ill. 696 Pleasant kinds of dessert, with which we amuse ourselves after dinner.

b. ‘In the United States often used to include pies, puddings, and other sweet dishes’ (Cent. Diet.). Now also in British usage. 1789 W. Maclay Jrnl. 27 Aug. (1890) iv. 138 The dessert was, first apple-pies, pudding, etc.; then iced creams, jellies, etc.; then water-melons, musk-melons, apples, peaches, nuts. 1833 H. Barnard in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1918) XIII. 379 The desert was pudding—cherry pie—and strawberries, cream and sugar. 1846 J. C. Patteson Let. in C. M. Yonge Life J.C.P. (1874) I. iii. 51, I have to give several parties. . as the pastrycook’s bill for desserts will show. 1848-60 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. 1864 A. V. Kirwan {title) Host & guest: a book about dinners, wines, and desserts. Ibid. xv. 213 A dessert should above all things be simple. Ibid. 229 Brandied fruits, compotes and fruits preserved in syrup, are generally produced at a French dessert. 1887 Scribner's Mag. (Farmer), The pastry-cook [in Paris] is very useful. He supplies.. such dessert (I use the word in the American sense) as an ordinary cook could not be expected to make. 1935 W. Cather Lucy Gayheart 1. iii. 23 He might have asked her and the boys to go out to the dining-car with him and have a dessert. 1966 Woman 24 Sept. Pullout 1 (heading) A starter. A main dish. A dessert.

2. attrib. and Comb, dessert-knife, -plate, -spoon, etc., those used for the dessert; a dessert¬ spoon is intermediate in size between a table¬ spoon and a tea-spoon; dessert-service, the dishes, plates, and other requisites used in serving dessert. 1765 J. Wedgwood Let. 6 July (1965) 35 Mr Grants desert service will be sent today. 1769 Ibid. 20 Sept. (1965) 80, I have modeled you three or four sorts of desert plates. 1773 Douglass in Phil. Trans. LXIII. 294 It is a common desert wine. 1793 W. B. Stevens Jrnl. 6 June (1965) 1. 86 He stabbed himself in three Places with a Desert Knife. 1808 Jane Austen Let. 27 Dec. (1952) 243 A whole tablespoon and a whole dessert-spoon, and six whole teaspoons. 1851 Mrs. Gaskell Let. Apr. (1966) 152 Miss Yates gives her a dessert service, i860 All Year Round No. 40. 564 An eye as large as a dessert-plate. 1861 Delamer Kitch. Gard. 144 Dessert apples and kitchen apples can hardly be distinguished. 1870 Ramsay Remin. vi. (ed. 18) 203 The servant.. put down .. a dessert-spoon. 1875 Fam. Herald 13 Nov. 30/2 Take., one dessertspoonful of allspice. 1911 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 27 Apr. 3/1 (Advt.), Dessert Knives, Sheffield steel, fine handles. 1926-7 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 702/1 A Dessert Service consists of 12 Plates and 6 Dishes.

desseyse, -eyt, -eyue, obs. ff. decease, deceit, DECEIVE.

DESTINATE

535 destabili zation, [f. destabilize v. -f -ation.] The act or process of rendering unstable, esp. (in political contexts) of a country or government by foreign interference. 1974 N. Y. Times 8 Sept. 26/2 The 40 Committee authorized an expenditure of $1 -million for ‘further political destabilization’ activities in August 1973, one month before the military junta seized control in Santiago. 1980 Christian Science Monitor (Midwestern ed.) 4 Dec. 1/2 At the State Department, analysts foresee a fairly rapid process of ‘destabilization’ in Poland. 1983 S. Naipaul Hot Country vii. 109 Alex replaced the book..and pulled out another — a study of the destabilisation campaign waged by the United States against Allende’s Chile.

destabilize (dii'steibilaiz), v.

[f. de- II. i + stabilize v.] trans. To deprive of stability, to render unstable. 1934 in Webster. 1961 Guardian 24 Oct. 8/4 A first strike, which would destabilise the overall strategic situation. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. ii. 52 It also appears to destabilize the d electrons slightly.

So destabilizing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1924 W. M. Hughes in These Eventful Years II. 285 The creation of a new political party .. seems likely to have a de¬ stabilising influence on Commonwealth politics. 1962 Economist 28 Apr. 366/1 Excessive and destabilising flows of short-term capital. 1962 W. B. Thompson Introd. Plasma Physics vi. 120 Where I is the total current enclosed within a cylinder of radius r, this de-stabilizing term is [etc.]. 1965 H. Kahn On Escalation xiii. 269 Ordinary technology might be almost as destabilizing as the.. ‘doomsday machine’.

de'stain, v. Archaic variant

de- II. i

1957 Economist 28 Sept. 1013 The echoes of destalinisation and Hungary have reverberated among the Apennines. 1959 Times 7 Feb. 7/6 The GUM department store .. where.. escalators carry hopeful consumers through six floors of de-Stalinized delight, i960 Guardian 20 Apr. 8/5 Russia decided to de-Stalinize in design. 1962 Times 6 Feb. 15/1 The so-called de-Stalinization policy. 1962 Listener 8 Mar. 404/1 Mr Barak’s real offence was to be.. too keen a de-Stalinizer in Czechoslovakia itself. 1963 Daily Tel. 23 Sept. 12/2 The dismissal of the Prime Minister.. and other ‘de-Stalinising’ changes. 1965 Spectator 5 Mar. 285/1 This giant-size statue of Stalin, stationed at the end of the Volga Don Canal in Volgograd, was demolished in the wake of destalinisation. f.

distance,

variance,

disagreement.

destane,

-anye,

-ayne,

obs.

ff.

destine,

DESTINY.

fde'state, v. Obs.

[f. de- II. 2

+

state s6.]

trans. To divest of state or grandeur. 16.. T. Adams Wks. (1861) I. 430 (D.) The king of eternal glory, to the world’s eye destating himself, .was cast down for us that we might rise up by him. dash v. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 2396 Ouer pe bregge he deste.

destemper,

obs. form of distemper.

desten(e, -nie,

f’dester. Obs. rare. [a. OF. destre hand:—L. dextra.] The right hand.

1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. II. 345 A desaetine and a half of land was bought, with the boors upon it. 1814 W. Brown Hist. Propag. Chr. II. 542 A dessatine contains 117,600 English sq. feet. 1889 tr. Tolstoi's Anna Karenina 166 Instead of sowing down twenty-four desyatins, they had only planted six. 1892 Times 3 Mar. 3/3 Some 15,761 dessiatines of grain-growing land, or .. over 40,000 acres. (A ‘dessiatine’ being about 2\ acres.) 1901 Daily Chron. 29 Aug. 5/1 The Tsar is said .. to own in private property, mostly in the Baltic Provinces, a million desatines of land.

fdesternute, v. Obs. rare—0. [f. L. de,

de- I. 3 + sternuere, sternut-, or sternutare, to sneeze.] So dester'nutament. 1623 Cockeram 11, To sneeze, Desternute. Desternutament.

1623 Cockeram, Desterting, snorting.

desteyne, -nye,

1756 Ld. Chesterfield Let. to Dayrolles 26 Nov., Misc. Wks. 1777 II. 435 There must be some dessous des cartes, some invisible wheels within wheels, which .. I cannot guess at. 1820 A. A. Opie Tales IV. 271 Sir Walter and Arthur laughed at this dessous des cartes. 1885 ‘L. Malet’ Col. Enderby's Wife iv. iii, Just a little something behind, an explanation, you know, a dessous-des-cartes.

A sneezing,

t de'stert, v. Obs. rare~°. [cf. L. destertere to cease snoring.]

1901 ‘C. Holland’ Mousme 285 Mousme had adopted the dainty dessous of Western woman. 1902 E. Glyn Refl. Ambrosine 237 The tiniest pink satin slippers peeped out of billows of exquisite dessous.

2. Phr. dessous des cartes: the underside of the cards as they lie face downwards when dealt; fig. a secret aim or object, explanation, etc. kept in reserve.

right

a 1300 Body & Soul 35 (Matz.) Thi proude palefreys and thi stedes that thou3 haddest in dester [OF. en destre] leddes.

destestable,

ff.

distain,

destine,

DESTINY.

f'desticate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl. stem of L. desticare to squeak as a shrew-mouse.] 1623 Cockeram, Desticate. to cry like a rat.

Hence destination, (rare) squeaking. 1820 Sporting Mag. VII. 119 It was the destication of a mouse, who.. had got himself an unwelcome visitor in the cage of my favourite magpye.

de Stijl:

see Stijl.

destill, -ation,

(Occurs once in MSS. of Chaucer’s Boethius, but in 16th edd. is substituted five times for destinal of the MS.)]

Of, pertaining to, or fixed by destiny; fated, fatal. Hence 'destinably adv. (in printed edd. of Chaucer). c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. Iv. pr. vi. (Skeat) 1. 251 He chaseth out al yvel fro the boundes of his comunalitee by the order of necessitee destinable. 1530 Palsgr. 310/1 Destynable, apoynted to be ones destenye, destinable. 1550-61 Chaucer's Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 219 b/2 (Sk. 1. 70) The destinable [MS. destinal] ordinaunce is wouen and accomplished. Ibid. (Sk. 1. 56), The order destinably [MS. destinal] proceedeth of the simplicitie of purveighaunce.

f'destinacy. Obs. [f. L. destinat-us, destinat-io: see -acy.] Destination, appointment. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xix. 70 The successyon is unto hym due of ryghte heredytalle and by veraye destynacy after my deth.

t 'destinal, a. Obs. [f. destin sb. or F. destin + -al1.] Of, pertaining to, or according to destiny or fate. C1374 Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. (Skeat) 1. 80 They surmounten the ordre of destinal moevabletee. Ibid. v. pr. ii. 4 Elies I wolde witen yif that the destinal cheyne constreineth the movinges of the corages of men? [And three other examples.] (In the 16th c. printed edd. altered to destinable.)

desti'narian. nonce-wd. [f. destine predestinarian.] A believer in destiny.

v.,

after

1838 New Monthly Mag. LII. 52 They seem to be destinarians—to have a dull apprehension that everything moves on in its preordained course.

t'destinate, ppl. a. (sb.) Obs. or arch. [ad. L. destinat-us, pa. pple. of destinare to destine.] 1. Fated, ordained; = destined i. a. ns pple. a 1400-50 Alexander 692 So was me destinate [Ashm. MS. destaned] to dy. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxxii, That northeren winde that is ever ready and destynat to all evel. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 315 They are destinate to destruction, c 1611 Chapman Iliad xxiv. 468 The Gods have destinate That wretched mortals must live sad. 1634 Habington Castara (Arb.) 107 A small flye By a fooles finger destinate to dye.

b. as adj. 1605 Lond. Prodigal 1. i, That a bad conscience may bring him to his destinate repentance, a 1659 Bp. Morton Episc. Asserted 99 (T.) Walo Messalinus, a destinate adversary to episcopacy.

2. Set apart for a particular purpose; ordained; intended; = destined 2. a. as pa. pple. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey I. xi. 38 Dry stony layers are destinate to white Saxifrage, Bugle, Lauender. 1671 F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 199 Admitted into an Inns of Court, heretofore only destinate and appropriate to the sons of Nobility.

b. as adj.

1675 R. Burthogge Causa Dei 153 Destinates are said to be in vain, if either they are insufficiently, or not at all, referred to their Ends.

destinate

('dsstineit), v. Now rare. [f. L. destinat-, ppl. stem of destinare: see destine v.] 1. trans. To ordain, appoint: = destine v. i. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xiii. 47 To doo sacrefyces destynated vnto the noble goddesse Ceres. 1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 94 Vsurping that facultye and vocation at the first destinated as peculiar to gentlemen. 1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. 1. (1654) 7 You are destinated to fill the place of that Cardinal. 1712 Ld. King Primitive Church 11. 5 He that read the Scriptures, was particularly destinated to this office. C1870 J. G. Murphy Comm. Lev. i. 4 Laying the hand on is the solemn act of designating or destinating to a certain purpose.

fb. To doom, sentence (to a punishment); to ordain or appoint (a punishment) to be inflicted.

obs. var. of detestable. obs.

c.

B. sb. That which is destined; a fated or appointed event, etc.

obs. ff. destine, destiny.

[Fr., = lower part; (pi.) underclothing (of women).] 1. Underwear.

t 'destinable, a. Obs. [a. OF. destinable fatal, f. destiner to destine: see -able.

1583 Stanyhurst Aeneis 11. (Arb.) 63 See that you doe folow youre moothers destinat order, a 1619 Fotherby Atheom. 1. Pref. (1622) 8 The destinate end, and scope of this worke. 1660 Gauden God's Gt. Demonstr. 35 Wilful murther and destinate villany.

deste, obs. pa. t. of

II dessiatine, desyatin ('desjatiin). Also des(s)atine, desaetine, dessjaetine. [ad. Russ. desyatina lit. ‘tenth, tithe’.] A Russian superficial measure of 2400 sq. sazhens.

Udessous (dssu).

+

Stalin (adopted name of Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (1879-1953), head of government of the Soviet Union) + -ize.] intr. To counteract the excesses of Stalinism or the influence of Stalin, as by reversing or amending his policies, removing monuments to him, and renaming places named in his honour; also trans., to affect in some way by deStalini'zation. So de-'Stalinized ppl. a.; de-'Stalinizing vbl. sb.; de-’Stalinizer.

obs.

1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 211 Makes an ende, as destine hath assignde. 1590 T. Watson Death Sir F. Walsingham, Poems (Arb.) 151 By Destins fatall knife Sweet Meliboeus is depriu’d of life. 1599 Marston Sco. Vill. 11. viii. 211 The Destin’s adamantine band. 1616 Drumm. of Hawth. Song Poems 14 This hold to brave the skies the Destines framed. - Statue of Adonis, She sighed, and said: ‘What power breaks Destine’s law?’

of distain.

de-Stalinize (di:'sta:linaiz), v. [f.

destance,

f 'destin, destine, sb. Obs. [a. F. destin masc. = It., Sp., Pg. destine, or OF. destine fern, destiny, f. destiner to destine.] = destiny sb.

obs. ff. distil, distillation.

1579 Fenton Guicciard. v. (1618) 211 Destinated to a more slow, but to a greater punishment. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. viii. i. (1632) 393 Whom the Priest by casting of lots had destinated to death. 1621 G. Sandys Ovids Met. xiii. (1626) 269 [She] Still Queen-like, destinates his punishment. 1652 L. S. People's Liberty x. 24 To preserve their Bishop Eusebius from banishment, to which Valens their Emperour had destinated him.

2. To appoint or predetermine in the way of fate or of a divine decree; pass, to be divinely appointed or fated; = destine v. 2. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. i. (R.) That name that God.. did destinate and appoynt vnto hym, before the creation of the worlde. a 1617 Bayne On Ephes. (1658) 156 Christ is a head of those only whom God hath destinated to

DESTINATED convert. 1618 Bolton Florus iv. i. 260 The man .. to whom soveraignty was destinated in Sibylls verses. 1651 Wittie Primrose s Pop. Err. 11. viii. 105 The Turks .. doe not regard the Pestilence, because they thinke that God hath destinated to every one his manner of death. b. To determine the destiny of. 1839 Bailey Festus viii. (1848) 91 It is love which mostly destinates our life. 3. To devote in intention to a particular purpose

or

use;

to

intend,

design,

allot;

=

destine v. 3. I555 Eden Decades 157 Suche as they destinate to eate they geld. 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 83 Decking their houses with branches of cypresse: a tree destinated to the dead. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. hi. xv, We that are bred up in learning, and destinated by our parents to this end. 1745 tr. Columella's Husb. 11. xviii, Having plowed up .. the place we have destinated for a meadow. 1826 Southey Vind. Eccl. Atigl. 303 If they were not destinated to their profession from childhood. fb. pass. To be designed by nature. Obs. 1578 Banister Hist. Man viii. 108 Nature .. prouided for the safe conduict of this Nerue, since to the midreif it was destinated. 1635 Swan Spec. M. iii. §3 (1643) 53 The night .. is destinated or appointed for quiet and sleep. 1660 tr. Amyraldus' Treat, cone. Relig. 1. vi. 91 The action of seeing, to which the eye is destinated. 1691 Ray Creation (1714) 262 Birds.. being destinated to fly among the branches of trees. 1742 Lond. & Country Brew. 1. (ed. 4) B, Our Mother Earth .. is destinated to the Service of Man in the Production of Vegetation. Hence 'destinating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1633 Pkynne Histrio-Mastix 1. ii. (R.), The destinating, and denoting of vnprofitable .. and vnnecessary inventions. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 130 To depend upon the destinating stars. destinated (’destineitid), ppl. a. arch, or Obs. [f. prec. vb.

+ -ed1.]

Appointed, predetermined;

destined, fated: see prec. vb. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Destinated, appointed. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 216 The destinated corruption of the matter, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Hist. fas. Ill, Wks. (1711) 59 The rendevouz and destinated place of meeting. 1688 Boyle Final Causes Nat. Things iv. 214 That this.. is the particular destinated use of such a thing. destination (desti'neijsn).

[ad. L. destination-

em, n. of action from destindre to destine: cf. F. destination (12- 13th c.) perh. the immediate source, It. destinazione.]

1.

The

action

of

destining,

appointing,

foreordaining, or setting apart to a particular use, purpose, or end; the fact of being destined. (In mod. use influenced by sense 2.) 1598 Florio, Destinatione, destination. 1623 Cockeram, Destination, an appointment. 1628 Spencer Logick 208 The flesh of man and beasts doe differ in their proper being, and Gods destination. 1755 Young Centaur i. Wks. 1757 IV. 114 It is said, there must be heresies .. And why? There is .. no fatal necessity for them, from God’s destination. 1762 Kames Elem. Crit. (1763) I. ii. 246 No other branch of the human constitution shows more visibly our destination for society.. than appetite for fame. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 120 That the destination given to these endowments by their founders was wise and politic. b. transf. The end or purpose for which a person or thing is destined; in quot. 1749, the profession or business for which a person is destined. 01656 Bp. J. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) II. 258 Relative, I say, not inherent in themselves but in reference to their use, and destination. 1749 Chesterf. Lett. II. ccvii. 293 In your destination you will have frequent occasions to speak in public. 1755 Young Centaur ii. Wks. 1757 IV. 160 There is not a fly, but has had infinite wisdom concern’d not only in its structure, but in its destination. 1795 Christian in Blackstone's Comm. (1809) IV. 82 Sending intelligence to the enemy of the destinations and designs of this kingdom, in order to assist them in their operations against us .. is high treason. 1876 Mozley Univ. Serm. xiii. 235 A destination above the objects, the employments, and the abilities of this world. 2. spec. The fact of being destined or bound for a particular place; hence, short for place of

destination, the place for which a person or thing is destined; the intended end of a journey or course. (Now the usual sense.) 1787 Canning Microcosm. No. 32 |f 2 That traveller will arrive sooner at his place of destination. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vi, Anxiety as to the place of her destination, a 1813 Southey Nelson I. 199 (L.) ‘It [the fleet] has as many destinations’ he [Nelson] said ‘as there were countries’. 1828 Webster, s.v., The ship left her destination; but it is more usual to say, the place of her destination. 1832 Ht. Martineau Ireland iii. 45 She .. held by his arm till they arrived at their destination. 1885 Act 48-49 Viet. c. 60 §20 Ships .. whose last port of clearance or port of destination is in any such possession. 1891 Leeds Mercury 27 May 5/1 [He] has at length arrived at his destination. 3. Sc. Law. a. The nomination, by the will of the

proprietor,

of successors

to

heritable

movable property in a certain order, series

of heirs

DESTINY

536

succeeding

to

such

b.

or

The

property,

whether by will or by the course of law. 1754 Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 130 Subjects originally moveable become heritable: 1. By the proprietor’s destination. Thus, a jewel, or any other moveable subject, may be provided to the heir. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. s.v., A destination ‘to A. and his heirs of line’, carries the property to the heir in heritage, exclusive of the heir of conquest.. A destination to heirs-male excludes females. 1884 Law Reports 9 App. Cases 325 Destinations in favour

of such third persons .. are presumed to be testamentary and revocable.

destinator (’destineitafr)). rare. [a. L. destinator, agent-n. from destindre to destine.] One who destines; one who fixes or pronounces a destiny; a dealer in destinies. *579 J- Jones Preserv. Bodie Soul 1. xli. 94 Detestable Southsayers, and dissembling destinators. 1610 Bp. Webbe Posie Spir. Flowers, Time’s Creator and destinator.

destine ('destin), v. Forms: 4-5 destayn(e, 4-6 -ten, 5 -tan(e, -teyne, 5-6 -tyne, 6 -tyng, 6destine. [a. F. destiner (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. destindre to make fast or firm, establish, destine, f. de- I. 3 + *stanare, causal deriv. of stare to stand.] fl. trans. To ordain, appoint (formally or definitely). Obs. (or merged in 3.) r 1400 Destr. Troy 2673 It was desteynid by dome, & for due holdyn.. Thay affermyt hit fully. 1613 J. Salkeld Treat. Angels 80 [Angels] destined for the perpetuall motion of the heavens. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. I. x. 105 His appanage, which the late king had destined him. 1881 Duffield Don Quix. I. xxv. 344 This is the place, O ye heavens! which I destine and select for bewailing the misfortune.

2. As the act of the Deity, Fate, or a supernatural power: To appoint or fix beforehand, to predetermine by an unalterable decree or ordinance. Now chiefly in pass. : To be divinely appointed or fated; often in weakened sense, expressing little more than the actual issue of events as ascertained by subsequent experience, without any definite reference to their predetermination. (Usually with inf.) c 1300 [see destining below]. 01340 Hampole Psalter Ixviii. 33 \>e boke of life is pe knawynge of god, in pe whilke he has destaynd all goed men to be safe. 01400-50 Alexander 518 A barne.. pat drijtyn after pi day has destaned to regne. c 1489 Caxton Sonnes of Aymon vii. 176 Yf god destyneth hym, he shall wynne the pryse. 1583 G. Bucke Commend, verses, Watson's Centurie of Loue, The starr’s, which did at Petrarch’s byrthday raigne, Were fixt againe at thy natiuity, Destening thee the Thuscan’s poesie. 0 1680 Butler Rem. (1759) I. 13 Since the World .. prevents Our best and worst Experiments; (As if th’ were destin’d to miscarry). 1719 Young Revenge iv. i, Lovers destin’d for each other. 1816 Wilson City of Plague 11. ii. 95 Two such souls Are not by God destined to live apart. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Result Wks. (Bohn) II. 134 Their [the English] speech seems destined to be the universal language of men. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 213 He was, however, not destined to escape so easily. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. § 1. 343 One who was destined to eclipse even the fame of Colet as a popular preacher.

b. quasi-impers. (passive or indirect obj. and infin. (subject).

active)

with

? 01400 Morte Arth. 664 If me be destaynede to dye at Dryghtyns wylle. 01400-50 Alexander 692 So was me destaned to dye. Ibid. 4115 }?at oJ?er dai be desert )?am destaned to ride.

3. To fix or set apart in intention for a particular purpose, use, end, course of action, etc.; to design, intend, devote, allot. (Most commonly in pass.) C1530 Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 408 Kyng Godyfer dyd destyng hym selfe to come on Gouernar as fast as he might; but Hector met him fyrst, and.. ouerthrew him. 1541 R. Copland Galyen's Terapeutyke 2 H ij b, Hunny must be medled in all medicamentes destined & ordeyned to the vlcere of the Thorax. 1658 Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 227 Some of these beds you must destine to be eaten young and green. 1707 Curios, in Husb. Gard. 31 The little Hole.. towards the .. Extremity of the Bean, is destin’d for the Entrance of.. aqueous Parts. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess of Bristol 10 Apr., The apartment destined for Audiences. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India III. ii. 68 The time which was destined for re¬ assembling the parliament. 1822 Scott Pirate xxiii, With how little security man can reckon upon the days which he destines to happiness. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xiv. 302 The ship destined to transport the missionaries.

4. pass, to be destined: to be bound (for a particular place): see destined ppl. a. 2 b. Hence f 'destining vbl. sb. Obs. c 1300 K. Alis. 6867 Of God hit was thy destenyng. c 1440 Gaw. Gf Gol. 270 Dede be my destenyng.

destine, obs. f. destin, destiny. destined ('destind), ppl. a. [f. prec. vb. + -ed1.] 1. Appointed or fixed by fate, or by a divine decree or purpose; foreordained, pre¬ determined, fated. (Now often in weakened sense = ‘that is (or was) to be’; cf. prec. 2.) *597 Shaks. Lover's Compl. 156 But ah, who ever shunn’d by precedent The destined ill she must herself assay? 1637 Milton Lycidas 20 So may some gentle Muse With lucky words favour my destined urn. 1697 Dryden Virg. JEneid 1, Before he won the Latian realm, and built the destin’d town. C1703 Prior Ode Col. G. Villiers 92 The infernal judge’s dreadful pow’r, From the dark urn shall throw thy destin’d hour. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. xxiv, A destined errant knight I come, Announced by prophet sooth and old. 1887 Bowen Virg. AZneid iii. 145 When this burden of woe to its destined end will be brought.

fb. ‘Devoted’, doomed. Obs. a 1721 Prior (J.), May Heav’n around this destin’d head The choicest of its curses shed.

2.

Fixed in human designed: cf. prec. 3.

intention;

intended,

1661 Bramhall Just Vind. iv. 87 Their long destined project. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 58 P 1 To restore her to her destined Husband. 1754 Dodsley Agric. ill. (R.), To reach the destin’d goal. b. spec. Fixed or appointed to go to a particular

destination; = bound ppl. a.1 2. £•1790 Willock Voy. 20 [They] proceed to whatever ship they are destined. 1853 Phillips Rivers Yorksh. ix. 239 The troops destined for Britain, usually marched through Gaul. 1888 Pall Mall G. 3 Apr. 13/2 There were some railway phrases then [1838-9] introduced. . You were asked the place to which you were ‘destined’, the place itself being your ‘destination’.

destinee (.desti'ni:). nonce-wd. [see -ee.] The person for whom something (as a message, etc.) is destined. 1881 Blackw. Mag. Apr. 472 ‘Meet me at half-past seven’ often reaches the destinee as ‘Meet me at half-past eleven’.

destinee, destinie, obs. forms of destiny. destinezite (desti'neizait). Min. [Named 1881 after M. Destinez: see -ite.] A phosphate of iron, a variety of diadochite, from Vise in Belgium. 1882 Dana Min. App. iii. 36.

destinist ('destimst). rare. [f. destiny + -ist.] A "believer in destiny, a fatalist. So 'destinism, belief in destiny, fatalism. (In mod. Diets.) 1846 Worcester, Destinist, a believer in destiny; fatalist. Phren. Jour.

fdestinour. Obs. [a. AFr. destinour, OF. destineor, ad. L. destinator destinator.] He who destines; the Author of destiny. C1400 tr. Secreta Secret. (E.E.T.S.), Govt. Lordsch. 65 Men oghte wyth byse prayers bysek pe heghe destynour .. pat he wille operwyse ordeyne.

destiny ('destim), sb. Forms: 4 destine, -ene(e), -ane(e, 4-5 destyne, -ynie, -any(e, 4-6 destenie, -enye, 4-7 -eny, 5 -inee, -ynee, -eyne, -enye, -ayne, disteyne, -yne, 5-6 destyny, -onie, -onye, 6-7 destinie, 6- destiny. [ME., a. OF. destinee (12th c. in Littre) = Pr. destinada. It. destinata, fern, sb. from L. pa. pple. destindtus, -a: see -ade suffix.] I. As a fact or condition. 1. That which is destined or fated to happen; predetermined events collectively; = fate sb.

3 a1340-70 Alisaunder 1026 Hee shall bee doluen and ded as destenie falles. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vi. xiii. 134 And sua ware brokyn Destyne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 120 Desteyne, or happe. .fatum. 1717 tr. Leibnitz in Clarke & Leibnitz Collect. Papers v. 165 There is Fatum Christianum, A certain destiny of every thing, regulated by the foreknowledge and providence of God. 1849 Whittier Voices of Freedom, Crisis x, This day we fashion Destiny, our web of Fate we spin. t b. A declaration or prognostication of what is

fated to happen. Obs. rare. 1602 Fulbecke Pandectes 40 ff^neas commeth into Italie to maintaine warre by destinies, and oracles.

2. That which is destined to happen to a particular person, country, institution, etc.; (one’s) appointed lot or fortune; what one is destined to do or suffer; = fate sb. 3 b. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. C. 49 3if me be dy3t a destyne due to haue. c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 250 If so be my destynee be shapen By eterne word to dyen in prisoun. c 1450 Merlin 582 On monday by goode distyne we shall meve alle to go towarde Clarence. 1548 Hall Chron. 91 The common people lamented their miserable destiny. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 63 Oh, I was borne to it, it was my destonie. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 11. ix. 83 The ancient saying.. Hanging and wiuing goes by destinie. 1605 Macb. iii. v. 17 Thither he Will come, to know his Destinie. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 63 The reward and destiny due to Traytors overtakes them. 1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms 11. 586 Sublimely reconciled To meet and bear her destiny. 1841 Miss Mitford in L’Estrange Life III. viii. 117 All literary people die overwrought; it is the destiny of the class.

3. In weakened sense (cf. destine v. 2): What in the course of events will become or has become of a person or thing; ultimate condition; = fate sb. 4. (Also in pl.\ cf. fortunes.) T555 Eden Decades 58 The vnfortunate destenie of Petrus de Vmbria. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 272 Jacob was murdered .. and Issuff died of an Imposthume. Their Children also had little better destiny. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Lady X— 1 Oct., They seem worthy of another destiny. 1855 H. Reed Led. Eng. Hist. iv. 120 That battle which settled the destiny of Saxon independence. t887 Bowen Virg. JEneid iii. 53 Troy’s strength broken, her destinies waning.

II. As an agency or agent.

4. The power or agency by which, according to various systems of philosophy and popular belief, all events, or certain particular events, are unalterably predetermined; supernatural or divine pre-ordination; overruling or invincible necessity; = fate sb. 1. (Often personified; see also 5.) c 1340 Gaui. & Gr. Knt. 1752 How pat destine schulde pat day [dy3t] his wyrde. c 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 952 Dido, He .. sayleth forth .. Towarde Ytayle, as wolde destanee. c 1530 More Answ. Frith Wks. 839/2 Some ascribing all thyng to

DESTINY destyny without any power of mannes free wyll at all. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 19 It seemed that some furious destinie lead him headlong to his end. 1610 Shaks. Temp. in. iii. 53 Three men of sinne, whom destiny That hath to instrument this lower world .. the .. Sea Hath caus’d to belch vp. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 58 Had his powerful Destiny ordaind Me some inferiour Angel. 1791 Cowper Iliad xvill. 678 The force Of ruthless Destiny. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. i. (1878) 1 That destiny which took form to the old pagans as a gray mist high above the heads of their gods. 1887 Bowen Virg. Eclogue iv. 46 ‘Ages blest, roll onward!’ the Sisters of Destiny cried.

fb. With possessive pronoun: The power or agency held to predetermine a particular person’s life or lot. Obs. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 757 My dere destyne Me ches to hys make al-pas vnmete. c 1374 Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 339 Thus holdithe me my destenye a wrechche. a 1668 Denham (J.), Had thy great destiny but given thee skill To know, as well as pow’r to act her will.

5. Mythol. The goddess of destiny; pi. the three goddesses held, in Greek and Roman mythology, to determine the course of human life; the Fates: see fate sb. 2. 14.. Lat. Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 573/35 Cloto, on of thre shapsisterys vel shappystrys [vel destynyes]. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. ii. 15 Seuen faire branches.. Some.. dride by natures course, Some.. by the destinies cut. 1623 Lisle JElfric on O. N. Test. Ded. 27 So charge the Destinies their spindle runne. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 523 If 7, I shall not allow the Destinies to have had an hand in the deaths of the several thousands who have been slain in the late war. 1814 Southey Roderick xxi. 345 We, poor slaves.. must drag The Car of Destiny, where’er she drives Inexorable and blind. 1857 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 125 The adamantine distaff which Destiny holds.

III. attrib. 1552 Huloet, Desteny readers or tellers, Fatidici.

f'destiny, v. Obs. [f. prec. sb. Cf. to fate.] trans. To destine, foreordain, predetermine. c 1400 Test. Love iii. (1560) 298/1 If in that manner bee said, God toforne have destenied both badde and her bad werkes. 1520 Caxton's Chron. Eng. 11. iob/i That lande is destenyed and ordeyned for you and for your people. 1592 Chettle Kinde-harts Dr. (1841) 58 Hidden treasure is by spirits possest, and they keepe it onely for them to whome it is destinied. 1652 J. Wright tr. Camus' Nature's Paradox 63 The high Providence of Heaven.. destinying me to misfortune.

b. To devote to some fate by imprecation. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 108 It is gret penile for fader and moder to curse her children ne forto destenie hem vnto any wicked thinge.

c. To divine or prognosticate (what is destined to happen). (Cf. prec. i b.) 1548 Hooper Declar. Ten Commandm. iv, Such as give faith unto.. such as destinieth what shall happen.. committeth idolatry.

t desti'ny, ppl. a. Obs. rare. In 5 destyne, 6 destany. [a. F. destine, pa. pple. of destiner to destine.] Destined. CI474 Caxton Troye 198 (Sommer 397) Shewynghym by certayne signes that hit was destyne that another shold make the Cyte. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. iii. 36 All haill, thou ground and land, quod he in hy, By the fatis vnto me destany.

f destitue, v. Obs. rare. Pa. t. destitut. [a. F. destituer to deprive (of something sustaining), ad. L. destituere: see next and cf. constitue.] trans. To deprive. (In quot. refl.) c 1400 Destr. Troy 728 Soche a maiden to mar gat ge most louet.. And dawly hir distitut [printed -ur] of hir dere fader.

f de'stituent, a. Obs. [ad. L. destituent-em, pr. pple. of destituere (see next).] Wanting, lacking. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. 11. iii. Rule xi. §15 When any condition .. is destituent or wanting, the duty it self falls.

destitute ('destitjuit), a. (and sb.) Also 5 destitut, -tuyt, -tud, distytute, 6 destytude, distitute. [ad. L. destitut-us abandoned, forsaken, pa. pple. of destituere to forsake, abandon, desert, f. de- I. 1, 2 + statuere to set up, place.] fi. Abandoned, forsaken, deserted. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Rev. xviii. 17 For in oon hour so many richessis ben destitute [Vulg. destitute sunt]. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 233 Long large and wyde clothes destytut and desert from al old honeste and good vsage. 1592 Nobody & Someb. (1878) 350 Great houses long since built Lye destitute and wast, because inhabited by Nobody. 1593 Shaks. Lucr. 441 Left their round turrets destitute and pale.

b. Of persons: Forsaken, left friendless or helpless, forlorn. (Blending at length with sense 3-) 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 757 If devision, and dissencion of their friendes, had not unarmed them, and left them destitute. 1530 Palscr. 310/1 Destytut forsaken, destitue. 1632 Sherwood, To leaue destitute, destituer, abandonner en detresse. 1704 Cocker, Destitute, left forsaken. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Destitute, deprived, bereaved, forsaken, forlorn. 1740 Dyche & Pardon, Destitute, helpless, forlorn, forsaken; in want and misery. 1755 Johnson, Destitute. .2. Abject, friendless.

2. fa. Deprived or bereft of (something formerly possessed). Obs. b. Devoid of, wanting or entirely lacking in (something desirable). a. 1413 Pylg. Sowle iv. xx. (Caxton, 1483) 67 Thou art of comforte destytuyt I see And so am I. O careful now ben we. 14.. Why J can’t be a Nun 97 in E.E.P. (1862) 140, I am alle desolate, And of gode cownesayle destitute. 1455 Dk. of

DESTOUR

537 York in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11.1. 125 Ye stande destitut and unpourveyed of a Marshall within the town of Calyis. 1491-2 Plumpton Corr. 102, I am distytute of money. b. c 1500 Lancelot 1178 Shortly to conclud, Our folk of help had ben al destitud. 1526-34 Tindale Jas. ii. 15 If a brother or a sister be naked or destitute of dayly food, c 1540 Borde The boke for to Lerne A ij b, Not destytude of such commodyties. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. Pref., To further the studies of them who .. are destitute of sufficient masters. 1608 Shaks. Per. v. i. 57 That..we may provision have Wherein we are not destitute for want, But weary for the staleness. 1682 Bunyan Holy War (Cassell) 208 If you were not destitute of an honest heart you could not do as you have done. 1718 Freethinker No. 27 If 2 The Age we live in is not wholly destitute of Manly refined Spirits. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. iv. 20 A species of fashionable dialect, devoid of sense, and destitute of., wit. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 518 A barren waste destitute of trees and verdure.

f c. Bereft of power to do something. Obs. rare. 1645 Milton Tetrach. 60 If any therefore demand which is now most perfection .. I am not destitute to say, which is most perfection.

3. Bereft of resources, resourceless, ‘in want and misery’; now, without the very necessaries of life or means of bare subsistence, in absolute want. The 16th c. quotations from the Bible have perhaps properly the sense ‘forlorn’ (i b); but they appear to have led the way to the modern sense, which is not recognized by Johnson, and is only approached in other 18th c. Dictionaries. [*535 Coverdale Ps. cii. 17 He turneth him vnto the prayer of the poore destitute [1611 He will regard the prayer of the destitute]. 1539 Bible (Great) Heb. xi. 37 Other., walked vp and downe in shepes skynnes, and goates skynnes, beyng destitute [50 1611, other versions in need], troubled, and vexed.] 1740 Dyche & Pardon [see 1 b]. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 455 Did pity of their sufferings.. tempt him into sin For their support, so destitute. 1813 Shelley Q. Mab iii. 35 The deep curses which the destitute Mutter in secret. 1832 Ht. Martineau Life in Wilds viii. 101 He had left his companions in a destitute state. 1838 Lytton Alice 6, I was then so poor and destitute. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 101 There is one class which has enormous wealth, the other is entirely destitute. Mod. Help for the destitute poor. transf. 1764 Reid Inquiry ii. §6. 109 These ideas look pitifully naked and destitute.

t4. Civil Law. Of a will: Rendered of no effect by reason of the refusal or incapacity of the heirs therein instituted to take up the inheritance (testamentum destitutum); abandoned. Obs. 1774 Bp. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Law (1795) 58 If a Testator.. had given freedom to slaves, and the Testament afterwards became destitute, the slaves lost their freedom.

B. as sb. One who is destitute, without friends, resources, or the means of subsistence. 1737 P. St. John Serm. 224 (R.) O, my friends, have pity on this poor destitute, for the hand of God hath touched her. 1784 Unfort. Sensibility II. 12 Considering them as two poor destitutes. 1863 Fr. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia 7 Ask the thousands of ragged destitutes.

destitute ('destitjuit), v. Now rare. Pa. t. -ed; in 6 sometimes destitute.

[Partly f. destitute a.f partly taken as Eng. repr. of L. destituere (ppl. stem destitut-) to put away from oneself, forsake, abandon: see prec. adj. Cf. F. destituer, ad. L. destituere.] fl. trans. To forsake, desert, abandon, leave to neglect. Obs. 1530 Palsgr. 5 i4/i, I destytute, I forsake or leave a thyng or persone,y* destitue. 1550 Crowley Way to Wealth 362 Oppressed on the one side and destituted on the other. 1627 Bacon Ess., Plantations (Arb.) 534 It is the sinfullest Thing in the world, to forsake or destitute a Plantation, once in Forwardnesse. 1673 Lady's Call. 11. §1 If 16. 62 God, who permits not even the brutes to destitute their young ones.

2. To deprive, bereave, divest of (anything possessed); to render destitute, reduce to destitution. c 1540 Borde The boke to Lerne A ij b, Yf he be destytuted of any of the pryncipalles. 1545 Joye Exp. Dan. v. (R.), So that the chirches and ciuile ministracion be not destituted lerned men at any tyme. C1561 Veron Free-will 44 b, The mercye of God whereof they be al together destituted. 1605 Hieron Short Dial. 61 That which desti[t]uteth so great a number of whole familes. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 11 Let it take any one part, and destitute it of heate and vitall spirits. 1820 Shelley Let. to Godwin 7 Aug., I have given you the amount of a considerable fortune, and have destituted myself, .of nearly four times the amount.

3. spec. To deprive of dignity or office; to depose. [mod.F. destituer.] 1653 Baxter Chr. Concord 70 Where are the Cardinals and Bishops communicating with one excommunicated, instituted by one destituted? 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 13 1 Let not the Patriarch think .. to destitute or depose me. 1889 B. M. Gardiner in Academy 16 Nov. 314/3 He was destituted by the General Council of the Commune.

4. To leave destitute or waste, to lay waste.

01619 Fotherby Atheom. 1. ii. §1 (1622) 8 Lest., he be needlesly offended, when his expectation is destituted.

Hence 'destituted ppl. a., 'destituting vbl. sb. 1550 Veron Godly Saiyngs (1846) 139 He that seeth his brother or his syster naked or destituted of daylye fode. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Destitution & delaissement, Destituting or disappointing. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1027/2 This monasterie for sundrie yeares was left destituted. 1662 J. Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 95 He was a destituted young lad, out of all conversation.

'destitutely, adv.

[f. destitute a. + -ly2.]

In

a destitute condition. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. 1 Tim. v. (R.), She beyng destitutely lefte withoute comforte of husbande, of children .. of all the worldes solace.

'destituteness, [f. as prec. + -ness.] The state or condition of being destitute. 1657 Gaule Sapient. Justif. 70 The destituteness and desperateness of the Disease. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. 11. vi. (1713) 107 The weakness and destituteness of the Infant. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. 19 Its utter destituteness of all warrant from Scripture. 1835 Greswell Parables II. 293 The child, in the literal sense of the word, is the emblem of weakness, destituteness, ignorance, imperfection.

destitution (desti'tjuijan).

[a. F. destitution (1316 in Godef. Suppl.), ad. L. destitution-em forsaking, abandoning, n. of action from destituere (see above); in Romanic usually a noun of condition.] 11. The action of deserting or forsaking. Obs. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Destitution, a leaving or forsaking. 1678 Phillips, Destitution, an utter forsaking or deserting. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Destitution, a leaving, or forsaking, an utter abandoning; also, a being left, forsaken, etc.

2. Deprivation of office; discharge; dismissal. 1554 Act 1-2 Phil. & M. c. 8 §33 The Institutions and Destitutions of and in Benefices and Promotions Ecclesiastical. 1644 H. Leslie Blessing of Judah 27 In Law, Institution and Destitution belong both to one. 1683 Fitzwilliam in Lady Russell's Lett. vii. (1773) 8 Want of leisure occasioned by the destitution of a Curate by illness. 1864 Trench Parables 408 The man [the unjust steward] not so much as attempting a defence, his destitution [ed. 1886 dismissal] follows.

3. a. The condition of being abandoned or left helpless, of being deprived or bereft (of anything), b. The condition of wanting or being lacking {of or fin anything); want. a 1440 Found. St. Bartholomew's 59 A certeyne woman .. was smyte with a Palsy.. And yn that destitucyoun of her lymmys duryd nat a litill tyme. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. x. (1611) 25 Destitution in these [food and clothing] is such an impediment. 1597 J. Payne Royal Exch. 12 Theire destitucion of zeale to Gods glorie. 1684 Fitzwilliam in Lady Russell's Lett. xii. (1773) 19 The destitution of his real self, will.. cause a stronger sense of your loss. 1727 Bailey vol. II [see 1] . 01768 Sterne Lett. xci. (R.), Thy mother and thyself at a distance from me .. what can compensate for such a destitution? 1790-1810 Combe Devil on Two Sticks (1817) IV. 242 A destitution of all principle, honour, sentiment, and feeling. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) I. vii. 336 This .. does not necessarily imply any destitution of just moral perceptions. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xv. (1856) 116 That.. destitution of points of comparison, which make[s] the pyramids so deceptive.

4. spec. The condition of being destitute of resources; want of the necessaries of life. a 1600 Hooker (J.), They , are not left in so great destitution, that justly any man should think the ordinary means of eternal life taken from them. 1659 Hammond On Ps. xxv. 17 Paraphr. 142 My anxieties and destitutions daily increase. 1775 Ash, Destitution, want, poverty. 1849 Cobden Speeches 33 Left in a state of destitution. 1863 Mary Howitt F. Bremer's Greece II. xiv. 108 The Christian inhabitants of Thessaly would be reduced to destitution. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 62 He put an end to his life as the only means of escaping destitution.

destocking (di:'stDkir|), vbl. sb. [f.

de- II. i + 15 + -ING1.] The reduction (by a retailer, etc.) of the quantity of stock held by the re-ordering of fewer goods than are needed to replace those sold.

stock v.1

1959 Economist 31 Jan. 386/1 America ran into a destocking recession in 1949. 1963 Ann. Reg. 1962 474 The rate of stock-building was low and in the early months some destocking may have occurred. 1970 Daily Tel. 14 Jan. 16 This trend may be expected to continue as British industry swings round from de-stocking to building up its stocks.

destonie, -nye,

obs. forms of destiny.

destool (di:'stu:l), v. [f.

de- II. 2 + stool s6.] trans. To remove (an African tribal chief) from authority. Cf. stool sb. 1 e. Hence

de'stoolment.

1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 40 By none shall the Sanctuary be defended, but those that wold haue none destitute or defloure it but themselues. 1890 A. Rimmer Summ. Rambles Manchester p. v, He would have thought that his country had been overrun by foreign foes and destituted.

1929 R. S. Rattray Ashanti Law & Const. 82 Failure to accept such guidance and advice was a legitimate cause for destoolment. Ibid. 83 The person of a Chief was .. invested with sanctity, just so long as he sat upon the Stool of his dead ancestors. This is the reason why there was a reaction the moment a Chief was destooled. 1962 Economist 15 Sept. 998/2 Assassination is a deplorable way of destooling a chief.

f5. To disappoint.

destorb, destourb,

make

void,

frustrate,

defeat,

c 1550 Bale K. Johan (Camden) 100 Examples we have in Brute, In Catilyne, in Cassius, and fayer Absolon, Whome of their purpose God alwayes destytute. 1593 Nashe Foure Lett. Confut. 42 If you haue anie new infringement to destitute the incitement of forgerie that I bring against you.

obs. forms of disturb.

Hdestour, dastur (d3'stos(r)). Also 7 distore(e, distoore, destoor, dustoor. [Pers. dastur, prime minister, vizier:—Pahlavi dastobar, prime

DESTOURN minister, councillor of state, high priest of the Parsees.] A chief priest of the Parsees.

trouble. Cf. disturble.] trans. To trouble; to

1630 Lord Banians & Persees viii. (Yule), Their Distoree or high priest. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 55 The Distoore or Pope .. has thirteen [precepts]. 1696 Ovington Voy. Surat 376 (Yule) The highest Priest of the Persies is called Destoor, their ordinary Priests Daroos or Hurboods. 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. (1836) VIII. 81 If the destour be satisfied, your soul will escape hell. 1777 J. Richardson Dissert. East. Nations 10 The wretched rhymes of a modem Parsi Destour. 1809 M. Graham Jrnl. (1812) (Yule), The Dustoor is the chief priest of his sect in Bombay. 1862 M. Haug Ess. Sacr. Lang. Parsees 52 The Dustoors, as the spiritual guides of the Parsee community, should take a chief part in it. 1878-Relig. of Parsees (ed. 2) 17 He bribed one of the most learned Dasturs, Dastur Darab, at Surat to procure him manuscripts and to instruct him in the Avesta and Pahlavi languages.

a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 43 Ye haue destroubled the parisshenes to here masse. 1474 Caxton Chesse 94 Auarice destroubleth fayth.

destourn, obs. form of disturn v. destrain, -ayn, -ein, etc., obs. ff. distrain v. destraught, obs.

DESTROYER

538

f.

distraught

pa. pple.,

distracted.

fde'strayt. Obs. Also -te, -tte. [a. OF. destreit (-ait, -oit), mod.F. detroit ‘a strait, a narrow place or passage, a defile, a confined place’:—late pop. L. district-um, from districtus tight, strict, severe, pa. pple. of distringere to distrain: cf. district.] A narrow pass or defile. 1481 Caxton Godfrey clxv. 244 The day after passed they by a moche sharp & aspre way, & after descended by a destrayt in to a playne. C1500 Melusine lvii. 336 On the mome he passed the destraytte & mounted the mountaynes.

fde'streche, v. Obs. rare—[app. irreg. f. depref. + stretch v.: perh. after stroy, destroy, strain, destrain, etc.] intr. To stretch out, extend. c 1475 How wyse man taught Sone 30 in Q. Eliz. Acad. 53 Als ferre as mesure wyll destreche.

'destrer, 'destrier (’destr3(r), -ia(r), de'stri3(r)). arch. Also 4-5 destrere, 5 deistrere, dextrer(e, (9 dexter, 9 dextrier, destriere). [ME. destrer, a. AF. destrer = OF. destrier = Pr. destrier, It. destriere, -ero:—late L. dextrdri-us, in full equus dextrarius, f. dextra right hand: so called from being led by the squire with his right hand.] A war-horse, a charger. a. in contemporary use. c 1300 K. Alis. 801 The Knighttes hunteth after dere, On fote and on destrere. Ibid. 4924 The quene may lede Twenty thousande maidens upon destrers. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 2356 Sir Gii him smot to Gaier, And feld him doun of his destrer. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 124 To ded pan gon he falle doun of his destrere. c 1386 Chaucer Sir Thopas 202 By hym baiteth his dextrer [v.r. destrer, dester, deistrere, dextrere]. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xiii. 87 Faste preking vppon a destrere. c 1477 Caxton Jason 9 b, Two right fayr and excellent destriers or horses, c 1500 Melusine xix. 82 Then descended Raymondin fro the destrer.

/S. historical or archaistic. spelling.)

(Chiefly in Fr.

1720 Strype Store's Surv. (1754) I. II. ii. 354/1 So far into the Thames, as a horseman at low water, riding upon his Destrier into the river could dart his lance from him. 1803 S. Pegge Anecd. Eng. Lang. 287 Dexters seem to have been what we should call Chargers. 1820 Scott Ivanhoe xl, Some palfrey whose pace may be softer than that of my destrier. 1845 T. B. Shaw in Blackw. Mag. LVIII. 146 The Prince pricks along on his faithful destrere. 1845 J. Saunders Piet. Eng. Life, Chaucer 76 The war horses were led by the squires, who always keeping them in their right hand, they were called dextriers. 1858 Morris Sir Galahad Poems 51 Needs must roll The proudest destrier sometimes in the dust. 1869 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xii. 175 The knight on his destrier. 1894 A. Lang in Longm. Mag. June 214 The Maiden called for her great destrier, But he lashed like a fiend when the Maid drew near.

destreyn(e, obs. forms of distrain. destribute, obs. var. of distribute v. t de’striction. Obs. rare—0, [app. f. de- I. i + L. strictio binding, striction.] 1727 Bailey vol. II, Destriction, a binding.

de'strie, obs. form of destroy v. f de'strigment. Obs. rare-0, [f. L. destringere to strip off, strigmentum that which is scraped or scratched off.] 1727 Bailey vol. II, Destrigment, that which is scraped or pulled of any thing.

tde'strition. Obs. rare. [? a. OF. destruision destruction, f. destruire to DESTROY (cf. destrie).] Ravaging, ruin. 14.. Childe of Bristowe 328 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 123 Where his fader dud destrition to man or womman in any toun .. he shal make aseth therfore, and his good ayen restore.

destroer, obs. form of destroyer. f de'strouble, v. Obs. [a. OF. destroubler, detroubler (Godef.), f. des-, L. dis- + troubler to

make it troublesome for.

destroy (di'stroi), v. Forms: 3-4 destrui-e(n, 3-5 -struy-e(n, -stru-e(n, (-stru, -striu), 4-5 -stry(e, 4-6 -stroye, (5 -stro3e, 6 -strowe), 6-7 -stroie, 5destroy; also 4 disstrie, dysstrye, 4-5 distruy(e, -truie, -truy3e, -tro3e, -trou, 4-6 distroy(e, 4-7 distroie, 5 distrie, distroi, 5-6 dystroy(e, dis-, dystrow(e, -true, distrye. [ME. destruy-en, etc., a. OF. destrui-re (mod.F. detruire = Pr. and Sp. destruir, It. distruggere):—late pop. L. *destrugere, ppl. stem district-, for cl. L. destruere, f. de- I. 6 -I- struere to pile up, construct.] 1. trans. To pull down or undo (that which has been built); to demolish, raze to the ground. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 242 Edwyne.. destrude wyde aboute..Alle ys stedes, ver and ner, and to grounde caste. a 1300 Fall & Passion 85 in E.E.P. (1862) 15 He wolde destru temple an chirche. a 1300 Cursor M. 22348 (Cott.) Bath destrui pam tun and tur. (1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 25 J»i wallis al distried. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) v. 15 pare was.. a faire citee of Cristen men, but Sarzenes hase destruyd it. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. 11. xxxvii. 157 The cite of rome shulde haue be dystroyed. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge II. 694 This kyng entended by mortall enuy The cite of Chestre to spoyle and distrye. 1526-34 Tindai.e John ii. 19 Iesus answered and sayd vnto them, destroye this temple, and in thre dayes I will reare it vp agayne. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi’s Eromena 78 To undergoe the brunt of destroying Epicamido’s whole campe. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa’s Voy. (ed. 3) II. 82 Another earthquake happened, by which several houses were destroyed. 1834 L. Ritchie Wand, by Seine 237 The English destroyed [the monastery] and half a century afterwards rebuilt it.

b. Said of the action of water in dissolving and demolishing or washing away. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vn. 317 For the nature of violent streames.. [is to] destroy all that they debord upon. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 67 Like a Torrent, which carries away, and destroies all. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa’s Voy. (ed. 3) I. 201 The rain utterly destroys all the trenches. 1835 Cruise Digest (ed. 4) I. m. ii. §24 If the banks of a river are destroyed by a sudden flood it is not waste.

f2. To lay waste, ravage, make desolate. Obs. a 1225 Ancr. R. 388 A lefdi.. mid hire uoan biset al abuten, and hire lond al destrued. c 1320 Sir Beues 2442 And al )>e contre, saun doute, J?ai distruede hit al aboute. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 120 Destroyyn a cuntre (or feeldis P.), depopulor, depredo, devasto. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 202/1 That same tyme attila destroyed Italye. 1584 Powell Lloyd's Cambria 11 Destroied the province of Chester. 1611 Bible Ezek. xxx. 11 The terrible of the nations shall be brought to destroy the land.

fb. To ruin (men), to undo in worldly estate. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 376 He destrude j?at pouere vole, & nom of hem hys preye. 1621 Bolton Stat. Irel. 9 (an. 25 Hen. VI) The Irish enemies, .destroy the common people by lodging upon them in the nights.

3. To undo, break into useless pieces, or reduce into a useless form, consume, or dissolve (any material structure or object). (Now the leading sense.) CI314 Guy Warw. (A.) 1120 Mi bodi destrud and leyd on bere. 1382 Wyclif Prov. xxi. 20 An vnprudent man schal distrie it. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. 1. 212 For meny mannys malt we mys wolde distrye. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. India 245 That day we destroy’d about 1100 of their Skiffs, little and great. C1790 Willock Voy. 154 Plundering and destroying whatever they can lay hands on. 1798 H. Skrine Two Tours Wales 155 A fire, by which most of the old houses were destroyed. 1828 Ambler Reports (ed. 2) I. 147 A deed which was charged in his bill to have been destroyed and lost by Roger. 1884 Gustafson Found. Death ii. (ed. 3) 25 All the ancient Egyptian works on alchemy.. were ruthlessly destroyed by the Roman Emperor Diocletian. 1887 Bowen Virg. ASneid v. 700 The vessels of Troy..are saved from flames that destroy.

b. To render useless, to injure or spoil utterly. 1542 Boorde Dyetary xi. (1870) 260 God may sende a man good meate, but the deuyll may sende an euyll coke to dystrue it. 1555 Eden Decades 115 Locustes whiche destrowe the fieldes of corne. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 468 With Blites destroy my Corn. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 8 Shells assume every colour but blue; and that, sea-water, .would be apt to destroy. 1806 J. Forbes Lett. France II. 60 The long drought and extreme heat have destroyed their vegetables.

4. To put out of existence (living beings); to deprive of life; to slay, kill. (Now chiefly said of war, pestilence, intemperance, etc., which destroy multitudes, also of the destruction of noxious animals, and of suicide (self-destruction).) a 1300 Cursor M. 22133 (Cott.) First he sal do alle destru [ MS. Edin. destriu, Gott. distrou] pat halud was of ur lauerd iesu. 01325 Prose Psalter li[i], 5 per-for shal God destruen pe on ende. 01340 Hampole Psalter ix. 40 When antecrist is distroid all goed sail regne. r 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 1318 Dido, These lordis.. Wele me distroyen only for 30ure sake. 1473 Warkw. Chron. 20 The Bastarde. .hade purposed to have distruyt Kynge Edwarde. 1535 Coverdale Bel & Dr. 26, I shal destroye this dragon without swearde or staff. 01547 >n Laneham’s Lett. (Pref. 1871) 130 Haue youe drunkune any contagius drynke to dystrowe your chyld. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 291 Rat-Catchers., destroy the Rats and Mice as much as any Cats would. 1712 Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) III. 368 Of whose destroying himself I have made mention. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 131,1 was .. going to destroy myself.. in the height of my Despair. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 252 A deluge in Friezeland covered the whole coasts, and destroyed the

greatest part of the inhabitants. 1839 T. Beale Hist. Sperm Whale 160 Those young bulls.. are perhaps the most difficult to destroy. 1887 Bowen Virg. Asneid in. 1 It had pleased the Immortals .. to destroy Priam’s innocent people.

5. To bring to nought put an end to; to do away with, annihilate (any institution, condition, state, quality, or thing immaterial). a 1300 Cursor M. 25239 (Cott.) Destru [v.rr. destruy, destroy] pou lauerd! wit pouste pin pe mightes o pis wiperwin. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4453 ban sal he destroye cristen lawe. 1382 Wyclif Prov. xxi. 22 [They] destrojide [1388 distriede] the strengthe of the trost of it. c 1400 Destr. Troy 13240 AH hir note of Nigromansy naitly distroyet. 1535 Coverdale Job xiv. 18 So destroyest thou the hope of man. 1612 Webster Dutchesse of Malfi iv. ii, So pity would destroy pity. 1714 Mrs. Centlivre Wonder iv. 1, One tender word destroys a lover’s rage. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 193 f 9 Every other enjoyment malice may destroy. 1833 L. Ritchie Wand, by Loire 17 To wait., would destroy the little chance we appeared to have. 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Intellect Wks. (Bohn) I. 143 Silence is a solvent that destroys personality. 1893 Law Times XCIV. 603/2 He., had been heard to express a determination to destroy his life.

fb. Math. To cancel, eliminate, cause to disappear. Obs. 1706 W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 130 After the same manner any other Term in this.. Equation may be destroyed. 1763 W. Emerson Meth. Increments 123, 2 series, where all the terms destroy one another except the first.

c. Law. To nullify, invalidate, do away with. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 353 A person who has only a trust estate, cannot.. destroy a contingent remainder expectant on his estate. Ibid. V. 217 A power collateral to the land.. cannot be barred or destroyed by a fine levied [etc.]. 1892 Goodeve Pers. Property (ed. 2) 361 The statutes above cited do not destroy the right.

6. To counteract or neutralize the effect of; to render of no avail. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. no These contrary passions.. do not necessarily destroy each other. 1759 W. Hillary Diseases Barbados 181 If they are of opposite and contrary Natures, they must at best only destroy each other. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 61 The medicine has destroyed the malignity of the poison, i860 Tyndall Glac. II. vi. 253 A red glass .. is red because .. it destroys the shorter waves which produce the other colours.

f 7. to destroy into or to (reproducing perdere in gehennam of Vulgate): to consign or give over to perdition in. Obs. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 265 It isgrett meruaile pat god ..distroie)? not alle )>is cursed peple to helle. 1526-34 Tindale Matt. x. 28 Which is able to destroye both soule and body into hell. [So Coverd., Cranm., Rhemish\ Wyclif lese in to; Geneva & 1611 in.]

Hence destroyed (di'stroid) ppl. a., despoiled; ravaged; slain; ruined; reduced to a useless condition. C1440 Promp. Parv. 123 Destroyyde, destructus, dissipatus. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 76 Being a Lady of faithfull memory to her destroyed husband. 1640 (title), England’s Petition to their King; an Humble Petition of the distressed and almost destroyed subjects of England. 1801 G. S. Faber Horse Mos. (1818) I. 82 The destroyed book of the Sibyl. 1821 Shelley Hellas 494 One cry from the destroy’d and the destroyer Rose.

fde'stroy, sb.

Obs. rare—1. In 7 distroie.

[f.

destroy u.] Destruction. 1616 Lane Cont. Sqr.'s T. ix. 476 The sweete boy, wailinge most rufullie his frendes distroie.

destroyable (di'stroi3b(3)l), a. [f. destroy v. + -able.] Capable of being destroyed. 1552 Huloet, Destroyable, or able to be destroyed, destructilis. 1654 Fuller Two Serm. 41 Foundations of Religion destroyed (so farre-forth as they are destroyable). 1678 Cudworth Intel! Syst. 1. ii. §ix. 70 The Accidents themselves .. are all makeable and destroyable. 1851 Ruskin Mod. Paint. II. ill. 1. iv. §9 Destroyable only by the same.. process of association by which it was created.

destroyer (di'stroi3(r)). Also 4-5 destrier, distriere, 5 distruyere, destroer. [f. destroy v. + -er; prob. orig. a. OF. destruiere, -eor, -eour, f. destrui-re to destroy.] a. A person or thing that destroys. 1382 Wyclif Rev. ix. 11 Appolion, and by Latyn hauynge the name Destrier [1388 a distriere], 1398 Trevisa Barth. DeP.R. 11. xix. (1495) 45 Also the fende hyghte Appolyon in Grewe, A destroyer, c 1410 Hymn Virg. v. in Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry x, Heyl distruyere of everi strisse. 1483 Cath. Angl. 98/1 A Destroer, vbi a waster. CI530 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 30 Covetyse is distroyer of hym selfe. 1535 Coverdale i Chron. xxi. 15 The Lorde..sayde vnto the angell y' destroyer: It is ynough, holde now thy hande. 1630 in Descr. Thames (1758) 65 They are.. great Destroyers of Barbels, and other Kind of Fish. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 697 Great Conquerors .. Destroyers rightlier call’d and Plagues of men. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc x. 54 Were it a crime if thy more mighty force Destroy’d the fell destroyer? 1807 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 102 A neutralizer or destroyer of contagion.

b. A type of small, fast warship armed with guns, torpedoes, etc., used for escort-work, attacking submarines, etc., orig. built for attacking torpedo-boats. Also attrib. and Comb., spec, in destroyer-escort (chiefly U.S.), a small destroyer; destroyer-leader U.S., a large destroyer. Destroyer was the proper name of an American torpedoboat in 1882 (see Leisure Hour, 1882, 637/2, quoting Brooklyn Eagle).

DESTROYERESS

DESTRUCTIVE

539

*893 Torpedo-boat destroyer [see torpedo boat b]. 1899 Torpedo destroyer [see torpedo sb. 6]. [1893 Revue gen. des Sciences IV. 458 (Bonnaflfe), Le Destroyer etait amarre a 30™, 48 d’un bassin.] 1894 Daily News 11 June 6/5 The torpedo-boat destroyer built by the same firm last year for the Admiralty .. This type of boiler .. is being put into most of the ‘destroyers’ which are being built for the Government. 1895 Daily News 27 July 3/1 The Rocket, another destroyer,.. will not be ready for sea until Wednesday next. 1897 Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 139 It is becoming difficult to obtain the requisite area in screws of ‘destroyers’ without either resorting to an abnormal width of blade or to a large diameter. 1898 Kipling Fleet in Being ii. 23 Would she—and a fast cruiser can do this—try to rush her by night, destroyer-fashion? 1899 Daily News 25 July 6/6 She is the gunboat in charge of one of our destroyer divisions. 1914 Sphere 17 Oct. 74/i She [$c. the submarine] discovered two German destroyers on patrol duty. 1927 Daily Tel. 28 June 12/1 Large cruisers, destroyer-leaders, and submarines. 1929 W. J. Locke Jorico 124 He strode up and down with the air of the Commander of a Destroyer going into his first action. 1931 [see destroying vbl. sb. b]. *945 Jane's Fighting Ships 1943-4 P vi, Most numerous of any type [of American destroyer] are the so-called destroyer-escorts the design of which corresponds with that of British frigates of the ‘Captain’s’ class. 1952 Ibid. 1952-3 p. vii, All five of the destroyer leaders, another new category of U.S. warship.. , have been launched and are due to be completed at the end of the year. 1969 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 31 Oct. 11/1 The crippled Canadian destroyer-escort Kootenay will be towed back to Halifax for repairs.

destructible (di'strAktib(3)l), a. [ad. L. destructibilis, f. destruct- ppl. stem of destruere to

t de'stroyeress. Obs. rare. [f. prec. + -ess.] A female destroyer.

f de'structify, v. rare. [f. L. destroyed + -fy.] tram. To destruction.

1662 J. Sparrow tr. Behme's Rem. Wks., Catal. Extant Works No. 4 The Turba or Destroyeresse of the Image.

1841 Fraser's Mag. XXIV. 289 Enough to contaminate, poison, degrade, and destructify the whole race.

destroying (di'strDnrj), vbl. sb. [f. destroy

v. + -ING1.] a. The action of the verb destroy; destruction: now chiefly gerundial.

c 1300 tC. Alis. 2888 Never siththe that destroying N’as in Thebes wonying. CI380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 322 To telle hasty destriyng of hem. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 69 Forsoj? if he lay doun pe suerd .. he opuni)? pe distroyingis. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 138 They, .consented to the destroying down of the fair Gardens about the Town, to begin the Fortifications. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 129 For onely in destroying I find ease To my relentless thoughts. 1805 Ld. Collingwood in A. Duncan Nelson (1806) 271, I determined no longer to delay the destroying them.

b. Naut. colloq. destroyer.

The action of serving in a

1931 ‘Taffrail’ Endless Story i. 21 Most destroyer officers, their detractors averred, went in for ‘destroying’ because they .. needed the extra pay.

destroying, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That destroys, destructive, destroying angel U.S. = Danite 2. I535 Coverdale Ezek. xxi. 8 The destroyenge staff of my sonne, shal bringe downe all wodde. 1728 R. Morris Ess. Anc. Archit. 21 Novelty and Singleness were as destroying .. to Art, as .. Barbarism. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 92 To oppose the inroad of this destroying host. 1814 Southey Roderick xxv, Replete with power he is, and terrible, Like some destroying Angel! 1838 Peoria (Ill.) Register 24 Nov. 1/5 They had assembled them into three different societies, called Danites, Gideonites, and the destroying Angels. 1857 [see Danite 2]. 1872 ‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It (1882) xii. 71 Half an hour.. later we changed horses, and took supper with a Mormon ‘Destroying Angel’. 1894 Ld. Wolseley Life of Marlborough II. xci. 437 Soul-and-body-destroying debauchery. 1943 B. De Voto Yr. of Decision 83 So in 1842 O. P. Rockwell, one of the Sons of Dan (the ‘Destroying Angels’ of ten-cent fiction), crept up to a window in Boggs’s house and shot him.

de'stroyingly, adv.

[f. prec. destroyer, destructively.

+

-ly2.]

As a

1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. 1. i. 781 Tho’ Ruin now Love’s shadow be, Following him destroyingly. 1869 Daily News 23 Jan., Dire forms of disease which occasionally sweep destroyingly over our towns.

de'struct, v.

[f. L. destruct- ppl. stem of destruere to destroy: cf. construct.] = destroy. Also as sb. and attrib. Quot. a 1638 is an isolated use. The recent (chiefly U.S.) use in Rocketry is prob. in part a back-formation on DESTRUCTION.

a 1638 Mede Paraphr. 2 Pet. iii. (1642) 12 Either wholly destructed, or marvellously corrupted from that they were before. [So ed. 2\ ed. 3 (1653) destroyed.] 1958 Aero-Space Terms (Air University) 9/2 Destruct, the deliberate action of detonating or otherwise destroying a rocket missile or vehicle after it has been launched, but before it has completed its course. Said of friendly missiles esp. during test flights. 1958 Times 25 Sept. 10/2 The rocket . . turned back.. towards the shore; at this point it was destroyed (or ‘destructed’ as the official explanation puts it) by remote control. 1963 New Scientist 18 Apr. 139/1 A brief stop at the ‘arming tower’, where the ‘destruct’ equipment is installed. 1969 Guardian 21 Jan. 2/3 He had asked for a ‘destruct’ system to be installed in the electronics and code area of the ship.

de'structant, sb. rare, [irreg. f. L. destruct- (see prec.) + -ant.] A destroyer, a destroying agent. 1889 T. D. Talmage in The Voice (N.Y.) 25 July, There is such a thing as pretending to be en rapport with others, when we are their dire destructants.

de'structful, a.

[f. L. destruct- (see prec.) +

-FUL.] = DESTRUCTIVE. 1659 Sprat Plague of Athens (1667) 2 We fear A dangerous and destructful War. Ibid. 10 The circulation from the heart, Was most destructful now. 1881 Wilde Poems 223 Renovated By more destructful hands. 1895 E.

W. Hopkins Relig. India (1896) xi. 270 She.. will be., destructful of her husband.

destructi'bility.

[f. next: see -ity.] The quality of being destructible; capability of being destroyed. *73°-6 Bailey (folio), Destructibility, a capableness of being destroyed. 1805 Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XCV. 309 The varieties of tannin do not accord in the degree of destructibility. 1841 Trimmer Pract. Geol. 257 The greater destructibility of the absent tribes by long immersion in water.

destroy: see -ble.] Capable of being destroyed;

liable to be destroyed. *755 Johnson, Destructible Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II.

liable to destruction. 1768-74 667 Simple substances, not consisting of parts, nor destructible by all the powers of nature. 1783 Priestley in Phil. Trans. LXXIII 412 Wood, or charcoal, is even perfectly destructible, that is, resolvable into inflammable air. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xx. 483 Forces are convertible but not destructible. 1878 Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 107 Destructible things, like eggs, skins, etc., are always rising or falling in value.

Hence de'structibleness, destructibility. 1846 in Worcester.

destruct-us reduce to

t de'structile, a. rare-0, [ad. L. destructilis, f. destruct- ppl. stem: see -ile.] = destructible. 1727

Bailey

vol.

II, Destruclile, that which may be

destroy’d.

destruction

(di'strAkJbn). Also 4-5 destruccioun, (5 -uxion, -tyoun; 4-6 dis-, 5 dys-. [a. OF. destructiun (12th c.), -cion, -tion (mod.F. de-) = Pr. destruccio, Sp. destruccion. It. distruzione, ad. L. destruction-em, n. of action from destruere to destroy.] The action of destroying; the fact or condition of being destroyed: the opposite of construction. 1. The action of demolishing a building or structure of any kind, of pulling to pieces, reducing to fragments, undoing, wasting, rendering useless, putting an end to, or doing away with anything material or immaterial; demolition. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4049 Aftir pe destruccion sal be Of pe empyre of Rome. C1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 138 In destruccioun of mawmetrye And in encresse of Cristes lawe deere, They ben acordid. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvi. 74 He asked pe destruccioun and pe vndoyng of his order. 1481 Caxton Myrr. hi. xi. 158 That after the first destruxion of the world ther shold be other peple. 1520 Caxton's Chron. Eng. 111. 19/2 He propnecyed the dystrucyon of Jerusalem. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe lnd. (Arb.) 13 marg., The destruction of the citie of Aden. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 1. iii. 177 If she confesse that she was halfe the wooer, Destruction on my head, if my bad blame Light on the man. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxvii. 233 There should be no more an universall destruction of the world by Water. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. i. Wks. 1874 I- 28 There is no presumption.. that the dissolution of the body is the destruction of our present reflecting powers. 1813 T. Forster Atmosph. Phenom. (1815) 3 Theory of the formation and destruction of clouds. 1875 Hamerton Intell. Life 1. iv. 24 The work of repairing so great a destruction of muscle.

b. The action of ravaging or laying waste; havoc, ruin. Obs. (as distinct from the main sense.) c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 202 Destruction he makes of rentes and feez. c 1400 Ywaine & Gaw. 416 He. .said, i had, ogayne resowne, Done him grete destrucciowne. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. cxxxiv. 114 He did grete destruction to holy chirche. c 1500 Lancelot 1283 Of his realme the opin distruccioune.

c. The action of putting to death, slaughter; now chiefly said of multitudes of men or animals, and of noxious creatures. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 4 The destruccyon of Pharao & all his hoost. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ix, I looked round for the instrument of destruction. •837 Dickens Pickw. ii, Snodgrass bore under his [cloak] the instruments of destruction. Mod. Rewards for the destruction of beasts of prey.

d. personified. *535 Coverdale Job xxviii. 20 Destruccion [Wyclif perdicioun] & death saie, we haue herde tell of her with oure eares. 1595 Shaks. John v. vii. 77 To push destruction and perpetuall shame, Out of the weake door of our fainting Land. 1810 Scott Lady of L. iii. xi, Quench thou his light, Destruction dark!

2. The fact, condition, destroyed; ruin.

or state

of being

C1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 6077 Wende we wille to pe douk Otoun, And bring him to destruccioun. 1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 204 To put hym to destructione. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 6 She thanked God humbly that had kepte her from shame and distruccion. 1535 Coverdale Prov. x. 14 Ye mouth of ye foolish is nye destruccion. 1667 Milton P.L. 1. 137 All this mighty Host In horrible destruction laid thus low. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. I. 91 When the Prince heard their words, he felt assured of destruction.

3. A cause or means of destruction.

1526 Dr. Magnus Lett, to Jas. V., 13 Feb. The Armestrongges.. had avaunted thaymselves to be the destruction of twoe & fifty parisshe churches. 1548 Hall Chron. 99 b, Not forseyng before, that this preferment should be his destruccion. 1611 Bible Prov. x. 15 The destruction of the poore is their pouertie. 1798 Canning, etc. Loves of Triangles in Anti-Jacobin 7 May (1852) 126 Watch the bright destruction as it flies. 1833 Ht. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. iv. 58 The deplorable mistake which was likely to prove the destruction of the whole family.

\4.pl. = Ruins. Obs. rare. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 1. xxi. 26 b, Neere that are the destructions of a high tower, which in times past was.. the great temple.

t de'structionable, a. Obs. rare. [f. prec. + -able in active sense.] Addicted to destruction, destructive. c I575 tr. H. Nicholas' First Exhort. (1656) 228 Possest of the seven horriblest and destructionablest devils. 1660 H. More Mystery of Godliness 269 Intimating that the rest of the Vices are Devils also, but not so destructionable.

destructional DESTRUCTION destruction;

a. [f. Of or pertaining to

(di'strAkJanal),

+

-AL.]

formed

by

destructive

agencies,

spec, by denudation. 1900 R. T. Hill Physical Geogr. Texas Region (Topogr. Atlas U.S., Folio 3) 5 Destructional plains originate in the degradation (or planation) of older and higher surfaces down to a lower level. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. Jan. 38 The steep cliff is clearly in both cases a destructional surface from which material has fallen away. 1956 Gloss. Hydrologic Terms (U.N. Econ. Comm. Asia, ST/ECAFE/Ser. F, No. 10) 12/1 Destructional landscape, one resulting from action of weather, streams, glaciers, winds, waves and animal organisms.

t de'structioner. Obs. rare. [f. destruction + -er1.] One that causes destruction or ruin; a destroyer. 1621 Bolton Stat. Irel. io (an. 25 Hen. VI) Destructioners of the King our Souveraigne Lords liege people.

destructionist (di'strAkJbnist). [f. as prec. + -1ST.]

1. An advocate or partisan of a policy of destruction, esp. that of an existing political system or constitution. (Chiefly dyslogistic.) 1841 Blackw. Mag. L. 407 The intestine warfare between the Destructionist and the Conservative. 1845 T. W. Coit Puritanism 64 Church-breakers: ecclesiastical destructionists of the straitest sect. 1888 R. Dowling Miracle Gold II. xix. 107 A regular out-and-out Fire-eater, Iconoclast, Destructionist.

2. Theol. One who believes in the final destruction or annihilation of the wicked; an annihilationist. 1807 Southey Espriella's Letters II. 28 Universalists, Calvanists, Materialists, Destructionists, Brownists [etc.].

destructive

(di'strAktiv), a. and sb. [a. OF. destructif, -ive (1372 in Hatzf.); = Pr. destructiu, Sp. destructive, It. distruttivo, ad. L. destructivus, f. destruct- ppl. stem of destruere to DESTROY: see -ive.]

A. adj. Having the quality of destroying; tending to destroy, put an end to, or completely spoil; pernicious, deadly, annihilative. Const. to, of. 1490 Caxton Eneydos vi. 22 In all destructyue of theyr personis, honoures, goodes, and chyuaunches. 1555 Eden Decades 265 One of these two.. shulde be destructiue to lyuynge creatures. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 1. (1843) 28/2 Unpolitic, and even destructive to the services intended. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. xiv. 64 A man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 318 The Apostle’s sence is not the same with yours (but destructive to it). 1712 Steele Sped. No. 66 If 7 Vice is in itself destructive of Pleasure. 1751 ohnson Rambler No. 163 JP 2 Destructive to happiness. 1794 Southey Wat Tyler 1, These destructive tyrants Shall shrink before your vengeance. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, First Visit to Eng. Wks. (Bohn) II. 1 The conditions of literary success are almost destructive of the best social power. 187s Kinglake Crimea (ed. 6) V. i. 252 A rapid advance .. under destructive fire. 1882 Daily Tel. 19 May, Palmer’s bowling proved extremely destructive, and he took no less than eight wickets.

b. In political and philosophical use, opposed to constructive and conservative. 1834 Oxf. Univ. Mag. I. 108 The two distinct lines of conservative and destructive policy. 1841-44 Emerson Ess., Politics Wks. (Bohn) I. 241 The spirit of our American radicalism is destructive and aimless. 1861 F. Hall in Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal 148 After so much destructive criticism, to have little of instantly helpful truth to substitute in the room of what has been swept away. 1866 J. Martineau Ess. I. 36 His position, therefore, is simply destructive. 1878 Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. 1. Carlyle 198 Most of us would probably find the importance of this epoch in its destructive contribution. c. Chem. destructive distillation: see quots. 1831 T. P. Jones Convers. Chem. xxviii. 281 When organized substances are decomposed at a red heat in close vessels, the process is called destructive distillation. 1854 Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 284 Distillation may involve the decomposition of the substance heated, and the condensation of the products of decomposition, when it is termed destructive distillation.

d. Logic. Applied to conjunctive (or, as they are sometimes called, conditional) syllogisms

DESTRUCTIVELY and dilemmas, in which the conclusion negatives a hypothesis in one of the premisses. Thus: If A is B, C is D; C is not D, .'. A is not B. If A is B, C is D, and if E is F, G is H; but either C is not D or G is not H, .'. either A is not B, or E is not F. 1827 Whately Logic 11. iv. §7 (L.) In a destructive sorites, you go back from the denial of the last consequent to the denial of the first antecedent: ‘G is not H; therefore A is not B.’

B. sb. 1. A destructive agent, instrument, or force; a destructive proposition or syllogism. 1640 E. Dacres tr. Machiavelli's Prince Ep. Ded., Poysons .. as destructives of Nature .. are utterly to be abhord. 1644 Bp. Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings Ded. 3 It hath been a preparatorie destructive to Royaltie. 1646 Burd. Issach. in Phenix (1708) II. 299 Their confession of Faith .. is more in Negatives and Destructives, than Affirmatives and Positives. 1674 Penn Just Rebuke 9 Giving, for Antidotes, Destructives to the Souls of Men. 1827 Whateley Logic 11. iv. (1836) 118 Which is evidently a simple Destructive. 1856 Chamb.Jrnl. VI. 56 The grand destructives of nature are the winds and the waves.

2. A person whose theory or practice tends to overthrow existing institutions or systems. (Chiefly dyslogistic.) 1832 Examiner 786/1 The Radicals (or Destructives, as you are pleased to describe them). 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 4 To the critic of the schools, ever ready with compendious label, he is the revolutionary destructive.

de'structively, a.

[f. prec.

+

-ly2.]

In a

destructive manner. 1661 Grand Debate 122 Which lookt upon our hopes of Reformation, almost as destructively as the Papists Doctrine of Infallibility doth. 1665 Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 255 The French Wars raged destructively, both at Sea and Land. 01714 M. Henry Wks. (1835) I. 37 Nothing really and destructively evil. Mod. Fluoric acid acts destructively upon glass.

de'structiveness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of destroy.

being

DESULTORY

540

destructive;

tendency

to

1647 Saltmarsh Spark. Glory (1847) 195 Far from bearing witness to any destructiveness or persecution of them. 1738 Warburton Div. Legat. I. 35 The Destructiveness of Atheism to Society. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc vin. 179 A weapon for its sure destructiveness Abominated once. 1869 Echo 30 Oct., An epidemic fever unparalleled for destructiveness. 1875 Kinglake Crimea (1877) V. i. 335 The.. rashness, or rather selfdestructiveness of the charge.

b. Phrenol. The name of a faculty or propensity having a bump or ‘organ’ allotted to it. 1815 Edin. Rev. XXV. 235 To the Order of Feelings., belong the following species .. 6. Destructiveness. 1828 Combe Constit. Man ii. §5 Destructiveness serves also to give weight to indignation, a 1875 Kingsley in Four C. Eng. Lett. 568 These same organs of destructiveness and combativeness.

destructivity (distrAk'tmti). [f. destructive a.

de'structuralize, v.

[de- II. i.] trans. To undo the structural character of; to disorganize. Hence destructuralization. 1880 Libr. Univ. Knowl. I. 494 A literal destruction (i.e. de-structuralization), an utter and final disorganization.

de'structure, v. [f.

de- II. i + structure v.] trans. To destroy or dismantle the structure of; to deprive of structure. 1951 G. Humphrey Thinking 172 When we are told to ‘find the cat’ [in puzzle-pictures], and succeed in doing so, we ‘destructure the tree in order to structure the cat’. 1972 R. E. Ornstein Psychol, of Consciousness iv. 89 Our linear, analytic world is for the moment destructured. 1976 T. Eagleton Crit. & Ideology iii. 98 The text.. destructures ideology in order to reconstitute it on its own relatively autonomous terms. 1981 Guardian Weekly 6 Sept. 19 We have to get behind the missiles to the blocks which will throw them, and begin to destructure the Cold War.

destrust, -turb, -turble,

obs. ff. distrust, etc.

2. A furnace or crematory for the burning of refuse. Also attrib. 1881 Scribner's Mag. XXII. 799 To dispose of the refuse in a quick and cleanly manner, a small cremator, or destructor, has been introduced. 1885 L'pool Daily Post 7 May 4/8 The abattoir will be a greater nuisance in Greenlane than the refuse destructor. 1891 Daily News 16 July 4/4 Reponsible for the working of the dust destructors. 1892 Pall Mall G. 4 Oct. 2/1 One hundred tons are extracted per week and burned in a destructor furnace.

f de'structory, a. and sb. Obs. [f. L. type *destructori-us, f. destructor: see prec. and -ory.] A. adj. Of the nature of a destroyer; = destructive. 1614 Bp. Andrewes Serm. on Prov. xxiv. 21 -23 IV. (1853) 312 It is destructory, a destroying sin. 1627 H. Burton Baiting of Pope's Bull 13 So destructory of that most precious, and peerelesse ransome. 16.. Swinburne Spousals (1686) 228 Which impediment.. is not only prohibitory, but destructory. B. sb. = DESTRUCTIVE sb. 01621 S. Ward Life of Faith (1627) 99 Subtilties of School-men, sentences and conceits of Postilers, rosaries, destructories, Anthologies. 1644 Bp. Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings viii. 94 You have point blanke the contrary, a virtuall destructory of this imagined and conceited right.

desulphurize (dii'sAlfjuaraiz), v. [f. de- II. 1 + sulphurize v.] trans. To free from sulphur. Hence de'sulphurized ppl. a.\ de'sulphurizing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.\ also desulphuri'zation, de'sulphurizer.

c 1300 K. Alis. 2199 This batail destuted is, In the French, wel y-wis, Therfor I have, hit to colour, Borowed of the Latyn autour How hent the gentil knyghtis.

1854 Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. I. 106 In this sense the production of coke may also be called the de¬ sulphurization. 1870 J. Roskell in Eng. Mech. 18 Mar. 647/1 It is also a flux and a desulphuriser. 1883 Cassell's Fam. Mag. Dec. 59/2 Desulphurised silicates. 1892 Daily News 23 Sept. 3/2 A very powerful desulphurising agent. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 6 Feb. 6/3 The desulphurisation of Cleveland ironstone so as to convert it straightway into steel will be an accomplished fact.

destyne, var. of

destiny ppl. a.

destyne, -me, -ny,

Obs.

obs. ff. destine, destiny.

desubstantialize (diisab'staenfslaiz), v. [f. deII. 1 + substantialize ti.] trans. To make less substantial; to take away reality from.

desult (di'sAlt), v. nonce-wd. [ad. L. desultdre to leap down, f. de- 1 + saltare to leap.] intr. To proceed in a desultory manner.

1940 Mind XLIX. 316 A being on the lower threshold of agency would .. by its tenuity, de-substantialize its objective universe towards qualitative nonentity. 1954 D. von Hildebrand New Tower of Babel 176 We simultaneously desubstantialize that which we want to build up in the soul.

1872 M. Collins Pr. Clarice I. vi. 95, I digress, I desult. 1873-Miranda II. 143 Having heretofore been accused of desuiting and digressing. 1876 Mabel Collins Blacksmith & Scholar I. 201 We must not desult.

desubstantiate

II.

desultor (di'sAlts/r)). rare. [a. L. desuitor leaper

1 + L. substantia substance + -ate: after substantiate.] trans. To deprive of substance.

down, vaulter, agent-noun from desilire, desultto leap down.] A circus horse-leaper.

1884 Mrs. H. Ward tr. Amiel’sjrnl. (1891) 255 The mind is not only unclothed but stripped of itself and so to speak de-substantiated.

[1727 Bailey vol. II, Desultores, desultorii, Persons of agility of body, who used to leap from one horse to another, at the Horse Races in the Circensian Games.] 1880 M. Collins Th. in Garden I. 183 Clowns and desultors in ragged jackets were hanging about.

(diisAb'staenJieit),

v.

[f. de-

f de'subulate, v. Obs. rare—°. [f. L. desubulare to bore in deeply, f. de- I. 3 + subula an awl.] 1623 Cockeram, Desubulate, to pierce with a nale.

desultorily ('desaltsrili), adv. [f. In a desultory unmethodically. -ly2.]

desudation (diisjui'deijan).

Med. [ad. L. desudation-em violent sweating, n. of action from desudare to sweat greatly, f. de- 3 + sudare to sweat. So in mod.F. (Littre.).] 1727-51 in Chambers Cycl. 1857 Dunglison Med. Lexicon 289 Desudation means a profuse and inordinate sweating, a muck sweat.

de'structless, a. rare. [f. L. destruct- ppl. stem (see above) + -less.] Indestructible.

01691 Boyle Wks. I. 527 (R.) Helmont does somewhere wittily call the fire the destructor and the artificial death of things. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. II. 1212 A decree ordered .. all destroyed [temples] to be rebuilt at the cost of the destructors.

1878 Ure Diet. Arts III. 847 Soda which contains sulphides is preferred for making the mottled.. soap, whereas the desulphuretted soda makes the best white-curd soap.

form of destituted, f. L. destituere, which had the sense ‘to neglect, omit’. But the verb destitute is not known till much later.] Omitted, left out.

desuetude ('dsswitjuid). [a. F. desuetude (1596

[a. L. destructor destroyer, agent-noun from destruere to destroy. In F. destructeur (1420 in Hatzf.).] 1. A destroyer; one who destroys.

desulphuret (dii'sAlfjuaret), v. [f. de- II. 2 + deprive of sulphurets or sulphides. Hence de'sulphuretted ppl. a.

sulphuret.] trans. To

1864 Webster, Desulphurize. 1892 Pall Mall G. 4 June 7/3 To induce them to desulphurize all their waste.

f de'sudatory. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. type *desudatorium, f. desudare: see prec. and -ory.]

destructor (di'strAktsfr)).

1757 tr. Henckel's Pyritol. 109 To which the pyrites-iron must, by the desulphuration, be reduced. 1791 Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXI. 361 The difference of the times required for desulphurating the antimony. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 619 Not really a desulphurating compound.

fdestuted, pa.pple. Obs. rare. [perh. a corrupt

+ -ity.] Destructiveness. Also de'structivism. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 609/1 With the result that seismic destructivity can be accurately expressed in mechanical units. 1927 Times Weekly Ed. 19 May 562/1 It [sc. Marxism] demolishes the foundation of an individualistic society. On the Continent this is now called destructivism. 1933 Dylan Thomas Let. July (1966) 17 The .. strangled destructivism of so much modern writing.

1845 T. B. Shaw in Blackw. Mag. LVIII. 32 The bond .. is fair and true! Destructless as the soul, and as eternal.

desulphurate (dir'sAlfjuareit), v. [f. de- II. i + = prec. Hence de'sulphurated ppl. a., desul'phurating vbl. sb. and ppl. a., desulphu'ration. sulphurate v.]

1727 Bailey vol. II, Desudatory, an hot House or Bagnio.

fde'suete, a. Obs. rare—0, [ad. L. desuet-us pa. pple.: see next.] 1727 Bailey vol. II, Desuete, out of use.

in Hatzf.), ad. L. desuetudo disuse, f. desuetus, pa. pple. of desuescere to disuse, become unaccustomed, f. de- 6 4- suescere to be accustomed, to be wont.] f 1. A discontinuance of the use or practice (of anything); disuse; fprotracted cessation from. 1623 Cockeram, Desuetude, lacke of vse. 1629 tr. Herodian (1635) 131 A generall lazinesse and desuetude of Martiall Exercises. 1652-62 Heylin Cosmogr., To Rdr., My desuetude from those younger studies. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. (1675) 139 By a desuetude and neglect of it. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. iv. 160 Desuetude from their former Civility and Knowledge. 1706 J. Sergeant Account of Chapter (1853) Pref. xv, By a desuetude of acting, expire, and be buried in oblivion.

b. The passing into a state of disuse. 1821 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. New Year's Eve, The gradual desuetude of old observances.

2. The condition or state into which anything falls when one ceases to use or practise it; the state of disuse. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 14 To revive acts buried and brought in [= into] desuetude by Prelats. 1678 R. Barclay Apol. Quakers x. §22. 315 The weighty Truths of God were neglected, and, as it were, went into Desuetude. 1703 Lond. Gaz. No. 3914/4 Reviving such [Laws] as are in desuetude. 1820 Scott Monast. i, The same mode of cultivation is not yet entirely in desuetude in some distant parts of North Britain. 1826 Q. Rev. XXXIV. 6 This beautiful work.. fell (as the Scots lawyers express it) into desuetude. 1874 Green Short Hist. iv. §2. 168 The exercise of rights which had practically passed into desuetude.

desulphur

(di:'sAlf3(r)),

v.

[f.

de-

II.

2

+

sulphur. So mod.F. desulfurer.] trans. To free from sulphur; to desulphurize. 1874 W. Crookes Dyeing & Calico-printing 85 Wool deprived of naturally adhering grease, and heated to 160°, assumes a yellow tinge, which is deeper when the wool has previously been de-sulphured.

or

desultory +

random

manner;

1664 Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 146 Or else he had not passed so desultorily our Universities and the Navy. 1803 Med. Jrnl. X. 306 The late influenza. . proceeded desultorily in some cases, in others it was more regularly progressive. 1812 Shelley Let. in Hogg Life (1858) II. v. 140 Have I written desultorily? 1891 T. Hardy Tess I. vi. They had spent some time wandering desultorily. 1891 Atkinson Moorland Par. 324 Birds hopping slowly and desultorily about.

'desultoriness. quality of discursiveness; method.

[f. as prec. + -ness.] The being desultory; scrappy disconnectedness; lack of

1661 Boyle Style of Script. Pref. (1675) 10 The Seeming Desultorinesse of my Method. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Desultoriness, the Skipping from one Thing to another. 1788 Reid Act. Powers 11. iii. 538 There is a desultoriness of thought in man. 1816 Buchan in Singer Hist. Cards 360 Excuse the desultoriness of these observations. 1870 Pall Mall G. 9 Aug. 12 Accidental defects of desultoriness and sketchiness.

desultorious (desAl'toarias), a. [f. L. desultoriUS DESULTORY + -OUS.] = DESULTORY a. I. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. 11. ix. 52 O desultorious Declamation! O roving Rethorike! 0 1638 Mede Rem. Apoc. Wks. (1672) iii. 582 Our desultorious and shifting Interpreters. 1703 Bp. Patrick Comm. 2 Sam. vi. 10 David danced with composed and decent, not desultorious and light motions, such as vain fellows are wont to use. 1719 Waterland Vind. Christ's Divinity 459 Fixing the Sense of Scripture, and preventing its being ill-used by desultorious Wits. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad iii. 525 Tripping with loose and desultorious toe.

desultory ('desaltari), a. (sb.) [ad. L. desultori-us of or belonging to a vaulter, superficial, desultory, f. desultor: see desultor.] A. adj. 1. Skipping about, jumping or flitting from one thing to another; irregularly shifting, devious; wavering, unsteady, lit. and fig. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 220 Not resting vpon any one thing, but desultorie ouer all. 1594 Bp. Andrewes Serm. II. 68 ‘Winter brooks’ as Job termeth flitting desultory Christians. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. ii. §31 The Crown, since the Conquest, never observed a regular, but an uncertain and desultory motion. 1699 Bentley Phal. 86 Persons of a light and desultory temper, that skip about, and are blown with every wind, as Grass¬ hoppers are. 1699 Burnet 39 Art. xx. (1700) 195 All men ought to avoid the Imputations of a desultory Levity. 1748 J. Mason Elocut. 19 To cure an uneven, desultory Voice.. do not begin your Periods.. in too high or too low a Key. 1754 Eeles in Phil. Trans. XLIX. 132 That desultory motion, by which it flies off from an electrified body. 1784 H. Elliott in Dk. of Leeds's Pol. Mem. (1884) 259 There is also a peculiar desultory motion in His Royal Highnesses eye. 1789 G. White Selborne xv. (1853) 63, I shot at it but

DESULTURE

detachment

541

it was so desultory that I missed my aim. 1825 Southey Paraguay Proem., Ceasing here from desultory flight.

2. Pursuing a disconnected course of action; unmethodical.

and

irregular

1740 Warburton Let. 2 Feb. (R.), This makes my reading wild and desultory. 1773 Burke Corr. (1844) I. 427 Writing .. not in a desultory and occasional manner, but systematically. 1779 Mad. D’Arblay Diary 14 June, She is a very desultory reader. 1827 Hare Guesses (1859) 146 Desultory reading is indeed very mischievous, by fostering habits of loose, discontinuous thought. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) IV. VII. i. 3 A desultory and intermitting warfare. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. xxix. (1873) 104 Guests whose desultory vivacity makes their presence a fatigue. 1876 Stubbs Med. fef Mod. Hist. ii. 41 The temptation to desultory research must in every case be very great, and desultory research, however it may amuse or benefit the investigator, seldom adds much to the real stock of human knowledge.

b. Of a single thing: Coming disconnectedly; random. 01704 R- I. Estrange (J.), ’Tis not for a desultory thought to attone for a lewd course of life. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. 11. vi. (1869) 131 He no sooner meditates some desultory project, than [etc.].

c. Irregular and disconnected appearance; motley, rare.

in

form

or

desynonymization (diisi.nDnimai'zeiJan). [n. of action f. next: see -ation.] The process by which words originally synonymous come to be differentiated in use. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xix. §153 It has been remarked v that with the advance of language, words which were originally alike in their meanings acquire unlike meanings—a change which he [Coleridge] expresses by the formidable word, ‘desynonymization’. Ibid., The desynonymization of words is the ultimate effect.

desynonymize (diisi'nDmmaiz), v. [f.

de- II. i

+ SYNONYM + -IZE.]

1. trans. To differentiate in meaning words previously synonymous. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. iv. (1870) 42 In all languages there exists an instinct of growth .. working unconsciously to desynonymize those words originally of the same meaning. 1827 Hare Guesses Ser. I. (1873) 220 His [Coleridge’s] word to desynonymise .. is a truly valuable one, as designating a process very common in the history of language. 1882 Farrar Early Chr. I. ix. 205 There had been a rapid tendency to desynonymize the words ‘bishop’ and ‘presbyter’.

b. To free from synonyms. 1873 F. Hall Mod. Eng. 169 To form an idea of the extent to which our language has been desynonymized. a 1862 Buckle Misc. Wks. (1872) I. 547 Remarks on the tendency of words to desynonymize.

B. sb. A horse trained for the ‘desuitor’ in a circus. Obs. rare—

Hence desy'nonymized ppl. a., -izing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.

1653 Urquhart Rabelais 1. xxiii, These horses were called desultories.

1833 J. C. Hare in Philolog. Museum II. 224 From the desynonymizing tendency before spoken of. 1851 Trench Study of Words vi. (1869) 225 The process of ‘desynonymizing’. 1884 Farrar Luke 359 ’AvaBtua is only a desynonymised form of the same word [drdfljj/ia].

fde'sulture. Obs. rare~°. leaping down, vaulting.] 1727 Bailey

[ad. L. desultura,

vol. II, Desulture, a vaulting from one horse

to another.

t de'sume, v. Obs. [ad. L. desum-ere to take from a mass, pick out, cull, f. de- 2 + sumere to take.] trans. To take or obtain (from some source); to derive, borrow, deduce. 1564 Haward Eutropius To Rdr. 7 A language more rife and familiare than those from whence he [Tully] desumed them. 1623 Hart Arraignm. Ur. Ep. to Rdr. Aij, Some things desumed from mine owne experimentall knowledge. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. in. xiv. 140 Nor is this Salamanders wooll desumed from any Animal, but a Minerall substance. 1697 Potter Antiq. Greece 11. xiii. (1715) 3°4 From this Species, those, whose profession it was to interpret Dreams, have desumed their Names.

t de'sumption. Obs. rare. [n. of action f. L. desumere, ppl. stem desumpt-.] Taking (from some source). 1656 Blount out. 1775 Ash,

Glossogr., Desumption, a chusing, or taking Desumption, the act of taking from others.

desuperheat (di:'s(j)u:p3hi:t), v. [f. de- II. i + superheat ».] trans. To reduce the temperature of (superheated steam). So de'superheated ppl. a., de'superheating vbl. sb. & Anderson Steam Power viii. 201 It is often necessary to desuperheat steam when the pressure and temperature .. are too high. 1959 C. D. Swift Steam Power Plants xvii. 429 The desuperheating water must be broken up into a fine mist in order to get a large and intimate contact surface with the steam to be desuperheated. Ibid., The element which feels the desuperheated steam temperature must be carefully located. 1931 Craig

Hence de'superheater, an apparatus which desuperheats steam. 1931 Craig & Anderson Steam Power viii. 201 A desuperheater is sometimes used as a feedwater heater. 1951 Engineering 23 Nov. 643/2 Steam.. is passed through desuperheaters.. which reduce the temperature to .. above saturation.

desupernaturalize: see de- II. i. fdes'voy, v. Obs. rare—'1, [a. OF. desvoy-er, var. of desvier:—late L. type *disviare for L. deviate: see de- I. 6.] intr. To go out of the way, to deviate. 1481 Caxton Myrr. in. xiv. 166 By which they desuoy and goo out of the waye.

deswade, obs. form of dissuade v. f deswarr6, ppl. a. Obs. [a. AFr. *desware, OF. *desguare, *desgare = OF. esguare, esware, esgare, mod.F. egare.] Gone out of the way; that has lost his way, gone astray, stray. Another form of the word is in the title Sir Degarre — knight deswarre, in the quotation. c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 6003 A knijt icham deswarre, pat in [v.r. herborough] y bid par charite.

desy, obs. var. of dizzy. de’synchronize, v. [de-.] trans. The reverse of synchronize v. (esp. sense 2 b). So de'synchronized ppl. a. 1896 Bootle Times 18 Jan. 6/6 One of the machine doctor’s principal uses is in desynchronising looms. 1956 D. E. Charlwood No Moon Tonight ii. 15 A bomber passed overhead, its desynchronized engines droning through the night.

To cease to be synonymous.

fdesyte, v. Obs. rare. [? f. L. desit-, ppl. stem of desinere to cease: cf. desition.] ? To leave off. a 1529 Skelton Col. Cloute 8 Eythyr for to endyte or else for to desyte.

det, earlier spelling of

detachable (di'taetj3b(3)l), a.

[f. prec. vb. + -able.] Capable of being detached or separated. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. 406 This detachable mass of pay. 1834 Fraser's Mag. X. 700 Poetry yet intrudes in separate and detached or detachable passages. 1867 Macgregor Voy. Alone (1868) 22 The chart frame is also detachable from its place. 1878 Dowden Stud. Lit. 241 Many good things in particular passages of her writings are detachable. 1883 Standard 6 Apr. 5/2 The detachable spear point of the Fraser River savage.

de'tachableness. [f. prec. + -ness.] Capability of being detached. 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1870) I. 564 The detachableness which distinguishes ideas that are fully developed.

detached (di'taetjt), ppl. a.

[f. detach v. +

a. Disconnected, disengaged, separated; separate, unattached, standing apart, isolated. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Bastion detached or cut off, that which is separated from the Body of the Works. 1712 J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 29 The House stands detached. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., In painting, the figures are said to be well detached, or loosened, when they stand free, and disengaged from each other. 1791 Boswell Johnson Advt., Innumerable detached particulars. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 77 Ore found in large detached masses. 1801 Mrs. Ch. Smith Solitary Wanderer II. 38, I took a small, but elegant, detached house, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. vii. 47 In the centre.. stands a detached column of granite. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. ix. 409 A few detached events must be mentioned. 1879 Sir G. G. Scott Led. Archit. I. 149 Attached and detached shafts may be used alternately. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 27/2 The villa stands alone, or as it is termed ‘detached’.

b. Of persons, their conduct, etc.: characterized by detachment (see detachment 4 b).

debt sb. and a.

detach (di'taetf), v.

In 5 distache. [a. F. detache-r, earlier destacher, destachier (12th c. in Godef.) = Pr., Sp. destacar, It. distaccare, f. Rom. des-, L. dis- (dis-) + Rom. tacca, F. tache nail, tack, fixed point, spot. Cf. attach. Used by Caxton in form distache from OF. des- (see des-); but the existing word appears to have been adopted from modern F. late in the 17th c.]

1. trans. To unfasten and separate; disconnect, disengage, disunite, lit. and fig.

1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. (1861) 255 Its singleness, its detachability for the imagination. 1878 Scribner's Mag. XVI. 434/1 We only realize the detachability of things when we see a baby at work.

-ED.]

1842 Alison Hist. Europe (1849-50) XIII. lxxxviii. §42. 148 They.. shuddered when they gazed on the long and desultory array of Cossacks .. sweeping by. 1866 Howells Venet. Life ii. 19 A beggar in picturesque and desultory costume.

2. intr.

detacha'bility. [f. next: see -ity.] Capability of being detached.

to

[c 1477 Caxton Jason 115b, He distached and ripte it of.] 1686 F. Spence tr. Varilla's Ho. Medicis 75 Coglione detach’d himself out, for the viewing him the better. 1691-8 Norris Pract. Disc. IV. 219 We must now Detache and disingage our Hearts from the Creatures. 1736 Butler Anal. 11. vii. 333 The testimony of S. Paul is to be considered as detached from that of the rest of the Apostles. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 6 The flints.. I can readily conceive to have been detached from mountains very distant from them. 1797 Mann in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 446 The French have long sought to detach Austria from England. 1798 Lamb Rosamund Gray xi, [It] only tends to soften and tranquillise my mind, to detach me from the restlessness of human pursuits. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 335 The caloric endeavours to detach carbonic acid from the lime. 1847 Mrs. A. Kerr Hist. Servia 258 Nor could Kara George venture to detach himself from the Russians. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 575 Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire were afterwards again detached from Northumberland. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 314 A failure to detach both hooks simultaneously may lead to the swamping of the boat.

2. Mil. and Naval. To separate and send off (a part from a main body) for a special purpose; to draw off (a regiment, a ship, or the like) for some special mission. Also transf. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv. vi. 145 A Body of Foot and Dragoons was Detached to Attacque their Cannon. 1697 Potter Antiq. Greece 1. xxvi. (1715) 181 The Chivalry shall be detacht out of the most puissant and wealthy Athenians. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), To detach (Fr. in the Art of War), to make a Detachment, to send away a Party of Soldiers upon a particular Expedition. 1727 H. Bland Milit. Disc. xix. 287 When Battalions are Detach’d for the covering of the General’s Quarters, it only goes for a Tour of Fatigue. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand. (1845) 148 She was immediately detached to look out for a convenient place. 1796-7 Instr. & Reg. Cavalry (1813) 257 During this the front line detaches skirmishers. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 678 Several regiments .. detached from the army which had lately besieged Limerick. absol. 1809 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. IV. 400 If they should venture to detach, they will lose both kingdoms.

3. intr. (for refl.) To disengage and separate oneself, to become disconnected. 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin iii, Detaching, fold by fold, From those still heights, and slowly drawing near.

Hence de'taching vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1873) VI. xv. xi. 62 Stronger than they by their detachings. 1874 Knight Di$t. Mech. Boat-detaching Hook, one adapted to be suddenly cast loose when a boat lowered from the davits touches the water. 1884 Pall Mall G. 25 July 11/1 The detaching shaft springs back. 1890 Athenaeum 21 June 795/3 That detaching and absorbing interest which from time to time is necessary to physical and mental well-being.

1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons Lovers xii. 322 He was pale and detached-looking. 1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl 11. xi, She might be detached, and even callous; but she was not brazen. Ibid. iv. i, Someone quite, quite detached and devoted must fall in love with her. 1948 D. Cecil 2 Quiet Lives 11. ii. 127 Gray’s maturity appears in the detached clear-sightedness with which he could observe his own character.

de'tachedly, adv.

[f. prec. + -ly2.] In a detached manner; disconnectedly; apart from others of the same kind, or from context, etc. 1797 E. M. Lomax Philanthrope 252 The tree, the rock, or the meadow, considered detachedly from one another. 1824 Sir E. Brydges Lett, on Byron, Some of the sentiments [in ‘Cain’], taken detachedly .. are .. dangerous. 1847 Ld. Lindsay Chr. Art I. 122 We are at liberty.. to consider them detachedly.

detachedness (di'taetftms, -idms). [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being detached or of standing apart; separation; isolation. 1768 Worn, of Honor III. 214 So complete had his detachedness been from his family. 1892 Athenaeum 17 Sept. 392/z It may be that this ‘detachedness’—unkind persons call it selfishness.. is an element of a noble strain.

detacher (di'taetja/r)). [f. detach v. + -er1.] A person or thing that detaches; an apparatus or instrument for detaching. 1884 Bath Herald 27 Dec. 6/5 After being carried through certain apparatus called detachers, the wheat passes through centrifugal dressers.

detachment (di'taetfmant).

[a. F. detachement (1642 in Hatzf.), f. detacher: see -ment.] 1. The action of detaching; unfastening, disconnecting, separation.

1669 Woodhead St. Teresa i. Pref. 35 A perfect Detachment, and clearing of our affections from the friendships of the creature. 1699 J. Woodward in Phil. Trans. XXI. 208 So continual an Emission and Detachment of Water, in so great Plenty from the Parts of Plants. 1783 Pott Chirurg. Wks. II. 17 A detachment of fibres from the fascia lata of the thigh. 1876 W. H. Pollock in Contemp. Rev. June 55 The growth of the drama has.. gone hand in hand with its detachment from the service of its parent. 1880 Carpenter in igth Cent. No. 38. 612 Bergs which show least signs of change since their first detachment from the parent mass.

2. Mil. and Naval. The separating and dispatching of part of a body of troops, etc., on special service. 1678 Phillips, Detachment, a word now very much brought into use, in relations of the affairs of the French Army, and signifies a drawing off of a party from one place for the relief or assistance of some party, upon occasion, in another place. 1693 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) III. 116 They confirm the detachment of the dauphine with 25,000 men to the Rhine. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 107 The army, after so many detachments, was not above nineteen thousand men. 1748 Chesterf. Lett. II. clx. 75 Which would have.. caused a great detachment from their army in Flanders. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. I. 143 [They] had become tenants on condition of service instead of mere officers on detachment.

3. concr. A portion of an army or navy taken from the main body and employed on some

DETAIL separate service or expedition; any similarly separated from a main body.

DETAIL

542 party

1678 Butler Hud. in. iii. 35 Haunted with detachments, sent From Marshal Legion’s regiment. 1681 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 89 He has sent out a detachment of six witnesses, to confound Fitzharris’s discovery. 1724 De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 68 Detachments were made out of every regiment to search among the dead. 1739 Cibber Apol. x. 273 A Detachment of Actors from Drury-Lane. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. III. Iii. 256 A detachment of cavalry intercepted his march. 1838 Thirlwall Greece II. xv. 291 He sent a detachment of his fleet to seize the island of Cythera. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artil. Mart. (1862) 112 A gun detachment consists of one non-commissioned officer and nine gunners. attrib. 1881 J. Grant Cameronians I. i. 3 The smartest officers are usually selected for detachment duty. 1881 Mrs. Alexander Freres iii, He was almost immediately told off for detachment duty.

4. a. A standing apart or aloof from objects or circumstances; a state of separation or withdrawal from connexion or association with surrounding things. 1862 Maurice Mor. Met. Philos. IV. iii. §36. 88 This detachment from Italian feelings might have led one to expect [etc.]. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. iv. 126 The mountain sprang forth with astonishing solidity and detachment from the surrounding air. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 115 Oxford, ‘the sweet city with her dreaming spires’, where there has ever been so much detachment from the world. 1883 Brit. Q. Rev. Oct. 392 An apartness or detachment from self. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. ill. liii. 335 The detachment of the United States from the affairs of the Old World.

b. A condition of spiritual separation from the world. (Cf. 1669 in 1.) More widely, freedom or aloofness from ordinary concerns or emotional commitments. 1798 Lamb Rosamund Gray xi, The stronger I feel this detachment, the more I find myself drawn heavenward. 1853 M. Kelly tr. Gosselin's Power of Pope I. 91 To inspire all the faithful with the spirit of detachment. 1856 J. H. Newman Callista 199 A most heroic faith, and the detachment of a saint. 1865T. F. Knox Life Henry Suso 152 Let all who suffer with detachment rejoice. 1888 H. James in Harper's Mag. Feb. 342/2 Her detachment, her air of having no fatuous illusions, and not being blinded by prejudice, seemed to me at times to amount to an affectation. 1891 Daily News 3 Apr. 5/2 There is no such excellent cure for ‘detachment’ as an attachment. 1915 R. Brooke Let. 6 Apr. (1968) 677 One just hasn’t, though, the time and detachment to write, I find. 1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl 11. xi, ‘C’etait un bien mechant homme,’ Madame Vervier remarked in a tone of surpassing detachment. 1926 W. S. Churchill in W. R. Inge Lay Thoughts of a Dean 166 That sense of detachment and impartiality, that power of comprehending the other man’s point of view. 1935 W. S. Maugham Don Fernando x. 201 This person seems to preserve a strangely ironic detachment: it would never occur to you that he was a mystic. U Erroneously for attachment 1-2. 1706 Phillips (ed, Kersey), s.v. Detachiare, To seize or take into custody another man’s goods or person by writ of Detachment or other course of law. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Detachment, in Law, a sort of Writ.

detail (di'teil, 'diiteil), sb. [a. F. detail (12th c. in Hatzf.) the action of detailing, the result of this action, retail, f. stem of detailler: see next. App. first adopted in the phrase in detail, F. en detail, opposed to en gros in the gross, wholesale. Sense 5 represents the F. detail du service, distribuer I’ordre en detail, Feuquieres, a. 1711.] 1. a. The dealing with matters item by item; detailed treatment; attention to particulars. Esp. in phrase in (fthe) detail, item by item; part by part; minutely; circumstantially. So to go into detail, i.e. to deal with or treat a thing in its individual particulars. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 306 (R.) As if a man would say, that necessary it is for him to offer wrong in detaile, who mindeth to do right in the gross. 1706 Phillips Detail (Fr.), the particular Circumstances of an Affair; as These advantages need not be offered in Detail to your View. 1734 Pope Ess. Man, Introd., I was unable to treat this part of my subject more in detail. 1769 Goldsm. Rom. Hist. (1786) I. 320 They.. perhaps condemned them in the gross for defects, which they thought it not worth while to mention in the detail. 1785 Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 163 The consequences need not, to use the fashionable phrase, be given in detail. 1840 Gladstone Ch. Princ. 69 The fear of punishment in the gross or in the detail. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 332 His revelations destroy their credit by running into detail. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. iv. no Relieved from the drudgery of detail. 1870 Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 2) I. App. 558 The tale, which is told in great detail, is doubtless mythical in its details. 1884 Law Times Rep. 16 Feb. 773/2 We had to go into detail, so as to make the case clear.

b. Mil. in detail: by the engagement of small portions of an army or force one after another. ■war of detail, a war carried on after this fashion, instead of by general engagements. (Often fig.) 1841 Miall Nonconf. I. 1 Their war has been one of detail, not of principle. 1842 H. Rogers Introd. Burke's Wks. 85 Pursuing a war of detail instead of acting on some uniform scheme. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain 2 Being without union [it] is also without strength and has been beaten in detail. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xiii. 116 Without concert.. without a leader they would be destroyed in detail. 1886 Stokes Celtic Ch. 293 He [Brian Boru] defeated his enemies in detail.

2. A minute or circumstantial account; a detailed narrative or description of particulars. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iv. (1723) 238 But I must be forced wholey to wave and supersede the Detail of these. 1726 Adti. Capt. R. Boyle Pref. Aiv, The following Sheets are a detail of Fortunes I have run through. 1810 (title ), A Chronological detail of events in which Oliver Cromwell was engaged, from 1642 to 1658. 1815 T. Forster Atmosph. Phsenom. p. ix, Aristotle.. appears to have given a more minute detail of the various appearances of clouds .. and other phenomena. 1825 Lytton Falkland 9 But my detail must be rather of thought than of action.

3. a. An item, a particular (of an account, a process, etc.); a minute or subordinate portion of any (esp. a large or complex) whole. (See also 4 a.) ‘But that is a detail!’ was (c 1897) a current phrase humorously making light of what was perhaps really an important element in the matter in question. 1786 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 560 It has given me details .. which are very entertaining. 1832 Ht. Martineau Demerara ii. 16 The details of the management of a plantation. 1851 J. S. Macaulay Field-Fortif. 267 Hedges .. skirted by details of ground that may render them obstacles. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) I. 1. iv. 194 In the details of dress, carriage, and general manners, the Turks are very different from Europeans. 1863 Fr. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia 17, I shall furnish you with no details. 1868 Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 393 Be particular in the minutest detail.

b. collective sing. The particulars or items of any whole considered collectively. 1861 Mill Utilit. v. 71 Nobody desires that laws should interfere with the whole detail of private life. 1886 Law Times LXXX. 193/2 Legal questions.. full of dry and uninteresting detail.

4. Fine Arts. a. A minute or subordinate part of a building, sculpture, or painting, as distinct from the larger portions or the general conception, b. collective sing. Such minute parts collectively, or the manner of treatment of them. (Also transf. in reference to natural objects.) 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 309 The detail of both sculpture and masonry on the building. 1846 Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. 11. 11. v. §15 The detail of a single weedy bank laughs the carving of ages to scorn. 1870 F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 85 There are no architectural details of interest. 1882 Hamerton Graphic Arts iv. 29 The most careful study of antiquarian detail is united to an artist’s vivid recollection of the colour and sunshine of the South. 1865 j. Fergusson Hist. Archit. I. 1. iii. ii. 232 The Assyrian honeysuckle., forms as elegant an architectural detail as is anywhere to be found.

c. Arch. Short for detail drawings, working drawings. 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Diet. I. 383 Detail, the delineation of all the parts of an edifice, so as to be sufficiently intelligible for the execution of the work. The detail is otherwise denominated the working drawings. 1876 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss., Details, a term usually applied to the drawings on a large scale for the use of builders, and generally called working drawings. 1892 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet. VIII. s.v. Working Drawings, Working drawings.. consist of plans, elevations, sections, details of construction .. many being to the full size.

5. Mil. a. The distribution in detail, to the different officers concerned, of the Daily Orders first given in general, with apportionment to each division and subdivision of the force (and finally to individual officers and men) of the share of duty falling upon them in their order; hence, the list or table showing the general distribution of duty for the whole force (general or fgrand detail), or the particular distribution of that falling upon any division or subdivision of it (particular detail). office of detail (in U.S. Navy Dept.), the office where the roster of officers is kept, and from which orders as to duty are issued. i7°3-8 Order Dk. Marlborough in Kane Camp Disc. (1757) 4 The Adjutant-General is to keep all the Details and an account of all things that happen in the Army. 1708Order ibid. 4 Of Details, Whereas great Inconveniences have happened in changing the Details after made, it is agreed.. by all the Generals of the Army, that all Details made at orderly Time should stand, though several other Details came afterwards; and that they should march accordingly, though the others made before did not march. a 1711 Ibid. 3 The Brigadier of the Day is to distribute the Orders he received immediately to the Majors of Brigade; and see that all the Details are made upon the Spot. 1727 H. Bland Milit. Discip. 281 (ch. xix, Title) Of the Method in Flanders for the Receiving and Distributing of the Daily Orders; General Detail of the Army (by which is meant the General Duty to be perform’d by the Officers and Soldiers) with the Form of a Roster, or Table, by which the Duty of Entire Battalions, and the Officers, is regulated. Ibid, in Simes Milit. Medley (1768) 69 Our late Monarch, the glorious King William .. was perfectly knowing in the small as well as the grand detail of an army, c 1745 Kane Camp. Disc. (1757) 16 Whenever the Quarter-master General demands a Detachment, to go along with him to reconnoitre, they are to be furnished immediately from the nearest Troops, and it will be allowed them in the next Detail. 1778 Orderly book, Maryland Loyalists, 28 Aug., Detale for outline pickett this evening. 1779 U.S. Army Regulation, [The adjutant] must assemble the first serjeants of the companies, make them copy the orders, and give them their details for the next day. 1779 Capt. G. Smith Univ. Milit. Diet, s.v., Detail of Duty is a roster or table for the regular.. performance of duty, either in the field, garrison, or cantonments. The general detail of duty is the proper care of the majors of brigade, who are guided by the roster for the officers, and by the tables for the men to be occasionally furnished. The adjutant of a regiment keeps

the detail of duty for the officers of his regiment. 1781 T. Simes Milit. Guide (ed. 3) 9 The Major of Brigade is charged with the particular detail in his own brigade in much the same way as the Adjutant-general is charged with the general detail of the army. 1853 Stocqueler Milit. Encycl. s.v. Detail of Duty. 1894 Brigade Orders, Aldershot (MS.) 1. Detail, 14.10.94. Brigade Captain, Adjutant and Picquet: 2nd Wore. R. Special Picquet Hospital Hill: 2nd Lein. R. Brigade Quartermaster: 2nd Ches. R. Drums: 2 Lein. R. Company for Fire Screen Drill: none. Duties No. 1 Canteen: 2nd Ches. R. Duties No. 2 Canteen: 2nd Lein. R. Visitor to Bde. Schools (a Captn.): 2nd Ches. R.

b. The detailing or telling off a small party for a special duty. c. concr. A small body detached for a particular service or duty; a small detachment. Originally military, but extended to the police, etc. [1708 see under a above.] 1780 Gen. Washington Order 14 Mar., The fatigue party for finishing the new orderly room is to be furnished by detail from the line of the army. 1828 Webster, Detail 2, A selecting of officers or soldiers from the rosters. 1862 Beveridge Hist. India II. v. vii. 458 A small body of cavalry, and a detail of European artillery. 1884 Daily News 3 Mar., The ground .. was explored .. by the Mounted Infantry and by details from the regular Cavalry. 1885 Gen. Grant Pers. Mem. I. xx. 278 Details that had gone to the front after the wounded. 1888 Troy Daily Times 6 Feb., An extra detail of police is always made.. and the crowd is not allowed to block the exit. 6. attrib. and Comb., as detail-work; detail man

U.S. (see quot. 1961). 1928 Proc. 17th Ann. Meeting Amer. Drug Mfrs. Assoc. 1. 96 With the detail man, we tell our message through the human ambassador. 1961 Webster, Detail man, a representative of a drug manufacturer who introduces new drugs to professional users (as physicians or pharmacists). 1964 New Statesman 12 June 906/3, I.. became a drug pedlar, or more politely a medical representative. The American-owned company I joined preferred the term ‘detailman’, because it indicated the essential purpose of the work: to persuade the General Practitioner to prescribe the company’s drugs by serving him with suitably tempting details. 1907 Daily Chron. 8 June 3/4 The parish councils would.. be competent to relieve the controlling authorities of much detail work. 1922 H. Crane Lett. (1965) 97 The infinite and distasteful detail work I have been doing at the office. 1937 Burlington Mag. May 251/2 Inscription and detail-work are examples of the best Netherlandish engraving.

detail (di'teil, 'dir-), v.1 [a. F. detailler (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), to cut in pieces, retail, deal with or relate circumstantially, f. de- I. 3 + tailler to cut in pieces. Adopted in English only in the transferred uses.] 1. trans. To deal with, give, relate, or describe minutely or circumstantially; to give particulars of; to enumerate, mention, or relate in detail. *637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) p. xliii, The proceedings .. are too long to be here detailed. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 177 If 3 When I delivered my opinion, or detailed my knowledge. 1802 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Visit I. 1 He was too modest to.. detail news and scandal from house to house. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 11. xxvii. 62 From the whole of the facts above detailed, it appears [etc.]. 1875 Scrivener Lect. Text N. Test. 10 Certain peculiarities to be detailed hereafter. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 90/1 We have now detailed all the various coverings ordinarily put upon books. absol. 1841 D’Israeli Amen. Lit. II. 7 There were occasions when they [monastic writers] were inevitably graphic,—when they detail like a witness in court.

2. Mil. To appoint or tell off for a particular duty. (See detail sb. 5.) 1793 Laws of Mass. c. 1 §32 Whenever a detachment is made, the officers, non-commissioned officers and privates, being able of body, shall be detailed from the rosters or rolls for the purpose. 1810 Ibid. c. 107 §31 The officers, ordered to be detailed to serve on courts martial shall be detailed in the following manner. 1828 Webster, Detail, to select, as an officer or soldier from a division, brigade, regiment, or battalion. 1861 Swinhoe N. China Camp. 329 The First Division, under General Michel, was detailed for this work of destruction. 1861 W. H. Russell in Times 14 May 10/3 His cartridges were out, and he was compelled to detail some of his few men to make them out of shirts, stockings and jackets. 1868 Sir R. Napier in Morn. Star 30 June, I trust she is now recovering under the care of the medical officer .. who has been detailed by me to provide for her comfort. 1885 Gen. Grant Pers. Mem. I. xxi. 293 Soldiers who had been detailed to act with the navy. 1886 Manch. Exam. 19 Jan. 5/6 The field officers of the Royal Horse Guards detailed for the escort of Her Majesty.

b. transf. 1837-40 Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 248 We propose detailing you to Italy to purchase some originals for our gallery. 1868 Daily News 2 Sept., The dry dock .. will start on its.. voyage across the Atlantic, being towed by five vessels to be detailed for the purpose. 1874 M. Collins Transmigr. III. xviii. 269 A trim little waiting-maid .. whom I detailed to wait upon Grace.

3. Arch, to detail on the plane: to be exhibited in profile by abutting against the plane; said of a moulding. (Ogilvie.) 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 403/2 At the base they detail on the pavement or floor of the stylobate. Ibid. 404/1 The glyphs detail on the taenia of the architrave, but are variously finished above.

H 4. ? Confused with entail v.2 (sense 4). 1794 Godwin Cal. Williams 289 Who had..sworn to detail upon me misery without end.

DE-TAIL

DETAINOR

543

de-tail, detail (di:'teil), v.2 [f. de- II. 2 a + tail sft.1] trans. To deprive of its tail or tails.

Hist. Eng. iii. I. 288 The interest of the sum fraudulently detained in the Exchequer by the Cabal.

1837 Marryat Snarleyyow III. i. 14 The dog had been detailed. 1900 G. Swift Somerley 148 His de-tailed coat looked like a ragged Eton jacket.

*583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 80 Hereby the poore pastors are deteined from their right, and almost beggered.

detailed (di'teild, *di:-), ppl. a. [f. detail v.1 + -ed1.] Related, stated, or described circumstantially; abounding in details; minute, particular, circumstantial. 1740 Warburton Div. Legat. iv. 83 note (R.) In a professed and detailed poem on the subject. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 419 No detailed report of the evidence has come down to us. 1857 Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art 6,1 will not lose time in any detailed defence. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 254 In my more detailed narrative of English affairs.

b. Fine Arts. Executed in detail; furnished with all its details. 1867 A. Barry Sir C. Barry viii. 283 A fully detailed cornice of the order.

c. transf. Of circumstantial.

a

writer:

Given

to

detail,

1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 153 Described by the most detailed historian of this campaign.

Hence de'tailedly adv., de'tailedness. 1806 J. Pytches in Monthly Mag. XXII. 210 He regrets that I have not gone more detailedly into my design. 1842 J. Sterling Ess. & Tales (1848) I. 439 Its positiveness, shrewdness, detailedness, incongruity. 1887 Benson Laud 104 The .. extent and detailedness of the criticism.

detailer (di'teib(r)). [f. detail v.1 + -er1.] One who details or relates circumstantially. 1794 Crit. Rev. Jan., The detailers of anecdotes. 01809 Seward Lett. VI. 135 (T.) Individuality was sunk in the number of detailers.

derailing, vbl. sb. a. The action of the verb; also attrib. 1810 Laws of Mass. c. 107 §31 In case of inability .. of any officer.. to serve.. the detailing officer shall certify such circumstance to the officer who ordered the court martial. 1866 Carlyle Edw. Irving 94 Considerable gossiping and quizzical detailing. 1883 Clodd in Knowl. 7 Sept. 147/2 [These] need no detailing here.

b. Fine Arts = detail sb. 4. 1931 C. H. Reilly in W. Rose Outl. Mod. Knowl. 976 Fine craftsmanship, such as the detailing of the Maison Carree at Nimes. 1958 Listener 20 Nov. 827/1 The timber detailing.. seems to me not so satisfactory, i960 House & Garden Dec. 31/1 Its warm colour, .looks well with white detailing.

'detailism. nonce-wd. [f. detail sb. + -ism.] A system of attention to details. 1865 Lewes in Fortn. Rev. I. 588 There has been a reaction against conventionalism which called itself Idealism, in favour of detailism which calls itself Realism.

detain (di'tein), v. Forms: 5-7 deteyn(e, 6-7 detein(e, deteign(e, detayn(e, detaine, (7 deten), 7- detain. [Late ME. deteine, deteyne, a. OF. detenir (12th c. in Littre), detener (Britton) = Pr. and Sp. detener, Cat. detenir, It. ditenere: — Rom. type *de-tenere for L. detinere, to hold off, keep back, detain, f. de- I. 2 + tenere to hold. For the root-vowel cf. contain, maintain, sustain, retain.] 1. a. trans. To keep in confinement or under restraint; to keep prisoner, spec. To place (a political offender) in confinement. [1292 Britton i. v. §3 Ou si maliciousement le fet detener.] 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 145 The peres of fraunce beyng thus assyeged and deteyned. 1548 Hall Chron. 10 A traytor.. whiche is apprehended and deteigned in prisone for his offence. 1605 Camden Rem. 16 When King Richard first was deteined prisoner. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. III. lix. 279 He was detained in strict confinement. 1884 Miss Braddon Flower & Weed 139 ‘Beg your pardon, sir,’ said the constable..‘I shall be obliged to detain you till this business is settled.’ 1918 Rep. Comm. Rev. Conspiracies 86 in Pari. Papers (Cd. 9190) VIII, Such men are the leaders and organizers of the movement. They are now detained or their arrest is intended under Regulation III of 1818. 1940 J. Anderson in Hansard Commons 23 May 277, I have found it my duty, in the exercise of my powers under Regulation 18B of the Defence (General) Regulations, 1939, to direct that Captain Archibald Henry Maule Ramsay, Member of Parliament, be detained.

fb. pass. To be ‘holden’ or possessed with (infirmity, disease, etc.). Obs. 01440 Found. St. Bartholomew's 18 With this so grete A sykenes was he deteynyd. 1549 Chaloner Erasmus on Folly Tiijb, To be deteigned with suche a spece of madnesse. 1660 Bloome Archit. C b, A Maide of the City Corinthia.. detained with sicknesse, dyed.

2. a. To keep back, withhold; esp. to keep back what is due or claimed. ? Obs. c 1535 in Froude Short Stud. (1876) I. 422 The said abbot hath detained and yet doth detain servants wages. 01625 Fletcher & Massinger Elder Bro. v. i, My sword forced from me too, and still detained. 1670 Marvell Let. to Mayor of Hull Wks. I. 153 To call to account such persons as detained money in their hands given charitably. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes v. 221 These Tithes., have been granted by the King.. but afterwards by the instinct of the Devil many have detained them. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xxiv. 172 No longer then .. Detain the relics of great Hector dead . .restore the slain. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 855 The form of the writ.. is sometimes in the debet and detinet, and sometimes in the detinet only: that is, the writ states.. that the defendant owes and unjustly detains the debt or thing in question, or only that he unjustly detains it. 1849 Macaulay

fb. To keep (a person)from his right. Obs. f 3. a. To keep, retain (in a place or position, in a state or condition, or in one’s possession). Obs. (exc. as associated with 4.) 1541 Wyatt Defence Wks. (1861) p. xxv, That in all accusations the defendant might detain unto him counsel. *578 Banister Hist. Man v. 66 Some [glandules] are strewed as beddes vnto Veynes, and Arteries, to deteine them from hurt. 1606 Birnie Kirk-Buriall xix. (Jam. Suppl.), To dedicate the same thing a Kirk, and yet deteene it a buriall. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 195 Rivers mentioned in the Scriptures, which to this day detayne their names. 1635 Pagitt Chnstianogr. 1. ii. (1636) 41 The inhabitants of Spaine are detained in superstition, by the vigilancy of the Inquisition. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 159 When we fix and detain them [our eyes] too long upon the same object.

fb. To hold, hold down: transl. detinere of the Vulgate. Obs. 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Rom. i. 18 Those men that deteine the veritie of God in iniustice [1611 hold: Wycl., Tind., Cranm., Geneva, withhold: Rev. V. hold down: Gr. KaTt\6vTwv\. 1593 Bilson Govt. Christ’s Ch. 100 That.. they might learne not to detaine the trueth of God in unrighteousnes. 0 1694 Tillotson Serm. (1743) VII. 1846 Men have a natural knowledge of God; if they contradict it by their life and practice, they are guilty of ‘detaining the truth of God in unrighteousness’.

fc. To hold or occupy with an armed force. Obs. 1632 Lithgow Trav. III. Fortresse.. now detained by a Lane. Tracts (Chetham Soc.) preserved an unwalled Towne detained by a great Armie.

103 A large and strong Garison of Turkes. 1642 56 Thus the Lord hath from being destroyed or

fd. To hold, engage, keep the attention of. Obs. (or merged in 4.) 1585 C’tess Pembroke Ps. lxxiii. 7 No good on earth doth my desires detaine. 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 11. ii. vi. iii. 301, I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness. 1780 Harris Philol. Enq. Wks. (1841) 429 It wants those striking revolutions, those unexpected discoveries, so essential to engage and to detain a spectator. c

fe. To constipate, ‘bind’; also absol. to cause constipation. Obs. 1580 Frampton Dial. Yron & Steele 158 The water that cooleth the yron, doeth detayne the bellie. Ibid. 158 b, It is byndyng, and therefore it doeth deteyne.

4. To keep from proceeding or going on; to keep waiting; to stop. sense.)

(The ordinary current

1592 Shaks. Ven. & Ad. 577 For pity now she can no more detain him. 1644 Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 99/2, I shall detain you no longer in the demonstration of what we should not do. 0 1665 Sir K. Digby Private Mem. (1827) 89 Here Theagenes resolved to detain him self some time. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. Rom. ii. 12 The business which then detained him. 1825 Cobbett Rur. Rides 424, I was detained .. partly by the rain, and partly by company that I liked very much. 1861 Dutton Cook P. FosterD. i, Don’t let me detain you. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 113 We will not detain our readers. 1892 Times (Weekly Ed.) 21 Oct. 2/4 The vessel.. is detained in quarantine.

f5. To keep back or restrain from action; to hinder; to delay. Obs. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 54 But he resolved not any thing, deteined by his blinde commission, and the advise of some other Capteines. 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. ii. iii. (1676) 326/1 Modesty would detain them from doing amiss. 1681 Dryden Abs. & Achit. 244 How long wilt thou the general joy detain: Starve, and defraud the People of thy Reign?

fde'tain, sb. Obs. rare-1, [f. detain t>.] the action of detaining, or fact of being detained; detention. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. vi. 15 And gan enquire of him with mylder mood The certaine cause of Artegals detaine.

detainable (di'tein3b(3)l), a. [f. detain v. + -able.] Capable of being detained. 1801 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XII. 581 It seems.. detainable, like water, by an attraction of cohesion, on the surface of certain bodies.

de'tainal. rare. [f. detain v. 4- -al1 5.] The act of detaining; detention. 1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 116 The injustice of the detainal is a disgrace to Bonaparte.

detainer1 (diiteind(r)).

Also 6 deteiner, -our, [f. detain v. + -er1: perh. orig. a. AF. *detenour = OF. deteneor, -eur.] One who or that which detains; see the verb. deteynour, 7 detayner.

1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 5 §3 To punisshe the dettours and deteiners of the same by fines. 1547 Act 1 Edw. VI, c. 3 §2 To punish..the deteinour. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 51/1 The deteiners of the kingdome of England against the lawfull heire. 1647 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1842) III. 14 It pleased God to make his detainers let him goe. 1689 Def. Liberty agst. Tyrants 120 He., is., an unjust detainer which takes another Mans goods against the Owners will. 1850 Chubb Locks & Keys 10 This lock., contains. . several independent moveable detainers of the motion of the bolt, any one of which would alone prevent that motion; the key was adapted to move and arrange all those detainers simultaneously.

de'tainer2. Law. Forms: 7

deteiner, deteigner,

deteyner, 7- detainer; erron. 7 -or, 8 -our.

[a. Anglo-Fr. detener inf. used subst. Cf. cesser, disclaimer, retainer: see -er4.] The action of detaining, withholding, or keeping in one’s possession; spec. a. The (wrongful) detaining of, or refusal to restore, goods taken from the owner for distraint, etc. 1619 Dalton Countr. Just. vii. (1630) 27 By distress or deteyner of the defendant’s goods. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 150 Deprivation of possession may also be by an unjust detainer of another’s goods, though the original taking was lawful. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1123 If the tenant, before distress, tender.. the arrears of rent, the taking of the distress becomes wrongful.. but if the distress has been made, and before impounding the arrears are tendered, then the detainer only is unlawful. 1865 Nichols Britton II. 249 In like manner shall widows recover damages for the wrongful detainer of dower.

b. forcible detainer: see quot. 1769. 1619 Dalton Countr. Just. xxii. (1630) 61 One Justice of Peace may proceed in .. cases of forcible entry or Deteiner. 1769 Blackstone Comm. IV. 147 An eighth offence against the public peace is that of a forcible entry or detainer; which is committed by violently taking or keeping possession, with menaces, force, and arms, of lands and tenements, without the authority of law. 1800 Addison Amer. Law Rep. 41 Indicted for a forcible entry and detainer.

c. The detaining of a person; esp. in custody or confinement. 1640 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) iii. I. 20 That the Cause of their Detainer may be certified. 01719 Bp. Smallridge (J.), St. Paul sends him back again, that Philemon might have no reason to be angry at his longer detainour. 1795 Christian in Blackstone’s Comm. (1809) I. 425 Lord Mansfield granted a habeas corpus, ordering the captain of the ship to bring up the body of James Somersett, with the cause of his detainer. 1884 Law Times Rep. 16 Aug. 759/2 There was no evidence.. of the detainer of the child either by force or fraud.

d. A process authorizing the sheriff to detain a person already in his custody; spec, a writ whereby a prisoner arrested at the suit of one creditor might be detained at the suit of another. 1836-9 Dickens Sk. Boz (1850) 274/1 Unless the gen’lm’n means to go up afore the court, it’s hardly worth while waiting for detainers, you know. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. s.v., A process lodged with the sheriff against a person in his custody is called a detainer. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes I. 248 The detainers against him were trifling.

detaining, vbl. sb. [f.

detain v. + -ing1.] The

action of the verb withholding, fseizure, gerundial.)

detention, (Now usually

detain;

etc.

0 1535 More Wks. 386 (R.) That their paine in the fire wer but a detaining therin by some strenger power then themselfe. 1572 Sc. Acts J as. VI (1597) §50 Taking and deteining of prisoners, ransounes, buitinges. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 125 He then conceived the cause of his detaining. 1632 tr. Bruel’s Praxis Med. 97 Catalepsis is a sudden detaining both of soule and body. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. ix. (R.), To shew the cause of his detaining in prison. 1795 Jemima I. 165 He scorned your detainings.

de taining, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing2.]

That

detains; see the verb. 1822 T. Taylor Apuleius vi. 121 The detaining earth. 1865 Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. Introd. (1868) 25 The detaining power of a dogmatizing effort.

Hence de'tainingly adv.

fdetainder.

Obs. Also deteinder, detaindor. Variant of detainer2, perhaps influenced by attainder, remainder.

1856 Titan Mag. Aug. 119/2 He gazed at her entreatingly and detainingly. 1880 Argosy XXIX. 388 Laying her hand detainingly upon his arm.

1672 Essex Papers (Camden) I. 35 Y* deteinder of moneys by ye Farmers upon pretence of defalcations. 1701 Beverley Apoc. Quest. 32 There is also.. in it the Detaindor of a Disease, a Catochus, and a Catoche, a Dead Sleep, or Insensibility with Pungency, or Vexation.

detainment

detainee (diitei'ni:). [f. detain v. + -ee1; cf. detenu.] A person detained in custody, usually on political grounds and in an emergency, without or pending formal trial. 1928 in M. H. Weseen Crowell’s Diet. Eng. Gram. 118. 1940 Times 11 Dec. 9/4 There were other varieties of detainees with whom he had the greatest sympathy. 1957 Times 10 Sept. 6/6 The [Mau Mau] detainees were., employed on constructive development work. 1959 Listener 26 Feb. 359/1 Within hours of the return to the island [sc. Cyprus] of Sir Hugh Foot, the Governor, came the mass release of the detainees.

detain v.

(di'teinmsnt).

Now

rare.

[f. The detained;

+ -ment: cf. OF. detenement.]

fact of detaining, detention.

or

of

being

1586 Death Earl Northumberl. in Somers Tracts (1751) iv. III. 422 As well of the Cause of the Earl’s Detainment, as of the Manner of his Death. 1622 Malynes Anc. Law Merck. 159 The danger of generall or particular Embargos of Ships, the likelihood of detainements of Kings and Princes. 1641 Jrnls. Ho. Com. II. 151 His Detainment close Prisoner. 1755 Magens Insurances I. 456 The unjust.. Detainment of their Ships. 1883 Ld. Blackburn in Law Reports 8 App. Cases 398 Arrests, restraints and detainments of princes .. involve such a taking of the subject insured out of the control of the owners.

detainor, -our,

erron. ff. detainer2.

t detainure (di'teinju3(r)). Obs. [f. detain v. + -ure: cf. OF. deteneure.] = detainer2 (of which it may be a refashioning). 1641 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) in. I. 340 Unlawful Seisure and Detainure. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes v. 315 A Sacrilegious detainure of that which is.. due unto God.

detane, -me, -ny, obs. ff. dittany. detant (di'taent). [A variant of detent, affected by the pronunciation of mod.F. detente (detat) trigger; established in this sense in gunsmiths’ use.] In the mechanism of a gun-lock, an oscillating tongue pivoted over the half-cock notch in the tumbler, to prevent the sear from catching therein when the cock falls. 1884 T. Speedy Sport v. 60 Rifles which are generally made with a very light pull not exceeding two or three pounds, and on the tumbler of which a detant is attached, in order to carry the scear over the half-cock. 1894 W. A. Greener (in letter), Detant not Detent is the usual spelling the German technical word for the gun-lock detant is Schleuder.

fde'tard, v. Obs. [a. OF. detarder, also des-> to retard, delay, f. des- (L. dis-) 4- tarder to delay:—L. tar dare, f. tardus slow.] trans. To retard, delay. 1675 Teonge Diary (1825) 46 Leave to com on shoare.. was detarded. 1693 W. Freke Art of War ix. 264 Let them detard their pursuers, and save their lives by scattering their Treasures.

t detaste, v. Obs. rare. [var. of distaste: see deI. 6.] = distaste; to dislike, loathe. Doomes-day vii. ciii, Who now in darkness do detaste the day. 1614 Earl Stirling

fdet-bound, var. of debt-bound, ppl. a. Obs. Mortgaged, pledged. 1541-2 Burgh Rec. Edin. 20 Jan. (Jam. Suppl.), The hous .. wes detbound to the said Jhone.

dete, obs. form of debt, ditty. detect (di'tekt), ppl. a. [ad. L. detect-us, pa. pple. of detegere to detect. After the formation of detect v.y used for some time as its pa. pple.] Detected; disclosed; discovered; open, exposed. fa. as pa. pple. Obs. b. as adj. arch. a. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 243 Thei were detecte by the olde moneye y-schewede. 1460 Capgrave Chron. 134 He was that same day detect that a strumpet was in his chaumbir. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 273 b, [1] haue detecte & declared the errours. 1555 Abp. Parker Ps. cxix. 346 Detect I haue my wayes to thee. b. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., Their gills are detect. 1854 Syd. Dobell Balder xix. 81 Detect, disowned, detested, and despised, There is no power to which ye can be true.

detect (di'tekt), v. [f. ppl. stem detect- of L. detegere to uncover, discover, detect, f. de- I. 6 4- tegere to cover. The earlier ppl. adj. detect (see prec.) was retained as pa. pple. of the verb, till gradually displaced by detected.] fl. trans. To uncover, lay bare, expose, display (something covered up or hidden). Obs. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 7, I preye.. that ye detecte It in no wyse wher that vylany It myht haue. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 34b, Whiche illusyon.. as soone as it was detected & brought to lyght.. anone it auoyded. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) II. 73/2 Secret Confession, wherein Men do detect their sins in the Priests ear. 1594 Ord. of Prayer in Liturg. Serv. Q. Eliz. (1847) 664 Detect and reveal still the foundations and buildings of all treasons and conspiracies. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. 1. iii. 5 On one side the Fat besprinkled with its Vessels, and on the other side certain Muscles Detected. 1691 Case of Exeter Coll. Pref. A ij, The badness of his cause was sufficiently detected by the weakness of his defence. 1739 Labelye Short Acc. Piers Westm. Bridge 41, I cannot Answer this Objection, without detecting a gross Ignorance in those that proposed it.

|2. a. To expose (a person) by divulging his secrets or making known his guilt or crime; to inform against, accuse. Obs. c 1449 Pecock Repr. 1. xvi. 88, I detecte here no man in special. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. I. 41/1 Whose last words, .detected him of manifest ambition. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. (1676) 342 The Gentlewoman goeth forward, and detecteth herself of a crime. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. in. ii. 129, I neuer heard the absent Duke much detected for Women. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Detect, bewray, disclose, accuse. 1645 Pagitt Heresiogr. (1646) 9 And he also cut a young wenches throat, lest she should detect him.

fb. To divulge, reveal, give information of (a thing). Obs. C1465 Hist. Doc. Roch. (E.E.T.S.) 7 But if it shall hap so to know any such [heresies], I shall detecte them to myn ordinarie. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 314 One of the lieutenants discovered and detected this villanous contrivance.

DETECTIVE

544

DETAINURE

You have detected a baker in selling short weight, vou prosecute him for the cheat. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 214 Like a schoolboy detected in robbing an orchard. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 209 Your dishonesty shall do you no good, for I shall detect you.

4. To discover, find out, ascertain the presence, existence, or fact of (something apt to elude observation). 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 263 The former obstacles must be abolished as soon as detected. 1797 Godwin Enquirer 1. vi. 43 We detect all the shades of meaning. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 25 It is a capital good test for detecting arsenic in any liquid whatever. 1835 Browning Paracelsus ii, What use were punishment, unless some sin Be first detected? 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks. (Bohn) I. 373 Napoleon examined the bills of the creditors himself, detected overcharges and errors. 1849 Murchison Siluria iii. 45 Sandstone in which no other remains but fucoids have been detected. 1882 Pebody Eng. Journalism xvi. 120 He was a man. .with an eye that detected a false note in an article.

5. intr. To be engaged in work of detection; to act as a detective. 1926 D. L. Sayers Clouds of Witness iv. 105 Parker.. was paid to detect and to do nothing else. 1930 M. Kennedy in D. L. Sayers Great Short Stories of Detection, Mystery & Horror (1931) 2nd Ser. 276 (title) Mr. Truefitt detects. 1957 A. Christie 4.50 from Paddington xviii. 178 ‘Good evening, Inspector Craddock.’ ‘Coming to detect in the kitchen?’ asked Bryan with interest.

Hence de'tected ppl. a., de tecting vbl. sb. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. ii. 95 Well my Lord. If he steale ought the whil’st this Play is Playing, And scape detecting, I will pay the Theft. 1654 Codrington tr. Hist. Ivstine 518 To collect the detected Oar [= ore]. 1660 Milton Free Commw. (1851) 449 The detected Falshood and Ambition of som. 1694 tr. Milton's Lett. State Aug. 1656 The vilest and most openly detected Assassinates. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ii. (1852) 52 Who would not. .frown it away as a detected cheat?

detecta'bility. Formerly rare. tectibility. [f. next: see -ity.]

Also

de-

1805 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XIX. 219 With far feebler detectability. 1972 Nature 17 Mar. 99/2 Both systems have changed dramatically since their discovery.. 0 Lyrae having faded below the level of detectability and /3 Persei now showing irregular variations and flaring. 1978 Ibid. 23 Nov. 374/1 The liimting detectibility for our discussion is ^(3727) ~ 0.6A equivalent width. 1983 Defense Industry Rep. (U.S.) 4 Apr. 150 Rockwell is working with Lockheed Corp. on an effort to apply stealth technology to the bomber to reduce the radar detectibility to one square meter or less. 1984 Christian Science Monitor 4 Dec. 36 It may not even be possible to reduce pollutant concentrations below the level of detectability.

detectable (di'tekt3b(3)l), a.

Also -ible. [f. v. + -able. The spelling -ible is according to L. analogies, but L. -tectibilis does not occur.] Capable of being detected. detect

1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. vii. ii. 419 More were concealed by arties not detectable. 1831 Blackw. Mag. XXX. 122 No eel-tap was detectable. 1845-6 G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. II. 151 The amount of phosphates.. is extremely minute, and no longer detectible by the ordinary tests. 1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. I. 340 The real link not being detectable without a special and individual insight. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. 124 Where illegitimate expenditure is more frequent and less detectible.

Hence de'tectably adv. 1887 Standard 1 June 5/3 The result is a ‘detectably’ different liquid.

detection (di'tskjan).

[ad. L. detectidn-em (Tertullian), n. of action from detegere to detect.] The action of detecting. 11. Exposure, revelation of what is concealed; criminal information, accusation. Obs. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. Rec. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 189 That Oylysh substance.. Raymond Lully dyd call Hys Basylyske, of whyche he made never so playne deteccyon. 1529 More Dyaloge iii. iv. Wks. 211/1 Wherfore it were not reason in a detection of heresy, to suffer,.. the crime wel proued, any new witnesses to be receyued. 1541 Paynel Catiline xxxvi. 54 b, The Senate decreed Tarquinius detection to be false. 1547 A. Gilby (title), An answer to the devilfish detection of Stephane Gardiner, Bishoppe of Wynchester. 1564 Brief Exam. Aijb, The detection and detestation.. of the whole Antichrist of Rome. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 209, I will not sticke to bestow a few wordes for the detection thereof. 1691 Case of Exeter Coll. 30 But this fallacy.. must not escape without a detection. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 76 If 4 When by a publick Detection they fall under the Infamy they feared. 1807 Crabbe Par. Reg. 1. 710 In all detections Richard first confessed.

2. a. Discovery (of what is unknown hidden); finding out. Obs. exc. as in b.

or

1623 Cockeram, Detection, a discouerie. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. 1. i. 3 Americus Vesputius, a Florentine, who in the year 1497, made a further Detection of the more Southern Regions in this Continent.

3. To find out, discover (a person) in the secret possession of some quality, or performance of some act; to find out the real character of.

b. spec. The finding out of what tends to elude notice, whether on account of the particular form or condition in which it is naturally present, or because it is artfully concealed; as crime, tricks, errors, slight symptoms of disease, traces of a substance, hidden causes, etc.

1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 28 b, In processe of time she was detected to be one of a naughtie slanderous tongue. 1711 Medley No. 39 If he is detected of the grossest Calumnies, he goes on to repeat them again, as if nothing had happen’d. 1774 Goldsm. Grecian Hist. I. 99 Cleomenes.. being detected of having suborned the priestess, slew himself. 1789 Bentham Princ. Legisl. xi. §24

1619 Naunton in Fortesc. Papers 105 Whether, .safe for him to attend him selfe in person, without danger of detection. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 183 |f 7 It is easy for the author of a fie, however malignant, to escape detection. 1791 Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest viii, She wondered to what part of the abbey these chambers belonged, and that they had so long escaped detection. 1798 Ferriar Illustr.

Sterne vi. 175 One of the most curious detections of his imitations. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §2. 278 The utmost stars of our present faint detection. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 29 The detection of corresponding customs, opinions, laws, beliefs, among different communities. 1884 Gustafson Found. Death i. (ed. 3) 2 Adulteration, now perfected almost beyond the possibility of detection.

3. Electr. The process of obtaining a required electrical signal from a carrier wave or current that contains it; demodulation. 1906 J. A. Fleming Princ. Electr. Wave Telegr. vi. 353 (heading) Detection and measurement of electric waves. 1922 Glazebrook Diet. Appl. Physics II. 1040/2 All the above methods of detection are appropriate for the reception of damped wave signals but not for continuous wave signals. 1953 F. Langford-Smith Radio Designer's Hand-bk. (ed. 4) xxxvi. 1292 There are three main methods of performing the functions of F-M detection and A-M rejection in commercial F-M receivers. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xii. 18 Detection is the process of removing desired information from a composite signal which conveys it through a communication or a processing system. 1962 Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors xviii. 460 The removal of the modulation from a carrier or i.f. signal is called demodulation or detection.

detective (di'tektiv), a. and sb. [f. L. detect- ppl. stem: see detect v. and -ive. (The sb. has been adopted in mod.F. from English.)] A. adj. Having the character or function of detecting; serving to detect; employed for the purpose of detection, detective camera, a term formerly used for a hand camera adapted for taking instantaneous photographs. 1843 Chamb. Jrnl. XII. 54 Intelligent men have been recently selected to form a body called the ‘detective police’ .. at times the detective policeman attires himself in the dress of ordinary individuals. 1862 Shirley Nugae Crit. vii. 303 Every author now looks after his mind, as if he were a member of the detective police. 1881 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 28 Jan. 44/2 A form of the detective camera, in which the finding arrangement and the stock of slides are omitted, is in progress. 1882 E. P. Hood in Leisure Hour Apr. 227 Instances of the detective power of ridicule. 1882 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. exxii. 1 [It] is detective as to our character. 1882 Year Bk. Photogr. 27 Among novel apparatus we may mention.. Mr. Bolas’ so-called ‘Detective Camera’. 1888 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 18 May 305 The subject of detective cameras is capable of considerable subdivision. 1893 T. Bent Ethiopia 62 Regardless of. .strangers, and my wife’s detective camera.

B. sb. One whose occupation it is to discover matters artfully concealed; particularly (and in the original application as short for detective policeman, or the like) a member of the police force employed to investigate specific cases, or to watch particular suspected individuals or classes of offenders, private detective, one not belonging to the police force, who in his private capacity, or as attached to a Detective Agency or Bureau, undertakes similar services for persons employing him. Also attrib., as detective agency, anecdote, fiction, film, force, -inspector, novel, novelist, -sergeant, service, story. 1850 Dickens in Household Words 13 July 368/1 To each division of the Force is attached two officers, who are denominated ‘detectives’. Ibid. 369/1 The two Detectives of the X division. 1852 -Bleak Ho. xxv. 251 Detective Mr. Bucket. 1856 Ann. Reg. 185 Some London detectives were despatched, to give their keen wits to the search. 1871 B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. Pref. 12 There are critical detectives on the track of every author. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 39 The criminal turned detective is wonderfully suspicious and cautious. 1876 D. R. Fearon School Inspection §59. 90 If the inspector is to be anything more than a mere detective of faults. attrib. 1872 E. Crapsey Nether Side N.Y. 56 All the large commercial cities are now liberally provided with ‘Detective Agencies’, as they are called. 1959 Encounter XII. v. 30 The detective agency girls. 1850 Dickens in Household Words 14 Sept. 577/1 (title) Three ‘detective’ anecdotes. 1922 ‘Sapper’ Black Gang ii. 28 What I’m going to tell you now .. may seem extraordinary and what one would expect in detective fiction. 1928 R. A. Knox Footsteps at Lock iii. 26 The Muse of detective fiction.. cannot tell a plain unvarnished tale. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 6 June 316/5 This is one of the tales in which M. Simenon indulges his characteristic inquisitiveness about people while preserving the ‘puzzle’ convention of detective-fiction. 1911 C. N. Bennett et al.'Handbk. Kinematography xiii. 100 Moreover, the bulk of modern motion picture detective films are of the Nick Carter and Sexton Blake variety. 1849 Alta California (San Francisco) 24 Dec. 3/3 The badge is of such a character that, when it becomes necessary to employ any of them [sc. policemen], as a detective force, they can be removed. 1850 Dickens Repr. Pieces in Wks. (1858) VIII. 307 I’m an Officer in the Detective Force. 1888 A. C. Gunter Mr. Potter of Texas xx, Sergeant Brackett, of the British detective force. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 17 Nov. 7/2 Detective-inspector Egan said that he arrested the prisoner upon the charge. 1938 Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Oct. 649/2 Some long-suffering detective-inspector at Scotland Yard. 1924 19m Cent. May 718 We note that the plot of a detective novel is, in effect, an argument conducted under the guise of fiction. 1942 ‘N. Blake’ in H. Haycraft Murder for Pleasure p. xxii, The detective-novel proper is read almost exclusively by the upper and professional classes. 1926 E. M. Wrong Crime & Detection p. xx, One temptation the detective novelist does well to avoid. 1850 Dickens in Household Words 13 July 369/2 The Detective sergeant., fairly owned.. that he could afford no hope of elucidating the mystery. 1969 Listener 24 Apr. 583/2 Interest centres on the man sent in to investigate, Detective-Sergeant Demosthenes de Goede. 1848 Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton

DETECTIVISM

Hence de'tectiveship, the office or function of a detective; de'tectivist, nonce-vod., one who professedly treats of detectives. 1877 J. Hawthorne Garth III. ix. lxxv. 184 In my amateur detectiveship. 1892 W. Wallace in Academy 24 Sept. 261/1 It may be hoped that Dick Donovan is the last of the detectivists in fiction.

detectivism (di'tektiviz(3)m).

[f. detective +

-ism.] The activities of a detective; detective work. 1894 Academy 23 June 514/2 An incredible piece of detectivism. 1896 Athenaeum 15 Aug. 225 Literary detectivism of a high order. 1905 Book Lover 10/2 A sea story with a little detectivism and plenty of humour in it.

detector (di'tekt3(r)). Also -er. [a. L. detector (Tertull.), agent-n. from L. detegere to detect.] He who or that which detects. 11. A person or thing that discloses, brings to light, or reveals; one who informs against or accuses; a revealer; an informer, an accuser. Obs. 1541 Paynel Catiline xxxiv. 52 The detectour is false and corrupted with mede. 1611 Cotgr., Encuseur, a detecter, discloser, appeacher, accuser. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World v. iii. §18 (R.) As a reward unto the detectors of lands concealed. 1637 Bastwick Litany iv. 3 Those should be punished, that were detectors and manifesters of them. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 30 This is to comply with the World, that taketh the detecter only for the sinner. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ii. 641 A deathbed’s a detector of the heart. Here tir’d dissimulation drops her masque.

2. One who finds out that which is artfully concealed, or which tends to elude observation. 1605 Shaks. Lear in. v. 14 O Heauens! that this Treason were not; or not I the detector! 1657 Evelyn Diary 7 Jan., Dr. Joyliffe.. first detector of the lymphatic veins. 1755 Johnson, Detecter, a discoverer, one that finds out what another desires to hide. 1791 Boswell Johnson (1887) I. 407 Rev. Dr. Douglas, now Bishop of Salisbury, the great detector of impostures. 1840 Mill Diss. & Disc., Bentham (1859) I. 352 The keenest detector of the errors of his predecessors.

3. An instrument or device for detecting the presence of anything liable to escape observation, for indicating any deviation from normal conditions, or the like. a. An arrangement in a lock by which any attempt to tamper with it is indicated and frustrated, b. A low-water indicator for a boiler, c. A small portable galvanometer, which indicates the flow and direction of a current of electricity, used for testing purposes, d. An apparatus for detecting the presence of torpedoes under water, a torpedodetector. e. attrib. in various senses, as detector-bar, -galvanometer, -lock, -pad, -spring, etc. 1833 J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 275 His success in this attempt was not better than before, for he overlifted the detector of each lock. 1850 Chubb Locks & Keys 13 F is the detector-spring, i860 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 114/2 A ‘detector’ or common telegraphic galvanometer. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v., Chubb had a detector in his lock of 1 818. 1889 G. Findlay Eng. Railway 75 ‘Detector Bars’ are employed on parts of the line which cannot be seen by the signalman, to prevent the signals being lowered when the line is occupied by a train. Ibid., ‘Detector Locks’ are applied to facing points, and are worked by the wire that works the signals. 1893 Munro etc. Pocket Book of Electrical Rules (ed. 9) 395 Cells should be tested on the thick wire of a detector. Ibid. 396 For fault inspection, a detector or galvanometer, a battery, knife, etc. 1894 Catalogue, Galvanometers and Measuring Instruments: —Detector Galvanometer, wound for intensity, resistance up to 500 Ohms. 1940 Illustr. London News CXCVI. 192/1 Imagine that two vehicles are converging on the crossing, the one on the Twyford road being nearer the junction... The former would reach his detector-pad first, and cause the lights to change in his favour.

f. Any of various devices or circuits designed to carry out detection (sense 3). 1894 O. Lodge Work of Hertz & Successors 29 We can easily see the detector respond to a distant source of radiation now.. separated from the receiver, therefore, by several walls and some heavily gilded paper, as well as by 20 or 30 yards of space. 1898 Science Siftings 11 June 117/2 A Hertz-wave ‘detector’ resistance included in the circuit. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 232/2 The coherer, or detector, is inserted between the earth and the outer end of this last wire. 1924 Wireless Weekly 8 Oct. 744/2 Seven valves (all ‘peanuts’), used successively as first detector, oscillator valve, three stages of intermediate frequency, second detector valve, and one stage of transformer-coupled notemagnification. 1928 Morning Post 6 Feb. 3/4 The nature of the circuit connected to the detector helps to determine the amplification. 1957 D. G. Fink Telev. Engin. Handbk. xvi. 148 The separation of the luminance signal, the chrominance subcarrier, and the sound carrier is carried out at the second detector.

detei(g)n(e,

DETENTION

545

II. iii. 31 A well-known officer in the Detective Service. 1883 Anna K. Green (title) XYS, a Detective Story. 1905 G. K. Chesterton Club of Queer Trades iii. 96 The detectives in the detective stories. 1911 F. Swinnerton Casement ii. 75 ‘Douse the glim’.. that old phrase in the detective stories he had read. 1963 Auden Dyer’s Hand 153 The detective-story society is a society of apparently innocent individuals.

etc., obs. forms of detain, etc.

detemporalize (dii'temparslaiz), v. [f.

de- II. i

-I- temporalize u.] trans. To make timeless in

character; to remove the impression of passage of time from; to detach from a particular time. 1914 Philos. Rev. XXIII. 144 The very intensity of his vision detemporalizes what he sees. 1954 X. Tillotson

Novels of Eighteen-Forties I. 97 In Wuthering Heights the past.. is not only.. a means of detemporalizing the action.

detend (di:'tend), v. [f. de- II. 1 4- tend v.2; cf. F. detendre to relax, slacken.] trans. To reduce the tension or intensity of. 1930 H. Read Wordsworth vii. 243 The philosopher begins with his intuitive apprehension and defends it— resolves it into that lower tension of expression which is prose. 1949 Koestler Insight & Outlook xx. 282 Selftranscending emotions de-tend the body as no action is required.

t de'tenebrate, v. Obs. rare. [f. de- II. 1 + L. tenebrae darkness, tenebrare to darken.] trans. To free from darkness or obscurity. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. vi. 296 To detenebrate and cleare this truth. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Detenebrate, to dispel or drive away darkness, to bring light.

detenewe, obs. form of detinue. de-tension (dii'tenjan), sb.

A

reduction of

anxiety; a relaxation. 1949 Koestler Insight & Outlook v. 58 The delight in laughing is one of the many variants of catharsis or detension.

Hence de-'tension v., de-'tensioning vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1952 A. Huxley Let. July (1969) 649 This process of remembering will induce a complete detensioning. 1958 Times 29 Sept. 5/4 A substitute ‘detensioning’ agent, something less harmful than smoking. 1961 New Statesman 10 Mar. 376/2 Macmillan’s attempt to de-tension the conference and work for some face-saving compromise. 1966 Observer 3 Apr. 13/1 Detensioning had already set in before the first Labour gain.

detent (di'tent), sb.1

(Also 7 detton.) [a. F. detente, OF. destente (Froissart, 14th c.), deriv. of detendre ‘to slacken, unstretch, undo’, in OF. destendre, f. des-, L. dis- privative (cf. de- 6) + tendre to stretch. (In L. dis tender e the prefix had a different force: see distend.) The earliest application of the word in French was to the destente of the arbalest or cross-bow, whereby the strained string was released and the bolt discharged; hence it was transferred to the analogous part in fire-arms. In English, the word seems to have been viewed as connected with L. detinere, detent-, and so with detain, detention, and to have been modified in meaning accordingly. The fact that the same part which allows of the escape of that which is detained or held tense, is also often the means of detention, favoured this misconception of the word.]

1. gen. A stop or catch in a machine which checks or prevents motion, and the removal of which brings some motor at once into action. 1831 Brewster Nat. Magic xi. (1833) 283, When a spring was touched, so as to release a detent, the figure immediately began to draw. 1832 Babbage Econ. Manuf. viii. (ed. 3) 59 Leaves a small dot of ink on the dial-plate whenever a certain stop or detent is pushed in. i860 Proc. Amer. Philol. Soc. VI i. 339 A detent shoots the slate back and a new record begins. 1869 Daily News 16 Mar., The handle, on being pulled, releases a detent in the guard’s van, which allows a weighted lever to drop and pull up the slack of a chain which communicates with the engine whistle. 1869 Athenaeum 25 Dec. 874 A Christmas recollection.. more than fifty years old.. These boxes.. had each a little slit, into which, a halfpenny being dropped, a detent was let go, the box would open, and the pipe might be filled. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xx. 488 An engineer.. loosing a detent, can liberate an amount of mechanical motion [etc.]. Ibid. II. vii. 97 When these crystals are warmed, the detent is lifted, and an outflow of light immediately begins.

2. spec. a. In a gun-lock: see detant. b. In clocks and watches: The catch which regulates the striking. R. Holme Armoury iii. 374/1 In the Clock.. the two Dettons with their Notches, that strike into two Wheel Detton Latches. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., Detents, in a Clock, are those stops, which by being lifted up, or let fall down, do lock and unlock the Clock in striking. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 509 When the oil thickens, the spring of the pivot-detents become so affected by it, as to prevent the detent from falling into the wheel quick enough, which causes irregular time, and ultimately a stoppage of the watch. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 85 The detent of a chronometer escapement is the piece of steel carrying the stone which detains or locks the escape wheel. 1688

c. In locks. 1850 Chubb Locks & Keys 28 If any one of the tumblers was lifted too high, it overset the detector detent, which by a spring action fastened the bolt.

3. attrib. and Comb., as detent-wheel, -catch, -work\ detent-joint, the ‘trigger-joint’ by which the pectoral spine of a siluroid fish is kept erect. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., s.v. Watch-work, The Detent-wheel moves round every Stroke the Clock striketh or sometimes but once in two Strokes. 1822 Imison Sc. Art I. 93 Regard need only be had to the count-wheel, striking-wheel, and detent-wheel. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 690/2 A detent-catch falls into the striking-wheel of a clock, and stops it from striking more than the right number of times. 1881 Greener Gun 244 The furniture filer also fits the detent work for the hair-triggers.

detent, sb.2 [? f. L. detent- ppl. stem of detinere to detain.] ? Restraint; holding back or inhibition. Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 10 Gabull of the chancery begynyth ‘heu mihi!’ that is his preve bande, and detent of treson. 1907 W. James Mem. & Studies (1911) 256 They are forces of detent in situations in which no other force produces equivalent effects, and each is a force of 11465

detent only in a specific group of men. 1929 R. Bridges Test. Beauty iv. 150 A pinprick or a momentary whiff or hairbreadth motion freeth the detent of force.

t de'tent,ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. detent-us, pa. pple. of detinere to detain.] detained; kept back; ‘holden’ (with infirmity, etc.). (In quot. 1494 perhaps past tense.) I432-5° tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 361 After that thei be detente with longe infirmite thei be broujhte to another yle. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 591 And yet for that his mynde nothynge detent All goostly helthe for his soule to prouyde.

|| detente (detat). [Fr., = loosening, relaxation.] The easing of strained relations, esp. in a political situation. 1908 Times 17 Aug. 5/4 A change in the European situation.. had .. set in... The characteristic feature of this transformation may be called a detente. 1921 Von Hugel in L. S. Hunter John Hunter 213 The profound impression of a comforting detente made upon my mind by my first contact with his spirit. 1928 Daily Tel. 29 May 9/5 To bring about an early detente in Turco-Persian relations. 1940 Ann. Reg. 1939 182 The very slight detente. .which had followed the signature of the Franco-German accord .. had brought her [jc. France] no real tranquillity. 1955 Times 6 June 7/7 The sense of detente is not to the liking of the party zealots who cry for more revolutionary fervour under the leadership of the party.

detention (di'tenjan). [? a. F. detention (13th c. in Godef. Suppl., — Pr. detention, Sp. detencion, It. detenzione), ad. L. detentidn-em, n. of action from detinere to detain. The word is late in Eng. and may have been taken immed. from L.] The action of detaining, or condition of being detained. 1. a. Keeping in custody or confinement; arrest. Used spec, of the confinement of a political offender. Cf. preventive detention. house of detention, a place where arrested persons are kept in custody, before being committed to prison; a lock-up. ?I57 in Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. (1655) 247 Her [Q. Mary’s] detention under safe custody. 1793 Vansittart Refl. Peace 37 The state of detention in which the King and Royal Family of France were. 1831 Lytton Godolph. 12 Offering twenty guineas reward for his detention. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 204 The detention of a French citizen by a Prussian agent in a free town of the Empire was a distinct, .illegality. 1909 J. Morley Indian Speeches 146 There is no fixed limit of time of detention. 1920 Statem. Moral & Mat. Progr. India 1919 26 in Pari. Papers (Cmd. 950) XXXIV. 744 The continued detention of dangerous characters already under control or in confinement. 1940 J. Anderson in Hansard Commons 5th Ser. CCCLXI. 290 Regulation 18 B of the Defence Regulations was last night amended by the addition of a provision enabling me to order the detention of members of organizations which have had associations with the enemy.

fb. Bodily restraint by infirmity, etc. rare.

Obs.

1650 Fuller Pisgah iv. v. 86 Darkness for three days, not .. from the suspension of the sun-beams, or detention of the Egyptians eyes.

c. At schools: keeping in as a punishment. Also concr. and attrib. 1882 Boy's Own Paper 3 June 574/3 Mr. Rastle .. set them each twelve propositions of Euclid to learn by heart, and two hours a-piece in the detention-room, there to meditate over their evil ways. 1909 Wodehouse Mike xliii. 243 There is only one thing to be said in favour of detention on a fine summer’s afternoon, and that is that it is very pleasant to come out of. 1931 ‘R. Crompton’ William's Crowded Hours ii. 34 He was unable to answer two very simple questions that the Latin master asked him, and was given a detention.

2. The keeping back or withholding of what is due or claimed. 1552 Huloet, Detencion or witholdinge, detentio. 1607 Timon 11. ii. 39 The detention of long since due debts. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 21 Such monie.. shall be frie of any common burden by detentione of any pairt of the annual rent. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Detention, .is chiefly used in an ill sense, for an unjust withholding, etc. 1861 Stanley East. Ch. vii. (1869) 238 We can hardly suppose that his opponents really believed him guilty of the.. detention of the corn. Shaks.

3. Keeping in a place; holding in one’s possession or control; retention. ? Obs. exc. in Law. 1626 Bacon Sylva § 343 In Bodies that need Detention of Spirits, the Exclusion of the Air doth good. 1788 Pasquin Childr. Thespis 11. (1792) 139 With ditties and puns he holds thought in detention. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1866) 173 Had the First Consul acquiesced in our detention of Malta. 1871 Markby Elem. Law §365 Possession sometimes means the physical control simply, the proper word for which is detention. 1875 Poste Gaius iv. Comm. (ed. 2) 643 The depositary has mere detention, the depositor has possession.

4. A keeping from going on or proceeding; hindrance to progress; compulsory delay. 1600 Hakluyt Voy. III. 150 (R.) Minding to proceede further south without long detention in those partes. 1793 R. Hall Apol. Freedom Press Pref. 1 The accidental detention of the following pamphlet in the press longer than was expected. 1818 M. Birkbeck Journ. Amer. 83 Benighted, in consequence of accidental detention, at the foot of one of these rugged hills. 1835 Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. vi. 81 In spite of all the detention we had suffered.

5. attrib., as detention barrack, a military prison; detention camp, in the war of 1914-18, a camp in which aliens and others were kept under restraint; also applied to other places of incarceration; detention centre, an institution

DETENTIVE in which young offenders are detained for short periods. 1906 Act 6 Edw. VII c. 2 §6. 5 A soldier sentenced to imprisonment.. may be confined in a detention barrack. 1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle v. 62 The lieutenant discoursed a lot about prisoners and detention-camps. 1958 New Statesman 25 Jan. 93/1 The new governor, by.. his dramatic gesture of a Christmas amnesty for 100 prisoners from the detention camps, has provided a much needed tonic. 1948 Act 11 & 12 Geo. VI c. 58 §48 Detention centres, that is to say places in which persons not less than fourteen but under twenty-one years of age who are ordered to be detained in such centres under this Act may be kept for short periods under discipline suitable to persons of their age and description. 1961 Listener 19 Oct. 612/1 Mr. Sewell Stoke’s talk on detention centres.. paints a rosy picture of this comparatively new method of dealing with boys and young men of fourteen to twenty-one.

de'tentive, a. rare. [f. L. detent-, ppl. stem of detinere to detain: see -ive.] Having the quality or function of detaining. 1881 Patrick Geddes in Encycl. Brit. XIII. 139/1 The detentive surface [of the pitcher in Nepenthes] is represented by the fluid secretion.

|j detenu (detany). [Fr.; subst. use of detenu detained, pa. pple. of detenir to detain. (The Fr. fem. is detenue.)] A person detained in custody. Applied especially to the English subjects detained as prisoners in France, and the French subjects detained in England during the Wars 1793-1815. 1803-1810 James Military Diet, s.v., That these detenus (we are borne out by the public prints for using the term) would remain as hostages to secure to men in open rebellion all the rights and privileges of fair warriors. 1815 Sporting Mag. XLVI. 84 He was a detenu for eleven years at Verdun. 1819 B. E. O’Meara Exp. Trans. St. Helena 139 The inhabitants .. are in general greatly benefitted by the arrival of the detenus. 1862 Times 8 July 12/4 If detention in its carriages is frequent, it is a reason for making the detenus as comfortable as possible. 1889 Athenaeum 13 July 65/3 Down to the release of the detenus at Verdun. 1918 Pari. Papers (Cd. 9198) VIII. 105 {title) Report of Sir N. Chandavarka and Mr. Justice Beachcroft on Detenus and Internees in Bengal. 1920 H. V. Lovett Hist. Indian Nat. Movem. vii. 196 The Committee recommended the release of six only of all the above enumerated detenus. 1956 M. Collis Last & First in Burma xxiii. 209 He had passed through Uganda and was able to secure for the detenu some extra comforts. 1969 Hindusthan Standard (Calcutta) 5 Aug. 8/1 The High Court asking for production of the detenus.

deter (di't3:(r)), v.1 [ad. L. deterrere to frighten from or away, f. DE- I. 2 + terrere to frighten. (Cf. rare OF. deterrer, in Godef., which does not appear to have influenced the Eng. word.)] 1. trans. To discourage and turn aside or restrain by fear; to frighten from anything; to restrain or keep back from acting or proceeding by any consideration of danger or trouble. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 106 If the wasting of our money might not dehort vs, yet the wounding of our mindes should deterre vs. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. i. (1686) 2 He., had thereby Example and Punishment to deterr him. 1748 Anson's Voy. in. x. 405 They [sailors] were rather animated than deterred by the flames and falling buildings amongst which they wrought. 1766 tr. Beccaria's Ess. Crimes xxviii. (1793) 101 That degree of severity which is sufficient to deter others. 1832 Ht. Martineau Ella of Gar. ix. 113 The farmer., was not deterred by the dreary weather. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. in. vii. 141 note, Maurice .. had been deterred by the alarming prophecy of a monk. 1877 J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 308 To deter instead of to invite communicants.

b. Const, from a place, purpose, action, doing anything; fformerly, to do. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. x. (1611) 28 Punishments which may more deterre from euill, than any sweetnesse thereto allureth. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 11. 9 Whereby other may be deterred to doe the like, and vertuous men encouraged to proceed in honest attempts. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 449 If aught propos’d And judg’d of public moment, in the shape Of difficulty or danger, could deterre Me from attempting. 1696 Bp. Patrick Comm. Exod. xxiii. (1697) 437 The Judges were not to be deterred.. to pronounce a false judgment. 1709 Prior Celia to Damon 55 When my own Face deters me from my Glass. 1759 Johnson Rasselas 34 Do not seek to deter me from my purpose. 1777 Watson Philip II (1839) 9 This undutiful behaviour did not deter the emperor from resolving to resign to his son all the rest of his dominions. 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xvi. 411 Superstition had become powerless to deter from violence.

f2. To terrify, alarm. 1604 Daniel Civ. Wars v. evi, Who, to deter The state the more, named himself Mortimer. 1634 Wither Emblems Ep. Ded., The storms which late these Realmes deterred.

fde'ter2, de'terre, v. Obs. [a. F. deterrer, OF. desterrer (nth c. in Hatz.-Darm.), f. de-, des(de- I. 6) + terre earth: cf. inter v.] trans. To disinter. 1632 Lithgow

Trav. ix. 407 To deterre his dead body.

deterge (di‘t3:d3), v. [ad. L. deterge-re to wipe off or away, f. de- I. 2 + tergere to wipe: perhaps after F. deterger (Pare 16th c., not in Cotgr.; in Diet. Acad, from 1740).] trans. To wipe away; to wash off or out, cleanse; chiefly, in Medical use, to clear away foul or offensive matter from the body, from an ulcer, etc. 1623 Cockeram, Deterge, to rub out. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxvi. xiv. (1678) 638 Detersive is defined to be that which doth deterge or cleanse an ulcer. 1651 Wittie

deteriority

546 tr. Primrose's Pop. Err. IV. 268 They further the working of the purge, and deterge and cleanse the stomach from humours. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. I. Uij, If externally used, it [Balm of Gilead] gently deterges and incarnates. a 1734 North Exam. 1. ii. § 133 (1740) io4 To deterge some of the frothy foul slaver he has spit at it. 1787 J. Collins in Med. Commun. II. 364 The fauces were deterged with gargles. 1857 Dunglison Med. Lex. 289 Medicines which possess the power to deterge or cleanse parts.

Hence demerging ppl. a.; also de'terger = detergent sb. 1651 Wittie tr. Primrose's Pop. Err. i. v. 20 A Surgeon, who in an Ulcer., did daily apply a strong deterger, viz., Verdigrease. Ibid., A deterging Medicine. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 1. 250 Barley is deterging, tho’ viscous in a small degree.

de'tergency. [f. next: see -ency.] Detergent quality; cleansing power. Also, the process of cleansing a solid by means of a liquid, the action of a detergent. 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 3 Ale, by reason of its.. Detergency .. is not adviseable. 1748 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. II. 290 (D.) Bath water.. possesses that milkiness, detergency, and middling heat, so friendly adapted to weakened animal constitutions. 1943 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Jan. 110/1 Detergency is not completed until the soil has been suspended in the detergent solution with sufficient stability so that it can be rinsed away rather than redeposited. 1950 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 803/1 Use of Launderometer... Detergency is measured either by the increase in the whiteness of the soiled cloth on washing.. or by the dirt content of the detergent solution. 1959 Times 14 Sept. 2/6 Chemistry problems associated with detergency. 1965 R. D. & M. J. Vold Colloid Chem. v. 96 These effects may .. contribute to effective detergency by helping to maintain the separated dirt in colloidal suspension.

detergent (di't3:d3ant), a. and sb. [ad. L. detergent-em, pr. pple. of detergere: see deterge. Cf. mod.F. detergent (1611 in Cotgr., in Diet. Acad, from 1835).] A. adj. Cleansing, purging. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 581 By vertue and force of a detergent facultie, wherewith barley is greatly furnished. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 80 Sage is undoubtedly a very good Cephalick, of the detergent kind. 1805 W. Saunders Min. Waters 434 Sufficient to give it a very soft soapy feel, and to render it more detergent than common water. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 648 A detergent antiseptic in various ulcerated .. conditions of the mouth.

B. sb. A cleansing agent; anything that cleanses. Now esp., any of various synthetic solids or liquids which are soluble in or miscible with water, which resemble soap in their cleansing properties, but which differ from it in not combining with the salts present esp. in hard water; also, any of various oil-soluble substances which have the property of holding dirt in suspension in lubricating oils; so detergent oil, an oil containing such a substance. Also attrib. and Comb. 1676 Wiseman Surgery ii. vi. (R.), If too mild detergents caused the flesh to grow lax and spongy, then more powerful driers are required. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 127 Detergents differ only in Degree of Efficacy from the former Class. 1888 Cave Jnspir. O. Test. v. 274 He believes in a possible Divine detergent. 1938 Encycl. Brit. Bk. of Yr. 1938 33i/1 Word came of a new process for rapid saponification; the ‘Igepals’ are new detergents of German origin. 1941 Ann. Rep. Prog. Chem. 1940 102 A large number of synthetic substances used during recent years as detergents. 1941 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLV. App. 141 [It] has a viscosity index of approximately 100—nearly twice that previously available in special detergent oils. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 45/2 Once a week use hot water and soapless detergent to remove all traces of grease. 1952 M. Laski in Observer 26 Oct. 5/2 Detergent-packets.. almost always fall over and spill. 1957 G. I. Brown Introd. Org. Chem. xviii. 223 Synthetic detergents.. are usually more soluble in water than soap is; they do not form a scum in hard water; they enable water to spread and penetrate more fully over or through an article being cleaned. 1957 Technology July 168/4 Detergents usually contain a surface active agent, alkylbenzenesulphonate, which influences surface adsorption and, incidentally, causes the familiar foaming (of doubtful utility). 1958 Engineering 21 Mar. 353/3 Detergent powders.. which are bought by a large section of the population. 1958 Spectator 4 July 12/1 Like detergent foam in a millrace. 1958 Sunday Times 23 Nov. 28/3 He’s.. detergent-white and very cuddly. 1959 Engineering 16 Jan. 96/1 Improved performance has followed the use of heavy-duty and detergent oils. 1959 Which? Sept. 105/1 ‘Detergent’ is often used—loosely—as a synonym for ‘synthetic detergent’. Ibid., A good detergent is one which removes dirt easily from the clothes, holds the dirt in suspension in the washing-water, so that it can be rinsed away and will not get re-deposited on the clothes, and —in the process—does them no damage, i960 V. B. Guthrie Petroleum Products Handbk. 11. 34 The use of detergents in oils has introduced additional demands on oxidation inhibitors. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IV. 81/2 Soap..was the principal detergent until superseded in production in 1954 by synthetic detergents.

deterior (di'tiarrafr)), a. rare. [a. L. deterior worse, meaner, poorer, compar. of an obs. adj. *deter, f. de down.] Inferior in quality, worse. 1839 Bailey Festus (1848) 64/2 Some of downward and deterior lot.

fde'terior, v. Obs. [a. F. deteriorer (1411 in Hatz.-Darm.), L. deteriorate to make worse, f.

deterior: see prec.] deteriorate.

trans.

To make worse,

1646 Bp. Maxwell Burd. Issach. in Phenix (1708) II. 270 He will.. deterior his condition.

f deteriorate, -at, pa. pple. Sc. [ad. L. deteriorat-us, pa. pple. of deteriorate (see prec.).] Made worse, deteriorated. 1572 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) 76 (Jam.) That all houses, &c., rewinit, cassin doun, distroyit, or deteriorat, within., the said burghe—sail be reparit. 1598 in Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 190 If he hes meliorat or deteriorat his benefice any way to the prejudice of his successor.

deteriorate (di'tiariareit), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. deteriorate to make worse: see prec.] 1. trans. To make worse or of inferior quality; to lower in character or excellence; to worsen. 1572-98 [See prec.]. 1644 Bp. Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings i. 10 How much more they deteriorate and depresse Kings. 1673 O. Walker Educ. 46 Not onely not bettered, but much deteriorated. 1784 Cowper Let. 10 Feb., A long line of grandsires, who from generation to generation have been employed in deteriorating the breed. 1813 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. X. 380 Maintained by means .. which will deteriorate the discipline of the troops. 1847 C. G. Addison Law of Contracts 11. iii. §2 (1883) 603 To deteriorate the value of the property. 1879 M. Arnold George Sand Mixed Ess. 343 Equality, as its reign proceeded, had not deteriorated but improved them.

2. intr. To grow worse in character; to become lowered or impaired in quality or value; to degenerate. 1758-65 Goldsm. Ess. (L.), Under such conditions the mind rapidly deteriorates. 1841 D’Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 269 Elyot had a notion that, for the last thousand years, the world had deteriorated. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) 1. i. 22 The condition of the labourer was at this period deteriorating rapidly. 1892 Kath. Tynan in Speaker 3 Sept. 290/1 The roses. , will deteriorate year after year, returning gradually to wildness.

Hence deteriorated ppl. vbl. sb. and ppl. a.

a., deteriorating

1656 Blount Glossogr., Deteriorated, made worse, impaired; spoiled, a 1691 Boyle Wks. IV. 367 (R.) Which we concluded to have proceeded from the deteriorated metal. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. vi. (1852) 170 Classical story has imperceptibly lent its deteriorating influence. 1837 Syd. Smith Let. to Singleton Wks. 1859 II. 292/2 Judging, that the Church is a very altered and deteriorated profession. 1883 F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) XXXVII. 434/3 The deteriorating, if not debasing, mode of existence.

deterioration (di.tisna'reijan). [a. F. deterioration (15th c. in Godef. Suppl.), n. of action f. deteriorer, L. deterior are to DETERIORATE.]

The action or process of deteriorating, a growing or making worse; a deteriorated condition. 1658 Phillips, Chambers Cycl.

Deterioration, a making worse. 1727-51 s.v., When the deterioration of a commodity, seized by an officer, arises from the fault of the keeper, he is answerable for the same. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 28 To preserve the article from deterioration. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 24 In our floating notions of Italian character, we grievously exaggerate the extent of its deterioration. 1842 Manning Serm. (1848) I. i. 7 (Except in penitents) the whole life of a man from birth to death is a deterioration. He is ever becoming worse. 1875 Scrivener Lect. Text N. Test. 5 The process of deterioration may be carried on for many generations [of MSS.].

Hence deterioTationist, one who holds that deterioration, not progress, is the order of things. 1816 T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall i, Mr. Escot, the deteriorationist. 1861 Westm. Rev. Apr. 591 In the true tone of the deteriorationist who amused everyone so much thirty years since. 1875 Contemp. Rev. XXV. 740 Mr. Foster.. the perfectibilist, and Mr. Escot.. the deteriorationist, take sides so opposite on the subject of human life.

deteriorative

(di'tisroretiv), a. [f. L. deteriorat-, ppl. stem of deteriorate (see above) + -ive.] Causing or tending to deterioration. 1800 Bentham Wks. (18^8-43) X. 346 The deteriorative expedient of removal of moisture by heat. 1808 G. Edwards Pract. Plan ii. 13 Pretended plans of improvement.. which are actually ruinous, or deteriorative. 1879 Richardson in Nature 23 Oct. 618/2 The whole course of life had undergone a deteriorative change.

deteriorator (di'ti3nareit3(r)). [agent-n. in L. form, from deteriorate to deteriorate.] who or that which deteriorates.

One

1857 H. Miller Test. Rocks vi. 234 It is man .. that is the deteriorator of man. 1883 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 3 Cities are great deteriorators of physical strength.

de'teriorism.

nonce-rod. [f. L. deterior (see above) + -ism.] The doctrine that the tendency of things is to grow worse. 1880 Goldw. Smith in Atl. Monthly No. 268. 212 Meliorism and the opposite theory, which we suppose must be called deteriorism.

deteri'ority. rare. [f. L. deterior + -ity: cf. superiority.] The being of worse or inferior quality; poorer or lower quality; worseness. 1692 Ray Dissol. World 43 Their holding out for some Generations against the inconveniences of the Air, or deteriority of Diet. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade 358 The

DETERM Exchange to all the Parts of the World would alter in proportion to the Deteriority of our Standard.

f de'term, v. Obs. [f. de- prefix + term, after L. determinate: cf. also OF. termer to end, fix. determine.] By-form of determine v. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. xiii, Determyt furth therewith in myn entent.. I tuke conclusion Sum new thing to write. I513 Douglas AEneis x. v. 62 Bot Tumus hes determit, as certane thing, Gret garnysonys to send betwix thame sone. 1533 Bellenden Livy v. (1822) 418 The Faderis .. determit to abide on the returning of thare legatis fra the tempil of Delphos. 1535 Coverdale Dan. ix. 24 LXX wekes are determed ouer thy people and ouer thy holy cite. 1551 Turner Herbal 1. (1568) D vjb, I dare not plainly determe, that it was the right clematitis. 1573 Twyne JEneid XII. Kkivb, Therwith I am determd. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 11. 1. 11. lix, For to determ The hid conditions of vitalitie.

Hence de'terming vbl. sb. I53S Coverdale i Esdras ix. 17 And so the matter was a determynge.. vntill the new moone.

determa (di't3:ms). Also 8 tetermer. [Native name.] A native wood of Guyana. 1769 E. Bancroft Nat. Hist. Guiana 80 The Tetermer Tree grows to near fifty feet in height. 1851 Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. IV. I. 984/2 Determa, transverse and vertical sections, from River Demerara. 1858 SlMMONDS Diet. Trade, Determa, a native wood of Guiana, which is used for masts, booms, and planking for colonial craft.

determent (di't3:m3nt). [f.

deter v.' + -ment.] The action or fact of deterring; transf. a means of deterring, a deterring circumstance. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. viii. 319 Nor will the ill successe of some be made a sufficient determent unto others. 1653 Hammond On 1 Cor. i. 23. 542 A mighty deterrement and discouragement. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. Pref., But these, Sir, are not all the Deterrments that Oppos’d my Obeying You. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. 11. 111 That also shall be so far from being to my Determent. 1764 Mem. G. Psalmanazar 24 Rather a determent than an effectual means. 1876 J. Grant Hist. India I. lvi. 284/1 Cornwallis executed nine for the determent of others.

determina'bility.

DETERMINANTAL

547

next: see -ity.] quality of being determinable. [f.

The

1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 195 The power of proposing an ultimate end, the determinability of the will by ideas. 1877 E. Caird Philos. Kant n. xviii. 624 Beyond this mere formal principle of determinability, there is a transcendental principle of complete determination.

determinable (di't3:min3b(3)l), a. and sb.

[In ME., a. OF. determinable fixed, determinate, ad. L. determindbilis (Tertull.) that has an end, finite. In later use, following the ordinary analogy of adjs. in -able, in which sense it has also been revived in mod.F. (Not in Cotgr.; 1878 in Diet. Acad.)] A. adj. f 1. Fixed, definite, determined. Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 593 In sauter is said a verce ouverte J?at spekez a poynt determynable. i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. A v a, Ther be ix. vices contrary to gentilmen of the wiche v. ben indetermynable and iiij. determynable. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. ccxxii. [ccxviii.] 686 The kynge hath commaunded me to gyue you a determynable answere to your requestes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. i. 280 Yet were there no small difficulty to set downe a determinable Chronology.

2. Capable of being determined; proper to be determined, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, legally or authoritatively decided or settled. 1485 Act 1 Hen. VII, c. 7 The same Rescous and Disobeysance shall be Felony, enquirable and determinable as is aforesaid. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 165 Certaine principall points concerning the Port townes, be determinable at Shipwey onely. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 11. (1632) no Affairs, .which were not determinable one way or other by the Scripture, c 1645 Howell Lett. (1655) IV. iv. xvi. 39 A Forest hath her Court.. where matters are as pleadable and determinable, as at Westminster-Hall. 1685 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 248 All Causes not Determinable by ye Respective County Courts. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xvii. 307 To prepare all matters determinable in parliament. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) I. xix. 281 Matters determinable by your common law.

b. Capable of being definitely limited, fixed, assigned, or laid down. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xlii. (1887) 261 The Elementarie time, determinable not by yeares, but by sufficiencie. 1611 R. Fenton Usury 1. iii. 15 Every intention .. is determinable by the act it selfe to be good or bad. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. III. xxvi. 96 Standards of space and velocity are also determinable.

c. Capable of being definitely ascertained (a) as to fact or identity, (b) as to meaning or character. 1658 Sir T. Browne Card. Cyrus Wks. II. 522 What is the most lasting herb or seed, seems not easily determinable. 1748 Hartley Observ. Man 1. iii. 274 These words being determinable only by means of the known words to which they are joined. Ibid. 348 Relations.. not determinable with Certainty and Precision. 1846 Ellis Elgin Marb. I. 29 One remarkable little spot is also determinable with certainty. 1846 Grote Greece 1. xviii. (1862) II. 447 Whether Sidon or Tyre was the most ancient, seems not determinable. 1880 Gunther Fishes 314 Some of the earliest determinable fish remains.

3. Liable to be terminated or to come to an end; terminable (esp. in Law).

1584 R. Scot Discov. Witcher, viii. iii. 130 The divels death, whose life he held to be determinable and mortall. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iv. viii. 376 It presents all our enjoyments as determined or determinable in a short time. x7°7 Lond. Gaz. No. 4382/4 In Lease for 99 Years, determinable on one, two and three Lives. 1815 T. Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 260 A truce determinable on the first act of impressment. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Determinable Freeholds, estates for life, which may determine upon future contingencies before the life for which they are created expires. 1876 Digby Real Prop. v. 229 note, Here the estate would be an estate determinable upon the specified event.

B. sb. Philos. [tr. G. das bestimmbare.] That which is capable of being given a more determinate form or of being more precisely specified; spec, (in W. E. Johnson’s use) a general term or concept (e.g. colour) under which several specific terms or concepts fall (e.g. red, yellow, green). Also as adj. 1878 S. H. Hodgson Philos, of Reflection I. iv. 272 Maimon adds [in Die Kathegorien des Aristoteles: Propddeutik 248] that since the critical philosophy has already fixed the meaning of the expressions, matter and form, he will use expressions of his own instead of them, namely, the determinable and its determination. Ibid., Space is therefore the matter, the determinable (bestimmbare). 1906 W. James Let. 3 Apr. in R. B. Perry Thought & Char. W.J. (1935) II. 392 Taking ‘experience’ concretely, .seems to me the only way in which to leave all its determinations real so far as they are attained, and at the same time to leave always a determinable.. that provides for what is fertile and developable in the process. 1921 W. E. Johnson Logic I. xi. 174, I propose to call such terms as colour and shape determinables in relation to such terms as red and circular which will be called determinates. 1949 G. Ryle Concept of Mind ii. 44 Many disposition-concepts are determinable concepts. i960 S. Korner Philos, of Math. viii. 167 Perceptual characteristics which in the philosophical literature are sometimes called ‘determinables’ or ‘respects of likeness’, such as ‘colour’, ‘shape’, etc., are all internally inexact.

Hence de'terminableness.

rare.

1727 Bailey vol. II, Determinableness, capableness of being determined or decided. 1775 in Ash; and in mod. Diets.

determinably (di't3:min3bli), adv. [f. prec. + In a determinable manner. fa. Definitely, precisely, b. In a way or to a degree that can be determined; ascertainably. -ly2.]

1375 Barbour Bruce iv. 677 It wes vounderfull, perfay, How ony man throu steris may Knaw the thingis that ar to cum Determinabilly. 1609 Sir E. Hoby Let. to T. Higgins 60 Augustine.. doth plainly and determinablie conclude that they are not Diuini Canonis. Mod. A substance of which the granules are determinably smaller.

de'terminacy. The

quality

[f. determinate a.: see -acy.] of

being

determinate;

de¬

terminateness, definiteness. 1873 Atkinson tr. Helmholtz's Pop. Sci. Lect. 80 Yet the ear solves its problem with the greatest exactness, certainty, and determinacy. 1953 C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form 108 It is the fact that different postulates tend to lead to similar solutions which guarantees the relative determinacy of phonemic as opposed to componential analysis. 1958 Listener 18 Dec. 1019/2 The determinacy which exists in events where large numbers of atoms are involved.

determinandum (di,t3:mi'naend3m). Logic and Philol. [a. L. determinandum ‘thing to be determined’, neut. of gerundive of determinate to determine.] That part of a proposition (or an expression) which is to be made determinate by a thought-process (or by another part of the expression). 1921 W. E. Johnson Logic I. i. 9 The determinandum is defined as what is presented to be determined or characterised by thought or cognition; the determinans as what does characterise or determine in thought that which is given to be determined. 1924 Jespersen Philos. Gram. xi. 146 At the outset indefinite and indeterminate,.. the subject is .. a determinandum which only by means of the predicate becomes a determinatum. 1961 [see determinans].

determinans (di.taimi'ngenz). Logic and Philol. [a. L. determinans, pres. pple. of determinate to determine.] The limiting or qualifying part of

a proposition or expression. 1921 [see determinandum]. 1961 Brno Studies III. 13 Syntagmatic relations of the type ‘determinans— determinandum’.

determinant (di't3:min3nt), a. and sb. [ad. L. determinant-em, pr. pple. of determinate to determine: cf. F. determinant (Trevoux 1752).] A. adj. Determining; that determines; determinative. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey iv. v. 84 Determinant Valuation concludes and determines the Right and Interest of the Possident by Alienation of the Fee or Possession. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies 11. i. 152 The Sun and Moon alone.. cannot be the Causes preparatory or determinant of a Showre. 1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. 280 Some other Principle which has been made determinant of his Will, i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. viii. iv. §8 His usual drawings from nature.. being both commemorative and determinant.. determinant, in that they record an impression received from the place there and then, together with the principal arrangement of the composition in which it was afterwards to be recorded. 1888 J. Martineau Study

of Relig. I. 11. i. 211 He rightly appropriates the word Cause to the determinant act. 1892 Current Hist. (Detroit, Mich.) II. 73 A new determinant factor of unknown power.

B. sb. One who or that which determines. 1. In University Hist. (repr. med.L. determinans). A determining Bachelor: see DETERMINE V. 13, DETERMINATION 4. [1449 (2 Jan.) in Registr. Univ. Oxf. (O.H.S.) I. 2 Magistri determinantium. 15.. Ibid. II. 1. 52 (Title of Official List) Nomina determinantium.] 1864 D Laing in Pref. to Lauder's Dewtie of Kyngis 6 Two years later, in due course of his academical studies, this Guillelmus Lauder appears among the Determinants in that College; which shows that he had qualified himself for taking his Master’s degree. 1887 A. Clark Reg. Univ. Oxf. II. 1. 53, 12 Mar. 1586 this Committee decided that.. Whereas in times past collectors had exacted unfairly large sums from the determinants, they should in future exact only 12d. from each determinant.

2. a. A determining factor or agent; a ruling antecedent, a conditioning element; a defining word or element. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies 11. i. 150 Not because they have no determinant, but because ’tis unknown. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1865) 173 We should.. make Malta the direct object and final determinant of the war. 1825Aids Refl. 67 His own will is the only and sufficient determinant of all he is, and all he does. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxxiii. (1859) II. 266 Considering the Representative Faculty in Subordination to its two determinants, the faculty of Reproduction, and the faculty of Comparison or Elaboration. 1882 Palgrave in Grosart Spenser's Wks. IV. p. evii, Points.. taken as determinants of date. 1887 F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) XLIV. 97/3 Good usage—the sole determinant, in general, of what is acceptable in language. 1894 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 180 Amphimixis alone could never produce a multiplication of the determinants. b. Logic. = conjunct sb. 5. 1887 J. N. Keynes Formal Logic (ed. 2) iv. i. 335 We may speak of the elements combined in a conjunctive term as the determinants of that term. 1892 W. E. Johnson in Mind I. 237 The separate constituents a, b, are called the determinants of the determinative synthesis a.b. 1949 Mind LVI 11. 3 We find .. a marked difference between the use of the word ‘determinant’ by symbolic logicians of the late 19th century, and the medieval use of its Latin equivalent. For such writers as Schroeder and J. N. Keynes a ‘determinant’ is any one of the elements combined in a logical conjunction.

c. Philol. A limiting or qualifying expression; esp., in a compound word, the element that limits or qualifies the meaning of the other element. 1869 Farrar Fam. Speech iii. 89 In Aryan the determinant precedes the thing determined. 1934 Priebsch & Collinson German Lang. 11. v. 258 Composite words consisting of a determinant word (Bestimmungswort) and a nucleus (Grundwort). The determinant may be an adjective .. or a substantive, i960 [see determinatum]. 1962 A. Martinet Functional View Lang. ii. 51 Some determinants are lexical (an adjective like great), and others grammatical (an adjective like my, the article the, or the ‘plural’ moneme).

3. Math. The sum of the products of a square block or ‘matrix’ of quantities, each product containing one factor from each row and column, and having the plus or minus sign according to the arrangement of its factors in the block. A determinant is commonly denoted by a\ a2 a2 writing th^ matrix with a vertical line on each b\ b2 63 side, tfius— c\ c2 c3 Originally applied (in Latin form), in 1801, by Gauss (Disquis. Arithmet. 180 §v. §154) to a special class of these functions on the nature of which the properties of certain quadratic forms depend; thence adopted in French by Cauchy. 1843 Cayley {title), On the Theory of Determinants. 1853 Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. 1. 543-4 Determinant. — This word is used throughout in the single sense, after which it denotes the alternate or hemihedral function the vanishing of which is the condition of the possibility of the coexistence of a certain number of homogeneous linear equations of as many variables. 1885 Salmon Higher Algebra 338 Cauchy introduced the name ‘determinants’, already applied by Gauss to the functions considered by him, and called by him ‘determinants of quadratic forms’.

4. Biol. In Weismann’s theory of heredity, each of the hypothetical units in the germ-plasm supposed to determine the character and development of a cell or group of cells (hence called a determinate) in the organism; also, a gene or other hereditary ‘factor’. 1893 Parker & Ronnfeldt tr. Weismann's Germ-Plasm 1. i. 57, I shall designate the cells or groups of cells which are independently variable from the germ onwards as the ‘hereditary parts’ or ‘determinates’, and the particles of the germ-plasm corresponding to and determining them, as the ‘determining parts’ or ‘determinants’. Ibid. 59 A determinant is always a group of biophors. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 2/1 Selection acts on the determinants and produces the variations once so plausibly attributed to the Lamarckian principle of acquired characters. 1920 Cambr. Bulletin Feb. 16 Germ-cell Determinants. 1944 C. D. Darlington in Nature 5 Aug. 165/1 How far are we justified in assuming the same kind of determinant in the cytoplasm where determinants are not fastened to the immediate products of their activity? 1971 Nature 19 Mar. 185/1 Factors in the cytoplasm of many eggs can influence the development of the cells, part of which they eventually constitute. This is most clearly seen in the case of the germ cell determinants.

determi'nantal (di.tsimi'naental). a. Math. [f. prec. -I- -al1.] Relating to determinants;

DETERMINATE consisting of or expressed as a determinant: see DETERMINANT B. 3. 1867 C. L. Dodgson Elem. Treat. Determinants 12 The determinantal coefficient of any Element of a square Block is the Determinant of its complemental Minor. 1879 Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. §337 Roots..of a determinantal equation. 1892 Daily News 24 Mar. 3/5 Essay on ‘Determinantal Theorems’. 1968 Fox & Mayers Computing Methods for Scientists Engineers v. 95 Finding a zero of some function expressed in determinantal form.

determinate (di't3:min3t), ppl. a. and sb. [ad. L. determinat-us, pa. pple. of determinare to determine.] That has been or is determined: in the chief senses of the verb. A. as pa. pple. = determined. Obs. or arch. c 1391 Chaucer Astrol. 1. §21 Sterres fixes with hir longitudes & latitudes determynat. Ibid. 11. §18 heading, To knowe the degrees of the longitudes of fixe sterres after that they ben deterhiinat in thin astrolabie. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. Ep. in Ashm. (1652) m By Raymond and others determynate. 1560 in Strype Ann. Ref. I. xvii. 216 So that their causes be determinate within three weeks, c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. lxxxvii, My bonds in thee are all determinate. 1885 Bridges Nero 11. iii. 8/2 The seasons, lady, Of divination are determinate By stars and special omens.

B. adj. 1. a. Definitely bound or limited, in time, space, extent, position, character, or nature; definite, fixed; clearly defined or individualized; distinct, as opposed to vague, undefined, or indefinite. c 1386 Chaucer Friar’s T. 161 Han ye figure thanne determinat In helle ther ye been in youre estat? 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xm. i. (Tollem. MS.), Water hap no determinate qualite, noper coloure, noper sauoure. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 287 A determinate place in the ryuer that is abowte Lincoln. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 721/2 The saluacion of any determinate persone yet buying. 1548 Hall Chron. 245 b, Taken and concluded for a determinate season. 1613 J. Salkeld Treat. Angels 22 They seeme to define some determinate number of Angels. 1626 Bacon Sylva §602 Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate Bodies are not. 1662 Hobbes Seven Prob. Wks. 1845 VII. 16 A certain and determinate distance. 1705 Berkeley Commonpl. Bk. Wks. 1871 IV. 443 The clear and determinate meaning of my words. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 140 The possession of lands or tenements, for some determinate period. 1777 Priestley Matt. Spir. (1782) I. I. 11 [It] must be., round, or square, or of some other determinate form. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages (1841) I. vii. 522 Consecrated bishop without any determinate see. 1845 H. Rogers Ess. I. iii. 102 He has clothed the determinate quantities of arithmetic in the universal symbols of algebra. 1852-Eel. Faith (1853) 201 In time, my doubts, as usual, assumed a determinate shape. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §112 Determinate vapour pressure corresponds to determinate temperature. 1875 Maine Hist. Inst. xii. 351 The sovereign is a determinate human superior.

b. Limited, restricted, infinite, unbounded.

DETERMINATION

548

finite:

opposed

to

1586 Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 33 The determinate glory of an earthly prince. 1604 T. Wright Passions 11. i. 50 Our soule being of a determinate power and activitie cannot attend exactly to twoo vehement and intensive operations together. 1608 J. King Serm. St. Mary's 6 A superiority..over limited and determinate chardges.

c. Math. Having a fixed value or magnitude. (Opp. to indeterminate); determinate number, problem: see quots. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. i. 13 As determinate and immutable as any ratio’s are in mathematics. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Determinate problem, is that which has but one, or at least but a certain number of solutions, in contradistinction to an indeterminate problem, which admits of infinite solutions. Ibid. s.v. Number, A determinate Number is that referred to some given unit; as a ternary, or three; which is what we properly call a number. 1879 Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. §327 This problem is essentially determinate, but generally has multiple solutions. 1885 Watson & Burb. Electr. & Magn. 59 There exists one determinate function u which has the given value at each point of S.

d. Bot. Of inflorescence: In which the terminal flower bud opens first, followed by those on the lateral branches; definite, centrifugal. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. v. 144 The kinds of Inflorescence are all reducible to two types.. Indeterminate and Determinate.

2. Settled, fixed, so as not to vary. 1526-34 Tindale Acts ii. 23 The determinat counsell and foreknoweledge of God. 1543-4 Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 9 The which order.. shall stande .. for a full determinate order. 1559 Primer in Priv. Prayers (1851) 10 A determinate fourme of praiyng. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 21 There can be no certaine and determinate science, from particular to particular. 1625 K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis 11. xvii. 120 To what end is the freedome of man, if he cannot avoid the determinate order of the starres? 1726 Butler Serm. Hum. Nat. ii, Virtue and religion.. require.. that every action be directed by some determinate rule. 1855 Brimley Ess. 22 (Tennyson) Smitten with a determinate aversion to popularity. 1861 Mill Utilit. i. 4 There should be a determinate order of precedence among them.

3. Finally determined upon or decided; expressing a final decision; definitive; conclusive, final. *533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 12 The determinate and plaine iudgementes of the said sondrie vniuersitees. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 25 Not onely myne opinion herein, but also my determynate sentence. 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 29 To consulte vppon some determinate aunswere. 1589 Nashe in Greene's Menaphon Pref. (Arb.) 14, I had rather referre it, as a disputatiue plea to diuines than set it dewne as a determinate position. 1609 Bible (Douay) Jer. xv.

Comm., He confirmeth the same determinate sentence of their punishment. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (i737) HI. v. iii. 303 The Reasonableness of a proportionate Taste, and determinate Choice. 1803 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. II. 151 note, No determinate reply could be given to the letter.

4. Determined upon, intended. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 235 To drive him from his determinat purpose. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 11. i. 11 My determinate voyage is meere extrauagancie.

5. Fixed in mind or purpose, determined, resolved, resolute. 1587 Holinshed Chron. II. Hist. Scot. 316/1 That thing the heart thought and was determinat to do. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 1. i. 8 Men.. of determinate minds and courage. 1686 F. Spence tr. Varillas' Ho. Medicis 309 The most active and determinate adventurer of his age. 1727 Fielding Love in Sev. Masq. Wks. 1775 I. 46 Nor am I perfectly determinate what species of animals to assign him to. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Prior Wks. III. 143 A Tory so ardent and determinate that he did not willingly consort with men of different opinions. 1827 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 58 Men of cool judgment, and determinate energetic character. C. sb. 1. Biol. (See determinant B. sb. 4.) 1893 Parker & Ronnfeldt tr. Weismann's Germ-Plasm I. i. 58 Similar hereditary parts or determinates may be observed in butterflies, in which the colours on the wings often form very complicated lines and spots of slight extent but of great constancy.

2. Philos. (See quot.) 1921 [see DETERMINABLE sb.].

f determinate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. determinare: see prec.] 1. trans. To determine in time, space, or compass; to terminate, end, bound, limit. 1563 WiN3ET Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 125 Gif we.. limitatis and determinatis nocht the wisdum of God be our phantasie. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. iii. 150 The slye slow [Fol. 2, flye slow] houres shall not determinate The datelesse limit of thy deere exile. 01638 Mede Rem. Apoc. Wks. (1672) ill. 602 Who would have them [prophetic months] taken for bare days, and determinated in the persecution of Antiochus. 1671 Crowne Juliana Ep. Ded., I have nothing to determinate my sight, but a bright and serene sky.

2. To determine or decide (a controversy or issue). 1647 H. More Song of Soul 11. in. iv. vii, But let more hardy wits that truth determinate. 1653-Antid. Ath. 1. ix. §4. 27 They do plainly determinate the controversy. 1715 Mrs. J. Barker Exilius I. 83 Sent for..to give my determinating Voice before the Senate.

b. intr. To decide, come to a decision. 1639 Mrq. of Hamilton Explan. Oath & Covenant 15 To treat, consult, or determinate in any matter of state. 1652 Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist. Relat. 6 The absolute authority of determinating residing in the chief magistracies of every City.

3. trans. To ordain, appoint. 1636 E. Dacres tr. Machiavel's Disc. Livy I. 83 The free government propounds honours and rewards upon some worthy and determinated occasions. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 151 Although nature and every naturall agent be .. determinated to one effect.

4. To direct to some end; to determine the course of; to guide authoritatively or decisively. 1626 Fenner Hidden Manna (in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xxv.), A determinating of the very will. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 1. xi. (1662) 35 To determinate the course of the Spirits into this or that part of the Body. 1659 Pearson Creed I. 43 If we should apprehend more Gods than one, I know not what could determinate us in any instant to the actual adoration of any one. a 1683 Whichcote Disc. (1703) III. 36 ’Tis no disparagement to the Highest and wisest to be ruled and determinated by the reason of things. 1686 Goad Celest. Bodies 1. xii. 61 This Aspect, apt to cause Winds, is apt also to determinate them to the West and to the South.

5. To fix upon definitely, define, individualize, identify. 1681 H. More Exp. Dan. iv. Notes 123 The person is determinated in Artaxerxes. 1681 Glanvill Sadducismus 11. 237 Though the Sir-name of the party be wanting, yet he is determinated so by other circumstances.

6. To render determinate or definite. 1672 Gregory in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 236 The most ready general method.. for determinating all equations.

7. To ascertain definitely. 1665-6 Phil. Trans. I. 297 The more precise determinating of the Difference of Meridians. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. 11. xii. 96 As nearly, .as their coarse observations would enable them to determinate.

Hence determinated ppl. a., determinating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1626 [See sense 4]. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. 1. iii. (1636) 137 A prefixed and determinated time of monthes or yeeres. 01693 Urquhart Rabelais iii. xliii. 353 His final judging and determinating of Suits of Law, by the meer Chance.. of the Dice. 1715 [See sense 2].

de'terminately, adv.

[f. determinate a. + -ly2.] In a determinate manner. 1. By way of final decision; conclusively, finally. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 293 She sholde the morowe after make answer of her mynde determynatly. 1669 Woodhead St. Teresa 1. xxxv. (1671) 260, I did never determinately conclude. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 H. 24 Conscience.. pronounces determinately some actions to be in themselves just, right, good. 1736 - Anal. 11. vii. 270 Those Persons.. insist upon it as determinately conclusive. 1792 R. Burke in Burke's Corr. (1844) III. 489 The ministers had made up their minds determinately to a strict neutrality.

2. Definitely, distinctly, exactly, precisely.

1529 More Comf. agst. Trib. iii. Wks. 1225/2 Yet can not the vse of them lightly stand indifferent, but determinately must either be good or bad. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 21 b, Wordes, whiche .. determinatly doe betoken some one certaine thyng. 01653 Gouce Comm. Heb. xiii. 8, 1. Indefinitely, time after time. 2. Determinatly, to the end of the world. 1759 Warner in Phil. Trans. LI. 307 A discovery of the fact, could it be determinately made, would prove of very little consequence. 1830 Gleig Country Curate I. xiv. 274, I cannot pronounce the night.. the most determinately miserable which it has been my lot to spend.

b. With a definite purpose, purposely. 1862 Darwin Fertil. Orchids v. 203 All these parts seemed determinately contrived that the plant should never be fertilised.

3. With settled purpose; determinedly; with determination.

resolutely,

1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. xiv. 69 When he sawe.. The spider, thus bent determinately, He thought it foly him to contrary. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. iii. xvi. (1712) 140 Observed to fight determinately over such and such a City. 1724 Swift Wood's Execution, Determinately bent to take revenge upon him. 1755 Fox in H. Walpole Mem. Geo. II (1847) II. App. 386 The Duke of Devonshire is., determinately against it. i860 Froude Hist. Eng. V. 69 A servant determinately idle. 1881 E. Coxon Basil PL II. 176 For all her weakness, she spoke determinately.

de'terminateness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being determinate. 1. Definiteness, distinctness, preciseness. 1692 Covt. Grace Conditional 14 No way evacuating either the efficacy or determinateness of God’s Election. 1846 Poe N.P. Willis Wks. 1864 III. 30 The word fanev is used with very little determinateness of meaning. 1884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. 31 Each of their marks., has been limited to a completely individual determinateness.

2. Decidedness of judgement resoluteness; determination.

or

choice;

1652 Gaule Magastrom. 22 He reprooves.. their.. peremptory determinatenes, ‘Ye say, it will be to day’. 1814 Jane Austen Mansf. Park (1851) 83 His determinateness and his power seemed to make allies unneccessary.

determination

(di,t3:mi'neij3n). [a. F. determination (Oresme 14th c.j, or ad. L. determindtion-em, n. of action from determinare to determine.] The action of determining, the condition of being determined. 1. A bringing to an end; a coming to an end; ending; termination, arch. (exc. as in b). 1483 Cath. Angl. 98 A Determynacion, determinacio, diffinicio. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 93 b, A conclusyon or a full determinacyon of the mater. 1584 R. Scot Discov. Witcher, vii. xv. 123 The determination and ceasing of oracles. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 63 By reason of the over-hasty determination of his life. 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 153 After the determination of the thirteen years. 1659 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 324 After the end or other determination of this Parliament. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. iv. i. 336 All other Bones save the Teeth have a certain determination of their gowth: but the Teeth grow continually. 1794 Paley Evid. 11. vi. (1817) 151 A date subsequent to the determination of Pilate’s government. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvi. 465 The war continued .. seeming year by year further removed from a determination.

b. Law. (esp. in Conveyancing) The cessation of an estate or interest of any kind. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 54 §4 After the., dettermynacions of the states.. by deth without heires male or eny other wise. 1581 W. Stafford Exam. Compl. i. (1876) 18 Such landes as come to our handes..by determination, and ending of such termes of yeares. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 465 To take effect on the determination of the estate tail. 1827 Jarman Powell's Devises II. 321 A devise of real estate to the heirs of a person living at the determination of the prior estates. 1875 Act 38-9 Viet. c. 92 §4 Determination of tenancy means the cesser of a contract of tenancy by reason of effluxion of time or from any other cause. 1891 Law Reports Weekly Notes 79/1 Immediately after the determination of defendant’s tenancy.

2. The ending of a controversy or suit by the decision of a judge or arbitrator; judicial or authoritative decision or settlement {of a matter at issue). 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 396 To abyde all suche determynacion and iudgement. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 6 The Judges before whom he knoweth the determinacion of his cause resteth. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 22 The Nations to whose determination the matter was committed. 1737 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 187 Upon the final Determination of our Disputes. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 116 In the determination of this question the identity of virtue and knowledge is found to be involved. 1891 Sir R. V. Williams in Law Times' Rep. LXV. 609/1 The general uestipn of the right of the licensee was not essential to the etermination of that case.

b. The decision arrived at or promulgated; a determinate sentence, conclusion, or opinion. 1395 Purvey Remonstr. (1851) 73 That ech determinacioun of the chirche of Rome is trewe on ech side. 1460 Capgrave Chron. 306 The determinacion of the Cherch and the Doctouris.. ar pleynly ageyn Holy Scripture. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 5 The decisiouns and determinatiouns of general counsallis. 1648 Milton Tenure Kings (1650) 59 The cleer and positive determination of all who have writt’n on this argument. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 122 |P 5 They were neither of them dissatisfied with the Knight’s Determination. 1785 T. Balguy Disc. 75 To listen to our Saviour’s determination, —‘He that is without sin’. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 180 We must run a risk.. in coming to any determination about education.

f 3. The settlement of a question by reasoning or argumentation; discussion. Obs.

DETERMINATIVE c 1400 Test. Love I. (R.), These clerkes sain, and in determinacion shewen, that three things hauen the names of Goddes been cleaped. 1593 Bp. Andrewes (title), A Determination concerning Oaths.

14. The resolving of a question or maintaining of a thesis in a scholastic disputation; spec, in University history, the name of certain disputations which followed admission to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and completed the taking of that degree, qualifying the student for proceeding to the residence and exercises required for the Master’s degree. Obs. exc. Hist. Determination took place regularly in the Lent following presentation for the B.A., and consisted originally in the determining by disputation of questions in grammar and logic. ‘It was originally, it would appear, a voluntary disputation got up by the Bachelors themselves in imitation of the magisterial inception, but it was early recognized and enforced by the Universities.’ (Rev. H. Rashdall.) [1408 in Munim. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) I. 241 Quia per solemnes determinationes Bachillariorum in facultate artium nostra mater Oxonise universitas multipliciter honoratur. 1517 Statutes of Corpus Chr. Coll., Oxon., c. xxiv, Baccalaurei artium, completo prius post gradum baccalaureatus et determinationes triennio.. ad gradum magistratus.. promoveantur.] 1665 j. Buck in Peacock Stat. Cambridge (1841) App. B79 The Vice-Chancellor dismisseth the Answerer.. then he beginneth his Determination. 169304 Gibson in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 219 There is a Statute.. which upon extraordinary occasions allows twice Austins instead of Determinations. 1726 Amherst Terras Fil. xlii. 223 The manner of this determination is as follows. All persons, that have taken their bachelor of arts degree since the Lent preceding, are obliged to dispute twice in one of the public schools .. and go to prayers at St. Mary’s Church every Saturday morning. 1822 in Fowler Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. 302 The whole business and ceremony of Determination having been now by competent authority abolished in the University. 1866 Rogers Agric. Prices I. v. 121 The Determination Feast, that is the festival following the assumption of the Bachelor’s Degree, generally took place on Shrove Tuesday. 1868 H. Anstey Munim. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) Introd. 82 It was undoubtedly from the superior importance attached to logical studies that the name ‘determination’ took its rise, the examination for the bachelor’s degree consisting mainly of questions to be determined by the candidate. 1887 A. Clark Regr. Univ. Oxf. (O.H.S.) II. 1. 63 All traces of determination have now disappeared from the procedure of the University. The last relic of it was abolished in 1855... To such a base end had ‘determining’ come.

5. The determining of bounds or fixing of limits; delimitation; definition; a fixing of the extent, position, or identity (of anything). 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. x. (1611) 28 The particular determination of the reward or punishment. 1606 Shaks. Tr. fef Cr. 11. ii. 170 To make vp a free determination ’Twixt right and wrong. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. iv. xlvi. 373 The Circumscription of a thing, is.. the Determination, or Defining of its Place. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 54 A determination of Light and shadow. 1744 Harris Three Treat, i. (1765) 27 Is our Account still too loose and in need of stricter Determination? 1794 S. Williams Vermont 283 The determination made by Congress of the boundary lines. i860 Mansel Proleg. Logica iv. 112 Under such determinations as the conditions of my sensibility require. 1866 J. G. Murphy Comm. Exod. xii. Introd., The determination of the parties who are admissible. 1877 E. Caird Philos. Kant 1. 165 The determinations of space are not consequences, but reasons, of the positions of different parts of matter in relation to each other.

b. Logic, (a) The rendering of a notion more determinate or definite by the addition of characters or determining attributes. (b) A determining attribute. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 1. (1645) 87 To be a Quality is nothing else but to be the determination or modification of the thing whose quality it is. 1838 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xi. (1866) I. 194 Every series of concepts which has been obtained by abstraction, may be reproduced in an inverted order, when .. we, step by step, add on the several characters from which we had abstracted in our ascent. This process.. is called Determination, i860 Mansel Proleg. Logica vi. 209 Determination.. consists in the reunion of attributes previously separated by definition. 1864 Bowen Logic v. 107 Unless one is regarded as an attribute or determination of the other. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 595 The finite and infinite of Philolaus have become logical determinations in the Philebus. Ibid. IV. 266 A multitude of abstractions are created .. which become logical determinations. 6. The action of definitely ascertaining the

position, nature, amount, etc. (of anything). 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ill. iii. 263 The determination of Insects in their several Species. 1717 J. Keill Anim. (Econ. Pref. (1738) 48 The Determination of the Vis Elastica was the Thought of the learned John Bernouli. 1793 Englefield (title). On the Determination of the Orbits of Comets. 1845-6 G. E. Day tr. Simon’s Anim. Chem. II. 181 The quantitative determination of earthyphosphate sediments. 1882 L. B. Carll Treat. Calculus Variation 61 The determination of these constants is not.. difficult.

b. The result ascertained by this action; that which has been determined by investigation or calculation; a conclusion, a solution. 1570 Billingsley Euclid i. i. 9 The determination, which is the declaration of the thing required. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. vi. 194 That persons drowned arise and float the ninth day., is a questionable determination. 1807 T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 162 The differences between their determinations were too great. 1831 Brewster Optics iii. 25 As philosophers have determined the index of refraction for a great variety of bodies, we are able, from those determinations, to ascertain the direction of any ray. 1857 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 105 Generally founded on astronomical determinations.

DETERMINE

549

7. Fixed direction towards some terminal point; decisive or determining bias. lit. and fig. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. i. 35 Others, whose motion has an opposite determination. 1710 J. Clarke Rohault's Nat. Phil. (1729) I. 78 When a Body moves any particular way, the Disposition that it has to move that way, rather than any other, is what we call its Determination. 1713 Addison Guardian No. 100 f 7 The whole tribe of oglers gave their eyes a new determination. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Heavy bodies have a determination towards the centre of the earth. 1754 Edwards Freed. Will 1. ii. 5 When we speak of the Determination of motion, we mean causing the Motion of the Body to be such a Way, or in such a Direction, rather than another. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1806) II. ill. x. 253 The real price of com varies during periods sufficiently long to affect the determination of capital. 1836 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 336 The determination given to the Church of Scotland.. was not one of erudition. 1881 Daily News 10 Mar. 5/^ An increasing determination of historic and genre painters towards landscape.

b. spec. A tendency or flow of the bodily fluids, now esp. of the blood, to a particular part. 1737 Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 203 The Distempers which proceed from an irregular and disorderly Determination of the animal Spirits. 1805 W. Saunders Min. Waters 242 On account of the property of this natural water.. and from its rapid determination to the kidnies. 1831 Scott Let. to A. Dyce 31 Mar. in Lockhart, Threatened with a determination of blood to the head. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Determination, the active direction to a part; as of blood to a special organ with increased vascular action.

f 8. The final condition to which anything has a tendency. Obs. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. n. i. 50 The determination of quick-silver is properly fixation, that of milke coagulation, and that of oyle and unctious bodies onely incrassation. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 340 Each Corpuscle of Salt returns into the primitive Determination which it holds from Nature.

9. Metaph. The definite direction of the mind or will toward an object or end, by some motive, regarded as an external force. C1685 South Serm., Will for Deed (1715) 389 Homage which Nature commands all Understandings to pay to it, by necessary Determination. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 11. xxi. so The determination of the will, upon inquiry, is following the direction of that guide: and he that has a power to act or not to act, according as such determination directs, is a free agent; such determination abridges not that power wherein liberty consists. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Determinations, again, are either moral or physical: a moral determination is that proceeding from a cause which operates morally. 1788 Reid Act. Powers iii. 11. vi. 571 Dr. Hutcheson, considering all the principles of action as so many determinations or motions of the will.

10. The mental action of coming to a decision; the fixing or settling of a purpose; the result of this; a fixed purpose or intention. 1548 Hall Chron. an. 8 Edw. IV. 203 Havyng a sure determinacion, fixed in their myndes. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent {1826) 237 King Alfred was in Kent when he made determination of this journey. 1577 B. Googe HeresbacKs Husb. 1. (1586) 8 Cato would have a man long in determination to builde, but to plant and sowe out of hand. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. 6? Commw. 107 The English had no determination to leave them. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxvi, Agitated with doubts and fears and contrary determinations. 1883 Sir T. Martin Ld. Lyndhurst xvii. 416 Lord Lyndhurst left office with the determination never again to return to it. Mod. From this determination no reasoning could move her.

11. The quality of being determined resolute; determinedness, resoluteness.

or

1822 Scott Nigel xxvii, Elizabeth possessed a sternness of masculine sense and determination which rendered even her weaknesses.. respectable. 1829 Lytton Devereux 11. xi, If I had less determination in my heart, I could not love you so well. 1853 Sir H. Douglas Mi lit. Bridges (ed. 3) 145 Never was.. operation executed with greater intelligence and determination. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt (1868) 32 There was an expression of acuteness and determination about him. 1875 F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XV. 345/2 In the same spirit of determination.

determinative (di'taiminativ), a. and sb. [a. F. determinatif, -ive (15th c. in Godef. Suppl.), f. ppl. stem of L. determinare to determine: see -ive.] A. adj. 1. a. Characterized by determining, deciding, or fixing; serving or tending to determine or decide. 1655 Bramhall Agt. Hobbes (J.), That individual action .. cannot proceed from the special influence and determinative power of a just cause. 1678 Gale Crt. Gentiles III. 23 This efficacious concurse, as it determines and applies the second cause to act, is.. termed determinative. 1682 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 205 The day appointed for pronouncing the determinative sentence in the cause. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. I. in. vi. 120 The determinative Voice of the Head of the Church. 1865 Holland Plain T. v. 183 Determinative of the character of life. 1884 Fairbairn in Contemp. Rev. Mar. 360 The underlying conception, the determinative principle or idea.

tb. Characterized by being determined or fixed. a 1677 Hale Contempl., Christ Crucif. (R.), Our Lord Christ’s body could not be longer detained under the power of death, then the determinative time of three days.

2. a. Serving to limit or fix the extent, or the specific kind or character of anything: said of attributes or marks added with this purpose. Cf. B. 2. 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 310 The one.. is Common or Determinable properly by the other, and the other is

Particular or Determinative of it. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. vi. vi. 385 If..we wou’d needs add some exteriour marks, more declaratory and determinative of.. Virtue and Pleasure. 1725 Watts Logic 11. ii. §5 The term .. is determinative and limits the subject to a particular part of its extension. 1865 Tylor Early Hist. Man. v. 99 The Egyptians do not seem to have got rid of their determinative pictures. 1881-Anthropol. vii. 171 These examples.. give some idea of the principles of its [ Chinese writing] sound-characters and keys or determinative signs.

b. Gram, determinative adjective, pronoun, etc. (see quots.); determinative compound = TATPURUSHA.

1921 E. Sapir Lang. vi. 135 The words of the typical suffixing languages (Turkish, Eskimo, Nootka) are ‘determinative’ formations, each added element determining the form of the whole anew. 1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. 11. 24 To group with the pronouns all determinative adjectives.. shortening the term to determinatives. 1933 Bloomfield Lang. xiv. 235 One can .. distinguish .. determinative (attributive or subordinative) compounds (Sanskrit tatpurusha). 1961 R. B. Long Sentence its Parts 486 The, a, and every are exceptional among the determinative pronouns in requiring stated heads.

B. sb. 1. A determinative agent; that which determines, decides, or impels in a given direction. 1832 Austin Jurispr. (1879) I. xxvii. 521 A right of action is not merely considered as an instrument or means of redress but as a restraint or determinative from wrong.

2. That which serves to determine or define the character or quality of something else. a. In hieroglyphic writing, an ideographic sign annexed to a word phonetically represented, for the purpose of defining its signification. Thus in the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics there were generic determinatives which indicated the class of notions to which the word belonged, determinatives of number, etc. b. In Science of Language, a spoken syllable having an analogous function in some languages; also, a determinative or demonstrative word. 1862 Marsh Eng. Lang. iv. 67 Very many of the native Mono-syllables are mere Determinatives. 1862 Rawlinson Anc. Mon. I. iv. 81 The ‘determinative’ of a god—the sign, that is, which marks that the name of a god is about to follow. 1875 Renouf Egyptian Gram. 11 Plural nouns and adjectives usually.. take the sign : or 111 after them as a determinative of plurality. 1881 Tylor Anthropol. vii. 173 Even where they spelt words by their sounds, they had a remarkable way of adding what are called determinatives, which are pictures to confirm or explain the spelt word. 1883 Sayce Fresh Light Anc. Mon. i. 18 Determinatives.. characters which have no phonetic value, but which determine the class to which the word they accompany belongs.

de'terminatively, adv. [f- prec. +

-ly2.] a. In a determinative manner; so as to determine, fb. = DETERMINATELY.

1641 Argument Law in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) V. 63 Such things as are intended immediately, directly, and determinatively against the life and person of the King. 1643 Marshall Let. 14 To judge every person., in the Nation determinatively and conclusively, so as from that judgement there is no appealing. 1662 Evelyn Chalcogr. 124 For the symmetrically conducting of his hatches, deterfninatively, and with certitude.

determinativeness, [f. prec. + quality

-ness.] a. The

of

being determinative. determinateness 2; determination.

b.

=

1821 Blackw. Mag. X. 76 A due proportion of the organ of determinativeness in our peasantry and mechanics might make our subjugation a matter of absolute impossibility. 1851 I. Taylor Wesley (1852) 121 [Wesley] whose letters are eminent samples of succinct determinativeness.

determinator

(di't3:mineit3(r)). [a. L. determinator, agent-noun from L. determinare to determine: with quot. 1556 cf. obs. F. determinates.] He who or that which determines (in various senses of the verb); a determiner. 1556 Aurelio Isab. (1680) Dv, Of that they ware the juges, and determinateurs. 1642 Sir E. Dering Sp. on Relig. xiv. 44 The proper determinators of this point. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ill. v. 115 Three determinators of truth, Authority, Sense and Reason. 1855 Ess. Intuit. Mor. 146 If a man set forth Moral pleasure as the determinator of his Will. 1879 H. George Progr. & Pov. 18 To make the ratio with production, and not the ratio with capital, the determinator of wages.

determinatum (di,t3:mi'neit3m).

Logic and Philol. [a. L. determinatum ‘thing determined’, neut. of pa. pple. of determinare to determine.] A qualified or limited element of a phrase or proposition; the part determined. 1924 [see determinandum], i960 S. Potter Lang, in Mod. World v. 67 In English the determinant (air) always precedes the determinatum (man).

determine (di‘t3:min), v. [a. OF. determine-r (i2thc. in Littre), = Pr., Sp., It. determinar, ad. L. determinare to bound, limit, determine, fix, f. L. de- I.3+ terminare to set bounds to.] I. To put an end or limit to; to come to an end.

DETERMINE 1. trans. To put an end to (in time); to bring to

an end; to end, conclude, terminate. chiefly in Law.)

DETERMINE

550

(Now

1483 Cath. Angl. 98 To Determyn, determinate, diffinire, distinguere, finite. 1494 Fabyan Chton. 5 At the Conquest I haue eke determyned The vi. part, c 1510 More Picus Wks. 9/1 Death determineth the manifolde incommodities .. of this life, a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon lviii. 199 It behoueth vs shortely to determyne oure besynes. 1651 Smith in Fuller s Abel Rediv., Willet 573 Here also God determined his travails. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 167 f 5 Her Husband’s Death.. would certainly have determined her Life. 1785 Paley Mot. Philos. (1818) I. 326 To determine a connexion which is become odious to both. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 444 A warranty.. may be defeated, determined, or avoided, in all or in part. 1845 Stephen Laws Engl. (ed. 6) I. 298 The lessee, .hath determined his estate by his own default. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. (1875) H. xvi. 441 The death of Edward III determined the crisis.

t b. To cause to end in (some conclusion). Obs. a 1668 Denham Poems 98 The people join’d In glad consent, and all their common fear Determine in my fate. 1673 Temple Observ. United Prov. Wks. 1731 I. 25 Albert bent the whole Force of the War upon France, till he determined it in a Peace with that Crown.

2. intr. (for refl.) To come to an end; to cease to exist or be in force; to expire, to die. (Now chiefly in Law.) c 1374 Chaucer Troylus hi. 330 (379) That rather dye I wold, and determyne, As thinkith me, stokkid in prisoun. 1571 Ludlow Churchw. Acc. (Camden) 147 His interest in the said pewe to determyne. 1607 Shaks. Cor. in. iii. 43 Must all determine heere? 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 73 His life was to determine with his fathers. 1677 Cary Chronol. 11. 1. 1. v. 104 The Year, .was that in which the 4th of the 6th Olympiad did Determine. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 422/2 The changes we have to experience only determine with our lives. 1794 Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 289 The custom ceased and determined at Sir Matthew Mite’s election. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 56 In fact the estate of Martin did not determine by his death, surrender, or forfeiture, but by the death of King Charles II. 1883 Gladstone Sp. in Pari. 19 July, The privileges.. do not determine with the life of M. de Lesseps.

b. To end in (a termination, conclusion, or result); ‘to end consequentially’ (J.). Obs. or arch. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 143/4 As long as issue male continued, which determined in John Moubray Duke of Norfolke. a 1631 Donne in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. lxvi. 3 As long as their rage determined in his person, he opened not his mouth. 1654 Trapp Comm. Job xxi. 13 Their merry dance determineth in a miserable downfall. 1684 Contempl. State of Man 1. vii. (1699) 71 The Misery wherein all the Felicity of this World is to determin. 01716 South Serm. (1744) X. 78 But that which begins in vanity, must needs determine in vexation of spirit. 1767 Byron's Voy. r. World 114 The head is small., and determines in a snout. 1875 Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 4 The crisis.. is to determine in that struggle between the crown and the commons which the last two centuries have decided.

f3. trans. To set bounds to; to bound, limit. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. i. (1495) 861 Colour is the vttermest party .. that is determyned fro the vtter party of a bodyly thynge. 1571 Digges Pantom. 1. Elem. Bij, A Circle is a plaine figure, determined with one line, which is called a Circumference. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 128 Many of the Geographers set not downe Indus the riuer, for to determine the marches of the Indians Westward. 1654 Cromwell Sp. 22 Jan. (Carlyle), It determines his power. 1689 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 311 The Two Countyes shall have the Moors of the sayd Countyes otherwise determined. 01732 Atterbury (J.), That hill which thus determines their view at a distance.

b. Logic. To limit by adding differences; to limit in scope. [1555 Watreman Far die Facions 11. iv. 141 Determinyng the Tradicions of Moyses, by certein ordenaunces and decrees, whiche thei them selues [Phariseis] sette vp.] 1838 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xi. (1866) I. 194 When we determine any notion by adding on a subordinate concept, we divide it. 1842 Abp. Thomson Laws Th. lxxxvii. (i860) 158 Some mark may be added .. which narrows the extent of both, but renders them more definite—better determined.

fc. To limit to, restrict to. Obs. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 101 Soche a fredome as is determyned to nothynge in certeyne, but yt may be applyed generally. 1659 Hammond On Ps. xix. 11 Annot. 115 The context seems rather to determine it to the first.. sense. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. iii. ix. § 17 No one has Authority to determine the signification of the word Gold .. more to one Collection of Ideas .. than to another. 1691 Ray Creation 11. (1704) 380 Not. .necessarily determined to one manner of Respiration.

II. To bring to an end a dispute, controversy, or doubtful matter; to conclude, settle, decide, fix. 4. trans. To settle or decide (a dispute, question, matter in debate), as a judge or arbiter. C1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 345 J?at 3if J?e pope determine ou3t, J?anne it is soil? & to bileue. c 1440 Generydes 1695 To determyne [MS. -mytte] this mater, Generydes was brought owt. 1526 Tindale Acts xix. 39 Itt may be determined in a lawfull congregacion. 1530 Palsgr. 514/2, I determyne, I make a conclusion in a mater. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 246 Sitting in his long gowne, or riche robe, is occupied in suche matters as are of him to be determined. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. 1. i. 407 Let the lawes of Rome determine all. 1660 Trial Regie. 9 Authorized by the King’s Majestie to hear, and determine, all Treasons, Felonies, and other Offences, c 1710 C. Fiennes Diary {1888) 266 Matters of Life and death are not here tryed or determined. 1868 Milman St. Paul's vii. 133 The Dean presided in all causes brought before the Chapter, and determined them. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. iv. 114 This ambiguity should be determined in one direction or in the other.

b. with an object expressing the sentence, conclusion, or issue. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. I. (1843) 6/1 He would undertake.. that his presence would in a moment determine the restitution of the palatinate to his brother and sister. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 181 |f 3 The time at which every man’s fate was to be determined. 1752 Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) I. 108 The laws will.. determine the punishment of the criminal. 1832 Hr. Martineau Each & All v. 67 The circumstances which determine the recompense of each. 1853 J.H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. 1. ii. 86 It was an era which determined the history of the world. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 63 The law will determine all our various duties towards relatives.

c. with subordinate clause, expressing the matter at issue. 1399 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 385 And whedir the grounde of 3iste were good other ille, trouthe hathe determyned. 1561 Daus Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 192 Lucius the third., determineth playnly, that heretickes are stricken with an euerlastyng curse. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 227 To determine what was meetest to be done in this matter. 1589 R. Harvey PI. Perc. (1590) 15 As senseles, as they which determine vpon an Ale bench whether the passenger.. be a Saint or a Diuell. 1611 Bible Acts xxvii. 1 When it was determined [earlier vv. demed, concluded, decreed] that we should saile into Italy. 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 105 It might now be determin’d whether the Council’s Speech to the Assembly.. shou’d be Printed. 1834 Southey Doctor lxv. (1862) 137 Far happier are they who always know what they are to do, than they who have to determine what they will do. 1887 Ruskin Praeterita II. 179, I determined that the Alps were, on the whole, best seen from below.

5. intr. To come to a judicial decision; to give a decision; to decide. fConst. of (on). C1384 Chaucer H. Fame 1. 343 Wayte vpon the conclusyon, And eke how that ye determynen, And for the more part diffynen. C1477 Caxton Jason 72 Smale thinges of which they shall haue the knowleche for to determine. 1579 Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 41/2 Suche men., although they affirme, yet can they certeinely determine of nothing. 1598 Hakluyt Voy. I. 68 Neither, .to speake of any affaires, after they haue beene determined of by the Emperour. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, 1. i. 214 You shall to th’ Tower, till you know How he determines further. 1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. 244. Who have reason enough to doubt, but not science sufficiently to determine rightly. 1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxxix. 447 Cox, Bishop of Ely, determined on both questions. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 155 If 4 The general inability of man to determine rightly concerning his own. 1759 Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 268 The representatives of the people have an undoubted right to judge and determine.. of the sum to be raised. 1767 Junius Lett. xxxv. 166 What.. remains, but to leave it to the people to determine for themselves?.. They alone ought to determine.

fb. To decide for. Obs. 1624-25 Bp. Mountagu Corr. J. Cosin (1869) I. 42, I determine next weke for Pettworth. 1750 Bp. Hurd in Warburton’s Lett. (1809) 52 He has determined for the Law.

c. To decide or fix upon, on. (Blending with 18 c, q.v.) f6. To lay down decisively or authoritatively; to pronounce, declare, state. (Const, as in 4, 5.) 1393 Gower Conf. III. 86 Of theorique principal The philosophre in speciall The propretes hath determined. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4885 Of ech synne it is the rote.. As Tulius can determyne. i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. A j a, Here in thys booke folowyng is determyned the lynage of Coote armuris.

fb. To decide or declare to be; to term. Obs. 1653 H. More Antid. Ath. 11. xi. (1712) 161 This he determines primogenious moisture.

f7. trans. To settle or fix beforehand; to ordain, decree; to ordain what is to be done. Obs. 1382 Wyclif Acts xvii. 26 Determynynge tymes ordeyned, and termes of habitacioun. 1535 Coverdale Isa. x. 23 Ye Lorde .. shal perfectly fulfil the thinge, that he hath determyned. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 121 His houre was come, so was it determined, which way could he shun it? 1611 Bible j Sam. xxv. 17 For evil is determined against our master. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iii. iii. 263 Some superintendent Intellectual Nature, that by certain election and choice determined things. 1758 S. Hayward Serm. xiv. 408 God .. determined holiness to be the way to everlasting happiness.

8. trans. To fix or decide causally; to condition as a cause or antecedent. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. x. 42 As in other things.. not the seller, but the buyer determines the Price. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 141 jf 2 The whole tenor of his life has been determined by some accident of no apparent moment. 1839 Murchison Silur. Syst. 1. xxxvi. 505 These divergences have.. been determined by the eruptive forces which evolved the trap rocks. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) 11. 72 The wealth of London determines prices all over the globe. 1874 Sayce Compar. Philol. ii. 73 Dante has determined classical Italian. 1883 Gilmour Mongols xviii. 213 His religion .. determines for him the colour and cut of his coat.

9. To decide upon (one of several); to fix (which or what it is to be). 1659 Pearson Creed (1662) 195 The apertion of the wombe determineth the first-born. 1720 Ozell Vertot's Rom. Rep. II. x. 155 To rob his Enemy of the cruel Pleasure of determining the kind of.. Death. 1771 Mrs. Griffith tr. Viaud's Shipwreck 37 Let us then determine the first passengers by lot. 1850 McCosh Div. Govt. iii. i. (1874) 269 It is the will which determines what is to be preferred or rejected. 1886 Sir J. Stirling in Law Times' Rep. LV. 283/2 Determining what particulars of objections ought to be allowed.

b. with alternative clause. 1772 Hist. Rochester 33 Whether in this tower.. I cannot determine. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 325 To determine whether he should or should not consider it as his own.

110. To conclude from reasoning, investigation, etc. (a thing to be, or that it is). Obs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. Ixxv. 53 Whiche length of tyme is of some Auctour determyned to be longe and of some but shorte. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 163 b, Rosell, Angelus, & other doctours determyneth & concludeth that [etc.]. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 26 Stadium .. which length Plinie determineth to be 125 pases. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 11. ii. in. (1676) 162/2 Thus Clavius and Maginus, etc., with their followers, vary and determine of these celestial orbs and bodies. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. III. xvi. 139 Bishop Fleetwood has determined .. that five pounds in this reign was equivalent to twenty eight, or thirty, now. 1814 Mrs. Jane West Alicia de Lacy IV. 218 Hereford determined him to be an audacious knave.

11. trans. To ascertain definitely by observation, examination, calculation, etc. (a point previously unknown or uncertain); to fix as known. 1650 Fuller Pisgah 1. vii. 18 It is hard to determin their exact habitation. 1696 Whiston Th. Earth 11 (1722) 121 The entire Circle may still be describ’d, and its Original Situation determin’d. 1715 Desaguliers Fires Impr. 24 We shall in the third Book determine the.. Bigness.. and Situation of those Cavities. 1737 Whiston Josephus's Hist. Pref. §10 The measures of those edifices., all accurately determined. 1806 Hutton Course Math. I. 367 Haying given, the Area.. of a Rectangle, inscribed in a given Triangle; to determine the Sides of the Rectangle. 1811 Pinkerton Petrol. I. 357 A rock very difficult to determine. 1824 De Quincey Pol. Econ. Dial. v. (i860) 553 As when I say that the thermometer determines the heat, viz., that it determines or ascertains it to my knowledge, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. viii. 60 We also determined both the velocity and the width of the Glacier. 1861 F. Hall in Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 147 He has determined him to A.D. 490. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 201 Some difficulty in determining the route by which he approached it.

12. Geom. (trans.) To fix or define the position of. 1840 Lardner Geom. xiii. 159 To determine a similar system of points. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona’s Proj. Geom. 175 Two projective ranges of points determine an involution; for they determine the straight line s, which determines the involution.

b. intr. To be defined as to position. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 285 All straight lines passing through U determine on the circumference.

13. To discuss and resolve a disputed question (determinare qusestionem), or maintain a thesis against an opponent in a scholastic disputation, especially in a disputation by which a student entered upon the degree of B.A.; hence, absolutely. To perform the exercises of determination (sense 4) which completed the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and enabled the student to proceed to qualify himself for the Master’s degree. Obs. exc. Hist. [1267 in Munim. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) I. 34 Ut certa forma provideretur sub qua Bachillarii artium determinaturi ad determinandum forent admittendi.] 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 193 That a young Novesse should thus boldly determine at their disputations. 1649 Order 26 Jan. in Wood Life (Oxf. H.S.) I. 149 That all Bachelaurs of this University who have not determined the last yeare do determine this Lent. 1691-Ath. Oxon. II. 413 After he had taken the degree of Bach, of Arts and determined. a 1695 -Life II. 517 Every bachelor was to determine twice between the 17 Feb. to 7 March. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 1. iii. xi. (1743) 281 He is obliged.. to propose a question in the publick Schools within a Year after he hath taken the said Degree [D.D.], and to determine upon the same. 1878 A. Clark Reg. Univ. Oxf. (O.H.S.) II. 1. 50 In some cases the University bound over the ‘admissi’ to determine next Lent under a money penalty. Ibid., On 17 Feb. 1599 a committee was apppointed to provide a scheme by which bachelors presented might be compelled to determine.

111. To direct to some end or conclusion; to come to some conclusion. 14. trans. To give a terminus or aim to; to give tendency or direction to; to direct; to decide the course of; to impel to (some destination). a 1430 Lydg. Bochas ix. xxxii. (1554) 211b, He.. Gan his compleint to Bochas determine. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 121 |f 1 Such an Operation .. as .. determines all the Portions of Matter to their proper Centres. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 151 |f 4 Accidental impulses determine us to different paths. 1753 N. Torriano Gangr. Sore Throat 71 Determining the morbific Matter from the internal to the.. external Parts. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1806) II. iii. x. 252 Thus determining a greater quantity of capital to this particular employment. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 80 A power., of determining the oxygen of the liquid to its surface.

b. fig. To direct, impel, give a direction or definite bias to. 1529 More Dyaloge 1. Wks. 164/2 Ye shoulde not haue wyste on which parte to determine your byleue. 1613 J. Salkeld Treat. Angels 221 Are by reason of the same beatitude so prevented and determined to all good . . that in no wise they can sinne. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. hi. iii. §7 If this power of determining its self either way must be taken away. 01670 Rust Disc. Truth (1682) 189 It is no imperfection in God to be determined to Good. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 11. xxi. §50 We are endowed with a power to suspend any particular desire, and keep it from determining the will, and engaging us in action. 1772 W. Cullen Inst. Med. IV. §202 Animals are determined to take in aliment by the appetites of hunger and thirst. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) I. ii. 23 Speculative truth is valuable only as it determines a greater quantity of higher power into activity. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 86 It only determines or facilitates the action of chemical force.

DETERMINED

DETERMINING

55i

15. intr. To take its course, go, tend to (a particular terminus or destination), arch.

2. Limited, restricted: a. as to extent; b. as to freedom of action or choice; conditioned.

1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 61 Until it might be discerned whether the malady would determine to life, or death. 1656 Sanderson Serm. (1689) 542 They all determine and concentre there. 1805 W. Saunders Min. Waters 293 A dose of this water.. will generally determine pretty powerfully to the kidnies. 1839 Bailey Festus xxi. (1848) 272 To these they all determine. 1858 Sears Athan. HI. IV. 290 When the separating judgment shall come on, and each [human being] determines to the place he loves.

1603 Shaks. Meas.for M. in. i. 70 Perpetual durance, a restraint.. To a determin’d scope. 1805 Wordsw. Prelude 1. 641 ’Tis a theme Single and of determined bounds. 1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. (1877) I. 53 Fails to render such a fact as free-will in the offspring of absolutely determined natures even conceivable.

fb. intr. To be directed upon (anything) as a goal or final object. Obs.

1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 11. 113 Let vs hold for determined, that the life of man is instructed in the law. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 193 He mangled him selfe to cloake his determined mischiefe. 1602 T. Fitzherbert Apol. 21 a, So farre as my determined breuity wil permit. 1603 Owen Pembrokeshire (1891) 197 [I] fall into my determyned matter to speake of Pembrokshire. 1650 J. Taylor Holy Living iii. §4 (1727) 173 It is a determined rule in divinity. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 261 Some determined bias must have existed.

1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 11. Ad § 12. 94 The hopes of a Christian ought not to determine upon any thing lesse than heaven. Ibid. iv. §18 To suffer corporal austerities with thoughts determining upon the external action or imaginations of sanctity inherent in the action.

16. trans. To decide the course of (a person); to bring to the determination, decision, or resolution (to do something). 1672 Wilkins Nat. Relig. 29 He., shall not be able to determine himself to the belief or practice of any thing. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 278 If 2 A distressed Damsel, who intends to be determined by your Judgment. 1741 Middleton Cicero (1742) III. ix. 56 All these informations determined him at last not to venture to the Senate. 1788 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 520 Determining the fishermen to carry on their trade from their own homes. 1818 Mrs. Shelley Frankenst. vi. (1865) 97 These reflections determined me and I resolved to remain silent. 1821 Scott Kenilw. xx, A step to which Janet by farther objections only determined her the more obstinately. 1886 Dowden Shelley II. i. 7. [She] took credit to herself for having determined Shelley to travel abroad.

117. refl. To bring oneself to a decision; to come to the resolve (to do something). [= F. se determiner.] Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 267 They upon this medicine Appointen hem and determine That.. They wolde [etc.]. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 1, I determyned me to take that voyage. 1490 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 1 Preamb., The King.. hath determined himself to pass over the Sea. 1701 tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers (1702) 57 Tis the part of a Witty Man, to Determine himself speedily upon all sorts of Questions.

18. intr. (for refl.) To come to the decision, resolve definitely (to do something), fin early use often to determine with oneself. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 226 The moste meke wylle of the Vyrgyn vtterly determyned to same god. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. II. vi, I have determyned in my judgement, For La Bell Pucell.. To passe the waye of so greate jeopardy. 1526-34 Tindale Acts xx. 16 Paul had determined [Wyclif, Rhem., purposed] to leave Ephesus as they sailed. 1530 Palsgr. 514/2 Whan I determyne with my selfe to do a thyng. 1548 Hall Chron. 187 b, He in the meane season determined to make hys abode in Scotland. Ibid. 194 b, He determined with him selfe clerely to marye with her. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. 11. ii, Determines straight To bid us battle for our dearest lives. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, V. iv. 375 He determined to set the highest price upon Francis’s freedom. 1808 Med.Jrnl. XIX. 437 The obstinacy .. of the fever made me determine.. to administer some remedy. 1891 E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 310 Narcissa determined to go at once.

b. with subordinate clause or equivalent. 1582 N. Lichefield, tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. 3 Taking order and determining with Pedro.. , that at a time appointed they shuld meet. 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido v. i, That have I not determin’d with myself. 1736 Butler Anal. 1. i. Wks. 1874 I. 24 A man determines, that he will look at such an object.

c. To resolve upon, on, fof (some course of action). With indirect passive, to be determined on or upon. This appears to combine senses 5 and 18, and to pass imperceptibly from the sense decide to that of resolve. 1607 Shaks. Cor. iv. i. 35 Determine on some course. 1636 tr. Ariana 307, I could not as yet determine of what I was to doe. 1754 J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 19 [This] seduced him to determine on the Life of a Gentleman, when his Uncle should die. 1801 Mrs. Ch. Smith Solitary Wand. I. 33 Unable to determine on what answer they were to give. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 1. vi. 69 The bishops.. determined on a further appeal to the pope. 1885 Manch. Exam. 26 June 5/4 Not at present definitely determined on.

d. impersonal passive.

4. Appointed, ordained; fixed beforehand. ? a 1500 Wycket (1828) 3 The chosen .. shalbe made whyte tyll a tyme determined. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 25 Not any determined, or appointed measure, as a yarde, a furlong. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 284 Caused al the company to breake off their determined pastimes. 1591 Shaks. i Hen. VI, iv. vi. 9 To my determin’d time thou gau’st new date. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 3 They are so by the determined counsell of God.

5. Defined, definite, exact; distinctly marked or laid down; fixed. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 3 If a Poynt moue from a determined situation. 1582 Batman Treviso's Barth, de P.R. in. xx. 21 If it had a determined savour.. it might not take the savour of another thing. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. iii. v. § 14 Names .. when they have any determin’d Signification. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 55 a, Others set apart a certain determined place of burial. 1733 Neal Hist. Purit. II. 375 Oaths ought to be explicit, and the words as clear and determined as possible. 1789 Gilpin Wye 10 A body of water.. wearing any determined form. 1796-7 Instr. & Reg. Cavalry (1813) 77 The determined line on which the pivots of the column are to stand. 1891 Rosebery Pitt xi. 194 Some cynical offer.. of his interest for a determined price.

6. Definitely ascertained or identified. 1817 Chalmers Astron. Disc. i. (1852) 21 A round ball of a determined magnitude. 1882 Entomol. Mag. Mar. 235 Specimens .. either determined or undetermined.

7. a. Of persons: Characterized by determination or final and fixed resolve; resolute; not to be moved from one’s purpose. 1772 Ann. Reg. 26/2 Because they were determined deists. 1803 G. Rose Diaries (i860) II. 46 The King., is a determined Antigallican. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Goethe Wks. (Bohn) I. 391, I meet the eyes of the most determined of men. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 1. ii. 24 Intimating that the king would find him a most determined antagonist. 1885 F. Temple Relat. Relig. Sc. i. 4 Science and Religion seem very often to be the most determined foes to each other. 1887 Times 10 Oct. 3/3 Two determined looking men, were charged with being suspected persons.

b. Of personal properties, actions, Showing determination, unflinching, wavering.

etc.: un¬

1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. iii. 227 Cassio following him with determin’d Sword To execute vpon him.' 1765 Sterne Tr. Shandy VII. ix, With as determined a pencil as if I had her in the wettest drapery. 1792 Anecd. W. Pitt I. xvii. 277 There was a determined resolution.. against any vigorous exertion of the national power. 1837 Disraeli Venetia 1. ii, Gave a determined ring at the bell. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Times Wks. (Bohn) II. 119 Courage, not rash and petulant, but considerate and determined.

c. (For the predicative use in to be determined, see DETERMINE V. I 9.)

de'terminedly, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a determined, decided, or resolute manner. C1540 Deposit, in Old Ways (1892) 100 Her mynde was determynedly fyxitt that she wolde not marrye with hym. 1790 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 20/1 The..club, so determinedly inimical to monarchy. 1811 Chron. ibid. 7 After fighting 25 minutes most determinedly. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps v. §6. 141 In every style that is determinedly progressive. 1870 Miss Bridgman Ro. Lynne II. xiii. 268 She tied on her bonnet grimly and determinedly.

de'terminedness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being determined or resolute.

1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xxix, It was determined to sell the place.

19. to be determined, to have come to a decision or definite resolve {to do something); to be finally and firmly resolved. (Cf. determined ppl. a.) 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 771 If she finally were determined to kepe him. 1529-Dyaloge 1. Wks. 161/2 One, whom she is determined neuer to mary. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. i. 30 Therefore, since I cannot proue a Louer.. I am determined to proue a Villaine. 1601-Jul. C. v. i. 100 What are you then determined to do? 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 19 If I had been otherwise determined. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. §208 Being now determined as to the composition of the mortar for the Edystone. 1866 Geo. Eliot F. Holt (1868) 17 No; I’m determined not to sleep up-stairs.

fb. To be bound for. Obs. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 222 Sir George is determined for Switzerland in a few days.

determined (di'taimind), ppl. a.

3. Decided, settled, fixed; decided or resolved upon.

[f. prec.

+

-ED1.]

1. Terminated, ended. 1581 J Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 444 Albeit the thing itselfe .. be past, and ye tyme thereof determined.

1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. iii. 12 So much determinedness; such a noble firmness in my sister. 1771 T. Hull Sir W. Harrington (1797) IV. 25 With a determinedness, in his looks, that made me tremble. 1883 Chicago Advance 15 Mar., A persistent determinedness that has known no discouragement.

determiner1 (di't3:min3(r)).

[f. determine v.

+ -ER1.]

1. He who or that which determines, in various senses, a. He who or that which decides. 1530 Palsgr. 213/1 Determyner, determinevr. 1584 Fenner Def. Ministers (1587) 59 Anie other determinors of the issue. 1653 A. Wilson Jas. I, 167 The Sword, as it is the best determiner, so it is the most honourable Treater. 1659 Milton Civ. Power Wks. 1738 I. 547 No Man or body of Men in these times can be the infallible Judges or Determiners in matters of Religion. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) III. xvi. 125 Miss Grandison must be the sole determiner on this occasion. 1884 Century Mag. XXVIII. 122 The determiner of the future policy of the Church.

b. That which decides the course of action, or determines the result. 1754 Edwards Freed. Will 1. ii. (1762) 5 If the Will be determined, there is a Determiner. This must be supposed to be intended even by them that say the Will determines

itself. Ibid. 11. vii. 90 The opportunity that is left for the Will itself to be the determiner of the act.

c. One who ascertains definitely. 1846 Grote Greece 1. xviii. II. 18 The original determiner of this epoch.

d. Biol. = DETERMINANT B. sb. 4. 1909 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity 79 Hitherto we have spoken of the determiner for such a colour as grey in rabbits and mice as ‘dominant’ over the colours lower in the scale, such as black or chocolate... We shall then speak of the determiner for grey as epistatic to that for black. 1922 R. C. Punnett Mendelism (ed. 6) 113 A female determiner incapable of carrying sex-limited factors. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 236 The future symmetry of the embryo is not influenced by anything that one could call a ‘determiner’ in the cytoplasm. Ibid. 246 It then became an obvious task to discover more precisely where this structure-determiner was situated and how it acted.

f2. A determining bachelor of determinant B i. Obs. (exc. Hist.)

arts;

=

1574 M. Stokys in Peacock Stat. Cambridge (1841) App. A. 6 [The bell shall] be tolled in every Colledge, Howse, Hall or Hostell where eny Determiners be. 1726 Amherst Terrae Fil. xlii. 224 The collectors.. draw a scheme .. in which the names of all determiners are placed in several columns, and over against them, in other columns, the days when, and the schools where, they are to respond.

3. Gram. A class of limiting expressions modifying nouns (see quot. 1933). Also attrib. 1933 Bloomfield Lang. xii. 203 Our limiting adjectives fall into two sub-classes of determiners and numeratives... The determiners are defined by the fact that certain types of noun expressions (such as house or big house) are always accompanied by a determiner (as, this house, a big house). 1961 R. B. Long Sentence its Parts ii. 39 The most characteristic modifiers of nouns in positions in front of the nouns are (1) determiners, such as the and possessives, and (2) adjectives. Ibid. 40 Determiner modifiers, pronounal in function, normally precede adjectival modifiers. 1964 Language XL. 37 Traditionally, grammarians have recognized two kinds of determiners: the, usually called the definite determiner, and a, usually called the indefinite determiner. It is now common to regard other elements as determiners, or as parts of determiners... Further, it is convenient to regard all, any, and the like as part of the determiner (these items are frequently called predeterminers). And finally, prenominal genitives such as his and John's are shown to behave as determiners by transformational criteria.

t determiner2. Law. [subst. use of F. determiner pres, inf.] The final determining of a judge or court of justice: in oyer and determiner, a variant of oyer and terminer. (Obs. exc. Hist.) 1450 Paston Lett. No. 103 I. 138 That ye hadde sued hym for an especiall assise, and an oier and determiner. 1548 Hall Chron. 169 b, A commission of oyer and determiner, for the punishment of this outragious offence & sedicious crime. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 106 Iustices of Assises, Ewer, Determiner, and the lyke. 1633 T. Stafford Pac. Hib. i. (1821) 16 Of Oyer, Determiner, and Goale deliverie. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Oyer and Terminer.. sometimes written determiner.

determining

(di't3:mmir)), vbl. sb. [f. determine v. + -ING1.] The action of the verb determine; determination. (Now chiefly gerundial.) 1530 Palsgr. 213/1 Determyning, terminance, determination. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Determinance.. the determining or ending of a thing. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 117 The determining of all cases and questions in religion. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 22 The .. inconsiderate determining of youths to the profession of learning. 1726 Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. I. 9a, We must have regard to the .. Use of every Edifice in the determining of its Situation. [1772 C. Hutton Bridges 4 Their spans are still necessary for determining their figure.]

b. In academic use = determination 4. 1675 (25 Feb.) in A. Wood Life & T. (O.H.S.) II. 309 Officers that have fees for determining. 1887 [see determination 4].

determining, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] 1. That determines; esp. that decides, or leads to a decision; that fixes the course or issue. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 158 If 3 A certain positive and determining manner in which you talk. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 45 The force of heat seems more a determining than a producing influence. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. no The determining principle of their action. 1884 Athenaeum 23 Feb. 241/1 What was the determining motive?

b. Terminating, ending. 1893 Daily Nevis 21 Feb. 7/8 What is called the determining school year (that is the school year ended last before the 1st Jan. 1891).

f2. Performing the academic exercise of determination: determining bachelor, a bachelor of arts who had to determine in the Lenten disputations of the year. Obs. exc. in University Hist. 1649 Order 26 Jan., in Wood Life & T. (O.H.S.) I. 149 That all determining Bachelaurs do meet at St. Marie’s at 12 of the clock.. and be conducted to the Schooles by the bedells. 1709 Steele & Swift Tatler No. 71 If 8 Not a Senior Fellow [will] make a Pun, nor a determining Batchelor drink a Bumper. 1721 Amherst Terrae Fil. No. 42 (1726) 232 The collectors.. are chosen out of the determining batchelors by the two proctors. 1887 A. Clark Registr. Univ. Oxf. II. 1. 52 To arrange the determining bachelors into groups, so that each determining bachelor might dispute twice at least.

Hence determiningly adv.

DETERMINISM a 1641 Bp. Mountague & Mon. (1642) 489 We dare not determiningly resolve, wee ought not boysterously to rush upon it.

determinism (di't3:miniz(3)m). [f. determine v. + -ISM.] 1. The philosophical doctrine that human action is not free but necessarily determined by motives, which are regarded as external forces acting upon the will. 1846 Sir W. Hamilton Reid's Wks. 87 note, There are two schemes of Necessity—the Necessitation by efficient —the Necessitation by final causes. The former is brute or blind Fate; the latter rational Determinism. 1855 W. Thomson in Oxford Essays 181 The theory of Determinism, in which the will is regarded as determined or swayed to a particular course by external inducements and formed habits, so that the consciousness of freedom rests chiefly upon an oblivion of the antecedents to our choice, i860 Mansel Proleg. Logica App. Note D. 334 The latter hypothesis is Determinism, a necessity no less rigid than Fatalism. 1866 Contemp. Rev. I. 465 He arrived at a system of absolute determinism, which entirely takes away man’s free will, and with it his responsibility. 1880 W. L. Courtney in Abbot Hellenica (1880) 257 Epicurus .. was an opponent of Fatalism, not of Determinism.

2. gen.

The doctrine that everything that happens is determined by a necessary chain of causation. 1876 Martineau Materialism 71 If man is only a sample of the universal determinism. 1944 G. Bateson in J. McV. Hunt Personality & Behavior Disorders II. xxiii. 714 The phrase ‘economic determinism’ has .. become a slogan. Ibid. 716 It is this sort of cultural ‘genetics’ and cultural ‘physiology’ which I have tried to sum up with the phrase ‘cultural determinism’. 1945 K. R. Popper Open Society II. xxii. 196 Sociological determinism [is the view that].. all our opinions .. depend upon society and its historical state. 1950 C. D. Darlington in Darlington & Mather Genes, Plants People p. xvii, Mendel directed his enquiries with a rigorous determinism. He assumed that every property of every seedling was determined by something that happened in its two parents. 1957 N. Frye Anatomy of Criticism 6 The fallacy of what in history is called determinism, where a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics expresses that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite subject into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less.

de'terminist, sb. and a. [f. as prec. + -ist.] A. sb. One who holds the doctrine of determinism. 1874 Mivart in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 784 The objections of our modern Determinists. 1881 Spectator 30 Apr. 574 He is an Agnostic and a Determinist, with no reserves. 1887 J. C. Morrison Service of Man ix. 298 The determinist is not less but more resolute in teaching morality than his free-will opponent.

B. adj. Of or pertaining to the theory of determinism. i860 Mansel Proleg. Logica App. Note E. 348, I believe the scheme of liberty is inconceivable only if the determinist argument is unanswerable. 1874 Sidgwick Meth. Ethics v. 55 A Determinist scheme of morality. 1885 R. H. Hutton in Contemp. Rev. Mar. 388 The necessarian or determinist theory of human action. 1887 Fowler Princ. Morals 11. ix. 308 The theory of Hobbes [on Volition] may most appropriately be called Determinist. The actions of men, he holds, are, like all other events, determined, and determined wholly, by antecedent circumstances.. The will is ‘the last desire in deliberation’, and our desires are the necessary result of their various antecedents.

deterministic (dit3:mi'nistik), a. [f. prec. + -ic.] Of or pertaining to determinism or determinists. 1874 W. G. Ward Ess. (1884) I. vi. 248 That which motives—to use deterministic language—affect is most evidently the will’s spontaneous inclination. 1880 W. G. Ward in Dublin Rev. Oct. 300 Mr. Hodgson maintains that the Deterministic theory is by no means inconsistent with ‘the existence of guilt and sin’.

deterministically (dit3:mi'nistik3li), adv. [f. deterministic a. + -ly2.] In a deterministic manner; inevitably. 1885 W. James Let. 5 Feb. (1920) I. 238 Since such activity has failed to be universally realized, it was (deterministically) impossible from eternity. 1935 Mind XLIV. 85 The relation of the part to the deterministically unfolding pattern of the whole.

t determission. Obs. ? Corrupted form of determination or OF. determineson: see

DETERMINATION. C1400 Test. Love 11. (1561) 291 b/i This dualitie, after Clerkes determission, is founden in every creature.

deterrable (di't3:r3b(3)l), a. Chiefly U.S. Law. [f. deter v.1 + -able.] That may be deterred from a course of action, esp. by fear of legal punishment. 1955 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. XXII. 374 The problem is to differentiate between the wholly non-deterrable and persons who are more or less susceptible to influence by law. 1970 N. Y. State Misc. Rep. LXIII. 2nd Ser. (1971) 221 Is he deterrable, i.e., despite any mental illness, is his present motivation such that anticipation of consequences can decisively influence his behavior? 1980 U.S. Supreme Court Rec. & Briefs CXXI. Petitioner's Opening Brief 34 This statement.. plainly reflects the Court’s conclusion that.. illegal searches and seizures that are deterrable.. will be successfully deterred by the knowledge that [etc.]. 1984 Washington Q. Spring 76/2 For all its military robustness, the Soviet Union remains eminently deterrable.

DETEST

552 t dete'rration. Obs. [f. L. de down + terra earth + -ation. (Not connected with mod.F. deterrer, OF. desterrer to disinter.)] The carrying down or descent of the surface of the earth from hills and higher grounds into the valleys, by the action of rain, landslips, or other physical process: a frequent term of physiographers about 1700; cf. degradation1 6.

desolate and deterring. 1872 Geo. Eliot Middlem. lxxiii. 188 Their highest qualities can only cast a deterring shadow over the objects.

1686 Plot Staff or dsh. 113 By the deterration or sinking of a hill between the Church and place of view. 1686 Phil. Trans. XVI. 210 A Marish .. being buried in Earth, by those frequent Deterrations from the adjoyning Hills. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth 1. (1723) 57 Deterrations, or the Devolution of Earth down upon the Valleys, from the Hills and higher Grounds. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., Deterration is a Removal of the Earth, Sand, &c., from the Mountains and higher Grounds down into the Valleys and Lower Parts: This is occasioned by Rains.

detersion (di't3:Jan). [a. F. detersion (Pare 16th c.) or ad. L. detersion-em, n. of action from detergere to deterge.] The action of cleansing (a sore or the like).

deterred,

pa. t. and pa. pple. of deter

deterrement,

v.

obs. form of determent.

deterrence (di'terans).

[f. next: see -ence.] Deterring or preventing by fear. spec., the reduction of the likelihood of war by the fear that nuclear weapons will be used against an aggressor; so graduated deterrence (see quot. 1966). 1861 T. B. L. Baker in War with Crime (1889) 124 That punishment is to be preferred which combines the greatest deterrence with the least pain. 1875 Poste Gaius 1. Intr. (ed. 2) 8 The deterrence of future wrongdoers by. .punishment of a past offender. 1884 F. Peek in Contemp. Rev. July 77 The main objects of imprisonment should be .. deterrence from crime and the reformation of offenders. 1955 Economist 5 Nov. 457 (heading) Graduated Deterrence? 1958 New Statesman 19 July 90/1 The argument about selfpreservation and deterrence is trivial and thoughtless. At the moment the nuclear powers will probably not start war against each other except in the event of an accident. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 9 Jan. 17/3 The present state of passive deterrence (in which each side could retaliate devastatingly if attacked, so neither side can afford to attack) provides a framework of insurance. 1962 Observer 13 May 15/2 The ‘deterrence only’ school include most of the adherents of finite deterrence (or minimum deterrence)... If each side can be certain of inflicting terrible damage on the other with its strategic forces, then neither side will use them. 1966 Schwarz & Hadik Strategic Terminology 59 Graduated deterrence, a strategy threatening a whole range of countermoves, each of which is designed not so much to punish the enemy and to destroy his war-making capacity or to change the local balance of power, as to demonstrate the will to inflict greater punitive damage, to escalate the conflict, in the hope of convincing the enemy to refrain from pursuing his objective.

deterrent

(di'terant), a. and sb. [ad. L. deterrent-em, pr. pple. of deterrere to deter: see

-ENT.] A. adj. Deterring; that deters, or has the power or tendency to deter. 1829 Bentham's Ration. Punishments (L.), The deterrent effect of such penalties. 1861 W. L. Clay Mem.J. Clay 210 The influence of a deterrent policy is the greatest on professional criminals. 1884 Times 16 Oct. 10 The influence of favourable or deterrent weather.

B. sb. Something that deters; a deterring agent. Esp. the nuclear weapons of any one country or alliance; spec., the hydrogen bomb. Freq. the (great) deterrent. Also attrib. and Comb. 1829 Bentham's Ration. Punishments (L.), No deterrent is more effective than a punishment which .. is sure, speedy, and severe. 1829 Southey in Q. Rev. XLI. 196 Operating as a provocative to many—as a deterrent, perhaps, to none. 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. 1.11. ix. (1872) 281 Feelings that serve as incentives and deterrents. 1892 Speaker 3 Sept. 277/1 The death penalty is no deterrent of adventure, nor even of pastime. 1954 Statement on Defence p. 4 in Pari. Papers 1953-54 XXII. 474 The primary deterrent, however, remains the atomic bomb and the ability of the highly organised and trained United States strategic air power to use it. 1954 New Statesman 14 Aug. 173/2 The theory and practice of the Great Deterrent is in fair way to becoming the theory and practice of the Great Bluff. 1955 Ibid. 26 Feb. 271 /i The Government has concurred in the Nato decision to rely on nuclear weapons and begun itself to manufacture a British H-bomb. It admits., that this leaves the United Kingdom well-nigh defenceless if the deterrent fails. 1957 J. Slessor (title) The great deterrent. 1958 Punch 27 Aug. 275/1 A lot of good that would do the human race, with .. the stockpile of deterrents rising as high as the Empire State Building. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 9 Jan. 17/3 The theory of the H-bomb as a deterrent. 1959 Observer 14 June 16/2 Britain should also be prepared to give up her independent deterrent and stop the manufacture of nuclear weapons. 1962 Listener 29 Mar. 548/1 There is no sign.. to suggest that the Great Powers will be able to abandon deterrent strategy in the forseeable future. 1963 Economist 12 Oct. 101/1 Restraint on German ‘deterrent-mongers’.

fde'terse, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. deters-, ppl. stem of detergere.] By-form of deterge. 1684 tr. Bonet’s Merc. Compit. in. 84 The matter being thus incided, detersed and attenuated.. may more easily be carried off.

1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 22 The substance of it is fitter for detersion then nutriment. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. 1. 13 A Gargarism of Hydromel used often is good for Detersion. 1775 Sir E. Barry Observ. Wines 294 Leave to others the active parts of the perfusions, detersions, etc.

detersive (di't3:siv), a. and sb. [a. F. detersif, -ive (1545 in Hatzf.), ad. medical L. detersiv-us, f. deters-, ppl. stem of detergere: see prec. and

-IVE.] A. adj. 1. Having the quality of cleansing or scouring; tending to cleanse. 1601 Holland Pliny II. 37 The same pouder is detersiue and scouring, and therefore put into sope and washing-balls. 1756 P. Browne Jamaica 226 The foliage of the tree is of a very detersive character, and frequently used to scour and whiten the floors. 1835 F. Mahoney Rel. Father Prout (1859) 509 The recording angel..no doubt dropped a detersive tear on an oath the decided offspring of monomania. 1886 Pall Mall G. 7 Aug. 3/2 Without experience of the detersive influences of common soap.

2. Med. and Surg. Having power to cleanse or purge the body, or to remove corrupt matter from a sore; detergent. 1586 Bright Melanch. xli. 276 No detersive medicine is able to pare and wipe away the blemish. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., Detersive Medicines, are such as are used to cleanse the Body from sluggish, viscous, and glutinous Humours. 1782 W. F. Martyn Geog. Mag. I. 734 Laying open the wound, and applying a detersive plaister. 1818 Cooper & Travers Surg. Ess. 1. (ed. 3) 167 Stimulant detersive applications which have been made to the part.

B. sb. A cleansing agent: in the general and medical senses. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxvi. xiv. (1678) 638 Neither.. with a painful and drie ulcer doth any other than a liquid detersive agree. 1665 G. Harvey Adv. agst. Plague 26 A Dysentery is stopt by a Detersive mixt with a Narcotick. 1756 P. Browne Jamaica 199 The pulp is a warm pungent detersive. 1843 Blackw. Mag. LIII. 228 Serving as detersives of the grosser humours of commercial life. 1862 S. Lucas Secularia 114 note, Bristol was celebrated for its soap.. Richard of Devizes refers in his history to its manufacture of this famous detersive.

Hence de'tersively adv., de'tersiveness. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Detersiveness, cleansing Quality. Also 1775 in Ash]. 1742 Bailey, Detersively, cleansingly. Also 1 864 in Webster, etc.]

fde'tersory, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. L. deters-: see prec. + -ory.] = detersive a. and sb. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 97 From the commistion of these two will proceed one moderate detersory.

detest (di'test), v. [a. F. deteste-r (Villon, 15th c.), ad. L. detestare (-art) to execrate while calling God to witness, to denounce, abhor, renounce, f. de- I. 1, down + testdrx to bear witness, call to witness.] 11. trans. To curse, calling God to witness; to express abhorrence of, denounce, execrate. Obs.

g

*533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 12 The saide mariage .. was rohibited and detested by the lawes of almighty god. 1536 ellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 62 He., began, be lang orisone, to detest the insolence, avarice and unnatural hatrent of the kingis sonnis. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) I- 733/2 All that were about him being amazed, utterly detested the fact. 1627 Hakewill Apol. 11. vii. §5 The fearefull inhabitants of Putyole flying through the dark.. crying out and detesting their Calamities. 1632 Le Grys tr. Velleius Paterc. 254 All posteritie shall.. with execrations detest thy fact. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxxvii. 147 We did not a little detest amongst ourselves both the Fonsecas and the Madureyras, but much more the Devil, that wrought us this mischief, a 1745 Swift Hen. I Wks. 1768 IV. 275 With bitter words, detesting the pride and insolence of Henry.

2. To feel abhorrence of; to hate or dislike intensely; to abhor, abominate.

That

a 1535 More Wks. 422 (R.), I finde in Erasmus my derlyng y* he detesteth and abhorreth the errours and heresies that Tyndall plainly teacheth. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 528 To caus all man for to detaist sic thing. X550 Crowley Last Trump. 1292 A vile slaue that doth all honestie deteste. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 111 Learn.. of Diogenes to detest women, be they neuer so comely. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. 11. v. 220 A colour she abhorres, and..a fashion shee detests. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 240 His owne pallat detested them. 1792 Burke Corr. (1844) III. 391 My party principles.. must lead me to detest the French revolution, in the act, in the spirit, in the consequences, and most of all, in the example. 1833 Ht. Martineau Tale of Tyne vii. 130, I detest the very name. Mod. To marry a man whom she detests!

1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 323 A new deterring name, of Kill abundance. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. ii. 10 The internal parts of the country are still more

a *553 Philpot Wks (1842) 410 Why dost thou so much detest to grant that we obtain the divine justice through faith. 1647 G. Palmer Sectaries Unm. 52, I detest to think

deterring

(di't3:rir)), vbl. sb.

[f. deter u.1

+

-ING1.] The action of hindering through fear. 1642 in Clarendon Hist. Reb. iv. (1843) 161/2 The deterring of others from discharging their duties. 1648 W. Mountague Devout Ess. 1. x. §1 (R.) The deterrings and disabuses appeare together with the delectations.

deferring, ppl. a. [f. as prec. +

-ing2.]

deters; that keeps off through fear.

b. with injin. or clause, rare.

DETEST

+ 3. To renounce solemnly or under oath; to abjure. Obs. rare. 1688 Answ. Talon's Plea 23 They openly detested their faults either by themselves or by their Ambassadours.

If Misused for attest, protest, testify. 1562 Phaer Atneid. vm. Yiij b, He shewd also the sacrid groue of Argilethus heath, Detesting in that place where Greekish gest was done to death. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. 1. iv. 160 But (I detest) an honest maid as euer broke bread. 1606 Sir G. Goosecappe 1. ii. in Bullen O. PI. III. 17, I detest, Sir Cutt, I did not thinke he had bin halfe the.. scholler he is.

Hence de'testing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. I591 Percivall Sp. Diet., Abominacion, detesting. 01622 Ainsworth Annot. Ps. lxix. 25 Powre out upon them thy detesting ire. 1625 Bp. Mountagu App. Ctesar 57 In their Abhorring and Detesting of it. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (■737) III. vi. iii. 366 Virtue wou’d..be seen with this Hand, turn’d . . downwards .. as in a detesting manner, and with abhorrence.

fde'test, sb. Obs. rare. Detestation, hearty hatred.

DETITHONIZE

553

of it. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vi. §51 The Justice of the Land detesteth that the Judge should himself be an Accuser.

[f.

prec.

vb.]

1638 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) I. 74 With the increase of detest of the authors. 1671 True Nonconf. 33 One cause, sufficient to produce a just detest.

detesta'bility. [f. next: see -ity. In med.L. detestabilitas (Du Cange).] The quality of being detestable; detestableness. 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. ii. iv, As young ladies are to mankind precisely the most delightful in those years.. so young gentlemen do then attain their maximum of detestability. 1868 Browning Ring 6? Bk. vi. 1943 There let.. Both teach, both learn detestability!

detestable (di'test3b(3)l), a. [a. F. detestable (1380 in Hatzf.), ad. L. detestabilis, f. detestarv. see -ble. Originally dete'stable-, in Spenser and Shaks. 'detestable.] 1. To be detested; intensely hateful or odious; execrable, abominable. 1461 Liber Pluscardensis xi. viii. (1877) I. 387 To mak ws till oure Makare detestabile. c 1477 Caxton Jason 75 The terrible dragon cast upon me a gobet of the most detestable infeccion that euer was. c 1489 -Sonnes of Aymon xiv. 331 What saist thou, foie destestable? 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 34 Theyr presumpeion is to god moost detestable & hatefull. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Litany, The bishop of Rome and all his detestable enormities. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. v. i. 94 Oh detestable villaine! Call’st thou that Trimming? 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 26 That detestable sight. 1702 Penn in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 132 Busy at that detestable work, privateering. 1771 Junius Lett. xlix. 256 That detestable transaction.. ended in the death of Mr. Yorke. 1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. App. 396 The detestable ornamentation of the Alhambra, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xii. 89 Along edges of detestable granular ice.

2. quasi-fl^tL Detestably. 1610 Histrio-m. 11. 108 O detestable good!

de'testableness. [f. prec. + -ness.] The quality of being detestable; extreme hatefulness or odiousness. 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus ii. 11 Oh these sinnes cannot be brooked for the foulenesse and detestablenesse of them. 1681 H. More Exp. Dan. Pref. 80 To instruct the people touching the Solidity of our Reformed Religion and of the Detestableness of Popery, a 1729 Clarke Serm. I. xl. (R.), The unfitness and abominableness, and detestableness and profaneness of any uncleanness or impurity appearing in the Temple of God. 1883 H. Kennedy tr. Ten Brink's E. Eng. Lit. 280 Now the theme is the baseness, the detestableness, of this earthly world.

de'testably, adv. [f. as prec. + -ly2.] In a detestable manner; execrably, abominably. 1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 3 Periurie is .. detestably vsed to the disheritaunce and great damage of many. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 14 It would sauour so detestably in Gods nostrils, hee were neuer able to endure it. a 1716 South (J.), A temper of mind rendering men so detestably bad, that [etc.]. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola III. 61 God grant you are mad! else you are detestably wicked!

fde'testant, a. and sb. Obs. (f. detest v. after F. detestant, L. detestant-em pr. pple.: see -ant.] A. adj. Detesting, full of detestation. 1650 W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659) detestant of the corruption.

16 He that is

B. sb. One who detests; a detester. 1648 T. Hill Truth & Love Ep. Ded., He is a Detestant of divers Opinions of Rome, a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams 1. (1692) 121 (D.) Detestants of the Romish idolatry.

fde'testate, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. detestat-, ppl. stem of detestare (-art) to detest: see -ate3 5.] By-form of detest v. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John Pref. 6 a, This worlde, whiche as a mortall enemy the doctrine of the Ghospel dooeth detestate and abhorre. 1649 State Trials, Col. J. Lilburne (R.), Well therefore might the lord president., detestate star-chamber examinations.

detestation (dirte'steijsn). [a. F. detestation (14th c. in Godef. Suppl.), ad. L. detestation-em, n. of action from detestdrl to detest.] fl. Public or formal execration (of a thing); formal testifying against anything. Obs. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 285 For the detestacion of that dede, the Frenche men made a statute that noo woman after here scholde reioyce the realme of Fraunce. 1590

Swinburne Testaments 274 In these cases the testament is void, in detestation of such odious shiftes and practises. 01633 Austin Medit. (1635) 216 St. Paul rent his Garments in detestation of it. 1658 T. Wall Charac. Enemies Ch. (*659) 5° The unreasonable creature .. in detestation of the sinner whom it serves, is made obnoxious to temporal punishment. 1683 Brit. Spec. 108 [Galgacus] by his rough Oratory in detestation of Servitude and the Roman Yoke, having [etc.].

2. a. The feeling or mental state of detesting; intense dislike or hatred; abhorrence, loathing. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 12 To the great detestacyon & uttermost despysyng of all the transitory goodes. .of this worlde. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. 40 Induce theim to the feare of God, and utter detestation of al synne. 1660 R. Coke Justice Vind. Pref. 15, I did in detestation of the thing., set myself to make these observations upon it. 1688 in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 436 Something.. which he had .. sometime call’d a Dislike, sometime an Abhorrence, sometime a Detestation of the Pr. of Orange’s proceedings. i779~8i Johnson L.P., Rowe Wks. III. 30 The fashion.. of the time was, to accumulate upon Lewis all that can raise horrour and detestation. 1834 Macaulay Ess., Pitt (1854) 296 The object of the Duchess of Marlborough’s fiercest detestation. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 189 His detestation of priests and lawyers.

b. to hold or have in detestation: to regard with hatred or abhorrence, to abominate, to be in detestation: to be held in abhorrence, to be detested. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 65, I have the state of these times in great detestation. Ibid. 155 Such as told you truth .. were in contempt, disdain, hate, and detestation. 1607 Rowlands Famous Hist. 46 Let God and man hold me in detestation. 1777 Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) 1.1. 6 They held all sea-faring persons in detestation. 1847 Marryat Childr. N. Forest xii, One who is joined to a party which I hold in detestation.

3. concr. That which is detested; the object of intense dislike. 1728 Swift Mullinix & Timothy, Thou art grown the detestation of all thy party. 1792 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) III. 343 This.. business is becoming more and more the public detestation. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley i. 10 As if he were the darling of the neighbourhood .. being, as he is, its detestation.

de'tested, pp/. a. [f. detests. + -ed.] Intensely disliked or hated; abominated; held in abhorrence; odious. 1552 Huloet, Detested, abominatus. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv. i. 31 Guiltie of detested crimes. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 73 With such heathenish and detested Oratory. 1791 Cowper Iliad vi. 438 Both Paris and my most detested self. 1805 Southey Madoc in Azt. xx, Let a curse.. For ever follow the detested name.

Hence de'testedly adv., with detestation. 1836 E. Howard R. Reefer xxxiii, Who viewed the West India station .. detestedly.

de'tester. [f. as prec. + -eh1.] One who detests; a cordial hater; an abhorrer, abominator. 1611 Cotgr., Abhorrant, an abhorrer, detester, loather. 1651 Fuller Abel Rediv. (1867) II. 99 A detester of controversies. 1779 Sheridan Critic 1. ii, A detester of visible brickwork. 1863 Sala Capt. Dangerous I. ix. 254 Known as stanch detesters of the House of Hanover.

de'testful, a. rare. [f. detest v. (or ? sb.) + -ful.] Hateful, odious. 1654 Cokaine Dianea 11. 116 Thou hast tormented them with a Ghost, with a Phantasme so noyous, so detestfull.

fdetestine, fdetestiue, a. Sc. Obs. [irreg. f. detest v.] Detestable. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus 11. 975 But bad me sone pas hine Vnto the nine nobillis of excellence, Quhair I gat not be ansueir detestine. Ibid. 111. 369 The law positiue It did suspend, and haldis as detestiue.

fde'text, ppl. a. Obs. ~° [In form, ad. L. detextus, pa. pple. of detexere to weave off, finish weaving; but with the prefix taken as de- I. 6.] 1623 Cockeram, Detext, vnwouen.

detful(l, obs. form of debtful. deth(e, obs. form of death sb.; also of death a. and v. = deaf. detheorize: see de- II. i. [f. next

1648 Boyle Seraph. Love vi. (1700) 42 Love, by dethroning Reason .. doth kill the Man. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. III. lxi. 319 That republicans being dethroned by Cromwell. 1879 Farrar St. Paul (1883) 604 Dethrone the sin that would rule over your frail nature.

Hence dethroned ppl. a., dethroning vbl. sb. 1648 Prynne Speech in Parlt. 4 Dec. (1649) 75 By a speedy publique dethroning and decolling of the King.. as the Army-Remonstrants advise. 1705 J. Philips Blenheim (R.), His dethron’d compeers. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend{1865) 136 Compensations for dethroned princes. 1892 Athenaeum 27 Aug. 299/1 The story .. is that Nero’s wife Poppaea .. is the head of a plot for her husband’s dethroning and slaughter.

dethronement (di'Grsunmant). [f. prec. vb. + -ment: cf. mod.F. detronement.] The action of dethroning, or fact of being dethroned; deposition from kingly authority. 1707 Lond. Gaz. No. 4365/1 The News.. of the Dethronement of the Grand Signior. 1820 Keats Hyperion 11. 315 In midst of this dethronement horrible. 1849 H. Rogers Ess. (i860) III. 179 The boasted prerogative of Reason is also that of a limited monarch; and its attempt to make itself absolute can only end in its own dethronement. 1852 Grote Greece 11. lxxvi. X. 66 The frequent dethronements and assassinations of Kings.

dethroner (di'0r3una(r)). [f. dethrone + -er1.] One who dethrones (a king, etc.). 1649 Arnway Tablet (1661) 176 (T.) The hand of our dethroners.. hath prevailed. 1817 Southey Fun. Song Princess Charlotte, Passive as that humble spirit, Lies his bold dethroner too. 1833 Mrs. Browning Prometh. Bound Poems 1850 I. 186 The name of his dethroner who shall come.

t dethro'nize, v. Obs. rare. [See dethrone and -ize, and cf. disthronize.] = dethrone. Hence fdethroni'zation = dethronement. 1611 Speed Hist. Gr. Brit. ix. xi. (1632) 682 The Queene .. aduertised of her husbands dethronization. 1656 S. Holland Zara (1719) 66 We are in daily danger of dethronizing by the malevolent combinations of Cursed spirits. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. (R.), To persuade the king .. to consent to the 4 votes of dethronizing him.

detie, obs. form of ditty. detin (dii'tin), v. [f. de- II. 2 + tin r6.] trans. To remove the tin from (scrap tin plate). 1909 in Cent. Diet. Suppl. 1923 Glasgow Herald 15 Aug. 7 The major portion of the old tins was disposed of after being detinned and pressed into billets. 1929 Times 21 Sept. 7/4 Scrap metal.. suitable for detinning. i960 E. S. Gyngell Appl. Chem. Engineers (ed. 3) xiii. 207 The well-known process used for detinning metal cans.

detinue ('detinju:). Law. Also 5 detenewe, detunue, -now, detynu(e, 7 detinu (detiny). [a. OF. detenue (1313, Godef.) detention, (:—Rom. type *detenuta) f. pa. pple. of detenir to detain.] The act of detaining or withholding what is due (see detain v. 2); spec, unlawful detention of a personal chattel belonging to another. Obs. exc. as in b. 1563-87 in Foxe A. M. (1596) 348/1 Philip de Valous .. we haue gently requested you .. to that intent you should haue rendered unto us our lawfull right and inheritance to the Crowne of Fraunce, which from us .. you haue by great wrong and force deteined.. we well perceiue you meane to perseuere in the same your purpose and iniurious detinue. 1598 Kitchin Courts Leet (1675) 148 Detinue of Goods may be sued. 16.. T. Adams Wks. (1861-2) I. 145 (D.) There are that will restore some, but not all.. let the creditors be content with one of four. But this little detiny is great iniquity. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. iii. 46 [citing Act 11 Rich. II c. i] Taking, leading away, or detinue of any horses or of any other beasts. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The damages sustained by the detinue.

b. action of detinue: an action at law to recover a personal chattel (or its value) wrongfully detained by the defendant. So writ of detinue.

deteyn(e, -nour, obs. ff. detain, detainer.

dethronable (di‘0r3un9b(3)l), a. -able.] Liable to be dethroned.

b. transf. and fig.

+

1644 Bp. Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings Introd. 3, Kings are .. censurable, punishable, and dethronable. Ibid. i. 11 They are deposable and dethronable by the people.

dethrone (di'Graun), v. [f. de- II. 2 + throne: cf. F. detroner, in 16th c. detroner (Littre), Cotgr. desthroner ‘to disthronize’; cf. also de¬ throne, disthronize.]

trans. To remove from the throne; to deprive of royal or sovereign authority and dignity; to depose (a ruling prince). 1609 Bp. W. Barlow Answ. Nameless Cath. 153 Authoritie to de-Throan and de-Crowne Princes. 0 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems. Wks. (1711) 15 Then.let them do their worst, since thou art gone! Raise whom they list to thrones, enthron’d dethrone. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. 43 The question of dethroning, or, if these gentlemen like the phrase better, ‘cashiering’, kings. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. 121 That Artaxerxes whom Cyrus attempted to dethrone.

1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 376 Acciouns of dette, trespass an detenewe. 1514 Fitzherb. Just. Peas (1538) 123 Every man maye sue for the same by accion of detinue. 1602 Fulbecke 2nd Pt. Par all. 20 One of the parties may haue an action of dette for the money, and the other a writte of Detinue for the wares. 1677 Wycherley Plain Dealer iii. (Routl.) 123/2 I’ll bring my action of detinue or trover. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 151 If I lend a man a horse, and he afterwards refuses to restore it.. the regular method for me to recover possession is by action of detinue. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) VI. cxxviii. 143 The remedy was at law by an action of trover or detinue.

c. Also detinue = action or writ of detinue. I ought in conscience to have made ten thousand pretty detours about all this. 1825 Ibid. 22 Jan. II. 230 Perhaps they may make a detour in their journey to see you. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. (1871) 242 Rhyming [words].. sometimes.. have driven the most straightforward of poets into an awkward detour. 1877 Black Green Past. xliv. (1878) 357 To avoid these ruts we made long detours. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 237 Better turn down here. Make a detour. 1923 E. O’Neill Hairy Ape 50 They make wide detours to avoid the spot where he stands in the middle of the pavement. 1966 ‘J. Hackston’ Father clears Out 26 It’s no use travelling by the compass if one has to make wide detours.

detour, v. [f.

detour $&.] a. intr., to make a detour; to turn aside from the direct way; to go round about. 1836 Tait's Mag. III. 481 This has been a busy week; rambling and climbing, touring and detouring. 1837 New Monthly Mag. LI. 192 We., detoured again to the right. *937 D. Aldis Time at her Heels x. 225 Mary detoured to pick up her bag from the table. 1955 E. Bowen World of Love ii. 41 A stranger, who detoured to drop them at the Montefort gates.

b. trans. To send by a detour. U.S. I9°5. N.Y. Even. Post 18 Sept., The Missouri Pacific is detouring its St. Louis—Kansas City trains over the Burlington Railway via Chillicothe. 1967 Boston Globe 18 May 12/2 (caption) Workman carries signs detouring motorists off Cambridge st. and Broadway.

de'tox, v. [Colloq. abbrev. of detoxify v.] 1. trans. To treat (a motor vehicle or its engine) in order to remove or limit the noxious fumes emitted through the exhaust system, etc. 1970 Daily Tel. 9 Dec. 12/5 Manufacturers find it necessary to incorporate ‘detoxing’ equipment such as exhaust mufflers or afterburners to meet increasingly stringent standards. Ibid. 7 June 13/2 In certain very sunny conditions the amount of noxious fumes emitted from the petrol tank while a car is being refuelled can exceed the emissions through the exhaust of a ‘detoxed’ engine. 1976 New Motorcycling Monthly Oct. 26/4 What Yamaha’s weight-paring has done is give their new, mildly tuned, detoxed and over-silenced 500CC single a chance to show its teeth.

2. Chiefly U.S. To subject (an alcoholic, drug addict) to detoxification. 1972 N.Y. Times 24 Dec. iv. 10 We can detox a heroin addict on an outpatient basis in three weeks. 1978 N. T.

DETOX Times Mag. 6 Aug. 38 They did get me detoxed and clean. They told me I was an alcoholic. 1982 Time 8 Nov. 82/3 Gaetano’s goodly impulse is to detox Hud. 1986 Nursery World 18 Dec.-1 Jan. 10/2 Mothers who are heroin addicts can pass the addiction on to the baby and .. the art of safely ‘detoxing’ newborn infants has come to be recognised as an essential medical expertise in many parts of the country.

detox, sb.

Chiefly U.S. Colloq. abbrev. of a detoxification centre. Freq. attrib., esp. of a place used for the treatment of alcoholics or drug addicts. detoxification; also,

*975 Canadian 18 Oct. 7/1 I’m looking at a very shaky scrawl that tells me of my first day there, in the detox area where everybody—drunk or sober—starts off. 1978 N. Y. Times Mag. 6 Aug. 11, I went to detox again .. and it’s been five years since I came out and I haven’t had a drink or pill since. 1978 Tucson Mag. Dec. 20/3 KL collars will be brought to ‘Dick of the Jungle’s’ de-tox center. 1979 Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. (Advt. Section) 2/4 Requires knowledge of group dynamics as it relates to the treatment of alcoholics in the detox stages of recovery. 1986 Washington Post 25 Mar. (Weekend Suppl.) 30/1 After waking up in detox, he’s spoiling to redeem himself.

de'toxicate

(dii'tDksikeit). v. [f. de- II. 1 -1- L. toxic-um poison, after intoxicate.] trans. To

deprive of poisonous qualities. 1867 Pall Mall G. No. 729. 2043/2 Defecated, detoxicated, and deodorized. 1906 Practitioner Nov. 590 Focalisation of the infection in the liver, with disturbance of its detoxicating mechanism. 1927 Observer 7 Aug. 3 It detoxicates the blood and keeps it clean and free-running. 1964 Economist 14 Mar. 1020/3 A toxic amine, which ordinarily is detoxicated in the liver.

Hence detoxi'cation, the action of depriving of poisonous qualities; de'toxicator, that which detoxicates; also de.toxifi'cation and de'toxify v. I9°5 Gould Diet. New Med. Terms 213/1 Detoxification, the power of reducing the poisonous properties of a substance. Ibid., Detoxify, to deprive a substance of its poisonous attributes. 1906 Practitioner Nov. 586 A reducer and detoxicator of toxic substances. Ibid. 593 The detoxication of the poisons found in the blood. 1948 W. W. Pigman Chem. Carbohydrates xi. 509 Many phenols and alcohols when injected into animals are detoxified by conjugation as glucuronides. 1955 Sci. News Let. 9 Apr. 229/3 The vaccine for this is made by detoxifying the toxin, or poison, produced by the diphtheria germs. 1956 Nature 4 Feb. 219/1 Biochemical aspects of mechanisms of detoxication. Ibid. 25 Feb. 357/2 The conversion of insecticides to harmless metabolites or detoxification. 1961 New Scientist 7 Sept. 601/i Many tumours do not have the ability of detoxifying drugs. 1963 Guardian 22 Jan. 8/5 You give the impression that detoxification of ordinary coal gas is neither a practical nor an economic proposition. 1967 New Scientist 16 Nov. 410/1 Resistance mechanisms often involve detoxication—that is, the resistant individuals are able to convert the insecticide into relatively harmless products. 1970 Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 14/1 This is Cocteau’s second attempt at detoxication, the first having failed owing to lack of medical knowledge about withdrawal. 1971 Ibid. 2 Mar. 2/7 People with a serious drink problem may be detained in the ‘detoxification centres’ for 10 days while they receive medical treatment.

fde'tract, sb.

Obs. rare. [ad. L. detractus a taking away, f. detrahere’. see detract v.] Protraction, delay: cf. detract v. 6. i563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 353/1 Without delay and other detract of time.

555

DETRACTION

him, whenever we detract from his Ministers any part of that Maintenance.

2. absol. or intr.

To take away a portion. Usually to detract from: to take away from, diminish, lessen (a quality, value, authority, etc.). a 1592 H. Smith Wks. (1866-7) I- 65 To the testament of him that is dead, no man addeth or detracteth. 1699 Burnet 39 Art. vi. (1700) 89 This may be urged to detract from its Authority. 1799 Colebrooke in Life (1873) 446 The sight . . detracted from the pleasure with which the landscape might be viewed. 1827 Jarman Powell's Devises II. 101 These circumstances detract from the weight of the decision. 1863 D. G. Mitchell My Farm Of Edgewood 47 This alteration was of so old a date as not to detract from the venerable air of the house.

b. Connoting depreciation: cf. 3 c. 1593 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 111. viii. (1611) 100 To detract from the dignity thereof, were to iniury euen God himselfe. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turkes (1638) 212 Our late Historiographers .. detracting from his worthy praises. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 5 Without detracting.. from the real merit which abounds in the imperial law, I hope I may have leave to assert [etc.]. 1882 B. D. W. Ramsay Recoil. Mil. Serv. I. viii. 172 There were always some ready to detract from his fair fame.

fc. quasi-trans. (in loose const.) Obs. rare. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 452 In Revenge he would have Detracted, and lessen’d his Territories. 1785 Jefferson Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 417 To detract, add to, or alter them as you please.

3. trans. To take away from the reputation or estimation of, to disparage, depreciate, belittle, traduce, speak evil of. Now rare. c 1449 Pecock Repr. iv. i. 417 Thei baebiten and detracten the clergie. 1533 Gau Richt Vay 91 Lat wsz forgiff thayme quhilk detrackis and spekis euil of wsz. 1603 B. Jonson Sejanus 1. i. To.. detract His greatest actions. 1618 Bolton Florus iv. ii. 265 Cato.. detracted Pompey, and found fault with his actions. 1632 Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry 1. ii, Such as may Detract my actions and life hereafter. 1890 [see detracted below]. 1891 Smiles Jasmin vii. 93 Jasmin, like every person envied or perhaps detracted, had his hours of depression.

fb. absol. To speak disparagingly; to use or practise detraction. Obs. Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows 1. §7 So would there not be so many open mouthes to detract and slaunder. 1610 Shaks. Temp. 11. ii. 96 To vtter foule speeches, and to detract. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scand. Portrait, Adepts.. who rail by precept, and detract by rule. 1605

pple. of detrahere to draw off or away: see next.] Extracted, taken out. CI420 Pallad. on Husb. xu. 171 The bonys Detracte of Duracyne.

detract (di'traekt), v. Also 6 Sc. detrack, [f. L. detract- ppl. stem of detrahere to draw off or away, take away, pull down, disparage, etc, f. de- 1.2 + trahere to draw. Cf. F. detracter (i 530 in Hatz.-Darm.). In some senses app. directly representing L. detractare or detrectare, to decline, refuse, pull down violently, depreciate, freq. of detrahere. (The chronological order of the senses in English is not that of their original development; sense 3 being the earliest)]

I. To take away, take from, take reputation from. 1. trans. To take away, withdraw, subtract, deduct, abate: a. some part from (rarely f to) a whole. (Now usually with a quantitative object, as mucky something, etc.) 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1874) I. 17 Some time addynge, somtyme detractinge and takinge away such thinges as semeth me necessary and superflue. 1571 Digges Pantom. n. xxiii. Pij b, Then 36 detracted from 48 leueth 12. 1591 Shaks. 1 Hen. VI, v. iv. 142 Shall I.. Detract so much from that prerogatiue, As to be call’d but Viceroy? 1622 S. Ward Christ is All in All (1627) 25 All defects detract nothing to the happiness of him that [etc.]. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iv. iv. 326 To which there can be nothing added, nor detracted, without a blemish, a 1696 E. SCARBURGH Euclid (1705) 207 Let the magnitude AB be equimultiple of CD, as the part detracted AE is of the part detracted CF. 1870 Disraeli Lothair lxix, That first great grief which.. detracts something from the buoyancy of the youngest life.

Fr. Bacon vii. 66 Dar’st thou detract and derogate from him? 1609 Bible (Douav) Num. xiii. 33 They detracted from the Land, which they had viewed. 1683 D. A. Art Converse 106 They detract generally of all Mankind.

t II- To draw away, off, out. f4. trans. To draw away or aside, withdraw, divert (from an action or undertaking); refl. and intr. To withdraw, refrain. Obs. 1548 Patten Exped. Scotl. in Arb. Garner III. no My Lord Marshal.. whom no danger detracted from doing his enterprise. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. Ep. C, There are too many Professours who detract themselves from undergoing lesser hazards for the Churches liberty. 1643 Slingsby Diary (1836) 104 Long experience hath taught their General wisely to detract from fighting. 1802 Hatred I. 211 [To] detract their attention from every thing foreign. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 486 The skins of sheep.. when the wool is detracted and pulled off from them.

f6. To draw out, lengthen in duration, protract, delay; usually in phr. to detract time. Obs. 1569 Sir J. Hawkins in Hawkins' Voy. (1878) 73 To detract further time. 1579 Churchyard in Arb. Garner IV. 206 The French Horsemen, .offered a skirmish, to detract time. 1604 Edmonds Observ. Caesar's Comm. 59 To linger and detract the war. 1605 Play Stucley in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) 188 Some let or other to detract our haste. 1641 Life Wolsey in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 132, I would not have you to detract the time, for he is very sick.

fb. absol. or intr. To delay.

Obs.

1584 Powel Lloyds Cambria 333 Willing the Prince to come thither, and doo him homage, which when the Prince detracted to doo, the king gathered an army to compell him thereto. .] Hence devalling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. fl. intr. To move downwards, sink, fall, descend, set (as the sun). Obs.

c 1477 Caxton Jason 25 b, The sonne began to deuale in to the Weste. 1481-Myrr. 11. ix. 88 He.. deualeth down into the water. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 1. vi. Thy transitorie plesance quhat auaillis? Now thair, now heir, now hie, and now deuaillis. 1597 Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 83, I saw an river rin .. Dewalling and falling Into that pit profound. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 392 marg., The combustious devalling of ffStmes fire. Ibid. x. 506 Devalling floods.

fb. To lower the body, stoop. Obs. 1513 Douglas JEneis x. vii. 58 As onwar he stowpyt, and devalyt.

fc. To slope downwards: as a line or surface. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 210 This Petrean Countrey.. devalling even downe to the limits of Jacob’s bridge. Ibid. viii. 365 The.. devalling faces of two hills. 1645 Siege of Newcastle (1820) 14 A number of narrow devalling lanes.

f2. trans. To lower. Obs. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. 11. liii. And euerie wicht.. Thankand greit God, their heidis law deuaill.

3. intr. To cease, stop, leave off. mod.Sc. a 1774 Fergusson Poems (1789) II. 99 (Jam.) Devall then, Sirs, and never send For daintiths to regale a friend. 1822 Galt Sir. A. Wylie II. x. 92 She ne’er devauls jeering me. 1827 Scott Let. 26 Apr. in Lockhart, I have not till to-day devauled from my task. 1891 H. Halliburton Ochil Idylls 20 Sair dings the rain upon the road, It dings,—an nae devallin’ o’t.

Hence devall sb. Sc., intermission’ (Jamieson).

‘a

stop,

cessation,

1802 Sibbald Gloss., Without devoid, without ceasing.

devalorize (dii'vaelaraiz), v. [f. de- + valor + -ize: see valorization.] trans. To lower the value of; to devalue. Hence devalori'zation. 1925 Glasgow Herald 1 Apr. 8 To face honestly the question of devalorising the franc. 1928 Observer 15 July 12/2 So that he and they may equally share the devalorisation. 1931 Daily Express 16 Oct. 8/4 The French currency had been devalorised by eighty per cent.

devaluate (di:'vselju:eit), v. [f. de- + value sb. + -ate3.] trans. = devalue

v.

various local forms taken by the same original alphabet. Used both as adj. and absolutely as sb. 1781 SirC. Wilkins in Asiatic Res. (1799) I. 294 It differs but little from the Dewnagur. 1784 W. Chambers Ibid. I. 152 It resembles neither the Devya-nagre nor any of the various characters connected with .. it. 1785 Sir C. Wilkins Ibid. I. 279 In the modern Dewnagar character. 1786 Sir W. Jones Ibid. I. 423 The polished and elegant Devanagari. 1789 Ibid. I. 13 We may apply our present alphabet so .. as to equal the Devanagari itself in precision and clearness. 1801 Colebrooke Ibid. (1803) VII. 224 foot-note, Pracrit and Hindi books are commonly written in the Devanagari. 1820 W. Yates Gram. Skr. Lang, vii, The character in which Sunscrit works are usually printed is called Daivu-naguree. 1845 Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 55 The translation to be written .. both in Persian and Deva Nagree. 1876 Times 15 May (Stanf.), His alphabet was founded on the Devanagari, which he accommodated to the needs of the Tibetan tongue. 1879 Burnell S. Indian Palseog. (ed. 2) 52 The South-Indian form of the Nagarl character.. the Nandinagari is directly derived from the N. Indian Devanagari of about the eleventh century. 1886 Eggeling in Encyc. Brit. XXI. 272/2 The character, .is the so-called Devanagari, or nagari (‘town-script’) of the gods.

devance (di'vams, -ae-), v. [a. F. devancer to arrive before, precede, outstrip, f. devant before, on the model of avancer (advance). Became obs. early in 17th c., but has been again used by some in the 19th c.] trans. To anticipate, forestall; to get ahead of; to outstrip. 148s Caxton Chas. Gt. viii. 72 Olyuer whyche sawe the stroke comyng deuaunced hym in such wyse that he gaf two euyl strokes to Fyerabras. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man v. (1603) 489 In his owne conceit he lacketh so much as he seeth himselfe devaunced by another that hath more. 1615 Trade's Incr. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 293 Our neighbours [the Dutch].. have devanced us so far in shipping. 1863 R. F. Burton Abeokuta II. 72 So far from ‘caving in’, he devanced me on one occasion. 1864 - Dahome Pref. 9 Commodore Wilmot, R.N... accompanied by Capt. Luce .. devanced me. 1880 Ginevra 86 My wish devanced the hour.

Catachrestic uses.

1898 W. J. Locke Idols xiii. 128 He is rely ing on his speech to-morrow to devaluate the evidence. 1924 Glasgow Herald 1 Mar. 8 The country has gone a great length in the direction of devaluating the vote by conferring it on men whose politics are as immature as themselves.

1646 J. Hall Horae Vac. 123 Tis hard to keepe these two equally ballanc’t, especially those that devance. 1653Paradoxes 108 Some Crazy Phylosophers.. have endeavoured to devance them [women] from the same Species, with men.

devaluation (diivaeljui'eijsn). [f. prec. or next:

fde'vant, de'vaunt, adv. and sb. Obs. [a. F. devant prep, and adv., before, in front, = Pr. davan, devant, Cat. devant, davant, It. davanti, f. L. de prep., from, of + late L. abante before: see avaunt adv.~\ A. adv. Before, in front.

see -ATION.] The process of devaluing or fact of being devalued; spec, the reduction of the official value of a currency in terms of gold or of another currency. Hence devaluationist, one who advocates or supports devaluation. 1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 140 The devaluation of the ancient Merovingian pence. 1921 Glasgow Herald 10 Dec. 8 Devaluation has an important bearing on Lord Inchcape’s criticism of teachers’ salaries. 1922 Ibid. 12 May 9 The probable further devaluation of the mark. 1935 New Statesman 1 June 793/1 Events in Belgium showed plainly the practicability of limited and controlled devaluation of the currency, and strengthened the hands of the devaluationists in France. 1961 D. Woodward tr. Simenon's Premier iii. 84 After the disastrous experiments made by previous governments .. the only solution was a large-scale devaluation. 1969 Daily Tel. 14 Mar. 3 The 1968 balance of payments figures.. must make the devaluationists think twice about the effectiveness of their remedy.

devalue (dii'vaelju:), v. [f. de- II. 2 + value sb.] trans. To reduce or annul the value of; to deprive of value; spec, to effect the devaluation of (a currency). Also absol. Hence de'valued ppl. a. 1918 Guardian 24 Oct. 847/3 The chemist has succeeded in devaluing the ruby. 1925 Glasgow Herald 29 Apr. 10 To return to the gold standard on the basis of a devalued sovereign. 1956 C. Wilson Outsider v. 133 Hegel.. de¬ valued life, failed to recognize that thought is only an instrument to ‘more abundant life’. 1957 Times 18 Nov. p. iii/i The pound would have to be devalued. 1965 New Statesman 23 Apr. 631/1 Wilson missed his chance to devalue last October.

IIDevanagari (.deivs'nargari:), a. and sb. [Skr., Hindi, Marathi devanagari (in Bengali devanagar), a compound app. of Skr. deva god + Nagari an earlier or a more generic appellation of the same alphabet; lit. ‘Nagarl (? town-script) of the gods’. Nagart is app. the fern. adj. meaning ‘of the city or town, urban, urbane, refined’ (sc. lipi writing, script), f. Skr. nagara city. Its application to a particular written character can be traced back to the 1 ith c., when Albirunl mentions an alphabet called Nagara, and of a derivative from it called Ardha-ndgari, i.e. ‘half-Nagari’. The actual origin and history of the compound Deva-nagari has not been ascertained, any more than that of Nandi-nagart, applied to the South-Indian form of the Nagarl. It has been noted that the terms deva-lipi ‘writing of the gods’, and ndga-lipi ‘writing of the serpents’, occur side by side in a list of 64 kinds of writing enumerated in the Buddhistic Lalitavistara of the 7th c.; but whether these terms have any connexion with deva-nagari is unknown. The 18th c. European scholars who adopted the word, have variant forms from Bengali or other Indian vernaculars.]

The distinctive name of the formal alphabet in which, throughout northern, western and central India, Cashmere, and Nepal, the Sanskrit has, for some centuries, been written, as are also the vernacular languages of those regions. Also called simply Nagari, though the latter is often used in a wider sense, to embrace

1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxv. vi. 270 His beard.. was shagged and rough, with a sharpe peake devant.

B. sb. Front; e.g. of the body or dress. 1411 E.E. Wills (1882) 19 A boorde elope with .ij. towelles of deuaunt of 00 sute. 1599 B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, Come, sir, perfume my devant.

devant, v. Obs.: see devaunt. t de'vaporate, v. Obs. [f. de- II. i + L. vaporem vapour, after evaporate.] a. trans. To bring out of the state of vapour; to condense, b. intr. To become condensed, or deprived of vapour. Hence f devapo'ration. 1787 E. Darwin in Phil. Trans. LXXVIII. 49 The privation of heat may be esteemed the principal cause of devaporation. Ibid. 50 The deduction of a small quantity of heat from a cloud or province of vapour.. will devaporate the whole. Ibid. 52 The air.. by its expansion produces cold and devaporates. 1789 Ann. Reg. 127 The vapour., is brought to the summit of mountains by the atmosphere, and being there devaporated slides down between the strata.

de'vast, v. Now rare. [a. F. devaster (1499 in Hatzf.-Darm.), ad. L. devastare to lay waste, f. de- I. 1,3 -I- vastare to lay waste, vastus waste. Frequent in 17th c.; not recognized by Johnson, and said by Todd to be ‘not now in use’; but occurring in end of 19th c.] trans. To lay waste, DEVASTATE. 1537 St. Papers Hen. VIII, I. 553 The yere soo ferre spent, and the countrey soo devasted. 1613 Heywood Silver Age ill. i, An uncouth, savage boar Devasts the fertile plains of Thessaly. 01751 Bolingbroke Study of Hist. vi, The thirty years war that devasted Germany. 1887 Voice (N.Y.) 13 Jan. 5 A statute.. which, in prohibiting an injurious business, devasts property previously existing. 1890 W. F. Rae May grove III. vii. 254 The mountain slopes have been devasted by lava. absol. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 6 To devast according to the predictions of vain humane art.

•fb. To waste (time, etc.). Obs. rare. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 11. 44 After my returne from Padua to Venice and 24 days attendance devasted there for passage.

Hence de'vasted, de'vasting ppl. adjs. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 214 Time.. running all things to devasted desolation. 1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerp. 39 Love prudent Laws; devasting Arms neglect. 1789 [see devaster].

devastate ('devasteit), v. [f. L. devastdt- ppl. stem of devastate (see devast). Used by Sir T. Herbert and in Bailey 1727, but not recognized by Johnson 1755, and app. not in common use till the 19th c.] trans. To lay waste, ravage, waste, render desolate. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 77 Jangheer.. subjects Berar, and devastates the Decan Empire unto Kerky. 1727

DEVASTATING Bailey vol. II, To Devastate, to lay waste, to spoil. [Omitted in ed. 2, 1731, and not in Folio 1730.] 1818 Todd s.v. Devast, Not now in use. But devastate supplies its place. 1842 Macaulay Fredk. Gt. Ess. (1854) 683/2 A succession of cruel wars had devastated Europe. 1847 Emerson Poems, Blight Wks. (Bohn) I. 483 We invade them impiously for gain; We devastate them unreligiously. 1874 Green Short Hist. v. §4. 241 [Black Death] devastating Europe from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Baltic. fig. 1856 Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §2. 298 Kant completely devastates the cobwebs and sophistries. 1864 Longf. in Life (1891) III. 31 Went to town, which devastated the day.

Hence 'devastated ppl. a. 1813 Shelley Queen Mab iv. 112 The bloodiest scourge Of devastated earth.

devastating,ppl. a. That devastates. Freq. fig., esp. in trivial or hyperbolical use: very effective or upsetting; astounding, overwhelming, ‘stunning’. Cf. next. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 81 Those devastating and mercilesse Infidels. 1815 Shelley Alastor 613 Thou, colossal Skeleton, that.. In thy devastating omnipotence Art king of this frail world, a 1859 Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. 105 An exhausting and devastating struggle of nine years. 1889 A. James Diary 4 Aug. (1965) 50 The somewhat devastating episode of July 18th when Harry after a much longer absence than usual presented himself, doubled by William! 1910 Daily Chron. 22 Mar. 1/3 It is expected that a devastating strike will be declared. 1924 G. W. Hillyard 40 Yrs. Lawn-Tennis iii. 83 No man who ever walked on to a court was equipped with more perfect style, greater physical advantages, or more devastating strokes. 1925 New Yorker 8 Aug. 4/2 Not since the Tango provided luscious livelihoods for many svelte youths has so devastating a dance agitated the town. 1926 S. Jameson Three Kingdoms ii. 63 She was struggling with a devastating shyness. 1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. Mann's Magic Mountain v. 378 Everything, whether in jest or earnest, was ‘devastating’, the bob-run, the sweet for dinner, her own temperature. 1933 E. Shanks Enchanted Village ix. 133 Oh yes, poor old Julian — I think, to be honest, that he’s a devastating bore. 1936 R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. 11 Oh, darling have you got to go? How devastating. 1957 I. Murdoch Sandcastle ix. 150 From the very depths of his being the knowledge came to him, suddenly and with devastating certainty. 1971 Sunday Times 28 Mar. 32/6 Ludovic Kennedy published his devastating analysis of the Christie murders and established the innocence of Timothy Evans.

devastatingly

(’dEvasteitirjli), adv. [f. devastating ppl. a. + -ly2.] In a devastating manner; so as to devastate: freq. in trivial or hyperbolical use (cf. prec.).

DEVELOP

562 II devastavit (diivae'steivit). Law. [L. devastavit he has wasted, 3rd sing. perf. of devastate: see devastate.] A writ that lies against an executor or administrator for waste or misapplication of the testator’s estate. [1579 Rastell Exp. termes lawes, Deuastauerunt bona testatoris, is when Executours wyl deliuer the legacyes that their Testatour hath geeuen, or make restytutyon for wronges done by him, or pay hys det due vpon contracts or other detes vpon specialties, whose dayes of paymentes are not yet come, etc.] 1651 in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 176 The Sheriffe shall be solizited for a Devastavit. 1729 Giles Jacob Law Diet, s.v., His Executor or Administrator is made liable to a devastavit, by Stat. 4 & 5 W. & M. c. 24. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 743 A writ offi. fa. having been sued out on the judgment, to which the sheriff had returned a devastavit.

b. The offence misapplication.

of

such

waste

or

1729 Giles Jacob Law Diet, s.v., Where an executor, &c. ayeth legacies before debts, and hath not sufficient to pay oth, ’tis a devastavit. Also where an Executor sells the Testator’s Goods at an Undervalue, it is a Devastavit. 1893 Romer in Law Times XCV. 54/2 The rule that an executor who pays a statute-barred debt is not thereby committing a devastavit.

de'vaster.

rare.

[f.

devast v.

+

-er1.]

=

devastator. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 127 In eight hours no trace was left either of the devasters or devasted.

[devastion, devastitation, devastor, errors for devastation, devastator, in some editions and Diets.] fde'vaunt, v. Obs. [app. a. OF. desvanter to vaunt excessively, make one’s boast, f. des-, L. dis- + vanter to vaunt, boast.] To vaunt, boast. Surr. Northampton Priory in Prance Addit. Narr. Pop. Plot 36 To the most notable slaunder of Christs Holy Evangely, which.. wee did ostentate and openly devant to keepe most exactly. [1655 quoted by Fuller Ch. Hist. vi. 320 with spelling devaunt, mod. ed. advaunte.] C1540

deve,

obs. f. deave v. to deafen and of dive v.

f de'vection. Obs. rare—°. [n. of action from L. devehere to carry down.] 1656 Blount down.

deveer,

Glossogr., Devection, a carrying away or

obs. form of devoir, duty.

1905 Daily Chron. 28 Sept. 4/6 The devastatingly tidy housemaid. 1915 J. C. Powys Visions & Revisions 96 The stripping from human beings of their characteristic ‘outer garments’ makes them so dreadfully, so devastatingly, alike! 1927 Observer 15 May 8 A man in whom a natural violence of lust and temper is restrained by the unnaturally strict taboos of his childhood’s environment, but breaks loose all the more devastatingly when his inhibitions are removed by drink. Ibid. 21 Aug. 5 The devastatingly betraying sentences of Theodore Parker. 1928 Daily Tel. 15 May 8 His conversation .. is positive, narrow-minded, egregiously selfsatisfied, impregnably commercial, but it is devastatingly entertaining. 1966 Listener 20 Oct. 578/3 The final sequence .. is devastatingly lovely in its sadness.

de'vehent, a. [ad. L. devehent-em, pr. pple. of

devastation (dsva'steijbn). [prob. a. F. devastation, n. of action f. devaster, and L. devastate, used in 1502, but not in Cotgr. 1611; Florio, 1599 and 1611, has It. devastatione, ‘a wasting, spoiling, desolation, or destruction’.] The action of devastating, or condition of being devastated; laying waste; wide-spread de¬ struction; ravages.

split it.

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1190 The ruine and devastiation [sic] of so many.. great cities. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. ix. 213 The great Devastations made by the Plague.. in Forein Parts. 1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 395 E’en now the devastation is begun And half the business of destruction done. 1794 Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xv, Over the beautiful plains of this country the devastations of war were frequently visible. 1809-10 Coleridge Friend (1865) 72 Devastation is incomparably an easier work than production. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 188 The terrible devastation wrought by the great tidal wave which followed the earthquake at Lima. b. Law. (See quot. 1848.) 1670 Blount Law Diet. s.v. Devastaverunt, The orderly payment of Debts and Legacies by Executors, so as to escape a Devastation, or charging their own Goods. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Devastavit, a devastation or waste of the property of a deceased person by an executor or administrator being extravagant or misapplying the assets.

devastative (’dsvasteitiv), a.

[f. L. devastate ppl. stem (see above) + -ive.] Having the quality of devastating; wasting, ravaging. 1802 Triads of Bardism in Southey Madoc 1. §2 (note) To collect power towards subduing the adverse, and the devastative. 1839 Carlyle Chartism v. (1858) 24 Devastative, like the whirlwind. 1884 J. G. Pyle in Harper's Mag. Sept. 619/2 The devastative power of floods.

devastator ('dev3steit3(r)). [a. late L. devastator (Cassiodorus), agent-n. from devastate to devastate.] He who or that which devastates; a waster, ravager. 1818 E. Blaquiere tr. Pananti's Algiers vi. 136 All is to no purpose with these devastators. 1829 Landor Imag. Conv. (1846) II. 6/1 This devastator of wines and olives. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 437 He marched against the devastators of the Palatinate.

devehere to carry down.] (See quot.) 1883

Syd. Soc. Lex., Devehent, carrying away, efferent.

devel

('dEv(3)l), sb. Sc. Also dewel, devle. [Derivation unknown.] A severe or stunning blow. Hence 'devel v., to strike or knock down with a stunning blow; 'develler, a boxer; also ‘a dextrous young fellow’ (Jamieson). 1786 Burns Tam Samson's Elegy iii, Death’s gien the Lodge an unco devel, Tam Samson’s dead. 1807 Tannahill Poems 116 (Jam.) Guile soud be devel’d i’ the dirt. 1816 Scott Antiq. xxv, Ae gude downright dewel will

t'develing, adv. Obs. Also 3 duvelunge. [f. duve, deve, dive v. + -ling.] Headlong, as with a dive. a 1225 Juliana 77 Ha beide hire & beah duuelunge adun. a 1225 St. Marher. 20 Ant te meiden duuelunge feol dun to pe eor6e. c 1320 Sir Beues 648 Into his chaumber he gan gon, and leide him deueling on pe grounde. c 1330 Arth. & Merl. 7762 (Matz.) Mani threwe doun deueling riht.

develop (di'vebp), v.

Also 7 devellop, 7develope. [a. F. developpe-r, OF. (12- 13th c.) desvoleper, -volosper, -voloper, 14th c. desvelopper (whence an earlier Eng. form disvelop), = Pr. desvolopar, -volupar, It. sviluppare ‘to unwrap, to disentangle, to rid free’ (Florio), f. des-, L. dis- + the Rom. verb which appears in mod.It. as viluppare ‘to enwrap, to bundle, to folde, to roll up, to entangle, to trusse up, to heape up’, viluppo ‘an enwrapping, a bundle, a fardle, a trusse, an enfolding’ (Florio). The oldest form of the radical appears to have been volupare, volopare', its derivation is uncertain: see also ENVELOP.]

fl. a. trans. To unfold, unroll (anything folded or rolled up); to unfurl (a banner); to open out of its enfolding cover. Obs. (in general use.) 1592-1611 [see disvelop], 1656 Blount Glossogr., Developed (Fr. desvelope), unwrapped, unfolded, undone, displaied, opened. Ed. 1670 [adds] It is the proper term for spreading or displaying an Ensign in war. 1692 Coles, Developed, unfolded. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Developed, unwrapped, unfolded, opened. 1775 Ash, Developed, disentangled, disengaged, cleared from its covering. 1794 Miss Gunning Packet I. 32, I must suppose he returned to the contents of the packet in the same hurry of spirits with which he first developed them. 1814 Mrs. Jane West Alicia de Lacy III. 94 The red rose banner was developed in front of the Lancasterian army. 1868 Cussans Her. xx. 265 So depicted on the Standard as to appear correct when it was developed by the wind.

b. Geom. To flatten out (a curved surface, e.g. that of a cylinder or cone) as it were by unrolling

it; also, in wider sense, to change the form of (a surface) by bending. See developable b. 1879 Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. §139 The process of changing the form of a surface by bending is called ‘developing’. But the term ‘Developable Surface’ is commonly restricted to such inextensible surfaces as can be developed into a plane, or, in common language, ‘smoothed flat’.

\2. a. To lay open by removal of that which enfolds (in a fig. sense), to unveil; to unfold (a tale, the meaning of a thing); to disclose, reveal. Obs. (exc. as passing into 3.) 1742 Pope Dune. iv. 269 Then take him to devellop, if you can, And hew the Block off, and get out the Man. 1756 Monitor No. 35 Flattering his sagacity in developing the concealed meaning. 1789 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 554 To appeal to the nation, and to develop to it the ruin of their finances. 1812 J. J. Henry Camp. agst. Quebec 156 The steam would search for a vent through the crevices of the door..and develop our measures. 1837 Dickens Pickw. xvii, Nathaniel Pipkin determined that, come what might, he would develope the state of his feelings.

fb. To unveil or lay bare to oneself, discover, detect, find out. Obs.

to

1770 C. Jenner Placid Man I. 53 This circumstance was of singular use to me in helping me to develope her real character. 1785 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Juvenile Indiscretions (i786).I. 172 No great penetration was required to develope the writer of this friendly billet. 1787 Ann Hilditch Rosa de Montmorien I. 74 His principles were unimpeached, because none could ever develope their real tendency. 1796 J. Moser Hermit of Caucasus I. 27 ‘Here,’ said Ismael, ‘is a recess which I hope is impossible to be develop’d.’ 1802 tr. A. La Fontaine's Reprobate I. 153 To live amidst men whose real characters you will find it difficult, sometimes impossible, to develop. 1822 Mrs. E. Nathan Langreath I. 202 He did not possess the tact of developing in an instant the weakness of the human heart.

fc. To unroll or open up that which enfolds, covers, or conceals. Obs. 1779 Sylph I. 192 Nor will the signature contribute to develop the cloud behind which I chuse to conceal myself. Ibid. II. 41 If he should have.. developed the thin veil I spread over the feelings I have laboured .. to overcome. 1785 Mrs. A. M. Bennett Juvenile Indiscretions (1786) III. 41 Nor is it necessary they should have the trouble of developing the obscurity of my character.

3. a. To unfold more fully, bring out all that is potentially contained in. 1750 Warburton Julian Wks. 1811 VIII. xxviii, To instruct us in the history of the human mind, and to assist us in developing its faculties. 1790 Sir J. Reynolds Disc, xv, To develope the latent excellencies .. of our art. 1827 Hare Guesses (1859) 285 One may develope an idea.. But one cannot add to it, least of all in another age. 1864 Bowen Logic ix. 268 To ascertain, develop, and illustrate his meaning. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma v. (1876) 129 Learned religion elucidates and developes the relation of the Son to the Father. 1885 Manch. Exam. 10 July 5/3 The trade might be developed to almost any extent.

b. Mil. To open gradually (an attack). 1883 Stevenson Treas. Isl. iv. xxi, The attack would be developed from the north. c. Mus. See development io. 1880 Stainer Composition ix. §161 A melody is rarely developed without frequent changes of key, or of harmony. Ibid. §162 A fragment of melody is said to be developed when its outline is altered and expanded so as to create new interest. Ibid., Exercises. Develope by various methods the following subjects, as if portions of a Pianoforte Sonata.

d. Chess. Phrases: to develop one’s game, to move one or more men from the original position into positions more useful for attack or defence; to develop a piece, to bring that piece towards or into a position where it is of greatest service. 1847 H. Staunton Chess-Player's Handbk. 22 In chess, this is attempted by the first player putting a Pawn en prise of the enemy early in the game, by which he is enabled more rapidly and effectually to develope his superior Pieces. Ibid. 147 Leaving him the option of exchanging Knights or of protecting his K.P., either of which would afford you an opportunity of developing your game. 1864 Chess Player's Mag. 52 Black, it seems, had no other chance of developing his game than to give up Rook for Knight at this point. 1952 E. Lasker Chess Secrets 41 He has developed one more piece than White.

e. To show the details of (a piece of work) in a drawing (cf. development 7 d). 1888 [see DEVELOPMENT 7 d].

f. To realize the potentialities of (a site, estate, property, or the like) by laying it out, building, mining, etc.; to convert (a tract of land) to a new purpose or to make it suitable for residential, industrial, business, etc., purposes. 1890 Sir R. Romer in Law Times’ Rep. LXIII. 685/2 For working and developing the property to the best advantage. 1901 Times 6 Nov. 5/1 Hogarth’s house in Chiswick, will probably be purchased by a builder who will do what is called develop the property; we all know pretty well what that means. 1931 Economist 20 June 1312/1 It was unjust to apply this burden to ‘developed’ land, that is, to land the value of which has been raised by the energy or enterprise of its owner in putting it to good use. 1932 Times Lit. Suppl. 26 May 392/2 The tenants will be turned out as soon as possible and the whole estate ‘developed’ as a site for a factory.

4. Math. To change a mathematical function or expression into another of equivalent value or meaning and of more expanded form; esp. to expand into the form of a series. 1871 E. Olney Infinit. Calc. 67 It is proposed to discover the law of development, when the function can be developed in the form y = f(x) = A + Bx 4 Cx2 + Dx3 + Ex4 + etc.

DEVELOPABLE 5. a. To bring forth from a latent or elementary condition (a physical agent or condition of matter); to make manifest what already existed under some other form or condition. 1813 Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 66 Acids are generally developed. 1831 Brewster Optics vii. 73 Such a white light I have succeeded in developing. 1834 Mrs. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. xxx. (1849) 350 The same mechanical means which develope magnetism will also destroy it. 1839 G. Bird Nat. Phil. 279 This mode of developing electricity was discovered.. by Prof. Seebeck. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 59 Heat is developed in some proportion to the disappearance of light, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xx. 144 We thus develop both attraction and repulsion.

b. Photogr. To bring out and render visible (the latent image produced by actinic action upon the sensitive surface); to apply to (the plate or film) the chemical treatment by which this is effected. Also absol. 1845 Athenaeum 22 Feb. 203/1 It is evident then, that all bodies are capable of photographic disturbance, and might be used for the production of pictures—did we know of easy methods by which the pictures might be developed. Ibid. 14 June 593/1 The paper used by Mr. Fox Talbot is the iodide of silver, and the picture is developed by the action of gallic acid. 1859 Jephson & Reeve Brittany 48 He went to and fro to develope the plates and prepare new ones. 1861 Photogr. News Aim. in Circ. Sc. I. 160/2 The plate can be developed for hours or days. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 693 In order to develop the latent image, the [Daguerreotype] plate was exposed to the action of the vapour of mercury. 1873 Tristram Moab xi. 203 All our photographs.. have failed, from an accident before they were developed. 1876 G. F. Chambers Astron. 719, I prefer to develope with an iron solution. 1893 Abney Photogr. i. (ed. 8) 3.

c. intr. for refl. 1861 Photogr. News Aim. in Circ. Sc. I. 160/1 A plate well washed .. developes cleaner than one washed insufficiently.

d. intr. To come to light, become known. U.S. 1864 Webster 366/1 The plans of the conspirators develop. 1903 N.Y. Even. Post 17 Sept., A new feature of the shooting developed to-day, when it was discovered that [etc.]. 1927 N. Y. Times 29 Sept. 1/6 It developed that Beach had been pressed for money.

e. trans. To reveal, bring to light. U.S. 1889 Kansas Times & Star 8 May, A census of Kansas City’s saloons develops the startling fact that there are about 1,000. Ibid. 16 July, A search for the pioneer bicyclist hereabouts developed Dr. Henderson, who proudly rode a wheel on our streets in 1880. 1932 T. J. Grayson Leaders & Periods of Amer. Finance v. 95 He did develop the fact that enormous lump sum appropriations had been made.

6. trans. To cause to grow (what exists in the germ), a. Said of an organ or organism. 1857 Henfrey Bot. §40 In the Banyan tree adventitious roots are frequently developed on the outstretched woody branches. 1863 Huxley Mans Place Nat. 65 In the floor of which a notochord is developed. 1866 Argyll Reign Law ii. (ed. 4) 106 They grow, or, in modern phraseology they are developed. 01871 Grote Eth. Fragm. i. (1876) 15 Ethical sentiment tends to develop the benevolent impulses. 1878 Browning Poets Croisic 19 We need.. benevolence Of nature’s sunshine to develop seed So well.

b. Said of a series of organisms showing progression from a simpler or lower to a higher or more complex type; to evolve. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 281 He [Lamarck] supposed that all organized beings, from the lowest to the highest forms, were progressively developed from similar living microscopic particles. This may be called the theory of metamorphosis. 1857 H. Miller Test. Rocks v. 200 The Lamarckian affirms that all our recent species of plants and animals were developed out of previously existing plants and animals of species entirely different. 1880 Haughton Phys. Georg, vi. 273 Forces have been at work, developing in each great continent animal forms peculiar to itself.

7. trans}. a. To evolve (as a product) from pre¬ existing materials; to cause to grow or come into active existence or operation. 1820 Shelley Witch of Atlas xxxvi, In its growth It seemed to have developed no defect Of either sex. 1834 Ht. Martineau Moral 1. 5 Fresh powers .. which .. develop further resources. 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Politics Wks. (Bohn) I. 242 Wild liberty developes iron conscience. Want of liberty.. stupefies conscience. 1847 - Repr. Men, Napoleon ibid. I. 369 The times., and his early circumstances combined to develop this pattern democrat. 1866 Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiii. 601 In the hope that a new set of customers might be developed. 1868 Bain Ment. & Mor. Sc. Ethics (1875) 630 The situations of different ages and countries develop characteristic qualities.

b. To exhibit or display in a well-formed condition or in active operation. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 180 His organ of veneration was strongly developed. 1874 Helps Soc. Press. iv. 63 It is astonishing what ambulatory powers he can develop. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 169 The hardest rocks of Britain are developed in the western and northern parts of the island. 1885 Manch. Exam. 6 Apr. 5/3 Indignant jurymen have recently developed a quite unusual tendency to write letters to the newspapers.

8. refl. To unfold itself, come gradually into existence or operation. 1793 W. Roberts Looker-on (1794) III. No. 67. 36 This prominent part of their character began to develope itself. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, III. ii. 16 The faculties of Charles developed themselves. 1841 Trench Parables, Tares 96 We learn that evil.. is ever to develop itself more fully. 1847 L. Hunt Jar Honey x. (1848) 132 New beauties successively developed themselves, i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vu. iii. §8. 130 The quiet, thoroughly defined, infinitely divided and modelled pyramid [of cloud] never develops itself. 1875 Buckland Log-bk. 276 A serious fault had developed itself. 1879 McCarthy Own Times II. xxii. 122 Our constitutional system grows and developes itself year after year.

DEVELOPMENT

563 9. intr. (for refl.) a. To unfold itself, grow from a germ or rudimentary condition; to grow into a fuller, higher, or maturer condition. 01843 Southey Inscriptions xxxv, How differently Did the two spirits.. Develope in that awful element. 1845 J. H. Newman Ess. Developm. 1. i. (1846) 37 An idea., cannot develope at all except either by destroying, or modifying and incorporating with itself, existing modes of thinking and acting. 1859 Kingsley Misc., Swift & Pope (i860) I. 285 The man .. goes on .. developing almost unconsciously. 1874 Green Short Hist. vii. §5. 387 London developed into the general mart of Europe. 1880 McCarthy Own Times IV. liv. 179 It seems certainly destined to develope rather than fade. 1884 L. Malet Mrs. Lorimer 11 Such women .. do not develop very early either spiritually or mentally.

b. Of diseases: To advance from the latent stage which follows the introduction of the germs, to that in which the morbid action manifests itself. 1891 Law Times XCII. 131/2 The time swine fever takes to develop.

developable (di'vel3p3b(3)l), a. and sb. [f. prec. vb. + -able: in mod.F. developpable.] A. adj. a. Capable of being developed or of developing. 1835 R. F. Wilson in Newman's Lett. (1891) II. 139 Principles.. only developable under one form. 1865 Wilkins Pers. Names Bible 360 It is the nature of symbolical names used sacramentally to possess a developable significance. 1875 Whitney Life Lang. xiv. 292 Instinctive gesture, developable into a complete system of expression. 1879 Jevons in Contemp. Rev. Nov. 537 It now becomes a moving and developable moral sense.

b. Math, (a) Of a function or expression: Capable of being expanded. (b) Of a curved surface: Capable of being unfolded or flattened out: (see develop v. i b). 1816 tr. Lacroix' Diff. (sf Int. Calc. 479 If /(d) be a function of d developable in a series of powers of d .. then [etc.]. 1840 Lardner Geom. 247 Two developable surfaces will intersect in a right line, if the right lines, by the motion of which they are generated, coincide in any one position. 1865 Aldis Solid Geom. ix. §146 Ruled surfaces in which consecutive generating lines lie in one plane are called developable surfaces, while all other ruled surfaces are called skew surfaces. 1866 Proctor Handbk. Stars 16 note. In reality.. even such narrow strips of a globe are not developable, and the chord and arc of five degrees are not equal, as they are assumed to be.

c. Photogr. Capable of being developed (see develop v. 5 b). 1878 Abney Treat. Photogr. iv. 30 An exposure in the camera to produce a developable image would have to be very prolonged. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 26 Oct. 13/2 They take only a short time to produce a developable condition in the emulsion. 1958 Amateur Photographer 31 Dec. 393/2 The need for one quantum (the unit of energy) to strike each grain of silver to make it developable.

B. sb. (Math.) A developable surface; a ruled surface in which consecutive generators intersect. 1874 Salmon Geom. three Dimens. §305 The locus of points where two consecutive generators of a developable intersect is a curve.. which is called the cuspidal edge of that developable.

de'veloped, ppl. a. [f. develop

v. + -ed] In senses of the vb. spec, economically advanced, industrialized; esp. as developed country. Cf. developing country s.v. developing ppl. a. and UNDER-DEVELOPED a. b. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Developed [see develop v. i]. 1859 Mill Liberty iii. (1865) 37/2 To show, that these developed human beings are of some use to the undeveloped. 1945 Ann. Reg. 1944 137 Fully urbanised natives, native farm-workers, ‘relatively developed’ and dependent on regular earnings. 1962 J. K. Galbraith Econ. Devel. in Perspective iii. 31 In the modern and developed economy there is a certain choice as to how resources.. will be organized for productive purposes. 1968 New Statesman 19 July 82/2 The advance of the developed countries today and the nature and rate of change in modern technology are such as constantly to widen the gap between the rich and the oor. 1971 Nature 11 June 341 /1 The sad condition of engal will remain as a sombre reproach to developed nations for many years to come. 1978 Internat. Rel. Diet. (U.S. Dept. State Library) 11/2 Developed countries were asked to provide 1 percent of their national incomes as financial aid to developing countries. 1986 Times 15 Apr. 24/2 The drift of mineral production, smelting, refining and even fabrication from developed industrial countries to developing and industrializing competitors.

g

developer (di'vebpafr)), sb. [f. develop

v.

+

-er.] He who or that which develops. 1833 Whewell in Todhunter Acc. WhewelVs Writ. (1876) II. 164 That you should think I have done any injustice to the mathematical developers. 1846 G. S. Faber Lett. Tractor. Secess. 98 A developer of the Adoration of the Host from the unestablished doctrine of Transubstantiation. 1850 Maurice Mor. Met. Philos, (ed. 2) 85 Developers of a certain set of theories about gods, men, and nature. 1894 Chicago Advance 4 Jan., The home is the great developer of individuality and character.

b. Photogr. A chemical photographs are developed.

agent

by

which

1869 Eng. Mech. 3 Dec. 281/3 By judicious management of the developer, an over-exposed and under-exposed plate can be made to work equally well. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 323/2 The iron developer and the pyrogallic acid solution for intensifying. 1890 Abney Photogr. (ed. 6) 20 The chemical agents which are utilized in order to allow the development of the latent image to take place.. are technically called developers, a term which, critically

speaking, is a misnomer, as in the majority of cases the part they play is a secondary one.

c. Photogr. photographs.

An

operative

who

develops

1899 Daily News 28 Apr. 5/2 We had two men on the train —our regular developer and his assistant. 1921 in Diet. Occup. Terms (1927) §527.

d. An apparatus for developing a person’s muscles, etc. 1900 E. Sandow Strength (rev. ed.) 41 The great value of the Developer lies in the fact that it serves to render the muscles pliable. Ibid., Exercise with the rubber Developer affords a welcome change from work with the dumb-bells. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 17 Jan. 4/2 With regard to the use of grip dumb-bells and the developer, they are not intended for the abnormal development of any one muscle. 1971 Woman 13 Mar. 45 (Advt.), The world’s most successful bustline developer.

e. With defining word prefixed: a person who develops or matures at a specified time or speed, as late or slow developer (see also quot. 1961). 1930 R. Lehmann Note in Music vi. 249, I was a very slow developer. By the time I started to wake up and think for myself, it was too late. 1936 A. Thirkell August Folly vi. 166 He is one of those late developers, trying to himself and to others. 1942 F. J. Schonell Backwardness in Basic Subjects iii. 53 They subscribe to the doctrine that dull children are frequently slow developers, 1953 R. Fuller 2nd Curtain vi. 103 How frightful I must have been at thirteen... I was a late developer. 1961 Where? iii. 15 Late developer, a term used to describe a child whose mental capacity matures notably later than that of most children. It is often used of a pupil who shows increasing evidence of higher ability than was apparent at 11 plus. 1971 T.V. Times 11 Mar. 7/3, I have loved my 30’s. I am a late developer.

f. One who develops (see develop v. 3 f) a site, etc.; a speculative builder. 1938 N. L. North Real Estate Selling xvii. 257 The result was no sales, defaulted contracts, ‘busted’ developers. 1958 Observer 2 Mar. 8/4 As ‘developers’ and L.P.T.B. leap¬ frogged over each other .. far into the Home Counties. 1971 M. Russell Deadline ix. 103 A developer who was .. putting in a bid for the airfield with a view of erecting.. a shopping precinct.

de'veloping, vbl. sb. [f. develop v. + -ing1.] In senses of the vb. Also attrib., as developing cup, room, solution; developing circle Spiritualism, a group of people who meet for the purpose of developing the latent psychic abilities they may possess; developing (out) paper (see quot. 1918). 1775 Ash, Developing, disentangling, disengaging, uncovering, c 1865 j. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 148/2 The result of developing depends.. on the strength of the silver solution. attrib. 1870 Spiritualist 15 Oct. m/i A Developing Circle... Mr. A. C. Swinton.. has favoured us with the following details about the gradual development of mediumship in the circle held at his house, i960 H. Edwards Spirit Healing i. 16, I received a number of messages from mediums stating that I possessed the healing gift. So I attended two church developing circles, where I again received encouragement to utilise my gift of healing. 1967 Psychic News 22 Apr. 8/3 In my view, would-be healers should sit in a developing circle to receive knowledge from competent spirit guides before attempting to treat patients. 1878 Abney Treat. Photogr. xvi. 118 The solution should be flowed back into the developing cup. 1884 T. C. Hepworth Photogp^Amat. 149 Wavy markings on a developed plate may generally be traced to dirty dishes or developing-cups. 1918 Photo-Miniature Mar. 15 Developing Out Papers (D.O.P.), papers requiring to be developed, but of such sensitiveness that they can be printed by exposure to gaslight, yet developed by the same, placed at a greater distance. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 166 Any one who has ever manipulated developing paper. 1882 Tyndall in Longm. Mag. I. 32 The photographer.. illuminates his developing room with light transmitted through red or yellow glass. 1861 Photogr. News Aim. in Circ. Sc. I. 160/1 Take a sufficient quantity of the .. developing solution.

developing,/>/>/. a. [f. develop v. + -ing2.] In senses of the vb. Esp. in developing country, nation, a poor or primitive country which is developing higher economic, industrial, and social conditions. 1879 Athenaeum 83/2 Developing animals may at any stage in embryonic history become more or less profoundly modified. 1880 A. Wilson in Gentl. Mag. CCXLVI. 45 It .. might be ranked as a developing snail. 1964 H. Myint (title) The economics of the developing countries. 1969 R. Blackburn in Cockburn & Blackburn Student Power 208 Bourgeois economists once talked about the economically ‘backward’ countries; then ‘underdeveloped’ was felt to be a kinder adjective. They now prefer to refer to poor capitalist countries as ‘developing nations’. 1971 Times 17 Mar. 4/6 Many developing countries are facing growing unrest among young people.

de'velopist. nonce-word. [f. as developer v. + -1ST.] An evolutionist. 1854 H. Strickland Travel Thoughts 12 You are a Vestiges of Creation developist, and think that a Frenchman may, by cultivation, be developed into an Englishman.

development

(di'vebpmant). Also 8-9 develope-. [f. develop v. + -ment, after F. developpement, in 15th c. desv-.~\ I. The process or fact of developing; the concrete result of this process. 1. A gradual unfolding, a bringing into fuller view; a fuller disclosure or working out of the details of anything, as a plan, a scheme, the plot

of a novel. Also quasi-coner. that in which the fuller unfolding is embodied or realized. [1752 Chesterf. Lett, cclxxvi. (1792) III. 263 A developpement that must prove fatal to Regal and Papal pretensions.] 1756 J. Warton Ess. Pope I. 49 (T.) These observations on Thomson .. might still be augmented by an examination and developement of the beauties in the loves of the birds, in Spring; a view of the torrid zone in Summer; [etc.]. 1759 Sterne Tr. Shandy I. xiii. (R.), A map., with many other pieces and developements of this work will be added to the end of the twentieth volume. 1786 Francis the Philanthropist I. 155 Congratulations.. on the developement, so much to his honour, of this intricate and confused affair. 1851 Gladstone Glean. IV. v. 5 Essential to the entire development of my case.

2. Evolution or bringing out from a latent or elementary condition; the production of a natural force, energy, or new form of matter. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. I. 176 How slow is the developement of heat. 1863 E. V. Neale Anal. Th. & Nat. 214 The development discernible in nature, is only the bringing to light a new manifestation of forces already existing, with the same characters, under some other manifestation. 1863 Tyndall Heat i. §6. (1870) 5 Experiments which illustrate the development of heat by mechanical means.

3. The growth and unfolding of what is in the germ; the condition of that which is developed: a. of organs and organisms. 1796 Jefferson in Morse Amer. Geog. I. 92 The developement and formation of great germs. 1813 Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 213 The various stages of the development and decay of their organs. 1835 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. Let. iii, The transformations of insects.. strictly, they ought rather to be termed a series of developments. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 686 The latter also differ in their modes of developement. 1862 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 5 Watching the development of buds and flowers. 1875 Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 327 As the development progresses the cells, .become differentiated. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iii. hi The development of the sponges has been carefully investigated. 1880 Haughton Phys. Geog. i. 16 Some are now in their infancy; others in the full vigour of their development.

b. Of races of plants and animals: The same as the evolutionary process and its result. development theory or hypothesis (Biol.): the doctrine of Evolution; applied especially to that form of the doctrine taught by Lamarck (died 1829). evolution;

1844 R. Chambers Vestiges of Creation 191 {title), Hypothesis of the Development of the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms. Ibid. 202 The whole train of animated beings .. are then to be regarded as a series of advances of the principle of development, which have depended upon external physical circumstances to which the resulting animals are appropriate. 1849 H. Miller Footpr. Great, xiii. (1874) 243 The development visions of the Lamarckian. 1851 G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. 306 The theory of progressive development receives no support from the facts unfolded by the history of fossil reptiles. 1866 Argyll Reign Law i. (ed. 4) 32 All theories of Development have been simply attempts to suggest.. the physical process by means of which, this ideal continuity of type and pattern has been preserved. 1871 Tylor Prim. Cult. I. 1 Its various grades may be regarded as stages of development or evolution, each the outcome of previous history. 1878 Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. iv. §151. 156 Creation belongs to eternity and development to time.

c. The bringing out of the latent capabilities (of anything); the fuller expansion (of any principle or activity). 1865 R. W. Dale Jew. Temp. xii. (1877) 131 A promise the final developement and fulness of which we are still waiting for. 1874 Green Short Hist. v. §2. 225 A yet larger development of their powers was offered to the Commons by Edward himself. Ibid. ix. 697 A mightier and more rapid development of national energy. 1878 Lecky Eng. in 18th C. II. v. 50 The real development of Scotch industry dates from the Union of 1707. 1879 Lubbock Addr. Pol. & Educ. iv. 85 Natural science, as a study is perhaps the first in development of our powers. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 34/2 This extraordinary development of the iron manufacture.

d. The act or process of developing (see develop v. 3 f) a mine, site, estate, property, or the like; also, a developed tract of land. Freq. attrib., esp. in development work (see also sense 11 below). Cf. ribbon development. 1885 Pall Mall G. 12 Feb. 5/2 No development work has been done whatever, not a shaft has been sunk. 1897 Daily News 4 Jan. 2/1 During the year an unusual amount of development work was done on the producing mines. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 21 Apr. 4/3 Advance moneys for development purposes. 1900 Daily News 11 June 2/1 Development operations have been carried out upon the Le Roi, No. 2 Property. 1904 Conrad Nostromo 11. iii. 126 The new loan connected with railway development. 1936 P. Nash Dorset 6 All those courageous enemies of ‘development’ to whom we owe what is left of England. 1947 S. J. Truscott Mine Econ. (ed. 2) ii. 8 Sampling for the establishment of reserves is conducted primarily upon the exposures along the roads by which the deposit is explored and the property developed, this being development sampling. 1957 W. H. Whyte Organization Man 274 The little developments that encircle some towns. 1962 A. Christie Mirror Crack'd i. 16 All the people from the Development doing their shopping. Ibid. 17 Where once there had been meadows with cows, there was the Development.

e. The economic advancement of a region or people, esp. one currently under-developed (sense b). 1902 Daily Chron. 25 Nov. 4/5 This consideration leads us to what is the supreme need for all parts of that country, namely, economic development. ‘Development first’ was

DEVELOPMENT ALLY

564

DEVELOPMENTAL

the formula for the moment used by Lord Milner in his latest speech. What South Africa.. needs above all is.. the primary plant of civilised development. 1945 Political Q. Oct. Dec. 359 Economic development has benefited large sections of the people in Anatolia. 1966 New Statesman 11 Mar. 355/3 (Advt.), The Institute of Development Studies the University of Sussex.. Professorial fellow in Development Economics. 1982 Daedalus Spring 133 All African countries lack sufficient managerial, administrative, and technical skills to undertake the massive task of development contemplated at independence.

4. Gradual advancement through progressive stages, growth from within. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iv. (1852) 104 Only where those means exist.. is there a development of holy character. 1845 J- H. Newman Ess. Developm. i. i. (1846) 37 The development of an idea, being the germination, growth, and perfection of some living.. truth. 1861 Garbett Boyle Lect. 46 This scheme.. exhibits a progressive development, in which there is not a missing link. 1862 S. Lucas Secularia 6 Nations proceed in a course of Development, their later manifestations being potentially present in the earliest elements. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 251 Gradual developement without any sudden change.

5. A developed or well-grown condition; a state in which anything is in vigorous life or action. 1851 G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. 258 The genus Serpula.. attained its greatest development in the oolitic seas. 1851 Mansel Proleg. Log. (i860) 18 His disciple, .has carried the doctrine to its fullest development. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 49 The great development of the sternum whence the muscles of flight take origin. 1871 Smiles Charac. xii. (1876) 366 The highest development of their genius. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 76 The Laches has more play and development of character.

6. The developed result or product; a developed form of some earlier and more rudimentary organism, structure, or system. 1845 J. H. Newman Ess. Developm. i. iii. (1846) 58 The butterfly is the development.. of the grub. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 2 The last orders of Gothic architecture were the development of the first. 1871 R. W. Dale Commandm. Introd. 4 The Christian Faith may be spoken of as, in some sense, the development of Judaism. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma Pref. (1876) 22 Attacking Romish developments from the Bible, which.. were evidently.. false developments. 1877 E. R. Conder Bas. Faith i. 5 Natural to man only as a development, not as an original element in his nature.

II. Technical uses. 7. a. Geom. The action of unrolling a cylindrical or conical surface, the unbending of any curved surface into a plane, or of a non¬ plane curve into a plane curve, fb. Applied to the unrolling of a papyrus or other roll which has become rigid (obs.). 1800 J. Hayter Herculanean & Pompeian MSS. 12 About thirty years ago, His Sicilian Majesty ordered the Developement, the Transcription, and the printing of the Volumes [rolls]., to be undertaken. 1817 {title), Herculaneum Rolls.—Correspondence Relative to a Proposition made by Dr. Sickler, of Hildburghausen, upon the Subject of their Development. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. xix. 333 Let the outline of the country be projected on this cone: then on unfolding the paper, it may be spread out on a flat surface: hence the method is known as that of conical development. Ibid. 336 The polar regions are not brought within Mercator’s projection, for the poles are supposed, by the cylindrical development to be indefinitely distant.

form, as a sonata; the part of a movement in which this takes place. Also attrib. 1880 Parry in Grove Diet. Mus. s.v., The most perfect types of development are to be found in Beethoven’s works, with whom not seldom the greater part of a movement is the constant unfolding and opening out of all the latent possibilities of some simple rhythmic figure. 1880 Stainer Composition ix. §156 This splendid musical form [sonataform] differs.. chiefly in having a Development-portion. Ibid. § 166 A figure, or rhythmic motive, or melodic phrase from any part preceding the double bar [of a movement in sonata-form] may be chosen for development. 1889 H. A. Harding Analysis of Form 5 The Coda begins with a development of the figure taken from the 1st subject. Ibid., The development commences in C major.

b. Chess. The disposition of the forces for attack or defence at an early stage of a game. 1864 Chess Player's Mag. 195 The difficulty .. of meeting the many new developments of the attack, especially those resulting from 9 Q.Kt. to B.3rd, has led to a reaction in favour of the move Q.Kt. to R.4th. 1865 Ibid. 48 In order to fix a Pawn at his Q. fifth, and so obstruct the development of Black’s cavalry. 1889 Freeborough & Ranken Chess Openings 13 There are two styles of development; the attacking and the defensive. In one the pieces are spread about to secure the greatest possible command of the board. In the other they are kept together mutually supporting or defending each other. Ibid. 14 When you cannot see your way to an attacking move, play a development move. 1970 B. Larsen Larsen's Selected Games of Chess 1948-69 181 Severe cases of neglected development are rare in master games.

11. attrib. development area, any of several areas designated by the Distribution of Industry Act of 1945 as places suffering or liable to suffer from unemployment, where new industries, etc., are encouraged. See also 3 d. 1945 Act 8 8c 9 Geo. VI c. 36 § i In any area specified in the First Schedule to this Act (hereinafter referred to as a ‘development area’) the Board of Trade may for the purpose of facilitating the provision of premises needed for meeting the requirements of industrial undertakings (including requirements arising from the needs of persons employed or to be employed therein).. acquire.. land for the provision.. of such premises. 1948 Times Rev. Industry Aug. 28/3, 117 new factory buildings and extensions were completed in the development areas. 1961 E. A. Powdrill vocab. Land Planning iv. 65 Industrial estates should not necessarily be confused with the Government’s programme for inducing industry to occupy sites in Development Areas.

Hence developmen'tarian, de'velopmentist, nonce-wds.y one who holds a theory of development or evolution in biology, theology, etc.; an evolutionist. 1865 Morn. Star 2 Sept., The most curious part of the business is that some polygenists are also developmentarians. 1870 Sat. Rev. XXIX. 807 If Mr. Proctor were a developmentist, and boldly laid it down that out of elementary substances of proved identity with those of our earth .. life.. must of necessity be engendered in forms much the same as those we know. 1888 Indian Churchman 26 May 144 No loophole of escape is here left for the ‘developmentarians’.

developmental (di.vetap'mental), a. [f. prec. + Of, pertaining, or development; evolutionary.

incidental

-al1.]

to

1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Development, The process of drawing the figures which given lines on a curved surface would assume, if that surface were a flexible sheet and were spread out flat upon a plane without alteration of area and without distortion. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 195/1 To draw the various forms required in ‘development’—that is the covering of surfaces.

developmental disease, a disease which is associated with a stage or process in the development of the body. 1849 Owen Parthenogenesis 8 So much of the primary developmental processes. 1859 Darwin Orig. Species xiv. (1873) 390 Sometimes it is only the earlier developmental stages which fail. 1864 Daily Tel. 27 July, Deaths by convulsions rose from 38 to 71 .. by developmental diseases of children from 24 to 42. 1883 Birm. Weekly Post 11 Aug. 3/6 One of the diseases, so called, of the developmental class —viz., senile decay. 1884 Knowledge No. 160. 421 They are interesting from a developmental point of view. 1890 Humphry Old Age 5 A developmental or physiological death terminates the developmental or physiological decay.

d. The indication of the full details of a piece of work, esp. in a technical drawing.

Hence develop'mentalist, Also attrib.

1888 Lockwood*s Diet. Mech. Engin. 107 Development. A drawing is said to be developed when certain working details are drawn in full. Thus a propeller blade is developed when the various transverse sections are shown. 1904 Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Diet. 156/2 Development, giving full details of some part of a piece of work.

1862 Temple Bar Mag. V. 215 According to the developmentalists .. the various races of men .. gradually developed themselves in the progress of ages, from lower forms of animal life. 1936 M. T. Hodgen Doctrine of Survivals iii. 72 All developmentalists were committed to the search for social origins. 1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 20 June 524/1 Questions for which the current developmentalist methodology has no answer. 1957 Antiquity XXXI. 215 Opposition to the independent developmentalists came from those who could demonstrate .. the diffusion of certain traits.

c. See quots.

8. Math. The process by which any mathematical expression is changed into another of equivalent value or meaning, and of more expanded form; the expanded form itself. 1816 tr. Lacroix' Diff. & Int. Calc. 148 This developement has been obtained by first putting x + h instead of x. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 445/1 The mathematical use of an expression is freauently facilitated by employing its development.-Ibid., The usual form of development is into infinite series.

9. The action of developing a photograph; the process whereby the latent image on the exposed film is rendered visible by the chemical precipitation of new material on the surface. 1845 Athenaeum 29 Mar. 112/3 If an impressed Daguerreotype plate .. be exposed to the vapour of chlorine, iodine, or bromine.. the nascent picture is obliterated, so as to be no longer capable of developement by the vapour of mercury. 1861 Photogr. News Aim. in Circ. Sc. I. 160/2 Add more silver, till the development is complete. 1881 Eng. Mech. No. 874. 382/1 The exposed plates, after development and before fixing, should be put [etc.].

10. a. Mus. The unfolding of the qualities or capacities of a musical phrase or subject by modifications of melody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, etc., esp. in a composition of elaborate

an

evolutionist.

develop'mentalism. [f.

developmental a. + Belief in development or evolution; evolutionism. -ism.I

1934 Mind XLIII. 393 Bartlett’s notion of a ‘Schema’.. incorporates developmentalism. 1936 M. T. Hodgen Doctrine of Survivals vi. 188 Developmentalism may well suffer defeat. 1947 C. S. Lewis Miracles xiv. 146 A certain degree of ‘evolutionism’ or ‘developmentalism’ is inherent in Christianity.

develop'mentally, adv. [f.

developmental a.

+ -LY*.] In development.

or

relation

reference

to

1849-52 Owen in Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 873/1 The investigation.. of this vast subject zootomically, developmentally, and microscopically. 1863 Huxley Man’s Place Nat. iii. 148 The base of the skull may be demonstrated developmentally to be its relatively fixed part. 1874 Carpenter Ment. Phys. 11. xv. (1879) 571 The retina may be developmentally regarded as a kind of off-shoot from the optic ganglion.

DfiVELOPPf) || d£velopp6 (devtape). Ballet. Also developpee. [Fr., pa. pple. of developper to stretch out, unwind, develop.] A movement in which one leg is raised and then fully extended. 1913 C D’Albert Dancing 61 Developpe... A temps, signifying the slow unfolding of the leg to its full length, whilst placing it in the position demanded. 1953 Ballet Ann. VII. 127/2 Some stunning developpees growing out of incredible pirouettes. 1959 Times 10 Sept. 6/3 Miss Svetlana Beriosova.. generously expressive in the sweep of her developpes.

f de'venerate, t;. Obs.—°. [ad. L. devenerart to reverence, f. de- 3 + venerdrl to worship.] 1623 Cockeram, Deuenerate, to worship.

tdeve'nustate, v. Obs. rare-', [f. late L. devenustare (Gellius) to disfigure, deform, f. de6 + venustare to beautify, venustus beautiful: see -ate3.] trans. To deprive of beauty or comeliness; to disfigure, deform. 1653 Waterhouse Apol. Learning 245 (L.) To see what yet remains of beauty and order devenustated, and exposed to shame and dishonour.

fdever, sb. Obs. ME.

form of devoir, duty.

deverbal (di'vaibal), sb. and a. Gram. [f.

de- +

verb + -al1.] A. adj. Derived from a verb. B. sb. = deverbative sb. 1934 Priebsch & Collinson German Lang. 11. iii. 225 The suffix -en had two specific functions: (a) to form durative deverbals, e.g. hangen ‘to be hanging’. 1946 Ibid. (ed. 2) 256 The deverbal derivatives. 1959 Archivum Linguisticum XI. 108 Runner—deverbal noun.

deverbative (di'v3:b3tiv), sb. and a. Gram. [f. de- + verb, after denominative.] A. sb. A word

formed on or derived from a verb. Derived from a verb.

B. adj.

1913 J. M. Jones Welsh Gram. 381 Other Aryan stemforms, mostly deverbatives and denominatives. 1949 Archivum Linguisticum I. 167 The verbal base is either radical or thematic, the first being monosyllabic and primary, i.e. neither deverbative nor denominative. 1951 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1951 116 Secondary formations, perhaps deverbatives based on the common verbs. 1970 Language XLVI. 381 The three morphemes are mutually exclusive, and each of them is related .. to large sets of nominal roots and deverbative nouns.

t de'vergence. Obs. rare—0, [ad. late L. devergentia (Gellius) an inclining downward, a sloping, f. devergere, f. de- 1 + vergere to incline, turn.] Downward slope, declivity. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Devergence, a devexity or declivity, by which any thing tends or declines downward. 1755 Johnson, Devergence, declivity, declination. (Diet.) 1847 Craig, Devergence, Devergency, declivity; declination. Obs. [1864 Webster, Devergence, Devergency, the same as Divergence.]

devers, deversion, -itie:

see divers-.

fde'versary. Obs. rare. [? lodging-house, inn.]

DEVIANT

565

ad. L. deversdrium ? A lodging-house, inn,

tavern: see diversory. 11485 Digby Myst. (1882) III. 754, I was drynchyn In synne deversarye.

devest (di'vest), v. arch. [a. OF. devester (13th c.), also desvestir (12th c. in Hatzf.), f. des-, de- = L. dis- (see de- 6, dis-) + vestir, mod.F. vetir:—L. vestire to clothe. The Latin dictionaries cite a single instance of devestire to undress, from Appuleius; but in Romanic, the prefix is dis-, des-: cf. Pr. desvestir, devestir, It. divestire, med.L. dis-, di-, de-vestire, from OFr. In later English the prefix is conformed to classical L. analogies as divest, q.v., and devest now survives only in sense 5 (in which divest also occurs).] fl. trans. To unclothe, undress, disrobe (a person); refl. to undress oneself. Obs. 1598 Yong Diana 13 If that she was alone, deuesting her. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, n. iv. 78 That you deuest your selfe, and lay apart The borrowed Glories. 1604-Oth. 11. iii. 181 Like Bride and Groome Deuesting them for Bed. 1623 Cockeram, Deuest, to vncloath one. a fylden hi mid deoules & yuele men. c 1205 Lay. 17669 He .. wende anan rihte in to Winchsestre swulc hit weore an hali mon, pe tueSene deouel. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4288 An olde vecke. .The which devel, in hir enfaunce Hadde lemed of Loves arte, c 1470 Henry Wallace iv. 407 At thus with wrang, thir dewillis suld bruk our land, c 1500 Melusine xxxvi. 256 Ayeynst this strong dyuell I ne may withstand. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxix. (Percy Soc.) 136 Some develles wyll theyr husbandes bete. 1604 Shaks. Oth. v. ii. 132 Thou do’st bely her, and thou art a diuell. 1608-11 Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows 1. § 6 That olde slaunder of early holiness: A young Saint, an olde Devill: sometimes young Devils have prooved olde Saints: never the contrary. 1611 Bible John vi. 70 Haue not I chosen you twelue, and one of you is a deuill? 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xvii. 426 Devils in flesh antedate hell in inventing torments. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 82 Thou Devil! said he to Susan, and hast thou betray’d me. 1867 Parkman Jesuits N. America xxii. 319 He was a savage still, but not so often a devil.

b. In later use, sometimes, merely a term of reprobation or aversion; also playfully connoting the qualities of mischievous energy, ability, cleverness, knavery, roguery, reck¬ lessness, etc., attributed to Satan. 1601 Shaks. Twel. N. ii. v. 226 Thou most excellent diuell of wit. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 29 An Angel in his behaviour, and a Devil.. in the Mathematicks. 1774 Goldsm. Retal. 57 So provoking a devil was Dick. 1775 Sheridan Rivals iii. iv, An ill-tempered little devil! She’ll be in a passion all her life. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis lvi, A man of great talents, who knew a good deal.. and was a devil to play. 1854 Warter Last of Old Squires xvi. 151 In our forefathers’ days the term devil (for instance, ‘queer devil’, ‘rum devil’) had a modified signification, intimating more of the knave than of the fool, but not without a strong dash of the humourist.

c. Applied in contempt or pity (chiefly with poor): A poor wretched fellow, one in a sorry plight, a luckless wight. [So in It., Fr., etc.] 1698 T. Froger Voy. 160 The poor Devil was condemned to have his head chopped off. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. (1775) 36 (Montriul), I am apt to be taken .. when a poor devil comes to offer his service to so poor a devil as myself. 1816 Scott Antiq. xxi, ‘What can we do for that puir doited deevil of a knight-baronet?’ 1850 Ld. Beaconsfield Let. 16 Nov. in Corr. w. Sister (1886) 250 Riding the high Protestant horse, and making the poor devils of Puseyites the scapegoats. 1876 F. E. Trollope Charming Fellow I. xiii. 167 Why should he do anything.. for a poor devil like me?

d. Applied also to a vicious, evil-tempered, or mischievous beast. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 44 He was the fastest trotter in the cantonment, but a restive devil. 1884 Bath Jrnl. 26 July 6/5 That tusker there (pointing to the large elephant).. is a devil. He has killed three keepers already.

5. spec. a. printer’s devil: the errand-boy in a printing office. Sometimes the youngest apprentice is thus called. (In quot. 1781 a girl or young woman.) 1683 Moxon Mechanic Exercises II, The Press-man sometimes has a Week-Boy to Take Sheets, as they are Printed off the Tympan: These Boys do in a PrintingHouse, commonly black and Dawb themselves: whence the Workmen do Jocosely call them Devils; and sometimes Spirits, and sometimes Flies. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 31 IP 13 Mr. BickerstafFs Messenger, or (as the Printers call him) Devil, going to the Press, a 1764 Lloyd Dialogue Poet. Wks. 1774 II. 4 And in the morning when I stir, Pop comes a Devil ‘Copy Sir’. 1781 Johnson 20 Apr. in Boswell, He had married a printer’s devil... I thought a printer’s devil was a creature with a black face and in rags... Yes, sir: but I suppose he had her face washed and put clean clothes on her. 1836 Smart s.v. Sematology, Mr. Woodfall’s men, from the devil up to the reader. 1849 E. E. Napier Excurs. S. Africa I. p. xxviii, As neither space, time, nor printers devils are under control, I must therefore content myself with the above brief.. review.

b. A junior legal counsel who does professional work for his leader, usually without fee. Attorney-General's Devil, a familiar name of the Junior Counsel to the Treasury. 1849 Ld. Campbell Lives Chief Justices II. xxxiv. 437 He [Lord Mansfield] had signed and forgotten both opinions, —which were, perhaps, written by devils or deputies. 1872 Echo 14 Nov. (Farmer), Sir James Hannen, we are told, was a Devil once. 1884 Bath Jrnl. 12 July 8/1 Mr. Clarke was offered the post of ‘devil’ to the Attorney General, and his declining may be said to have been without precedent. 1888 Pall Mall G. 29 Dec. 3/1 It is by no means an uncommon thing for an Attorney-General’s ‘devil’, or point and case hunter, to be offered a judgeship.

DEVIL

569

c. One employed by an author or writer to do subordinate parts of his literary work under his direction; a literary ‘hack’; and generally one who does work for which another receives the credit or remuneration or both. 1888 Star 8 Aug., Certain societies, the Early English Text, Chaucer, Shakspere, etc., though large employers of ‘devils’, pay the highest wages. 1891 [see devil v. 3 c]. 6. fig. Applied to qualities. a. The

personification of evil and undesirable qualities by which a human being may be possessed or actuated. (Usually with some fig. reference to sense 2.) 1604 Shaks. Oth. II. iii. 297 It hath pleas’d the diuell drunkennesse, to giue place to the diuell wrath. 1606Tr. & Cr. 11. iii. 23, I haue said my prayers and diuell, enuie, say Amen. Ibid. v. ii. 55 How the diuell Luxury.. tickles these together. 1701 De Foe True-born Eng. 104 Ingratitude, a Devil of Black Renown. 1819 Shelley Cenci u. i. 45 The devil was rebuked that lives in him. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxx, The devil of sophistry, with which thou art possessed. 1842 Tennyson Walking to Mail 13 Vex’d with a morbid devil in his blood. 1855 -Sailor Boy 24 A devil rises in my heart, Far worse than any death to me. 1884 H. Broadhurst in Fortn. Rev. Mar. 347 The devil of short¬ sighted greed is powerful enough if left alone.

b. colloq. Temper, spirit, or energy that can be roused; fighting spirit; perplexing or baffling strategy of attack (as in cricket). 1780 T. Pasley Private Seajrnl. 5 Mar. (1931) 69 He has many good qualities, but as the old adage says, has not Divil enough in him. 1823 Gentl. Mag. Nov. 434/z They must have Devil enough .. to do gallant things. 1847 Ld. G. Bentinck in Croker Papers (1884) III. 156 That any nation was so without ‘devil’ in it as to have laid down and died as tamely as the Irish have. 1884 Hon. I. Bligh in Lillywhite's Cricket Ann. 5 Evans bowled steadily, but without much ‘devil’.

7. Used (generally with qualifications) as the name of various animals, on account of their characteristics, e.g. Tasmanian devil, a carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania (Sarcophilus ursinus)-, sea devil, the devil-fish: cf. also SEA-. 1686 Ray Willoughby’s Hist. Piscium in. iii. i. 85 heading, Rana Jbiscatrix, the Toad-fish or Frog-fish or Sea-Divel. 1700 S.L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 286 There is a sort of Creature here.. called.. by the Dutch, The Devil of Negombo.. because of its qualities .. It hath a sharp Snout, and very sharp Teeth. 1799 Naval Chron. I. 67 The Lophius.. or Sea Devil, is a genus of the branchiostegious order. 1829 H. Widowson Pres. State Van Dieman’s Land xviii. 180 The devil, or as the naturalists term it ldasyurus ursinus', is very properly named... It is as great a destroyer of young lambs as the hyena; and, generally speaking, is as large as a middling-sized dog. 1832 Bischoff Van Diemaris Land ii. 29 The devil, or as naturalists term it ‘dasyurus ursinus’ is very properly named. 1857 Thoreau Maine W. (1894) 381 ‘Devil [that is, Indian Devil, or cougar] lodges about here—very bad animal.’ 1862 Jobson Australia vii. 186 Colonists in Tasmania.. called it the ‘devil’ from the havoc it made among their sheep and poultry.

b. A local name of the Swift (Cypselus apus); formerly also of the Coot. 1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Foulque, a bird called a Coute, & because of the blackenesse, is called a Diuell. 1885 Swainson Prov. Names Brit. Birds 95 From its impetuous flight, and its dark colour, it is called Devil (Berks).. Swing Devil (Northumb.), Skeer Devil (Devon, Somerset), Devil's screecher (Devon), Devil shrieker (Craven).

c. A collector’s name of a tropical Cynodonta turbinellus. Obs.

shell,

1776 Da Costa Elem. Conchol. 291 (Plate V, fig. 5), A Murex, The Devil. 8. A name of various instruments or

mechanical contrivances, esp. such as work with sharp teeth or spikes, or do destructive work, but also applied, with more or less obvious allusion, to others. Among these are a. A machine used for tearing open and cleaning wool, cotton, flax, and other fibres, preparatory to spinning; also called willow, willower, willy, b. A machine used to tear up old cloth and reduce it to ‘shoddy’, to be worked up again into cloth; also one used to tear up linen and cotton rags, etc., for manufacture into paper, c. An instrument used for feloniously cutting and destroying the nets of fishermen at sea. d. An instrument of iron wire used by goldsmiths for holding gold to be melted in a blow-pipe flame, e. An iron grate used for fire in the open air. 1831 J. Holland Manuf. Metal, Certain implements acting with a boss and a slit block of iron, called a devil. 1836 Sir G. Head Home Tour 144 The town of Dewsbury., celebrated for.. grinding old garments into new; literally tearing in pieces fusty old rags.. by a machine called a ‘devil’, till a substance very like the original is reproduced. 1851 Mayhew Lond. Labour (1861) II. 30‘Shoddy’.. consists of the second-hand wool manufactured by the tearing up, or rather grinding, of woollen rags by means of coarse willows, called devils, i860 All Year Round No. 57. 160 Where the ‘devil’ first beats the cotton from the bale. 1867 O. W. Holmes Guard. Angel xxv. (1891) 304 To the paper factory, where they have a horrid machine they call the devil, that tears everything to bits. 1870 Eng. Mech. 31 Dec. 610/1 The machine..is called a willow, or willey, vulgarly a devil; it is used principally for opening raw cotton. 1872 Manch. Guardian 24 Sept. (Farmer), Mr. Powell’s Bill contains abundant powers for suppressing the vile nuisance known as the American Devil [steam whistle or hooter]. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Devil, a machine for making wood screws. urgh 6es defies lore. I297 R- Glouc. (1724) 475 Foure of the deueles limes, [h]is kni3tes hurde this. 1530 Palscr. 214/2 Divelles worke, diablerie. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 592 Balaam ..who was the devil's hackney. 1820 Scott Ivanhoe xx, What devil’s matins are you after at this hour? 1827Jrnl. 16 Mar., I had the devil’s work finding them. 1854 Whyte Melville Gen. Bounce xv. (Farmer), His wives., yowlin’, and cryin’, and kickin’ up the devil’s delight. 1859 H. Kingsley G. Hamlynv,Vte had better be as comfortable as we can this devil’s night. 1863 Reade Hard Cash I. 278 (Farmer) What business have you in the Captain’s cabin, kicking up the devil’s delight? 1884 E. M. Beal in Gd. Words May 323/1 The newly discovered ‘devil’s liquor’, starch.

b. Special phrases, devil’s advocate (L. advocatus diaboli), one who urges the devil’s plea against the canonization of a saint, or in opposition to the honouring of any one; hence, one who advocates the contrary or wrong side, or injures a cause by his advocacy; so devil’s advocacy; devil’s bedpost (see quots.); devil’s bones, an appellation of dice; devil’s cow, a black beetle; devil’s darning-needle (U.S.) = devil's needle (see also c); devil’s dirt, devil’s dung, asafeetida; devil’s dozen: see dozen; devil’s finger, a belemnite; devil’s fingers, the star-fish; devil’s grip colloq., pleurodynia; devil’s horse U.S., the praying mantis; devil’s mint, a succession of things hurtful or offensive, as if the devil himself were at work coining them (Forby); f devil’s missionary N.Z. (see quots.); devil’s needle, provincial name of the dragon¬ fly; ‘Devil’s Own’, a pet name of the 88th Foot (the Devil's own Connaught boys); also of the Inns of Court Rifle Corps of Volunteers; devil’s picture(d)-books, picture-gallery or pictures colloq. = devil’s books; devil’s sheaf: see quot.; devil’s tattoo: see tattoo; devil’s toe-nail, a belemnite. Also devil’s-bird, claw, etc. 1760 Impostors Detected II. 128 By.. playing the true part of the ’Devil’s advocate. 1885 ]. Bonar Malthus 1. i. 7 The father made it a point of honour to defend the Enquirer, the son played devil’s advocate. 1887 R. Buchanan Heir of Linne ii, Even the Socialist party regarded him as a devil’s advocate, and washed their hands of him. 1854 Maurice Philos. First Six Cent. (ed. 2) v. 119 The claims of Proclus to canonisation in spite of our *devil-advocacy. 1892 A. Birrell Resjudic. iv. 108 There is just enough of.. truth in it, to make it one of the most powerful bits of devil’s advocacy ever penned. 1873 Slang Diet., * Devil's bed-posts, the four of clubs. 1879 N. Gf Q. 5th Ser. XII. 473, I have always heard the four of clubs called the devil’s bed-post, and also that it is the worst turn-up one could have. 1664 Etheredge Comical Revenge 11. iii (Farmer), I do not understand dice.. hang the ‘devil’s bones. 1822 Scott Nigel xxiii, A gamester, one who deals with the devil’s bones. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 213/1 Blind Beetles., are generally known to us by the name of.. ‘Devils cows. 1854 Putnam's Monthly June (Bartlett), Now and then, .a •devil’s-darning-needle would pertinaciously hover about our heads. 1578 Lyte Dodoens 11. cxii. 304 Called.. in Englishe also Assa fetida\ in high Douche Teufels dreck, that is to say ‘Deuilles durt. 1604 Dekker Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 40 The ‘Divels dung in thy teeth! 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 237 Asafeetida is sometimes called by the name of devil’s dung. 1888 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. XCVI. 490 So agonizing was this pain that it was nicknamed the ‘‘devil’s grip’ by a sufferer from the disease in Rappahannock County, Virginia, and this name became a common one there afterwards. 1924 Ibid. CLXVIII. 569 Devil’s grip .. is certainly due to an acute infection, and the recurrences seem like those of a protozoan infection. 1962 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 1/3 Mr. Duncan Sandys .. has Bornholm disease, it was said last night. The disease is also known as ‘Devil’s Grip’. 1883 Sweet & Knox Through Texas (1884) xliv. 629 Another of the most peculiar and interesting insects in Texas is called the ‘‘devil’s horse’. 1937 Nature 14 Aug. 264/1 Less graceful but fascinating are the devii’s-horses, a showy grasshopper commonly six inches long which travels over the land by the million devouring vegetation as it goes. 1837 E. G. Wakefield Brit. Colonization N.Z. ii. 31 [The lawless renegade Englishmen] really deserve a name which has been given them—that of ‘‘Devil’s missionaries’. 1839 Colonial Gaz. xxix. 474 [Low types, vagabonds, etc.,] devil’s missionaries as they are appropriately called. 1857 Thoreau Maine W. (1894) 316 On Moosehead I had seen a large ‘devil’s-needle half a mile from the shore. 1871 Staveley Brit. Insects 128 The swift approach of one of these glittering ‘devil’s needles’. 1864 Mark Lemon Jest Bk. 211 (Farmer) At a review of the volunteers.. the ‘devil’s own walked straight through. 1893 Pall Mall G. 21 Jan. 2/3 ‘What! what!’ exclaimed his Majesty [George III. in 1803], ‘all lawyers! all lawyers! Call them the Devil’s Own—call them the Devil’s Own’.. the fighting gentlemen of the long robe have been the ‘Devil’s Own’ ever since. 1786 Burns Twa Dogs 226 They.. wi’ crabbit leuks Pore ower the ‘devil’s pictur’d beuks. 1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers i. 20 Morel never in his life played cards,.. ‘the

devil’s pictures’, he called them! 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 31 My father. .jocularly referred to the cards as the Devil’s picture-gallery. 1964 A. Wykes Gambling vii. 161 Some old shipmasters won’t allow ‘the devil’s picturebooks’ aboard. 1496 Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) v. Introd. 25/1 Make ye the poore men your frendes of the ‘deuyllessheyf eyther richesses of wyckednesse. 1847 Ansted Anc. World ix. 190 The Belemnite has.. various local names (such as thunderbolt, ‘devil’s toe-nail).

c. esp. in popular names of plants; devil’s apple, the thorn apple (Datura Stramonium); devil’s apron, a popular name in the United States of species of Laminaria and other olivebrown sea-weeds with a large dilated lamina; devil’s brushes, a general name for ferns in the ‘Black Country’ (Britt. & Holl.); devil’s candlestick, the fungus Phallus impudicus; the ground-ivy (Midland Counties); devil’s club, a prickly araliaceous plant, Fatua horrida, found in the north-western U.S.; devil’s coach-wheel, d. curry-comb, corn crowfoot (Hants); deviFs cotton, an East Indian tree, Abroma, the fibres of which are made into cordage; devil’s darning-needle, Scandix Pecten Veneris; devil’s ear (U.S.), a species of wake-robin (Arum); devil’s fig, the prickly pear; devil’s garter, the bindweed, Convolvulus sepium; devil’s horn, Phallus impudicus; devil’s leaf, a very virulent species of stinging nettle, Urtica urentissima, found in Timor; devil’s oatmeal, d. parsley, wild chervil, Anthriscus sylvestris; devil’s posy, ramsons, Allium ursinum; devil’s snuff-box, the puff-ball; devil’s stink-pot, Phallus impudicus. Also devil’s-bit, claws, milk. 1846 Sowerby Brit. Bot. VI. 104 ‘Devil’s Apple. 1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Break/.-t. vii. (1883) 142 Washed up on one of the beaches in company with ‘devil’s-aprons, bladder-weeds, dead horse-shoes. 1891 Proc. R. Geog. Soc. Feb. 78 That unpleasant plant, growing to the height of a man’s chest, known as the ‘devil’s club, and covered with fine loose barbed prickles. 1851 S. Judd Margaret (ed. 2) II. v. 66 There are berries in the woods, the scarlet ‘devil’s ear and blue dracira. 1795 Southey Lett./r. Spain (1808) II. 38, I saw the prickly pear, or as it is called here the ‘devil’s fig. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 94 A nettle called daoun setan, or ‘devil’s leaf, in Timor; the effects of which are said.. to last for a year, and even to cause death. 1883 R. Turner in Gd. Words Sept. 589/2 The puff-balls are known in Scotland as ‘de’il’s sneeshin’ mills’ (‘devil’s snuff-boxes). 1884 Cheshire Gloss., Devil's snuff-box, puff-ball.

devil

('d£v(3)l, 'devil), v. [f. devil s&.] 11. to devil it: to play the devil, to act like the devil. Obs. I593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 158 In the euillest of euill functions, which is, in diuelling it simply.

fb. trans. To play the devil with, to ruin. Obs. 1652 Benlowes Theoph. 11. xv, The Serpent devil’d Eve.

c. allusive nonce-wd. 1698 Vanbrugh Prov. Wife iv. iv. 89 Lady B. The devil’s hands! Let me go! Sir J. I’ll devil you, you jade you!

2. trans. To grill with hot condiments. 1800 [see devilled 2]. 1817 T. L. Peacock Melincourt xxiii, If the carp be not caught, let me be devilled like a biscuit after the second bottle. 1831 Trelawny Adv. Younger Son I. 291 Come Louis, devil us a biscuit. 01845 Hood Tale of Temper vi, He.. felt in his very gizzard he was devill’d! 1870 Ramsay Remin. iv. (ed. 18) 83 One of the legs should be deviled.

3. intr. To act as ‘devil’ to a lawyer or literary man; to do professional work for another without fee, or without recognition. 1864 Athenseum No. 1921. 232/2 He devils for the counsel on both sides. 1880 Social Notes 20 Nov. 243/2 This unjust system is termed ‘devilling’, and those who appear in cases for which others are retained, at the sole request of the latter, are called ‘devils’, whilst the original holders of transferred briefs may be styled ‘devilees.’.. As long as briefless barristers consent to ‘devil’, so long will the abuse flourish, to the disadvantage of the public and the Bar. 1889 Sat. Rev. 9 Feb. 159/2 He must have chambers and a clerk, or a share of both. He must be ready and willing to ‘devil’.

b. trans. To do (work) as a ‘devil’. 1887 Cornh. Mag. Jan. 62 Allowing me to devil his work for him for ten years.

c. To entrust to a ‘devil’ or private deputy. 1891 Leach Southwell Minster (Camden) 22 note, Of course he ‘devilled’ his duties, and equally of course the ‘devil’ neglected them.

4. trans. To tear to pieces (rags, old cloth, etc.) with a machine called a devil. See devilling 2. 5. To worry (someone) excessively; to harass, annoy, tease. Chiefly U.S. colloq. 1823 W. Faux Mem. Days 216 Go.. tell our great Father, the President, how we are deviled and cheated. 1883 Sweet & Knox Through Texas (1884) iii. 47 They devilled the poor fellow almost to death. 1940 C. McCullers Heart is Lonely Hunter (1943) 1. iii. 42 Sometimes it was fun to devil Portia. 1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) iii. 48 A man with any push would form a progress association and devil the shire council about the roads.

6. To scratch or score the surface of (plaster) to provide a rough surface for the next coat. 1939 Archit. Rev. LXXXV. 212 All these materials., should be covered with a pricking-up coat, well scratched, a floating coat, ‘devilled’ with a ‘devil float’, and a finishing coat, hard trowelled.

fdevi'lade. Obs. nonce-wd. after masquerade. I775 Garrick Bon Ton 4 Coteries, Masquerades, and all the Devilades in this town.

DEVIL-BIRD 'devil-bird. A name popularly given to various birds, from their appearance, flight, cry, etc.; especially a. A local English name of the Swift; = devil 7 b. 1885 Swainson Prov. Names Brit. Birds 95 It is called.. Devil bird (West Riding).

b. The Indrani).

Brown

DEVILIZE

572

Owl

of Ceylon

(Syrnium

1849 Pridham Ceylon 737 (Y.) Devil’s Bird.. The wild and wailing cry of this bird is considered a sure presage of death and misfortune, unless [etc.], i860 in Tennent Ceylon I. 167 Note, The brown owl, which, from its hideous yell, has acquired the name of the 1 Devil-Bird'. 1876 Ceylon II. 145 The ‘oolanna’, or devil bird of the Sinhalese, whose horrid shriek at night terrifies the natives.. some think it is not an owl, but a black night-raven.

c. A name of the East Indian drongo-shrikes, family Dicruridse. v

'devil-dodger, humorous. [See dodge v.] One who tries to dodge the devil (see quot. 1893); also, a nickname for ranting preachers, or preachers generally. So 'devil-dodging vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1791 Lackington Mem. vi (D.), These devil-dodgers happened to be so very powerful (that is, noisy). 1861 Under the Spell III. hi So you have taken to ‘devil-dodging’, sermonizing, or whatever you call it. 1886 G. Allen Maimie's Sake i, He has a rabid objection to the clergy—the black brigade and the devil-dodgers, he calls them. Ibid, v, A pack of trumpery superstitious devil-dodging nonsense. 1893 M. West Born Player 202 Unbiassed people who went to church in the morning and to chapel in the evening— devil-dodgers as they were coarsely called, who were determined to be right one way or another.

devildom ('dev(a)ld9m). [f. devil + -dom.] 1. The dominion, rule, or sway of the (or a) devil; exercise of diabolic power. 1694 S. Johnson Notes Past. Lett. Bp. Burnet I. 5 The true Art of spelling all the Oppressions and Devildoms in the World out of the pregnant word King. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh 11. Poems 1890 VI. 73 A commination, or, at best, An exorcism against the devildom Which plainly held me. 1893 R. Kipling Many Invent. 207 It was witchcraft,—witchcraft and devildom.

2. The domain of the devil; the realm or estate of devils; the condition of devils. 1825 Coleridge in Pall Mall G. 27 May (1887) 5/2 Depressed by day and wandering all night thro’ the Swedenborgian Devildom. 1828 Fr. A. Kemble Let. in Record of Girlhood (1878) I. viii. 226, I have been revelling in that divine devildom, ‘Faust’. 1847 O. Brownson Two Brothers Wks. VI. 268 All motleydom and all devildom had broken loose. 1892 T. Wright Blue Firedrake 197 Never surely were more repulsive hags in all devildom.

devi'lee. nonce-wd. See devil v. 3 quot. 1880. deviless ('dsvfajlis).

[f. devil + -ess: cf. F. diablesse.] A she-devil. a 1693 Urquhart Rabelais iv. xxvii. 226 There was not Angel, Man, Devil, nor Deviless, upon the place, who would not [etc.]. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy (1802) III. xx. 318 Though we should abominate each other ten times worse than so many devils or devilesses. 1881 Athenaeum 9 July 45/3 But a commonplace woman, with little of either the saint or the ‘deviless’ in her composition.

devilet ('dev(9)lit). [f. devil + -et1.] 1. A little devil, in various senses. 1794 Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 135 To meet the Printer’s dev’let face to face. 1841 De Quincey Homer Wks. 1862 V. 297 To the derision of all critics, compositors, pressmen, devils, and devillets. 01845 Barham Ingol. Leg., Truants, And pray now what were these devilets call’d? These three little fiends so gay! c 1876 Sir R. Burton in Lady Burton Life (1893) I. 21 We boys became perfect devilets.

2. The Swift; = deviling 2. 1828 Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 277 The long¬ winged legless black devilet, that, if it falls to the ground, cannot rise again. 1828 Southey in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 238 The merry Dominican.. continued to eat devilets on fast days.

'devil-fish. A name popularly given to various large and formidable fishes or other marine animals; especially a. In Great Britain, a large pediculate fish (Lophius piscatorius) also called angler (q.v.), frog-fish, sea-devil, toad-fish. b. In U.S., a gigantic species of eagle-ray, Ceratoptera vampyrus, having expanded sides gradually passing into flappers or pectoral fins, the expanse of which is sometimes 20 feet. Less commonly, c. The Californian grey whale, d. The piranha of Uruguay, e. The octopus, cuttle-fish, or other cephalopod. 1814 Sporting Mag. XLIV. 94 That species, called by Dr. Goldsmith the Devil Fish. 1839 T. Beale Nat. Hist. Sperm Whale 351 Enormous sting-rays, or ‘devil fish’.. from five to six feet across, i860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 213 They [‘California Grey’ Whale] have a variety of names among whalemen, as .. ‘Hard-head’, ‘Devil-fish’. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11. iv. i. 214 The Piranha or Devil-fish discovered by M. de Castelnau in Uruguay.. When any object is thrown into the water inhabited by the Piranhas, these fish immediately attack it. 1863 Russell Diary North & South I. 208, I heard much of the mighty devil-fish .. The fish .. possesses formidable antennae-like horns, and a pair of huge fins, or flappers, one of which rises above the water as the creature moves below the surface. 1867 Chronicle 5 Oct. 669 The Devil Fish.. This giant of the Cephaloptera is simply a monstrous Ray; and though Sea-Devil and Vampire are assigned to it as trivial names, it.. is in no way

formidable save from its enormous strength and bulk. 1883 G. L. Faber Fisheries Adriatic 185 Myliobalis aquila L... Devil fish, Sea-Devil, Toad-fish. 1885 C. F. Holder Marvels Anim. Life 162 [The squid] was found.. to fully justify its popular name of devil fish. 1889 Catholic News 15 June 5/5 The octopus, popularly known as ‘the devil fish’.

'devilhead. [See

-head.] = devilhood. a 1350 Life of Jesus (ed. Horstm.) 499 (Matz.) No deuelhede I ne habbe in me. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. III. iv. 300 A swallowing dread, A curse made manifest in devilhead.

devilhood ('dev(3)lhod). [f.

devil

+ -hood.]

The condition and estate of a devil. 1618 Wither Motto, Nec Habeo Wks. (1633) 521 Except the Devill, and that cursed brood Which have aependance on his Devilhood. 1880 Swinburne Study Shaks iii. 173 Her imperious and dauntless devilhood. 1894 J- Brand in Chicago Advance 24 May, A downward development toward devilhood.

'deviHfied, ppl. a. Obs. [see -fy.] Made into or of the nature of a devil. f

1645 Pagitt Heresiogr. Ep. Ded, Unpure Familists, who blasphemously pretend to be godified like God, whereas indeed they are devillified like their Father the Devil. 1647 J. Heydon Discov. Fairfax 2 Devils and devilified men would be glad to have any thing against him.

5. Comb. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-Cr. Wks. 1716 III. no Such a Devilish-like Black-guard.

B. adv. = devilishly 2; excessively, exceedingly, enormously: originally of things bad, but in later use a mere coarse intensive. 1612 Rowlands Knaue of Harts 14 Because we finde.. Mony makes fooles most diuellish proud in mind. 1631 Massinger Beleeve as you list iv. iii, The cur is divelishe hungrie. 1719 De Eoe Crusoe (1840) I. xx. 353 Taking devilish long strides. 1768 Foote Devil on 2 Sticks 1. Wks. 1799 II. 251 They are devilish rich, devilish poor, devilish ugly, devilish handsome. 1807 Byron Let. to Miss Pigot 11 Aug., I should be devilish glad to see him. 1843 Lever J. Hinton viii, Devilish pretty girl, that she is. 1886 Stevenson Dr. Jekyll ii, I have seen devilish little of the man.

f 'devilished, ppl. a. Obs. rare. [f. prec. + -ed; or (?) with the suffix -ish = -ise9 -ize, as in anentish, anientise: cf. also publish.] Demonized, possessed with a demon or ‘devil’. 1601 Deacon & Walker Answ. to Darel 13 Daemonizomenos.. one Diuellished, or one afflicted, tormented, or vext with a Diuell. Ibid. 20 A man, hauing the spirit of an vneleane diuell.. a diuelished vneleane spirit. 1601-Spirits Divels 39 Demoniakes, or diuellished persons.

So ’devilifier. 1793 Regal Rambler 37 The emendator, corrector, and Devilifier.. of my bank.

deviling

('dev(3)lnj).

[f. devil sb.

+

-ling or

-ing; the suffixes being here confounded.]

1. A young devil; an imp or mischievous little creature. [1575 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 98 Close to the britche like a Divelinge.] a 1616 Beaum. & Fl. Knt. of Malta v. ii, And engender young devillings. 1672 R. Wild Declar. Lib. Consc. 9 His Divelings, the Officers and Clarks of that wondrous Kitchin. 1806 Southey in Ann. Rev. IV. 540 He received the little deviling in a basket. 1849 Sir J. Stephen Eccl. Biog. (1850) I. 310 The deviling.. was about twelve years old and looked exactly like any other boy.

2. A local name of the Swift; also of the Pied Wagtail. (See quots.) evilism.

fde'vility. Obs. In 6-7 divil(l)itie. [f. devil sb. + -ity: formed with mocking reference to civility and divinity.] Devilism, devilry. 1589 Marprel. Epit. Fiij, Whom the D. of diuillitie.. affirmeth to haue beene Arch, of Creet. 1598 R. Barckley Felic. Man iv. (1603) 317 A formal kind of strangers civilitie .. which.. may rather bee called Divillitie. 1601 Deacon & Walker Answ. to Darel 113 These are but quick-sands wherewith you doe grauell your deepe skill of Diuillitie. 1609 Bp. W. Barlow A nsw. Nameless Cath. 39 [He] must also bee his Dipilitie Reader or Schoole-man.

b. Expressing the speaker’s strong detestation. 1694 R. L. Estrange Fables cccxxxii. (ed. 6) 345 The Develish People would keep such a Snearing and Pointing at me. 1800 Mrs. Hervey Mourtray Fam. II. 101 Hold your devilish tongue.

3. Of or belonging to the devil. 1526-34 Tindale 1 Tim. iv. 1 Geue hede vnto spretes of erroure and dyuelysshe doctrine. 1548 Hall Chron. 135 b, Therto by devilishe instigacion incensed and procured. 1562 Bulleyn Bk. Sicke Men 75 b, Ingratitude [is] sprong of a deuelishe petigree. 1864 Burton Scot Abr. I. v. 287 So skilled in devilish arts of magic.

4.

loosely. Violent, virulent, extremely bad; enormous, excessive.

terrible;

1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 241 It is a divellish, deadly, coarse medicine. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 198/2 [Lice] are devilish Biters, especially the little ones. 1738 Swift Polite Corners. 187 Mr. N— got the devilishest Fall in the Park To-day. 1831 Fonblanque Eng. under 7 Administ. (1837) II. 93 The Six Acts, hurried, with such devilish speed, through Parliament. 1849 Thackeray Pendennis xl, She has a devilish deal more than ten thousand pound.

devilize ('d£v(9)laiz), v. [f. devil sb. -f- -ize.] 1. trans. To make a devil of; to render devilish in character. (Cf. canonize.) 1624 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 13 He that should deify a Saint should wrong him as much as he that should Divellize him. 1888 Chicago Advance 12 Apr. 232 The native heathenism of the Dark Continent devilized by rum from the lands of Christendom.

f2. intr. To play the devil; to act as a devil. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 48 The worst they [Englishmen] doe, is to keep their Kings from Divelizing, and themselves from Assing. 1720 T. Gordon Cordial for Low Spirits 69 Let loose his inclinations, and devilized with all his might.

Hence 'devilized ppl. a.y converted into a devil, rendered devilish. 1701 Flavel Husb. Spirit. (1770) 282 How full of devils and devilized men is this lower world. 1726 De Foe Hist. Devtl (1822) 208 To consider human nature devilized. 1890 J. Pulsford Loyalty to Christ I. 238 The highest and most reputable members of society.. have come through a devilized fine of ancestry.

DEVILKIN

DEVIL’S DUST

S73

devilkin ('dev(3)lkin). [f devil sb. + -kin.] A little devil; an imp. Also fig. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) VI. 14 That a Beelzebub has his devilkins to attend his call. 1833 T. Hook Widow & Marquess iii, Attendant devilkins of an inferior class, with hoofs, horns, talons and tails. 1851 D. Jerrold St. Giles xxii, Now shout, ye imps! Scream, ye devilkins.. for it is done! 1893 Pall Mall Mag. II. 118 Black itching marks, left by the stings of these imperceptible little devilkins. H The following is an example of devil 20 a,

with what-kins of what kind, what kind of. C1510 Robin Hood 290 in Arb. Garner VI. 430 What devilkyns draper, sayd litell Much, Thynkyst thou to be.

devilled (’devoid), ppl. a. [f. devil + -ed.] 1. Possessed or afflicted with a devil: see devil sb. 2 b. c 1550 Cheke Matt. viii. 16 In y* evening yei brought him mani y' was develled. Ibid. viii. 28 Yeer mett him ij develds .. veri fiers men. Ibid. xv. 22 Mi doughter is veri evel develled. 1645 Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 47 Kakos daimonizetai, she is exceedingly devilled.

2. Grilled with hot condiments. Oracle in Spir. Publ. Jrnls. (1801) IV. 253 At half past two [I] ate a devil’d kidney. 1845 Disraeli Sybil iv. x, His table cleared, a devilled biscuit placed before him, a cool bottle and a fresh glass. 1855 Mrs. Gaskell North & S. xlii, The devilled chicken tasted like saw-dust. 1881 J. Grant Camerottians I. xviii. 276 An aroma of coffee and devilled bones.

mighty free and easy, roving, devil-may-care sort of person. 1857 G. W. Thornbury Songs of Cavaliers 120, I and some seventy devil-may-cares Rode to Bristol. [1858 M. Porteous Souter Johnny 8 But deil-ma-care! my facts are clear.] 1858 Lytton What will he do 11. ii, He.. looked altogether as devil-me-care, rakehelly, handsome, good-fornought as ever swore at a drawer. 1861 Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. xi. (1889) 103 A face radiant with devil-may-care delight. 1870 Miss Broughton Red as a Rose i. 3 The salt of a racy, devil-me-care wit. 1887 W. M. Rossetti Life of Keats vi, Without any aggressive or ‘devil-may-care’ addenda. 1928 Manch. Guardian Weekly 21 Sept. 230/3 An air of devil-may-care.

Hence devil-may-'careness (erron. -'care¬ lessness); devil-may-'carish a., -'carishness, -'carism, nonce-ivds. 1833 Fraser's Mag. VII. 693 Similar attempts at a jaunty devil-me-carishness. 1841 Tait's Mag. VIII. 221 From them he dates that devil-may-carism, that recklessness of the world and the world’s law. 1842 Lytton Zanoni iv. v, A devil-me-carish air. 1890 McCarthy Fr. Rev. I. 22 The wantonness, the licence, the devil-may-careness of the Regency. 1891 Blackw. Mag. CXLIX 510/1 There was more of Hibernian devil-may-care-lessness than of Saxon foresight.

1800

3. Prepared by a devil, or unrecognized professional helper: see devil sb. 5 b, c. 1893 Athenaeum 5 Aug. 182/1 We imagine that Mr. Robinson got his authors ‘devilled1 for him, for hardly any single brain could have extracted all this material.

deviller ('dev(3)b(r)). [f. devil + -er1.] a. The workman who attends to the machine called a ‘devil’ in a cotton or other factory, b. The name of a machine used for the shaking of rags. c. A ‘devil’ or literary hack. 1874 Manch. Guardian 3 Aug. 6 The term is applied to those persons who tend hard-waste breakers in cotton manufactories. The machines are termed devils, and in this district the person who tends them a deviller. 1885 Leeds Mercury 23 June 3 A rag-shaking machine called a ‘deviller’. 1893 Ath enaeum 5 Aug. 182/1 Sometimes the delver, or ‘deviller’, nods.

'devil-like, a. and adv. [See like: cf. devilly.] A. adj. Like a devil; diabolical. c 1470 Henry Wallace viii. 895 His dewyllyk deid he did in to Scotland. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God iv. xxxii, Devil-like Princes perswaded their people to their owne vaine inventions. 1722 Mrs. E. Haywood Brit. Recluse 73 With more than Devil-like cruelty. 1869 W. P. Mackay Grace & Truth (187s) 225 What a devil-like intention!

B. adv. Like, or after the manner of a devil; diabolically. 1688 Bunyan Jerusalem

Sinner Saved (1886) 129 Who has .. thus horribly and devil-like contemned and trampled upon Him. 1717 L. Howel Desiderius 104 Themselves, Devil-like, are never the better for doing us this Mischief.

devilling ('dev(3)lir)), vbl. sb.

[f. devil v.

+

-ING1.]

1. Working as a devil or hack: see devil sb. 5 b, c; v. 3. 1880 Besant & Rice Seamy Side xiv. 114 The young barrister was engaged in some devilling. 1888 Star 8 Aug., Devilling is the term used in the literary trade for sweating. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 7 Feb. 8/1 After all, devilling at the Bar has the same consolation as fagging at school. First, you fag for others; but in the end you have other devils to fag for you.

2. Tearing to pieces by the machine called a devil. 1891 Labour Commission Gloss., Devilling, the same process as willeying.

f devilly, devily, a. Obs. [OE. defollic, f. deofol devil + -lie (-LY1), contr. deoflic, whence in ME. deoflich, later devily: rarely in ME. with second /, develly. Cf. OHG. tiufallih, MHG. tiuvellich, ON. djofulligr.] = devilish. ciooo TElfric Horn. (Thorpe) I- 102 (Bosw.) Mid deofellicum wijlungum. Ibid. I. 62 Underseat se apostol 8as deoflican facn. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 105 Jjenne maje we fordon swa pa deofliche gitsunge. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 73 Alway to mysdo and trespace.. that is euyl, and a deuely lyf [Flem. een duuelic leven], 1483-Cato H ivb, Certaynly suche thought is wycked and deuylly. c 1485 Digby Myst. v. ii. heading, Entreth lueyfere in a deuely a-rav. 111628 F. Greville Sidney x. (1652) 131 The devily characters of so tyrannical a deity.

f 'devilly, devily, adv. Obs. [f. asprec. + -ly2.] Devilishly, diabolically, excessively (in a bad sense). a 1300 Cursor M. 14392 (Cott.) Ful deueli [v.r. deuelly] war pai Iuus thra, pair blisced lauerd for to sla. c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 265 The Dikes were so develye depe.. Ouer cowde thai nother goo nor crepe. Ibid. 2193 Ther to he was devely stronge, His skynne was blake and harde.

'devil-may-'care, a. (and sb.) Also erroneously devil-me-care. [The exclamation devil may care! used as an attribute.] Wildly reckless; careless and rollicking. Hence as sb., a devil-may-care person, attitude, etc. [1793 Regal Rambler 95 Deel care, said Dr. Leveller, loud enough to be heard.] 1837 Dickens Pickw. xlix, He was a

devilment

('dev(3)lm3nt).

[f.

devil

v.

+

-MENT.]

1. Action befitting a devil, or of devilish character; mischief: also humorously like devilry 4 b. Contemplative Man I. 130, I thought some Devilment or other would befal us. 1840 Thackeray Paris Sk-bk. (1869) 64 So little sign of devilment in the accomplishment of his wishes. 1843 Lever J. Hinton xxxi, Courtship, fun, frolic, and devilment. 1886-7 Proc. Amer. Convent, on Instruct. Deaf 220 A certain amount of superfluous animal spirits—devilment I have heard it called. 1771

2. cotter, a. A devilled dish. device or invention.

b. A devilish

1775 Garrick in G. Colman's Posth. Lett. (1820) 309 Hot cakes and devilments at breakfast. 1871 Standard 20 Jan., Greek fire and fifty other molten devilments may be coruscating among her chimney pots.

t'devilness. Obs. rare. [f. devil sb. + -ness.] A thing diabolical or of demonic character, a demon: = devilry i. 01300 E. E. Psalter xcv. 5 For alle goddes of genge develnesses ere pa. a 1448 Note in R. Glouc. Chron. (MS. Coll. Arms) (1724) 415 The monekes toke holywater, and drof a way the maner deuelnesse.

devilry ('d£v(9)ln). Also 4 dewilry, 7 deuillary. [f. devil sb. + -RY.] f 1. A demon; a demoniacal possession. (Cf. F. diablerie.) Obs. C1380 Wyclif Last Age of Chirche p. xxiv, Chaffare walkynge in derkenessis and myddais deuylrye pat is to seye antecrist. 14.. Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 143 Temptyd of pe deuelry pat walkes in derknesse. Ibid. 144 J>is maner of deuilry myghte not anoon be casten oute. is buk .. In seven partes divised es. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1389 The knyghte one pe coursere he clevede in sondyre, Clenlyche fro pe croune his corse he dyvysyde. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii. 79 Inde es diuised in three partys. 1483 Caxton Cato E v, A waye whyche is deuysed in thre wayes.

fb. To separate mentally, distinguish. Obs. c 1340 Cursor M. 22929 (Fairf.) Wele can he deuise pe tane fra pe toper. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 237/2 Thou hast thought in thy corage.. how thou myghtest deuyse the reliques of eche.

f2. To arrange, set in battle array. Obs. c 1325 Coer de L. 3928 Kyng Richard .. devysyd hys hoost in the feeld. (Cf. quot 1330 in sense 1.)

f3. To assign, appoint, order, direct. (absol. or trans. with simple obj. or obj. clause.) Obs. 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 9510 But he were.. In fonte stone and watyr baptysede As Iesu cryst hap dyuysede. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 238 per pryuely in paradys his place watz devised. 1375 Barbour Bruce vii. 265 As scho deuisit, thai haue done, c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iii. 21 Chiches sowe afore as I devysed. c 1450 Merlin 58 What wilt thow that I do, for I will do euen as thow wilte devise, c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 374 He him baptysyd, And to him his name dyuysid. 1548 Hall Chron. 11 For..this enterprise he devised a solempne justes to be..at Oxforde. 1597 Montgomerie Cherrie fsf Slae 927 Cum on.. And do as we deuyse. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] tr. Hist. Ivstine 26b, They were forced to deuise and let out their Citty vnto strangers.

4. Law. To assign or give by will. Now technically used only of realty, but formerly of all kinds of property that could be disposed of by will, = bequeath. [In med.L. dividere = testamento disponere: see Du Cange. The primary sense was literally 'to divide or distribute one’s possessions’, but the word had apparently

DEVISE passed into that of ‘assign or ordain by will’ before its adoption in English. Cf. quot. 1375 in sense 5 b.] [*347 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 44 (Will of Earl Warenne) Jeo devys a Isabelle de Holland ma compaigne mon anel dor.] 1395 E.E. Wills (1882) 4, I deuyse to Thomas my sone, a bed of tapicers werk. c 1422 Hoccleve Min. Poems (1892) 219 Y to thee dyuyse Iewelles .iij . a ryng brooch & a clooth. 1574 tr- Littleton's Tenures 35 b, A man may devise by his testament hys lands and tenementes. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lxii. (1739) 126 Richard the first devised the Crown to King John. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xix. 136 Giving up to my fathers controul the estate devised me. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 17 Persons under the age of twenty-one years are incapable of devising their lands. 1827 Jarman Powell's Devises II. 12 Lands or goods cannot be devisd to superstitious uses, within stat. 23 Hen. VIII. c. 10, by any means whatsoever. 1837 Act 7 Will. IV & 1 Viet. c. 26 §33 Any person.. to whom any real or personal estate shall be devised or bequeathed, a 1845 Stephen Laws Engl. (ed. 6) I. 620 Where a man devises lands to his heir at law. 1862 Trollope Orley F. i. (ed. 4) 2 This codicil.. devised a sum of two thousand pounds to a certain Miriam Elsbech. 1895 Pollock & Maitland Hist. Eng. Law II. 336 The modern convention which sets apart ‘devise’ for ‘realty’ and ‘bequeath’ for ‘personalty’.

5. To order, appoint, or arrange the plan or design of; to plan, contrive, think out, frame, invent; a. something material, as a work of art or a mechanical contrivance. (Formerly including the notion ‘to construct, frame, fashion’; now expressing only the mental process of inventing or contriving.) a 1300 Cursor M. 9960 (Cott.) Suilk a hald .. neuer bes wroght wijt mans wijt, For godd him-self deuised it. c 1340 Ibid. 8311 (Fairf.) J>is werk.. j>ou salle deuise hit in pi po^t And porou salamon hit sal be wro3t. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xxii. 331 Grace deuysede A cart.. to carien home peers sheues. c 1400 Rom. Rose 923 In his honde holdyng Turke bowes two, fulle wel devysed had he. i486 Henry VII at York in Surtees Misc. (1890) 55 A convenient thing divisid wherby.. schall rayne rose water. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 17 b, The moost.. delicate dysshes, that can or may be deuysed for a kynge. 1548 Hall Chron. 131 b, To tel .. what engynes were devised, wrhat hameis was provided. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 1. (1586) 9b, This Court I thus devised mee selfe. Ibid. iv. 173 Ponds for Oysters, were first devised by Sergius Orata. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks {1638) 187 More ingenious than his father in deuising warlike engines. 1784 Cowper Task 1. 211 The artist whose ingenious thought Devised the Weatherhouse, that useful toy! i860 Tyndall Glac. 11. xxx. 404 [An] instrument., exceeding in accuracy any hitherto devised. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 1. iii, Marble inlaying and statued niches, which Giotto had devised a hundred and fifty years before. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 62/2 The ingenuity with which he devised tools for.. lock-making.

b. something immaterial or abstract, or a product of the mind. (The chief current sense.) a 1300 K. Horn 930 A writ he dude deuise, Aj?ulf hit dude write. 1375 Barbour Bruce xx. 309 His testament deuisit he, And ordanit how his land suld be Gouemit. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 927 \>i woordis so deuyse, That she on pe haue compassioun. 1530 Palsgr. 523/2, I can devyse a thing wel, but I can nat penne it. 1538 Starkey England 1. i. 12 Meruelus gud lawys .. deuysyd by man. 1555 Eden Decades (Arb.) 49 The mynde of man .. taketh pleasure in diuisynge or excogitatynge sume honest thynge. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. ill. i. 246 Speake all good you can deuise of Caesar. 1661 Bramhall Just Vind. iv. 63 Then Pope Paschalis the second had devised a new Oath for Arch-Bishops. 1791 Cowper Odyss. xiv. 600 Sol., the remedy at once Devised. 1833 Ht. Martineau Briery Creek v. 115 Whatever occupation might have been devised for their leisure evening hours. 1862 Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. iii. 105 It is impossible to devise any sanitary measures which would do all that is required. 1870 Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. iv. (1875) 167 Having devised words for father and mother.

c. absol. or with clause: To contrive, plan (that ..., how ..., etc., or to do something). C1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1100 Wel clanner pen any crafte cowpe deuyse. C1400 Rom. Rose 7362 At the last they devysed, That they wolde gone in tapinage. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 784 Dyversed wittes dyversely devyse. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 313 He.. devysed to set great taxes and impositions upon the people. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. iv. 27 Deuise but how you’l vse him when he comes, And let vs two deuise to bring him thether. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 207 How suttly to detaine thee I devise. 1725 Pope Odyss. ix. 377 Thus.. I thought, devis’d, and Pallas heard my prayer. 1832 Tennyson ‘Love thou thy land' x, For Nature also, cold and warm .. devising long .. Matures the individual form.

fd. To design, draw, represent by art. Obs. a 1400-50 Alexander 280 In pis opir dra3t ware deuysid a dusan of bestis. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1678 Twenty pase vp pight all of pure cristall, pat were shynyng full shene shalkes to deuyse. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 11. i. 31 That deare Crosse uppon your shield devizd.

f6. a. refl. To plan, determine, resolve. Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 248 He all hole the cite lad Right as he wolde him self devise, c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6342 pe seruand sees many penys Lig on the toumbe, he him deuys To stele of paim belyue.

fb. intr. To resolve or decide upon. Obs. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Pref. 18 Lyke a man that had deuised upon it afore. 1598 Barckley Felic. Man ill. (1603) 161 Devising upon a man that might see this treason punished.

fc. with inf. To design. Obs. 1714 Gay Sheph. Week v. 19 Of Patient Grissel I devise to sing.

7. trans. In a bad sense: a. To plot, scheme, lay plans to bring about (evil), arch. (Const, with simple obj. or infin.) c 1400 Destr. Troy 9478 To deire hym with dethe he duly deuyset, With an arow. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. II. 788 Under pretext of her dutie to Godward, she divised to disturbe this mariage. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon lxv. 223

DEVISEMENT

575 These .ii. tray tours deuysyd and concludyd the deth of Huon. 1633 G. Herbert Temple, Sacrifice v, For thirtie pence he did my death devise. 1791 Cowper Iliad vm. 533 Devising.. calamity to Troy. 1864 Tennyson Aylmer's Field 783 And knew not what they did, but sat Ignorant, devising their own daughter’s death!

b. To contrive or make up deceitfully or falsely; to feign, forge, invent, arch. 1513 More Rich. Ill, Wks. 56 Much mater was ther.. deuised to the slaunder of ye lord Chamberlain. 1605 Play Stucley in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) 166, I cannot tell what to do. I’ll devise some ’scuse. 1719 Freethinker No. 109. [f 2 The Eldest.. devised a monstrous Calumny to ruin his Brother. 1820 Southey Ode St. George's Day 1 The tales which fabling monks of old Devised. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid iv. 51 Devise fair pleas for delay,

fc. with obj. cl., or absol. To feign, pretend. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 208 Incouraging them, sometimes devising that the French succours were on the way, sometimes shewing the.. forces to bee greater then they were. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxx. iv. 386 If thou shouldest devise [finxeris] and say, That wilfully thou hadst murthered thine owne mother. 1610-Camden's Brit. (1637) 8 He..deviseth first that this Brutus was a Consul of Rome.

f8. trans. (or absol.) To ‘contrive’ suc¬ cessfully; to achieve, accomplish, ‘manage’. Obs. I34°~70 Alex. & Dind. 670 Hercules .. Diuisede here .. a dosain of wondrus. 1415 Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 511 Thee hie as faste as pat thou canst dyuyse. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 214 [He] could not devise the makyng of some Letters, in his Crosse rowe .. whereas before .. he wrote both fast and faire. r 1592 Marlowe Mass. Paris 1. viii, Could we devise To get those pedants from the King Navarre, That are tutors to him.

f9. To prepare with skill, make provide, purvey. (Also absol.) Obs.

ready,

c 1385 Chaucer L.G. W. 1453 Hypsipyle, Anoon Argus his shippes gan devyse. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 87 It sufficij? pat a man divise pe medicyn after pe complexioun mai bee. c 1500 Three Kings Sons 182 The kynge was the best diuiser that any man coude fynde: he deuised not as a pore caitif, but as a kynge.

tio. trans. (or absol.) To conceive, imagine; to conjecture, guess. Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1046 Also red & so ripe & rychely hwed, As any dom my3t device of dayntyez oute. 1340 Ayenb. 73 Ine helle pou sselt yzi mo zones J?anne me mo3e deuisy. c 1350 Will. Palerne 2985 Makende pe most ioye pat man mi3t deuise. c 1440 Ipomydon 94 Full riche, I wot, were hyr seruice, For better myght no man devyse. 1592 Shaks. Rom. Jul. ill. i. 72, I do protest I neuer iniur’d thee, But lou’d thee better then thou can’st deuise: Till thou shalt know the reason of my loue. 1754 Edwards Freed. Will 11. v. 53 If Liberty don’t consist in this, what else can be devised that it should consist in. 1814 Mad. D’Arblay Wanderer V. 358 Little enough devizing I should ever meet with [etc.].

111. intr. (or trans. with obj. cl.) To think, meditate, consider, deliberate. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 4938 Ses now your seluyn .. And deuys of pis dede as you dere think, c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4411 He deuysed what he suld do. c 1533 Ld. Berners Huon exxii. 435 Thus as ye haue harde Huon deuysyd by hymselfe at the fountayne. 1548 Hall Chron. 105 Vieuyng the cite and devisyng in what place it was best assautable. 1598-9 E. Forde Parismus 1. (1661) 34 Thus by devising what should be become of him she could enjoy no quiet nor content. 112. trans. To consider, scan, survey,

examine, look at attentively. Obs. c 1320 Sir Beues 3872 pe castel ase he 3ede aboute, For to diuise pe toures stoute. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 273 He shulde ar he did any dede deuyse wel pe ende. a 1400-50 Alexander 5099 Sone as pis princes of pris pis pistyll had deuysid. C1470 Henry Wallace iii. 101 The worthi Scottis .. Dewysyt the place. 1509 Barclay Shyp of Folys (1570) 9 Beholde vnto your prince: Consider his sadnes, his honestie deuise.

fb. To perceive, discern, observe. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 9895 (Gott.) Baylis has pis castel thre, wid wallis thrinne, semly to se, As 3e sal sij?en here diuyse. a 1400-50 Alexander 3053 Sone as ser Dary it deuysid, and se3is his foke faile. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 1148 That no man youre counsel devise. 1620 Shelton Quix. iv. vii. II. 88 We Phoebus may devise Shine thro’ the rosal Gates of th’ Orient bright.

f 13. To set forth in detail, recount, describe. a 1300 Cursor M. 8979 (Cott.) Salamon pe wys, His dedes coth naman deuis. CI300 K. Alis. 7377 N’is no nede heore armes to devyse. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 206 And tho began he to devise, How he the childis moder fonde. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 1. iv. 16 We shal deuise to yow herafter the fourme of the world and the facyon. 1513 Douglas JEneis xm. ix. no Lang war to devys Thair hasty fair, thair revellyng and deray. c 1570 Pride Lowl. (1841) 18 And foorth they went, as I shall you devise.

fb. intr. or absol. To give an account. Obs. c 1400 Rom. Rose 888 His beaute gretly was to preyse: But of his robe to devise I drede encombred for to be. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 1. c. (1869) 54 Ryght as grace dieu spak and diuised of these belles. 1601 R. Johnson Ktngd. & Commw. (1603) 194 Hitherto have we devised of Siam and Pegu (as they stood) before the comming of the Portugals into India. Ibid. (1603) 207 Of whose originall and fortunes .. it shall not bee amisse to devise.

114.

To confer, commune, discourse, converse, talk. Obs. [So in mod.F.] a. refl. c 1477 Caxton Jason 34 b, And we shall deuise us to geder of oure auentures. C1489 - Blanchardyn xvi. 52 The proude pucelle .. talked and deuysed her self sore harde and angerly wyth her maystres.

fb. intr. c 1477 Caxton Jason 51 b, Knowyng that he was moche pensif.. he deuised to him of many thinges and meruailes. I53° Palsgr. 514/2, I devyse, I talke or fynde comunycacion. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon xx. 54 After they had dynyd and deuysed too gether a grete space. 1596

Spenser State Irel. 2 Let us.. a little devise of those evils, by which that country is held in this wretched case. 1600 Holland Livy xlv. xii. 1208 He answered that he would devise with.. his friends and consider what was best to be don. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World v. iii. § 1 His father, and other friends, had long time deuised of this businesse.

fc. trans. with cognate obj. 1538 Starkey England 1. i. 25, I schal now at thys leser.. some thyng wyth you, Master Lvpset, deuyse, touchyng the ordur of our cuntrey and commyn wel.

devise (di'vaiz), sb. Law. Also 6-7 device, [a. OF. devise, devis (in same sense);—Romanic deviso, devisa, for L. divisus, and (late) divisa, from ppl. stem of dividere to divide, distribute, apportion, also, in med.L., = disponere testamento, to dispose by will. In med.L., divisa was in common use = divisio, originally ‘division of goods by testament’, ‘whence also the testament itself is called divisa [and divisio]’ (Du Cange). The same word as device sb., and formerly also sometimes spelt device-, the eventual victory of the form devise may be partly due to the influence of the med.L. divisa in wills, but is prob. more owing to the influence of the verb, and the close association of the sb. with it in this special sense.] The act of devising, apportioning, or assigning, by will; a testamentary disposition of real property; the clause in a will conveying this. ‘A gift by will of freehold land, or of such rights arising out of or connected with land as are by English law classed with it as real property, is called a devise. A gift by will of personal property is called a bequest.' (Sir F. Pollock; Land Laws (1887) v. 126) But this distinction is modem: cf. quot. 1641, and devise v. 4. [1182 Henry II Will in Gervase of Cant., Notum facio quod apud Waltham .. feci Divisam meam de quadam parte pecunise me as.] *542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 5. §9 Any suche person, that shall make any.. deuise by his last will in writing. 1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 35 b, He to whom such devise ys made after the death of the devisour, may enter in the tenementes. 1641 Termes de la Ley 114 Devise is where a man in his testament giveth or bequeatheth his goods or his lands to another after his decease. 1709 Case of Heirs at Law to G. Monke 12 The Devise in that Will, by Christopher to his Dutchess. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 11. vii. 84 It does not extend to devises by will. 1817 W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius II. 813 The devisor wrote upon a sheet of paper a devise of land, and subscribed the paper, but did not seal it. 1841 Stephen Laws Engl. (ed. 6) I. 609 The law of testamentary disposition.. as it affects estates of freehold duration and tenure; or as it is commonly expressed, the law of devises. 1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law xx. 151 A general devise or bequest.. will pass any real or personal estate which you have power to appoint in any manner you think proper. 1876 Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiii. 329 For the first time in our story, a devise of the Crown made before the actual vacancy took effect. 1895 Pollock & Maitland Hist. Eng. Law II. 332 In the year 1182.. the king made, not indeed his testament, but his division or devise (divisam suam) of a certain portion of his fortune. jS. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.) 241 No man can say its his by heritage, Nor by Legacie, or Testatours deuice. 1618 Bolton Florus 11. xx. 157 The people .. entring upon the whole estate, retained it.. by vertue of his device, and Testament, a 1626 Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law xiv. (1636) 58 Ifl devise the mannour of D .. of which at that time I am not seised .. this device is void.

devised (di'vaizd), ppl. a. [f. devise v. + -ed1.] Planned, contrived, invented, feigned, etc.: see the verb. 1552 Huloet, Deuised, cogitatus.. Deuised in thought, or purposed precisely, meditatus. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 179 Allegories, and darke devised sentences. 1611 Bible 2 Pet. i. 16 Wee have not followed cunningly deuised fables. 1634 Canne Necess. Separ. (1849) 82 Worthily speaketh M. Perkins.. when men set up a devised worship, they set up also a devised God. a 1850 Calhoun Wks. (1874) IV. 26 What is it but a cunningly devised scheme, to replenish the treasury of some of the states.

devisee (di.vai'zi;). Law. [f. devise v. + -ee.] The person to whom property is devised by will: see devise v. 4. (Correlative to devisor.) 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 5 § 17 The right and title of the donees, feoffes, lessees, and deuisees therof. 1602 Fulbecke 2nd Pt. Par all. 33 The deuisee cannot take the goodes without the deliuerie of the executor. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 108 If the devise be to a man and his assigns, without annexing words of perpetuity, there the devisee shall take only an estate for life. 1813 Examiner 8 Feb. 95/2 The nephew was to be heir or devisee and legatee of. .the uncle’s property. 1875 Poste Gaius 11. Comm. (ed. 2) 227 In the language of English jurisprudence, Heir denotes a successor to real estate by descent, Devisee denotes a successor to real estate under a will.

devisely, obs. var. divisely adv. de'visement. rare. [a. OF. devisement, f. deviser to devise: see -ment.] 1. Description. (Cf. devise v. 13.) C1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 1019, I knew hit by his deuysement, In pe apocalyppez pe apostel Iohan. As Iohan deuysed 3et sa3 I pare.

2. The act of devising or contriving; a device. 1541 Wyatt Defence Wks. (1861) p. xxvi, For the inventing, for the setting forth, for the indictment, for devisement of the dilating of the matters. 1879 [S. Moses] Spirit-Identity 97 App. 11. §5 Cunning devisements of curious brains.

DEVISER

DEVOIR

576

deviser (di'vaiz3(r)). Also 4 Sc. dewisowr, 4-6 deuysour, 4-7 diviser, 6 deuisour, deuysar, -er, 6-7 (9) devisor. [ME. devysour, a. AF. devisour = OF. deviseor, -eur, f. deviser to devise. In mod.Eng. (exc. in a special sense: see devisor) the suffix is changed into the common agent¬ ending -ER.] One who devises; a contriver, inventor, framer, forger, plotter, schemer, etc.: cf. the verb.

avoiding; exhortation to shun: the opposite of invitation.

15*3 Ld. Berners Froiss. I ccxxxi. 316 The prince of Wales was a mean bytwene them, and chefe deuysour therof. 1538 Starkey England n. iii. 80 Curyouse descanterys and deuysarys of new songys. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. vii. 16 Devisers of mischeefe perish through their own devises. 1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 116 Who was the firste deuisour of dyce playing? 1614 Raleigh Hist. World 411. 24 The deviser of the mischiefe against Cyrus. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. iii. 11 They are daily mocked into errour by subtler devisors. 1672 Eachard Hobbes’s State Nat. (1705) 11 As very a deviser, as if you had found out gun-powder or printing. 1791 Cowper Iliad iv. 398 And thou, deviser of all evil wiles! 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 629 The first deviser of the scheme.

II nonce-use. To ask not (to do): the opposite of invite.

fb. One who makes ready, plans, or arranges (a feast, etc.): cf. devise v. 9. Obs. 1375 Barbour Bruce xx. 72 Devysouris of that fest till be. c 1500 Three Kings Sons 182 The kynge was the best diuiser that any man coude fynde.

fc. One who prepares the plans of a building, etc.; an architect. Obs. 1548 Patten Exped. Scotl. in Arb. Garner III. 76 Sir Richard Lee Knight, Devisor of the fortifications to be made. iS8i Mulcaster Positions xli. (1887) 242 What should .. maryners, deuisours, architectes .. do with latin. 1647 Haward Crown Rev. 23 Devisor of the Buildings.

devising (di'vaiznj), vbl. sb. [f. devise v. + -ING1.] The action of the verb devise; contriving, planning, invention, etc. c 1400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. (MS. B) 106 Aftere pe devysinge of my symple wytt. 1530 Palsgr. 213/2 Devisyng, deuis. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. n. viii, That in them God hath.. left his intent to be accomplished by our diuisinges. a 1610 Healey Theophrastus, Newes forging (1636) 32 A devising of deeds and words at the fancy or pleasure of the Inventor. 1879 McCarthy Own Times II. xxiii. 190 He sometimes rode in a curious little cab of his own devising. 1885 Bridges Nero 1. i. 2/2 The curse of life is of our own devising, Born of man’s ignorance and selfishness.

fb. Conversation, talking (devise v. 14). Obs. 1586 B. Young Guazzo’s Civ. Conv. iv. 178 He thought.. such a companie.. would have passed the time in some manner of devising, and discourses, but now perceaved himselfe to be rather in a.. silent place. c. Law. The bequeathing of real property

(devise v. 4). 1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. xvii. (1876) 228 That which relates to the letting, devising, and settlement of land.

devision, obs. form of division. devisor (di'vaizo:(r)). Law. Also 6-7 -our. [a. AF. devisour, = OF. deviseor, -eur, f. deviser to devise. Formerly used in all senses of the vb., for which deviser is now the general form.] One who devises (real property) by will; one who makes a devise. (Correlative to devisee.) 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c 5 § 11 After the death of any such owner or deuisour which shall make any such .. deuice by his last will in writing. 1574 [see devise *4.]. 1657 Sir H. Grimstone in Croke’s Rep. I. 476 The intent of the devisor. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 379 No after-purchased lands will pass under such devise, unless, subsequent to the purchase or contract, the devisor re-publishes his will. 1876 Digby Real Prop. viii. 351 No liability attached to the lands in the hands of the devisee for the debts of the devisor.

devisor, -our, obs. forms of deviser.

1614 T. Adams Devil's Banquet 45 If there be any here that.. will venture himselfe a guest at the Deuils Banket, maugre all devitation, let him stay and heare the Reckoning. 1623 Cockeram, Deuitation, an eschuing.

fde'vite, v. Obs. rare~x. [f. L. devitdre to

shun,

avoid, f. de- I.3 + vitdre to shun. Cf. invite.]

trans. To shun. 1549 Chaloner Erasm. Morise Enc. R iij a, I exhorte you .. to devite or shonne the company of heretikes.

1832 Lamb Let. to Cary in Life & Lett. Wks. (1865) 174 I am de-vited to come on Wednesdays.

devitrification (di.vitnft'keijan). [a. mod.F. devitrification (1803 in Hatz.-Darm.), f. devitrifier: see next.] The action or process of devitrifying; deprivation of vitreous character; esp. change (of rocks) from a glassy to a crystalline condition. 1832 G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. xvi. 317 heading, On the Devitrification of Glass. Ibid. 326 The devitrification was by no means perfect. 1865 Ecclesiologist XXVI. 269 The process of de-vitrification in ancient painted glass. 1879 Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 163 The development of micro-liths is one of the causes of devitrification in glassy rocks and in artificial glass. 1881 Judd Volcanoes ix. 258 These glassy rocks easily undergo ‘devitrification’. devitrify (di'vitnfai), v. [f. de- II. 1 + vitrify;

app. after F. devitrifier (1803 in Hatz.-Darm.).] trans. To deprive of vitreous qualities or properties; to cause (glass or a vitreous substance) to become opaque, hard, and crystalline in structure. Hence de'vitrified ppl. a. 1832 G. R. Porter Porcelain Gl. 325 Experiments made to devitrify stained glass taken from church windows. Ibid. 326 Glass, when devitrified, becomes a much more erfect conductor of heat and electricity. Ibid. xvi. heading, ower of devitrified glass to bear sudden changes of temperature. 1879 Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 170 In most instances this impure or devitrified matter is opaque.

de 'vive, v. nonce-wd. [f.

de- II. 1, after revive.] trans. To render lifeless, devitalize.

1869 Owen in Microsc. Jrnl. May 294 Organisms which we can devitalise and revitalise—devive and revive—many times. devize, obs. form of devise. devocalize (di'voukalaiz), v.

[f. de- II. i + vocalize.] trans. To make (a vowel or voice consonant) voiceless or non-sonant. 1877 Sweet Phonetics 142 [W] often becomes (bh) and even (i>), which, when a voiceless consonant follows, is devocalised [to f]. 1888 - Eng. Sounds 18 The more primitive Sanskrit usage.. devocalizes finally only before a pause or a breath consonant. Hence devocali'zation. 1879 Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 484 Before voiceless stops there is always de vocalization.

t'devocate, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. devocat- ppl. stem of devocare to call off, away, or down, f. deI. 1,2 4* vocdre to call.] trans. To call down. (In quot. 1570 perhaps ‘to make calls or demands’, if not a misprint for derogate.) c 1570 Preston Cambyses in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 188 The Commons of you do complain, From them you devocate. 1633 W. Struther True Happiness 52 Superstitious worshippers thinke by their prayers, as charmes, to devocat and draw God out of heaven.

f devo'cation. Obs. [n. of action f. L. devocare: see prec. and -ation.] A calling down or away.

fdevitable, a. Obs.~° [f. L. devitdre devite v. + -BLE.] 1727 Bailey vol. II, Devitable, easy to be shunned or avoided.

devitalize (di'vaitslaiz), v. [f. de- II. i + vitalize.] trans. To deprive of vitality or vital qualities; to render lifeless or effete. 1849 I. Taylor Loyola & Jes. (1857) 359 The philosophy which is propounded to youth must be devitalized. 1861 H. Macmillan Footnotes Page Nat. 223 Those [persons].. being devitalized by other noxious influences, such as vitiated air, defective sewerage, bad water, or an inadequate supply of food. 1869 [see devive]. 1876 Contemp. Rev. XXVIII. 729 This one incontestable fact of itself overthrows or devitalizes the entire doctrine. 1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spir. W. (ed. 2) 86 The biologist cannot devitalise a plant or an animal and revivify it again.

Hence de'vitalized, de'vitalizing ppl. adjs.; also de.vitali'zation, the action of devitalizing. 1866 Reader 1 Sept. 770 Fungi.. flourish on .. surfaces.. which belong to devitalized beings. 1871 Sat. Rev. 1 Apr. 398/2 New preparations of concentrated food .. to meet the ‘devitalization’ which seems increasing in what we suppose to be the well-nourished class of families. 1875 H C. Wood Therap. (1879) 349 The poison exerts no destructive chemical or devitalizing influence upon the tissues. 1875 B. W. Richardson Dis. Mod. Life 385 Devitalized air finds its entrance into human habitations.

t devi’tation. Obs. rare. [ad. L. devitation-em, n. of action f. devitdre: see next.] Shunning,

1623 Cockeram ii, A Calling downe, deuocation. 1661 Origen in Phenix (1721) I. 33 All corporeal Pleasure having something of Confusion and Disturbance in it, together with a strong magical Devocation of the Animadversion of the sense of it. 1680 Hallywell Melampr. 97 (T.) To be freed and released from all its [sorcery’s] blandishments and flattering devocations. Rust

devoice

(dii'vois), v. [f. de- + voiced. 8.] trans.

= devocalize v. Hence de'voicing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1932 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 3) v. 21 The voiced sound is commonly said .. to become unvoiced or to be devocalized or better devoiced. 1950-Phoneme p. xv, Devoicing.. voicing. 1951 Tracer & Smith Outl. Eng. Structure 31 The voiced spirants show marked devoicing. 1964 E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vi. 132 The North German pronunciation will result automatically from the general devoicing rule for word final consonants. 1965 W. S. Allen Vox Latina 69 A voiced velar plosive.. is devoiced before the t.

c 1400 Rom. Rose 3723 Devoid of pride certaine she was. 1430 Lydc. Chron. Troy 1. v. So is my meaning cleane devoyde of syn. c 1465 Pol. Rel. 1st L. Poems (1866) 2 Devode of vices. 1509 Hawes Conv. Swearers 47 Go lytell treatyse deuoyde of eloquence. 153° Palsgr. 3 to/i Devoyde, without or delyvered of a thyng, vuyde. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 101 He lay speechlesse, deuoid of sence and motion. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxxiii. (1682) 126 Though it be not quite devoy’d of all body whatsoever. 1762 Falconer Shipwr. in. 181 A wretch deform’d, devoid of ev’ry grace. 1865 W. G. Palgrave Arabia I. 410 A very simple style of dress, devoid of ornament or pretension.

b. without of: Void, empty, rare. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. ix. 15 When I awoke, and found her place devoyd, And nought but pressed gras where she had lyen, I sorrowed all so much as earst I joyd.

f devoid, v. Obs. or rare. Forms: 4-7 devoyde, 4-6 -vode, 5-6 -voyd, -vyde, 5-7 -void(e, (4-5 dewoyde, 5 -voyede, 6 -wod, -woyd, -wid). [a. OF. de-, desvoidier, -vuidier, -voyder, in mod.F. divider, f. de-, des- (L. dis-) + vuide, mod. vide, empty. Cf. med.L. disvacuare, in same sense. (In 15-16th c. sometimes confused in form with divide.)]

f 1. trans. To cast out, get rid of, do away with, remove, expel; to void. Obs. CI325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 15 Wyschande pat wele >at wont watz whyle deuoyde my wrange. Ibid. B. 544 De-voydynge pe vylanye pat venkquyst his pewez. c 1400 Rom. Rose 2929 Right so is al his woo fulle soone Devoided clene. a 1400-50 Alexander 4327 Auyrice & errogaunce & all we devoide. C1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 45 Devoyde po worme-etone alle bydene. c 1485 Digby Myst. ill. 787 We xal gete yow leches, 3ower peynes to devyde. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wem. 166, I sail the venome devoid with a vent large, And me assuage of the swalme, that suellit wes gret. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. 45, 61, 63, 64.

fb. To destroy, annihilate. Obs. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 908 For we schal tyne pis toun & traypely disstrye, Wyth alle pise wy3ez so wykke wy3tly deuoyde. 01400-50 Alexander 3875 To be deuowrid & devoidid and vencuste for euire.

fc. To empty out, pour out, discharge. Obs. C1450 Bk. Curtasye 718 in Babees Bk. (1868) 323 For a pype per is insyde so clene, pat water deuoydes, of seluer schene. 1513 Douglas JEneis xm. i. 10 The Latyn pepyll.. gan devoid [u. r. devode], and hostit owt full cleyr Deip from thar brestis the hard sorow smart.

f2. To vacate; to leave. Obs. c 1325 Coer de L. 1228 He took hys doughter by the hand, And bad her swythe devoyde hys land. 01450 Le Morte Arth. 1167 There-fore devoyede my companye. 1545 Aberdeen Reg. V. 19 (Jam.) He is ordanit to dewid the tovnn within xxiiij houris.

fb. refl. To withdraw (oneself). Obs. 01400 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 243, I am with 30W at alle tymes whan 3e to councel me calle, But for a short tyme myself I devoyde. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 123 Or tha culd diuyde thame of that land, Tha war baith tane and fast bund fit and hand.

fc. intr. (for refl.) To go away, withdraw. 1*1485 Digby Myst. v. 380 Here lucyfere devoydeth, and commyth in ageyne as a goodly galaunt. 1497 in Phil. Trans. XLII. 421 That they devoyd and pass with thame.

13. trans. To avoid, shun; to get out of the way of. Obs. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxxv. xviii, I ful swyftly dyd geve back ful oft, For to devoyde his great strokes unsoft. 1530 Palsgr. 515/1 It shalbe harde to devoyde this mater: ce seroyt forte chose de euiter ceste matiere.

f4. To empty; to make void or empty. Obs. a 1400-50 Alexander 2938 Alexander.. clekis vp pe coupe & putis in his bosom. Anopire boll was him bro3t & bathe he deuoydid. c 1430 Lydg. in Turner Dom. Archit. III. 39 The canell scoured was so clene. And deuoyded into secrete wyse.

fb. To empty, clear, rid, free (of). Obs. c 1450 Holland Howlat 519,1 sal devoid the of det, Or de in the place, c 1500 Lancelot 1022 Now help thi-self at neid, And the dewod of eueiy point of dred. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 163 To devoid Scotland Of Inglismen. 1548 Gest Pr. Masse 80 Howe coulde the bread and wyne serve to hys purpose, yf they were utterly divoided of theyr accostumed nature?

|5. To render void or of none effect, rare—x. 1601 Bp. W. Barlow Defence 225 Least..the Apostles labour, by their carelesse leuitie, or carnall securitie, should bee deuoyded and abased.

6. To make devoid; to divest, rare, nonce-wd. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 372 In any minds, so devoided of their religious sentiments.

f Hence ide'voided ppl. a., divested, made void. C143° Lydg. Bochas 1. ii. (1544) 4b, As a prince devoyded of all grace Against God he gan for to compasse. 1605 Timme Quersit. 1. iii. 10 Those things which are made by arte.. are deuoided of all sense and motion.

fde'voider. Obs. rare~l. [f. devoid v. + -er = OF. type desvuideor, of which the fern. desvuideresse, devoyderesse, is recorded by Godefroy.] An expeller, a driver out.

devoid (di'void), a. Also 5-6 devoide, -voyde, 5

14.. Lydg. Temple of Glass 329 O blisful sterre.. deuoider of derknes.

[Originally pa. pple. of devoid v., short for (or collateral variant of) devoided: see next.] With of: Empty, void, destitute (of some attribute); entirely without or wanting. (Originally participial, like bereft, and, like the latter, only used predicatively, or following its substantive.)

devoir (see below), sb. Forms: a. 3-6 dever, (4 deverre), 4-5 devere, (5 deveer, -yr, -ire, -yer, deyver, deffere, 6 debuer). /3. 4-6 devor, 4-7 devour, 5 divour, 5-6 devoure, 5-7 Sc. devore, 6-7 deavour. y. 5- devoir, 5-7 devoire, devoyr(e, devoyer, 6-7 devoier. [ME. dever, a. OF. deveir (= Pr. dever, Sp. deber. It. devere, dovere),

-vode, 6 -voyd.

DEVOIR substantive use of pres. inf. of verb:—L. debere to owe. In Eng. the stress was shifted from (de'veir) to ('devor, ’deivor), and this subsequently often spelt devour, devor, deavour: cf. ENDEAVOUR. In the 15th c., and esp. by Caxton, the spelling was often conformed to Parisian Fr. devoir, though, even thus, the stress was still often on the first syllable, 'devoir being treated merely as a variant spelling of 'devor, 'devour. 'Dever occurs as late as the Psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins; but the English tradition of the word died out before 1600, leaving devoir, in 16- 17th c. often anglicized as devoyer, but now commonly treated as if adopted from modern French, and pronounced (do'vwa:(r), do'vwo:(r), 'devwo:(r)); though it would be more correct, historically, to pronounce it ('dEvo(r)) as in endeavour.] 1. That which one ought to do, or has to do; (one’s) duty, business, appointed task. (Chiefly in phr. to do one’s devoir), arch. a. a 1300 Cursor M. 21901 (Cott.) All liueand thing on sere maners dos hair deuer [v.r. deuerre], CI315 Shoreham 54 And 3yf hy [clerkes] douth wel hare dever Ine thysse heritage. CI330 R. Brunne Chron. (181 o) 71 Als knyght did his deuere [rime austere], c 1400 Destr. Troy 234 Do J>i deuer duly as a duke nobill, c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 1. xli. (1869) 25 To do alwey my deueer. 1462 Daubeney in Paston Lett. No. 452 II. 103 The Lords.. thynk they do ryght well her devyer, and be worthey moche thanke of the Kyng. )9. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiv. 136 Til he haue done his deuor and his dayes iourne. a 1470 Tiptoft Ceesar iv. (1530) 5 Doyng the devoure of myne offyce. 1489 (MS.) Barbour Bruce XI. 430 Thai stalwardly sail stand, And do thair deuour as thai aw. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 35 Do your devore and dewtie. a 1605 Montgomerie Flyting 443 Whan-thae dames deuoutly had done their devore .. Of that matter to make remained no more. 1606 Holland Sueton. 56 In the Cirque he brought forth to doe their devour Charioteers, Runners and Killers of savage beasts. y. .

Also 4-6 devoure, 5 -vowre, -vowryn, -vouir, -wore, 6 devore, -vower, -voir(e. [a. OF. devorer (stressed stem devur-, devour-) = Pr. and Sp. devorar, It. devorare, ad. L. devorare to swallow down, f. de- I. 1 4- vorare to swallow, gulp.] (Formerly often with up.) I. properly. 1. To swallow or eat up voraciously, as a beast of prey; to make a prey of, to prey upon. c 1315 Shoreham 29 He soffreth no3t to be to-trede, And of bestes devoured, c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xiii. 55 Of Babiloyne sail a nedder comme, pat sail deuoure all pe werld. C1430 Lydg. Chichev. & Bye. in Dodsley O. PI. XII. 334 Wherfor Bycom this cruel beste will us devouren at the lest. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 12 He.. was of wylde bestes or Woluys slayne or deuouryd. 1559 Mirr. Mag., J. Cade xxi, Set aloft for vermine to deuower. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. Prayers 36 The dragon with his mouthe oppin reddy to deuoire ws. 1650 Trapp Comm. Pentat. I. 70 Like enough to devour up both men and beasts. 1722 Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I- 11. 120 Turned as a wolf to devour the lambs. 1869 Tennyson Coming of Arthur 27 And ever and anon the wolf would steal The children and devour. absol. 1610 Shaks. Temp. in. iii. 84 Brauely the figure of this Harpie hast thou Perform’d (my Ariell): a grace it had, deuouring.

2. Of human beings: a. To eat greedily, eat up, consume or make away with, as food. b. spec. To eat like a beast, to eat ravenously or barbarously. a. 1382 Wyclif Rev. x. 9 He seide to me, Take the book and deuoure it. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxxix. 265 Than they wente vnto the dukes place of lancastre .. that was callyd the sauoy, and ther they deuoured and destroyed al the goodes. 1586 B. Young tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 187 On Shroftuesdaie night I devoured so much, that ye next daie I had no stomacke to eate anie thing at all. 1833 Ht. Martineau Manch. Strike x. no To devour their meals hastily, as if their time were not their own. 1842 A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 4) 240 We never eat more than enough. We never devour lobsters, or oysters, or salmon. b. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks(1621) 442 A great feeder, so that he seemed rather to devour his meat than to eat it. 1611 Bible Ecclus. xxxi. 16 Eate as it becommeth a man.. and deuoure not, lest thou be hated. 1719 De Foe Crusoe II. ii. 28 The poor creatures rather devoured than ate it.

II. trans}. With consume as the main notion. 3. Of a person or personal agent: To consume destructively, recklessly, or wantonly; to make away with, waste, destroy (substance, property or fig. its owners). Obs. exc. in bibl. language. 01340 Hampole Psalter Cant. 511 Him pat deuours pe pore in hidil. 1382 Wyclif Ps. xxxiv. 25 Ne sei thei, wee shal devouren hym. 1382-Luke xv. 30 This thi sone, which deuouride his substaunce with hooris. C1386 Chaucer Reeve's T. 66 He wolde his joly blood honoure, Though that he schulde holy chirche deuoure. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xvii. 280 Lightliche pat pei leue loseles hit deuouren. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. Lim. Mon. iii. (1885) 115 The reaume of Englonde.. wolde be than a pray to all oper nacions pat wolde conqwer, robbe, and deuouir it. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. 1. (1701) 23/1 If any one maintain not his Parents, let him be infamous, as likewise he that devours his patrimony. 1657 J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 19 So we say of some Guardians, They have devoured the Orphans, intimating the Orphans’ patrimony.

b. with the sense swallow up more or less present: cf. 5. 1382 Wyclif Mark xii. 40 Scribis .. whiche deuouren the housis of widewis. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 140 Ye .. rape and deuour the almes and sustenaunce of the poore seruauntesof god. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. 1. Wks. 1856 I. 11 She.. Inticeth princes to devour heaven, Swallow omnipotence, out-stare dread fate. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. iii. 6 Thou, Varlet, dost thy Master’s gains devour. 1836 Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 144 Wherever Religion has been the mother of wealth the daughter has invariably devoured the parent.

fc. To make a prey of, treat with rapine. Obs. 1530 Palsgr. 5 i 5/1 He hath devoured twenty maydens and wyves agaynst their wylles in his dayes. c 1540 *n Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 73 Seikand Christes peple to devoir. 1547 Salesbury Welsh Diet., Teisio morwyn, devoure a may den.

fd. To despoil (a person) of (substance) by consuming it. Obs. rare~K 1545 Brinklow Compl. iv. (1874) 17 Let them make good defence, that their poore neyhbors.. be not deuouryd of their come and grasse.

4. Of inanimate agencies: To consume, destroy. Said esp. of fire, sword, pestilence, or other agencies which claim numerous victims. C1374 Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 14 This old story.. That eild.. hath nigh devoured oute of my memory. 1382 Wyclif Joel ii. 3 Before the face of hym fijr deuourynge, and after hym brenyng flawme. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 339 So that no life shall be socoured, But with the dedely swerd devoured. 1538 Starkey England 1. ii. 46 Etyn away, dayly deuouryd and consumyd by commyn syknes and dysease. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 39 Stir Iupiter to anger to send vs a Stroke that shal deuoure vs. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 266 The Earth did not bring forth its

1555 Eden Decades 92 He had seene many Culchas deuoured of whirlepoles. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 1. i. 148 The iawes of darknesse do deuoure it vp. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. iv. iv. Wks. 1856 I. 128 The very ouze, The quicksand that devours all miserie. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World II. iv. i. §4. 135 Those that tooke the Sea, were therein deuoured ere they recouered them. 1783 Crabbe Village 1. Wks. 1834 II. 79 The ocean roar Whose greedy waves devour the lessening shore. 6. Of persons: a. To take in greedily and with

eagerness the sense of (a book, discourse, or the like). 1581 Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 63 They have devoured all sortes of bookes. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 1. iii. 150 She’l’d come againe, and with a greedie eare Deuoure vp my discourse. 1647 Trapp Comm. Epistles 530 Ministers must so devour and digest the holy Scriptures, that [etc.]. 1753 A. Murphy Gray's-Inn Journ. No. 40 f2 Miss Vainlove devoured up these Expressions of Admiration with a greedy Ear. 1823 Scott Quentin D. Introd., He devoured the story of the work with which he was engaged. 1831 Brewster Newton (1855) I. i. 15 Devouring some favourite author. 1850 Kingsley Alt. Locke i. (1876) 11 Missionary tracts.. how I devoured them. 1878 R. H. Hutton Scott ii. 19 He learned Spanish and devoured Cervantes.

b. To take in eagerly with the eyes; to look upon with avidity. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. iii. ii. iii. (1676) 312/1 Drink to him with her eyes, nay drink him up, devour him, swallow him as Martial’s Mammurra is remembered to have done. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 11. 645 Early Visitants, With eager Eyes devouring.. The breathing Figures of Corinthian Brass. 1718 Prior Solomon 11. 381 With an unguarded look she now devour’d My nearer face. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. iii 57 His eyes devoured her loveliness. 1891 1. Zangwill Bachelors Club 186 The Doctor devoured her with his eyes.

c. To absorb greedily or selfishly. 1647-8 Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 11 The House of Guise in a manner devoured all the Chief Employments of the State.

d. To swallow or suppress within one’s own breast (chagrin, grief, etc.). 1650 Trapp Comm. Pentat. 1. 262 To persevere in prayer, and to devour all discouragements. 1820 Scott Abbot xxxviii, Catherine Seyton devoured in secret her own grief. 1850 Prescott Peru II. 182 Devouring his chagrin as he best could.

7. Of things: a. To occupy (a person) so as to engross the attention; to absorb. (Sometimes including the notion of consuming (4) or of swallowing up (5)) 1500-20 Dunbar Poems xiv. 81 Devorit with dreme, devysing in my slummer. 1608 Shaks. Per. iv. iv. 25 Pericles, in sorrow all devour’d, With sighs shot through, and biggest tears o’ershower’d, Leaves Tarsus and again embarks. 1715-20 Pope Ep. Addison 41 Poor Vadius, long with learned spleen devour’d, Can taste no pleasure since his Shield was scour’d. 1863 Mrs. Oliphant Sal. Ch. xxi. 25 She walked home with Beecher, devoured by feverish hopes and fears. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. (1875) 79 Not to hold ideas of this kind a little more easily, to be so devoured by them, to suffer them to become crotchets.

b. To absorb so as to do away with. 1625 E. Tilman in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. III. 244 The joy of the people devoured their mourning. 1875 Helps Ess., Pract. Wisd. 5 The large hands and feet of a dwarf seem to have devoured his stature. 8. Phrases, fa. to devour difficulties [F.

devorer les dtfficultes]: to tackle and overcome difficulties with spirit. Obs. b. to devour the way, course, etc. [F. devorer Vespace\, to get over the ground with great rapidity. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 1. i. 47 He seem’d in running, to deuoure the way, Staying no longer question. 1642 Rogers Naaman 128 She will hold close to her own tacklings and devour a great deale of difficulty. 1648 Sanderson Serm. Ad Aulam xvi. §25 (1674) 230 He that setteth forth for the goal, if he will obtain, must resolve to devour all difficulties, and to run it out. 01661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 190 Wat Tyler was woundly angry with Sir John Newton, Knight.. for devouring his distance, and not making his approaches mannerly enough unto him. 1725 Pope Odyss. viii. 102 None.. swifter in the race devour the way. 1772 Pegge tr. Fitzstephen's Descr. London 38 The signal once given, they [the horses] strike, devour the course [cursum rapiunt], hurrying along with unremitting velocity. 1883 Holme Lee Loving & Serving II. xiii. 271 The strong black horse was very fresh, and devoured the road before him.

de'vourable, a.

[f. devour v. + -able: cf. i6thc. F. devor-, devourable, L. devorabilis.] Capable of being devoured; consumable.

1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 11. 116 (L.) A clear and undebauch’d appetite renders every thing sweet and delightful to a sound body, and devourable. 1615 Hieron Wks. I. 602 Fier burnes vp.. such as is deuourable by it. 1725 Sloane Jamaica II. 2 Any papers or other goods devourable by them are put up in chests of this wood. 1826 Blackw. Mag. XIX. 335 The editors.. seized on the devourable parts, and gave both islands a feast.

devourer (di'vauara/r)). Also 5 -our, -ar. [ME. devourour, a. AF. devorour = OF. devoreor, devoreeur (12th c. in Godef.):—devorator-em, agent-n. from devorare to devour.] 1. One who devours; one who eats greedily or voraciously. 1382 Wyclif Matt. xi. 19 A man deuourer, or glotoun. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvm. lxvi. (1495) 822 The lyon is a deuourer of meete wythout chewynge. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles in. 371 Devourours of vetaile. 1555 Eden Decades 48 Men which are deuourers of mans flesshe. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 209 Earwigs., are cursed Devourers. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 219 They., move slowly, but reluctantly, towards the yawning jaws of their devourers. 1884 G. F. Braithwaite Salmonidae of Westmorland vi. 26 It is a devourer of the spawn of salmon.

2. transf. and fig.

One who or that which consumes, destroys, swallows up, or absorbs. C1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1369 Hypsip., Duk Iason Thou sly [t>.r. sleer] deuourere .. Of tendere wemen. c 1470 Henry Wallace x. 492 Thou renygat deuorar off thi blud. 1580 Baret Alv. D624 An vnsatiable reader: a deuourer of bookes. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 622 Achilles offering great injuries to Agamemnon.. called him Devourer of the people. 1659 Gentl. Calling (1696) 82 Gaming, like a Quick Sand, swallows up a Man in a moment .. Hawks, and Hounds and Horses, &c. are somewhat slower devourers. 1698 Wanley Wond. Lit. World in. xliv. §30. 228/1 The Eye that is the devourer of such beautiful Objects. 1890 Spectator 7 June 799 The shallowest noveldevourer will find in it excitement enough.

fde'vouress. Obs. [short for devourer ess, a. OF. devoureresse, -voreresse, fem. of devorere, devoreor devourer.] A female devourer. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. xxxvi. 13 Thou art a deuouresse of men. 1598 Yong Diana 428 The fierce deuouresse of my life approoued.. As fell in hart, as she is faire in face. 1611 Florio, Diuoratrice, a deuouresse.

de'vouring, vbl. sb. [f.

DEW

582

DEYOURER

devour v. -f -ing1.] The

action of the verb devour. 1382 Wyclif Tobit xii. 3 Me myself fro the deuouring of the fish he delyuerede. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xm. xxvi. (1495) 457 They byte other wyth vnresonable swalowynge and deuourynge. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 187 b, Many times, they [bees] die of a disease that they call the great devouring. 1659 Gentl. Calling (1696) 70 The more ravenous devourings of the Vulture.

devouring,ppl. a. [f.

devours. + -ing2.] That devours, in various senses of the word. 1382 Wyclif Isa. xxix. 6 Gret vois of whirlewind, and of tempest, and of flaume of fijr deuourende [1388 fier deuowrynge]. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. vii. 48 His biting Sword, and his devouring Speare. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 140 Where the two famous Rivers Tygris.. and Euphrates.. become one with the same devouring Gulph. 1724 R. Falconer Voy. (1769) 63 For fear some devouring Creature should come and seize me. 1751 Jortin Serm. (1771) VII. i. 21 Avoid the devouring deep. 1810 Southey Kehama 1. xiv, Devouring flames have swallow’d all. 1818 Shelley Rev. Islam vm. xix, Ye are the spoil Which Time thus marks for the devouring tomb.

Hence de'vouringly adv.; de'vouringness. 1552 Huloet, Deuourynglye, voraciter. 1600 F. Walker Sp. Mandeville 23 a, It was a thing of admiration, to see how deuouringly he eat and drank. 1611 Florio, Diuoracita, deuouringnesse, greedinesse. 1837 Campbell in Athenaeum 11 Mar. 173/3 My Mauritanian beauties are devouringly fond of puppies. They gobble them up by litters in their couscousou. 1887 Mrs. C. Praed Bond of Wedlock I. vii. 184 His eyes fixed devouringly upon her.

devourment (di'vauamant).

[f. devour v. + -ment.] The action of devouring or consuming.

1828 Blackw. Mag. XXIII. 601 His faculties of devourment were next to boundless. 1841 J. T. Hewlett Parish Clerk II. 77 Supper announced to be ready for their ‘devourment’. 1891 Fun 3 June 233/2 We approached the devourment of this book with the keenest relish.

devout (di'vaut), a. and sb. Forms: a. 3-5 (6 Sc.) devot, 3-7 (9 arch.) devote, (4 devoste), 6 Sc. devoit, divoit, divot, ft. 3- devout, 4-5 devowt(e, 4-6 devoute. [ME. devot, devout, a. OF. devot, devote (12th c. in Littre), = Pr. devot, Sp. devoto. It. divoto, ad. L. devot-us devoted, given up by vow, pa. pple. of devovere to devote. The close OF. 0 became the vowel ou (u:) in ME., whence the modern diphthong ou; but a form in 6, Sc. oi, was also in use: see devote a.] 1. Devoted to divine worship or service; solemn and reverential in religious exercises; pious, religious. a. a 1225 Ancr. R. 376 J?uruh aromaz, pet beo8 swote, is understonden swotnesse of deuot heorte. c 1325 E.E. Allit. P. A. 406 Be dep deuote in hoi mekenesse. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) viii. 30 \>a\ er deuote men and ledez pure lyf. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 567 Diuoit he wes with mony almous deid. 1549 Compl. Scot. (1872) 4 The deuot Kyng, Numa pompilius. 1651 [see devote 0.]. /3. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 369 In chyrche he was deuout ynou. 1382 Wyclif Ex. xxxv. 29 Alle men and wymmen with a deuowt mynde offerden 3iftis. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 120 Devowte, devotus. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 7 A shorte orison, saide with good devouute herte. C1511 1st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 31/2 These people be very deuoute. 1530 Palsgr. 310/1 Devoute, holy disposed to praye, deuot. 1636 Sir H. Blount Voy. Levant (1637) 87 All the devouter sort (which are not many) goe to Church, and say their prayers. 1732 Law Serious C. i. (ed. 2) 1 He .. is the devout Man who lives no longer to his own will.. but to the sole will of God. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ix. (1875) 398

The devoutest of your fellow Christians. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 11. ii. 185 Keble was a representative of the devout mind of England.

fb. gen. Devoted, religiously or reverently attached (to a person or cause). Obs. 11380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 113 God wolle have oure herte devoute to him wipouten ende. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6953 To saint cuthbert he was deuoute. 1609 Bible (Douay) Comm. 201 Isaac was.. devout to God. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 205 Sir Thomas Wentworth .. became the most devout friend of the Church.

2. Of actions and things: Showing or expressing devotion; reverential, religious, devotional. a. a 1340 Hampole Psalter, Cant. 502 pe deuot 3ernyngis of his halighis. C1500 Blowbol's Test, in Halliwell Nugae Poet. 3 He wold syng Foure devoite masses at my biryng. 01541 Barnes Wks. 318 (R.), To help mee wyth his deuote prayer. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 8 Faithful and devoit prayar. 1625- [ see devote 0.]. /S. C1340 Hampole Prose Tr. 24 Deuoute prayers, feruent desires, and gostely meditacions. 1526 {title). The Pylgrymage of Perfeccyon, a devoute Treatyse in Englysshe. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 78 The devout warre, taken in hand for the reliefe of the poore Christians in Syria. 1667 Milton P.L. xi. 863 With uplifted hands, and eyes devout. 1763 John Brown Poetry Gf Mus. xii. 214 Our parochial Music.. is solemn and devout. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 347 In his writings, he affects the devout style usual to all Mussulmans.

3. Earnest, sincere, hearty. 1828 Webster s.v., You have my devout wishes for your safety. 1880 Mrs. Lynn Linton Rebel of Family I. v. The sanctity of caste, in which she.. was so devout a believer.

B. as sb. f 1. A devotee. Obs.

devoutour,

-trour, corrupted forms of advoutrer, adulteb, -erer. (Cf. devoterer.) So devoutrie for advoutrie, advoutour,

adultery. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. 11. 175 Owre synne to suffre, As deuoutrie [other MSS. aduoutrie] and deuo[r]ses and deme vsurye. 1393 Ibid. C. hi. 184 And ich my-self cyuyle and symonye my felowe Wollen ryden vp-on rectours and riche men deuoutours [v. rr. deuotours, deuoutrours].

f de'vove, v. Obs. [ad. L. devovere to vow or devote, f. de- I. 2 + vovere to vow.] trans. To devote. Hence fde'voved ppl. a., devoted. 1567 Drant Horace's Epist., Julius Florus Cvj, I haue againste your home comminge A long deuoued cowe Which graseth here.. And fattes her selfe for you. 1618 Bolton Florus I. xiii. (1636) 37 Such of the Senatours, as had borne highest offices. . devove themselves, for their Country’s safty, to the gods infemall. 1656 Cowley Davideis iv. 1063 ’Twas his own Son.. that he devov’d. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. ill. 852 Receive, dread Powers (since I can slay no more), My last glad victim, this devoved gore.

deyovement: see devouement.

fde'vow, v.

Obs.

[a.

16th c.

F. devouer

to

dedicate or consecrate by a vow, f. de- I. 2, 3 +

vouer to vow, after L. devovere, devotare: see devote.]

[c 1440 Gesta Rom. xcii. 419 (Add. MS.) This knyght had a good woman to wife, and a deuoute to oure ladie.] 1616 R. Sheldon Miracles Antichrist 247 (T.) Not.. the ordinary followers of Antichrist, but.. his special devouts. 1675 tr. Machiavelli's Prince xv. (Rtldg. 1883) 98 One a devout, another an atheist.

2. That which is devout; the devotional part. 1649 Milton Eikon. i. (1851) 344 This is the substance of his first Section, till we come to the devout of it, model’d into the form of a privat Psalter.

fde'vout, v. Obs. Variant of devote v. 1605 Stow Chron. an. 1603 (R.) Hee shewed himselfe a well deuouted Christian. 1639 Drumm. of Hawth. Libraries Wks. (1711) 223 How much is Florence adebted .. to Bessarion .. who at his death devouted to it a library. 1651 tr. Bacon's Life Death 15 A Man peaceable, Contemplative and much devouted to Religion.

|| de'voutement, adv. Obs. rare. [a. devotement (in AF. devou-).] Devoutly.

devoutness and religion in their particular complexion. 1840 Carlyle Heroes (1858) 221 What devoutness and noblemindedness had dwelt in these rustic thoughtful peoples. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 178 Religiosity or devoutness of spirit.

OF.

01400 Octouian 63 The holy pope Seynt Clement.. prayede God deuoutement.. That [etc.].

fde'voutful, a. Obs. [irreg. f. devout a. + -ful: (a suffix properly added to a sb.).] Full of devoutness; devout, pious. 1597 Daniel Civ. Wars 1. xiv, Richard.. who.. all his fathers mighty treasure spent, In that devoutfull Action of the East. 1598 Tofte Alba (1880) 28 As painfull Pilgrim in deuoutfull wise. 1604 Marston & Webster Malcontent 1. i, To make her his by most devoutful rites.

1. trans. To dedicate or give up by a vow. >579 J- Stubbes Gaping Gulf E iij b, A deuowed enemy to our Queene. 1600 Holland Livy vm. ix. 287 Come and say afore me that forme of words, wherby I may devow and betake myselfe for the legions. 1601 -Pliny XXII. v, P. Decius,.. devowed and yeelded himselfe to all the divels of hell for the safety of his armie. 1609-Amm. Marcell. 226, I have devowed my selfe to the Roman Empire.

2. To devote, give up. 1621 G. Sandys Ovid’s Met. xv. (1626) 317 By Stepdames fraud, and fathers credulous Beliefe deuow’d to death. 1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady 1. i, To the inquiry And search of which, your mathematical head Hath so devow’d itself.

3. To disavow, give up, renounce,

rare.

1610 G. Fletcher Christ’s Viet, in Farr S. P. James I (1848) 54 There too the armies angelique devow’d Their former rage, and all to Mercy bow’d. Hence de'vowed ppl. a.: see in 1.

devowt(e,

obs. form of devout.

devoyer, devoyr(e,

obs. forms of devoir.

devulcanize

(dii'vAlkanaiz), v. [f. de- + vulcanize v.] trans. To restore (vulcanized rubber, etc.) to its former unvulcanized condition. 1899 Eng. Mechanic 19 May 316 Any one who can devulcanise indiarubber ‘so as to make it soluble in benzine’ will assuredly take out a patent for the process.

t de'voutless, a. Obs. rare~°. [irreg. f. as prec. + -less; cf. devoteless.] Without devoutness, undevout. Hence f de'voutlessness.

de'vulgarize, v.

1576 R. Curtis Two Serm. Cvjb (T.), The darts of devoutlessness, unmercifulness, and epicurisme.. fly abrode.

1868 Abbott in Macm. Mag. May 38/2 Shakespeare, and Plutarch’s ‘Lives’, are very devulgarizing books.

devoutly (di'vautli), adv. Also 4-6 deuote-: see devout a. [f. devout a. + -ly2.] 1. In a devout manner; reverently, piously, religiously. a. c 1325 Metr. Horn. 160 And ilke day deuotely, Herd scho messe of our Lefdye. C1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 319 To preye deuoteliche. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xv. 69 3e serue 3our Godd wele and deuotely. Prisoo How Plowman lerned Pater Noster 42 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 211 Late me here The saye devotely thy pater noster. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 34 Prayers.. quhan thay in ye name off Iesus Christ, ar humblie and deuotlie desyrit, helpis mony. £. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 814 His two dere do3terez deuoutly hem haylsed. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii. 76 He serued Godd full deuoutely. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn xxxvii. 137 They sholde deuoutly do baptyse hem self. 1568 Knt. of Curtesy 451 She confessed her devoutly tho, And shortely receyved the Sacrament. ri6n Donne Poems (1633) 275 Who dream’d devoutlier then most use to pray. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 137 Julian most devoutly ascribes his miraculous deliverance to the protection of the Gods. 1849 James Woodman iv, She crossed herself devoutly.

2. Earnestly, sincerely, fervently. 1602 Shaks. Ham. in. i. 64 ’Tis a consummation Deuoutly to be wish’d. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 349 His devote minde to his Lady hee devoutly, though not religiously shewed. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc 1. 219 Childhood.. Listening with eager eyes and open lips Devoutly in attention. 1814 Scott Wav. lxvii, Let us devoutly hope, that., we shall never see the scenes.. that were general in Britain Sixty Years since. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 113 Men were then devoutly persuaded that their eternal salvation depended on their having true beliefs.

devoutness (di'vautms). [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being devout; reverential spirit or character; religiousness, piety. 1.377 Pol. Poems (Rolls) 1. 217 Nou is devoutnes out icast. 1530 Palsgr. 213/2 Devoutnesse, deuotion. a 1680 Glanvill Serm. 52 (T.) There are some who have a sort of

trans.

[f. de- II.

To

free from de'vulgarizing ppl. a.

devulgate, -vulge, devy, var. devyde,

i

+

vulgarize.]

vulgarity.

Hence

obs. ff. divulgate, -vulge.

deevy a.

obs. form of divide.

devyer, devyr,

obs. forms of devoir.

devyn(e, -al, -or, -our,

etc., obs. ff. divine,

-al, -er, etc.

dew (dju:), sb. Forms: 1 deaw, 2 daw, 2-4 deu, deu3, 3 dsew (Orm.), 4 deew, dew3, deau, 4-6 dewe, deaw(e, 6 deow(e, due, 3- dew. [Common Teut.: OE. deaw, OFris. daw, OS. dau, MLG. dau, Du. dauw, OHG., MHG. tou (touwes), Ger. thau, tau, ON. dogg, gen. ddggvar, Sw. dagg, Da. dug, Goth. *daggwa-\—OTeut. *dauwo-, Aryan *dhawo-: cf. Skr. dhaw to flow, run.] 1. a. The moisture deposited in minute drops upon any cool surface by the condensation of the vapour in the atmosphere; formed after a hot day during or towards night, and plentiful in the early morning. Formerly supposed to fall or descend softly from the heavens, whence numerous current phrases, figures, and modes of speech: cf. dewfall. a800 Corpus Gloss. 1752 Roscido, deawe. C825 Vesp. Psalter cxxxii[i]. 3 Swe swe deaw se astijeS in munt. c 1000 jElfric Exod. xvi. 13 On morjen waes f> deaw abutan pa fyrdwic. a 1175 Cott. Horn. 233 His sonne, mone, sterren, rien, daw, wind. CI175 Lamb. Horn. 159 be sunne drach up pene deu. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 256 On pe lijte pe heouene deu3. CI250 Gen. Ex. 3323 Knewen he no3t Sis dewes cost. 1340 Ayenb. 91 Bote a drope of deau .. pe drope of pe deawe. C1380 Wyclif Sel. R’fo. III. 27 Weetynge of hevenly deew. 1382-Daniel iv. 30 With dewe of heuen his body was enfourmed. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vm. xvii. (1495) 326 The more clere that the mone is in the Somer tyme the more plente of dewe is seen vpon the grasse and herbes. a 1400 Minor Poems Vernon MS. 618 Softur pen

DEW

fb. pi. ? Damp places. Obs. *377 Langl. P. PI. B. xv. 289 And also Marie Magdeleyne by mores lyued and dewes.

2. fig. Something likened to dew in its operation or effect: a. as coming with refreshing power or with gentle fall; b. as characteristic of the morning of life, of early years, like the ‘early dew’. a. c 1200 Ormin 9883 All wipputenn d®w Off Haliz Gastess frofre. 1508 Fisher Wks. (1876) 176 Make them moyst with the due of thy grace. 1559 Bk. Com. Prayer, Morning Prayer, The continuall deawe of thy blessinge. 1607 Shaks. Cor. v. vi. 23 He watered his new plants with dewes of Flattery. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 614 The timely dew of sleep .. inclines Our eye-lids. 1738 Pope Epil. Sat. 1. 69 The gracious Dew of Pulpit Eloquence. 1819 Shelley Cenci iv. i. 178 Sleep, that healing dew of heaven. 1821Ginevra 115 The dew of music more divine Tempers the deep emotions. 1839 Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. vi. (1847) 52 Hearts baptized with the heavenly dews of the Gospel. b. 1535 Coverdale Ps. cix. [cx.] 3 Ye dewe of thy birth is of ye wombe of the mornynge. 1849 Robertson Serm. Ser. 1. iii. (1866) 53 Dried up the dew of fresh morning feeling. 1858 Longf. M. Standish 1. 18 Having the dew of his youth, and the beauty thereof.

3. transf. a. Applied to moisture generally, especially that which appears in minute drops on any surface or exudes from any body. a 1300 Cursor M. 17682 (Cott.) Wit a deu mi face he wette. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 139 Whom furres must fence.. and dew of nappie Ale cherish. 1607 Topsell Fourf. Beasts (1658) 316 Pare his [the horse’s] hinder-feet thin, untill the dew come out. 1610 Markham Masterp. 11. c. 382 Raze both the quarters of the hoofe with a drawing-knife.. so deepe that you may see the dew come foorth. 1631 Widdowes Nat. Philos. 56 Dew is a humor contained in the hollownesse of the members, and joyned to their substance. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 126 That cold and dew and clamminess, that goes to the hatching of a snails [egge]. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 210 Ballani do not feed on the gross parts of the sea-water, but as it were on the subtile dew that penetrates through the stone. 1822 Shelley Triumph Life 66 The fountains, whose melodious dew Out of their mossy cells for ever burst.

b. Moisture glistening in the Hence funeral derw.

DEWAN

583

watur or eny licour, Or dew3 pat Up on pe lilie flour, Was cristes bodi. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 120 Dewe, ros. 1508 Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 10 The dew donkit the daill, and dynarit the foulis. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 59 The deu.. is ane humid vapour, generit in the sycond regione of the ayr. 1596 Spenser Astroph. 191 All the day it standeth full of deow. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. v. iii. 64 Our day is gone, Clowds, Dewes, and Dangers come. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxm. vi. 238 These pearles, within strong and bright shels of the sea-fishes, conceived .. by a commixtion of deaw. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 372 Pearls., generated .. of the morning dew of Heaven, which in serenes falls into the gaping Shell-fish. 1784 Cavendish in Phil. Trans. LXXIV. 129 Almost all the inflammable air, and near one-fifth of the common air, lose their elasticity, and are condensed into dew. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc 11. 9 As the dews of night Descended. 1800 Wordsw. Pet-lamb 1 The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xvii, She walked out into the church¬ yard, brushing the dew from the long grass with her feet. 1848 Lytton Harold 1. i, Arch and blooming faces bowed down to bathe in the May dew. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 51 Moisture which is thus deposited upon any cold surface, without production of mist, is termed dew. 1887 Bowen Virg. Eclogue v. 77 While bee sucks from the thyme, and cicalas drink of the dew.

eyes;

tears.

1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv. iii. 29 The night of dew that on my cheekes downe flowes. 1612-5 Bp. Hall Contempt., O.T. xx. iii, These expostulations might have fetched some dewes of pitie from the eyes. 1649 Davenant Love & Honour in. Dram. Wks. 1873 III. 134 Sure I could weep, but that my eyes Have not enough of funeral dew to melt Away. 1662 Cokaine Ovid iv. vii, Shed no more tears! You have .. Spent too much of that precious dew. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xvi, Those poor eyes that stream’d with dew. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vii. 120 The dew Dwelt in her eyes, and softer all her shape And rounder seem’d.

c. Perspiration, sweat. 1674 S. Vincent Yng. Gallant's Acad. 33 Thou feelest the fat Dew of thy body.. run trickling down thy sides. 179s Southey Joan of Arc VIII. 211 The dews of death Stood on his livid cheek. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxvi, Cold on his brow breaks terror’s dew. 1859 Tennyson Enid 568 The dew of their great labour.. flowing, drained their force.

d. With qualifying words, as Bacchus’ dew, the juice of the grape, wine, or other fermented or distilled drink; mountain-derw, a fanciful term for whisky illicitly distilled on the mountains; derw of Glenlivat, Glenlivat whisky; f derw of vitriol {ros vitrioli). 1559 Mirr. Mag., Dk. Clarence iii, Sowst in Bacchus dewe. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey) Dew of Vitriol, a Name given by some Chymists to a kind of Phlegm or Water drawn from that Mineral Salt, by Distillation in Balneo Mari®, or with a gentle Heat. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 84 There remains a whitish-grey mass, which formerly was called Vitriol Calcined to Whiteness. If you distil it in a retort, and collect the product, you will have first, a water slightly acid, called Dew of Vitriol. 1822 Shelley Zucca ix, Full as a cup with the vine’s burning dew. 1826 P. P. in Hone Every-day Bk. II. 610 Whiskey, or mountain dew. 1836 E. Howard R. Reefer xxxv, Then came the whiskey—the real dew. 1840 Chamb. Jrnl. IX. 94 The discomfited gaugers fled .. leaving the victorious chief in undisturbed possession of the much coveted mountain-dew. 1884 Daily News 23 May 5/7 [They] cannot compete with the dew of Glenlivat.

4. Applied with qualification to surface deposits formed on plants, etc. (as by exudation, insects, parasitic vegetation), formerly imagined

to be in origin akin to dew: see honey-dew, mildew. 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 53 b, There is another kind of sweet dewes, that falleth in England, called the Meldewes, which is as sweet as honey.. There is also a bitter kind of dew, that falleth upon herbs, and lyeth on them like branne or meale. 1660 Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. Introd. 10 It will not be impossible to find honey or wholesome dewes upon all this variety of plants. 1821 T. Dwight Trav. II. 341 When it first exudes, it is very sweet to the taste; and has hence been commonly supposed to be the residuum of a particular kind of dew, called by the farmers honey-dew.

5. attrib. and Comb. (Especially frequent in poetical use.) a. attrib., ‘of dew,’ as dew-bead, -blob, -damp, -gem, -globe, -mist, -star, -water, -web] ‘characterized by’ or ‘characterizing dew’, as dew-locks, -prime, -silence, -wind. b. locative and originative, as dew-dance, -light. c. similative, ‘like’ or ‘as dew*, as dew-burning, -cold, dew-grey adjs. d. objective and obj. genitive, as dLew-brusher, -dropping adj. e. instrumental, as dew-bedabbled, -bedianumded, -bespangled, -besprent, -bright, -clad, -dabbled, -damp, -drenched, -gemmed, -laden, -pearled, -soaked, -sprent, -sprinkled, -wet adjs. f. parasynthetic, as dew-lipped adj. 1832 Motherwell Poet. Wks. (1847) 85 In every ’dewbead glistening sheen. 1868 Geo. Eliot Sp. Gipsy 1. (Cent. Diet.), The dew-bead, Gem of earth and sky begotten. 1887 Stevenson Underwoods, Every fairy wheel and thread Of cobweb *dew-bediamonded. e trewth fro pe falsned pat techeth for to know. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 1. viii. 34 The seconde science is logyke whiche is called dyaletyque. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 72 Dialectike or Logike, which is to learn the truth of al things by disputation. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, v. (1701) 174/2 Dialectick is the Art of Discourse, whereby we confirm or confute any thing by Questions and Answers of the Disputants. 1865 Grote Plato I. ii. 96 Zeno stands announced as the inventor of dialectic.. the art of crossexamination and refutation. 1874 W. Wallace Logic of Hegel vi. 127 The Platonic philosophy first gave the free scientific, and thus at the same time the objective, form to Dialectic. 1882 Farrar Early Chr. II. 22 He has nothing of the Pauline method of dialectic. 1889 Courtney Mill 27 The Platonic ideal of Dialectic.. the giving and receiving of reasons.

b. Also in pi. form dialectics (cf. mathematics). 1641 Milton Animadv. i. (1851) 192 Bishop Downam in his Dialecticks will tell you [etc.]. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. III. Iii. 263 The human faculties are fortified by the art and practice of dialectics. 1796 Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 224 You will pardon my unskilrulness in dialectics. 1853 Marsden Early Purit. 336 The dialectics of those times afford no specimens of reasoning more acute than the examinations of the martyrs. 1873 Dixon Two Queens III. xiv. viii. 112 If Henry wearied of dialectics.

2. In modern Philosophy: Specifically applied by Kant to the criticism which shows the mutually contradictory character of the principles of science, when they are employed to determine objects beyond the limits of experience (i.e. the soul, the world, God); by Hegel (who denies that such contradictions are ultimately irreconcilable) the term is applied (a) to the process of thought by which such contradictions are seen to merge themselves in a higher truth that comprehends them; and (b) to the world-process, which, being in his view but the thought-process on its objective side, develops similarly by a continuous unification of opposites. 1798 Willich Elem. Critical Philos. 65, 3. Of the division of general Logic, into Analysis and Dialectic. 4. Of the division of transcendental Logic, into transcendental Analysis and Dialectic. 1819 J. Richardson tr. Kant's Logic 17 It would become a dialectic, a logic of appearance., which arises from a mere abuse of the analytic. 1838 [F. Haywood] tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 267 There is therefore a natural and unavoidable dialectick of pure reason .. which irresistibly adheres to human reason, and even when we have discovered its delusion, still will not cease to play tricks upon reason, and to push it continually into momentary errors. 1856 Ferrier Inst. Metaph. iv. xvi. 134 This reduction.. could not have been effected upon any principle of psychological strategy. It is a manoeuvre competent only to the dialectic of necessary truth. 1874 W. Wallace Logic of Hegel i. 14 That dialectic is the very nature of thought.. forms one of the main lessons of logic. Ibid. vi. 126 By Dialectic is meant an indwelling tendency outwards and beyond.. Dialectic is.. the life and soul of scientific progress, the dynamic which alone gives an immanent connexion and necessity to the subject-matter of Science. 1880 J. Caird Philos. Relig. viii. 229 An idea which expresses the inner dialectic, the movement or process towards unity, which exists in and constitutes the being of the objects themselves. 1888 Watson Philos. Kant 137 Transcendental Dialectic must, .be satisfied with bringing to light the illusion in transcendent judgments, and guarding us against its deceptive influence.

b. In more general use, the existence or working of opposing forces, tendencies, etc. Also in pi. form (const, sing. vb.). 1925 tr. Bukharin's Historical Materialism iii. 75 For Marx, dialectics means evolution by means of contradictions. 1939 Nature 21 Jan. 97/1 He [sc. J. B. S. Haldane] does not succeed in dispelling the fog that surrounds the uses of the term ‘dialectic’. The mildest use seems only to imply that in any complex system of things, people, or thoughts, opposing forces or tendencies are at work, so that processes are likely to oscillate first one way then another between extremes. 1953 Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Dec., ‘Dialectics’, that magic word which nowadays too often gives an aura of perfection to the most outrageous obscurities and rhapsodizings.. and not only among Marxists. 1965 Listener 25 Nov. 837/2 Schofield presents only one half of the dialectic and virtually ignores the other half, namely the counter-pressures which parents, and adult

DIALECTIC society in general, must bring to bear on rebellious youth. 1967 Ibid. 3 Aug. 140/3 Attempts to formulate the rules of dialectics usually result in arid scholasticism. Dialectics is indeed the grammar of Marxist thinking. Ibid. 14 Sept. 321 He [sc. J. K. Galbraith] suggested that for every apparently dominant force in modern capitalism, an equal and opposite force existed or could be conjured up: big trade unions to oppose monopolies, the state to oppose both, and so on, in an endless dialectic.

dialectic (daia'lektik), a. and sb.2 [ad. L. dialectic-us, a. Gr. SioXcktikos of or pertaining to discourse or discussion, f. SidXeKTog: see dialect. Cf. mod.F. dialectique.] A. adj. 1. a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of logical disputation; argumentative, logical. 1650 B. Discolliminium 35 If I should read this Dialectique straine to my Mare. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles 1. 1. ii. 14 Their several Modes of Philosophizing, both Symbolic, and Dialectic. 1843 Gladstone Glean. V. lxxix. 68 A more artful and constant resort to dialectic subtleties. 1846 tr. F. Von SchlegeVs Philos. Hist. 89 This question cannot be settled .. by mere dialectic strife.

b. In Marxist theory used specifically relation to materialism. Cf. next.

in

1892 E. Aveling tr. Engels's Socialism Utopian & Scientific 39 Modem materialism is essentially dialectic. 1926 M. Eastman Marx, Lenin & Sci. of Revolution 1. ii. 24 That is the philosophy of ‘dialectic materialism’, the intellectual background of scientific socialism, and.. the official state philosophy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1952 W. J. H. Sprott Social Psychol, x. 208 Marxists .. have always accepted the reaction of ideas on .. economic processes. This is, indeed, a field of ‘dialectic’ operation. 1961 P. Ustinov Loser viii. 138 Those impregnated with the spirit of dialectic materialism.

2. Addicted disputation.

DIALLER

600

to

or

practising

logical

1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. 11. v. (1858) 87 Of which dialectic marauder.. the discomfiture was visibly felt as a benefit. 1838 Thirlwall Greece II. xii. 138 A metrical vehicle did not so well suit Zeno’s dialectic genius. 1844 Ibid. VIII. 95 Engaged in a learned conversation with the dialectic philosopher Aristoteles. 3. [f. dialect + -ic.] Belonging to or of the

nature of a dialect; = dialectal. 1813 W. Taylor Eng. Synonyms (1856) 51 Is it [prodezza] a mere dialectic variation of prudenza? 1828 Whately Rhet. in Encycl. Metrop. 303/1 An indistinct, hesitating, dialectic, or otherwise faulty, delivery. 1850 H. Torrens in Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 13 Another alphabet, dialectic of the Hebrew. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. II. iv. i. 185 The close dialectic affinities between Celtic Scotland and Ireland.

B. sb.2 [The adj. used absolutely.] A dialectic philosopher, one who pursues the dialectic method; a critical inquirer after truth; a logical disputant. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon's Adv. Learn. Pref. 25 As for Induction, the Dialectiques seem scarce ever to have taken it into any serious consideration. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles in. 91 Thou callest a Dialectic one who considers the reason of every Being: for he that accurately discerneth things is a Dialectic. 1801 Moore Nature's Labels 20 As learned dialectics say, The argument most apt and ample For common use, is the example.

dialectical, a. (sb.) [f. as prec. + -al1.] A. adj. 1. a. = dialectic a. i. 1548 Gest Pr. Masse 116 Theyr argumentation is nothing dialectical. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, v. (1701) 164 Speech .. Dialectical, used by such as discourse in short questions and answers. 1657 North's Plutarch Add. Lives (1676) 39 Instructed in the Rhetorical, Dialectical, and Astrological Arts. 1850 Grote Greece 11. lxvii. VIII. 460 Dialectical skill in no small degree is indispensable. 1876 A. M. Fairbairn in Contemp. Rev. June 132 The dialectical pot in which ecclesiastical dogma had been cooked.

b. Belonging to, or of the nature of, dialectic in its later philosophical developments of meaning, spec, dialectical materialism, the theory propagated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels according to which political events or social phenomena are to be interpreted as a conflict of social forces (the ‘class struggle’) produced by the operation of economic causes, and history is to be interpreted as a series of contradictions and their solutions (the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis of Hegelian philosophy). So dialectical materialist. See dialectic sb.1 2. 1788 Reid Aristotle's Log. v. §1. 106 When the premises are not certain but probable only, such syllogisms are called dialectical. 1838 [F. Haywood] tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 64 Universal Logic, considered as Organon, is always a Logic of Appearance, that is, is dialectical. 1874 W. Wallace Logic Hegel vi. 128 The physical elements prove to be Dialectical. The process of meteorological action is the appearance of their Dialectic. 1877 E. Caird Philos. Kant 11. xviii. 633 The Cosmological argument is a nest of dialectical assumptions. 1888 Watson Philos. Kant 289 Pure reason is always dialectical. [1891-92 G. Plechanow in Neue Zeit X. 1. 278 Die dialektische Methode—das war das wichtigste wissenschaftliche Vermachtniss, das der deutsche Idealismus seinem Erben, dem modernen Materialismus, hinterlassen hat... Der moderne dialektische Materialismus weiss.. besser als der Idealismus, dass die Menschen ihre Geschichte unbewusst machen.] 1927 D. Kvitko tr. Lenin's Materialism ii. 107 As far as dialectical materialism is concerned there does not exist a fixed immutable boundary between relative and absolute truth. 1934 Discovery Feb. 31/2 This conversion of the quantitative into the qualitative.. is stressed by dialectical materialists today. 1934 V. Adoratsky (title) Dialectical

materialism. The theoretical foundation of MarxismLeninism. 1936 M. Plowman Faith called Pacifism 26 They pride themselves on being dialectical materialists, unencumbered by any ethical humbug. 1939 G. Orwell’ Coming up for Air in. i. 185 A lot of stuff that nobody else understood, such as dialectical materialism and the destiny of the proletariat and what Lenin said in 1918. 1963 V. Nabokov Gift iv. 237 Such methods of knowledge as dialectical materialism curiously resemble the unscrupulous advertisements for patent medicines, which cure all illnesses at once. 2. = DIALECTIC a. 2. 1876 C. M. Davies Unorth. Lond. 356, I entertained pleasant recollections from certain experiences at the Dialectical Society. 3. = DIALECTAL. 1750 Hodges Job Prel. Disc. (T.) At that time the Hebrew and Arabick language was the same, with a small dialectical variation only. 1847 Halliwell Diet. Pref. (1878) 7 Separating mere dialectical forms. 1861 Max Muller Sc. Lang. v. 199 A language, not yet Sanskrit or Greek or German, but containing the dialectical germs of all. B. sb. = DIALECTIC sb.1 I. a 1529 Skelton Replyc. 96 In your dialecticall And principles sillogisticall If ye to remembrance call.

dialectically, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] 1. By means of dialectic; in dialectic fashion; argumentatively, logically. a 1665 J. Goodwin Filled w. the Spirit (1867) 458 You may argue .. dialectically or with probability. 1692 South Serm. (1718) IV. 51 He discoursed, or reasoned dialectically. 1847 Grote Greece 1. xxxvii. (1862) III. 331 Discussed dialectically, or by reasonings expressed in general language. 1878 Huxley in N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 48 The most reverend prelate might dialectically hew M. Comte in pieces. 2. As regards dialect; = dialectally. 1868 G. Stephens Runic Mon. I. 86 A rune may dialectically.. vary in power, according to locality. 1884 R. S. Poole in Encycl. Brit. XVII. 641/1 Two coins, differing dialectically in their inscriptions, were found in the Tigris.

dialectician (.daislek'tifsn). [a. F. dialecticien (Rabelais, 16th c.), f. L. dialectic-us dialectic a.: see -ician.] 1. One who is skilled in dialectic; a master of argument or disputation; a logician. a 1693 Urquhart Rabelais in. xix. 155 According to the Dialecticians, a 1751 Bolingbroke Author, in Relig. xli. (R.), An art that., might help the subtile dialectician to oppose even the man he could not refute. 1791 S. Parr Seq. to Print. Paper (R.), The great poetical dialectician [Dryden]. 1827 Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. iv. 218 The terseness or lucidity which long habits of literary warfare.. have given to some expert dialecticians. 1851 Longf. Gold. Leg. vi. 73 For none but a clever dialectician Can hope to become a great physician, a 1862 Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. v. 287 They were acute dialecticians, and rarely blundered in what is termed the formal part of logic.

2. A professed student of dialects. 1848 Clough Bothie, Lindsay the ready of speech, the Piper, the Dialectician.. Who in three weeks had created a dialect new for the party. 1882 Miss Powley in Trans. Cumbld. & Westmla. Antiq. Soc. VI. 272 However well established [his] opinion among dialecticians may be.

dialecticism (dai3'lektisiz(3)m). [f. dialectic + -ism.] 1. The characteristic tendency or influence of dialect. 1888 Academy 14 Jan. 27 Dialecticism, phoneticism, ellipsis.

2. Philos. Dialectical philosophy or practice. 1901 Pop. Sci. Monthly Jan. 298 A man., may be determined to do nothing not pronounced reasonable, either by his own cogitations (rationalism), or by public discussion (dialecticism), or by crucial experiment. 1936 H. Read Surrealism 81 Blake labours in hope that Enthusiasm and Life may not cease. In the whole of his writings I feel the presence of an instinctive dialecticism. 1948 Theology LI. 30 A world in which dialecticism and existentialism are the desperate and tortured answers that faith must grasp at.

dialectics, sb. pi.: see dialectic sb. i b. 'dialec.tize, v. rare. [f. dialect + -ize.] trans. To make into a dialect, or make dialectal. 1883 G. Stephens 5. Bugge's Stud. N. Mythol. 23 It has even had time to become dialectized.

dialectology (daialek'tobdp). [f. Gr. 8iaAckto-s dialect -1- -LOGY.] The study of dialects; that

branch of philology which treats of dialects. 1879 President's Addr. Philol. Soc. 32 Materials for the dialectology of a single province. 1888 Sweet Eng. Sounds Pref. 12 The obscure and tortuous paths of Old English dialectology.

Hence dialec'tologer, dialec'tologist, one versed in dialectology; dialecto'logical a., pertaining to dialectology. 1879 President's Addr. Philol. Soc. 32 A dialectological introduction. 1881 Athenseum 23 Apr. 554/3 The county [Cornwall] presents to the dialectologer two varieties of an English dialect. 1883 A. M. Elliott in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. IV. 490 The dialectologist must be fastidious indeed who would not be satisfied with this extraordinary mass of material.

'dialector. rare—0, [f. dialect + -or.] 1847 Craig, Dialector, one learned in dialects. Hence in mod. Diets.

dia'lectual, a. rare, [irreg. f. dialect; cf. effect, effectual.] = dialectal. 1854 R. G. Latham Native Races Russian Emp. 256 Dialectual varieties increase as we go westwards. 1856

Kitto & Alexander Cycl. Bibl. Lit. (1863) 188/2 Dialectual varieties of pronunciation.

dialer, dialing: see dialler, dialling. dialetike, -yk, obs. forms of dialectic. dialist (’daialist). [f. dial sb.1 + -ist.] A maker of dials; one skilled in dialling. 1652 T. Stirrup (title), Horometria; or the Complete Diallist. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 346 Helps to a young Dyalist for his more orderly and quick making of Dyals. 1776 G. Campbell Philos. Rhet. (1801) I. Introd., The architect, the navigator, the dialist.

di-'alkalamide.

Chem.

See

di-2

and

ALKALAMIDE. 1866 E. Frankland Led. Notes Chem. Stud. 375 Secondary and tertiary monalkalamides, dialkalamides, and trialkalamides, are known.

II diallage1 (dai'sbd3i:). Rhet. [mod.L. diallage, a. Gr. StaXXayrj interchange, f. 81a.XXa.y- aorist stem of SiaAAdaauv to interchange, f. bid through, across + aXXaaaeiv to change, make other than it is, f. aAAos- other.] A figure of speech by which arguments, after having been considered from various points of view, are all brought to bear upon one point. 1706 in Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1831 Crayons from Commons 44 And when a whole diallage was rear’d, Chagrined he found that no one member cheer’d.

diallage2 ('daisbdj). Min. [a. F. diallage, f. Gr. SiaXXayfi (see prec.), named by Haiiy 1801, from its dissimilar cleavages.] A grass-green variety of pyroxene, of lamellar or foliated structure: formerly applied more widely to similar minerals, such as hypersthene, bronzite, etc. 1805 R. Jameson Char. Min. II. 605 Smaragdite, Saussure.. Diallage, Hauy. 1811 Pinkerton Petral. I. 353 Metallic diallage, from Saxony. 1865 L’Estrange Yachting round W. Eng. 222 Some Serpentine is permeated by veins of golden diallage. 1879 Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 121 Some of the so-called diallages belong rather to enstatite than to pyroxene, since the crystallisation is rhombic. attrib. 1843 Portlock Geol. 211 Hypersthene. . passes into a greyish-green diallage, and, with a greenish felspar, forms the very beautiful diallage rock of those localities [Athenry]. 1855 J. D. Forbes Tour Mt. Blanc xi. 237 The boulders here seemed to be gabbro or diallage rock.

Hence diallagic (daia'laedipk), a. diallagique], diallagoid (dai'aebgoid), containing or resembling diallage.

[F. a.,

1847 Craig, Diallagic. 1879 Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 125 The diallagic augite sections are broad. Ibid. x. 132 The diallagoid augite of Boricky.

dialled ('daiald), ppl. a. [f. DiALrfc.1 orti. + -ed.] Measured or marked by a dial. 1817 T. L. Peacock Melincourt III. 50 The careless hours .. Still trace upon the dialled brass The shade of their unvarying way. 1891 W. Tuckwell Tongues in Trees 145 Six hours to toil, the rest to leisure give, In them—so say the dialled hours—live.

f'diallel. Obs.—°. [ad. Gr. SidAArjAos through one another.] (See quot.) 1656 Blount Glossogr. s.v., As parallels are lines running one by the other without meeting: so Diallels are lines which run one through the other, that is, do cross, intersecate, or cut. [Hence in Bailey, Ash, etc.].

Ildiallelon (dabliibun). Logic. [mod.L. f. Gr. 81’ dAAijAojv through or by means of one another: see prec.] Definition in a circle, i.e. definition by means of a term which is itself defined by the defined word. 1&37-8 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xxiv. (i860) II. 17 The ancients called the circular definition by the name of Diallelon, as in this case we declare the definitum and the definiens reciprocally by each other (Si’ ijAuiv).

diallelus (daia'liibs). Logic. [mod.L. f. Gr. (rpoiros) SiaAAijAo? reasoning in a circle: see prec. (In mod.F. diallele.)] Reasoning in a circle; i.e. endeavouring to establish a conclusion by means of a proposition which is itself dependent on the said conclusion. 1837-8 Sir W. Hamilton Logic xxvi. (i860) II. 51 The proposition whjch we propose to prove must not be used as a principle for its own probation. The violation of this rule is called the Orbis vel circulus in demonstrando,—diallelus.

Hence dia'llelous a., involving reasoning or defining in a circle. In mod. Diets.

dialler, dialer ('dai3b(r)). [f. dialj^i.1 + -er1.] 1. One who makes a survey of mines by the aid of a ‘dial’ or compass. 1747 Hooson Miner’s Did. Riij, This Roofing..if done by a skillful Dialer, and by a Dial that he is acquainted with .. is certain enough. 1778 W. Pryce Min. Cornub. 204 In the same manner the Dialler takes his second measurement.

2. A device for dialling telephone-numbers automatically. 1969 Daily Tel. 3 Feb. 4/5 The first batch of ‘card diallers’ — numbers prestored on cards which automatically dial a number when ‘punched’—is also due for field trials shortly. Ibid., The automatic diallers are expected to benefit businesses mainly with a large volume of regular calls. 1971 Set. Amer. June 90/3 As a prototype for a bubble massmemory we have designed and built a ‘telephone repertory

DIAL-LESS

601

dialer’, a device for storing 50 to 100 frequently called telephone numbers.

dial-less, dial-like: see dial sb.1 8 b. dialling, dialing ('daislirj), vbl. sb. [f. dial sb.1 and v. + -ing1.] 1. a. The art of constructing dials, fb. The measurement of time by a dial (obs.). 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 37 Horometrie.. in Englishe, may be termed Dialling. 1593 Fale (title), The Art of Dialling; teaching an easie and perfect way to make all kinde of Dialls vpon any plaine platte, howsoeuer placed. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 307 These Rules of adjusting the Motion of the Shadow to the Motion of the Sun, may be called Scientifick Dyalling. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Dialling, the art of drawing sun, moon, and star-dials, on any given plane, or on the surface of any given body. 1837 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) I. 122 Another result of the doctrine of the sphere was Gnomonick or Dialling.

2. a. The use of a ‘dial’ underground surveying.

or compass

in

1670 Sir J. Pettus Fodince Regalis 2 He is directed toward the Shaft by a Needle touch’d with a Loadstone, the using whereof is called Dialling. 1778 W. Pryce Min. Cornub. 202 Dialling is requisite in almost every shaft. b. The act or process of dial v. 4. I931 Punch 27 May 564/1 Those who think they can understand dialling but can’t. 1965 C. Fremlin Jealous One xxi. 169 After four or five minutes of fruitless dialling .. she allowed herself to admit that there were no taxis available.

f3. concr. rare.

Apparatus of the nature of dials.

1756 Nugent Gr. Tour I. 258 A handsome garden, in which there is a variety of dialling.

4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 2 b) dialling apparatus, code; dialling-globe (see quot.); dialling-scale, graduated lines on rulers, the edge of quadrants, etc., to facilitate the construction of dials; dialling-sphere, a variety of dialling-globe; dialling tone, the sound produced by a telephone where automatic exchanges are in operation, indicating that the line is in order and the caller can start dialling. 1933 Discovery Apr. 132/1 Mechanical equipment is required to pilot the call through each successive stage from the ‘dialling apparatus to the final selector. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio x. 176 Dialling is rather more of a performance than being on the receiving end of a phone call, simply because most ‘dialling codes are much too long. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), * Dialling-Globe, an Instrument made of Brass or Wood, with a Plane fitted to the Horizon, and an Index particularly contrived to draw all sorts of Dials, and to give a clear demonstration of that Art. 1767 Phil. Trans. LVII. 389 A new Method of constructing SunDials .. without the Assistance of ‘Dialing Scales. 1666 Collins in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 462 A ‘dialling scheme of Mr. Foster’s. 1922 Telegr. & Teleph. Jrnl. VIII. No. 84, 82/1 As soon as a connexion has been made with an idle final selector, a ‘‘Dialling tone’ is transmitted to the subscriber. 1927 Daily Express 28 Oct. 3/1 The dialling tone is heard as soon as you place the receiver to your ear—if your line is in order. 1966 A. Prior Operators v. 47 ‘Hello, hello!’ But there was just the dialling tone.

diallogite: see dialogite. di-'allyl. Chem. [di-2.] A. sb. The organic radical allyl in the free state, C6 H10 = C3H5C3H5: see allyl. B. attrib. and Comb. Containing two equivalents of allyl. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 389. 1880 E. Cleminshaw tr. Wurtz’ Atomic Th. 265 Free allyl or daillyl, has doubled its molecule.

dialogic (dais'lDd^k), a. [ad. med.L. dialogicus, a. Gr. SiaXoyinos, f. SiaAoyos dialogue: see -1C. In mod.F. dialogique (18th c.).] Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dialogue; sharing in dialogue. 1833 Thirlwall in Philol. Mus. II. 560 The dialogic form had not then become so indispensable with Plato. 1850 Blackie JEschylus I Pref. 44 The iambic or dialogic part of ancient tragedy. 1886 Harper's Mag. Sept. 642 Several dialogic personages.

dialogical (dais'lndjikal), a. [f. as prec. + -al1.] = prec. 1601 Deacon & Walker (title), Dialogicall Discourses of Spirits and Divels. 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 11. ii. in. (1651) 258 That dialogicall disputation with Zacharias the Christian. 1880 E. Oppert Forbid. L. Pref. 9 For the sake of a more vivid description, especially in the dialogical parts.

Hence dia'logically, adv. 1766 Goldsm. Vic. W. vii, If you are for a cool argument . .are you for managing it analogically or dialogically?

dialogism

(dai'tebd3iz(3)m). [ad. L. dialogismus the rhetorical figure (see sense 1), a. Gr. SiaXoyiaixos balancing of accounts, reasoning, conversation, debate, f. 8ia\oyl£eo8at to dialogize: see -ism. In F. dialogisme (1557 in Hatz.-Darm.).] 1. Rhet. The discussion of a subject under the form of a dialogue, to the personages of which the author imputes ideas and sentiments. 1580 Fulke Retentive 306 (T.) His foolish dialogism is a fighting with his own shadow. [1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie hi. xix. (Arb.) 243 This manner of speech is by the figure Dialogismus, or the right reasoner.] 1609 R. Bernard Faithfull Shepheard 67 Dialogisme .. is, when a question is made, and forthwith readily answered, as if two were talking together. 1659 D. Stokes Twelve Minor Proph. Pref. (L.),

DIALOGUE

Enlarging what they would say.. by their dialogisms and colloquies.

2. A conversational phrase or speech; a dialogue, spoken or written. 1623 Cockeram Eng. Diet. 11, A Talking together.. Dialogisme. 1647 Trapp Comm. Matt. xxv. 37-9 Not that there shall be then any such dialogism (say divines) at the last day. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 74 Such Dialogisms as these past betwixt them. 1822 Blackw. Mag. XI. 444 Byron will never write a tragedy, though he sent ten dialogisms to the Albemarle-street Press. 3. Logic. A term introduced for a form of argument having a single premiss and a disjunctive conclusion. The kind of argument is as follows: ‘A B is an unimaginative man; therefore either he is not a true poet, or true poets may be men without imagination.’ The name implies a parallelism to the syllogism. 1880 C. S. Peirce Algebra of Logic in Amer. Jrnl. Math. III. 20 In this way any argument may be resolved into arguments, each of which has one premiss an two alternative conclusions. Such an argument, when completed, may be called a Dialogism.

dialogist (dai'aelad3ist). [ad. L. dialogista, ad. Gr. StaXoyiOTTis, f. SiaXoyos; see dialogue and -ist: in F. dialogiste (17th c.). See also dialoguist.] 1. One who takes part in a dialogue; one of the personages in an imaginary dialogue. a 1677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1686 II. 114 The like doth Cicero [assert] .. in the person of his Dialogists. 1761 Sterne Tr. Shandy III. xxxvii, The dialogist affirmeth, That a long nose is not without its domestic conveniences also. 1847 De Quincey Milton v. Southey Wks. XII. 176 The two dialogists are introduced walking out after breakfast.

2. A writer of dialogues. a 1660 Hammond Wks. II. 232 (R.) If we will believe the dialogist’s reasonings. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. v. ii. 292 The Characters, or Personages, employ’d by our new orthodox Dialogists. 1839 Maginn in Fraser's Mag. XX. 271 The doctor had never read the Greek dialogist.

dialogistic (daistau'd^stik), a. [ad. Gr. SiaAoyiCTTiKo? of or for discourse: see prec. and -ic.] Having the nature or form of dialogue; taking part in dialogue; argumentative. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. in. 92 In their disputes or Dialogistic ratiocinations. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Know! II. 1390 The form of the book [Malachi] is dialogistic.—an assertion of the prophet followed by an excuse of the people, which in turn is refuted.

dialo'gistical, a. [f. prec. + -al1.] = prec. 1715 M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 185 Two dialogistical conjurers, with their dramatick enchantments, change the scene.

dialo'gistically, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In dialogistic fashion; in manner of a dialogue. 01654 J- Richardson On Old Test. 449 (T.) In his prophecy he [Malachi] proceeds most dialogistically.

dialogite (dai'aebd3ait). Min. Erron. diall-. [Named by Jasche about 1817 from Gr. 8iaAoyfj ‘doubt, selection’: see -ite.] A rose-red carbonate of manganese; a synonym of rhodochrosite. 1826 Emmons

Min. 215 Dialogite.

1835 Shepard

Min.

134 Diallogite.

dialogize (dai'aebd3aiz), v. See also dialoguize. [mod. ad. Gr. SiaXoyi&oOaL to converse, debate, f. SidXoyos dialogue; in F. dialogiser, 16-17th c.: see -ize.] intr. To converse, discuss, or carry on a dialogue {with). Hence di'alogizing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. & Walker Spirits & Divels To Rdr. 12 This dialogizing manner of dealing. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 402 Plato.. brings in Socrates dialogising with young Alcibiades. 1689 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 254 He did not think it was their work to dialogize with any man without dores. 1854 Lowell Lett. (1894) I. 211 In them also there are dialogizing and monologizing thoughts, but not flesh and blood enough. 1601 Deacon

dialogous (dai'aebgss), a. rare. [f. L. dialog-us, Gr. SiaXoy-o; dialogue 4 -ous.] Of or belonging to dialogue; in quot. = dialogue-writing. 1737 Fielding Hist. Reg. Ded., The iniquitous surmises of a certain anonymous dialogous author.

dialogue ('daialDg), sb. Forms: 3-7 dialoge, (4 dialoke, -logg, -log), 5-6 dyalogue, 6- dialogue, [a. F. dialoge (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), mod.F. dialogue, ad.L. dialogus, Gr. SiaXoyos conversation, dialogue, f. 8iaAeyeodai to speak alternately, converse: see dialect.] 1. a. A conversation carried on between two or more persons; a colloquy, talk together. (The tendency is to confine it to two persons, perhaps through associating dia- with di-: cf. monologue.) 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 109 To make with the a dialogge, I holde it bot wast. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 289 A dyalogue, that is to saye a comynycacyon betwyxt.. Martha, and our sauyour Jhesu. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado in. i. 31 Feare you not my part of the Dialogue. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones VI. xvi. ii, A short dialogue.. then passed between them. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. 1. ix, Bella had closely attended to this short dialogue.

b. (without/)/.) Verbal interchange of thought between two or more persons, conversation.

CI532 Dewes Introd. Fr. (in Palsgr. 1052) By way of dyalogue betwene the lady Mary & her servant Gyles. 1595 Shaks. John 1. i. 210 In Dialogue of Complement. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxv. 133 To enter into Dispute, and Dialogue with him. 1725 Pope Odyss. xv. 532 So passed in pleasing dialogue away The night. 1859 Geo. Eliot A. Bede 87 That is the great advantage of dialogue on horse-back; it can be merged any minute into a trot or canter.

c. In Politics, discussion or diplomatic contact between the representatives of two nations, groups, or the like; hence gen., valuable or constructive discussion or communication. 1953 Times 13 May, M. Mayer went on to speak of the ‘dialogue’ which was tending to establish itself between east and west. 1961 L. Mumford City in History vi. 181 He would have turned the urban dialogue into the sterile monologue of totalitarian power. 1962 Listener 29 Nov. 896/2 The Hungarian Communist party congress was another sounding-board for the increasingly acrimonious but still largely oblique dialogue between Peking and Moscow. 1963 Ibid. 31 Jan. 191/2 The essential working basis within the Community is provided by the ‘dialogue’ between the Commission and the Ministers. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. I. iv. 264 We would expect a continuing dialogue between the Hebdomadal Council and the Council of the Colleges on the working of Oxford’s part in the Universities Central Council on Admissions. 1970 Guardian 25 Sept. 3/2 The new society, based on dialogue between all sections of society. 1971 Times 27 Feb. 13/5 May I comment on Professor Rahner’s plea.. for a strengthening of dialogue between religious believers and non-believers? d. dialogue of the deaf [tr. F. dialogue de sourds], a discussion, meeting, etc., in which

neither side understands or makes allowance for the point of view of the other. 1970 New Yorker 17 Oct. 171/1 This lack of understanding.. has made the Paris talks a dialogue of the deaf for many months. 1974 Times 15 Feb. 14 Better communication is no panacea for every industrial dispute... But English reserve does seem to lead, all too often, to a muted dialogue of the deaf. 1979 H. Kissinger White House Years xxi. 880 The Nixon-Gandhi conversation thus turned into a classic dialogue of the deaf. 1980 Ghanaian Times 23 Jan. 4 The PFP are conducting a dialogue of the deaf among themselves. 1985 Financial Times 10 July 4/1 The talks were little more than a dialogue of the deaf and broke down essentially over the vexed issue of sovereignty over the islands.

2. a. A literary work in the form of a conversation between two or more persons. a 1225 Ancr. R. 76 Jns beo8 sein Gregories wordes, in his dialoge. C1325 E.E. Allit. P. B. 1157 Danyel in his dialokez devysed sum tyme. 1493 Dives & Paup., Here endith a.. dyalogue of Diues & pauper, a 1531 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 35 A Dyalog betwixt the gentylman and the plowman. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. ii. 895 Wil you heare the Dialogue that the two Learned men haue compiled, in praise of the Owle and the Cuckow? 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 156 |f 7 Tragedy was a Monody.. improved afterwards into a dialogue by the addition of another speaker. 1838 Thirlwall Greece IV. 275 Plato, in one of his dialogues, introduces Anytus as vehemently offended with Socrates. 1882 Temperance Mirr. Mar. 63 Uncle Job’s Theory, A Dialogue [between 5 persons].

b. (without pi.) Literary composition of this nature; the conversation written for and spoken by actors on the stage; hence, in recent use, style of dramatic conversation or writing. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xi. (Arb.) 41 Others who .. by maner of Dialogue, vttered the priuate and familiar talke of.. shepheards, heywards and such like. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, v. (1701) 174/2 The Writings of Plato are by way of Dialogue. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Smith Wks. II. 468 The diction.. is too luxuriant and splendid for dialogue. 1829 Lytton Disowned 98 Your book is very clever, but it wants dialogue. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. I. 283 The plots are generally interesting; the dialogue lively. 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. II. 531/1 [In Opera comique] the denouement is happy, and the Dialogue spoken.

f 3. Such a composition set to music for two or more voices. Obs. 1653 J. Playford (title), Select Musical Ayres and Dialogues. 1657 J. Gamble (title), Ayres and Dialogues to be sung to the Theorbo-Lute or Bass Viol. 1659-(title) (in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 580) Ayres and Dialogues for One, Two, and Three Voices.

4. attrib. and Comb., as dialogue-author, -novel, -piece, -writer; dialogue-wise adv., in the form of a dialogue. 1561 Veron (title). The Hvntynge of Purgatorye to Death, made Dialogewyse. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 19* Explained Dialogue wise, betwixt the Authour and a Military Surgeon. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. 317 The form or manner of our dialogue-author. 1732 Fielding Covent Gard. Trag. Prolegom., A Tragedy is a thing of five acts, written dialoguewise. 1768 Foote Devil on 2 Sticks ill. Wks. 1799 II. 280 A kind of circulating library, for the vending of dialogue novels. 1783 Hist. Miss Baltimores I. 211, I will write it dialogue fashion. 1861 J. M. Neale in Lit. Churchman VII. 375/1 It is a poem written dialoguewise.

dialogue ('daislDg), v. [f. prec. sb.; cf. F. dialoguer (1717 in Hatz.-Darm).] Hence also 'dialogued ppl. a., 'dialoguing vbl. sb. 1. intr. To hold a dialogue or conversation. 1607 Shaks. Timon ii. ii. 52 Var. How dost Foole? Ape. Dost Dialogue with thy shadow? 1685 Trial of H. Cornish, etc., 28 You must not stand to Dialogue between one another. 1741 Richardson Pamela II. 45 Thus foolishly dialogued I with my Heart. 1817 Coleridge Biog. Lit. (1882) 286 Those puppet-heroines for whom the showman contrives to dialogue without any skill in ventriloquism. 1858 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. I. iv. v. 426 Much semi-articulate questioning and dialoguing with Dame de Roucoulles.

b. transf. andfig.

1628 Earle MicrocosmTobacco-seller (Arb.) 59 Where men dialogue with their noses, and their communication is smoak. 1892 Sat. Rev. 18 June 709/2 With oboe obbligato dialoguing now with sopranos, now with tenors. f2. trans. To converse with. Obs. 1699 F. Bugg Quakerism Exposed 9 To dialogue the Bishops, and call them Monsters. Ibid. 27 The Quakers dialogu’d the Bishops.

3. To express in the form of a dialogue; to furnish with dialogue. 1597 Shakes. Lover's Compl. 132 And dialogu’d for him what he would say. 1781 Mad. D’Arblay Diary May, Our conference grew very grave.. I have not time to dialogue it. 1885 Academy 16 May 356 A tale full of human interest, brightly dialogued. 1887 Contemp. Rev. May 717 The prodigious skill of his dialogued argumentation.

|| dialogue de sourds (dialog do sur). Also = dialogue of the deaf s.v. dialogue sb. 1 d.

erron. with des. [Fr.]

1963 Atlantic Monthly Sept. 55/1 The dialogue between Christians became increasingly the dialogue des sourds, the exchanges of men deaf to each other, drowning the voice of conciliation in cries and countercries of ‘Antichrist’ and in the clash of arms. 1966 Economist 24 Sept. 1237/3 The members present agreed with fine accord that the present dialogue de sourds between the poor, who parrot the need for aid, and the rich, who parrot the need for efficiency, is quite artificial.

dialoguer ('daralDga(r)). rare. [f. dialogue v. + -er1.] One who takes part in a dialogue; = dialogist 1. 1879 G. Meredith Egoist I. xvii. 314 A polished whisperer, a lively dialoguer, one for witty bouts.

dialoguist (’daialDgist).

[f. dialogue sb. -1ST.] A writer of dialogue; = dialogist 2.

+

1739 Eliz. Carter tr. Algarotti on Newton's Philos. (1742) II. 60 The Azolian Dialoguists. 1888 Pall Mall G. 3 July 11 /1 The whimisical dialoguist of the Happy Islands.

'dialO'guize,

? Obs. See dialogize. [f. as preCo + -ize.] intr. To take part in dialogue; to converse. Hence 'dialo.guizing vbl. sb. v.

1599 Broughton's Lett. xii. 42 Euripides and Menander, Socrates and Epicurus dialoguising and conferring together. 1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost, xxiii. 166 Upon questioning and Dialoguizing with the Devil. 01619 Fotherby Atheom. 1. xii. §3 (1622) 126 These interlocutorie and dialoguising dreames.

'dial-plate, [f. dial sb.1 + plate.] The face¬ plate of a dial; spec, (in Clock-making) the sheet of metal, glass, etc. on the face of which the hours, etc. are marked; = dial sb.1 4. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2603/4 A little Gold Watch with a white Enamell Dial-Plate, made in France. 1781 Cowper Conversation 380 The circle formed.. Like figures drawn upon a dial-plate. 1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 63 Niches .. in which different.. names might be slid .. in the same way as the ever-changing days of the month are slid into the dial-plates of our clocks. 1840 Carlyle Heroes iii. (1858) 263 His characters are like watches with dial-plates of transparent crystal. fig. 1829 Lytton Disowned 59 Every stroke upon the dialplate of wit was true to the genius of the hour. 1836 Emerson Nature, Lang. Wks. (Bohn) II. 153 The visible world .. is the dial plate of the invisible.

b. A graduated plate used with a lapidary’s dial. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts III. 42 A needle .. marks by its points the divisions on the dial-plate.

dial-up ('dai3lAp),.a. and sb. [f. dial v. + up adv.1: see dial v. 4 c and to ring up, ring v} 10 b.] A.adj. Pertaining to or designating a data transmission link that is part of a public telephone network, access to it being gained by dialling or keying manually or automatically. 1961 Proc. Eastern Joint Computer Conf. Dec. 214/1 More recent developments are magnetic tape-to-tape transmission over telephone lines, either private or dial-up. 1969 G. B. Davis Computer Data Processing xvi. 400 TELEX... A dial-up network for low-speed communications. 1972 AFIPS Conf. Proc. XL. 114/1 It is implemented on a DEC PDP9 computer.. and a dial-up 2000 bit/sec link to the local big machine. 1972 New Scientist 26 Oct. 218/1 The market for cheap desk-top ‘dial¬ up’ [facsimile] units for the executive will increase from today’s $17 million to $110 million by 1980. 1975 Rep. Computer Board Managem. (Univ. Coll., London) 2 Of the initial 32 lines, half are hardwired and the rest dial-up. 1979 J. E. Rowley Mechanised In-House Information Syst. 1. 63 The user may use private leased lines or rely on the public telephone network, using dial-up lines. 1984 Listener 20 Sept. 7/2 Access to that database was through a telephone dial-up system and was used by thousands of subscribers all over the United States. B. sb. The action of dialling up. 1978 W. S. Davis Information Processing Systems xvi. 351 Dial-up can get expensive if the call is long distance. 1979 Financial Times 17 Sept. 14/2 Information can be transmitted (via automatic dialup) by ordinary telephone lines.

dia'luric,

[f. di-2 + al(loxan) + uric.] In dialuric acid, C4N2H4O4, an acid obtained by hydrogenizing alloxan, which crystallizes in needles, and forms, with metals, salts called dia'lurates. Hence dia'luramide, the primary amide in which the replacing radical is that of dialuric acid. a.

DIALYTIC

602

DIALOGUE DE SOURDS

Chem.

1845 G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. I. 60 On treating alloxan with sulphuretted hydrogen, we obtain .. dialuric

acid. 1856 Watts tr. Gmelin's Chem. X. 158 Dialurate of Potash. Deposited on mixing a potash-salt with aqueous dialuric acid. 1868-77 Watts Diet. Chem. V. 958 Dialuric and uric acids may be regarded as tartron-ureide and tartron-diureide respectively.

dialy- (.daiali), ad. Gr. SiaXv-, stem (but not regular combining form) of SiaXv-eiv to part asunder, separate, used as the first element in many botanical terms, with the sense of ‘separated’, or ‘non-united’. Synonymous terms are usually found in apo- and poly-. Thus dialycarpel (-'karpal) [see carpel], ‘an ovary or fruit with ununited carpels’ Syd. Soc. Lex. dialycarpous (-'kaipas), a. [Gr. xapnos fruit], having the carpels distinct, dialypetalous (-’petatas) a., having the petals distinct, dialyphyllous (-'fibs) a. [Gr. vXXov a leaf], having the leaves distinct. So dialy'sepalous, dialy'staminous adjs., having the sepals, the stamens, distinct. 1849 Henfrey Rudim. Bot. (1858) 100 More correctly called dialypetalous, with the petals distinct. 1859 C. Dresser Rudim. Bot. 346 It is said to be apocarpous.. or dialycarpous. 1866 Treas. Bot., Dialyphyllous, the same as Polysepalous. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §5. 244 Dialy¬ petalous (used by Endlicher) has the same meaning, polypetalous. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dialyphyllous, having separate leaves. Ibid., Dialysepalous, having the sepals distinct; same as Polysepalous. Ibid., Dialystaminous, having separate, distinct stamens.

'dia,lysable, -zable, a. [f. dialyse v. + -able. So F. dialy sable.] Capable of separation by dialysis. In mod. Diets.

dialysate (dai'aelizat). Chem. [f. dialyse + -ate1.] That portion of a mixture that remains after dialysis. 1867 J. Attfield Chem. (1885) 811 The portion passing through the septum is termed the diffusate, the portion which does not pass through is termed the dialysate.

di'aly,sator. Chem. rare. [f. dialyse, with L. agent-suffix -ator.] = dialyser. 1891 Daily News 16 Jan. 2/3 It does not belong to the group of so-called toxalbumins, as it can withstand high temperatures, and in the dialysator passes quickly and easily through the membrane.

dialyse, -ze ('daialaiz), v. Chem. [f. dialy-sis, after analyse.] a. trans. To separate the crystalloid part of a mixture from the colloid, in the process of chemical dialysis. 1861 Graham in Phil. Trans. 186 The mixed fluid to be dialysed is poured into the hoop upon the surface of the parchment-paper. Ibid. 205 The solution is the more durable the longer it has been dialysed. 1885 A. W. Blyth in Leisure Hour Jan. 23/1 Salt dialysed through the walls into the distilled water. b. spec, in Med. To subject (blood) to dialysis

(see dialysis 5 b). 1914 Jrnl. Pharmacol. £f Exper. Therap. V. III. 277 An apparatus made of celloidin or other dialysing membrane. 1944 Acta Medica Scandinavica CXVII. 122 One might try to remove these substances from the blood by dialysis. For this purpose the blood must be dialysed .. through a system of tubes or membranes outside the body, and then brought back again into the patient’s body. 1963 Lancet 12 Jan. 82/2 The dialysing area of the particular haemodialyser employed is given, together with the urea clearance achieved by its use. Hence 'dialysed ppl. a., that has undergone

the process of dialysis; dialysed iron, a soluble ferric hydroxide, prepared by dialysis, used in medicine; 'dialysing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1867 [see dialytic i], 187s H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 96 Dialyzed Iron.. is a clear, neutral, nearly tasteless, dark-red liquid, prepared by dialyzing a solution of the chloride of iron. 1884 W. G. Stevenson in Pop. Sc. Monthly XXIV. 771 Membranes possessing dialyzing power.

dialyser, -zer ('dai3laiz3(r)). Chem. [f. dialyse + -er1.] a. An apparatus for effecting dialysis; a vessel formed of parchment or animal membrane floated on water into which the crystalloids pass through the membrane, leaving the colloids behind. 1861 Graham in Phil. Trans. 186 The vessel described (dialyser) is then floated in a basin containing a considerable quantity of water. 1861 N. & Q. 7 Dec., The Dialyser, invented by Thomas Graham, Esq., F.R.S., Master of the Mint, is an Apparatus for effecting Chemical Analysis by means of Liquid Diffusion. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. I. 316 A sheet of this parchment stretched on a hoop of thin wood or gutta percha forms a very convenient dialyser. 1864 H. Spencer Biol. I. 20 Combined substances between which the affinity is feeble, will separate on the dialyzer. b. spec, in Med. = haemodialyser. 1944 Acta Medica Scandinavica CXVII. 123 (heading) The artificial kidney: a dialyser with a great area. Ibid. 125 Blood may be let into or out of the patient and into or out of the dialyser. 1966 Dunlop & Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatment (ed. 10) 755 This device allows periodic access to blood vessels so that they may be connected to a suitable dialyser.

dialysis (dai'aelisis). PI. dialyses, [a. Gr. StdXvois separation, dissolution; f. SiaXvciv to part

asunder, f. Sia- through, asunder

-1-

Xveiv to

loose.] fl. Rhet. a. A statement of disjunctive propositions, b. = asyndeton. Obs. 1586 Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 98 Dialisis, a separation of one thing from another, both being absolved by a several! reason, in the nature of a Dilemma, as thus.. If you remember it, I have said enough, if not, my words will not provoke you. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie III. xix. (Arb.) 230 A maner of speach [Dialisis, or the Dismembrer] not so figuratiue as fit for argumentation, and worketh not vnlike the dilemma of the Logicians. 1823 Crabb Technol. Diet., Dialysis, (Rhet.).. i.e. asyndeton, a figure of speech in which several words are put together without being connected together by a conjunction, as veni, vidi, vici. f2. Gram. = dderesis i. Obs. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Dialysis, in grammar, a character, consisting of two points placed over two vowels of a word, which would otherwise make a diphthong; but are hereby parted into two syllables. As in Mosaic. 1818 E. V. Blomfield tr. Matthias's Gram. (1829) p. xlviii, 'EeXnero is not a dialysis of yX-rrero but comes from ceAirogai.

|3. Med. Dissolution of strength. Obs. 1823 Crabb Technol. Diet., Dialysis, a dissolution of the strength, or a weakness of the limbs. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dialysis, an old term for weakness of the muscles of the limbs.

4. Path. Solution of continuity. 1811 Hooper Diet., destruction of parts.

Dialysis, a solution of continuity, or a

5. a. Chem. A name given by Graham to a process of separating the soluble crystalloid substances in a mixture from the colloid by filtration through a parchment membrane floating in water. In wider use: any process in which particles of different kinds are selectively removed from a liquid as a consequence of differences in their capacity to pass through a membrane into another liquid. 1861 Graham in Phil. Trans. 186 It may perhaps be allowed me to apply the convenient term dialysis to the method of separating by diffusion through a septum of gelatinous matter. 1864 Reader 22 Oct. 516 {heading). On the Detection of Poisons by Dialysis. 1878 Foster Phys. 11. i. 194 By dialysis it may be still further purified. 1950 Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. V. 15 The most important field for dialysis today is the recovery of caustic soda from industrial wastes and the refining of crude caustic. comb. 1869 E.A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 197 Place the filtered brine in a bladder or vessel of the prepared dialysis-parchment.

b. spec, in Med. The process of allowing blood to flow past a suitable membrane on the other side of which is another liquid, so that certain dissolved substances in the blood may pass through the membrane and the blood itself be purified or cleansed in cases of renal failure, poisoning, etc.; the dialysis may take place outside the body in an artificial kidney or inside it using a natural membrane such as the peritoneum. Also, an occasion of undergoing this process. 1914 Jrnl. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. V. iii. 276 We have devised a method by which the blood of a living animal may be submitted to dialysis outside the body, and again returned to the natural circulation. 1944 [see dialyse v. b]. *953 J- A. Luetscher in Smith & Wermer Mod. Treatment xix. 414 Potassium Intoxication... Efforts may be made to eliminate potassium from the body by dialysis (artificial kidney or intestinal or peritoneal dialysis) if the situation is urgent. 1966 Dunlop & Alstead Textbk. Med. Treatment (ed. 10) 750 Such patients may require several dialyses with the artificial kidney. 1968 Listener 11 July 42/1 The system of treatment is known as haemodialysis, or more simply dialysis. It is a way of cleaning the blood by external means. 1970 R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xxvii. 669 The accumulation [of urea in the blood] can be relieved by dialysis, now sometimes performed by simply flushing large volumes of fluid through the peritoneal cavity.

dialytic (daiaiiok), a. [ad. Gr. StaWikos able to dissolve, f. StdAuros separated, dissolved, f. SiaXveiv: see DIALYSIS.]

1. Chem. Of the nature of or pertaining to chemical dialysis. 1861 Graham in Phil. Trans. 186 The most suitable of all substances for the dialytic septum appears to be the commercial material known as vegetable parchment or parchment paper. 1867 J. Attfield Chem. (1885) 813 Dialysed iron or dialytic iron. 1876 Catal. Sci. App. S. Kens. Mus. §2546 Experiments on absorption and dialytic separation of gases by colloid septa.

f 2. Med. ‘Relating or pertaining to dialysis (sense 3); relaxing.’ Syd. Soc. Lex. 1883. Obs. 3. Geol. and Min. (See quot.) 1877 A. H. Green Phys. Geol. iii. §1. 93 Those derivative rocks, which have been formed not by the mechanical wear and tear of pre-existing rocks, but by the chemical decomposition of their constituents, are sometimes called Dialytic.

4. Math. Of or pertaining to the dif¬ ferentiation of equations by the process of dissolution described in the quotation. 1853 Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. 1. 544 Dialytic. If there be a system of functions containing in each term different combinations of the powers of the variables in number equal to the number of the functions, a resultant may be formed from these functions, by, as it were, dissolving the relations which connect together the different combinations of the powers of the variables, and treating them as simple independent quantities linearly involved in the functions. The resultant so formed is called the Dialytic

DIALYTICALLY

603

Resultant of the functions supposed; and any method by which the elimination between two or more equations can be made to depend on the formation of such a resultant is called a dialytic method of elimination.

5. dialytic telescope: a telescope in which achromatism is effected by means of two lenses separated and placed at some distance from each other. 1846 E. West tr. Peschel's Elem. Physics II. 136 Prof. Littrow of Vienna in 1827 .. proposed that the telescope should be fitted up with its proper object glass of crown glass; and that a flint glass lens, of much smaller diameter, should be placed at a proper distance behind the former, to counteract the prismatic dispersion of the rays. The name of dialytic telescopes was given to these instruments.

dia’lytically, adv. [f- dialytic + -al1 + -ly2.] By way of dialysis; by the dialytic method of elimination in mathematics. i873 9- Salmon Higher Plane Curves 29 The actual elimination of A is easily performed dialytically.

fdi'alyton. Rhet. Obs. [L., a. Gr. to SiaAvrov, subst. use of SidXvros: see dialytic.] = dialysis 1 b. *657 J- Smith Myst. Rhet. 182 Dialyton..is all one with Asyndeton. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dialyton, a Rhetorical Figure, when several Words are put together without any Conjunction Copulative. 1721 in Bailey.

diamagnet (.daw'maegnit).

[f.

dia- pref.1

+

magnet; cf. next.] = diamagnetic sb. 1864 in Webster. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xiii. 380 Each man walking over the earth’s surface is a true diamagnet.

diamagnetic (.daismaeg'netik), a. and sb. [f. Gr. Sia- dia- pref.1 through, across -I- magnetic. Introduced by Faraday in 1846, first as sb., and then as adj.]

A. adj. 1. Of a body or substance: Exhibiting the phenomena of diamagnetism; the opposite of magnetic or paramagnetic. A diamagnetic substance in the form of a bar or the like, when suspended freely and exposed to magnetic force, takes an equatorial position, i.e. at right angles to the lines of the force; a paramagnetic (or magnetic) substance takes an axial position, i.e. in the direction of those lines. 1846 Faraday Exper. Res. in Electr. in Phil. Trans. I. 42 §2348 The metals which are magnetic retain a portion of their power after the great change has been effected, or in what might be called their diamagnetic state. 1849 Mrs. Somerville Connect. Phys. Sc. xxxiii. 369 Substances affected after the manner of bismuth [when suspended between the poles of an electro-magnet] are said to be diamagnetic. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. III. 777 The same body may appear magnetic or diamagnetic, according to the medium in which it is placed. 1892 Supplt. to Lightning 7 Jan. 9 Diamagnetic substances are those through which magnetic effects are transmitted less readily than through air.

2. Belonging or relating to diamagnetic bodies, or to diamagnetism. 1846 Faraday Exper. Res. Electr. in Phil. Trans. I. 26 §2270, As I have called air, glass, water, etc. diamagnetics (2149), so I will distinguish these lines by the term diamagnetic curves, both in relation to and contradistinction from the lines called magnetic curves. 1851 H. Mayo Pop. Superst. (ed. 2) 190 Od-force, which its discoverer now holds to be the same with the diamagnetic influence. 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. 1. iv. 69 Altering the direction of diamagnetic polarity in metals. B. sb. A body or substance exhibiting the phenomena of diamagnetism. 1846 Faraday Exper. Res. Electr. in Phil. Trans. 1. 2 §2149 By a diamagnetic, I mean a body through which lines of magnetic force are passing, and which by their action does not assume the usual magnetic state of iron or loadstone. Ibid. 3 §2152 A piece of this glass, about two inches square and 0 5 of an inch thick, having flat and polished edges, was placed as a diamagnetic between the poles. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xiii. 375 The body used to excite this diamagnetic.

diamag'netically, adv. [f. prec. + -al1 + -ly2.] In the manner of a diamagnetic body, or of diamagnetism. Also fig. 1850 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (ed. 2) 88 Their optic axis points diamagnetically or transversely to the lines of magnetic force. 1871 Tylor Prim. Cult. II. 388 The influence of the divine Sun.. still subsists as a mechanical force, acting diamagnetically to adjust the axis of the church and turn the body of the worshipper.

diamagnetism (.daia'mtegnitiz^m). [f. dia-1 + magnetism, after diamagnetic.] a. The phenomena exhibited by a class of bodies, which, when freely suspended and acted on by magnetism, take up a position transverse to that of the magnetic axis, i.e. lie (approximately) east and west; the force to which these phenomena are attributed; the quality of being diamagnetic, b. That branch of the science of magnetism which treats of diamagnetic bodies and phenomena. 1850 W. Gregory Lett. Anim. Magnetism p. xv, He does indeed propose to include under the general term Magnetism two forms of it; viz. Paramagnetism.. and Diamagnetism. 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 273 The .. beginning of the science of dia-magnetism. 1873 Watts Fownes’ Chem. (ed. 11) 88 Diamagnetism must be regarded as a force distinct from magnetism. 1877 Le

DIAMETER

Elem. Geol. (1879) 184 Apparent diamagnetism of cleaved slates under certain conditions. Conte

diamagnetize (.daia'maegmtaiz), v. [f. dia-1 + magnetize, after diamagnetic.] trans. To render diamagnetic; to cause to exhibit diamagnetism. 1877 Miller & McLeod Elem. Chem. 1. (ed. 6) 677 The bismuth bars.. will become diamagnetized.

Hence demagnetization, the diamagnetizing, or condition diamagnetized.

action of of being

In mod. Diets.

dia.magne'tometer. [f. diamagnet(ism) + Gr. fierpov, after magnetometer.] An instrument for measuring diamagnetic force. 1886 Wormell tr. Von Urbanitzky's Elect, in Serv. Man (1890) 180 Weber constructed an instrument, the diamagnetometer, by means of which he measured the magnetic moment of bismuth.

diamand(e, -mant, -maund(e, etc., obs. ff. DIAMOND.

I diamante (diia'mate). [Fr., pa. pple. of diamanter to set with diamonds, to make shine like diamonds.] Material to which a sparkling effect is given by the use of paste brilliants, powdered glass or crystal, etc. Also attrib. 1904 Daily Chron. 3 May 6/4 The duchess was in black with diamante wings in her hair. 1909 Ibid. 20 Mar. 4/6 A long stole-like panel of crystal and diamante embroidery. Ibid. 18 Aug. 4/5 Garnitures of pale blue silk embroidery and diamante. 1923 Weekly Dispatch 29 Apr. 15 The gown being draped Greek fashion and trimmed with bands of diamante. 1955 Times 20 May 12/5 A high-necked fitted bodice fastened with diamante buttons.

diamantiferous (.daiamaen'tifsras), a. [f. after mod.F. diamantifere, f. F. diamant diamond: see -ferous.] Diamond-producing. 1878 in Academy 14 Sept., The diamantiferous sands of the valleys. 1880 Clerke in Fraser's Mag. 822 The diamantiferous districts of Brazil.

diamantine (daia'masntin), a. and sb. [a. F. diamantin (16th c. in Littre), f. diamant diamond: see -ine.] A. adj. 1. Consisting of, or of the nature of, diamond; containing or producing diamonds. 1605 Timme Quersit. 1. xii. 49 That he might reduce the more pure and ethereall mercury.. into a christalline and dyamantine substance. 1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 755 Ironhooks, with which they fetch out the Diamantin-oar. 1827 Montgomery Pelican I si. ix. 149 Day after day he pierced the dark abyss.. Till he had reach’d its diamantine floor.

f2. Hard as diamond, adamantine. Obs. 1591 Sylvester Du Bartas 1. iv. (1641) 35/2 Destinies hard Diamantine Rock, a 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711) 29 Doors of eternity, With diamantine barrs.

B. sb. 1. A preparation of adamantine or crystallized boron, used as a polishing powder for steel work. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 86 A name may be removed from an enamel dial by gently rubbing it with a little fine diamantine on the point of the finger. 1889 Ibid., Diamantine, a preparation of crystallized boron much esteemed as a polishing powder for steel work.

2. ? A fabric with diamond-shaped pattern. 1832 East Anglian 21 Feb. (in Queen 19 May 1883), Corderetts, diamantines, chiveretts.

fdi'amber. Pharm. Obs. Also diambre, diambar. [a. F. diambre, in med.L. diambra: see dia-2 and amber.] An old stomachic and cordial containing ambergris, musk, and other aromatics. 1558-68 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. 10 a, He made her also eate the confection of Diambre. 1608 Middleton Mad World in. ii, Mixed in a stone or glass mortar with the spirit of diamber.

diamesogamous (.darami'sDgamas), a. Bot. [f. Gr. Siap.eoov the intervening part (f. Sia through + p.eoo-s middle) + yap-os marriage + -ous.] Of flowers; Fertilized by the intervention of some external agency, as that of insects or the wind. [1883 D’Arcy Thompson tr. Muller's Fertil. Flowers 14 Plants which require external aid to bring their reproductive elements together are termed ‘Diamesogamae’.]

diametarily, erroneous f. diametrally. diameter (dai'aemit3(r)). Also 4-6 diametre. [a. OF. dia-, dyametre (13th c. in Littre; mod.F. diametre), ad. L. diametrus, -os, a. Gr. hianerpos (sc. ypa\ip.rj line) diagonal of a parallelogram, diameter of a circle, f. 81a through, across + p.€rpov measure.] 1. Geom. A straight line passing through the centre of a circle (or sphere), and terminated at each end by its circumference (or surface). Hence extended to a chord of any conic (or of a quadric surface) passing through the centre; and further, to a line passing through the middle points of a system of parallel chords (or through the centres of mean distances of their points of intersection with the curve), in a curve of any

order, b. The diagonal of a parallelogram. (obs.) c. gen. A line passing from side to side of any body through the centre. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 71 J>e dyameter [of] a figure [is] J>e lengest even lyne pat is devysed perynne, take who pat may. 1551 Recorde Pathw. Knowl. 1. Def., And all the lines that bee drawen crosse the circle, and goe by the centre, are named diameters. 1551-Cast. Knowl. (1556) 18 Euery right lyne that passeth from side to syde in a globe, and toucheth the centre, is aptely called a diameter. 1635 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. 1. v. no All the Diameters of the world concurre, and cut one the other in the Center. 1660 Barrow Euclid 1. Def. xxxvi, In a parallelogram, when a diameter, .[is] drawn. 1726-7 Swift Gulliver 11. iv. 129, I paced the diameter and circumference several times. 1796 Hutton Math. Diet, s.v., Diameter, of any Curve, is a right line which divides two other parallel right lines, in such manner that, in each of them, all the segments or ordinates on one side, between the diameter and different points of the curve, are equal to all those on the other side. This is Newton’s sense of a Diameter. But, according to some, a diameter is that line, whether right or curved, which bisects all the parallels drawn from one point to another of a curve. 1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 35 The Thorax .. is measured by means of certain ideal lines, named its diameters, which pass from the sternum to the vertebral column, or from one side to the other. All the diameters are greater below than above. 1885 Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 217 If any number of parallel chords of a conic be drawn, the locus of their middle points is a straight line.. This straight line is termed the diameter of the chords which it bisects.

If In some editions of Lydgate’s Balade of oar Ladie 87 ‘dyametre’ is misprinted for ‘dyamaunt’: see Skeat Chaucerian Pieces 278, MacCracken Minor Poems of Lydgate I. 258. 2. The transverse measurement of any geometrical figure or body; the length of a straight line drawn from side to side through the centre, esp. of a circle or body of circular, spherical, or cylindrical form; width; thickness. C1391 Chaucer Astrol. 11. §38 Let this pyn be no lengere than a quarter of the diametre of thi compas. 1557 Recorde Whetst. iv. b, A Gonne of sixe inches diameter in the mouthe. a 1635 Corbet Poems 192 The just proportion .. Of the diameter and circumference. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 273 A Chimny, whose Diameter between the Jambs is eight feet. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 106 [A wasp] boring a hole .. not much wider than the diameter of its own body. 1812-6 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 312 The power and the weight will balance each other, when the power bears the same proportion to the weight that the diameter of the axis bears to the diameter of the wheel. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. ii. (1879) 39 The diameter of the Sun *s 853,380 miles.

fb. ellipt. with numeral expressions; = of (such a) diameter, or = in diameter (4 a). Obs. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 69 Balls twelve inches Diameter. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Bristol 10 Apr., The dome.. is said to be one hundred and thirteen feet diameter. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 191 Some .. were not more that 3I inches diameter.

fc. Geom. The length of the diagonal of a parallelogram. Obs. fd.Arith. A number that is the square root of the sum of the squares of the two factors of a diametral number (and hence may be represented by the diagonal of a rectangle whose sides are proportional to these factors, the rectangle itself representing the ‘diametral number’). Obs. x557 Recorde Whetst. Dj, 17 is the diameter to that diametralle number 120 [= 8 x 15], Ibid., 5 is the diameter of that platte forme.

e. Arch. The transverse measurement of a column at its base, taken as a unit of measurement for the proportions of an order. 1604 Drayton Owle 629 Of Columnes the Diameters doth tell. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Diameter of a Column, is its thickness just above the base. From this the module is taken, which measures all the other parts of the column. Diameter of the Diminution, is that taken from the top of the shaft. Diameter of the Swelling, is that taken at the height of one-third from the base. 1842-76 Gwilt Archit. ill. i. §2556 Vitruvius in this order [the Tuscan] forms the columns six diameters high, and makes their diminution one quarter of the diameter. 1850 Leitch Muller's Anc. Art §54 The columns in the temple of Ephesus were eight diameters high.

f. As a unit of linear measurement of the magnifying power of a lens or microscope. (Cf. also quot. 1665 in 4 a.) 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, First Visit Wks. (Bohn) II. 3 His microscopes, magnifying two thousand diameters.

g. Whole extent from side to side or from end to end. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iv. i. 41 [Slander], whose whisper o’er the world’s diameter, As level as the cannon to his blank, Transports his poison’d shot. 1-1645 Howell Lett. I. vi. xxxviii. 261, I have traversed the Diameter of France more than once.

f3. The diametrical or direct opposite; contrariety, contradiction. Also ellipt. = in diameter 4b. Obs. 1579 J- Stubbes Gaping Gulf Av, What a diameter of religion were it for vs dwelling among Christians, to admit from ouer sea, the sons of men in mariage? 1661 Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing 76, I shall not undertake to maintain the Paradox, that stands diameter to this almost Catholic opinion.

4. Phrases, in diameter, a. lit. in sense 2 (with numerals, etc.): In measurement across through the centre; in width or thickness. (Formerly also in the diameter.)

1577 Dee Relat. Spir. I. (1659) 356 A trunk of fire, which .. seemeth to be 4 foot over in the Diameter. 1665 Phil. Trans. I. 60 It would magnifie but 600 times in Diameter. a 1719 Addison Italy (T.), The bay of Naples.. lies in almost a round figure of about thirty miles in the diameter. 1858 Hogg Veg. Kingd. no The fruit hangs from the tree [baobab] by a stalk two feet long and an inch in diameter.

fb. Diametrically, directly (with words denoting opposition or contrariety); in direct Opposition. [After Gr. e/c Stafierpov avTiKtioOai to lie diametrically opposite.] (Usually fig.) Also (in lit. sense) by a diameter. Obs. (Cf. DIAMETRICAL 2, 2 b.) 1543 Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. vi. i. 181 By flebothomie on the contrary syde by a diameter. 1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iv. vii, To come to a publike schoole.. it was opposite (in diameter) to my humour. 1643 Milton Divorce 11. xxi. (1851) 122 To hinder.. those deep and serious regresses of nature .. is in diameter against both nature and institution. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. 1. §3 To stand in diameter and swords point with them. Ibid. I. § 51 It is not worthy to stand in diameter with Heaven.

fc. in a diameter: in a direct line, directly. Obs. (Cf. DIAMETRICALLY 3.) a 1681 J. Lacy Sir H. Buffoon 1. Dram. Wks. (1875) 228 Deriving our pedigree in a diameter from the best blood of Europe.

Hence di'ametered diameter.

DIAMOND

604

DIAMETERLY

a.y

of

a

(specified)

1707 Sloane Jamaica I. 57 A two or three inch long diameter’d broad woody pedestal. Ibid. 63 A foot diameter’d, large, broad, roundish root.

Throne. 1882 Proctor in Longm. Mag. Dec. 193 Meteoric streamers extending apparently diametrally from the sun.

|2. Directly, in a straight line. DIAMETRAL I b.)

Obs.

(Cf.

1604 E. G. D'Acosta's Hist. Indies 1. 6 When as the roundnesse of the earth opposeth itselfe diametrally betwixt her [the moon] and the sunne. 1616 Marlowe Faust, iv. 73 Let thy left eye be diametrally [Q. 1604 diametarily] fixed on my right heel.

f 3. a. lit. = DIAMETRICALLY 2 a. Obs. 1563 Fulke Meteors (1640) 376 The center..of the Rayne-bow is Diametrally opposite to the center [of the Sun]. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. 1. xv. (ed. 7) 307 The Moone [is] said to be diametrally opposite to the Sunne.. When a right line drawne from the Center of the Sunne, to the Center of the Moon, passeth thorow the Center of the earth. 1652 Gaule Magastr. 4 a, There are yet in Heaven two Stars Diametrally opposite one to the other.

fb. fig. = DIAMETRICALLY 2 b. Obs. c 1532 Dewes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1077 Coldenes and drinesse .. ben diametrally opposite and contrary to hete and moisture. 1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 2 Diametrally repugnant to the anciently established .. Doctrine. 1647 Cudworth Serm. on 1 S. John ii. 3-4 One that should encourage that., which is diametrally opposite to God’s.. Being.

t di'ameter-wise, adv. Obs. — prec.

diametrical (daia'metrikal), a. [f. as prec. + -AL1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a diameter; passing through or along a diameter; diametral.

fb. Forming, or situated in, a straight line. Obs. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. 1. xv. (ed. 7) 307 When the Sunne, the Earth, and the Moone be met in one selfe diametrall line. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 1. 1. xlvii, The Sunne and Moon combine, Then they’re at ods in site Diametrall.

12. Arith. diametral number: one that is the product of two factors the sum of whose squares is a square. (Cf. diameter 2 d.) Obs. Thus 32 + 42 = 52; then 3 x 4 = 12 is a diametral number. 1557 Recorde Whetst. Civb. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 179 Diametral numbers., are produced as Oblongs, by multiplying their proper parts together. Ibid. 181 All Diametral Numbers do set forth a Plain Rectangled Triangle, having all 3 Sides known. f3. = DIAMETRICAL 2. Obs. 1628 Donne Serm. lxxii. 726 There is not so direct and Diametrall a contrariety between the Nature of any Sinne and God, as betweene him and Pride. 1641 Ld. J. Digby Sp. in Ho. Com. 21 Apr. 11, I see the best Lawyers in diametrall opposition. 1666 Sancroft Lex Ignea 22 Your own Oppositions direct and Diametral to God. 1768 Life Sir Barth. Sapskull I. 56 The genius of pleasure is a diametral contradiction to the spirit of trade and commerce.

f B. sb. Obs. 1. A diametral line, diameter. 1658 Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus iii. 56 The incession or local! motion of animals is made.. by decussative diametrals, Quincunciall Lines and angles. 1676 Moxon Print Lett. 47 Through the Diametral c, d, draw another Diametral line.

2. A diametral number: see A. 2. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 184 If 540, or 432, etc. be Diametrals, then 54,000 and 43,200 be the like.

di'ametrally, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] 1. In the way of a diameter; in a line passing through the centre. [i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. Fivb, The lawiste parte extendys to the lawist parte of the shelde dyametralit[er].] 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 11. (Arb.) 111 Ouerthwart and dyametrally from one side of the circle to the other, a 1638 Mede View Apoc. Wks. v. 917 Which Beasts are here said to be ‘in the midst of the Throne* and ‘round about the Throne’, that is, diametrally placed round about the

1811 Pinkerton Petral. I. Introd., The remaining six domains, derived from circumstances or accidences, are.. 8. The Diamictonic, or rocks in which the substances are so completely mingled, that it is difficult.. to pronounce which preponderates. 1814 Edin. Rev. XXIII. 73 The gross error which led to the foundation of the eighth Domain, or the Diamictonic as it is entitled. Ibid. 74 Forming an essential character in a system of Diamictonics.

diamide ('daiamaid). Chem. [f. di-2 + amide.] An amide formed on the type of two molecules of Ammonia, the hydrogen of which is replaced partly or wholly by one or more acid radicals.

amide

1802 H. Martin Helen of Glenross IV. 51 She is..the diametric reverse of her sister Lady Clavington. 1886 J. A. Aldis in Academy 3 July 2/2 The diametric, the irreconcilable, discord between James Hinton and ‘Church teaching’.

syde extendynge frome the Easte to the weste, they iudged to bee a hundreth and fyftie myle. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. 11. iii. 90 The Diametral wideness of the lower Belly. 1676 Moxon Print Lett. 46 Through this Circle draw a.. Diametral line. 1833 Herschel Astron. iii. 151 In the orthographic projection, every point of the hemisphere is referred to its diametral plane or base. 1865 W. S. Aldis Elem. Solid Geom. vi. (1886) 85 The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a surface is called the diametral surface of the system. 1877 Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iii. 162 The diametral folds of the oral aperture. 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 12 A diameter of an ellipsoid and its conjugate diametral plane.

fdiamictonic (.daismik'tDnik), a. and sb. Min. Obs. [f. Gr. ‘Sidfuicrdy, vbl. adj. from Sia/iiyvvvai to mix up (cf. fiiKTos, f. (uyvvvcu); after plutonic, etc.] Applied by Pinkerton to a ‘domain’ or division of minerals consisting of various substances intimately combined, b. as sb. A mineral belonging to this ‘domain’.

1868 Dana Min. Introd. (1880) 20 By a diametric plane or section.. is meant a plane passing through any two of the crystallographic axes.

2. Of opposition or the like: = diametrical 2.

diametral plane: (a) Geom. a plane passing through the centre of a sphere or other solid; (6) Cryst. a plane passing through two of the axes of a crystal (see diametric i). 1555 Eden Decades 6 An other Ilande. .whose Diametral

My Judgement runs

1866 E. Frankland Led. Notes Chem. Stud. 374 The diamides may be regarded as derived from two molecules of ammonia.

= DIAMETRICALLY 2 b. 1603 Florio Montaigne in. ix. (1632) 560 Libertie and idlenesse.. are qualities diameterly contrary to that mysterie. 1633 Ames Agst. Cerem. 11. 518 So diameterly contrary to it.

diametral (dai'aemitrsl), a. and sb. [a. OF. dyametral (14th c. in Godef. Supplmod.F. diametral), ad. med.L. diametralis, f. diametrus diameter: see -al1.] A. adj. 1. Of or relating to a diameter; of the nature of or constituting a diameter.

1661 Sir H. Vane’s Politics 6 diametrically with his.

diametric (dais'metnk), a. [ad. Gr. SiapLerpiKos, f. 81 dfierpos diameter: see -ic.] 1. Relating to or of the nature of a diameter; diametral.

t di'ameterly, adv. Obs. rare. [f. prec. + -ly2.]

1600 W. Vaughan Direct. Health (1633) 133 Being diameter-wise repugnant to our Makers commandment.

f 3. Directly, in an exact line (with); in the way of complete agreement. Obs. rare.

1553 Eden Treat. Newe lnd. Ep. to Rdr. (Arb.) 10 They were.. antipodes, walking feete to feete one agaynste the other, almost as directly as a diametrical lyne. 1615 Markham Pleas. Princes, Angling iii. (1635) 16 He should have knowledge in proportions of all sorts, whether Circular, square, or Diametricall. 1730 A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 291 The diametrical Passage following crossways. 1864 H. Spencer Illustr. Univ. Progr. 282 A current proceeding in a diametrical direction from the equator to the centre.

2. Of opposition or the like: Direct, entire, complete (like that of two points on a circle at opposite ends of a diameter: cf. diameter 4 b). Usually fig. 1613 Jackson Creed ii. 221 The Diametricall opposition betwixt the spirit of God and the Spirit of the Papacie. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xx. 207 The East and West Indies.. whose names speak them at diametricall opposition. 1753 Smollett Ct. Fathom (1784) 29/1 Advice improperly administered generally acts in diametrical opposition to the purpose for which it is supposed to be given. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. iv. §1. 247 The diametrical difference between the Talmud and Christianity.

fb. Directly or completely opposed, either in nature or result. Obs. 1647 Saltmarsh Sparkl. Glory (1847) 117 When Christians are under several forms and administrations, and these diametrical, or opposite to each other. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 1.11. 55 The two profest diametrical Enemies of those virtues. 01734 North Exam. 1. ii. §31 (1740) 46 The Revolution was very quick and diametrical.

fc. quasi-adi).

= diametrically 2.

Obs.

1653 J. Chetwind Dead Speaking 16 Such diametrical opposite effects.. from the same cause.

dia'metrically, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] 1. In the manner or direction of a diameter; along the diameter; straight through. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iii. i. (1723) 137 The Vapour, .cannot penetrate the Stratum diametricaly. 1794 T. Taylor Pausanias III. 95 Its breadth, measured diametrically, may be conjectured to be about four cubits. 1826 Scott Mai. Malagr. i. 53 This true course cannot always be followed out straight and diametrically. 1889 Nature 7 Nov. 13 The molecules, which he represents diametrically.

2. In the way of direct or complete opposition. Usually with opposite, opposed, contrary: Directly, exactly, entirely, completely. (Cf. prec. 2.) a. lit. of physical opposition. c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) 1.1. xxvii. 44 Two white keenpointed rocks, that lie under water diametrically opposed. 1726 tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 13 This Planet will not always attend the Sun, but sometimes be diametrically opposite to it. 1870 R. M. Ferguson Electr. 32 These points are not diametrically opposite each other.

b. fig. (The usual sense.) *633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 10 Vice cannot consist with virtue, because it is diametrically opposite. 1672 Clarendon Ess. Tracts (1727) 241 That men of equal learning.. integrity and.. piety, should differ so diametrically from each other. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 397 It is diametrically contrary to the genius of the British constitution. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. I. 118 That the positions of England and Spain toward the papacy would be diametrically changed. 1872 Minto Eng. Prose Lit. 1. i. 51 Two kinds of emotion.. diametrically antagonistic.

diamidine (dai'aemidiin). Chem. [f. di-2 + + -INE5.] Any compound having a structure based on two amidine, -C(NH) (NH2), groups; usually, a compound in which these groups are joined by a chain of carbon atoms or two benzene rings or both. 1931 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 2992 We have., tested the hypoglycaemic action of a series of diamidines of basic fatty acids of varying length of chain. 1956 Nature 31 Mar. 604/2 An entirely new group of chemotherapeutic drugs, the diamidines. 1968 J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol, (ed. 9) 120 The early stage of infection by either species is treated by injections of diamidines.

dia'mido-. Chem. [di-2 -I- amido-.] Having two atoms of hydrogen replaced by two of the radical Amidogen NH2, as diamido- benzene C6H4(NH2)2. 1880 Friswell in Soc. of Arts 446 We have thus produced diamidobenzene.

dia'midogen. Chem. See di-2 and amidogen. 1887 Athenaeum 9 July 57/2 The preparation of a new compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.. He [Curtius] terms it hydrazine or diamidogen. It has the composition expressed by the formula N2H4.

diamine ('daramain). Chem. [f. di-2 + amine.] An amine, or compound derived from two molecules of ammonia the hydrogen of which is replaced partly or wholly by one or more basic radicals, as ethene-diamine

j

^2 H4.

1866 E. Frankland Lect. Notes Chem. Stud. 367 The diamines are formed by the coupling together two atoms of nitrogen in two molecules of ammonia. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 362 Ethylene diamines are volatile bases obtained by acting with ammonia on ethylene dibromide.

diammo-, diammonio-.

Chem.

See di-2 2,

AMMO-, AMMONIO-. 1873 Watts Foumes' Chem. (ed. 11) 424 The Diammonioplatinous and Tetrammonio-platinic Compounds. Ibid., These tetrammonio-platinous compounds may also be regarded as salts of diammoplatoso-diammonium.

diamond ('daiamand, ’daimand), sb. Forms: a. 4- 5 dia-, dyamawnte, 4-6 -maunt, 5-6 dyamant, 5- 7 diamant; (3. 4-5 dia-, dya-, -maund(e, -mawnde, -mounde, -mownde, 4-6 -mand(e, 5 dyamonde, -mount, -monthe, deamond(e, 5-6 dyamont(e, diamonde, 5-7 dyamond, 6 diamont, -munde, 6- diamond; y. 7 dimond, 8 di’mond. [ME. diamant, -aunt, a. OF. diamant (= Pr. diaman, Cat. diamant. It. diamanto, OHG. demant), ad. late L. diamas, diamant-em (med.Gr. Sia/savre), an alteration of L. adamas, -antem, or perh. of its popular variant adimantem (whence Pr. adiman, aziman, ayman, OFr. aimant), app. under the influence of the numerous technical words beginning with the prefix dia-, Gr. Sia-. The differentiation of form in late L. was probably connected with the double signification acquired by adamas of ‘diamond’ and ‘loadstone’ (see adamant); for, in all the languages, diamant with its cognates was at length restricted to the gem, as aimant was in F. to the loadstone. In English the dyamaund and adamaund are distinguished from and opposed to each other c 1400 in Maundevile, ed. 1839, xiv. 161, ed. Roxb. Soc. xvii. 80; but adamant long retained the double sense of late L. adamas: thus Sherwood, 1623, has ‘An Adamant stone, (F.) aimant, diamant, calamite, pierre mariniere.' See adamant. The a of the middle syllable has tended to disappear since the 16th c., as shown by the spelling di'mond, dimond. Sheridan and other early orthoepists recognize the dissyllabic pronunciation, but most recent authorities reckon three syllables. In Shakspere the word is more frequently a trisyllable; but it is very generally dissyllabic in Pope, Thomson, Young, Cowper, Keats, and Tennyson.]

I. 1. a. A very hard and brilliant precious stone, consisting of pure carbon crystallized in

DIAMOND

605

regular octahedrons and allied forms (in the native state usually with convex surfaces), and either colourless or variously tinted. It is the most brilliant and valuable of precious stones, and the hardest substance known. Diamonds are commonly cut in three forms, called table, rose, and brilliant: see these words, plate diamond, point diamond, scratch diamond: see quots. 1854, 1880, 1883. a 1310 in Wright Lyric P. v. 25 A burde in a bour ase beryl so bryht, Ase diamaunde the dere in day when he is dyht. c 1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1289 Of fyne Rubyes and of dyamauntz [v.r. dyamauntis, diamantz]. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii. 79 Men fyndez dyamaundes gude and hard apon pe roche of pe adamaund in pe see. c 1475 Sqr. lowe Degre 844 in Ritson Romances III. 180 Wyth dyamondes set and rubyes bryght. 1501 Bury Wills (Camden) 87 A ryng w« a dyamond therin. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. Table (Arb.) 12 Of the Adamant stone, otherwise called the Diamant. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, in. i. 63 My Crowne is in my heart, not on my head: Not deck’d with Diamonds, and Indian stones. 1607-Timon hi. vi. 131 One day he giues vs Diamonds, next day stones. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. 127 Diamants and other pretious Stones. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 142 The lively diamond drinks thy purest rays. *734 Pope Ess. Man iv. 10 Deep with di’monds in the flaming mine. 1750 D. Jeffries Diamonds & Pearls 58 The manufacture of Table and Rose Diamonds. 1833 N. Arnott Physics (ed. 5) II. 1. 189 Diamond has nearly the greatest light-bending power of any known substances, and hence comes in part its brilliancy as a jewel. 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr s Circ. Sc. Chem. 9 The operation of scratching on glass may be conducted.. with a variety of diamond, known as the scratch diamond, sold by this name on purpose. 1861 C. W. King Ant. Gems (1866) 71 The diamond .. has the peculiarity of becoming phosphorescent in the dark after long exposure to the rays of the sun. 1880 Birdwood Indian Arts II. 30 When the natural crystal is so perfect and clear that it requires only to have its natural facets polished . .jewellers call [it] a point diamond. 1883 M. F. Heddle in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 381/2 The cleavage of certain of the African diamonds is so eminent that even the heat of the hand causes some of them to fall in pieces. Such diamonds,' generally octahedra, may be recognized by a peculiar watery lustre; they are called plate diamonds.

fb. As a substance of extreme hardness; = ADAMANT. Obs. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4385 Herte as hard as dyamaunt, Stedefast, and nought pliaunt. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. vi. 4 As rock of Diamond stedfast evermore. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. ii, Zeal, whose substance is ethereal, arming in complete diamond, ascends his fiery chariot. 1656 Hobbes Lib. Necess. & Chance (1841) 304 Laid down upon the hardest body that could be, supposing it an anvil of diamant. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 364 On each wing Uriel and Raphael his vaunting foe, Though huge, and in a Rock of Diamond Armd, Vanquish’d.

c. Her. In blazoning by precious stones, the name for the tincture sable or black. 1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 55 b, The field is parted per pale Nebule, Carboncle and Diamonde. 1766-87 Porny Her. 19.

d. pi. Shares in a diamond-mine. 1905 Daily Report 22 Mar. 1/2 Lace Diamonds have been bought from Johannesburg. 1907 Daily Chron. 28 Oct. 1/7 In Mines diamonds declined. 1964 Financial Times 3 Mar. 19/4 Gold shares were irregular, while Diamonds were strong.

2. transf. Applied (usually with distinguishing epithet) to other crystalline resembling the diamond in brilliancy; diamond, Cornish diamond (see Cornish), Matura diamond, Quebec (see quots.).

minerals, as Bristol Bristol,

diamond

1591 Nashe in Arber’s Garner I. 501 If one wear Cornish diamonds on his toes. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. 1. 239 St. Vincent’s rock so full of Diamants that a man may fill whole strikes or bushels of them. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 79 Stiriae of Crystal, or like the small Diamants I observ’d in certain Flints. 1802 R. Brookes Gazetteer (ed. 12), Piseck .. Bohemian diamonds are found here. 1886 S. M. Burnham Precious Stones 319 The variety [of zircon] obtained from Matura, Ceylon, where it is called ‘Matura diamond,’ is often sold in the bazaars of India for the genuine diamond. Ibid. 350 Rock Crystal.. is recognized by various names, as Bristol, Welsh, Irish, Cornish, and California diamonds. 1890 G. F. Kunz Gems N. Amer. 262 Small, doubly terminated crystals [of rock-crystal] found in the Limestone of the Levis and Hudson River formations, and locally called Quebec diamonds. 3. fig. a. Something very precious; a thing or

person of great worth, or (in mod. use) a person of very brilliant attainments. (Cf. 7.) c 1440 York Myst. xxv. 518 Hayll! Dyamaunde with drewry dight. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 183 The diamonde moost precyous to mankynde, thy swete sone Jesus. 1597 1st Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ill. i. 1043, I will bestowe upon them the precious stons of my witt, a diamonde of invention. 1651 Reliq. Wotton. 20 His second son, Walter Devereux.. was indeed a dyamond of the time, and both of an hardy and delicate temper and mixture. 1888 Froude Eng. in W. Ind. 112 There are many diamonds, and diamonds of the first water, among the Americans as among ourselves.

b. Something that shines like a diamond; a glittering particle or point. 1814 Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xiii, Each puny wave in diamonds roll’d O’er the calm deep. 1862 Shirley Nugae Crit. i. 75 The grass is .. covered with minute diamonds of white frost, which sparkle keenly in the winter light.

4. A tool consisting of a small diamond set in a handle, used for cutting glass; called distinctively glazier's diamond or cutting diamond. 1697 Lond. Gaz. No. 3331/4 [He] took with him a valuable Glasier’s Diamond. 1816 Phil. Trans. 266 Having procured

a common glazier’s diamond. 1831 J. Murray Diamond 37 Points are those minute fragments which are set in what are called glazier’s cutting diamonds. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts II. 28 The irregular octahedrons with round facets are those proper for glazier’s diamonds.

5. a. A diamond-shaped figure, i.e. a plane figure of the form of a section of an octahedral diamond; a rhomb (or a square) placed with its diagonals vertical and horizontal; a lozenge. (In early use, a solid body of octahedral or rhombohedral form.) 1496 in Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 293 Item for a waw of irne, to be dyamondis for guncast, xxv. s. Ibid. 310 Item, giffin to Johne Smyth, for hedis to xij speris, and dyamandis to xxiiij justing speris xvj s. 1651 T. Rudd Euclid 11 Rombus, or a Diamond, is a figure having four equal sides, but is not right angled. 1831 Brewster Nat. Magic xi. (1833) 289 The rows were placed so that the flowers formed what are called diamonds. 1842 S. C. Hall Ireland II. 462 ‘The Diamond’, a term frequently used in the Northern Counties, to indicate an assemblage of buildings which, taken together, are diamond-shaped. 1889 Kennan in Century Mag. XXXVIII. 167/2 Convicts in long gray overcoats with yellow diamonds on their backs. Mod. (Mercantile Letter) ‘We send you Bill of Lading of 2 bales Wool, mark L in a diamond.’

b. spec. A figure of this form printed upon a playing-card; a card of the suit marked with such figures. 1594 Lyly Moth. Bomb. in. iv, My bed-fellow.. dreamt that night that the king of diamonds was sick. 1598 Florio, Quadri, squares, those that we call diamonds or picts upon playing cards. 1680 Cotton Gamester in Singer Hist. Cards 340 The ace of diamonds. 1710 Brit. Apollo III. No. 71. 2/2 The Nine of Diamonds is., call’d the Curse of Scotland. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock in. 75 Clubs, Diamonds, Hearts, in wild disorder seen. 1820 Praed To Julia 78 As if eternity were laid Upon a diamond, or a spade. 1870 Hardy & Ware Mod. Hoyle 150 Single Besique is composed of a Knave of Diamonds and a Queen of Spades laid upon the table.. together. This scores 40.

c. A kind of stitch in fancy needlework. 1882 Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needlework 152 Diamond, a stitch used in Macrame lace to vary the design .. There are three ways of making Diamonds; The Single.. The Double .. and the Treble.

d. The square figure formed by the four bases in the game of base-ball; also, by extension, applied to the whole field. (U.S.) 1875 Cincinnati Enquirer 6 July 4/5 In the last seven innings the ball hardly got outside the diamond. 1894 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 25 Feb. 3/7 Rulers of the Diamond. The National Base Ball League.

e. In a bicycle, the diamond-shaped frame of steel tubing. More fully diamond frame. (Now disused.) 1891 Young Man Apr. p. ii/2 (Advt.), Safety bicycle.— Diamond frame. 1897 Outing (U.S.) XXIX. 488/2 Those had canvas luggage-cases in the diamond of their wheels. 1898 Cycling 26 Valises which fit into the ‘diamond’ of the frame. 1917 Cycling Man. 2 Diamond frame, with horizontal top tube.

f. Gliding. (See quot. i9601.) Also attrib. i960 Times 16 May 5/6, I was trying for my diamonds (a premier award in gliding)... I failed, but got my diamond heights over Newcastle, i960 Sunday Times 6 Nov. 23/6 Diamond height had suddenly become a possibility. Ibid. 23/8 Diamond distance remains to be achieved. 1971 Daily Tel. 21 July 4/3 (heading) Burton third in gliding ‘diamond’. Ibid., The ‘diamond distance’ is considered one of the highest achievements in international gliding.

6. Printing. The second smallest standard size of roman or italic type, a size smaller than ‘pearl’, but larger than ‘brilliant’. Also attrib. [ad. Du. diamant: so named by its introducer Voskens.] 1778 Mores Dissert. Eng. Typog. Founders 26 Minion, Nonpareil, Pearl, Ruby and Diamond, so named from their smallness and fancied prettiness. 1808 C. Stower Printer's Gram. 43 Diamond is only pearl face upon a smaller body, and seldom used. 1824 J. Johnson Typogr. II. v. 83. 1829 Carlyle Misc. (1857) II. 6 The very diamond edition of which might fill whole libraries. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 5/2 Diamond .. is the smallest type used in this country. id. 456 The Dutch were the first in Europe to cut Diamond type. 1856 Book and its Story (ed. 9), 206 The value of the type for a Diamond Bible .. is several thousand pounds. 1889 H. Frowde in Pall Mall G. 26 Nov. 2/3 We specially cast the type for the book [the ‘Finger PrayerBook’], which is printed, you will see, in ‘diamond’ and ‘brilliant’.

II. 7. Phrases, a. black diamond: (a) a diamond of a black or dark brown colour, esp. a rough diamond as used by lapidaries, etc.; (b) pi. a name playfully given to coal, as consisting, like the diamond, of carbon, b. rough diamond-, a diamond in its natural state, before it is cut and polished; hence fig. a person of high intrinsic worth, but rude and unpolished in manners, c. diamond cut diamond: an equal match in sharpness (of wit, cunning, etc.). a. 1763 W. Lewis Comm. Philos.-Techn. 321 A black diamond cut and set in a ring. 1849 T. Miller in Gabarni in London 43 (Farmer) Were he even trusted with the favourite horse and gig to fetch a sack of black diamonds from the wharf, i860 Emerson Cond. Life, Power (1861) 53 Coal.. We may well call it black diamonds. Every basket is power and civilizaton. 1867 Jrnl. Soc. Arts XV. 349 The boring machine .. is composed of a steel ring set with black diamonds. b. 1624 Fletcher Wife for Month iv. ii, She is very honest, And will be hard to cut as a rough diamond. 1685 Boyle Effects of Mot. Suppl. 148 Having at the Diamond-Mine

DIAMOND purchased.. a rough Diamond. 1700 Dryden Pref. Fables (Globe) 503 Chaucer, I confess, is a rough diamond. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts II. 24 The value of a cut diamond is esteemed equal to that of a similar rough diamond of double weight. 1890 T. Keyworth in Cassell's Fam. Mag. Dec. 49 He was a rough-looking man, and somebody called him a rough diamond. c. 1628 Ford Lover's Mel. 1. iii, We’re caught in our own toils. Diamonds cut diamonds. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iv. xi. 293 Then Gods diamonds often cut one another. a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Diamond cut Diamond, bite the Biter. 1863 Reade Hard Cash xxv, He felt.. sure his employer would outwit him if he could; and resolved it should be diamond cut diamond. 1891 J. Winsor Columbus xi. 256 In the game of diamond-cut-diamond, it is not always just to single out a single victim for condemnation.

III. attrib. and Comb. 8. attrib. a. Made or consisting of diamond, as diamond lens, diamond stone (= sense 1). 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 14 marg. The diamonde stone. 1617 Minsheu Ductor in Ling., A Diamond or Picke at Cards, because he is picked and sharpe pointed as the Diamond stone. 1771 Eliz. Griffith Lady Burton III. 270 The diamond eyes of the Indian idol. 1827 Goring in Q. Jrnl. Sc. & Arts XXII. 280 note, Diamond lenses I conceive to constitute the ultimatum of the perfection of single microscopes. 1830 Optics 39 (Libr. Useful Knowl.) Mr. Pritchard finished the first diamond microscope in 1826. 1831 J. Murray Diamond 39 If the power of the glass lens be 24, that of the diamond would be 64. 1841 Longf. Elected Knight v, A lance that was.. sharper than diamond-stone.

fb. Hard or indestructible adamantine. (Cf. i b.) Obs.

as

diamond,

1580 North Plutarch (1656) 800 Those strong diamond chains with which Dionysius the elder made his boast that he left his tyranny chained to his son. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 1. 224 Making men hir slaves, and chaining them.. with diamond chains. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. III. x, With such a diamond knot he often souls can binde. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 101 To trye if luck would turn, and whether Fortune would be alwayes fixed with a Diamant-Nayle.

fc. ? Brilliant, shining. Obs. 1579 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 81 Delicate pictures .. of most beautifull and diamond wenches. 1583 S TUBBES Anat. Abus. 1. (1879) 63 To heare their dirtie dregs ript vp and cast in their diamond faces.

9. attrib. Set or furnished with a diamond or diamonds, as diamond button, clasp, ring, signet. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. 111. xxii. 213 Some hold it unhappy to be married with a diamond ring. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess. of Mar 1 Apr., This smock.. is closed at the neck with a diamond button. 1827 E. Turrell in Gill's Techn. Repos. I. 195 Diamond turning-tools. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. 11. viii, Consider that unutterable business of the Diamond Necklace.. Astonished Europe rings with the mystery for ten months. 1880 Clerke in Fraser's Mag. 819 The diamond clasp which fastened the imperial mantle of Charlemagne. 1891 Law Times XC. 283/1 Two diamond rings which he wished to dispose of.

10. attrib. or adj. a. Of the shape of a diamond (see 5); lozenge-shaped, rhombic; forming a design consisting of figures of this shape, as diamond couching, fret, netting, pattern, work-, having a head or end of this shape, as diamond dibber, nail. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres in. ii. 77 The nearest.. vnto the square of men, is the Diamant battell. 1663 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 481 A larg diomond hatchment with Canterbury and Juxon impaled. 1667 Primatt City & C. Build. 160 A Diamond Figure, whose sides are parallel, but not at right Angles. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII 215 s.v. Planting, The diamond-dibber, a pointed plate of steel with a short iron handle. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge i, Its windows were old diamond-pane lattices. 1858 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet., Diamond fret, a species of checker work in which .. a diamond.. is interlaced by the prolongations of the diameters of the square. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Diamond-nail, a nail having a rhombal head. Ibid., Diamond-work {Masonry), reticulated work formed by courses of lozenge-shaped stones, very common in ancient masonry. 1882 Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needlework 152 Diamond couching [is] one of the Flat Couchings used in Church Work. Ibid. 359 Fancy Diamond Netting is worked in three different ways.

b. Having a surface hewn or cut into facets, formed by low square-based pyramids placed close together. 1717 Berkeley Jrnl. Tour Italy 27jan.Wks. 1871 IV. 551 Church of the Carmelites. . in the front a little diamond work. 1870 A. Beazeley Specif. Flamboro' Lightho., The Gallery-course is to be .. cast with a neat diamond pattern as shewn, to give a safe foot-hold.

11. General combs, a. attributive. Of or relating to diamonds, as diamond-bort (see bort), -broker, -carat, -factory, -merchant, -trade-, containing or producing diamonds, as diamondrbed, -conglomerate, -deposit, -gravel, -mine. b. objective and obj. genitive, as diamond-bearing adj., -digging, -polisher, -producing adj., -seeker, -setter, -splitter, c. instrumental, as diamond-paved, -pointed, -tipped adjs. d. similative, as diamondrbright, -distinct adjs.; also diamond-like adj. e. parasynthetic, as diamond-headed, -paned, -shaped, -tiled adjs. a 1618 Sylvester Woodman's Bear lxxiii, Diamond¬ headed darts. 1628 in Archaeologia (1883) XLVII. 392 Dyamond boart and divers other materialls for the Cutting and finishing of our Armes in a Dyamond. 1632 Lithgow Trav. in. 85 The goodliest plot, the Diamond sparke, and

the Honny spot of all Candy. 1685 Diamond-mine [see 7 b]. 1704 Phil. Trans. XXV. 1548 Such a Diamond-like Sand. 1820 Keats Hyperion 1. 220 Diamond-paved lustrous long arcades. 1835 Willis Pencillings 1. xiv. 108 The diamondshaped stones of the roof. 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin ii. Till the fountain spouted, showering wide Sleet of diamond-drift and pearly hail. 1863 I. Williams Baptistery 1. vii. (1874) 79 Writ.. With a diamond-pointed pen, On a plate of adamant. 1871 M. Collins Mrq. £sf Merck. II. x. 300 Casements diamond-paned. 1876 ]. B. Currey in Jrnl. Soc. Arts XXIV. 375 The diamond-bearing soil. Ibid. 377 Keen-faced diamond brokers. 1880 Clerke in Fraser's Mag. 818 It is said there were diamond-polishers at Nuremberg in 1373. Ibid. 821 The conditions of diamond-digging. 1883 Archseologia XLVII. 396 Tavernier, a diamond merchant and jeweller, who visited Persia in .. 1664.

12. Special combs.: diamond-bird, an Australian shrike of the genus Pardalotus, esp. P. punctatus, so called from the spots on its plumage; diamond-borer, d. boring machine = diamond-drill (b); diamond boron, an impure form of boron obtained in octahedral crystals nearly as hard and brilliant as the diamond; diamond-breaker = diamond-mortar; diamond-broaching, broached hewn-work done with a diamond-hammer; diamond cement, cement used in setting diamonds; diamond-crossing, a crossing on a railway where two lines of rails intersect obliquely without communicating (see diamond-point 2); diamond-drill, (a) a drill armed with one or more diamonds used for boring hard substances; (b) a drill for boring rocks, having a head set with rough diamonds, a diamondborer; diamond dust = diamond-powder-, diamond-ficoides, the ice-plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum; diamond-field [cf. coal¬ field], a tract of country yielding diamonds from its surface strata; diamond file, fish (see quots.); diamond-hammer, a mason’s hammer having one face furnished with pyramidal pick points for fine-dressing a surface on stone; diamond hitch, a method of fastening ropes in packing heavy loads; diamond-knot (Naut.), a kind of ornamental knot worked with the strands of a rope; diamond-mill (see quot.); diamondmortar, a steel mortar used for crushing diamonds for the purposes of the lapidary; diamond-plaice, a local name (in Sussex) for the common plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), from its lozenge-shaped spots; diamond-plough, (a) a diamond-pointed instrument for engraving upon glass; (b) a small plough having a mouldboard and share of a diamond or rhomboidal shape (Knight); diamond-powder, the powder produced by grinding or crushing diamonds; diamond rattlesnake, a rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) having diamond-shaped markings; diamond-spot, collector’s name for a moth (Botys tetragonalis); Diamond State U.S., the state of Delaware (see quot. 1934); diamond stitch, an embroidery stitch producing a diamond pattern (see quot. 1964); diamondtool, a metal-turning tool whose cutting edge is formed by facets; diamond wedding [after silver w., golden w.], a fanciful name for the celebration of the 60th (or according to some, the 75th) anniversary of the wedding-day; diamond-weevil diamond-wheel,

DIAMOND-POINT

606

DIAMOND

=

diamond-beetle;

a metal wheel used with diamond-powder and oil in grinding diamonds or other hard gems. See also diamond-back, etc. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 179/2 s.v. Piprinse, Pardalotus punctatus. .Mr. Caley states that this species is called •Diamond Bird by the settlers, from the spots on its body. 1865 Gould Handbk. Birds Austral. I. 157 No species., is more widely and generally distributed than the spotted Diamond-bird. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts I. 445 In soft strata it is somewhat difficult to obtain a core by the ’diamond borer. 1867 Jrnl. Soc. Arts XV. 349 ‘Diamond boring machine. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts I. 442 The Diamond Boring Machine.. The boring bit is a steel thimble, about 4 inches in length, having two rows of Brazilian black diamonds.. in their natural rough state firmly imbedded therein. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. I. 628 Adamantine or *Diamond Boron .. extremely hard, always sufficiently so to scratch corundum with facility, and some crystals are nearly as hard as diamond itself. 1880 J. C. Bruce in Archseologia XLVI. 165, I have most frequently found the ’diamond-broaching in camps which have been repaired by Severus. 1884 G. W. Cox Cycl. Com. Things 117 A ’Diamond cement.. used by Armenian jewellers in setting diamonds, is composed of gum mastic and isinglass dissolved in spirits of wine. 1881 E. Matheson Aid Bk. Engineer. Enterp. 252 Where a siding crosses a main road without connecting it, what is known as a ’diamond crossing is used. 1891 Morning Post 20 Feb. 3/4 Major Marindin strongly recommends.. that there should be no diamond crossing worse than one to eight. 1827 E. Turrell in Gill’s Techn. Repos. I. 129 Pierced by very fine ’diamond drills. 1881 E. Matheson Aid Bk. Engineer. Enterprise 391 Diamond drills.. will pierce the hardest known rocks. CI702 C. Fiennes Journeys (1947) 111. ix. 239 The true diamond.. cannot be divided nor cut but by some of it self ’diamond dust. 1844-57 G. Bird Ur in Deposits (ed. 5) 221 A white powder.. of a glistening appearance, like

diamond-dust. 1767 ‘Mawe’ [J. Abercrombie] Ev. Man own Gardener Feb. 50 ’Diamond ficoides, or ice plant. 1811 Mrs. M. Starke Beauties of C.M. Maggi 48 The Ice-plant, properly called, the Diamond-Ficoides. 1876 J. B. Currey in Jrnl. Soc. Arts XXIV. 379 The discovery of the ♦diamond-fields. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 88 A ♦Diamond file is formed of a strip of copper with diamond powder hammered into it. 1854 Adams, Baikie & Barron Nat. Hist. 93 Family.. ’Diamond Fishes (also called BonyPikes) Lepisosteidae. 1858 Archit. Publ. Soc. Diet., * Diamond hammer, a tool used by masons in the Isle of Man and in parts of Scotland for ‘fine pick dressing’ limestone and granite. 1883 Specif. N. East. Railw., Alnwick 6? Cornhill Br. Contr. No. 2. 5 The face is to be either tooled, or broached with a diamond hammer. 1769 Falconer Diet. Marine (1789) s.v. Knot, There are several sorts, which differ in.. form and size: the principal of these are the ♦diamond-knot, the rose-knot, the wall-knot. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Diamond-knot, an ornamental knot worked with the strands of a rope, sometimes used for bucket-strops, on the foot-ropes of jib-booms, man-ropes, etc. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch Clockm. 87 [In a] ♦Diamond Mill.. for cutting and polishing ruby pallets and other hard stones, discs charged with diamond powder and rotated at a high speed are used. 1853 Soyer Pantroph. 237 The flounder, the brill, the ’diamond and Dutch plaice. 1827 J. Lukens in Gill's Techn. Repos. I. 76 On an improved ♦Diamond Plough .. for cutting Circular Lines upon Glass. - E. Turrell ibid. 195 On Diamond ploughs for Engravers. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., ’Diamond Powder is of great use for grinding hard substances. 1802 T. Thomson Chem. I. 47 Diamond powder can only be obtained by grinding one diamond against another. 1883 Times 26 Mar. 7/6 Of all the snake varieties .. the ’diamond rattlesnake.. seems to be the most deadly. 1819 G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 436 The ’diamond spot. 1866 Galaxy 15 Oct. 386 Without other significance than such.. as attaches to the ‘’Diamond State’, ‘the Empire State’, [etc.]. 1934 G. E. Shankle State Names 107 Delaware gets the nickname, the Diamond State, from the fact that it is small in size but great in importance, c 1926 ‘Mixer’ Transport Workers' Song Bk. 10 You should also learn to crochet, ’Diamond stitch and centre tuck. 1964 McCall's Sewing xiii. 243/1 Diamond or chevron stitch. This looks like the honeycomb stitch except that the thread between the rows is carried on top of the fabric instead of under the fabric. 1872 Punch 23 Nov. 210/2 ’Diamond Wedding. 1892 Haydn Diet. Dates 1058 Diamond weddings after a union of 60 years, some apply it to 75 years.

'diamond, v. [f. prec. sb.] 1. trans. To furnish or bedeck with diamonds. H. Walpole Lett. H. Mann (1891) II. 241 He plays, dresses, diamonds himself, even to distinct shoe-buckles for a frock. 2. fig. To adorn as with diamonds. (Cf. 1751

impearl.) 1839 Bailey Festus xvi. (1852) 211 Wreathed round with flowers and diamonded with dew. 1845 James A. Neil III. xvi, The tears rolled over the long lashes, and diamonded her cheek. 1878 Lowell Lett. (1894) H. 216 Just as we got there, it cleared, and all the thickets.. were rainbowed and diamonded by the sun.

b. To make glittering like a diamond. 1839 Bailey Festus xiii. (1852) 157 The first ray Perched on his [a bard’s] pen, and diamonded its way. 3. nonce-use. To call or name (diamonds). 1859 Tennyson Idylls, Elaine 503 ‘Advance and take your prize The diamond’; but he answer’d, ‘diamond me No diamonds! for God’s love, a little air’. Hence 'diamonding vbl. sb., adornment with

or as with diamonds; brilliant ornamentation. c 1818 Keats Notes on Milton in Ld. Houghton Life (1848) I. 277 The light and shade, the sort of black brightness, the ebon diamonding .. of the following lines, a 1821-Castle Builder, Their glassy diamonding on Turkish floor.

'diamond-back, a. and sb. [Short for next.] A. adj. = Diamond-backed, having the back marked with one or more lozenge-shaped figures. 1887 Lippincott's Mag. Sept. 456 Baltimore,.. the home of the soft-shell crab, the diamond-back terrapin. 1894 G. W. Cable J. March xxvii, Di’mon’-back rattle-snake hisself cayn’t no mo’ scare me ’n if I was a hawg. 1931 H. F. Pringle T. Roosevelt 1. v. 58 People of the blue blood dined nightly on diamond-back terrapin. 1956 C. H. Pope Reptile World 219 The diamond-back rattlers.. are the giants among rattlesnakes. B. sb. a. The Diamond-back Moth (see

quots.). b. The Diamond-backed Turtle, c. A rattlesnake, Crotalus adamanteus or C. atrox, having diamond-shaped markings on its back.

U.S. 1819 G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 436 The testaceous Diamond-back, Tortrix trapezana. 1891 Miss E. A. Ormerod in Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. 30 Sept. 599 The pale patterns along these edges form diamond-shaped marks, whence the English name ‘diamond-back moth’. Ibid. 611 These showed unmistakable signs of diamond-back caterpillar ravage. 1895 Lippincott's Mag. Jan., The diamond-back [turtle] is undeniably and unspeakably ugly. 1907 R. L. Ditmars Reptile Bk. xlv. 449 The flattened trails of the big Diamond-backs across the dry sandy roads. 1908 Daily Chron. 28 Aug. 7/4 The fangs of a big diamond-back are three-quarters of an inch long. 1956 C. H. Pope Reptile World 219 The western diamond-back (Crotalus atrox) is a reptile of dry country and deserts.

are chiefly adopted by artists at present, but are to be found in some boudoirs as well as studios.

diamond-beetle. A South American beetle Curculio (Entimus) imperialis, of which the elytra are studded with brilliant sparkling points; also applied to other species of Curculio, and (with qualifications) to other beetles with splendid markings. 1806 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VI. I. 65 The most brilliant and beautiful is the Curculio imperialis.. commonly known by the name of the Diamond Beetle. 1839 J. O. Westwood Mod. Classif. Insects I. 340 The various species of diamond beetles surpassing (in their colours) the majority of Coleopterous insects, i860 W. S. Dallas Anim. Kingd. 219 Few insects can boast of greater magnificence than the wellknown Diamond-beetle of Brazil, i860 G. Bennett Nat. tn Austral. 273 The Diamond beetle of Australia of green and gold tints (Chrysolopus spectabilis).

'diamond-cut, a. and sb. A. adj. 1. Cut into the shape of a diamond or rhomb. 1637 Bursar’s Bk. Gonville St Caius Coll, in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 194 Paveing the chappell with stones diamond cut. C1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 238 Y« windows, .are all diamond Cut round the Edges..

2. Cut with facets like a diamond; cut in relief in the form of a low square-based pyramid, pointed or truncated. diamond-cut glass, thick glass cut into grooves or channels of V-shaped section crossing one another obliquely so as to leave pyramid-shaped projections; a common style of ornamentation in cut glass. 1703 Lond. Gaz. No. 3973/4 A Diamond cut Steel-headed Cane. 1717 Berkeley Jrnl. Tour Italy Wks. 1871 iy. 541 Well-built streets, all hewn stone, diamond-cut, rustic.

f B. sb. Obs. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Romish Monks 27 A magnificent Structure, all of hewn Stone of a Diamond-Cut. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 214 If it be very fair and cut Diamond-Cut.. The second sort of Ruby is White .. which also is of good esteem, if cut of a Diamond-Cut.

'diamond-cutter. A lapidary who cuts and polishes diamonds. So 'diamond-cutting sb., the art of the diamond-cutter. 1722 Lond. Gaz. No. 6100/4 Moses Langley.. DiamondCutter. 1827 Gill's Techn. Repos. 1. 4 The diamond-cutter seats himself in front of his work-board. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 213 The art of diamond-cutting intruduced by Jews driven from Lisbon to Amsterdam.

'diamonded, a. [f. diamond sb. or v. + -ed.] 1. Adorned with or wearing diamonds. i860 Emerson Cond. Life, Behaviour (1861) 111 As when, in Paris, the chief of the police enters a ballroom, so many diamonded pretenders shrink, and make themselves as inconspicuous as they can. 1885 A. J. C. Hare Russia iii. 143 Diamonded saddle-cloths and trappings.

b. fig.

Adorned as with diamonds.

1830 Tennyson Poems 144 The diamonded night. 1831 J. Wilson Unimore 1. 26 Dew-diamonded daisies, i860 Ld. Lytton Lucile 1. iv. §6 The scarp’d ravaged mountains.. Were alive with the diamonded shy salamander.

2. Marked or furnished with lozenge-shaped figures or parts; having the figure of a diamond. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. vi. 382 Break a stone.. or lop a bough.. and one shall behold the grain thereof.. diamonded or streaked in the fashion of a lozenge. 1820 Keats Eve St. Agnes xxiv, A casement high and triplearch’d .. And diamonded with panes of quaint device. 1880 Dorothy 25 Came through the diamonded panes.

f 3.fig. ? Endowed with the characteristics of the diamond; brilliant and keen. Obs. 1641 J. Jackson True Evang. T. ii. 138 These pointed and diamonded speeches, which doe indeed leave a sting.. in the mind of the pious Auditor.

diamon'diferous, a. [f. diamond + -(i)ferous, in imitation of diamantiferous, F. diamantifere, from med.L. diamant-em.] Diamond-producing. 1870 Echo 14 Oct., Those who have rushed to the diamondiferous region [of S. Africa]. 1870 Daily News 21 Dec., A new diamondiferous track had been discovered. 1877 W. Thomson Voy. Challenger II. vi. 116 Sufficient diamondiferous country is already known to provide many years’ employment for a large population. 1885 Times 20 Apr. 4/4 Filled. .with a blue diamondiferous mud.

'diamondize, v. [f. diamond sb. + -ize.] 1. trans. To bedeck with, or as with, diamonds. 1599 B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. in. iv, Modellizing, or enamelling, or rather diamondizing of your subject. 1863 Ouida Held in Bondage (1870) 52 Diamondized old ladies.

2. To convert into diamond. 1893 E. L. Rexford in Barrows Pari. Relig. I. 516 The diamondizing of soot.

diamond-point, [f. diamond sb. + point sb.] 1. A stylus tipped with a fragment of diamond, used in engraving, etc.

'diamond-backed, a. [f. diamond sb. + backed i.] Having the back marked with lozenge-shaped figures.

1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 698/1 Wilson Lowry introduced the diamond-point into engraver's rulingmachines. 1881 Every Man his own Mechanic §569 The diamond point.. is used for roughing very small and delicate work that will not bear the gouge.

diamond-backed turtle or terrapin, the fresh-water tortoise of the Atlantic coast of N. America, Malaclemmys palustris. 1895 Daily News 14 Jan. 5/3 Diamond-backed terrapin are the newest pets of fashionable folk in the States. They..

2. Railways. Usually in pi. The set of points at a diamond crossing, where two lines of rails intersect obliquely without communicating, forming a diamond or rhombic figure; in sing.

DIAMOND-SNAKE one of the acute angles formed by two rails at such a crossing. 1881 Daily News 15 Sept. 3/2 It [a train] had to pass over a diamond point. 1890 Morning Post 24 Oct. 6/7 A North British mineral train, while crossing a set of diamond points, ran off the line. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 24 July 5/2 On reaching the diamond point the guard’s van next the engine jumped the metals.

3. attrib., as diamond-point chisel, a chisel having the corners ground off obliquely. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. s.v. Chisel.

A name given to various snakes or serpents having diamond-shaped markings, esp. a. a large Australian serpent, Morelia spilotes; b. a venomous Tasmanian serpent, Hoplocephalus superbus.

diamond-snake.

1814 Sporting Mag. XLIV. 93 A snake of the diamond species was lately killed at St. George’s River.. New South Wales. 1847 Leichhardt Jrnl. iii. 78 Charley killed a diamond snake, larger than any he had ever seen before. 1850 J. B. Clutterbuck Port Phillip iii. 43 The diamond snake is that most dreaded by the natives. 1863 Wood Nat. Hist. 117 It is called the Diamond snake on account of the pattern of its colours . . arranged so as to produce a series of diamonds along its back. 1882 Miss C. C. Hopley Snakes 423 The Diamond snake .. on the mainland is the harmless Python molurus, and in Tasmania the venomous Hoplocephalus superbus, with very broad scales.

Min. [ad. Ger. demantspath (Klaproth 1786), so called from its extreme hardness.] (See quot.) diamond-spar.

1804 R. Jameson Min. I. 93. 1807 J. Murray Syst. Chem. III. 593 The Diamond spar, which has been distinguished from corundum, appears to be a variety of it.

adv. [see -wise.] In the manner or form of a diamond or lozenge. 'diamond-wise,

*53° Palsgr. 799 Dyamant wyse, lyke or in maner of a dyamant. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. lxxvi. 154 b, Of sundrye coulours, the which was wrought Diamond wise. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 100/1 Diamond wise .. is .. anything set or hung having one corner of the square set upwards, the other downwards. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 158 His Effigies., upon it Escutcheon, or Diamond-wise.

diamond-work: see diamond io.

Pharm. Also 5 diameron. [L. diamoron, a. Gr. 8«i p.opcov ‘made from black mulberries.’] A preparation of syrup and mulberry juice, used as a gargle for a sore throat. fdi'amoron.

c 1400 Lanjranc s Cirurg. 218 J?an make him a gargarisme wip a decoccioun.. wip pe which be distemperid j>erwij> diameron. Ibid. 262 pou muste make consumynge pingis as diameron & sappa michum. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 10 [ It] will be found a farre better Diamoron for the Gargarismes this Age wants.

diamorphine (dais'moifiin). Chem. [Shortened

form of

DIACETYLMORPHINE.]

= DIACETYLMORPHINE. 1914 Chemist & Druggist LXXXV. 819/2 Diamorphinae Hydrochloridum... The name ‘diamorphine’ cannot be regarded as satisfactory, as it gives no indication of the presence of the acetyl radicle on which the special properties of the compound depend. 1916 P. W. Squire Comp. Brit. Pharmacopoeia 551 Diamorphine Hydrochloride.. is described officially as the hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtainable by the action of acetic anhydride on morphine. 1920 Act 10 & 11 Geo. V c. 46 §8 The drugs to which this Part of this Act applies are morphine, cocaine, eegonine and diamorphine (commonly known as heroin). 1965 [see DIACETYLMORPHINE].

(daia'moifssis, -moi'fousis). Biol. [mod.L., a. Gr. 8iapopuiois, n. of action f. 8tapoppo-eiv to form, shape, f. Sia- through, thoroughly, asunder (see dia-1) + popf) form.] 1. ‘The building up of a body to its proper form’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1883). 2. erroneously for dimorphism. Hdiamorphosis

1861 H. C. Wood in Quart. Jrnl. ofMicr. Sc. I. No. 3, 157 (title) On the Diamorphosis of Lyngbya, Schizogonium, and Prasiola.

di'amyl- Chem. [di-2.] A. sb. The organic radical amyl in the free state, C,oH22 = C5Hn C5Hn. B. attrib. and Comb. Containing two equivalents of amyl, as diamylaniline. 1850 Daubeny Atom. Th. viii. (ed. 2) 241 Diamylaniline, where 2 atoms [of hydrogen] are replaced by amyle and I by aniline. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 333 Diamyl.. is obtained by acting on amyl iodide with sodium.

di'amylene. Chem. See di-2 and amylene. f'dian. Obs. Also 6 diana. [a. F. diane (16th c.

in Littre), Sp. diana, a beating of the drum at day-break, It. diana ‘a kind of march sounded by trumpetters in a morning to their generall and captaine’ (Florio 1598), f. dia day. Cf. L. quoti-dianus, etc.] A trumpet call or drumroll at early morn. Also attrib., as dian-sounding. 1591 Garrard Art Warre 29 Even until the Diana be sounded through all the Campe. 1652 Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 180, I warn them with the first sound of the trumpet., but if, after this Diansounding [etc.]. 01678 Marvell Appleton House 292 Poems 208 The bee through these known allies hums Beating the dian with its drums.

607

dianthus

Diana (dai'asna, dai'eina). Anglicized 4- Dian ('daisn). Also 3-6 Diane, 6 Dyane, Dean. [a. L. Diana in F. diane, whence Eng. Diane, Dian, retained as a poetic form.] 1. a. An ancient Italian female divinity, the moon-goddess, patroness of virginity and of hunting; subsequently regarded as identical with the Greek Artemis, and so with Oriental deities, which were identified with the latter, e.g. the Artemis or Diana of the Ephesians. c 1205 Lay. i 145 A wifmonnes liche, Diana [c 1275 Diane] wes ihaten. 1382 Wyclif Acts xix. 24 Makinge siluerene housis to Dian. op-os different + -ase.] A flavoprotein enzyme reported to catalyse the reduction of dyes by diphosphopyridine nucleotide. 1938 Brit. Chem. Abstr. 1048 Diaphorase... Top and bottom yeasts have the same diaphorase activity. 1939 E. Adler et al. in Nature 15 Apr. 641/2 We have used the name ‘diaphorase’ to designate the enzyme which catalyses the transport of hydrogen from dihydrocodehydrogenase I (C0H2I) to acceptors like methylene/blue or cytochrome. 1966 S. P. Colowick et al. in Florkin & Stotz Comprehensive Biochem. XIV. i. 78 The biological significance of the diaphorase activity.. is vague, at best, but it may prove useful in understanding the mechanism of hydrogen transfer. 1968 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 4) xvii. 366 The diaphorase activity initially reported has proved to be the lipoyl dehydrogenase described above; diaphorase activity, therefore, is entirely artifactual.

II diaphoresis (.darafoTiisis). Med. [L. diaphoresis, a. Gr. Sia^opijais a sweat, perspiration, f. 8iaopeiv to carry off, spec, to throw off by perspiration, f. Sia- through + opeiv to carry.] Perspiration; especially, that produced by artificial means. 1681 tr. Willis' Rem. Med. Wks. Vocab., Diaphoresis, evaporation, as by sweating. 1710 T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 101 This sort of Cure by a Diaphoresis is not always certain. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 93 In the Height of Fevers.. it is very effectual.. to forward a Diaphoresis. 1876 Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 53 When active diaphoresis is the object to be accomplished, the patient must be well enveloped in blankets.

diaphoretic (.daiafD'retik), a. and sb. Med. [ad. L. diaphoreticus, a. Gr. Sia^opr/Tucoj promoting perspiration, f. 8iaCN2 are known as aliphatic diazo compounds. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. IV. 690/1 Azo dye synthesis depends on two reactions discovered by Griess (1858): first, diazo compound formation..; secondly, adding this diazo component to an aromatic amino or hydroxy compound, called the coupling component. 1965 Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) C. 217 Compounds RN = NX are named by adding, after the name of the parent compound RH, the syllables ‘diazo’ joined to the designation of the atom or group X. Hence di'azotype, a method of photographic

diaulic (dai'oilik), a. [f. Gr. SiauAo? (see next) + -ic.] Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the diaulos or double course. 1837 Wheelwright tr. Aristophanes I. 225 Come they thus arm’d to the diaulic course.

|| diaulos (dai’odos). Gr. Antiq. [Gr. StavAos double pipe, channel, or course, f. 81- (di-2) + auAos pipe.] 1. A double course, in which the racers turned round a goal and returned to the starting point. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diaulon, a kind of Race among the Ancients, two furlongs in length, at the end of which they return’d back along the same Course, a 1859 De Quincey Post. Wks. (1891) I. 165 Eight days for the diaulos of the journey. 1884 R. C. Jebb in Encycl. Brit. XVII. 766 (Olympia) Beside the foot-race in which the course was traversed once only, there were now the diaulos or double course and the long foot-race.

2. An ancient Greek musical instrument; the double flute. di'axial, a. rare. [f. Gr. 81- (di-2) twice + axial.] Having two (optic) axes; = biaxial a. 1. 1843 J. Pereira Led. Polarized Light 69 Another kind.. is called by mineralogists prismatic, or diaxial mica.

|| diaxon (dai'aekssn), a. Zool. [mod. f. Gr. Si(di-2) + a£a)v axis.] Of sponge spicules: Having two axes. 1886 Von Lendenfeld in Proc. Zool. Soc. (x 886) 560 When one of the rays of this tri-act spicule becomes rudimentary, Diaxonia can theoretically be produced. It is, however, advantageous to consider the diaxon spicules as part of the Triaxonia.

diaxon (dai'aeksDn), sb. Anat. Also -one. [f. di-2 -I- axon.] A nerve-cell having two axons. 1900 in Dorland Med. Diet.

diazepam (dai'aez-, daieizaptem). Pharm. [f. benzo)diazep(ine + -am, of unkn. origin.] A minor tranquillizer of the benzodiazepine group with sedative, anticonvulsant, and amnesic properties, given orally and by injection to treat anxiety, muscle spasm, status epilepticus, etc., and sometimes giving rise to withdrawal symptoms when it is discontinued. 1961 L. O. Randall et al. in Current Therapeutic Res. III. 405 (caption) Valium (LAIII) (diazepam). 1968 [see Librium]. 1977 Sci. Amer. Mar. 53/3 Alcohol, barbiturates and antianxiety drugs, such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) or diazepam (Valium) seem to share brain mechanisms for tolerance and dependence. 1979 Daily Tel. 29 Nov. 8/8 The big winner at the benzodiazipine tables has been the Swiss firm Roche, which introduced the first drug of this group, chlordiazepoxide, under the brand name Librium in i960, followed by a variant, diazepam, brand named Valium, three years later. 1981 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol, (ed. 2) xvi. 344 In 1977, 54 million prescriptions were written for diazepam.

diazeuctic (dara'zjuiktik), a. [ad. Gr. Sia^evKTiKos disjunctive, f. Sta^evyvvvai to disjoin, f. Sid apart + (euyvvi'ai (stem (eiry-) to join.] Disjunctive; applied, in ancient Greek Music, to the interval of a tone separating disjunct tetrachords; also to the tetrachords (= disjunct). So ||dia'zeuxis [Gr. 8id£€t/£u], the separation of two tetrachords by a tone. 1698 Wallis in Phil. Trans. XX. 250 The Difference of which, is La mi. Which is, what the Greeks call, the Diazeudick Tone; which doth Dis-join two Fourths.. and, being added to either of them, doth make a Fifth. 1760 Ibid. LI. 709 The position of the diazeuctic tone. 1874 Chappell Hist. Music I. 129 At the base of each Octave was a ‘diazeuctic’, or Major tone. 1880 Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms, Diazeuxis.

diazingiber, -zinziber: see dia-2. diazo (dai’aezao), abbrev. of diazotype (see DiAzo-). 1948 Jrnl. Documentation Dec. 184 An important advantage of the diazo system of reproduction .. is that there is no need to decide beforehand what the eventual demand will be. 1953 Library Assoc. Rec. LV. 10 {title) Progress in reflex copying; Diazo and after. 1964 Economist 9 May 618/2 The most important of these [sc. sensitized papers] is diazo paper.

diazo- (dai'aezau). Chem. [f. di-2 + azo-.] A formative used in chemical nomenclature to denote the substituent =N=N (as in diazomethane, CH2N2) and also the group — N = N — when one bond only is to a carbon atom of an organic group (as in benzenediazochloride, C6H5 — N = N — Cl). Also used attributively, as in diazo compounds, derivatives, reaction, f Formerly also used in naming compounds in which the group — N = N— has both bonds attached to carbon atoms in organic groups (now replaced by azo-) and compounds containing the diazonium

copying or colouring, using paper or textile materials impregnated with a diazonium compound. 1890 Photogr. News 28 Nov. 934/2 Feer’s process is not a primuline process, although it is a diazotype process. 1891 Art Jrnl. Feb. 54 The Diazotype process, a method of photographic dyeing and printing. 1967 Times Rev. Industry May 117/1 (Advt.), Diazotype printing processes have endless permutations.

Ildiazoma (daia'zsuma). [L. diazoma space between the seats in a theatre, a. Gr. Sidfco/xa girdle, partition, or diaphragm, lobby in a theatre, f. Si a through, over + (wfia that which is girded, f. £omwai to gird round.] 1. In the ancient Greek theatre: A semicircular passage through the auditorium, parallel to its outer border, and cutting the radial flights of steps at right angles at a point about half way up. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diazoma, a Girdle or Wastebelt; also a broad Footstep on the Stairs of an Amphi¬ theater. 1820 T. S. Hughes Trav. Sicily I. xi. 335 (Stanf.) It is of small dimensions, containing only one diazoma or corridor.

f 2. Anat. The diaphragm or midriff. Obs. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diazoma.. in Anatomy the same with the Diaphragm or Midriff. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Diazoma, an old name .. for the diaphragm.

diazonium (dara'zaumam). Chem. [a. G. diazonium (A. Hantzsch 1895, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XXVIII. 1735), f. diaz(o- + -ONIUM.] A formative used in chemical nomenclature to denote the ion — N; attached to a carbon atom in an organic compound (usu. an aromatic one, as benzenediazonium chloride, C6H5N;C1~). Hence used attrib., as diazonium compound, any of the compounds containing this group, some of which are commercially important, being prepared by diazotization and used in the manufacture of azo dyes and in chemical synthesis. 1895 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. 1. 516 (.title) Diazonium Compounds and Normal Diazo-compounds. Ibid., The salts of diazobenzene with oxy-acids.. contain the radicle NjNPh, which is strictly analogous to ammonium, behaving in all respects as a compound alkali-metal, and may therefore be termed ‘diazonium’. Ibid. 517 Benzenediazonium mercurochloride, Ph^HgCb. 1908 [see diazo-]. 1938 G. H. Richter Textbk. Org. Chem. xxiv. 509 For most purposes the diazonium salts are not isolated; the solution is employed for whatever purpose is required. .. The pure dry diazonium salts are quite explosive. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xxii. 460 On adding a diazonium salt solution to a solution of a phenol in aqueous sodium hydroxide, an azo-compound is formed... Compounds of this type are highly coloured, and are used as dyes. 1965 Economist 22 May 942/3 Ultra-violet light shone on the original, passes through the plain bits and decomposes a diazonium compound coating on the copy paper beneath.

compound by the action of nitrous acid in icecold acid solution. 1893 in Funk’s Stand. Diet. 1902 Chem. News 18 July 32/1 This compound, on diazotisation in acetic acid in presence of sulphuric or nitric acid, behaves normally, and forms a dinitrodiazonium salt. 1939 Thorpe’s Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 580/2 These diazo-derivatives are generally., prepared from aromatic amines, and the process.. is termed diazotisation. 1949 N. G. Heatley in H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics iii. 152 The nitrite content of each is then estimated photometrically by the diazotization of the p-aminobenzoic acid. 1963 A. J. Hall Textile Sci. iv. 179 A number of disperse dyes are of a type which contain amino (NH2) groups capable of diazotisation.

diazotize (dai'aezataiz), v. Chem. [f. di-2 + azote + -ize: cf. azotize.] trans. To convert into a diazo compound. Hence di'azotizable a., capable of being converted into a diazo or diazonium compound or group; di'azotized ppl. a. 1889 M’Gowan tr. Bernthsen’s Org. Chem. 361 The conversion of amido- into diazo-compounds is termed diazotizing. 1892 Nature 28 July, The number of amidogen groups which have been diazotized can be determined. 1890 Thorpe Diet. Appl. Chem. I. 247 Flavophenin.. prepared by the action of diazotised benzidine (one molecule) on two molecules of salicylic acid in alkaline solution. 1899 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 31 May 488/1 With diamines such as mor p-phenylene diamine .. compounds are obtained which are still diazotisable. 1963 A. J. Hall Textile Sci. iv. 181 The components of an insoluble azoic dye are a base having at least one diazotisable amino (NH2) group in its molecule and a coupling component.

dib, sb.' dial. [A variant of dip sb.: cf. DIB d.1] A dip; a small hollow in the ground. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dib, a valley. North. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Dib, a dip. 1876 F. K. Robinson Whitby Gloss., Dib, a slight concavity on the ground’s surface.

2. Comb, dibboard, the dip or inclination of a seam of coal. Northumbld. Gloss. 1892. dib, sb.1 Generally in pi. dibs. [Dibs, found in the 18th c., was prob. a familiar shortening of dibstones, mentioned by Locke. Prob. a deriv. of dib ti.2: cf. the names dabbers, and (dial.) dabs, applied to a similar game, f. dab d.] 1. a. pi. A game played by children with pebbles or the knuckle-bones of sheep; also the name of the pebbles or bones so used; see ASTRAGAL, CHECK-STONE1, COCKAL. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Dibbs, a play among children. 1810 E. D. Clarke Trav. I. 177 This game is called ‘Dibbs’ by the English. 1867 H. Kingsley Silcote of S. xiii, His dibbs and agate taws. 1888 Berksh. Gloss., Dibs, a game played with the small knuckle bones taken from legs of mutton; these bones are themselves called dibs. 1890 J. D. Robertson Gloucestersh. Gloss., Dibs, pebbles.

b. A children’s word used to express a claim or option on some object (freq. int.)\ chiefly in phr. to get (etc.) dibs on (something), to have first claim to. Cf. bags I, dubs. U.S. colloq. 1932 Amer. Speech VII. 401 Dibs, interj., an interjection giving option on first chance or place. ‘Dibs on that magazine when you’re through.’ ‘Dibs on going with the team if there’s room. 1943 Amer. N. & Q. III. 139/1 If a sprout came out of the house with some candy or an apple and saw a couple of friends who might have an interest in his prize, the only sensible thing for him to do was to cry ‘No dibs!’ before they could say ‘I/We got dibs!’ 1953 L. M. Uris Battle Cry in. i. 197 Two bottles of beer were issued to all enlisted men ... ‘Dibs on your beer, Mary’. ‘Two lousy bottles, can they spare it?’ 1954 E. Eager Half Magic iv. 69 You always get dibs on first ’cause you’re the oldest. 1985 New Yorker 29 Apr. 71/3 Patterson took care to remember .. which upstream banks had dibs on which borrowers.

2. A counter used in playing at cards, etc. as a substitute for money. 3. pi. A slang term for money. 1812 H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr., G. Barnwell, Make nunky surrender his dibs. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Dibbs, a galley term for ready money. 1868 Miss Braddon Run to Earth III. ix, ‘You are the individual what comes down with the dibbs.’ 1883 Besant Garden Fair 11. iii, To make other beggars do the work and to pocket the dibs yourself.

4. = dibble. (In various Eng. dialects.) 1891 Leicestersh. Gloss., Dib, Dibber or Dibble, a pointed instrument often made of a broken spade-handle, for making holes for seeds.

dib, sb.3 A local Sc. var. of dub, a puddle. 1821 Galt Ann. of Parish 312 (Jam.) The dibs were full, the roads foul. 1821-Ayrsh. Legatees 100 (Jam.) He kens the loan from the crown of the causeway, as well as the duck does the midden from the adle dib.

II dia'zoster. [a. Gr. Sia^anmjp the twelfth vertebra in the back, f. Sid through, over + l,warrip girdle, belt, f. (wwai to gird.] (See quots.)

dib, d.1 Obs. exc. dial. [App. an onomatopoeic modification of dip v., expressing the duller sound caused by broader contact. Cf. dib. sft.1] trans. = dip v.

1811 Hooper Med. Diet., Diazoster, a name of the twelfth vertebra of the back. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Diazoster, old name for the twelfth vertebra of the spinal column; because a belt girding the body is usually placed over it (Gorrseus).

c 1325 Metr. Horn. 121 Jesus.. bad thaim dib thair cuppes alle, And ber tille bern best in halle. c 1570 Durham Deposit (Surtees) 100 Dib the shirt in the water, and so hang it upon a hedge all that night. 1580 Baret Alt). D 653 To Dibbe or dippe. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, To Dibbe, vi. to Dippe. 1868 Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Dib, To dip.

di azoti zation

Chem.

[f.

diazotize

v.

+

-ation ] The process of converting a compound

or a group of atoms into a diazo or diazonium compound or group; esp. the conversion of an aromatic primary amine into a diazonium

dib, v1 [A derivative form from dab v.', expressing an action of the same kind but weaker or lighter: cf. the forms sip, snip, tip, and the reduplicating element in bibble-babble, tittle-

DIBAR

617

tattle, pit-pat, zig-zag, which expresses a weakened phase of the notion expressed by the radical. Sense 3 is also expressed by DAP, another derived form from dab, in which the consonant is lightened; also by dop. Here there may also be association with dip.] 1. trans. To dab lightly or finely: cf. dab v.1 2. 1609 Ev. Woman in Hum. 1. i. in Bullen O. PI IV, Mistris that face wants a fresh Glosse. Prethee, dib it in well, Bos. 2. intr. To tap or pat lightly: cf. dab v.1 i d. 1869 Blackmore Lorna D. x, It is a fine sight to behold .. the way that they dib with their bills.

3. intr. To fish by letting the bait (usually a natural insect) dip and bob lightly on the water;

2

= DAP V. I, DIBBLE V 2. 1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. iv. §8 (1689) 37 Put one on the point of a Dub-fly Hook, and dib with it, or dib with the Ash-fly. 1827 Mirror II. 118/1 It is customary to dib for them, or to use a fly. 1880 Boy's own Bk. 265 House-crickets are also good, to dib with, for chub. Ibid. 277 The hawthorn-fly.. is used to dib in a river for Trout.

4. To dibble. Known in actual use only in mod. dial., but implied in dibber, dibbing-stick: see also dibble. 1891 Evans Leicestersh. Gloss., Dib and

Dibble vb., to use a ‘dibble’. Dibble is the commonest form, both of the sb. and v.

Hence dibble.

'dibbing

vbl.

sb.;

'dibbing-stick,

a

1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. xxxiii. §1 (1689) 174 Angling with a natural Fly (called dibbing, dapeing or dibbling). Ibid. §2. 174 Dibbing is always performed on the very surface.. or permitting the Bait to sink for 2 inches. 1833 Bowlker Angling 27 The natural flies best adapted for dibbing or bobbing at the bush. 1863 H. C. Pennell Angler Nat. 154 A natural caterpillar, cockchafer, or grasshopper, used with a short line by dibbing over the bushes. 1886 Chesh. Gloss., Dibbin-stick, a stick used for planting cabbages, etc. or making holes for sowing seed.

dibar, obs. form of diaper. dibasic (dai'beisik), a. Chem. [f. di-2 + base sb.1 + -ic.] Having two bases, or two atoms of a base, dibasic acid: one which contains two atoms of displaceable hydrogen. See bibasic. 1868 Chambers' Encycl. X. 462/2 When an acid admits of the displacement of two atoms of hydrogen, it is termed dibasic. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. (1874) 365 The acids.. of the second series are dibasic. 1880 Clemenshaw Wurtz' Atom. The. 204 Oxygen and sulphur, the ‘dibasic’ character of which was demonstrated by Kekule.

Hence diba'sicity, dibasic quality. 1880 Clemenshaw Wurtz' Atom. The. 179 The dibasicity of tartaric acid.

dibatag ('dibstaeg). [Native name.] A species of antelope, Ammodorcas clarkei, found in Somaliland, having recurved horns ringed at the base. 1891 Proc. Zool. Soc. 11. 210 The new Gazelle.. Somali name ‘Debo Tag’, which means ‘carries tail high’. 1894 Ibid. 11. 318 The Dibatag is common enough where it is found at all, but it is very local in its distribution. 1945 F. Harper Extinct & Vanishing Mammals of Old World 675 Dibatag; Clarke’s Gazelle... This .. gazelle is confined to the interior of British and Italian Somaliland and southeastern Ethiopia. 1970 Dorst & Dandelot Field Guide Larger Mammals Afr. 234 Very shy and alert, Dibatag move around a great deal.

dibb, var. of dib. dibber ('dibs(r)). [f. dib v.2 (sense 4) + -er1.] 1. An instrument for dibbling; a dibble; especially, an implement having a series of dibbles or teeth for making a number of holes at once. 1736 Pegge Kenticisms, Dibble, I think they call it dibber in Kent. 1783 Trans. Soc. Encourag. Arts I. 112, I.. ploughed the land very deep, dressed the ground down, and planted with hand-dibbers. 1797 A. Young Agric. Suffolk 48 A man .. with a dibber of iron, the handle about three feet long, in each hand, strikes two rows of holes. 1847 Raynbird in Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VIII. 1. 215 By using a drop-drill, or a larger dibber for making the holes. 1848 Ibid. IX. 11. 548 Five cut sets [of hops] should be planted to make a hill, which should be put in with a dibber around the stick.

2. Mining. The pointed end of an iron bar used for making holes.

U.S.

1871 W. Morgans Man. Mining Tools 158 The pointed ends of bars are often slightly bent, to facilitate getting a pinch and levering in certain positions. The end is called a ‘dibber’, for making holes.

dibbin, dibben. Obs. or dial. f 1. In the leather trade: Part of a hide; perh. the shank. Obs. 1603-4 Act 1Jas. I, c. 22 §35 The Neckes, Wombes, and Dibbins, or other peeces of Offall cut of from the saide Backes or Buts of Leather.

2. dial. (See quot.) 1847-78 Halliwell, Dibben, a fillet of veal.

simplest form, a stout pointed cylindrical stick with or without a handle; but it may also have a cross bar or projection for the foot (foot-dibble), or be forked at the point, or furnished with several points to make a number of holes at once. C1450 Nominale in Wr.-Wiilcker 713 Hoc subterrarium, a debylle. 1483 Cath. Angl. 92 A Debylle, pastinacum, subterratorium. 1563 Hyll Art Garden. 128 With your forked dibble, put vnder the head, loose it so in the earth, that [etc.]. 1570 Levins Manip. 124/42 A dybbil. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 101 Through cunning with dible, rake, mattock, and spade, By line and by leauell, trim garden is made. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 100 lie not put The Dible in earth, to set one slip of them. 1674 Ray 5. Gf E.C. Words 64 A Dibble, an instrument to make holes in the ground with for setting beans, pease or the like. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Dibble, There is a Dibble of a modern Invention with several Teeth, the Body of it is made of a light Wood, and the Teeth of a Wood that is somewhat harder. 1818 Keats Endym. in. 153 In sowing-time ne’er would I dibble take, Or drop a seed. 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 397 The people use a msaha or dibble, a chisel-shaped bit of iron, with a socket to receive a wooden handle. 1861 Delamer FI. Gard. 48 To plant them with the trowel or dibble.

fb. ? A moustache.

Obs. slang.

1614 B. Jonson Barth. Fair 11. iii, Neuer tuske, nor twirle your dibble, good Iordane.

dibble ('dib(a)l), u.1 [f. dibble s6.] 1. trans. To make a hole in (the soil) with or as with a dibble; to sow or plant by this means, to dibble in (into): to put in or plant by dibbling. 1583 Stanyhurst JEneis iv. (Arb.) no So far is yt crampernd with roote deepe dibled at helgats. 1791 Cowper Yaraley Oak 26 A skipping deer, With pointed hoof dibbling the glebe. 1797 A. Young Agric. Suffolk 47 One farmer near Dunwich .. dibbled 258 acres. 1799 Gentl. Mag. I. 392 A woman employed.. dibbling beans. 1847-8 H. Miller First Impr. ix. (1857) 145 The clayey soil around it was dibbled thick., by the tiny hoofs of sheep. 1855 M. Arnold Balder Dead in. 312 The soft strewn snow Under the trees is dibbled thick with holes. 1872 Baker Nile Tribut. iv. 54 The seeds of the dhurra are dibbled in about three feet apart. transf. 1883 Sir E. Beckett in Knowl. 31 Aug. 140/2 The printer’s passion for dibbling in a comma between every two adjectives.

2. intr. To use or work with a dibble; to bore holes in the soil. Mod. He was dibbling in his garden.

Hence 'dibbled ppl. a.; 'dibbling vbl. sb.; also in Comb., as dibbling-machine. 1795 Hull Advertiser 10 Oct. 3/3 If Dibbling, instead of Broadcast, was wholly practised, it would produce a saving. 1832 Veg. Subst. Food 38 Depositing the seed in holes.. at regular intervals.. is called drilling, or dibbling. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 210 It appears.. that drilling with the hoe is much preferable to dibbling. Ibid. There was .. one quarter more of produce from the drilled crop than from the dibbled. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech., Dibblingmachine, one used for making holes in rows for potato sets, for beans, or other things which are planted isolated in rows.

dibble ('dib(3)l), v.2 [Perhaps a derived form from dabble with lighter vowel: but cf. dib v 2 3-] 1. intr. = DABBLE V. 2. 1622 Drayton Poly-olb. xxv. (1748) 366 And near to them you see the lesser dibbling teale. 2. = DIB V 3, DAP V. I. 1658 R. Franck North. Mem. (1821) 60 Dibble lightly on the surface of the water. 1676 Cotton Angler (T.), This stone-fly.. we dape or dibble with, as with the drake. 1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. vii. §2 (1688) 75 When you angle at ground in a clear Water, or dibble with natural Flies. 1833 Fraser's Mag. VII. 54 He .. bobs and dibbles till he hooks his prey.

2

Hence 'dibbling vbl. sb. 1676 Cotton Angler 11. v. 295 This way of fishing we call Doping or Dabbing, or Dibling wherein you are always to have your Line flying before you up or down the River as the Wind serves. 1858 Sat. Rev. V. 569/2 Dibbling for trout he considers a high achievement.

'dibble-'dabble. colloq. or dial. [Reduplication of dabble, the form expressing repetition with alternation of intensity, as in bibble-babble, tittletattle, zig-zag, etc.] lit. An irregular course of dabbling or splashing; fig. rubbish; also, uproar with violence. C1550 Bale K. Johan (Camden) 7 They are but dyble dable I marvell ye can abyd such byble bable. 1767 C’tess. Cowper in Mrs. Delany's Life & Corr. Ser. 11. (1862) I. 99 It turned out such a dibble-dabble... We have had March weather before March came. 1825 Jamieson, Dibble-dabble, uproar, accompanied with violence. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dibble-dabble, rubbish. North.

dibbler ('dibl3(r)). [f. dibble Devon.

dibble ('dib(3)l), sb. Forms: 5 debylle, 6 dybbil, 6-7 dible, 6- dibble. [In form belonging app. to dib v.2 (sense 4), -le being instrumental as in beetle, or diminutive: cf. dibber, dibbing-stick in same sense. Dibble is however evidenced much earlier than dib v.2, which leaves the nature of their relation doubtful.] An instrument used to make holes in the ground for seeds, bulbs, or young plants. In its

DIBRANCHIATE

.1

v

+ -er1.]

1. One who dibbles. 1770-4 A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1804) II. 356 One dibbler generally undertakes the business of one gang. 1797 A. Young Agric. Suffolk 49 note, A one-horse roll to level the flag, or furrow, for the dibblers.

2. An agricultural implement used in dibbling; a machine dibble. 1847 Illustr. Lond. News 24 July 58/1 For the best horse seed-dibbler, £15. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 699/1 Dibblers [figured]. 1884 Athenaeum 6 Dec. 736/2 Drills, seed planters and dibblers.

3. A species of opossum: see quot.

1850 A. White Pop. Hist. Mammalia 166 The Antechinus apicalis of Mr. Gray, which is called the ‘Dibbler’ at King George’s Sound. 1967 Times 15 Nov. 7/8 An animal thought to have become extinct at some time in the past 83 years has come to light again in Western Australia—the rat-sized carnivorous marsupial popularly known as the dibbler. 1970 Wildlife in Austral. Sept. 67/1 The re-discovery of.. the dibbler, the noisy scrub-bird and the shortnecked tortoise.

dibbler, dial. f. doubler, large plate. dibbuk, var. dybbuk. dibchick: see DABCHICK p. dibenzanthracene (.daiben'zaenGrssiin). Chem. [f. dibenz(o- 4 anthracene.] Any of several hydrocarbon derivatives of anthracene with a molecular structure consisting of five fused benzene rings and the formula C22H14; spec. lf 2, 5, 6-dibenzanthracene, a colourless crystalline compound, present in coal tar and tobacco smoke, and having carcinogenic properties. iqi&Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CXIV. 1. 494 (title) Synthesis of the isomeric hydrocarbons i:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene and 3:4:5:6-dibenzphenanthrene. 1944 Ann. Reg. 1943 352 Ethyl mercuric chloride proved to be a polyploidogenic agent, dibenzanthracene facilitating its action. 1962 D. B. Clayson Chem. Carcinogenesis iii. 65 Magnus (1939) introduced i:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene into mice by forced feeding and obtained lung tumours. 1964 R. Schoental in E. Clar Polycyclic Hydrocarbons xviii. 141 For example, 1.2,5.6-dibenzanthracene.. is a potent carcinogen, but the 1.2,3.4-dibenzanthracene .. is inactive.

di'benzo-. Chem. See di-2 and benzo-. di'benzoyl.

Chem. A synonym of benzile C14H10O2, as having the formula of two molecules of the radical benzoyl. Also in Comb.

di'benzyl.

Chem. [f. di-2 + benzyl.] An aromatic hydrocarbon crystallizing in large colourless prisms, having the formula of two molecules of the radical benzyl. Also in Comb. and attrib., as dibenzyl-methane, dibenzyl ketone. 1873 Fownes’ Chem. (ed. n) 763.

dib-hole. Mining, [app. f. dib, variant of dub + hole.] The hole at the bottom of the shaft, which receives the drainage of a mine, in order to its being pumped to the surface; also called SUMP. 1883 Pall Mall G. 2 Oct. 8/2 As the cage was being brought up the rope broke .. The cage was precipitated into the dibhole and the scaffolding smashed. 1892 Daily News 11 Jan. 3/6 Examining the dib hole at the bottom of the pit shaft.

diblastula (dai'blsestjula). Embryol. [f. di-2 + mod.L. embryo consists cells; =

blastula blastule.] That stage of the of multicellular animals at which it of a vesicle inclosed by a double layer of GASTRULA.

1890 E. R. Lankester Adv. Science 348 The term ‘diblastula, has more recently been adopted in England for the ‘gasfrula’ of Haeckel.

diborane (dai'bosrein). Chem. [f. di-2 + borane.] A borane containing two atoms of boron; spec. B2H6, a colourless poisonous gas having a disagreeable odour. 1926 Brit. Chem. Abstr. 227/2 Structure of ethane and diborane, B2H6. 1956 Chem. & Engin. News 6 Feb. 560/2 The names of some of the boron hydrides are: BH3, borane (3), or simply borane; B2H4, diborane (4); B2H6, diborane (6); [etc.]. 1962 P. J. & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xvii. 516 Diborane, B2H6, is made by the action of a metallic hydride on a halide of boron. 1968 Materials & Technol. I. xii. 517 Diborane is of interest as a fuel for rockets to be launched under a water surface.

dibrach ('daibraek). rare. [ad. L. dibrachys, ad. Gr. SijSpayus of two short syllables, f. Si- two + jSpages short.] In Gr. and L. prosody: A foot consisting of two short syllables; a pyrrhic. In mod. Diets.

dibranch ('daibraeijk). Zool. [ad. F. dibranche{s, f. Gr. Si- (di-2) + flpayxia gills of fishes.] dibranchiate cephalopod; see next.

A

1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. 11. (1879) 305 If we divide all known Cephalopods into Dibranchs (two-gilled) and Tetrabranchs (four-gilled).. The naked or Dibranchs are decidedly higher in organization.

dibranchiate (dai'braeijkiat), a. and sb. Zool. [f. mod.L. dibranchiata, f. as prec.: see -ate2.] A. adj. Belonging to the Dibranchiata, an order of cephalopods having two branchiae or gills. B. sb. A cephalopod belonging to this order. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 520/1 The Dibranchiate Order of Cephalopods. Ibid. 528/2 The..suckers with which the .. arms of the Dibranchiates are provided. 1875 Blake Zool. 244 In the dibranchiate Cephalopods, the animal is swimming. So di'branchious a., ‘having two branchiae or

gills.’ Syd. Soc. Lex. 1883.

dibromide (dai'braumaid,-mid). Chem. [f. di-2 + bromide.] A compound of two atoms of bromine with a dyad element or a radical, as ethine dibromide C2H2Br2. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 362 Ethylene diamines.. obtained by acting with ammonia on ethylene dibromide. i873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. n) 560 Ethine unites with bromine, forming a dibromide.

dibromo-, before a vowel dibrom-. Chem. [f. di-2 + BROMO-.] A combining element, expressing the presence in a compound of two atoms of bromine, which have replaced two of hydrogen, as dibromaldehyde CH Br2 CHO. 1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 680 Dibromacetic Acid is obtained by the further action of bromine upon bromacetic acid. Ibid. 759 Dibromobenzene exhibits two modifications. 1880 Clemenshaw Wurtz' Atom. Th. 285 Dibromopropyl alcohol.. which is the result of the direct action of bromine upon allyl alcohol.

dibs (dibz). [colloq. Arab, debs = Heb. debas honey, wine syrup.] A thick sweet syrup made from grape-juice in Eastern countries; also, a similar syrup made from dates. 1757 B. Plaisted Jrnl. Calcutta to Busserah 112 The inspissated Juice of the Grape, called here Dibbs. 1841 E. Robinson Bibl. Res. Palestine II. 442 The finest grapes are dried as raisins; and the rest being trodden and pressed, the juice is boiled down to a syrup, which under the name of Dibs is much used by all classes wherever vineyards are found. 1864 W. K. Tweedie Lakes & Rivers of Bible 62 He will fetch fresh-baked bread, and a supply of dibs—a kind of honey made from grapes. 1946 N. Glueck River Jordan 96 Dibs, something like honey, usually made of dates.

dibs (plural): see dib sb.2 'dibstones, sb. pi. [See dib s6.2] The name of a children’s game: the same as dibs or dabstones. 1692 Locke Educ. §152, I have seen little Girls exercise whole Hours together and take abundance of Pains to be expert at Dibstones as they call it. 1775 Ash, Dibstone, a play among children, a little stone to be thrown at another stone. Addison.

di'butyl,

dibutyro-.

DICE-PLAY

618

DIBROMIDE

Chem.

See

di-2

and

BUTYL.

di'carpellary, a. Bot. [f. di-2 + carpellary.] Having or consisting of two carpels. 1876 Harley Mat. dicarpellary fruit.

Med.

501

Distinguished

by

a

dicaryon, var. dikaryon. dicast ('dikaest). Gr. Antiq. Alsodikast. [ad. Gr. hiKaoTfjs judge, juryman, agent-noun f. Swcaf-civ to judge, pass judgement on, f. 81*17 right, justice, judgement, trial.] One of the 6000 citizens chosen annually in ancient Athens to try cases in the several law-courts, where their functions combined those of the modern judge and jury. [1708 Motteux Rabelais v. xi. (1737) 46 The Statues of their Dicastes.] 1822 T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. p. cxlv. Nearly one-third of the population of Athens were, in part, supported by their attendance upon the courts of law in the quality of dicasts, an office something between the judge and juryman of modern times. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets Ser. 1. i. (1877) 3° The whole Athenian nation as dikasts and ecclesiasts, were interested in Rhetoric. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece vii. 215 The contemptible old dicast in the Wasps. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) 1. 215 This art acts upon dicasts and ecclesiasts and bodies of men.

1830 Maunder Treas. Knowl., Dicacious, talkative, pert.

Hence f di caciousness. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Dicaciousness, talkativeness.

dicacity (di'kaesiti). Obs. or arch. [f. L. dicax, dicdc-em, sarcastic (f. die- stem of dicere to say, speak) 4- -ity.] A jesting or mocking habit of speech; raillery, banter; pertness. (Sometimes after L. dicere: Talkativeness, babbling.) 1592 Bacon Confer. Pleasure (1870) 8 Vespasian, a man exceedinglie giuen to the humor of dicacitie and iesting. 1637 Heywood Dial. iv. Wks. 1874 VI. 185 His quicke dicacitie Would evermore be taunting my voracitie. a 1670 Hacket Abp. Williams 11. (1692) 133 Lucilius, a centurion, in Tacitus Annal. lib. 1, had a scornful name given him by the military dicacity of his own company. 1751 Byrom Enthusiasm Poems 1773 II. 23 To remit the freedom of inquiry.. for their dicacity. 1840 New Monthly Mag. LX. 55 Between human eloquence, and the dicacity of the parrot.. there is all the difference in the world.

fdicaearch. Obs. rare~°. In 7 dice-, [f. Gr. SAcu-osjust + -apxos ruler.] (See quot.) So also f dicaearchy. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dicearchy (dicaearchia), just government. Dicearck (dicaearchus), a just Prince. 1658 Phillips, Dicearch.

dicseology (daisn'otedji). Also 7 dice-, [ad. L. dicseologia, a. Gr. SiKaioXoyla a plea in defence, f. Slxmo-s righteous, just + Aoyia account, speech.] fl. A description or account of jurisdiction. Obs. 1664 J. Exton {title), The Maritime Dicaeologie, or Seajurisdiction of England.

2. Rhet. Justification. [1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie III. xix. (Arb.) 237 Dichologia, or the Figure of excuse.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Diceology. .justification by, or in talk. [1830 Maunder Treas. Knowl., Dicseology, self-vindication ]

dicage, dicar: see dikage, dicker. dicalcic (dai’kaelsik), a. Chem. [f. di-2 2 + calcic.] Containing two equivalents of calcium. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. I. 719 Dicalcic phosphide. 1884 F. J. Lloyd Science Agric.

dicarbo-, before a vowel dicarb-. Chem. [See di-2 and carbo-.] In composition: Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon. probably

dicarbon (dai'kaibsn), a. Chem. [di-2.] Containing or derived from two atoms of carbon, as the dicarbon series of hydrocarbons. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. xxx, Dicarbon or Ethyl series. The starting point of this important series is common alcohol or spirits of wine C2H6o.

d. To reject, throw away; to leave alone. Austral, slang. 1944 L. Glassop We were Rats i. i. 5 It’s me name, but it’s too cissy, so I dices it and picks up ‘Mick’. 1953 K. Tennant Joyful Condemned xxii. 214 I’ll dice it—for now.

2. To cut into dice or cubes: esp. in cookery. }c 1390 Forme of Cury in Warner's Culin. Antiq. 5 Take Funges [mushrooms], and pare hem clene, and dyce hem. CI440 Promp. Parv. 121 Dycyn, as men do brede, or other lyke, quadro. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 95 Make a ragoo of oysters and sweetbreads diced.

3. To mark or ornament with a pattern of cubes or squares; to chequer; spec. a. Needlework. (See quot. 1808-80.) b. Book¬ binding. To ornament (leather) with a pattern consisting of squares or diamonds: see diced ppl. a. 2. 1688 J. Clayton in Phil. Trans. XVIII. 126 The young Ones [snakes] have no Rattles.. but they may be known .. being very regularly diced or checker’d, black and gray on the backs. 1808-80 Jamieson, Dice, 1. Properly, to sew a kind of waved pattern near the border of a garment.. 2. To weave in figures resembling dice.

|4. To mark with spots or pips, like dice. Obs. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 1. 8 The Butter Fly. The eye is large and globular, diced or bespeck’d here and there with black spots.

dices obs. Sc. f. dais, pew or seat in a church.

dicastery (di'kaestan). Also dikastery. [ad. Gr.

dice, adv. Naut.: see dyce.

biKaorqpiov a court of justice.]

One of the courts of justice in which the dicasts sat; the court or body of dicasts.

dice-box. The box from which dice are thrown in gaming, usually of the form of a double truncated cone.

[1656 J. Harrington Oceana 147 (Jod.) The dicasterion .. in Athens .. the comitia of that commonwealth. 1822 T. Mitchell Aristoph. II. 179 The very essence of the Athenian democracy.. was centered in its Dicasteria, or courts of justice.] 1846 Grote Greece 1. xii. I. 304 It was unlawful to put to death any person, even under formal sentence by the dicastery. 1866 Felton Anc. & Mod. Gr. II. vi. 99 The people in the country, .were as likely to be drawn into the senate and dicasteries, as the people .. of the town.

1552 Huloet, Dice boxe, fimum, fritillum. 1617 Minsheu Ductor, A Dice box .. a saucer, porringer, or some other such like dish, out of which they cast the dice. 1713 Addison Guardian No. 120 [f 1 Thumping the table with a dice-box. 1784 Cowper Task iv. 221 What was an hourglass once, Becomes a dicebox. 1833 Ht. Martineau Three Ages ii. 47 Charles and the Duke of Ormond were rattling the dice-box. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 50 Welcome at the palace when the bottle or the dicebox was going round.

dicastic (di'kastik), a. Also dikastic. [ad. Gr. SixaoTtK-os of or for law or trials: see dicast.] Of

or belonging to a dicast or dicasts.

fdi'cacious, a. Obs.~° [f. L. dicax, dicacitalking sharply + -ous.] Pert of speech, saucy.

1881 Nature XXIII. 243 The acid.. was identical with dicarbopyridenic acid.

dicarbonate (dai'kaibanat). Chem. See di-2 and CARBONATE.

1849 Grote Greece n. xlvi. V. 484 The archon.. retained only the power of.. presiding over the dikastic assembly by whom peremptory verdict was pronounced. 1874 Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece vi. 176 The wrangling and dicastic habit of his countrymen. 1884 Q. Rev. Oct. 348 Citizens each furnished with his dicastic badge and staff.

dicatalectic (.daikaeto'lektik), a. Pros. [ad. Gr. StKaTaXrjKTtK-os: see di-2 and catalectic.] Of a verse: Doubly catalectic; wanting a syllable both in the middle and at the end, as e.g. the dactylic pentameter. In mod. Diets.

tdi'eation. Obs. rare~°. [ad. L. dication-em formal declaration, n. of action f. dicare to proclaim.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dication, a vowing, submitting, promising, or dedicating.

dicayue, obs. form of deceive. dice, sb. (properly pi.): see die sb. and in Combs, below.

dice (dais), v. [f. dice, pi. of die $&.] 1. a. intr. To play or gamble with dice. In extended use (fig.): to take great risks, esp. in phr. to dice with death. Freq. in Motoring contexts. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 121 Dycyn, or pley wythe dycys, aleo. 1519 Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 32 Latt no manservauntes dysse nor carde in ther howsses. 1548 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 25 Thei hauke, thei hunt, thei card, thei dyce. 1596 Shahs, i Hen. IV, ill. iii. 18, I was.. vertuous enough, swore little, dic’d not aboue seuen times a weeke. 1647 R. Stapylton Juvenal 253 If th’ old man dice, th’ heire in long coats will doe The like. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 97 The Dick Talbot who had diced and revelled with Grammont. fig. 1941 Prince Chula Chakrabongse Dick Seaman xiv. 357 Racing motorists usually referred to driving in a race as either ‘cracking’ or ‘dicing’, the latter word having been derived from the journalists’ former habit of writing about their being ‘speed demons dicing with death’. 1969 Observer (Colour Suppl.) 23 Mar. 24/1 On the Mi or the M4 a lot of them try to dice with us. .. You’ll get the bod who will come up behind you, an Aston Martin, a Sprite, a Mini Cooper, and they’ll be flashing their lights to get by you. 1971 Daily Tel. 29 Jan. 3/8[He] had been ‘dicing’ along the road with the driver of another car. They were trying to ‘carve each other up’ after a motoring incident a mile away.

b. trans. To lose or throw away by dicing; to gamble away. Alsoyig. 1549 [see dicing-house], 1618 N. Field Amends for Ladies I. i. in Hazl. Dodsley XI. 94 Have I to dice my patrimony away? 1871 Tom Taylor Jeanne Dare 11. i. How cheerily a king and kingdom May be diced, danced, and fiddled to the dogs! 1881 Blackie Lay Serm. i. 79 The conscript boy, torn from his father.. to dice away his sweet young life in a cause with which he has no concern.

c. trans. To bring by dice-play (into, out of, etc.). 1843 Macaulay Ess., Addison (1889) 721 When he diced himself into a spunging house.

b. Used gaming.

typically

for

aice-play,

dicing,

1857 Maurice Ep. St.John xi. 179 The only resources left for either are the dice-box and the bottle. 1859 Macaulay Life Pitt, Fox, a man of pleasure, ruined by the dice-box and the turf. c. attrib. Of the form of a dice-box. dice-box

insulator, a hollow porcelain insulator of this shape for supporting a telegraph wire, which passes through the axis. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 296 A smaller lake .. backed by a range of rocks and a rude dice-box tower. 1895 W. Preece {in letter), The ‘dice-box’ insulator was invented by the late Mr. C. P. Walker; it was used on the SouthEastern Railway.

diced (daist), ppl. a. [f. dice v. + -ed1.] 1. Formed or cut into dice or cubes; see dice v. 2. 1671 J. Webster Metallogr. xvii. 246, I have by me very many sorts of these squared or diced golden Marchasites. I741 Compl. Fam. Piece 1. ii. (ed. 3) 147 Make Sauce with some of the Liquor, Mushrooms, diced Lemon, etc.

2. Marked or ornamented with figures of cubes or squares; chequered; see dice v. 3. 1725 Ramsay Gentl. Sheph. 1. ii, He kaims his hair. .And spreads his garters diced beneath his knee. 1880 W. Smith Catal. No. 6, 4 vols, royal 8vo, diced calf. 1893 W. F. Clay Catal. 16, 4to, diced russia, neatly rebacked.

dicellate (dai'sebt), a. [f. Gr. SAeAAa, a two¬ pronged hoe + -ate2.] Two-pronged: said spec. of sponge-spicules. I Dicentra (dai'ssntra). Bot. [mod.L., f. Gr. StKevrpos, f. 81- two + Kevrpov sharp point, spur.] A genus of plants (N.O. Fumariacese) having drooping heart-shaped flowers; the species are natives of North America and Eastern and Central Asia, and several are in cultivation in the flower-garden, esp. D. spectabilis (also called Dielytra). 1866 in Treas. Bot. 1883 Century Mag. Sept. 726/2 The beautifully divided leaves of the dicentra. 1884 E. P. Roe in Harper's Mag. May 932/1 Clumps of bloodroot, hepaticas, dicentras, dog-tooth violets, and lilies-of-the-valley.

dicentric (dai'sentnk), a. (and sb.) Biol. [f. di-2 + -centric.] Of a chromosome or chromatid: having two centromeres. Hence as sb., a dicentric chromosome or chromatid. 1937, etc. [see acentric a.]. 1956 Nature 18 Feb. 325/1 Breakage of chromosomes is followed by reunion to give dicentrics. 197° Ibid. 15 Aug. 707/z Chromosome fragments and structural abnormalities (for example, dicentrics and acentrics) were rare.

dicephalous (dai'sefabs), a. [f. Gr. SixifiaXos (f. 8‘-, di-2 + (ce^aArj head) + -ous. In mod.F. dicephale.] Having two heads, two-headed. 1808 Edin. Rev. XII. 487 A dicephalous monster.

dice-play. [f. dice, pi. of die sb. ] The action or practice of playing with dice; the game of dice. ickensesque manner, but he has not the local knowledge nor humour of his master. 1886 Century Mag. XXXII. 937 My ideas of London were .. preeminently Dickeny. 1886 F.

E

G. Kitton {title) Dickensiana, a bibliography of the literature relating to Charles Dickens and his writings. 1888 A. Lang in Good Words Apr. 233/1 One is a Dickensite pure and simple. 1890 Spectator 30 Aug. 281 Disraeli never descended even into Dickensish depths of human nature. 1892 Kate D. Wiggin in Atlantic Monthly May 616 It would be so delightful and Dickensy to talk .. with a licensed victualer by the name of Martha Huggins. 1905 Daily Chron. 12 July 4/7 A correspondent.. assures us that he is.. a Dickensite. 1949 D. G. Smith I capture Castle vi. 75, I had hoped the lawyers’ office would be old and dark, with a Dickensy old lawyer. 1958 Listener 18 Dec. 1046/1 There may soon be a special department in public libraries devoted to Dickensiana.

dicker ('dik3(r)), sb.1 Forms: a. 4-5 dyker, 5-6 dycker, 6 deker, diker, -ar, dickar, dikkar, 7 dicar, 6- dicker, fl. 6- dacre, daker, (6 daiker, dakir, 8 dakker). [The form dicker, ME. dyker, etc., with the latinized forms dicora, dikera, dicra, point to an OE. *dicor, corresponding to MLG. deker, MHG. decker, techer, mod.G. decker, LG. diekr (Westphal.), dxkr (Pomerania), Icel. dekr, Da. deger, Sw. dacker; all evidently from a WGer. *decura, *decora, ad. L. decuria, a company or parcel of ten: cf. OE. sicor for L. securis. This WGer. form must be the source of the med.L. decora, decora, dicara, dacora (Du Cange), and of the OF. dacre, dakere, and corresp. med.L. dacra, dacrum, whence the Sc. and northern forms in /3. The word has been used from ancient times in the reckoning of skins or hides; a letter of the Roman Emperor Valerian (a.d. 253-260) preserved by Trebellius Pollio, directs Zozimion, procurator of Syria, to furnish to Claudius, among other supplies, ‘pellium tentoriarum decurias triginta’, i.e. 30 dickers of skins for tents. Kluge points out that the early adoption of the Latin word by the Germans is explained by the tribute of skins which the latter had to pay to the Romans (Tacitus Ann. iv. 72), as well as by the fact that skins formed a leading item in the frontier trade between the Romans and the northern barbarians, as they have in the traffic between white men and the Indians in North America in modem times (see dicker v.)J

The number of ten; half a score; being the customary unit of exchange in dealing in certain articles, esp. hides or skins; hence a package or lot of (ten) hides. Its use in the skin trade appears to be the only one in continental languages; in English it has been extended to some other goods; the dicker {dicra or dacra) of iron in Domesday is generally held to have been ten rods, each sufficient to make two horse-shoes. a. [1086 Domesday I. If. 162 a, T.R.E. reddebat civitas de Glowecestre... xxxvi. d icras ferri. 1275 Placita in Curiis Magnat. Angliae, Per iij diker’ de coriis bovinis.] 1266-1307 Assisa de Pond, et Mensur. (Stat. Realm I. 205), Item Last Coriorum ex xx Dykeres, et quodlibet Dacre constat ex x coreiis. Item Dacre Cirotecarum ex x paribus. If Dacre vero ferrorum equorum [viginti] ferris. Transl. ex Lib. Horw. Lond. If. 123 A Last of Leather doth consist of Twenty Diker, and every Diker consisteth of Ten Skins. And a Diker of Gloves consisteth of Ten Pair of Gloves. Item a Diker of Horse-shoes doth consist of [Ten v.r. twenty] Shoes. 1428 Will of Tanner (Somerset Ho.), j dyker de Rigges et neckes. 1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 384 Payinge for the custome of euery dyker j d. 1526 Tolls in Dillon Calais & Pole (1892) 81 A dycker of hydes tanned, ten hydes a dyker. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 14 §1 Two persons., nombre all suche lether by the hide, accomptinge ten hides to the deker. 1553-54 Trinity Coll. Accts. in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) III. 610 It’ to John Barbour for a dikkar of knives. 1579 in Wadley Bristol Wills (1886) 227 Fower diker of Rawe leather. 1679 Blount Anc. Tenures 33 A Dicar of Iron contained ten Barrs. 1691 Lond. Gaz. No. 2661/4 Also 16 Dickers of Butts in the Fatts near Tanned. 1799 S. Freeman Town Off. 146 The sealer of leather’s fee shall be 6d. per dicker. 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 51 Bracelets, or necklaces, of Glass. The Gross to contain 12 Bundles or Dickers, and each Bundle or Dicker being 10 Necklaces. 1835 P. Kelly Universal Cambist II. Index, Dicker, or dacre of leather, 10 hides; of necklaces, 10 bundles, each bundle ten necklaces. /3. [1286 in Rogers Agric. & Prices II. 458/3 (Iron & Steel). C1300 Fleta 11. xii. §4 (Jam.) Item lastus coriorum consistit ex decim dakris, & quodlibet dacrum ex decim coriis.. Dacrum vero ferrorum equorum ex viginti ferris.] 1531 Aberdeen Burgh Rec. xm. 248 The dakir of hidis. 1548 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) 130, ij daker off lether off daker wayre iij1. vj8. viijd. 1588 Will of Willison (Somerset Ho.), Dacre of leather. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. Stat. of Gild 147 In halfe ane daker of hydes. 1732 in Cramond Ann. Banff (1891) I. 206 For each dakker of leather freemen shall pay 3s. 4d. 1835 (see a.) Dacre.

fb. transf. A considerable number; a ‘lot’, a ‘heap’. Obs. 1580 Sidney Arcadia in. (1622) 393 Behold, said Pas, a whole dicker of wit. 1596 Nashe Saffron Walden 2 Such a huge dicker of Dickes in a heape altogether. 1602 Narcissus (1893) 686 On my love kisses I heape a dicker. 1641 Brathwait Engl. Intelligencer 1, Newes, Althea, I have a whole dicker of newes for thee. 1676 Marvell Mr. Smirke 33 But if the Dean foresee that ’tis a very vendible Book, he .. sends up for a whole Dicker of ’em to retaile.

dicker ('dik3(r)), sb2 U.S. [f.

dicker v.~\ The action or practice of dickering; barter; petty bargaining. Also, a deal, bargain; articles or commodities as a medium of exchange or payment. 1823 J. F. Cooper Pioneer xiv. (1869) 61/1 You have sold your betterments. Was it cash or dicker? 1831 Boston Evening Transcript 22 Dec. 1/1 His ‘dicker’ was begun, And by aid of solemn face, He closed a bargain soon. 1833 J. Neal Dovm-Easters I. v. 81 A dicker’s a dicker I allays

DICKY

622

DICKER

concate, where people’s upon honor, but not where they aint. 1856 Whittier Panorama 270 Selfish thrift and party held the scales For peddling dicker, not for honest sales. 1880 Harper's Mag. May 907/1 An old watch and shot-gun ..that he had taken as ‘dicker’ on accounts. 1888 N.Y. Weekly Times 28 Mar. (Farmer Amer), Considering the advisability of making a dicker with his old political opponents. 1940 Wodehouse Eggs, Beans & Crumpets 57 It was his intention to.. make a dicker with it [ir. a dog] by means of the slab [of cheese] which he had just purchased.

dicker, v. U.S. [? f.

dicker sb.1 Quotation 1848 refers to the barter traffic on the Indian frontier in N. America. As skins have always formed a chief item in that trade, it has been suggested with much probability that the verb arose, in the sense ‘to deal by the dicker, to deal in skins’, among the traders with the Indians, and has thence extended in U.S. to trade by barter generally. If this be the fact, it is interesting that a word which passed from Latin into Germanic in special connexion with dealing in skins, and which has ever since in Europe been associated with this trade (see dicker sb.'), should, in America, through similar dealings between a civilized and uncivilized race, have received another development of use.]

a. intr. To trade by barter or exchange; to truck; to bargain in a petty way, to haggle. Also in extended use (intr.): to dither, vacillate, hesitate, b. trans. To barter, exchange. Hence 'dickering vbl. sb.; also 'dickerer, one who dickers. 1802 Port Folio (Phila.) ii. 268 (Th.), Dickering signifies all that honest conversation, preliminary to the sale of a horse, where the parties very laudably strive in a sort of gladiatorial combat of lying, cheating, and overreaching. 1824 Woodstock (Vermont) Observer 15 June 4/5 (Advt.) (Th.), The subscriber has for sale the following property which he wishes to dicker for. 1845 J. T. Headley Lett. fr. Italy xx. 99, I had acquired quite a reputation in dickering with the thieving Italian landlords ana vetturini. 1848 J. F. Cooper Oak Openings (Bartlett), The white men who penetrated to the semi-wilds [of the West] were always ready to dicker and to swap. 1864 Sala in Daily Tel. 7 July, The required needle was dickered for the egg, and the Yankee was going away. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. II. in. lxiii. 457 By a process of dickering (i.e. bargaining by way of barter).. a list is settled on which the high contracting parties agree. 1891 Goldw. Smith Canadian Question, Government, in the persons of the Parliamentary heads of departments, is on the stump, or dickering for votes. 1891 Columbus {Ohio) Dispatch 2 Apr., Bargains that would do credit to London East End dickerers. 1891 Stevenson & Osbourne Wrecker (1892) iv. 63 To this romance of dickering I would reply with the romance . .of art. 1947 D. M. Davin Gorse blooms Pale 78 Phyllis dickers a bit but of course she finishes by getting up and saying she’s going to play, i960 Sunday Express 6 Nov. 17/5 He withdrew it [sc. a play] angrily when A.-R. dickered over the production date. 1961 John o'Londoris 25 May 589/2 Dickering on the edge of adulthood. 1962 Sunday Express 30 Sept. 4/5 The large stores who dicker and dither before they take a cheque. 1963 B. Pearson Coal Flat ix. 159 Henderson, though he dickered, usually came round to the majority opinion.

dickinsonite ('dikinsa.nait). Min. [Named 1878 after the Rev. J. Dickinson: see -ite.] A hydrous phosphate of manganese, calcium, and sodium, usually micaceous in structure and green in colour. 1878 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. III. XVI. 115 Distinct crystals of dickinsonite are not often found.

dicky, dickey ('diki), sb. colloq., slang, and dial. Also dickie. [The senses here included may belong to two or more words of distinct origin. Some of them are evidently applications of Dicky, dim. of Dick (cf. Tommy, Willy, Bobby, etc.); another group is probably closely related to dick sb.2; of others the relationship is obscure. Many other applications of ‘dicky’ may be found in the dialect and slang dictionaries.]

I. As applied to persons. 1. Naut. (See quot.) 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Dickey, an officer acting in commission.

II. As a name applied to animals. 2. A donkey; properly, a he-ass. First noted in East Anglia and Essex, now widely known. 1793 Gentl. Mag. ii. 1083 A Donky, or a Dicky. An ass. Essex and Suffolk. 1818 Moore Fudge Fam. Paris 11. 25 When gravely sitting Upon my dickey. .), did (see do

v. ).

1853 ‘E. R.’ in M. Carpenter Juvenile Delinquents iv. 126 Gipseys, romaneys, didycoys, ‘our people’, as they call themselves. 1907 Daily Chron. 5 Oct. 6/2 Making raids on gipsy encampments with the object of getting them to send their young ‘didekies’ (children) to school. 1936 G. Greene Journey without Maps 1. iii. 79 A didicoi.. was the name they gave in Gloucestershire to gipsies. 1936 Punch 18 Mar. 321/3 Dappled with mire, By the didakai’s fire. 1959 ‘O. Mills’ Stairway to Murder iv. 37 What’s a man of your age and education doing wandering the country.. ? You don’t strike me as a natural diddicoy type, i960 W. Robertson Shadow of Rope xiii. 131 Them there diddicoys is wholly afeard o’ the ma’sh. 1961 Guardian 23 May 5/s These were the dreaded scrap-metal Didakeis. 1966 Ibid. 3 Nov. 4/6 ‘Didicoys’—the Irish tinkers and other nomads around London who far outnumber the true Romanies.

didimist: see didymist. didine (’daidain), a. Zool. [f. mod.L. didus the dodo + -ine.] Belonging to the family Dididse of

birds, akin to the dodo. 1885 C. F. Holder Marvels Anim. Life 158 On the island of Rodriguez lived a didine bird, the Pezophaps solitarius of Leguat.

,di-di umal, a. [f. di-2 twice + diurnal.]

Occurring twice a day. 1854 Woodward Mollusca (1856) 32 Some waterbreathers require only .. a di-diumaf visit from the tide.

didle (’daid(3)l), sb. local. Also 5-8 didal(l, 9 dydle. [Derivation unascertained: see the vb.] A sharp triangular spade, used for clearing out ditches and water-courses; also a metal scoop or dredge fixed to the end of a long pole, used for a similar purpose. Hence didle-man, a didler. 1490 Chamberl. Acc. in Kirkpatrick Relig. Orders Norwich (*845) 316 Paid to the didalmen and other labourers, for carrying the muck out of the said ditch [of Norwich Castle], 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 38 A didall and crome for draining of ditches. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 244/1 A Didall and Crome to drain Ditches. 1710 Hilman Tusser Redivivus, Didal, a triangular spade, as sharp as a knife, excellent to bank ditches, where the earth is light and pestered with a sedgy weed. 1787 in Grose Provinc. Gloss. 1883 G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads xx. (1884) 148 We have ice ‘dydles’. They are large nets made of wire, at the end of a pole, with which we can scoop the broken pieces of ice up.

didle (’daid(3)l), v. local. Also dydle. [Cf. prec. A suggestion is that didle is worn down from dike-delve.]

a. trans. To clean out the bed of (a river or ditch), b. intr. To work with a didle or didling scoop. Hence 'didling vbl. sb., 'didler. 1803 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. I. 471 The older theology of the reformers is so gone by.. that I should despair of the patience to didle in their mud for pearlmuscles. a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Didle, to clean the bottom of a river. 1835 Municip. Corp. 1st Rept. App. iv. 2465 The Surveyor of Didlers [of Norwich] superintends the persons employed in cleansing the river. 1842 Ann. Reg.

DIDN’T

629

195 Messrs. Culley and Cossey lately built a didling boat. 1863 Morton Cycl. Agric. Gloss., Didle (Worf., Suff.), to clean the bottom of a river with a didling scoop. 1865 W. White East, Eng. I. 81, I.. saw only a man who appeared to be hoeing the river bottom. He .. was the dydler. 1883 G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads xv. (1884) 112 The dykes are kept clear, and the channel of the river deepened, by ‘dydling’... At the end of a long pole is a metal scoop, in the shape of a ring, with a network.. attached. This is plunged into the river, and scraped along the bottom to the side, where it is lifted out and the semi-liquid mud poured on to the rond. Ibid. xvii. 124 The reach had been dydled out.

didn’t : see do

v.

29.

t'dido1. Obs. [Skeat suggests ‘a tale of Dido*, an old story.] ? An old story, a thrice-told tale. I377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiii. 172 ‘It is but a dido’, quod pis doctour, ‘a dysoures tale’. [C. has the v.rr. a dydo, a dico, a dede, abido.]

dido2 ('daidsu). dial, and U.S. slang. [Origin uncertain.] A prank, a caper; a disturbance, ‘row’, ‘shindy’; esp. in phr. to cut (up) didoes. 1807 J. R. Shaw Life ix. 140 A jolly Irishman, who cut as many didos as I could for the life of me. 1843-4 Haliburton Sam Slick in Eng. (Bartlett), Them Italian singers recitin’ their jabber, .and cuttin’ didoes at a private concert. 1851 New York Tribune 10 Apr. (Farmer Amer.), We should have had just the same didoes cut up by the chivalry. 1869 Mrs. Stowe Oldtown Folks 106 They will be a consultin’ together, and cuttin’ up didos. 1880 L. Parr Adam & Eve I. vi 151, I thought.. you’d be cuttin’ up a Dido with everything. 1891 ‘Q.’ Noughts & Crosses 76 There was a pretty dido goin’ on atween the dree. 1893 Q. [Couch] Delectable Duchy 271 What a dido he do kick up, to be sure. 1919 H. Jenkins John Dene of Toronto (1920) v. 84 ‘Well, you can’t,’ snapped John Dene, ‘receiver’s off. Your boys have been playing dido all morning on my phone.’

tdi-dodeca'hedral, a. Crystal. Obs. [f. F. didodecaedre (Haiiy) + -al1: see di- pref.* i.] Having the form of a twelve-sided prism, with six planes in each base, or twenty-four faces in all. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 204 Didodecahedral asparagus-stone.. is a six-sided prism, truncated on the lateral edges, and acuminated on the extremities with six planes.

didonia (dai'daunra). Math. [From the story of Dido, who bargained for as much land as could be covered with a hide, and cut the hide into a long narrow strip so as to inclose a large space.] (See quot.) Hence di'donian a. 1873 Tait Quaternions (ed. 2) 191 If we give the name of ‘Didonia’ to the curve.. which, on a given surface and with a given perimeter, contains the greatest area, then for such a Didonian curve [etc.].

didopper, obs. form of didapper, dabchick. didrachm (’daidrsem). Also 6 didragme, didramme, 6-7 didrachme, didram. [ad. L. didrachma or didrachmon, Gr. 8l8pa.xg.ov a double drachma; f. St-, di-2 + SpaxM drachma. Cf. mod.F. didrachme.] An ancient Greek silver coin, of the value of two drachmae: see drachma. 1548 Udall, etc., Erasm. Par. Matt. xvii. 24 Doth your master (quoth they) pay a Didram for trybute? 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. xvii. 24 Your maister doth he not pay the didrachmes? 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 111. xiv. 45 A Side or didrachme the fourth part of an ounce of Silver. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Didram .. an ancient coyn .. of our money, it values 15d. 1807 Robinson Archseol. Graeca v. xxvi. 550, 2 drachma or didrachm = 15. 3\d. 1879 H. Phillips Notes Coins 8 A didrachm of Velia in Lucania presents on the reverse a lion destroying a stag.

didrachmal (dai'draekmal), a. [f. prec. + -al1.] Of the weight of two drachmae: applied to the stater, a gold coin. 1771 Rarer in Phil. Trans. LXI. 466 The didrachmal gold of Philip and Alexander is about 4 grains heavier than our guinea.

didst, 2nd sing. pa. t. of do

v.

fdi'duce, v. Obs. [ad. L. diducere to pull asunder or apart, pull in two, f. di-1, dis- + ducere to lead, draw. Used in 16-17th c., and sometimes confused in form with deduce.] 1. trans. To pull or draw away or apart. 1578 Banister Hist. Man 1. 26 By this y' arme is distaunt, and deduced from the ribbes. 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 118 It is moved and diduced outward and foreward, a 1696 Scarburgh Euclid (1705) 8 The extreams of any crooked line may.. be further and further diduced, till the crooked line be stretched to a strait line.

2. To dilate, expand, enlarge. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xxv. §11. 124 The exposition is diduced into large comentaries. 1657 Tomlinson Renou’s Disp. 307 Its seed brayed and drunk in passum .. diduces its passages.

diduce, -ment, obs. (erron.) ff. deduce, -ment. fdi'duct, v. Obs. [f. L. diduct- ppl. stem of diducere: see prec.] = diduce i. 1676 Grew Anat. Leaves 1. iv. (1682) 155 The lesser Threds, being so far diducted, as sometimes to stand at Right-Angles with the greater.

DIE

f deduction. Obs. [ad. L. diduction-em, n. of action f. diducere: see diduce and -tion.] 1. Drawing or pulling apart, separation. a 1640 Jackson Creed xi. v, By whose diduction or rent a place was opened for this future edifice to be erected in Him. 1649 Bulwer Pathomyot. n. ii. 107 This Diduction of the Lips. 1661 Boyle Spring of Air in. iv. (1682) 70 The strings .. must draw as forcibly as those within the bladder so as to hinder the diduction of the sides.

2. Dilatation, expansion. 1634 Jackson Creed vn. xxv, By a gentle diduction or dilatation, of that sense which was included in the Apostles’ Creed. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 214 The 1260 days being but the Diduction of those larger measures of three times and a half or of forty two months in more numerous parts.

diductively, obs. (erron.) f. deductively. didy ('daidi). U.S. colloq. Also didie. [Infantile alteration of diaper sb.] = diaper sb. 2. 1902 in Dialect Notes II. 232. 1942 O. Nash Good Intentions 62 There are few spectacles .. more untidy Than 1914 or something in a didy. 1945 B. Macdonald Egg & I (1947) xvi. 175, I gathered up my baby.. and the didy bag.

didymate ('didimat), a. Zool. and Bot. [f. mod.L. didym-usf a. Gr. 818vp-os twin -f -ate.] Paired, twinned; = didymous. So

'didymated

a. .1843 Humphreys Brit. Moths I. 70 Near the apex is a faint didymated brown spot. 1876 Harley Mat. Mea. (ed. 6) 365 The stems are sometimes 1 inch in length, and the spherical heads ^ inch in diameter and didymate.

|| 'didymis. Anat. Obs. PI. -es. [f. Gr. SCSvpoi testicles, orig. ‘twins’.] = epididymis. [CI400 Lanfr one’s Cirurg. 169 pis dindimi goip arterijs and veynes to pe ballokis.] 1543 Traheron Vigo’s Chirurg. 10 The didymes ben thin skynnes, which compasse the stones, and holde them hangyng. 1547 Boorde Brev. Health cccxxii. 104 Of this Siphac the two dydymes be ingendred the which doth discend to the Stones. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Didymis, a synonym of Epididymis.

t 'didymist. Obs. In 7 didimist. [f. Didymus, Gr. d 181720s twin, surname of the apostle Thomas, + -ist: cf. John xx. 24-27.] A doubter, sceptic. 1607 R. C. tr. Estienne’s World of Wonders Ep. Ded., Those Didymists, who will beleeue nothing except their senses say Amen. 1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature x. §3. 87 If any bee a doubtfull Didimist in this poinct, or a disputefull Scepticke. Ibid. xii. §4. 134 Didimists, Sceptecks, or Athists.

didymite1 ('didimait). = prec. 1822 Blackw. Mag. XI. 465 His Lordship is a Dydimite in politics and religion .. he must put forth his finger to touch, ere he be convinced.

'didymite2. Min. Also erron. didrimite. [Named 1843 from Gr. 8ISvp-os twin, being thought to be one of two minerals containing calcium carbonate in combination with silica.] A micaceous schist found in the Tyrol, nearly allied to Muscovite. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 321 Didrimite or Didymite. 1868 Dana Min. 311.

didymium (di'dinuam). Chem. [mod. f. Gr. 818171-05 twin, with ending -ium used with new metals. The name referred to its close association (‘twin-brotherhood’) with lanthanium previously discovered, both metals being found associated with cerium.] A rare metal, discovered by Mosander in 1841; found only in association with cerium and lanthanium. Symbol Di. 1842 Chemical Gaz. I. 4 Mosander, the discoverer of lanthanium, has found that these metals are always mixed with a third new element (didymium), from which at present it is impossible to separate them. 1867 W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. 1. (ed. 4) 166 Small quantities of didymium in solutions of lanthanium and cerium. 1892 Daily News 11 Feb. 3/6 A method of separating cerium from didymium.

didymous (’didimas), a. Bot. and Zool. [f. mod.L. didym-us, a. Gr. 818171-05 twin + -ous. In mod.F. didyme.] Growing in pairs, paired, twin. 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. xxxi. 483 The outer ones [nectaries] being.. didymous or twinned. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 171 Araliaceae.. anthers didymous.

UDidynamia (didi'neimis) Bot. [mod.L. (Linnasus, 1735) f. Gr. 81-, di-2 twice, two + bvvapus power, strength; fancifully referring to the superior length of two of the stamens.] The fourteenth class in the Linnaean Sexual System of plants, containing those with four stamens in pairs of unequal length, and comprehending the Natural Orders Labiatse, Scrophulariaceae, and other smaller groups. Hence 'didynam, a plant of this class; dldy'namian a., didy'namic a., of or pertaining to the class Didynamia; didynamous. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., Didynamia. .of this class of plants are thyme, lavender, basil, etc. 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. ix. 91 The fourteenth class, didynamia, signifying that two of the stamens are stronger than the

others.

1828

Ogilvie.

Didynamic.

Webster,

Didynam.. Didynamian.

1882

didynamous (dai'dinsmas, did-), a. Bot. [f. as prec. + -ous.] Of stamens: Arranged in two pairs of unequal length. Also of a flower or plant: Having four stamens thus arranged; belonging to the Linnaan class Didynamia. 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. xxii. 314 The corolla., personate with four didynamous stamens. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 202 Globularinese, stamens 4 .. somewhat didynamous. 1857 Henfrey Bot. 355 Orobanchacese.. Flowers monopetalous, didynamous. Ibid. 357 A general resemblance exists between the.. other didynamous monopetalous Orders.

didynamy (dai'dinami, did-). Bot. [f. prec. + -y: cf. autonomous, autonomy.] Didynamous condition or structure. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 234 The didynamy of Acanthaceae is frequently different from that of Scrophularineae in the posterior pair of stamens being the longest.

die (dai), sb.1 PI. dice (dais), dies (daiz). Forms: 4-5 dee, 6-8 dye, dy, 6- die. Blur. 4 des, 4-5 dees, deys, dys, 4-6 dyse, dyce, 5-6 dis(e, (dysse, 6 dyyss), 5- dice; also 5-6 dyes, 5- dies. Also Sing. 4- 5 dyse, 5-6 dyce, 5-7 dice; Plur. 4-5 dyces, 5 dises, dices, dycys. [Early ME. de, dee, pi. des, dees, a. OF. de (nom. sing, and obi. pi. i2-i4th c. dez), mod.F. de, pi. des = Pr. dat, datz, Cat. dau, Sp., It. dado-, in form:—L. datum, subst. use of datus, -um ‘given’, pa. pple. of dare to give. It is inferred that, in late pop. L., datum was taken in the sense ‘that which is given or decreed (sc. by lot or fortune)’, and was so applied to the dice by which this was determined. Latinized mediasval forms from It. and Fr. were dadus, decius. In late OF. the form dey occurs in 14th c.; and dez was sometimes used in sing, down to 17th c.: cf. the 14-17th c. Eng. use of dice as sing. The remarkable point in the history of the Eng. word is the change of de, des, to dy, dys, {dyse, dyce, dice), in the ME. period. The oldest Chaucer MSS., Harl., Ellesm., Hengwrt, have dees, which also survived as late as 1484 in Caxton, but dys occurs in the other Chaucer MSS., and in rime in the Bodleian MS. of Kyng Alisaunder, part of which is in the Auchinleck MS., attributed to the middle of the 14th c. Before 1500, dy, dys seem to have completely passed from the e into the i class, the fortunes of which they have since shared. As in pence, the plural s retains its original breath sound, probably because these words were not felt as ordinary plurals, but as collective words; cf. the orig. plural truce, where the collective sense has now passed into a singular. This pronunciation is indicated in later spelling by -ce: cf. the umlaut plurals lice, mice, the inflexional forms hence, once, twice, since, and the words ice, nice, advice, device, defence, in all which -ce represents a phonetic and original -s. In the newer senses where the plural is not collective, a form (daiz) of the ordinary type has arisen; cf. the non-collective later plural pennies.]

I. With plural dice. (The form dice (used as pi. and sing.) is of much more frequent occurrence in gaming and related senses than the singular die.) La. A small cube of ivory, bone, or other inaterial, having its faces marked with spots numbering from one to six, used in games of chance by being thrown from a box or the hand, the chance being decided by the number on the face of the die that turns uppermost. Also, a cube bearing other devices on its faces, or a solid with more or less than six faces (see quots.). b. pi. The game played with these; esp. in phr. at (the) dice. a. singular, dee, dye, dy, die. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 209 The chaunce is cast upon a dee, But yet full oft a man may see [etc.]. C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 1. cv. (1869) 56 Nouht so gret as a as in a dee. 1570 Levins Manip. 96/41 A dye, alea. 1589 Pappe w. Hatchet (1844) 23 Hee’le cogge the die. 1610 B. Jonson Alch. 11. i, You shall no more deale with the hollow die, Or the fraile card. 1656 Stanley Hist. Philos, viii. 85 So to cast the dy that it may chance right. 1680 Cotton Gamester in Singer Hist. Cards 336 He puts one dye into the box. 1705 Mrs. Centlivre Gamester 1. i, To teach you the management of the die. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Butler Wks. II. 191 To throw a dye, or play at cards. 1822 Hazlitt Table-t. II. vii. 156 Dependent on the turn of a die, on the tossing up of a halfpenny. 1838 De Morgan Ess. Probab. 74 The real probability that 6000 throws with a die shall give exactly 1000 aces. 1872 F. Hall Exempt. False Philol. 68 The cast of a die is absolutely impossible of prediction.

/3. plural, des, dees, deys, dys, dyse, dyce, dise, dice. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11392 Somme pleide wyp des and tables. 1340 Ayenb. 45 gemenes of des, and of tables. 13.. K. Alis. (MS. Laud Misc. 622) 3297 \>e rybaude pleiep at pe dys [ed. Weber, deys] Swipe selde pe foie is wys. c 1386 Chaucer Pard. T. 5 They daunce and pleyen at dees [so Harl., Heng.\ Camb. deis, Petw. dys, Corp. dyse, Lansd. dise] bothe day and nyght. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 75 Pleyenge wip dees of gold, c 1400 Destr. Troy 1622 (MS. a 1500) The draghtes, the dyse, and oper dregh gaumes. 1474 Caxton Chesse 127 In his lift hand thre dyse. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 109 His maistre pleyed gladly atte dise. 1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 422 The towne clerke to fynde theym Dice. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 327 For a bale of dysse. 1484 Caxton Fables of

Avian (1889) 21 Whiche doo no thynge but playe with dees and cardes. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 2 §5 The Tenys, Closshe, Dise, Cardes, Bowles. 1536 R. Beerley in Four C. Eng. Lett. 35 Sume at cardes and sume at dyyss. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 73 Wych playd wyth kynge Henry the viiite at dysse. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 340 In casting a paire of dyce. 1580 Baret Alv. D 656 The life of a man is like a game at the dice. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Rom. uest. (1892) 57 Playing at dice with cokall bones. 1697 ryden JEneid ix. 452 From Dice and Wine the Youth retir’d to Rest. 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs II. 54 Lord Winterbottom is ruined by the dice. 1821 Byron Mar. Fal. iv. ii, They Have won with false dice. 1871 T. Taylor Jeanne Dare ill. i, Rough soldiers left their oaths, and dice, and lewdness. 1874 Macomb (Ill.) Eagle 23 Nov. 1/5 ‘Now, gentlemen,' said she, ‘we will throw poker dice.’ 1910 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 176/2 Eight-sided dice have comparatively lately been introduced in France as aids to children in learning the multiplication table. 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 32 Crown and Anchor is played by means of dice marked with crowns, anchors, hearts, etc. and a board similarly marked, i960 R. C. Bell Board & Table Games v. 125 Games with two-sided dice. Ibid. 141 Three special dice are used marked with a crown, an anchor, a heart, a spade, a diamond, and a club.

g

y. singular dice, plural dices: cf. obs. F. sing. dez. 1388 Act 12 Rich. II, c. 6 §1 Les. .jeues appellez coytes dyces, gettre de pere. c 1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 666 Hie talus, dyse. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dycyn, or pley wythe dycys, aleo. c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 228 in Babees Bk. 306 Ne at the dyces with him to play. 1474 Caxton Chesse 132 He caste thre dyse and on eche dyse was a sise. 1483 Cath. Angl. 99/1 A Dice, taxillus, alea. 1552 Huloet, Dice or die, alea, talus, thessera. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles hi. 100 Amongst the Grecians tcvfieia signifies a Dice .. the cast of a Dice was most casual and incertain. 1751 Mrs. E. Heywood Hist. Betsy Thoughtless IV. 202 Protesting never to touch a card or throw a dice again.

2. a. In figurative and allusive sometimes = Hazard, chance, luck.

DIE

630

DIE

use; thus

1548 Hall Chron., Hen. V 56 b, When kyng Henry perceived that the dice ranne not to his purpose, he abstained from the assaulte. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. ii. 36 His harder fortune was to fall Under my speare; such is the dye of warre. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, v. iv. 10, I haue set my life vpon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the Dye. 1676 D’Urfey Mad. Fickle iv. i, The uncertain Dice of Fate thus far runs well. 1693 Dennis Imp. Crit. ii. 8 If that was his design, the Author has turn’d the Dice upon him, I gad. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 37 When .. th’ important dye Of life and death spun doubtful, ere it fell, And turn’d up life. 1844 Disraeli Coningsby vi. vi, The immensity of the stake which he was hazarding on a most uncertain die. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 169 France and Austria were both playing with cogged dice.

b. Phrases, f (a) to make dice of (a person’s) bones: see quot. 1646. f(6) to set (put) the dice upon (any one): see quot. 1598. (c) the die is cast: the decisive step is taken; the course of action is irrevocably decided, (d) upon a or the die: depending upon a chance or contingency, in a critical position, at stake; so to set upon the die. (e) in the dice: liable to turn up, as a contingent possibility (cf. on the cards, card sb2 2 e). (/) In comparisons: os smooth, true, straight as a die. (g) Colloq. phr. no dice: (it is or was) useless, hopeless, unsuccessful, profitless, etc; nothing; ‘nothing doing’ (orig. U.S.). a. 1591 R. Turnbull Exp. St. James 103 They wil make dice of their bones, but they will haue the extremitie of them. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. m. i. ill. iii. (1676) 268/1 We will not relent.. till we have confounded him and his, made dice of his bones, as they say, see him rot in prison. 1646 J. Cooke Vind. Law 22 We say proverbially ‘make dice of his bones’, the meaning whereof is, that if a prisoner die in execution, after the Crowner has viewed his body, the creditor hath dice delivered him at the Crowne Office as having all that he is likely to have. b. 1598 Florio, Stancheggiare . .to set the dice vpon one, to tyrannize ouer one. 1658 Whole Duty Man xii. §6. 94 Thou..takest this opportunity to set the dice upon him. 1699 Bentley Phal. Introd. 2 He will put the Dice upon his Readers, as often as he can. c. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. Aiij b, Is the die cast, must At this one throw all thou hast gaind be lost? 1720 Ozell Vertot's Rom. Rep. II. xm. 287 Caesar.. throws himself into the River.. saying.. It is done: The Die is thrown. 1879 G. Meredith Egoist xxvii. (1889) 262 The die is cast—I cannot go back. d. 1659 D. Pell Impr. Sea 230 To recover her young when they are upon a dye. Ibid. 393 Ah poor soul.. It will not now bee granted thee, when thou art upon thy dye. 1821 Byron Sardan. 11. i. 139 But here is more upon tne die—a kingdom. 1832 Southey Hist. Penins. War III. 859 When Rochejaquelein.. set life and fortune thus upon the die. e. 1858 De Quincey Greece under Rom. Wks. VIII. 317 It is hardly ‘in the dice’ that any downright novelty of fact should remain in reversion for this nineteenth century. f. 1530 Palsgr. 629 Make this borde as smothe as a dyce, comme vng dez. 1600 Hakluyt Voy. (1810) III. 256 Goodly fields.. as plaine and smoothe as any die. c 1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 151 Ye tide was out all upon the sands at Least a mile, wch was as smooth as a Die. a 1732 Gay Songs & Ball., New Song on New Similies, You’ll know me truer than a die. 1877 Spry Cruise Challenger xiii. (ed. 7) 226 Arums climbing fifty feet up large trees as straight as a die. g. 1931 D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) 136 He is a guy I consider no dice. 01939 R- Chandler Trouble is my Business (1950) 62 The old man’s had a stroke... No dice there. Ibid. 222 No dice, sister. I’m putting the pressure on. 1943 P. Cheyney You can always Duck iv. 67 ‘She can come back here and go on driving a car.’ ‘No, sir,’ I tell him. ‘No dice. That dame has started bein’ Mrs. Cara Travis an’ she’s goin’ on bein’ Mrs. Travis.’ 1952 Wodehouse Barmy in Wonderland viii. 81, I was around at her bank this morning trying to find out what her balance was, but no dice. Fanny won’t part. 1959 ‘H. Howard’ Deadline iv. 47 She was on

her way back to report that it was no dice. 1959 M. Pugh Chancer 10 Nothing doing. I’m not going. No dice. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 10 July 1/4 ‘It’s no dice as far as I’m concerned,’ said one picket who made a derisive gesture.

3. a. A small cubical segment formed by cutting anything down, f Also, a small cubical bullet (cf. die-shot). ?ci390 Form of Cury in Warner Antiq. Culin. 6 Take the noumbles of a calf, swyne, or of shepe, parboile hem, and skeme [? kerue] hem to dyce. 1496 Ld. Treas. Acc. Scotl. I. 295 For cutting of viijxx and ix dis of irne to the pellokis. 1549 Privy Council Acts (1890) II. 350 Dyce of yron. ijm>; shott of stone, vc. 01628 F. Greville Sidney (1652) 139 Wounded.. with a square die out of a field-piece. 1769 Mrs. Raffald Eng. House-kpr. (1778) 141 Dish them up..with turnips and carrots cut in dice. 1889 B. Whitby Awakening M. Fenwick II. 166 She hacked her buttered toast into dice,

y.

with dice in singular.

14.. Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 466 Take fresshe braune of a bore sothen, and cut hit in grete dices. c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 38 Square as dises l?ou shalt hit make. 1557 Recorde Whetst. Rij, I haue a dice of Brasse of .64. vnees of Troye weighte.

f b. With negative: never a dyse = not a bit, not in the least. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 808

.. shall.. neuer dere hym a dyse.

II. with plural dies. 4. a. A cubical block; in Arch, a cubical or square block of stone forming part of a building; spec, the cubical portion of a pedestal, between the base and cornice; = dado i. fb. A square tablet. 1664 Evelyn tr. Freart’s Archit. 123 The Italians call it the Zoccolo, Pillow or Die (because of its Cubique and solid figure). 1726 Leoni Albert?s Archit. I. 13/1 A kind of little Wall, which we shall call the Plinth, others perhaps may call it the Dye. 1730 A. Gordon MaffeVs Amphith. 240 Some Plinths, or rather Dyes, seen upon the second Cornish. Ibid. 265 Marble, cut thin in small square Dyes. 01748 Watts (J.), Young creatures have learned spelling of words by having them pasted upon little flat tablets or dies. 1832 Gell Pompeiana I. vi. 109 The figures stand.. upon little square plinths or dies. 1854 E. de Warren tr. De Saulcy's Dead Sea II. 224 The coping.. is composed, first, of a cube, or die, measuring nearly six yards on each side.

5. An engraved stamp used for impressing a design or figure upon some softer material, as in coining money, striking a medal, embossing paper, etc. Often used in pairs, which may be dissimilar, for impressing unlike designs on opposite sides of the thing stamped (as in coining), or corresponding, one in relief and one countersunk (as in an embossing stamp). 1699 in M. Smith Mem. Secret Service App. 19 To bring or send to him some Deys.. to coin some Mill’d Money. C1724 Swift Consid. Wood’s Coinage Wks. 1761 III. 164 There have been such variety of dyes made use of by Mr. Wood in stamping his money. 1787 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 123 The workman .. brought me .. the medal in gold, twenty-three in copper, and the dye. 1862 T. Morrall Needle-making 16 Making sail and packing needles .. by means of dies fixed in a stamp, after the manner of making buttons. 1879 H. Phillips Addit. Notes Coins 1 The portrait is reduced.. to the size it is to occupy on the die. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 263/1 The die., is a block of steel welded in a larger block of iron, the impression of the intended work cut in its face.

6. The name of various mechancial appliances: spec. a. One of two or more pieces (fitted in a stock) to form a segment of a hollow screw for cutting the thread of a screw or bolt. b. The bed-piece serving as a support for metal from which a piece is to be punched, and having an opening through which the piece is driven, c. Forging. A device consisting of two parts which act together to give to the piece swaged between them the desired form. d. Brick-making. A mouth-piece or opening through which the clay is forced, serving to mould it into the required form. e. A part of the apparatus used in crushing ore: see quot. 1881. f. Shoe¬ making, etc. A shaped knife for cutting out blanks of any required shape and size: cf. die v2 1812-6 J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 39 The best outside screws are.. cut with what are called stocks or dies. 1833 Holland Manuf. Metal II. 197 The interstices are then filled by the insertion of the hardened steel dies. 1856 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 406 (Brick-making) The mouthpiece or die is about half-an-inch deeper and half an inch broader than the stream of clay after it passes through the moulding rollers to the cutting apparatus. 01875 Chamberlain in Ure Diet. Arts I. 529 As soon as it has.. forced the clay of one box through the die.. the plunger returns and empties [the other] box of clay through a die on the opposite side. 1881 Raymond Mining Gloss., Die, a piece of hard iron, placed in a mortar to receive the blow of a stamp, or in a pan to receive the friction of the muller. Between the die and the stamp or muller the ore is crushed. 1885 Harper's Mag. LXX. 282 By means of ‘dies’, or sole-shaped knives, in a die-machine, required shapes, sizes, and widths are cut out. Before the use of dies, soles were ‘rounded out’ by hand.. Steampower and revolving die-block [were] applied in 1857.

7. Sc. ‘A toy, a gewgaw’ (Jamieson). (Also in nursery language die-die. Identity with this word is doubtful.) 1808 Jamieson, Die, a toy, a gewgaw, Loth. 1816 Scott Antiq. xxi, ‘The bits o’ weans wad up.. and toddle to the door, to pu’ in the auld Blue-Gown that mends a’ their bonny dies.’ 1816-Old Mort. x, ‘Ye hae seen the last o’ me, and o’ this bonny die too’, said Jenny, holding between her finger and thumb a splendid silver aollar.

III. 8. attrib. and Comb. a. die-like, -shaped adjs.; die-block, -machine (see 6f); f die-bone, the cuboid bone of the tarsus; f die-shot, shot of cubical form, dice-shot; die-sinker, an engraver of dies for stamping (see 5); so die-sinking; diestake: see quot. 1874; die-stock, the stock or handle for holding the dies used in cutting

screws (see 6 a); die-wise a. and adv., in the manner of a die, in a cubical form. 1634 T. Johnson Party's Chirurg. 234 It is knit by Synarthrosis to the *Die-bone. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts II. 29 This must..be left to the experience of the *die-forger 1688 R. Holme Armoury in. 378/1 A.. » Die-like figure four square every way; a square solid. 1875 Ure Diet. Arts II. 29 The very cross-grained, or highly crystalline steel.. acquires fissures under the *die-press. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 148 A huge *die-shaped mass of stone. 1581 Styward Mart. Discipl. 11. 143 Such as haue *die shot.. contrarie to the Cannons & lawes of the field. 1815 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 317/2 Employed by..‘dye sinkers and ornamental engravers. 1893 Daily News 3 July 2/7 Medallists and diesinkers have been very busy.. in view of the Royal wedding. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 592 s.v. Coining-press, The lower die is on what is termed the *die-stake, and gives the reverse impression. 1863 Smiles Indust. Biogr. 238 He., seems to have directed his attention to screw-making .. and [made] a pair of very satisfactory *die-stocks. 1674 N. Fairfax Bulk Gf Selv. 128 In ‘die wise or cubically. 170a Thoresby in Phil. Trans. XXV. 1864 The heads not Diewise, as the large Nails now are, but perfectly flat. b. Combs, with the pi. form dice, as dice¬

cogging, -gospeller, -maker, dice-board, a board upon which dice are thrown; dice-coal (see quot.); dice-headed a., having a cubical boss or stud (of nails used for strengthening doors, etc.); dice holes (see quot.); dice-man, a sharper who cheats with dice; dice-shot = dieshot (see die); dice-top, a top of polygonal form with numbers marked on its faces, a teetotum. Also DICE-BOX, -PLAY, etc. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. 453 Mummius..had as little eye for them as any of his men, who made ‘dice-boards of the finest master-pieces of painting. 1842 Brande, * Dicecoal, a species of coal easily splitting into cubical fragments. 1852 Thackeray Esmond 1. xiii, I played a ‘dice-cogging scoundrel in Alsatia for his ears. 1550 Latimer Serm. at Stamford Wks. I. 269 Among so great a number of gospellers, some are card-gospellers, some are ‘dicegospellers, some are pot-gospellers; all are not good. 1497 Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 357 Vc 3d nalis *dis heditto Dunbar. 1593 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 74, 100 dicheaded nailes pro ostio. 1882 Caulfeild & Saward Diet. Needlework 153 ‘Dice Holes.. a stitch.. used in Honiton.. lace. 1530 Palsgr. 213/2 ‘Dice maker, dessier. 1714 Mandeville Fab. Bees (1725) I. 81 Card and dice-makers.. are the immediate ministers to a legion of vices. 1871 Echo 14 Mar., ‘Dice-men and thimble-rigs were scattered here and there, making a fine harvest. 1588 Lucar Colloq. Arte Shooting App. 57 Chaine shot.. ‘dice shot. 1668 J. White Rich Cab. (ed. 4) 124 Square pieces of iron, called dice-shot. 1894 Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 257 That well-known device, the ‘‘dice-top’ or ‘teetotum’. die, sb.2 slang, [f. die d.1] Only in phr. to make

a die (of it) = to die. 1611 Cotgr., Foutr aux taupes, to turne vp the heeles; goe feed wormes, make a dy. Ibid., Tirer les chausses, to kicke vp the heeles; to make a dye. 1819 Metropolis I. 58 I thought he was going to make a die of it! Why, he’s as old as the Hills. 1883 Century Mag. XXVI. 238/2, ‘I believe you’re trying to make a die of it’, said the doctor. die (dai), t;.1

Pa. t. and pple. died (daid); pr. pple. dying ('dam)). Forms a. 2-4 de3-en, dei-e(n, 3 dei3-en, deai3-e, 4 day-e, 4-5 deghe, 4-6 dei(e, dey(e, (5 deyn), 4-6 (north.) de, 4- dee. j3. 4-5 di3-en, dy3*en, digh-e, dygh-e, dy-en, di-en, 4-7 diy, (5 dyi), 4-8 dye, 4- die. Pa. t. a. 3 dei3ede, daeide, deaide, 3-5 deid(e, 4 daide, dayed, de3ed, deied(e; north, deyt, ded, 4-5 deyd(e, deyed, 5 deghit, -et, -t, 5- north, deed, deit, deet. jS. 4 dyede, 4-5 dyde, 4-6 dide, (5 dyet), 4-8 dyed, 4died. (Early ME. dejen, deghen, corresp. to ON. deyja (orig. deyja, OSw. and ODa. doia. Da. doe, Sw. do), OFris. deia, deja, OS. doian, OHG. touwan, MHG. toumen\ these represent an OTeut. strong verb of the 6th ablaut class *damj-an, pa. t. dom, pa. pple. daman-, the strong inflexions being retained in ON. (do-:—*dow, dainn:—* damans). In the other langs. and in Eng. a regular weak verb. No instance of the word is known in OE. literature (its sense being expressed by steorfan, smeltan, or the periphrastic mesan dead, pa. t. mass dead: see dead 1 d) hence it is generally held to have been early lost in OE. (as in Gothic, and as subsequently in all the continental WGer. langs.), and re-adopted in late OE. or early ME. from Norse; but some think that the facts point rather to the preservation of an OE. dtegan, degan, in some dialect; the word appears to have been in general use from the 12th c., even in the s.w. dialects (see Napier in Hist. Holy Rood, E.E.T.S., 1894). The ME. dejen, deghen came regularly down to 1500 as deye, which was retained in the North as dey, de, dee (still current from Lancashire to Scotland); but in standard English deghe was in 14th c. (in conformity with the common phonetic history of OE. eh, eah, eoh, as in dye, eye, fly, high, lie, nigh, thigh, etc.) narrowed to dije, dighe, whence the later dye, die. The oldest text of Cursor M. (Cotton) has only dey, in the later texts this is frequently altered to dighe, dye, when not

DIE in rime, in the late Trinity MS. sometimes even in rime, with change of text. Chaucer used both dey and dye, the C.T. (Ellesm. MS.) contains in the rimes 22 examples of deye and 50 of dye. Both forms are also used in the Wyclifite version, and both occur in Caxton’s works. The stem dau- appears also in Gothic in the ppl. a. daups, OE. dead (i—daud-oz) dead, and the sb. daupus, OE. deap, death sb.; also in afdojan (:—afddwjan), pa. pple. afdauid(•—afdowid-) vexed, worried. (The relationship of Gothic diwand, undiwanei, etc. is uncertain.) The simple verb has shown a notable tendency to die out, and leave its place to be taken by derivatives: thus in Gothic daupnan to die.]

I. Of man and sentient beings. * literally. I. a. intr. To lose life, cease to live, suffer death; to expire. The proper word for this, and more especially for the cessation of life by disease or natural decay (to which it is often restricted dialectally), but also used of all modes of death, as ‘to die in battle’, ‘at the stake’, ‘at the hands of justice’. a. Forms de3-e(n, dey-e(n, dei3-e(n, dei-e(n, day, de, dee. (After 1500, north. Eng. and Sc.) CI135 Holy Rood (1894) 14 Forman Se ic nu de3en sceal. C1205 Lay. 28893 he aide king de3ede. Ibid. 31796 A1 folc gon to de3en. 01225 Ancr. R. 108 Me schal er deien. Ibid. 110 He J?olede sundri pine, & de^ede. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 62/311 Heo deide pane l>ridde day. a 1300 Cursor M. 24139 (Edin.) Latte vs deien samin [Cott. dei, Fairf. deye]. 13.. Ibid. 16762 + 119 (Cott.) Him was not geue .. plas, War-on he mi3t dee fayre.. but deed he3e in pe air. 13.. Ibid. 11323 (Gdtt.) J?at heo dede suld neuer dei, Til he suld se crist self wit ei [Trin. MS. de3e, eje]. 13.. Sir Beues 3135 \>at emperur ne3 daide, His wif confortede him & saide. 1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 430 Hys fadyr..deyt tharfor in my presoun. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 5738 Ech man schal rysen on such aray As he dayej? ynne. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 296 Crist deyede to destrie pis heresye & alle his martyrs aftir deyeden. 1382-Rom. xiv. 8 Where we deien, we deien to the Lord, c 1386 Chaucer Prioress' T. 82 And eek hire for to preye To been oure help and socour when we deye. c 1400 Destr. Troy 921 All dropet the dule as he degh wold. Ibid. 9551 The bueme deghet. 01420 Sir Amadace (Camden) lxxii, Thenne sone aftur the kinge deet. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 117 Deyyn, morior. c 1460 Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 40 It gars me quake for ferd to dee. c 1470 Henry Wallace 11. 127 Than wist he nocht of no help, bot to de. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 142/2 Hys fader and moder deyden. c 1489-Sonnes of Aymon iii. 79 Noble knyghtes deyeng full myserably vpon the erthe. 01500 Nutbrown Maid xxiv. in Arnolde's Chron. (1811) 202, I [shal] dey sone after ye be gone. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche 6114 Neuer to de agane. 01605 Montgomerie Sonn. lix. 5 To see Sa many lovers, but redemption, dee. 01800 W. Douglas Song, For bonnie Annie Lawrie, I’d lay me down and dee. 1861 E. Waugh Birtle Carter's Tale 11 Yo desarven a comfortable sattlement i’th top shop when yo dee’n. ft. Forms di3-e(n, dy-e(n, di-e(n, dye, dy, die. £■1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14306 He was so wounded, he most dye. 13.. Cursor M. 7959-60 (Gott.) For pu sal witt pat i sal noght lye )?e son of barsabe he sal die [Cott. lei, dei, Fairf. legh, degh, Trin. Iy3e, di3e]. 13.. Guy Warw. (A.) 630 Felice said to Gij, pou dost folie batow wilt for mi loue dye. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 306 fortune dyd your flesch to dy3e. 13.. Song of Yesterday 87 in E.E.P. (1862) 135 A mon pat nou partep and dis [rime wys]. 1382 Wyclif Rev. xiv. 13 Blessid the deede men, that dien in the Lord, c 1386 Chaucer Miller's T. 627 And for the smert he wende for to dye, As he were wood for wo he gan to crye. 01400-50 Alexander 1260 (Ashm. MS.) To do as dri3ten wald deme & dyi [M*S. D. dye] all togedire. 1477 Sir J. Paston in Paston Lett. No. 806 III. 207 Yf I dyghe ny the Cyte of London. 1483 Cath. Angl. 99 To Die, mori. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxv. 485 To dye in prison. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1567) 19 b, Undoubtedly, the lawier neuer dieth a begger. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 3 Thys yere this kynge Henry the thirde dyde. 1633 Earl Manch. Al Mondo (1636) 142 He that will live when he dyes, must dye while hee lives. 1635 A. Stafford Fern. Glory (1869) 147 Her armes express the Crosse whereon He dide. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xix. 99 Not onely Monarchs, but also whole Assemblies dy. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 544 In the day thou eat’st, thou di’st. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth (1723) 28 The Shell-fish. .live and dye there. 1712 Pope Sped. No. 48 If 6 Little Spirits that are born and die with us. 172.7-2$ Gay Fables 1. xxvii. 50 So groaned and dy’d. 1728 Newton Chronol. Amended 37 Some of these Archons might dye before the end of the ten years. 1769 Johnson in Boswell Life (1847) 211 It matters not how a man dies, but how he lives. 1807 Wordsw. White Doe vii. 315 At length, thus faintly, faintly tied To earth, she was set free, and died. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vi Song 4 She must weep or she will die.

b. Const. To die of a malady, hunger, old age, or the like; by violence, the sword, his own hand; from a wound, inattention, etc.; through neglect; on or upon the cross, the scaffold, at the stake, in battle;/or a cause, object, reason, or purpose, for the sake of one; formerly also with a disease, the sword, etc.; on his enemies (i.e. falling dead above them). In earlier use the prepositions were employed less strictly. c 1200 Ormin 8656 Sippenn shule witt anan Off hunngerr de3enn bape. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 850 Of his burpe his moder deide. C1340 Cursor M. App. ii. 887 (B.M. Add. MS.) No womman.. dien ne schal of hure childe. c 1400 Destr. Troy 6528 All pat met hym.. dyet of his dynttes. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour D v, Yf they ete of that fruyte they shold deye of it. 1580 Baret Alv. D 643 To die of the plague. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 11. i. 130 She being mortall, of that boy did die. 1597 —— 2 Hen. IV Epil. 31 Falstaffe shall dye of a Sweat. 1658-9 E. Bodvile in Hatton Corr. (1878) 17 Like to diy of the small pox. 1716 Addison Drummer v. i, The wound of which he dy’d. 1796 Burns Lett. Mr. Cunningham 7 July, If I die not of disease, I must perish with hunger. 1892 Du Maurier Peter Ibbetson 247 I thought I must die of sheer grief. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. v. 12 The thridde part of thee shal die bi pestilence, a 1631 Donne Poems (1650) 10 We can dye by

631

DIE

it, if not live by love. 1643 Denham Cooper's H. 315 Disdains to dye By common hands. 1683 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 95 A Calfe that Dyed, as they thought by Witch¬ craft. c 1340 Cursor M. 26847 (Fairf.) Oft man deys porou [Cott. of] an wounde. 1382 Wyclif Num. xvi. 29 If thur3 vsid deeth of men thei dien. Ibid, xxiii. 10 Dye my soule thur3 the deeth of ri3twise men. Mod. If the child had died through neglect. 13.. Cursor M. 17153 (Cott.), I haf.. ded on pis rode tre. Ibid. 9039 (Gott.) God pat dide apon pe rode, c 1400 Destr. Troy 427 Whan Criste on the crosse for our care deghit. 1675 Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 90 He that died on the cross was long a-dying. 1820 T. Kelly Hymn, We sing the praise.. Of him who died upon the cross. 01300 Cursor M. 16762 + 89 (Cott.) When pou deed for drede. c 1300 Havelok 840, I wene that we deye mone For hunger, c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 8 Redy to dye for cristin mennus soulis. £1489 Caxton Blanchardyn vii. 27 heading, The whiche deyde for sorowe. 1552 Huloet, Dye for the loue of a womanne, Perire feminam. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 177, I can not chappe these textes in Scripture, if I should die for it. 1580 Baret Alv. D 643 Willing to die for ones safetie. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. in. (1586) 129,1 should die for verie shame. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 11. 73 Shortly after they all die for hunger and cold. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. iv. i. 108 Men haue died from time to time, and wormes haue eaten them, but not for loue. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 121 Though he dye for it, he cannot think of it. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scint. 1. Ded. (1858) 15 My God! thou that didst dye for me. 1713 Steele Guardian No. 17 f7 But child., can you see your mother die for hunger. 1832 Tennyson May Queen 21 They say he’s dying all for love. Mod. To die for one’s opinions. 1382 Wyclif Jer. xvi. 4 With dethes of siknyngus thei shul die. c 1386 Chaucer Monk's T. 711 The place in which he schulde dye With boydekyns. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8273 Thow dowtles shall dye with dynt of my hond. 01612 Donne BiaQavaros (1644) 52 Annibal.. dyed with poyson which he alwaies carryed in a ring. 01672 Wood Life (1848) 8 His grandmother Penelopie.. died with grief. 1692 E. Walker Epictetus' Mor. xvi, To dye with Thirst and Hunger. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 11. iv. 114 lie die on him that saies so but your selfe. 1712-14 Pope Rape Lock v. 78 Nor fear’d the Chief th’ unequal fight to try, Who sought no more than on his foe to die.

c. To die in a state or condition. 01300 Cursor M. 25850 (Cott.) Qua pat dees in dedli sin sal duell in bale. 1382 Wyclif Jer. xxxi. 30 Eche in his wickednesse shal die. 1549 C&mpl. Scot. iii. 25 Cleopatra vas lyike to dee in melancolie. 1552 Huloet, Dye in great debte, Relinquere debitum. 1703 Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) Lett. ii. 3 To dye in the Romish Communion. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. 150 Would die at last in comfort, peace, and joy. Mod. He died in poverty and neglect.

d. To die poor, a beggar, a martyr, a millionaire, etc. 01225 Ancr. R. 108 Heo ouh for to deien martir in hire meseise. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 55 Lo, thus she deiede a wofull maide. 1553 [see 1 f}.]. 1671 Milton P.R. iii. 422 But so dy’d Impenitent. 1683 Salmon Doron Med. 1. 17 They dye (as it were) laughing. 1781 Cowper Retirement 14 Having lived a trifler, died a man, 1842 Tennyson Vision of Sin iv. 144 Yet we will not die forlorn. 1883 Century Mag. XXV. 765/1 Her old friend had died a bankrupt. 1894 Wolseley Marlborough I. 246 He was every inch a sailor, and died an Admiral.

e. to die on (someone): (a) to die in the presence of or while in the charge or care of (someone); (b) to cease to function for or be of use to (someone); to cease to interest. 1907 J. M. Synge Aran Islands 1. 47 A farmer was in great distress as his crops had failed, and his cow had died on him. 1930 Kipling Limits & Renewals (1932) 243, I decided to drive in on a gust under the spitfire-sprit—and, if she answered her helm before she died on us, to humour her a shade to starboard. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Dec. 1002/4 Carruthers drank all New York could give him for thirty-six hours and..the ‘drink died on him’. Well, sometimes the novel dies on Mr. Waugh. That happened this time. 1934 A. Thirkell Wild Strawberries iii. 53 Let Weston know that the horn died on us this morning, so he’d better fix it up. 1936 J- Tickell See how they Run iv. 44*1 want to look after her while she’s in England.’ ‘Suppose she died on you?* 1936 C. Day Lewis Friendly Tree vi. 80 That was one thing which had not died on her—the love of birds. 2. to die a (specified) death: to die by or suffer

a particular death. Death prob. represents the OE. deape instrumental, in deape sweltan, L. morte mori: it was in ME. also preceded by various prepositions, on, in, a, o, of, by, with; but is now generally treated as a cognate object. In die a death, a was prob. originally the preposition = on, o (see quots. c 1200, c 1386) but came to be treated as the indefinite article.

a. with instrumental preposition.

case,

or

equivalent

[C900 JElfred's Laws 14. 15 in Thorpe I. 48 (Bosw.) He sceal deape sweltan. 01175 Cott. Horn. 221 \>u scealt deaSe sweltan. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 181 Jm shalt a deSe swelte.] 13.. Cursor M. 660 (Cott.) O [Fairf. Wit, Gott. Of, Trin. On] duble ded pan sal 3ee dei. 1382 Wyclif Gen. ii. 17 In what euer day sotheli thow etist there of, with deth thow shalt die [1388 Thou schalt die by deeth [Vulg. morte morieris]]. -Judg. xiii. 22 Bi deeth die we [Vulg. morte moriemur], for we han seen the Lord.-Ezek. xxviii. 10 In deeth of vncircumcydid men, thou shalt die. 11386 Chaucer Melib. f 606 Bettre it is to dye of [so 5 MSS.; Harl. on, Petw. a] bitter deeth. c 1450 Merlin 52, I knowe not what deth this foie shall on dye. C1477 Caxton Jason 42 If I dye not of bodily deth I shal dye of spirituel deth. 1483-G. de la Tour Gv, Your sone deyd this nyght of a good dethe. C1500 Melusine 247 To deye of an euyl deth. 1625-6 Purchas Pilgrims II. 1041 He died of his naturall death.

b. without preposition. 13.. Sir Beues 341, I ne reche, what dej? he dije, Sippe he be cold. 13.. Cursor M. 952 (Gott.) And si)?en dobil dede to dei [Cott., Fairf. wit, Trin. on doubel dep]. Ibid. 10917 (Gott.) He pat first na dede miht die [Cott. na ded moght

drei]. c 1460 Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 6 Thou shalle dye a dulfulle dede. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon cxxv. 453 He wolde cause the emperour to dye an yll dethe. 1535 Coverdale Num. xxiii. 10 My soule die ye death of y* righteous, and my ende be as the ende of these. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. ii. 158 He shall dye a Fleas death. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. ix. xiv. (1612) 212 But twentie two a naturall death did die. 1610 Shaks. Temp. 1. i. 72, I would faine dye a dry death. 1611 Bible John xviii. 32 Signifying what death he should die. 1687 Settle Reft. Dryden 85 I’le die a thousand deaths before I’le do so or so. 1832 Tennyson Miller's Dau. xii, Love dispell’d the fear That I should die an early death.

c. to die the death: to suffer death, to be put to death. Dr. Johnson (Shaks. (1765) I. 311) says “‘die the death” seems to be a solemn phrase for death inflicted by law.’ 1535 Coverdale Judg. xiii. 22 We must dye the death, because we haue sene God [Wyclif Bi deeth die we]. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. 11. vii. (1588) 269 If one do bume a dwelling house maliciously, he shall die the death for it. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. 1. i. 65 Either to dye the death, or to abiure For euer the society of men. 1611-Cymb. iv. ii. 97 Dye the death: When I haue slaine thee with my proper hand, lie follow those that euen now fled hence. 1801 Southey Thalaba ix. xxxix, And in that wild and desperate agony Sure Maimuna had died the utter death. 1859 Tennyson Lancelot & Elaine 866 [He] had died the death In any knightly fashion for her sake.

3. a. In various phrases, describing the manner or condition of death. (Sometimes fig.: cf. 10.) to die game, to maintain a bold and defiant bearing to the last, i.e. like a gamecock; whence by contrast to die dung¬ hill; to die hard, i.e. with difficulty, reluctantly, not without a struggle; to die in one's bed , i.e. of illness or other natural cause, the opposite of which is to die in one's shoes; to die in one's boots or shoes or with one's boots on: to die a violent death, spec, to be hanged; so to die with one's boots off: to have a peaceful or unspectacular death or end; to die in harness, i.e. in full work; to die in the last ditch, i.e. in defending the last ditch of an entrenchment, to fight to the last extremity; and in other similar phrases. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. lxxxiv. 107 We shall not forsake you to dye in the quarrell. Ibid. I. ccvi. 243 Tyll he had made an ende of his warr.. or els to dye in the payne. 1631 Rutherford Lett. 11. ix. (1881) 384 It cannot stand with his honour to die in the burrows. 1663 Flagellum, or O. Cromwell Pref. (1672) 3 He had the fortune.. to dye in his bed. 1694, etc. [see shoe sb. 2d]. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Die like a Dog, to be hang’d .. Die on a Fish-day, or in his shoes, the same. Die like a Rat, to be poysoned. 1712 Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) III. 341 He dy’d in his Shoes; his Domesticks say of an Apoplexie. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1766) I. 457 There was a sure way never to see it lost, and that was to die in the last ditch. 1784 Genii. Mag. LIV. 1. 19/1 The only solicitude too many of them discover is, whether the criminals die hard, according to the Tyburn phrase. 1805 Ann. Reg. 370 Declaring, in cant terms, that they would ‘die game’. 1811 Syd. Smith Wks. (1867) I. 203 Nothing dies so hard .. as intolerance. 1825 On Bull-baiting II. (Houlston Tracts I. xxviii. 5), I don’t intend to die dunghill. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. 11. xi. (1876) 294 Reform is slow, and abuses die hard. 1867 Homeward Mail 16 Nov. 951/2 Mr. P. A. Dyke has died in harness at his post as Government agent. 1868 M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 129 Learning in Oxford died hard and yielded up its breath not without many a struggle. 1870 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. x. 15 Very few great persecutors have ever died in their beds. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 42 Men who.. had actually died in arms against him. 1873 J. H. Beadle Undevel. West xxii. 435 It will be said in Western dialect. ‘They died in their Boots’. 1873 J. Miller Life amongst Modocs vi. 75 If you keep on slinging your six-shooter around loose .. you will.. die with your boots on. 1875 Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xxi. 544 Like most medieval workers they all died in harness. 1888 [ see hard adv. 3]. 1895 W. Rye E. Angl. Gloss. 21 Died with his boots on, viz. died a violent death. 1903 Masefield Ballads 22 So I’m for drinking honestly, and dying in my boots. 1946 B. Sutton Jungle Pilot 99 An aircraft which ends its career by dying with its ‘boots ofiP and being deliberately burnt to ashes on the ground is a sight at once undignified and pathetic. 1959 Listener 6 Aug. 200/1 They died with their boots on; they hardly ever surrendered.

b. never say die: never consent or resign oneself to death; never give in. 1837 Dickens Pickw. ii, Never say die—down upon your luck. 1880 Payn Confid. Agent III. 161 Never say die while there’s a shot in the locker.

c. (/) hope (or wish) I may die, (I) hope to die, etc.: colloq. asseverations of the truth of what one says. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. II. iii. xi. 100 ‘Wish I may die,’ cried Mr. Riderhood, with a hoarse laugh, ‘if I wam’t a goin’ to say the self-same words to you.’ 1899 R. Whiteing No. 5 John St. xxiv. 244, I see it in the piper. Wish I may die! 1912 Mulford & Clay Buck Peters xvii. 160 ‘There’s a Witch’s Ring right here on the range!’ ‘Nonsense!’ ‘Hope I may die! I’ll show you, to-morrow.’ 1926 [see cross v. 3 b]. 1927 I. Gershwin Let's Kiss & Make Up 2, I didn’t mean to start any scene to make you sigh. Hope to die! 1968 M. Allingham Cargo of Eagles xi. 133 ‘Off the record?’ ‘Never a word, may I die.’

4. To suffer the pains or dangers of death; to face death. 1382 Wyclif j Cor. xv. 31 Ech day I deie for 3oure glorie, britheren. 1526-34 Tindale ibid., By oure reioysinge which I have in Christ Iesu oure Lorde, I dye dayly. 1633 [see 1 )9].

** transf. and fig.

5. Theol. To suffer spiritual death; ‘To perish everlastingly’ (J.): cf. death sb. 5. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 8159 J>ai salle ay deghand lyf, and lyfand dyghe, And ever-mare payns of ded £us dryghe. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. xviii. 4 The soule that shal synne, the ilk shal die. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer Burial of Dead, And whosoever liveth, and believeth in him, shall not die eternally. 1627 Hakewill Apol. (1630) 512 So long as God shall Hue, so long shall the damned die.

6. to die unto: to cease to be under the power or influence of; to become dead unto: cf. Rom. vi. 2. 1648 Westm. Assembly's Shorter Catech. Q. 35 Sanctification.. whereby we .. are enabled more and more to die unto sin, and live unto righteousness.

7. a. To suffer pains identified with those of death; (often hyperbolical) to languish, pine away with passion; to be consumed with longing desire; to die for, to desire keenly or excessively. 1591 Lyly Endym. 1. iv, The lady that he delights in, and dotes on every day, and dies for ten thousand times a day. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. 33 a, He saw him swallow downe a bitte that he dyde for. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado ill. ii. 69 And in despight of all, dies for him. 1610-Temp. III. i. 79 And much lesse take What I shall die to want. 01631 Donne Poems (1650) 14 Deare, I die As often as from thee I goe. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 86 If 2 Nothing is more common than for lovers to.. languish, despair, and dye in dumb show. 1832 Tennyson Eleanore 141 -8,1 die with my delight .. I would be dying evermore, So dying ever, Eleanore. Mod. colloq. I am dying for a drink. b. to be dying to do (something): to long

greatly. 1709 Prior Celia to Damon 8 That durst not tell me, what I dy’d to hear. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 254 If 3 She dies to see what demure and serious Airs Wedlock has given you. 1780 Mad. D’Arblay Diary May, Mrs. Bowdler has long been dying to come to the point. 1786 Ibid. 17 July, Miss P —, who was.. dying with impatience to know.. everything about me. 1832 L. Hunt Sir R. Esher (1850) 83 The secret was dying to escape him. 1893 G. Allen Scallywag I. 20 The pretty American’s dying to see you.

c. Used hyperbolically to indicate extreme feelings of amusement, embarrassment, etc.; esp. in phr. to die with or of laughing. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. hi. ii. 243 Went they not quickly, I should die with laughing. 1606-Tr. & Cr. 1. iii. 176 At this sport Sir Valour dies; cries..giue me ribs of Steele, I shall split all In pleasure of my Spleene. 1778 Mad. D’Arblay Diary 23 Aug., An account he gave us..would have made you die with laughing. 1796 Jane Austen Pride & Prej. vi. (1813) 194, I was ready to die of laughter. 1820 M. Wilmot Let. 12 Jan. (1935) 50 Once in a tender love speech, I thought I should have died, when Lady Grace.. told him audibly he had turned over two leaves\ a 1930 D. H. Lawrence Phoenix II (1968) 84 He looked like a positive saint: one of the noble sort, you know, that will suffer with head up and with dreamy eyes. I nearly died of laughing. 1949 D. Smith I capture Castle xi. 190 She knew some of the manaquins [«c] at a dress show—I could have died. 1969 Widdowson & Halpert in Halpert & Story Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland 162 He was dressed up, you know, and he was like an old shepherd. Well I nearly died.

d. To experience a sexual orgasm. (Most common as a poetical metaphor in the late 16th and 17th cent.) 1599 Shakes. Much Ado in. ii. 70 Claudio. Nay, but I know who loues him.. and in despight of all, dies for him. Prince. Shee shall be buried with her face vpwards. a 1631 Donne Elegies Songs & Sonnets (1965) 39 Once I lov’d and dyed; and am now become Mine Epitaph and Tombe. Here dead men speake their last, and so do I; Love-slaine, loe, here I lye. 1673 Dryden Marriage a-la-mode iv. ii, Now die, my Alexis, and I will die too. 1680 Rochester Poems 71 In love, ’tis equal measure. The Victor lives with empty pride, The Vanquisht dye with pleasure. 1714 Pope Rape of Lock v. 45 Nor fear’d the Chief th’unequal Fight to try, Who sought no more than on his Foe to die. 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 20 That’s how the fig dies.. Like a prostitute, the bursten fig, making a show of her secret. That’s how women die too. 1961 R. Amato in Landfall Sept. 200 You’re nice, though. You make me die every time. 1974 J. Denver Annie's Song (sheet-music) 4 Come let me love you... Let me die in your arms.

II. Of non-sentient objects, substances, qualities, actions. 8. a. Of plants, flowers, or organized matter: To lose vegetative life; to cease to be subject to vital forces; to pass into a state of mortification or decomposition. 1382 Wyclif i Cor. xv. 36 That thing that thou sowist, is not quykenyd, no but it deie first, c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. in. 642 Thai wol multiplie There as all other treen and herbes deye. 1513 Douglas JEneis ix. vii. 149 Lyke as the purpour flour.. Dwynis away, as it doith faid or de. 1573 Tusser Husb. (1878) 85 Good quickset bie, Old gatherd will die. 1599 Shaks. Hen. V, v. ii. 42 Her Vine.. Vnpruned, dyes. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 477 The same part of his tail which is beneath the knot will die after such binding, and never have any sense in it again. 1707 Curios, in Husb. Gard. 62 The Plant, grown dry and withered.. must dy. c 1820 Shelley Autumn 2 The pale flowers are dying. 1855 Tennyson Maud vi. i. 6 The shining daffodils die. 1869 Huxley Phys. i. (ed. 3) 22 Individual cells of the epidermis and of the epithelium are incessantly dying and being cast off. b. Said of the heart: To cease to beat; to sink as

in swooning. 1611 Bible i Sam. xxv. 37 His heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. 26 June If 18 My heart seemed to die within me. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc 1. 290 It might be seen .. by the deadly paleness which ensued, How her heart died within her.

9. fig. Of substances: To lose force, strength, or active qualities, to become ‘dead’, flat, vapid, or inactive. 1612 Webster White Devil iv. i, Best wine, Dying, makes strongest vinegar. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 390 Plaster is said to die when it loses its strength.

10. a. Of actions, institutions, states, or qualities: To come to an end, pass out of existence; to go out, as a candle or fire; to pass out of memory, to be utterly forgotten.

DIE-BACK

632

DIE

a 1240 Lofsong in Cott. Horn. 211 J>ine pinen buruwen me .. from ptne dea8 Set neuer ne deieS. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 7 (Matz.) Dedes pat wolde deie, storye kepep hem euermore. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 1. 600 As comes that wol under growe her eye, That but thou lete hem oute, the sight wol die. 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 240 In whose person died the very surname of Plantagenet. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11. (1586) 110 The coles that are made of the Pine tree.. die not so fast as the other. 1580 Baret Alv. D 643 Loue vtterly dieth, or decaieth. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 11. vi. 1 Heere bumes my Candle out; I, heere it dies. *599 -Much Ado v. i. 301 So dies my reuenge. 1710 Prideaux Orig. Tithes v. 237 But he dying the same year he published them [Laws], they also dyed with him. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 26 If 5 When I look upon the Tombs of the great, every Emotion of Envy dies in me. 1820 Shelley Ode Liberty ix. 13 Art, which cannot die. 1847 Tennyson Princ. ill. 189 Speak, and let the topic die. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 7 A fragile and secondary good which the world is very willing to let die. 1892 Du Maurier Peter Ibbetson 247 It is good that my secret must die with me.

b. Sometimes more directly fig. from 1. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. xvi. (1611) so All these controuersies might have dyed, the very day they were first brought foorth. 1596 Shaks. i Hen. IV, 1. iii. 74 What euer Harry Percie then had said.. May reasonably dye, and neuer rise To do him wrong. 1601-Twel. N. 1. i. 3 The appetite may sicken, and so dye. 1610- Temp. 11. i. 216 Thou let’st thy fortune sleep: die rather.

11. To pass gradually away {esp. out of hearing or sight) by becoming fainter and fainter; to fade away. [1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 58 b, The fault of some, who suffer the last letters to die betweene their teeth.] 1704 Pope Windsor For. 266, I hear sweet music die along the grove. 1715-20-Iliad 11. 126 Fainter murmurs dy’d upon the ear. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey v. xii, The words died on Vivian’s lips. 1832 Tennyson Miller's D. 74, I watch’d the little circles die. 1859 -Elaine 323 The living smile Died from his lips.

12. a. To pass by dying {into something else); to change {into something) at death or termination. Al Mondo (1636) 27 The brightest dayes dye into dark nights, but rise againe a mornings. 1645 Bp. Hall Remedy Discontents 20 The day dyes into night. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 697 The world of matter, with its various forms, All dies into new life. 1755-Centaur ii. 87 He that lives in the kingdom of Sense shall die into the kingdom of Sorrow. 1784 Cowper Task 11. 96 The rivers die into offensive pools. 1842 Tennyson Day-Dream 188 The twilight died into the dark. 1633 Earl Manch.

b. Archit. To merge into, lose itself by passing into\ to terminate gradually in or against. Cf. 13c. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 88 A Parapet.. is let into, or made to die against the Columns. 1859 Jephson Brittany xviii. 291 The mouldings of the arches die into the pillars. 1870 F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 116 There is a staircase turret which dies into the tower.

III. With adverbs, forming compound verbs. 13. die away. a. To pass away from life gradually; to faint or swoon away. 1707 Curios, in Husb. & Gard. 62 We see several Plants grow dry, and dy away. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 3 If 7 She fainted and died away at the sight. 1713-Cato. iv. i, I die away with horror at the thought. 1725 Pope Odyss. xiv. 401 Oh! had he.. in his friend’s embraces dy’d away! 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. 11. ii. 21 Droops dying away On its mate’s music-panting bosom. 1853 R. W. Browne Grk. Classical Lit. (1857) 138 My feeble pulse forgot to play, I fainted, sank, and died away.

b. To diminish gradually in force or activity and so come to an end; to fade away, cease or disappear gradually. 1680 Hacke Collect. Voy. (1699) II. 15 The wind in the mean time dying away, I was becalmed. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. ix. 172 The Voices, .seem to die away. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 427 Jf 2 Thus groundless Stories die away. 1792 S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. 11. 91 At his feet the thunder dies away. 1837 Disraeli Venetia iii. vii, The day died away, and still he was wanting. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxv. 81 The breeze died away at night, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxiv. 175 The direct shock of each avalanche had died away.

c. Archit. and Carpentry. To pass or merge gradually into the adjacent structure. Cf. 12 b. 1869 Sir E. J. Reed Ship-build, v. 76 To be 2 feet deep amidships and to extend across until they die away with rise of floor. 1873 Ferguson in Tristram Land of Moab 373 The arch must have died away against the towers.

fd. trans. To cause to die or come to an end. rare~l. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) VIII. 31 By little and little, in such a gradual sensible death .. God dies away in us, as I may say, all human satisfaction, in order to subdue his poor creatures to himself.

14. die back. Said of the recent shoot of a plant: To die from the apex back to the woody or perennial part. Cf. die down\ herbaceous plants die down to the ground, tender shoots die back to the old wood. 1850 Beck's Florist Nov. 265 The shrub .. will in a manner prune itself, or at least those shoots that require removing will die back, and there will be only the dead wood to cut away. 1928 F. T. Brooks Plant. Dis. xii. 201 Stone fruit trees often die back in association with the presence of various fungi.

15. die down. a. To subside gradually into a dead or inactive state; to die away. 1834 Keble in Lyra Apost. (1849) 58 The deep knell dying down. 1859 Tennyson Elaine 179 Laughter dying down as the great knight Approach’d them. 1874 Green Short Hist. vi. § 1. 267 The war died down into mere massacre and brigandage. 1894 Antiquary May 222 The tin trade of

Cornwall died down. Mod. The fire was left to die down of itself.

b. Of plants: To die down to the ground, while the underground stem and roots survive. 1895 Home Garden 40 To secure perfect blooms [of Crocus], the foliage must be left to die down of its own accord. Mod. This Polygonum attains a height of ten feet, and yet dies down entirely in the winter. 16. die off. a. To go off, be removed or carried

off, one after another, by death. 1697 Dampier Voy. I. 113 It is usual with sick men coming from the Sea Air to dye off as soon as ever they come within the view of the Land. 1741 Richardson Pamela (1742) III. 292 A Gentleman’s Friends may die off. 1807 Southey Espriella's Lett. III. 100 The Russian soldiers., sickened and died off like rotten sheep. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge vii, Accustomed to wish with great emphasis that the whole race of women could but die off. 1857 Buckle Civiliz. I. xi. 649 That generation having died off. Mod. If the cattle and other stock are not sold off, they will die off. The cuttings in the frames damped off, the plants in the greenhouse died off.

b. transf. Of sounds, etc.: To die away, to pass away. 1722 De Foe Plague (1884) 10 This Rumour died off again. 1805 Flinders in Phil. Trans. XCVI. 245 On the wind dying off., it descended quickly to 30 inches. 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 45 If the harsh throes of the prelude die not off into the swell. 1886 Sir F. H. Doyle Reminiscences 175 So the debate died off. 17. die out. a. Of a family or race (of animals

or plants): To be (gradually) extinguished by death; to become extinct. 1865 Seeley Ecce Homo iv. (1866) 38 His house soon dies out. 1866 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 306 So sad that one’s family should die out. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 163 Barbarous nations when they are introduced by Europeans to vice die out. 1887 F. B. Zincke Hist. Wherstead 173 They never bore any more fruit, and gradually died out.

b. To go out, or come to an end (gradually); to pass away or become extinct by degrees. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xxvii. (1856) 219 The lard-lamp died out in the course of the night. 1872 Freeman Gen. Sketch xii. §21. 232 In England villainage was on the whole dying out. 1885 Truth 11 June 936/2 Public interest had flagged and gradually died out. 1887 Atheneeum 7 May 603/3 To tell how the religions of Greece and Rome died out. 1892 Du Maurier Peter Ibbetson 43 The last red streak dies out of the wet west. 118. die up. To die off entirely, to perish.

Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 4703 (Cott.) pan deid pe bestes vp biden, Thoru pe hunger pat was sa kene. c 1340 Ibid. 4831 (Trin.) pe folke de$ep vp al by dene. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (i860) 42 His peple died up by gret mortalite of pestilence. 1563-87 Foxe A. 67 M. (1596) 76/1 Most part of the husbandmen .. died up with the famine and pestilence.

die, t>.2 [f. die r6.1] trans. To furnish with a die; to mould or shape with a die. 1703 T. N. City 67 C. Purchaser 213 The Sheathing-nail ought not to go through the Plank .. and the Head must be well clasped, or died, so as it may sink into the Wood. 1885 Harper's Mag. LXX. 282 Every machine-made shoe also has an ‘inner sole’ died out or moulded, to correspond in shape with the ‘outer sole’.

die, obs. form of dye

v.

and sb.

‘die-away, a. [from the verbal phr. to die away: see die v.1 13.] That dies away or has the air of dying away; languishing. 1802 Marian Moore Lascelles II. 196 If I thought you liked that die-away Miss. 1832 Examiner 229/2 He sang a die-away love-ditty. 1840-1 S. Warren 10,000 a Year I. 124 The die-away manner in which she moved her head. 1871 G. Meredith H. Richmond xxv. (1889) 227 The Margravine groaned impatiently at talk of such a die-away sort.

Ildieb (di:b). Zool. [a. Arab. Sib, ‘wolf, also in some districts ‘jackal’, = Heb. ze’eb wolf.] A species of Wild Dog or Jackal {Canis anthus) found in Northern Africa. 1829 Fischer Synopsis Mammal. 181 ‘Dieb’ of the Arabs. 1869 Gray Cat. Carnivora in Brit. Mus. 189.

'die-back, sb. [from the phrase to die back: see The progressive dying of a shrub or tree shoot from the tip backwards, caused by disease or unfavourable conditions, esp. a disease of fruit trees. die ii.1 14.]

1886 in S. Fallows Suppl. Diet. 1895 Dept. Agric. Yearbk. i8q4 (U.S.) 199 Die-back manifests itself by a number of striking characters. The foliage becomes very dark green, [etc.]. Ibid. 200 Finally a reddish brown resinous substance exudes on the twigs, forming the socalled die-back stain. 1910 G. Massee Dis. Cultivated Plants & Trees 430 Die back of willow shoots.. attacks the tips of willow shoots and causes them to die back. 1916 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms (ed. 3) 112/2 Die-back, of Salix, a disease due to Diplodina salicina; ~ of Citrus, some uncertain condition of health; ~ of Prunus, from Naemospora crocea. 1928 Forestry II. 27 Out in the forest die-back or canker due to frost is only likely to occur in particular areas. 1933 Discovery Feb. 66/2 Phytopthora cambivora has been isolated from dying beech in two separate woods in Somerset, and has been found to be the undoubted cause of the die-back. 1938 Nature 2 Apr. 612/: Trees may be killed [by elm disease] in a single year, or the dieback may be more gradual. 1949 E. Hyams Not in our Stars i. 8 The Morello plantation has very bad die-back. 1957 Country Life 8 Aug. 248/1 Slight lightning discharges may do no more than cause dieback in a few of the topmost twigs. 1968 Punch 27 Mar. 466/3 The central brown stain from dieback disease.

DIE-CAST 'die-cast, v. [f. die sb.' 6c + cast v. 50.] trans. To make by casting hot metal in a die or mould. Hence die-cast ppl. a. 1909 Daily Chron. 7 Aug. 6/7 The frames are now die-cast instead of moulded, i960 Times Rev. Industry Feb. 16/1 The first diecast radiator grilles were fitted.

die-casting, vbl. sb. [f. prec. + -ing1.] The action of die-cast v.; also coticr., a piece of metal cast in a die or mould. Also attrib. 1911 Machinery (N.Y.) May 715/2 (heading) Die-casting and die-casting machines. 1930 Engineering 14 Feb. 196/3 The association has also continued its support of the researches in die-casting and die-casting alloys. 1942 J. N. Greenwood Gloss. Metallographic Terms (ed. 2) 17 Die casting, the casting of alloys in metal moulds or dies. There are pressure and gravity die castings, according to whether the metal is forced into the die or not. 1955 Times 6 July 16/7 A reorganization of their facilities for producing gravity diecastings and high pressure die-castings is contemplated.

diecious, etc., var. dioecious, etc. lldiectasis (dai'ektssis). Pros. [a. Gr. SleVraois a stretching: see di-3 and ectasis] Lengthening by the interpolation of a syllable. 1894 Athenaeum 29 Dec. 884/1 From the scientific point of view there is.. not a word to be said in favour of such grammatical monsters as ojs and ipdaoOf. But it is perfectly easy to see how they arose from a misunderstanding of the ‘Epic diectasis.’ diedapper, obs. f. didapper, dabchick. diederik, diedrik ('diidarik, 'di:drik).

S. Afr. Also didric, diedrick. [Imitative.] A small African cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius (see quot. 1790). 1790 E. Helme tr. Le Vaillant's Trav. Afr. I. 347 The green-golden cuckoo of the Cape... Perched on the tops of large tree£, it continually repeats, and with a varied modulation, these syllables, di, di, didric, as distinctly as I have written them; for this reason I have named it the didric. 1853 Edin. New Philos. Jrnl. LV. 82 The pretty notes of the .. diedrick further enliven the growing day. 1939 S. Cloete Watch for Dawn ix. 122 The intermittent calls of michi and diedrik. 1959 Gill & Winterbottom First Guide S. Afr. Birds (ed. 6) 109 Didric or Diederik Cuckoo, Diedrikkie; Chrysococcyx caprius.

diedral, var. dihedral. t diege'matical, a. Obs. [f. Gr. birfyrguiTiK-os descriptive + -al1.] Of the nature of a narrative or description; descriptive. 1624 Bp. Mountagu Invocation Saints 184 That which he [Nazianzen] hath is diegematicall, not by way of conclusion, or of approbation.

Udiegesis (dan'd3i:sis). [a. Gr. bir/y-qois narration, narrative; in a speech, the statement of the case, f. Snpyeofuit to describe, narrate.] A narrative; a statement of the case. 1829 R. Taylor {title). The Diegesis, being a Discovery of the Origin, Evidences, and Early History of Christianity.

fdiego ('dje:gsu). Obs. [Sp. Diego, the Christian name James, being that of the patron saint of Spain; see also Don Diego s.v. don.] 1. A name for a Spaniard: cf. Dago. (Also attrib.) c 1611 J. Taylor (Water P.) Laugh & be Fat, Wks. (1630) 72/1 Next followes one, whose lines aloft doe raise Don Coriat, chiefe Diego of our daies. To praise thy booke, or thee, he knowes not whether, It makes him study to praise both, or neither. 1659 Davenant Play-House to Let 111. Dram. Wks. 1873 IV. 55 The Diegos we’ll board to rummage their hold. 1667 Dryden Sir Martin Mar-all 11. ii. This hungry Diego rogue. 1687 M. Clifford Notes Dryden (N.), That were as Diego said of the poor of his parish, All the parish.

2. A Spanish sword, or one of the same sort. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 39 |f 40 Insulted by a Bully with a long Diego. 1867 Smyth Sailor’s Word-bk., Diego, a very strong and heavy sword.

3. Name of a variety of pear. 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 21 Pears. . Bing’s Pear, Bishop’s Pear (baking), Diego [etc.].

'die-hard, sb. and a. [from the phrase to die hard: see die v.' 3.] A. adj. That dies hard, resisting to the last. Cf. sense B. 2. 1922 Weekly Dispatch 5 Nov. 1/1 The splitting away of the great masses of the Conservative Party—of the Die-hard section. 1923 E. A. Ross Russian Soviet Republ. 395 The die-hard Tories. 1955 Times 19 May 10/1 There were also some diehard Mau Mau leaders who were doing everything in their power to prevent their followers from giving themselves up. 1971 Internat. Affairs (Moscow) Apr. 39/2 Diehard British chauvinism, rich with anti-Sovietism, was expressed back in October 1970, when the Conservative Party held its first conference.. after it came to power.

B. sb. 1. One that dies hard; spec, an appellation of the 57th Regiment of Foot in the British Army. 1844 W. H. Maxwell Sports Gf Adv. Scotl. x. (1855) 100 The Die-hards (57th regiment). 1856 J. W. Cole Brit. Gen. Penins. War I. v. 200 note. 1871 Standard 28 Jan., Ducrot, who is a good die-hard general of brigade. 1871 Daily News 1 Feb., Some 20,000 die-hards are determined to get up into that keep and hold out for a spell longer. 1892 W. R. Lluellyn in Diet. Nat. Biog. XXIX. 8/1 At Albuera the 57th occupied a position as important as it was deadly. ‘Die

DIENE

633 hard! 57th’, said Inglis, ‘die hard!’ They obeyed, and the regiment is known as the ‘Die-hards’ to this day.

2. A person who is extremely conservative, stubborn, or irreconcilable, esp. on a political or other issue; spec. (a) one of those who were prepared to ‘die in the last ditch’ in their resistance to the Home Rule Bill of 1912; (b) one of those members of the Conservative Party who followed the leadership of the Marquess of Salisbury in 1922. Also transf. 1857 Hughes Tom Brown i. v. 114 They [$c. Rugby football players] are ‘the fighting brigade’, the ‘die-hards’ larking about at leap-frog.. and playing tricks on one another. 1912 Tatler 9 Oct. 32a {caption) One of the ‘Diehards’. Lord Willoughby de Broke speaking recently at Ballyroney against Home Rule for Ireland. 1920 Studies June 197 Tne heroes of Marathon were conservative ‘diehards’: the modem Athenian.. was a Socialist or Spartacist. 1922 Times 18 Oct. 14/2 Diehards demand freedom. Lord Salisbury on Coalition. 1922 Daily Mail 25 Oct. 10 Mr. Chamberlain said: Politics have many vicissitudes. A few days ago I was orthodox; to-day I am a ‘Die-hard’. Ibid 3 Nov. 13 Die hard, the section of Conservatives led by Lord Salisbury who were hostile to Mr. Lloyd George’s Premiership and Home Rule. 1927 A. T. Hagg Labour Community Song Bk. 6 The Tory Diehards in their clubs They sing this plaintive song. 1957 New Yorker 29 June 60/2 The few million white Algerian French citizens, who the diehards declare must not be abandoned. 1963 F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax I. iv. 365 It would seem to have been a linguistic die-hard.

3. The Scottish terrier. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 9 July 3/1 To anyone in doubt as to a suitable dog to take up as household guard or companion the Scottish terrier, often called the ‘Die-hard’, or Aberdeen terrier, and the Dandie Dinmont, immortalised by Sir Walter Scott, are strongly recommended. 1921 Melbourne Argus 13 Sept. 5 The name ‘Die-Hards’ has been given to the well-known black or brindle Scottish terrier.

Hence die-hardism ('daiha:diz(3)m), principles, tenets, or spirit of a die-hard.

the

1922 Glasgow Herald 8 Mar. 8 If the atmosphere of cooperation can be created, ‘die-hardism’ will be painlessly asphyxiated. 1923 Ibid. 28 July 8 There is a core of ‘diehardism’ in all sincerely held convictions, and its language does not consist only of ‘outworn shibboleths’. 1926 Manch. Guardian Weekly Sept. 181/1 Mr. Churchill has reversed his former die-hardism and struck out boldly. 1934 A. J. Toynbee Study Hist. III. 77 The most remarkable feat of Spartan ‘Diehardism’ was the attempt of the Royal Martyrs .. to reclothe the dry bones of the ‘Lycurgean’ system in flesh.

dieidism (dai'aidiz(3)m). Biol. [f. Gr. St- two + et8-os form + -ism.] The condition of having two different forms at different stages of life. 1874 Lubbock Orig. & Met. Ins. iv. 80 Those cases in which animals or plants pass through a succession of different forms might be distinguished by the name of dieidism or polyeidism.

die-in

('dann).

[-in3.]

A

political

demonstration in which people play dead, esp. in order to protest about the development or use of nuclear and other fatal weapons. 1970 Time 8 June 53/1 A petition to stop the shipment [of nerve gas] collected 200,000 signatures; various groups staged ‘die-ins’ to simulate the effects of the gas. 1978 Peace News 1 Dec. 5/2 They (Le Monde a Bicyclette) recently held a series of ‘die-ins’ at which cyclists blocked traffic during rush-hour. 1983 Daily Tel. 16 Nov. 32/6 In Norwich police arrested five demonstrators who staged a ‘die-in’ in a centre street.

dieldrin (’diddrin). Chem. [f. the name of O. Diels (1876-1954), German chemist + -drin, after aldrin: so called because the Diels-Alder reaction (the diene synthesis) was used in preparing it.] A crystalline solid, c12h8ci6o, white when pure and light brown in commercial preparations, which is an epoxide of aldrin and is used as an insecticide. 1949 Dieldrin (Interdepartmental Comm. Pest Control, Bur. Entomol. & Plant Quarantine, U.S. Dept. Agric.) 1 The coined generic name ‘dieldrin’ is announced for an insecticidal product.. meeting the specifications set forth in the attached statement. 1950 Adv. Chem. Series (Amer. Chem. Soc.) 1. 177 The most interesting oxidation of aldrin .. is the oxidation with per acids. This oxidative process.. produces 6, 7-epoxy-6, 7-dihydroaldrin, the compound now called dieldrin. 1956 Nature 17 Mar. 532/2 In connexion with the.. Malaria Control Pilot Project, an area of about 300 square miles has been set aside for treatment with dieldrin. 1957 New Scientist 23 May 25/1 Dieldrin, used as a sheep dip in Australia as a protection against blowflies, was found to impregnate the wool fibres almost irremovably. 1969 Times 24 Mar. 4/5 There are severe restrictions on the use of the persistent insecticide dieldrin.

dielectric (dan'lektnk), sb. and a. [f. di- pref.z = Gr. 81-f 8ta- through + electric.] A. sb. A substance or medium through or across which electric force acts without conduction; a non-conductor; an insulating medium. 1837 Faraday in Phil. Trans. (1838) I. 25 The particular action described occurs in the shell-lac.. as well as in the dielectric used within the apparatus. 1838 -Exp. Res. (1839) 364 My view that electric induction is an action of the contiguous particles of the insulating medium or dielectric. Note. I use the word dielectric to express that substance through or across which the electric forces are acting. (Dec. 1838.) 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 462 The resistance of the greater number of dielectrics diminishes as

the temperature rises. 1885 Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. & Magn. I. 184 The dielectric, in Faraday’s language, has inductive capacity. It is less for air and the ermanent gases than for any solid dielectrics, and rather :ss for vacuum than for air.

P

B. adj. 1. Having the property of transmitting electric effects without conduction; non-conducting. 1871 Athenaeum 10 June 723 He supposes.. that the sheaths of the muscular fibres are dielectric. 1885 Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. Magn. I. 77 Such a medium, considered as transmitting these electrical effects without conduction, is called a Dielectric medium, and the action which takes place through it is called .. Induction.

2. a. Relating to a dielectric medium, or to the transmission of electricity without conduction. 1863 Atkinson tr. Ganot's Physics (1886) 685 The action is.. analogous to that of the pole of a magnet on a piece of soft iron; and Faraday called it dielectric polarisation. 1881 Macfarlane in Nature No. 620. 465 By the dielectric strength of a substance I mean the ratio of the difference of potential required to pass a spark through air under the same conditions. 1881 Athenaeum 5 Feb. 203/2 [A paper on] ‘Dielectric Capacity of Liquids’, by Dr. Hopkinson.

b. dieletric constant, one of the physical parameters of a non-conducting medium, equal to the ratio of the electric displacement at any point in the medium to the displacement an identical charge distribution would produce in a vacuum, measured at the same point; the relative permittivity. (Some writers call this the relative dielectric constant, using dielectric constant for the ratio of electric displacement to electric field strength: cf. permittivity.) 1875 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVIII. 38 {heading) Experimental determination of the dielectric constants of insulators. 1893 E. Atkinson tr. Ganot's Elem. Treat. Physics (ed. 14) ix. iii. 734 In crystallised bodies the dielectric constant varies with the direction of the axes. 1936 Hausmann & Slack Physics xxiii. 445 The dielectric constant.. is very nearly unity (1 000586) for air at normal temperature and pressure. 1943 Electronic Engin. XVI. 206 The physical constant associated with a dielectric is called the dielectric constant. This is generally defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a condenser with the dielectric material between the electrodes to the capacitance of the electrodes alone when placed in vacuo. 1955 C. P. Smyth Dielectric Behavior & Struct, i. 1 In the m.k.s. system the dielectric constant of free space is 8 854 x 1 o-12 farad per m. 1959 B. I. & B. Bleaney Electr. & Magn. xvi. 454 The dielectric constant of a substance affords some valuable information as to the structure of its constituent molecules. 1967 M. Nelkon Fund. Physics xxxvi. 673 Mica has a higher dielectric constant of 7.

die'lectrically, adv. [f. prec. + -al1 + -ly2.] In a dielectric manner; by dielectric action. 1881 Athenaeum 16 Apr. 529/3 On the Internal Forces of Magnetized and Dielectrically Polarized Bodies.

die-link ('dailnjk). Numism. [f. die sb.1 5 + link sb.2 3 a.] A relationship established between two or more coins made or stamped by the same die. Hence as v. trans. (used pass.). Also die-linked ppl. a.y die-linking vbl. sb. 1941 C. H. V. Sutherland in Numismatic Chron. 6th Ser. I. 99 The consideration of die-axes, and of die-linkings, which can be achieved only by the study of very numerous examples. Ibid. 104 The small thunderbolt accompanying the obverse portrait on the ‘Seater Livia’ series is not found on any other group; we cannot therefore hope for die-links between one group and another. Ibid. 105 A twin die-linked series, forming a parallel to the twin die-linked ClementiaeModerationi series. Ibid., The twin Clementiae-Moderationi series, being so closely die-linked. 1958 Times 11 Feb. 11/5 The hoard included coins of Edward the Elder.. which were die-linked, 20 being from the same die of one moneyer. 1958 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 7 Mar. 678/1 Such die-links serve to confirm that issues for both Titus and Domitian were produced in the same establishment.

dielytra (dai'elitre). Bot. [mod.L. (Chamisso & Schlechtendal 1826, in Linnaea I. 556), f. Gr. 81Di-2 + eAtnpov sheath.] A plant belonging to the genus once so called, now included in the genus Dicentra. 1864 C. M. Yonge Trial II. vi. 122 Do you know this Dielytra? I think it is the prettiest of modern flowers. 1872 G. M. Hopkins Jrnl. 29 June (1959) 220 Dielytras—in the full-blown flower there are at least four symmetrical ‘wards’. 1900 J. M. Abbott in W.D. Drury Bk. Gardening viii. 269 Dicentras (Dielytras) are lovely spring- or early summerflowering plants.

diem [L. = day], in phr. per diem: see per. IIdiencephalon (daien'sefalDn). Anat. [mod.L., f. Gr. Si-, Sia- through (di-3) -I- iyetyaXov brain: see encephalon. Representing Ger. zwischenhirn.] The middle brain; that division of the brain between the mesencephalon and prosencephalon; also called deutencephalon or thalamencephalon. Hence dience'phalic a., pertaining to the diencephalon. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Diencephalon.

diene (’daii:n). Chem. [f. di-2 -I- -ene.] a. Any organic compound containing two double bonds between carbon atoms. 1917 Chem. Abstr. XI. 3031 (title) The melting points of hydrocarbons, especially dienes, having a system of conjugated double bonds. 1929 Ibid. XXIII. 3232 Dienes such as isoprene in relatively pure condition. 1961 L. F. &

DIENER M. Fieser Adv. Org. Chem. v. 197 Butadiene is significantly more stable..than dienes with isolated (nonconjugated) double bonds.

b. attrib., esp. in diene synthesis, an addition reaction in which two carbon atoms joined by a double or triple bond in an unsaturated compound become attached to the first and fourth carbon atoms of a conjugated diene, forming a ring of six carbon atoms in the resulting molecule; the Diels-Alder reaction; diene value, a number expressing the degree of unsaturation in fatty compounds. 1928 Chem. Abstr. XXII. 1144 (heading) Addition of ‘dienef hydrocarbons. 1930 Ibid. XXIV. 356 (heading) The ‘diene-syntheses’. An ideal method for the synthesis of organic compounds. 1957 Encycl. Brit. I. 549/2 The diene synthesis consists essentially of the addition of substances containing two conjugate double bonds, such as the butadienes, to substances such as maleic acid or quinones. 1936 Rep. Prog. Applied Chem. 433 Linseed oil itself shows a definite ‘maleic’ or ‘diene value’, equivalent to about 5-7% of conjugated triene glycerides.

diener, var. deaner. dieng, obs. form of dying: see die v. fdiennial, a. Obs. rare~°. = biennial. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Diennial, of or pertaining to two years.

diep(e, obs. form of deep. dier ('dai3(r)). rare. Also 6 dyer. [f. die v.1 + -er1.] One who dies; one who suffers, or is liable to, death. 1570 Piththy Note to Papists (1862), Many sundry deaths doo bring the dyers endles shame. 1638 Suckling Brennoralt 1. i, Dead, as I live; Well, goe thy wayes, for a quiet drinker and dier. 1887 Jessopp in 19th Cent. Dec. 839 ‘I suppose I am a dier’, she said.. ‘I used to think I should never die’.

dier, obs. form of dear, deer, dyer. dieresis, dieretic, var. diaeresis, -etic. diervilla ('diavib). Bot. [mod.L. (Tournefort 1707, in Acta Acad. 1706 VII. 85), f. the name of Dierville, a French surgeon, who discovered a species of the plant in Acadia 1699-1700.] A plant of the genus so named, comprising deciduous shrubs having pink, crimson, yellow, or white flowers; some species are also called weigela or bush-honeysuckle (see honeysuckle 3 b). 1806 B. McMahon Amer. Gardener's Cal. 293 Flowering shrubs .. may now be planted with good success, such as .. St. Peter’s-wort, Diervilla, roses, and all kinds of hardy deciduous shrubs. 1816 Curtis's Bot. Mag. XLIII. 1796 {heading) Yellow-flowered Diervilla. 1884 G. Nicholson Illustr. Diet. Gardening I. 475/1 The gracefully spreading form of Diervillas renders them remarkably well adapted for shrubberies. 1924 A. J. Macself Flowering Trees & Shrubs x. 134 Formerly known as Weigelas, a name indeed still familiarly used, the Diervillas are worthily held in high esteem. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 117/1 Other favourite flowering shrubs and trees that will grow in most soils are.. Weigelias or Diervillas, Heaths, [etc.]. 1959 Times 31 Jan. 9/4 The forsythias, diervillas, pyracanthas.

|| dies ('daiiiz). The Latin word for ‘day’; used in certain phrases. a. dies irae, ‘day of wrath*, the first words, and hence the name, of a Latin hymn on the Last Judgement ascribed to Thomas of Celano (C1250). b. dies non (short for dies non juridicus), in Law, a day on which no legal business is transacted, or which is not reckoned in counting days for some particular purpose. Also in other legal phrases: see quot. 1848. Also transf.y a day that does not count or on which there is no activity. 1607-72 Cowell Interpr., Dies.. A legal day, and that is of two sorts, 1. Dies Juridicus, and 2. Dies non Juridicus. Dies Juridici are all dayes .. given in Term to the Parties in Court. Dies non Juridici are all Sundayes in the year, besides, in the several Terms particular dayes. 1805 Scott Last Minstr. vi. xxx, And far the echoing aisles prolong The awful burthen of the song, — Dies irae, dies ilia, Solvet saeclum in favilla. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 156 A Sunday.. is a dies non, or no day in law. 1848 Wharton Law Lex., Dies amor is (the day of love), the appearance day of the Term on the fourth day, or quarto die post. It was the day given by the favour and indulgence of the court to the defendant for his appearance, when all parties appeared in court, and had their appearance recorded by the proper officer. Dies datus, the day of respite given to a defendant... Dies juridicus, a court day... Dies non juridicus, not a court day. i860 Thackeray Round. Papers (1863) 196 The idea {dies irae\) of discovery must haunt many a man. 1887 Ruskin Praeterita II. 213 Men have been curiously judging themselves by always calling the day they expected, ‘Dies Irae’, instead of ‘Dies Amoris’. 1897 Daily News 19 Apr. 2/1 This has been almost a ‘dies non’ in the city, owing to the Stock Exchange being closed. 1937 N. & Q. CLXXIII. 369/2 Thursdays are a dies non in the players’ week.

Diesel, diesel (’diizal). a. The name of Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), German engineer, used attrib. to designate a type of internalcombustion engine invented by him, in which

634

DIET

air alone is drawn into the cylinder, this air being so highly compressed that the heat generated ignites the fuel-oil when it enters the combustion space. Also ellipt., a diesel engine; a locomotive, motor diesel etc., driven by a diesel engine (also attrib.).

in Hatz.-Darm.), = Sp., Pg., and It. dieta, ad. L. diseta (in med.L. dieta), a. Gr. hiana ‘mode of life’. (Supposed to be connected with £deiv to live: see Meyer Gr. Gram. §261.)] 11. Course of life: way of living or thinking. of the same diet, cf a different diet, both of a diet, i.e. sort

1894 S. B. Donkin Text-bk. Gas, Oil, & Air Engines Index 413 Diesel engine. 1894-tr. Diesel's Rational Heat Motor 53 The three vertical cylinders of the Diesel motor. 1928 J. K. Roberts Heat & thermodynamics xiv. 284 The use of a Diesel engine results in considerable fuel economy as compared with an engine working on a ‘constant-volume’ cycle. 1930 Engineering 16 May 623/3 The first two Diesel locomotives in the world were built by The General Electric Company in 1917 and 1918. 1934 T. E. Lawrence Lett. (1938) 806 The new four-cylinder Gardner 60 bhp light Diesel is having its gear box fitted for test in 159 hull. 1957 [see sense b below], 1966 J. Betieman High Low 15 Through the midlands of Ireland I journeyed by diesel. 1970 Railway Mag. Oct. 584/2 A number of class ‘47’ diesels have been noted working under the wires in the London area recently.

or kind. C1400 Beryn 1431 Ech day our diete Shall be mery & solase, & this shall be for-3ete. 1567 Triall Treas. (1850) 31 Behold howe a lie can please some folkes diet! 1612-5 ®pHall Contempt., O.T. x. ii, Either thi3 was the Sonne himselfe, or else one..of the same diet. Ibtd. xiv. vi, Worldly mindes think no man can bee of any other then their owne dyet. 1618-Serm. v. 104 Francis of Assise and he were both of a diet, a 1656-Rem. Wks. (1660) 255 The minds of men may be of a different diet.

b. attrib. and Comb., as diesel- driven, -engined, -hauled, -hydraulic adjs.; diesel eletric a.y driven by electric motors powered by current from a generator, which in turn is driven by a diesel engine; also absol.y a diesel-electric engine, locomotive, or vehicle; diesel oil, a petroleum fraction used as fuel in diesel engines. 1905 H. Allen Gas & Oil Eng. 267 Test of a 500 B.H.P. Diesel Oil Engine. 1916 Motor Ship Motor Boat 30 Nov. 379, 1200 h.p. Diesel-engined Auxiliaries. 1921 Sci. Amer. 2 Apr. 267 Advantages of the Diesel-Electric System over the Straight Diesel Drive. Ibid., The advantage is decidely with the Diesel-electric, since the engine runs continuously in one direction... A Diesel-electric operated boat can change from full speed ahead to full speed reverse in.. seconds. 1926 Marine Engineer Mar. 113/2 The primary valuation of a Diesel oil is obtained from the specific gravity and viscosity. Ibid. Apr. 145/2 Below are shown microphotographs of Diesel oil and boiler oil, before and after treatment in a. .centrifuge. 1930 Engineering 16 May 624/2 The Diesel electric locomotive for the London and North Eastern Railway. 1935 Hansard Commons 18 June 236 Diesel oil used for the purpose of road vehicles. 1936 Discovery Mar. 89/1 Diesel-driven parcels vans. 1955 A. Ross Australia 55 iii. 43 The train is.. diesel-hauled. 1957 Economist 30 Nov. 799/2 The 52 diesel-hydraulic locomotives ordered .. bring the total number of main-line diesels ordered so far.. to 282, of which all except 66 are diesel electrics. 1958 Listener 12 June 964/1 The experimental diesel car service introduced between Banbury and Bletchley. 1958 ‘N. Shute’ Rainbow Rose i. 7 They’ve got a diesel-engined boat.

dieselize ('dirzalaiz), v. orig. U.S. [f. Diesel, diesel + -ize.] trans. To equip with a diesel engine or with diesel-electric locomotives. So ,dieseli'zation; 'dieselized ppl. a. 1946 in Amer. Speech (1947) XXII. 158/2 The Burlington’s main line passenger trains are largely dieselized. 1949 Time 30 May 38/1 He .. hopes to cut costs more by dieselizing the entire [railway] line. 1950 Engineering 24 Mar. 328/1 In the U.S. A., where ‘dieselisation’ has gained .. a foothold for long hauls. 1958 Economist 1 Feb. 381/2 The area needs an integrated system of road transport and dieselised railways. 1958 New Statesman 15 Nov. 668/3 Priority must be given to those schemes bringing quickest results, e.g., dieselisation before electrification. 1970 Railway Mag. Oct. 550/2 Some interesting combinations of locomotives could be observed on this train before dieselisation. Ibid. 553/1 The North Island system has been entirely dieselised for some years.

II diesis ('dansis). PI. dieses (-i:z). [a. L. diesis, Gr. Sleais a quarter-tone, lit. a sending through or apart, f. Suevat to send through, f. 8ia through + levat to send.] 1. Mus. a. In ancient Greek music, a name given to several different intervals smaller than a tone; esp. the Pythagorean semitone, equal to the difference between two major tones and a perfect fourth (ratio 243:256). b. In modern music, the interval equal to the difference between three major thirds and an octave, or between the chromatic and diatonic semitones (ratio 125:128); usually called enharmonic diesis. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. cxxxi. (1495) 941 Diesis is the space and doynge of melodye and chaungynge out of one sowne in to a nother. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., Diesis is the halfe of the lesse halfe note. 1694 Holder Harmony (1731) 121 The Ditone, made by these two Degrees, is too much by a Diesis (128 to 125). a 1734 North Lives (1826) II. 210 He makes great ado about dividing tones major, tones minor, dieses and commas. 1867 Macfarren Harmony i. 8 The effect of the Enharmonic diesis is employed by no means rarely in.. musical performances.

2. Printing. The sign J, usually called ‘double dagger’. [Formerly used to denote a diesis in Music: cf. 1727-51 Cycl. s.v., ‘The chromatic, or double diesis, denoted by a double cross.’ In French, the sign of the ‘sharp’ # is called diese.] 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diesis. .among Printers it is taken for a Mark, otherwise call’d a Double-dagger J. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 701/1 Diesis {Printing), the double dagger (J), a reference-mark. Chambers

diet (’darat), sb.1 Forms: 3-6 diete, (5 diat, dyette, 5-6 dyete, diette), 5-8 dyet, (6 diot, dyot, dyat, dieat, dyeat), 5- diet. [a. OF. diete (13th c.

2. esp. Customary course of living as to food: way of feeding. 11386 Chaucer Pard. T. 188 He wolde been the moore mesurable Of his diete sittynge at his table, c 1470 Henry Wallace iv. 333 Off dyet fayr Wallace tuk neuer kepe; Bot as it come, welcum was meit and sleip. I531 Elyot Gov. i. xiii. He wyll.. enquire what skyll he hath in feedyng, called diete, and kepyng of his hauke from all sickenes. 1635 N. Carpenter Geog. Del. 11. xv. 259 Scarcity inuites the mountaine dwellers to a more sparing and wholesome diet. 1774 J. Bryant Mythol. II. 261 He brought mankind from their foul and savage way of feeding to a more mild and ratiohal diet. 1838 Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) II. v. 360 He maintained the same abstemious diet amidst all the luxuries of his table. 1866 Livingstone Lastjrnl. 23 Dec. (1873) I. vii. 162 A meat diet is far from satisfying.

3. Prescribed course of food, restricted in kind or limited in quantity, esp. for medical or penal reasons; regimen. Hence to put to a diet (F. mettre a la diete), to keep or take diet (F. observer une diete). c 1386 Chaucer Nun's Pr. T. 18 No deyntee morsel passed thurgh hir throte .. Attempree diete was al hir phisik. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 72 pe firste tretis is of gouemaunce & diete of men pat ben woundid. C1440 Gesta Rom. xix. 334 (Add. MS.), There was a man-sleer taken, and put into prison, and put to his diete. 1495 Act II Hen. VII, c. 2 § 1 He to be sette.. in Stokkis by the space of vj daies with like diete as is before reherced. 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) M vij b, The ydeotte kepeth diete from bookes and resteth on his meate. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 11. i. 25 To fast, like one that takes diet. 1603-Meas.for M. 11. i. 116 Past cure of the thing you wot of, vnlesse they kept very good diet. 1655 Moufet & Bennet Health's lmprovem. (1746) 68, I define Diet.. to be an orderly and due Course observed in the Use of bodily Nourishments, a 1735 Arbuthnot John Bull Postscr. Swift’s Wks. 1751 VI. 166 He..by Diet, Purging, Vomiting, and Bleeding, tried to bring them to equal Bulk. 1741 Johnson L.P., Morin, To preach diet and abstinence to his patients. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. Ind. I. 455 They rely most on diet and regimen, and next, on external applications.

4. Food; the provisions or victuals in daily use, viewed as a collective whole, especially in relation to their quality and effects. a 1225 Ancr. R. 112 VnderstondeS, hwuc was his diete pet dei, i8en ilke blodletunge! So baluhful & so bitter! 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lv. (1495) 268 In chyldem the vryne is thycke by cause of gleymy diete. C1420 Anturs of Arth. xv, With alle dayntethis on dese, thi dietis are di3te. C1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 202 Kept in prison with coarse and thin diet. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 129 That the babe be., not fedde with counterfaite dyet. 01682 Sir T. Browne Tracts (1684) 17 The Athletick Diet was of Pulse. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Bristol (1887) I. 241 Herbs or roots (without oil) and plain dry bread. That is their lenten diet. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. II. xiv. 144 The dogs were too much distended by their abundant diet to move. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi v. (1870) 128 Nay, even a change of diet confronts us.. the ox ceases to be used as food. b. fig. 1579 Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 41 Yet are they [plays] not fit for euery mans dyet. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. 11. Some Sonnets of Sydney, A thin diet of dainty words.

f 5. a. An allowance or provision of food. Obs. 1533 Ord. Hen. VIII in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. II. 30 We .. commaunde you to alloue dailly from hensforth unto.. the Lady Lucye .. the dyat and fare herafter ensuyng. 1611 Bible Jer. Iii. 34 And for his diet, there was a continuall diet [Coverd. lyuynge] giuen him.. euery day a portion [Cov. a certayne thinge alowed him]. 1663 Evelyn Diary 20 Aug., It was said it should be the last of the public diets or tables at Court. 1671 F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 370 The young Lords or Nobility had a constant Table or dyet in the Court.

fb. Board. Obs. exc. Hist. 1455 Rolls of Par It. 293 The said Prince shall sojorne and be at diettez with the Kyng. 1596 Shaks. j Hen. IV, iii. iii. 84 You owe Money here besides, Sir John, for your Dyet. 1602 —— Ham. 1. i. 99 Young Fortinbras.. Hath .. Shark’d vp a List of Lawlesse Resolutes, For Foode, and Diet. 1621-51 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. iii. xv, He shall have.. ten pound per annum, and his diet. 1645 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 204 Here many of the merchants.. have their lodging and diet as in a College. 1792 Chipman Amer. Law Rep. (1871) 27 The bond was taken for the prisoner’s.. diet and to secure the gaoler’s fees. 1878 Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 74 The king.. gave him 3,000 ducats more, besides the daily expenses of his lodging and diet.

16. Allowance for the expenses of living. Obs. a 1483 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. 24 This must cause her comyn diette to be the more for the high estate of her proper person. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 27 Suche like diettes, rewardes, profites and commodities.. for their attendance vpon the saide Chauncellour. c 1540 Bp. Bonner in Wyatt's Poems Pref. (1854) 41 If he were a good husband, the diets of iiij marks would find his house .. after a far other sort than it is kept. 1551 Sir R. Moryson Lett, to Cecil Jan. 20 (Reed. Off.) Is my land so increast sins my cummyng out.. that men do thynke I may serue the Kyng without my dyettes? 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxiv. 236 Common-wealths can endure no diet; seeing their expense is not limited by their

DIET own appetite, but by external accidents. [1885 R. W. Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. (1893) III. xix. 338 The allowances of the ambassador, or, as they were called, his diets, were ever unpaid.]

7. a. Comb., as diet-bag, -list, -money-, also diet-bread, special bread prepared for invalids or persons under dietetic regimen; diet-kitchen (see quot.); f diet-pot, a pot by which to measure diet-drink; diet-sheet, a paper showing a daily diet, esp. for the inmates of an institution; f diet-wood (see quot.). Also dietbook, -drink. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 162 Heaps of plants by some physicians are ordered to stuff * diet-bags withal. 1617 Collins Def. Bp. Ely n. ix. 357 To feede them with such dirt for *diet-bread. 1824 Miss Mitford Village Ser. 1. (1863) 223 Drinking her green tea, eating her diet-bread, begging her gowns. 1880 Webster Suppl., •Diet-kitchen, a charitable establishment which provides proper food for the helpless poor. 1856 Kane Arct. Expl. I. i. 19 A very moderate supply of liquors, .made up the ‘diet-list. 1519 Sir T. Boleyn in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 161 Send me such *dyett-money as shall best please your Grace. 1551 Sir R. Moryson Lett, to Cecil Jan. 7, I mervayl my dieat mony cummith not. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. vii. 74 Allow them as much Diet money as their own Soldiers receive. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 23 The *Dyet Pot is not alone to be used in cases of dyet drink. c 1863 Florence Nightingale in C. Woodham-Smith F. Nightingale (1950) xvii. 397 Revised *diet sheets for TroopShips. 1902 J. H. M. Abbott Tommy Cornstalk 182 We all lay in, or upon, our beds with our board-mounted dietsheets in our hands. 1918 W. Owen Let. 22 July (1967) 566, I see an old Diet Sheet on the table. 1967 Vogue Jan. 51/1 This is the Diet sheet. Vary meat, eggs, chicken and fish.. to avoid boredom. 1568 Turner Herbal in. 34 Guiacum .. Some call it the *Diet woode because they that kepe a diet for the French poxe. .most commonly drinke the broth of this woode.

b. Used attrib. of (esp. carbonated soft) drinks with reduced sugar content sold commercially, as diet cola, Pepsi, etc. orig. U.S. 1963 Newsweek 8 July 76/3 Pepsi introduced its Patio Diet Cola .. and Coke its Tab .. only days apart this year. 1964 Business Week 27 June 90/3 Patio Diet Cola was not the success Pepsi had hoped, so it has rushed to market a new drink, Diet Pepsi. 1966 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 29 Nov. TM237 PepsiCo, Inc., New York... Diet Pepsi. 1969 New Yorker 25 Oct. 58/2 She loves diet cola spiked with a spoonful of chocolate syrup. 1970 Ibid. 24 Oct. 58 (caption) They open flip-top can .. Diet Pepsi. 1985 Washington Post 18 Sept. E21/6 The third- and fourth-fastest-growing items were breakfast sandwiches and diet colas.

diet ('daist), sb.2 [ad. med.L. dieta in same senses, or a. F. diete in sense 5 (Cotgr. 1611): cf. also It. dieta ‘a parliament or generall assembly of estates’ (Florio, 1598), Sp. dieta the (Germanic) diet. Med.L. dieta had the various senses ‘day’s journey’, ‘day’s work’, ‘day’s wage’, ‘space of a day’, as well as that of ‘assembly, meeting of councillors, diet of the empire’. The same senses, more or less, are (or have been) expressed by Ger. tag, and F. journee day. Dieta has therefore been viewed as a simple derivative of L. dies day, distinct from diaeta, Gr Slaira, diet sb.1 But it seems more likely that one or other of the senses developed from diaeta was associated with dies, and led to the application of the word to other uses arising directly from dies. One of the senses given by Du Cange is ‘the ordinary course of the church’: this seems naturally transferred from hlana, diaeta, in the sense ‘ordinary or prescribed course of life’, which might be understood to mean ‘daily office’, and so lead to the use of dieta for other daily courses, duties, or occasions.]

f 1. A day’s journey; ‘an excursion, a journey’ (Jamieson). Obs. chiefly Sc. (So F. journee.) [c 1290 Fleta iv. xxviii. § 13 (Du Cange) Omnis rationabilis dieta constat ex 20 miliaribus.] c 1440 Gesta Rom. xix. 67 (Harl. MS.) Also how many daies ioumeys... This terme or this dyet, is not ellis but the terme of thi lyfe. c 1565 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (1814) 212 (Jam.) Sum of the conspiratouris, who hard tell of the kingis dyett, followed fast to Leith eftir him. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 143 Twa or thrie gude men of the Gilde sail travell with him for twa dyets. a 1651 Calderwood Hist. Kirk( 1678) 248 (Jam.) The king.. prayeth him to waken up all men to attend his coming.. for his diet would be sooner perhaps than was looked for.

f2. A day’s work. Sc. Obs. (So F. journee.) 1494 Ld. Treas. Accts. Scot. I. 246 Item, to Thome Red and Jhone of Schipe, for vj diet at the wod, vj s.

3. Sc. A day fixed for a particular meeting or assembly; an appointed date or time. b. spec. The day on which a party in a civil or criminal process is cited to appear in court. More fully diet of appearance, compearance. (So OF. journee.) 1568 Satir. Poems Reform, xlvii. 80 Gif he cumis nocht thair, I wald we tuke, To keip oure dyet, Maister Dauid Makgill. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 93 To compeir befoire the said Committie of Estaites.. and that to anie day or diet the said Commissares or Collectores shall pleis to charge thame to. 1692 Will. III. Instr. to Sir T. Livingston 16 Jan. (Highland Pa., Maitl. Cl. 1845) Those who have not taken the benefit of our indemnity within the diet prefixt by our proclamation. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 11. 11. vi. (1743) 391 Having obtained a Dyet, i.e. a set day for his publick trial. 1752 Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 9 All the Diets of Court are peremptory. 1810 Act 50 Gee. Ill, c. 112 §27 In actions at present requiring two diets of appearance against persons within Scotland, there shall be only one diet of twenty-seven days. 1823 Symson Descr. Galloway 26 (Jam.) A market for good fat kine [is] kept on the Friday .. this market being ruled by the dyets of the noltmarket of Wigton.

DIET

635 fc. Date, day of date. Obs. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 9 To raise [ = erase] the diett off an instrumente.

4. Sc. A session or sitting of a court or other body on an appointed day; a single session of any assembly occupying a day or part of one. 1587 Sc. Acts J as. VI (1599) §82 Called.. before the justice or his deputes at iustice aires, or particular diettes. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. 111. i. 13 At the diets of weekly and ordinary preaching. 1643 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) p. xxi, I attendit many dayes and dyetts, and in end.. a decreit was gifine thereupon. 1854 Phemie Millar II. 21 He’s put on his Sabbath day claes.. and sat out the haill diet. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. iii. (1857) 48, I began to dole out to them by the hour and the diet, long extempore biographies. 1876 Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. 11. iv. 147 In the week preceding, the classes shall be tried at two different diets by examiners appointed by the town Council. 1894 Crockett Raiders 2e myn Eres, pat Fisyk schal his Forred hod, for his foode sulle. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 98 Voide him a litil and diete him with colde metis and stiptik. 1483 Cath. Angl. 99 To Diet, dietare. 1535 Coverdale Ecclus. xxxvii. 34 He that dyeteth him self temperatly prolongeth his life. 1583 Stanyhurst JEneis 111. (Arb.) 91 My self I dieted with sloas. 1655 Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 69 He that taught Abel how to diet Sheep. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 803 Dieted by thee I grow mature In knowledge as the Gods who all things know. 1742 Fielding J. Andrews 11. xvii, He diets them with all the dainty food of holiness, i860 Emerson Cond. Life, Consid. Wks. (Bohn) II. 425 It makes no difference, in looking back five years, how you have been dieted and dressed. fb. (predicated of the food). Obs. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 17 Dead Whales, Seales, Pengwins, grease or raw Puddings diet them. c .fig. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 375 Only his golden thoughts would not be worser Dioted than with a Diademe. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. hi. iv. 183 Thou art all the comfort The Gods will diet me with. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 6 You diet him with nothing but with rules and exceptions. 1816 Coleridge Lay Serm. 327 That vast company.. whose heads and hearts are dieted at the two public ordinaries of literature, the circulating libraries, and the periodical press.

2. To fix, prescribe, or regulate the food of (a person, etc.) in nature or quantity, for a purpose, spec. a. as a regimen of health. C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 213, I dietide him as a man pat hadde a fever agu. 1533 Bellenden Livy v. (1822) 400 Eftir that the sick man has sufferit himself to be diet fra metis and drinkis. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 99, I will attend my husband, be his nurse, Diet his sicknesse. 1641 Milton Animadv. (1851) 188 You are not dieted, nor your loynesgirt for spirituall valour. 1768 Foote Devil on 2 Sticks in. Wks. 1799 II. 275 Full power., to pill.. diet.. and poultice all persons. 1849 R. A. Vaughan in Brit. Q. Rev. May 312 Goethe.. having dieted himself for hard work, was busy at Weimar with his ‘Faust’. fig. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lxxi. (1739) 188 These must be purged by dieting the State. 1705 Hickeringill Priest-cr. 11. iv. 44 The Archbishopric of York and .. the Bishopric of Ely (being both of them thought needlessly gross).. were dieted, some say, pinch’d and impaired too much. b. as a punishment, etc. 1530 Tindale Pract. Prelates Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 348 After they had dieted and tormented him. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 440 If 6 The President immediately ordered him to be.. dieted with Water-gruel, till such time as he should be sufficiently weakened for Conversation. 1862 Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 12 The simple privilege of locking him up, dieting him [etc.].

f 3. fig. To order, regulate. Obs. rare. 1576 Woolton Chr. Manual (Parker Soc.) 125 In dieting all our words and works to his honour and glory.

4. To provide with daily meals; to board. *635 J. Sadler in Verney Papers {1853) 160 His men maye .. be taken of his hande and dyated for theyre worke for the first yeare. medicyns different J?at longen to ^em bope. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 1 Largely and in many diffirent maners. c 1500 Sc. Poem Her. 43 in Q. Eliz. Acad., etc. 95 The fader the hole, the eldest son deffer[e]nt, quhiche a labelle; a cressent the secound. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 21 b, Persons different in state and condition. 1607 Shaks. Lear iv. iii. 37 Mate and mate could not beget Such different issues. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. xv. 79 Appetite, and Aversions.. in different tempers .. are different. 1711 Steele Sped. No. 114 P4 Their Manners are very widely different. 1802 Mar. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. viii. 50 With what different eyes different people behold the same objects, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xxii. 154 Different positions of the limb require different molecular arrangements. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 29 Principles as widely different as benevolence and self-love. 1887 Ruskin Praetenta II. 248 We both enjoyed the same scenes, though in different ways.

b. Const, from; also to, than (f against, fwith). The usual construction is now with from; that with to (after unlike, dissimilar to) is found in writers of all ages, and is frequent colloquially, but is by many considered incorrect. The construction with than (after other than), is found in Fuller, Addison, Steele, De Foe, Richardson, Goldsmith, Miss Burney, Coleridge, Southey, De Quincey, Carlyle, Thackeray, Newman, Trench, and Dasent, among others: see F. Hall Mod. English iii. 82.

DIFFERENT

639

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 125 b, His lyght is moche different and vnlyke to the lyght of the holy goost. 1588 R. Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 257 If.. they could write any other language that were different vnto theirs. [Ibid. 271, 291.] 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. v. i. 46 This weeke he hath beene.. much different from the man he was. 1603 Dekker, &c. Grissil (1841) 72 Oh, my dear Grissil, how much different Art thou to this curs’d spirit here! 1624 Heywood Gunaik. 1. 15 Humane wisdome, different against the divine will, is vaine and contemptible. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 11. (1645) 45 We make use of them in a quite different manner then we did in the beginning. 1649 Earl Monm. tr. Senault's Passions (1671) 245 She [hatred] hath this of different with love, that she is much more sensible. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 159 JP2 Tunes.. different from anything I had ever heard. 1737 Fielding Hist. Reg. 11. Wks. (1882) X. 218 It’s quite a different thing within to what it is without. 1769 Goldsm. Rom. Hist. (1786) I. 105 The consuls.. had been elected for very different merits than those of skill in war. 1790 Colebrooke in Life (1873) 38 The different prosperity of the country which they conquered .. with that of the countries under English rule. 1848 J.H. Newman Loss & Gain 306 It has possessed me in a different way than ever before. 1852 Thackeray Esmond 11. ii. (1869) 169 The party of prisoners lived.. with comforts very different to those which were awarded to the poor wretches there. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 44 Warehouses and wharves no way different from those on either side of them. c. colloq. Out of the ordinary, special, recherche. 1912 D. F. Canfield Squirrel Cage iii, What a perfectly lovely couch... Why, it is so beautifully different! Ibid, xviii, To avoid being ‘queer’ and ‘different’ one had to play a good hand [at Bridge]. 1930 Publishers' Weekly 8 Feb. 709/1 They are always striving to write a piece of copy that will be ‘different’, that ‘will hit the reader right between the eyes’. Ibid. 15 Mar. 1554/1 A ‘different’ book ad appeared in the Sunday, March the 9th, New York Herald Tribune. 1930 Week-end Rev. 7 June 467 Ireland this year! For a ‘different’ holiday, with all the charms of foreign travel and none of the disadvantages. 1965 New Statesman 7 May 712/2 The Mail's bold, different typography. 2. In a weaker sense, used as a synonym for other,

as

denying

identity,

but

without

any

implication of dissimilarity; not the same, not identical, distinct. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxvi. 138 Civill, and Naturall Law are not different kinds, but different parts of Law. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 35 If 3 At different times he appears as serious as a Judge, and as jocular as a MerryAndrew. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. v. §2 (1819) 52 To different persons, and in different stages of science, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. i. 3 Some.. may be split with different facility in different directions. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 717 Eadwig King of the Churls is quite a different person from Eadwig the ./Etheling. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. iii. (1879) 145 The daily motion of the Earth is very different in different parts. Mod. I suspect this is a different coin from the other, though, being both new sovereigns of this year, they are quite indistinguishable. 3. Comb., as different-minded, -coloured. 1680 Allen Peace & Unity 13 If this.. will not reconcile the different-minded to our judgement. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 455 We may have different heights..or wear different-coloured clothes. 1831 Brewster Optics x. 91 The different-coloured spaces of the spectrum. B. sb. f 1. A disagreement, dispute; = difference sb. 3.

Obs. rare.

[OF. different, written by the

Academy differ end.] 1483 Caxton Cato C iij b, The whych deuyll myght not fynde the manere for to.. brynge them to dyscencion and dyfferente. 1484-Fables of Al sop iv. vi, Whan a lygnage or kyndred is in dyfferent or in dyuysyon. Ibid. v. x, We praye the that thow vouchesauf to accorde our dyferent so that pees be made betwene vs. 1606 G. W[oodcocke] tr. Hist. Ivstine Llija, Whereupon arose cruell differents betweene the Genooise and the Venetians. 2. That which is different; a contrary or opposite, rare. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. iv. Epil. (1602) 589 To shew things by their contraries and differents. 1890 J. H. Stirling Philos. & Theol. iii. 49 The fairest harmony results from differents. C. as adv. = differently. Now only in uneducated use. 1744 Sarah Fielding David Simple I. 253, I spent my Infancy .. very different from what most Children do. 1775 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary (1889) II. 131 He pronounces English quite different from other foreigners. 1803 tr. Lebrun's Mans. Botte III. 9 They had . acted perfectly different from those parties who [etc.]. 1863 Kingsley Water Bab. viii. 374 ‘Oh dear, if I was but a little chap in Vendale again .. how different I would go on!’ different, obs. form of deferent. II differentia (difa'renjra). [L.

=

difference,

Logic.

diversity;

PI. -ise (-ii:).

a species.]

The

attribute by which a species is distinguished from

all other species

distinguishing

mark

of the or

same genus;

characteristic;

a =

DIFFERENCE sb. 4C. 1827 Whately Logic ii. 1. §4 (ed. 2) 62 Either the material part [of their essence] which is called the Genus, or the formal and distinguishing part, which is called Differentia, or in common discourse, characteristic. 1850 Kingsley Tennyson Misc. I. 218 This deep, simple faith in the divine¬ ness of Nature.. which, in our eyes, is Mr. Tennyson’s differentia. 1851 Mansel Proleg. Logica i. (i860) 54 The concept whiteness, as a species of colour, is capable of definition by its optical differentia. 1889 A. Lang Introd. Romilly's Verandah N.G. 17 To be inconsistent and incoherent and self-contradictory is the very differentia and characteristic of myth. 1889 R. L. Ottley in Lux Mundi

(1890) xii. 476 To arrive at the true differentiae of Christian morals.

differentiability (difarenjia'biliti). [f. differentiab(le a. + -ility.] Capability of being differentiated. 1909 in Cent. Diet. Suppl. 1925 G. A. Bliss Calculus of Variations v. 144 Hilbert’s differentiability condition. 1947 Mind LVI. 48 The fs must be single-valued, but no restrictions of continuity or differentiability are implied. 1964 E. A. Power Introd. Quantum Electrodynamics vi. 78 The usual differentiability conditions of the calculus of variations are required.

differentiable (difa'renji3b(3)l), a. rare. [f. med.L. differentia-re differentiate: see -ble.] Capable of being differentiated. 1863 E. V. Neale Anal. Th. Nat. 219 So as to produce a new differentiable material from the crash of ancient integrations. 1867 H. Spencer Princ. Biol. II. vii. §296. 309 Undeniable proof that they [the tissues] are easily differentiable. Mod. {Math.) All functions of a variable are differentiable, but not all are integrable.

differential (difa'renfsl), a. and sb. [ad. med. or mod.L. differential-is, f. differentia difference: see -al1. Cf. mod.F. differentiel (Diet. Trev. 1732).] A. adj. 1. Of or relating to difference or diversity; exhibiting or depending on a difference or distinction; esp. in Comm, used of duties or charges which differ according to circumstances. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 1. 11. xii, This be understood Of differentiall profunditie. 1841 Myers Cath. Th. iii. xxiv. 90 This testimony does not decide .. the differential amount of sacredness between Substantial Divinity and Literal Infallibility. 1845 McCulloch Taxation 11. v. (1852) 222 To reduce the present differential or prohibitory duties on the sugar of foreign countries. 1868 Rogers Pol. Econ. xix. (1876) 5 Differential duties in favour of colonial timber. 1894 Jessopp Rand. Roam. ii. 60 They compounded for murder according to a differential tariff.

2. a. Constituting a specific difference or differentia', distinguishing, distinctive, special. 1652 Gaule Magastrom. 77 Any quality of sympathy or antipathy (which doe follow naturally the specifick or differentiall forms). 1733 Cheyne Eng. Malady 11. xi. §1 (1734) 227 The great differential Marks of the Distemper will appear. 1851 De Quincey Carlisle on Pope Wks. XIII. 24 Every case in the law courts.. presents some one differential feature peculiar to itself. 1893 F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) LVII. 449/3 One of the differential peculiarities of a highly important division of the Hindus of olden times.

b. Relating to specific differences, differential diagnosis: the distinguishing between two similar species of disease, or of animals or plants. 1875 B. Meadows Clin. Observ. 29 Any system of specific treatment governed by differential diagnosis. 1877 Roberts Handbk. Med. I. 19 In others the diagnosis has to be more or less differential. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

3. Math. Relating to infinitesimal differences (see B. 1). differential analyser, a machine designed for solving differential equations, differential calculus: a method of calculation invented by Leibnitz in 1677, which treats of the infinitesimal differences between consecutive values of continuously varying quantities, and of their rates of change as measured by such differences. (Newton’s method of fluxions was another way of treating the same subject.) differential coefficient: a function expressing the rate of change, or the relation between consecutive values, of a varying quantity: see coefficient B. 2 c. differential equation: an equation involving differentials (see B. 1). 1702 Ralphson Math. Diet. s.v. Fluxions, A different way .. passes.. in France under the Name of Leibnitz’s Differential Calculus, or Calculus of Differences. 1706 H. Ditton Instit. Fluxions 17 The Fundamental Principles [of Fluxions].. appear to be more accurate, clear, and convincing than those of the Differential Calculus. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Mr. Leibnitz.. calls it differential calculus, as considering the infinitely small quantities.. as the differences of the quantities; and, accordingly, expressing them by the letter d prefixed: as the differential of x by dx. 1763 W. Emerson Meth. Increments 75 A differential equation. 1808 Edin. Rev. Jan. 256 The general methods of integrating the differential equations above mentioned. 1816 tr. Lacroix's Diff. & Int. Calculus 4 The limit of the ratio of the increments, or the differential coefficient, will be obtained. 1819 G. Peacock {title). Comparative view of the fiuxional and differential Calculus. 1835 Macaulay Ess., Mackintosh's Hist. Rev. (1854) 321/1 We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads, because they never heard of the differential calculus. 1931 D. Bush in Jrnl. Franklin Inst. CCXII. 447 The differential analyzer. A new machine for solving differential equations. 1957 Technology July 188/1 The analogue laboratory contains a large electro-mechanical differential analyser. 1962 Gloss. Terms Automatic Data Proc. {B.S.I.) 8 Differential analyser, (1) an analogue computer using interconnected integrating gears to solve differential equations; (2) by extension, any computer designed primarily for solving differential equations.

4. Physics and Mech. Relating to, depending on, or exhibiting the difference of two (or more) motions, pressures, temperatures, or other measurable physical qualities: a. of physical actions or effects, differential tone (in Acoustics) — difference-tone: see tone sb. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 406 Weight is made by the differential, not the absolute pressure of ether. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. 318 As the Sun’s distance is so great compared with the diameter of the Earth, the differential

DIFFERENTIAL effect of the Sun’s action is small. 1873 B. Stewart Conserv. Energy iv. §136. 97 Wherever in the universe there is a differential motion, that is to say, a motion of one part of it towards or from another. 1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. i. (1879) 55 The centre of the glacier moved faster than the margins. This differential motion is the capital discovery in relation to the motion of glaciers. 1880 E. J. Payne in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 726 Two notes.. sounded together.. generate a third.. tone, whose vibrational number equals the difference of their several vibrational numbers.. These tones Helmholtz calls differential tones.

b. of instruments or mechanical contrivances. spec. Applied to mechanisms devised for imparting differing velocities, e.g. to the two halves of the driving axle of a motor vehicle (so that the wheels revolve at different rates when turning a corner). differential gear, gearing-, a combination of toothed wheels communicating a motion depending on the difference of their diameters or of the number of their teeth. differential pulley : a pulley having a block with two rigidly connected wheels or sheaves of different diameters, the chain or rope unwinding from one as it winds on the other. differential screw: a screw having two threads of different pitch, one of which unwinds as the other winds, differential thermometer: a thermometer consisting of two air-bulbs connected by a bent tube partly filled with a liquid, the position of the column of liquid indicating the difference of temperature between the two bulbs, differential winding: the method of winding two insulated wires side by side in an electric coil, through which currents pass in opposite directions. 1804 J. Leslie Heat 9 The instrument most essential in this research.. was the differential thermometer. 1834 Mech. Mag. XXI. 3 Saxton’s differential pulley. Ibid. 6 The ‘locomotive differential pulley’ can never be made to answer the expectations of the inventor. 1881 Maxwell Electr. Magn. I. 433 The differential galvanometer, an instrument in which there are two coils, the currents in which are independent of each other. 1884 Minchin Statics (ed. 3) I. 188 A Differential Wheel and Axle is sometimes employed. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 559 In 1877 Mr. James Starley, it is believed without any knowledge of the gear used by Fowler for traction engines, re-invented the same differential gear for tricycles. 1902 A. C. Harmsworth Motors & Motor-Driving x. 213 The differential gear acts on the principle of the action of the pair-horse whippletree and equalising bar. 1903 Sci. Amer. 7 Feb. 91/2 Single-chain drives are more popular than ever, although .. it looked as if the double outside chain drive to both rear wheels from a differential countershaft would supplant this form. 1904 A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist iii. 62 A separate shaft, parallel with the rear axle, called the differential shaft, driven by bevel gearing from the secondary shaft in the gear case. 1925 Morris Owner's Man. 26 If any adjustments to the differential bearings are required. Ibid., This adjusting sleeve is easily accessible through an opening on the upper side of the differential carrier. 1967 E. Rudinger Consumer's Car Gloss, (ed. 2) 32 The differential gears are in the middle of the rear axle.

B. sb. 1. Math. a. (In the differential and integral calculus) The infinitesimal difference between consecutive values of a continuously varying quantity (corresponding to a moment or fluxion in Newton’s method); either of the two quantities (usually considered to be infinitesimal) whose ratio constitutes a differential coefficient. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v. Fluxion, This Method is much. .shorter than .. the French one with the Differential d multiplied into the Flowing Quantity, to denote the Fluxion. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Differential of any quantity, is the fluxion of that quantity. 1788 Howard Cycl. I. 424 Multiply the differential of [each] factor into the other factor, the sum of the two [products] is the differential sought. 1819 G. Peacock View Fiuxional & Diff. Calc. 25 The Differential is but the measure of the rate of increase. 1880 Buckingham Elem. Diff. & Int. Calc. (ed. 2) 42 The function which Leibnitz terms ‘differential’ and which Newton designates as a ‘fluxion’ is the concrete symbol which represents the rate of change in the variable.

fb. A logarithmic tangent. Obs. I727**5I Chambers Cycl., Differential, in the doctrine of logarithms. Kepler calls the logarithms of tangents, differentiales', which we usually call artificial tangents. 1845 Cayley Wks. I. 145 Logarithmic differential.

2. Biol. A distinction or distinctive characteristic of structure: opp. to equivalent. 1883 A. Hyatt in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. XXXII. 358 During their subsequent history, characteristics are divisible into two categories: those which become morphological equivalents and are essentially similar in distinct series, and those which are essentially different in distinct series and may be classed as morphological differentials.

3. a. Comm. A differential charge: see A. i. 1890 Spectator 20 Sept. 383 The morality of American Railway Companies as regards.. differentials and commissions.

b. The difference in wages between one class of workmen and another (esp. between skilled and unskilled workmen) or between one industry, etc., and another; a difference in prices of similar products, services, etc. 1941 Economist 8 Feb. 178/2 The present economic differentials between one occupation and another and one status and another are, over a wide field, calculated to make people stay where they are. 1950 D. W. Brogan Era of F. D. Roosevelt v. 100 Controversy arose over wage differentials between North and South. 1955 Times 17 June 4/4 This trend would lift the skilled differential and the future might show a relative improvement in payment for skill. 1959 Punch 19 Aug. 30/2 The rise of Oundle’s fees to £435 puts the school within £25 of Eton... What does Eton do now? Does it preserve its status by leaping ahead.., or

DIFFERENTIALIZE does it get the Headmasters’ Conference to negotiate a national agreement on differentials? 1965 New Statesman 23 Apr. 634/2 The major companies have reacted with countrywide cuts of id., i|d. or 2d. off certain grades [of petrol]. Some . .cut-price companies have followed suit, to try to keep their 3d. differential.

4. A differential gear, spec, of a motor vehicle. 1902 Daily Citron. 30 June 6/2 He broke the differential of his 70 h.-p. Panhard car 50 kilometres from the finish. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 17 Feb. 8/2 A motor-boat requires no differential. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement ii. 72 Wanted new plugs and mag. and brakes re-lining and something doing to the differential, and just cleanin’ up a bit. 1959 Motor Man. (ed. 36) iv. 94 When a rigid rear axle is used, the differential naturally moves up and down in relation to the chassis whenever the wheels meet a bump.

diffe'rentialize, v. [f. prec. + -ize.] trans. To make differential; to differentiate. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIV. 601/1 Words.. more or less modified or, as some philosophers would say, differentialized in meaning.

differentially (difa'renjali), adv. [f. as prec. + -LY2.] In a differential manner. 1. Distinctively, specially, by way of difference: see differential A. 2. 1644 J. Strickland in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xlvi. 7 God is said to be in heaven differentially, so as he is not anywhere else. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. xxviii. (R.) When biting serpents are mentioned in the Scripture they are not differentially set down from such as mischief by stings. 1846 De Quincey Antigone of Sophocles Wks. XIV. 207 These persons will.. wish to know.. what there is differentially interesting in a Grecian tragedy, as contrasted with one of Shakspere’s or of Schiller’s. 1880 Stubbs Med. & Mod. Hist. ix. (1886) 210, I will.. state next what sorts of rights, forces, and ideas I consider, mark differentially the three periods at which I have been looking.

2. In relation to the difference of two measurable quantities; in two different directions: see differential A. 4. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. x. (L.), Whether.. everything is explicable on the hypothesis of universal pressure, whence what we call tension results differentially from inequalities of pressure in opposite directions. 1883 Nature XXVII. 275 The magnets.. being in both these patterns of lamp wound differentially. 1892 Gloss. Electrical Terms in Lightning 7 Jan. (Suppl.), Differentially-wound dynamo machine, a compound-wound machine in which currents flow in opposite directions in the coils on the field magnets.

differentiant (difa'renjiant). Math. Also differenciant. [f. pr. ppl. stem of med.L. differentia-re or F. differentier\ see next and -ant1.] A rational integral function of elements a, b, c,.., which elements multiplied by binomial coefficients are the coefficients in a binary quantic, which remains unchanged when for them are substituted the elements of the new quantic obtained by putting x + hy for x in the original quantic (Sylvester). 1878 Sylvester in Phil. Mag. March, I propose to give a systematic developement of the Calculus of Invariants, taking a differentiant as the primordial germ or unit.

differentiate (difa'renjieit), v. [f. med.L. differentiare, f. differentia cf. F. differentier, -encier.] 1. trans. To make or render constitute the difference in or distinguish.

DIFFERINGLY

640

ppl. stem of difference: different; to between; to

1853 De Quincey Autobiog. Sk. Wks. I. 199 note, Genius differentiates a man from all other men. 1872 Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 22 The use of fire .. constitutes one of the great distinctions by which man is differentiated from the lower animals. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Libr. (1892) II. ii. 48 His language.. is sufficiently differentiated from prose by the mould into which it is run.

2. Bioletc. To make different in the process of growth or development; to make unlike by modification, esp. for a special function or purpose; to specialize. (Chiefly used in passive.) 1858 Huxley Oceanic Hydrozoa (Ray Soc.) 22 The substance of the spermarium .. becomes differentiated into minute, clear, spherical vesicles. 1869 Seeley Led. & Ess. i. 15 We have heard.. of the power which all organisms possess of differentiating special organs to meet special needs. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man II. xx. 365 The power of sexual selection in differentiating the tribes. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John Bapt. iii. §1. 127 The office of priest., is ultimately differentiated from that of the prophet and the prince. 1874 Carpenter Ment. Phys. 1. ii. §43 ‘Protoplasm’ or living jelly, which is not yet differentiated into ‘organs’. 1885J. Ball in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XXII. 26 A very long period of.. isolation during which a large number of separate species, and not a few genera, have been differentiated. 1893 F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) LVII. 229/2 As being distinctly differentiated from pradiser, it [practitioner] has.. unquestionable utility.

b. intr. (for refl.) To become differentiated or specialized. 1874 Lewes in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 692 Nebulae which differentiate into a solar system. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 155 Their walls become thickened as they differentiate from the meristem.

3. trans. To observe, note, or ascertain the difference in or between; to discriminate between, distinguish. 1876 G. F. Chambers Astron. 915 Differentiate, to fix the position of one celestial object by comparing it with another. 1878 Miss Braddon Open Verd. xxxv. 239 Typhus and

typhoid, which two fatal diseases.. Jenner was just then seeking to differentiate. 1880 R. C. Drysdale in Med. Temp. Jrnl. Oct. 3, I have known some difficulty in differentiating such attacks from those of epilepsy.

b. intr.

To recognize the difference.

1891 J. Jastrow in Educat. Rev. I. 258 One important use of child study is to differentiate between functions that in the adult have become merged.

4. Math. To obtain the differential or the differential coefficient of. 1816 tr. Lacroix's Diff. & Int. Calculus 18 The differential coefficient being a new function.. may itself be differentiated. 1882 Minchin Unipl. Kinemat. 229 Differentiate this equation first with respect to f and then with respect to 9.

Hence differentiated ppl. a., differentiating vbl. sb. and ppl. a. \ also differentiator, he who or that which differentiates. 1861 H. Macmillan Footn. Page Nat. 203 In the fungi, however, there is little or nothing of this specializing or differentiating process. Their entire structure is uniform. 1864 H. Spencer Illust. Univ. Progr. 3 Each of these differentiated divisions.. begins itself to exhibit some contrast of parts. i87i Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xx. 490 The differentiating influence of ‘environment’ on two minds of similar natural cast. 1888 R. F. Littledale in Academy 7 July 6/1 No impression of conscious imitation.. but only that of differentiated heredity. Mod. {Math.) The result can be obtained by differentiating.

differentiation (difarenji'eijan). [n. of action f. differentiate: so in mod.F.]

1. a. The action of differentiating, or condition of being differentiated (see prec. i, 2); any change by which like things become unlike, or something homogeneous becomes hetero¬ geneous; spec, in Biol., etc., the process, or the result of the process, by which in the course of growth or development a part, organ, etc. is modified into a special form, or for a special function; specialization; also the gradual production of differences between the descendants of the same ancestral types. Esp. dependent differentiation and self¬ differentiation (see quot.). 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1870) I. 1. iii. 49 In the rudimentary nervous system, there is no such structural differentiation. 1863 E. V. Neale Anal. Th. & Nat. 217 The differentiation of a diffused material substance into the opposite forms of suns and planets. 1865 Gosse Land & Sea (1874) 213 The lower the rank of an organism.. the less of differentiation we find, the less of specialty in the assignment of function to organ. 1871 Darwin Desc. Man I. ii. 61 He [the naturalist] justly considers the differentiation and specialisation of organs as the test of perfection. 1874 Sweet Eng. Sounds 23 The Roman alphabet has been further enriched by the differentiation of various forms of the same letter, of which the present distinction between u and v, i and j, are instances. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. iii. xliii. 480 We cannot so easily account for the differentiation of the Papuan and the Malay races. 1880 A. R. Wallace Isl. Life 278 Long continued isolation would often lead to the differentiation of species. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 269 The future differentiation of a particular region at a particular moment may be of two kinds. It may be entirely independent of other organs, in which case we speak of selfdifferentiation, or it may depend upon some other organ, when it is called dependent differentiation.

b. Philol. The action of differentiating or fact of being differentiated: used of two adjacent phonemes, the meanings of synonyms, etc. 1925 P. Radin tr. Vendryes's Language 1. iii. 60 The two contiguous phonemes .. take advantage of their differences to exaggerate them until they no longer have anything in common. This is the process of differentiation as opposed to accommodation. 1926 Fowler Mod. Eng. Usage 114/1 Differentiation. In dealing with words, the term is applied to the process by which two words that can De used indifferently in two meanings become appropriated one to one of the meanings & one to the other. 1928 S.P.E. Trad xxxi. 323 Differentiation.. consists in giving deliberate help to that natural process of language which is always tending to give different meanings to.. synonyms. 1934 M. K. Pope From Lat. to Mod. Fr. 11. i. 64 Differentiation is at times due to the same instinct, as for instance when plosive + plosive is differentiated to fricative 4- plosive. 1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 69 Dissimilation .. may be .. either contiguous (differentiation) or incontiguous (dissimilation proper).

2. The action of noting or ascertaining a difference (see prec. 3); discrimination, distinction. a 1866 Whewell in Macm. Mag. XLV. 142 Men rush .. to differentiation on the slightest provocation. 1875 G. H. Lewes Prob. of Life Mina Ser. 1. II. vi. iv. 504 The logical distinctions represent real differentiations, but not distinct existents. 1876 Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 114 A careful differentiation of the causes.

3. Math. The operation of obtaining differential or differential coefficient.

a

1802 Woodhouse in Phil. Tram. XCII. 123 note, Processes of evolution, differentiation, integration, &c. are much more easily performed with the former expression. 1816 tr. Lacroix's Diff. & Int. Calculus 21 The principles of differentiation having been deduced. 1885 Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Eledr. Magn. I. 31 Performing the differentiations and substituting, we get [etc.].

differentiator (dif3'renjieita(r)). [f. differ¬ entiate v. 4- -or.] One who or that which differentiates; spec, (a) Biol, an organ, part, etc., that stimulates or controls differentiation; (6) a device that produces an output proportional to

the rate of change (with respect to time or another variable) of the input. 1889 Cent. Diet, s.v., The radicals of written Chinese serve as differentiators of the sense. 1894 Times 11 Aug. 11/1 It was.. advisable to have a ‘differentiator’. . and this was difficult to construct, because any irregularities in a curve were magnified in its differential coefficients. 1924 Discovery June 77/1 Some influence.. made the tissues of the host build themselves up in the special and orderly way of differentiation. It was a differentiator. 1969 P. B. Jordain Condensed Computer Encycl. 156 An ordinary transformer produces an output voltage proportional to the rate of change of the input current, but its use as a differentiator is not common.

t differentio-differential, a. Math. Obs. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Differentio-differential Calculus is a method of differencing differential quantities.. the same, in effect, with the differential.

differently ('difarsntli), adv. [f. different a. + -LY2.] In a different manner, or to a different degree; diversely. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. 11. viii. (1495) 35 Not alle lyke but defferentely. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 124 Wounded in pe heed differentliche. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 292 To the sonne ys sayde, Christeleyson dyfferentely from them, for he ys not only god wyth them, but also man. 1618 Bolton Floras iv. viii. 305 And now his Navie wafted up and down.. O how differently from his Father! hee rooted out the Cilicians, but this man stirred Pyrats to take his part. 01622 R. Hawkins Hawkins' Voyages (1878) 124 Those.. have recounted this mysterie differently to that which is written. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. iv. 17 When we conceive the same things differently, we can hardly avoyd different naming of them. 1665 J. Sergeant Sure-footing 182 Reason acts much differently now then formerly. 1713 Berkeley Guardian No. 70 IP 5 Philosophers judge of most things very differently from the vulgar. 1770 Mad. D’Arblay Early Diary 10 Jan. (1889) I. 64 How very differently do I begin this year to what I did the last! 1844 C. C. Southey Andrew Bell III. 135 He seems to have spent his time somewhat differently than was usual with him. i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. vi. 45 Two surfaces, differently illuminated. 1865 Ruskin Sesame 25 He will think differently from you in many respects.

1 differentness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] quality of being different; difference.

The

1727 Bailey vol. II, Differentness, difference. 1862 F. Hindu Philos. Syst. 95 In the twenty-four qualities, they include differentness, contact, separation, remoteness. 1934 F. Scott Fitzgerald Tender is Night 1. vi. 36 His manner was softer than at the studio, as if his differentness had been put on at the gate. 1966 G. N. Leech Engl, in Advertising xxii. 200 These deviant styles derive their power mainly through their ‘differentness’. 1967 Economist 19 Aug. 657 A demonstration of differentness? A badge of his unhappiness? Hall

'differing, vbl. sb. [f. differ v. + -ing1.] 1. The action of the verb differ, q.v.; difference. 1822 Mrs. E. Nathan Langreath I. 151 You must excuse so material a differing in our opinions. f2. Her. = difference sb. 4 b. Obs. 1592 Wyrley Armorie 7 Another matter.. to be reformed, is the maner of differings. f3. A disagreement; = difference sb. 3. 1660 R. Coke Power 1st Subj. 266 [To] decide our differings in Church and State. 1690 W. Walker Idiomat. Anglo Lat. 220 Hence grow great differings (magnse discordise). 1709 Chandler Eff. agst. Bigotry 16 Their little Differings should not occasion the abating of their mutual Love.

'differing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That differs: see the verb. 1. in gen. sense: = different a. Very common in 17th and early 18th c.; now rare or Obs. c *374 Chaucer Boeth. v. Pr. v. 131 Dyuerse and differyng substaunces. 1598 Manwood Lawes Forest x. §7 (1615) 79/1 An especiall manner of proceeding.. which is differing from the proceeding [etc.]. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 1. iv. §2 (1873) 28 Whose writings were in a differing style and form, c 1645 J. Howell Lett. II. xii, Which makes me to be of a differing opinion to that Gentleman. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual., Very differing from that pure whitenesse to be observ’d in the neighbouring Snow lately fallen. 1702 Pope Sappho 43 Turtles and doves of differing hues unite. 1719 De Foe Crusoe 11. xii. (1858) 547 A differing name from that which our Portuguese pilot gave it. 1763 Sir W. Jones Caissa Poems (1777) 128 A polish’d board, with differing colours grac’d. 1802 H. Martin Helen of Glenross II. 126, I was so changed by dress .. as to appear.. essentially differing to what I had ever been.

2. Disagreeing in opinion discrepant, discordant.

or

statement;

1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 31 Hauing much a-doe to accord differing Writers. 1677 W. Hubbard Narrative 68 There are differing accounts about the manner of his taking and by whom. 1858 Martineau Stud. Chr. 280 The differing voices of the intellect and the soul.

f3. At variance, disputing, quarrelling. Obs. ci6ii Chapman Iliad ix. 543 Then sent they the chief priests of Gods with offer’d gifts t’ atone His differing fury. 1700 Dryden Pal. Arc. Ded. to Duchess Ormond 152 O daughter of the Rose, whose cheeks unite The differing titles of the Red and White. t'differingly, adv. Obs. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a

differing manner, differently. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. (1612) 364 More diffringly and doubtingly than of the other sixe. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. (1667) 27 Each organ of Sense..may be it selfe differingly affected by external Objects. 1688 - Final Causes Nat. Things ii. 58 Organs of sight that are very

DIFFERRENCE

641

differingly framed and placed, a 1691 - Hist. Air xix. (1692) 163 These differingly colour’d sorts of Vitriol.

f di'fferrence. Obs. [f. differ, obs. form of .1 + -ence.] The action of deferring or putting off, delay.

defer v

1559 Crosraguell Let. Willock in Keith Hist. Ch. Scotl. App. 198 The hail warld may se that it is bot difference that ye desyre, and not to haif the mater at ane perfyte tryall.

diffet, obs. var. divot, a sod. t di'ffibulate, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. ppl. stem of L. difftbulare, f. dif-, dis- + fibula clasp, buckle, fibula.] to unclasp, unbuckle. 1656 Blount

Glossogr., Diffibulate, to unbutton, open or

ungird.

t diffi'cacity. Obs. rare~°. [ad. med.L. difficacitas, f. difficax difficult (Catholicon).] Difficulty. 1656 Blount

Glossogr., Difficacity, hardness or difficulty.

II difficile, -il (di'fisil, 'difisil), a. Obs. (exc. as Fr.) [a. late OF. difficile (15th c. in Littre), ad. L. difficil-is, f. dif-, dis- + facilis able to be done, easy. Cf. Pr. difficil, Sp. dificil, It. difficile.] The opposite of facile. fl. Not easy, hard to do or accomplish, troublesome; = difficult a. 1 a, b (q.v. for constructions). Obs. (Caxton) Dictes 143 It is a difficile thing to a man to be long in helth. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. 1. x. 29 A1 thinges seme dyfficyle to the dysciple. 1500-25 Dunbar's Poems (1803) 309 Thocht luve be grene in gud curage, And be difficill till asswage. 1533 Bellenden Livy 11. (1822) 205 The Romanis .. finalie wan the difficillest and maist strate parte of the said montane. 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. 1. 45 b, To adventure anye hard and difficile exploit. 1573 New Custom 11. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley III. 30 No matter so difficile for man to find out. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 11. i. iv. ii. 302 They .. make it most dangerous and difficill to be cured. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. i. 53 That Latine was no more difficile Than to a Blackbird ’tis to whistle. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 88 Hope oft fancies that to be facile in the attainment, which reason in the event shews difficile. f2. Hard to understand; = difficult a. 1 c. c 1546 Joye in Gardiner Declar. Art. Joye (1546) p. xv, Isai prophecied of Christ that.. he shoulde not be darke and dynycyle or harde in his doctrine. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 46 Ane exposition of difficil & obscuire placis. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. hi. viii. 196 If the matter be doubtfull and difficille. 1477 Earl Rivers

|| 3. Of persons: Hard to persuade or satisfy; unaccommodating, making difficulties; awkward, troublesome to deal with; = difficult a. 2. In modem use as nonce-wd. from French (difi'sil). 1536 in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. lxxvi. 183 The Kings highnes .. wold not shew himself very difficile. 1622 Bacon Hen. VII, Wks. (Bohn) 448 This cardinal.. finding the pope difficile in granting thereof. 1633 J. Done Hist. Septuagint 146 Some race of Women are deficile and troublesome. 1855 Caroline Fox Mem. Old Friends (1882) 301 The most difficile and bizarre body in Christendom. 1881 Mallock Romance igth Cent. I. 248 No jealousy.. made her in the least cold or difficile. t difficilely, -illy, adv.

Obs.

[f. difficil(e +

-ly2.] In a difficult manner; with difficulty. 1613 Sherley Trav. Persia 99 Princes difficilly speak of peace while they feele themselues able to make warres.

difficileness (difi'siilnis). [f. prec. + -ness.] The quality of being ‘difficile’; see above. (In modern use from difficile 3.) 1607-12 Bacon Ess., Goodness (Arb.) 204 A Crosnes, or frowardnes, or aptnes to oppose, or difficilenes. 1632 Lithgow Trav. viii. 373 Doubting of his passage, and the difficilnesse of the Countrey. 1886 R. A. King Shadowed Life III. iii. 58 In love, .with her person, her pleasantness, her fortune.. and last, though not least, her difficileness.

diffi'cilitate, v. rare or Obs. [f. L. difficil-is difficult: cf. difficultate.] trans. To render difficult: the opposite of facilitate. 1611 Cotgr., Difficulter, to difficultate, or difficilitate; to make difficult. 1640 Quarles Enchirid. 1. lxxviii, The boldnesse of their resolution will disadvantage the assaylants, and difficilitate their design. 1648 W. Mountague Devout Ess. 1. xv. §4 (R.) The inordinateness of our love difficilitateth this duty.

t difficill, a. Obs. Also 5 deffykel, 6 difficull. [? a. OldLat. difficul (cited by Nonius from Varro): the Eng. word may however have been deduced from difficul-ty, or pronounced after the latter, instead of with sibilant c as in difficile.] = next. Hence f difficulty adv. Obs. c 1400 Lanfratic's Cirurg. 99 Olde woundys which l>at hep diffykel to be consowdyde. 1552 Huloet, Difficull reason, obscuratio, obscurum argumentum. Diffuse or difficull, obscurus. Ibid., Difficullye, difficile, c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) II. 112 Certain . . words .. accounted the difficulst in all the whole Castilian language.

difficult ('diftkalt). a. Also 5 dyficulte, 5-6 difficulte. Comp, difficulter, sup. difficultest (now rare). [An English formation, of which the ending -cult is not etymologically regular: cf. L. difficil-is, F. difficile. It has been regarded as deduced from the sb. difficult-y, and it may have arisen under the joint influence of difficul (see

DIFFICULTY

prec.) and difficulty. It appeared earlier than the adoption of difficile from French, which it has also outlived.] 1. Not easy; requiring effort or labour; occasioning or attended with trouble; troublesome, hard. a. of actions, etc.: Hard to do, perform, carry out, or practise. Often with inf. subject. 1586 T. B. La Primand. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 42 Good beginnings in all great matters are alwaies the difficultest part of them. 1598 Hakluyt Voy. I. 212 (R.) Things difficulte [they] haue made facile. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 149 Necromancers.. their arte is exceeding difficult. 1608 D. T. Ess. Pol. Mor. 19 b, How difficult a thing it is, to love, and to be wise, and both at once. 1666 Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual., The greatest and difficultest Changes. 1676-7 Marvell Corr. cclxxv. (1872-5) II. 504 It is much difficulter for you to have obtained an injunction, than to retain it. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 172 f 14 Virtue is sufficiently difficult with any circumstances. 1799 Kirwan Geol. Ess. 10 [Their] difficult solubility in water. i860 Motley Netherl. (1868) I. i. 1 It is difficult to imagine a more universal disaster. 1876 Mozley Univ. Serm. ix. (1877) 195 Generosity to an equal is more difficult than generosity to an inferior.

b. of the object of an action. Const, inf. (now usually act., less freq. pass.), or with of or in before a noun expressing the action; also with the action contextually implied ( = hard to pass, reach, produce, construct, or otherwise deal with.) C1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 99 To consowde olde woundes whiche pat ben difficult [MS. B. deffykel] to be consowded. Ibid. 105 \>e cheke be constreyned and difficulte of mevynge. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, x. iv, If apparaunce Of the cause.. Be hard and difficulte in the utteraunce. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 111. xxxvii. 233 The thing., is strange, and the naturall cause difficult to imagine. 1734 tr. Rollins's Anc. Hist. (1827) VII. xvii. vii. 203 A river very difficult, as well in regard to its banks as to the marshes on the sides of it. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones vii. vi, The real sentiments of ladies were very difficult to be understood. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. Ded. 4 A plain and simple building, that has nevertheless been acknowledged to be, in itself, curious, difficult, and useful. 1814 Wordsw. Excursion v. 492 Knowledge.. is difficult to gain. 1850 McCosh Div. Govt. 1. ii. (1874) 29 This is a difficult question to answer, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. viii 58 In some places I found the crevasses difficult. 1870 Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 89 Markets are so difficult of access.

c. Hard to understand; perplexing, puzzling, obscure. 1556 Aurelio Gf Isab. (1608) Gvj, If youre difficulte speakinge overcome me. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. 46 The difficultest things in their Authours. 1661 Boyle Style of Script. (1668) 53 Leaving out all such difficulter matters. 1858 Buckle Civiliz. (1869) II. v. 217 Butler, one of the most difficult of our poets. 1885 Bible (R.V.).7er. xxxiii. 3 Great things, and difficult, which thou knowest not.

2. Of persons, a. Hard to please or satisfy; not easy to get on with; unaccommodating, exacting, fastidious. In mod. use after F. difficile). Cf. difficile a. 3. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 1. xii. (Arb.) 44 To make him ambitious of honour, iealous and difficult in his worships. 1663 Heath Flagellum or O. Cromwell (ed. 2) 7 Being in his own nature of a difficult disposition.. and one that would have due distances observed towards him. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) III. 32 Children were early accustomed not to be nice or difficult in their eating. 1773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 1. i, I’ll.. look out for some less difficult admirer. 1855 Thackeray Newcomes II. 87 My temper is difficult. 1889 Lowell Walton Lit. Ess. (1891) 81 He [Cotton] also wrote verses which the difficult Wordsworth could praise. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 20 Jan. 3/2 Lady Verona refers to her husband as ‘rather difficult’. 1929 Times 2 Feb. 10/1 A letter from a ‘difficult’ customer, i960 J. Fingleton Four Chukkas 2 A touring team is infinitely better off without the ‘difficult’ player.

b. Hard to induce or persuade; unwilling, reluctant, obstinate, stubborn. 01502 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 81 That such persones which were difficulte [printed difficultie] ageynst the sayd ordre be callid afore my Lorde Mayr and Aldirmen to be reformed bi their wise exortacions. c 1645 Howell Lett. 1. vi. 8, I attended him also with the Note of your Extraordinaries, wherein I find him something difficult and dilatory yet. 1691 Ray Creation 1. (1701) 56 In particular I am difficult to believe, that [etc.]. >749 Fielding Tom Jones xiv. ii. Lady Bellaston will be as difficult to believe any thing against one who [etc.]. 1891 L. Keith The Halletts I. xiii. 248 Sir Robert had been rather a difficult husband—that is to say, he had occasionally taken his own way.

t difficult, sb. Obs. rare.

[f. difficult a.]

Difficulty. 1709 tr. Sir J. Spelman's Alfred Gt. 95 What Difficult Alfred had to recover the Land. Ibid. 118 bis, 120.

'difficult, v. Now local, [a. obs. F. difficulter to make difficult, f. med.L. difficultare, f. difficultas difficulty: see difficultate, difficilitate.] fl. trans. To render difficult, impede (an action, etc.). The opposite of to facilitate. Obs. a 1608 [see difficulting below]. 1678 Temple Let. to Ld. Treasurer Wks. 1731 II. 506 Those which intended to difficult or delay the Ratification with France. 01698 Ibid. II. 484 (L.), Having desisted from their pretensions, which had difficulted the peace. 1818 Todd s.v. Difficultate, The late lord chancellor Thurlow was fond of using the verb difficult; as, he difficulted the matter; but he was pronounced unjustifiable in this usage.

2. To put in a difficulty, bring into difficulties, perplex, embarrass (a person). Usually pass. (Sc. and U.S.) 1686 [see difficulting below]. 1713 Wodrow Corr. (1843) I. 464, I would be difficulted to read the King of France ‘the most Christian king’ to my people. 1718 Ibid. II. 410 How far the alterations.. may straiten and difficult some ministers who have formerly sworn the oath. 1782 J. Brown Address to Students (1858) 62 If you be difficulted how to act. 1813 J. Ballantyne in Lockhart Ballantyne-humbug Handled (1839) 29 This business has always been., difficulted by all its capital.. being lent the printing-office. 1845 Bush Resurrection 51 (Bartlett) We are not difficulted at all on the score of the relation which the new plant bears to the old. 1861 W. E. Aytoun N. Sinclair I. 155 The poor lads might be difficulted to find meal for their porridge.

Hence 'difficulting vbl. sb. and ppl. a. a 1608 Sir F. Vere Comm. 119 Lest.. [this] might give the enemy an alarm, to the difficulting of the enterprise. 1686 Renwick Serm. xviii. (1776) 212 There is not a case that can put Him to a non-plus or difficulting extremity.

t 'difficultate, v. Obs. rare. [f. ppl. stem of med.L. difficult-are to render difficult, f. difficult-as difficulty.] trans. To make difficult: = prec. 1. 1611 Cotgr., Difficulter, to difficultate or difficilitate. 1829 Southey Lett. (1856) IV. 161 The circumstances which facilitated or difficultated (if I may make such a word for the nonce) the introduction of Christianity.

difficultly ('difikaltli), adv. [f. difficult a. + -ly2. Formerly very frequent in literary use; now rather avoided, and in speech rarely used; in sense 1, ‘with difficulty' is usually substituted.] 1. In a difficult manner, not easily, hardly; with difficulty. 1558 in Strype Ann. Ref. I. App. iv. 4 Ireland.. will be very difficultly stayed in their obedience. 1624 Scott Vox Coeli 6 Our posterity will difficultly beleeue it. 1646 S. Bolton Arraignm. Err. 47 Castles, and forts, and strong holds, they are hardly conquered, difficultly overcome. 1654 H. L’Estrange Chas. I (1655) 1 He..was none of the gracefullest of Orators, for his words came difficultly from him. 01677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 5 A possession of trifles.. difficultly acquired and easily lost. 1685 Boyle Effects of Mot. vi. 66 The Mountain Carpathus.. said to be much more steep and difficultly accessible than any of the Alps. 1718 Prideaux Connect. O. & N.T. 11. iv. 219 Gorgias difficultly escaping fled to Marisa. 1784 J. Keir Diet. Chem. 97 The vapours.. are very elastic, and difficultly condensable. 01843 Southey Doctor ccxxi. (1862) 594 Diseases.. difficultly distinguishable by their symptoms. 1875 Ruskin Fors Clavig. V. 37 No. 50 The difficultly reconcileable merits of old times and new things. 1879 Rutley Study Rocks x. 87 Labradorite fuses readily.. anorthite is more difficultly fusible.

b. In a way hard to understand; obscurely. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 62 It is a thing as blame worthie to speake dissolutelie, as to speake difficultlie. 1875 A. J. Swinbourne Picture Logic ix. 58 Things seem to me to be put so difficultly in books.

c. To a difficult degree; so as to be difficult of access, passage, etc. 1872 C. King Mountain. Sierra Nev. iv. 88 We found the ice-angle difficultly steep; but made our way successfully along its edge.

d. In a difficult position; in a condition of embarrassment. (Cf. difficulty 2 c.) 1886 P. O. Hutchinson Diary T. Hutchinson II. 430 These unfortunate people were very difficultly placed.

f2. Unwillingly, reluctantly. Obs. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. 11. (Arb.) 99, I knowe howe difficultlie and hardelye I meselfe would haue beleued. 1614 Lodge Seneca 2 Hath .. either.. denied, or promised but difficultly.. with strained and reproachful words. 1677 Otway Cheats of Scapin 11. i, How easily a miser swallows a load, and how difficultly he disgorges a grain.

'difficultness, rare. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being difficult; difficulty. 1560 P. Whitehorne tr. Macchiavelli's Arte of Warre (*573) 70 b Such difficultnesse is necessarie. 1580 Frampton Dial. Yron 6? Steele 170 It toke away the difficultnesse of the swallowing downe. 1644 Digby Two Treatises (1645) 11. 77 The difficultnesse of this subject., would not allow us that liberty. 1934 C. S. Forester Peacemaker 19 He was experienced now in Mary’s ‘difficultness’. 1947 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1946 195 The growth in more serious shape of that difficultness—at times almost suggestive of nascent ‘persecution-mania’—which prevented any happy relationships with almost all of his academic colleagues.

difficulty ('difikalti). Also 4-6 dyff-, -te, 5-6 -tee, -tye, 6-7 -tie. [ad. L. difficultas, -tatem (f. dif-, dis- + facultas faculty), perh. immed. through OF. or AF. difficulte. In OF. the word is as yet recorded only of 15th c.; it may have been in earlier use in Anglo-Fr.; but the English word, which was common before 1400, may have been formed directly from L., on the type of the many existing words in -te corresponding to L. words in -tas, e.g. povrete, purete.]

1. The quality, fact, or condition of being difficult; the character of an action that requires labour or effort; hardness to be accomplished; the opposite of ease or facility. 1382 Wyclif Num. xx. 19 No difficulte shal be in the prijs. 1398 Trevisa Barth De P.R. xii. ii. (1495) 409 Yf.. the Egle hath thre byrdes, she throwyth oute one of her neste for dyffyculte of fedyng. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7969 His sonn with grete difficulte Gart his fader monke to be. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 786 He speedily without any difficultie.. brought the matter to a good conclusion.

1667 Milton P.L. ii. 449 If aught., in the shape Of difficulty or danger could deterre Me. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. viii. 139, I had no great difficulty to cut it down. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. I. 11. 134 Nor was this reconcilement a matter of difficulty. 1770 Junius Lett. xli. 208, I have been deterred by the difficulty of the task. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i, She walked with difficulty, i860 Tyndall Glac. 11. x. 283 The difficulty of thus directing a chain over crevasses and ridges. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 261 Socrates has no difficulty in showing that virtue is a good. b. Said of the object of an action (the nature of which is contextually implied: cf. difficult a. 1 b). 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 103 The Length and Difficulty of the Bay. Mod. The steepness and difficulty of the direct path. A route of considerable difficulty. c. The quality of being hard to understand; perplexing character, obscurity. 1529 More Supplic. Soulys Wks. 321/1 Because that of the difficultie of his [St. Paul’s] writing thei catch some-time some matter of contencion. 1644 Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 100/1 If the language be difficult.. it is not a difficulty above their years, i860 Farrar Orig. Lang. i. 21 The difficulty and obscurity of the phrase. 2. with a and pi. A particular instance of this quality; that which is difficult, a. A thing hard to do or overcome; a hindrance to action. a 1619 Daniel Funeral Poem (R.), Nor how by mastering difficulties so.. He bravely came to disappoint his foe. 01716 South (J.), They mistake difficulties for impossibilities. 1775 Burke Corr. (1844) II. 53, I see, indeed, many, many difficulties in the way. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 130 As difficulties gathered round him, he encountered them with the increasing magnificence of his schemes. 1880 Geikie Phys. Geog. iv. 232 A difficulty may sometimes be felt in understanding how [etc.]. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 13 Feb. 1/2 To parade difficulties is the delight of the pedant; to grapple with them is the task of the statesman. Mod. The children, I admit, are a difficulty. b. Something hard to understand; a perplexing or obscure point or question. c 1385 Chaucer Friar's T. Prol. 8 Ye han her touchid .. In scole matier gret difficulte. 01500 Chester PI. (1892) 118 Discussing this difficulty. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 29 There is no cause for anye man by reason of a few difficulties, to dispaire to attaine to the true vnder-standinge of the Scriptures. 1692 R. L’Estrange Fables No. 494 (1708) I. 540 When People have been Beating their Brains about a Difficulty, and find they can make Nothing on’t. 1770 Beattie Ess. Truth 11. i. §1 (R.), Let us see, then, whether.. we can make any discovery preparatory to the solution of this difficulty, a 1843 J- H. Newman Par. Serm., Chr. Myst. (1868) I. 211 Difficulties in revelation are especially given to prove the reality of our faith. c. An embarrassement of affairs; a condition in which

action,

difficult;

a

co-operation,

trouble;

often

or

spec,

progress a

is

pecuniary

embarrassment. (Usually in pi.) 1705 Addison Italy (J.), They lie under some difficulties, by reason of the emperour’s displeasure, who has forbidden their manufactures. 893 Athenaeum 25 Nov. 736/3 The most strenuous advocate of the diffusionist theory [of folk-tales]. 1926 Encycl. Brit. III. 566/2 As substitutes for the ‘evolutionary’ syntheses.., several ‘diffusionist’ schemes have been elaborated. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Mar. 167/2 The diffusionist school.. has done good work .. by attempting the stratigraphical analysis of a given ‘culture-complex’. 1934 Nature 12 May 707/2 Other schools, the ‘diffusionists’, the ‘functionalists’, [etc.]. 1946 J. S. Huxley Unesco ii. 46 The diffusionists on the one hand and on the other their opponents who believe in parallel and independent evolution of cultural patterns. 1951 E. E. Evans-Pritchard Social Anthropol. iii. 46 The so-called evolutionary theories .. were attacked from two directions, the diffusionist and the functionalist. Ibid., Those who became known as diffusionist anthropologists. Ibid. 47 Diffusionist anthropology is still predominant in America. 1961 L. Mumford City in History iii. 91 The old diffusionists, like G. Elliott Smith, who jumped too quickly at an answer, cast discredit on the question.

Hence di'ffusionism Anthropol., the theory that all or most cultural similarities are due to diffusion. 1937 R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory xi. 186 We., concede.. some of the strong points of German diffusionism. a 1942 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory Culture (1944) iii. 21 The basis of diffusionism must be a correct identification of cultural realities plotted on the map.

diffusive (di'fjuisiv), a. Also 7 defusive. [f. L. diffus- ppl. stem of diffundere to diffuse + -ive.

2. Having the quality of diffusing itself or of being diffused; tending to be widely dispersed or distributed; characterized by diffusion, a. lit. of material things, or physical qualities, etc.; spec, in Physics (cf. diffusion 5). a 1631 Donne in Select. (1840) 89 So are these spices, and incense, and spikenard, of a diffusive and spreading nature, and breathe even over the walls of the garden, a 1656 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 187 Leaven hath..a diffusive faculty. 1683 Lond. Gaz. No. 1856/5 Cherished.. by the diffusive beams of the Sun. 1684 T. Burnet Th. Earth 1. 26 All liquid bodies are diffusive. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 411 If 1 Our Sight.. may be considered as a more delicate and diffusive kind of Touch. 1727 Thomson Britannia 144 Far as the sun rolls the diffusive day. c 1750 Shenstone Ruin'd Abbey 197 His less’ning flock In snowy groups diffusive scud the vale. 1851 Graham in Phil. Trans. CXLI. 483 The diffusive relation of the two bases. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 31 This important property is called the diffusive power of gases.

b. fig. of immaterial or abstract things. 1634 Habington Castara (Arb.) 100 A common courtier .. hath his love so diffusive among the beauties, that man is not considerable. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 190 Democratic hath a diffusive facultie, as it takes in the concemes and interests of each individual. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. III. 43 The diffusive circle of his benevolence was circumscribed only by the limits of the human race. 1832 Tennyson ‘ You ask me why’ iv, The strength of some diffusive thought Hath time and space to work and spread. 1871 Smiles Charac. iii. (1876) 71 The good character is diffusive in its influence.

f3. Of a body of people: As consisting of members in their individual capacity. The ‘diffusive body’ is contrasted, by the notion of individually diffused or distributed action, with the ‘collective body’, and, by that of universal participation, with a ‘representative body*. The action of the ‘diffusive body’ is that in which every member of the body shares directly. (Common in 17th c.) Obs. 1642 Answ. to Printed Bk. 11 The election of the diffusive, not of any representative body. 1647 JER- Taylor Lib. Proph. ix. 161 The incompetency of the Church in its diffusive Capacity to be Judge of Controversies. 1647 Digges Unlawf. Taking Arms iii. 66 If actions of this nature were unwarrantable in the diffusive body, they are so in the representative. 1660 Fuller Mixt Contempt, i. (1841) 259 Tne diffusive nation was never more careful in their elections. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent, p. lxxxii, His Majesty and all his People, both representative and diffusive. 01694 Tillotson Serm. (1743) I. 259 They are not agreed .. where this infallibility is seated; whether in the pope ..ora council.. or in the diffusive body of Christians. 1718 Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell iii. x. 212 That the Supreme Power was Fundamentally in the whole Body Diffusive of the People.

4. Prolix in diction or speech; = diffuse a. 3. (Sometimes in good sense: Copious, full.) 1699 Burnet 39 Art. Pref. (1700) 2 The heaviness.. of Stile, and the diffusive length of them, disgusted me. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VIII. xvm. viii. 57 Polybius.. generally is diffusive enough. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. V. 257, I have.. been unavoidably, and I am afraid tiresomely, diffusive. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Lib. (1892) I. i. 34 He is less diffusive and more pointed than usual. f5. Bot. = DIFFUSE a. 2 c. Obs. 1756 Watson in Phil. Trans. XLIX. 815 The rigid leaved Bell-flowers, with a diffusive panicle and patulous flowers.

f6. Difficult to diffuse a. 1. Obs.

understand,

obscure:

=

1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxii. 266 Whereas Turcopolier was so diffusive a name as not worthy the pains of pronouncing.

diffusively (di'fjuisivli), adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a diffusive manner or condition; see the adj. 1628 T. Spencer Logick 54 It is diffusiuely good, in as much as it is fit.. to bestow good vpon others. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. vii. 198 Whether the primitive.. Animals .. were diffusively created over the habitable or dry Ground as Vegetables were. 1710 Managers' Pro & Con 67 May the Influence of good Examples.. be .. diffusively prevailing. 1773 J. Allen Serm. St. Mary's Oxford 18 So diffusively hath this doctrine descended to posterity. 1787 Hawkins Johnson 129 Rhapsodically and diffusively eloquent. 1816 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 543 It branches more diffusively. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi iii. (1869) 75 Probably Thracians existed diffusively, like Pelasgians, among the Greeks. 1869 Mrs. Somerville Molec. Sc. 1. iii. no The particles of the crystals unite diffusively with the water.

fb. In, or with respect to, the individual members; individually, severally; cf. diffusive 3. Obs. 1644 Narr. Beginnings & Causes War 19 The Subjects of the Kingdome of England diffusively considered cannot take up Armes against the King, and how then can their Representatives assembled in Parliament? 1644 Bp.

DIFFUSIVENESS Maxwell Prerog. Chr. Kings ii. 25 The people all and every one, diffusively, collectively, representatively. 1710 Bentley Phil. Lips. §35 (T.), EkkXtjoIo, .. means diffusively the whole community of the Christian name.

diffusiveness (di'fjuisivms). [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality or condition of being diffusive. 1630 Donne Serm. lxxii. 726 The extent and Diffusivenesse of this Sinne. 1648 Boyle Seraph. Love iii. (1700) 19 Those.. Excellences, which the Diffusiveness of his Goodness, makes him pleased to communicate. 1702 Addison Dial. Medals iii. 154 The first fault., that I shall find with a modern legend, is its diffusiveness. 1831 Graham in L. & E. Phil. Mag. (1833) II. 356 A certain proportion of each of the mixed gases .. corresponding to its individual diffusiveness. 1848 Hallam Mid. Ages viii. note xi, An Essay.. written with remarkable perspicuity and freedom from diffusiveness. 1884 W. H. Rideing in Harper's Mag. June 68/1 The natural buoyancy and diffusiveness of smoke.

diffusivity (difjui'siviti). Physics, [f. diffusive + -ity. Cf. activity, conductivity.] Diffusive quality; capacity of diffusion (as a measurable quality of liquids, gases, heat, etc.); = DIFFUSIBILITY. 1876 Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Sc. xi. 280 We may speak of the diffusivity of one substance in solution in another. 1881 Everett Deschanel's Nat. Philos, xxxv. 413 ‘Diffusivity’ (to use the name recently coined by Sir Wm. Thomson) measures the tendency to equalization of temperature. 1882 Nature XXVI. 567 ‘Diffusivity’, that is.. conductivity divided by thermal capacity of unit volume.

diffusor, var. of diffuser. difluan: see diffluan. difoil ('daifoil), a. nonce-wd. [f. di-2, after trefoil, etc.] (See quot.) i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vi. iii. 20 The elementary structure of all important trees may, I think.. be resolved into three principal forms: three-leaved .. four-leaved .. and five-leaved.. Or, in well-known terms, trefoil, quatrefoil, cinqfoil.. The simplest arrangement.. in which the buds are nearly opposite in position .. cannot, I believe, constitute a separate class.. If it did, it might be called difoil.

dify(e, obs. form of defy. dig (dig), v. Forms: 4-6 dygge(n, 4-7 digge, (5 degge), 6- dig. Pa. t. and pple. digged (4 -ide, 5 dygged, deggyd, deghit); also dug (pa. t. 8-, pa. pple. 6-; in 7 dugg). [Found since 14th c.; prob. a. F. diguer, according to Darmesteter properly ‘creuser la terre’, to dig or hollow out the ground, by extension = ‘piquer’ to prick or prod, as now used in Normandy; also, in the Manege, diguer un cheval to dig the spur into a horse; related to F. digue dike, also to F. digon, digot, iron prongs for catching fish and shell¬ fish, digonner ‘to dig, or pricke (Norm.)’ Cotgr. Cf. also Da. dige dike, ditch, trench, vb. to raise a dike. Dig cannot be derived from, or in any way directly related to, OE. die dike, ditch, and dician to dike, embank, from which it differs both in vowel and final consonant; but if the French derivation be correct, it goes back through F. to the same Teutonic root. It is properly a weak verb, pa. t. and pple. digged, but in 16th c. received a strong pa. pple. dug, analogous to stuck, which since 18th c. has also been used as pa. t.]

I. intr. 1. a. ‘To work in making holes or turning the ground’ (J.); to make an excavation; to work with a spade or other tool similarly employed. spec. To make an archseological excavation. Locally the word was, and in some cases still is, the technical term for working with a mattock as distinguished from a spade, the latter being ‘graving’ or ‘delving’. Cf. quots. 1530, 1691; also 1611, 1888 in sense 4. c 1320 Orfeo 239 in Ritson Met. Rom. II. 258 Now he most bothe digge and wrote, Er he have his fille of rote, c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 99 Digge about pe vyne rotis. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 159 (Matz.) J>ey founde a mannis hede in pat place while J>ey digged, c 1400 Maundev. (1839) xxvi. 267 Thei schullen dyggen and mynen so strongly, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dyggyn, supra in delvyn. r 1440 Gesta Rom. iii. 7 (Harl. MS.) He toke a shoville, and dyggyd in the erthe. c 1500 Ballad on Money in Halliw. Nugae Poet. 48 The plowman hymselfe dothe dyge and delve In storme, snowe, frost and rayne. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 120 b, They that dygge for water. 1530 Palsgr. 516/1,1 dygge in the grounde with a mattocke. 1607 Dekker Wh. of Babylon Wks. 1873 II. 197 When mines are to be blowne vp men dig low. 1611 Bible Exod. vii 24 The Egyptians digged round about the riuer. 1691 Brokesby in Ray N.C. Words, s.v. Dig, In Yorkshire, they distinguish between digging and graving; to dig is with a Mattock; to grave, with a Spade. 1740 W. Stukeley Stonehenge x. 43 (heading) How the body is posited. What has been found in digging into these barrows, c 1755 Johnson Review Blackwell's Mem. Crt. Augustus Wks. X. 185 Mr. Blackwell has neither digged in the ruins of any demolished city, nor [etc.]. 1836 Emerson Nat., Spirit Wks. (Bohn) II. 168 If labourers are digging in the field hard by. 1873 c. Robinson N.S. Wales 35 He went so far as to recommend the unemployed miners of Cornwall to come out here and dig for it [gold]. 1907 E. Wharton Fruit of Tree 1. iii. 32 As an archaeologist.. I should really like to come here and dig. 1911 T. E. Lawrence Lett. (1938) 125 My orders are to.. bring out Woolley (new chief), and the stores and dig for three months. 1912 Ibid. 136, I would like to dig in the Persian gulf.

DIG

646 b. Said of animals: to excavate the ground with snout or claws. 1388 Wyclif Isa. xxxiv. 15 There an irchoun hadde dichis .. and diggide aboute [1382 dalf, deluede]. 1535 Coverdale Ibid., There shall the hedghogge buylde, digge .. and bringe forth his yonge ones. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 122 They [ants] dug deeper and deeper to deposite their eggs.

c. fig. with allusion to the general sense; also spec, to study hard and closely at a subject (U.S.). Hence, to understand (cf. sense 6 c) (slang (orig. U.S.)). 1789 Trifler No. 43. 549 Youths who never digged for the rich ore of knowledge thro’ the pages of the Rambler. 1801 Southey Thalaba iv. xv, ’Tis a well of living waters, Whose inexhaustible bounties all might drink, But few dig deep enough. 1827-8 Harvard Reg. 303 Here the sunken eye and sallow countenance bespoke the man who dug sixteen hours per diem. 1869 Louisa M. Alcott Little Women II. xii. 165 Laurie ‘dug’ to some purpose that year. 1936 N. Y. World Telegram 6 Oct. 16/1 ‘You dig?’ is a short cut for ‘You understand?’ 1952 B. Ulanov Hist. Jazz Amer. 344 The man who really ‘digs’ can more often than not describe the next development in jazz before the musicians have reached it. 1957 C. MacInnes City of Spades 1. xi. 89 Twist now —you dig?

d. To have ‘diggings’; to lodge, colloq. 1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. II. iii. xi. 717 Soon it would come to the point of declaring outright that he did not want to dig with him. 1919 W. T. Grenfell Labrador Dr. (1920) iv. 64 Two or three classmates would ‘dig’ together.

e. To make incisions with action resembling digging. 1930 W. A. Thorpe in Connoisseur Oct. 226/2 To produce relief motives the operator has to ‘dig’ with his wheel at a steep angle to the surface.

2. With various prepositional constructions: To penetrate or make one’s way into or through something by digging; to make an excavation or loosen the soil under anything. 1535 Coverdale Ezek. viii. 8 Thou sonne off man, dygge thorow the wall. 1580 Baret Alv. D. 697 To digge vnder an hill, suffodere montem. 1611 Bible Job xxiv. 16 In the darke they digge through houses. 1628 Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 76 They united themselves by digging through the common walls between house and house. 1705 Addison Trav. (J.), The Italians have often dug into lands described in old authors, as the places where statues or obelisks stood, and seldom failed of success. 1832 Examiner 709/2 He seemed to dig into his subject. 1865 Gosse Land & Sea (1874) 5 The little boat ploughed and dug through the green and foaming waves. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Dig-into, to set about a job of work in earnest and with energy.

II. trans. 3. a. To penetrate and excavate or turn up (the ground, or any surface) with a spade or similar tool. spec, to excavate archaeologically. C1340 Cursor M. 6747 (Trin.) peoi hous breking or diggyng ground If mon him smyte [etc.]. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. viii. 8 Sone of man, dig the wal; and whanne Y hadde thur3 diggide the wal, o dore aperide. 1608 Shaks. Per. 1. iv. 5 Who digs hills because they do aspire. 1697 Dryden JEneid vi. (R.), A rav’nous vulture.. still for the growing liver digg’d his breast. 1743 W. Stukeley Abury xvi. 92 The very same appearances as I had so often seen, in digging the barrows about Stonehenge and Abury. 1912 T. E. Lawrence Lett. (1938) 134 The right way to dig a temple. 1949 W. F. Albright Archaeol. of Palestine ii. 41 The initial plan to dig the great site systematically.. had to be abandoned because of the prohibitive expense. 1968 R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial 18 It was the richest treasure ever dug from British soil.

b. Said of an animal penetrating and turning up (the ground) with its snout, etc. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvm. cii. (1495) 847 The molle hathe a snowte .. and dyggeth therwyth the erthe and castyth vpp that he dyggyth. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 11. 398 The bristled Boar.. New grinds his arming Tusks, and digs the Ground.

4. a. spec. To break up and turn over (the soil) with a mattock, spade, or the like, as an operation of tillage. (See sense 1 as to technical use in quot. 1888.) 1388 Wyclif Isa. v. 6 It [a vineyard] schal not be kit, and it schal not be diggid, and breris and thornes schulen growe vp on it. 1552 [see digging vbl. sb. 1]. 1580 Baret Alv. D 697 That the ground should be dug three foote deepe. 1611 Bible Isa. vii. 25 And on all hilles that shalbe digged with the mattocke. 1715 Desaguliers Fires Improv. 114 Suppos’d to have been digg’d four Inches deep. 1888 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Dig, v.t., to work ground with a mattock. Ground is never said to be dug with a spade. 1889 H. H. Rom illy Verandah in N. Guinea 200 The first moon is spent in digging the ground.

fb. To till (a plant) by this operation. Obs. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 54 We..sholde not onely dygge our vyne wele by compunccyon. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11. (1586) 83 The plants of a yeere .. must bee discretely digged and dounged. 1626 Bacon Sylva §622 The Vines.. are .. so much digged and dressed, that their Sap spendeth into the Grapes.

fc. with together. Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth, de P.R. xm. xxix. (Tollem. MS.), On his rigge pouder and erj?e is gaderid, and so digged to gederes, pat herbes and smale tren and busches grower heron, so hat pe gret fische semeh an ylonde.

5. To make (a hole, hollow place, mine, etc.) by the use of a mattock, spade, or the like; to form by digging; to hollow out; to excavate. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 159 (Matz.) Some diggeh caues and dennes. 1388 Wyclif Num. xxi. 18 The pit which the princes diggiden [1382 delueden, doluen]. 11400 Destr. Troy 11363 J>ai droppe in the dike hai deghit have for vs. c 143° Lydg. Min. Poems 113 (Matz.) To here hys dyrge do,

and se hys pet deggyd. 1535 Coverdale Gen. xxi. 30, I haue dygged this well. 1579-80 North Plutarch, Lucullus 569 (Wright Bible Word-bk.) So did Xerxes .. cause.. a channell to be digged there to passe his shippes through. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. v. 111 Then get thee gone, and digge my graue thy selfe. 1606 Proc. agst. Late Traitors 7 To digge a certain mine under the sayd House of Parliament. 1653 Holcroft Procopius 11. ix. 49 Anciently there was no passage through, but in time a way was dig’d through it. 1697 W. Dampier Voy. I. 85 In working their Canoas hollow, they cannot dig them so neat and thin [with stone hatchets]. -Ibid. 215 Making a Canoa. Then again they turn her, and dig the inside. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I* 2 The child, who, with a shell, had dug a hole in the sand, to hold the water of the Ocean. 1853 Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 17 Torrents.. dig for themselves beds approaching to that form. 1864 H. Ainsworth John Law 1. iv. (1881) 91 He., is ever digging mines under our feet.

6. a. To obtain or extract by excavation; to exhume, unearth; = dig out or up (13, 14). Const, from, out of. c 1350 Will. Parlerne 2243 pat werkmen forto worche ne wonne pidere sone, Stifly wij? strong tol ston stifly to digge. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 271 (Matz.) In Gallia bep many good quarers and noble for to digge stoon. 1565-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Argilletum.. a place where clay is digged. 1601 Holland Pliny xvm. xvii. (Wright Bible Word-bk.), This same toad must be digged out of the ground againe. 1610 Shaks. Temp. 11. ii. 172, I with my long nayles will- digge thee pig-nuts, a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Wales (R.), Metalls elsewhere are digged .. out of the bowells of the land. 1663 Gerbier Counsel Diva, Chalk, .is daily digged here at home. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 681 To declare out of what Quarry the Stones were dugg. 1682 R. Burton Curios. (1684) 30 Rocks out of which the Tinn is digged. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 31 We are .. not to make our Bricks of Earth fresh dug, but to dig it in the Autumn. 1837 W. Irving Capt. Bonneville II. 221 The Indians, .come to it in the summer time to dig the camash root. Mod. The cottagers were busy digging their potatoes.

b. to dig a badger. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Dig a Badger (in the Hunter’s Language) is to raise or dislodge him. 1721-1800 in Bailey. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Dig, to start a badger.

c. slang (orig. U.S.). (a) To understand, appreciate, like, admire; (b) to look at or listen to; to experience. Cf. sense 1 c. 1935 Hot News Sept. 20/2 If you listen enough, and dig him enough, you will realise that that.. riff is the high-spot of the record. 1941 Life 15 Dec. 89 Dig me? 1943 M. Shulman Barefoot Boy with Cheek 90 Awful fine slush pump, I mean awful fine. You ought to dig that. 1944 C. Calloway Hepsters Diet., Dig v.—(1) Meet. (2) Look, see. (3) Comprehend, understand. 1944 M. Zolotow Never whistle in Dressing Room iii. 52 When they see a pretty girl they shout, ‘Dig the chick.’ 1947 R. de Toledano Frontiers of Jazz p. x, I recognize it when I see it, the same as I dig good Jazz when I hear it. 1949 L. Feather Inside Be-Bop iii. 28 Dizzy didn’t dig the band’s kind of music and the band didn’t dig Dizzy. 1958 Punch 8 Jan. 92/1 The lines of communication get tangled. In other words the people don’t quite ‘dig’ you. 1958 Listener 29 May 912/1 He wants to ‘dig’ the whole of life, and is convinced that experience comes only to the irresponsible. 1958 Punch 25 June 853/3 Does the beat generation really dig such crazy old-world catch-phrases? 1959 C. MacInnes Absolute Beginners 60 If you like the other number, I mean like the looks of them, really dig them sexually. Ibid. 62 Everything you learned, you hadn’t learned until you’d really dug it: i.e., made it part of your own experience, i960 N. Mitford Don't tell Alfred xviii. 192 Of course he’s a man’s man, you might not dig him like we do. 1969 New Yorker 29 Nov. 48/1, I just don’t dig any of these guys. I don’t understand their scenes.

f7. To put and cover up (in the ground, etc.) by digging or delving; to bury. Cf. dig in, 11 b. I53° Palsgr. 516/1, I wyll dygge this dogge in to the grounde Serpents into the servants

somwhere for feare of stynkyng. 1607 Topsell (1658) 797 All the Winter time they dig themselves earth. 1647 Trapp Comm. Matt. v. 15 Such idle as.. dig their talents into the earth.

8. To thrust, plunge, or force (something) in or into. *553 T. Wilson Rhet. 107 As though a sworde were ofte digged and thrust twise or thrise in one place of the bodie. 1832 L. Hunt Sir R. Esher (1850) 258 Delighting, as he went over the noble Lord, to dig his knuckles in his back. i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xi. 77 We.. dug our feet firmly into the snow. 1883 F. M. Peard Contrad. i, He dug his hands into his pockets, and lounged off. 1893 Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 37, I dug my spurs into my horse’s ribs.

9. To spur (a horse) vigorously [ = F. diguer un cheval]\ to thrust, stab, prod; to give (any one) a sharp thrust or nudge (in the ribs, etc.). *53® Palsgr. 516/1, I dygge my horse in the sydes with my spores. 1551 Robinson tr. More’s Utop. (Arb.) 102 You shoulde haue sene children.. digge and pushe theire mothers under the sides. 1875 Tennyson Q. Mary n. iii, Gamble thyself at once out of my sight, Or I will dig thee with my dagger. 1881 Mrs. P. O’Donoghue Ladies on Horseback 68, I dug him with my spur, and sent him at it. 1889 Farmer Americanisms, To dig a man in the ribs, is to give him a thrust or blow in the side.

III. In comb, with adverbs. 10. dig down. a. trans. To bring down or cause to fall by digging. 1526-34 Tindale Rom. xi. 3 Lorde, they haue.. dygged doune [so 1611 and 1881 R. V.] thyn alters. 1580 Baret Alv. D. 688 To digge downe, defodio. a 1619 Fotherby Atheom. II. vii. §4 (1622) 268 Wicked Citizens .. doe overthrow their owne Cities, and digge downe their Walls.

b. To lower or remove by digging or excavating. I59I Spenser Virg. Gnat 46 Mount Athos..was digged downe. 1778 Bp. Lowth Transl. Isa. (ed. 12) Notes 313 She ordered the precipices to be digged down.

DIG

DIGAMMATED

647

c. intr. To pay money from one’s own pocket. U.S. colloq. 1942 in Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §55o/3-1951 J- Steinbeck Log from ‘Sea of Cortez’ (1958) p. xxvi, She was a wise and tolerant pushover for any hard-luck story... Even when she knew it was a fake she dug down.

11. dig in. fa. trans. To pierce, stab, penetrate. Obs. (Cf. 9.) b. To put in and cover up by digging. (Cf. dig into in 7.) 1530 Palsgr. 516/1, He hath dygged hym in nat withstandyng his almayne ryvettes. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 402/2 The dung .. may be dug in without fermentation for most kitchen-garden crops.

c. To cause to penetrate, to drive in deeply. (Cf. 8.) Colloq. phr. to dig in one’s feet, heels, toes: to adopt a firm position; to keep resolutely or obstinately to one’s decision, opinion, attitude, etc.

haue I dig’d vp dead men from their graues. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth 11. (1723) 81 There are dig’d up Trees .. in some Northern Islands, in which there are at this Day growing no Trees at all. 1726-7 Swift Gulliver 11. vii. 160 Huge bones and skulls, casually dug up in several parts of the kingdom. 1858 Glenny Gard. Everyday Bk. 267/1 Jerusalem Artichokes, Dig them up if it be not done already. 1889 Farmer Amer., To dig up the hatchet, a phrase decidedly Indian in origin.. This [the hatchet] was buried to signify the putting away of strife; and digging up the hatchet, meant a renewal of warfare. fig. 1611 Bible Prov. xvi. 27 An vngodly man diggeth vp euill: and in his lips there is a burning fire. 1861 Bright Sp. India 19 Mar., A Committee to dig up all the particulars of our supposed perils. 1895 Century Mag. Sept. 674/1, I heard he was tryin’ to dig up a trade with a man who’s got a mine over in the Slocan country. 1909 ‘O. Henry’ Options 50 Ogden digs up a deck of cards, and we play casino. 1959 I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolchildren iii. 53 ‘Tell us news, not history.’ ‘Where did you dig that up?’

b. To excavate, break up or open by digging.

1885 Sat. Rev. 6 June 765/2 [Daemons].. laughing with glee if the .. rider cursed or dug in the spurs. 1933 Punch 16 Aug. 174/1, I am prepared to declare mosques open and to grace the inaugurations of new caravanserais, though I personally have no taste for ritual. But at that point I dig in my toes. 1941 L. A. G. Strong Bay 179 One thing I had dug in my heels over was the church I went to. 1956 N. Coward South Sea Bubble 1. i. 8 You jumped at him before he had time to get his breath and now he’s dug his feet in.

1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (Arb.) 73 Kyng Utopus.. caused . xv . myles space of vplandyshe grounde.. to be cut and dygged vp and so brought the sea rounde aboute the land. 1593 Shaks. 3 Hen. VI, 1. iii. 27 If I digg’d vp thy forefathers Graues, And hung their rotten Coffins vp in Chaynes. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 132 The English government would be unable to equip a fleet without digging up the cellars of London in order to collect the nitrous particles from the walls.

d. intr. or refl. To fix oneself firmly in a position; spec, (a) Mil., to excavate a trench or the like in order to withstand an attack or consolidate a position; (b) Cricket, to consolidate one’s position as a batsman.

c. To break up and loosen the soil of, by digging: said esp. of a place not previously or recently dug.

1851 Knickerbocker XXXVIII. 183 [The crab] pinched, scratched, ‘dug in’, and held on. 1917 A. G. Empey From Fire Step 145 The machine-gunners went over with the fourth wave to consolidate the captured line, or ‘dig in’, as Tommy calls it. 1919 J. B. Morton Barber of Putney xvi. 263 Word came back that they [sc. a platoon] were to go to a certain point and dig in. 1922 Daily Mail 21 Nov. 8 The most alarming of Sir Percival Phillips’s disclosures is that our ‘limpets’ in Mesopotamia are digging themselves vigorously in. 1934 C. Day Lewis Hope for Poetry vii. 41 D. H. Lawrence dug himself in in the Unconscious. 1944 Blunden Cricket Country iv. 49 Such a side is free from the solemn rule of ‘digging in’ which big cricket prescribes. 1949 Manch. Guardian Weekly 14 July 2/4 The policy of stimulating expansion rather than digging in to protect the status quo. 1959 Times 29 May 4/4 Watson was bowled by the second ball he received. But.. Phillips dug in with gallant determination.

e. intr. To set to work earnestly and energetically; to work hard. dial, and U.S. colloq. [1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Holderness 53/2 Dig-intiv it, lads, and you’ll seean get it deean.] 1884 ‘Mark Twain’ Huck. Finn xxxviii. We got to dig in like all git-out. 1951 F. 5. Anthony Me & Gus (1953) 26 We’ll dig in like niggers, Mark, and show those old jokers over the fence how to smack up wood.

f. To begin eating, esp. heartily, colloq. 1912 Dialect Notes III. 574 Dig in and help us eat the rest of this turkey. 1952 A. Baron With Hope iv. ii. 119 Sit down and dig in. Your grub’s getting cold.

12. dig off. trans. To cut off by digging, rare. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. 1. (1701) 46/1 He attempted to dig the Isthmus off from the Continent.

13. dig out. a. trans. To take out, thrust out, extract or remove by excavation. (Cf. 6.) fig. to obtain, get hold of, or get out by search or effort. 1388 Wyclif Job iii. 21 As men diggynge.. out [1382 deluende out] tresour. 1526 Tindale Gal. iv. 15 Ye wolde have digged [1534 plucked] out youre awne eyes, and haue geven them to me. 1580 Baret Alv. D 697 To digge out ones eies, elidere alicui oculos. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 690 Soon had his.. crew Op’nd into the Hill a spacious wound And dig’d out ribs of Gold. 1772 Hutton Bridges 94 The sand having been previously digged out for that purpose. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dig out, to unearth the badger. fig. 1864 R. B. Kimball Was he successful? II. xi. 259 It was their habit to go over their lessons together, after Chellis had ‘dug out’ his. 1877 Gentl. Mag. CCXL. 596 This lastnamed prince.. had hidden himself in a cupboard in the midst of a roll of carpet, and was with difficulty dug out to be girt with the sword of Othman. 1887 Harper's Mag. May 884/2, I don’t believe it is worth while to dig out the glasses. 1929 ‘P. Williams’ Jacob's Ladder xix. 269 It was Carolyn who.. dug out two old volumes of eighteenth century pictures lying forgotten in a cupboard. 1930 Daily Express 30 July 3/7 England .. may need more batsmen of the type who have to be dug out. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. B2/2 The Europeans.. can dig out many reasons for their shortcomings.

b. To excavate, to form by excavation.

Cf.

dug-out (canoe). 1748 Relat. Earthq. Lima Pref. 9 These usually were Caves, or Hollows dug-out in the Mountains.

c. intr. To depart, elope. (U.S. colloq.) 1884 S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain) Adv. Hucklebury Finn (Farmer Amer.), Then I jumped in a canoe, and dug out for our place.. as hard as I could go. 1888 Detroit Free Press 21 July (Farmer Amer.), She dug out last night with a teamster.

14. dig up. a. trans. To take or get out of the ground, etc., by digging or excavating; to exhume, disinter, unearth. Also fig. to obtain, find, search out (cf. 13 a) (now colloq.) to dig up the hatchet, to renew strife: see hatchet. (Cf.

6. ) c 1400 Maundev. (1839) ix. 107 He [John the Baptist] was ..buryed at Samarie. And there let Julianus Apostata dyggen him vp. c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 1126, I se a gras of grete solas, Were hyt dyggyd uppe by the rote, Of many thyngs hit myght be bote. 1535 CoverdaleJo6 iii. 21 Those that dygge vp treasure. 1588 Shaks. Tit. A. v. i. 135 Oft

1377 Langl. P. PI. B. vi. 109 Dikeres & delueres digged vp pe balkes. 01698 Temple (J.), You cannot dig up your garden too often. 1799 J. Robertson Agric. Perth 247 He directs the moss to be delved or dug up with spades. 1889 Boldrewood Robbery under Arms (1890) 7 He dug up a little garden in front.

Hence digged (digd), 'digging ppl. adjs. C1394 P. PI. Crede 504 J?at was pe dygginge devel pat drecchep men ofte. 1552 Huloet, Dygged, fossitius. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Forme 302 In a well husbanded and digd ground. 1617 Janua Ling. 170 Souldiers.. lie in digged trenches.

hunting is a serious business... The good woman is offering you a room in her home for a whole year.

dig, sb.2 Obs. exc. dial. A duck. CI420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 9 J>andon for wylde digges, swannus, and piggus. ? a 1500 Chester PI., Deluge 189 Heare are doves, diggs, drakes, Redshankes, runninge through the lakes. 1611 Cotgr., Anette, a Ducke, or Dig. 1616 Inventory in Earwaker Powltrey, &c., Sandbach (1890) 135 Three Digs and a Drake. 1884 Cheshire Gloss., Dig, a duck.

b. Comb., as dig-bird, Lancash., a young duck (Halliwell); dig-meat, duckweed (Chesh. Gloss.). dig (dig), sb.3 Austral, and N.Z. colloq. Abbrev. of digger 2 f. 1918 Chrons. N.Z.E.F. 21 June 221/2 Be shrewd, sweet Dig. Ibid. 22 Nov. 198/1 ‘How far’s the war, Dig?’ was the first question we asked. 1933 Bulletin (Sydney) 18 Oct. 10/3 He gave his verdict: ‘That’s good, Dig.; that’s strong.’ 1946 E. G. Webber Johnny Enzed in Italy 4 The war has finished and a large number of Old Digs have bustled their way down various gangways. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai ii. 25 Often they shouted at us .. ‘Howsit up in the dress circle, dig?’

digallic (dai'gaelik), a. Chem. [f. di-2 + gallic a.2] In digallic acid, which has the composition of two molecules of gallic acid, minus one equivalent of water. 1877 Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) II. 547 Gallotannic Acid, Digallic Acid or Tannin .. occurs in large quantity in nut-galls .. and many other plants.

digamist ('digamist), [f. as digamy + -ist.] A man or woman who has married a second time. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Digamist,.. one that marries after his first wives death, a 1660 Hammond Wks. I. 597 (R.) The digamist, or he that hath had two wives successively, one after another. 1706 Hearne Collect. 9 Nov., I can say no more of this Bp. than y* in complyance wth y* Fashion of y« Age he is a digamist. 1869 Lecky Europ. Mor. (1877) II. 327 ‘Digamists’, according to Origen, are saved in the name of Christ, but are by no means crowned by him.

fb. = bigamist. Obs. (So F. digame, Cotgr.)

dig, sb.1 Also 9 (Sc.) deg. [f. prec. vb.] 1. a. An act of digging; the plunging or thrusting (of a spade, or the like) into the ground.

Wives together.

1887 Pall obtained for the dig out. sets of forks

1616 T. Godwin Moses & Aaron (1655) 238 Persons marrying after such divorcements, were reputed digamites, that is, to have two husbands or two wives. 1674-81 Blount Glossogr., Digamist or Digamite.

Mall G. 15 Oct. 11 /1 The price which is the excavated sand. .just meets the expense of 1894 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 66 At each ‘dig’ four are thrust into the ground.

b. colloq. An archaeological excavation; an expedition for the purpose of an archaeological excavation. 1896 A. J. Evans in Academy 13 June 494/1 He showed me several clay bulls.. obtained through his dig. 1908 Chambers' sjrnl. July 527/1 They [sc. tomb-hunters] speak of the different excavations as ‘digs’ . 1911 T. E. Lawrence Lett. (1938) 112 We are only two on this dig. 1940 ‘M. Innes’ Secret Vanguard vi. 56 The dig at Dabdab must be completed before the rains. 1957 K. M. Kenyon Digging up Jericho 39 The first stages of a dig.. start long before one actually gets down to excavating. 1969 Times 23 Jan. 13/1 The many archaeological digs that have been going on since the beginning of the Aswan Dam project.

2. A definite depth or quantity to be dug out. 1890 Daily News 4 Sept. 6/4 For every ‘dig’ 30s. is to be paid to the gang. The ‘dig’ is to be 9 ft. measured from where the crane plumbs in the hatchway.

3. A tool for digging; a mattock, pick-axe, etc. 1674-91 Ray N.C. Words, Dig, a Mattock. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Dig, a mattock; a navvy’s pick. 1877 N. W. Line. Gloss., Dig, an instrument used for stubbing up roots, more commonly called a stub-dig. ‘As straight as a dig’ is a common proverbial expression.

4. a. A thrust, a sharp poke, as with the elbow, fist, or other part of the body. 1819 Moore Tom Crib's Mem. 51 While ribbers rung from each resounding frame, And divers digs, and many a ponderous pelt. 1823 Galt R. Gilhaize I. 127 (Jam.) Winterton, when he lay down, gave him a deg with his elbow, and swore at him to be quiet. 1843 J. T. Hewlett College Life xxxi. (Stratm.) Brunt gave him a hard dig in the ribs. 1855 Browning Holy-Cross Day v, Somebody deal him a dig in the paunch, i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. xvi. 117 A vigorous dig of leg and hatchet into the snow was sufficient to check the motion.

b. fig. (Cf. hit sb.) 1840 Hood Miss Kilmansegg, Her Fancy Ball iii, Thus Tories like to worry the Whigs.. Giving them lashes, thrashes and digs. 1884 Pall Mall G. 15 Mar. 1/2 The Opposition.. caring absolutely for nothing except how to get a dig at the fellows who are in. 1887 E. J. Goodman Too Curious ix, This, of course, was a sly dig at Frank.

5. A diligent or plodding student. Students’ slang.)

(U.S.

1849 Let. to Yng. Man 14 The treadmill.. might be a useful appendage to a college, not as a punishment, but as a recreation for digs. 1851 N. Y. Lit. World 11 Oct. (Bartlett) There goes the dig.. How like a parson he eyes his book! 1894 N.Y. Weekly Witness 12 Dec. 2/2 The student who earnestly pursues his scholastic studies is held to be a scrub, or grind, or dig. 6. pi. Lodgings (cf. digging vbl. sb. 5); also

occas. as sing, (and Comb.), colloq. 1893 Stage 11 May 16/2 ‘Being in the know’ regarding the best ‘digs’ can only be attained by experience. 1905 Varsity 16 Nov. 79/1 An invitation from a friend in digs. 1908 A. S. M. Hutchinson Once Aboard the Lugger 1. i. 27, I have heard that one can work far better by living near the hospital in digs. 1916 W. Owen Let. 6 Nov. (1967) 414, I like this digs far better than the Queen’s Hotel life. 1959 A. Lejeune Crowded & Dangerous vii. 78 His old digs.. where he lived when he used to work for us. 1959 Times 6 Mar. 12/6 Dig¬

1656 Blount

Glossogr., Digamist, one that hath had two

t 'digamite. Obs. [f. as prec. + -ite.] = prec.

digamma (dai'gaems). [a. L. digamma, Gr. blyafjifia the digamma, f. 81- twice + yd^a the letter gamma: so called by the grammarians of the first century, from its shape f or F, resembling two gammas (T) set one above the other.] The sixth letter of the original Greek alphabet, corresponding to the Semitic waw or vau, which was afterwards disused, the sound expressed by it having been gradually lost from the literary language. It was a consonant, probably equivalent to English w; in the Italian alphabets derived from Greek, it appears to have passed through the power of consonantal v, to that of /, its value in the Roman alphabet: see F. It was lost in Ionic and Attic before the date of the earliest known monuments, but it occurs in inscriptions in all the other dialects down to late times, and it was also retained in the literary remains of i^olic, whence the appellation AEolic digamma or letter. Though not written in classical Greek, it can be restored on linguistic and metrical grounds in the Homeric and other ancient forms of Greek words, as fepyov, work, Aifl dative of Ztvs, etc. [1552 Huloet, F letter among the latines is called Digamma. 1565-73 Cooper Thesaurus, Digamma, the letter F. Cicero useth it for his maner of Formium beginning with F.] 1698 M. Lister Journ. Paris (1699) 50 (Stanford) His new invented Letter the Digamma, which he instituted or borrowed from the Eolique to express V Consonant. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v.. This letter F is derived to us from the Romans, who borrowed it from the ./Eolians; among whom it is called digamma, or double gamma, as resembling two T’s, one over the other. 1742 Pope Dune. iv. 218 Tow’ring o’er your Alphabet, like Saul, Stands our Digamma, and o’ertops them all. 1814 Jamieson Hermes Scyth. 1. iv. 41 It has been thought that the Aeolic digamma approached nearly to the sound of W. 1845 Stoddard in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 94/1 The ffSolic digamma is described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in the ist book of his Antiquities. 1857 Birch Anc. Pottery (1858) II. 17 The use of the digamma.. is continued on Doric vases both of this [the second year of the 94th Olympiad] and even of a later age.

digammate (dai'gaemat), a. [ad. digammat-us, f. digamma: see -ate2.]

mod.L. = next.

1864 in Webster.

digammated (dai'gaemstid), ppl. a. [f. as prec. +

3

-ATE

+ -ED.]

1. Spelt with or having the digamma. 1803 Edin. Rev. July 315 The conjunction i*5«, and,.. is a digammated word. 1805 Valpy Grk. Gram. (1818) 151 A short Syllable is often made long when the next word begins with a digammated vowel. 1863 J. Hadley Ess. (1873) iv. 56 It is more than forty years since Richard Payne Knight published in 1820 his famous digammated Iliad. 1882 R. C. Jebb Life Bentley 152 The number of digammated roots in Homer is between thirty and forty.

2. Formed with a figure like the digamma, as the digammated cross, a phallic symbol.

fdi'gammic, a. Obs. [f. digamma + -ic.] Of or belonging to a digamma. 1817 G. S. Faber Eight Diss. (1845) I. 134 The Anakim or (with the digammic prefix) Fanakim.

digamous ('digamas), a. [f. L. digam-us, a. Gr. Siyapos that has been married twice (f. Si-, di-2 twice + ydfios marriage) + -ous.] 1. Married a second time; that contracts a second marriage after the death of the first spouse; of the nature of digamy. 1864 in Webster. 1868 Milman St. Paul's xi. 302 A digamous Bishop could hardly be more odious to Elizabeth. 2. Bot. ~ ANDROGYNOUS. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digamous, having both sexes on the same flower-cluster.

digamy ('digami). [ad. L. digamia, a. Gr. Siyapla a marrying twice, f. 8lyag.-os: see digamous and -y.]

1. Digamous condition or state; second marriage; re-marriage after the death of the first spouse. 1635 Pagitt Christianogr. App. 17 The ordinary Priests marry once, Digamy is forbidden them. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. 11. v. (1673) 83 Three sorts of Digamy or Second Marriages. 1672-5 Comber Comp. Temple (1702) 220 Digamy, as well as Marrying after a Divorce while the former Wife lives, are forbid under the Gospel. 1755 Johnson, Digamy, second marriage; marriage to a second wife after the death of the first: as bigamy, having two wives at once. 1869 Lecky Europ. Mor. II. v. 346 Digamy, or second marriage, is described by Athanagoras as ‘a decent adultery’. |2. — bigamy 1; having two wives at the same time. Obs. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 39 The Antick Romans, who.. so hated Digamy (both in enjoying two wives at one time, and being twice married). 1761-66 Bailey, Digamy, a being married to two Wives at the same Time.

digastric (dai'gaestrik), a. and sb. Anat. [ad. mod.L. digastric-us, f. Gr. St-, di-2 -I- yaarqp, yaarp- belly: cf. gastric. In F. digastrique ‘hauing two bellies’ Cotgr. 1611.] A. adj. 1. Having two parts swelling like bellies; spec. applied to muscles having two fleshy bellies with an intervening tendinous part, as that of the lower jaw; see B. 1721 Bailey, Digastric, that has a double belly. 1732 Monro Anat. Bones 102 Where the digastric Muscle of the lower Jaw has its Origin. 1872 Huxley Phys. vii. 175 There are muscles which are fleshy at each end and have a tendon in the middle. Such muscles are called digastric or twobellied.

2. Of or pertaining to the digastric muscle of the lower jaw: see B. 1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 53 On the inside of, and behind, the mastoid process, is a longitudinal depression named the Digastric Groove, on account of its giving attachment to the muscle of that name. 1840 J. Ellis Anat. 82 The digastric nerve, the largest of the three branches of the portio dura., is distributed by many filaments to the under surface of the posterior belly of the digastric. 1842 E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. (ed. 2) 49 Upon the inner side of the root of the mastoid process is the digastric fossa.

B. sb. (Also in L. form digastricus.) A muscle of the lower jaw, thick and fleshy at its extremities, thin and tendinous at its middle. It arises from the back part of the skull, and is inserted into the mandible. Its action is to depress the lower jaw, or to raise the hyoid bone and carry it backwards or forwards as in deglutition. (Syd. Soc. Lex.) 1696 Phillips, Digastric, a double-bellied Muscle, which ..ending in.. the Chin, draws it downward. 1746 J. Parsons Hum. Physiognomy i. 30 It serves., to assist the Digastric in opening the Jaws. 1872 Mivart Elem. Anat. 286 The digastric is a muscle with two fleshy bellies, with a median tendon. 1881 Athenaeum 9 Apr. 496/1 On the Tendinous Intersection of the Digastric.

Digby ('digbi). [The name of a seaport of Nova Scotia.] A dried or cured herring of a type caught at Digby. In full Digby chicken or chick. 1829 G. Head Forest Scenes Wilds N. Amer. 40 A small species of herring... They are extremely delicate, and are salted in great quantities every year. They have gained the nick-name of Digby chickens. 1862 Chambers's Encycl. III. 557/2 A variety of small herrings or pilchards, which are smoked and dried for export; they have a high flavour, and are known in trade as Digbies. 1883, 1887 [see chick sb.1 4]. 1958 Encycl. Canadiana III. 267/1 Digby is noted .. for fish, including cured herrings known as ‘Digby chickens’.

digeneous (dai^iiniias), a. [f. Gr. Styevqs of double or doubtful sex (f. St-, di-2 -I- yevos, yevekind, race, sex) + -ous.] 1. Of two sexes, bisexual. Syd. Soc. Lex. 1883. 2. Of or pertaining to the Digenea, a division of the trematode worms or flukes. digenesis (dai'd3emsis). Biol. [mod.L., f. Gr. St-, di-2 + ycveots generation.] Successive generation by two different processes, as sexual and asexual. 1876 Beneden s Anim. Parasites 102 This phenomenon has been known by the name of alternate generation; we have called it digenesis. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

DIGEST

648

DIGAMMIC

digenetic (daidji'netik), a. [f. as prec. + Gr. -yevcTtKos, f. yevents.] Relating to or characterized by digenesis. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digenetic worms, parasitic worms which at different periods of life have different forms. 1890 E. R. Lankester Adv. Science 265 Whether the female.. belonged to a parthenogenetic or digenetic brood. Ibid. 266 In Artemia salina parthenogenetic alternate with digenetic broods.

digenite ('didynait). Min. [mod. f. Gr. Siyevr/s of doubtful sex or kind + -ite.] A variety of chalcocite or copper-glance. 1850 Dana Min. 509.1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 323.

digenous ('did^nss), a. [irreg. f. Gr. Si- two + yevos kind, race -I- -ous.] Of two sexes, bisexual. 1884 Sedgwick tr. Claus' Zool. I. 97 The digenous or sexual reproduction depends upon the production of two kinds of germinal cells, the combined action of which is necessary for the development of a new organism.

Hence 'digeny, digenous reproduction. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex. t di'ger, v.

Obs. rare. [a. F. diger-er (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. diger-ere to digest.] trans. = digest v. 1541 R. Copland Guydon’s Quest. Chirurg., A pyt wherin the nourysshynge blode commynge fro the lyuer is dygered. 1597 Lowe Chirurg. (1634) 103 Such things as have the virtue to discusse, diger, and dry lightly, and not humect.

t'digerate, v. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. + -ate3.] trans. To digest. Hence 'digerating ppl. a. 1634 T. Johnson Parey’s Chirurg. xvm. xvii. (1678) 426 They must be strengthened with hot and digerating things.

f 'digerent, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [ad. L. digerent-em, pres. ppl. of diger-ere to digest.] A. adj. Digesting. 1477 Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 62 But our cheefe Digestiue [printed -ure] for our intent, Is virtuall heate of the matter digerent. 1755 Johnson, Digerent, adj., that which has the power of digesting, or causing digestion.

B. sb. A medicine or agent that promotes digestion or suppuration. 1731 Bailey, Digerents (with Physicians) Medicines which digest or ripen. 1854-67 C. A. Harris Diet. Med. Terminal. 215 Digerents.. medicines which promote the secretion of proper pus in wounds and ulcers.

digest (’daid3est), sb. Also 5 dy-, 7 dis-. [ad. L. digesta ‘matters digested’, a name given to various collections of writings arranged and distributed under heads; n. pi. of digest-us, pa. ppl. of digerere: see digest v. The appearance of the senses in English, does not correspond in order to the original development.] 1. a. A digested collection of statements or information; a methodically arranged compendium or summary of literary, historical, legal, scientific, or other written matter. 1555 Braham Address to Reader in Lydgate's Chron. Troy, The verye trouthe therof is not to be had in theyr dygestes. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xv. §1.58 The Disposition.. of that Knowledge.. consisteth in a good Digest of Common Places. 1789 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) III. 14 This is a very elegant digest of whatever is known of the Greeks. 1825 Macaulay Ess., Milton (1854) I. 2/1 His digest of scriptural texts. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 313 Those popular digests of geological science which are now so common.

b. spec. A periodical composed wholly or mainly of condensed versions of articles, stories, etc., previously published elsewhere. Also attrib. 1922 (title) Reader’s Digest. 1946 (title) The Literary Digest. A monthly magazine of popular literary interest. 1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 Oct. 604/4 The Chaplain’s loving biography has been edited on the principles of ‘condensed reading’, as popularized by the ‘digest’ kind of magazine. 1958 J- Cannan And be a Villain i. 6 Mad ideas they’d got from medical articles in Digests. 1967 G. Steiner Lang. fi? Silence 258 A time of fantastic intellectual cheapness,.. the century of the book club, the digest, and the hundred great ideas on the instalment plan.

2. Law. a. An abstract, or collection in condensed form, of same body of law, systematically arranged. a 1626 Bacon (title) An Offer to King James, of a Digest to be made of the Laws of England. 1652 Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 38 The Digests of the Jewish Law. 1681 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 471 Digests, gathered out of the 37 civilians. 1724 A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 14 A Digest of System of Laws for the Government of the Church. 1765 Blackstone Comm. I. 66 Out of these three laws .. king Edward the confessor extracted one uniform law or digest of laws. 1792 J. Wilson in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) IV. 388 A digest of the laws of the United States. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 126 Lord Chief Baron Comyn, in his Digest, states the case in Dyer as having decided that [etc.]. 1869 Rawlinson Anc. Hist. 357 The code of the Twelve Tables., was a most valuable digest of the early Roman law.

b. spec. The body of Roman laws compiled from the earlier jurists by order of the Emperor Justinian. (The earliest use in English.) 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 255 Iustinianus .. made and restored pe lawes of digest. 1530 Palsgr. 213/2 Digest, a boke in lawe, digeste. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 427 The lawes and constitutions of princes.. founde either in the Code, in the booke of Digestes, or Pandectes. 1660 Burney KepS. Atopov (1661) 115 All they read in the Pandects,

Digests and Codes in the Statute and common Law-books. 1845 Graves Roman Law in Encycl. Metrop. 762/1 Notes on the laws of the Twelve Tables according to the order of the Institutes and the first part of the Digest. 1882 Stubbs Med. Mod. Hist. xiii. (1886) 306 If you take any well-drawn case of litigation in the middle ages.. you will find that its citations from the Code and Digest are at least as numerous as from the Decretum. f3. = DIGESTION. Obs. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De. P.R. xvn. ii. (MS. Bodl. 3738) Yf a plante shall be durable: it nedyth that it haue humour w‘ good dygest and fatty. So plantes y* haue humour w[ythou]t good digestion wydre sone in grete colde. 1602 Carew Cornwall 29 b, Some giue meate, but leaue it no disgest, Some tickle him, but are from pleasing farre.

t di'gest, ppl. a. Obs. Also 6 Sc. de-. [ad. L. digest-us, pa. ppl. of digerere to digest.] 1. as pa. pple. and adj. Digested. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvn. lxxiv. (1495) 648 Grene frute and rawe and not dygest greue bodies and make them swell. 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 195 (Matz.) Whan Phebus entrith in the Ariete, Digest humoures upward doon hem dresse. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 6 Take pe beste horse dounge pat may be had pat is weel digest.

2. adj. Composed, settled, grave.

Sc.

1500-20 Dunbar Poems x. 30 Sing In haly kirk, with mynd degest. Ibid. xxiv. 3 Quhair no thing ferme is nor degest. 1513 Douglas JEneis xii. i. 45 Kyng Latyn tho with sad and degest mynd To hym answeris. 1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 67 With gracis graue, and gesture maist digest. ere ben thre spices of nombur. Oone is a digit, Ano^er is an Articul, & pe to^er a Composyt. 1542 Recorde Gr. Artes (1575) 53 A Digit is any number vnder 10. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. iv. 186 On the left [hand] they accounted their digits and articulate numbers unto an hundred, on the right hand hundreds & thousands. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 5 Integers are.. divided into Digits, Articles, and mixt numbers. 1788 Priestley Lect. Hist. v. xxxvi. 264 The nine digits in Arithmetic. 1827 Hutton Course Math. I. 4 The Numbers in Arithmetic are expressed by the .. ten digits, or Arabia numeral figures. 1893 Sir R. Ball Story of Sun 56 The seven .. may be in error by one or even two digits. attrib. 1613 Jackson Creed 1. 91 Three from foure, or one digite number from the next vnto it.

b. Freq. used attrib., esp. of parts and data in mechanical calculators, digital computers, etc., as digit counter, pulse, etc. 1921 C. D. Lake U.S. Pat. 1,372,965 2/2 If the hole in the card represents the numeral 5, the register wheel will be turned five digit spaces. 1946 Nature 12 Oct. 500/2 ‘Digit trays’ for carrying pulse groups representing numerical data from one unit to another. 1948 Proc. Symposium LargeScale Digital Calculating Mach. 34 Numbers are transferred from one unit of the ENIAC to another by digit trunks, which carry eleven lines, one for each digit of the number, and one for the sign of the number. Ibid. 271 If we now look at the digit pattern in the register at the beginning of digit time 1, we will find that all the digits will have been advanced by one digit position, excepting digit number 1, which has been deleted. 1955 R. K. Richards Arith. Operations in Digital Computers vii. 193 ‘Digit counter’ will be used to describe the individual multistable counting elements. 1959 Economist 20 June 1110/2 In the search for higher computer speeds, one obvious approach was to raise the ‘digit frequency’ or pulse rate of the machine. 1959 C. V. L. Smith Electronic Digital Computers x. 238 Some means is needed to reduce the four levels of Vs essentially to two... This is accomplished by a circuit called a ‘digit resolver’. 1963 Gould & Ellis Digital Computer Technology iv. 29 Single logic elements can be made to work at digit rates of say 100 megacycles per second. Ibid. vi. 50 It is not uncommon to speak of pulses which represent unit signals as ‘digit pulses’. Ibid. 51 Such circuits are also of use where a deliberate delay of one digit time is required, and are commonly called digit delays.

4. Astron. The twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon; used in expressing the magnitude of an eclipse. 1591 Nashe Prognostication, Wheras the Sun is darkned but by digits, and that vpon ye south points. 1687 Dryden Hind & P. 11. 609 We.. Can calculate how long th’ eclipse endur’d, Who interpos’d, what digits were obscur’d. 1706 Hearne Collect. 2 May, Ye Sun.. was darkned 10 digits \. 1854 Moseley Astron. xiv. (ed. 4) 147 The usual method .. is to divide the whole diameter of the disc into twelve equal

DIGIT parts called digits. 1879 Proctor Rough Ways (1880) 9 The ring was about a digit in breadth.

f5. Geom. A degree of a circle, or of angular measure. Obs. rare. 1653 Gataker Vind. Annot.Jer. 35 By their Calculation it was but eleven digits, and one fourth, which I conceiv to be fifteen minutes.. a digit consisting of sixty minutes.

t'digit, v. Obs. rare. [f. prec. sb.: cf. L. digito monstrare to point out with the finger.] trans. To point at with the finger; to point out, indicate. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xxviii. 48, I shall never care to be digited, with a That is he. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 107. 2/2 A most Pathetic Emblem this, To Digit out the Surest Bliss.

digital ('did^tsl), a. and sb. [ad. L. digitalis of or belonging to the finger, f. digit-us a finger, digit. Cf. F. digital (1545 in Hatz.-Darm.)] A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a finger, or to the fingers or digits. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Digital, pertaining to a finger. 1783 Anat. Dial. v. (ed. 2) 285 At the ends of the fingers these digital arteries.. unite. 1802-25 Syd. Smith Ess. (ed. Beeton) 77 Here are 160 hours employed in the mere digital process of turning over leaves! 1840 G. Ellis Anat. 410 The digital nerves of the superficial branch of the ulnar are two. 1874 Athenaeum 30 May, A lady, with an unparalleled degree of digital dexterity.

2. Resembling a digit or finger or the hollow impression made by one: applied in Anat. to various parts or organs. digital cavity, the posterior corner of the lateral ventricle of the brain, digital fossa, a pit-like depression on the thigh¬ bone, where five muscles are inserted: see quot. 1855. digital impressions: see quot. 1883. 1831 R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 428 The Digital Cavity or Posterior Horn is entirely lined by medullary substance. 1855 Holden Hum. Osteol. (1878) 195 Behind the neck of the femur, and beneath the projecting angle of the trochanter major, is a deep excavation called the digital fossa. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digital impressions, the grooves on the inner surface of the cranial bones which correspond to the convolutions of the brain; so called from their shape.

3. Having digits; hence digital-footed. 1833 Sir C. Bell Hand (1834) 98 There are some very rare instances of a horse having digital extremities. 1887 Sir S. Ferguson Ogham Inscript. 148 The digital feet unite these.. examples with other symbolisms.. Here also are found digital-footed equine figures.

4. Of, pertaining to, or using digits [digit sb.

3]; spec, applied to a computer which operates on data in the form of digits or similar discrete elements (opp. analogue computer). 1938 C. Campbell U.S. Pat. 2,113,612 9/1 The emitter.. differs from the other emitters in that it has twelve digital conducting spots. 1945 J. Eckert et al. Appl. Math. Panel Rep. 171.2R {title) Description of the ENIAC and comments on electronic digital computing machines. 1946 D. R. Hartree in Nature 12 Oct. 500/2 [Computers] of the other class handle numbers directly in digital form... The American usage is ‘analogue’ and ‘digital’ machines. 1947 Electronic Engin. XIX. 178 Digital computing apparatus works out problems by methods which are basically the same as those which would be employed if an attempt were made to perform the calculations on paper. 1947 Math. Tables & Other Aids to Computation Oct. 359 We are engaged at the RCA Laboratories in the development of a storage tube for the inner memory of electronic digital computers. 1957 Technology July 182/2 The digital computer in normal use plays a purely deductive role in that it follows explicit instructions in operating on data that are fed into it. 1958 Engineering 28 Mar. 389/2 An in-line display of a digital form, which shows the unknown voltage to four significant figures. 1958 IBM Jrnl. Res. & Devel. II. 191 /1 Voltage-to-digital conversion is accomplished by connecting a precision potentiometer to the output shaft of a servo-driven converter. 1964 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 58/2 A digital clock that presents the hours and minutes in figures. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 189/1 Of the various types of computer which play a useful part in medical practice and research,.. the most important.. is the electronic digital computer.

5. a. Designating (a) recording in which the original waveform is digitally coded and the information in it represented by the presence or absence of pulses of equal strength, making it less subject to degradation than a conventional analogue signal; of or pertaining to such recording. i960 IRE Trans. Electronic Computers Mar. 11/2 The nature and features of digital recording. 1966 IEEE Trans. Magnetics II. 1/1 The performance of thin magnetic tape as a digital storage medium. 1977 Rolling Stone 19 May 96/3 The problem with PCM or digital recording in the past has been that the tape medium could not accommodate the millions of pulses per second required when an audio signal is translated into coded pulses. 1978 Gramophone June 136/3 It would be a great pity if this opportunity for a ‘quantum leap’ in audio standards were spoilt by the emergence of several conflicting, incompatible digital discs. 1979 Financial Rev. (Sydney) 7 Nov. 28/6 Digital discs are on the market already. 1981 New Scientist 6 Aug. 355/2 Digital video recording has been demonstrated with modified analogue machines. 1984 Sunday Times 14 Oct. 40/2 The performances could hardly be more authentic, with magnificent playing and an ample resonance in this fine digital recording.

b. digital audio tape, (a length of) magnetic tape on which sound is recorded digitally, analogous to digital recording on compact discs; abbrev. DAT sb.

DIGITATED

654 1981 Business Week 14 Dec. 122D/1 No less than five totally incompatible prototypes of digital-audio tape decks have been unveiled this fall by as many Japanese companies. 1984 Electronics Week 15 Oct. 13/2 Digital audio tape., probably won’t appear as a commercial product before the spring of 1986. 1986 Electronics 20 Jan. 20 Onkyo’s BirchJones does not think that digital audio tape products will have a negative impact on Compact Disc sales. 1986 Observer 4 May 25/2 The DAT (digital audio-tape) cassette will record or play-back prerecorded tapes about two-thirds the size of the familiar compact cassette. Maximum playing time will be about two hours, with quality roughly equivalent to compact disc. B. sb. fl. = DIGIT sb. 3. Obs. c 1430 Art Nombrynge (E.E.T.S.) 1 Another digitalle is a nombre with-in 10.

2. A finger (humorous). 1840 Fraser's Mag. XXI. 160 To fling his broad plebeian paws and right cannie digitals around Sir Robert Peel. 1840 Ibid. XXII. 397 Hundreds of thousands vanish at the touch of royal digitals. 1858 Lytton What will he do IV. ix, Who wear.. paste rings upon unwashed digitals.

3. A key played with the finger in a musical instrument, as a piano or organ. 1878 W. H. Stone Sci. Basis Music v. 62 Colin Brown’s Natural Fingerboard .. The digitals consist of three separate sets.. The first, second, fourth, and fifth tones of the scale are played by the white digitals.

digi'talia, Chem.: see digitalin. digitalic (didji'taelik), a. [f. digital-is + -ic.] Of or pertaining to digitalis; in digitalic acid, an acid obtained from the leaves of the foxglove, crystallizing in white acicular prisms. 1858 Hogg Veg. Kingd. cxlv. 566 M. Morin, of Geneva, has also discovered in the leaves [of the Fox-glove] two acids; one fixed, which he calls digitalic acid, the other volatile, and called antirrhinic acid. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 328 Digitalic acid crystallises in needles.

digitaliform (-'taelifoim), a. Bot. [f. L. digitalis (see below) + -form.] Of the form of the corolla of the fox-glove, ‘like campanulate, but longer and irregular’. 1859 C. Dresser Rudim. Bot. 313 Digitaliform.. when a corolla which is somewhat campanulate is contracted near the base, and has one oblique limb. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digitaliform, finger- or glove-shaped.

digitalin ('didjitelin). Chem. [f. digital-is + -in.] The substance or substances extracted from the leaves of the fox-glove, as its active principle. Originally supposed to be an alkaloid, and hence named digitalia, digitaline, but now known not to contain nitrogen. There is reason to think, however, that different bodies are included under the name. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 496/1 An extractive substance.. to which the name of Digitaline has been given. [Ibid. 495 Digitalia, a vegetable alkali procured from the.. foxglove. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 283 Digitalina has not yet been obtained in an isolated state.] 1872 Watts Diet. Chem. VI. 545 The more soluble (so-called German) digitalin is obtained from the seeds, the less soluble or crystallised variety from the leaves of the foxglove. 1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 134 Crystallizable digitalin occurs in.. needle-shaped crystals, and possesses an intense and persistent bitter taste. 1881 Standard 30 Dec. 2/5 He asked for five grains of pure digitalin, the active principle of foxglove.

Hence digitalinic (-’linik) a., in digitalinic acid, ‘an acid obtained by boiling insoluble digitalin with soda’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). II digitalis (didji'teilis). [mod.L., from L. digitalis of or pertaining to the fingers; the plant was so named by Fuchs 1542, in allusion to the German name Fingerhut, i.e. thimble.] t. Bot. A genus of plants of the N.O. Scrophulariacese, including the foxglove (D. purpurea). [1568 Turner Herbal in. 16 It is named of some in Latine, Digitalis,] 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 200 Sow divers Annuals., as double Marigold, Digitalis, Delphinium. 1791 E. Darwin Bot. Gard. (1799) II. 108 Assumes bright Digitalis’ dress and air. attrib. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Digitalis tinctura, Five parts of pounded digitalis leaves.

2. A medicine prepared from the fox-glove. 1799 Med. Jrnl. I. 57 A frequent cause of the failure of digitalis may be attributed to the careless mode of preparing it for use. 1800 Ibid. IV. 532 He has taken the tincture of Digitalis.. 1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 496 Digitalis has the power of reducing in a remarkable degree the heart’s action.

digitalization

(.didjitalai'zeijan). Med. [f. The administration of digitalis or one of its active constituents to a patient or an animal so that the required physiological changes occur in the body; also, the state of the body resulting from this. digital(is 2 -I- -IZATION.]

1882 in Syd. Soc. Lex. 1919 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. LXXIII. 1823/1 Only after a considerable number of days will a patient on this dosage come to be much below the grade of digitalization at which he started. 1951 [see digitalize p.1]. 1961 Lancet 9 Sept. 573/2 Prompt return of nausea precluded further digitalisation. 1970 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Studies II. viii. 2/1 The patient is then said to be fully digitalized... Thereafter, digitalization is sustained by the maintenance dose.

digitalize ('did3it3laiz), ii.1 Med. [f. prec.: see -ize.] trans. To subject to digitalization; to

administer digitalis to. So 'digitalized ppl. a.1, 'digitalizing vbl. sb. 1927 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 10 Sept. 884 The general practitioner should not thoughtlessly digitalize his patient unless he has .. facilities for determining the exact condition of his heart. 1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therap. xviii. 351 If rapid digitalization is required, a so-called digitalizing dose may be administered at one time. Ibid. 353 The full digitalizing dose of digitoxin. 1961 D. M. Dunlop Textbk. Med. Treatment (ed. 8) 565 On an average the total dose required to digitalize a fully grown adult is of the order of 1-5 to 2 g. (20 to 30 gr.) of digitalis powder.. over a period of several days. 1970 [see digitalization].

digitalize ('did^talaiz), v.2 [f. digital a. 4 + -ize.] trans. = digitize v. 2. So 'digitalized ppl. a 2 1962 Aeroplane io May 25/2 A digitalized radar terminal-area control system. 1965 Math, in Biol. Sf Med. (Med. Res. Council) 1. 31 They already had a simple program worked out which would deal with digitalized outputs from recorders. 1967 Cox & Grose Organization & Handling Bibl. Rec. by Computer 11. 45 The film may be the backing store and the picture digitalized for insertion.

digitally ('didjitah), adv. [f. digital a. + -ly2.] I. By means of or with respect to the fingers. 1832 Fraser’s Mag. V. 432 The present paper, .is not by the same hand that indited the other. We have had nothing to* do, digitally speaking, with either. 1845 Ford Hand-bk. Spain 83 The ancient contemptuous ‘fig of Spain’.. is digitally represented by inserting the head of the thumb between the fore and middle fingers. 2. By means of digits (digit sb. 3); in digital

form. 1957 N. Chapin Introd. Automatic Computers ii. 5 In addition to digital computers, there is an important group of computing machines known as analog computers because they operate with a physical analogy of a problem rather than with digitally expressed information about a problem. i960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. Technol. IV. 175/2 Digital computer. Any device for performing mathematical calculations on numbers represented digitally. 1964 Data Acquisition & Processing in Biol. & Med. II. 219 A digitally coded paper tape suitable for direct computer usage. 1970 Nature 12 Sept. 1123/2 The outputs of two receivers .. were combined, and the detected signal was sampled digitally every 50 ms over a period of 13 m 39 s. t'digitary, a.

Obs.

[f. L. digit-us digit: see

-ary.] Of or pertaining to the fingers. 1767 A. Campbell Lexiph. (1774) 38 A pruriginous.. eruption of pustules in the digitary interstices.

digitate ('did^tst), a. (sb.) [ad. L. digitat-us having fingers or toes, f. digit-us finger.] 1. Zool. Of quadrupeds: Having separate or divided digits or toes. 1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. Min. Introd., Solipeds and bisulcs usually being greater than the digitate. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 470/2 The characters of the Carnivora as distinct from the rest of the digitate animals.

2. Divided into parts resembling fingers: spec. a. Bot.

Of leaves, etc.: Having deep radiating divisions; now usually applied to compound leaves consisting of a number of leaflets all springing from one point, as in the horsechestnut. (Hence in Comb., as digitatepinnate.) b. Zool. Having, or consisting of, finger-like processes or divisions. 1788 J. Lee Introd. Bot. hi. vi. (ed. 4) 201 The Folioles of which the digitate Leaf consists. 1828 Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 373 Wings, .cleft or digitate. 1870 Hooker Stud. Florae's Spikes digitate, spikelets minute—Cynodon. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. iii. §4. 101 Palmate or Digitate Leaves.. in which the leaflets all stand on the summit of the petiole.

fB. as sb. Obs.

A digitate quadruped (see A. i).

1661 Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., Oviparous digitates, having diverse toes, and bringing forth eggs.

digitate ('did^teit), v. [f. L. digit-us + -ate3: cf. DIGIT t).]

f 1. trans. To point at with finger; fig. to point out, indicate. Obs. rare. 1658 J. Robinson Eudoxa viii. 46 The supine resting on Water onely by retention of Air.. doth digitate a reason.

2. intr. parts.

To become divided into finger-like

1796 Stedman Surinam II. xix. 68 These again diverge or digitate in long broad leaves. 1840 G. Ellis Anat. 39 Processes of it.. cross or digitate with the white bundles.

3. trans. To express with the fingers, (nonceuse.) 1823 New Monthly Mag. VII. 498 They talk with their fingers and digitate quotations from Shakspeare.

digitated ('didyiteitid), digitate a. + -ed.]

a.

[f.

L.

digitat-us

1. Zool. and Bot. = digitate a. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. vi. 298 Animals multifidous, or such as are digitated or have severall divisions in their feete. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Digitated Leaf, expresses a compound one, formed of a number of simple foliola, placed regularly on a common petiole, 1839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 95/2 The structure alluded to is a digitated extension of the whole substance of the upper part of the iris. 1840 F. D. Bennett Whaling Voy. II. 146 The bones of the arms coincide with those of digitated quadrupeds. 1845 Darwin Voy. Nat. xviii. (1879) 403 The bread-fruit, conspicuous from its.. deeply digitated leaf. 2. Having divisions for the toes.

DIGITATELY

digitately ('didyteitli), adv. [f. digitate a. + -ly2.] In a digitate manner. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 619 Branches compressed, digitately subdivided. 1882 Baker in Jrnl. Bot. XI. 70 The leaves are simple or digitately trifoliolate.

digitation (did^'teifan). [f. digitate v. or a.: see -ATION. Cf. F. digitation Cotgr.] fl. A touching, or pointing, with the finger. Obs. 1658 Phillips Digitation, a pointing with the fingers. 1688 R. Holme Armoury n. 387/1 Digitation .. is a bare or simple touching of a thing. 1721-1800 in Bailey.

2. The condition of being digitate; division into fingers or finger-like processes. [1656 Blount Glossogr., Digitation, the form of the fingers of both hands joyned together, or the manner of their so joyning. Cotgr. 1721-1800 in Bailey]. 1847 Craig, Digitation, division into fingers, or finger-like processes, as exhibited by several of the muscles.. in their coalescence on the ribs.

3. concr. (Zool. and Bot.) One of a number of finger-like processes or digitate divisions. 1709 Blair in Phil. Trans. XXVII. 114 Where the Ligaments cease, they become.. at their upper extremities half round, and sometimes form’d into Digitations. 1802 Bingley Anim. Biog. (1813) I. 17 Sometimes, as in the Bats, the digitations of the anterior feet are greatly elongated. 1837 Q uain Elem. Anat. (ed. 4) 350 Its anterior border presents eight or nine fleshy points or digitations. 1856-8 W. Clarke Van der Hoeveris Zool. I. 393 Wings.. cloven, with fringed digitations.

digitato- (didji'teitao), comb, form of digitate a.; in digitato-palmate, a., shaped like a hand with finger-like divisions; digitato-pinnate, a.f Bot. having finger-like divisions bearing pinnate leaflets. 1846 Dana Zooph. palmate.

(1848) 527 Apex often digitato-

digiti- (’didyti), combining form of L. digitus finger (see digit sb.). 'digitiform a., finger¬ like,

digitate,

.digiti'nervate,

DIGNE

655

1882 Times 27 Mar. 6 Digitated stockings for pedestrians. 1882 Standard ig Sept. 5/1 Digitated socks.

scale as possible. 1957 Electronic Engin. XXIX. 568/2 Digitizing an analogue quantity makes the basic assumption that it may adequately be represented by a sufficient number of discreet intervals. 1959 Times Rev. Industry Aug. 24/3 All analogue quantities generated.. are digitized. 1963 Engineering 8 Nov. 604/3 After digitising, the information is stored in 10 bit binary form. 1965 Math, in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) iv. 166 The slight discrepancy of the digitized wave. 1971 Sci. Amer. Feb. 81/3 We shall assume that our slab is a square and that it has been digitized into 64 *, y values or mesh points.

.17 67 G. Canning Poems Pref. 3 Your mere mechanical Digitizers of verses.

1959 C. A. Ferguson in Word XV. 325 Diglossia. In many speech communities two or more varieties of the same language are used by some speakers under different conditions. Ibid., The term ‘diglossia’ is introduced here, modeled on the French diglossie,.. since there seems to be no word in regular use for this in English. 1964 E. Palmer tr. Martinet's Elem. General Linguistics v. 139 Linguists have proposed the term ‘diglossia’ to designate a situation where a community uses.. both a more colloquial idiom of less prestige and another of more learned and refined status. 1965 Language XLI. 502 The concept of diglossia rests.. on the observation that different languages or dialects enjoy varying social and political status within a community.

2. An instrument that converts continuously variable quantities into digital form, generally for use in a digital computer.

Also di'glossic a., of, pertaining to, or characterized by diglossia; capable of using two varieties of a language.

1953 IRE Trans. Electronic Computers II. in. 1/1 The digitizer.. operates by ‘reading’ a coded representation of a given shaft position. 1956 Electronic Engin. XXVIII. 113/1 There are many ingenious ways of performing the analogue to digital conversion.. and the commutator and digitizer types are probably the most useful. 1961 Flight LXXIX. 431/2 A digitizer converts the signals into a serial bit stream of binary data for transmission. 1970 Computers Humanities IV. 244 A digitizer was used to measure and record the coordinates of bends in the outline.

1959 C. A. Ferguson in Word XV. 334 A full analysis of standard German and Swiss German might show this not to be true in that diglossie situation in view of the extensive morphophonemics of Swiss. 1968 Amer. Speech XLI 11. 130 The possibility of an individual being both diglossie and bilingual at the same time is not excluded. 1971 J. Spencer Eng. Lang. W. Afr. 23 For much of the area we are considering there has never existed a diglossie situation, with varieties of Krio and Pidgin competing against the English of the classroom and the written word. 1974 Florida FL Reporter XIII. 32/3 Native speakers of non-standard English (NSE) who have acquired standard typically develop a set of diglossie language habits. 1982 J. Sledd in Eng. World-Wide III. 11. 246 While claiming that Black English is not inferior, many popularizing linguists act as if it is—and set out to guarantee that as the low language in a diglossie situation, it will remain so.

'digitizer, [f. digitize v. + -er] 1. One who points at or counts with the fingers.

digito-, shortened from digitalis: the basis of the names of a series of chemical substances derived from digitalis or fox-glove: see quots. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 330 Digitoleic acid, a kind of fatty acid contained in the leaves of Digitalis purpurea. 1875 H. G. Wood Therap. (1879) 135 Digitonin is asserted to form the bulk of the soluble digitalin of commerce, and to be the same as saponin, the active principle of soap-bark. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digito genin, a crystallisable substance, .. obtained by the action of dilute acids on Digitoresin. Digitolein, a fat obtained from digitalis leaves. It is a combination of glycerin with digitoleic acid. Digito nin, a white amorphous substance.. is said to form a large part of the soluble digitalis of commerce. Digito xin.. is highly poisonous. It forms colourless crystals. Digitoresin, obtained, along with glucose and Digitonein, on boiling Digitonin with dilute acids.

.digiti'nerved,

.digiti'nervous, adjs., Bot., having the ribs of the leaf radiating from the top of the leaf-stalk, .digiti'partite, .digiti'pinnate adjs. (see quot.). 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 433 The branchlets above nearly simple, digitiform. 1849-52 Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 1218/1 The mouth.. is surrounded by six little digitiform >rocesses. 1866 Treas. Bot., Digitinerved, when the ribs of a eaf radiate from the top of the petiole. 1870 Bentley Bot. 156 When there are more than 5 lobes of a similar character, it is sometimes termed digitipartite. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Digitinervate, Digitinervous. Ibid., Digitipinnate, term applied to leaves the petiole of which terminates in secondary petioles bearing leaflets, either pinnate or digitate, forming doubly compound leaves.

f

digitigrade ('didyti.greid). a. and sb. Zool. [a. F. digitigrade, in mod.L. digitigrada (Cuvier 1817), f. L. digit-us (digit) + -gradus, going, walking.] A. adj. Walking on the toes; spec, in Zool. belonging to the tribe Digitigrada of Carnivora (in Cuvier’s classification); also said of the feet, or walk, of such an animal. (Opp. to PLANTIGRADE.) 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 4 The legs also are completely digitigrade; that is to say, the heel is elevated, and does not come into contact with the surface.. Digitigrade animals, which tread only upon the toes .. have much longer legs than plantigrade animals. 1839-47 Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 450/2 The feathered tribe traverse the surface of the earth as digitigrade bipeds. 1881 Mivart Cat 129 The cat’s mode of progression is spoken of as digitigrade.

B. sb. A digitigrade animal. (Chiefly in pi.) 1835 Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. II. xvii. 212 Digitigrades .. consist of the feline, canine, and several other tribes. 1845 Whewell Indie. Creator 41 Some of the orders of quadrupeds, namely the rodents, ruminants, digitigrades. Hence 'digiti,gradism, digitigrade condition. 1887 E. D. Cope Origin of Fittest 376 The groove of the astragalus deepens coincidently with the increase of digitigradism.

'digitin. Chem. [f. digitalis + -in: differentiated from digitalin.] A crystalline substance obtained from digitalis. 1879 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 647 A precipate is obtained consisting of digitalin and digitin.

digitize (’didytaiz), v. [f. digit + -ize.] 1. trans. To manipulate or treat in some way with the fingers: to finger; to point at or count with the fingers, rare. 111704 T. Brown Wks. (1760) II. 211 (D.), None but the devil, besides yourself, could have digitiz’d a pen after so scurrilous a manner. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Digitize, to point to with the finger. 1823 Hone Anc. Myst. 266 The sempstresses, who were very nicely digitising and pleating turnovers.

2. To convert (a continuously variable quantity) into a sequence of digits, generally for use in a digital computer, etc.; to represent in digital form. So 'digitizedppl. a., 'digitizing vbl. sb. 1953 Proc. Inst. Radio Engin. XLI. 1456/2 It is.. desirable to digitize the analog input signals as near to the system full

diglossia (dai'glosis). Philol. [mod.L., ad. F. diglossie, f. Gr. SlyXcoooos bilingual + -ia1.] (See quot. 1964.)

digitorium (didji'toarism). [f. digit sb. + -ORIUM.] A small portable keyboard used for exercising and strengthening the fingers in piano-playing; a dumb piano. 1876 in Stainer & Barrett Diet. Mus. Terms. 1921 Times 15 Jan. 1/3 Wanted, Digitorium. —State size and price.

Digitron ('did^tron). Electr. Also digitron. [f. digi(ts6. 3 + -tron.] The proprietary name of a cold-cathode character display tube. 1958 Trade Marks Jrnl. 18 June 622/1 Digitron. Electric discharge tubes... Ericsson Telephones Limited, i960 N. McLoughlin et al. in Electronic Engin. Mar. 140/1 A new form of visual indication which has recently been developed is the Digitron, a cold-cathode character display tube. This tube, unlike the Dekatron, is not a counting device but is used to indicate the state of count or of switching position in the associated circuits. 1961 New Scientist 10 Aug. 350/1 The digitron.. is essentially a neon lamp in which the cathode is formed in the shape of the required character—a number, a letter or a symbol.

f di'gladiate, v. Obs. [ad. L. dlgladiari f. di-, dis- asunder, in different directions + gladius a sword: cf. gladiator.) intr. To ‘cross swords’; to contend, dispute. 01656 Hales Gold. Rem. (1688) 56 Mutual Pasquils and Satyrs against each others lives, wherein digladiating like Eschines and Demosthenes, they reciprocally lay open each others filthiness to the view and scorn of the world.

digladiation (daiglaedi'eijan). Now rare or arch. Also 7 de-. [noun of action f. L. digladiari: see DIGLADIATE.]

1. Fighting or fencing with swords; hand-tohand fight. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xvii. (Arb.) 52 In those great Amphitheatres were exhibited all manner of other shewes.. as their fence playes, or digladiations of naked men. 1650 R. Stapylton Strada's Low C. Warres ix. 44 margin, His Digladiations in the night time. 1715 tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. II. xx. 393 This manner of Digladiation was very ancient; such was the Skirmish we read of in the poet Horace.

2 .jig. Strife or bickering of words; wrangling, contention, disputation. 1590 R. Bruce Serm. i. B ij b, Gif they had keeped the Apostles words .. all this digladiatioun, strife and contention appearandly had not fallen out. a 1619 Fotherby Atheom. 1. v. §3 (1622) 34 Their contentions and digladiations grew to be so notorious, as made them all ridiculous. 1692 J. Edwards Remarkable Texts 211 A Christian, whose religion forbids all foolish bickerings and degladiations about mean and inconsiderable matters. 1819 McCrie Melville II. xi. 304 Scholastic wrangling and digladiation. 1879 M. Pattison Milton ix. 107 In these literary digladiations readers are always ready to side with a new writer.

di'gladiator. Obs. or arch, [agent-n. f. digladiari, on analogy of gladiator.] combatant; one who contends or disputes.

L. A

1803 Monthly Mag. XVI. 225 Those polemical digladiators, who.. divided and convulsed all literary institutions.

diglot, diglott (’daiglot), a. and sb. [ad. Gr. SiyAcorr-os speaking two languages, f. Si-, Siotwice + yXwrra, Attic for yXwooa, tongue, language.] Using or containing two languages, bilingual; expressed or written in two languages; also as sb. A diglot book or version (cf. polyglot). So di'glottic, a. (in quot., Speaking two languages); 'diglottism, the use of two languages, or of words derived from two languages. 1863 in Smith's Diet. Bible III. 1557 The conquests of Alexander and of Rome had made men diglottic to an extent which has no parallel in history. 1871 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §78 Words run much in couples, the one being English the other French .. In the following.. there are two of these diglottisms in a single line. ‘Trouthe and honour, fredom and curteisye’. 1885 Rept. Brit. & For. Bible Soc. App. B 361 The other edition [of the Breton N.T.] is a diglot form with the Revised Ostervald New Testament. 1890 Academy 8 Nov. 424/1 Of the Bibles, &c., printed in more than one language.. there are 21 English ‘di-glotts’, 12 French, and 6 German.

diglute, obs. f. deglute, to swallow. digly'ceric, -'glyceride, -'glycerol, -gly'collic, Chem.: see di-2 2d, and glyceric, etc. 1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 626 Diglyceric acid has not been actually obtained. Ibid. 706 Diglycollic Acid is also called Paramalic Acid. 1881 Nature XXIII. 245 Diglycollic acid.. obtained by the action of sodium hydrate on diglycollamic acid.

diglyph ('daighf). Arch. [mod. ad. Gr. 8lyXixj>-os doubly indented, f. 81- twice + yXvfoiv to carve; cf. F. diglyphe (Littre).] An ornament consisting of a projecting face or tablet with two vertical grooves or channels. (Cf. triglyph.) 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Diglyph, a kind of imperfect triglyph, console, or the like, with only two chanels, or engravings, instead of three. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 584 Diglyph, a tablet with two engravings or channels. 1854 E. de Warren tr. De Saulcy's Round Dead Sea II. 254 These metopes are divided from each other by triglyphs, which may be called more correctly diglyphs, as they only bear two flutes and two drops.

t dignation (dig'neijsn). Obs. [a. OF. dignation, -acion, ad. L. digndtibn-em, n. of action f. dignare, -art to think worthy, deign.] The action of deeming or treating any one as worthy, the conferring of dignity or honour; favour shown or honour conferred; condescension: chiefly said of the gracious action of a superior. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione in. liv, For pou takist not pis wip pin ovne pou3t.. but onely by dignacion of pe most hie grace, & of godly beholdyng. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 201 b, This werke is the eflFecte of his hye dignacion, power and goodnes. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. 1. §2. 22 S. Elizabeth .. wondering at the dignation and favour done to her. 1659 Hammond On Ps. viii. Paraphr. 44 The magnifying of God’s wonderfull goodnesse.. and his dignations to mankind. 01703 Burkitt On N.T. Rom. vi. 19 The great dignation and gracious condescension of Christ. 1737 Stackhouse Hist. Bible {1767) IV. vi. v. 207 A great favour and dignation done her.

f digne, a. Obs. Also a. 4 dingne, dyngne, 5 dign, dynge, 5-6 dygne, 6 Sc. ding, dyng. fi. 4-5 deyn(e. [ME. digne, a. F. digne {1 ith c. in Hatz.-Darm.), early ad. L. dignus worthy. The form deyn might

represent an OF. *dein, inherited form of dignus: but cf. dain a.] 1. Of high worth or desert; worthy, honourable, excellent (in nature, station, or estimation; cf. dignity i, 2). 1297 R- Glouc. (1724) 132 J?e digne sege ywys..J?at at London now ys. 1340 Ayenb. 109 J>e pr'\ uerste benes of pe pater noster.. byeth pe he3este and pe dingneste. 0 1400-50 Alexander 882 Darius pe deyne [Dubl. MS. digne] Empereure. Ibid. 1958, I, sir Dari, pe deyne [Dubl. MS. digne] and derfe Emperoure. c 1440 York Myst. xxviii. 1 Beholde my discipulis pat deyne is and dere, a 1450 Knt. de la Tour ii. 5 It is an higher and more digne thinge forto praise and thanke God. 1513 Douglas JEneis xm. ix. 67 Of conquerouris and soueran pryncis dyng [rime kyng]. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 367 With diamonds ding, and margretis mony one. 1578 Ps. cvi. in Scot. Poems 16th C. II. 107 Declair. .Thy nobill actes and digne remembrance.

2. Worthy, deserving.

dignity

656

DIGNELY

Const, of (to), or inf.

a 1375 Joseph Arim. 252 Cum J?ou hider, Iosaphe; for J?ou art Iugget clene, And art digne j>er-to. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. If 715 Hem pat 3euen chirches to hem pat ben not digne. r 1430 Lydg. Bochas iv. ix. (1544) 106 a, To write also hys triumphes digne of glorye. 4-1450 Merlin 583 Ye be full digne to resceyve the ordre of chiualrie. 01555 Lyndesay Tragedie 86 In France .. I did Actis ding of Remembrance. 1643 Prynne Open. Gt. Seale 6 The state of the Church is come unto this, that she is not digne to be governed But of ill Bishops.

3. Befitting, becoming, appropriate, fit. Const. to, unto, of, for. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1738 Lucretia, Hyre cuntinaunce is to here herte digne. c 1386-Man of Law's T. 680 O Domegyld, I haue non englisch digne Vnto py malice and py tyrannye. c 1420 Pallad. on Hush. xi. 7 Lande lene, or fatte, or drie, is for it digne. 1504 Atkynson tr. De Imitatione III. liv, Gyue dygne & moost large graces to the hye goodnes of god. 1549 Chaloner Erasmus on Folly K ij a, All the worlde .. offreth me .. farre dearer and more digne sacrifices, than theirs are.

4. Having a great opinion of one’s own worth; proud, haughty, disdainful; esp. in phr. as digne as ditch-water (cf. ‘stinking with pride’), as digne as the devil. Cf. dain a. 1340-70 Alisaunder 313 J>e menne of pat marche .. were so ding of peir deede, dedain pat they had pat any gome under God gouern hem sholde. C1386 Chaucer Prol. 517 He [the Parson] was nat to synful man despitous Ne of his speche daungerous ne digne. c 1386-Reeve's T. 44 She was as digne [Harl. Lansd. deyne] as water in a dich, as ful of hoker and of bismare. c 1394 P. PL Crede 355 For wij? pe princes of pride pe prechours dwellen; pei ben digne as pe devel pat droppej? fro heuene. Ibid. 375 J?er is more pryue pride in prechours hertes pan per lefte in Lucyfer er he were lowe fallen; J?ey ben digne as dich water.

t 'dignely, adv. Obs. Also 4 -li, 4-5 -liche, -lyche, 6 -lie. [f. prec. + -ly2.] 1. Worthily, honourably; befittingly, deservingly, condignly. c 1315 Shoreham 32 Thou hest of-served dygnelyche The pyne of helle vere. 1340 Ayenb. 20 pet J»ou nere na3t digneliche y-di3t be ssrifpe and by vort?enc.hinge. c 1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 62 }?ei wolen sitte wij> lordis and ladies at pe mete ful dignely. 4:1400 Test. Love 1. (1561) 287b/i The name of Goddes dignely ye mow beare. 1513 Douglas JEneis 11. Prol. 7 Bot sen I follow the poete principall.. God grant me grace him dingly to ensew. 1567 Drant Horace Epist. Avj, When mortall man cannot reforme Nor dignely plage the cryme.

2. Haughtily, scornfully. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 975 (1024) Touchynge I?i lettre .. I wot thow nylt it digneliche endite.

fdi'gnesse. Obs. [a. AFr. *dignesse, f. digne worthy + -esse repr. L. -itia: cf. bassesse, richesse, vilesse, etc.] Worthiness, dignity; haughtiness. *399 Langl. Rich. Redeles hi. 127 Swiche fifresshe ffoodis beth ffeet in to chambris, And flfor her dignesse en-dauntid of dullisshe nollis.

dignification (.digmfi'keifon). Now rare. [ad. med.L. dignification-em, n. of action from dignificdre: cf. obs. F. dignificacion (Godef.).] The action of dignifying, or fact of being dignified; conferring of dignity. 1577 Dee Relat. Spir. 1. (1659) 63 In respect of thy dignification.. I say with the[e] Hallelujah. 01612 Donne Biadavaros (1644) 57 Humane nature after the first fall, till the restitution and dignification thereof by Christ. 1653 Walton Angler 13 Where a noble and ancient Descent and such merits meet in any man, it is a double dignification of that person. 4:1781 in Boswell Johnson 4 June an. 1781 To demean themselves with .. equanimity.. upon their.. dignification and exaltation.

dignified ('digmfaid), ppl. a.

[f. dignify

+

-ED1.]

1. Invested with dignity; exalted. *763 J- Brown Poetry & Mus. vi. 100 We shall see the Bard’s Character rising again in its dignified State. 1781 Cowper Charity 2 Fairest and foremost of the train that wait On man’s most dignified and happiest state.

f2. Holding a position of dignity; ranking as a dignitary (esp. ecclesiastical). Obs. 1667-8 Marvell Corr. xc. Wks. 1872-5 II. 240 It hath bin ..mov’d to raise 100,000/1... upon the dignifyd Clergy. 1712 E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 396 To the Cathedral belong.. five dignify’d Priests, being the Dean, Arch-Deacon, School-Master, Chanter, and Treasurer. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 6 Abbots are stiled dignify’d Clerks, as having some Dignity in the Church, i860 Mrs. Gaskell Right at Last 30 My father was the son of a dignified clergyman.

3. Marked by dignity of manner, style, or appearance; characterized by lofty self-respect without haughtiness; stately, noble, majestic. 01812 J. S. Buckminster (Webster, 1828) To the great astonishment of the Jews, the manners of Jesus are familiar, yet dignified. 1840 Carlyle Heroes v. (1891) 147 A Pulpit, environed with all manner of complex dignified appurtenances and furtherances. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. 11. xiii. 299 The general character of the oratory was dignified and graceful. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 447 His State papers.. are models of terse, luminous, and dignified eloquence. 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. viii. 291 A man of dignified appearance. 1878 Bosw. Smith Carthage 262 Silence, mournful.. but dignified, was observed in the public streets.

'dignifiedly, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a dignified manner; with dignity or its appearance. 1818 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 481 The same littleness of mind which made.. Boniface dignifiedly incommunicative to all without badges or titles. 1868 Browning Ring & Bk. in. 391 Whereon did Pietro.. sally forth dignifiedly into the square. 1885 Century Mag. XXX. 384 Verona is dignifiedly disagreeable.

dignifier ('digmfai3(r)). [f. dignify 4* -er1.] One who dignifies; one who confers dignity. 1612 R. Sheldon Serm. St. Martin's 50 God the Dignifier, the Sanctifier, and Beautifier of the sacrifice. 1741 Pamela (1742) II. 284 The vilest lowest Taste in his sordid Dignifier. Richardson

dignify ('dignifai), v. [a. OF. dignefier, dignifier, ad. med.L. dignificdre, f. dign-us worthy + -ficare: see -fy.] 1. trans. To make worthy or illustrious; to confer dignity or honour upon; to ennoble, honour. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 210 Illumyned & dignyfyed of Chryst. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 1. i. 22 Such a Day.. Came not, till now, to dignifie the Times Since Csesars Fortunes, c 1600-Sonn. lxxxiv, He that writes of you, if he can tell That you are you, so dignifies his story. 1667 Milton P.L. ix. 940 Us his prime Creatures, dignifi’d so high, Set over all his Works. 1732 Pope Hor. Sat. 11. ii. 141 No Turbots dignify my boards. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 357 As accent dignifies the syllable on which it is laid, and makes it more distinguished by the ear than the rest. 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. Introd. 16 There arose to dignify the struggle the moral principle which all this time it had wanted.

b. To render majestic or stately. 1749 Smollett Gil Bl. xi. v, He would write as well as he speaks, if, in order to dignify his style, he did not affect expressions which render it stiff and obscure, c 1790 Cowper On Milton's P.L. 1. 689 How an act or image, vulgar and ordinary in itself, may be dignified by mere force of diction. 1791 —— Odyss. xxm. 181 Then Pallas.. dignified his form With added amplitude.

c. In lighter use: To represent as worthy (by implication, as worthier than it is); to give a high-sounding name or title to. [1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. iv. v. 103 Yet giues he not till iudgment guide his bounty, Nor dignifies an impaire thought with breath. 1665 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. 80 ’Tis usual for men to dignifie what they have bestowed pains upon.] 1750 H. Walpole Lett. H. Mann (1834) II. ccxxii. 374 You will think my letters are absolute jest and story books unless you.. dignify them with the title of Walpoliana. 1791-1823 D’Israeli Cur. Lit. (1839) III. 341 The science of books, for so bibliography is sometimes dignified. Mod. A school dignified with the name of a college.

f 2. To invest with a dignity or honour; to exalt in rank; to confer a title of honour upon. ? Obs. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 5/2 Emperors in ancient time haue dignified them in titles. 1660 Blount Boscobel 11. (1680) 21 The Earl of Southampton .. now with much merit dignifyed with the great office of Lord High Treasurer. 1727 W. Mather Yng. Man's Comp. 105 Nor ought Sons of the Nobility to be Dignified.. with less than the Title of Honourable, as being their due by Birth-Right.

Hence 'dignifying vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 101 The GrandSeignior never nameth us with dignifying titles. 1639 Ld. Digby, etc. Lett. cone. Relig. (1657) 81 Those dignifying circumstances .. belong onely to such doctrines [etc.]. Ibid. 82 That seal, with those quarterings and dignifyings wherewith you blazon it.

dignitarial (digni'tsanal), a. [f. dignitary + -al1.] Of or belonging to a dignitary. 1885 Ch. Times 20 Feb. 135/3 The perversity of the dignitarial mind was curiously exemplified.

dignitary ('digmtan), sb. (a.) Also 7 -ory. [f. L. dignitas or Eng. dignity + -ary: cf., for the sense, prebendary, for the form, L. voluntarius voluntary, from voluntas: so F. dignitaire sb. (1752 in Trevoux).] A. sb. One invested with a dignity; a personage holding high rank or office, esp. ecclesiastical. 1672-3 Marvell Reh. Transp. 1. 282 There was a gentleman of your robe, a Dignitory of Lincoln, a 1745 Swift (J.), If there be any dignitaries, who preferments are .. not liable to the accusation of the superfluity. 1756-7 tr. Keysler’s Trav. (1760) I. 15 Princes, bishops, counts, rich dignitaries, abbots. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 248 A very high ecclesiastical dignitary. 1836 Irving Astoria I. 100 The captain.. paid a visit to the governor. This dignitary proved to be an old sailor, by the name of John Young. 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. ii. 266 It represents three dignitaries, probably priests.

B. adj. Of, belonging to, or invested with a dignity (esp. ecclesiastical). 1715 M. Davies Ath. Brit. I. 163 The most eminent Dignitary Churchmen. 1733 Neal Hist. Purit. II. 148 They complimented the Roman Catholick priests with their dignitary titles.

digni'torial, a. [erroneous for dignitarial.] 1817 T. C. Banks (title). History of the Ancient Noble Family of Marmyun.. also their Dignitorial Tenures and the services of London, Oxford, &c.

dignity ('digruti). Forms: 3-4 dignete, 3-6 -ite, 4 dyng-, dingnete, 4-5 dignitee, -ytee, 4-6 dy-, dignyte, 6-7 dignifie, 7- dignity, [a. OF. dignete, F. dignite (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. dignitat-em merit, worth, f. dignus worthy: see -ity. Cf. also DAINTY, a. OF. deintie, the inherited form of dignitatem.] 1. The quality of being worthy or honourable; worthiness, worth, nobleness, excellence. a 1225 Ancr. R. 140 Nis nout eScene of hwuche dignite heo [the soul] is, ne hu heih is hire cunde. c 1230 Hali Meid. 5 Of se muche dignete, and swuch wurSschipe. C1393 Chaucer Gentilesse 5 For vn-to vertue longeth dignytee. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) vi. 18 A name of grete dignitee and of grete worschepe. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 20 Of the preeminens and excellent dignitiee of the Pater noster. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. v. 48 From me, whose loue was of that dignity, That it went hand in hand even with the Vow I made to her in Marriage. 1657 Austen Fruit Trees 1. 11 The dignity and value of Fruit-trees. 1787 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 95, I recollect no work of any dignity which has been lately published. 1795 Wordsw. Yew-tree Seat, True dignity abides with him alone Who, in the silent hour of inward thought, Can still suspect, and still revere himself, In lowliness of heart. 1836 Sir H. Taylor Statesman xv. 107 It is of the essence of real dignity to be self-sustained, and no man’s dignity can be asserted without being impaired. 1874 Blackie Self-Cult. 75 The real dignity of a man lies not in what he has, but in what he is.

t b. The quality of being worthy of something; desert, merit. Obs. rare. 1548 R. Hutten Sum of diuinitie Esa, Fayth leaneth onelye vpon mercy, not of our dygnytye. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 154 To suppose that God should fetch the commun rule of his giving or not giving grace, from mans dignitie or indignitie.

2. Honourable or high estate, position, or estimation; honour; degree of estimation, rank. c 1230 Hali Meid. 15 Eadie meiden, understond in hu heh dignete pe mihte of meidenhad halt te. 1340 Ayenb. 215 )>ere ssolle pe greate lhordes and pe greate lheuedyes uoryete.. hare dingnete, and hare he3nesse. 1399 Rolls Pari. III. 424/1 Ye renounsed and cessed of the State of Kyng, and of Lordeshipp and of all the Dignite and Wirsshipp that longed therto. c 1400 Rom. Rose 7682 I.. have pouste To shryve folk of most dignyte. 1538 Starkey England 1. iv. 139 Gyuyng somewhat to the dygnyte of presthode. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. vi. (1611) 12 Stones, though in dignitie of nature inferior to plants. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. v. i. 183 His Sonne, who ha’s (His Dignitie, and Dutie both cast off) Fled from his Father, from his Hopes, and with A Shepheards Daughter. 1711 Swift Lett. (1767) III. 177, I fear I shall be sometimes forced to stoop beneath my dignity, and send to the ale-house for a dinner. 1751 Harris Hermes (1841) 119 There is no kind of subject, having its foundation in nature, that is below the dignity of a philosophical inquiry. 1786 Han. More Florio 78 Small habits well pursued betimes, May reach the dignity of crimes. 1891 Law Times XCII. 124/1 The post of Irish Chancellor has increased rather than diminished in dignity since the Union. fig. 1541 Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Hjb, May the herte.. sustayne dysease longe? Answere. No, for his great dygnyte. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 215 Consider the dignity of the part affected, so that the heart must not be tryed by vehement remedies.

b. collect. Persons of high estate or rank (cf. the quality). 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. Pref. in Arb. Garner III. 73 My Lord’s Grace, my Lord of Warwick, the other estates of the Council there, with the rest of the dignity of the army did ..tarry., at Berwick. 1793 Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 149, I cannot see the dignity of a great kingdom, and, with its dignity, all its virtue, imprisoned or exiled, without great pain. attrib. 1833 Marryat P. Simple xxxi, A dignity ball is a ball given by the most consequential of their coloured people [in Barbadoes].

3. An honourable office, rank, or title; a high official or titular position. TI290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 72/54 Bischop him made..seint Edward pe king, And a-feng him in his dignete. c 1330 R. Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15112 Seint Gregore tok pe dignete, And was pope prytty 3er. 1520 Caxton’s Chron. Eng. ccxxxvi. 258 Tho that were chose to bisshoppes sees and dignytees. 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 208 Edward duke of Yorke, whiche .. had untrewly usurped the Croune and Imperial dignitie of this realme. 1659 B. Harris Parival’s Iron Age 123 He procured the Dignity of General to be taken away from the duke of Frithland. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 98 By a Dignity, we understand that Promotion or Preferment, to which any Jurisdiction is annex’d. 1781 Gibbon Decl. F. III. 231 He.. distributed the civil and military dignities among his favourites and followers. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. i. 18 The dignity of Roman prefect. 1884 L'pool Mercury 3 Mar. 5/1 Her Majesty has conferred the dignity of a viscountcy upon Sir Henry B. W. Brand. Brunne

b. transf. A person holding a high office or position; a dignitary. c 1450 Holland Howlat 690 Denys and digniteis. 1598 Ep. Ded., That I.. may.. entertaine so high, if not deities yet dignities. 1611 Bible Jude 8 These filthy dreamers.. speake euill of dignities. 1656 Heylin Surv. France 93 There is.. in this Church a Dean 7 Dignities and Florio

DIGNORATE

657

50 Canons. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 359 Godlike shapes and forms.. Princely Dignities, And Powers that earst in Heaven sat on Thrones. 1865 Kingsley Herew. i, Thou art very like to lose thy tongue by talking such ribaldry of dignities.

4. Nobility or befitting elevation of aspect, manner, or style; becoming or fit stateliness, gravity. (Cf. dignified 2.) 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 489 Grace was in all her steps.. In every gesture dignitie and love. 1725 Pope Odyss. vi. 73 A dignity of dress adorns the Great. 1752 Fielding Amelia I. viii, He uttered this.. with great majesty, or, as he called it, dignity. 1811 Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 205/1 All establishments die of dignity. They are too proud to think themselves ill, and to take a little physic. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. 11. i. 248 He preserved in his domestic arrangements the dignity of a literary and public man. 1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) II. xxx. 557 He opposed the effect of these instructions with such silent dignity as to command general respect. 1878 B. Taylor Deukalion 11. iv. 77 So much of dignity in ruin lives.

DIGRESSION

One is the set of intersection-lines between the principal and secondary planes of symmetry... The first.. are called the digonal. 1898 Nature 27 Jan. 309 Only digonal, trigonal, [tetragonal,] and hexagonal axes [of symmetry] are possible with crystals. 1911 A. E. Tutton Crystallography x. 136 A digonal axis.. is such that half a complete revolution about it restores the original appearance of the crystal. 1929 H. A. Miers Mineralogy (ed. 2) i. 65 The crystals of this class.. possess three digonal axes coinciding with the crystal axes, and no other symmetry.

digoneutic (daigau'njurtik), a. Entom. [f. Gr. St-, twice + yoveii-eiv to beget, of which the vbl. adj. would be *yovcvT-os.] Producing two broods in a year; doublebrooded. Hence digo'neutism, the condition of being digoneutic. 1889 S. H. Scudder in Nature XXXIX. 319 Capt. Elwes .. fails to make a distinction between the successive seasonal forms of a digoneutic butterfly.

b. Rhet. 1828 Webster, Dignity, in oratory, one of the three parts of elocution, consisting in the right use of tropes and figures.

5. Astrol. A situation of a planet in which its influence is heightened, either by its position in the zodiac, or by its aspects with other planets. C1391 Chaucer Astrol. Table of Contents, Tables of dignetes of planetes. Ibid. 11. §4 The lord of the assendent.. whereas he is in his dignite and contorted with frendly aspectys of planetes. 1632 Massinger City Madam 11. ii, Saturn out of all dignities.. and Venus in the south angle elevated above him. 1647 Lilly Chr. Astrol. vi. 49 Almuten, of any house is that Planet who hath most dignities in the Signe ascending or descending upon the Cusp of any house. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., In Astrology, Dignities are the Advantages a Planet has upon account of its being in a particular place of the Zodiack, or in such a Station with other Planets, etc. by which means its Influences and Virtue are encreas’d. 1839 Bailey Festus (1872) 121 Ye planetary sons of light! Your aspects, dignities, ascendances.

f6. The term for a ‘company’ of canons. Obs. i486 Bk. St. Albans Fvija, A Dignyte of chanonys.

f 7. Alg. = POWER. Obs. 17*5 Phil. Trans. XXIX. 211 Mr. Newton introduced., the Fract, Dignities.

Surd, Negative and

Indefinitive

Indices of

H 8. [Erroneous or fantastic rendering of Gr. d^ico/xa ‘honour, worth, dignity’, also ‘first principle, axiom’.] A self-evident theorem, an axiom. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. vii. 25 These Sciences [mathematics], concluding from dignities and principles knowne by themselves, they receive not satisfaction from probable reasons, much lesse from bare and peremptory asseverations.

t'dignorate, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. dignorare, quoted in the same sense from Paul, ex Fest.j

digonous ('digsunas, dai-), a. Bot. [ad. mod.L. digon-us, f. Gr. St-, twice + -ywvos angled: cf. rplywvos three-cornered.] Having two angles. 1788 Jas. Lee Introd. Bot. in. iv. (ed. 4) 181 Digonous, Trigonous, Tetragonous.. having two, three, four.. Angles. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

digoxigeiiin (did3nk'sid33nin, did3Dksi'd3emn). Chem. [f. digox(in + genin.] A hydrolysis product of digoxin, C23H34O5. 1930 Sydney Smith in Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 509 Digoxigenin separates from ethyl acetate in stout colourless prisms. 1956 Nature 11 Feb. 278/2 A higher dose of digoxigenin is required to produce the same degree of potentiation as digoxin.

digoxin (di'd3t>ksin). Chem. [f. dig(italis + t)oxin.] A crystalline glycoside, C41H64014, obtained from the leaves of the woolly foxglove, Digitalis lanata, and used chiefly in the treatment of heart-diseases.

discernible; quality of

1671 True Nonconf. 189 As dignoscible by.. these characters, as the night is by darkness. 1674 [Z. Cawdrey] Catholicon 22 That dignoscitive power.. whereby their spiritual sense discerns betwixt good and evil.

fdig'note, v. Obs. rare[f. L. *dignot ppl. stem of dtgnoscere] = dignosce. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. Pref., Every Simple., may be dignoted in its nature and quality.

fdig'notion. Obs. [n. of action f. dignot- ppl. stem of L. dtgnoscere: see dignosce and -ion1.] The action of distinguishing or discerning; a distinguishing mark or sign. 1578 Banister 1657 Tomlinson be certain. 1658 Temperamentall humours.

Hist. Man I. io The dignotion of sauors. Renou's Disp. 42 That this dignotion may Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xxii. 327 dignotions, and conjecture of prevalent

f'dignous, a. Obs. [f. L. dign-us worthy + -ous.] Worthy, honourable. 1630 T. Westcote Devon. 170 A dignous family of this diocese. Ibid. (1845) 314 The ancient and dignous family of Coffin.

digonal ('diganal, dai'gaunal), a. Cryst. [f. di-2 + Gr. ywvia angle + -al.] Denoting an axis of two-fold symmetry. 1890 G. H. Williams Elem. Crystallogr. (ed. 2) iii. 47 Two other sets of axes are of use in the isometric system.

f3. To diverge transgress. Obs.

from

the

right

path,

to

1541-93 [see digressing below]. 1640 G. Watts tr. Bacon's Adv. Learn, vii. iii. (R.), So man, while he aspired to be like God in knowledge, digressed and fell.

fb. trans. To transgress.

Obs.

1592 Wyrley Armorie 56 Faire points of honor I would not disgresse.

4. intr. To deviate from the subject in discourse or writing. (Now the most frequent sense.)

Hence digressing di'gressingly adv.

A proposed synonym of digraph1.

digraph1 ('daigraif, -as-), [f. Gr. 81- twice, di-2, 4- ypo.()>fj writing, etc.] A group of two letters expressing a simple sound of speech.

Hence f dig'noscible a., fdig'noscitive a., having the discerning.

1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. lxxi. 16 As the other translation agreeth very well, I would not digresse from it. 1592 Shaks. Rom. Gf Jul. iii. iii. 127 Thy Noble shape, is but a forme of waxe, Digressing from the Valour of a man. 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 25 Digresse good sir from such lewd songs. 1611 Ussher in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 39 The subjects rebelled, and digressed from their allegiance.

'digram.

fdig'nosce, v. Obs. [ad. L. dignoscere to recognize apart, distinguish, f. di-, dis-, di-1 4 (g)noscere to know.] To distinguish, discern, a. trans.

1641 Sc. Acts Chas. /(1870) V. 344 Who shall have pouer to dignose and take cognitione whither the same falles within the said act of pacificatione. 1676 W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. xii. (1848) 539 A committee appointed to dignosce upon the supplication.

f2. fig. To depart or deviate (from a course, mode of action, rule, standard, etc.); to diverge. Obs.

1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 218 But Eusebius.. wrote unto Alexander that he should revoke the deprivation and digraduation past.

t digradu'ation. Obs. var. of degraduation1: cf. also DISGRADUATE V.

1864 in Webster. 1964 Endeavour Jan. 15/2 In English .. ‘TR’ is more frequent than ‘TU’, and Q is always followed by U. Such ‘di-gram’, and even some ‘tri-gram’, frequencies have frequently been counted.

b. intr. To discern; to decide.

1552 Huloet, Digresse or go a little out of the pathe, digredior. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda Conq. E. Ind. 65 b, It was not vnpossible but that they might somewhat digresse from their right course. 1603 Dekker Grissil (Shaks. Soc.) 22, I must disgress from this bias, and leave you. 1649 Alcoran 86 God .. punisheth them that digresse from the right path. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 25 f 11 Frighted from digressing into new tracts of learning. 1825 Lamb Elia Ser. 11. Superannuated man, I find myself in Bond Street.. I digress into Soho, to explore a bookstall. fb. Astron. Cf. digression 3. Obs. 1601 Holland Pliny 1. 12 Shee (Venus) beginnes to digresse in latitude and to diminish her motion from the mom rising: but to be retrograde, and withall to digresse in altitude from the euening station.

1530 Palsgr. 516/1, I dygresse from my mater and talke of a thyng that nothynge belongeth therunto. 1555 Eden Decades 8 To retume to the matter from which we haue digressed. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 74 Let vs come againe to our example from which wee haue much distressed. 1682 Burnet Rights Princes viii. 292, I shall not digress to give any account of these. 1727 Swift Modest Proposal, I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my subject. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 200 ffio While we were conversing upon such subjects.. he frequently digressed into directions to the servant. 1813 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. I. 374 Mr. P. digresses on the subject of parliamentary reform. 1869 Farrar Fam. Speech iii. (1873) 99. I will not here digress into the interesting question as to the origin of writing.

1930 Sydney Smith in Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 508 Digoxin, a new digitalis glucoside. Ibid., This new glucoside, which has been named digoxin, resembles gitoxin in its sparing solubility in chloroform. 1956 [see prec.]. 1961 Lancet 9 Sept. 573/2 He was placed on maintenance digoxin. 1968 J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol, (ed. 9) 36 Thus digoxin is given by mouth, or it is given intravenously.

1623 Cockeram, Dignorate, to marke a beast. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dignorate, to mark, as men do beasts, to know them.

a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. iv. (1677) 200 All the Painters and Writers were called for dignoscing the letters and draughts. 1645 Liberty of Consc. 16 The true worshippers of God cannot be certainly and infallibly dignosced from the false worshippers. 1671 True Nonconf. 391 The consideration .. whereupon the right dignoscing of such deeds doth mostly depend, is oftentimes most difficult.

digress (di'gres, dai-), v. Also 6-7 disgress. [f. L. digress- ppl. stem of digredi to go aside, depart, f. di-, dis- i 4 gradt to step, walk, go.] 1. intr. To go aside or depart from the course or track; to diverge, deviate, swerve.

a 1788 T. Sheridan (L.), All improper diphthongs, or, as I have called them, digraphs, are changed into the single vowels which they stand for. 1812 J. C. Hobhouse Journey Albania App. 1061 If these combinations of vowels had been distinguished in writing only.. their name would have been digraphs, and not dipthongs. 1873 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue § 193 He would therefore recognise the consonantal digraphs ch, gh .. sh, th, wh, ng, as alphabetic characters. 1877 Sweet Phonetics 174 If.. we exclude new letters .. we are obliged to fall back on digraphs.

digraph2 ('daigraif, -te-). Math. [f. directed ppl. a. + graph ift.1] A graph (sense i) in which each line has a direction associated with it; a finite, non-empty set of elements together with a set of ordered pairs of these elements. 1955 F. Harary in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. LXXVII. 445 Our object is.. to count various kinds of generalizations of graphs. These include directed graphs (digraphs), rooted graphs [etc.]. 1965 -Structural Models i. 2 Tne theory of directed graphs, or more briefly ‘digraphs’ (a term suggested by G. Polya). 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. vii. 299 A road map in which every road is one-way would be a digraph. 1976 Bondy & Murty Graph Theory with Applications x. 171 Every concept that is valid for graphs automatically applies to digraphs too... However, there are many concepts that involve the notion of orientation, and these apply only to digraphs. 1980 Sci. Amer. Mar. 18/2 No matter how the arrowheads are placed on a complete digraph, there will always be a directed path that visits each point just once. Such a path is called a Hamiltonian.

digraphic (dai'grsfik), a. [f. digraph sb.1 + -ic: after Gr. ypaiKos, pertaining to writing, graphic.] 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of a digraph. 1873-4 Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds 23 Cases of the arbitrary use of consonants as digraphic modifiers also occur.

2. Written alphabets.

in

two

different

characters or

1880 Scribner's Mag. June 205 This was a bilingual (or digraphic, as both inscriptions are in the same language), published by De Vogue. 1895 Times 5 Feb. 12/3 The Digraphic Copybook, Longhand and Shorthand.

vbl.

sb.

and

ppl.

a.,

1529 More Comf. agst. Trib. 11. Wks. 1200/1 Were it properly perteining to ye present matter, or sumwhat disgressing therfro. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, (Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 218) Albeit that upon any disloyaltie or disgressing contrary to the duety of a subject. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, v. iii. 66 This deadly blot, in thy digressing sonne. 1864 Q. Rev. CXVI. 168 The sarcophagus on which appears the incident we have thus digressingly analysed.

t digress, sb. Obs. [ad. L. digress-us departure, f. ppl. stem of digredi: see digress u.] = DIGRESSION 2. 1598 Yong Diana 76, I thee espie Talking with other Shepherdesses, All is of feastes and brauerie, Who daunceth best, and like digresses. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. xi. x. §43 Nor let any censure this a digress from my history. 1679 Harby Key Script. 1. 9, I am driven.. here.. to a brief Digress.

digresser (di'gresajr), dai-). -er1.] One who digresses.

[f. digress v. +

1654 Baxter (title), Reduction of a Digresser or Mr. Baxter’s reply to Kendall’s Digression. 1824 Scott St. Ronan's xiv, Who, though somewhat of a digresser himself, made little allowance for the excursions of others.

digression (di'grejsn, dai-). Also 5-7 dis-, 5-8 de-. [a. OF. disgressiun, digressiun (12th c.), mod.F. digression, ad. L. digression-em, n. of action from digredi: see digress v.] 1. The action of digressing, or turning aside from a path or track; swerving, deviation. (Now somewhat rare in lit. sense.) 1552 Huloet, Digression, digressio. 1670 Cotton Espernon 1. iv. 144 By this little digression into Gascony, the Duke had an opportunity.. to re-inforce himself with some particular Servants of his. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. Rome 379 We made a digression to S. Marino. 1823 J. D. Hunter Captiv. N. Amer. 86 This digression up the Kansas was undertaken [etc.].

t b.fig. Moral deviation or going astray. Obs. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas. 1. xxi, Nature.. More stronger had her operacion Then she had nowe in her digression. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. i. ii. 121, I may example my digression by some mighty president. 1593-Lucr. 202 Then my digression is so vile, so base, That it will Hue engrauen in my face.

fc. Deviation from rule. Obs. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 299 Monsters Aristotle calleth Excursions and Digressions of Nature.

'digrave, obs. or dial. var. of dike-grave.

2. Departure or deviation from the subject in discourse or writing; an instance of this. (The earliest and most frequent sense.)

1721-1800 Bailey, Digrave, Dike-grave, an Officer who takes Care of Banks and Ditches.

c 1374 Chaucer Troylus 1. 87 (143) It were a long degression Fro my matere. 1430 Lydg. Chron. Troy 1. i, I

wyll no longer make degression. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. lxix. 49, I woll retoume my style to Octauis, from whom I haue made a longe degression, a 1535 More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 99 Which thyng I might proue.. sauing that the degression would be ouer long. 1621 Three Quest. Atisw. cone. Fourth Commandm. 6 But this, by way of degression. 1675 Essex Papers (Camden) I. 206, I begg yr Excellencies pardon for this degression, 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 147 If 7 Without., any power of starting into gay digressions. 1813 Scott Rokeby 1. x, [He] started from the theme, to range In loose digression wild and strange. 1863 Mrs. Oliphant Salem Ch. xiii, Breaking off now and then into a momentary digression.

3. Astron. and Physics.

Deviation from a particular line, or from the mean position; deflexion; e.g. of the sun from the equator, or of an inferior planet from the sun (= elongation i)1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. iv. 288 This digression [of the Sun] is not equall, but neare the ^quinoxiall intersections, it is right and greater, near the Solstices, more oblique and lesser. 1705 C. Purshall Mech. Macrocosm 122 Their Degression, or Departure North, and South, are sometimes Greater, and sometimes Less, than that of the Sun. 1726 tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 116 These lesser Bodies may be lessen’d till that digression or those mutual attractions be less than any given ones. 1837 Brewster Magnet. 215 The needle having arrived at the limit of its western digression. 1847 Craig, Digression, in Astronomy, the apparent distance of the inferior planets, Mercury and Venus, from the sun.

digressional (di'grejsnal), a. [f. prec. 4- -al1.] Of or pertaining to digression; characterized by digression. 1785 Warton Notes on Milton's Juvenile Poems (T.), Milton has judiciously avoided Fletcher’s digressional ornaments. 1787 Headley On Daniel's Poems (R.), He seems fearful of supplying its [his subject’s] defects by digressional embellishments. 1841 De Quincey Homer Wks. VI. 326 He adds a short digressional history of the fortunate shot.

DIHYDRO-

658

DIGRESSIONAL

diguanidine (dai'gwaemdin,

-i:n).

Chem.

[f.

DI-2 + GUANIDINE.] f a. = DIGUANIDE a. Obs. b. Any compound containing two of the radicals —NH C(NH)NH2, derived from guanidine by the loss of a hydrogen atom. 1879 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXXVI. 781 It is now found that this substance is a di-acid base, diguanidine, NH:C(NH2) NH’C(NH2):NH. Ibid., Diguanidine and its salts are colourless. 1927 Brit. Pat. 274,259, An improved process for the production of alkylene diguanidines. 1952 Morton & Hoggarth in E. H. Rodd Chem. Carbon Compounds Ib. xiv. 931 This compound depresses the concentration of blood sugar, a property which is even more marked in certain diguanidines such as ‘Synthalin’. i960 Brit. Med. Bull. XVI. 251/1 Diguanidines.. may be considered as being made up of two guanidine molecules joined by a chain of methylene groups. 1961 Lancet 30 Sept. 776/1 Synthalin with two guanidines joined by a chain of methyl groups is a diguanidine. In phenformin the two guanidines coalesce.. and it is a diguanide (or biguanide). || digue. [F. digue, in OF. also dique, a. Flem. dijk,

dike

q.v.]

=

dike.

(In

Holland, Flanders, or France.

reference

to

Now only used

for local colouring.) 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. 4b/i With the fyrste flodde they came before the Digues of Holande [pr. Dignes; hence Grafton Chron. II. 210 dignesse]. 1645 City Alarum 10 Opposing a Digue to stop the torrent. 1673 Temple Obs. United Prov. Wks. 1731 I. 13 In Zealand they absolutely gave over the working at their Digues. 1702 Dennis Monument xvi. 8 Whose stately Tow’rs Are to the Storms of Arbitrary Pow’r, What its Digues are to the Tempestuous Main. 1886 Athenaeum 22 May 686/1 Girls gossiping on the digue of stone which defends the place against the sea. digusf, rare obs. var. of disgust. HDigynia (dai'd^mis). Bot. 1735) f- Gr. 81-, di-2

+

abstr. ending -ia, -mi.]

[mod.L. (Linnaeus

yvvfj woman, wife

+

The second Order in

many classes of the Linnaean Sexual System,

digressionary (di'grejsnan), a. [f. as prec. + -ary.] Of the nature of a digression. 1741 Betterton's Eng. Stage 4 A.. short digressionary History of the Fate and Fortunes of the most considerable Actresses. 1859 Lever Davenport Dunn i, All this is, however, purely digressionary.

comprising plants having two pistils. 1762 in Hudson Flora Anglica. 1794 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. x. 99. 1858 Carpenter Veg. Phys. §458 One portion of the class Pentandria, order Digynia, corresponds with the Natural Order Umbelliferae. Hence 'digyn, a plant of the order Digynia; di'gynian,

digressive (di'gresiv, dai-), a. [ad. L. dtgressivusy f. digress- ppl. stem of digredi: see digress v. and -xvb.] 1. Characterized by digressing; diverging from the way or the subject; given to digression; of the nature of, or marked by, digression. ci6ii Chapman Iliad xiv. 105 These digressive things Are such as you may well endure. 1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vind. Answ. §2. 30 We will not make digressive excursions into new controversies. 1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. Apol. 15, I came not to satisfie the people.. by digressive discourses.. but to dispute with him. 1745 Eliza Heywood Female Spectator (1748) III. 310 But all this, .is digressive of the subject I sat down to write upon. 1783 H. Blair Led. 39 (Seagar) Pindar is perpetually digressive and fills up his poems with fables of the gods and heroes. 1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. xxvi. 285 That remark seems somewhat digressive.

f2. That turns any one out of his way. Obs. rare. c 1611 Chapman Iliad x. Argt., Then with digressive wiles they-use their force on Rhesus’ life.

Hence di'gressively adv.y in a digressive manner; di'gressiveness, the quality of being digressive. 1731-1800 Bailey, Digressively, by way of Digression. 1768 Woman of Honor IV. 92 An example, which you will hardly think digressively introduced. 1877 H. A. Page De Quincy II. xix. 163 If it is to blame for not a little of his digressiveness, still it imparts to everything he does a bouquet. 1879 Farrar St. Paul II. App. 611 The digressiveness becomes more diffuse.

diguanide ('daigwaenaid). Chem. [f. di-2 + guanid(in)e.] a. A colourless crystalline compound, NH[C(NH)NH2]2, which is a condensation product of two guanidine molecules with the loss of a molecule of ammonia; guanylguanidine. 1910 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCVIII. 1. 896 Diguanide NH[C(NH2):NH]2, crystallises from absolute alchohol in glistening prisms, m. p. 130°. 1928 G. M. Dyson Chem. Chemotherapy v. 95 Several guanidine derivatives.. can be considered pharmacologically inactive... Thus, guanyl urea (315).. is inactive and diguanide (316) in the form of its hydrochloride is inactive. 1946 Nature 16 Nov. 707/2 The diguanide system.. provided structural features similar to those found in the earlier active pyrimidine compound ‘2666’. 1952 Morton & Hoggarth in E. H. Rodd Chem. Carbon Compounds Ib. xiv. 935 Diguanide itself is a strongly basic substance.

b. Any compound derived from diguanide by replacement of hydrogen atoms by other atoms or groups; also, a diguanidine. 1911 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. C. 1. 928 Diguanides of the type NH:C(NHR) NH C(NH2):NH, where R = aryl, are readily obtained in the form of their hydrochlorides by heating dicyanodiamide with the hydrochlorides of aromatic amines in aqueous solution. 1961 Lancet 9 Sept. 563/2 The present compounds are not diguanides like synthalin. 1961 [see next] . 1966 New Scientist 24 Nov. 433/1 The longing of diabetics for a hypoglycaemic drug which could be taken orally.. was realized ten years ago when the sulphonylureas and diguanides were introduced.

di'gynious adjs.,

belonging to the

order Digynia; 'digynous ('daid^nss) a., having two pistils. 1806 J. Galpine Brit. Bot. 390 Carex Digynous; spikes filiform. 1828 Webster, Digyn. Ibid., Digynian. 1847 Craig, Digynious. 1850 Comstock Introd. Bot. (ed. 21) 470 (Gloss.) Digynous, having two styles. dihedral (dai'hiidral), a. and sb. diedral. [f. next

+

Cryst.

Also

-al1: cf. F. diedre in same

sense.] A. adj. 1. Having or contained by two planes or

dihedral angle, the inclination of two planes which meet at an edge, dihedral summit, a summit (of a crystal) terminating in

two superposed planes bounded contained within) a regular polygon.

by

(or

According to Klein, the six regular solids are dihedron (dieder), tetrahedron, octahedron, cube or hexahedron, ikosahedron, pentagon-dodecahedron. [1828 Webster, Dihedron, a figure with two sides.] 1888 G. G. Morrice tr. F. Klein's Lect. on Ikosahedron 3 We can denote this latter by considering the portion of the plane limited by the sides of the n-gon to be doubled, as a regular solid—a dihedron, as we will say: only that this solid, contrary to the elementary notion of such, encloses no space.

di’helios. Astr. Also dihelium (in mod. Diets, dihely). [mod.L. f. Gr. 81- = Sid through + los sun.] (See quot.) 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Dihelios, in the elliptical astronomy, a name which Kepler gives to that ordinate of the ellipsis, which passes through the focus, wherein the sun is supposed to be placed.

di'heptyl. Chem.: see di-2 and heptyl. dihexagonal (.daihek'saeganal), a. Cryst. [f. di-2 + hexagonal.] Having twelve angles, of which the first, third, fifth,... eleventh, are equal to one another, and the second, fourth, sixth,... twelfth, also equal to one another, but those of the one set not equal to those of the other; as a dihexagonal Pyramid or prism. See also quot. 1864. 1864 Webster, Dihexagonal, consisting of two hexagonal parts united; thus, a dihexagonal pyramid is composed of two hexagonal pyramids placed base to base. 1895 StoryMaskelyne Crystallog. 141 Symmetry of a form dihexagonal. Ibid. 277 Two dihexagonal quoins form the vertices of the pyramids, and are composed by edges S and Z alternating with each other, adjacent edges representing dihedral angles of different magnitude. Ibid. 278 The dihexagonal prism or hexagonal diprism.

t di-hexa'hedral, a. Cryst. Obs. [f. as next + -al1.] Having twice six faces: see quot. 1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 203 Di-hexahedral (di-hexaedre), when it is a six-sided prism, having three planes on the extremities. [204] Example, Di-hexahedral felspar (feldspath di-hexaedre), which is a broad six-sided prism, bevelled on the extremities, the bevelling planes set on two opposite lateral edges, and on each of the extremities, one of the angles, formed by the meeting of the bevelling planes with the lateral edges, and on which they are set, truncated.

di-hexa'hedron. Cryst. [f. di-2 + hexahedron.] A six-sided prism with trihedral summits, making twelve faces in all. Also sometimes, a double hexagonal pyramid. 1888 Amer. Naturalist XXII. 247 Dihexahedra of quartz and various rare minerals are noted in them [trap dikes in Scotland].

dihoti, var. of dioti, wherefore.

plane faces,

a dihedral angle,

spec. Aeronaut., designating

the inclination, esp. upwards, of a wing or other surface to the horizontal, or the angle to the horizontal so formed; dihedral board, a device used in measuring the dihedral angle of the wings of an aeroplane. 1799 G. Smith Laboratory I. 2 Terminating in dihedral pyramids. 1808 Thomson in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 69 Oxalate of potash.. crystallizes in flat rhomboids.. terminated by dihedral summits. 1826 Henry Elem. Chem. I. 38 Variations of temperature produce a.. difference in .. a crystal of carbonate of lime.. As the temperature increases, the obtuse dihedral angles diminish.. so that its form approaches that of a cube. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 124 [In the rhombic dodecahedron] The dihedral angles formed by the meeting of the faces are all equal to 120°. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 11 Mar. 4/1 The problem of automatic transverse stability is solved by giving the aeroplanes a dihedral angle or keels. 1916 H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks iii. 108 Another method of securing the dihedral angle, .is by means of the dihedral board. 1917 C. C. Turner Aircraft of To-Day viii. 140 Inherent stability is secured.. by a dihedral setting of the wings, i.e. sloping up to right and left from the body, i960 C. H. Gibbs-Smith Aeroplane 1. ix. 38 They had at first rigged it with a dihedral angle, and found it flew badly in gusty winds. 2. Math. Of the nature of a dihedron. 1893 Harkness & Morley Theory of Functions 29 A simple dihedral configuration. 1893 Forsyth Functions of a Complex Variable 625 Functions which are unaltered for the dihedral group of substitutions. B. sb. Aeronaut. A dihedral angle or inclination. Also transf. 1913 A. E. Berriman Aviation iii. 37 The tail plane is invariably set at a lesser effective angle of incidence than the main wings. This arrangement is commonly described as the fore-and-aft dihedral. 1929 W. Faulkner Sartoris v. 364 While in level flight, dihedral would be eliminated for speed. 1935 C. G. Burge Complete Bk. Aviation 581/2 If the planes are inclined upwards towards the wing tips, the dihedral is positive; if downwards, it is negative. 1962 Times 25 May 18/5 Michelotti has .. lifted the dihedral of the wings [of a car], setting twin headlamps beneath. 1969 J. M. Bruce War Planes of First World War III. 134 This aircraft differed from the first in having no dihedral on the lower wings. dihedron (dai'hiidran). Math. [mod. f. Gr. Si-, 810- twice + Z8pa seat, base: cf. tetrahedron.] In the geometrical theory of groups, the portion of

f'dihtende. Obs. rare—', [early ME., subst. use of pr. pple. of dihten, OE. dihtan to rule: see dight.] Ruler, disposer. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 123 Almihti god . shuppende and wealdende . and dihtende of alle shafte.

dihybrid (dai'haibrid). Biol. [f. di-2 + hybrid 56.] A hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to two independent genes. Also attrib. So di'hybridism. 1907 R. C. Punnett Mendelism (ed. 2) 34 Where the original parents differ in two pairs of characters, the case is termed one of dihybridism. Ibid. 62 In the dihybrid cases.. the two pairs of characters behaved quite independently, in so far as the process of segregation was concerned. 1918 Babcock & Clausen Genetics Rel. Agric. v. 86 The F2 segregates in accordance with normal dihybrid expectations. 1965 Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 11. ii. 334 Hybrids heterozygous for two characters are known as dihybrids. 1969 G. W. Burns Sci. Genetics iv. 68 The Fj individuals in this instance are referred to as dihybrid individuals because they are heterozygous for each of the two pairs of genes.

dihydric (dai'haidrik), a. Chem. [f. di-2 + hydric.] Applied to a compound of two atoms of hydrogen with an acid radical; denoting dibasic acids regarded as salts of hydrogen, as dihydric sulphate = sulphuric acid H2S04. 1876 Harley Mat. Med. 187 It..is readily soluble in water acidulated with an excess of citric acid, when the acid or magnesic dihydric citrate is formed.

dihydrite (dai'haidrait). Min. [f. Gr. Si-, di-2 + v8wp, v8pwater + -ite.] A variety of pseudomalachite or native phosphate of copper, containing two equivalents of water. 1868 Dana Min. 568.

dihydr-. Chem. [f. di-2 + Having two atoms of hydrogen in combination. di,hydrostrepto'mycin, a hydrogenated derivative of streptomycin with similar antibiotic properties. dihydro-,

hydr(o)-.]

1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 334 Dihydro-tetrasodic carbonate may be regarded as a compound of the neutral and acid salts. 1946 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. 1390/2 Streptomycin has been catalytically hydrogenated to dihydrostreptomycin. 1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therap. xxii. 456 Although large doses of dihydrostreptomycin induce the same vestibular

DIHYDROBROMIDE

DIKE

659

disturbances as does streptomycin, it is much less neurotoxic. 1970 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Studies II. xx. 31/2 Dihydrostreptomycin.. is now rarely used because it is more likely than streptomycin to damage the cochlear nerve and produce deafness.

dihydrobromide, -chloride, -iodide. Chem. See Di-2 and hydrobromide, etc. 1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 559 The dihydrobromides and dihydriodides have the same composition as the dibromides of the olefines.

.dihydroxy'acetone. Chem. [f. di-2 + hydroxy- + acetone.] A colourless crystalline compound, CH2OHCOCH2OH, isomeric with glyceraldehyde and having strong reducing properties. 1895jfrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. 1. 496 Attempts to prepare dihydroxyacetone by the action of nitrous acid on diamidoacetone hydrochloride were not very successful. 1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. xviii. 358 Dihydroxyacetone .. is not optically active, and hence, by the definition given above, is not a sugar. If.. the proviso that a sugar is always optically active is rejected, then dihydroxyacetone will be a ketotriose. 1967 [see glycerose]. 1969 Ottaway & Irvine tr. Netter's Theor. Biochem. xiii. 715 In the mitochondria a very active oxidation of glycerol phosphate takes place. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate which is formed diffuses into the cytoplasm,.. and so acts as a transporter of hydrogen to the respiratory chain.

dihy'droxyl, a. Chem. See di-2 and hydroxyl.

a 1656 Hales Gold. Rem. 260 (T.) The church of Rome.. commends unto us the authority of the church in dijudicating of scriptures.

dijudi'eation. Now rare. [ad. L. dijudicationem deciding, n. of action from dijudicare: see prec.] 1. The action of judging (between matters); judicial distinction, discernment, discrim¬ ination. 1549 Grindal Rem. (1843) 198 Speaking of the dijudication of the sacraments. 1653 H. More Confect. Cabbal. (1713) 134 Because Dijudication implies a Duality in the Object, it is called didxpiair. 1668 Howe Bless. Righteous (1825) 76 Surely heaven will not render the Soul less capable of dijudication. 1704 J. Harris Lex. Techn., Diacrisis, is a distinction and dijudication of Diseases and Symptoms. 1835 C. Hodge Comm. Rom. xiv. 392 The former.. means the faculty of discrimination .. dijudication, judgment.

2. The pronouncing authoritative decision.

of

a

judgement;

1615 Byfield Expos. Coloss. i. 20 Discretion or dijudication of the cause. 1651 J. Rocket Christian Subj. xi. (1658) 123 He likewise assumes to himselfe the power of Dijudication in all causes. 1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 204 Plato adds.. the beginning and end of this controversie ought to be brought to the people, but the examen and dijudication to the three chief Magistrates.

fdi'judicative, a. [f. L. ppl. stem dijudicat(see above) + -ive.] Determinative, decisive.

1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 72 The dihydroxyle quinia is physiologically inert.

1659 Stanley Hist. Philos. III. n. 100 To number all things reference have—that is to dijudicative reason.

diiamb (daiai'semb). Pros. Also in L. form diiambus (in 8 dijambus). [ad. L. di-iambus, Gr. 8ita.fi.f3os a double iambus, f. St-, di-2 + ia^os iambus.] A metrical foot consisting of two iambs.

fdi'junge, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. dijungere to disjoin, f. di- apart (di-1) + jungere to join.] trans. To disjoin, divide, separate.

1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Dijambus. .is compounded of two iambics, as severitas. 1844 Beck & Felton tr. Munk's Metres 10 Feet of six times.. u-u- Diiambus, Diiamb.

di-iodide (dai'aiadaid). Chem. [f. di-2 + iodide.] A compound of two atoms of iodine with a dyad element or radical, as mercuric di¬ iodide, Hg I2. 1873 Fownes’ Chem. (ed. 11) 227 The di-iodide melts at no0. 1881 Athenaeum 9 Apr. 496/1 On the co-efficients of Expansion of the Diiodide of Lead (Pb I2).

di-'iodo-, di-'iod-. Chem. [f. di-2 + -iod(o)-.] Having two atoms of iodine replacing two of hydrogen, as di-iodomethane CH2I2. .diiodo'tyrosine, an iodine-containing de¬ rivative of tyrosine, C9H9N03I2, which is the precursor of thyroxine in the body and the compound into which iodine is first converted when absorbed by the thyroid gland from the blood. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 417 Prepared by the action of caustic potash on di-bromo- or di-iodo-salicylic acid. 1877 Watts Fownes’ Chem. II. 68 Di-iodomethane .. crystallises in colourless shining laminae of specific gravity 3 34. 1927 Biochem. Jrnl. XXI. 170 It is highly probable that thyroxine is formed in nature by the coupling of two molecules of diiodotyrosine with the loss of one side chain. 1949 Blakistons New Gould Med. Diet. 297/2 Diiodotyrosine, C9H9O3NI2. A substance found in skeletons of corals, sponges, and other marine organisms. It.. has been used in hyperthyroidism. 1964 L. Martin Clinical Endocrinol, (ed. 4) iii. 122 In goitrous cretins.. the thyroid may be unable to trap iodide from the blood, or.. to couple molecules of diiodotyrosine to form thyroxine.

di-isopentyl, di-isopropyl. and iso-.

Chem.

See di-2

diject, obs. erron. form of deject v.

1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 474 The..line of separation dijunging the province of organism from the rest of the mechanism territory.

dik, obs. form of dike. ||dika ('daika). [W. African name.] In dikabread, a vegetable substance somewhat resembling cocoa, prepared from the fruit of a West African species of mango-tree (Mangifera gabonensis). dikarfat, -oil, the fatty substance of dika-bread. 1859 Pharmac. Jnl. Ser. 11. I. 308 Mr. P. L. Simmonds introduced to the notice of the meeting a specimen of Dika bread from Gaboon, on the West Coast of Africa. 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. II. 330 The fruit, which is about as large as a swan’s egg, contains a white almond having an agreeable taste. These almonds, when coarsely bruised and warmpressed, form dika-bread, which has a grey colour, with white spots, smells like roasted cocoa and roasted flour .. and is greasy to the touch. Dika-bread contains a large quantity of fat. 1888 W. T. Brannt Anim. & Veget. Fats 320 Dika oil, oba oil, or wild mango oil is obtained from.. a tree indigenous to the west coast of Africa.

'dikage, dykage. Also 7 dicage, dyckage. dike + -age.] The work of diking.

[f.

1634 (title), Boke of Accounts of the Participants of the Dyckage of Haitfield chace (in J. Tuckett Catal. MSS. Apr. (1868) 54). 1652 in Stonehouse Axholme (1839) 91 The dicage and draynage of the Levell of Hatfield Chase.

I dikamali (dika'maili). E. Ind. Also decamalee. [Marathi dikamali.] The native name of a resinous gum which exudes from the ends of young shoots of Gardenia lucida, a rubiaceous shrub of India. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Decamalee-gum .. obtained from the Gardenia lucida of Roxburgh. 1866 Treas. Bot., Decamalee or Dikamali. 1873 H. Drury Useful Plants Ind. 224 A fragrant resin, known .. as Dikamali resin is procured from the tree, which is said to be useful in hospitals. 1879 F. Pollok Sport. Brit. Burmah I. 247 Boil the powdered Gallnut in the oil, then add the dikkamalay, and when it is melted, strain.

dijiridu, var. didgeridoo. f di'judicant. Obs. rare. [ad. L. dijudicant-em, pr. pple. of dijudicare: see next.] One who judges, determines, or decides. 1661 Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xxvii. 226 If great Philosophers doubt of many things, which popular dijudicants hold as certain as their Creeds. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 496 He., did altogether disapprove the streightness and sloath of elder dijudicants.

dijudicate (dai'd3u:dikeit), v._ Now rare. [f. L. dijudicat-, pa. ppl. stem of dijudicare to judge, determine, f. di- apart (di-1) + judicare to judge.] a. intr. To judge or pass judgement between contending parties or in contested matters; to determine, decide. 1607 Walkington Opt. Glass 3 The.. touchstone of true wisdome which dijudicates not according to external semblances. 1641 Brathwait Eng. Intelligencer 11, It being solely in your powers to dijudicate of his necessity. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1676 W. Hubbard Happiness of People 5 Dijudicating of the time and season.

b. trans. To judge of; to pronounce judgement on, decide formally or authoritatively. 1666 J. Smith Old Age (ed. 2) 41 To dijudicate them as they are in themselves, and to discern them as they differ from all other. 1865 Pusey Eirenicon 32 [tr. Bossuet] The matter being dijudicated.

Hence di'judicating vbl. sb.

dikaryon (dai'kaerian). Biol. Also dicaryon. [a. Fr. dikaryon (R. Maire 1912, in Mycol. Centralblatt I. 214), f. di-2 + Gr. Kapvov nut, taken as = nucleus.] A pair of unfused haploid nuclei of opposite mating type in a cell or spore which divide simultaneously when the cell divides; also, a dikaryotic cell, spore, or mycelium. Hence dikary'otic a., containing a dikaryon; composed of dikaryons. 1913 W. B. Grove Brit. Rust Fungi i. 5 The two adjacent nuclei are said to be ‘paired’, and together they consititute a synkaryon or dikaryon. 1941 Bot. Rev. VII. 393 A dikaryotic hybrid may be defined as a hybrid made up of dikaryotic diploid cells, i.e. cells containing a conjugate pair of haploid nuclei. 1947 C. E. Skinner et al. Henrici’s Molds, Yeasts Actinomycetes (ed. 2) i. 9 The mycelium with paired nuclei of opposite ‘sex' which divides conjugately is known as the dikaryon or is described as dikaryotic. 1971 Nature 30 Apr. 552/2[They] report the successful growth in vitro of the corn smut (Ustilago maydis) dikaryon. Ibid. 552/3 It is the fusion of two of these non-pathogenic haploid cells which gives rise to the pathogenic dikaryotic mycelium.

dikaryophase

(dai'kaenafeiz).

Biol.

Also

dicaryophase. [f. prec. + phase.] A phase in the

life-cycle of a fungus when it contains dikaryotic cells. So di'karyophyte, a dikaryotic mycelium. 1916 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms (ed. 3) 110/2 Dicaryophase, the stage ending in the production of

teleutospores. 1932 Proc. 6th Int. Congress of Genetics II. 191 The haploid nuclei.. remain associated in the relatively long, parasitic dikaryophase. Ibid., New ‘dikaryophytes’.. have been found in nature. 1940 Chambers’s Techn. Diet. 246/1 Dikaryophase, that part of the life-history of many Basidiomycetae in which the hyphae are made up of segments, each containing two nuclei.

dik-dik ('dikdik). Also dikdik. [Native name in E. Africa; also in Afrikaans.] Any of several small African antelopes. [1870 W. T. Blanford Geol. & Zool. Abyssinia hi. 268 The 'Beni Israel’ or 'Om-dig-dig', one of the smallest Antelopes known, abounds on the shores of the Red Sea.] 1883 F. L. James Wild Tribes of Soudan ix. 76 A dik-dik.. made its appearance,.. uttering the peculiar cry from which it has obtained its name. 1895 19th Cent. Sept. 489 Besides lion and rhinoceros there were.. Gerenook, Dik-Dik (Nanotragus Saltii),.. and many kinds of birds. 1906 Daily Chron. 23 Mar. 3/3 The dainty little Somali dik-dik. 1920 Blackw. Mag. May 660/1 There is nothing to be seen of wild life save occasional tracks of dik-dik. 1928 Daily Express 31 July 4 The dikdiks and smaller gazelles. 1970 East African Standard 23 Jan. 6/3 There have been bushbuck, dikdik and a porcupine born to inmates of the Orphanage. Another dikdik .. has been presented to the Orphanage.

dike, dyke (daik), sb.1 Forms: 1-3 die, 3-5 dik, 4 dick, 4-7 dyk, 4-9 dike, dyke, 6 dyik, dycke, 7 dicke, deeke, 7-9 deek, 8 (dial.) dick. [OE. die masc. and (esp. in later use) fern., ditch, trench, cognate with OS., OFris. dik masc., mound, dam, MDu. dijc mound, dam, ditch, pool, Du. dijk dam; MLG. dik, LG. dik, diek dam, MHG. tick pond, fishpond, Ger. teich pond, also (from LG.) deich embankment; Icel. dik, diki neut. ditch, fishpond, Sw. dike ditch, Da. dige dam, embankment, formerly also ‘ditch’. The application thus varies between ‘ditch, dug out place’, and ‘mound formed by throwing up the earth’, and may include both. The OE. die has given ditch as well as dike, and the conditions under which the two forms severally have arisen are not clear: cf. like. The spelling dyke is very frequent, but not etymological.] 1. f 1. An excavation narrow in proportion to its length, a long and narrow hollow dug out of the ground; a ditch, trench, or fosse. Obs. Used from ancient times as the boundary of lands or fields, as the fence of an enclosure, as the defence or part of the defences of a camp, castle, town, or other entrenched place. In such excavations water usually gathers or flows: hence sense 2. 847 Charter in Sweet O.E.T. 434 Donne on Cone die, Cser esne Cone wej fordealf. C900 Basda's Hist. 1. v. (1890) 32, & hit begyrde and jefaestnade mid dice and mid eorC-wealle from see to sae. 1016 O.E. Chron. 7 May, And dulfon pa ane mycele die. C1205 Lay. 15472 \>a pe die wes idoluen, & allunge ideoped, pa bi-gunnen heo wal a pere die [1275 a Pan dich] ouer al. a 1300 Cursor M. 9899 (Cott.) A dipe dik [v.rr. dick, diche] par es a-bute [pe castel] Dughtili wroght witvten dute. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5829 Til he [Severus] dide make an ouerthwert dik, Bitwyxte to sees a ful gret strik. CI380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 11 If pe blynde lede pe blynde bo)?e fallen in pe dyke, c 1470 Henry Wallace 11. 125 Atour the dike thai 3eid on athir side, Schott doun the wall. 1535 Goodly Prymer Ps. vii. 15 He is fallen into the dyke which he made. 1573 Tusser Husb. To Rdr. (1878) 12 Here we see, Things severall be, And there no dike, But champion like. 1575 Churchyard Chippes (1817) 85 The cheef capitaine Manneryng had his deathes wounde, and fell doune in the dike before the gate.

2. a. Such a hollow dug out to hold or conduct water; a ditch. Cf. February fill-dike, see February 2. r 893 K. Alfred Oros. n. iv. §7 Ymbutan j?one weall is se maesta die, on J>£em is iernende se unjefoslecesta stream. C1400 Destr. Troy 1566 With depe dikes and derke doubull of water. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 38 The fresche deu, quhilk of befor hed maid dikis and dailis verray done. 1594 Plat Jewell-ho. 11. 60 Syr Edward Hobbie.. hath stored certeine dikes in the lie of Sheppey, with sundrie kindes of Sea-fish, into which dikes by sluces, he doth let in.. change of sea¬ water. 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 43 An invention well deserving to be put in practice in England over all moats or dykes, a 1687 C. Cotton Poet. Wks. (1765) 108 In Dike lie, Drown’d like a Puppy. 1693 Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 184, I made..some little dikes or water-courses about a foot deep .. to receive the mischievous waters. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 1. 441 Whole sheets descend of slucy Rain, The Dykes are fill’d. 1791 Cottingham Inclos. Act. 28 Division drains or dikes and ditches. 1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 99 Some rushy dyke to jump, or bank to climb. 1873 G. C. Davies Mount. Mere vi. 49 A heron sailed majestically away from a dyke.

b. Extended to any water-course or channel, including those of natural formation. On the Humber, a navigable channel, as Goole Dike, Doncaster Dike, etc. (A local use.) 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 335 The water may haue a descent or falling away into some Brooke, Riuer, or other Dike. 1728 Pope Dune. 11. 261 Thames, The King of dykes! 1853 Phillips Rivers Yorksh. viii. 216 Dikes.. in the low marshy grounds, the ditches, and even canals, becks, and rivers are so called. 1883 Huddersfield Gloss., Dike. .a watercourse or stream, as Rushfield Dyke, Fenay Bridge Dyke, Denby Dyke, all fast-flowing water. 1888 Sheffield Gloss., Dike or dyke, a river or collection of water.. The Don or Dun at Wadsley is often called ‘t’ owd dyke.’ 1893 Spectator 12 Aug. 213 Our sluggish East Anglian rivers, widening into ‘broads’ and ‘dykes’.

c. A water-closet or urinal, slang. 1923 Manchon Le Slang 104 Dike, les cabinets; to do a dike, aller aux lieux, aux gogues. 1940 M. Marples. Public

DIKE School Slang 112 Other synonyms [for ‘lavatories’] are rears, lots,. .dykes (Oundle, 1920 +), [etc.], i960 N. Hilliard Maori Girl 74 But the dyke’s in the bathroom. 1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai v. 76 The outside (and only) lavatory, known locally as the dyke. 1967 J. Cleary Long Pursuit iii. 82, I learned.. to respect her privacy. And I don’t mean just when she went to the dike.

3. A small pond or pool. dial. 1788 Marshall Yorksh. Gloss., Dike.. also a puddle or small pool of water. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dyke, 2. A small pond. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Dike, a ditch; in N[orth Holderness], a pond. 1889 N.W. Line. Gloss., Dyke, a natural lakelet, mere, or pond—as Shawn Dyke formerly on Brumby Common.

f4. Any hollow dug in the ground; a pit, cave, or den. Obs. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 281 Twen heuone hil and helle dik. a 1340 Hampole Psalter ix. 31 He waytes in hidell as leon in his dyke. Ibid, cxlviii. 7 Draguns ere .. cumand out of paire diks. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) 1. xv. 11 He wyl me caste in to helle dyke. £1440 Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dyke, fossa, fovea, antrum, c 1475 Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 799/26-29 Hec fossa, fovia, cavea, antra, a dyke.

II. An embankment, wall, causeway.

5. ‘A bank formed by throwing the earth out of the ditch’ (Bosworth). The early existence of this sense in Eng. is doubtful: probably all the OE. quotations for which it is assumed in Bosworth-Toller, belong to 1. 1487 Newminster Cartul. (1878) 263 An olde casten dike. 1535 Coverdale Isa. xxix. 3, I wil laye sege to the rounde aboute and graue vp dykes agaynst ye. 1595 Dalrymple Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. (1895) !• 203 The dyk betuene Abircorne and clyd mouth.. be a noble capitane called Grame was .. douncastne.. fra quhome.. it is 3it called Grames Dyke. 1853 Phillips Rivers Yorksh. viii. 215 Earthworks.. constructed for defence .. Such are the dike at Flamborough [etc.]. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., There are many earth-works of ancient date which are commonly called dikes. One such is known as the Black-dyke.. there are also several Grime's dikes, or Graham’s dikes on the Borders.

6. A wall or fence, fa* The wall of a city, a fortification. Obs. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1533 Sone he raght vpon rowme, rid vp pe dykis, Serchit vp the soile pere pe Citie was. c 1400 Melayne 125 And sythen pou birne vp house and dyke. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 13 Syne forcit it with fowseis mony one, And dowbill dykes that stalwart wer of stone.

b* A low wall or fence of turf or stone serving as a division or enclosure. Now the regular sense in Scotland, dry-stone dyke, a wall constructed of stones without mortar, as usual on the northern moors; fail dyke, one made of sods or turf cut in squares. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. vm. xxxvii. 112 The mwde wall dykis pai kest all downe. C1470 Henry Wallace iii. 133 A maner dyk off stanys thai had maid. 1558 Q- Kennedie Compend. Tractive in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) I. 145 The dyik or closure of the wyne-zard. 1609 Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 289 For mending of the church dicke iiijd. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 434 She..climbed up and got over the dyke in to the yaird. 1774 Pennant Tour Scot!, in 1772 91 It was well defended by four ditches and five dikes. Ibid. 182 A great dike of loose stones. 1802 Home Hist. Reb. v, He came to a dry stone dyke that was in his way. 1889 J. M. Barrie Window in Thrums xv, Clods of earth toppled from the garden dyke into the ditch.

c. In some dialects applied to a hedge, or a fence of any kind. 1567-8 Durham Depos. (Surtees) 84 That she should teir a cheffe and a neckurcheffe of a dycke. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Dyke, deyke, a hedge. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Dike, dyke, a fence.. applied alike to a hedge, a ditch, an earthen, or a stone wall when used as a fence. A dike slower is a hedge stake.

7. a. A ridge, embankment, long mound, or dam, thrown up to resist the encroachments of the sea, or to prevent low-lying lands from being flooded by seas, rivers, or streams. Such are the dikes of Holland, and of the English coasts round the Humber and Wash. [1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 5 §2 The walles, dyches, bankes.. and other defenses by the costes of the sea.] 1635-56 Cowley Davideis iv. 904 The main Channel of an high-swoln Flood, In vain by Dikes and broken works withstood. 1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 73 Seeing their Dikes and draynings in the Netherlands. 1703 Maundrell Journ. jferus. (1732) 20 A large Dike thirty yards over at top. 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour I. 156 The land here is lower than the waters; for which reason they have the strongest dams or dykes in the whole country. 1766 Gibbon Decl. & FA. xxiv. 705 The camp of Carche was protected by the lofty dykes of the river. 1832 tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. v. 107 They undertook the immense labour.. of making dikes to preserve the plains from the inundation of the rivers.

b. A beavers’ dam. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 164 They..are equally industrious in the erection of their lodges, as their dikes.

c. A jetty or pier running into the water, local. 1789 Brand Newcastle II. 679 note, Query, Why are staiths, in the common language of the keelmen, called dikes? 1825 E. Mackenzie Hist. Northumbld. II. 425 A pier or dike run out at the north entrance at Blyth Harbour.

1821 Byron Juan ill. xcv, He there builds up a formidable dyke Between his own and others’ intellect. 1833 I. Taylor Fanat. vi. 165 If.. the dyke of despotism had not bulged and gaped. 1855 Motley Dutch Rep. 11. i. (1866) 128 A solid, substantial dyke against the arbitrary power which was for ever chafing and fretting to destroy its barriers.

dike, dyke (daik), v.1 Also 4 (Sc.) dik. [f. dike sb.1 OE. had dician; but the ME. and modern verb is prob. a new formation.] 1. intr. To make a dike, ditch, or excavation; to dig.

9. a. Mining (Northumb.). A fissure in a stratum, filled up with deposited or intrusive rock; a fault.

[C900 Bseda's Hist. I. ix. §3 (1890) 46 f>aer Seuerus se casere iu het dician and eorpwall gewyrean.] 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. v. 552, I dyke and I delue, I do pat treuthe hoteth. C1386 Chaucer Prol. 538 He wolde. .dyke and delue, For cristes sake, for euery poure wight. 14.. Voc. in Wr.Wiilcker 579/43 Effodio, to dyke, or delve. C1440 Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dyken, or make a dyke, fosso. 1483 Caxton Fables of JEsop 2 b, He sente hym .. to dyke and delve in the erthe. c 1530 Ploughman & Paternoster in Rel. Ant. I. 43 He cowde .. dyke, hedge, and mylke a cowe. 1573 Tusser Husb. xxiii. (1878) 61 When frost will not suffer to dike and to hedge. 1892 St. Brooke E. Eng. Lit. ix. 202 Men at work dyking and delving, ploughing and clodding.

1789 Brand Newcastle II. 679 Dikes are the largest kind of fissures.. a crack.. of the solid strata.. From the matter.. between the two sides of the .. dike, it is denominated a claydike, stone-dike, etc. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Slip dikes usually contain fragments of the adjacent strata. When the dike [= fault] interrupts the working of a seam of coal, it is called a down-cast dike if the continuation of the seam lies at a lower level, and an upcast dike, if it is continued at a higher level.

b. Hence, in Geol. A mass of mineral matter, usually igneous rock, filling up a fissure in the original strata, and sometimes rising from these like a mound or wall, when they have been worn down by denudation. 1802 Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 67 Whin.. exists.. in veins (called in Scotland dykes) traversing the strata. 1843 Portlock Geol. 114 A trap dike of considerable size .. cuts through the chalk. 1845 Darwin Voy. Nat. xii. (1852) 261 Shattered and baked rocks, traversed by innumerable dykes of greenstone. 1865 Livingstone Zambesi ix. 185 A dyke of black basaltic rock crosses the river. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 11. xxv. 628 The inclined strata.. are intersected by veins or dikes of compact lava.

c. blue dike: see quot. 1855 Dawson Acadian Geol. iii. 25 Near the edge of the upland, it [the soil] passes into a gray or bluish gray clay called ‘blue dike’, or, from the circumstance of its containing many vegetable fragments and fibres, ‘corky dike’.

10. attrib. and Comb., as dike-back, -bottom, -delver, -road, -side; dike-hopper, the wheatear; dike-louper (Sc.), a person or animal (e.g. an ox or sheep) that leaps over fences; fig. a transgressor of the laws of morality; dike-phase, -rock, -swarm (in sense 9 b see quots.); f dikerow, a row of trees bordering a field; dike-seam, a seam or bed of coal worked nearly on end (dial.). a 1810 Tannahill Barrochan Jean Poems (1846) 117 Around the peatstacks, and alangst the dyke-backs. a 1400-50 Alexander 712 J?at doune he drafe to pe depest of the dyke bothom. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dike-cam, a ditch bank. North. 1852 Meanderings of Mem. I. 15 Dykecloistered Taddington, of cold intense. Ibid. I. 57 The dikeside watch when Midnight-feeders stray. 1876 Whitby Gloss., Diker or Dike-delver, a ditcher; a digger of drains. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 992 Now dyke lowparis dois in the kirk resort. 1909 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXV. 642 In our district.. the main dyke-phase intervenes between the uprise of the Cruachan and the Starav Granites. 1954 G. W. Himus Diet. Geol. 44 Dyke phase, the closing episode in a volcanic cycle, characterized by the injection of minor intrusions, especially dykes. 1810 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. VII. 72, I request you to have the dyke roads on the island well ascertained and known. 1896 Science Progress IV. 476 A.. difference of opinion exists as to the propriety of establishing an intermediate division between the plutonic and the volcanic types of struture. Such a division is roughly represented by the ‘dyke-rocks’ of Rosenbusch. 1903 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) I. 11. 11. 197 Professor Rosenbusch [in Mikrosk. und Physiogr. d. Massingen Gesteine (ed. 2, 1887) II. 277 ].. groups the igneous rocks in three great sections: 1st, the deep-seated rocks..; 2nd, dyke-rocks (Gang-gesteine), which may have been injected as dykes and veins at a less distance from the surface (hypabyssal) [etc.]. 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. xi. 167/2 Alkalic dyke-rock material which occurs in the alluvium of New River. 1664 Spelman Gloss, s.v. Thenecium, Arbores crescentes circa agros pro clausura eorum. Volgo dicimus Dike rowes. 1909 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXV. 646 A suggestion as to the relationship of the dykeswarms to this focus, i960 L. D. Stamp Britain's Structure (ed. 5) ix. 79 Into these cracks molten rock forced its way so that dykes were formed, so numerous that the expression ‘dyke swarm’ is often used.

dike (daik), sb.2 and v.2 U.S. slang or colloq. [Of obscure origin; perh. a corruption of deck v. 2.] (See quots.) 1851 B. H. Hall College Words 100 At the University of Virginia, one who is dressed with more than ordinary elegance is said to be diked out. 1871 Schele de Vere Americanisms 597 Dike, denoting a man in full dress, or merely the dress, is a peculiar American cant term as yet unexplained. To be out on a dike is said of persons, mainly young men, who are dressed more carefully than usual, in order to pay visits or to attend a party. 1899 B. W. Green Virginia Folk-Speech 115 Dike, to dress fine. ‘You are diked up to-day.’ 1902 S. Clapin Diet. Amer. 159 Dike, to attire oneself faultlessly for social purposes. Diked out, to be dressed up, with connotation of being in one’s best clothes. 1923 M. Watts Luther Nichols 62 All right for you.. cornin’ round here all diked out like Sunday.

d. A raised causeway. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. xxii. (1482) 21 Two other weyes this belyn made in bossyng thurghout the land that one is callyd fosse and that other fosse dyke. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. vi. v. 480 This dike, or causey, is sometimes ten, and sometimes twelve feet thick, at the foundation. 1843 Prescott Mexico iii. viii. (1864) 187 The Spaniards came on the great dike or causeway. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Dikes were also frequently trackways.

8. fig. A barrier, obstacle, or obstruction. 1770 Junius Lett, xxxvi. 171 Gain a decisive victory.. or .. perish bravely.. behind the last dike of the prerogative.

DIKER

660

dike, dyke (daik), sb.3 slang. [Of obscure origin.] A lesbian; a masculine woman. Also attrib. 1942 Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §405/3 Masculine woman,.. dike, dyke. 1959 F. Norman Stand on Me iii. 37 Nearly everyone is kinkey on dykes for some reason. 1964 E. Ambler Kind of Anger ii. 54 You know about that dike partner of hers? 1965 ‘E. McBain' Doll (1966) vii. 92 ‘Was your wife a dyke?’ ‘No.’ ‘Are you a homosexual?’ ‘No.’

f2. trans. hollow).

To excavate, dig out (a ditch or

c 1350 Will. Palerne 2233 p>ei saie .. a semliche quarrere .. al holwe newe diked. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xxii. 365 To delue and dike a deop diche.

3. trans. To provide with a dike or dikes, in various senses, a. To surround with dikes or trenches; to entrench. £1330 R- Brunne Chron. (1810) 272 Now dos Edward dike Berwik brode and long, Als pei bad him pike, and scorned him in per song. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvn. 271 [He] er dik thame so stalwardly. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) ix. 35 t es wele walled all aboute and dyked [fermez entour ad bonz fossez]. 1513 Douglas JEneis vi. iv. 6 Ane dirk, and profound caue.. Quhilk wes weill dekkit [ed. 1553 dykit] and closit for the nanis With ane foule laik. 1538 Leland I tin. I. 38 A praty Pile or Castelet wel dikid, now usid for a Prison. 1555 Watreman Far die Facions Pref. 8 [They].. diked in themselues.

f

b. To enclose with an earthen or stone wall. Sc. c 1575 Balfour Practicks (1754) 145 (Jam.) And dike and the samin surelie and keip thame sikkerlie. 1774 Tour Scotl. in 1772. 336 A fortress diked round with stone.

Park

ennant

c. To defend with a dike or embankment against the sea or river; in quot. 1813 absol. a 1687 Petty Pol. Arith. i. (1691) 14 In the Marshes, Impassible ground Diked and Trenched. 1808 J. Barlow Columb. iv. 592 Quay the calm ports and dike the lawns I lave. 1813 Scott Let. to Miss J. Baillie 10 Jan. in Lockhart, I have been.. dyking against the river. 1862 Marsh Eng. Lang. 50 The low lands, subject to overflow by the German Ocean .. were not diked.

4. To clean out, scour (a ditch or watercourse). 1519 Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 31 All watter-sewers.. be dykid and scoried. 1562 Act 5 Eliz. c. 13 §7 The Heyes, Fences, Dikes or Hedges.. shall from Time to Time be diked, scoured, repaired and kept low.

5. To place (flax or hemp) in a dike or water¬ course to steep. 1799 A. Young Line. Agric. 164 Pull it the beginning of August.. Bind and dyke it: leave it in about ten days.

diked, dyked(daikt),ppl. a. [f. dikes/!).1 + -ed.] Furnished with a dike or dikes. 1830 Westm. Rev. XIII. 173 Dyked marsh owes its formation to a natural phenomenon which appears to have been in operation for ages on the upper shores of the bay of Fundy. 1884 S. E. Dawson Handbk. Dorn. Canada 67 The dyked meadow-lands of the Acadians.

'dike-grave. Also 7 -greave, 8- digrave, [a. MDu. dijegrave, mod.Du. dijkgraaf, f. dijk dike + graaf count, earl.] a. In Holland, an officer whose function it is to take charge of the dikes or sea-walls, b. In England (esp. Lincolnshire), an officer who has charge of the drains, sluices, and sea-banks of a district under the Court of Sewers; = dike-reeve. Now only dial, (di’grave). 1563 Court-roll Settrington in Yorksh. Archeeol.Jrnl. X. 75 Milo Herkey et Johannes Holden electi sunt in officiis le dyke graues de anno sequente. 1637 Kirton-in-Lindsey Fine Roll in N. W. Line. Gloss., Of Iohn Slater and William Eliys, dikegreaues, for not executing their office, viijd. c 1645 Howell Lett. 1. i. 5 The chief Dike-Grave here, is one of the greatest Officers of Trust in all the Province. 1672 Marvell Poems, Char. Holland 49 Some small dyke-grave, unperceiv’d, invades The pow'r. 1721 New Gen. Atlas 119 The Dykegrave and his Assistants meet to take care of the Dykes, Sluices, Banks, and Channels.. in the Rhineland. 1721 Bailey, Digrave, Dike-grave, an Officer who takes care of Banks and Ditches. 1889 N.W. Line. Gloss., Dykegrave, Dykereve, a manorial or parochial officer, whose duty it is to superintend the dykes.

diker, dyker ('daikafr)). Also 5 dikar, dycare. [OE. dicere, dikere, f. dic-ian to dike, to ditch; in ME. perh. formed anew from dike j;.1] I. A man who constructs or works at dikes, a. One who digs ditches or trenches. c 1000 /Ki.kric Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 149/16 Fossor, dikere. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. vi. 109 Dikeres and delueres digged vp pe balkes. 1496 Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) 1. xlvi. 872/1 Labourers, deluers and dykers.. ben full poore comonly. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1541/2 They knew not the order of Romneie marsh works .. for they were onelie good dikers and hodmen. 1723 Thoresby in Phil. Trans. XXXII. 344 When the Labourers or Dikers first discovered.. the Jetties.. it might be about the Depth of 8 or 10 Foot. 1865 Kingsley Herew. (1866) II. ix. 153 Their., weapons were found at times by delvers and dykers for centuries after.

DIKE-REEVE

661

b. One who builds enclosure walls (of earth or dry stone). Sc. *497 Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. I. 332 The dikaris of the park of Falkland. 1864 Cornh. Mag. Nov. 613 Dry-stone dykers, as well as masons, have twenty-four shillings per week. 1884 J. Tait in Un. Presbyterian Mag. Apr. 156 He was to meat the dykers while bigging the fold dyke.

c. One who constructs embankments. 1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 510 Payd to Prynce, the dyker, for the dykyng off ij. rodde in the old parke of a pond ther, viij.s.

2. A local name of the hedge-sparrow. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Diker, a hedge sparrow.

'dike-reeve, dyke-, [f. dike sb.1 + reeve: perhaps an alteration of dike-grave, -greave, by identifying its final part with the Eng. reeve, as in port-reeve.] An officer appointed or approved by the Commissioners of Sewers, to take charge of the drains, sluices, and sea-banks of a district of fen or marsh-land in England. 1665 Act 16 & 17 Charles II, c. 11 §7 Summes of Money .. by the said Dykereeves and Surveyours of Sewers or any of them expended in and about the takeing, repairing and amending of any such Breach or Breaches, Goole or Gooles, Overflowing or Overflowings of waters. 1726 Laws of Sewers 189 The Dyke-Reeves, Officers, or other Inhabitants there may set down the Slough of such Drains. 1848 Act 12 & 13 Viet. c. 50 §3 To appoint one or more competent person or persons, being an occupier of sewable lands.. to act as dykereeve within each of such sub-districts. 1883 Notice 19 Oct. (Worle View of Sewers, Weston-super-Mare), Owing to the violence of the Gale on the 17th. a Special View of the Dyke Reeves was held, and your Work., was found to require repairing. 1894 Minute-bk. Court of Sewers, Wapentake of Manley &c., Dec. 17 Being occupiers of not less than ten acres of sewable land in the Messingham District.. they are hereby appointed to act as dykereeves within the said district.

t dikesmowler, dyke-, [f. dike j6.‘] obsolete name of the hedge-sparrow.

An

1611 Cotgr., Mari cocu, an Hedge-sparrow, Dikesmowler, Dunnecke. [1847 in Halliwell. 1885 in Swainson Prov. Names Brit. Birds.]

diketone (dai'kiitaun). Chem. [f. di-2 + ketone.] Any compound in which there are two carbonyl groups,-CO-, each attached to two carbon atoms. 1896 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXX. 1. 586 By the action of bromine water on quercitol, a diketone, C6H805, is probably formed. 1946 Nature 10 Aug. 205/2 The glycol from butaldehyde gives mostly a keto-alcohol, further oxidation to the diketone being much more difficult. 1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. v. 268 Butane-2, 3-dione,.. CH3 CO CO CH3, is the simplest a-diketone.

dike-warden, [f. dike sb.1 + warden: cf. way¬ warden.] = dike-grave. 1890 Saintsbury Ess. 253 Seithenyn, the drunken prince and dyke-warden.

dikey ('daiki), a. slang, [f. dike sb.3 + -Y1.] Having the appearance or characteristics of a lesbian. 1964 S. Bellow Herzog 99 Lucas warned me to look out for something dikey. 1966 C. Israel Hostages 155 The tall, dikey French woman. 1969 ‘J. Morris’ Fever Grass ix. 83 Helen’s gone dikey in her old age.

dikh (dik). India. Also dik(k. [ad. Hind, diq.] Trouble, worry, vexation. 1873 W. Heeley Lay Mod. Darjeeling (Y.), And if his locks are white as snow, ’Tis more from dikk than age! 1923 Kipling Land & Sea Tales 243 There has been great dikh in this case? Ibid. 246 There has been great dikh-dari [i.e. trouble-giving].

diking, dyking ('daikii]), vbl. sb. [OE. dicung, f. dic-ian to dike: see -ing1.] 1. The action of making a dike; the construction of dikes (in various senses of the sb.). ciooo ./Elfric Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 149/15 Fossio, dicung. 1377 Langl. P. PL B. vi. 250 Eche a wyght wrou3te or in dykynge or in deluynge. i486 Nottingham Rec. III. 246 For dykyng at the Cheynybrigg Close. 1526 Customs of Pale (Dillon 1892) 82 To minishe everie yere jd unto the time that his betterings of such dikenge be owte or Run uppe. 1569 Nottingham Rec. IV. 135 For dykyng the gret dyke in Westcroft. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 120 Two dayes .. dykinge aboute it. 1726 Laws of Sewers 188 Keep the Rivers thereof with sufficient Dyking, Scouring [etc.]. 1830 N. S. Wheaton Jrnl. 464 Much of the land.. reclaimed from the marsh by ditching and dykeing. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. VI. xvi. viii. 223 Upon this Dollart itself there is now to be diking tried. 1884 Manch. Exam. 6 Sept. 5/2 The land .. wants draining, and dyking.

2. Work consisting of dikes. 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 153 Defens off herth and dikyng. 1483 Cath. Angl. 100/1 A Dikynge, fossatus. 1522 MS. Acc. St.John's Hosp., Canterb., Paied for castyng of xxj roddis of dykyng. 3. Comb, diking-boots, stout boots, reaching

up to the thigh, used in ditching; mitten, a glove used by a diker.

diking-

1820 Bewick Mem. (1882) 13 Equipt with an apron, an old dyking-mitten and a sharpened sickle, to set off among the whin bushes. 1877 Holderness Gloss., Dikin-beeats, used for wading in the water and mud when diking.

dikkar, obs. form of dicker sb.1 dikkon, Var. dicken, dickin int.

dikkop (’dikap). S.Afr. Also diccop, dickop, dikkop, dikop. [Afrikaans, f. dik thick + kop head.] 1. The stone-curlew. 1853 Edin. New Philos. Jrnl. LV. 83 The dickop .. seem to emerge from their daylight concealment. 1858 A. W. Drayson Sporting Scenes 17 One or two of the bustard tribe are also found here, and are called the diccop, coran, and pouw. 1873 tr. J. Verne's Meridiana xvi. 148 The hunters shot..some ‘ dikkops', whose flesh is very delicate eating. 1891 Daily Graphic 17 Aug. 5 Eleven snipe, one dikkop, one wild turkey, one blue crane. 1903 E. Glanville Diamond Seekers 116 They’re playing dik-kop... The dik-kop drops his wing and shams hurt to lead you off. 1939 S. Cloete Watch for Dawn ix. 114 The moonlit nights when dikkops and the kievietjes screamed as they flew to water. 1947 J. Stevenson-Hamilton Wild Life S. Afr. xxxii. 270 The dikkops or stone curlews.—Two species of these are described in South Africa, the Cape Dikkop (Burhinus capensis), and the Water Dikkop (Burhinus vermiculator).

DILAPIDATE 2. spec. In Dental Surgery, used ‘to describe a condition of tooth resulting from displacement of the calcified portion from the tissues which are instrumental in its production, the development being continued after the normal position of the calcified part has been lost’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). 1859 J Tomes Dental Surg. 164 The crown and the fang being joined at an angle, presenting that peculiarity of conformation which has been denominated dilaceration. 1878 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 562 Dilaceration is due to a shifting of the forming tooth on its base.

dilactic (dai'laektik), a. Chem. [f. di-2 2 + lactic.] In dilactic acid, a pale yellow, amorphous, easily fusible substance, formed, along with lactide, by heating lactic acid.

2. A form of blue tongue (see blue tongue i).

Formula C6H10O5-2(C3H4O)O2H2- Its salts are

1870 T. Baines Diary 8 Dec. (1946) III. 762 One of whose horses was standing apart, suffering from the ‘dikkop’ form of horse sickness. 1959 Cape Times 28 Jan. 2/3 Dikkop, the dreaded sheep-killing disease, is raging at Murraysburg.

di'lactates. (So called because it contains two equivalents of lactyl, C3H4O, the radical of lactic acid.) 1863-72 Watts Diet. Chem. III. 461.

II diktat ('diktaet). [a. G. diktat dictate sb.] a. A severe settlement or decision, esp. one imposed by a victorious nation upon a defeated nation, a dictated peace; used spec, with reference to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. b. A dictate, decree, or command; a categorical assertion. *933 ‘A German Diplomat’ Hitler—Germany & Europe

dilambdodont (dai'laemdaodont), a.

(Friends of Europe, No. 2) 9 The treaty of Versailles .. was not a ‘Diktat’ which artificially imposed a solution foreign to reality. 1940 Time 1 Jan. 47/1 If a Final Treaty is negotiated between victor and vanquished.. at least a year after the Preliminary Treaty, or Diktat, is imposed. 1940 Times Weekly 7 Aug. 9/3 (headline) Axis plans for Rumaniapopular resistance to ‘Diktat’. 1941 Mind L. 290 He decreed that sense-data are not to have unnoticed characteristics... This Diktat of his would seem to imply that sense-data can have determinable shapes without having determinate ones. 1948 A. J. Toynbee Civilization on Trial v. 79 The psychological effect of the British diktat of a.d. 1842. 1959 Listener 22 Jan. 158/2 The Soviet draft was fundamentally different from the Versailles 'diktat'. 1963 Times 27 May 13/4 Naked aggression against any state in Africa which does not accept the diktat of himself and his friends.

dilamination (dailaemi'neijan). Bot. [n. of action from L. dilaminare to split in two, f. di-, dis- asunder + lamina thin plate, layer.] Separation into laminae, or splitting off of a lamina.

f di'lacerate, ppl. a. Obs. [ad. L. dtlaceratus torn asunder, pa. pple. of dilacerare: see next.] Rent asunder, torn: used as pple. and adj. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 368 England., dilacerate and infested.. by the Danes. 1608 Middleton Trick to catch Old-one 1. i, What may a stranger expect from thee but vulnera dilacerata, as the poet says, dilacerate dealing? 1649 Roberts Clavis Bibl. 489 His dilacerate members.

dilacerate (di-, dai'laesareit), v. Also 7 de-. [f. ppl. stem of L. dilacerare (f. di-, dis- asunder (di-1) + lacerare to tear, lacerate); also delacerare, whence the formerly frequent variant delacerate.] trans. To tear asunder, tear in pieces. Also fig. a. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Dilacerate, to rent in sunder. 1618 Hist. Perkin Warbeck in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 80 You., know how the house of York hath been dilacerated and torn in pieces by the cruel hand of tyrants and home-bred wolves. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 38 Their eares are extended and dilacerated very much. 1650 Descr. Future Hist. Europe Pref. 2 The Church is dilacerated, the Commonwealth disjoynted. 1708 Motteux Rabelais iv. Hi. (1737) 211 All were dilacerated and spoil’d. 1822 T. Taylor Apuleius 11 Shall we first dilacerate this man? 1848 J. A. Carlyle tr. Dante's Inferno (1849) 334 See how I dilacerate myself. p. 1624 T. Scott Vox Caeli Ded. 5 The Match long since prophetically delacerated. 1647 R. Baron Cyprian Acad. 15 Acteons dogs .. greedy to delacerate his limbes instead of the innocent beast he persued.

Hence di'lacerated ppl. a. 1650 A. B. Mutat. Polemo To Rdr. 2 My poor dilacerated Countrey. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. iv. xxxiii. (1713) 385 The dilacerated Empire of Rome.

dilaceration (di-, dai.laesa'reifan). Also 7 de-. [a. F. dilaceration (1419 in Hatzf.), ad. L. dilaceration-em, n. of action from dilacerare-. see prec.] 1. The action of rending asunder or tearing (parts of the body, etc.); the condition of being torn or rent. a. 1634 T. Johnson tr. Parey's Chirurg. xi. i. (1678) 278 Wounds .. by Gunshot.. are accompanied with contusion, dilaceration, [etc.] 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. in. xvi. 146 Conceiving a dilaceration of the . belly of the viper. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 396 Dilaceration of the nerveous Fibres. 1805 B. Montague tr. Bacon’s Wisd. Ancients Wks. (Bohn i860) 259 The riddles of Sphinx., have two conditions annexed .. dilaceration to those who do not solve them, and empire to those that do. 1838 New Monthly Mag. LIV. 403 His right-hand nails .. threatened instant dilaceration. fig- 1545 Joye Exp. Dan. xi. CC ij b, Many dilaceracions & divisions. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 731 His nobles .. after his death making .. a dilaceration of his monarchy. 1808 Lamb Char. Dram. Writ., Ford Wks. 531/2 This dilaceration of the spirit and exenteration of the inmost mind. |3. 1624 T. Scott Vox Cceli 58 God himselfe hath.. Confirmed the breach and delaceration of the [Spanish] Match. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Delaceration, a tearing in pieces. 1755 in Johnson. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex., Delaceration.

Zool. [f. Gr. hi-, di- 2 + Xapiflha. the letter lambda, A + ohovr- tooth.] Having oblong molar teeth with two/1- or V-shaped ridges; as is the case with the Insectivorous Mammals of the northern hemisphere, the mole, hedgehog, etc.

1849 Balfour Man. Bot. 184 A process of dilamination, or chorization. 1875 Ibid. (ed. 5) 371 Parts of the flower are often increased by a process of deduplication, unlining, dilamination, or chorization, i.e. the separation of a lamina from organs already formed. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dilamination, the separation into layers of parts originally continuous.

f di'laniate, v. Obs. [f. L. dilaniat- ppl. stem of dilaniare to tear in pieces, f. di- apart ■+■ laniare to tear.] trans. To rend or tear in pieces. Hence di'laniated ppl. a. 1535 W. Overbury Let. to Crumwel in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. xxix. 206 There be many perverse men, which do dilaniate the flock of Christ. 1597 1st Pt. Return fr. Parnass. in. i. 965, I have restored thy dylaniated back.. to those prittie clothes wherin thou now walkest. 1644 Howell Eng. Tears in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) V. 451 Rather than they would dilaniate the intrails of their own mother, fair Italy.. they met halfway. 1653 W. Sclater Fun. Serm. (1654) 8 Being dilaniated, and rent in his body.

f dilani'ation. Obs. [n. of action f. prec.: cf. L. laniation-em tearing.] The action of tearing or rending in pieces. 1569 J. Sanford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 11 b, The dilaniation of Bacchus, a 1656 Bp. Hall Wks. (1837-9) VI. 348 (D.) To challenge and provoke the furious lions to his dilaniation. 1690 Seer. Hist. Chas. II & Jas. II32 The scars of his cruel dilaniations.

f dilapidate, ppl. a. Obs. or arch. Also 7 delapidat. [ad. L. dilapidat-us, pa. pple. of dilapidare: see next.] = dilapidated. (Chiefly as pa. pple.) 1590 [see next 2]. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 114 It was taken An. 1622, and by them delapidat and depopulated. 1865 Kingsley Herew. (1866) I. i. 29 The keep even in Leland’s time .. somewhat dilapidate.

dilapidate (di'laepideit), v. Also 7-9 de-. [ad. L. dilapidare lit. ‘to scatter as if throwing stones’, to throw away, destroy, f. di-, dis- asunder + lapidare to throw stones, f. lapid-em stone. Taken in Eng. in a more literal sense than was usual in L.] 1. trans. To bring (a building) into a state of decay or of partial ruin. Also fig. 1570 Levins Manip. 41/36 To Dilapidate, dilapidare. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 216 A ruined Chappell.. built by the Spaniard, and delapidated by the Dutch. 1706 Sibbald Hist. Piets in Misc. Scot. I. ill It has been sadly dilapidated of late, to obtain stones to build a house. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 14 The whole side was dilapidated, and seemed like the wing of a house shut up. 1854 Lowell Jrnl. Italy Prose Wks. 1890 I. 208 His whole figure suddenly dilapidates itself, assuming a tremble of professional weakness.

2. fig. estate).

To waste, squander (a benefice or

1590 in Row Hist. Kirk (Maitland) 408 All quho have dilapidat benefices.. to the preiudice of the Kirk. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. 111. vi. 168 Those who by overbuilding their houses have dilapidated their lands. 01711 Ken Serm. Wks. (1838) 160 Nothing.. more certainly dilapidates their estates.. than the surfeits of intemperance. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. vi. 234 note. Having dilapidated the revenues. absol. 1692 H. Wharton Def. Pluralities 159 (T.) Many pluralists.. do neither dilapidate, nor neglect alms.

3. intr. To become dilapidated; to fall into ruin, decay, or disrepair. 1712 Prideaux Direct. Ch.-wardens (ed. 4) 25 [Charged] with the supervisal.. of.. the .. House, to see that [it] be [not] permitted to dilapidate and fall into decay. 1775 Johnson Journ. West. 1st., Elgin, The church of Elgin.. was

.. shamefully suffered to dilapidate by deliberate robbery and frigid indifference. 1858 De Quincey Pope Wks. IX. 30 To find one’s fortune dilapidating by changes so rapid.

Hence dilapidating ppl. a. i779“8i Johnson L.P., Dyer, In the neighbourhood of dilapidating Edifices. 1805 Whitaker Hist. Craven 500 How .. are our dilapidating churches to be rebuilt? 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 220 Thirty years.. [have] exerted their dilapidating effects on [the obelisks].

dilapidated (di'laepideitid), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED1.] Fallen into ruin or disrepair; ruined, impaired, broken down. {lit. and fig.) a 1806 Bp. Horsley Serm. xxxv. (R.), The inconvenience of succeeding to dilapidated houses. 1817 Sir J. Newport in Pari. Deb. 1484 The danger was to be apprehended from the dilapidated state of the finances. 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. 11. i, A dilapidated old country villa. 1874 Ruskin Fors Clav. IV. xxxvii* 2 A large and dilapidated pair of woman’s shoes.

dilapidation (di.lEepi'deiJan). Also 5-9 de-. [ad. L. dilapidation-em a squandering, n. of action f. dilapidate: see dilapidate tj.] 1. The action of dilapidating or expending wastefully; wasteful expenditure, squandering. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. x, Sellynge off a kynges livelod, is propirly callid delapidacion off his crowne. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Dilapidation, wastefull spending, or suffering to goe to decay. 1682 Burnet Rights Princes Pref. 24 Against the Dilapidations of the Revenues of the Church. 1798 Malthus Popul. (1878) 427 The dilapidation of the national resources. 1818 Hallam Mid. Ages viii. ill. (1855) III. 160 The dilapidation which had taken place in the royal demesnes.

2. The action of bringing (a building, etc.) into ruin, decay, or disrepair. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 272 Subject to the dilapidations of time and the caprice of fashion. 1886 Act 49-50 Viet. c. 29. §1 (3) The crofter shall not. .persistently injure the holding by the dilapidation of buildings.

3. Law. The action of pulling down, allowing to fall into a state of disrepair, or in any way impairing ecclesiastical property belonging to an incumbency. C1425 Wyntoun Cron. ix. xx. 116 Ane auld abbote swa put downe For opyn dilapidatioune. 1511 Colet Serm. to Conuocacion A vij a, Suynge for tithes, for offrynge, for mortuaries, for delapidations, by the right and title of the churche. a 1613 Overbury Charac., Ordinary Widdow Wks. (1856) 140 A churchman she dare not venture upon; for she hath heard widowes complain of dilapidations. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 91 Dilapidations.. are a kind of ecclesiastical waste, either voluntary, by pulling down; or permissive, by suffering the chancel, parsonage-house, and other buildings .. to decay. 1874 Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 237 Experience in the valuation of dilapidations.

b. loosely. The sums charged against an incumbent or his representatives to make good such damage incurred during his incumbency. 1553 Lane. Wills (1857) II. 263, I thinke my successors cannot.. requyer any dylapidacions ffor Sefton. 1868 Milman St. Paul's 317 Considerable sums as dilapidations for the repair of the body of the church. attrib. 1772 Ann. Reg. 145 His Lordship .. will lay out the dilapidation sum.. in building a house for the see.

4. The action of falling into decay; the condition of being in ruins or in disrepair, (lit. and fig.) 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 219 The Calyph pittied her delapidations, and.. begun to reare her up againe, and builded [etc.]. 1684 Goodman Winter Evening Confer. 1. (L.), By keeping a strict account of incomes and expences, a man might easily preserve an estate from dilapidation. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 507 The works .. are in such a state of delapidation. i860 Mrs. Harvey Cruise Claymore xi. 303 In striking contrast to the wretched delapidation of the Holy Sepulchre. 1861 F. Hall in Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 14 An edifice now lying in littered dilapidation.

5. The falling of stones or masses of rock from mountains or cliffs by natural agency. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 165 In the course of time they shall be exposed from the dilapidations of the mountain. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 61 The dilapidation taking place on the east, has caused an opening .. into the heart of the mountain. 1875 Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 11. xv. 356 The rocks have been suffering from dilapidation.

b. concr. A mass or collection of stone which has fallen from a mountain or height; debris. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 68 Masses of dilapidation of various sizes. Ibid. II. 48 The whole tract is covered with reduced dilapidation, either hornstone, trapp, or basalt.

dilapidator (di'kepideit3(r)). [agent-n., in L. form, from dilapidate: see dilapidate v. and -or. Cf. F. dilapidateur (15th c. in Hatz.Darm.] One who dilapidates or brings into a ruinous condition; one who allows a building to fall into disrepair. 1692 H. Wharton Def. Pluralities 156 (T.) You shall seldom see a non-resident, but he is also a dilapidator. 1697 Bp. of Lincoln Adv. Clergy 33 Dilapidators many times die insolvent and so leave the whole Burden of the Repair upon the Successour. 1812 Sir R. Wilson Priv. Diary I. 39, I only allowed myself to become a purchaser and not a dilapidator. 1890 Tablet 24 May 813 Power to restrain both builders and dilapidators within reasonable limits.

dilapse, var. of delapse v., to slip down. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 149 A round hill, one side of which has dilapsed nearly perpendicularly.

dilash, var. of delash v. Obs., to let off. 1582-8 Hist. James VI (1804) 209 He cawsit dilashe sum cannons in face of the fyre, to terifie the people to approach.

DILATE

662

DILAPIDATED

dilatability (dai.leits'biliti, di-). [f. next: see -ity.] The quality of being dilatable, capacity of being dilated. 1691 Ray Creation I. (1714) 28 We take notice of the wonderful dilatability or extensiveness of the throats.. of serpents. 1773 Phil. Trans. LXIII. 435 Substances that., differed in their dilatability. 1826 Henry Elem. Chem. I. 138 The law of the dilatability of gases by heat has already been stated. 1875 Croll Climate & T. vii. 116 Taking the dilatability of sea water to be the same as that of fresh.

dilatable (dai'leit3b(3)l, di-), a.1 [f. dilate v. + -able. Cf. F. dilatable (Cotgr. 1611).] Capable of being dilated, widened out, extended, or enlarged; expansible. 1610 Healey St. Aug. Citie of God xi. v. (1620) 391 They will neither make God’s essence dilatable nor limitable. 01691 Boyle Hist. Air i. (1692) 1 That thin .. compressible and dilatable Body in which we breath. 1782 A. Monro Compar. Anat. (ed. 3) 28 Owls., have the pupil very dilatable. 1851 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. in. v. 319 Of the several forms of natural bodies, gases and vapours are observed to be most dilatable.

Hence di'latableness. 1727 Bailey vol. II., Dilatableness, capableness of being widened. f dilatable, a.2

Obs., erroneous f. delitable (also diletabil, dilitable, etc.). c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 57 A lyf pat may noght be chaungyd, a kyngdome ay lastand dilatable.

dilatancy (dai'leitansi, di-). [f. next: see -ancy.] The property of dilating or expanding; spec, that of expanding in bulk with change of shape, exhibited by granular masses, and due to the increase of space between their rigid particles when their position is changed. 1885 O. Reynolds in Proc. Brit. Assoc. 896 (title) On the Dilatancy of Media composed of Rigid Particles in Contact. -Ibid., A very fundamental property of granular masses. To this property he [O. Reynolds] gave the name of dilatancy. It is exhibited in any arrangement of particles where change of bulk is dependent upon change of shape. 1886 Sat. Rev. 28 Aug. 295 Owens College had at that time only begun to display its ‘dilatancy’, if we may make bold to use a term recently applied by one of its professors to a force which he claims to have discovered in the physical world.

dilatant (dai'leitsnt, di-), a. and sb. [ad. L. dilatant-em (or a. F. dilatant) pr. pple. of L. dilatdre (F. dilater) to dilate: see -ant.] A. adj. Dilating, expanding; expansive. 1841 Fraser’s Mag. XXIII. 216 My mind had greatly the advantage of my body; this being small, mean, and unseemly, that capacious, lively, and dilatant. 1885 O. Reynolds in Proc. Brit. Assoc. 897 When the dilatant material, such as shot or sand, is bounded by smooth surfaces, the layer of grains adjacent to the surface is in a condition differing from that of the grains within the mass.

B. sb. a. A substance having the property of dilating or expanding, b. A surgical instrument used for dilating, a dilatator. f 'dilatate, v. Obs. [f. L. dilatat- ppl. stem of dilatdre: see dilate ti.2] = dilate v.2. 1613 Jackson Creed 11. 259 Such pleasant obiects as might dilatate the heart and spirites.

dilatate ('daibteit), ppl. a. Zool. [ad. L. dildtatus, pa. pple. of dilatdre to dilate. ] Dilated. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1845) 134 Sparingly dilatate at each extremity.

dilatation (daib'teijan). [a. OF. dilatacion, -ation (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) = It. dilatazione, Sp. dilatacion, ad. L. dilatation-em, n. of action f. dilata-re to dilate t>.2] 1. a. The action or process of dilating; the condition of being dilated; widening out, expansion, enlargement. (Chiefly in Physics and Physiol.) c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 66 And if J?at pe blood go out of arterie J?ou schalt knowe it bi construccion and dilatacion of pe same arterie. 1589 Cogan Haven Health eexliii (1636) 299 By blowing of the winde or dilatation of the ayre. 1660 Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. i. 28 It appears not that any compression of the Air preceded its spontaneous Dilatation or Expansion of it self. 1685-Effects of Mot. ix. 108 The dilatation of metals .. by Heat. 1732 Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 389 There may be a Dropsy.. by a Dilatation of the serous Vessels. 1826 Henry Elem. Chem. I. 80 The expansion or dilatation of bodies.. is an almost universal effect of an increase of temperature. 1849 Mrs. Somerville Connect. Phys. Sc. xvii. 156 Alternate condensations and dilatations of the strata. 1871 W. A. Hammond Dis. Nerv. Syst. 46 The emotions of shame, of anger, and others, cause the face to become red from dilatation of the blood-vessels. fig. 1659 Stanley Hist. Philos, xm. (1701) 590/2 Pleasure .. is produced with a kind of dilatation and exaltation of the Soul. 1762 Kames Elem. Crit. (1833) 221 We feel a gradual dilatation of mind. 1877 Wraxall Hugo's Miserables iv. xlix. 33 There is a dilatation of thought peculiar to the vicinity of a tomb.

b. concr. A dilated form, formation, or portion of any structure. *833 Thirlwall in Philol. Museum II. 163 Memnon is only a dilatation of Menon. 1854 Woodward Mollusca 11. 161 A similar contractile dilatation exists at the end of the foot. 1857 Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. §73 The only semblance of a root is a little dilatation of the base. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11.1. 43 This dilatation divides the digestive canal into three parts.

c. dilatation and curettage (or curetting) Gynsecol., an operation involving dilatation of the cervix and curettage of the uterus, carried out for diagnostic purposes, to terminate a pregnancy, or to arrest irregular menstrual bleeding. 1906 D. B. Hart in Allbutt et al. Syst. Gynaecol, (ed. 2) 70 Dilatation and curetting. This is a very important procedure where malignant disease of the mucous membrane of the body is suspected. 1920 H. S. Crossen Operative Gynecol. (ed. 2) v. 268 (caption) The safe method of securing the necessary fixation of the cervix, for Dilatation and Curettage. 1964 Jrnl. Obstetrics & Gynaecol. LXXI. 668/2 Dilatation and curettage has a major place in the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium of the obstetrician and gynaecologist.

2. The spreading abroad, extension, expansion (of immaterial or abstract things), arch. 1448 Will of Hen. VI. in Willis and Clark Cambridge I. 353 Dilatacion, and stablisshement of christen feith. 1610 Bp. Carleton Junsd. 174 For preseruation and dilatation of peace and iustice. 1646 Sir J. Temple Irish Rebell. 65 Before I.. come to declare the universal dilatation of [the rebellion] throughout the whole kingdom. 1839 Cdl. Wiseman Cath. & Angl. Ch. Ess. (1853) II. 232 To the end of the world, room will be left for the dilatation of religion. (1886)

3. The action or practice of dilating upon a subject in speech or writing; amplification, enlargement, diffuse treatment. c 1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 134 What needeth gretter dilatacioun? c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. iv. 2278 But this dilatacyon.. longeth not to this lyf present. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. vii. §5. 28 God [is] Holy in the description or dilatation of his workes. 1645 Gaule Cases Consc. (1646) 4, I resolue against all such dilatations in this Epitome. 1779 Johnson L.P., Dry den Wks. II. 428 Little more than a dilatation of the praise given it by Pope. 1873 Lowell Among my Books Ser. 11. 285, I have spoken of Spenser’s fondness for dilatation as respects thoughts and images. Hence dila'tational a.y of or pertaining to a

dilatation. 1884 Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 539 The first dilatational bands of the external cortex. .1895 StoryMaskelyne Crystallogr. i. 11 The dilatational changes resulting from variation of temperature in a crystal.

dilatative (dai'leitativ, 'daibteitiv), a. dilatat-, ppl. stem of dilatdre + -ive.] nature of or tending to dilatation.

[f. L. Of the

1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dilatation, A new impetus is impressed thereon, from the dilatative cause. 1740 Stack in Phil. Trans. XLI. 429 Therefore the dilatative Effort of the Layers increases with the Layers in a greater Proportion than these Layers.

dilatator ('daib,teit3(r)). [a. L. dilatator, agentn. from dilata-re to dilate. In F. dilatateur (Cotgr. 1611). When treated as Latin, the stress is on the third syllable.] a. Anat. A muscle which dilates or expands a part; also attrib. b. Surgery. An instrument for dilating or distending an opening. (Also dilater, and less correctly dilator.) 1611 Cotgr., Dilatateur, a dilatator, inlarger, widener; extender. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 571 In the Reptilia these are replaced by a constrictor and a dilatator muscle. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dilatator, a widener. Applied to certain muscles whose office is to widen or dilate the parts on which they act; also applied to instruments for opening or enlarging the entrances to cavities or passages.

dilatatory (dai'leitstsn). Surg. Also in Lat. form -'orium. [ad. F. dilatatoire (16th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. med. or mod.L. dilatatorium (see quot. 1731), f. L. dilatat-, ppl. stem of dilata-re to dilate.] An instrument for dilating a part or organ. 1611 Cotgr., Dilatatoire, a dilatatorie or inlarger; an Instrument wherewith Chirurgions open those partes that by sicknesse, or other accident, are too much closed. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1706 Phillips Dilatatory or Dilater. 1731-1800 Bailey, Dilatatorium (with Surgeons) an instrument to open any part, as the mouth, womb or fundament. 1823 Crabb Techn. Diet., Dilatato'rium (Surg.), a surgical instrument for dilating the mouth; also for pulling barbed irons out of a wound. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dilatato'rium.

t di'late, ti.1 Obs. Also 4 deleate, 5 dylate, 5-6 de-. [a. F. dilater to defer, delay, temporize, ad. med.L. dilatdre to defer, delay, put off, protract, freq. of differre to defer: cf. dilatory. The sense ‘prolong’ comes so near ‘enlarge’, ‘expand’, or ‘set forth at length’, in dilate v.2, that the two verbs were probably not thought of as distinct words.] 1. trans. To delay, defer. 1399 Pol- Poems (Rolls) II. 14 To 3ive ous pes, which longe hath be debated. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 45 Thou oughtest to dylate the vengeaunce tyll the furour be passed. c 1485 Digby Myst. n. 497 To delate yt any lenger yt ys not best. 1556 J- Heywood Spider & F. lii. 19 Without more time delated. 1574 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 158 Sometimes the sorrowful sutor doth more feele a rough word they speake, then the iustice they dilate. 1581 T. Howell Deuises (1879) 213 Some.. with delayes the matter will delate. 1620 Shelton Quix. II. iv. ix. 120 Why dost thou with these so many untoward breathings delate the making of mine end happy?

2. To extend lengthen.

in

time,

protract,

prolong,

DILATE 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. 11. vi. 103 The cas happed that the battaylle was somwhat dylated. 1596 Bell Surv. Popery n. 11. v. 168 These houres are sometimes dilated. 1658 Osborn Adv. Son (1673) 146 A., way to dilate a remembrance beyond the banks of Forgetfulness.

Hence di'lated ppl. a., dilating vbl. sb. I5°9“to Act 1 Hen. VIII, c. 4, Preamb., Delatyng of so longe tyme. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. xxxv. 10 Without more delated delaie. 01657 R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 165 Your dilated resolutions of seeing London.

dilate (di-, dai'leit), v.2 Also 6-7 delate, [a. F. dilate-r (Oresme, 14th c.), ad. L. dilatare to spread out, amplify, extend, widen, f. di-, dis(dis- 1) + lat-us broad, wide.] 1. trans. To make wider or larger; to increase the width of, widen; to expand, amplify, enlarge. 1528 Paynel Salerne’s Regim. Yb, Lekes delate the matrice. 1555 Eden Decades 261 A1 thynges . . are dilated by heate. 1579 Twyne Phisicke agst. Fort. 11. Ep. Ded. 161 a, I might dilate this discourse with a thousand argumentes. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. in. xxi. 162 It is enforced to dilate and hold open the jawes. 1697 Potter Antiq. Greece III. xvi. (1715) 135 The sails were contracted, dilated, or chang’d from one side to another. 1749 Smollett Regicide IV. v, While the deep groan Dilates thy lab’ring breast? 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 403/2, Haller found..the bladder so dilated that it was capable of containing twenty pounds of water. 1851 Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. II. vii. 193 Heat dilates matter with an irresistible force.

b. fig. C1450 tr. De Imitatione hi. liv. Dilate l?in herte, & resceyue J>is holy inspiracion wij> all maner desir. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 275b, Holy charite.. dilateth & spredeth the herte of man or woman. 1625 F. Markham Bk. Hon. 11. ii. 47 Another sort, who haue dilated and made excellent their bloods, by the great happiness of their fortunate Issues and Noble Matches or Mariages. 1704 Hearne Dur/. Hist. (1714) I. 139 The Reader may take Eachard’s Roman History as being.. proper to dilate the Student’s knowledge in Roman Affairs. 1871 Farrar Witn. Hist. v. 193 As we have seen, it [Christianity] dilates our whole being.

c. refl. *539 Taverner Erasm. Prov. (1552) 60 We be therefore warned that we dylate not our selues beyond our condition and state. 1653 Wharton Disc. Comets Wks. (1683) 149 There at first appeared a small Comet, afterward it mounted and dilated it self on high. 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 5 Copper is., very pliable, and dilates it self into very thin Leaves. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 379 Will he not dilate and elevate himself in the fulness of vain pomp and senseless pride?

f2. To spread abroad; to extend, diffuse, or disperse through a wide space or region, lit. and fig. Obs. 14,30 Instr. Ambass. in Rymer Foedera (1710) X. 725 Christen Feith and beleue had.. be dilated through the World. 1520 Caxton s Chron. Eng. in. 2ob/i In al this tyme the Empyre of Rome was not dylated passynge 12 myle. *548-77 Vicary Anat. ii. (1888) 21 This Artere..is more obedient to be delated abrode through al the lunges. 1549 Compl. Scotl. Epist. 1 The immortal gloir.. is abundantly dilatit athort al cuntreis. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 53 Bowes and braunches which did broad dilate Their clasping armes. 1644 Evelyn Sylva (1679) 4 The tree being of a kind apt to dilate its roots. 1719 J. T. Philipps tr. 34 Conferences 348 This Juncture.. favourable for dilating the Knowledge of Christ among these Nations.

b. refl. 1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 258 The curing of this Gangrene so dilating it self both in Church, Court and State. 1702 Echard Eccl. Hist. (1710) 246 The joy of which preferment.. dilated itself through all the Roman empire.

3. in.tr. (for refl.) To become wider or larger; to spread out, widen, enlarge, expand. 1636 G. Sandys Paraphr. Ps. 107 And Naphtali, which borders on Old Jordan, where his stream dilates. 1641 Wilkins Math. Magick 11. v. (1648) 182 Shall be like the fins of a fish to contract and dilate. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Praise Chimneysw.. The nostrils of the young rogues dilated at the savour. 1849 Miss Mulock Ogilvies ii, Her eye dilating and her cheek glowing. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §32 When a body increases in temperature it also expands in volume or dilates. 1879 Harlan Eyesight ii. 16 The pupil has the property of contracting and dilating.

b. fig. To expand itself; fto have full scope. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. xiii. (1739) 73 The Duke of Gloucester was of such noble parts, that they could hardly dilate in any work inferior to the Government of a Kingdom. 1847 H. Rogers Ess. I. v. 260 These flimsy objections dilate into monstrous dimensions. 1863 Draper Intell. Devel. Europe iii. (1865) 66 A false inference like this soon dilated into a general doctrine.

f4. trans. To relate, describe, or set forth at length; to enlarge or expatiate upon. Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 190 It nedeth nought that I dilate The pris which preised is algate. CI460 Capgrave Chron. 1 It plesed me .. to gader a schort remembrance of elde stories, that whanne I Yoke upon hem.. I can sone dilate the circumstaunses. 01533 Frith Disput. Purgat. Prol. (1829) 94 Rastell hath enterprised to dilate this matter, and hath divided it into three Dialogues. 1632 Lithgow Trav. viii. 346 Having met with some of their Brethren .. and delated to them their deathes. C1790 Cowper Comm. Milton's P.L. 11. 1024-33 It is., a common thing with poets to touch slightly beforehand, a subject which they mean to dilate in the sequel. 1801 Gouv. Morris in Sparks Life & Writ. (1832) III. 150, I dare give only hints; it would be presumptuous to dilate them.

5. intr. To discourse or write at large; to enlarge, expatiate. Const, fof (obs.), on, upon. 1560 Whitehorne Arte Warre (1588) 105, I might haue delated more vpon the seruice on horsebacke, and after haue reasoned of the warre on the Sea. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 13 a, Experience reproues me for a foole, for delating

663

DILATOMETER

on so manifest a case. 1609 W. M. Man in Moone (1849) 25, I could amply delate of thy sinne, but I know it needlesse. 1689-92 Locke Toleration in. vii. Wks. 1727 II. 379 The terrible Consequences you dilate on.. I leave you for your private use. 1697 Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. 1. (1709) 238 Were it not too sad an Argument to dilate upon. 1786 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 33 You were dilating with your new acquaintances. 1820 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. South-sea Ho., How would he dilate into secret history. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xxvi, She proceeded to dilate upon the perfections of Miss Nickleby. 1861 F. Hall in Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 146 But it is needless to dilate. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. (1875) III. xviii. 122 The chancellor. .dilated at length on the penuries of Duke Philip.

christendome againe. 1532-Confut. Tindale ibid. 648/2 For now in dylating and declaring of hys conclusion, he addeth one thinge. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 36/1 Doo grant that you for the dilating of Gods church .. doo enter to possesse that land. 1657 J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 114 Paradiastole is a dilating or enlarging of a matter by interpretation. 1703 Maundrell jfourn. Jerus. (1732) 12 Where the waters by dilating were become shallower. 1791 Mad. D’Arblay Diary Sept., A few memorandums for my own dilating upon at our meeting.

fb. refl. To express oneself at length or diffusely. Obs. rare.

1581 T. Howell Deuises (1879) 192 In my delating brains, a thousand thoughts were fed. 1593 Tell-Troth's N. Y. Gift 4 With such a dilatinge narration. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 1. (1645) 290 To fill those capacities which the dilating heat hath made. 1805 Southey Madoc in W. iv, Through the broken cloud, Appeared the bright dilating blue of heaven. 1854 Badham Halieut. 248 A dilating crest which grows red at the nuptial season.

1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 11. (1645) 9 Concerning which wee shall not need to dilate our selves any further. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. iv. i. §6 In process of time, Wicliflfe might delate himself in supplemental and additional Opinions. a 1672 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 161 Dr. Richard Gardiner.. dilating himself on Christ’s miracle of turning water into wine.

dilate (dai'leit), a. arch. Also 7 delate. [Inform, ad. L. dilat-us carried in different ways, spread abroad, dispersed, published, pa. pple. of differre; but in sense, answering to L. dilatat-us, widened, expanded, and so perh. short for dilated.] = dilated, widely extended or expanded. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 182 With mykyll more Lycour dylate. 1603 B. Jonson Sejanus 1. ii, Instructed With so dilate and absolute a power. 1614 W. B. Philosopher's Banquet (ed. 2) 12 A minde so delate and ample. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. vii. 187 The Seas possibly more dilate and extended. 1803 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. I. 301 Who narrates with dilate diffusion. 1883 Fenn Eli's Childr. III. in. ii. 180 Her dilate and frightened eyes softened with tears.

t di'late, sb. Obs. DILATATION 3.

rare.

[f. dilate v.2]

=

1595 Markham Sir R. Grinvile (Arb.) 58 Thanks hardie Midleton for thy dilate.

dilate, obs. form of delate, delete. dilated(dai'leitid),ppl. a. [f. dilate*;.2 + -ed1.] Widened, expanded, distended, diffused, etc.: see the verb. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione ill. lvi, J>at J>ou wij? a dilated herte mowe renne pe way of my commandementes. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. 11. iii. 261 A shore confines Thy spacious and dilated parts. 1651 Stanley Poems 29 In an elms dilated shade. 1667 Milton P.L. iv. 986 Satan allarm’d Collecting all his might dilated stood. 1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 264 The dilated Urethra was very thin. 1859 Tennyson Enid 1445 Then there flutter’d in, Half-bold, half-frighted, with dilated eyes, A tribe of women. 1865 Kingsley Herew. x. (1866) 157 His dilated nostril.

fb. Enlarged upon. Obs. 1599 Jas. I BaoiX. Aojpov (1682) 74 Exercise true wisdome; in discerning wisely betwixt true and false reports; first.. and last [considering] the nature and by-past life of the dilated person.

fc. Cryst.

(See quot.)

Obs.

dilating, ppl. a. [f. dilated.2 + -ing2.] That dilates or expands: see the verb.

Hence di'latingly adv. 1891 G. Meredith One of our Conq. II. vi. 150 The colonel eyed Mrs. Blathenoy dilatingly.

f dilation1. Obs. Also 5-6 de-, dy-. [a. OF. dilacion (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), mod.F. dilation, It. dilazione, ad. L. dilation-em, n. of action from differre, dilat- to defer, delay, put off: cf. dilate v.1] Delay, procrastination, postponement. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 877 Bepe not astoneid of no wilfulnes, Ne nou3t dispeired of pis dilacioun. 1430Chron. Troy in. xxv, Without abode or longe delacyon. Ibid. iv. xxxiv, I wyll nowe make no dylacyon. 1552 Latimer Serm. Lord's Pray. iv. 31 The Angels .. whiche doe the will and pleasure of God without dilation. 1585 Parsons Chr. Exerc. 11. v. 350 So the matter by delation came to no effect. 1627 Bp. Hall Heaven vpon Earth §5 Some desperate debters, whom, after long dilations of payments.. we altogether let goe for disability. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 160 The Dilation that attended the ultimate Appeal.

dilation2 (dai'leijan, di-). [Improperly f. dilate v. 2, which does not contain the verbal suffix -ate, but a stem -late from L. lat-us broad, so that the etymologically correct formation is dilatation. (Cf. coercion, dispution for disputation, etc.).] 1. = DILATATION I. 1598 Florio, Dilatione, a dilation, enlarging or ouerspreading. [But 1611 corrects to Dilatatione a dilating, Dilatione a delaying.] 1603 Holland Plutarch's Mor. 76 The dilations of the arteries. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 641 The dilation is the cause of deepe and base voyces. 1796 Southey Lett.fr. Spain (1799) 125 The beauty of its dilation and contraction. 1847 Tennyson Princ. vi. 172 At first her eye with slow dilation roll’d Dry flame. 1870 Rolleston Anim. Life 27 Transverse dilation of the thorax. fig. 1647 H. More Poems 293 The soul.. a sure fixation And centrall depth it hath, and free dilation. 1787 J. Frere in Microcosm No. 25 If 8 The mind perceives a sensible dilation of its faculties. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. 11. Child Angel, Those natural dilations of the youthful spirit.

f2. = DILATATION 2. Obs.

1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. 215 Dilated, the name given to a variety of dodecahedral calcareous spar, in which the bases of the extreme pentagons are in some degree enlarged by the inclination of the lateral planes.

a 1631 Donne in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xc. 14 A prayer not only of appropriation to ourselves.. but of a charitable dilation and extension to others.

d. Her. ‘Opened or extended. Applied to a Pair of Compasses, Barnacles, etc.’ Cussans, 1882. Hence di'latedly adv., in a dilated manner, with dilatation; diffusely.

1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. vii. §6. 28 In the description or dilation of his works. 1623 Cockeram ii, A Speaking at large, Dilation. 1774 Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry III. xxxix. 377 By needless dilations, and the affectations of circumlocution. 1851 Agn. Strickland Queens Scot. II. 193 Frivolous terms and dilations cut away.

1627 Feltham Resolves xxi. (ed. 1) 64 His. .aberrations, wherein he hath dilatedly tumbled himselfe.

t di'latement. Obs. rare. [f. dilate v.2 + -ment.] A dilating; a dilated or diffuse passage. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 86 Euen in this dilatement against Ambition, the diuel seekes to set in a foote of affected applause.

dilater (dai'leit3(r)). [f. dilate v.2 + -er1. Now mostly supplanted by the less correctly formed dilator1.] One who or that which dilates. 1605 Shelton Commend. Verses in Verstegan Dec. Intell., Thy labours shew thy will to dignifie The first dilaters of thy famous Nation. 1640 Bp. Hall Chr. Moder. (ed. Ward) 38/1 Away, then, ye cruel torturers of opinions, dilaters of errors, delators of your brethren.

b. spec. A surgical instrument used to dilate a part; = dilator sb.1 a. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. 464 A dilater made for to open the mouth and teeth. 1668 R. L’Estrange Vis. Quev. (1708) 28 In the tail of these, came the Surgeons, laden with Pincers.. Dilaters, Scissers. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dilatatory, or Dilater, a Surgeon’s dilating Instrument, hollow on the inside, to draw barbed Iron, &c. out of a Wound: Also an Instrument with which the Mouth of the Womb may be dilated. 1721-1800 Bailey, Dilater.

c. Anat. A muscle which dilates or expands a part; = dilatator a, dilator sb.' b. 1683 Snape Anat. Horse iv. xiv. (1686) 171 Of the Dilaters or those that widen the Chest there are four pair.

dilater, obs. form of delator, accuser. dilating (dai'leitiq), vbl. sb. [f. dilate v.2 + -INC1.] The action of the verb dilate, in various senses; enlargement, expansion. 1529 More Comf. agst. Trib. in. Wks. 1213/2 Among other [tokens] the comyng in of the Jewes, and ye dilating of

3. = DILATATION 3.

dilation3, obs. var. of delation, accusation. dilative (dai'leitiv), a. [f. dilate v.2 + -ive.] 1. Having the property of dilating or expanding (trans. and intr.) = dilatative. 1634 T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. iii. i. (1678) 52 The Vital [faculty] is divided into the dilative and contractive faculty of the heart and arteries. 1671 Grew Anat. Plants 1. ii. §4 A Body Porous, Dilative and Pliable. 1808 Coleridge Lit. Rem. (1836) II. 408 The.. astringent power, comparatively uncounteracted by the dilative. Ibid. 411 The dilative force.

f2. Serving to diffuse (the food). Obs. 1528 Paynel Salerne's Regim. P, Drinkynge delatiue is moste conuenient after the fyrst digestion regularlye. 1589 Cogan Haven Health ccxv. (1636) 233 If any of these three uses of drinke be omitted, the drinke delative may be best spared. 1620 Venner Via Recta (1650) 275 This drinking of Wine or Beer between meales.. may well be termed both dilutive and dilative. 1634 H. R. Salerne's Regim. 90 Regularly, conuenient drinke dilatiue, or permixtiue, ought to be Wine, Ale, Beere, Perry, or such like.

dilatometer (dail3'tDmit3(r)). [f. dilate v.2 + -(o)meter.] An instrument for determining the dilatation or expansion of a liquid by heat. Hence dilato'metric a., relating to a dilatometer. 1882 Nature No. 639. 290 The numerous determinations of the expansion of water by heat.. Experimenters.. have used two methods—the hydrostatic and the dilatometric. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Alcoholic dilatometer, an instrument invented by Silvermann to determine the quantity of alcohol in a liquid, founded on the principle that water in passing from o° C. to ioo° C... expands 0466 of its volume, and alcohol.. 1252.

dilatometry (daila'tDmstri). [f. dilato-(meter + -metry.] The measurement of expansion by means of a dilatometer. 1929 Engineering 13 Sept. 361/1 The very slow rates of heating or cooling, which can be used .. in dilatometry. 1930 Ibid. 16 May 654/1 Dilatometry. The specimens made for measuring the permeability were also used for measuring the dilatation.

dilator (dai'leit3(r)), sb.1

[f. dilate v.2: an irregular formation, the regular types being dilater from Eng. dilate, and dilatator from L. dilatare.] One who or that which dilates: spec. a. Surg. An instrument used to dilate or distend an opening, passage, or organ; = dilatator b, dilater b. [1634-1706: see dilater b.] 1688 R. Holme Armoury hi. 420/2 The Dilator is an Instrument to open or stretch out a thing to its breadth. 1830 S. Cooper Diet. Pract. Surg. (ed. 6) s.v. Urethra, With respect to dilators, as they are called .. their use is far from being much approved by the best modern surgeons. 1864 T. Holmes Syst. Surg. (1870) IV. 963 The stricture being now fairly split, the dilator should be rotated.

b. Anat. A muscle or nerve which dilates or widens a part; = dilatator a, dilater c. Also attrib. [1683: see DILATER c.] a 1735 Arbuthnot (J.), The dilators of the nose are too strong in cholerick people. 1807 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 407 The radiating (or dilator) muscle of the Iris. 1844 J. G. Wilkinson Swedenborg's Anim. Kingd. II. i. 3 The muscles of the nose are three pair; two pair of dilator, and one pair of constrictors. 1878 Foster Phys. 11. i. §2. 210 It acts energetically as a dilator-nerve.

t 'dilator, -our, a. and sb.2 Sc. Obs. Forms: 5-8 dilatour, 6 delatour, 8 dilator, delator, [a. F. dilatoire adj. ‘dilatory’, formerly also sb. ‘delay’, ad. L. dildtori-usy dilatori-urn, dilatory, de¬ laying, f. dilat- ppl. stem of differre: see defer v.ly dilate v.1 For the form of the word cf. declarator.] A. adj. (Sc. Law.) dilatory; delaying, causing delay.

dilemma

664

DILATOMETRY

lost, i860 Motley Netherl. (1868) I. iii. 80 The policy of England continued to be expectant and dilatory. b. Law. dilatory plea, a plea put in for the sake of delay,

dilatory exception', see exception sb.

4 a. dilatory defence (in Sc. Law): see quot. [1292 Britton ii. xvii. §1 Par excepciouns dilatories.] 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 14 §5 None essoin.. or other dilatorie pie for the defendant shall be admitted. 1611 Rich Honest. Age (1844) 21 They.. do seeke for nothing more then to checke the course of iustice by their delatory pleas. 1678 Hickes in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. IV. 49 At last all the dilatory exceptions being answered, the Jury was impanelled and the witnesses sworn. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 301 Dilatory pleas are such as tend merely to delay or put off the suit, by questioning the propriety of the remedy, rather than by denying the injury. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot., Dilatory Defence is a plea offered by a defender for eliding the conclusions of the action, without entering on the merits of the cause. 1880 Muirhead Gaius iv. §120 Those [Exceptions] are dilatory that are available only for a time, such as that of an agreement not to sue say for five years. 2. Given to or characterized by delay; slow, tardy,

a. Of persons, their characters, habits,

etc. 1604 Shaks. Oth. ii. iii. 379 Wit depends on dilatory time 1711 Addison Sped. No. 89 |fi Women of dilatory Tempers, who are for spinning out the Time of Courtship. 1742 Young N. Th. i. 413 Poor dilatory man. 1781 Cowper Lett. 25 Aug., The most dilatory of all people. 1838 Thirlwall Greece III. xix. 106 They are as prompt, as you are dilatory. 1884 Pae Eustace 38 You shall have no longer cause to think me dilatory. b. Of actions. 1648 Boyle Seraph. Love xii. (1700) 64 Being press’d to give an account of such a Dilatory way of proceeding. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 144 IP 11 But between dilatory payment and bankruptcy there is a great distance. 1843 Prescott Mexico vi. v. (1864) 369 Cortez was not content to wait patiently the effects of a dilatory blockade. 1879 Froude Caesar xxii. 386 His political advisers were impatient of these dilatory movements. B. sb. Law. A means of procuring delay; a

1503 Sc. Actsjas. IV (1597) §65 There salbe na exception dilatour admitted against that summounds. Ibid. §95 Vpon dilatour or peremptour exception. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 104 Gif the partie defendand will not vse any exception or defence dilatour. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 267 All his Defences, both dilator and peremptor, which the Sheriff shall either advise in Court, or allow [ etc.].

dilatory plea: see A. i b. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) II. 22 Shifting off the matter by subtil dilatories and frivolous cavilling about the law. 1585 Abp. Sandys Serm. (1841) 226 Delatories and shiftings off wear out many a just cause, and beggar many a poor man. 1681 Trial of S. Colledge 16 You ought not to have helps to plead dilatories. a 1734 North Lives (1826) I. 302 Criminals of that sort.. should defend upon plain truth, which they know best, without any dilatories, arts or evasions. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. s.v. Dilatory Pleas, No man shall be permitted to plead two dilatories at separate times.

B. sb. (Sc. Law.) A delay; a cause of delay, a dilatory plea; = dilatory sb.

f dilatory, a.2 Obs. rare. [A bad formation for

1473 Treaty zv. Scotl. in Rymer Foedera (1710) XI. 789 Withoutyn any dilatour or delais. 1583 Sempill Leg. Bp. Andrews Life 194 Ballates (1872) 205 Bot Doctor Patrick still replyed, With trickis and delatouris he denyed. 1717 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 328, I scarce mention the unaccountable dilatours of settling vacancies. 1718 Ibid. II. 381 This was reckoned a delator, and opposed. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 97 All these Objections, properly called Dilators, must be first proponed. 1888 Ramsay Scotl. in 18th C. I. ii. 41 He is said to have excelled in what was called proponing dilators.

dilator, obs. form of delator, accuser. dilatorily ('dibtarili), adv. [f. dilatory a.1 + -LY2.]

In a dilatory manner; delayingly.

1700 Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 873 The Prelates answered him dilatorily. 1781 Johnson in Boswell Life (1848) 665/1, I wrote in my usual way, dilatorily and hastily, unwilling to work, and working with vigour and haste. 1849 Lowell Lett. I. 167, I remain very sincerely (and dilatorily) Your friend.

dilatoriness

('dibtsrmis). Forms: see dilatory, [f. next + -ness.] The quality of being dilatory; tendency to procrastination or delay. 1642 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. hi. (1692) I. 610 Lest his Majesty should think it a delatoriness in the Parliament to return an Answer. 1667 Waterhouse Fire Lond. 95 The sluggards dilatoriness is upon men; and they will sit still a little longer. 1718 Free-thinker No. 56. 4 The Holy See proceeded with its usual dilatoriness in that Affair. 1825 Scott Jrnl. 7 Dec., Letters.. lying on my desk like snakes, hissing at me for my dilatoriness. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 38 His delay in setting out was due to pure procrastination and dilatoriness.

dilatory ('dibton), a.1 and sb.

Forms: 6-7 dilatorie, 7- dilatory, (8 erron. dilitary). Also 6-7 delatorie, (6 delaterye, deletary), 7 delatory. [ad. L. dilatori-us, f. dilator-em a delayer, agent-n. from differre, dilat- to defer, delay: see dilate v.1 Cf. F. dilatoire (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).] A. adj. 1. Tending to cause delay; made for the purpose of gaining time or deferring decision or action. 1581 Lambarde Eiren. iv. xxi. (1588) 622 It was very Dilatorie for the Justices of Peace, to take those Wages, at the handes of the Shirife. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 9 a, For his delaterye excuse. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, II. iv. 237, I abhorre This dilatory sloth and trickes of Rome. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. vm. ii. §46 Dilatory letters excusing themselves from coming thither. 1671 Shadwell Humourists v. Wks. 1720 I. 202, I will.. make no hesitation or dilatory scruple. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 178 f 4 By long deliberation and dilatory projects they may both be

dilatatory,

f.

dilate

v.]

Used

for

dilative. 1691 Mullineux in Phil. Trans. XVII. Chyrurgion .. inserted his Dilatory Instrument. || 'dilature.

Sc.

Obs.

dilating, 822

The

[A variant of dilatour,

dilator2, assimilated in spelling to L. dildtura, delaying, delay, f. dilat- ppl. stem of L. differre: see DILATE V.1] = DILATORY sb. 1552 Ly'ndesay Monarche 5766 Throw Delaturis [v.r. delatouris] full of dissait, Quhilk mony one gart beg thare mait. 1714 Let. in Lockhart Papers I. 439 The Court tricked them with dilatures till the .. opportunity was past. dilavy, var. of delavy a. Obs. dilay(e, obs. form of delay. dilce, Sc. form of dulse. dildo1* Also dildoe. a. A word of obscure origin, used in the refrains of ballads. Also, a name of the penis or phallus, or a figure thereof; spec. an artificial penis used for female gratification; the lingam of Hindoo worship; formerly, also, a contemptuous or reviling appellation of a man or lad; and app. applied to a cylindrical or ‘sausage’ curl. CI593 T. Nashe Choise of Valentines or the Merie Ballad of Nash his Dildo (1899) 20 Curse Eunuke dilldo, senceless counterfet. 1598 Florio Worlde of Wordes 261/3 Pastinaca murane.se, a dildoe of glasse. Ibid. 278/2 Pinco, a prick, a pillicock, a pintle, a dildoe. 1610 B. Jonson Alch. v. iii, Here I find.. The seeling fill’d with poesies of the candle: And Madame, with a Dildo, writ o’ the walls. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 195 He has the prettiest Loue-songs for Maids.. with such delicate burthens of Dildo’s and Fadings, a 1627 Middleton Chaste Maid 1. ii, What, has he got a singing in his head now? Now’s out of work he falls to making dildoes. 1638 Ford Fancies iv. i, This page a milk-livered dildoe. 1647 Pari. Ladies 12 The very sight of this Madam with a Dildoe.. put the House into a great silence, c 1650 Roxb. Ball. II. 455 She prov’d herself a Duke’s daughter, and he but a Squire’s son. Sing trang dildo lee. 1656 S. Holland Zara (1719) 41 That Gods may view, With a dildo-doe, What we bake, and what we brew. 1659 Torriano, Bacillo .. a simple gull, a shallow pate, also a dill-doe, or pillie-cock. 1661 R. W. Conf. Charac. To Rdr. (i860) 7 O thou faint¬ hearted dildo. 1688 R. Holme Armoury 11. 463/2 A Campaign Wig hath Knots or Bobs (or a Dildo on each side) with a curled Forehead. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India 179 Under the Banyan Tree, an Altar with a Dildo in the middle being erected, they offer Rice. 1785 Grose Diet. Vulgar T. s.v., Dildoes are made of wax, horn, leather, and diverse other substances. 1886 Burton Arab. Nts. X. 239 Of the penis succedaneus,.. which the Latins called phallus and fascinum, the French godemiche and the Italians passatempo and diletto (whence our ‘dildo’), every kind abounds. 1952 Auden Nones 11 The nude young male who lounges Against a rock displaying his dildo. 1965 New Statesman 9 Apr. 570/2 Why does it matter so much to them whether lesbians use a dildo or not?

b. Comb, dildo-glass, a cylindrical glass; ? a test-tube. C1625 Fletcher Nice Valour iii. i, Whoever lives to see me Dead, gentlemen, shall find me all mummy, Good to fill galipots, and long dildo-glasses.

dildo2. [prob. the same word as prec., from its cylindrical form like a ‘dildo-glass’.] A tree or shrub of the genus Cereus (N.O. Cactacex). Also dildo-tree, dildo-bush, dildo pear tree. 1672 W. Hughes Amer. Physitian 43 The Tree was long since called by the Spaniards, and by the Negroes that lived there, the Dildoe-Tree; and the English retain the same name still. 1696 Phil. Trans. XIX. 296 The Dildoe-tree is the same with the Cereus or Torch-Plant. 1697 Dampier Voy. I. 81 Barren Islands without any Tree, only some Dildo-bushes growing on them. Ibid. 101 The Dildoe-tree is a green prickly shrub, that grows about 10 or 12 foot high, without either Leaf or Fruit. It is as big as a mans Leg, from the root to the top, and it is full of sharp prickles, growing in thick rows. 1700 W. King Transactioneer 11 The ToddyTree, the Sower-Sop, the Bonavists, and the Dildoe. 1756 P. Browne Nat. Hist. Jamaica (1789) 238 The larger erect Indian Fig, or Dildo Pear Tree. 1926 Fawcett & Rendle Flora of Jamaica V. 279 C[ereus] peruvianus... Dildo. Dry parts of Jamaica on southern side. 1956 J. Hearne Stranger at Gate xix. 156 It’s like getting a dildo thom out of your foot.

+ dilect, ppl. a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. dilect-us ‘beloved’, pa. pple. of diligere to esteem highly, to love (see diligent).] Beloved. 1521 J. T. in Bradshaw St. Werburge Prol. ii, A virgin resplendent Dilect of our lorde.

dilectacion, obs. form of delectation. t dilection (di'lekfan). Obs. Also 5-6 dy-, 6 de-. [a- F. dilection (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. dilection-em love (of God, etc.) (Tertullian, Vulgate), n. of action from diligere to select to oneself from others, to esteem highly, hold dear, love; f. di-, dis- (dis- 1) + legere to gather, cull, choose.] 1. Love, affection: almost always, spiritual or Christian love, or the love of God to man or of man to God; cf. charity i . 1388 Wyclif Rev. Prol., Ion, the apostil and euangelist of oure Lord Ihesu Crist, chosen and loued, in so gret loue of dileccioun is had. a 1420 Hoccleve De Reg. Brine. 851 Frenship, adieu; farewele, dileccioun. 1:1485 Digby Myst. iii. 1323 His desypylles.. to hym had dyleccyon. c 1520 Wyse Chyld is deluuye of pestelence. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xxiv. 109 pir three sonnes of Noe after pe diluuy parted amanges )?am all pe erthe. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries 1. (1550) 9b, Suche vnspeakable fylthynesse.. as brought vpon them the great dyluuye or vnyuersall flod.

dilve: see dillue.

dilyte, dilyuer(e,

obs. ff. delight, deliver.

dim (dim), a. and sb.

Forms: 1- dim; also 3-4 dime, 4 dyme, 4-6 dym, dymme, 5 dimm, 6 dymbe, 6-7 dimme, 7 dimn, dimb. [OE. dim(m = OFris. dim, ON. dimm-r. Cf. OHG. timbar (MHG. timber, timmer, mod.Swiss, dial, timmer) ‘dim, obscure, dark’, which may represent an OTeut. *dim-ro- and contain the same root. Not known outside Teutonic.] A. adj. 1. a. Of a light, or an illuminated object: Faintly luminous, not clear; somewhat dark, obscure, shadowy, gloomy. The opposite of bright or clear. a 1000 Caedmon's Sat. 455 (Gr.) Drihten sealde him dimne and deorcne dea)>es scuwan. a 1000 Boeth. Metr. ii. 11 On )?is dimme hoi. Ibid. xii. 16 Sio dimme niht. r 1250 Gen. & Ex. 286 Euerilc on fiat helden wid him, So wurfien mire, and swart, and dim. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 472 Dryf ouer pis dymme water. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 467 Whan pe day is dym and dowdy. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. x. v. (1495) 377 The flamme yeuyth dymme and derke lighte. 1508 Fisher Wks. (1876) 68 O dymbe cloude. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 38 Fayr dyana, the lantern of the nycht, be cam dym ande pail. 1632 Milton Penseroso 160 Storied windows richly dight, Casting a dim religious light. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. vi. §31 A light, dimmer indeed, or clearer, according to the place. C1750 Shenstone Elegies iv. 1 Through the dim veil of ev’ning’s dusky shade. 1820 Shelley Witch Atl. xii. 2 Her beauty made The bright world dim. i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. ii. 16 The oftener light is reflected the dimmer it becomes.

b.fig. esp. of qualities usually clear or bright. a 1000 Caedmon's Gen. 685 (Gr.) Hio speon hine on fia dimman daed. C1325 Metr. Horn. 111 That., did awai his dedes dim, And mad an hali man of him. c 1400 Rom. Rose 5353 Love is..whilom dymme, & whilom clere. 1661-98 South 12 Serm. III. 287 Man’s.. Understanding must now be contented with the poor, dimn Light of Faith. 1817-8 Shelley Ros. & Hel. 692 Public hope grew pale and dim. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 36 The old hopes have grown pale, the old fears dim.

2. a. Not clear to the sight; obscured by an intervening imperfectly transparent medium, by distance, or by blurring of the surface; scarcely visible, indistinct, faint; misty, hazy. c 1000 Martyrology (E.E.T.S.) 46 Seo byrgen is bewrigen mid dimmum stanum ond yfellicum. 1632 Sanderson Serm. 436 Dimme and confused and scarce legible. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. ii. 5 At a great distance of place, that which wee look at appears dimme. 1654 Fuller Two Serm. 58 Civilized Pagans.. have scowred over the dimme inscription of the Morall Law that it appeared plaine unto them. 1818 Shelley Eugan. Hills 19 The dim low line before Of a dark and distant shore Still recedes. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. i. (1858) 69 One more glimpse of Egypt dim in the distance.

b.fig. Not clear to the mind or understanding; obscure, faint. CI350 Leg. Rood (1871) 93 Vnto me es )?is mater dym. C1440 Promt. Parv. 121 Dymme, or harde to vndyrstonde, misticus. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1965/2 Like to be buried in the dimme booke of obliuion. 1821 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Old & New Schoolm., I have most dim apprehensions of the four great monarchies. 1836 Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 33 There were dim workings of a mighty spirit within. 1871 R. Ellis Catullus lxviii. 52 (50) A memory dim.

3. Of colour: Not bright; dull, faint; dusky or dark; lustreless. a 1250 Owl & Night. 577 Thu art dim, an of fule howe. 1535 Coverd. Lam. iv. 1 O, how is the golde become so dymme? 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 36 For the Raynebow is more dimme, and of purple colour. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 119 Violets dim, But sweeter than the lids of Juno’s eyes. 1728 Young Love Fame v. (1757) 127 Others, with curious arts, dim charms revive. 1087 Stevenson Underwoods 1. iii. 5 All retired and shady spots Where prosper dim forget-me-nots.

4. a. Not seeing clearly, having the eyesight dulled and indistinct. a 1220 Bestiary 60 Sifien his fli3t is al unstrong, and his e3en dimme. a 1300 Cursor M. 3570 (Cott.) pe freli fax [biginnes] to fal of him. And pe sight to wax well dim. c 1422 Hoccleve Learn to Die 228 Myn yen been al dymme and dirke. 1535 Coverdale Eccl. xii. 2 The sight of the wyndowes shal waxe dymme. 1577 Test. 12 Patriarchs (1604) 17 Jacob.. somewhat dim for age. 1636 Massinger Gt. Dk. Florence III. i, I am dim, sir; But he’s sharp-sighted. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Worn. (1767) II. viii. 8 Unheeded

by the dim inattentive eye. 1842 Tennyson Two Voices 151 Whose eyes are dim with glorious tears. b. fig. Not clearly apprehending; dull of apprehension. Applied to a person: not ‘bright* intellectually; somewhat stupid and dull. a 1729 J. Rogers Serm. (J.), The understanding is dim, and cannot by its natural light discover spiritual truth. 1731 Fielding Grub Str. Op. Introd., Men’s sense is dimmer than their eyes. 1878 B. Taylor Deukalion 1. iv. 33 Teach your dim desire A form whereby to know itself and seek. 1892 Stevenson & Osbourne Wrecker xxi. 325 He’s a very pleasing creature, rather dim, and dull, and genteel, but really pleasing. 1910 R. Brooke Let. 3 July (1968) 243 They were very dim, and said, couldn’t we find an advance agent? 1916 M. Beerbohm in Cornhill Mag. June 719 The young writers of that era .. strove earnestly to be distinct in aspect. This man had striven unsuccessfully.. I decided that ‘dim’ was the mot juste for him. 1923 J. Trevelyan Life of Mrs. H. Ward x. 192 Teachers and many ‘dim’ people of various rofessions would find her as accessible as her strenuous ours of labour would allow. 1924 ‘W. Fabian’ Sailors' Wives v. 63 The sexperts, which is a combination of sex and expert: I glued it together myself. Not so dim; yes? 1933 J. C. Masterman Oxford Tragedy xv. 229 The dim little research Fellow with clumsy manners and no conversation. 1950 Listener 7 Dec. 709/2 Constable and Turner were neglected and the dim and second-rate were crowned with triumphant laurels. c. Of a thing, situation, etc.: dull, poor, undistinguished, colloq. 1958 B. Hamilton Too Much Water xi. 248, I personally had rather a dim war. Ibid. xii. 266 A rather dim situation for the M.C.C. d. Colloq. phr. to take a dim view: see view sb. 5. transf.

Of sound, and esp. of the voice:

Indistinct, faint. C1386 Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1575 He herde a murmurynge Ful lowe and dym. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xxi, (1495) 128 They that haue grete tongues haue dymme voyce. C1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 3672 His speche was bathe short and dym. 1795 Southey Vis. Maid of Orleans 1. 124 The damp earth gave A dim sound as they pass’d. 1817 Shelley Marianne's Dream 40 She then did hear The sound as of a dim low clanging. B. sb. a. Dimness; obscurity; dusk. c 1400 Destr. Troy 755 The day vp droghe & the dym voidet. C1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 53 He li3tnej? his folk in dym. 1509 Pari. Deuylles xciii, Quod Symeon, ‘he lyghtneth his folke in dym Where as derkenes shedeth theyr states’. 1857 Heavysege Saul (1869) 87 To sit were pleasant, in the dim. b. Dimness of vision. 1726 Law Chr. Perfect, i. 30 Further than the Dim of Eyes of Flesh can carry our Views. fC. adv. Dimly, faintly, indistinctly. Obs. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 293 He herde a vois, which cried dimme. 1821 Shelley Adonais liv, That Light.. Which.. Bums bright or dim, as each are mirrors of The fire. D. Comb. a. adverbial, as dim^brooding, -coloured, -lighted,

DIMEDIATE

670

DIM

-discovered,

-lit

-yellow, etc.

(-litten),

-gleaming, -remembered,

-greyy -seen,

b. parasynthetic, as dim-browed,

-eyed, -lettered, -sheeted, dim-sighted. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. iv. iv. 166 The whole Future is there, and Destiny ‘dim-brooding. 1776 Mickle tr. Camoens' Lusiad 43 And night, ascending from the ‘dimbrow VI east, c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) xvii. 79 J>ai er mare ‘dymme coloured pan pe cristall. 1746 Collins Ode to Evening x, Hamlets brown, and *dim-discover’d spires. 1627-47 F eltham Resolves 1. xcvi. 302 The ghessive interpretations of ‘dim-ey’d man. 1829 Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 273 The public is a dim-eyed animal. 1840 Clough Early Poems v. 11 Through the *dim-lit inter¬ space. 1870 Morris Earthly Par. II. 111. 9 After the weary tossing of the night And close *dim-litten chamber. 1827 Moir Dead Eagle ii, Down, whirling.. to the *dim-seen plain. 1859 Tennyson Enid 600 Fair head in the ‘dimyellow light.

and in some sort, dimmed their Triumph. 1840 Kingsley Lett. (1878) I. 49 My natural feelings of the just and the beautiful have been dimmed by neglect. 1851 D. G. Mitchell Fresh Glean. 275 Its quaint houses.. are dimmed to memory by the fresher recollections of that beautiful river.

c. to dint out: to reduce the brightness of (street-lighting, etc.), esp. in time of war; to impose a ‘dim-out’ on (a city, etc.). 1942 Amer. Speech XVII. 204/2 The city was dimmedout. 1945 Daily Express 20 Apr. 1/8 Street lighting need no longer be dimmed out.

tdim, sb. Obs.

Abbreviation of L. dimidium

half. 1477 Churchw. Acc. Croscombe (Somerset Rec. Soc.) 6 Hath in his hands of the Cherche lede one cwt, dim, iiij lb. 1634-5 Brereton Trav. (1844) 22 Adorned with stones a yard and dim. high. Ibid. 180 A vault or gallery about one yd. or one yd. and dim. wide.

dim., dimm. (Mus.), abbrev. of diminuendo. dim, obs. form of deem v. dimag'nesic, a. Chem.: seeDi-22d. 1876 Har ley Mat. Med. 66 Dimagnesic pyro-phosphate.

dimagnetite (dai'maegmtait).

Min. [f. di-2 twice + magnetite.] A mineral consisting mainly of ferroso-ferric oxide, occurring in rhombic prisms, regarded by Dana as a pseudomorph of magnetite after lievrite (Watts). 1852 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. 11. XIII. 392 Dimagnetite. 1868 Dana Min. (1880) 151 Dimagnetite of Shepard.. appears to be a magnetite pseudomorph.

fdi'mane, v. Obs. Also 6 dimaine,-mayne. [ad. L. dimana-re to flow different ways, spread abroad, f. di-, dis- apart + manare to flow.] intr. To flow forth from-, to spring, originate, or derive its origin from. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey Ep. Ded. i Merits dimayning from the sacred Source of true Nobility. Ibid. I. vi. 12 Springs dimayning from thicke sand .. gather mudde. 1642 W. Ball Caveat for Subjects 8 Motion and Feeling dimane from the Braine. 1657 Hawke Killing is M. 10 By the Right of Warre, and by the consent of the people, which two Titles dimane also from the Divine providence.

di'manganous, a. Chem. See di-2 2 d. 1881 Watts Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. n. 1600 anhydrous dimanganous phosphate, Mn;(P()4f I)2.

An

dimaris ('dimaris). Logic. The mnemonic term designating the third mood of the fourth figure of syllogisms, in which the major premiss is a particular affirmative (*), the minor a universal affirmative (a), and the conclusion a particular affirmative (t). Formerly called drimatis, dimatis. The initial d indicates that the mood can be reduced to Darii by (m) transposition of the premisses, and (s) simple conversion of the conclusion. 1827 Whately Logic ii. hi. §4.1864 Bowen Logic vii. 200. 1891 Welton Logic I. iv. iii. § 137. 403 Dimaris, An example is ‘Some parallelograms are squares; all squares are regular figures; therefore, some regular figures are parallelograms’.

dimastigate (dai'meestigat), a. Zool. [f. di-2 twice + Gr. p.acmy-(ftdcmf) whip + -ATE2 2: cf. L. mastigatus whipped.] Having two flagella; biflagellate; applied to those flagellate Infusoria (Dimastiga) which have two flagella. dimatis, earlier form of dimaris.

dim, v.

[f. dim a.: OE. had the compounds

adimmian, fordimmian, ON. the intr. dimma to become dim; the simple vb. is found from 13th c-] 1.

intr.

To

grow

or become

dim;

to

lose

brightness or clearness, lit. and fig. . 1884 E. A. Abbott Flatland n. xxii. ioi A race of rebels who shall refuse to be confined to limited Dimensionality.

di'mensionalize, v. [f. dimensional a. + -ize.] trans. To consider or describe (an object, a concept) from the point of view of its dimensions in time, space, etc. Hence di'mensionalized ppl. a. 1966 J. S. Bruner Beyond Information Given (1974) xviii. 323 The subject.. was asked, ‘Which one is the longest?’.. By offering him dimensionalized verbal labeling as she did, she encouraged symbolic representation by linguistic encoding. 1973 E. S. Shneidman Deaths of Man (1975) xi. 127 There is nothing at all inexorable about our ways of dimensionalizing death. Conceptualizations of death are man-made and mutable; what man can make he can also clarify and change. 1977 R. Holland Self 930 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LII. 320 From the distillate was isolated a very small amount.. of a crystalline solid having the analytical composition of tetramethylene carbonate. Molecular weight determinations indicated that it is a dimer: d00(CH2)40C00(CH2)46. 1951 S. Coffey tr. Wibaut's Org. Chem. vii. 105 If two molecules of the monomer combine, the polymer so formed is called a dimer, if three molecules combine, a trimer.. and so on. 1964 J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules iii. 50 Let us consider the dimer of CN, namely cyanogen, C2N21965 New Scientist 29 Apr. 291/1 An excited molecule can join with a ground-state molecule to form a new double molecule (or dimer).

dimeran ('dimsran). Entom. [f. mod.L. dimera, neuter pi. of dimerus (see dimerous) + -an.] A member of the division Dimera of hemipterous insects, having the tarsi two-jointed. 1847 in Craig.

dimercaprol (.daima'kaeprel). Chem. [Abbrev. of dimercaptopropanol', the full form is also used occas.] = B.A.L. (see B III). *945 Nature 24 Nov. 617/1 The new compound 2 : 3 dimercaptopropanol (III) was made.

1947 Chem. Abstr.

4570 Antimalarials, dimercaprol, radiotherapy, and rutin are discussed. 1949 H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics II. viii. xxi. 815 Dimercaptopropanol (also known as ‘British AntiLewisite’ (BAL)). 1963 Brit. Pharmaceutical Codex 267 Dimercaprol is used in the treatment of acute poisoning by arsenic, mercury, gold, bismuth, thallium and antimony.

di'mercur-, -'mercuro-, -'mercury. Chem. [di-2 2.] Used in comb, and attrib. to express the presence of two equivalents of mercury. Thus dintercura'mmonium Hg2H4. N2, an ammoniacal mercury base in which half the hydrogen in ammonium is replaced by two atoms of divalent mercury. 1873 Fownes’ Chem. (ed. 11) 347 A brown precipitate., consisting of dimercurammonium iodide. 1881 Nature XXIV. 467 Dimercury methylene iodide CH2(HgI)2 is obtained by exposing methylene iodide with an excess of mercury to the action of light.

dimeric (dai'menk), a. [f. Gr. htpep-r)s bipartite + -ic; in sense 2 formed directly on dimer.] 1. a. Zool. Bilateral; having a right and left side. b. Bot. = dimerous a. b. 1897 L. H. Bailey in Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 455 A comparison of bilateral or dimeric animals with rotate or polymeric animals. 1900 in B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 78 Dimeric, dimerous, with two members in each part or circle.

2. Chem. That is a dimer; having a molecular formula in which the numbers of atoms are twice those for some other compounds. 1929 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LI. 2553 The products of such reactions .. have .. been assumed to be dimeric (and cyclic) for no other reason than that they were obviously not monomeric. 1938 [see dimerize i>.]. 1964 J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules vii. 107 Dimerization to the tetrazane occurs.. because, in the dimeric molecule, each of the nitrogen atoms has a formal charge of zero.

dimerism ('dim3nz(3)m). [f. mod.L. dimer-us + -ism.] Dimerous condition or constitution; in Bot. the arrangement of floral organs two in a whorl: see dimerous a.

dimerize ('daimaraiz), v.

[f. dimer(ic a. + -ize.] a. trans. To render dimeric; to form a dimer of. b. intr. To undergo dimerization; to be converted into a dimer. Hence dimeri'zation, the process by which two identical molecules join to form a single molecule; the action of forming a dimer; 'dimerized, 'dimerizing ppl. adjs. 111855 C. B. Mansfield Theory of Salts (1865) iii. ii. 247 It does not at all follow.. that therefore two molecules of the same body, when formed side by side, shall become polymerized or dimerized into a compound of double equivalent weight. 1931 Chem. Abstr. XXV. 5139 (title) Dimerization of isoprene. 1938 H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. iv. 442 Two types of addition of alkali metals take place. One is a simple 1, 2-addition.. and the other has been termed a dimerizing addition... The dimerized addition products show the general reactions of Grignard reagents. 1938 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 288 In the formation of a methylene-dicyclane by dimerisation of an open-chain diene the first step is . . the production of an open-chain dimeric structure. 1952 Chem. Rev. L. 485 Fluoranthene dimerizes by a free-radical mechanism. 1959 Cram & Hammond Org. Chem. xv. 352 Olefins which are heavily substituted with halogen and other electron-attracting substituents dimerize to form cyclobutanes at high temperatures. 1964 J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules iii. 45 Why does NO not dimerize to N202 since it has an odd number of electrons? 1965 New Scientist 30 Dec. 921/2 The thioketones .. tend to dimerise spontaneously—that is, to form new compounds out of molecular pairs. 1970 Nature 28 Nov. 805/2 The bifunctional protein of the double mutant retains the ability to dimerize.

dimerous ('dimaras), a. [f. mod.L. dimer-us (F. dimere), f. Gr. Stpepf/s bipartite (f. 81- twice + pepos part) + -ous.j Consisting of two parts or divisions: spec. a. Entom. Having two joints: applied to the tarsus of an insect, b. Bot. Of a flower: Having two divisions or members in each whorl. (Often written 2-merous.) Of a leaf: Consisting of two leaflets {rare). 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xlvii. (1828) IV. 387 Tarsi mostly trimerous, rarely dimerous. 1845 Lindley Sch. Bot. viii. (1858) 129 Flowers dimerous. 1869 Student II. 12 Polymerous leaves may be dimerous, trimerous, etc. according to their number of meriphylls. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. 11. 174 Observe the dimerous symmetry of Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circaea), the parts of the flower being in twos. 1882 Vines Sachs' Bot. 646 True tetramerous flowers are allied .. to those with dimerous whorls.

dime'tallic, a. Chem. [f. di-2 2d: cf. diacid, dibasic.] Containing two equivalents of a metal. 1861 Odling Manual of Chem. I. 338 We have monometallic, dimetallic and trimetallic compounds, represented respectively by the formulae MH2As04, M2HAs04, and M3ASO4. Of dimetallic or neutral, and trimetallic or basic arsenates, those of the alkali-metals are alone soluble in water.

dimeter ('dimit3(r)). Prosody, [a. L. dimetrus sb., dimeter, -metrus adj., a. Gr. hiperpos of two measures, f. 81- twice + perpov measure.] A verse consisting of two measures, i.e. either two feet or four feet. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie ii. (Arb.) 143 In the dimeter, made of two sillables entier. extreame desire. 1625 B. Jonson Staple of N. iv. Wks. (Rtldg.) 399/1 When he comes forth With dimeters, and trimeters, tetrameters,

DIMETHYL Pentameters, hexameters, catalectics.. What is all this, but canting? 1775 Tyrwhitt Ess. Lang. & Versif. Chaucer hi. §7 in Chaucer's Wks., The Octosyllable Metre..was in reality the antient Dimeter Iambic. 1837-39 Hallam Hist. Lit. (1847) I. 30 The line of eight syllables, or dimeter iambic. 1882 Goodwin Gk. Gram. 317 In most kinds of verse, a monometer consists of one foot, a dimeter of two feet.

dimethyl (dai'meBil).

Chem.

[See di-2 2 and

METHYL.]

1. as sb. A name of Ethane (C2H6), regarded as two molecules of the radical methyl (CH3). 1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 568 A colourless gaseous mixture containing ethane or dimethyl. 1877 Watts Fownes' Chem. II. 47 Ethane. This compound .. may also be regarded as dimethyl, or as ethyl hydride.

2. attrib. and in Comb, denoting an organic compound in which two equivalents of methyl take the place of two of hydrogen, as dimethyl ketone — Acetone CO(CH3)2; dimethylaniline, H5N(CH3)2, one of the aniline bases; dimethylbenzene C6H4(CH3)2; dimethyl-ethyl carbinol = tertiary pentyl alcohol, C OH (CH3)2 (C2H5); dimethylamine, a colourless gas, (CH3)2NH, which liquefies at 70 C. and has an ammoniacal odour; dimethyl phthalate, a colourless liquid ester, C6H4(COOCH3)2, used esp. in insect repellents and as a plasticizer. 1852 Watts tr. Gmelins Handbk. Chem. VII. 319 Dimethylamine.. is formed as a hydriodate.. by the action of ammonia on iodide of methyl. 1869 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 330 The secondary propyl alcohol or dimethyl carbinol boils at 84°. 1877 Watts Fownes' Chem. II. 428 Dimethylbenzene or Xylene. 1880 Friswell in Soc. Arts Jrnl. 444 The dimethyl compound resulting from the use of two molecules of the alcoholic compound. 191 ojrnl. Soc. Chem. Ind. XXIX. 1398/2 Perfectly clear solutions of rosin are obtained by warming it with 30 per cent, of its weight of dimethyl or diethyl phthalate. 1944 Knipling & Dove in Jrnl. Econ. Ent. XXXVII. 479/2 Dimethyl phthalate had been found by the Orlando workers to be a good flea repellent. 1946 Lancet 13 Apr. 559/2 Dimethyl-phthalate (D.M.P.), a repellant used against the mosquito during the war. 1947 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VIII. 7/2 Dimethylamine has been employed as an accelerator in vulcanising rubber, and in the manufacture of detergent soaps. 1947 R. L. Wakeman Chem. Commercial Plastics xxii. 665 The number of plasticizers which can be used successfully with cellulose acetate is also restricted. Dimethyl and diethyl phthalates. .are often used.

Dimetian, var. Demetian a. and sb. dimetient (dai'miijidnt), a. and sb. [ad. L. dimetient-em, pr. pple. of dimetiri to measure out: see dimense.] A. adj. 11. That measures across through the centre: dimetient line — diameter. Obs. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 15 The dimetient line, or diameter, taketh a third part of the circumference, and little lesse than a seuenth part. 1603- Plutarch's Mor. 1045 That the Diameter or Dimetient line of the earth is triple to that of the moone. 1729 Shelvocke Artillery iv. 264 The Orifice of the Chamber, whose Dimetient Line is exactly ^ of the whole Diameter.

2. Math. That expresses the dimension. 1842 De Morgan Diff. Gf Int. Calculus 323 Usually xa is the dimetient function of Algebra; we must come to the consideration of transcendental quantities before we find a function which is not of the same order as xa, for some value or other of a\ and then between x° and x*+ * may be found an infinite number of functions, higher in dimension than the first, and lower than the second, however small k may be.

t B. sb. (Short for dimetient line). = diameter. [1570 Billingsley Euclid vi. xxiv. 172 In euery parallelogramme, the parallelogrammes about the dimeciens are lyke vnto the whole.] 1571 Digges Pantom. 1. Elem. Bijb, A Right line drawne through the Centre vnto the Circumference of both sides, is named his Diameter or Dimetient. 1690 Leybourn Curs. Math. 328 The Dimetient of a Sphere.

dimetric (dai'metnk), a. Crystallography, [f. Gr. Si-, Sis twice + izerpov measure + -ic: cf. metric.] Applied to a system of crystals having three axes at right angles, the two lateral axes being equal to each other but unequal to the vertical axis; = tetragonal. 1868 Dana Min. Introd. 21 The names Monometric, Dimetric, and Trimetric, used in former editions of this work, have been set aside.. The names want precision, the hexagonal system being as much dimetric as the tetragonal. Ibid. 24 Tetragonal System (also called Quadratic, Pyramidal, Monodimetric, Dimetric). 1873 Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 279 The dimetric are also very symmetrical, about three axes at right angles to each other.

dimication (dimi'keijan). Now rare. [ad. L. dimication-em, n. of action f. dlmicare to fight.] Fighting; strife, contention. 1623 Cockeram, Dimication, a battell. 1650 S. Clarke Eccl. Hist. 1. (1654) 66 In the dimication which arose about Arius. 1660 Fisher Rusticks Alarm Wks. (1679) 229 In thy meer demi-digested demications against them. 1884 Times 28 July 6 In such a continual dimication.. the defeated impersonations of error will be found fighting as briskly as ever they did to-morrow.

So f'dimicate v., to fight, contend; dimicatory a. (affected or humorous), relating to fighting or fencing.

DIMINISH

673 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 314 When Snailes are about to dimicate with Serpents. 1892 Sat. Rev. 2 Apr. 400/1 For matters dimicatory.

dimiceries, var.

dimissaries Obs.

dimidiate

(di'midiat, dai-), a. [ad. L. dimidiatus, pa. pple. of dlmidiare to halve, f. dimidium half, f. di-, dis- asunder + medius mid, medium middle.] 1. Divided into halves; halved, half. ■768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 475 The dimidiate platform of your staircase. 1825 Lamb Elia Ser. n. Pop. Fallacies, He.. allows his hero a sort of dimidiate preeminence:—‘Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and half the town kicked by Bully Dawson’. 1847 Sir W. Hamilton Let. to A. De Morgan 43 Dimidiate quantification. 1854 Hooker Himal. Jrnls. I. iii. 61 When the tree is dimidiate, one half the green, the other the red shades of colour.

2. Bot. and Zool. a. Of an organ: Having one part much smaller than the other, so as to appear to be wanting, b. Split in two on one side, as the calyptra of some mosses, c. Zool. Relating to the lateral halves of an organism: applied to hermaphrodites having one side male and the other female. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 322 The dimidiate calyptra. 1846 Dana Zooph. (1848) 432 Dimidiate, a tubular calicle bisected vertically nearly to its base. 1855 Owen Comp. Anat. 18 (L.) Insects, like crustaceans, are occasionally subject to one-sided or dimidiate hermaphroditism. 1863 Berkeley Brit. Mosses Gloss. 312 Dimidiate, the same with cucullate. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §6. 255 The anther of Gomphrena is completely unilocular by abortion .. of the companion cell. Thus losing one half, it is said to be dimidiate, or halved.

3. Comb, in botanical terms, as dimidiatecordate, said of a dimidiate leaf (see 2 a) of which the full-grown part is cordate; so dimidiateoblong, -obovoid. (Sometimes written dimidiatocordate, etc.) 1866 Treas. Bot., Dimidiato-cordate, when the larger half of a dimidiate leaf is cordate. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 329 Euphorbia peplis.. leaves dimidiate-cordate. Ibid. 435 Leersia oryzoides.. Spikelet dimidiate-oblong.

dimidiate (di’midieit, dai-), v. [f. ppl. stem of L. dimidiare-. see prec.] 1. trans. To divide into halves; to halve; to reduce to the half. 1623 Cockeram, Dimediate, to part into two parts. 1652 W. Sclater Civ. Mag. (1653) 42 Who dimidiate Christ, would have him onely by halfes. 1652 Sparke Prim. Devot. (1663) 321 Dimidiated, as ’twere by forked tongues. 1789 S. Parr Wks. (1828) VII. 412, I hope he had a complete service, not mutilated and dimidiated, as it was for poor Johnson at the Abbey.

2. Her. To cut in half; to represent only half of (a bearing), esp. in one half of a shield party per pale: see dimidiated, dimidiation. Hence di'midiating vbl. sb. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xiv. §1 (ed. 3) 146 This was styled Impaling by Dimidiation or Dimidiating. 1880 Warren Book-plates xii. 128. 1893 E. Howlett in Reliquary July 160 Tne arms of the Cinque Ports, England dimidiating azure three ships’ hulls in pale or.

di'midiated, ppl. a. [f. prec. +

-ed.] Halved; divided into halves, or having only one half shown or represented; spec, in Her. of a bearing or coat of arms. (Cf. dimidiation, demi B. i.) 1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 42 Sundrie wayes they [Lions] are borne in armes.. Dimidiated, Parted, Couped. 1647 A. Ross Myst. Poet. iv. (1675) 98 In respect of her [the moon’s] corniculated, dimidiated, and plenary aspect. 1752 Sir J. Hill Hist. Anim. 52 (Jod.) The dytiscus with twenty dimidiated stria on the extended wings. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. Gf Pop. xxxii. (ed. 3) 467 Or, a dimidiated eagle to the sinister sa. 1892 Proc. Soc. Antiquaries XIV. 279 The arms of France and Burgundy are shown dimidiated.

dimidiately (di'midiatli), adv.

[f. dimidiate a.

+ -ly2.] In a dimidiate manner. .1857 T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) vii. 168 Pinnules obovate, obliquely ovate, or dimidiately subquadrate. 1887 W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 51 Cup subsessile, externally pruinose, dimidiately elongated, or obliquely contorted.

dimidiation

(di.midi'eijan, dai-). [ad. L. dimidiation-em, n. of action from dlmidiare to halve: see dimidiate a.] The action of halving, or condition of being halved; spec, in Her. the combination or ‘marshalling’ of two coats of arms by placing side by side the dexter half of one and the sinister half of the other; an early form of impalement. CI425 Craft Nombrynge (E.E.T.S.) 5 per ben .7... partes of craft. The first is called addicion, pe seconde.. subtraccion. The thryd is called duplacion. The 4... dimydicion. 1658 Phillips, Dimidiation, a dividing in the midst, a cutting into two halves. 1780 J. Edmondson Heraldry 179 This method of impaling arms by dimidiation hath been for some time laid aside in England. 1847 Parker Gloss. Brit. Her. 113 Dimidiation, the dexter half of the husband’s arms being joined to the sinister half of the wife’s. 1882 Cussans Handbk. Her. xii. (ed. 3) 164 Marshalling by Dimidiation was, towards the close of the Fourteenth Century, superseded by Impalement.

dimilance,

obs. form of demi-lance.

diminew, var. diminue v. Obs., to diminish. Dimini (di'mimi). Also Dh-. [Gr. A LfJLTjVL. ] The name of a locality of north-eastern Greece used attrib. to designate a kind of pottery ornamented with spirals, found there by excavation. 1912 Wace & Thompson Prehist. Thess. 16 Painted pottery, Dhimini ware. 1925 V. G. Childe Dawn Eur. Civiliz. 69 The invaders [of Eastern Thessaly].. introduced a new pottery, Dimini ware, rather coarser than the older fabric.

diminicion, obs. form of diminution. diminish (di'minif), v. Also 5-6 y for i, sshe for sh; 5-6 deminish(e, 6 Sc. dimimiss, dininuse. [Formed under the joint influence of the earlier diminue, F. diminuer, L. dlminuere, and minish, earlier menusen, OF. menuiser, L. type *minutiare to cut small, having the prefix of the one with the suffix of the other. Ancient L. had dlminuere to break into small pieces, dash to pieces, and deminuere to make smaller, lessen, reduce in size. In late L. and Romanic the diderivative supplanted the de- form; hence the modern derivatives of L. deminuere all have dimin-] I. trans. 1. To make (or cause to appear) less or smaller; to lessen; to reduce in magnitude or degree. (The opposite of enlarge, increase, augment, magnify.) 1417 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. I. 61 Yf your forces be not here alwayes soe strongly mayntayned & continued without being deminished your Irish enimies.. will rise agayne. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 4 Perauenture it diminysshed theyr payne in hell. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 162 It greatly deminisheth the substance of them. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 11. 169 The whole towne is diminished into one streete. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. xxiv. (1627) 268 Whatsoever may diminish his estimation and authority. 1641 Wilkins Math. Magick 1. xii. (1648) 85 The weight must.. be diminished in the same proportion. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. Rom. i. 12 What diminishes very much the suspicion of fraud. 1880 Geikie Phys. Geog. ii. §8. 53 The ascent of warm air must necessarily diminish atmospheric pressure.

fb. To clip, sweat, etc. (coin). Obs. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 126 There should be no deceyt used by diminishing or clipping ye same. 1698 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 350 A French man is committed to Newgate for diminishing our coin.

f2. To break in pieces, break small. Obs. rare. [class. L. diminuere.] 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 491 In Rhetia. .they hold betwixt the fighting of Rams a stick, or bat of Corntree, which in a bout or two they utterly diminish and bruise in pieces.

3. To lessen in importance, estimation, or power; to put down, degrade, humiliate; to detract from, disparage, belittle, arch. (See also DIMINISHED 2.) 1560 Bible (Genev.) Ezek. xxix. 15, I wil diminish them, that they shal no more rule the nations. 1666 Pepys Diary 24 June, He do plainly diminish the commanders put in by the Duke, and do lessen the miscarriages of any that have been removed by him. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 612 While impiously they thought Thee to diminish, and from thee withdraw The number of thy worshippers. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 348 ]f 2 This impertinent Humour of diminishing every one who is produced in Conversation. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth viii, You would have accused me of diminishing your honour. 1880 Miss Broughton Sec. Th. 1. vi, She.. passes out, angered, humbled, diminished past compare.

To take away (a part) from something, so as to make it less; hence gen. to take away, subtract, remove. Obs. 1504 Atkynson tr. De Imitatione iv. ix, Take from our hertis.. all that may.. dimynyshe vs from thy eternall loue. a I533 Frith Disput. Purgat. 181 Neither add any thing nor diminish. 1548 Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 217 The., love betwene them, washed awaie and diminished all suspicion. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 24 Thus much was diminished from the state of the empyre. 1610 Shaks. Temp. hi. iii. 64 Your swords.. may as well Wound the loud windes..as diminish One dowle that’s in my plumbe. 1611 Bible Deut. iv. 2 Ye shall not adde vnto the word which I command you, neither shall you diminish ought from it. a 1627 Hayward (J.), Nothing was diminished from the safety of the king by the imprisonment of the duke.

tb. absol. To abate, subtract. Obs. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. vii. §6 That we should not add to nor diminish from Gods commands. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. cv, Nothing.. should be admitted to diminish from the real majesty of the ceremony. 1826 R. H. Froude Rem. (1838) I. 74 His command.. will no more diminish from the sum of our pleasures than [etc.].

15. To deprive (a person) in part, to curtail of. 1559 Bp. Cox in Strype Ann. Ref. I. vi. 98 If now then the builders.. be diminished of their wages. 1609 Bible (Douay) Ps. xxxiii. 11 They that seeke after our Lord shal not be diminished of any good. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. Iii, The whole circle seemed diminished of their former importance.

6. Arch. To make (a thing) such that its successive parts in any direction are continuously less and less; to cause to taper or progressively decrease in size, as a tapering column: see diminution 9.

1624 Wotton Archit. (1672) 22 They [pillars] are all diminished .. from one third part of the whole Shaft. 1797 Monthly Mag. III. 221 The sides form the arch joints of the bridge, and are diminished, so as to tend towards the centre of the circle.

7. Mus. fa. To reduce in loudness, make gradually softer: cf. diminuendo. Obs. b. To lessen (an interval) by a semitone: see diminished 4. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. 1. xi. 43 It will work a better effect to Tune the Voice diminishing it, rather than Increasing it.

II. intr. 8. To become decrease.

less or smaller;

to

lessen,

1520 Caxlon’s Chron. Eng. II. 11/2 Kyng Goffars people encreased dayly and his dyminished. 1565 Earl Bedford in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. II. 215 As their force dimenesshede so dyd her Grace increace. 1700 Dryden Fables Pref. (Globe) 49s What judgment I had increases rather than diminishes. 1725 Pope Odyss. xiv. 284 Crete’s ample fields diminish to our eye. i860 Tyndall Glac. 1. ii. 16 The sound .. diminishes in intensity. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 78 The air diminished in bulk, while the quicksilver increased in weight.

b. Arch. To have its dimensions successively smaller in the same direction; to taper. 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 12 In the diminishing of them it must be observ’d, that by how much longer they are, by so much the less they must diminish.

diminishable (di'minij3b(3)l), a. [f. prec. + -able.] Capable of being diminished or lessened. Hence di'minishableness. 1782 Kirwan in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 223 Phlogisticated air, after it has been purified from phlogiston.. is again diminishable by phlogistic processes. 1864 Spectator 20 Aug. 948/1 A five years’ sentence.. being thus at best diminishable by.. one year and three weeks. 1875 Veitch Lucretius 33 The absolute diminishableness of the Sum of matter.

diminished (di'minijt), ppl. a.

[f. as prec. +

-ED1.]

1. a. Made smaller, lessened: see the verb, (fin quot. 1607, Lowered in condition, weakened, wasted, emaciated.) diminished return (cf. diminishing ppl. a. i b). 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 532 For the encouraging of a feeble and diminished horse Eumelius reporteth the flesh of swine .. mingled in wine and given to drink, to be exceeding good. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 1715 How swift I mount! Diminish’d Earth recedes. 1817 D. Ricardo Princ. Pol. Econ. ii. 61 On the best land, the same produce would still be obtained with the same labour as before, but its value would be enhanced in consequence of the diminished returns obtained by those who employed fresh labour and stock on the less fertile land. 1843 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Pol. Econ. (ed. 3) in. vii. 494 The greatest amount of capital and labour may be employed in fashioning raw produce and adapting it to our use, and in transporting it from where it is produced to where it is consumed, without a diminished return, a 1850 Calhoun Wks. (1874) VI. 140 Rays of sovereignty.. to be reflected back, not in diminished, but increased splendor.

b. diminished responsibility: a state of mental disturbance or abnormality, not classifiable as insanity, but recognized in law as a ground for exempting a person from full liability for criminal behaviour. 1957 Act 5 & 6 Eliz. II c. 11 §2 Persons suffering from diminished responsibility. Where a person kills.. he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind .. as substantially impaired his mental responsibility. 1958 Spectator 31 Jan. 126/1 Suppose that at his trial Taper should plead diminished responsibility, alleging that Sir Reginald’s speeches had driven him.. barmy. 1963 Times 6 Feb. 6/2 Found Not Guilty of murdering the girl but Guilty of manslaughter on the grounds of his diminished responsibility.

2. Lowered in importance, power (see diminish v. 3).

DIMINUENDO

674

DIMINISHABLE

estimation,

or

1667 Milton P.L. iv. 35 O thou [sun].. at whose sight all the Starrs Hide their diminisht heads. 1698 Congreve Birth of Muse 119 She feels .. the Shame, Of Honours lost, and her diminish’d Name. 1840 E. E. Napier Scenes & Sports For. Lands I. p. xxxv, Crest-fallen and dejected.. [they] hide.. their diminished heads. 1925 Belloc Mr. Petre i. 22 A diminished man. One who had ‘had an accident’. 1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xii. 204 Bernard had to slink back, diminished, to his rooms, i960 Woman's Own 3 Dec. 18/3 Amy hated .. to have him look like that, diminished and remote.

3. Arch., etc. (See quots.) 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 53/2 The imperfect, or diminish’d Arch.. is not a compleat Semi-circle, but a determinate part less. 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 584 Diminished Bar, in joinery, the bar of a sash that is thinnest on the inner edge. 1876 Gwilt Archit., Gloss., Diminished Column, a column whereof the upper diameter is less than the lower.

4. Mus. a. Of an interval: Less by a chromatic semitone than a perfect, or than a minor, interval of the same name: opp. to augmented, diminished triad, a triad containing a diminished (instead of a perfect) fifth, b. diminished subject, a subject repeated in diminution (see diminution 5 a), c. diminished chord, a chord containing a diminished interval or intervals, d. diminished seventh {chord), a

chord in which the interval between the outer notes is a diminished seventh. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Diminished interval, in music, is .. an interval which is short of its just quantity by a lesser semitone. 1753 Ibid. Supp. s.v. Interval, A Table of Musical Intervals.. Diminished Fourth.. Diminished Fifth.. Diminished Seventh. 1839 [see seventh sb. 2]. 1855 Browning Toccata of Galuppi’s vii, Those lesser thirds so plaintive, sixths diminished, sigh on sigh. 1880 C. H. H. Parry in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 448 The diminished seventh . . is a semitone less than the ordinary minor seventh. 1920 P. C. Buck Unfigured Harmony (ed. 2) 12 Diminished sevenths are extremely useful, though more liable to be over-used than any other chord. 1926 A. Niles in W. C. Handy Blues 16 The device.. of ending up the tune on the diminished seventh chord. 1949 L. Feather Inside Be-Bop II. 71 The diminished chord, for no apparent reason, is used less frequently in bebop than in earlier jazz. 19^3 RVaughan Williams Some Thoughts on Beethoven’s Choral Symphony 49 So is the diminished seventh of Bach’s Barabbas a well-worn device. 1955 G. Abraham in H. van Thai Fanfare for E. Newman 14 Equally characteristic of the more mature Wagner is the lightening of the diminished sevenths.., leaving a purely string chord. 1958 C. Wilford in P. Gammond Decca Bk. Jazz ii. 32 The harmonies of ragtime.. are made distinctive by very wide use of diminished chords.

di'minisher. rare. [f. as prec. + -er1.] who or that which diminishes or lessens.

One

1601 Weever Mitt Mart. Avij, This paynted wethercocke, Arts diminisher, With cowardize beginneth to empeach me. 1637 Clarke Serm. 241 (L.) The diminisher of regal, but the demolisher of episcopal authority.

di'minishing, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1.] 1. The action of the verb diminish; lessening, diminution. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 782 Thinges.. redoundyng to the diminishyng of his honor. 1582 R. Wimbledon (title), A Sermon no less fruitful than famous.. set foorth by the olde copy, without addings or diminishings. 1649 Milton Eikon. x, That their liberties and rights were the impairing and diminishing of his regal power. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola in. xii, The one end of her life seemed to her to be the diminishing of sorrow.

2. Arch. Tapering; = diminution 9. ? Obs. 1563 Shute Archit. Ciija, How to close and finish the diminishing of the pillors. 1613-39 I. Jones in Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) II. 46 The diminishing of the Pilasters. 1776 G. Semple Building in Water 142 In every Course to make a two Inch set off..will preserve the diminishing of the Pier.

di'minishing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] 1. That diminishes or lessens: a. That makes less. Spec, diminishing glass, an instrument which causes objects to appear smaller than they appear to the naked eye; diminishing mirror, a convex mirror in which the image is reduced in scale; diminishing rod, that part of the mechanism of a cotton-roving machine which gives the bobbins of roving their conical ends. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 3 [It] may by.. some convenient Diminishing-Glasses, be made vanish into a scarce visible Speck. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) II. 210 If they could read through a diminishing glass. 1861 Dickens Gt. Expect. II. xiv. 225 A private sitting-room.. fitted up with a diminishing mirror. 1868 C. M. Yonge Chaplet of Pearls I. i. 2 They [sc. children] looked like a full-grown couple seen through a diminishing-glass. 1890 J. Nasmith Mod. Cotton Spinning x. 168 The slide in its reciprocal vertical movement causes, by means of the ‘diminishing rod’ or ‘hangar bar’, the upper cradle to oscillate in its centre. 1896 Daily News 28 May 2/2 Diminishing and magnifying glasses such as are used by artists.

b. That grows less. Esp. in the law of diminishing retum{s)y in Economics, the principle that the expenditure of labour or capital beyond a certain point does not produce a proportionately corresponding return (see quot. 1938); also transf. 1793 Smeaton Edystone L. Introd. 4 The building is carried up .. by diminishing stories, to the height of 115 feet. 1815 E. West Ess. Application of Capital to Land 12 In the progress of improvement an equal quantity of work extracts from the soil a gradually diminishing return. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. I. xii. §2. 216 The general law of diminishing return from land would have undergone.. a temporary supersession. 1883 F. A. Walker Pol. Econ. 11. 23 The great comprehensive principle to which we give the name, ‘the law of diminishing returns in agriculture’. 1894 Nature 26 July 291 The diminishing speed of the earth’s rotation. 1930 J. S. Huxley Bird-Watching iv. 61 From the point of view of., the collector of birds seen and recorded, the law of diminishing returns has set in; only very seldom is he rewarded by the sight or sound of a species new or little known to him. 1938 F. Benham Economics ix. 130 We may now state the Law of Diminishing Returns. As the proportion of one factor in a combination of factors is increased, after a point, the marginal and average product of that factor will diminish. 1965 Listener 24 June 926/1, I, for one, am not prepared to accept that the law of diminishing returns applies to television. I do not believe that what is trivial and bad will drive out what is serious and good. 1970 Times 7 Jan. 9/8 The law of diminishing returns has begun to set in: we can’t go on forever extending our hearts to shapely matrons.

f2. Disparaging, depreciative. Obs. 1675 Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 105 The Lords accused the Commons for their.. provoking, and diminishing expressions. 1705 Stanhope Paraphr. III. 501 St. Paul, who.. disdains all false and diminishing Reflections.

3. Arch., Ship-building, etc. tapering of? gradually.

Thinning or

1867 Smyth Sailor’s Word-bk., Diminishing stuff, in ship¬ building, the planking wrought under the wales, where it is thinned progressively to the thickness of the bottom plank. 1869 R. W. Meade Naval Archit. 354- 1876 Gwilt Archit., Gloss., Diminishing Rule, a board cut with a concave edge, so as to ascertain the swell of a column, and to try its curvature. Diminishing Scale, a scale of gradation used in finding the different points for drawing the spiral curve of the Ionic volute. 1882 Wore. Exhib. Catal. iii. 5 Four diminishing joints.

di'minishingly, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] 1. In a diminishing manner or degree; decreasingly. 1827 Examiner 262/1 The light.. is spread diminishingly over the picture. 1873 Contemp. Rev. XXI. 449 Most powerful and varied in man, diminishingly so in the lower animals.

f2. Disparagingly, depreciatively. Obs. 1672 Mede's Wks., Life 7 Some .. were induc’d to speak somewhat diminishingly, and below the worth of his [Mede’s] Clavis and Commentary upon the Apocalyps. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility vi. 289 To lessen and vilify himself, and speak very diminishingly.. of his own worth.

di'minishment. Now rare. Also 6 de-. [f. diminish v. + -ment. App. obsolete before 1700; used again in 19th c., but not common.] The action or process of diminishing {trans. and intr.)’, diminution, lessening, decrease, abate¬ ment. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries 11. (1550) 94b, All is to demynyshment of a kynges power. 1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. 1. xiii. 35 His diuine majestie. .the offence of diminishment wherof is an unpardonable crime. 1662 J. Chandler Van Helmont’s Oriat. Pref. to Rdr., A pure, everlasting .. Light, which will illustrate all things, without dammage and diminishment. 1837 Lockhart Scott xliv, He received us.. with little perceptible diminishment in the sprightliness of his manner. 1893 G. D. Leslie Lett, to Marco xxvi. 171 A diminishment in their numbers.

diminitif, -ive, obs. forms of diminutive. di'minuate, v. nonce-wd. [f. L. dt-, deminuere to lessen + -ate3: cf. next.] intr. To use a diminutive word or expression. (Cf. DIMINUENT.) 1883 M. Collins Midnight to Midn. viii. 174 ‘You are a little wild.’ ‘A little! you diminuatel’

f diminu'ation. Obs. rare. [a. OF. diminuacion (1488 in Godef.), f. diminuer to diminish.] = DIMINUTION. 1477 Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 28 My tresor.. may not be mynisshed for noo thing that I yeue.. but thou maist departe with noon of thyn withoute dymynuacion.

fdiminue, v. Obs. Forms: 4 dymynue, 6 -ew, diminew, Sc. dimunue. [a. F. diminue-r (1308 in Godef. Suppl.), ad. L. deminu-ere to lessen, diminish. Cf. Pr. diminuar, also with other conjugational suffixes, Pr., Sp., and Pg. diminuir, Cat. disminuir. It. diminuire. In all the Romanic langs. the prefix is di-, which was also the common med.L. spelling, but ancient L. had deminuere to lessen, diminish, dlminuere to break into small pieces; cf. diminish.] = diminish v. (in various senses). In first quot. intr. to speak disparagingly; cf. diminish v. 3. 1382 Wyclif Ezek. xxxv. 13 3e.. han dymynued [gloss or spoken yuel] ajeins me [1388 deprauyd a3ens me, Vulg. derogastis]. 1513 Douglas JEneis 1. Prol. 74 Nor na reproche diminew thi guid name. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 56 God almychty.. mittigatis, augmentis, or dimunueis.. the .. operations of the planetis. 1568 Skeyne The Pest (i860) 16 Rather depart riche nor leife pure, or diminew their fortune ony wayis.

|| diminuendo (diminu'endo, di.minju'endau). Mus. [It. diminuendo lessening, diminishing, pr. pple. of diminuire to diminish: see prec.] A musical direction indicating a gradual decrease in force or loudness of tone (abbrev. dim., dimin.y, as sb. a gradual decrease in force of tone, or a passage where this occurs. Also transf. and fig. (Opp. to crescendo sb.) Also attrib. or as adj. *775 ‘J- Collier’ Mus. Trav. (ed. 3) 65, I stood still some time to observe the diminuendo and crescendo. 1789-1826 [see crescendo 56.]. 1870 Miss Bridgman Ro. Lynne II. iii. 70 ‘Ah!’ this from Dicky Blake, diminuendo. 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xviii. 71 Certain violin-players take advantage of this in diminuendo terminations. 1891 Daily News 26 Oct. 3/3 A similar trimming., on a smaller scale, edged.. the bodice, and was repeated in a further diminuendo round the neck. 1937 A. Huxley Let. 15 Dec. (1969) 429 Pardon this diminuendo, due to my not noticing that the ribbon had to change its direction! 1955 Times 9 May 3/4 There were ‘expressive’ ritenutos and diminuendos and protracted cadences. Ibid. 26 May 11/6 Labour’s promise to do away with the 11 plus examination for selective secondary education was another scheme that suffered a diminuendo. 1958 A. J. Toynbee East to West xiii. 38 En route one changes, diminuendo, from South Austalian broad gauge to Commonwealth standard gauge. 1959 Encounter Aug. 34/1 He was looking a bit diminuendo, and smiled rather nervously.

Hence as v. intr., to become quieter or fainter; to grow less. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 12 Nov. 2/1 Their booming note crescendoes up the scale with increasing speed and diminuendoes with the slackening of it. 1905 Daily Chron.

DIMINUENT 27 Oct. 6/4 The wail of Niobe diminuendoes in the receding distance. 1962 Guardian 19 Oct. 11/7 He began to howl and diminuendoed down to a mutter.

fdi'minuent, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. di-, deminuent-em, pr. pple. of di-, deminuere to diminish.] Diminishing; lessening the force of anything. 1608 W. Sclater Comm. Malachy (1650) 38 When the Scripture speaks of spirituall Sacrifices, it useth a Terme diminuent. 1647 Sanderson Serm. II. 221 Such kind of limiting and diminuent terms. 1657-Serm. Pref. (1681) 16 The Comparative degree (AeioiSaipovtorlpovg) in such kind of speaking being usually taken for a Diminuent terme.

675

DIMINUTIVE

me. 1712 Steele Spect. No. 468 P4 Thinking nothing a Diminution to me, but what argues a Depravity of my Will.

^1734 North Lives (1826) II. 176 All that appeared.. of diminution to the reputation .. which his Lordship .. had acquired. f4. Partial deprivation, curtailment, abatement. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. V, 70 b, That we suflfre harme or diminicion in person, estate, worship, or goodes. 1661 Bramhall Just Vind. iv. 78 Untill it came to sentence of death, or diminution of member. 1675 Baxter Cath. Theol. 11. 1. 20 Had this been any injury or diminution to the rest? 5. Mus. a. The repetition of a subject (in contrapuntal

di'minute, v. rare. [f. L. di-, deminut- ppl. stem of di-, deminuere to diminish.] trans. To lessen; to belittle; = diminish v. 3. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus in. 905, I imploir..3e not deiect the dignitie nor gloir, Spul3e, nor reif, diminute nor deploir Into na sort thes deifeit Goddes. 1883 J. C. Morison in Macm. Mag. 200 The repugnant task of diminuting our hero has been forced upon us.

t dimi'nutely, adv. Obs. [f. diminute a. + -ly2.] In a diminished manner or form; incompletely. 1521 St. Papers Hen. VIII, I. 79, I never rehersydde Your Graces letters, diminutely, or fully, but by the Kyngis expresse commaundement. 1659 Baxter Key Cath. xx. 95 Sciences diminutely and insufficiently delivered by their authors. 1841 Fraser's Mag. XXIV. 25 He could.. make even Old Hal diminutely to sing [‘to sing small’].

diminution (dimi'njuijan). Forms: 4-6 diminucion (also with y for i), diminicion, 7 deminution, 6- diminution, [a. AF. diminuciun (a 1300), F. diminution = Pr. diminutio, Sp. diminucion, Pg. diminuifdo, It. diminuzione, ad. L. diminutidn-em later spelling of deminutionem, n. of action from deminuere to lessen. Classical L. analogies would give the form deminution: see diminish, diminue.] 1. a. The action of diminishing or making less; the process of diminishing or becoming less; reduction in magnitude or degree; lessening, decrease. C1374 Chaucer Troylus hi. 1286 (1335) To encrece or maken dyminucioun Of my langage. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 2 §6 Dymynucion of punysshment.. shalbe had for women greate with child. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 111. xi. (1611) 120 Change by addition or diminution. 1617 Moryson Itin. 11. in. i. 213 The remainder can hardly beare such deminution, as all Armies are subiect vnto. 1682 Burnet Rights Princes viii. 315 Rather than consent to the least diminution of that Right. 1691 T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent, p. cvii, Enlargements or Diminutions of Wharfs or Banks. 1712 Addison Spect. No. 517 If 1 A copy of his letter, without any alteration or diminution. 1857 Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. II. 175 The Diminution of the Obliquity of the Ecliptic.

b. Apparent lessening, as by distance. ? Obs. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 1. iii. 18 To looke vpon him, till the diminution Of space, had pointed him sharpe as my Needle. 1667 Milton P.L. vii. 369 From human sight So farr remote, with diminution seen.

f2. a. Representation of something as less than it is; extenuation, b. as a Rhet. figure. Obs. 1303 R Brunne Handl. Synne 12416 3yt per ys an enchesun Ys kallede ‘dymynucyun’, On englys hyt ys to mene To make py synne lytyl to seme. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 93 Example.. for diminution, might be this.. these I must confesse are injuries to some, but unto me they are trifles. 1659 O. Walker Oratory 75 Gradation is by Oratours most-what observed, and the weightiest word said last: or, in diminutions, the contrary.

|3. Lessening of honour or reputation; derogation, depreciation, belittling. Obs. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 9 What approbations, diminutions, insinuations. 1599 Life Sir T. More in Wordsw. Eccl. Biog. (1853) II. 181 Under pardon of those saints.. for I intend not the diminution of their glorious deaths. 1646 Fuller Wounded Consc. (1841) 351 A diminution to the majesty of God. 1648 Eikon Bas. 49, I shall not much regard the worlds opinion or diminution of

the

of

half or

original:

opp.

a

being diminished (of an interval): see diminished 4 (obs. rare). 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 24 Diminution is a certaine lessening or decreasing of the essential value of the notes and rests. 1609 Douland Ornith. Microl. 48 Diminution .. is the varying of Notes of the first quantity.. or it is a certain cutting off of the measure. 1614 T. Ravenscroft {title), A briefe Discourse of the true but neglected Vse of characterizing the Degrees by their perfection, imperfection and diminution, in measurable Musicke. 1869 Ouseley Counterp. xv. 104 [In] imitation by diminution.. the consequent substitutes notes of smaller value for those proposed by the antecedent. 6. Her. With earlier authors: The defacing of

1611 Sir A. Gorges (T.), The first seeds of things are little and diminute.

of

notes

fdimi'nute, a. Obs. Also 5-6 de-. [ad. L. di-, deminut-us, pa. pple. of di-, deminuere to diminish.] Diminished, lessened; abated; incomplete, defective.

b. Diminutive, minute.

length

in

quarter

diminute conversion (Logic), conversio per accidens, in which the converse asserts less than the convertend, as in ‘All the natives were slaves: Some slaves were natives.’ c 1450 Henryson Fables Prol. 41 (Jam. Suppl.) Gif that ye find ocht.. Be diminute, or yit superfluous, c 1475 Partenay 5680 He and his land shold be disherite, Exile and deminute by his dedes smart. 1533 More Apol. viii. Wks. 861/2 That hee neuer wrote that sermon himselfe, but that some of hys audience .. dydde wryte it dyminute, and mangled for lacke of good remembraunce. 1557 Recorde Whetst. A iv b, If the partes make lesse than the whole nomber.. then is that nomber called Diminute, or Defectiue. As .8. hath these partes .1..2..4. whiche make but .7. 1651-3 Jer. Taylor Serm. for Year 1. xxiv. 304 Affix prices made diminute and lessened to such proportions and abatements. 1731 Chandler tr. Limborch's Hist. Inquis. II. 32 He who confesses an heretical Action or Word, but denies the wicked Intention .. is .. to be delivered over as a diminute, impenitent, and negative Heretick.

the

writing)

diminuse, obs. Sc. form of diminish.

to

augmentation, fb. (quot. 1614) The condition of

part of an escutcheon. By later writers said to be = DIFFERENCE. 1610 Guillim Heraldry 1. viii. (1660) 43 Diminution is a blemishing or defacing of some particular point.. of the Escocheon, by reason of the imposition of some stain and colour thereupon. 1787 Porny Her. Gloss., Diminution, word sometimes used instead of Difference. 1830 Robson Brit. Herald III. Gloss., Diminution of Arms, an expression sometimes used.. instead of differences, or, as the French call them, brisures.. from the Latin diminutiones, lessenings, as showing a family to be less than the chief. f7. Gram. The formation of a diminutive word from a primitive. Obs. rare. a 1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram, xi, The common affection of nouns is diminution .. The diminution of substantives hath these four divers terminations: EL . Et.. Ock.. Ing.. Diminution of adjectives is in this one end, ish. 8. Law. An omission in the record of a case sent up by an inferior court to a superior, in proceedings for reversal of judgement. [1610 Coke Bk. of Entries 242 a/2 (marg.) Le def. alledge diminution en le Here. fac. seisinam. Ibid. 251 b/i {marg.) Diminution alledge per le def. en les proclamations. 1626 Sir W. Jones Reports, Weever v. Fulton 2 Car. 1 (1675) 140 Car apres in nullo est Erratum plede, neque le Plaintiff neque le Defendant poient alledge diminution, car per le joinder ils allowe recorde.] 1657 Grimston tr. Croke's Repts. (1683) 11. 597, Johns v. Bowen, 18 Jas. I, After the Record certified, the plaintiff in the Writ of Error alledges Diminution for want of an Original, which was certified and entered. 1708 Termes de la Ley 248, Diminution, is when the Plaintiff or Defendant in a Writ of Error alledges .. that part of the Record remains in the Inferiour Court not certified, and prays that it be certifyed by Certiorari. 1848 in Wharton Law Lex. 9. Arch. The gradual decrease in diameter of the shaft of a column, etc.; the tapering of a column or other part of a building; also, the amount of this tapering in the whole length. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diminution.. in Architecture, the lessening of a Pillar by little and little from the Base to the Top. 1726 Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 20/1 The diameter of the lower diminution. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Gothic architects.. observe neither diminution nor swelling; their columns are perfectly cylindrical. 1766 Entick London IV. 356 [The] turret..ends with a fine diminution. 1842-76 Gwilt Archit. iii. i. 809 The diminution or tapering form given to a column .. sometimes commences from the foot of the shaft, sometimes from a quarter or one third of its height. Ibid. 814 Vitruvius in this order [the Tuscan] forms the columns six diameters high, and makes their diminution one quarter of the diameter. 10. Cytology, [a. F. diminution (V. Herla 1895, in

Arch,

de

Biol.

XIII.

485).]

The

loss

or

expulsion, during the embryogenesis of certain organisms, of some chromosome material from the nuclei of cells that go to form somatic tissue. 1925 E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) iv. 326 In these cases.. the process of diminution is somehow connected with the segregation of germ-cells from somatic cells. 1942 Nature 17 Jan. 67/2 In Sorghum we know that the chromosomes which undergo ‘diminution’ are in fact dispensable not only in parts of the plant but also in parts of the species. 1965 C. D. Darlington Cytology 11. iii. 658 Coordinated reactions of centromeres, heterochromatin and cytoplasm are no doubt responsible for diminution.

diminutival (di.mmjui'taival), a. (sb.) Gram. [f. L.

diminutlv-us

diminutive

+

-al1.]

Of,

pertaining to, or of the nature of, a diminutive, b. as sb. A diminutival suffix. 1868 T. H. Key Philol. Essays x. 213 The Latin .. forming contemptuous terms for men, by means of a diminutival suffix. 1871 Roby Lat. Gram. ill. vii §862 Adjectives, chiefly diminutival. 1880 Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 3) §317 In -kin .. a widely prevalent diminutival.

diminutive (di'minjutiv),

a.

and sb.

Also 4

diminitif (-yf, etc.), 6-7 diminitive, 6 demynutyve. [a. F. diminutif, -ive (14th c. in Godef. Suppl.), ad. L. di-, deminutiv-us, f. di-, deminutus, pa.

pple. of di-, deminuere to lessen. The sb. use is found in Eng. earlier than the adj.] A. adj. 1. Gram. Expressing diminution; denoting something little: usually applied to derivatives or affixes expressing something small of the kind denoted by the primitive word. (Opp. to augmentative.) 1580 North Plutarch (1676) 5 Where they honoured this old woman [Hecale], calling her by a diminutive Name, Hecalena. 1659 O. Walker Oratory 32 Verbal nouns., some of them being augmentative, some diminutive. 1755 Johnson Pref. to Diet., Diminutive adjectives in -ish, as greenish. 1756 Burke Subl. & B. ill. xiii, In most languages the objects of love are spoken of under diminutive epithets. 1876 Mason Eng. Gram. §313 The diminutive sense easily passes into that of depreciation, as in worldling, groundling.

f2. Making less diminution. Obs.

or

smaller;

tending

to

1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. 266 God.. cannot fal under any mutation either.. augmentative or diminutive. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. (1737) III. hi. ii. 175 Any thing diminutive either of their inward Freedom or national Liberty.

f3. Representing or describing something as less than it is; disparaging, depreciative. Obs. 1662 Glanvill Lux Orient, ii. (1682) 9 A diminutive and disparaging apprehension of the infinite.. Goodness of God. 1737 Waterland Eucharist 443 The Death of Christ .. a federal Rite.. appears to be too low and too diminutive a Name for it. 1791 Paine Rights of Man (ed. 4) 122 A scene so new.. that the name of a Revolution is diminutive of its character, and it rises into a Regeneration of man.

4. Characterized by diminution; hence, of less size or degree than the ordinary; small, little. In later use, generally, a more forcible expression for ‘small’: = minute, tiny. (Usually in reference to physical size.) 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. 11. Wks. 1856 I. 19 Balurdo cals for your diminutive attendance. 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. ii. 10 The poore Wren (the most diminutiue of Birds). 1623 Cockeram, Diminutiue, little. 1641 Brathwait Eng. Intelligencer 11, Our Progenitours esteemed diminutive Cottages as Kingdomes. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 146 A diminutive Pine, which grows not above the Height of a Man. 1727 Swift Gulliver 1. i. 26, I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of those diminutive mortals. 1741 Gray Let. Poems (1775) 108 Last post I received a very diminutive letter. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. viii. 283 The summer.. passed in unavailing movements and diminutive attempts. 1851 Brimley Ess. 120 {Wordsw.) We .. know that children are not diminutive angels. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. III. 24 Small, almost diminutive, in stature.

B. sb. 1. Gram. A diminutive word or term (see A. 1); a derivative denoting something small of the kind. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. xevi. (Tollem. MS.), Of ‘Lens, lentis,’ comej? ‘Lenticula,’ pe diminityf peroi. 1530 Palsgr. 303 Adjectyves whiche be demynutyves in signyfication. 1591 Percivall Sp. Diet. Biij, Diminutiues end commonly in ito, illo. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 264 The word Saifioviov.. is not a diminitive .. but an adjective substantiv’d. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 135 Jf 1 Cicero .. calls those small Pretenders to Wisdom.. certain Minute Philosophers, using a Diminutive even of the Word Little. 1864 Tennyson Aylmer's Field 539 In babyisms and dear diminutives Scatter’d all over the vocabulary Of such a love. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Introd. 80 His name, Adamnan, is a diminutive of Adam.

2. Her. One of the smaller ordinaries corresponding in form and position to the larger, but of less width. [i486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. C iv b, This cros [croslet] is not so oft borne in armys by him selfe.. neuer the lees mony tymys hit is borne in dimynutiuys, that is to say in littyll crossis crossit.] 1572 Bossewell Armorie 11. 32 b, The Barrulet is a Diminutive thereof, and is but the fourth parte of the Barre. 1766 Porny Her. iv. (1787) 60 The Pale .. Its Diminutives are the Pallet, which is the half of the Pale, and the Endorse, which is the fourth part of a Pale. 1882 Cussans Hatidbk. Her. iv. 57 The diminutives of the Bend are the Bendlet, or Garter, which is half the width of the Bend; the Cost, or Cotice, which is half the Bendlet; and the Riband, half of the Cost. Ibid. 72 All the Ordinaries (but not their diminutives) may be charged.

3. A diminutive thing or person, a. A small variety or form of something; a ‘miniature’, fb. Something very small (obs.). f c. in diminutive: on a small scale, in miniature (obs.). 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. v. i. 38 How the poore world is pestred with such water-flies, diminutiues of Nature. Ant. & Cl. iv. xii. 37 Most monster-like be shewne For poor’st Diminitiues, for Dolts. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xxxiii. 57 All families are but diminutives of a Court. 1658 Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus iii, In what deminutives the plastick principle lodgeth is exemplified in seeds, a 1687 Cotton (J.) Sim..Was then a knave, but in diminutive. 1796 Mod. Gulliver's Trav. 46 A reflection.. which I often found myself justified in bringing home to these diminutives. 1842 C. Whitehead R. Savage (1845) I. xi. 145 The diminutive tells me he believes he has wronged you. 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xix. (1856) 150 A stimulus, acting constantly, like the diminutive of a strong cup of coffee.

f4. Something that diminishes or lessens; spec, in Med. A medicine that abates the violence of a disease. Obs. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. x. liv. (1612) 242 If his Fames Diminutiue in any thing we finde. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 11. v. 1. vi, When you have used all good meanes and helpe of alteratives, averters, diminitives.

676

DIMINUTIVELY diminutively (di'minjutivli), adv. -ly2.]

[f. prec.

+

In a diminutive manner or degree.

1. In the way of diminution; so as to represent anything

as

small,

or

as

less

than

it

is:

fextenuatingly, disparagingly, depreciatively (obs.). 1613 F. Robarts Revenue of Gospel 125 They will cheerfully.. say, It was but hue pounds.. It comes but once a yeare, I hope to recouer it by the grace of God. Thus diminutiuely and hopefully men mention any great charge, suitable to their owne humors. 1663 Baxter Divine Life 175 Thinking diminutively of God’s love and mercy. 1788 Mad. D’Arblay Diary July, I began to think less diminutively of that [room]. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 256 When I say, ‘There were few men with him’; I speak diminutively, and mean to represent them as inconsiderable: whereas, when I say, ‘There were a few men with him’; I evidently intend to make the most of them. 2. In a smaller or minute degree. 1750 tr. Leonardus's Mirr. Stones 21S Prassius .. has all the Virtues of the Emerald, tho’ diminutively. di'minutiveness.

[f. as prec.

+

-ness.]

The

quality or condition of being diminutive. 1727 Bailey vol. II., Diminutiveness, littleness. 1750-1 Student II. 225 (T.) While he stood on tip-toes thrumming his bass-viol, the diminutiveness of his figure was totally eclipsed by the expansion of his instrument. 1830 Miss Mitford Village Ser. iv. (1863) 199 Next to names simple in themselves, those which fall easily into diminutiveness seem to me most desirable.. Lizzy, Bessy, Sophy, Fanny—the prettiest of all! 1894 Daily News 15 Oct. 6/4 In keeping with the universal neatness and diminutiveness. di'minutize, v. rare.

[f. diminute a. + -ize.]

trans. To turn (a word) into a diminutive form. In recent Diets. t di'miss, v. Obs. [f. cl. L. dimiss- ppl. stem of dimittere

to

send

away,

dismiss:

cf.

DIMIT,

dismiss, and dis- pref.] — dismiss v. 1543 Grafton Contn. Harding (1812) 567 Charles did dimisse ye young man. 1546 Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent. v. ix. 110 a, When Masse is ended the deacon turning to the people sayeth, Ite missa est, which wordes are borrowed of the rytes of the Paganes, and signifieth that then the companye may be dimissed. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. 111. (1701) 99/2 Theaetetus disputing of Knowledge, he dimist. 1729 Shelvocke Artillery v. 399 It is shot easily from a large Bow, for if it be violently dimissed, the Fire of it will be extinguished. f 'dimissaries, sb. pi. Obs. Also 5 dismyssaries, 6 dimiceries, demisaris. [? f. L. demissus, hanging down, descending + -ary: cf. emissary.] Testicles. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 357 Some malicious dysposed persones, in despyte.. kut of his hode and his dismyssaries. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries 1. (1550) 50b, Chosen, as stoned horses are .. by their outye dimiceries. 1569 T. Underdown Ovid agst. Ibis O iij b, He.. cut of his Demisaris. 1577 Stanyhurst Descr. Irel. in Holinshed VI. 68 For default of other stuffe, they pawne.. the nailes of their fingers and toes, their dimissaries.

from a bishop dismissing a clergyman from one diocese and recommending him to another, b. A letter from a bishop, the superior of a religious order, etc., authorizing the bearer as a candidate for ordination. 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. 11. (1882) 91 If he.. haue letters dimissorie from one bishop to another, a 1631 Donne Ignat. Concl. (1635) 115 Accompany them with Certificates, and Demissory letters. 1672 Cave Prim. Chr. in. iii. (1673) 310 Letters Dimissory whereby Leave was given to persons going into another Diocese (if ordained) to be admitted and incorporated into the Clergy of that Church. 1708 J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 1. in. i. (1743) 143 He must have Letters Demissory from the Bishop. 1726 Ayliffe Par erg. 128 A Bishop of another Diocess ought neither to ordain nor admit a Clerk.. without letters Dimissory. 1818 C. Simeon Let. in Mem. xx. (1847) 497 Letters dimissory for a young man who has distinguished himself. 1819 Southey in Q. Rev. XXII. 73 The abbot was cautioned not to receive a member of any other known monastery without dimissory letters from his superior.

fB. sb. (pi.) Obs.

= Letters dimissory: see prec.

CI380 Antecrist in Todd 3 Treat. Wyclif (1851) 147 Bi tytle and by dymyssories. 1619 Brent tr. Sarpi's Counc. Trent (1676) 462 In respect of the dimisories of Bishops. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. I. v. 11. 69 The Dimissories were given to the Laity and Clergy, who went out of one Diocese .. to live in another.

fdi'mit, v. Obs. [In Branch I, ad. L. dimittere to send apart, away, or forth, to dismiss, release, put away, let go, lay down (office), renounce, forsake, f. di-, dis- asunder + mittere to send, let go. A doublet (more etymologically formed) of dismit, dismiss: cf. also demit u.2, and dimiss, demise. In Branch II, a variant of demit ti.1] 1. 1. trans. To send away, let go, dismiss: = demit w.2 1. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Acts v. 26 So were they contented upon this punishement to dimitte them. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1596) 941/2 Thus Frith..was freely dimitted out of the stockes, and set at libertie. a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scotl. 11. (1677) 50 The Pope.. did .. dimit the Scottish Commissioners.. with great promises of favour.

2. To lay aside, give up, resign, abdicate: dimit v.2 3. 1563 N. Winset Four Scoir Thre Quest, xxvii. Wks. 1888 I. 93 Salamon .. commanding ws naways to dimit the law of our mother, quhilk is the Kirk. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 40 That these who haue pluralitie of benefices be compelled to dimitt all except one. 1678 Trans. Crt. Spain II. 141 It behoved him instantly to dimit his charge of Inquisitour General.

3. To convey by lease, demise: = demit vf1 4. 1495 Act ii Hen. VII, c. 9 That noe persone.. haue auctorite.. to dymytte or lette to ferme.. any londes or tenementis within the lordship. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 39 Power and auctoritie.. to couenant dimit let or set to ferme..any of the landes. 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 122 He may dimitt the land destroied and not inhabite, vntill he be of power to big it againe.

4. intr. Of a river: To empty itself, debouch. t dimission (dai'mijdn). Obs. [ad. L. dimissionem, n. of action from dimittere to send away, dismiss, etc.] 1. The action of giving up or relinquishing; resignation, abdication; = demission2 i. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 548, I swere.. that I shall neuer repugne to this resygnacion, dymyssyon or yeldynge vp. 1568 Q. Bliz. Let. 8 June in Love-lett. Mary Q. Scots App. 31 She.. was.. compelled to make a dimission of her crown. 2. Conveyance by lease; — demise sb. 1. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 9. §2 All maner of leasses dymyssions made. Ibid. c. 33 § 17 Any graunte or lesse made by.. lettres patentes of dimission. 3. Sending away, dismission, dismissal, discharge. 1530 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1856) II. 82 Under sureties.. that he should appear the first day of the next term.. and then day by day until his dimission. -q form) + -ic.] Existing or occurring in two distinct forms; exhibiting dimorphism, a. Bot. Occurring in two distinct forms in the same plant or species, as the submerged and floating leaves in water-plants, disk and ray florets in Compositse, and (spec.) flowers or plants having stamens and pistils of different relative lengths, b. Zool. Of individuals of the same species (or of the same colony of polyps): Occurring in two forms differing in structure, size, markings, etc., according to sex, season, or function, c. Chem. and Min. Occurring in two distinct crystalline forms not derivable from one another. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. ii. (1878) 36 The two forms of allied dimorphic species, c 1865 J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 311 /2 Some bodies have two different forms, or are dimorphic, under different circumstances. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 299 Primula.. Flowers usually dimorphic, having long styles with anthers deep in the tube or the reverse. Ibid. 319 Atriplex patula.. sub-sp. hastata .. seeds dimorphic, larger brown rough, smaller black smooth. 1878 Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 123 When the persons of a colony are dimorphic, those which are the more developed are .. functionally sexual, while the others are sterile. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 238 The Medusa and Hydroid polype are dimorphic forms.. The worker bee is a dimorphic female. an

dimorphism (dai'mo:fiz(3)m). [mod. f. Gr. 8lp.op-os of two forms (see prec.) + -ism.] The condition of being dimorphic, a. Cryst. The property of assuming two distinct crystalline forms, not derivable from each other. 1832 Johnston Progr. Chem. in Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1835) 432 The different causes to which, under different circumstances, dimorphism may be traced. 1850 Daubeny Atom. Th. iv. (ed. 2) 123 A familiar instance of dimorphism

is exhibited in the case of carbonate of lime, which.. is found, sometimes in the form of calcareous spar, sometimes in that of arragonite. 1851 Richardson Geol. v. 78 Dimorphism is a law which, though previously known, has been confirmed by the discoveries of Mitscherlich.

b. Biol. The occurrence of two distinct forms of flowers, leaves, or other parts on the same plant or in the same species; or of two forms distinct in structure, size, colouring, etc. among animals of the same species. 1859 Darwin Orig. Spec. ii. (1878) 35 There are.. cases of dimorphism and trimorphism, both with animals and plants. Thus.. the females of certain .. butterflies.. regularly appear under two or even three conspicuously distinct forms. 1875 Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. hi. vi. 809 Another contrivance for.. mutual fertilisation.. Dimorphism (or Hetero-stylism).. In one individual the flowers all have a long style and short filaments, while in another individual all the flowers have a short style and long filaments. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 238 The phrase sexual dimorphism is used to denote the differences other than the usual anatomical characters which separate the two sexes.. In [Lepidoptera] the individuals of broods appearing at different times of the year often differ from one another.. In this case the phrase seasonal dimorphism is employed.

c. Philol. The existence, in one language, of a word under two different forms, or of two words of the same ultimate derivation (doublets). 1877 F. A. March Anglo-Sax. Gram. 28 Where it [bifurcation] is produced by a foreign word coming into English in different ways, it has been called dimorphism: ration, reason.

dimorphite (dai'moifait). Min.

[mod. f. Gr. 8lp.op-os of two forms + -ite.] A sulphide of arsenic occurring in very small orange-coloured crystals of two different forms. Also called di'morphine. 1852 Shepard Min. 351 Dimorphine. 1868 Dana Min. 28 Dimorphite.

dimorphotheca

(dai.morfao'Sbks). Bot. [mod.L. (S. Vaillant 1722, in Hist, et Memoires Acad. Sci. 1720 279), f. Gr. 8lp.opos DIMORPHOUS a. + THECA 2.] A plant of the South African genus of herbs or sub-shrubs so named, of the family Compositae; the Cape Marigold (see marigold i d). 1861 Curtis's Bot. Mag. LXXXVII. 5252 (heading) Grassy-leaved Dimorphotheca. 1866 Lindley & Moore Treas. Bot. 1. 409/1 Dimorphotheca, the Cape Marigold. 1890 Garden XXXVIII. 180/3 Like many other handsome composites from the Cape, this Dimorphotheca had long ceased to obtain much notice as a garden plant, i960 Times 10 Sept. 9/3 The dimorphothecas have also done well this year.

dimorphous (dai'morfss), a. [f. Gr. 8lp.op-os of two forms + -ous.] Chem. and Min.)

= dimorphic. (Mostly in

DIMPLING common till late in the 16th: origin uncertain. Its form answers to OHG. dumphilo, MHG. tumpfel, tiimpfel, mod.G. diimpfel, tiimpel pool, but connexion is not historically made out. It has also been collated with dimble, and conjectured to be a nasalized deriv. of dip, or a dim. of dint with consonantal change.] 1. A small hollow or dent, permanent or evanescent, formed in the surface of some plump part of the human body, esp. in the cheeks in the act of smiling, and regarded as a pleasing feature. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3060 Hir chyn full choise was .. With a dympull full deme, daynte to se. 1588 Greene Pandosto (1607) 19 Shee hath dimples in her cheekes. 1598 Florio, Pozzette, dimples, pits, or little holes in womens cheekes. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. 11. iii. 101 The Valley, The pretty dimples of his Chin, and Cheeke. 1632 Milton L' Allegro 30 Wreathed Smiles, Such as hang on Hebe’s cheek, And love to live in dimple sleek. 1784 Mad. D’Arblay Diary 4 Oct., Three letters in her hand, and three thousand dimples in her cheek and chin! 1813 Byron Giaour (Orig. Draft) ii. Wks. (1846) 63/1 note, Like dimples upon Ocean’s cheek. 1870 Emerson Soc. & Solit., Dom. Life Wks. (Bohn) III. 42 Parents, studious of the witchcraft of curls and dimples and broken words.

b. The action of dimpling. 1713 Steele Guardian No. 29 Jf6 The dimple is practised to give a grace to the features, and is frequently made a bait to entangle a gazing lover.

2. transf. Any slight surface depression or indentation resembling the preceding, as a dip in the surface of land or a ripple on the water. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 278 Whereon (say they) Elias oft slept, and .. that the hollow dimples of the stone was onely made by the impression of his body. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. 1. 3 Not absolute perforations, but onley dimples in their crustaceous Tunica Cornea. 1796 Withering Brit. Plants IV. 82 Upper part [of fungus] convex, with or without a dimple in the centre. 1801 Southey Thalaba xi. xxxviii, The gentle waters gently part In dimples round the row. 1815 Guide to Watering Places 299 In a dimple of the ill., rises St. Anne’s Well. 1892 J. Mather Poems 51 In dimples of the mountain lay The panting herd of deer.

3. Comb. 1874 Mrs. Whitney We Girls ix. 184 Her dimple-cleft and placid chin. 1892 A. Sterry Lazy Minstr. 80 Sweet little dimple-cheek—Merrily dancing.

'dimple, v. [f. prec. sb.] 1. trans. To mark with, or as with, dimples. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. 111. iii. Wks. 1856 I. no, I will laugh, And dimple my thinne cheeke With capring joy. 1697 Dryden JEneid vii. 43 With whirlpools dimpl’d. 1796 Southey Ball. Donica, No little wave Dimpled the water’s edge. 1830 Tennyson Lilian 16 The lightning laughters dimple The baby-roses in her cheeks. 1847-8 H. Miller First Impr. vi. (1857) 102 Here the surface is dimpled by unreckoned hollows: there fretted by uncounted mounds. 1891 B. Harte First Fam. Tasajara xiii, Leaden rain., dimpling like shot the sluggish pools of the flood.

2. intr. To break into dimples or ripples, to form dimples, to ripple.

1832 Johnston Progr. Chem. in Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1835) 432 Sulphur and carbon therefore possess two forms, or they are dimorphous. 1850 Daubeny Atom. Th. iv. (ed. 2) 123 Bodies.. capable of assuming two distinct crystalline forms.. according to the circumstances under which they had been brought into the solid condition.. are termed dimorphous. 1869 Mrs. Somerville Molec. Sc. 1. i. 16 The diamond crystallizes in octohedrons, while graphite.. crystallizes in six-sided plates:.. and thus carbon possesses the property of being dimorphous. 1874 Lubbock Wild Flowers ii. 35 The majority of species of the genus Primula appear to be dimorphous.

a 1700 Dryden (J.), Smiling eddies dimpled on the main. 1735 Pope Prol. Sat. 316 As shallow streams run dimpling all the way. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. cxiv, She is then permitted to dimple and smile, when the dimples and smiles begin to forsake her. 1805 Wordsw. Prelude vi. 652 A lordly river.. Dimpling along in silent majesty. 1851 Thackeray Eng. Hum. ii. (1876) 181 Cheeks dimpling with smiles. 1864 Tennyson Aylmer's F. 149 Low knolls That dimpling died into each other.

dim-out ('dimaut). [f. phr. to dim out (dim v.

Marked with or as with dimples.

2 c).] A reduction in the brightness or use of lighting, e.g. as a precaution against air-raids; in a theatre or cinema, the ending of a scene, etc., by a slow rather than fast diminution of lighting; the resulting partial darkness. Also transf. and attrib. Cf. black-out.

a 1577 Gascoigne Wks. (1587) 67 That dimpled chin wherein delight did dwell. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner Cvb, Choise. Right Quinces: small: dimpled or dawked. 1606 Shaks. Ant. & Cl. 11. ii. 207 Pretty Dimpled Boys, like smiling Cupids. 1634 Milton Comus 119 By dimpled brook and fountain-brim. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty x. 65 The taper dimpled [finger] of a fine lady. 1878 B. Taylor Deukalion 1. iii. 30 Beyond the dark blue, dimpled sea, Lie sands and palms.

1942 N. Y. Times 3 May 2E/5 In New York City the dimout recalled the ‘lightless nights’ caused by the coal shortage in 1917. 1943 J. Steinbeck Once there was War (1959) 3 It is evening, and the first of the dim-out lights come on. 1944 Times 9 Nov. 2/3 One of the effects of the reduced gaspressure at Manchester will be that the dim-out in the city will be more dim. 1947 ‘N. Blake’ Minute for Murder v. 100 Darkness. Damn the dim-out. i960 Lindsay & Crouse Sound of Music 7 Sister Sophia enters below the curtains and crosses the stage, carrying a large ring of keys. Dim Out. 1965 B.B.C. Handbk. 11 It would be naive to suppose the new [television] channel was launched into an entirely friendly world. The black-out of the first night was succeeded by the dim-out of the first few months. 1968 O. Wynd Sumatra Seven Zero iv. 54 There didn’t appear to be any activity at the hotel entrance, and there was a dim-out down there, as though all the staff had gone to bed.

fdi'move, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. dimove-re to move away, remove.] trans. To remove. 1540 R. Wisdome in Strype Eccl. Mem. 1. App. cxv. 320 You wil not dimove that evil wel placed. 1788 Trifler No. 25 IF 3- 323 It dimoves every discruciating pain from the stomach.

dimp, v. rare. [app. shortened from dimple u.]

'dimpled, ppl. a. [f. dimple sb. or v. + -ed.]

'dimplement. rare. [f. dimple

v. + -ment.] The fact or condition of being dimpled; a dimpling.

1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh 1. 39 And view the ground’s most gentle dimplement. 1862-False Step iv, Where the smile in its dimplement was.

'dimpler. nonce-wd. [f. dimple v. + -er1.] One who ‘dimples’ or forms dimples. 1713 Steele Guardian No. 29 If 5 We may range the several kinds of laughers under the following heads: The Dimplers. The Smilers. The Laughers. The Grinners. The Horse-laughers.

'dimpling, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1.] The action of the verb dimple (usually in intr. sense). 1602 Beaumont Hermaphrodite Wks. (Rtldg.) II. 700/1 She prais’d the pretty dimpling of his skin. 1771 Goldsm. Prol. Craddock's Zobeide 5 While botanists all cold to smiles and dimpling, Forsake the fair, and patiently—go simpling. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk., Spectre Bridegroom I. 338 A soft dimpling of the cheek.

trans. To dimple, or mark with dimples.

'dimpling, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That

1821 Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 132 Rain-drops how they dimp’d the brook. Ibid. II. 123 Ere yet a hailstone pattering comes, Or dimps the pool the rainy squall.

dimples; that forms or breaks into dimples.

dimple

('dimp(3)l), sb. Also 5 dympull. [Evidenced only from 15th c., and app. not

173S Somerville Chase iv. 407 Ev’ry.. hollow Rock, that o’er the dimpling Flood Nods pendant. 1795 Mad. D’Arblay Let. 18 June, When I look at my dear baby, and see its dimpling smiles. 1824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 295 A trim, well made, tempting girl, with a roguish dimpling face.

1844 Faber Sir Lancelot (1857) 7 With .. dimpling globes of nuphar netted o’er.

Brit. Mollusks ii. 18 The freshwater Conchifera are all dimyarian bivalves.

dimply ('dimpli), a. [f. dimple sb. + -y.] Full of or characterized by dimples.

din (din), sb.1 Forms: 1-5 dyne, 1-7 dyn, 3 dune (-y-)> 3-7 dine, 3 - din (also 4 deone, dene, 5-6 dynne, 5-7 dinne, 7 deane, dynn, dinn). [OE. dyne (:—OTeut *duni-z), and dynn, corresp. to ON. dynr din (:— *dunju-z or *dunjo-z); f. Germanic root dun-: cf. Skr. dhuni roaring, a torrent; also ON. duna fern, ‘rushing or thundering noise’ (perh. a later formation from the verb). Elsewhere in WGer. only the derived vb. appears: see din il] A loud noise; particularly a continued confused or resonant sound, which stuns or distresses the ear.

1726-46 Thomson Winter 83 The wanderers of heaven.. flutter round the dimply pool. 1727 Philips Ode to Miss Pulteney Dimply damsel, sweetly smiling, a 1790 T. Warton Triumph of Isis Poet. Wks. (1802) I. 5 The smooth surface of the dimply flood. 1884 Illustr. Sydney News 26 Aug. 15/2 Aunt Flo’s face grew dimply.

dimps. dial. Also 9- dampse, dempse, dimpse(s), dimpsey, dimpsie, dumps. [? deriv. of dim, or dial, variant of dumps, dump s6.] Dusk, twilight. 1693 R. Lyde (of Topsham, Devon) Retaking of Ship in Arb. Garner VII. 450, I got no nearer than a mile from the bar, in the dimps [dusk] of the night. 1810 Monthly Mag. XXIX. 11. 435/1 Dumps, dimpse, dampse, dimmet, twilight. Devonshire]. 1867 W. F. Rock in W. W. Skeat Nine Specimens Eng. Dial. (1896) 47, I thort I glimpsed Jan slinge to tha rebeck i’ the dimpse. 1885 F. T. Elworthy Rep. Comm. Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms 91 Just as the dempse was coming on. 1886 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Dumps, twilight; same as Dimmet. 1891 R. P. Chope Dial. Hartland 40 Twaz gittin’ dimps avore us stairted. 1892 H. C. O’Neill Devonshire Idyls 25 But ’twas got quite dark all of a minute, and ’twere only in the dimpses when the maid shut her eyes. 1896 G. Chanter Witch of Withy ford xii. 149 There be pixies in the dimpsey here. 1925 Glasgow Herald 1 Aug. 4 At the ‘dimpsie’ the colours of the flowers become more etherealised. 1950 L. A. G. Strong Which I Never 161 ’Twasn’t dark. ’Twasn’t more than dimpsey. 1965 in P. Jennings Living Village (1968) 95 The Somerset village of Compton Martin .. is on the lower north flanks of the Mendips... Local words include.. Dimpsey. dark, twilit.

Hence dimpsy a. dial., dusky, as ‘It’s getting a bit dimpsy’. (Devonsh.) 'dim-,sighted, a.

DINAR

678

DIMPLY

Having dim sight (lit. and

fig-)1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. 11 b, Olde men .. or they whose eyes are dimm sighted. 1679 Bedloe Popish Plot A ij b, They are very dim-sighted that cannot see through such Impostures. 1775 Adair Amer. Ind. 230 Our dimsighted politicians. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xxix, Mr. Chester was not the kind of man to be .. dim-sighted to Mr. Willet’s motives. 1887 Spectator 20 Aug. 1116 When the dog gets old and dim-sighted.

Hence .dim'sightedness. 1662 Hickeringill Wks. (1716) I. 278 It may seem cross to us.. through our short and dimsightedness. 1822-56 De Quincey Confess. (1862) 190 If a veil interposes between the dim-sightedness of man and his future calamities.

|| dim sum (dim sAm). Also deem sim, tim-sam, -sum, etc. PI. sum, sums. [Cantonese dim sam.; cf. Chinese dianxin.] A savoury Cantonese-style snack; a meal consisting of these. Also attrib. 1948 R. W. Dana Where to eat in N. Y. 75 Dim sum varies according to the season. 1952 D. Y. H. Feng Joy of Chinese Cooking ii. 56 The Chinese word for appetizer is deem sum .. which means ‘touch the heart’. 1956 B. Y. Chao How to cook & eat in Chinese 11. xxi. 242 Then dishes of tim-sam (Cantonese for tien-hsin), each containing four pieces, are placed before you. 1966 M. Glaser Underground Gourmet 125 Dim-Sum is served continually every day. 1967 New Idea (Austral.) 25 Feb. 20/2 It was all pretty authentic except for the Australian dim sims that went with Chinese beer. 1977 ‘S. Leys’ Chinese Shadows (1978) ii. 37 The sacred custom.. of spending a good part of the morning eating tim-sun (tien-hsin) in the teahouses (ch'a-lou). 1984 N. Y. Times 2 Dec. xi. 33/2 The dim sum—four Cantonesestyle dumplings—were juicy, and the ground-pork filling was full of flavor.

fdi'muriate. Chem. Obs. [Di-22a^[.] The old name for a (supposed) compound of one atom of hydrochloric acid with two of a base. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 228 When we dissolve cinchonina in muriatic acid we always obtain a dimuriate.. This is obviously 2 atoms of cinchonina to 1 atom of muriatic acid.

dim-wit, dimwit ('dimwit). colloq. (orig. U.S.). Also dim wit. [f. dim a. + wit sb.] A stupid or slow-witted person. 1922 Dialect Notes V. 141 She’s the worst dim-wit on campus. 1925 New Yorker 20 June 15/2 An archduke, a sort of royal dim wit. 1943 [see bird brain s.v. bird sb. 9]. 1944 Penguin New Writing XIX. 71 ‘What’s the matter?’ ‘Cramp, you dimwit, cramp!’ 1956 ‘J. Wyndham’ Seeds of Time 217 He had an uncomfortable awareness of how many ways there were for even a dimwit to contrive a fatal accident.

Hence dim-witted a., stupid, dull; dimwittedness, the quality of being dim-witted. 1940 E. B. Mann Troubled Range (1941) xi. 135 Of all the damn’ dim-witted stunts! 1948 E. Crispin’ Buried for Pleasure ix. 68 They say he’s got ‘a madman’s cunning’, which is their excuse for being too dim-witted to catch him. i960 20th Cent. Oct. 359 Some Northerners.. can give an impression of dim-wittedness.

dimyary ('dimren), a. and sb. Zool. [f. mod.L. dimyarius (Dimyaria name of group), f. Gr. Sitwice + fiv-s muscle (lit. ‘mouse’): see -ary1.] A. adj. Double-muscled: said of those bivalve molluscs which have two adductor muscles for closing the shell. Also dimyarian (dimi'eanan) a. B. sb. A dimyary bivalve. 1835 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 712/2 Shells which have belonged to dimyary mollusks. 1854 Woodward Mollusca (1856) 26 The cytherea and other dimyaries. 1866 Tate

a IOOO Satan 466 (Gr.) Se dyne becom hlud of heofonum. a IOOO Sal. & Sat. 324 (Gr.) pxt heo domes daejes dyn jehyre. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 117 bo com a dine of heuene. c 1205 Lay. 11574 per wes swiSe muchel dune Jjeines J>er dremden. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 3467 Smoke upreked and munt quaked .. Ai was moses one in 6is dine. 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 7427 Als wode men dose.. and makes gret dyn. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xxi. 65 The erthe quook..And dede men for pat deon comen oute of deope graues. c 1400 Destr. Troy 274 Sone he dressit to his dede & no dyn made. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 281 To vincust thame with litill sturt or dyn. 1589 R. Harvey P. Perc. (1590) 21 A man may stop his eares to hear their dinne. 1610 Shaks. Temp. I. II. 371 lie. , make thee rore, That beasts shall tremble at thy dyn. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 521 Dreadful was the din Of hissing through the Hall. 1712 Steele Sped. No. 509 IP 2 The din of squallings, oaths, and cries of beggars. 1810 Scott Lady of L. 1. iii. Faint, and more faint, its failing din Returned from cavern, cliff, and linn. 1848 Lytton Harold XI. vi, From the hall.. came the din of tumultuous wassail. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 1 All the steeples from the Abbey to the Tower sent forth a joyous din.

b. The subjective impression of a sounding or ringing in the ears. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. i. 3 Pressing the Eare, produceth a dinne. 1787 Cowper Let. 29 Sept., I have a perpetual din in my head and .. hear nothing aright.

DIN (din), sb.1 Also D.I.N. [a. Ger., acronym f. the initials of Deutsche /ndus trie-Norm German Industrial Standard, as laid down (from 1917) by the Deutsches Institut fur Normung German Standards Institution (formerly Deutscher Normenausschufi German Standards Committee).] 1. (Any of) a series of West German technical standards widely used outside West Germany (esp. for the description of paper sizes and film-speed ratings, and for electrical specifications); goods, etc., conforming to these standards. Freq. attrib., esp. preceding classification number. Cf. ASA s.v. A III, BSI s.v. B III. 1932 Industr. Standardization III. 205/2 (caption) German standard sheet DIN 826 showing make-up of magazine page. 1937 E. J. Labarre Diet. Paper 282/2 In this country [sc. Russia] the din sizes of the A-series have been adopted as standard sizes. 1938 G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-Making ii. 18 The most general methods of speed notation in use to-day are the H. & D., Scheiner, and DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm). 1940 F. J. Mortimer Wall's Diet. Photogr. (ed. i$) 573 The figures used to represent speed are on a logarithmic scale, a plate of 18/10 D.I.N. requiring double the exposure of one of speed 21/10 D.I.N. 1965 Berg & Mannheim in Focal Encycl. Photogr. (ed. 2) II. i437/i When DIN speed ratings were, .revised in 1961 .. the degree sign was .. eliminated, so that 150 DIN became 15 DIN. 1972 Electr. & Electronics Abstr. LXXV. 471 /i {heading) An electronic automatic staircase lighting switch for quick mounting on a DIN support bar. 1973 A. Parrish Mech. Engineer's Ref. Bk. x. 62 The German standards authority published DIN 24255 for water duties and DIN 24256 for chemical duties [of pumps]. 1976 Which? Sept. 203/1 We’ve done signal to noise measurements CCIR weighted this time — a better measure of how annoying the noise is in practice than the DIN weighting. 1983 New Electronics 25 Jan. 70/3 The DIN 41612 connector constitutes a universal system utilising only a small number of connector families while meeting the pre-requisites of both user and manufacturer. 1984 Wh at Video? Aug. 17/1 The leads supplied (7-pin DIN 3V32 and 5-pin DIN on TV) are not compatible.

2. Special Comb.: DIN plug, socket, a type of multipin plug and socket used to connect audio equipment. 1976 Pract. Electronics Oct. 819/2 The power for Digiscope comes from external supplies, and this is connected via a four-core cable terminated in a seven-pin DIN plug. 1982 Listener 16 Dec. 34/4 A couple of leads with phono plugs at one end and DIN plugs on sockets at the other end. 1975 Gramophone Jan. 1421/1 The fifth DIN socket separates the pre-amplifier from the power amplifier.

din, v. Pa. t. and pple. dinned (dind). Forms: i dynnan, dynian, 3 dunen, -ien, denie, dinen, 4 denen, dennen, donen, 4-6 dyn(n, 5 dunnyn, 4din. [In I., OE. dynnan, dynian = OS. dunian to give forth a sound, ON. dynja (dundi) to come rumbling down, to gush, pour, MDu. and NRh. dunen, MHG. tiinen to roar, rumble, thunder, all:—OTeut. *dunjan, from root of din sb. ON. had also duna to thunder, rumble:—OTeut. *dunojan. In II. app. a new formation from the sb.] I. f 1. intr. (In OE. and ME.) To sound, ring with sound, resound. Obs.

Beowulf 1538 (Th.) SiSpast se hearm-scaSa to Heorute ateah, dryht-sele dynede. c 1205 Lay. 30410 fia eor5e gon to dunien. 01225 St. Marker. (1866) 20 pa puhte hit as pah a punre dunede. a 1300 Cursor M. 1770 (Cott.) pe erth quok and dind again [v.rr. dinned, dynet, dened]. a 1300 K Horn 592 pe foie schok pe brunie pat al pe curt gan denie. 1375 Barbour Bruce xvi. 131 To schir colyne sic dusche he gave That he dynnyt on his arsoune. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Helm. MS.) 1 b, He uncoupled his houndes and blew his horn, Al the forest dynned of that blast. 1513 Douglas JEneis xi. i. 89 So lowd thair wofull bewaling habundis, That all the palice dynnis and resoundis.

fb. Of persons: To make a loud noise; to roar. c 1450 Golagros & Gaw. vii, Than dynnyt the duergh, in angir and yre, With raris, quhil the rude hall reirdit agane.

II. 2. trans. vociferation.

To assail with din or wearying

1674 N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. To Rdr., Why should the ears of all the neighborhood be dinn’d .. with the Cackle? 1786 tr. BeckforcTs Vathek (1868) 85, I want not to have my ears dinned by him and his dotards. 1855 Singleton Virgil I. 377 With never-ceasing words On this and that side is the hero dinned. 1872 Black Adv. Phaeton xix. 265 The deafening causeway that had dinned our ears for days past.

3. To make to resound; to utter continuously so as to deafen or weary, to repeat ad nauseam-, esp. in phr. to din (something) into (some one’s) ears. 1724 Swift Drapier’s Lett. Wks. 1755 V. 11. 32 This hath often been dinned in my ears. 1830 Scott Demonol. vii. 218 Horrors which were dinned into their ears all day. a 1839 Praed Poems (1864) 11. 272 My own and other people’s cares Are dinned incessant in my ears. 1842 S. Lover Handy Andy i, The head man had been dinning his instructions into him. 1877 Black Green Past, xxxix. (1878) 315 It was the one word Gazette that kept dinning itself into his ears.

4. intr. To make a din; to resound; to give forth deafening or distressing noise. 1794 Wordsw. Guilt Sorrow xlvi, The bag-pipe dinning on the midnight moor. 1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 63 His wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness. 1831 j. Wilson Unimore vi. 13 Steep water-falls, for ever musical, Keep dinning on. 1875^Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 228, I am perplexed when I hear the voices of Thrasymachus and myriads of others dinning in my ears.

din, dial, form of dun a. dinah ('daina). slang. [Corruption of dona 2.] A man’s sweetheart or favourite woman. 1898 [see tart sb. 2]. 1909 J. R. Ware Passing Eng. 109/2 Dinah, a favourite woman; e.g. ’Is Mary your Dinah?’

iDinanderie (dinddsri). [Fr.; f. Dinant, formerly Dinand, a town of Belgium, on the Meuse, ‘wherein copper kettles, etc., are made’ (Cotgr. 1611); so F. dinandier a copper-smith or brazier.] Kitchen utensils of brass, such as were formerly made at Dinant; extended in recent times to the brass-work of the Levant and India. 1863 Kirk Chas. Bold I. viii. 343 Kitchen utensils .. which under the name of Dinanderie were known to housewives throughout Europe, being regularly exported not only to France and Germany, but to England, Spain, and other countries.

Dinantian (di'naenjjsn), a. Geol. [ad. F. dinantien (A. de Lapparent Traite de Geol. (ed. 3, 1893) 11. 819), f. Dinant, a town in Belgium + -ian.] The name of the series of rocks in continental Europe deposited during the Lower Carboniferous period, and of the corresponding geological epoch. Also absol. [1888 J. Prestwich Geol. ii. i. 8 Belgium.. Carboniferous .. Lower .. Limestones of Dinant.] 1903 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) II. vi. 11. 1051 The Carboniferous system of the European continent has been grouped by some geologists in three major divisions: 1st, the Lower (Culm, Dinantian), comprising all the Lower Carboniferous rocks up to the Millstone Grit, [etc.]. 1905 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXI. 264 The designation Dinantian, as including the whole of the Carboniferous Limestone, seems hardly justified by the continuity or clearness of the sequence in the district which has suggested the name. 1959 Chambers’s Encycl. III. 104/2 The Carboniferous System is well developed throughout Europe where the Dinantian, Namurian, Westphalian and Stephanian are recognized. 1969 T. N. George in C.R. 6me Cong. Int. Stratigraphie is- Geol. du Carbonifere, 1967 I. 193/1 British Dinantian rocks were deposited under conditions of sustained subsidence. Ibid. 197/2 It is still uncertain whether Vaughan’s Avonian precisely equates with the earlier-named Dinantian.

II dinar (di:'na:(r), 'di:na:(r)). Also 7 dina, dyna, denier, 8 denaer, 9 denaur, dinar, dinar. [Arab, and Pers. dinar, a. late Gr. 8-qva.piov, a. L. denarius: see denarius.] a. A name given to various oriental coins: applied anciently to a gold coin, corresponding to the Byzantine denarius auri, or crown of gold, and to the gold mohr of later times; afterwards to the staple silver coin corresponding to the modern rupee; in modern Persia a very small imaginary coin, of which 10,000 make a tomaun (C1897 = about 7$. 6d., but in 1677 = £3. 6s. 8d., Yule). Now a standard monetary unit of Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Tunisia, etc. (see quots.). 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 41 The usuall Coine .. within the Moguls Territories are Pice, Mammoodees, Rowpees, and Dynaes. 1638 Ibid. (ed. 2) 38 The Dina is gold worth thirty shillings. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 407 And 100 Deniers one Mamoody. And 20 Pise one Shahee: Both

DINARCHY which are Nominal, not Real. 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) I. v. lxiv. 292 The toman, bistie, and denaer are imaginary. Ibid. 293 We always computed the mildenaer or 1000 denaers, equal to an english crown of 5s. Ibid. 294 The silversmiths commonly make use of pieces of money instead of weights, especially sisid denaers of i| muscal in weight. 1811 P. Kelly Universal Cambist I. 346 Persia. Accounts are kept in Tomans of 50 Abassis.. or 10,000 Dinars simple. 1815 Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 391 In towns, the common pay of a labourer is one hundred denaurs (about fourpence half-penny) a-day, with food. 1841 - Hist. Ind. II. 67, 2000 dinars were given to him ‘to pay for his washing’. 1850 W. Irving Mahomet xxxiii. (1853) 172 An annual tribute of three thousand dinars or crowns of gold. 1883 C.J. Wills Mod. Persia 63 note, The merchant-class, too, use the dinar, an imaginary coin ... one thousand dinars make a keran, so one dinar is the ^ of 9d. 1931 W. F. Spalding Tate's Money Manual I. 54 The monetary unit [of Iraq] will be the gold dinar of 1000 fils. 1951 Statesman s Year-Book 1211 On 1 July, 1950, Jordan began to issue its own currency, the Jordan dinar, divided into 1,000 fils. 1958 Economist 8 Nov. 534/2 A new currency made its bow to the exchange markets this week. It is the Tunisian dinar, based on the French franc... The dinar has been given an equivalent of 1,000 French francs. 1962 Statesman's YearBook 1186 The Kuwait Dinar (at par with the £ sterling) of 1,000 fils, replaced the Indian external Rupee on 1 April 1961. 1970 Financial Times 23 Mar. 12/2 The average per capita income [in Algeria] of 910 dinars.

b. [a. Serbian dinar, f. L. denarius denarius.] The monetary unit of Yugoslavia (formerly of Serbia). 1882 Statesman's Yearbook 402 The Servian dinar is equal to one franc. 1907 Macm. Mag. Sept. 839 In Belgrade .. they gauged my ignorance of the number of nickel paras and piastres that go to the dinar, or franc. 1926 Survey of Budget 1927-8 (Yugoslavia) 3 The changes in the economic conditions of this country, which were the consequences of the stabilisation of the dinar. 1927 Economic Jugoslavia 34 The National Bank.. has paid up capital to the amount of 30 million dinars.

t dinarchy. Obs. rare~°. [a. obs. F. dinarchie (Cotgr.), f. din- improp. for di-2 (after bi-, bin-) + Gr. apxri rule.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dinarchy, the joynt Rule or Government of two Princes. 1721 Bailey, Dinarchy, a Government by two.

Dinaric (di'naerik), a. [f. Dinara, a mountain in Dalmatia 4- -ic.] Denoting a mountain range which extends in a south-easterly direction along the eastern side of the Adriatic, and a race of people inhabiting the coast of the northern Adriatic, characterized by tall stature, a very short head, dark wavy hair, and straight or aquiline nose. Hence as sb., a member of this race. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 387/1 The Dinaric Alps. 1862 Chambers's Encycl. III. 572/1 Dinaric Alps, that branch of the Alpine system which connects the Julian Alps with the western ranges of the Balkan. 1898 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 732 The Adriatic or Dinaric race. 1900 Deniker Races of Man ix. 333 Dark, brachycephalic, tall race, called Adriatic or Dinaric, because its purest representatives are met with along the coast of the Northern Adriatic and especially in Bosnia, Dalmatia, and Croatia. 1924 T. P.'s Cassell's Weekly 13 Sept. 658/2 The pyramid-headed man from the Dinaric lands. 1928 C. Dawson Age of Gods xvi. 370 There is .. no evidence for the occurrence of the Dinaric type in the neolithic period. 1939 C. S. Coon Races of Europe v. 140 This is our first meeting with the Dinaric race. Ibid., The stature was tall, as with modern Dinarics, and the long bones slender. 1944 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xviii. 397 Farther south the backward thrusts maintain their direction and mark the beginning of the Italian ranges which pass round the head of the Adriatic into the Dinaric Alps.

Dinas (’dinas). [f. Dinas Rock, in the Vale of Neath, Wales.] Used attrib. in Dinas brick, fire¬ brick made from Dinas clay, a kind of rock consisting almost entirely of silica. & Rudler Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) I. 532 Stone bricks.. are manufactured at Neath, in Glamorganshire.. They are usually known as the ‘Dinas bricks’. 1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 844/1 Dinas clay, which is really nearly pure silica. 1880 Ibid. XIII. 294/2 Dinas brick, which perfectly resists the ordinary steel melting temperatures of coke-fired furnaces. 1875 Hunt

DINER

679 Summer Lightning xiii. 265 ‘Come along, Carmody. Dindins.’ Hugo had sunk into a chair. ‘I don’t want any dinner,’ he said, dully. 1957 E. Taylor Angel v. 220 Must be time for dindins, madam. 1958 F. Norman Bang to Rights 113 If you get captured with one you'll get a few days no din-din.

dindle ('dind(3)l, 'din(3)l), v. Chiefly (now only) Sc. and north, dial. In 5-6 dyn(d)le, g dinn’le, dinnel, dinle. [Derivation obscure; probably more or less onomatopoeic: cf. dingle, tingle, and tinkle-, also Du. tintelen to ring, and to tickle, to prick or sting lightly, Flem. tinghelen to sting as a nettle (Kilian); also F. tintillant, tinging, ringing, tingling, tintoner to ting often, to glow, tingle, dingle (Cotgr.); in which there is a similar association of the vibration of sound with the thrill of feeling.] 1. intr. To tinkle; to ring or make a noise that thrills and causes vibration. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 121/2 Dyndelyn, tinnio. 1808 Mayne Siller Gun I. 115 Wi’ that, the dinlin drums rebound. 1827 Papistry Storm'd 5 Dinnelin Deaf Meg and Crookit Mou [two Cannons) Begoud wi’ ane terrific blatter At the great steeple’s found to batter. 1893 Stevenson Catriona 165 ‘The voice of him was like a solan’s, and dinnle’d in folks’ lugs.’ Tennant

b. trans. sound.

To thrill or cause to vibrate with

(to dindle the sky = to make the welkin ring.) 1513 Douglas &neis x. xiv. 160 Than the Latynis and eyk pepill Troianys The hevynnys dyndlit [1553 dynlyt] with a schowt at anis. 1845 Whistlebinkie (Sc. Songs) Ser. iii. (1890) I. 379 A steeple that dinlit the skye Wi’ a clinkin’ auld timmer-tongued bell.

2. intr. To be in a state of vibration from some loud sound, shock, or percussion; to tremble, quiver, reel. 1470-85 Malory Arthur v. viii, He dyd commaunde hys trompettes to blowe the blody sownes, in suche wyse that the ground trembled and dyndled. 1513 Douglas JEneis viii. iv. 126 The brayis dyndlit [1553 dynlit], and all doun can dusche. 1566 Drant Horace Avij, They made the quaueryng soyle To dindle and to shake again. 1814 Scott Wav. xliv, ‘Garring the very stane and lime wa’s dinnle wi’ his screeching.’ 1871 P. H. Waddell Psalm civ. 32 Wha leuks on the lan’, an’ it dinnles.

3. intr. To tingle, as with cold or pain. 1483 Cath. Angl. 100/1 To Dindylle, condolere. 1577 Stanyhurst in Holinshed Chron. (1587) II. 26/1 His fingers began to nibble.. his ears to dindle, his head to dazzle. 1787 Grose Provine. Gloss., Dindle, to reel or stagger from a blow. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., To Dindle or Dinnle, the thrill

or reaction of a part after a blow or exposure to excessive cold. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Dinnell, to tingle as from a blow, or in the return of circulation after intense cold. 1893 Stevenson Catriona 173 ‘Young things wi’ the reid life dinnling and stending in their members.’

Hence 'dindling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 157.8 Langham Gard. Health 234 Eares ache and dindling, put in the juice [of Feuerfew] and stope it in. 1635 D. Dickson Pract. Wks. (1845) I. 87 The dinneling of the rod is yet in the flesh. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 90 He could after a while feel it.. run along his arms to his very fingers ends, with a dindling and pricking as it run along. 1808 [see dindle v. i.]

dindle ('dind(3)l, ’din(3)l), sb.1 dial. Also dinnle. [f. dindle v.) A thrill, a tingle. 1818 Scott Hrt. Midi, xxv, ‘At the first dinnle o’ the sentence.’ 1858 Mrs. Oliphant Laird of Norlaw III. 90 It’s something to succeed.. even though you do get a dinnle thereby in some corner of your own heart.

'dindle, sb.2 dial. Popular name of various yellow Composite flowers: see quots. 1787 W. Marshall E. Norfolk Gloss., Dindles, common and corn sow-thistles; also the taller hawkweeds. 1878 Britten & Holland Plant-n., Dindle..(2) Leontodon Taraxacum. Norf. Suff.

dindle-dandle,

v.

[Reduplicated

form

of

dandle v., with change of vowel, expressing

alternation.] trans. To dandle or toss up and down, or to and fro. C1550 Coverdale Carrying Christ's Cross x. (ed. 1) 107 Rem. (Parker Soc. 1846) 263 Whether it be semeli that Chrystes body should be dyndle-danled & vsed, as thei vse it.

dinast-: see dynast-. dincum, var. dinkum sb. and a. 'dinder. dial. [app. a modification of dener, dinneere, early forms of denier.] A local term for the denarii or small coins found on sites of Roman settlements, esp. at Wroxeter in Shropshire. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. Roxcester, Peasants, often plough up coins, called Dinders, that prove its antiquity. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dinders, small coins of the lower empire found at Wroxeter, Salop. Spelt dynders by Kennett. 1859 All Year Round No. 3. 55 The dullest ploughboy working here .. picks up denarii, and calls them dinders. 1873 C. W. King Early Chr. Numism. 256 The clay disks, variously impressed, often found amongst Roman remains in this country, popularly called dinders.

dindge, var. of dinge sb.1 and v. din-din

('dindin). colloq. Also din-dins. (Childish or jocular reduplication of din(ner s&.] Dinner. M. Forster Where Angels fear to Tread ii. 47 ‘Din-din’s nearly ready,’ said Lilia. 1920 Wodehouse 1905 E.

dine (darn), v. [ME. dine-n, a. F. dine-r, in OF. disner (digner, disgner) = Pr. disnar, (dirnar, dinar), It. disinare, desinare, med.L. disnare (from OF.). Generally held to be:—late L. type *disjunare, for disjejunare to breakfast, f. dis¬ expressing undoing (dis- 4) + jejunium fast; the intervening stages being disj’nar, disnar, disner. In this view disner contains the same elements ultimately as F. dejeuner, OF. desjuner to breakfast, disjune, and owes its greater phonetic reduction (cf. aider. — L. adjutare) to its belonging to an earlier period. The shifting of meaning whereby disner ceased to be applied to the first meal of the day, while its form ceased to recall L .jejunium or OF .jeiiner, would facilitate the subsequent introduction of desjeiiner with the required form and sense.]

1. a. intr. To eat the principal meal of the day, now usually taken at or after mid-day; to take dinner. Const, on or upon (what is eaten), off (a stock or supply). 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 558 [Hii] nolde panne wende a vot, ar hii dinede pere. c 1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 3830 For my wil es with tham to dine. 1362 Langl. P. PI. A. Prol. 105 Goode gees and grys, Gowe dyne, gowe! c 1430 Stans Puer 64 in Babees Bk. (1868) 31 And where-so-euere pou be to digne or

to suppe, Of gentilnes take salt with pi knyf. 1526-34 Tindale^o/zh xxi. 12 Jesus sayde vnto them: come and dyne [Wyclif, ete 3e; Rev. Vers, break your fast]. 01533 Ld. Berners Huon lxii. 217 They rose & herd masse, & dynid. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. ix. 35 His raw-bone cheekes. Were shronke into his iawes, as he did never dine. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. iv. iii. 159, I am faine to dine and sup with water and bran. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 104 |f 1 Jenny sent me Word she would come and dine with me. 1782 Cowper Gilpin 195 All the world would stare, If wife should dine at Edmonton, And I should dine at Ware. 1817 Byron Beppo xliii, I also like to dine on becaficas. 1841-4 Emerson Ess., Heroism Wks. (Bohn) I. 106 A great man scarcely knows how he dines [or] how he dresses. 1886 Besant Childr. Gibeon 1. x, Malenda dines off cold tea and bread.

b. Phrases, (a) to dine forth or out: to dine away from home (cf. diner i b, dining vbl. sb. 1 b); to dine out on: to be given hospitality at dinner partly or chiefly for the sake of one’s conversation or knowledge about (a specific incident or topic, etc.). 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. 11. ii 211 If any aske you for your Master, Say he dines forth. 1816 Jane Austen Emma II. vii. 120 They will not take the liberty with you; they know you do not dine out. 1835 Dickens Let. (1965) I. 67, I have received an Invitation to dine out to day. 1852 W. S. Landor Let. 11 Apr. in N. & Q. (1968) CCXIII. 414/1, I never dine out, or go into parties in the evening. 1923 W. S. Maugham Our Betters iii. 170 Don’t you remember that killing story about your father’s death. You dined out a whole season on it. 1934 N. Marsh Man lay Dead xv. 268 In a couple of years you will be dining out on this murder. 1936 A. Christie Cards on Table vii. 66 If I were only to dine in houses where I thoroughly approved of my host I’m afraid I shouldn’t dine out very much. 1951 J. C. Fennessy Sonnet in Bottle vii. 245 He does a very good imitation of it —he’s dined out on it ever since. 1966 H . Yoxall Fashion of Life xi. 109, I dined out for the rest of this African journey on my acquaintance with the Princess’s fiance. 1970 ‘D. Hallidayf Dolly & Cookie Bird v. 66 I’ve dined out on a few stories about her.

(b) to dine with Duke Humphrey: dinnerless.

to go

Of this phrase the origin is not altogether clear. In the 17th c. it was associated with Old St. Paul’s, London, and said of those who, while others were dining, passed their time walking in that place, or sitting in ‘the chair of Duke Humphrey’, or ‘at Duke Humphrey’s table’. According to Stowe, the monument of Sir John Beauchamp there was ‘by ignorant people misnamed to be’ that of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV (who was really buried at St. Albans). Nares says an (adjacent) part of the church was termed Duke Humphrey's Walk. (A different origin is however given by Fuller.) The equivalent phrase in Edinburgh appears to have been ‘To dine with St. Giles and the Earl of Murray’ (who was interred in St. Giles’s Church): see quot. 1680, and Irving Hist. Sc. Poetry 579. [1592 G. Harvey Four Lett. (Nares s.v. Duke Humphrey), To seek his dinner in Poules with duke Humphrey. 1599 Bp. Hall Sat. iii. vii. 6 Trow’st thou where he din’d to day? In sooth I saw him sit with Duke Humfray.] 1604 Penniless Pari. Threadbare Poets (Farmer), Let me dine twice a week at Duke Humphry’s table. [1633 Rowley Match at Midn. 11. in Hazl. Dodsley XIII. 31 Are they none of Duke Humphreys furies? Do you think that they devised this plot in Paul’s to get a dinner? 1639 Mayne City Match iii. iii. Ibid. XIII. 264 Your penurious father, who was wont To walk his dinner out in Pauls.. Yes, he was there As constant as Duke Humphrey.] 1655 Fuller Hist. Camb. (1840) 225 Being.. loath to pin himself on any table uninvited, he was fain to dine with the chair of duke Humphrey.. namely, reading of books in a stationer’s shop in Paul’s churchyard. a 1661 —Worthies, London (198), After the death of Duke Humphrey (when many of his former alms-men were at a losse for a meal’s meat,) this proverb did alter its copy; to dine with Duke Humphrey importing to be dinnerless. 1680 Fr. Sempill Banishm. Poverty 87, I din’d with saints and noblemen, Even sweet St. Giles and the Earl of Murray. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand. Iv. (Farmer), My mistress and her mother must have dined with Duke Humphrey, had I not exerted myself. 1835 Col. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 88, I was obliged to ‘dine with Duke Humphrey’, and content myself with a few buns. [1858 Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. II. lxxviii. 33 To turn them all over to Duke Humphrey’s mess.]

f2. trans. To eat; to have for dinner. Obs. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 1277 3yf ous sum what to dyne, c 1386 Chaucer Sompn. T. 129 ‘Now, maister, quod the wyf, ‘What wil ye dine?’ 1470-85 Malory Arthur xvi. viii, She prayd hym to take a lytyl morsel to dyne.

3. To furnish or provide (a person) with a dinner; to entertain at dinner; to accommodate for dining purposes. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles in. 60 The dewe dame dineth hem.. And ffostrith hem fforthe till they ffle kunne. 1633 Rowley Match at Midn. 11. i. in Hazl. Dodsley XIII. 28 As much bread.. as would dine a sparrow. 01714 M. Henry Wks. (1835) II. 674 He often dined the minister that preached. 1815 Scott Guy M. xxvi, An oaken table massive enough to have dined Johnnie Armstrong and his merry men. 1840 Lever H. Lorrequer i, We. .were dined by the citizens of Cork. 1876 G. Meredith Beauch. Career II. xi. 197 The way to manage your Englishman .. is to dine him. 1887 Illustr. Lond. News 4 June 644 The saloon is capable of dining 118 passengers.

dine (dain), sb. Obs. exc. dial. [f. dine v.] The act of dining; dinner. c 1400 Rom. Rose 6502 They ben so pore.. They myght not oonys yeve me a dyne. 1560 Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 631 That thay to thair dine suld dres thame haistelie. 1793 Burns Auld Lang Syne iii, We twa hae paidlet i’ the burn, Frae mornin sun till dine. ? a 1800 Fair Annie & Sweet Willie xiii. in Child Ballads (1885) iii. lxxiii. 194/1 When ye come to Annie’s bower, She will be at her dine.

diner (’dain3(r)). [f. dine v. + -er.] 1. a. One who dines; a dinner-guest.

DINER 1815 L. Hunt Feast of Poets 8 The diners and barmaids all crowded to know him. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt, ii, After the regular diners had retired. 1881 Harper's Mag. LXIII. 218 Dinners are far fewer than formerly, and the diners are chosen rather more exclusively.

b. diner-out: one who is in the habit of dining from home; esp. one who cultivates the qualities which make him an eligible guest at dinnertables. 1807-8 Syd. Smith Plymley's Lett. Wks. 1859 II. 162/1 He is .. a diner out of the highest lustre. 1824 Byron Juan xvi. lxxxii, A brilliant diner out, though but a curate. 1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh iv. Poems 1890 VI. 154 A liberal landlord, graceful diner-out. 1862 Fraser's Mag. July 46 He was also a bon-vivant, a ‘diner-out’ and a story-teller, and a man of convivial habits.

2. a. U.S. A railway dining car. 1890 Commercial Gaz. (Cincinnati) 29 June, One coach, the chaircar, sleeper and diner.. overturned. 1894 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 3 Jan., A new dining car which.. is the first diner.. built by that company.

b. A restaurant, orig. and still occasionally one built to resemble a railway dining-car. N. Amer. 1935 Amer. Mercury July 311/2 The diner was back from the sidewalk, under a couple of big trees, i960 Weekend Mag. 23 Apr. 42/2 My own test began at a roadside diner.. over coffee. 1965 New Statesman 5 Nov. 713/1 These diners are roughly equivalent to our pull-ups and the French relais routiers before they were turned into haunts of gastronomic fashion. The first ‘diners’ were old Pullman dining-cars sold off by railway companies and I was amused to see that the newest ones, specially built, attempt to imitate the diningcars.

3. Special Comb.: Diners’ Club orig. U.S., a proprietary name for an international organization providing personal charge cards for its members; also attrib. 1952 N. Y. Times 6 Jan. 11. 19/4 Anyone who can sign his name and pay his bills can charge his way through some of the better hotels, restaurants and night clubs of the country under a new credit card system known as the * Diners Club. 1956 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 19 June tm 135/2 Hamilton Credit Corporation, New York, ...now The Diners’ Club, Inc.... the Diners’ Club... For extension of credit to customers who purchase at subscribing retail establishments and making collections from such customers through a central billing system. 1961 A. Buchwald How much is that in Dollars? (1962) 1. 10 There isn’t any special evacuation plan for Diners’ Club members, is there? 1969 ‘R. Stark’ Blackbird (1970) v. 34 Murray looked at his watch.. and began waving his Diners Club card for the check. 1979 F. E. Perry Diet. Banking 58/1 The best known cards in the U.K. are Barclaycard, Access, Diner’s Club and American Express... Diner’s Club and American Express charge an entrance fee, but allow unlimited credit, to be paid for on receipt of the account.

diner(e, obs. forms of dinner. dineric (dai'nsnk), a. Physics, [f. di-2 + Gr. see -ic.] Of or pertaining to the interface of two liquids.

vrjp-os wet:

1905 Jml. Physical Chem. IX. 546 The exponential formula has been found to describe a large number of dineric equilibria, especially organic liquids, over very wide ranges of concentration. 1915 Ibid. XIX. 275 To avoid circumlocution the surface separating two liquid phases will be called a dineric interface.

Ildinero (di'nero). [Sp. dinero penny, coin, money:—L. denarius: cf. denier.] a. ‘A money of account in Alicante, the twelfth part of a sueldo’ (Simmonds Diet. Trade 1858). b. A Peruvian coin, one tenth of the sol, equivalent (c 1897) to about 4d. English. 1835 P. Kelly Univ. Cambist i. 5 Each Sueldo being divided into 12 Dineros. 1868 Seyd Bullion 147 The Spanish Assay Mark is.. 12 dineros of 24 grains .. for Silver.

living-room, kitchen with ‘dinette’, bathroom, [etc.]. 1953 W. R. Burnett Vanity Row viii. 63 A little dinette, hidden by a beaverboard partition. 1955 J- Cannan Long Shadows iii. 35 The kitchenette is situated in close proximity to the dinette. 1957 W. H. Whyte Organiz. Man xxiv. 313 A wife was so ashamed of the emptiness of her living room that she smeared the picture window with Bon Ami; not until a dinette set arrived did she wash it off. 1962 Radio Times 29 Mar. 28/2 The divans and ‘dinette’ seats [in a caravan] are upholstered in deep foam rubber. 1970 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Sept. 52/3 (Advt.), 20% off! Dinette sets. Has drop-leaf table, two well-padded chairs.

dinful ('dinful), a. [f. din sb. 4- -ful.] Full of din or resonant noise; noisy. 1877 Blackie Wise Men 31 The trumpet-tongued exploits of dinful war. 1889 A. T. Pask Eyes Thames 73 The gong is beaten at quick intervals, but even that dinful sound is not sufficient to keep one awake.

ding (dir)), v.1 arch, or dial. Also 4-6 dyng(e. Pa. t. sing. 4- dang (5- north.), 3-5 dong, 3-4 dannge, 4- 5 dange, 7 dung; pi. 4-5 dungen (-yn), dongen, 5- 6 dong(e, 6-7 dung; also 4-5 dange, 4- (5north.) dang; 4 (south.) dynged, 6 ding’d, dingde, 6- 7 danged. Pa. pple. 3-6 dungen (-yn, -in), 5 dwngyn, doungene, 4-5 dongen (-yn, -un), 6- Sc. dung (6-7 doung, 6 donge); also 6-7 (south.) dingd, ding'd. [Frequent from the end of the 13th c. (in later use chiefly northern), but not recorded in OE. Probably from Norse: cf. Icel. dengja to hammer, to whet a scythe, Sw. danga to bang, thump, knock hard, Da dsenge to bang, beat. In Norse it is a weak verb, and the strong conjugation in Eng., which after 15th c. is Sc. or north, dial., may be on the analogy of sing, fling, etc.: cf. bring.] fl. intr. (or absol.) To deal heavy blows; to knock, hammer, thump. Obs. (or ? north dial.) a 1300 Cursor M. 19356 (Edin.) pan wip suaipis pai pa\m suang, and gremli on pair corsis dange. c 1300 Havelok 2329 pe gleymen on pe tabour dinge. 13.. Coer de L. 5270 Kyng Richard took his ax ful strong, And on the Sarezyn he dong. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xvii. 179 Noper peter pe porter ■ ne paul with his fauchon, That wolde defende me heuene dore dynge ich neuere so late. 15.. Merry Jest Mylner Abyngton 133 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 105 With two staues in the stoure They dange thereon, whyles they myght doure. 1828 Scott F. M. Perth xix, That Harry Smith’s head was as hard as his stithy, and a haill clan of Highlandmen dinging at him?

2. trans. To beat, knock, strike with heavy blows; to thrash, flog, to ding to death: to kill by repeated blows. (Now dial., chiefly Sc. or north.) c 1300 Havelok 215 The king.. ofte dede him sore swinge, And wit hondes smerte dinge. Ibid. 227 Thanne he hauede ben..ofte dungen. CI325 Metr. Horn. (1862) 71 Thai., dange hym that hys body blede. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 38 He pat knowi)? his lordis wille, & maad him not redy to do per after, schal be dongun wi)> mani dingings. c 1400 Destr. Troy 2135 Dyng horn to deth er any dyn ryse. c 1400 Ywaine & Gaw. 3167 With his tayl the erth he dang. 01529 Skelton Now sing we, &c. 17 Behold my body, how Jewes it donge with .. scourges strong. 1533 Bellenden Livy 11. (1822) 115 He dang his hors with the spurris. 1549 Compl. Scot. xvii. 151 He [the horse] vas put in ane cart to drug and drau, quhar he vas euyl dung & broddit. 1563-7 Buchanan Reform. St. Andros Wks. (1892) 11 Nor jit sal it be leful to the said pedagogis to ding thair disciples. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 11. iii. iii. xxv, The rider fiercely dings His horse with iron heel. 1674 Ray N.C. Words 14 To Ding, to Beat. 1862 Hislop Prov. Scot. 88 He’s sairest dung that’s paid wi’ his ain wand. 1870 Ramsay Remin. v. 146 Let ae deil ding anither. Mod. Suffolk colloq. Say that again, and I’ll ding you in the head.

fb. To crush with a blow, smash. Obs.

t dines. Obs. [? a corruption of dignesse.] In phr. by God's dines, by God’s dignity or honour: cf. dentie.

Sir Ferumb. 104, [I] wil ku)>e on hem my m^t; & dyngen hem al to douste. 1583 Stanyhurst JEneis iii. (Arb.) 89 Dingd with this squising and massiue burthen of i*Etna.

1599 Porter Angry Worn. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 81 Giue me good words, or, by God’s dines lie buckle ye for all your birdspit. Ibid. 102 lie fight with the next man I meet.. by Gods dines. 1605 Tryall Chev. 11. i, Gods dynes, I am an Onyon if I had not rather [etc.].

fc. To thrust through, pierce (with a violent thrust). Sc. Obs.

fdi'netic, a. Obs. rare. [f. Gr. 8ivt)t-6s whirled round (f. Sive-eiv to spin round; cf. 8lvos whirling, rotation) -1- -ic.] Of or belonging to rotation; rotatory. 1668 Glanvill Plus Ultra x. 72 Of the Spots and Dinettick motion of the Sun.

DING

680

C1380

1536 Bellenden Cron. Scot. ix. xxix. (Jam.), Scho dang hir self with ane dagger to the hert, and fell down deid. Ibid. xv. ix. (Jam.), He dong hym throw the body with ane swerd afore the alter.

3. fig. To ‘beat’, overcome, surpass, excel. [1500-20 Dunbar Poems xxxviii. 9 Dungin is the deidly dragon Lucifer.] 1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 24 Auld springs wad ding the new. 1814 Scott Wav. lxvi, It dings Balmawhapple out and out. 1884 Cheshire Gloss., Ding, to surpass or get the better of a person. 1893 Stevenson Catriona 188 We’ll ding the Campbells yet in

the pots about. 1610 B. Jonson A Ich. v. v, Gur. Downe with the dore. Kas. ’Slight, ding it open. 1613 Hayward Norm. Kings 20 The Duke brandishing his sword.. dung downe his enemies on euery side. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 57 Ready, .to ding the book a coits distance from him. 1645 Rutherford Lett. 357 That which seemeth to ding out the bottom of your comforts. 1653 Urquhart Rabelais 1. xxvii, He.. dang in their teeth into their throat. 1663 Spalding Troub. Chas. /, (1829) 24 They masterfully dang up the outer court gates. 1676 Row Contn. Blair’s Autobiog. ix. (1848) 145 Rudders being., dung off their hinges. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. 67 Wind.. which if it be violent dings ’em upon the coast. 1785 Spanish Rivals 8 Sometimes he dings his own head against a post. 1816 Scott Old Mort. xxviii, ‘You and the whigs hae made a vow to ding King Charles aff the throne.’ 1871 C. Gibbon Lack of Gold xii, I have been .. trying to ding you out of my head. 1886 Hall Caine Son of Hagar 1. i, ‘That’s the way to ding ’em ouer.’

b. Without extension. (In quots. passive, as in ‘a loaf that cuts badly’.)

neuter

1786 Burns A Dream iv, But Facts are cheels that winna ding, An’ downa be disputed. Mod. Sc. P^ov. Facts are stubborn things; they’ll neither ding nor drive [i.e. they can neither be moved by force as inert masses, nor driven like cattle].

f 5. intr. (for refl.) To throw oneself with force, precipitate oneself, dash, press, drive. Obs. c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 1263 Tho thai dongen faste to-geder While the longe day endured, c 1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 122 All they schall to-gedyr drynge, And euerychon to oper dynge. C1470 Henry Wallace 1. 411 On ather side full fast on him thai dange. 1627 Drayton Moon Calf Poems (1748) 182 They.. drive at him as fast as they could ding.

b. To precipitate or throw oneself down, fall heavily or violently, to ding on: to keep falling heavily, as rain (but in this use, associated with beating on). (Now only Sc.) CI460 Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 141 Greatt dukes downe dynges for his greatt aw, And hym lowtys. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche 1422 Frome the Heuin the rane doun dang Fourty dayis and fourty nychtis. 1602 Marston Antonio's Rev. iv. iii. Wks. 1856 I. 123 As he headlong topsie turvie dingd downe, He still cri’d ‘Mellida!’ 1663 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 44 A great rain, dinging on night and day.

c. To tnrow oneself violently about, to fling, to bounce, to huff and ding: to bounce and swagger. 1674 Ray S. E.C. Words 64 To Ding, to fling. 1680 New Catch in Roxb. Ball. V. 249 Jack Presbyter huffs and dings, And dirt on the Church he flings. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, To Huff and Ding, to Bounce and Swagger. 1706-7 Farquhar Beaux' Strat. ill. iii, I dare not speak in the House, while that Jade Gipsey dings about like a Fury. 1712 Arbuthnot John Bull 11, iii. He huffs and dings at such a rate, because we will not spend the little we have left.

6. In imprecations: = dash v. ii. dial. 1822 Scott Nigel xxvii, ‘Deil ding your saul, sirrah, canna ye mak haste.’ 01860 Maj. Jones Courtsh. (Bartlett), You know it’s a dinged long ride from Pineville. 1861 Geo. Eliot Silas M. 85 Ding me if I remember a sample to match her. 1879 Tourgee Fool's Err. (1883) 292 Ding my buttons if she ain’t more Southern than any of our own gals. 1883 C. F. Smith in Trans. Amer. Philol. Soc. 47 Ding and dinged, moderate forms of an oath .. peculiar to the South.

7. Slang or Cant: (see quot.). 1812 J. H. Vaux Flash Diet., Ding, to throw, or throw away.. To ding a person is to drop his acquaintance totally; also to quit his company, or leave him for the time present.

8. Arch. To cover a brick wall-surface with a thin coat of fine mortar, trowelled smooth, and jointed to imitate brickwork, not necessarily following the actual joints. 1893 A. Beazeley in Let. 21 Nov., An architect, who showed me the letter containing the word Dinging told me the verb is in living technical use. 1894 [see below]. Hence 'dinging vbl. sb. 01340 Hampole Psalter exxii. 3 pat he delyuer vs of all temptacioun & dyngynge. 1340 - Pr. Consc. 7010 Dyngyng of devels with hamers glowand. c 1400 [see 2]. 1611 Cotgr., Enfonsure, a beating or dinging. 1894 Laxton's Price Book 49 ‘Dinging (a coat of thick lime-white and the joints afterwards struck with a jointer)’.

ding (dig), ii.2 [Echoic. But in use confounded with ding v.1 and din t>.] 1 .intr. To sound as metal when heavily struck; to make a heavy ringing sound. 1820 Shelley CEdipus 1. 236 Dinging and singing, From slumber I rung her. 1848 Dickens Dombey ix, Sledge hammers were dinging upon iron all day long. 1871 Daily News 20 Jan., The bellow of the bombardment.. has been dinging in our ears.

2. intr. To speak with wearying reiteration. Cf. din v.

f di'netical, a. Obs. [f. as prec. + -al1] = prec.

their own town. Mod. Berwickshire Prov., Duns dings a’.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. v. 294 The Sun .. hath also a dineticall motion and rowles upon its owne poles. 1664 Power Exp. Philos, in. 168 This great Argument against the Dinetical Motion of the Earth. 1691 Ray Creation (1714) 193 A spherical figure is most commodious for dinetical motion or revolution upon its own Axis.

4. To knock, dash, or violently drive (a thing) in some direction, e.g. away, down, in, out, off, over, etc. to ding down, to knock down, thrust down, overthrow, demolish; to ding out, to drive out or expel by force.

1582 in Calderwood Hist. Kirk (1842-6) III. 658 To ding continuallie in his eares, and to perswade him to thinke his raigne unsure, wanting his mothers benedictioun. 1847-78 Halliwell, Ding, to taunt; to reprove. 1881 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk., s.v., The Missis ’as bin dingin’ at me .. about Bessey knittin’ the Maister a stockin’ in a day. 1882 in W. Worcestersh. Gl.

13.. E.E. Allit. P. B. 1266 Dijten dekenes to depe, dungen doun clerkkes. a 1340 Hampole Psalter Cant. 504 He dyngis out pe deuyl fra pe hertis of his seruauntis. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 71 If I bigge ageyn pe ping pat I ding doun, I mak mesilfe a trespasor. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxvii. 36 Bot pai ware dwngyn welle away. 1513 Douglas JEneis x. v. 154 Manfully.. to wythstand At the cost syde, and dyng thame of the land, c 1565 Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (1728) 64 His Thigh-Bone was dung in two by a Piece of a misframed Gun. a 1572 Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 204 Thei dang the sclattis of[f] housis. 1593 Nashe Christ's T. 31a, The bespraying of mens braines donge out against them. 1598 Marston Pygmal. v. 156 Prometheus.. Is ding’d to hell. 1601-Pasquil & Kath. iii. 4 Hee dings

the ears’, appears to unite this with ding d and din v. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. (1887) 233 Inculcating and dinging it in the eiris and myndes of all. r773 Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. 11. iii, If I’m to have any good, let it come of itself, not to keep dinging it, dingingit into one so. 1853 Thackeray in Four C. Eng. Lett. 557 To try and ding into the ears of the great, stupid, virtue-proud English .. that there are some folks as good as they in America. 1879 Browninc Ned Bratts 227 What else does Hopeful ding Into the deafest ear except—hope, hope’s the thing? Hence 'dinging vbl. sb. and ppl. a.

dinette ('dainet, dai'net). orig. U.S. [irreg. f. dine v. + -ette.] a. A small room, an alcove, or part of a room set aside for meals, b. A set of articles of dining furniture, usu. compactly designed. Also attrib. c. A small restaurant. 1930 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Jan. 38/3 Two clumsy, heavy French doors between the living room and the dinette. 1931 Sears Catal. Spring 622 (heading) Stylish dinette at bigger savings. 1940 S. Lewis B. Merriday ii. 26 Fun, frolic, and ‘fried dogs’ at Dinty’s dinette. ‘Where all of Sladesbury’s Bohemia hangs out.’ 1942 Archit. Rev. XCI. 101/3 The usual worker’s house [in Canada] has three bedrooms, a

H to ding into the ears, ‘to drive or force into

.1

DING 1820 W. Irving Sketch-bk., Boar’s Head Tavern (1887) r39 The din of carts, and the accursed dinging of the dustman’s bell.

ding (diq), sb.1 dial. [f. ding t;.1] 1. The act of dinging: a. a knock, a smart slap; b. a violent thrust, push, or driving. a 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Ding, a smart slap; particularly with the back of the hand. 1876 Whitby Gloss., Ding, a blow or thrust; the disturbance of a crowd. ‘A ding an' a stour’, a commotion and dust.

2. Surfing. (See quot. 1962.) 1962 T. Masters Surfing made Easy 64 Dings, dents or holes in surfboard. 1968 W. Warwick Surfriding in N.Z. 17/2 When repairing a ding or damaged area on your board, don’t rush. 1970 Surf I. x. 33/1 Real ridiculous—we all got dings.

ding, sb.2 and adv. The stem of ding v.2, used as an imitation of the ringing sound of a heavy bell, or of metal when struck. Often adverbial or without grammatical construction, esp. when repeated. 1600 Shaks. A.Y.L. v. iii. 21 When Birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding. 1801 M. G. Lewis Tales of Wonder, Grim White Woman xxiii, ‘Ding-a-ding! ding-a-ding!’ Hark! hark! in the air how the castle-bells ring! 1808 Mayne Siller Gun IV. 143 Ding, ding, ding, dang, the bells ring in. a 1845 Hood To Vauxhall 2 It hardly rains—and hark the bell! — ding-dingle. 1859 Capern Ball. & Songs 92 Whistling and cooing, Ding, down, delly. U Confounded with din sb. 1749 J- Ray Hist. Reb. (1752) 383 The noisy ding of the great falls of water. 1868 Doran Saints & Sin. I. 114 The Puritan pulpits resounded .. with the ding of politics.

f ding, sb.3 Obs. household vessel.

DINGE

681

Also dinge.

Some kind of

1594 Inv. in Archseol. XLVIII. 131 Imprimis one great dinge for bread iiij8. 1624 Ibid. 150 One trunck, one ding, one flagon.

ding, Sc. var. of digne a. Obs. worthy. Dingaan(’s) apricot (,dipga:n(z) 'eipnkDt). [f. the name of Dingaan, chief of the Zulus from 1829 to 1840.] A name in Natal for the Keiapple. 1853 E. Armitage in Jas. Chapman s Trav. (1868) II. 449 The Kei apple, or Dingan’s apricot, invaluable for forming thorny fences and yielding a pleasant fruit. 1891 R. Russell Natal 31 The Dingaan apricot, or Kaw apple.

ding-a-ling. Also dingaling. [Echoic.] 1. = ding sb 2 1894 E. L. Banks Campaigns Curios. 77, I was awakened by the ding-a-ling of the front-door bell.

2. One who is crazy or insane (orig. of a prisoner driven mad by confinement); an eccentric or oddball. Also loosely, a fool. N. Amer. slang. [1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 31/1 Ding-a-ling, brainless.] 1940 L. L. Stanley Men at their Worst xvi. 142 When a convict tells me another man is a ‘dingaling’, then I am certain the man is crazy. 1955 Western Folklore Apr. 135/1 Ding-a-ling, one who is mentally unbalanced. 1967 New Yorker 27 May 33/2 Always wearing black tights under her dress and other kinds of kinky gear... This kid is a dangerous ding-a-ling and I don’t know why I handle her. 1971 Time 12 Apr. 52 A generally staid, middle-class group, the jurors were unprepared for the grueling experience, which was enough to make ding-a-lings out of the most stable personalities. 1978 J. Carroll Mortal Friends v. ii. 512 Hell, Pius—that dingaling—would never of given me my hat. Thank God for Pope John.

3. The penis, slang. 1972 [see masturbation]. 1975 R. H. Rimmer Premar Experiments (1976) i. 52 My damned ding-a-ling was pointing my bathrobe into a tent, and other than grabbing it and holding it down, there wasn’t much I could do. 1980 R. Quirk in Michaels & Ricks State of Lang. 5 This has meant .. despising.. the smut of the music hall, Chuck Berry and his ‘ding-a-ling’, sexual innuendoes conveyed by it, do, thing.

II Ding an sich, Ding-an-sich (,dii) an ’zi?). Philos. Also ding an sich. [G.] A thing in itself (see thing sb.1 14 e). Cf. an sich. 1846 G. H. Lewes Biogr. Hist. Philos. IV. 169 If we are to believe that Dinge an sich exist. 1865 S. H. Hodgson Time Gf Space i. 25 The Ding-an-sich is that which cannot be reached or affected by consciousness. 1872 [see NOUMENALIZE V.]. 1897 Mind VI. 240 This Reality for us remains little more than a Ding an Sich. 1940 Auden Another Time 69 Do all clerks for instance Pigeon-hole creation, Brokers see the Ding-an-Sich as Real Estate?

dingbat ('diijbaet). slang. Also ding bat, ding-bat. [? f. DING V.1 + BAT $6.2] 1. U.S. In various uses (see quots.); esp. (a) a piece of money; pi. money; (b) = thingummy (cf. dingus); (c) a tramp or hobo. 1838 in Amer. Speech (1963) XXXVIII. 10 We can take a ‘Quaker before we start—apply a 'Ding Bat' [some kind of drink?] at Providence. 1861 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. (ed. 4, 1877) 177 It has been found necessary to expend the dingbats, to put something more substantial on the ‘fly’ [ = in motion]. 1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 19 Oct., Little John, erst a hog-driver..and recently in trouble for manufacturing bogus ‘dingbats’. Ibid. 1 Nov., I paid for my Kissingen in five-cent ‘dingbat’ or ‘spondulick’—two of the many names given to the fractional currency. 1877 Bartlett Diet. Amer. (ed. 4) 177 Dingbat, a bat of wood that may be thrown (dinged); a piece of money; a cannon-ball; a bullet. 1895 Dialect Notes I. 387 Dingbat. Mr. Philip Hale, of the Boston Journal, has been collecting information..

concerning this word. The following definitions appear:—(1) Balls of dung on buttocks of sheep or cattle. (2) Blow or slap on the buttocks. (3) Flying missile. (4) Squabble of words or pushing. (5) Money. (6) In some of the N.E. schools, the word is student slang for various kinds of muffins or biscuit. (7) Affectionate embrace of mothers hugging and kissing their children. (8) Term of admiration. ‘They are regular ding-bats' (speaking of girls). 1918 ‘A-No. 1 ’ Mother Delcasse of Hoboes 44 Stew Bum .. Ding Bat.. Fuzzy Tail. .the dregs of vagrantdom. 1923 Frontier May 10 That blasted ‘ding bat’ of a Ford, as Stub calls it, just naturally stood on its hind legs .. and turned a flip-flop. 1926 J. Black You can't Win vi. 65 If you was some kind of a rank dingbat you wouldn’t have been invited down here. 1931 J. Thurber Owl in Attic 11. 78 It is sitting on a strange and almost indescribable sort of iron dingbat. 1944 F. Brown Angels & Spaceships (1955) 2°8 It was his dingbat. I mean, he made it and he thought he knew what it was.

2. a. A foolish or stupid person; someone crazy or insane; also used as a general term of disparagement. Chiefly U.S. [1911 Dialect Notes III. 542 Dingbatty, half crazy, imbecile. ‘That fellow is dingbatty.’] 1915 Dialect Notes IV. 203 Dingbat, a fool. ‘The boss called Ralph a dingbat because he made fun of him.’ 1935 N. Ersine Underworld & Prison Slang 32 Dingbat, a screwy person; a stir crazy convict. 1950 H. E. Goldin Diet. Amer. Underworld Lingo 58/2 Dingbat, a fool; a worthless fellow. 1957 ‘N. Culotta’ They're a Weird Mob (1958) ii. 29 ‘Who is ut?’ Some ding bat after that job... He sounds a bit crackers to me. 1971 Newsweek 29 Nov. 52 A rising tide of., weirdos, dumb Polacks, dingbats, meatheads, and four-eyes. 1978 J. Irving World according to Garp ii. 41 Midge was such a dingbat.. that she went to Hawaii for a vacation during World War II. 1982 S. B. Flexner Listening to Amer. 282 By 1940 dingbat also meant a stupid person, especially a dumb girl or woman; this meaning was popularized in the 1970s TV situation comedy series All in the Family, whose lovable, bumbling, narrow-minded character Archie Bunker called his wife dingbat. 1985 N. Y. Times 13 Jan. 11. 3/2 Miss Sternhagen’s mother increases in giddiness, even to wearing what appears to be a feather in her hair. She is, in fact, a certifiable dingbat.

b. Austral, and N.Z. In pi., esp. in phr. to have the dingbats, to be dingbats, to be mad, stupid, eccentric; also, to be a victim of delirium tremens; to give (a person) the ding-bats, to inflict a feeling of nervous discomfort. 1918 Chrons. N.Z.E.F. 27 Sept. 109/2 ’Ave you got the dingbats? 1926 J. Devanny Butcher Shop x. 96 George, ’e ’ad the dingbats. 1933 L. Acland in Press (Christchurch) 14 Oct. 15/7 Dingbats. Slang, of Australian origin, for delirium tremens. The dingbats, I believe, are really the snakes, weasels, etc., which a sufferer sees. 1937 Partridge Diet. Slang 221/2 Dingbats, eccentric; mad, gen. slightly: Australian military. 1943 F. Sargeson in Penguin New Writing XVIII. 71, I knew it would give me the dingbats if I just stayed on there waiting. 1945 Southern Cross (London) 15 Dec. 4/3 Even old George, used as he was to pink snakes, ding-bats, and spotted elephants, seemed a little surprised. 1949 Landfall III. 146 Your mother’s dingbats. 1959 G. Slatter Gun in Hand iv. 42 Boozin’ again! You’ll end up with the dingbats, you will. 3. Austral. [Perh. f. ding(o + bat(man2.] An

army batman. 1919 in Downing Digger Dial. 1940 Bulletin (Sydney) 3 Jan. 35/3 There is a vast difference between a dingbat in the British Army and one in the A.I.F.

t ding-ding. Obs. Also expression of endearment.

ding-dong.

An

1564 Bulleyn Dial. agst. Pest. (1888) 91 He goeth a woyng, my dyng, dyng; and if he spedeth, my dearlyng, what getteth he, my swetyng? 1602 Withals Diet. 61 My ding-ding, my darling, a 1611 Beaum. & Fl. Philaster v. iv, Let Philaster be deeper in request, my ding dongs, My pairs of dear indentures, kings of clubs. ding-dong ('dnj'dDi)), adv., sb. and a.

[Echoic.] A. adv., or without grammatical construction. 1. An imitation of the sound of a bell.

c 1560 T. Rychardes Misogonus in Collier Hist. Dram. Poetry (1879) II. 376 [In the midst of his play he hears the] ‘saunce bell goe ding dong’. 1610 Shaks. Temp. 1. ii. 403 Full fadom fiue thy Father lies.. Sea-Nimphs hourly ring his knell. (Burthen: ding dong) Harke now I heare them, ding-dong bell. 1675 Dryden Mistaken Husb. 1. ii, The Gold in his Pocket Chimes ding dong. 1844 Dickens Christm. Carol v, Clash, clang, hammer; ding, dong, bell. Bell, dong, ding. 655 R Younge Agst. Drunkards 3. What may the many millions of these ding-thrifty dearth-makers consume.

dingus ('diJjgss). colloq. Also dinges, dingis, [f. Du. ding thing; cf. dingbat.] A gadget, contraption, ‘thingummy’. 1876 Pioche (Nev.) Jrnl. 23 Sept. 3/1 The latest thing in the way of a soul-warmer that the youths of Pioche have got is a dingis made thusly. 1882 G. W. Peck Peck’s Sunshine 21 They pull out a dingus and three joints of fish-pole come out. 1898 Empire 27 Aug. (Pettman), ‘Where d’ye find the animile?’ ‘Animal, Mr. Pike?’ ‘The dingus—the gentleman who lumbers round in space.’ 1913 Pettman Africanderisms, Dinges, thing, almost universal in its application, things animate and inanimate in Dutch¬ speaking districts are all of them dinges if the speaker fails to recall their names. 1915 S. Lewis Trail of Hawk xxii. 203 That dingus in front is a whirling motor. 1928 Black tv. Mag. Jan. 30/1 Even an oiler, sent in an emergency to start such a homely inadequate dingus, can do no more. 1937 Robinson & Browne Houi to be Perfect Husband 126 To eople who have been married for years this dingus should ave a powerful appeal. 1939 'N. Blake’ Smiler with Knife 19 I’ll just stick the whole dingus together again.

dingy (’dindji), a. [A recent word of obscure orgin: not recognized by Dr. Johnson. Richardson (1837) says 'Dingy and dinginess are common in speech, but not in writing’, and gives only quot. 1790 (sense 2). If Pegge’s and Ellis’s word be the same (which from the ambiguity of the spelling ng is uncertain) it would appear to be a south-eastern dialect word which has slowly made its way into literary use. It has been conjectured to be a deriv. of dung, which is favoured by the explanation of sense 1, given by Pegge, and in other dialect glossaries; but the pronunciation should then have been (dnji). Also the early quots. for sense 2 appear to refer solely to colour.]

1. dial. Dirty. 1736 Pegge Kenticisms, Dingy, dirty. 1749 W. Ellis Shepherd’s Guide 351 What we, in Hertfordshire, call tagging a sheep .. is cutting .. away, with a pair of shears, the dingy wool from the hinder parts. 1888 Berksh. Gloss., Dingey (‘g’ soft), coated with dirt.

2. a. Of a (disagreeably) dark and dull colour or appearance; formerly applied to a naturally blackish or dusky brown colour; but now usually implying a dirty colour or aspect due to smoke, grime, dust, weathering, or to deficiency of daylight and freshness of hue; and so of depreciatory connotation. 1751 R. Lloyd Progress of Error xxiii, Black was her [Envy’s] chariot, drawn by dragons dire.. And land their dingy car on Caledonian plain. 1752 Sir J. Hill. Hist. Atiim. 56 (Jod.) The smoaky and dingy black are easily distinguishable in it. 1790 G. Ellis tr. Athelstan's Ode Victory 27 in Spec. Eng. Poetry (T.), On the dingy sea [mistransl. of OE. on dinges (dynges, dyniges, dinnes) mere] Over deep waters, Dublin they seek. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. 374 The dingy vault, in whose profundity we were lost. 1796 Hull Advertiser 27 Feb. 2/3 The dingy mother [an African woman] rov’d With eager step, and sought her child. 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey in. vii, Its plumage of a dingy, yellowish white. 1837-9 Hallam Hist. Lit. I. iii. 1. §60. 180 Herds of buffaloes, whose dingy hide.. contrasted with the greyish hue of the Tuscan oxen. 1854 Hawthorne Eng. Note-bks. (1879) I. 358 A dim, dingy morning. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 603 Wretchedly printed on scraps of dingy paper such as would not now be thought good enough for street ballads. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii. (1878) 268 A great faded room, in which the prevailing colour was a dingy gold. 1877 Black Green Past. xxxv. (1878) 280 His clothes getting dingier.. summer by summer. 1884 Manch. Exam. 13 May 5/2 More disagreeable than the dingy weather and unlovely streets without.

b. fig. Shabby, shady in reputation. ‘drab’; dull.

Also,

1855 Thackeray Newcomes II. 319 Doing me the honour to introduce me by name to several dingy acquaintances. 1881 H. James Portr. Lady xxi, I know plenty of dingy people; I don’t want to know any more. 1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. 201 Narrow and dingy-spirited specialists.

c. As an epithet in the vernacular name of certain butterflies and moths. 1832 J. Rennie Butterfl. & Moths 20 The Dingy Skipper .. appears about the end of May and middle of July. Ibid. 69 The Dingy (M[amestrd\ furva). Ibid. 142 The Dingy Wave ..appears in June. 1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 596 Plate XXIX, Hesperia tages (Dingy Skipper). 1907 R. South Moths Brit. Isles I. 181 The Dingy Footman (Lithosta gnseola). 1908 Ibid. II. 8 The Dingy Shears (Dyschorista fissipuncta). Ibid. 139 Dingy Mocha (Ephyra orbicularia). Ibid. 219 [The] Dingy Shell.. is in the male .. sprinkled and shaded with darker brown. 1955 E. B. Ford Moths v. 70 The Dingy Footman, Eilema griseola Hb... is usually of a light greyish shade. 1970 Higgins & Riley Butterflies of Britain & Europe 331 Erynnis tages Dingy Skipper.

3. Comb., as dingy-looking adj.; frequently qualifying colours, as dingy white, yellow, etc. 1774 Strange in Phil. Trans. LXV. 40 Angular lapilli.. of a dingy-whitish colour. 1838 T. Beale Nat. Hist. Sperm Whale (1839) 377 A crowd of dingy-looking natives. 1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 45 The church is a dingy-looking edifice.

dingy, var. of dinghy. dingy, var. dinge sb.3

DINK

683

dinic (’dinik), a. and sb. rare~°. [f. Gr. Siv-os a whirling -t- -ic.] A. adj. Relating to dizziness or vertigo. B. sb. A medicine used to cure dizziness. Also 'dinical a., in same sense. [1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dinica, Medicines against Dizziness.] 1721 Bailey, Dinicks, Medicines against the Vertigo or Dizziness in the Head. 1854-67 C. A. Harris Diet. Med. Terminol., Dinical, medicines which relieve vertigo. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dinic, of, or belonging to, giddiness. Also, applied to medicines that remove giddiness.

dining ('damn)), vbl. sb. [f. dine v. + -ing1.] 1. a. The action of the verb dine; a dinner. ? a 1400 Arthur 142 here was Vrweyn pe kynge Of scottes at pat dynynge. 1646 Crashaw Poems 212 Whole days and suns devoured with endless dining. C1815 Jane Austen Persuas. (1833) I. viii. 268 This was but the beginning of other dinings and other meetings. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. III. iii. (1857) II. 227 Dinings with the Girondins. attrib. 1806 Syd. Smith Elem. Sh. Mor. Philos. (1850) 332 Dining and supping virtues. 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. 1. xi, Dining repartees and other ephemeral trivialities,

b. dining-ou.t: dining out of one’s own house. 1846 R. Ford Gatherings from Spain viii. 84 There we make our home—far from.. distant dining-outs, visits, [etc.]. 1861 Wilson & Geikie Mem. E. Forbes iii. 83 Occasional dinings out and tea-drinkings are recorded. 1877 Tyndall in Daily News 2 Oct. 2/4 Faraday.. formally renounced dining out.

2. Comb, with sense ‘used for dining’, as dining alcove, area, -cap, chair, -hall, -parlour, -place, recess; f dining-bed, the couch on which the Romans reclined at table (obs.); dining-car, -carriage, -coach, a railway carriage fitted up for dining on the journey; dining-chamber = dining-room; dining-coat U.S., a dinner jacket; dining-table, a table for dining at; spec, a rectangular table with legs at the four comers, and capable of enlargement by the insertion of leaves. 1937 ‘M. Hillis’ Orchids on Budget (1938) ix. 147 A large living-room with a *dining-alcove. 1961 ‘J. Welcome’ Beware of Midnight ix. 102 The dining alcove in the kitchen where we were breakfasting. 1957 ‘A. Vail’ Love me Little xii. 90 He came into the *dining area (I hate words like that). 1581 Savile Tacitus' Hist. 1. lxxxii. (1591) 46 Otho standing vpon his *dining bed .. at last.. refrained their rage. 1599 Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 94 An infant squib of the inns of court, that hath not half greased his *dining-cap, or scarce warmed his lawyer’s cushion. 1838 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. VII. 328 The introduction of *dining cars. 1839 Mech. Mag. 5 Jan. 240 (from Baltimore American) All that is wanting now is a dining car. 1892 Kipling Lett. Travel (1920) 80 He knows when the train will.. drop the dining-car. 1959 New Statesman 7 Nov. 610/2 The unofficial strike by railway dining-car workers in protest against the extension of Pullman car services. e duntes bo8 uuel to kepen. c 1200 Orm. 4290 J>urrh Adamess gilltes dinnt Wass all mannkinn Jmrrhwundedd. 01225 Ancr. R. 60 Sweordes dunt is adunriht.. vor sweord.. 3if8 dea8es dunt. a 1300 Cursor M. 20990 Hefdid he was wit dint o suord. CI320 Cast. Love 1161 Such beo pe duntes of batayle. C1475 Rauf Coifyear 514, I sail dyntis deill, quhill ane of vs be deid. 1555 Abp. Parker Ps. lxxxix, Thou hast whole stynt hys weapons dynt. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. ill. 576 With dint of Sword, or pointed Spears. 1791 Cowper Iliad xvii. 676 From the dint Shield me of dart and spear. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. Ill 1. i. (1848) 16 The dints and bruises of outward battle.

b. The stroke of thunder; = dent sb.1 1 b. C1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 1505 How Cappaneus pe proude with fonder dynt was slayn. c 1386-Wife's Prol. 276 With wilde thonder dynt and firy leuene Moote thy welked nekke be to-broke. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xi. xxxi. 201 Like thunders dint or lightnings new. 1808 Scott Marmion 1. xxiii, The Mount, where Israel heard the law ’Mid thunder-dint, and flashing levin.

2. The dealing of blows; hence, force of attack, assault, or impact (lit. and fig.); violence, force, attack, impression. Now rare exc. as in c. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 70 If he wild it wynne with dynt, als duke hardie. 1513 Douglas JEneis n. x. 63 The auld waiklie but force or dynt A dart did cast. 1530 Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 355 Quho clymith moist heych moist dynt hes of the wedder. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Nov. 104 Such pleasaunce now displast by dolors dint. 1601 Shaks.^m/. C. iii. ii. 198, I perceiue, you feele The dint of pitty. 1 687 Dryden Hind P. iii. 200 But dint of argument is out of place. 1748 J. Mason Elocut. 7 Mechanical Minds .. affected with mere Dint of Sound and Noise. 1770 Goldsm. Misc. Wks. (1837) III. 420 He had gone as far.. as the mere dint of parts and application could go. 1845 R- W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. vi. 126 (ed. 2). Their soul gathered all dint and courage.

fb. phr. by dint of sword: by attack with weapons of war; by force of arms. Obs. Ranging from the literal sense as in 1, to the vague use in c. 01330 Roland V. 10 Alle the londes that were in Spayne, With dint Of swerd wan Charlmain. c 1440 Gesta Rom. xvii. 330 (Add. MS.) The sones.. goten mekell good by dynte of swerd. 1577-87 Holinshed Chron. III. 1178/1

fb. intr. or absol. Obs.

dintless ('dintlis), a. [f. dint sb. + -less.] Without a dint or dints. 1. Not producing a dint or impression. 1558 Phaer JEneid ii. Eiij, On his targat side it hit, where dyntlesse down it hyng. 1647 Trapp Comm. 1 Thess. iii. 4 Darts fore-seen are dintlesse. 1847 Blackie in Blackw. Mag. LXII. 238 Dintless the missile hail is pour’d.

2. That has, or receives, no dint. i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vi. x. §24. 102 Veiling with hushed softness its dintless rocks.

3. dial.

See quot., and cf. dint sb. 2.

1878 Cumbld. Gloss., Dintless, lacking in energy.

t di'numerate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl. stem of L. dinumerare to count over one by one, reckon up, f. di-, dis- apart, separately + numerare to number.] trans. To number one by one. 1721 Bailey, Dinumerate, to Account or Number.

f di'numerately, adv. Obs. rare. [f. *dinumerate, ad. L. dinumerat-us reckoned up, enumerated (see prec.) + -ly2.] By separate enumeration; one by one. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. 11. v, I had not dinumerately and articulately mustered up .. the particular Arguments.

dinume'ratioii. [ad. L. dinumeration-em, n. of action from dinumerare: see dinumerate.] 1. ‘The act of numbering out one by one’ (Ash). 1626 Cockeram, Dinumeration, numbring or reckoning. 1721 in Bailey. 1755 Johnson, Dinumeration, the act of numbering out singly.

2. Rhet.

Enumeration; = aparithmesis.

Ildinus ('dainas). Path. [mod.L., a. Gr. Slvos whirling, vertigo.] Dizziness, giddiness, vertigo. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dinus. a giddiness or swimming of the Head, a Disease otherwise call’d Vertigo. 1775 in Ash. In mod. Diets.

diobely (dai'aubali). [ad. Gr. SiwficXia an allowance of two obols, f. Si- twice -I- d/SoA-o? obol.] An allowance of two obols to each citizen during the Athenian festivals. 1849 Grote Greece 11. lxii. V. (1862) 421 The disbursement of the Diobely.. on occasion of various religious festivals. 1852 Ibid. 11. lxxv. IX. 526 A portion of the money.. was employed in the distribution of two oboli per head, called the disobely, to all present citizens.

diobol (dai'aubol). Numism. [ad. Gr. 8u»fSo\ov, f. 81- (di-2) twice + o/3oA-o? obol.] A silver coin of ancient Greece equal to two obols. 1887 B. V. Head Hist. Numorum 36 The well-known type of the Tarentine diobol, Herakles strangling the lion, recurs on diobols of Arpi, Caelia, Rubi, and Teate. Ibid., The currency of Apulia.. consisted .. of silver diobols and didrachms of Tarentum.

di'ocesal, a. rare. [f. diocese + -al1.] Of or relating to a diocese.

c 1460 Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 234 In alle this warld .. Is none so doughty as I, the best, Doughtely dyntand on mule and on stede.

1880 Libr. Univ. Knowl. II. 281 His diocesal functions being afterwards extended over New Hampshire.

f2. intr. To make a dint or impression in something; = dent v. 4. Obs. rare.

diocesan (dai'Dsisan), a. and sb. Also 5-6 dyocesan(e, 6 diocesain, dyocysen, 7 diocesane, dicecesan. [Formerly dyocysen, diocesain, a. F. diocesain (15th c.), f. diocise, diocese: see -an i, and cf. med.L. dicecesanus (1311 in Du Cange); the regular L. f. dicecesis (diocese) would be dicecesianus: cf. OF. dyocesiien (1332 in Godef. Suppl.), and see diocesian.] A. adj. Of or pertaining to a diocese.

1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. Ixxiv. (1495) 648 Yf the fynger dynteth in therto and finde it neshe. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. viii. 8 The ydle stroke.. So deepely dinted in the driven clay, That three yardes deepe a furrow up did throw.

3. trans. To mark or impress with dints; to make a dint or dints in. 1597 Bp. Hall Sat. 1. ix, Let your floor with homed satyrs hoofs Be dinted and defiled every mom. 1639 Fuller Holy War iv. i. (1647) 167 This Emperour’s heart was., furrowed, dinted, and hollowed at last. 1812 Byron Ch. Har. 1. xlix, Wide scattered hoof-marks dint the wounded ground. 1851 Longf. Gold. Leg. iii. (Street in Strasburg), He dints With his impatient hoofs the flints,

b. To impress or drive in with force. 1631 T. Powell Tom All Trades 142 The scars which my unthriftines hath dinted upon their fortunes. 1826 J. Wilson Noct. Ambr. Wks. 1855 I. 232‘Dinna dint the pint o’ your crutch into my instep, Mr. North.’ 1855 Tennyson Maud 1. ii, A body was found .. Mangled, and flatten’d, and crush’d, and dinted into the ground.

f4. To take the sharp edge oflF; to reduce the acrimony of (corrosive liquids). Obs. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 27 Those corrosive fretting, pontick, and acid juyces.. are I say dinted, softned and sweetned. Ibid. 101 The waters of the spaw may.. help to dint the acrimony.

Hence 'dinted, 'dinting ppl. adjs. 1566 Drant Horace' Sat. viii. Evb, When he with dyntyng axe is hewed rounde aboute. 1579 Poor Knt.'s Pallace, No feare of dinting death. 1596 Spenser F.Q. (J.), They do impress Deep dinted furrows in the batter’d mails. 1697 Dryden JEneid (J.), Deep dinted wrinkles on her cheeks she draws. 1808 Scott Marm. vi. xxviii, With dinted shield, and helmet beat, a 1881 Rossetti Rose Mary iii. 142 On either hand There hung a dinted helm and brand.

din’t, dint (dint), contracted colloq. form of didn't, did not (see do v. 29). 1961 New Left Rev. Jan.-Feb. 24/1 He din’t see why I shouldn’t. 1967 C. Drummond Death at Furlong Post iv. 39, I dint expect the pleasure of your cumpny. 1967 ‘A. Blaisdell Something Wrong (1968) xiv. 162 ‘I thought maybe she’d asked you,’ said Sue... ‘I get you. But she dint.’ Ibid., I dint know her. 1968 Punch 14 Feb. 227/3 ’Course, I ’ad to ’elp her with joining the letters up, din’t I?

1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 71 Wythout lycense of the bysshope dyocesan. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 54 That office of a diocesan Lord Bishop.. unprofitable and unlawfull. 1640 Bp. Hall Episc. Ep. Ded., Either the publike, or my own Dioecesan Occasions. 1712 Prideaux Direct. Ch.-Wardens (ed. 4) 104 Their Business.. was to attend Diocesan Synods. 1859 Jephson & Reeve Brittany 279 The old diocesan town of Dol. 1894 Athenaeum 5 May 572/2 The first bishops of Ireland were not diocesan. Their authority seems to have been concurrent, and only limited by the ocean.

B. sb. 1. He who is in charge of an ecclesiastical diocese; the bishop of a diocese. r 1440 Jacob's Well (E.E.T.S.) 61 Whanne a man .. is bodyn com horn to his dyocesan, or to his ordynarye, to takyn his penauns of hym. 1493 Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 194 Also ye shall praye..for the bysshop of ,N. of our dyocysen. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer Ordering Deacons, He may be admitted by his Diocesan to the ordre of Priesthode. 1689 in Somers Tracts II. 278 Whether they are more obliged to their Metropolitan than to their Diocesan. 1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Mass. I. iv. 418 They would be no longer subject to any diocesan in England. 1881 W. R. W. Stephens S. Sax. Diocese, Langton belonged to that class of prelates who were statesmen rather than diocesans.

2. One of the clergy or people of a diocese. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. iso6)iv. vii. 187 These bysshoppes, or theyr diocesains, these curates. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 398/2 As the .. godfather blesseth ye chyld..or the bishop his dyocesane. 1555 Watreman Far die Facions 11. xii. 283 These [Bishopes] mighte not then gouerne their Clergie, and other their Diocesans, at their owne pleasure. 1728 Morgan Algiers II. v. 317 Titular Prelates.. very unlikely ever to visit their Diocesans in partibus Infidelium. 1821 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Valentine's day, Faithful lovers.. content to rank themselves humble diocesans of old Bishop Valentine. 1839 Lowell Lett. (1894) I. 50 Latimer .. said . . that the devil was the

DIOCESE faithfullest of bishops .. His diocesans, too, are no whit less zealous.

Hence di'ocesanist, an advocate of a diocesan system. 1887 Ch. Q. Rev. XXIII. 347 The desire of the Diocesanist leaders.. to introduce.. certain usages.

diocese ('daiasis, -si:s). Forms: a. 4-6 dio-, dyocise, -cyse, 5-6 -cis, (diecise, dyosys), 6 Sc. diosise. jS. 5-7 diocesse, 6-7 dioces, 6-9 diocess, (5 diosses, 6 dioses, dyoces, dyesses). y. 6diocese (6 dicecese). S. (Sc.) 5-6 dyocye, -cie, 6 diocye, dy-, diosie, dioesie, 6- diocie. e. 5-6 dio-, dyocesy, -sie, 6 dioccesie. [ME. diocise, etc., a. OF. diocise (diozcise, 13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. med.L. diocesis, for L. diaecesis a governor’s jurisdiction, a district, in later eccl. L. a bishop’s jurisdiction, a diocese, a. Gr. bioU-qais, orig. ‘housekeeping’, hence ‘management, admin¬ istration, government, the province of a (Roman) governor’, and in Byz. Gr. ‘a bishop’s jurisdiction, a diocese’, f. Sioi/ce-eiv to keep house, to manage, administer, govern, f. 8c-, Stathrough, thoroughly + otVe-eiv to inhabit, occupy, manage. Under Latin influence at the Renascence, the form became in Fr. and Eng. dioces-, whence, for phonetic reasons, in Fr. diocese, in Eng. diocesse, diocess. Diocess was the classical English type from the 16th to the end of the 18th c.; it was the only form recognized by Dr. Johnson and the other 18th century lexicographers, and was retained by some (notably by the Times newspaper) in the 19th c., in which, however, diocese (as in Fr.) has become the established spelling. In Scotch, diocis(e, lost the terminal s in the singular, and was reduced to diocie, diocy. The Gr.-L. word was also independently adapted as dfocesy, -ie: cf. paralysis, F. paralysie, palsy. (Cf. Pr. diocesa, diocezi, Sp. diocesis, Pg. diocese, It. diocesi, -cese.j) + 1. Administration, dominion, rule. Sc. Obs. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 272 Barounis and Nobles of the Lenox, and diosie of Ramfrwe [ditione Ramfroa]. Ibid. x. 317 Monie men of weir cum be sey esilie .. and subiected the toune lychtlie to thair authorietie and diosie, na man resisteng.

2. A district or division of a country under a governor; a province; esp. one of the provinces into which the Roman empire was divided after Diocletian and Constantine. Obs. exc. Hist. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 518 The Kyng of Englande, to haue.. the cytie of Lymoges, ye cytie of Caours, w1 all the dyocis of ye sayd cyties belongynge. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. clxxxiv. [clxxx.] 556 To enioy styll peasably all that euer they were as then in possessyon of in Acquytayne, and nyne dyoces to be quite delyuered. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 98 The diocesse Arsinoetis, in the Lybian coast. 1671 L. Addison W. Barbary ii. (T.), Wild boars are no rarity in this diocess, which the Moors hunt and kill in a manly pastime. 1741 Middleton Cicero I. vi. 551 Cilicia.. this Province included also Pisidia, Pamphilia, and three Dioceses, as they were called, or Districts of Asia. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 36 The civil government of the empire was distributed into thirteen great dioceses, each of which equalled the just measure of a powerful kingdom.

3. Eccl. The sphere of jurisdiction of a bishop; the district under the pastoral care of a bishop. (The earlier and ordinary sense in English.) a. C1330 R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5773 To a dyocise Tanged a cite, & ordened paroschens for to be. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 85 3if prestis wolen seie here masse & techen pe gospel in a bischopis diocise. c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 664 In daunger hadde he at his owene gise The yonge girles of the diocise. 1483 Cath. Angl. 100/2 A diocis, diocesis. a I535 More Wks. 231 (R.) He walked about as an apostle of the Deuill.. & had in euery diocyse a dyuerse name. 1538 Starkey England 1. iv. 127 Wyth-out examynatyon or sentence gyuen in the Dyosys. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 449 Sum of the Clergie.. war callit.. of the maist notable, Johone Leslie.. ffirst estemet Juge of the diosise, primat als of the same. B. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. ccvi. 218 In the diocesse of Magburgh. Ibid. vii. ccxxi. 244 Y* the farther brynke of Humber shuld be the begynnynge of his diosses. 1548 Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 30 The DeuyL.is the moste dyligent preacher of al other, he is neuer out of his dioces. 1554 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 93 Alle the parich churches of the dioses of London, a 1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. viii. §3 The local compass of his authority we term a diocess. 1641 Milton Reform. 1. (1851) 32 For one Bishop now in a Dioces we should then have a Pope in every Parish. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. i. 279 Austin forbad that [i.e. the translation] of Jerom to be used in his Diocesse. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxviii. 135 Fox, bishop of Winchester.. withdrew himself wholly to the care of his diocess. 1782 Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. iv. 384 Serenus ordered .. that they should be removed from.. his diocess. 1867 Times 26 Nov., (Leading Art.) A bishop must needs have great influence in his diocess. 1868 R. Arthur Arnold in Times 8 Jan., There would be no sufficient plea for the maintenance of a bishop in that diocess. y. 1528 More Dyalogue 1. Wks. 120/2 Any bishop.. within his diocese. 1546 Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent, iv. vi. 89 b, Parishes to Curates and Dioceses to Byshoppes. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 301 Vnder the Diocese of Chichester. 1765-9 Blackstone Comm. (1793) 477 An arch-deacon hath an ecclesiastical jurisdiction, immediately subordinate to the bishop, throughout the whole of his diocese, or in some particular part of it. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 283

DIOGENES

687 Reports were laid before him from all the dioceses of the realm. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. I. iv. 341 The bishops had settled.. that each diocese should make its own arrangements. 8. c 1470 Henry Wallace 1. 172 Glaskow thai gaif..To dyocye in Duram to commend. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 34 Of Eborak all in the dyocie. 1552 Asp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 3 Within our awin Diocye. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 266 That tyme in the dicesie of S. Androis was done na kynde of diuine seruice. 1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk, Three Presbyteries.. to make up a Provinciall Synode and a Diocie, and everie Provinciall Synod shall appoynt the place of the nixt Synod within that same Diocie. Sc. Prov. Ramsay Remin. (1870) v. 146 The deil’s a busy bishop in his ain diocie. €. c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. ix. 542 In all pe kyrkis halyly Of Abbyrdenys Dyocesy. 1562 WiN3ET Last Blast Trompet Wks. 1888 I. 43 In euery diocesie and parochin. 1580 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 428 Wythin the dioccesie of Durham.

b. transf. and fig. 1616 S. Ward Coale fr. Altar (1627) l4 True zeale loues to keepe home, studieth to bee quiet in other mens Dioces. a 1631 Donne Poems (1650) 99 Haile Bishop Valentine, whose day this is, All the Aire is thy Diocis. a 1635 Corbet Poems (1807) 18 Their plays had.. A perfect diocess of actors Upon the stage. 1644 Milton Divorce (ed. 2) 11. xxi. 75 The causes.. reside so deeply in the .. affections of nature, as is not within the diocese of Law to tamper with. 1822 Lamb Elia Ser. 1. Artif. Com. Last Cent., I am glad for a season to take an airing beyond the diocese of the strict conscience. 1891 Morley in Daily News 10 Dec. 3/2 To go about, as my friend does, through the whole of what I may call his diocese of those northern countries, and breathe out Liberalism.

Hence 'dioceseless a., without a diocese; fdiocesener, one who belongs to a diocese; = diocesan sb. 2; dio'cesiarch, the ruler of a diocese; f 'diocesser = diocesan sb. 1. 1885 R. W. Dixon Hist Ch. Eng. III. 175 A dioceseless bishop, a 1626 Bacon Case of Post-nati Wks. (Ellis & Spedding) VII. 657 They say this unity in the bishop or the rector doth not create any privity between the parishioners or dioceseners, more than if there were several bishops, or several parsons. 1805 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XX. 512 Diocesan properly means ‘belonging to the diocese’. In English this word is applied oddly to the diocesiarch, or chief of the diocese. 1606 Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. xci. 370 More than be Conuocations now Diocessers were stout.

t dio'cesian, a. and sb.

Obs. [f. L. type diaecesian-us, f. diaecesis, in OF. dyocesiien: see diocesan, which is a less regular formation.] = diocesan a. and sb. 1686 J. Sergeant Hist. Monast. Conventions 49 If the Diocesian refuse to give Ordination. 1715 M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 131 The Clergy ..of his Diocesian City.

diocess, -cise,

earlier forms of diocese.

dioch (’darak). Also diock. [? Native name.] An African weaver-bird of the genus Quelea. 1889 Cent. Diet., Diock. 1905 G. E. Shelley Birds Apr. IV. I. 119 Quelea cardinalis... The Cardinal Dioch inhabits Eastern Africa from 70 S. lat. to 50 N. lat. 1930 G. L. Bates Handbk. Birds W. Apr. 495 The Red-headed Dioch is a bird of the Savannah Belt going all the way to Portuguese Guinea. 1964 New Scientist 18 June 736/1 The Black-Faced Dioch (Quelea quelea), commonly known as the Quelea bird.

Crystal. Obs. [di-2 i + Bounded by twice eight planes; i.e. having the form of an octahedral prism with tetrahedral summits.

t di-octa'hedral, a. octahedral.]

1805-17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 204 Di-octahedral topaz.

diode ('daiaud), a. and sb. [mod.f. Gr. Si-,

(di-2)

twice, doubly + 68os way.] A. adj. lit. Of two ways: applied by Mr. Preece to a mode of working, which converts a single telegraphic wire into two ways or ducts for signalling messages, without reference to direction; one application of the multiplex system of working. 1886 W. H. Preece in Jrnl. Soc. Teleg. Engineers XV. 231 A mode [of working] by which two messages are practically sent at the same time will be diode working.

B. sb. Electr. a. A thermionic valve of the simplest kind with just two electrodes, a cathode or ‘filament’ and an anode or ‘plate’, b. = semiconductor diode: cf. crystal diode (see crystal sb. 9 d). Also attrib. or as adj. 1919 W. H. Eccles in Electrician 18 Apr. 475/2, I propose to give the name ‘diode’ to a tube with two electrodes. 1921 -Contin. Wave Wireless Telegr. 1. 257 A bulb with two electrodes, namely, anode and cathode, is called a diode tube. Ibid. 306 This example shows plainly that two constants are required to define the chief properties of a diode. 1929 J. A. Ratcliffe Physical Princ. Wireless ii. 23 The diode usually consists of a straight wire filament which is heated by an electric current. 1943 C. L. Boltz Basic Radio x. 154 The diode’s only use is as a rectifier. By adding another electrode we can increase the utility of the valve. 1944 Electronic Engin. XVI. 408, C charges through a diode valve. 1955 [see crystal sb. 9d]. 1958 Times Rev. Industry July 29/1 Impurities in single crystals in connexion with the production of transistors and diodes. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) ix. 7 Logic circuits using diodes may be considered another class of switching applications. 1970 D. F. Shaw Introd. Electronics (ed. 2) xi. 226 The rectifying property of a semi-conductor diode is a consequence of the asymmetrical conduction across the contact between a metal and a semi-conductor.

UDiodon ('daiadDn). Zool. [mod.L., f. Gr. type *8io8ov doubly-toothed (sc. d-qplov animal), f. St-,

(di-2) twice + oSoily, 68ovt- (in neuter adjs. -oSov)

tooth.] A genus of globe-fishes, having the jaws tipped with enamel, forming a tooth-like tubercle in the centre of the beak above and below. The name has also been improperly given to a genus of South American falcons, and to the cetacean genus Ziphius. 1776 Pennant Zool. III. 129 Oblong Diodon.. Sun-fish from Mount’s Bay. Ibid. 131 Short Diodon .. Sun-fish from Loo. Ibid. 132 Globe Diodon. This species is common to Europe and South Carolina. 1840 F. D. Bennett Whaling Voy. II. 264 The Round Diodon, or Toad-fish. 1854 Owen in Circ. Sc., Organ. Nat. II. 95/2 The.. grinding tubercle of the diodon.

'diodont, a. and sb. [Seeprec.] adj. Having two teeth: spec, of or pertaining to the Diodontidse or family of fishes of which Diodon is the typical genus; sb. a fish of this family. So dio'dontoid a. and sb. In modern Diets.

|| Dicecia (dai'iijra). Bot. [mod.L. (Linnaeus 1735), a- Gr. type *8iou , used by the ancient grammarians to indicate various readings, rejected verses, beginning of a new paragraph, etc. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Diple, a note or mark in the Margent to signifie that there is somewhat to be amended.

|| diplegia (dai'pliidya). Path. [mod.L., f. Gr. Si-, Si's twice + rrXrfyr) stroke.] Paralysis affecting corresponding parts on both sides of the body. Hence diplegic (dai’pled^k) a., relating to diplegia, or to corresponding parts on both sides. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

dipleidoscope (di’plaidaskaup). [f. Gr. SnrXo-os double + ethos form, image + -okottos viewing, a watcher.] An instrument consisting of a hollow triangular prism, with two sides silvered and one of glass, used for determining the meridian transit of a heavenly body by the coincidence of the two images formed by single and double reflexion. 1843 E. J- Dent {title), A Description of the Dipleidoscope. Ibid. (1867) 14 The criterion for determining the position of the Dipleidoscope is, that the two images must coincide, or appear as one, when the chronometer shows, according to the equation table for 1868, 1 ih. 49m. 12.is. 1851 Offic. Catal. Exhib. I. 414. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 88 The advantages of the dipleidoscope over the ordinary forms of sun dials are: the passage of the sun over the meridian is indicated with greater exactness, and the reflections may be discerned in weather too cloudy to see any shadow on the sun dial.

|| dipleura (dai'plusrs), sb. pi. Morphol. [mod.L., neuter pi. of dipleur-us, f. Gr. Si-, Sis* twice + nXevpd side (of the body).] Organic forms with bilateral symmetry having a single pair of antimeres or corresponding opposite parts. Hence di'pleural azygopleural with only two antimeres. di'pleuric a., having right and left sides; exhibiting bilateral symmetry. 1883 P. Geddes in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 844/2 The Zygopleura include forms bilaterally symmetrical in the strictest sense, in which not more than two radial planes, and these at right angles to each other, are present. Haeckel again divides these, according to the number of antimeres, into Tetrapleura and Dipleura. Ibid., The term bilateral., must be rigidly restricted.. to the Centropipeda if not indeed to dipleural forms.

dipleurobranchiate (dai.pluarau'brairjkrat), a. Zool. [f. mod.L. Dipleurobranchia (f. Gr. 81twice 4- rrXevpa side + )3payxia gills) + -ATE2.] Having the characters of the Dipleurobranchia or Inferobranchiata, nudibranchiate gastropods having foliaceous branchiae situated in a fold on each side of the shell-less body. dipleurula (dai'pluarjuta). [mod.L., dim. of dipleura.] A supposed bilaterally symmetrical ancestor of the echinoderms. Also, a stage in the development of some echinoderms. 1896 H. M. & M. Bernard tr. Lang's Text-bk. Compar. Anat. II. viii. 546 The radiate, but at the same time asymmetrical Echinoderm proceeds ontogenetically from a bilaterally symmetrical larva, the so-called Dipleurula. Ibid. 547 (heading) Metamorphosis of the Dipleurula Larva. 1900 F. A. Bather et al. in Lankester Treat. Zool. in. viii. 4 Zoologists have imagined a phylogenetic stage, the twosided or Dipleurula stage,.. more or less repeated in the Dipleurula larvae of recent Echinoderms. Ibid. 5 The simplest larval form among recent Echinoderms,.. known as Auricularia,.. differs from the Dipleurula in being bent upon its ventral surface. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 620/1 We reach the conception that this supposed bilateral ancestor (or Dipleurula) may have become fixed. 1962 D. Nichols Echinoderms x. 121 It is not strange that early in life a common plan exists between those forms with larvae, or most of them. This stage has been termed the dipleurula (‘little two sides’), a word which has unhappily been used to denote also a hypothetical common ancestor to the entire phylum.

diplex ('daipleks), a. [An arbitrary alteration of duplex after di-2 twice (Preece).] Telegr. Characterized by the passing of two messages simultaneously in the same direction. ‘Now (1895) properly restricted to the system whereby the transmission of one message is effected by means of a change in strength of current only, irrespective of direction, and that of the other by change of direction of the currents without reference to their strength’ (W. H. Preece). 1878 W. H. Preece in Post Office Official Techn. Instruct., Diplex telegraphy consists in sending two messages in the same direction at the same time. 1879 G. Prescott Sp. Telephone 346 Two messages may be sent over a single wire in the same or in opposite directions, and when we do not care to particularize either, we simply allude to them under the more common generic name of duplex transmission, which includes both. When, however, we wish to speak of either method by itself, we use the term diplex for simultaneous transmission in the same direction, and contraplex for that in opposite directions.

diplo- ('diptau), before a vowel dipl-, combining form of Gr. SurAo-os, StnXovs twofold, double, occasional in ancient Greek, now used in many scientific terms; e.g. dipla'cusis Path. [Gr. axovois hearing], double hearing, the hearing of two notes when only one is produced, due to the

DIPLOhearing of a different tone in each ear, or to the arousing of two tonal sensations in the same ear. ,diploba'cillus (see quot. 19571). diplobac'teria sb. pi., bacteria consisting of two cells, or adhering in pairs, diplo'blastic a. Biol., having two germinal layers, the hypoblast and epiblast. diplo'cardiac a. Zool., having the heart double, i.e. with the right and left halves completely separate, as birds and mammals, diplo'cephaly, monstrosity consisting in having two heads, diplo'conical a., of the form of a double cone, 'diplodal a. Zool. [Gr. 68-6s way + -al1], of sponges, having both canals, prosodal (of entrance) and aphodal (of exit) well developed, 'dlplodoxy nonce-wd. (see quot.). diplo'gangliate a., having ganglia arranged in pairs; said of a division of animals (Diplogangliata) nearly equivalent to Cuvier’s Articulata. diplo'genesis, (a) the production of double organs or parts instead of single ones; the formation of a double monster; (b) the supposed change of germ plasm produced by changes due to environment, bringing about inheritance of acquired characteristics; hence diploge'netic a.; diplo'genic a., ‘producing two substances; partaking of the nature of two bodies’ (Craig 1847). 'diplograph (see quot.); so diplo'graphic, diplo'graphical a., of or pertaining to writing double; also di'plography. diplo'haplont Biol., an organism whose life-cycle embraces a diploid and a haploid phase; so diploha'plontic a. diplo'neural a. Anat., supplied by two nerves of separate origin, as a muscle; diploneu'rose a. Zool., belonging to the Diploneura (Grant’s term for the Articulata, as having a double nervecord running along the body); diplo'neurous a., ‘having two nervous systems; also, belonging to the Diploneura' (.Syd. Soc. Lex.). diplope'ristomous a. Bot., of mosses, having a double peristome, or fringe round the mouth of the capsule, 'diplophase Biol. [a. G. diplo phase), the phase in the lifecycle of an organism when the nuclei are diploid, diplo'placula Embryol., a placula composed of two layers resulting from transverse fission; hence diplo'placular, diplo'placulate a. 'diplopod a. and sb. Zool., belonging to the order Diplopoda (= Cheilognatha) of Myriapods, having two pairs of limbs on each segment of the body; a member of this order; hence di'plopodous a. 'diplopore Zool., any of the pores that occur in pairs on the surface of the theca of certain cystoids (order Diploporita); also, a thecal canal that ends in one of these pores, di'plopterous a. Entom., belonging to the family Diploptera (the true wasps) in Latreille’s classification of insects, which have the fore wings folded when at rest, diplos'phenal a., 'diplosphene, Anat. = hyposphenal, hyposphene. diplospon'dylic a. Zool., said of a vertebral segment having two centra, or of a vertebral column having twice as many centra as arches, as in fishes and batrachians; hence diplo'spondylism, the condition of being diplospondylic. di'plostichous a., arranged in two rows, as the eyes of certain spiders, diplo'syntheme = DISYNTHEME. 1890 Billings Med. Diet. 400/2 Diplakousis or Diplacusis. 1895 E. B. Titchener tr. Kiilpe’s Outl. Psychol. 299 The abnormality (diplacusis) may be restricted to a single ear. 1970 J. V. Tobias Found. Mod. Auditory Theory I. x. 391 One possible explanation for diplacusis is distortion. 1901 Jrnl. Exper. Med. V. 213 The occurrence of acid-resisting diplococci or diplo-bacilli. 1908 Practitioner Feb. 203 The diplobacillus of Morax-Axenfeld. 1957 M. B. Jacobs et al. Diet. Microbiol. 78/2 Diplobacilli, bacillus-type bacteria occurring in pairs, as. for example, Moraxella lacunata. 1957 Bergey's Man. Determinative Bacterial, (ed. 7) 4T9 Genus VII. Moraxella... Small rod-shaped cells which occur as diplobacilli. 1888 F. P. Billings in Amer. Nat. XXII. 123 We may find two apparently mature organisms enclosed in a common capsule.. These diplobacteria may assume a curved or sausage shape. 1854-67 C. A. Harris Diet. Med. Terminol., Diplocardiac, having a double heart. 1847 Craig, Diplocephalia. 1883 Syd . Soc. Lex., Diplocephaly, in Teratology, the condition of a foetus haying two heads on one body. 1887 W. J. Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 415/1 This, which from the marked presence of both prosodal and aphodal canals may be termed the diplodal type of the Rhagon canal system, occurs but rarely. 1851 Fraser's Mag. XLIII. 289 An orthodoxy with two tails —or a diplo-doxy—to coin a word—which affirms the co¬ existence of two separate beliefs, while it expresses no dogma as to the truth of either. 1851 Richardson Geol. viii. 257 The nervous system is composed of a chain of ganglia disposed in pairs, and united by nervous cords: hence the term diplo-gangliata. 1835-6 Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 509/1 That form of monstrosity.. called Diplogenesis. 1878 Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. v. 162 Diplogenesis, in which the whole body is more or less double. 1896 Nat. Sci. Nov. 288 Cope’s theory of Diplogenesis. 1876 Catal. Sci. App. S. Kens. No. 2052 Diplograph. Writing machine for the Blind, by which writing in relief and ordinary writing are

DIPLOCOGCUS

(diplso'kDkas). Bacteriol. PI. diplococci (-'kokai, -'koki:). [mod.L., f. Gr. SiwAo'-os double + kokkos grain, seed, adopted as a genus name by A. Weichselbaum 1886, in Wiener med. Jahrb. LXXXII. 483.] Any coccus that occurs predominantly in pairs, esp. one belonging to the genus of parasitic bacteria so called, which includes the pneumococcus, D. pneumonix. diplococcus

1883 Macalister tr. Ziegler's Pathol. Anat. i. §185 Masses of cocci enclosed in a cylindrical sheath are called ascococci; coupled spherules are diplococci; chains or chaplets of spherules, streptococci; and in like manner he [Billroth] describes diplobacteria and streptobacteria. 1911 M. Herzog Text-bk. Disease-producing Microorg. xxxii. 378 The diplococci show particularly often in the shape of candle-lights, hence the name Diplococcus lanceolatus, which means lancet-shaped. 1927 R. A. Kelser Man. Vet. Bacteriol. xi. 133 In the affected lung tissue Streptococcus equi commonly appears singly and in pairs. This characteristic led some investigators to consider the organism a diplococcus. 1949 Kelly & Hite Microbiol, vi. 68 Whereas the term diplococcus means any paired coccus, the same word begun with a capital letter refers only to the gram-positive paired cocci of the genus Diplococcus. 1969 S. T. Lyles Biol. Microorg. xx. 438 Another gram-negative diplococcus type is associated with the nervous system and produces meningitis.

Hence diplo’coccal a., of, pertaining to, or caused by a diplococcus; diplo'coccoid a., resembling a diplococcus or diplococci. 1903 Med. Record 2 May 705/1 Two cases of diplococcal septicaemia. 1908 Lancet 15 Feb. 484/1 A diplococcal infection of the throat. 1950 K. A. Bisset Cytol. dupondium, the sum of two asses.] 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dipondiary, that is of two pound weight.

||diporpa(dai'po:p9). Zool. PI. -ae. [f. Gr. 81-, 8is twice, doubly + nopTr-rj pin of a buckle.] The solitary immature form of a Diplozoon. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 650 The embryo known as Diporpa is at first free-swimming. Ibid., The two Diporpae which make up a single Diplozoon.

dipped, dipt (dipt), ppl. a. [f. dip v. + -ed1.] 1. a. Immersed (briefly or partially) in a liquid: see the verb. (In quots. 1646 and 1781, Baptized by immersion.) 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John 89 b, He.. to whome I shall geue a dipte soppe. 1579 Fulke Heskins's Pari. 309 We read not that Christ gaue dipped bread to others, except that disciple only. 1646 R. Baillie Anabaptism (1647) 30 Churches of anabaptized and dipped Saints. 1781 Cowper Charity 609 E’en the dipt and sprinkled live in peace. 1814 Byron Corsair 1. xvii, Flash’d the dipt oars. 1876 Ruskin Fors Clav. vi. lxi. 2 All your comfort in such charity is.. Christ’s dipped sop.

b. Of candles: Made by dipping (see dip v. 3 b). 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Candle, Tallow Candles are of two kinds; the one dipped, the other moulded. Ibid., Making of dipped Candles. 1833 Ht. Martineau Loom & Lugger 1. ii. 17 That which curled magnificently from the dipped candles on either side.

c. transf. Extended or carried below a surface or level. 1925 Penderel-Brodhurst & Layton Gloss. Eng. Furniture, Dropped or dipped seat, the seat of a chair having a concave upper surface between the two side rails. 1929 Evening News 18 Nov. 10 A wonderfully flared skirt dipped at sides.

d. Of the beams of the headlights of a vehicle: lowered. 1937 Sunday Times 10 Jan., Even in London, I always drive with my headlamps in the dipped position, except in extremely well-lighted thoroughfares. 1963 Times 28 Feb. 4/5 Birmingham’s campaign for dipped headlights has ‘sensationally’ cut night accidents and casualties in the city. 1969 Guardian 23 June 7/5 In town traffic, dipped beams produce appreciable glare.

2. fig. Involved in debt; mortgaged (see dip v. 7 b). (colloq.) 1676 Wycherley PI. Dealer 111. i, Some young Wit, or Spendthrift, that has a good dip’d Seat and Estate in Middlesex. 1708 Motteux Rabelais (1737) V. 214 Redeemers of dipt, mortgag’d, and bleeding Copy-holds.

Dippel’s oil. [f. The name of the discoverer J. C. Dippel (1672-1734), German alchemist.] Bone oil. In full Dippel's animal oil. 1819 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. vii. 429 When horn, hoofs, or bones, are distilled per se, a quantity of solid carbonate of ammonia, and of the same substance combined with empyreumatic oil,.. are obtained; hence the pharmaceutical preparations called spirit and salt of hartshorn, and Dippel’s animal oil. 1904 in Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Diet. 1938 Thorpe's Diet. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 29/2 ‘Dippel’s oil’, sometimes also termed ‘bone oil’,.. is obtained by the destructive distillation of bones in the preparation of bone charcoal. 1966 Millar & Springall Sidgwick's Org. Chem. Nitrogen (ed. 3) xxi. 619 Pyrrole .. was first isolated in a pure condition by Anderson in 1858 who obtained it from a product of distillation of bone, bone oil or Dippel’s oil.

dipper (’dip3(r)). [f. dip v. + -er1.] 1. One who dips, in various senses; spec. a. One who immerses something in a fluid; chiefly in technical uses. 1611 Cotgr., Trempeur, a dipper, wetter, moistener. 1762 Derrick Lett. (1767) II. 51 There are women always ready to present you with a cup of water who call themselves

DIPPING

698 Dippers. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 473 By the side of this tub stands the dipper, and a boy, his assistant. 1881 Guide Worcest. Porcel. Whs. 8 The action of the Dipper shows the.. process in glazing.. wares. 1881 Besant & Rice Chapl. of Fleet 11. ii. (1883) 130 There was in the room [at Epsom Wells] a dipper, as they call the women who hand the water to those who go to drink it. 1883 Birm. Daily Post 11 Oct., Tallow Chandlers.—Wanted immediately, a first-class Dipper.

b. One who ‘dips’ snuff: see dip v. 5. 1870 W. M. Baker New Timothy 75 (Cent. Diet.) The fair dipper holds in her lap a bottle containing the most pungent Scotch snuff, and in her mouth a short stick of soft wood, the end of which is chewed into a sort of brush.

c. One who ‘dips’ into a book, etc.: see dip v. 141824 W. Irving T. Trav. I. 326, I became also a lounger in the Bodleian library, and a great dipper into books. 1889 Temple Bar Mag. Dec. 553 The dippers are those readers who are only by an euphemism called readers.

d. Thieves’ slang. 1891.) 1889

A pickpocket.

(Farmer

in

Barrere & Leland Diet. Slang. 1896 A. Child of Jago xi. 111 Such dippers—such pickpockets—as could dress well. 1968 M. Allingham Cargo of Eagles ii. 34 [The wallet] could have been pinched .. and ditched there... Dippers often do that. Morrison

2. One who uses immersion in baptism; esp. an Anabaptist or Baptist: spec, one of a sect of American Baptists, called also Dunkers. 1617 Collins Def. Bp. Ely 1. v. 200 To be dippers and baptisers. 1642 Featly (title), The Dippers dipt, or the Anabaptists duck’d and plung’d over Head and Ears, at a Disputation in Southwark. 1823 Lamb Elia Ser. 11. Amicus Rediv., Fie, man, to turn dipper at your years, after so many tracts in favour of sprinkling only. 1887 C. W. Sutton in Diet. Nat. Biog. XI. 5/2 He became a dipper or anabaptist (immersed 6 Nov. 1644).

3. A name given to various birds which dip or dive in water, a. The Water Ouzel, Cinclus aquaticus-, also other species of the genus, as, in N. America, C. Mexicanus. b. locally in England: The Kingfisher, c. = dabchick i, didapper 1. ? Obs. d. in U.S. A species of duck, Bucephala albeola, the buffle. 1388 Wyclif Lev. xi. 17 An owle, and dippere [1382 deuedep, deuedoppe.]. - Deut. xiv. 17 A dippere, a pursirioun, and a reremous .. alle in her kynde. 1678 Ray Willughby’s Ornith. 340 The Didapper, or Dipper, or Dobchick, or small Doucker. 1752 Sir J. Hill Hist. Anim. 446 (Jod.), The dobchick.. we call it by several names expressive of its diving; the didapper, the dipper, etc. 1833 Selby in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. No. 1. 20 The only bird which attracted notice was the dipper (Cinclus aquaticus). 1864 Thoreau Maine W. iii. 170 A brood of twelve black dippers, half grown, came paddling by. 1881 Miss Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk., Dipper, the King-fisher. 1882 A. Hepburn in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club IX. No. 3. 504 Of the Thrush family, the Dipper or Watercrow frequented all the streams.

4. A genus of gastropod molluscs, Bulla. 1776 Da Costa Conchol. 174 (Jod.) The sixth family is the nuces, seu bullae; commonly called the pewits eggs, or dipping snails, but which I shall henceforward call dippers, or seanuts. 1835 Kirby Hab. Sf Inst. Anim. I. ix. 276 The dippers (Bulla) which are furnished with a singular organ or gizzard that proves their predaceous or carnivorous habits.

5. a. A utensil for dipping up water, etc.: spec. a ladle consisting of a bowl with a long handle. (Chiefly U.S.) 1801 Mason Supp. Johnson, Dipper, a spoon made in a certain form. Being a modern invention, it is not often mentioned in books. 1828 Webster, Dipper.. 2 A vessel used to dip water or other liquor; a ladle. 1855 Longf. Hiaw. xxii. 107 Water brought in birchen dippers. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Dipper, an utensil for taking up fluids in a brewery. 1864 Lowell Fireside Trav. 15s The little tin dipper was scratched all over. 1885 G. Allen Babylon xi, Each of whom brought his own dipper, plate, knife, fork. 1891 R. Kipling Naulahka iv, It’s like trying to scoop up the ocean with a dipper.

b. The popular name in the United States for the configuration of seven bright stars in Ursa Major (called in Britain ‘the Plough’, or ‘Charles’s Wain’). Little Dipper: the similar configuration of seven stars in Ursa Minor. 1842 Lowell (Mass.) Offering II. 234, 236 (Th.), You all know the Dipper? Yes, it is in the Great Bear. The Little Dipper is in Ursa Minor. 1858 Thoreau Autumn (1894) 74 Its [comet’s] tail is at least as long as the whole of the Great Dipper. 1858 Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. II. iii The constellation of the Dipper.. pointing to the North Star. 1890 C. A. Young Uranography §5 The familiar Dipper is sloping downward in the north-west.

c. In full dipper dredge. A type of dredging boat or machine (see quots.). 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 465/1 The dipper dredge consists of a barge, with a derrick-crane reaching over the stern, suspending a large wrought-iron bucket which brings up the dredged material. 1879 Scribner's Monthly Nov. 55/1 The channel has also been assisted somewhat in its development, by an Osgood dipper dredge, a 1884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl., Dipper, a form of dredging machine which has a large ladle on the end of a spar. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. IV. 634/2 Such a crude form of dipper dredge is still to be found in China.

6. Photogr. An apparatus for immersing negatives in a chemical solution: see quots. 1859 Photogr. News 186 Dipper, the piece of glass or other substance on which the iodised plate is laid, in order to be dipped into the nitrate of silver bath. 1878 Abney Photogr. 79 The dipper, employed for carrying the plate into the solution during the operation of sensitising, may be conveniently made of pure silver wire. 1879 Cassell's Techn.

Educ. III. 65 In this bath must be a dipper for the purpose of raising and lowering the plate during the sensitising process. ,

7. a. A receptacle for oil, varnish, etc., fastened to a palette. 1859 Gullick & Timbs Paint. 199 The Dipper is made so that it can be attached to the palette. It serves to contain oil, varnish, or other vehicle used. 1883 Spectator 3 Nov. 1413 It blew the medium out of its dipper, and spread it in a shower upon the middle of the picture.

b. = DIP sb. 8. 1891 R. Wallace Rural Econ. Austral. & N.Z. xvi. 247 The dipper.. consists of a narrow well or trough of masonry. *956 J- Gibbons et al. in D. L. Linton Sheffield 258 Installation of electricity, sheep pens and dippers.

c. As the name of various mechanical devices or instruments; big dipper, see BIG a. B. 2. 1925 Morris Owner's Man. 28 In the bottom case are fitted the troughs for feeding oil to the connecting-rod big ends through the oil dippers which are fitted to same. 1928 Daily Express 28 Sept. 9 It should be made compulsory for all motorists to have dippers affixed to their headlights. 1951 N. Balchin Way through Wood iii. 46, I suppose he was driving dipped and it was one of those dippers that switches off the offside light. 1963 [see headlight].

8. attrib. and Comb., as dipper-bird (see 3 a); dipper-clam (U.S.), a bivalve mollusc, Mactra solidissima, common on the Atlantic coast of the United States; dipper-gourd (U.S.), a gourd used as a dipper (sense 5); dipper switch = dipswitch. 1894 Crockett Raiders (ed. 3) 260 A man stole off up the waterside, jumping across it in running skips like a dipper bird. 1880 New Virginians I. 199 A bucket of spring-water, with a dipper-gourd in it. 1935 Times 1 Oct. 8/4 The equipment includes such fittings as self-cancelling traffic indicators.. and a foot-operated dipper switch. 1965 Priestley & Wisdom Good Driving ii. 20 A dipper switch.. enables you to dip the beam.

dipperful ('dipaful). U.S. [f. dipper + -ful.] As much as fills a dipper (see prec. 5). 1874 Mrs. Whitney We Girls vi. 136 We poured some dipperfuls of hot water over them. 1883 E. Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. Jan. 197/2 We were just in time to get a dipperful of the buttermilk.

dipping ('dipir)), vbl. sb. [f. dip v. + -ing1.] 1. The action of the verb dip in various senses. C1440 Promp. Parv. 121/2 Dyppynge yn lycore, intinctio. 1548 Cranmer Catech. 215 He knoweth not what baptisme is .. nor what the dyppyng in the water doth betoken. 1655 Jer. Taylor Unum Necess. v. §4 (R.) That which is dyed with many dippings is in grain, and can very hardly be washed out. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 434 Nice Observations of the Variations and Dippings of the Needle, in different Places. 1719 J. T. Philipps 34 Conferences 218, I ask’d them, how daily Dipping and Plunging did avail them? 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Lit. Wks. (Bohn) II. 113 No hope, no sublime augury, cheers the student.. but only a casual dipping here and there. 1867 J. Ker Lett. (1890) 33 From any little dippings of conversation I had among the people. 1870 Pumpelly Across Amer. Asia i. 1 The woman a very hag, ever following the disgusting habit of dipping—filling the air, and covering her clothes with snuff. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 705/1 Dipping. 1 The process of brightening ornamental brass-work.. The work is.. Dipped in a bath of pure nitrous acid for an instant. 1875 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Sports 1. v. vi. §3. 348 The tackle for dipping is much more simple than that employed in whipping. 1882 Standard 2 Sept. 6/a The Prisoner said she had only had a month for ‘dipping’ (picking pockets). 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 22 Improved Mast to do away with Dipping of Lug.

2. concr. a. A liquid preparation in which things are dipped for any purpose: a wash for sheep; dubbing for leather (Sc.). 1825-80 Jamieson, Dipping, the name given to a composition of boiled oil and grease, used by curriers for softening leather, and making it more fit for resisting dampness. 1888 Elworthy If Somerset Word-bk., Dipping, a strong poisonous liquor, for dipping sheep, to kill vermin, and to prevent the scab.

b. A grade of turpentine. (Cf. dip sb. 8 b.) U.S. 1832 D. J. Browne Sylva Amer. 232 The turpentine thus procured is the best, and is called pure dipping.

3. attrib. and Comb., chiefly in reference to technical processes, as dipping-bath, -house, -ladle, -liquid, -machine, -net, -pan, -process, -room, -tank, -trough, -tub, -tube, -vat, -vessel, •works-, also Naut. (cf. dip v. 6), as dipping-line, -lug, -mark-, also dipping-frame, a frame used in dipping tallow candles, and in dyeing; t dipping-place, a baptistery; dipping-shell, -snail = dipper 4; dipping-well, the receptacle in front of an isobath inkstand; dipping-wheel U.S., a wheel consisting of revolving buckets or nets set in a river for catching fish. 1841 Awards Highl. & Agric. Soc. Scotland, To Mr. Thomas Bigg, London, for a Sheep ‘Dipping Apparatus. 1894 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. XLI. 3 Procure a glass vertical ‘dipping bath with a glass dipper. 1893 Labour Commission Gloss., * Dipping House, the part of the factory in which the operation of dipping.. is carried on. Dipping House Women, are the women and girls in the potting industry who clean the ware after it has been dipped and become dry. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., * Dipping-ladle, a metal ladle for taking boiling pitch from the cauldron. 1886 Caulfeild Seamanship Notes 1 Work ‘dipping-line and hoist sail. c 1865 G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 216/1 He will require several ..pans, one containing nitric acid, another filled with ‘‘dipping’ liquid. 1875 Bedford Sailor's Pocket-bk. vi. (ed. 2) 214 Sling a ‘dipping lug l from the foremost yard-arm. 1886 C. Scott Sheep-farming 145 The material best adapted for making the tub of a ‘dipping machine is concrete... On

DIPPING a sheep farm the dipping-trough should be always the landlord’s property, and a fixture. ci86o H, Stuart Seaman's Catech. 7 How would you dip a ‘lug’? Lower the halyards to the *dipping mark. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Wordbk., * Dipping-net, a small net used for taking shad and other fish out of the water. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 705/1 * Dipping-pan (Stereotyping), a square, cast-iron tray in which the floating-plate and plaster-cast are placed for obtaining a stereo-type cast. 1616 MS. Acc. St. John's HospCanterb., Payd vnto a carpenter for making of a ♦depping place xvjd. 1766 Entick London IV. 374 In this parish [is] the Ana-baptist dipping-place. 1881 Guide Worcest. Parcel. Wks. 27 From the *dipping room the ware is brought to the drying stove. 1711 Phil. Trans. XXVII. 352 A sort of *Diping Shell, very common on the Shoars of Jamaica and Barbadoes. 1776 *Dipping-snail [see dipper 4]. 1903 Daily Chron. 10 Feb. 6/4 The molten spelter, with which the ^dipping tanks were filled ready for the day’s work. 1853 Catal. R. Agric. Soc. Show 1 Sheep Dipping Apparatus .. It consists of a *dipping-tub, a draining-vessel, and an inclined plane. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., * Dipping- tube, a fine glass tube used to collect a small quantity of liquid or some solid matter in a liquid, for examination under the microscope. 01884 Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl., *Dipping vat, the trough containing fine glazing slip in which biscuit ware is dipped to be covered with the material which, baked on, forms glaze. C1865 Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 93/2 The tallow is kept in the *dipping-vessel, at a temperature just over the point of solidification. 1889 Durham Univ.Jrnl. 196 It.. has a small *dipping-well in which the ink is always at the same height. 01884 Knight Did. Mech. Suppl., * Dipping wheel, a contrivance used in Southern rivers to meet local demand for fish. It is set in the stream so as to be turned by the current, and has a number of dip-nets which raise the fish and tumble them out at the axis in the manner of the scoop-wheel.

'dipping, ppl. a. [f. dip v. + -ing2.] That dips, in various senses: see the verb. spec. Of the beams of headlights: lowered or capable of being lowered (cf. dip v. 6 d). 1798 Coleridge Anc. Mar. 1. 12 With sloping masts and dipping prow. 1866 Mrs. Gaskell Wives & Date, xlvi, With formal dipping curtseys the ladies separated. 1869 Jean Ingelow Raven in White Chine vi, With a crimson hue The dipping sun endowed that silver flood. 1887 Stevenson Underwoods 1. iii. 4 My dipping paddle scarcely shakes The berry in the bramble-brakes. 1922 Motor 7 Nov. 744/2 (caption) Duco dipping headlights. 1957 Act 5 & 6 Eliz. II c. 51 §3 No light shown by a vehicle, other than a dipping headlight, shall be moved by swivelling, deflecting or otherwise while the vehicle is in motion.

Hence dippingly adv., in a dipping way. 1852 G. W. Curtis Lotos-eating 67 The summer-bird of a traveller who skims up the Hudson dippingly.

'dipping-needle, [see dip v. 12, dip sb. 4] A magnetic needle mounted so as to be capable of moving in a vertical plane about its centre of gravity, and thus indicating by its dip the direction of the earth’s magnetism. So dippingcompass, an instrument consisting of a dippingneedle with a vertical graduated circle for measuring the ‘dip’ or angle of inclination; = dip-circle. 1667 Phil. Trans. II. 438 The Dipping-Needle is to be used as frequently as the former Experiment is made. 1713 Derham Phys.-Theol. v. i, note 21 (R.), I have not yet been so happy to procure a tolerable good dipping-needle. 1805 M. Flinders in Phil. Trans. XCV. 195 Taking the theodolite and dipping-needle, I landed. 1871 Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. xiii. 373 Previous to magnetization, a dipping needle .. stands accurately level.

dip-pipe, -rod: see dip sb. dippy ('dipi), a. slang. [Origin obscure; ? f. dip v.\ Mad, insane, crazy. Also const, about, over, in love (with). Also absol. 1903 C. E. Merriman Lett, from Son ix. 119 Her desolateness appeared to touch a hidden, sympathetic chord in my nature. Whatever the cause, I was dippy for fair. 1904 Ade True Bills 35 It is just as easy to love a girl who has the coin as it is to get dippy over the Honest Working-Girl. 1905 A. M. Binstead Mop Fair i. 6, I should be compelled to lament the fact that I had become hopelessly dippy. 1922 J. A. Dunn Man Trap xii. 167, I got lost there... Damned fool. No water! Too much sun! Went dippy and threw away everything. 1923 Wodehouse Adv. Sally x. 121 I’d be just as happy in two rooms and a kitchenette, so long as Fillmore was there. You’ve no notion how dippy I am about him. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement vii. 353 The daughter she talks about seems to be completely dippy. 1938 F. S. Anthony Me & Gus ii. 11 A chap dippy over a girl. 1967 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 29/2 In past days the senile and the slightly dippy were clapped into institutions.

diprionid (dai'praiamd), a. = diprionidian a. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 769 Specimens of diprionid Graptolites. diprionidian (daipraisu'nidian), a. Palseont. [f. Gr. 81- twice (di-2) + rrplwv a saw.] Having serrations on both sides of the stem: said of graptolites. 1872 Nicholson Palseont. 82 Two leading types may be distinguished amongst the Graptolites.. ‘monoprionidian’ and ‘diprionidian1.

DIPTERA

699

dipropargyl (daiprD'pa:d3il). Chem. [f. di-2 2 -I- propargyl.] A hydrocarbon isomeric with benzene (C6H6) having the constitution of a double molecule of the radical Propargyl or Propinyl (CH = C CH2); a mobile, highly refractive liquid, with an intensely pungent odour. 1875 Watts Diet. Chem. VII. 1008 Dipropargyl.. is easily distinguished from benzene by its property of combining with explosive violence with bromine. 1881 Nature XXIII. 566 Recent observations on dipropargyl by Henry, the discoverer of this curious compound.

II diprotodon (dai'praotadDn). Palseont. [mod.L., f. Gr. 81- twice -1- npairo-s first -t- -o8ov, neuter of -oSous, f. oSous tooth.] A genus of huge extinct marsupials, having two incisors in the lower jaw. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 469/1 Anterior extremity of the right ramus, lower jaw, of Diprotodon. 1880 Nicholson Zool. lxix. 670 In size Diprotodon must have many times exceeded the largest of living Kangaroos. 1892 Pall Mall G. 30 Sept. 6/3 Remains of the extinct monster diprotodon.

di'protodont, a. and sb. [f. as prec., with stem oSovt-.]

A. adj. Having two incisors in the lower jaw; having the dentition or characteristics of the genus Diprotodon. B. sb. A marsupial of this genus. 1881 Times 28 Jan. 3/4 In the nototheres and diprotodonts, progressive movement is performed in the ordinary four-footed fashion of the tapir and rhinoceros.

dipsacaceous (dipsa'keijas), a. Bot. [f. mod.L. Dipsacace-se, f. Dipsacus, Gr. Sh/iaKos teasel, f. Sbpa thirst, in allusion to the retention of water in the hollows formed by the axils of the connate leaves.] Belonging to the Natural Order Dipsacacese, containing the teasels and their allies. Also dip'saceous, a. (Smart Suppl. 1849.)

t'dipsad. Obs. rare. [a. F. dipsade (Rabelais, 16th c.), ad. L. dipsad-em, Gr. 8h/ia8-a (accus.): see dipsas.] = dipsas 1. 1607 Topsell Serpents (1658) 698 [tr. dipsads thirst in midst of water floud.

Lucan] And

dipsadine ('dipsodam), a. Zool. [f. L. dipsadstem of dipsas + -ine.] Of or belonging to the family of non-venomous snakes, Dipsadinse, to which belongs the genus Dipsas (dipsas 2 a). || dipsas ('dipsass). PI. dipsades ('dipsadiiz). Also 5'dypsa, 6 {Her.) dipsez, 8 dipsa, dypsas. [L. dipsas, Gr. 8ufias a serpent whose bite caused great thirst, orig. adj., causing thirst, f. Sltfia thirst. Cf. F. dipsade, dipsas, older dipse (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).] 1. A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce a raging thirst. 1382 Wyclif Deut. viii. 15 Scorpioun, and dipsas, that is, an eddre that whom he biteth, he maketh thur3 threste die. 1496 Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) v. iii. 198/1 Flaterers be lykened to an adder that is called dypsa. 1572 Bossewell Armorie II. 63 A Dipsez verte, charged on the firste quarter. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. xxii. xv. 213 Of serpents, to wit.. the Dipsades, and the Vipers. 1627 May Lucan IX. 703 Dipsases in midst of water dry. 1667 Milton P.L. x. 526 Scorpion, and Asp, and Amphisbaena dire, Cerastes homd, Hydrus, and Ellops drear, And Dipsas. c 1750 Shenstone Elegies xx. 39 Here the dry dipsa writhes his sinuous mail. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. ill. iv. 19 It thirsted As one bit by a dipsas. 1894 F. S. Ellis Reynard 336 A dipsas is a worm accurst, From whose bite follows raging thirst.

2. Zool. a. A tropical genus of non-venomous serpents, b. A genus of fresh-water bivalves of the family Unionidse, or river-mussels. 1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 280 Under the non-venomous [serpents] are arranged the following genera:—Tortrix: Boa . .Coluber.. Dipsas. 1843 Ibid. XXVI. 5 Mr. J. E. Gray makes the Unionidae the eighth family of his order Cladopoda. Genera:—Anodon, Margaritana, Dipsas.

dipsetic (dip'setik), a. and sb. [ad. Gr. Sh/d/tuc-os provoking thirst, thirsty, f. Sufid-eiv to thirst, Sofia thirst.] A. adj. Producing thirst. B. sb. A substance or preparation that produces thirst. 1847 in Craig. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

dipsey, -sie, -sy, var. of deep-sea (apparently associated with dip), esp. in dipsy-lead, -line. 1626-1698 [see deep sea]. 1837 Marry at Dog-Fiend xliii, I may.. as well go down like a dipsey lead, i860 Bartlett Diet. Amer., Dipsy, a term applied, in some parts of Pennsylvania, to the sinker of a fishing-line. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Dipsy, the float of a fishing-line.

t dipris'matic,

a. Min. Obs. [f. di-2 + Doubly prismatic; pertaining to two prismatic systems: see quot.

t 'dipsian, a. Obs. [f. dipsa form of dipsas, or

prismatic.]

Gr. 8lifn-os thirsty -I- -an.] Of thirst: such as was caused by the bite of the dipsas; raging.

1821 R. Jameson Mineralogy Introd. 10 Cleavage is said to be diprismatic, if its planes have the direction of the faces of a vertical, and at the same time of a horizontal prism.

a 1618 Sylvester Du Bartas, Auto-machia 100 Gold, Gold bewitches mee, and frets accurst My greedy throat with more than Dipsian thirst.

[dipsin, app. mispr. for dipsie,

dipsey, deep-sea. 1598 Hakluyt Voy. I. 435 Sound with your dipsin lead, and note diligently what depth you finde.]

dipso, colloq. abbrev. of dipsomaniac sb. and a. 1880 G. B. Shaw Let. 29 Nov. (1965) 36 How long do you suppose an average woman (dipso as described).. would last alive after the inability to retain food or drink set in? 1923 A. Huxley Antic Hay xiv. 217 Vicious young women. Lesbians, drug-fiends, nymphomaniacs, dipsos— thoroughly vicious, nowadays. 1935 E. Williams Night must Fall 30 Maniacs can’t get far without cash.. however dipso or nympho they may be. 1959 J. Braine Vodi xxv. 269, I didn’t mean that you were a dipso... But I’ve never been out with you when we didn’t go into a pub.

II dipsomania (dipsau'meinis).

Path.

[f. Gr.

Sk/io- comb, form of Shfia thirst -1- pavla madness,

A morbid and insatiable craving for alcohol, often of a paroxysmal character. Also applied to persistent drunkenness, and formerly to the delirium produced by excessive drinking. mania.]

1843-4 A. S. Taylor Med. Jurispr. lxvi. 655 Dipsomania, drunkenness. This state, which is called in law frenzy, or 4dementia affectata', is regarded as a temporary form of insanity. 1851-60 in Mayne Expos. Lex. 1862 tr. Caspar's Handbk. Forensic Med. (New Syd. Soc.) II. 91 [She] had been for many years excessively given to drinking, and in her case it had developed to actual ‘dipsomania’. 1866 A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 512 Dipsomania is a term sometimes used to denote the peculiar delirium arising from the abuse of alcohol, but it is commonly applied to an uncontrollable desire for alcoholic drinks. 1881 S. Alford in Med. Temp. Jrnl. XLVII. 163 Dipsomania, or inebriety, is a fundamental disease of the nervous system, primarily of a functional character. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Dipsomania. .is to be distinguished from ordinary and habitual drunken-ness, in that the craving is paroxysmal, and comes on apparently without the external temptation of what is called good company.

dipso'maniac, sb.

and a. [f. prec, + -ac (after

maniac).]

A. sb. A person affected with dipsomania; one who suffers from an ungovernable craving for drink. 1858 A. S. Taylor Med. Jurispr. lxx. (ed. 6) 950 The two jurors.. considered that she was a dipsomaniac. 1866 Lond. Rev. 13 Oct. 404/2 There are several places where Dipsomaniacs are treated, under the rule and care of religious orders. 1884 Mrs. C. Praed Zero ix, A craving for excitement as keen as that of the dipsomaniac for alcohol.

B. adj.

— next. (In recent Diets.)

dipsoma'niacal, a. [f. as Affected with dipsomania.

prec.

+

-al1.]

1865 tr. Caspar's Handbk. Forensic Med. (New Syd. Soc.) IV. 267 She had given herself up to drunkenness and had become dipsomaniacal.

dipsopathy (dip'sDpaGi). [f. Gr.

Sofia-, Shfia. thirst + 7radeia, f. trados suffering (taken after homoeopathy, hydropathy, etc., in sense ‘method of cure’).] The treatment of disease by abstinence from liquids. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

Ildip'sosis. Med.

[irreg. f. Gr. Sti/ra thirst + -osis: th£ actual Gr. word was Shprjois.] ‘A term for a morbid degree of thirst: nearly synonymous with Polydipsia' (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1851-60). 1847 in Craig.

dipsy, dipt,

variant of dipsey.

variant of dipped, pa. t. and pple. of dip v.

diptani,

obs. form of dittany.

Dip. Tech., colloq. abbrev. of Diploma in Technology. Also, qualification.

a person who holds this

1957 Technology Oct. 292/3 Recognition of Dip. Tech, courses. 1958 Times 19 Sept. 5/6 First Crop of Dip. Techs. .. The names are announced to-day of the first crop of students to be awarded the Diploma in Technology by the National Council for Technological Awards. 1958 Economist 15 Nov. 591/2 The universities have .. agreed that the Dip Tech (created in 1956) shall rank as equivalent to first degrees in universities, and this means that Dip Techs should be able to work for higher research degrees in universities if opportunity offers. 1969 R. Layard et al. Impact of Robbins 73 There were 5,500 students on these courses, if we include those leading to the Diploma in Technology (Dip. Tech.), most of which have now been converted to degree courses.

dipter ('dipta(r)). Entom. [ad. F. diptere (1791 in Hatz.-Darm.), L. dipter-us, a. Gr. SiWepos two-winged, f. Si-, Sis twice + irrepov wing.] One of the Diptera\ a two-winged fly. 1828 Webster s.v., The dipters are an order of insects having only two wings, and two poisers, as the fly.

H'Diptera, sb. pi.

Entom. [mod. L. = Gr. pi. neuter of Sun-epos two¬ winged (sc. insecta insects, animalia animals): see prec.] The two-winged flies, a large order of insects having one pair of membranous wings, with a pair of halteres or poisers representing a posterior pair. Well-known examples are the Slnrepa (Aristotle),

DIPTERACEOUS common house-fly, the gnats, gad-flies, and crane-flies.

anal respectively. Hence dip'terian a. and sb., belonging to, or a member of, this genus.

1819 Pantologia, Diptera, in zoology, an order of the class insecta, characterised by having two wings, under each of which is a clavate poise with its appropriate scale. 1867 F. Francis Angling vi. (1880) 196 The other orders in most use by the fly-fishers are .. the Diptera, or two-winged. 1879 A. W. Bennett in Academy 33 Abundantly visited by insects, especially Diptera.

1842 H. Miller O.R. Sandst. (ed. 2) 103 The Dipterus or double-wing, of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. 1847 Ansted Anc. World iv. 70 These ancient fishes (Dipterians). 1854 F. C. Bakewell Geol. 29 Other fishes, of which the dipterus is the type, bear more resemblance to fishes of the present day.

dipterygian (dipt3'nd3(i)3n), a. (sb.) Ichth. [f. dipte'raceous, a. Bot. [f. mod. Bot. L. Dipteracese, f. Diptercontracted from Dipterocarpus generic name (f. SiVrep-o? two¬ winged 4- Kapiros fruit): see -aceous.] Of or belonging to the Natural Order Dipteracese (Dipterocarpese): see dipterocarp. So dipterad, a plant of this order. 1849 Smart Suppl., Dipteraceous, epithet of an order of arborescent exogens, found only in India and the Indian Archipelago, which includes the camphor tree; an order chiefly marked by the enlarged, foliaceous, unequal segments of the calyx investing the fruit. 1866 Treas. Bot. I. 415/2 Dipteracese (Dipterocarpese, Dipterads), a natural order of thalamifloral dicotyledons or Exogens .. containing large trees with resinous juice.

dipteral ('diptoral), a. [f. L. dipter-os (Vitruv.), a. Gr. SiVrcpoy (DIPTER) + -AL1.] 1. Arch. Having a double peristyle. 1812 W. Wilkins Civil Archit. Vitruvius 37 It was perhaps the intention of the author to represent dipteral temples with a treble portico in that front only through which they were approached. 1846 Ellis Elgin Marb. I. 72 A temple was of the kind called dipteral, when it had two ranges of columns resting on the pavement. 1886 Century Mag. Nov. 139/1 A dipteral temple.

2. Entom. = dipterous. 1828 in Webster.

'dipteran, a. and sb. Entom. [f. as dipter, Diptera 4- -an.] A. adj. = dipterous. B. sb. A dipterous insect. 1842 in Brande Diet. Sci., etc.: and in mod. Diets.

fdip'teric, a. Arch. Obs. rare. [a. F. dipterique (17th c.), f. Gr. StVrep-os two-winged + -ic.] Ill PTERAL 1664 Evelyn tr. Frearfs Archit. 37 It was of the dipteryque figure; that is, inviron’d with a two-fold range of Columns.

dipterist (’diptarist). [f. Dipter-a + -ist.] An entomologist who studies the Diptera. 1872 O. W. Holmes Poet Breakf.-t. ii. (1885) 48 Competition., between the dipterists and the lepidopterists.

dipterocarp ('diptarsokaip). Bot. [ad. mod.L. Dipterocarp-us, f. Gr. SiWep-os two-winged 4Kaprros fruit.] A member of the genus Dipterocarpus or Natural Order Dipterocarpese, comprising East Indian trees characterized by two wings on the summit of the fruit, formed by enlargement of two of the calyx-lobes. Cf. dipteraceous. So diptero'carpous a., belonging to this genus or order. 1876 Harley Mat. Med. 702 Dipterocarps.. Gigantic trees abounding in resinous juice, natives of India. 1885 H. O. Forbes Nat. Wand. E. Archip. 135 Various species of coniferous and dipterocarpous trees.

dipte'rology. [f. Diptera: see -(o)logy.] That branch of entomology which relates to the Diptera. Hence ,diptero'logical a., dipte'rologist = dipterist. 1881 Nature XXIV. 46 Descriptions of new diptera, and dipterological notes.

H'dipteros. Arch. Formerly, also dipteron, and, after Fr., diptere. [a. Gr. StVrepos- (sc. vaos) two¬ winged (temple).] A temple or building with double peristyle. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dipteron (in Archit.) a Building that has a double Wing or Isle. The Ancients gave that Name to such Temples as were surrounded with two ranges of Pilars.. which they call’d Wings. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Diptere, or Dipteron. 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Diptere. 1882 Ogilvie, Dipteros.

dipterous ('diptsras), a. [f. mod.L. dipter-us (see dipter) + -ous.] 1. Entom. Two-winged; of, pertaining to, or of the nature of the Diptera. 1773 White in Phil. Trans. LXIV. 201 They.. are greatly .. annoyed by a large dipterous insect. 1802 Bingley Anim. Biog. (1813) I. 48 Dipterous insects.. are those having only two wings, each furnished at its base with a poise or balancer. 1816 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1843) II. 304 The noisiest wings belong to insects of the dipterous order. 1874 Lubbock Orig. & Met. Ins. i. 24 Smooth ovate bodies, much resembling ordinary dipterous pupae.

2. Bot. Having two wing-like appendages or processes, as certain fruits, seeds, etc. 1851-60 Mayne Expos. Lex., Dipterus.. having two wings: dipterous. Bot. Applied to a pericarp when it has lateral appendages like wings. 1866 in Treas. Bot.

H'Dipterus. Palseont. [mod.L., f. Gr.: see dipter.] A genus of Palseozoic dipnoous fishes, having two dorsal fins, opposite the ventral and

DIRAL

700

mod.L. Dipterygii (f. Si-, Sis twice + mepvyi-ov fin) 4- -an.] Having two fins: applied to fishes having, or supposed to have, only two fins. Also dipte'rygious a. 1847 Craig, Dipterygians, a family of fishes, furnished with two fins only. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex. [both words].

diptong(e, obs. form of diphthong. diptote ('diptsut), sb. and a. Gram. Also 7-8 -tot, 8 -toton. [ad. L. diptota (pi.) nouns that have only two case-endings, a Gr. SiVriora, pi. neuter of SiWoito-s with a double case-ending, f. St-, Sis twice 4- 7TTiurds falling (tttwois case).] A. sb. A noun having only two cases. B. adj. Having only two cases. 1612 Brinsley Pos. Parts (1669) 101 Q. What words do you call Diptots? A. Such as have but two cases. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Diptote. 1751 Wesley Wks. (1872) XIV. 40 Diptots, which have but two cases; as, Spontis, Sponte. 1885 tr, Socin's Arab. Gram. 56 The triptote are distinguished from the diptote nouns by the nunation being always written over the former.

diptych ('diptik). Forms: 7 diptyck, 7-8 diptick, dyptick, 7-9 diptyc, 8 dyptic, 7- diptych, [ad. L. diptycha (pi.), a late Gr. 8Inrvxa pair of writingtablets, neut. pi. of 8«tti>x°s double-folded, f. Si-, 81s twice 4- tTTvxr) fold. Cf. mod. F. diptyque, C1700 in Hatz.-Darm.] 1. Anything folded, so as to have two leaves; esp. a two-leaved, hinged tablet of metal, ivory or wood, having its inner surfaces covered with wax, used by the ancients for writing with the stylus. 1622 Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer Pref., Diptychs or Folded Tables. 1731 Gale in Phil. Trans. XXXVII. 161 The Diptychs and Triptychs that were covered with Wax, served only for common Occurrences. 1829 J. Flaxman Led. Sculpt, iii. 98 The Greeks executed small works of great elegance, as may be seen in the dyptics, or ivory covers, to consular records, or sacred volumes. 1859 Gullick & Timbs Paint. 306 The diptychs.. were among the Romans formed of two little tablets of wood or ivory, folding one over the other like a book.

b. spec, (in pi.) Applied to the artistically wrought tablets distributed by the consuls, etc. of the later Empire to commemorate their tenure of office; hence transferred to a list of magistrates. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 27 Their names and portraits, engraved on gilt tablets of ivory, were dispersed over the empire as presents to the provinces .. the senate.. the people. (Note) Montfaucon has represented some of these tablets or dypticks. 1797 Monthly Mag. 506 The consular dyptics contain similar cyphers.

2. Eccl. (in pi.) Tablets on which were recorded the names of those of the orthodox, living and dead, who were commemorated by the early Church at the celebration of the eucharist. Hence, The list or register of such names; the intercessions in the course of which the names were introduced. 1640 Hammond Poor Man's Tithing Wks. 1684 IV. 5 Enrol their names in the book of life, in those sacred eternal diptycks. 1680 Stillingfl. Mischief Separation (ed. 2) 30 Atticus restored the name of St. Chrysostom to the Diptychs of the Church. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist, iyth C. I. v. 64 The Dipticks.. have been famous, in the Councils of the East ever since the Council of Chalcedon. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) I. III. iii. 40 The Names of Acacius and all who communicated with him were erased from the diptychs. 1882-3 Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knouil. I. 643 In the twelfth century the diptychs fell out of use in the Latin Church.

3. An altar-piece or other painting composed of two leaves which close like a book. 1852 Mrs. Jameson Leg. Madonna Introd. (1857) 52 A Diptych is an altar-piece composed of two divisions or leaves, which are united by hinges, and close like a book. 1863 Baring-Gould Iceland 158 Svinavatn church contains a curious diptych with mediaeval figures.

'diptychous, a. [f. as prec. 4- -ous.] Doublefolded. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

I! Dipus (’daipas). Zool. [mod.L., ad. Gr. SiVouy two-footed.] a. The typical genus of the jerboas, a race of rodents which progress like the kangaroo, by leaping with the long hinder legs, b. A small marsupial quadruped of Australia, Chseropus castanotis. 1799 B. J. Barton in Trans. Amer. Soc. IV. 114 (title) Some account of the American Species of Dipus, or Jarboa. 1849 C. Sturt Exp. Centr. Austral. II. 5 Mr. Browne and I had chased a Dipus into a hollow log, and there secured it. 1859 Cornwallis New World I. 194 The wallabi, the dipus, the talpero, the wombat.

Dipylon ('dipitan), a. and sb. Gr. Archaeol. Also Dipylum, and with small initial. [L., a. Gr. SiirvAov, neut. of SiirvAos double-gated, f. 81- two 4- ttvXtj gate.] A. sb. A double gateway in which the two gates are placed side by side, spec, a gateway in Athens on the north-west side of the city. B. adj. Denoting or pertaining to the Dipylon of Athens; spec, designating a style of Greek pottery belonging to the Geometric period found during excavations near this gate, or a similar Boeotian ware of the same period and of similar style, or to the designs found on such pottery. 1835 Penny Cycl. III. 10/1 The direction of the wall from the Ilissus along the south and west sides of the city to the Dipylum is quite clear. 1896 Daily News 12 June 5/1 Through the modifications of the Dipylon period.. the fashions of Greek ladies were always changing. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 572/2 We engrave an excerpt from a Dipylon vase. Ibid. 759/1 The discovery of the Dipylon Gate, the principal entrance of ancient Athens. 1911 W. M. F. Petrie Revolutions of Civilisation iii. 59 The rise of a new art began to dawn in the dipylon vases. 1950 H. L. Lorimer Homer & Monum. v. 164 The numerous indications that the Dipylon shield was wielded by a hand-grip dissociate it from the Minoan shield. Ibid. 165 The form of the Dipylon shield is simple, produced apparently by taking a hide cut to an oblong shape and stiffening it by a vertical stave down the middle and a horizontal one at top and bottom. 1955 Archit. Rev. CXVII. 295 A truncated dipylon gripped between canted buttresses.

dipyre (di'pai3(r)). Min. [mod. (Haiiy 1801) ad. L. dipyros, Gr. SiVupos twice put into the fire, f. 4- triip fire: so called because when heated it exhibits both phosphorescence and fusion.] A silicate of alumina with small proportions of the silicates of soda and lime, occurring in square prisms. Si- twice

1804 Fourcroy's Chem. II. 441 The dipyre. 1807 Aikin Did. Chem. & Min. s.v. 1868 Dana Min. §302 Dipyre occurs in rather coarse crystals, often large or stout, and rarely columnar, in metamorphic rocks.

dipyrenous (daipai'riinss), a. Bot. [f. Gr. twice 4- TTvprjv fruit-stone + -ous.] Containing two fruit-stones. 1866 in Treas. Bot. 1880 Gray Struct. Bot. vii. §2. 298 The fruits are dipyrenous, tripyrenous, tetrapyrenous, etc., according as they contain 2, 3, or 4 pyrenae.

diquat

('daikwot).

Chem.

[f.

di-2

+

quaternary a.] A quaternary compound with

herbicidal properties (see quot. i960). i960 Agric. Vet. Chem. I. 197/2 Diquat is one of a group of quaternary dipyridylium salts which possess quite unique properties. Ibid., Diquat is thus a contact herbicide with a very rapid action, two main outlets being as a preharvest desiccant and as a contact weedkiller. 1962 New Scientist 22 Feb. 441/3 Diquat is quickly absorbed by weeds, killing rapidly on contact with their foliage. 1965 Economist 9 Jan. 130/2 A product like the paraquat/diquat ‘chemical ploughing’ agents (for squares: weedkiller)^

Dirac (di'raek).

The name of Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (born 1902), British mathematician and physicist, used attrib. to designate phenomena, theories, etc., in Math. and Physics discovered, described, or postulated by him. Also in Fermi-Dirac. 1933 Harnwell & Livingood Exp. Atomic Physics 461 (Index), Dirac-Fermi statistics. 1934 Physical Rev. XLVI. 110/1 When the electron is very intimately connected with an attractive center, something happens to its spin which is not adequately described by the Dirac theory. 1935 Ibid. XLVIII. 284/2 The interaction of the heavy particles with the electrons (represented, for instance, by the Dirac ‘density matrix’). Ibid. 435/1 The frequencies of the emitted light are determined by the eigenvalues of the Dirac equation. 1955 W. Pauli Niels Bohr 33 The coupling between one Boson field and one Dirac field. Ibid. 39 The Dirac equations for spinors are preserved. Ibid. 47 A Dirac spinor with four components can be decomposed into two irreducible parts. 1970 G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct, iii. 36 The radiation field also is treated as a quantized system (Dirac method).

fdi'radiate, v. Obs. [f. L. di-, dis- asunder 4radiate.] trans. To shed abroad in rays. 1651 Biggs New Disp. [P 85 [To] diradiate their vertues. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Diradiated, spread forth in Beams of Light.

diradiation (daireidi'eijsn). [n. of action from prec.] 1. The diffusion of rays from a luminous body. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Diradiation, a spreading abroad of Beams of Light; also a plashing or setting of Vines in form of Sun-beams. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Diradiation, the emission of light-rays from a luminous body.

2. Med. (See quots.) t730-6 Bailey (folio), Diradiation (in Medicine) an invigoration of the muscles by the animal spirits. 1823 in Crabb Technol. Diet. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Diradiation.. a synonym for Hypnotism.

f'diral, a. Obs. rare. [f. L. Dir at the Furies, the dire (sisters) 4- -AL1.] Of or pertaining to the Furies; dire. 1606 Dod & Cleaver Exp. Prov. xiii.-xiv. (1609) 102 That we expose not our hearts to these dirall and bitter terrors.

DIRAMATION t dira'mation. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. dt-, disasunder + ram-us branch + -ation.] Branching out, ramification. *778 Nat. Hist, in Ann. Reg. 109/2 The course and diramations of the vessels in stones.

Dirctean (da'siisn), a. [f. L. Dircseus, f. Dirce, Gr. ACpK-q name of a fountain in Bceotia.] Of or belonging to the fountain of Dirce: used of Pindar, called by Horace Dircseus cygnus the Dircaean swan; Pindaric, poetic. 173° Young Merchant iv. ii, O thou Dircaean Swan on high. 1884 Q. Rev. July 136 The voice of poet and prophet • • blended in a sublime Dircaean strain. 1894 Gladstone in igth Cent. Sept. 318 Air buoyant and copious enough to carry the Dircaean swan.

dirdum ('daidsm). Sc. and north, dial. Forms: 5 durdan, 6- dirdum, 7-9 -dam, -dom, durdum, 9 durden, durdem, dordum, dyrdum. [Derivation unknown: app. not connected with Sc. dird stroke, blow. It has been compared with Gaelic diardan anger, surliness, snarling, and with Welsh dwrdd, ‘sonitus, strepitus’ (Davies).] 1. Uproar, tumultuous noise or din. c 1440 York Myst. xxxi. 41 And se pat no durdan be done. a 1510 Douglas King Hart 11. 453 Than rais thair meikle dirdum and deray. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) 1.4 Lat be thi dirdum and thi din. 1655 Clarke Phraseol. 170 (Halliw.) An horrible dirdam they made. 1674-91 Ray Local Words 129 Durdom, noise. 1686 G. Stuart Joco-Ser. Disc. 70 For aw their Dirdom, and their Dinn, It was but little they did winn. 1802 R. Anderson Cumberld. Ball., Peace i, Sec a durdem, Nichol says, They’ve hed in Lunnon town. 1832 W. Stephenson Gateshead Poems 99 Their dirdum ye may hear each neet, If ye’ll but gan to Robbins. 1855 Robinson Whitby Gloss., Durdum, riotous confusion. ‘The street is all in a durdum.’ 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Durden, Durdum, uproar, hubbub. 1892 Northumbld. Gloss., Dirdum, Durdum, Dordum, noise and excitement, a confusion, a hurly-burly.

2. Outcry; loud reprehension, obloquy, blame. 1709 M. Bruce Soul Confirm. 14 (Jam.) A clash of the Kirk’s craft.. a fair dirdim of their synagogue. 1816 Scott Old Mort. vii, ‘This is a waur dirdum than we got frae Mr. Gudyill when ye garr’d me refuse to eat the plum-porridge on Yule-eve.’ 1823 Misses Corbett Petticoat Tales I. 280 (Jam.), ‘I gi’ed her such a dirdum the last time I got her sitting in our laundry.’ 1824 Scott Redgauntlet Let. xi, ‘We had better lay the haill dirdum on that ill-deedie creature.’ 1886 Stevenson Kidnapped xix, If I get the dirdum of this dreadful accident, I’ll have to fend for myself.

dire (daia(r)), a. and sb. Also 6-7 dyre. [ad. L. dir-us fearful, awful, portentous, ill-boding.] A. adj. ‘Dreadful, dismal, mournful, horrible, terrible, evil in a great degree’ (J.). 1567 Drant Horace's Epist. xvi. Fj, With gyues, and fetters lie tame the under a galow dyre. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. xi. 40 All was covered with darknesse dire. 1605 Shaks. Macb. 11. iii. 63 Strange Schreemes of Death, And Prophecying, with Accents terrible, Of dyre Combustion. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 628 All monstrous, all prodigious things.. Gorgons and Hydra’s and Chimera’s dire. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No. 1649/3 And His Majesty, with advice foresaid, recommends to His Privy Council to see this Act put to dire and vigorous Execution. 1768 Beattie Minstr. 11. ii, To learn the dire effects of time and change, a 1774 Goldsm. Double Transform. 75 That dire disease, whose ruthless power Withers the beauty’s transient flower. 1784 Cowper Task 11. 270 Gives his direst foe a friend’s embrace. 1853 c. Bronte Villette xxv, Forced by dire necessity. 1868 Helps Realmah xvii. (1876) 462 Ostentation, the direst enemy of comfort.

b. dire sisters (L. dirse sorores, Dirse): the Furies. 1743 J. Davidson AZneid vii. 195 From the Mansion of the dire Sisters.

c. In weakened (now trivial) use, apparent first in dire necessity: terrible, dreadful; awful, ‘frightful’; unpleasant, objectionable, colloq. 1836 E. B. Browning Lett, to M. R. Mitford (1983) I. 7 The dire necessity of having every window in the house open to the ceaseless rolling of carriages. 1928 E. O’Neill Strange Interlude vm. 180, I didn’t say anything so dire, did I—merely that Gordon resembles you in character. 1933 G. Heyer Why Shoot Butler? ii. 32 ‘I practically had to accept,’ she explained. ‘Apparently things are pretty dire since the murder. Basil’s got nerves, or something.’ 1969 N. Cohn AWopBopaLooBop (1970) xix. 179 They were small ravers, loud and brash and really a bit dire. 1985 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Aug. 902/1 She finds herself courted., by the defector from The Purple Rose, a dire social comedy.

f B. sb. Obs. 1. Dire quality or matter, direness. 1660 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 367 Their sermons.. before were verie practicall and commonly full of dire.

2. pi. = L. Dirse, Furies, dire sisters. 1610 G. Fletcher Christ's Tri. over Death xxi, Arme, arme your selues, sad Dires of my pow’r.

C. Comb, (chiefly adverbial or parasynthetic), as dire-clinging, -gifted, -lamenting, -looking, -visaged. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. in. ii. 82 After your direlamenting Elegies, Visit.. your Ladies chamber-window With some sweet Consort. 1633 Milton Arcades 52 The cross dire-looking planet. 1730-46 Thomson Autumn 875 Here the plain harmless native.. to the rocks Dire-clinging, gathers his ©various food, a 1881 Rossetti Rose Mary, 2nd Beryl-Song 2 Dire-gifted spirits of fire.

direckar, obs. Sc. form of director.

DIRECT

701

direct (di'rekt, dai-), v. Also 5 de-, 5-6 dy-, 5 derekt, 6 Sc. direck. [f. L. direct- (direct-), ppl. stem of dirigere (de-) to straighten, set straight, direct, guide, f. di- apart, asunder, distinctly (or de- down) + regere to put or keep straight, to rule. It is probable that the ppl. adj. direct was first formed immediately from L. direct-us, and that this originated a verb of the same form: cf. -ate3 3. Both the pa. pple. and finite tenses of the verb were used by Chaucer. There is a close parallelism of sense-development between direct and address, arising out of their etymological affinity: cf. also dress v. ] A. 1. trans. To write (something) directly or specially to a person, or for his special perusal; to address, fa. To dedicate (a treatise) to. Obs. C1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 1868 O morall Gower, this booke I directe To thee. 1447 Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) Introd. 7 You sone and fadyr to whom I dyrecte This symple tretyhs. 1555 Eden Decades 136 They dyrected and dedicated suche thinges to kynges and princes. 1581 Satir. Poems Reform, xliv. 2 To 30U, ministers, and Prelattis of perdition, This schedul schort I do direct. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 129 The Treatise of English Dogs., translated by A.F. and directed to that noble Gesner.

f b. To write (a letter or message) expressly to. [L. dirigere epistolam, 4th c., Servius and Jerome; also attributed by Servius to Cicero.] Obs. 1397 Rolls of Parlt. III. 378/2 As it is.. declared in the same Commission directid to William Rikhill, Justice. 1467 Mann. & Househ. Exp. 173, I have reseyved 30wer moste grasyou[s] leter to me dereketed, to be wethe 3owere hynes .. the nexte morow after Kandelmas day. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xxii. 84 Yf he take the lettre vnto hym whome it is dyrected vnto. 1511-2 Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 23 §5 The Kinges Highnes shall.. direct his lettres missyves to twayn of his honourable Counseillours. 1535 Boorde Let. in Introd. Knowl. (1870) Foreward 53 To.. Master Thomas Cromwell be pis byll dyrectyd. 1601 R. Parsons (title). An Apologetical Epistle: directed to the right honourable Lords ..of her Majesties Privie Counsell. 1730 Gay in Swift’s Lett. (1766) II. 115 If you knew how often I talk of you.. you would now and then direct a letter to me.

c. spec. In modern usage, To write on the outside of (a letter or the like) the name, designation, and residence of the person to whom it is to be delivered; to write the ‘direction’ or ‘address’ on. (In early examples not separable from b.) 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. iv. ii. 132 But Damosella virgin, Was this directed to you? 1642 King's Reply in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1721) V. 63 His Message .. was .. taken .. by the Earl of Essex, and though not to him directed, was by him opened. 1697 Lond. Gaz. No. 3334/4 The Box nail’d up and Directed to Mrs. Ann Perriot. 1713 Addison Guardian No. 123 )f 3 A letter folded up and directed to a certain nobleman. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World 134 Put them all up together in one packet, and direct them to me. 1855. Ld. Houghton in Life (1891) I. xi. 527 Lady Ellesmere’s letter missed me altogether, although directed as I desired. absol. 1707 Thoresby in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 337 If I had sooner known how to direct to you, I had long ago.. written. 1751 Burke Corr. (1844) I. 26 Direct to me at Mr. Hipkis’s, Ironmonger in Monmouth. 1775 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 6 June, I hope my sweet Queeney will write me a long letter, when.. she knows how to direct to me. 1812 Shelley Let. 18 June (1964) I. 195 You may direct the Post Off. at Chepstow for if we are gone Eliza will be there. 1835 Dickens Let. 4 July (1965) I. 68 You may direct to me if you please at 18 York Place Fulham Road.

2. a. To address (spoken words) to any one; to utter (speech) so that it may directly reach a person, arch. C1450 tr. De Imitatione 1. xxiii, )?ider directe praiers & daily mornynges wij? teres. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, v. iii. 179 Words sweetly plac’d, and modest[l]ie directed. 1611 Bible Ps. v. 3 In the morning will I direct my prayer vnto thee. 1651 H obbes Leviath. 11. xxv. 131 To whom the Speech is directed.

fb. To impart, communicate expressly, give in charge to a person. Obs. a 1400 Pistill of Susan 278 He directed pis dom.. To Danyel pe prophete. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 1. i. 1 The straite charges and commands directed from her Maiestie. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts 324 If God should direct his precepts to a child.

3. To put or keep straight, or in right order, f a. To set or put in right order, to arrange. Obs. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, x. iii, Dysposicion, the true seconde parte Of rethorike, doth evermore dyrecte The maters formde of this noble arte, Gyvyng them place after the aspect.

b. To keep in right order; to regulate, control, govern the actions of. c 1510 More Picus Wks. 32 O holy God.. whiche heauen and earth directest all alone. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer 132 b (Commun. Coll.) To direct, sanctifye and goueme, both our heartes and bodies. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 29 It [the eye] direckis al the membris of our bodie. 1713 Addison Cato 1. i. 41 He..cover'd with Numidian Guards, directs A feeble army. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks. (Bohn) I. 373 His grand weapon, namely, the millions whom he directed. 1883 Froude Short Stud. IV. 1. i. 1 The mind, or spiritual part of man, ought to direct his body.

c. absol. 1611 Bible Eccl. x. 10 Wisedom is profitable to direct.

4. a. trans. To cause (a thing or person) to move or point straight to or towards a place; to aim (a missile); to make straight (a course or

way) to any point; to turn (the eyes, attention, mind) straight to an object, (a person or thing) to an aim, purpose, etc. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 95 Ye vice y* most maketh man lyke to beestes, & directeth hym from god. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 137 Directe the ruler with hys two sightes unto anye one place. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 23, I came out of Asia, and directed my saile from Aegina towardes Megara. Ibid. 350 But if he failed, .in directing his shafte. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iii. 99 Directing his course to rush up on the face of a low Rocke. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. Ded., I send this book to you because you first directed me to this design. C1676 Lady Chaworth in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 31, I.. had the good luck to escape the squibs .. especially directed to the balcone over against me. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 205 Do not direct the cutting Corner of the Chissel inwards. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 159 f8, I directed my Sight as I was ordered. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 31 They directed their Steps towards my Confinement. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. i. 8 A different undertaking.. and directed to a different purpose. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 26 Howe .. directed all his sarcasms .. against the malecontents. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Times Wks. (Bohn) II. 119 But the steadiness or the aim suggests the belief that this fire is directed .. by older engineers, i860 Tyndall Glac. 11. xxiv. 55 To direct attention to an extremely curious fact. 1867 miles Huguenots Eng. i. (1880) 9 These measures were directed against the printing of religious works generally. 1871 B. Stewart Heat §35 These telescopes are directed towards two marks. 1874 Green Short Hist. vi. §4. 302 The efforts of the French monarchy had been directed to the conquest of Italy. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 207 Everybody’s eyes were directed towards him. absol. 1639 Fuller Holy War v. ix. (1647) 244 Good deeds wch direct to happinesse.

b. To inform, instruct, or guide (a person), as to the way; to show (any one) the way. 1607 Shaks. Cor. iv. iv. 7 Direct me, if it be your will, where great Auffidius lies. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 92, I would faine be so directed as I might.. finde him out. Mod. Can you direct me to the nearest railway station?

fc. intr. for refl. To point. Obs. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 205 Little white brisles whose points all directed backwards. 1723 Chambers tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 64 Care.. taken that.. each Plume direct to its Origin.

5. a. trans. To regulate the course of; to guide, conduct, lead; to guide with advice, to advise. *559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 11 Directe thy Chariot in a meane, clymbe thou not to hye. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 114b, [He] maketh her the starre by whose aspect he doth direct all his doings. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 1. xv. 16 b, Having prepared a frigat to direct us. 1596 Shaks. Merch. V. 11. vii. 14 Some God direct my iudgement. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 5 Sharkes..are alwayes directed by a little specled fish, called a pilot fish. 1769 Junius Lett. xxxv. 162 The choice of your friends has been singularly directed. 1776-81 Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. (1875) 440/2 The conscience of the credulous prince was directed by saints and bishops. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 414 He directed, or attempted to direct, his conduct by the broad rules of what he thought to be just.

b. Mus. To conduct (a musical performance). 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. I. 390/1 At the concert which he had to direct (during the series of 1820). 1893 W. P. Courtney in Academy 13 May 413/1 The music..was composed and directed by Handel.

c. trans. and intr. To supervise and control the making of a film or the production of a play, etc.; to guide or train (an actor, etc.) in his performance, orig. U.S. 1913 F. W. Sargent Technique Photoplay (ed. 2) xxix. 162 Director, one who produces photoplays, directing the preparation and action. 1933 Punch 6 Dec. 638/2 Little Robert Lynen .. had he been properly directed would have us all in tears. 1938 W. S. Maugham Summing Up 154 The remedy of course is for the author to direct his own play. 1967 Listener 12 Jan. 59/1 Ronald Neame has directed efficiently.

6. a. To give authoritative instructions to; to ordain, order, or appoint (a person) to do a thing, (a thing) to be done. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. iv. ii. 98 I’le first direct my men what they shall doe with the basket. 1611-Cymb. v. v. 280 A feigned Letter.. which directed him To seeke her on the Mountaines. 1632 Lithgow Trav. x. 457 He made fast the doore.. as he was directed. 1727 De Foe Hist. Appar. iii. (1840) 22 Whether he is ever sent or directed to come. 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 101 The Order of the King in Council which was directed to be laid before us. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 200 f 14 One of the golden precepts of Pythagoras directs, that ‘a friend should not be hated for little faults’. 1873 B’ness Bunsen in Hare Life (1879) I. ii. 59 The seeming arbiter of war.. directed his legions to remove from Boulogne. 1891 Law Times XCII. 107/1 Finally the master directed an issue to be tried.

b. intr. or absol. To give directions; to order, appoint, ordain. 1655 Digges Compl. Ambass. 6 Her skill and years was now to direct., not to be directed. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 39 The President is one of the Council, but cannot direct in any thing of moment without the consent of the General. 1764 Goldsm. Trav. 64 Who can direct, when all pretend to know? 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. v. 520 Cast their anchors as chance or convenience directed. 1888 Law Times' Rep. LIX. 165/1 [To] be conveyed to them as tenants in common, or joint tenants, as they should direct.

c. trans. To order, appoint, prescribe (a thing to be done or carried out). 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) II. 20 On the present occasion, the alcaid .. directed a different arrangement. 1863 H. Cox Instit. 1. vii. 81 The House of Commons had directed an impeachment against Lord Treasurer Danby. 1883 Law Rep. 11 Q. Bench Div. 591 [The Judge] was of

opinion that the words above mentioned were privileged.. and directed a nonsuit.

fd. To prescribe (medically). Obs. 1754-64 Smellie Midwif. Thebaick drops.

III.

77,

I

directed some

e. In a national emergency, etc.: to assign (workers) to a particular industry or employment. 1943 Hutchinson's Piet. Hist. War 17 Feb.-i 1 May 33 The keenness which was so wonderful a feature of the old volunteer Home Guard is no less marked in those who are known as the ‘directed men’. 1945 Yorkshire Post 29 June, Men and women who were released from the Forces to undertake civilian jobs into which they were directed by the Ministry of Labour. 1946 Lancet 5 Jan. 19/2 The charge that the Government was seeking to direct medical labour.

7. Astrol. To calculate the arc of direction of (a significator): see direction io. 1819 Jas. Wilson Compl. Diet. Astrol. s.v. Directions, Problem ist.—To direct the Sun when not more than 2° distant from the cusp of the mid-heaven to any conjunction or aspect.. Problem 7th.—To direct a significator with latitude to any conjunction or aspect.

fB.

Examples

DIRECT

702

DIRECT

of direct

as

pa.

pple.

=

directed. (Cf. also next.) Obs. C1386 Chaucer Man of Law's T. 650 Another lettre wroght ful synfully, Vn to the kyng direct of this mateere. c 1392 - Compl. Venus 75 Pryncesse, resceyvepe pis complaynt in gree Vn to youre excellent benignytee Dyrect. 1423 Jas. I Kingis Q. lxii, The ditee there I maid Direct to hire that was my hertis quene. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione III. lxiv, To pe are myn eyen dyrecte, my god, fader of mercies. 1503 Hawes Examp. Virt. vn. 126 Thrugh whome his subgectes be dyrect. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 4 § 1 One writte of proclamacion to be direct to the Shirif of the Countie. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform. (1890) vi. {title), Ane Exhortation derect to my Lord Regent.

direct (di'rekt, dai-), a. and adv. Also 4-6 dy-, directe, 6 derect. [prob. a. F. direct (13th c. in Godef. Suppl.) = Pr. direct, It. diretto, Sp. derecho right, ad. L. direct-us (derectus), pa. pple. of dlrigere, derigere: see direct v. The pa. pple. was used as a simple adj. already in Latin. For the strictly ppl. use in Eng. see after prec. vb.] A. adj. 1. a. In reference to space: Straight; undeviating in course; not circuitous or crooked. [1391: see c.] 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV 13 The confederates.. toke the directe way .. toward Windsor. 1559 Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 60 The directe distance from Portsmouth to Barwicke, is 330. miles. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. iii. 10 Being the directest Course they can steer for Barbadoes. 1748 Relat. Earthq. Lima 40 The Streets are in a direct Line, and of a convenient Breadth. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 142 If 1 We turned often from the direct road to please ourselves with the view. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 90, I soon left the horseroad, and took a direct line over black heathery hills. 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 1 To consider in a short and direct way, some of the limits that are set [etc.].

b. Of rays, etc.: Proceeding or coming straight from their source, without reflexion, refraction, or interference of any kind. Of a shot: That travels to the point which it strikes without ricocheting, or touching any intermediate object. So direct vision, vision by unrefracted and unreflected rays; {direct-vision spectroscope, one in which direct vision is used); also used attrib. to designate {a) in Photogr., a type of view-finder in which the subject is viewed directly through a lens or sight; {b) in Television, a picture that can be viewed without magnification, or the apparatus for receiving such a picture, direct-draft (attrib.), applied to a boiler, etc. from which the hot air and smoke pass off in a single direct flue, instead of circuitously to economize the heat, direct wave or ray, in Radio, the wave that passes from a transmitter to a receiver along the surface of the earth or (distinguished from surface wave) directly through the intervening air. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Direct Vision is when the Rays of Light come from the Object directly to the Eye. 1839 T. Beale Nat. Hist. Sperm Whale 156 Under the direct rays of a tropical sun. 1849 Mrs. Somerville Connect. Phys. Sc. xxvi. 277 Places sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. 1890 Daily News 21 Aug. 3/2 The target was examined, when it was found that it was a direct hit.. The ist Midlothian got a direct at first shot. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Direct Ray (in Opticks) is the Ray which is carry’d from a Point of the Visible Object directly to the Eye,through one and the same Medium. 1876 Catal. Sc. App. S. Kens. Mus. § 1802 The instrument.. may be used as a small direct vision spectroscope. 1911 B. E. Jones Cassell's Cycl. Photogr. 188 Direct finder, or direct-vision finder, a finder in which the view or object is inspected direct. 1915 -Cinemat. Bk. iii. 19 A wire-frame direct-vision finder.. is fitted in addition. 1937 Discovery Oct. 317/1 The receiver itself is a 23-valve superhet model with a direct vision television picture. 1952 Howe & Ducloux tr. Kerkhof & Werner's Television (Photo 36), Television picture with 625 lines, as reproduced by a direct-vision receiver. Ibid. 408 Direct-vision tube, picture tube intended for direct viewing without magnification. 1919 E. W. Stone Elem. Radiotelegr. (1920) ix. 198 A reflected wave from a station cannot arrive at the receiving station as soon as the direct wave which followed its normal path along the surface of the earth. 1943 C. L. Boltz Basic Radio ix. 142 Always there is a wave travelling along the surface of the earth. This is called the ground ray or direct ray. 1943 F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. x. 674 The ground wave can conveniently be divided into.. a surface wave and a space wave. The surface wave travels along the surface of the earth. The space wave is the result of.. a direct wave and a ground-reflected wave.

fc. phr. in direct of: in a straight line with. c 1391 Chaucer Astrol. 11. §44 Loke where the same planet is wreten in the hede of thy tabele, and than loke what pou findest in directe of the same }ere of owre lord wyche is passid. Ibid., Wryte pat pou findest in directe of the same planete pat pou worchyst fore.

2. a. Moving, proceeding, or situated at right angles or perpendicularly to a given surface, etc.; not oblique. 1563 W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 4 b, In places where the beames are cast indirectly and obliquely, and that where they are not too nigh to the direct beames, nor too far off from them, there is a moderate heate. 1658 Dugdale in Sir T. Browne Hydriot. (1736) 50 Some of them are .. Twenty Feet in direct Height from the Level whereon they stand. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 322 Ships cannot enter it without a direct wind. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. into E. I. 350 We hoisted up Sail all together, with a direct Wind for us at S.E.

b. Of the sphere: Having the pole coinciding with the zenith (parallel sphere), or lying on the horizon (right sphere); not oblique. Of a sundial: Facing straight to one of the four cardinal points; not declined. 1659 D. Pell Impr. Sea To Rdr. D v b, note, They are like a direct North Dial, that hath but morning and evening hours on it. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 310 Of Dyal Planes some be Direct, others Decliners, others Oblique. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dial, Dials which respect the cardinal points of the horizon, are called direct dials.. North Dial or erect direct north Dial, is that described on the surface of the prime vertical looking northward.

c. Mil. Applied to a battery, etc. whose fire is perpendicular to the line of works attacked. Also applied to gunnery fire with an elevation not exceeding 150. 1851 J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. 8 The defence is called direct when the flanking line is perpendicular to the line flanked; when not perpendicular, it is termed oblique. 1879 Man. Artill. Exerc. 1. v. 24 Direct fire at masonry is either for demolition or for breaching.

d. Mech. (see quot.). 1879 Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. 102 iii When a body rolls and spins on another body, the trace of either on the other is the curved or straight line along which it is successively touched. If the instantaneous axis is in the normal plane perpendicular to the traces, the rolling is called direct.

e. Cryst. Opposed to oblique: see quot. 1878 Gurney Crystallogr. 65 Those [rhombohedrons] in which the unequal index is algebraically greater than the equal indices are called direct. 1895 Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. 141 and 312.

3. Astron. Of the motion of a planet, etc.: Proceeding in the order of the zodiacal signs, in the same direction as the sun in the ecliptic, i.e. from west to east; also said of the body so moving. Opposed to retrograde. C1391 Chaucer Astrol. n. §35 heading, This is the workinge of the conclusioun, to knowe yif that any planete be directe or retrograde. Ibid., Yif so be J>at this planete be vp-on the Est side.. thanne is he retrograde & yif he be on the west side, than is he directe. 1700 Dryden Fables, Palamon Arc. 11. 616 Two geomantick figures were displayed .. a warrior and a maid, One when direct, and one when retrograde. 1726 tr. Gregory's Astron. I. iii. 453 After the Planet which is nearer to the Sun, has pass’d the second Station at d, it becomes direct again. 1786-7 Bonnycastle Astron. 419 A planet is said to be direct, when it moves according to the order of the signs. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 14 The course of these celestial motions is always from west to east, which is the direct course.

4. Of relations of time, order, succession, etc., which can be figured or represented by those of space: Straightforward, uninterrupted, immediate. a. gen. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. lxxvi. 54, I shal.. sette theym in suche a direct ordre, that it shalbe apparant to the Reder.

b. Of succession: Proceeding in an unbroken line from father to son, or the converse; lineal, as opposed to collateral; as a direct heir or ancestor. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV, 21 b, Edmonde Mortimer.. then next and direct heire of England and of Fraunce. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 117 The last King of Portugall, in whom ended the direct masculine line, a 1661 Fuller Worthies, Warwicksh. (1662) 126 Sir James Drax, a direct descendant from the Heirs male. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Direct, The heirs in a direct line always precede those in the collateral lines.

c. Logic. Proceeding from antecedent to consequent, from cause to effect, ect.; uninterrupted, immediate. 1828 Whately Rhetoric in Encycl. Metrop. 258/1 Either Direct or Indirect Reasoning being employed indifferently for Refutation as well as for any other purpose. 1864 Bowen Logic viii. 243 In the other Figures, there are two indifferent Conclusions, neither of which is more direct or immediate than the others. 1891 Welton Logic I. iv. iv. 422 Reduction is direct when the original conclusion is deduced from premises derived from those given. Ibid. 426 This indirect process is not reduction in the same sense as the direct method is.

d. Math. Following the simple or natural order: opposed to inverse: see quots. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. 1. xi. (ed. 7) 33 Working by the common or direct Rule of Three. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v. Direct. 1806 Hutton Course Math. I. 44 The Rule of Three Direct is that in which more requires more, or less requires less. 1807 Ibid. II. 279 The Direct and Inverse Method of Fluxions.. the direct method.. consists in finding the fluxion of any proposed fluent or flowing

quantity; and the inverse method, which consists in finding the fluent of any proposed fluxion. 1839 G. Bird Nat. Philos. 64 In the direct ratio of the arms of the lever.

e. direct opposite or contrary: that which is in the same straight or vertical line on the opposite side of the centre; that which is absolutely or exactly contrary. 1786 Burke W. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 173 He had not scrupled to assert the direct contrary of the positions by him maintained. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 482 Is not this the direct contrary of what was admitted before?

f. Music. Opposed to inverted (of intervals, etc.), or to contrary (of motion). 1828 Webster s.v., In Music, a direct interval is that which forms any kind of harmony on the fundamental sound which produces it; as the fifth, major third, and octave. 1864 -Direct chord (Mus.), one in which the fundamental tone is the lowest. 1867 Macfarren Harmony ii. 50 The augmented 5th, which stands between the mediant and the leading note in a minor key, is always dissonant, in whatever position it occurs, whether direct or inverted. 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. I. 448 Direct Motion is the progression of parts or voices in a similar direction.

5. a. That goes straight to, or bears straight upon, the point, without circumlocution or ambiguity; straightforward. 1530 Palsgr. 387 ‘To serve you’ maketh a dyrecte answere to the questyon. 1535 Coverdale Job xxxviii. 3, I wiH question the, se thou geue me a dyrecte answere. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.) 238 Which had bene the directer speech and more apert. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. v. iv. 90, I durst go no further then the lye circumstantial: nor he durst not giue me the lye direct. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xviii. 93 If the Soveraign Power.. be not in direct termes renounced. 1759 Robertson Hist. Scot. I. iv. 308 No direct evidence had as yet appeared against Bothwell. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 114 They ventured to bring direct charges against the Treasurer. 1888 R. Kipling Tales fr. Hills (1891) 245 This was at once a gross insult and a direct lie.

b. Straightforward in manner or conduct; upright, downright. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 31 Just or unjust, godly or wicked, direct or indirect, worthy or to be dis¬ praised. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 11. ii. 298 Be euen and direct with me, whether you were sent for or no. 1604-Oth. iii. iii. 378 Take note, take note, (O World!) To be direct and honest, is not safe. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 1. v. 17 Yet was the Idolatry direct and downe-right in the people. 1768 Sterne Sent. Journ. (1778) I. 168 {Pulse) When my views are direct.. I care not if all the world saw me. 1792 A. Young Trav. France 279 His conduct in the revolution has been direct and manly. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 9 If he was bitter, he was still direct. 1894 Baring-Gould Kitty Alone II. 107 She was one of those direct persons who, when they have taken a course, hold to it persistently.

fc. Downright, character).

positive,

absolute

(in

1668 Pepys Diary 19 Aug., What should it be but Jane, in a fit of direct raving, which lasted half an hour. 1751 Paltock P. Wilkins (1784) II. 232 I then perceived they were direct forges. 6. a. Effected or existing without

intermediation immediate.

or

intervening

agency;

1596 Shaks. Merch. V. iv. i. 350 That by direct, or indirect attempts He seeke the life of any Citizen. 1601All's Well iii. vi. 9 In mine owne direct Knowledge, with¬ out any malice.. he’s a most notable Coward. 1805 Foster Ess. 1. ii. 29 Direct companionship with a few. 1820 Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. II. 356 The fisher is liable to receive.. direct blows from its fins or tail, i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. ix. i. 202 The directest manifestation of Deity to man is in His own image, that is, in man. 1863 Bright Sp. America 30 June, There is no man in England who has a more direct interest in it than I have. 1891 Law Times XCI. 425/2 The Reform Act of 1832 placed the representatives of the people in direct touch with their constituencies.

b. Of speech or narration: In the form in which it was uttered; not modified in form by being reported in the third person. I727~5I Chambers Cycl. s.v. Direct, A very good historian uses the phrase Direct Speech, or harangue, when he introduces any one speaking, or haranguing of himself. 1879 Roby Latin Gram. 11. iv. xxiii. 325 The indicative expresses a fact; or a direct statement of opinion of the writer or speaker. Ibid. 333 A direct question (or exclamation) is put in the indicative mood.

c. Biol. Of cell division: Effected without the formation of nuclear figures; amitotic. 1888 Rolleston & Jackson A mm. Life Introd. 22 The division of the protoplasm is preceded or accompanied by division of the nucleus. The process may be direct or amitotic, the nucleus simply elongating, and being split by a constriction.

d. direct action, (a) action which takes effect without intermediate instrumentality. direct-action or direct-acting steam-engine, one in which the piston-rod or cross-head acts directly upon the crank without the intervention of a working-beam. direct-acting or direct-action pump: a steam-pump in which the steam-piston and the pump-piston are connected by a straight piston rod, without intervening crank. [1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 507/1 [It] effects the direct connection of the piston with the crank. Ibid. 507/2 Engines of direct connection.) 1843 Proc. Inst. Civil Engin. II. 69 The comparatively recent introduction of direct-action steam-engines on board the steam-vessels of the Royal Navy. 1857 Chambers Information I. 396 The best and simplest form of direct-acting engine is that known as the oscillating. 1874 Knight Diet. Mech. I. 356/1 (Westinghouse-brake) A small but powerful direct-acting steam-engine.. operates the air-pump. Ibid. 705 In Napier’s direct-action steam-engine, the beam is retained, but only for the purpose of working the pumps. 1878 Proc.

DIRECT

703

Inst. Civil Engin. LIII. 98 {title) Direct Acting or NonRotative Pumping Engines and Pumps. Ibid. 364 The construction of the second direct-action pumping engine on a new system for the Paris waterworks at St. Maur.

(b) the exertion of pressure on the community through any action which is directly effective, such as strikes, sabotage, or demonstrations, as distinguished from action through consti¬ tutional processes; also attrib. Hence direct actioner, actionist, one who engages in direct action. 1912 J. R. MacDonald Syndicalism iv. 24 The Programme of Direct Action. 1919 Times 28 June 14/3 He had been a direct actionist for 35 years. 1920 S. & B. Webb Hist. Trade Un. (ed. 5) 672 The vast majority of Trade Unionists object to Direct Action.. for objects other than those connected with the economic function of the Direct Actionists... Trade Unionists.. are not prepared to disapprove of Direct Action as a reprisal for Direct Action taken by other persons or groups. 1920 Edin. Rev. Oct. 361 The root idea of direct action dates back in this country to Chartist days. In practice, direct action almost invariably implies either a sectional strike by a particular group or groups of labour, or a general strike by all groups of labour combined. 1931 S. Jameson Richer Dust iv. 86 The men were talking of ‘direct action’, and not taking much notice of their elected [trade-union] leaders. 1957 Peace News 18 Jan. 1/4 We have confined ourselves.. too naively to public meetings. There is a kind of direct action which .. can have most profitable results. 1958 Observer 7 Dec. 1/3 Members and supporters of the Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War climbed a barbed-wire fence yesterday and ‘invaded’ a rocket base being built near Swaffham, Norfolk. 1961 New Left Rev. Mar.-Apr. 21/2 People who sneer at intellectuals and direct actioners. 1965 P. Arrowsmith Jericho xxvi. 285 Charles sat down on the ground. The other forty direct actionists followed his example. 1970 Guardian 4 Apr. 10/4 Why is direct action working where ‘constructive’, peaceful protest did not?

e. direct tax: one levied immediately upon the persons who are to bear the burden, as opposed to indirect taxes levied upon commodities, of which the price is thereby increased, so that the persons on whom the incidence ultimately falls pay indirectly a proportion of taxation included in the price of the article. So direct rate, rating, taxation, etc. The chief direct taxes in Great Britain are the Income and Property Taxes; local and municipal rates are also examples of direct taxation. 1776 Adam Smith W.N. v. ii. (1869) II. 442 There are.. two different circumstances which render the interest of money a much less proper subject of direct taxation than the rent of land. 1801 A. Hamilton Wks. (1886) VII. 192 There is, perhaps, no item in the catalogue of our taxes which has been more unpopular than that which is called the direct tax. 1802 M. Cutler in Life (1888) II. 65 There are two objects in view—one is to attack the funded debt, and the other, a direct tax upon the people. 1828 Webster s.v., Direct tax is a tax assessed on real estate, as houses and lands. 184s McCulloch Taxation Introd. (1852) 1 A Tax is called direct when it is immediately taken from property or labour; and indirect when it is taken from them by making their owners pay for liberty to use certain articles, or to exercise certain privileges. 1845 Disraeli Sybil (1863) 220 The ruinous mystification that metamorphosed direct taxation by the Crown into indirect taxation by the Commons. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 287 The discontent excited by direct imposts is.. almost always out of proportion to the quantity of money which they bring into the Exchequer. 1894 Daily News 13 Feb. 5/5 Having fabricated a directrating test for parish councillors, the House did the same for guardians of the poor.

f. Of or pertaining to the work and expenses actually incurred during production as distinct from subsidiary work and overhead charges, i.e. to prime or initial costs or charges; also, applied to labour employed for the construction of works directly (without the intervention of a contractor). 1898 S. S. Dawson Accountant's Compendium 71/1 The prime cost.. is the original or direct cost of same. 1903 Encycl. Accounting II. 263 These ‘expenses’ or charges are broadly divisible into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’. 1922 J. D. Hackett in Management Engineering Feb., Absence, such as is being considered here, applies mainly to direct or ‘productive’ labor and not to indirect or ‘non-productive’ employees. 1923 Ibid. May, Direct labor, work done exclusively in the making of a product, in contradistinction to subsidiary work also necessary for production. 1925 Ryall Primer of Costing 49 Direct labour may therefore be defined as—‘Labour applied to a works order which can be measured and directly charged to that order or product’. 1930 Daily Mail 1 Aug. 7/7 The Office of Works is about to substitute direct labour for the present system of work done by contract.

g. Of a dye: not requiring a mordant;

=

SUBSTANTIVE a. I C. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 558/1 Direct Colours.—The characteristic feature of the dyestuffs belonging to this class is that they dye cotton ‘direct’. Ibid. 558/2 Wool and silk are dyed with the Direct Colours in the same manner as cotton. 1927 Horsfall & Lawrie Dyeing of Textile Fibres ix. 225 Deltapurpurine and Diamine Scarlets B and 3B are direct cotton colours in common use. 1966 R. C. Cheetham Dyeing Fibre Blends i. 8 The classes of dye in general use can be graded in a descending order of molecular size, ranging from aggregated acid and direct dyes to finely dispersed and levelling acid dyes.

h. Metallurgy. Designating a process by which wrought iron is obtained from the ore without the intermediate stage of cast iron. 1875 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) II. 941 Chenot’s sponge may be obtained by an ‘internal’ or ‘direct’ method, in which the ore is reduced .. by a hot current of carbonic-oxide gas. 1880

Encycl. Brit. XIII. 291/1 The ‘direct’ methods of Clay, Chenot, Yates, Blair, Snelus, Du Puy, Siemens, and others. 1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel Iron xi. 212 The direct processes necessitate the use of purer and richer ores and fuels than the indirect processes. 1925 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXII. 18 The difficulties that beset the commercial production of iron and steel direct from the ore in other direct processes.

i. direct broadcasting by satellite, television broadcasting in which viewers have special aerials to pick up the signal direct from the satellite used to receive and retransmit it; abbrev. DBS s.v. D III. 3; also direct broadcast or broadcasting satellite. [1967 Economist 1 July 32/2 What about direct satellite-tohome broadcasting?] 1977 Aviation Week 17 Oct. 135/1 European Space Agency is seeking about $260 million .. for development in Western Europe of a direct broadcasting satellite capability. 1980 Hansard Commons: Written Answers 13 Mar. 652 Mr. Charles Irving asked.. whether there are any plans to establish direct broadcasting by satellite in the United Kingdom. 1983 Daily Tel. 22 Aug. 7/5 The imminent arrival of DBS (Direct Broadcasting by Satellite) has brought a new situation. 1986 Times 7 July 4/7 A new type of television, Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS). 1980 Radio-Electronics Mar. 12/2 Sony, which makes equipment for the Japanese direct-to-home satellite experiment, is looking at the U.S. and could introduce components or entire systems when direct-broadcasting satellites arrive here. 1981 Direct-broadcast satellite [see DBS s.v. D III. 3]. 1983 Fortune 18 Apr. 92/2 Until recently interference and atmospheric ‘noise’ made it impossible for small antennas to receive clear signals from a directbroadcast satellite.

7. direct address Computing, an address (address sb. 7 c) which specifies the location of data to be used as an operand; cf. indirect address s.v. indirect a. 1 a; hence direct addressing vbl. sb.; direct-arc furnace, an electric-arc furnace in which the arc is formed between an electrode and the charge in the furnace; direct-connected a. = next (a); direct-coupled a., (a) coupled without an intermediate transmission device; (i>) in Electr., applied to two circuits coupled by means of one or more resistors, capacitors, or inductors common to them both; also to an amplifier in which the signal path from one stage to the next contains only a resistor (or no circuit element at all), so that d.c. signals can be amplified; so direct coupling; direct coupler (see quot.); direct current Electr., a current flowing in one direction only, as distinguished from an alternating current; abbrev. d.c., D.C.; also attrib.; direct-cut a., designating or pertaining to: (a) a record whose groove was cut by a stylus rather than formed by a stamper, or (6) a record made from a disc cut by the sound to be recorded (rather than a tape recording of it); direct dialling Teleph., the action or process of dialling a long-distance number direct, without the intervention of an operator, by using national and area codes before the local number; the facility to do this; cf. subscriber trunk dialling s.v. subscriber 3; hence (as a backformation) direct-dial v. trans.; direct distance dialling U.S. Teleph. = direct dialling above; direct drilling Agric., the practice of sowing seed by drill into soil which has not been specially cultivated after harvesting the previous crop; direct grant, a grant of money paid directly to a school by the government; freq. attrib., esp. in direct-grant school, a school that receives a direct grant and in return observes certain conditions regarding the admission of pupils, etc.; also ellipt.; direct injection, a kind of fuel injection whereby fuel is supplied directly to the combustion chambers or their intakes in an internal combustion engine, without the use of a carburettor; usu. attrib.; so direct-injected adj.; direct mail, advertising matter or the like sent through the post to prospective customers; also attrib.; direct method, a method of teaching a foreign language through conversation, reading, etc., in the language itself without using the pupil’s native language and without study of formal rules of grammar; also attrib.; direct-reading , applied attrib. to a measuring instrument calibrated in the actual quantity measured; direct realism Philos., the theory that in perception we are directly aware of external or physical objects as they really are; direct rule, a system of government in which power and administration are exercised by central government, rather than one in which there is any measure of devolution; spec, with reference to N. Ireland; contr. with indirect rule s.v. indirect a. 2 a; cf. Home Rule; direct sowing Forestry (see quot. 1891); direct voice Spiritualism, speech said to emanate directly

DIRECT from a disembodied spirit, without using a medium. 1964 Honeywell Gloss. Data Processing 1/2 ‘Direct address. 1963 IBM Systems Jrnl. II. 88 The use of direct addressing is limited to applications where the key set may be freely chosen to conform to the restrictions of the available set of addresses. 1980 C. S. French Computer Sci. xxiv. 180 Direct addressing is simple, fast and effective but the number of locations addressable is limited. 1985 Computerworld 22 Apr. 76/1 A random-access memory disk .. does not offer the instant gratification of direct address. 1921 J. N. Pring Electric Furnace xi. 202 In the *direct-arc furnaces, such as those of Heroult and Girod, a zone of very high temperature is produced in the slag immediately below the electrodes. 1962 Times 2 Mar. 15/5 One of the Birlec three-ton direct-arc furnaces. 1901 Feilden's Mag. IV. 441/2 A *direct-coupled electrically-driven fan. 1910 G. W. Pierce Princ. Wireless Telegr. 96 Direct coupled transmitting and receiving circuits. 1953 F. LangfordSmith Radio Designer's Handbk. (ed. 4) xii. 529 A directcoupled amplifier is one which the plate of one stage is connected to the grid of the next stage directly, or through a biasing battery or equivalent. 1962 Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors ix. 214 Another very useful directcoupled amplifier is the Darlington compound connection. 1916 Standard Rules Amer. Inst. Electr. Engin. 97 *Direct coupler, an apparatus which magnetically joins two circuits having a common conductive portion. 1907 J. ErskineMurray Handbk. Wireless Telegr. ii. 43 This method of connection is now called ‘‘direct coupling’, as opposed to inductive coupling by means of a separate primary and secondary. 1910 Hawkins's Electr. Diet. 119/1 Direct coupling, connecting the shaft of a dynamo armature directly to the shaft which drives it. 1931 Moyer & Wostrel Radio Handbk. 11. 87 In direct capacity coupling, the coupling is made closer by reducing the capacity of the common condenser... In indirect capacity coupling, the coupling is made closer by increasing the capacity of the coupling condensers. [1886 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engin. XV. 193, I am glad that people are beginning to use the term ‘direct’ when they mean a current which does not alternate.] 1889 E. J. Houston Electr. Words 165 ‘Direct current. 1893 D. C. Jackson Electro-Magn. I. 92 A current constant in direction, but not necessarily so in value, is often called a Direct Current. 1893 Jrnl. Soc. Arts XLI. 623/2 The general merits of alternate-current, as against those of the direct-current systems. 1915 Hawkhead & Dowsett Techn. Instr. Wireless Telegr. 83 A direct current may be passed through a known resistance and the amount of heat generated may be measured. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. XI. 547/2 The term rectifier is used of any electrical device which can convert an alternating current into a source of direct current. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio iv. 87 Cut by the hot-stylus method .. and subjected to no more than medium to low playing weights a microgroove ‘directcut disc can survive very many replays without appreciable signs of wear. 1978 Gramophone June 116/1 The recording has a remarkable clarity and absence of distortion, the expected virtues of the direct-cut technique which bypasses the usual tape recording processes. 1968 J. D. MacDonald Pale Grey for Guilt (1969) xi. 127, I ‘direct-dialled my love. 1976 CB Mag. June 63/3 An on-board phone lets him direct-dial any place in the world. 1958 N. Y. Times 7 June 39/3 The company said that if the trial were successful it would extend to more than 600,000 customers the ‘direct dialing of person-to-person, collect or credit card calls. 1969 P. Dickinson Pride of Heroes 100 We’re on direct dialling —shall I get the number for you? 1984 D. Lodge Small World 1. i. 43 Three things, .have revolutionized academic life in the last twenty years..jet travel, direct-dialling telephones and the Xerox machine. 1955 Fortune Feb. 224 (Advt.), ‘Direct distance dialing is easy and faster. Just by dialing three more digits than a local call, telephone users in certain towns can already reach as many as 14 million telephones. 1958 N.Y. Times 7 June 39/3 To make a call now to San Francisco, customers who have telephones equipped for direct distance dialing merely dial 415 and then the telephone number. 1983 Summary of World Broadcasts (B.B.C.) 29 June B/i Changchun City telecommunication bureau has installed direct distance dialling equipment. 1973 Times 8 Jan. 14/6 The latest technical innovation is ‘direct drilling of root crops. 1983 Biscoe & Dawson in C. R. W. Spedding Fream's Elem. Agric. (ed. 16) xxiv. 479 A good tilth often exists after a cereal harvest and, when there has been a good burn, drilling can be performed with no cultivation at all, i.e. direct drilling. 1945 Guide to Educational System (Min. Education) 58 * Direct-grant school, school receiving grant direct from the Ministry of Education (e.g. nursery, special or grammar school). 1957 Economist 21 Dec. 1030/1 A number of excellent schools known in the jargon as ‘direct grant’. Ibid., To qualify for direct grant status, a school must not make a profit. 1958 Times 29 July 9/6 The direct-grant grammar school may be given a choice of accepting local authority rule or becoming entirely independent of the public system and public funds. 1970 Guardian 9 Apr. 12/3 Obviously the Conservatives will look on the ‘direct grants’ with tenderness. 1962 Economist 17 Mar. 1039/2 By making it reversible, lighter, faster and ‘direct-injected, the company turned the diesel into a marine engine. 1935 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXIX. 802 Americans to give serious attention to the ‘direct-injection engine, thus eliminating the carburettor. 1930 H. Crane Let. 29 Dec. (1965) 360 The ‘direct mail advertising business. 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 Jan. 49/1 The work shown covers the realm of the poster, Press, direct mail, showcards, [etc.]. 1962 E. Godfrey Retail Selling x. 109 Direct mail advertising of this type can create a big response. Ibid, no Another useful direct mail prestige advertisement which many shops use is to send a Christmas card to all their regular customers. 1904 S. Bertelsen tr. Jespersen's How to teach Foreign Lang. i. 2 The method is by some called the ‘new’ or ‘newer’ ;.. the ‘‘direct’ comes a little nearer. 1914 W. Owen Let. 3 Feb. (1967) 232 The majority of English Teachers have an execrable Accent, and what is worse, no notion of the Direct Method. 1917 H. E. Palmer Scientific Study Teaching of Lang. iv. 72 In many cases .. the Direct Method .. resolves itself into the negative precept: there must be no translation. 1885 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engin. XIV. 497 Ten years ago hardly anyone had even seen a ‘direct-reading instrument. 1887 Ibid. XVI. 618 An instrument.. which indicates the quantity to be measured without any adjustment on the part

DIRECT of the observer, is a ‘direct-reading’ instrument. 1956 Nature 17 Mar. 513/1 Electronic circuits for a directreading spectrograph. 1925 J. E. Turner (title) A theory of •direct realism. 1956 H. H. Price in H. D. Lewis Contemp. Brit. Philos. 391 These three arguments .. do at least refute the ‘Direct Realism’ of common sense. 1963 W. Sellars Sci., Perception & Reality 61 Direct realism and classical phenomenalism share .. the ‘phenomenalistic theme’. 1967 Encycl. Philos. VII. 78/1 Naive realism is the simplest form of direct realism. 1922 F. D. Lugard Dual Mandate in Brit. Tropical Africa xi. 227 ‘Tell us what you want done,’ they say to their foreign monitors, ‘and we will take care that your wishes are carried out, but do not attempt to see to their execution yourself.’ This is the whole difference between •direct rule and rule through the native rulers. 1936 Discovery Nov. 360/1 Policy may vary from.. colonial exploitation to virtual native freedom under the paternal supervision of ‘direct rule’. 1964 P. Worsley in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 384 Thus the attributes of bureaucracy under indirect rule differ profoundly from direct-rule situations. 1970 Guardian 12 Aug. 1/4 The Prime Minister [of N. Ireland].. said: ‘I think if direct rule were imposed, it might provoke a very violent reaction on the part of the Protestant loyalist population.’ 1891 W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. ii. 41 Under ‘^direct sowing’ is understood the formation of a wood by the sowing of seed directly on the area which it is proposed to stock. 1953 H. L. Edlin Forester's Handbk. x. 164 Many trials of direct sowing of various kinds of tree have been carried out in Britain, but no system has come into general use. 1926 A. Conan Doyle Hist. Spiritualism I. xiv. 330 Again, in reporting upon Mrs. Lord the Commission got the *Direct Voice, and also phosphorescent lights after the medium had been searched. 1946 G. N. M. Tyrrell Personality of Man vm. xxv. 217 The ‘direct voice’ in which, it is alleged, a deceased person speaks from some isolated point in space. 1967 Listener 19 Oct. 488/2 The Society for Psychical Research has a standing offer of £1,000 to any medium who can produce physical phenomena such as materialisation, levitation or direct voice under test conditions.

B. adv. = directly, a. Straight in direction or aspect, b. Immediately, c. Absolutely, exactly, d. Comb, with adjs., as direct acting (see A 6 d), direct- dealing. £1450 Henryson Test. Cres. (R.), Her [Venus’] golden face in oppositioun Of God Phebus direct descending down. ? a 1550 Freiris of Berwik 342 in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 296 And to the eist direct he turnis his face. 1614 Rowlands Fooles Bolt 14 Saying grace in mentall wise, Holding his Hatt direct before his eyes. 1667 Milton P.L. hi. 526 Direct against which op’nd from beneath .. A passage down to th’ Earth. 1743 Chesterf. Lett. I. xcix. 277 You will observe, they are direct contrary subjects. 1830 Westminst. Rev. XII. 292 We do not think that any direct-dealing man .. can admire the figure. 1840 Macaulay Ess., Ranke (1854) 556/2 His orders have come down to him .. direct from on high. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 669 He fancies that the embassy went direct to Hungary. 1880 Law Rep. 29 Ch. Div. 460 This property is held direct from the Crown. 1884 Ibid. 9 App. Cases 1 Securities.. procurable only from the corporations direct.

direct (di'rekt), sb. [app. f. direct v.] 1. gen. A direction. 1615 T. Adams Lycanthropy 4 ‘Behold’! is.. in Holy Writ, eyermore the avant-courier of some excellent thing.. It is a direct, a reference, a dash of the Holy Ghost’s pen.

2. Mus. A sign (\f) placed on the stave at the end of a page or line to indicate the position of the following note. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. 1. xi. 35 A Direct is usually at the end of a Line, and serves to direct to the place of the first Note on the next Line. 1880 Grove Diet. Mus. I. 448/2 Direct, a mark (v^) to be found in music up to the present century .. like the catchword at the foot of a page. f3. in direct of : see direct a. 1 c.

di'rectable, a. Also -ible. [f. direct v. -able.] Capable of being directed.

+

1884 Pall Mall G. 25 Aug. 2/1 No argument.. would have persuaded.. the spectators that I had not guided with singular expertness my directable balloon. 1884 Commercial Advert. (N.Y), Once the principle of directible ballooning is discovered.

di'rected, ppl. a. [f. direct v. + -ed1.] Aimed, addressed, guided, etc.: see the vb. 1598 Florio, Diretto.. directed or adrest. 1727 Philip Quarll 93 The Coach was arriv’d to the directed Place. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 236 The Dartmouth poured on them a well directed broadside. 1891 Daily News 6 May 5/6 To create and maintain a large amount of organized and directed activity within the limits of his large diocese.

Hence fdi'rectedly adv. Obsdirectly. 1539 Tonstall Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 49 We shuld put an other foundation of the churche than Christe, whyche is dyrectedly agaynst saint Paule. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts and Mon. (1642) 277 Directedly intending for his owne advancement.

di'rectedness. [f. directed ppl. a. + -ness.] The quality of being directed. 1922 J. Y. Simpson Man & Attainm. Immort. xii. 267 The specificity of action, the directedness, the working out of what looks like purpose. 1929 E. Bowen Last Sept. x. 117 She still had that quality of directedness.

directee (direk'ti:). [f. direct v. + -ee.] One who is directed or is under direction. 1928 G. B. Shaw Intell. Woman's Guide Socialism lxx. 337 By paying the director more than the directee it creates a difference of class between them. 1938 Mind XLVII. 252 Some relation between the director and the directee which is explicitly to be proved absurd.

directer, -ible: see director, -able.

DIRECTION

704

directing, vbl. sb. [f. direct v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb direct (q.v.); direction (in various senses). 1530 Palsgr. 213/2 Directyng, adresse. 1559 Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 161 As touchinge the directing of anye shippe. 1632 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 97 The countenancing of causes and directing of juries. 1751 Labelye Westm. Br. 66 The Directing the Persons concerned therein, was committed to one Person only. 1890 G. B. Shaw Fabian Ess. Socialism 119 The ‘directing’ of companies and the patronizing of nitrogenous Volunteer Colonels.

directing,ppl. a. [-ing*.] That directs: see the verb. 1588 J. Mellis Briefe Instruct. G viij, Aboue the directing line. 1670 Devout Commun. (1688) 69 Some beams of thy directing consolatory light. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xv. 259 A secret directing Providence. 1889 Spectator 19 Oct., That is the true end of arranging work, and it is one which the directing classes do not forget when arranging work for themselves.

b. spec, directing-circle, a circle made of two hoops, one within the other, to guide sappers in the making of gabions; directing-plane (Persp.), a plane passing through the point of sight parallel to the plane of the picture; directingpoint (Persp.), the point at which any original line meets the directing plane (Gwilt Arch. Gloss. 1876); directing-post, a finger-post on a road. 1851J S. Macaulay Field Fortif. 66 The directing circle is then laid on a level piece of ground, and seven, eight, or nine pickets are driven at equal distances apart, between the hoops. 1876 Directing plane, point [see director 3 f]. 1876 Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 28 Reaching the directingpost where the road branched into two, she paused.

direction (di'rekjan, dai-). [a. L. direction-em, n. of action from dirig-ere to direct; cf. F. direction, 15th c. in Hatz.-Darm., possibly the immediate source in some senses.] 1. The action or function of directing: a. of pointing or aiming anything straight towards a mark; b. of putting or keeping in the right way or course; guidance, conduct; c. of instructing how to proceed or act aright; authoritative guidance, instruction; d. of keeping in right order; management, administration. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxiv. xiii, She [nature] werketh upon all wonderly.. In sondry wyse by great dyreccyon. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 138 Which thing was shewed unto the kinges counsaile, by whose direction, the matter was committed unto Sir Philip Basset. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. iii. 128 He is a Souldier, fit to stand by Caesar And giue direction. 1618 Raleigh in Four C. Eng. Lett. 38 Where without any direccion from me, a Spanish village was burnt. 1659 B. Harris Parival’s Iron Age 109 Father Arnout, who was preferred by the Duke of Luynes, to the direction of the [King’s] Conscience. 1662 J. Davies tr. Olearius’ Voy. Ambass. 36 The Steeples give a great direction to the Ships that sail that way. 1689-92 Locke Toleration III. ii. Wks. 1727 II. 324 Their want of Knowledge during their Nonnage, makes them want Direction. 01719 Bp. Smalridge (J.), The direction of good works to a good end. 1765 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 217 He may use one of his hands when necessary for the direction of the horses. 1801 Strutt Sports Gf Past. 11. i. 60 [No] such precision.. in the direction of the arrows. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxxii, Who shall arraign the head by whose direction the act was done? 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 422 The French prince followed the direction of his wiser instincts. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 11. ix, She felt the need of direction even in small things.

e. The art, technique, or an instance of directing a play, film, etc. (see direct v. 5 c). 1938 C. Morgan Flashing Stream 36 The play was first performed at the Lyric Theatre, London under the direction of Mr. Godfrey Tearle. 1939 W. C. & H. S. Pryor Let's go to Movies 45 (heading) Direction. 1949 G. B. Shaw in E. J. West Shaw on Theatre (1958) 279 They are not concerned with direction as a fine art; but they cover the mechanical and teachable conditions which are common to all productions. 1959 Oxf. Mag. 12 Mar. 338/1 The pace ana punch of his direction, camera-work and cutting are far better than anything he ever did in England.

f2. Capacity faculty.

for

directing;

administrative

1585 J- B. tr. Viret's Sch. Beastes Avij, Because of their industrie.. and of that prudence and direction that they have. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, v. iii. 16 Call for some men of sound direction. 1636 Massinger Bashf. Lover 11. iv, The enemy must say we were not wanting In courage or direction.

3. a. The office of a director; a body of directors; = directorate. 1710 Steele Tatler No. 206 Jf 2 We met a Fellow who is a Lower Officer where Jack is in the Direction. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. (1815) 225 A friend., will recommend you to the direction. l8SS Thackeray Newcomes I. 62, I will ask some of the Direction. 1878 F. S. Williams Midi. Railw. 124 Resignation by Mr. Hudson of his position on the direction.

b. Mus. The office or function of the conductor of an orchestra or choir: see direct v. Sb. f4. Orderly arrangement or disposition of matters; arranged or ordered course; arrangement, order. Chiefly in to take or set direction. Obs. 1407 Mann. & Househ. Exp. 173 3eff ther be any derekesyon take at thes kowensel for the Kinges goenge.

1475 Plumpton Corr. 33 He shall see such a derection betwixt his brother Gascoin & you, as shalbe to your harts ease & worship. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 491 The whiche variaunce to apese the Kynge toke therein some payne, but no direccion he myghte set therein, so that the saide duke & sir John deperted with wordes of diflfiaunce. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 14/b, And there remained at the kynges charge, til other direccion was taken for theim.

5. a. with a and pi.: An instruction how to proceed or act; an order to be carried out, a precept. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 257, I set downe directions and precepts, how you should order and dispose your studies. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 129 He..took little or nothing but by the Doctors directions. 1722 De Foe Plague (1754) 10, I desire this Account may pass with them, rather for a Direction to themselves to act by. 1801 Strutt Sports & Past. Introd. 24 The stage direction then requires the entry of Two men. 1845 H. J. Rose in Encycl. Metrop. II. 897/1 His [Christ’s] direction in the case of an offending brother, ‘tell it to the Church’.. would be unintelligible, if there were no visible Church. 1854 J. S. C. Abbott Napoleon (1855) II. xxx. 569 His instructions contained the following directions.

b. Instruction how to go to a place. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. i. 6 Withouten guyde Or good direction how to enter in. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xvi. x, Fitzpatrick.. was inquiring in the street after his wife, and had just received directions to the door. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. HVciii, I.. beg of you to provide him with proper directions for finding me in London.

6. a. The action of directing or addressing a letter, or the like, f b. The dedication or address of a writing (obs.). c. The superscription or address upon a letter or parcel sent, indicating for whom it is intended, and where it is to be taken; the name of the place at which letters for a particular person are to be delivered; = address sb. 7. d. U.S. Law. ‘In equity pleading, that part of the bill containing the address to the court’ (Cent. Diet.). (Called in England the address.) 1524 Wolsey Let. to Dacres 24 Apr. in M.A.E. Wood Lett. Illustr. Ladies (1846) I. 315 It was folded in the said paper, without direction to any person, and sealed semblably with a letter of a contrary tenor. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625) 4 That it [a writing] containe not base, .or scurrile matter, unbeseeming a direction so worthy. Ibid. 1. 16 The directions, which on the outside of every Letter.. are always fixed, and commonly are termed by the name of Super¬ scriptions. 1663 Chas. II, in Cartwright Madame Henrietta (1894) 138 A little booke..by the detections you will see where ’tis to be had. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Mar 10 Mar., I have received.. that short note.. in which you .. promise me a direction for the place you stay in. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xiii. ii, The proper direction to him was, To Dr. Misaubin in the World. 1786 Burns Let. to W. Chalmers 27 Dec., My direction is—care of Andrew Bruce, merchant, Bridge-street. 1840 Clough Amours de Voy. v. vii, Has he not written to you?—he did not know your direction. 1886 N. & Q. 7th Ser. II. 425/1 These letters.. retain their directions.. and bear the postmarks of the period.

f7. Disposition, turn of mind. Obs. rare. 1642 Life Dk. Buckhm. in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 286 His religious lady, of sweet and noble direction.

f8. Direct motion (of a planet): see direct a. 3. Obs. rare. 1658 Phillips, Direction, a Planet is said direct, when it moveth in its natural course according to the direction of the Signs. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Direction, in astronomy, the motion, and other phenomena, of a planet, when direct. 1790 SlBLY Astrol. (1792) I. 147 Direction signifies a planet moving on in its natural course from west to east.

9. a. The particular course or line pursued by any moving body, as defined by the part or region of space, point of the compass, or other fixed or known point, towards which it is directed; the relative point towards which one moves, turns the face, the mind, etc.; the line towards any point or region in its relation to other lines taken as known. angle of d., line of d.: see quots. 1706, 1727. 1665 Hooke Microgr. 100 The undulating pulse is..at right angles with the Ray or Line of direction. 1706 Clarke Attrib. God ix. (R.), The direction of all their [the planets’] progressive motions.. from the west to the east. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Line of Direction (in Meehan.) is the Line of Motion that any natural body observes according to the Force impressed upon it. 1727-51 Chambers Cycl. s.v., Angle of Direction, in mechanics, is that comprehended between the lines of direction of two conspiring powers. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 47 The tides.. move it in two different directions four times in the natural day. 1756 Burke Subl. & B. ill. xv, Their parts never continue long in the same right line. They vary their direction every moment. 1834 Medwin Angler in Wales II. 103 The trout were darting about in all directions. 1842 Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 70 The direction of this rotation is changed by changing the direction of the magnetic force. 1878 Huxley Physiogr. 6 These terms—north and south, east and west.. indicate definite directions. 1879 Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. §218 The direction of a force is the line in which it acts. If the place of application of a force be regarded as a point, a line through that point, in the direction in which the force tends to move the body, is the direction of the force. Mod. Tell me in what direction to look. He has gone in the direction of Warwick. In what direction is Versailles from Paris?

b. fig. in reference to a course of action or the like, viewed as motion. 1753 Johnson Rambler No. 206 If 3 A Man, actuated at once by different desires, must move in a direction peculiar to himself, c 1790 Willock Voy. 306 Of late.. politics have

DIRECTIONAL taken a new direction. 1830 D’Israeli Chas. I, III. i. 5 Too often the impulse which sprang from a public source, took the direction of a private end. 1874 Green Short Hist. vi. §4. 308 Efforts.. in the direction of educational and religious reform. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 519 New directions of enquiry.

10. Astrol. (See quots.) 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey). 1727-51 Chambers Cycl., Direction.. is a kind of calculus, whereby they pretend to find the time wherein any notable accident shall befal the person whose horoscope is drawn. 1819 Jas. Wilson Compl. Diet. Astrol. s.v., Primary directions are arithmetical calculations of the time of events caused by the significator forming conjunctions, or aspects, with the places of promittors. Ibid., The distance of the place of a significator in a nativity from the place he must arrive at before he can form the aspect.. is called the arc of direction.

11. attrib. and Comb., as direction*giver, -paper-, direction cosines, the cosines of the angles which a given direction makes with the three axes of coordinates in space; direction¬ finder Telecommunications, a receiving device that determines from which direction radio waves come to it; so direction-finding-, direction indicator, a device on a motor vehicle used to indicate the direction the driver intends to take; = trafficator; direction-post, a finger-post at the branching of a road, a directing post; direction-ratio, the ratio of one of the oblique coordinates of a point to the distance of the point from the origin; direction-word = CATCHWORD I. 1913 Year-Bk. Wireless Telegr. & Teleph. 307 Direction¬ finding from ship-board. Ibid. 316 The uses of the direction-finder. 1919 R. Stanley Wireless Telegr. (ed. 2) II. 270 A direction-finding aerial system. 1920 Discovery May 131/2 The Marconi direction-finder not only receives wireless signals; it also indicates the direction of the sending station. 1921 L. B. Turner Wireless Telegr. 178 Direction¬ finding stations on land .. are usually grouped in pairs at the ends of a suitable base line, so that the intersection of the two orientations determined gives the position of the source of signal, e.g. a ship or an aeroplane. 1935 Discovery June 155/2 The practical problems of direction-finding are closely connected with the vagaries of the waves returned from the ionosphere, and continued success has been attained in the development of direction-finders less subject to the errors produced by these waves. 1946 Electronic Engin. XVIII. 20 An automatic V.H.F. direction finder. 1966 M. R. D. Foot SOE in France x. 324 He tried to get in touch with Dowlen; but Dowlen was caught by direction-finders. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 111. ii. 90 Sweet Protheus, my direction-giuer, Let us into the City presently. 1937 Times 13 Apr. p. xxii/4 The makers of direction indicators and fog and anti-dazzle lamps. 1959 Motor Manual (ed. 36) vi. 183 Another change since the war has been the progressive displacement of the semaphore-type of direction indicator by flashing light signals. 1769 Franklin Lett. Wks. 1887 IV. 233 Enclosed is his direction-paper for opening and fixing it. 1795 K. P. Moritz Trav. 142 Where there are cross-roads, there are direction posts, so that it is hardly possible to lose oneself in walking. 1844 Dickens Mart. Chuz. ii, A direction-post, which is always telling the way to a place. 1861 Mill Utilit. ii. 35 To inform a traveller.. is not to forbid the use of direction-posts on the way. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Direction-word. .a Word set at the bottom of a Page directing or shewing the first word of the next page.

Hence di'rectionism, the theory of a directing power underlying the material forces of the universe; directionless a., void of aim or direction. i860 Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vi. iv. §8 An aspen or elm leaf is thin, tremulous, and directionless, compared with the spear-like setting and firm substance of a rhododendron or laurel leaf. 1873 Pater Renaissance viii. 190 The eyes are wide and directionless, not fixing anything with their gaze. 1894 Month June 281 He .. supposes a power underlying the whole, which he calls ‘directionism’; as an antagonistic view to that of mere materialism.

directional (di'rekjanal), a. [f. prec. + -al1.] fl. Serving for direction or guidance: see quot. Obs. 1612 Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 67 Directional is that moddle which is made only to guide the Artificer in the dimensions of all the parts, as also for to direct them for the kinds of the matter and the stuffe.. to make the engin intended. 2. Of or relating to direction in space. 1881 Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 168 These directional relations. 1881 Spottiswoode in Nature No. 623. 546 There is a dissymmetry at the two ends or ‘terminals’ of a battery.. or other source of electricity, implying a directional character either in that which is transmitted, or in the mode of its transmission.

3. Alg. directional coefficient (of an imaginary quantity), the quotient obtained by dividing the quantity by its modulus. 4. a. Of or pertaining to the direction or guidance of affairs. 1921 Glasgow Herald 5 Mar. 6 The responsibility of so improving his directional control of the conditions of working. 1922 Ibid. 21 Mar. 7 Their doctrine of one directional authority. 1928 Daily Express 26 Sept. 1 All directional and organisation expenses.

b. Of or pertaining to the direction of films, etc. 1949 Here & Now (N.Z.) Oct. 29/3 Camera, lighting, directional ‘touches’ are in their subordinate and proper place. 1962 Movie Sept. 25/1 The emotional effect of Exodus is the stronger for being free from directional nudges and promptings.

705

DIRECTLY

5. Telecommunications. Concerned with the record of directions indicated by radio signals received from a vessel, etc. Also, pertaining or relating to apparatus that transmits or receives radio signals, etc., more strongly in or from certain directions than others.

showing the extent and limitations of one’s authority. 1971 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 22 Apr. 34/1 This authorization of September 1970 made official a practice which long preceded the issuance of the directive.

1914 R. Stanley Wireless Telegr. 179 To illustrate the effect of directional aerials at the sender and at the receiver. 1929 Bell Syst. Techn.Jrnl. VIII. 313 The use of directional receiving antennas is essential to satisfactory and economic results over such distances as the transatlantic radio path. 1930 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 26 June 7/1 An occasional directional message from the Cape Race wireless station was the only guidance they could pick up. 1935 Economist 30 Nov. 1062/2 Aerial navigation without wireless is to-day almost unthinkable. Night flying has only been made feasible by directional wireless. 1957 BBC Handbk. 60 To provide an effective signal in the area served by each programme, highly directional short-wave transmitting aerials are used. Ibid. 219 An efficient type of directional aerial. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 255 The microphone is thus intensely directional.

1642 Milton Observ. his Majesty's late Answ. & Expresses 44 Those.. that allow humane Laws to obleage Kings more then directively. 1653 Baxter Chr. Concord 79 If a Presbyter may not Govern directively, then he may not Teach. 1710 Norris Chr. Prud. ii. 74 Prudence.. actually directs and conducts men in the management of themselves .. and this actual Directiveness is of the very essence of Prudence. 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 374 God will cowork .. directively in all the great struggles of believing souls.

Hence di'rectionally adv., with respect to direction.

1903 Daily Chr on. Apr., That directivity which could not be explained without the power of the Deity behind it. 1907 Hibbert Jrnl. Oct. 150 Sheep, oxen, horses, and even geese may be feeding in the same grass-land. In each case the molecular compounds of the grass are identical, but they find themselves ultimately disposed in very different arrangements in the different animals. This can only be possible under the influence of directivity, but ‘directing’ differently in each creature.

1879 Thomson Sc Tait Nat. Phil. I. 1. §107 A fixed ring in space (directionally fixed, that is to say, but having the same translational motion as the earth’s centre).

directionality (di.rekfa'naeliti). (f. directional a. + -ity.] The state or quality of being directional; maintenance of direction. 1951 Parsons & Shils Gen. Theory of Action 405 An individual or group shows a consistent directionality in its selections. 1964 Language XL. 250 Linguistic relativity implies a one-way directionality. 1967 Technology Week 20 Feb. 34/3 Equipped with dipoles, the spacecraft was making cosmic noise measurements with no directionality. 1968 Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 386 There is..no reason to assume that the restriction has directionality, i.e., should be formalized to operate from left to right.

f di'rectitude. Obs. Humorous blunder, used apparently for wrong or discredit.

Hence di'rectively adv., in a directive manner, so as to direct or guide; di'rectiveness, the quality of being directive.

directivity (dirsk'tiviti, dai-). [f. directive a. + -ity.] 1. The quality or state of being directed by a vital force or power as distinguished from the physical forces, spec, as a theory of evolution.

2. The property or degree of being directional (see directional a. 5). Also attrib. 1928 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engin. LXVI. 11. 955 General considerations of the directivity of beam systems. 1930 Techn. News Bull., U.S. Bureau of Standards Dec. 117/2 Directivity of reception or transmission, or both, will inform the pilot of the direction of danger. 1935 Proc. Inst. Radio Engin. XXIII. 357 Experiments with directivity steering for fading reduction. Ibid., It has been noticed in the past that fading was affected by the directivity of the receiving antenna.

1607 Shaks. Cor. iv. v. 222 Which Friends sir, durst not ..shew themselues.. his Friends, whilest he’s in Directitude.

directly (di'rekth), adv. [f. direct a. + -ly2.] In a direct manner or way. 1. a. In a straight line of motion; with undeviating course; straight.

directive (di'rektiv, dai-), a. (sb.) [ad. med.L. directiv-us, f. direct- ppl. stem of dirigere to direct: see -ive. In F. directif, -ive (13-14th c.), Sp. and Pg. directivo, It. direttivo * having or giving direction vnto, directiue’ (Florio 1598).] A. adj. 1. a. Having the quality or function of directing, authoritatively guiding, or ruling: see direct v.

1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 800 The king with Queene Anne his wife, came downe out of the white Hall.. and went directly to the kinges Benche. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. iv. i. 32 A Creature that I teach to fight, To winde, to stop, to run directly on. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. (1736) 52 Cutting thro’ one of them either directly or cross¬ wise. 1678 Bunyan Pilgrim's Prog. 1. 3 Keep that light in your eye, and go up directly thereto. 1790 Paley Horae Paul. Rom. i. 9 To proceed from Achaia directly by sea to Syria. 1820SCORES&Y Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 304 [It] advanced directly towards us with a velocity of about three knots.

1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 1. viii. (1611) 18 A law therefore generally taken, is a directiue rule vnto goodnesse of operation. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World 11. 245 To the power Directive they ought to be subject. 1659 Pearson Creed (1839) 414 The .. directive conscience tells us what we are to do, and the subsequent or reflexive conscience warns us what we are to receive. 1712 Berkeley Passive Obed. §7 Laws being rules directive of our actions. 1729 Savage Wanderer v. 656 No friendly stars directive beams display. 1853 M. Kelly tr. Gosseliris Power Pope II. 364 The directive power of the Church. 1861 Mill Utilit. ii. 16 Utility or Happiness, considered as the directive rule of human conduct. fb. Law. = directory a. b. Obs. 1610 Bp. Carleton Jurisd. 166 His meaning is by lawes directiue.. that Princes haue no coactiue power ouer the Clergie but onely power directiue. 888) p. ccxxv, The Church having authority to establish .. new essential and diriment impediments of matrimony. 1875 Contemp. Rev. XXVI. 423 There is another diriment impediment which has lately attracted more than ordinary attention. 1888 Ch. Times 2 Mar. 179 In England.. marriages, not hindered by a diriment impediment, are valid wherever solemnised.

\ 'dirity. Obs. rare. [ad. L. diritas, f. dirus fell, dire.] Direness, dreadfulness. r 1586 Hooker Serm. Pride v. Wks. III. 794 So unappeasable is the rigour and dirity of his corrective justice. 1623 Cockeram, Diritie, crueltie, fiercenesse. 1656 in Blount Glossogr. 1721-1800 in Bailey.

dirk (d3:k), sb. Forms: 7 dork, 7-9 durk, (7 durke), 8- dirk. [Origin unknown. Found in 1602 spelt dork, then common from second half of 17th c. as durk; the spelling dirk was adopted without authority in Johnson’s Diet. 1755, app. from the falling together of ir, ur, in Eng. pronunciation; cf. Burmah, Birmah, dirt, durt, etc. Although early quots. and Johnson’s explanation suggest that the name was Gaelic, there is no such word in that language, where the weapon is called biodag. O’Reilly’s duirc is merely the 18th c. English word spelt Irish-fashion. The suggestion has been offered that the word may be the Da. Dirk, familiar form of the personal name Diederik, which name, in Ger. dietrich, LG. dierker (Bremen Wb.), Da. dirik, dirk, Sw. dyrk, is actually given to a pick-lock; but besides the difficulty that dirk is not the original form of the English word, no such sense as ‘dagger’ belongs to the continental word. If of continental origin, the earliest form dork might possibly be a soldier’s or sailor’s corruption of Du., Da., Sw. doll1, Ger. dolch, dagger.]

1. A kind of dagger or poniard: spec. a. The dagger of a Highlander, f b. ‘A small sword or dagger formerly worn by junior naval officers on duty.’ Smyth Sailor’s Word-bk. (Obs.). 1602 Form of ancient trial by battel in Nicholson and Burn’s Hist. Westmoreland (1777) I. 596 note. Two Scotch daggers or dorks at their girdles. ?l6.. Robin Hood & Beggar 11. 90 (Ritson) 1795 I. 106 A drawen durk to his breast. 1680 G. Hickes Spirit of Popery 36 Armed men, who

.. fell upon them with Swords and Durkes. 1681 Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1695) 4 Some had Halbards, some had Durks, Some had crooked swords like Turks. 1724 Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 7 With durk and pistol by his side. a 1740 T. Tickell Imit. Prophecy Nereus 29 The shield, the pistol, durk, and dagger. 1746 Rep. Cond. Sir J. Cope 184 Some few of their Men .. arm’d only with Durk, Sword, and Pistol. 1755 Johnson, Dirk, a kind of Dagger used in the Highlands of Scotland. 1786 Burns Earnest Cry & Prayer xvii, Her tartan petticoat she’ll kilt, An’ durk an’pistol at her belt, She’ll tak the streets. 1794-Let. to J. Johnson ? Feb. Wks. 1857 IV. 58, I have got a Highland dirk, for which I have great veneration, as it once was the dirk of Lord Balmerino. 1806 Gazetteer Scotl. Introd. 15 The Highland durk is certainly an imitation of the Roman short dagger. 1822 J. Flint Lett. Amer. 113 The dirk has a pointed blade, four or five inches long, with a small handle. It is worn within the vest, by which it is completely concealed. 1830 Scott Demonol. x. 396 We saw the dirk and broadsword of Rorio Mhor. 1833 Marryat P. Simple iv, I.. wrote another [letter] asking for a remittance to purchase my dirk and cocked hat. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 193, I pocketed the purse, .put a dirk in my bosom, girt a couple of pistols round my waist. 1881 Jowett Thucyd. I. 162 The highland Thracians .. are independent and carry dirks.

2. Comb., as dirk-hilt, -knife; dirk-like adj.; dirk-hand, the hand that grasps the dirk; dirkknife, a large clasp-knife with a dirk-shaped blade. 1835 C. F. Hoffman Winter in West I. 212, I. .gave the game the coup de grace with a dirk-knife which I had about me. 1837 Lockhart Scott xli. (1839) V. 340 Its bottom is of glass, that he who quaffed might keep his eye the while upon the dirk hand of his companion. 1843 ‘R- Carlton’ New Purchase I. xx. 189 Tom [was] talking and laughing away like a fellow whittling poplar with a dirk knife! 1851 D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. vi. 347 Ivory dirk-hilts elegantly turned and wrought by the hand.

dirk (d3:k), v. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To stab with a dirk. . Obs. rare. [In 16th c. desafie, a. OF. desafie-r to distrust, f. des-, L. dis- (dis- 4) + afier to trust: see affy u.] trans. To put out of relations of affiance: defy v.1 1. 1546 St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 239 He fledde like a traytour.. and being for the same desafied by Julyan, doth maynteyn his acte and him silf to be honest, and to fight in that quarrell with the said Julyan.

t dis'age. Obs. rare. [ad. It. disagio dis-ease, trouble, want, f. dis-, dis- 4 + agio leisure, ease; cf. agio, adagio.] Hardship, trouble. 1665 J. Webb Stone-Heng (172s) 156 [They] were thickskin’d Fellows, and could patiently undergo such and greater Disages.

t dis'aggravate, v. Obs. rare, [dis- 6.] trans. To release from a burden or charge: see AGGRAVATE V. 3. 1598 Florio Disgrauio, a discharge, a disagrauating.

DISAGGREGATE dis'aggregate, v. [f.

DISAGREEMENT

717

dis- 6 + aggregate v. Cf.

fdisa'gree, sb.

Obs.

rare-',

[f.

prec.

vb.]

F. desagreger, Sp. desagregar.] 1. trans. To separate (an aggregated mass) into its component particles.

1589 Greene Tallies Love (1609) Divb, It may bee that the destinies have appointed their disagree.

1828 in Webster. 1858 G. P. Scrope Geol. Centr. France 2) 47 Its parts are then disaggregated. 1876 tr. Schutzenberger's Ferment. 172 The cellular tissue is either

disagreesbility (diss.griia'biliti). [f. next + -ity: cf. agreeability.] The quality or condition

partly or completely disaggregated.

of being disagreeable; unpleasantness.

(ed.

2. intr.

(for

refl.)

To

separate

from

an

aggregate. 1881 Morgan Contrib. had disaggregated.

Amer. Ethnol. 87 As soon as they

Disagreement.

1788 Mad. D’Arblay Diary IV. iv. 188 These only formed its disagreeability. 1790 Ibid. V. iv. 163 Difficulties and disagreeabilities in carrying on a week’s intercourse. 1852 Fraser's Mag. XLVI. 248 He will be exposed to many ‘disagreeabilities’ from the police. 1889 Mrs. Randolph New Eve II. ix. 62 Ill-health meant ill-temper, discomfort, disagreeability of all sorts.

disaggregation (disaegri'geijsn). [n. of action f. prec. vb.: cf. mod.F. desagregation (1878 in Diet. Acad.).] 1. The separation of the component particles of an aggregated mass or structure; disintegration. 1828 in Webster. 1858 Sat. Rev. 20 Nov. 501/1 A million of entire skeletons.. bound together by the fine powder resulting from the disaggregation of their fellows and of other calcareous organisms. 1865 Esquiros Cornwall 41 Deposits formed by the disaggregation of the primitive rocks. 1879 G. Prescott Sp. Telephone 436 Neither disaggregation nor sparks. 1881 Nature XXIV. 67 An electric disaggregation of the electrode.

2. transf. in various non-physical senses. 1831 Bentham Wks. (1838-43) XI. 73 Power of aggregation; power of disaggregation. 1881 Morgan Contrib. Amer. Ethnol. 87 A further consequence of this disaggregation was.. the necessity for an official building. 1890 Times 11 Jan. 5/1 Centralization would disappear, .to make way for a disaggregation as troublesome for the Monarchy of Portugal as for the French Republic.

disagree (disa'gri:), v. [ad. F. desagreer (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), f. des- (dis- 4) + agreer to agree. See also disgree.] 1. intr. To differ, to be unlike; not to agree, correspond, accord, or harmonize. Const, with, f to, \from. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. lxvi. 45 That sayinge disagreeth to the wrytynge of Eutropius. 1579 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 191 [He] sorroweth to see thy behaviour so far to disagree from thy birth. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. iv. iii. 8 Those things we call morally good, which agree to right reason: those morally evill, which disagree from right reason. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, in. (1701) 86/1 Which [account] disagrees not with the other. 1685 Stillingfl. Orig. Brit. i. 4 A Tradition.. disagreeing to the Scripture. 1725 Watts Logic n. iv. §2 We have neither a very clear Conception in our selves of the two Ideas contained in the Words, nor how they agree or disagree. 1874 A. B. Davidson Hebr. Gram. §48 The other numerals are nouns, and disagree in gender with the words which they enumerate. 1884 tr. Lotze's Logic iv. 235 Particular circumstances which agree or disagree with given facts.

2. To differ in opinion; to dissent. 1559 in Strype Ann. Ref. I. App. xi. 35 If any.. disagreed from his forefathers, he is.. to be judged suspected. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. 1. i. §20 Those who disagree from that former Computation, place it yet lower. 1732 Pope Ep. Bathurst 1 Who shall decide when Doctors disagree? 1874 Morley Compromise (1886) 181 The sincere beliefs and conscientiously performed rites of those.. from whose religion he disagrees. 1883 Froude Short. Stud. IV. 11. ii. 187 He could not place himself in the position of persons who disagreed with him. 1891 Spectator 13 June 823/1 Men who hoped against hope that the jury would disagree.

3. To refuse to accord or agree (to any proposal, etc.); to dissent. Const, to, with, \from. Indirect passive, to be disagreed to. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 36 Preamb., If the.. Duke., disagree to the seid acte. 1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 52 a, If the parcener.. hathe yssue and dyeth, the issue maye disagree to the particion. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxx. (1612) 155 Mine is to loue, but hers to disagree. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 495 In such cases the grantee may, by deed only, disagree, and disclaim the estate. 1825 T. Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 31 The Delaware counties had bound up their delegates to disagree to this article. 1869 Gladstone Sp. in Parlt. (Daily News 16 July), I shall move to disagree to that clause .. I beg now to move that the House disagree with the Lords’ amendment.. of the preamble of the Irish Church Bill. Ibid., The Lords’ amendment was then disagreed to. 1869 Daily News 27 July, The Lower House has disagreed from the amendment.

4. To be at variance, to dispute or quarrel. 1548 Hall Chron. Hen. IV, 29 b, Takyng a corporall othe .. never after to disagre or renewe any displeasure. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 497 Devil with Devil damn’d Firm concord holds, men onely disagree Of Creatures rational. 1758 S. Hayward Serm. xvii. 531 Children of the same family ought not to disagree. 1835 Lytton Rienzi 11. i, Come, we must not again disagree.

5. Of food, climate, etc.: To conflict in physical operation or effect; to be unsuitable. Const, with. 1563 etc., [see disagreeing ppl. a. 4.] 1768 tr. Comoro's Disc. 15 To try, whether those, which pleased my palate, agreed or disagreed with my stomach. Ibid. 45 Fruit, fish, and other things of that kind disagree with me. 1813 Martin in Med.-Chirurg. Trans. IV. 47 Increasing one drop every day until it might begin to disagree with the stomach. 1820 Shelley CEdipus 11. ii. 28 So plain a dish Could scarcely disagree. 1827 Scott Napoleon xlvi, Ascribed to his health’s disagreeing with the air of that capital. 1865 Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 288 It couldn’t have been sound, that champagne ..or it wouldn’t have so disagreed with me. Mod. The confinement and close application to work disagrees with him.

disagreeable (dis3'gri;3b(3)l), a. (sb.) Also 5 dys-. [a. F. desagreable (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), f. des- (dis- 4) + agreable agreeable.] A. adj. f 1. Not in agreement; characterized by difference or incongruity; disagreeing, discordant, at variance. Const, to, with. Obs. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4717 It [love] is Carybdis perillous Disagreeable and gracious, It is discordaunce that can accord, And accordaunce to discord. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxxiv. 270 But.. I se the mater dysagreable to other wryters, and also thynke that moche therof is fayned. 1538 Coverdale Ded. to N.T., It was disagreeable to my former translation in English. 1563 Golding Caesar Pref. (1565) 1 Caesar in hys descryption of Gallia.. may seeme dysagreable wyth other authors. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 1. xv. 79 What is conformable or disagreeable to Reason, in the actions of common life. 1725 Bailey Erasm. Colloq. 407 Compare their Lives and nothing can be more disagreeable. 1759 Johnson Rasselas xxviii. (1787) 78 The obstinate contests of disagreeable virtues. 1766 F. Blackburne Confessional 262 In determining what is the proper sense and extent of the Articles, and what shall be judged agreeable or disagreeable to them.

2. Not in accordance with one’s taste or liking; exciting displeasure or disgust; unpleasing, unpleasant, offensive. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 254 Yet he found it disagreeable, because the Nights now were as intensely Cold, as the Days were Hot. 1705 Bosman Guinea 230 This is such a horrible ugly Creature, that I don’t believe any thing besides so very disagreeable is to be found. 1754 E. Darwin Let. to Dr. Qkes in Dallas Life (1879), Yesterday’s post brought me the disagreeable news of my father’s departure out of this sinful world. 1794 S. Williams Vermont 90 This animal is without any ill scent, or disagreeable effluvia. 1838 James Robber iv, Your society is any thing but disagreeable to me. 1841-44 Emerson Ess., Prudence Wks. (Bohn) I. too In regard to disagreeable., things, prudence does not consist in evasion.. but in courage.

3. a. Of persons: Of unpleasant temper or humour; actively unamiable; offensive. It ranges from an active sense, of which the person in question is the subject, as in quot. 1474, to a subjective one of which the person in question is the object, both being often present. [1474 Caxton Chesse (1481) Dviijb, Not plesyd but disagreable whan they haue receyued the yefte.] 1710-11 Swift Lett. (1767) III. 109,1 dined to-day with my mistress Butler, who grows very disagreeable. 1825 J- Neal Bro. Jonathan II. 323 A very disagreeable man was here. 1875 W. S. Hayward Love Agst. World 11 My cousin is dreadfully disagreeable.

b. Uncomfortable, in an unpleasant position. 1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie xii, We are disagreeable about his camping on the prairie, instead of coming in to his own bed. 1836 Knickerbocker VIII. 151 Had I not become accustomed to such dangers, I should have felt very disagreeable. 1844 P. Parley's Ann. V. 180 The King felt quite disagreeable. The Russians might drop in upon him very unceremoniously.

B. as sb. (Cf. agreeable 6.) f a. A disagreeable person. Obs. 1829 Mrs. Southey Church Yardsll. 242 Whatever some superior-minded disagreeables may say to the contrary.

b. A disagreeable thing or experience; esp. in pi. 1781 Cowper Let. 4 Feb., Some disagreeables and awkwardnesses would probably have attended your interview. 1797 Holcroft tr. Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) II. xlii. 64 The Greek artists are.. careful to keep the disagreeable out of sight. 1804 W. Irving Life & Lett. (1864) I. iv. 78, I am seasoned . .to the disagreeables from my Canada journey of last summer. 1849 C. Bronte Shirley ix. 127 When the disagreeables of life—its work and privations were in question.

disagreeableness (disa'griiabfajlms). [f. prec. -I- -ness.] The quality of being disagreeable. ft. Want of agreement; discordancy, incongruity. Obs. 1571 Golding Calvin on Ps. lxix. 18 This disagreeablenesse of the wicked is easly washt away. 1686 Horneck Crucif. Jesus xxiv. 828 Remove and conquer that disagreeableness, that is betwixt my nature, and thy harmony. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 413 |fi We know neither the Nature of an Idea, nor the Substance of a human Soul, which might help us to discover the Conformity or Disagreeableness of the one to the other. 1716 Atterbury Serm. (1734) I. 215 Its disagreeableness to the eternal rules of right reason.

2. Unpleasantness; also, an unpleasant feature. 1648 W. Mountague Devout Essays 1. xvii. § 1 Many who have figured Solitude.. have sought to sweeten all they could the disagreeableness. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 84 If 5, I found the Disagreeableness of giving Advice without being asked it. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (1811) I. xvi. 109 Look upon that man—see but the disagreeableness of his person. 1833 Fraser's Mag. VII. 4 With all its manifold disagreeablenesses (to coin a word), it must be grappled with

boldly. 1861 Swinhoe N. China Camp. 9 There was just that amount of disagreeableness that usually occurs among Englishmen who are strangers to one another.

disa'greeablism. nonce-wd. [see -ism.] 1887 Besant Fifty Years Ago in Graphic Jubilee No. 20 June 2/3 Together with discontent, chartism, republicanism, atheism—in fact all the disagreeablisms.

disagreeably

(disa'griiabli), adv. [f. disagreeable + -ly2.] In a disagreeable manner or degree; unpleasantly; offensively. i730-6 Bailey (folio), Disagreeably, unpleasantly. 1766 in Corr. w. N. Nicholls (1843) 61, I passed, .all June in Kent not disagreeably. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xxix, You may find yourself very disagreeably deceived. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 333 Swedenborg is disagreeably wise.. and repels. Gray

f disa'greeance. Obs. [f. disagree v., after agreeance: cf. also OF. desagreance (Godef.).] = DISAGREEMENT. .1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Acts viii. 36 There is no disagreaunce where is faith. 1589 Late Voy. Sp. & Port. (1881) 98 Our disagreeance with them, will impeach the trade of our Merchants. 1597 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) 158 (Jam.) They sail.. report the groundis and caussis of their disagrieance to his maiestie.

disa'greed, ppl. a. [f. disagree v. + -ed1.] The reverse of agreed; not in agreement; at variance. 1598 Florio, Scordato, forgotten, put out of tune, vnstrung, disagreed. 1658 Baxter Saving Faith Ded. Aij, Well worth his labor to prove us disagreed. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 42 The partisans of utility are disagreed among themselves.

disagreeing (disa’grinr)), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING1.] The action of the verb to disagree; disagreement. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke 94 a, There ought to bee no discorde ne disagreyng emong theim in their preachyng. 1567 R. Mulcaster Fortescue's De Laud. Leg. (1572) 103 b, To be troubled with so many disagreeings. *647 Jer. Taylor Lib. Proph. xvii. 219 Such complying with the disagreeings of a sort of men, is the total overthrow of all Discipline. Mod. Their disagreeing was happily prevented.

disagreeing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That disagrees. 11. Out of harmony or agreement; discordant, incongruous; diverse. Obs. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 39 The places.. declare.. what be incidente, what be disagreeyng from the matter. 1561 T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer (1577) Evijb, Oratours .. vnlike and disagreeing.. to their predecessours & folowers. 1593 Q. Eliz. tr. Boethius (E.E.T.S.) 105 Me thinkes it a crosse mater and in it self disagreing, that God all knowes, and yet ther should be a free will. 1656 W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lot. Uni. §559 Many Islands, replenished with disagreeing nations and tongues. 1690 Locke Govt. 1. ii. §7 A Figure., very disagreeing with what.. Children imagine of their Parents.

2. Differing in opinion; dissentient. 1552 Huloet, Disagreeynge, dissentaneus. 1625 K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis 1. xx. 63 The nobles about them, in agreeing silence covered their disagreeing thoughts. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 11. xii. 244 Finding the Philosophers and Wise Men so uncertain and disagreeing. 1856 Mrs. Carlyle LetU II. 271 A half-perplexed, half-amused, and wholly disagreeing expression.

3. At variance, quarrelling. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 111. i. 11. ii. (1651) 421 Hard¬ hearted parents, disobedient children, disagreeing brothers. 1732 Berkeley Alciphr. v. §19 The most contentious, quarrelsome, disagreeing crew, that ever appeared.

4. Of incompatible or prejudicial operation; unsuitable. 1563 Hyll Art Garden. (1593) 90 The Greek writers think the Basil so disagreing and contrary to women, that if [etc.]. 1683 Tryon Way to Health 483 The eating of this.. Food becomes offensive to them, and disagreeing. 1794 Wolcott (p. Pindar) Rowl.for Oliver Wks. II. 41 This was a puzzling, disagreeing question, Grating like arsenic on his host’s digestion.

Hence f disa'greeingly adv. Obs. 1591 Percivall Sp. Did., Desacordamente, disagreeingly.

disagreement (disa'griimant). [f. disagree v. -I- -ment, after agreement. Cf. F. desagrement (des agreement, Oudinot, 1642) anything disagreeable, or not to one’s liking.] 1. Want of agreement or harmony; difference; discordancy, diversity, discrepancy. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 284 As well their words as their deedes bee at disagreement. 1699 Bentley Phal 154 There’s a seeming disagreement between Diodorus and Herodotus. 1737 Whiston Josephus, Antiq. Diss. ii, The apparent disagreement of any command to the moral attributes of God. a 1847 Mrs. Sherwood Lady of Manor I. vii. 267 Sin is a disagreement or nonconformity of the will of any creature with the will of God. 1864 Bowen Logic v. 105 The Judgement, quadrupeds are not rational, determines the relation of disagreement between the two Terms.

2. Refusal to agree or assent. 1495 Ad 11 Hen. VII, c. 36 § 1 Any disagreement or disassent by the seid Duches.. notwithstanding. 1642 Perkins Prof. Bk. i. §43. 19 The disagreement of the husband ought to be shewed.

3. Difference of opinion; dissent. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 83,1 againe with you was not at disagreement. 1613 Jackson Creed 1. 445 note, His disagreement from some of his owne profession. 1658 T. Wall Charac. Enemies Ch. 7 Disagreement in matters of faith causeth enmity. 1868 F. Edwards Raleigh I. xvii. 348

DISAGREER Men of very different natures, apart from their utter disagreement in religion.

4. Quarrel, dissension, variance, strife. 1589 Fleming Virg. Georg. 11. 34 Disagreement vexing brethren faithles and vntrustie. 1626 Meade in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. III. 223 There hath been some Disagreement at Court between their Majesties, by reason of the French Ambassador. 1770 Junius Lett, xxxviii. 190 Is it. .for your interest.. to live in a perpetual disagreement with your people? 1858 Froude Hist. Eng. III. xii. 10 The occasion of their disagreement being removed, he desired to return to the old terms of amity.

5. Unsuitableness (of food, climate, etc.) to the constitution. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. i. ii. (1853) I. 48 The probable disagreement of so torrid a climate unto English bodies.

6. An unpleasantness, a disagreeable condition. [F. desagrement.] rare. 1778 Gates in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) II. 532 You would have avoided many disagreements, had it pleased you to have accepted that offer.

disagreer (dis3'gri:3(r)). rare. [f. disagree v. + -er1.] One who disagrees: a dissenter. a 1660 Hammond Wks. II. 1. 605 (R.) To awe disagreers in all matters of faith.

disagyse, obs. Sc. f. disguise. tdis'ailment. Obs. rare. [seeDis-5.] Ailment, indisposition. 1657 Reeve God’s Plea 256 Without the least disaylment or distemper.

disa'larm, v. rare, [dis- 6 or 7 a + alarm.] trans. To free or relieve from alarm. 1617 Sir F. Burdett in Pari. Deb. 1693 Who had taken.. care that not a syllable should be inserted that could tend to disalarm the country.

disalike: see dis- 10 f disa'llegiance Obs. rare. [f. dis- 9 allegiance.] Contravention of allegiance.

DISANALOGY

718

+

1641 Laud Wks. (1857) VI. 216 Consider a little with what insolency, and perhaps disallegiance, this Lord and his roundhead crew would use their Kings.

f disa'lliege, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 6 + *alliege, deduced from allegiance, under the influence of liege: cf. prec.] trans. To withdraw or alienate from allegiance. 1648 Milton Observ. Art. Peace Wks. (1847) 263/2 By a pernicious and hostile peace, to disalliege a whole feudary kingdom from the antient dominion of England.

disallow (disa'lau), v. Forms: 4-5 desalowe, 4-6 dis-, 6 dysalowe, dissalow, 6- disallow, [a. OF. desaloue-r, disalower to blame, etc. (in Godef.), f. des-, dis- 4 + alouer allow. In med. (Anglo) L. disallocare: see Du Cange.] To refuse to allow (in various senses). f 1. trans. To refuse to laud, praise, or commend; to discommend, to blame. See allow I. 1. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 83 This vice of Inobedience.. he des-allowej?. £1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. xxix. (1869) 191 Nouht pat I wole blame it ne despeise it ne disalowe it. 1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Gj, Both is like errour which wise men disalowe. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 7, I praefer Tulli before Caesar in writing Latin; do I therefore disable or disalow Caesar? 1612 T. Taylor Comm. Titus iii. 1 According to their care herein haue they been commended or disallowed in the Scriptures. 1656 Cowley Prologue to Guardian, Who says the Times do Learning disallow? ’Tis false; ’twas never Honour’d so as Now.

2. To refuse to approve or sanction; to disapprove of: see allow I. 2. arch. 1494 Fabyan Chr on. vn. 616 Whiche conclucion was after disalowyd. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 46 The auditors general.. shal haue auctority to examin thaccomptes .. and to allowe and disalow all that shal be reasonable. 1552 Bury Wills (1850) 141 Furthermore I denull, disalow, and sett att nothing all former wills and testaments which I have made. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. Glaris 436 Though they.. do take liberty to.. use.. sports and exercises upon the Lords day, yet most of their ministers disallow it. a 1745 Swift (J.), It was known that the most eminent of those who professed his own principles, publickly disallowed his proceedings. 1892 Pall Mall G. 7 Sept. 6/2 The auditor also disallowed the refreshments the committee had, which.. amounted to 9s. 6\d. each.

fb. intr. with of. To refuse approval of. Obs. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 44, I.. might in no wise disallow of his doings: for he was very circumspect.. in his master’s businesse. 1649 Milton Eikon. xiv. (1851) 448 He returnes againe to disallow of that Reformation which the Covnant vowes. 1681 Chetham Angler's Vade-m. xxviii. §3 (1689) 164 Others disallow thereof.

f3. To refuse to accept with approval; to reject, disown. Obs. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiv. 130 For pei [the rich] han her hyre here . an heuene as it were .. And whan he deyeth, ben disalowed. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) 1. xiii. (1859) 9 Sithen that he come to yeres of discrecyon, this laboure he hath in dede disalowid. 1526-34 Tindale i Pet. ii. 4 A livynge stone disalowed of men, but chosen of god and precious. 1660 Stanley Hist. Philos, ix. (1701) 435/1 [tr. Archytas] The fates of young and old together croud, No head is disallow’d By merciless Proserpina.

tb. intr. with of. Obs. .1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 422 Wee ought not..to disalowe of what soever is appointed us by Gods good

providence. 1595 Shaks. John I. i. 16 What followes if we disallow of this?

disa'llower. [f.

4. To refuse to accept as reasonable, true, or valid; to refuse to admit (intellectually). See allow II. 4.

1672 H. More Brief Reply 74 Himself was an Opposer and disallower of that fond and Idolatrous Superstition.

c 1399 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 11 Every child is holden for to bowe Unto the modir.. Or elles he mot reson desalowe. 1583 Exec, for Treason (1675) 37 Who with common reason can disallow that her Majesty used her principal Authority? 1692 Ray Dissol. World in. v. §3. 135 This whole Hypothesis [of Des Cartes] I do utterly disallow and reject. 1778 Miss Burney Evelina Ded. (1784) 10 His influence is universally disallowed. 1841 Myers Cath. Th. in. §40. 145 By disallowing any human element.. we are deprived at once of much feeling of sympathy with the writers of the Bible.

5. To refuse to acknowledge or grant (some claim, right, or privilege), or to accede to (some request or suggestion); to reject. a 1555 Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 11,1 must not suffer the devil to have the victory over me.. I must disallow his instinctions and suggestions. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 275 Use Christian Liberty in respect of Matrimony, it being disallowed none but the Vortobeeds. 1786 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 1 To discuss the propriety of his charges, and to allow or disallow them as you pleased. 1841 James Brigand xxii, Your claim upon her hand is already disallowed. 6. To refuse to allow or permit; to forbid the

use of, to prohibit. 1563 Homilies 11. Agst. Excess Apparel (1859) 308 The abuses thereof, which he forbiddeth and disalloweth. 1568 Form Submission Papists in Strype Ann. Ref. I. Ii. 549 Nor willingly suffer any such.. to offend, whom I may reasonably let, or disallow, a 1600 Hooker (J.), God doth in converts, being married, allow continuance with infidels, and yet disallow that the faithful, when they are free, should enter into bonds of wedlock with such. 1621 Burton Anat. Mel. 1. ii. 11. iv, He utterly disallowes all hote Bathes in melancholy. 01654 Selden Table-T. (Arb.) 30 If he disallows a book it must not be brought into the Kingdom. 1713 Bentley Freethinking xi. (R.), They disallow’d self defence, second marriages, and usury. 1831 Coleridge Table-t. 27 Oct., Advocates, men whose duty it ought to be to know what the law allows and disallows. 1854 Lowell Camb. Thirty Y. Ago Prose Wks. 1890 I. 96 The great collar disallowing any independent, rotation of the head .. he used to turn his whole person.

b. Const, with infin., or \from and vbl. sb. 1746 W. Horsley Fool( 1748) II. 54 If a poor Barber shall be disallowed from taking Money. 1868 Browning Ring Bk. vi. 38, I being disallowed to interfere, Meddle, or make in a matter none of mine. 1887 Pall Mall G. 23 June 12/1 A law of the trade which disallowed an employer to take more than one apprentice at a time.

Hence disallowed ppl. a., disallowing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1377 Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 139 Nou3t to fonge bifore . for drede of disalowynge. C1555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 195 The public judgment of certain universities for the disproving and disallowing of his first marriage. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. 11. ix. 53 To practise the Ceremonies, with a doubting and dissalowing conscience. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India III. ii. 79 The objection.. was founded upon a disallowed assumption. 1884 Pall Mall G. 12 Feb. 11/2 If the House went on voting disallowing motions for ever, Mr. Bradlaugh would still be one ahead.

disallow + -er1.] disallows, or refuses to sanction.

One who

disallowment (diss'laumant). rare. [f. as prec. + -ment.]

The action or fact of disallowing.

1884 J. H. McCarthy Eng. under Gladstone xiv. 290 The disallowment roused a strong display of public feeling in all the Australian colonies.

disally (disa'lai), v. rare. [f.

dis- 6 -I- ally r.]

trans. To free from alliance or union. 1671 Milton Samson 1022 Nor both so loosely disallied Their nuptials. 1864 Swinburne Atalanta 301 Disallied From breath or blood corruptible.

f dis'alter, v. Obs. rare~K [f. dis- 5 + alter v.] trans. To alter or change for the worse. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. vii. (1599) 281 No other thing had disaltered the people, but the pride of the gentlemen.

tdisal'tern, v.

Obs. rare. [f. dis 5 + L. alternare to change from one thing to another.] trans. To alter or change for the worse: cf. prec. 1635 Quarles Embl. iii. iv, O wilt thou disaltem The rest thou gav’st?

disamay,

obs. var. of dismay.

disambiguate (disaem'bigjuieit), v. [f. ambigu(ous a.

+

-ate3.]

trans.

dis- 8 + To remove

ambiguity from. 1963 Language XXXIX. 175 A speaker can disambiguate parts of a sentence in terms of other parts. 1967 Ibid. XLIII. 619 When necessary, the Greek spelling is disambiguated by an appended phonetic transcription.

disambiguation (.dissembigjui'eijbn). [f. as prec. + -ation.] Removal of ambiguity; also, the result of such removal. 1827 G. Bentham Outl. Logic 88 Disambiguation — where it is to fix the sense of an ambiguous term. This operation has been termed distinction by some Logicians. 01832 J. Bentham Logic in Wks. (1843) VIII. 249/1 Disambiguation is distinction applied to words. 1967 R. H. Robins Short Hist. Linguistics vi. 138 Limitation of a word’s field of reference or its disambiguation as the result of specific collocations. 1968 Proc. Arist. Soc. Suppl. XLII. 135 We already know the correct syntactical or semantical disambiguation of his utterance. 1970 Language XLVI. 100 Pairs of sentences can easily be found in which dismabiguation rests upon comma intonation alone.

disamenity (disa'memti, -’iimti). [f.

dis- 9.] A disadvantage or drawback (of a locality, etc.). Freq. in pl.

t disa'llowable, a. Obs. [f. disallow + -able.]

1924 Glasgow Herald 19 Apr. 4 The disamenities of warm countries in the summer time. Ibid. 29 Nov. 4 The disamenities attendant on the growth of civilisation. 1938 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Set. 1937 383 The increased social expenditure and disamenities of social life (such as road congestion, housing shortage, loss of open spaces) in expanding areas. 1965 Listener 13 May 711/1 The political disamenity, dislocation, and social disturbance suffered both by the inhabitants and the immigrants. 1970 New Scientist 13 Aug. 342/2 Two other rapidly growing sources of disamenity.. are air travel and tourism.

Not to be allowed or permitted; not to be approved or sanctioned.

disamis (’disarms). Logic. The mnemonic term

1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 417 With these and many other disalowable condicions he was exercysed, which toumed hym to great dishonoure. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 280 What judge you of the words which I uttered: were they approvable, or were they disalowable? 1678 R. L’Estrange Seneca's Mor. (1702) 474 Our Passions are nothing else but certain Disallowable Motions of the Mind. 1716 Bp. Smalridge 1 st Charge 21 Which though not wholly unlawful, nor in the laity disallowable, yet in the clergy are of evil fame.

Hence fdisa'Ilowableness, being disallowable.

the

quality

of

1727 in Bailey, vol. II.

disallowance (diss'laosns).

[f. disallow + The action of disallowing; refusal to sanction, admit, or permit; disapproval, rejection, prohibition. -ance.]

1565 in Parker's Corr. (1853) 267 We have consulted how to proceed, whereby we may have your allowance or disallowance. 1585-7 T. Rogers 39 Art. (1607) 206 note. The approbation or disallowance of a general assembly.. should be a matter and cause spiritual. 1631 Gouge God’s Arrows iii. §.14. 211 Centurions .. are commended.. without any reproofe or dis-allowance of their warlike profession. 1733 Neal Hist. Purit. II. 559 They declare their disallowance of all seditious libels. 1846 Grote Greece 1. xxi. II. 180 This disallowance of the historical personality of Homer. 1883 A. H. de Colyar in Rep. Co. Crt. Cases Pref. 11 note, The Rules of the Supreme Court.. come into operation on the 24th October next, subject to disallowance by Parliament.

fb. Mus. Something disallowed or forbidden by rule; an irregularity. Obs. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 16 The.. allowances and disallowances in the composition of foure parts. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. in. 37 The last disallowance.. is when the upper part stands, and the lower part falls from a lesser third to a fifth. 1789 Burney Hist. Mus. III. viii. 527 An excellent composition might now be produced merely from ancient disallowances. 1854 j. W. Moore Compl. Cycl. Music, Disallowance, A term applied to any anomalous formation, or succession of chords. Two succeeding eighths, or two consecutive perfect fifths, in the same direction, constitute a disallowance.

(introduced by Petrus Hispanus, c 1250) designating the second mood of the third figure of syllogisms, in which the major premiss is a particular affirmative (*), the minor a universal affirmative (a), and the conclusion a particular affirmative (i). The initial letter d shows that the mood can be reduced to Darii, by simple conversion of the major, transposition of the premisses, and simple conversion of the conclusion, as indicated by the letters s, m, s, following the three vowels. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 30 The third figure.. This argument is reduced to Darii.. Di. Mercie onely forgiveth synnes. sa. All mercie is purchased by faithe; mis. Therfore by faith onely forgivenes is obteined. 1624 De Lawne tr. Du Moulin's Logick 144. 1891 Welton Logic I. iv. iii. §136 Disamis.. As example we may give: ‘Some pronouns in English are inflected; all such pronouns are words of English origin; therefore, some words of English origin are inflected’. Ibid., As an I proposition can be simply converted, it is a matter of very small moment whether an argument is expressed in Disamis or in Datisi.

disanagrammatize:

see dis- 6.

f disa'nalogal, a. Obs.

[dis- io.] = next. 1676-7 Hale Contempt. II. Works of God (R.), That knowledge, which we have in ourselves, which is utterly unsuitable and disanalogal to that knowledge, which is in God.

disanalogous

(disa'ntebgas), Having no analogy.

a.

[dis-

io.]

1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) II. 174 The words..have their ordinary denominations in an idiom totally disanalogous to what they have with us.

disa'nalogy. rare,

[dis- 9.] Want of analogy; a condition the reverse of analogous. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey Pref. Verse 15 For Dis-analogies strange, strained, rude, Nor Deuiations curious-ill-scande. 1641 Capt. A. Mervin in Rushw. Hist. Coll. III. (1692) I. 218 Where first I observe the disanalogy. 1948 M. Black Lang. & Philos. (1949) i. to Risk is always involved in neglecting the disanalogy between the things compared. 1959 P. F. Strawson Individuals v. 171 These

DISANCHOR

719

analogies and disanalogies. 1966 J. J. Katz Philos. Lang. iii. 35 There is a certain disanalogy here.

disanchor (di'saei)k3(r)), v. Also 5-7 dis-, dysa(u)ncre, 6-7 disan(c)kar, -er. [a. OF. desancre-r, f. des-, dis- 4 + ancrer to anchor, f. ancre anchor sb.*] 1. trans. To loosen (a ship) from its anchorage; to weigh the anchor of. c *477 Caxton Jason 56 Thene the good patrone.. disancred the noble shippe and went again to the see. 1481 - Godfrey 189 They shold disancre theyr shippes and flee. 1600 Holland Livy xxxi. vii. 776 After he is disankered once.. & under saile from Corinth. 1609 Heywood Brit. Troy v. xxxix. 116 Sixe Gallies they Disanker from the Isle. fig. a 1871 Carlyle in J. W. Carlyle's Lett. (1883) II. 346 note. Miserable feature of London life, needing to be disanchored every year, to be made comparatively a nomadic, quasi-Calmuck life.

2. intr. To weigh anchor: said of a ship or its crew. 01470 Tiptoft Caesar iii. (1530) 3 He dysauncred & departed about thre of the clocke. CI477 Caxton Jason 38 She went to the ship that sholde disancre for to go to Athenes. 1595 Drake Voy. (Hakluyt Soc.) 9 The enemie labored to cause us to disankar. 01656 Ussher Ann. (1658) ^44 [They] were commanded.. to disanchor, and to depart from those places. 18.. Southey (F. Hall).

Hence dis'anchoring vbl. sb. 1851 Carlyle Sterling n. vi. (1872) 138 We need not dwell at too much length on the foreign journeys, disanchorings, and nomadic vicissitudes of household, which occupy his few remaining years.

t disan'gelical, a. Obs. [disangelical; the reverse of angelical.

io.]

Not

/. a., disa rranging vbl. sb.; disa'rranger, one who disarranges.

-ED1.]

1827 Ch. Wordsworth Chas. I, etc. 19 A lamentably miscalculating and dis-arranged understanding. 1862 F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 40 The arranging and disarranging of the multitudinous constituents of the world. 1885 Athenaeum 14 Nov. 645/2 The name of the arranger —or rather disarranger—was not given in the programme.

1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xlviii. §16. 170 Following the disarraied flight of the Persians. 1742 Young Nt. Th. v. 826 His disarray’d oblation he devours. 1827 T. Doubleday Sea-Cave 11 Some sea-born maid .. with her green tresses disarrayed. 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel ix. 563 Mists, which hurry along.. like hosts disarrayed.

disarrangement (diss'reinc^mant). [f. prec. + -ment, after arrangement.] The fact or process of disarranging or putting out of order; the condition of being disarranged; disorder. c 1730 A. Baxter Enq. Nat. Soul (1737) II. 137 (T.) How .. is it possible that the mere disarrangement of the parts of matter should perform this? 1790 Burke Army Estimates Wks. V. 10 The whole of the arrangement, or rather disarrangement of their military. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. hi. II. i. (1857) II. 180 They are the Heart and presiding centre of a France fallen wholly into maddest disarrangement. 1885 Manch. Exam. 18 Feb. 3/2 The various organic diseases and functional disarrangements.

disarray (diss'rei), sb. Forms: 4-7 disaray(e, 5 dysaray, 6 disarey, 6- disarray. [Probably a. OF. *desarei (14th c. desarroy in Littre, mod.F. desarroi), vbl. sb. from desareer, desarroyer: see next. The earlier OF. synonym was desrei, desrai, derai, whence Eng. desray, deray, disray, of which disarray may be regarded as a modification.] 1. The condition of being out of array or regular order; disorder, confusion; = deray sb. 1, 1 c. c 1386 Chaucer Pars. T. ^853 (Elies.) As the woman hath the maistrie she maketh to muche desray [MSS. Camb. disray, Harl., Petw., Lansd., Selden disaray(e]. c 1477 Caxton Jason 31b, They tourned their back and put hem to flyght and disaraye. c 1489 —-— Sonnes of Aymon xv. 354, I wolde not for noo good that rowlande & olivere.. sholde fynde vs in dysaray. 1530 Palsgr. 214/1 Disarey, out of order, desaroy. 1580 C’tess Pembroke Ps. lxviii. 1 His very face shall cast On all his haters flight and disarray. 1664 Pepys Diary 27 Mar., So much is this city subject to be put into a disarray upon very small occasions. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xiv. 19 Dire disarray! the tumult of the fight. 1835 J. P. Kennedy Horse Shoe R. xviii. (i860) 216 Their., weapons lay around in disarray. 1882 Shorthouse J. Inglesant II. 181 The wild confused crowd of leaping and struggling figures, in a strange and ghastly disarray. transf. 1818 Milman Samor 32 As clouds.. Gather their blackening disarray to burst Upon some mountain turret.

2. Imperfect or improper attire; disorderly undress, arch. 1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. iv. 4 A wicked Hag. . In ragged robes and filthy disaray. 1814 Soijthey Roderick xxv. 215 He who in that disarray Doth .. bestride the noble steed. 1857 Hawthorne Scarlet Lett, iii, Clad in a strange disarray of civilized and savage costume.

disarray (disa'rei), v. Also 5-7 disaray. [f. dis6 + array v.: perh. immediately after OF. desareer, -eier {-oyer) to put into disorder (in Godef.), f. des-, dis- 4 + areyer to array. Cf. prec. sb. and the synonymous disray.] 1. trans. To throw out of array or order, to put into disorder or confusion; to rout, disorder, disorganize. (Chiefly of military array.) c 1470 Henry Wallace ix. 856 All dysarayit the ost was, and agast. 1513 Douglas JEneis xm. vi. 32 The cite, quhilk was disarayt and schent. 1600 Holland Livy 11. lxiii. 86 At the first skirmish the enemies were disaraied [fust]. 1641 Milton Animadv. (1851) 223 To rout, and disaray the wise and well-coucht order of Saint Pauls owne words. 1650 Earl Monm. tr. Senault's Man bee. Guilty 205 They rob Gardens without disaraying them. 1660 Hickeringill Jamaica (1661) 68 The small Remnant left in Iamaica.. will be able to disaray the Spaniards in Hispaniola or Cuba. 1713 C’tess Winchelsea Misc. Poems 244 You Winds! Whilst not the Earth alone, you disarray, a 1848 R. W. Hamilton Rew. & Punishm. v. (1853) 222 What disarrays like death?

t b. intr. (for refl.) To fall out of array or order, to become disordered. Obs. 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxxv. 297 If any of our batayls breke, or disaray by any aduenture, drawe thyder and confort them.

2. trans. To strip or spoil of personal array, raiment, or attire; to disrobe. . i483 Cath. Angl. 100/2 To Disaray [v.r. Disray or disgise], exornare. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. viii. 46 That witch they disaraid, And robd of roiall robes. 1611 Cotgr., Deshabiller, to disarray, vncloth. 1715 Rowe Jane Gray v. i, Help to disarray And fit me for the Block. 1814 Mrs. J. West Alicia de L. III. 226 Attendant damsels to prepare the bath, to help to disarray her.

b. intr. for refl. 1678 Butler Hud. iii. i. 250 I’d hardly time to lay My weapons by, and disarray.

c. trans. To despoil, strip of any adjunct. 1579 Spenser Sheph. Cal. Feb. 105 A goodly Oake.. With armes full strong.. But of their leaves they were disarayde. 1610 G. Fletcher Christ's Viet, in Farr S.P.Jas. /(1848) 34 As when a vapour from a moory slough.. Doth heaven’s bright face of his rayes disarray. 1820 Shelley Liberty xix, My song, its pinions disarrayed of might, Drooped. 1852 M. Arnold Poems, Empedocles on Etna 11, Ere quite the being of man, ere quite the world Be disarray’d of their divinity.

Hence disa'rraying vbl. sb.

disarrayed (diss'reid), ppl. a. [f. disarray v. + 1. Out of array; disordered, in disorder.

2. Divested stripped.

of

personal

array

or

attire,

1611 Cotgr., Descoeffe.. whose head is disarrayed or vneouered. 1725 Pope Odyss. xvn. 98 Then dis-array’d, the shining bath they sought. 1859 Tennyson Idylls, Enid 516 She .. found, Half disarray’d as to her rest, the girl.

f disa'rrayment. Obs. rare. [f. disarray v. + -ment: after arrayment.] The fact of disarraying or deranging; the condition of being disarrayed; disorder, derangement.

Wagstaffe Vind. Carol, vi. 60 If he may dis-assent, it is a sufficient Proof of this Negative Voice.

Hence f disa'ssenter, one who disassents; f disa'ssenting vbl. sb. and ppl. a., dissentient. 1634 St. Trials, Lord Balmerino (R ), The names of the disassenters. 1635 Person Varieties 1. xi. 45 In this point also I finde them variable and disassenting. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. II. 66 Such a disassenting Voyce.. is inconsistent with the very office, duty of the King.

t disa'ssent, sb. Obs. [f. prec., after assent 56.] Refusal of assent; dissent, disagreement. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 36. §1 Any disagreement or disassent by the said Duches.. notwithstandyng. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VII an. 7 (R.) Whether he departed without the French kynges consent or disassent, he.. returned agayn to the Lady Margaret, a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. IV. (1677) 189 Fearing that her disassent might work some delay. 1643 Prynne Sov. Power Pari. 1. (ed. 2) 34 Notwithstanding his owne personall disassent.

f disa'ssertor.

Obs. rare. [agent-n. from *disassert, f. dis- 6.] One who contradicts an assertion or asserts the contrary.

1627-77 Feltham Resolves 11. liii. 269 Inward Enemies, our vices, our weaknesses, and our own disarayments.

1651 J. Goodwin Red. Redeemed iv. §38. 69 Imputations .. which the Dis-assertors of it have charged upon it.

fdisa'rrest, v. Obs. [ad. OF. desarrester to release from arrest (14th c. in Godef.), f. des-, dis- 4 + arrester to arrest.] trans. To set free from arrest; to reverse the arrest of.

t disassiduity. Obs. [f. dis- 9 + assiduity.] Want of assiduity; failure to be assiduous in attentions, etc.; slackness.

1528 Hacket Let. to Wolsey (MS. Cott. Galba B. ix. 54 b), That sche schowld cawse to dysarest the forsayd Korn. 1643 Prynne Doom Coward. 9 The King.. wills that he shall be disarrested, and suffered to goe at large.

disarticulate (disai'tikjuleit), v. [f. dis- 6 + ARTICULATE V.]

1. trans. To undo the articulation of, to disjoint; to separate joint from joint. 1840 G. V. Ellis Anat. 278 Disarticulate, entirely, the odontoid process. 1854 Owen Skel. & Teeth in Orr's Circ. Sc., Organ. Nat. I. 175 The entire segment, here disarticulated .. is called the ‘occipital vertebra’. 1892 Pall Mall G. 27 Sept. 2/1 From time immemorial the plan has been adopted of filling the bony case with peas and then causing them to swell with water whenever a skull was required to be ‘disarticulated’.

2. intr. (for refl.) To become disjointed; to separate at the joints. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 334 In some of these the joints disarticulate, and appear to be capable of reproduction. 1835-Introd. Bot. (1868) I. 261 The leaflets.. spontaneously disarticulate. 1892 Natural Science Mar. 57 Stems.. which ultimately disarticulated and left the surface marked by scars.

Hence disarticulated disar'ticulator, he who

ppl. a.; also or that which

disarticulates. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11. VII. xi. 378 The disarticulated stems. Ibid. 11. vn. xiii. 401 The cucurbitins are disarticulated zoonites. 1877 Dawson Orig. World xiv. 302 Disarticulated remnants of human skeletons.

disarticulation

(disci:,tikjui'leijsn). [n. of action from prec.: after articulation.] The action of disarticulating; separation at the joint; disjointed condition. 1830 R. Knox Beclarren & wel manered & under discipline.] 1667 Pepys Diary 1 Apr. (Wheatley, 1895, VI. 249) [Sir] W. Coventry is wholly resolved to bring him to punishment; for, ‘bear with this’, says he, ‘and no discipline shall ever be expected.’ 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. 11. 509 Let crooked Steel invade The lawless Troops, which discipline disclaim. 1813 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. X. 539 The fact is, that, if discipline means obedience to orders, as well as military instruction, we have but little of it in the army. 1827-38 Hare Guesses Ser. 11. (1873) 494 Discipline.. should exercise its influence without appearing to do so. 1836 Marryat Midsh. Easy xiii, If I do not punish him, I allow a flagrant and open violation of discipline to pass uncensured. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 424 The discipline of workshops, of schools, of private families .. was infinitely harsher. 1809 Times 9 Mar. 16/1, I recently heard a learned limb of the law.. confound prison punishment with prison discipline, forgetting that the former is merely a means of enforcing the latter.

b. A system or method for the maintenance of order; a system of rules for conduct. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 40 The Mutiners governed themselves in form of a Republick, observing a most exact discipline. 1726 Shelvocke Voy. round World (1757) 227 Having regulated themselves according to the discipline of Jamaica. 1861 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 47 The inmates.. were submitted to an almost monastic discipline.

6. a. Eccles. The system or method by which order is maintained in a church, and control exercised over the conduct of its members; the procedure whereby this is carried out; the exercise of the power of censure, admonition, excommunication, or other penal measures, by a Christian Church. 1549 Bk. Comm. Prayer, Commination, In the primitive church there was a godly discipline, that, at the beginning of Lent, such persons as were notorious sinners were put to open penance. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. (1578) iv. xii. 2 The first foundation of discipline is, that priuate monitions should haue place. 1574 tr. Marlorat's Apocalips 18 Our meeting vpon that day rather than vpon any other, is onely for orders sake, and for a certeine discipline in the Churche. 1621 First Book of Discipline (1721) ix. i. 568 The order of Ecclesiastical Discipline, which stands in reproving and correcting of the Faults which the Civill Sword either doth neglect, or may not punish. 1858-60 Gardner Faiths World I. 479/1 The ancient discipline of the church, while it excluded offenders from spiritual privileges, left all their natural or civil rights unaffected.

b. Hence, generally, the system by which the practice of a church, as distinguished from its doctrine, is regulated, spec., in Eng. Ch. Hist., The ecclesiastical polity of the Puritan or Presbyterian party (thence styled Disciplin¬ arians) in the 16th and 17th c. Books of Discipline: the name of two documents, adopted in 1561 and 1581 respectively, constituting the original standards of the polity and government of the Reformed Church of Scotland, and also dealing with schools, universities, and other matters. 1574 [W. Travers {title) Ecclesiastic* Discipline et Anglican* Ecclesi* ab ilia aberrationis .. explicatio.] T. Cartwright [ transl. of prec.] {title) A full and plain Declaration of Ecclesiastical Discipline owt of the Word off God, and of the declining of the Churche of England from the same. 1588 W. Travers {title) A Defence of the ecclesiastical discipline ordayned of God to be used in his Church, agaynst a reply of Maister Bridges. 1593 Abp. Bancroft {title) A Survay of the Pretended Holy Discipline. Ibid. v. 70 {heading) The pretended Antiquitie of the Consistorian Discipline. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. (1888) I. 126 The wonderful zeal and fervour wherewith ye have withstood the received order of this Church .. to join .. for the furtherance of that which ye term the Lord's Discipline. Ibid. 127 Let it be lawful for me to rip up to the very bottom how and by whom your Discipline was planted. Ibid. 138 That which Calvin did for establishment of his discipline, seemeth more commendable than that which he taught for the countenancing of it when established. 1610 B. Jonson Alch. hi. i, This heat of his may turn into a zeal, And stand up for the beauteous discipline Against the menstruous cloth and rag of Rome. 1642 Chas. I, Roy. Protestations 4 New doctrines and disciplines. 1643 Milton {title) The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce restored.. from the Bondage of Canon Law. 1676 W. Hubbard Happiness of People 35 Wee in New England that profess the doctrine of Calvin, yet practise the discipline of them called Independant, or Congregational Churches. 1792 Burke Let. to Sir H. Langrishe Wks. 1842 I. 547 Three religions.. each of which has its confession of faith and its settled discipline. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §5. 509 The Presbyterian organization remained untouched in doctrine or discipline. 1885 Catholic Diet. 265 Usually, discipline in its ecclesiastical sense signifies the laws which bind the subjects of the Church in their conduct, as distinct from dogmas or articles of faith, which affect their belief. C1566 Knox Hist. Ref. Scot. (1848) II. 181 (anno 1561) The Preacheris vehementlie exhorted us to establische The Buke of Discipline, by ane Act and publict Law. 1621 Calderwood Hist. Kirk (1843) II. 50 At the same conventioun [1561], the Booke of Discipline was subscribed by a great part of the nobilitie. Ibid. 51 To establishe a more perfyte discipline, which was done twentie yeeres after.. as we sail see in the Second Booke of Discipline. 1621 {title, 1st printed ed.) The First and Second Booke of Discipline, together with some Acts of the Generali Assemblies, i860

a 1225 Ancr. R. 138 Auh ancre schal.. temien ful wel hire fleschs.. mid heuie swinke, mid herde disciplines. 1340 Ayenb. 236 Hit be-houep pet uless beate and wesse be dissiplines and be hardnesses. 1382 Wyclif Prov. iii. n The discipline of the Lord, my sone, ne caste thou awey. 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 22 Alle that were there wyth grete contricion of herte toke discyplynys of roddys. 1509 Fisher Fun. Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 293 The blessyd Martha is praysed in chastysynge her Body by crysten dyscyplyne. 1620 Shelton Quix. iv. xxv. II. 277 They did institute Rogations, Processions, and Disciplines throughout all that Country. 1686 J. Sergeant Hist. Monast. Convent. 34 If any be found unchast, she receives three Disciplines or Scourgings. c 1790 Willock Voy. 36 With a rope’s-end.. he continued this discipline till he rendered me incapable of moving. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 133 [She] came in for her share of the discipline which her husband was undergoing. 1888 Bernard Fr. World to Cloister v. 113 The corporal austerities which are known as ‘the discipline’.

b. transf. Hence applied to the instrument of chastisement: A whip or scourge; esp. one used for religious penance. 1622 Peacham Compl. Gent. 120 By Chastity standeth Pennance having driven away with her discipline Winged Love. 1630 Wadsworth Pilgr. iii. 20 Approaching his bed side with two good disciplines in their hands, the ends of some stucke with wyery prickes, they did .. raze his skinne. 1707 J- Stevens Quevedo's Com. Wks. (1709) Rij, The Whipsters.. laid aside their Disciplines. 1825 Scott Talism. iv, On the floor lay a discipline, or penitential scourge. 1848 j. H. Newman Loss & Gain iii. x. 376 In the cell.. hangs an iron discipline or scourge, studded with nails.

|8. Treatment for some special purpose, e.g. medical regimen. Obs. rare. 1754 Mrs. E. Montagu in Four C. Eng. Lett. 280 He has been under discipline for his eyes, but his spirits and vivacity are not abated. 1816 Jane Austen Let. 9 July (1952) 457 Her illness must have been a very serious one indeed... Tell your Father I.. most sincerely join in the hope of her being.. much the better for her present Discipline. 9. attrib. as in discipline-master, a master in a

school employed not to teach, but to keep order among the pupils. 1892 Pall Mall G. 2 Nov. 6/3 A discipline master, who was running with the hounds, plunged in to catch the ‘hares’. 1895 Daily News 3 Apr. 8/3 Deceased was employed as discipline master.. at.. the Police Orphanage.

'discipline, v. [a. F. discipliner (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) or med.L. disciplindre, f. L. disciplina discipline s6.] 1. trans. To subject to discipline; in earlier use, to instruct, educate, train; in later use, more especially, to train to habits of order and subordination; to bring under control. 1382 [see disciplined below]. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 1. xii. (Arb.) 44 With vs Christians, who be better disciplined, and do acknowledge but one God. 1638 Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. n. (1654) 97 When some Discipline themselves, others run to debauches of all kindes. 1641 Hinde J. Bruen Ep. to Rdr., I would send such to be disciplined by Erasmus. 1695 Blackmore Pr. Arth. 1. 591, I form’d and disciplin’d their untaught Hate. 1711 Addison Sped. No. 160 JP 4 Great natural Genius’s that were never disciplined and broken by Rules of Art. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc ix. 145 Heaven by sorrow disciplines The froward heart. 1871 R. W. Dale Ten Commandm. viii. 206 The whole organisation of the world is intended to discipline our moral nature. 1888 Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men II. x. 242 He had been disciplined in the school of adversity.

b. spec. To train in military exercises and prompt action in obedience to command; to drill. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 1. i. 7 Warres well conducted and disciplined. 1606 Shaks. Tr. & Cr. 11. iii. 255 He that disciplin’d thy armes to fight. 1692 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 629 Orders were come from England..to discipline the militia. 1792 Anecd. W. Pitt I. v. 138 A farmer .. may be a good soldier if you take care to have him properly disciplined. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 79 He addressed himself vigorously to the task of disciplining these strange soldiers. 1861 Even. Star a Oct., The Western men take longer to discipline into soldiers than the citizens of New England.

c. To subject to ecclesiastical discipline; ‘to execute the laws of the church on offenders, with a view to bring them to repentance and reformation of life’ (Webster). 1828 in Webster. [1870 cf. disciplinable 3.] 18.. H. W. Beecher Plymouth Pulpit Ser. vi. II. 134 (Funk & Wagn.) He whose orthodoxy inspires bitterness should be disciplined.

2. To inflict penitential discipline upon; to scourge or flog by way of penance or mortification of the flesh; hence, by extension, to chastise, thrash, punish. CI300 Beket 2384 Of Ech Monek of the hous: he let him discipline, With a 3urd. 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 31 Y made a signe to hym, to discypline me in lyke wyse ageyne as he dyd afore. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 432 b/2 He

DISCIPLINER chastysed his body by abstynence of mete & drynke &.. dyscyplyned it.. with chaynes of yron right ofte wyth his owne handes. 1607 Shaks. Cor. 11. i. 139 Ha’s he disciplin’d Auffidius soundly? 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lxix. 0739) 181 First he was disciplin’d with rods three times. 1740 Gray Let. Poems (1775) 83 Half a dozen wretched creatures .. are in a side-chapel disciplining themselves with scourges full of iron prickles. 1786 tr. Beckford's Vathek (1868) 103 Having well .disciplined their asses with nettles behind. 1865 T. F. Knox tr. Life of Henry Suso 65 He used to .. go into the choir in front of the Blessed Sacrament and there discipline himself. fb.

intr. (for refl.). To chastise oneself. Obs.

a 1300 E.E.P. (1862) 154 Wij? seint benetis scurge lome je discipline^?.

f 3. trans. To deal with or treat of in an orderly manner. Obs. rare. 1658 Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 261 Your fruit, your herbs, and your pulses are disciplin’d in the two former treatises.

Hence 'disciplined ppl. a.\ 'disciplining vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1382 Wyclif Jas. iii. 13 Who is wijse, and disciplined [1388 tau3t] among 30U? c 1400 Test. Love (R.) After a good disciplining with a yerde, they kepe right well doctrine of their schole. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. i. (1851) 99 They are left to their own disciplining at home. 1645 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 191 Amongst other things, they shew St. Catharine’s disciplining cell. 1668 Pepys Diary 20 Dec., How the Spaniards are the best disciplined foot in the world. 1669 Woodhead St. Teresa 11. xxvi. 161 Her penances, and disciplinings were numerous. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. III. 165 Alaric was a Christian and a soldier, the leader of a disciplined army. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. 11. iv. §53 (1875) 175 A developed and disciplined intelligence.

'discipliner. [f. discipline sb. or v. + -er1.] One who disciplines or subjects to discipline; an adherent of a system of discipline. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xv. (1632) 784 The King incensed against these discontented discipliners. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 42 Had an Angel bin his discipliner. 1656 Duchess of Newcastle Life (1886) 280 Two of my three brothers were excellent soldiers, and martial discipliners. 1731 Mrs. Pendarves in Mrs. Delany's Life & Corr. 312 The gout or rheumatism you have never provoked —it would be hard indeed if you should suffer by those severe discipliners. 1895 19th Cent. Aug. 251 Any monk lying abed later than four without excuse was sent to the discipliner for birching.

discipling, vbl. sb. and ppl. a.: see disciple v. t'disciplinize, v. Obs. rare, [f- discipline sb. + -ize.] trans. To bring under discipline; spec, under the Presbyterian ecclesiastical discipline. 1659 Gauden Tears of Ch. 609 These were to do the Journey-work of Presbytery.. undertaking to Directorize, to Unliturgize, to Catechize, and to Disciplinize their Brethren.

t discipli'zation.

=

DISCLAIMER

736

discipling:

see disciple

v.

1657-83 Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) II. 55 The unprofitableness and weakness of the former disciplization.

discipular (di'sipjub(r)), a. [f. L. discipul-us disciple + -ar1.] Of, belonging to, or of the nature of, a disciple. 1859 Sat. Rev. 13 Aug. 198/1 Mr. Mansel’s.. discipular spirit marks him out to carry onward the new Scottish Philosophy. 1862 F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 181 By S'ankara and by all his discipular successors. 1873 Morley Rousseau II. xi. 93 His discipular patience when his master told him that his verses were poor.

discipulate. rare. [f. as prec. -I- -ate1.] The state of a disciple; discipleship, pupilage. 1842 Tait's Mag. IX. 681 discipulate.

During the period of his

di'scipulize, v. rare. [f. as prec. + -ize.] trans. = disciple v. 2. 1863 Kitto's Cycl. Bibl. Lit. (ed. 3) I. 293/2 When we come to ask, what is implied in discipleship? in what relation does baptism stand to the discipulising of nations?

discission (di'sijan). Also 7 discition, discision. [ad. L. discission-em, n. of action f. discindere to cleave, cut asunder: see discind. But the 17th c. spelling discision appears to come from L. disand caedere, -cidere to cut, ppl. stem -cis-: see discide, and cf. excision, incision.] A cleaving, rending, or cutting asunder; now only in Surg.: An incision into a tumour or cataract: see decision 4. 1647 H. More Song of Soul 11. iii. in. xlviii, So gentle Venus.. Casts ope that azur curtain by a swift discission. 1661 G. Rust Origen in Phoenix I. 37 As painful as the violent discision of very Life would be could it be forcibly torn in pieces. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xvii. 590 You must slant your Knife and endeavour discision with an oblique Hand. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Discission, a cutting into: especially an incision into or laceration of the capsule of the lens in the operation for the removal of cataract.

discition, obs. form of decision. 1633 Prynne Histrio-Mastix 11. iv. 92 (R.) Declining their owne particular discitions to avoid all partiality.

disclaim (dis'kleim), v. [a. AF. des-, disclamer (accented stem desclaime), f. des-, dis- 4 + clamer to claim; in med.(Anglo)L. disclamare.] 1. intr. Law. To renounce, relinquish, or repudiate a legal claim; to make a formal disclaimer. Const, f in the thing disclaimed, tout of or from the claim of the other party.

Originally said in reference to the renunciation of the claim of feudal lordship or tenancy by the lord or tenant respectively. [1302 Year-books Edw. I an. 30-31. 83 (Godefroy) Si le tenaunt portat sun bref ‘de homagio recipiendo’ seriez vus rescuz a desclamer en sun homage. 1304 Ibid. 119 En plee qe chiet par voye de destresse le tenaunt poet desclamer. 1409 Act 9 Hen. IV, c. 4 Ordines est et establies que nul home larron n’autre felon en Gales ouvertement conus ne soit soeffert par disclaimer hors del seignourie ou la felonie fust faict et qe tielx manere de disclaime soit de tout oustes. [.Pulton's transl. It is ordained and stablished, that no Thiefe nor Felon in Wales, openly knowne, be suffered to disclaime out of the Seigniorie where the felony was done, and that such maner of disclaiming be vtterly put out.] [a 1481 Littleton Tenures (ed. Houard) 145 Si l’seignior que est vouche ne avoit resceive pas homage del tenant ne d’ascun de ses auncesters, le seignior (s’il voit) poit disclamer en le seigniory, et issint ouste le tenant de son garranty.] 1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 32a, The lorde..may disclaime in the lordship, and so put his tenaunte of his warranty. 1597 Skene De Verb. Sign. (s.v. Disclamation) Disclamare is to disclaime, disavow or deny, as to deny an vther to be his superiour; as quhen the superiour affirmis the landes to be halden of him, and the vassall denies the samin. 1628 Coke On Litt. 102 a, The lord may disclaime.. which signifieth utterly to renounce the seignory. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lxii. (1739) 125 If the Lord fail, he loses his Tenure, and the Tenant might thenceforth disclaim, and hold over for ever. 1651 Ibid. 11. xiii. (1739) 71 He that hath both Right and Power, and will not seize, disclaims. 1809 Tomlins Law Diet. s.v. Disclaimer, Such person as cannot lose the thing perpetually in which he disclaims, shall not be permitted to disclaim. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 494 The law adjudges the frank tenement in B. till he disagrees or disclaims. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. 182 He cannot so disclaim after he has proved the will of his own testator.

\2. intr. transf. a. To renounce or disavow all part in; = sense 4. Obs. 1560 A. L. tr. Calvin's Foure Serm. Songe Ezech. iv, As if God would reject them, and utterly disclaime in them. 1581 Mulcaster Positions xxxix. (1887) 195 Disclayming in that which vertue auaunceth not. 1605 Shaks. Lear 11. ii. 59 You cowardly Rascall, nature disclaimes in thee. 1637 B. Jonson Sad Sheph. 1. ii, The sourer sort Of shepherds now disclaim in all such sport.

fb. To proclaim one’s renunciation of, or dissent from. Obs. 1604 R. Parsons 3rd Part Three Convers. Eng. 360 He disclaymed from the Bohemians or Hussits and their opinions. 1605 Answ. Discov. Romish Doctr. 39 They not wholy disclaime from the Kinges Authority. 1624 Ld. Williams in Fortesc. Papers 203 He disclayminge from all fees and profitts of the place. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 125 Catascopo disclaimed from having ever named me. fig. 1644 Digby Nat. Bodies 11. (1645) 67 These two conditions.. doe openly disclaime from quantity and from matter.

3. trans. Law. To renounce a legal claim to; to repudiate a connexion with or concern in. [Arising by omission of the preposition in sense 1: with quot. 1607, cf. 1534 Fitzherbert La Nouv. Nat. Brevium (1567) 197 b, Sil ne disclaime en le sank; transl. 1652 If he do not disclaim in the blood.] I595 Shaks. K.John 1. i. 247, I am not Sir Roberts sonne, I haue disclaim’d Sir Robert, and my land, Legitimation, name, and all is gone. 1607 Cowell Interpr. s.v. Disclaimer, If a man deny himselfe to be of the blood or kindred of another in his plee, he is said to disclaime his blood. Ibid. If a man arraigned of felonie do disclaime goods, being cleared he leeseth them. 1651 W. G. tr. Cowel's Inst. 48 Nor can an Infant disclaim that Guardian who prosecutes an action for him as being next of Kinn. 1670 [see disclaimer i b]. 1754 [see disclamation i]. 1768 Blackstone Comm. III. 249 Upon this the bishop and the clerk usually disclaim all title. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 123 Tenant for life may also forfeit his estate by disclaiming to hold of his lord. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. 182 A devisee in fee may, by deed, without manner of record, disclaim the estate devised. Ibid. An executor may, before probate, disclaim the executorship.

b. To relinquish a part of (a patent) by a disclaimer. 1835 Ld. Brougham 3 June, in Hansard ser. 3. XXVIII. 474 The parts disclaimed should not detrimentally affect the other parts of the invention. 1888 R. Griffin Patent Cases decided 12 Application.. to disclaim the 8th claim.

4. To disavow any claim to or connexion with; to renounce or reject as not belonging to oneself; to disown formally or emphatically. 1593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. i. 70 There I throw my gage, Disclaiming heere the kindred of a King, And lay aside my high bloods Royalty. 1636 Heywood Challenge ti. Wks. 1874 V. 21 Sir, shee’s yours, Or I disclaime her ever. 1647 Clarendon Hist. Reb. 11. (1843) 47/2 A short protestation .. in which all men should .. disclaim and renounce the having any intelligence, or holding any correspondence with the rebels. 1704 Pope Spring 87 Tell me but this, and I’ll disclaim the prize. 1791-1823 D’Israeli Cur. Lit., Liter. Forgeries, The real author.. obliged him afterwards to disclaim the work in print. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 224 Socrates disclaims the character of a professional eristic. 1895 Gladstone Let. 8 Aug. in Daily News 12 Aug. 5/4, I entirely disclaim the hatred and hostility to Turks, or any race of men, which you ascribe to me.

fb. (with complement.) To refuse to acknowledge (any one, or oneself) to be (so and so). Obs. tS97 T. Beard Theat. Gods Judgem. (1612) 220 [He].. also disclaimed him from being his father. Ibid. 524 Disclaiming him to be her son. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. xi. lxvii. (1612) 288 That Helen may disclaime her selfe for Helen in her glas. 1670 Walton Lives 11. 133 To perswade him..to disclaim himself a Member of the Church of England.

5. To refuse to admit (something claimed by another); to reject the claims or authority of, to renounce.

1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 28 They likewise disclaimed the Authority of the Pope. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, V. iii. 130 It was lawful for the people to disclaim him as their sovereign. 1781 Gibbon Decl. & F. II. xliii. 585 The troops.. disclaimed the command of their superiors. 1841 Elphinstone Hist. India I. 203 They agree with the Baudhas.. in disclaiming the divine authority of the Vedas.

fb. To refuse (a thing claimed). Obs. rare. 1647 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 1. lix. (1739) 114 These then are the rights that the King claimed, and the Clergy disclaimed at the first. 1725 Pope Odyss. vm. 39 Let none to strangers honours due disclaim.

j-c. To decline or refuse (to do something). Obs. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 1. (1625)63 Yet disclaime you to be married, you will heare of no suters. 1589 Warner Alb. Eng. Prose Addit. (1612) 340, I that will not Hue to heare it so, heartily disclaime to haue it so. 1805 Miniature No. 32 If 13 The errors of the schoolboy will become the errors of the man, if he disclaims to adopt my practice.

|6. To denounce the claims or pretensions of; to cry out upon. Obs. 1590 J. Egerton in Confer. 32, I shalbe readye to disclayme you wheresoeuer I come, not only for men voyde of pietie, but euen of ciuile honestie also. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 63 The Arminians [were] reviled, and disclaimed, as no better then half Traytors, by the very dregs of the people.

.fb. intr. disclaim against: to cry out against,

declaim against. Obs. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. 202 Hee is not.. ashamed to quarrel!, first with his Patron, and openly disclaim against the poor value of his Benefice. 1706 J. Sergeant Chapter of William (1853) 81 That he resolutely oppose it, and disclaim against it, in the chapter’s name. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones XI. i, Which bears an exact analogy to the vice here disclaimed against.

7. trans. Her. To declare not to be entitled to bear arms; to ‘make infamous by proclamation’ (those who used arms without any right, or assumed without authority the title of Esquire or Gentleman) as formerly done by the heralds at their visitations. (Said also of the persons, in sense 4.) 1634 Visitation of Bucks (in Rylands, Disclaimers (1888, ix.) Rob*. Wilmott, Chadderton, for usurping the Title of Gent, notwithstanding having been disclaimed in the Visitation made 1611.-Visitation of Worcestersh. (ibid.), Edmd. Brothby.. to be spared from disclaiming in regard of his being a souldier and of deserts.-Visit. Hereford (ibid. viii.), John Phillips of Ledbury to be disclaimed at our next sizes because he was not disclaimed at our being in the country, being respyted then for proofe. 1888 J. P. Rylands Disclaimers at the Heralds' Visitations viii, The practice seems to have been for the visiting Herald to induce the persons summoned to disclaim under their hands if they would .. and if they declined, or did not attend .. they were disclaimed at the Assizes.

Hence disclaimed ppl. a., disclaiming vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. ii. 252 Let my disclaiming from a purpos’d euill, Free me so farre in your most generous thoughts. 1607 Hieron Wks. I. 268 In all those which thinke and hope to bee saued, there must bee a disclaiming, a renouncing, an vtter forsaking of those sinnes. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 60 A Disciple of that so much disclaimed Italian. 1802 Mrs. Radcliffe Poet. Wks. (1833) II. 271 The Baron .. bowed with a disclaiming gesture. 1885 Bridges Nero iii. iv. 16/2 Thou wert right in that, Wrong now returning on disclaimed ambition. 1892 Rep. Patent Cases IX. 83 The language of this disclaiming clause.

t disclaim, sb. Obs. [a. AF. disclaime, f. disclamer: see prec. vb.] An act of disclaiming; formal renunciation or repudiation of a claim. [1409 see DISCLAIM V. 1]. 1475 Bk. Noblesse 35 And so the said king Lowes relese was.. a disclayme frome the kinges of Fraunce for ever. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. i. §2. 190 The associates of Britaine were now returned with vtter disclaime of further assistance. 1662 Jesuits' Reasons (1675) 128 You .. make your disclaim of these .. Opinions. 1674 A. G. Quest, cone. Oath of Alleg. 29 The disclaim of His indirect Authority over Kings. 1786 Francis the Philanthropist III. 85 A blush, not of disclaim, spread her cheek.

disclaimant. [f. disclaim v., after claimant.] One who disclaims (a part of a patent): cf. disclaim v. 3 b. 1892 Rules of Practice U.S. Patent Off. 52 To which the disclaimant does not choose to claim title.

disclaimer1 (dis'kleim3(r)). [a. AF. disclaimer inf. used sbst.: see -er4.] An act or action of disclaiming. 1. Law. The action of disclaiming in reference to the feudal relationship, esp. on the part of the vassal or tenant; repudiation of a legal claim. .*579 Termes de la Ley 68 b, If the tenant say that hee disclaymeth to hold of him, this is called a disclaimer, and if y* Lord thereupon bring a writ of right, sur disclaimer, and it be found against the tenaunt, hee shall lose the land. 1618 Pulton Stat. (1632) 269, 9 Hen. IV, c. 4 {title) Disclaimer in felony in Wales shall be vtterly excluded and put out. 1650 B. Discolliminium 9 Christ.. seems to judge it necessary to make a cautelous Disclaimer of the Power that requir’d it. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 275 Equivalent.. to an illegal alienation by the particular tenant, is the civil crime of disclaimer, as where a tenant, who holds of any lord, neglects to render him the due services, and, upon an action brought to recover them, disclaims to hold of his lord.

b. An act of renouncing or relinquishing a legal claim; a formal refusal to accept an estate, trust, duty, etc.: see disclaim v. 3.

DISCLAIMER [1573 Staundford Les Plees del Coron in. 186 Icy par cel disclaimer: il perdra les biens .. as queux il disclaims]. 1670 Blount Law Diet, s.v., In Chancery, if a Defendant by his Answer Disclaim the having any interest in the thing in question, this is also called a Disclaimer. 1809 Tomlins Law Diet, s.v., There is a deed of disclaimer of executorship of a will, etc., where an executor refuses, and throws up the same. 1876 Digby Real Prop. x. § 1. 371 In all other cases the proper mode of refusing to accept a conveyance or devise of land .. is an execution by an alienee of full capacity of a deed of disclaimer. c. Patent Law. An alteration by which a specification is amended in such a manner as to relinquish a portion of the invention, when in danger of being invalidated on account of the comprehensiveness of the claim. Formerly (up to 1883), an instrument executed by a patentee abandoning a part of his claim of invention. 1835 Act 5 & 6 Will. IV, c. 83 [He] may enter a disclaimer of any part of his specification. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 102/2 (Patents) A means by which a grantee may abandon portions of the title,.. this process is called a disclaimer. 1883 Act 46 & 47 Viet. Chap. 57 (Patents Act) §18 Amend his specification.. by way of disclaimer, correction, or explanation. 1892 Rules of Practice U.S. Patent Off. 77 Such disclaimer shall be in writing. 2. generally. A disavowal of claims or pretensions; a renunciation, denial, or rejection. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 164, I think the honour of our nation to be somewhat concerned in the disclaimer of the proceedings of this society. 1825 Coleridge Aids Reft. (1848) I. 109 If after these disclaimers I shall without proof be charged by any with renewing or favouring the errors. 1862 Mrs. Gaskell C. Bronte 228 It conveys a peremptory disclaimer of the report that the writer was engaged to be married to her father’s curate. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv. 42 Our emphatic disclaimer of fellow feeling with the Cretan insurgents. 3. Her. A proclamation or announcement made by English heralds, during their regular visitations,

of

persons

having

no

right

to

armorial bearings, or to the title of Esquire or Gentleman, especially of such as were found usurping these without right. 1854 Sir T. Phillips (title) Heralds’ Visitation Disclaimers. 1888 J. P. Rylands Disclaimers at the Heralds' Visitations x, He notes the press-mark of each MS. in the College of Arms, from which he copied the list of disclaimers. disclaimer2, [f. disclaim v. + -er1.] One who disclaims. 1702 Echard Eccl. Hist. (1710) 176 The multitude might have abandoned him as a disclaimer of his own sovereignty. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) IV. v. 43 Girls, writing of themselves on these occasions, must be disclaimers, you know. disclamation

(diskh'meijan).

[n.

of

1. Sc. Law. The action of disclaiming on the part of a tenant, etc.: see disclaim v. i, and cf. disclaimer1 1. 1592 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) 604 (Jam.) With all richt .. be ressone of ward, nonentries.. purprusionis, disclamatiounis, bastardrie [etc.]. 1754 Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 176 Disclamation is that casualty whereby a vassal forfeits his whole feu to his superior, if he disowns or disclaims him without ground, as to any part of it. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scotl. 290 Disclamation signifies a vassal’s disavowal.. of a person as a superior, whether the person so disclaimed be the superior or not. 2. Renunciation, repudiation, disclaimer. 1610 Bp. Hall Apol. Brownists §7 To apeake as if before her late disclamation of Poperie.. shee [Ch. of Engl.] had not beene. 1649 - Cases Consc. 403 Let.. servants.. count their (infidell) masters worthy of all honour; not worthy therefore of desertion and disclamation. 1772 Scots Mag. 457 Mr. Wallace’s disclamation of a late publication. 1814 Scott Wav. vi, The bibliopolist greeted him, notwithstanding every disclamation, by the title of Doctor. 1892 Stevenson & Osbourne Wrecker xvii. 275, I cannot tell with what sort of disclamation I sought to reply. disclamatory (dis’klaematari), a.

rare.

[f.

as

prec. + -ory.]

Of the nature of, or tending to

disclamation:

having

the

character

of

disclaiming. 1853 Reade Chr. Johnstone ii. 30 ‘My Lord, my Lord!’ remonstrated Saunders, with a shocked and most disclamatory tone. t dis'clander, sb. disklander, c.)

[a.

deriv.

-dyr,

5-6

AF. of

Forms: 4-6 des-, dys-,

-dir,

deslaundre,

dyssclaunder. (15th

Obs.

-dre,

5

OF.

disclandar,

disla(u)nder,

*desclandre,

-dre,

disclaunder

escla-ndre,

earlier

escandre, escandle, escandele:—L. scandalum: see esclandre;

cf.

scandal

and

slander.

The

prefix des- in Anglo-Fr. was prob. due to some analogy, or to confusion of des- and «-.]

1.

Malicious

speech

bringing

2. Reproach or reprobation called forth by what is considered shameful or wrong; public disgrace or opprobrium; scandal.

discloister (dis'kbist3(r)), v. [f. dis- 6 or 7 c 4 cloister.] trans. To turn or let out of a cloister;

1362 Langl. P. PI. A. v. 75, I haue.. Ablamed him behynde his bak to bringe him in disclaundre. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 536 (564) For yf I wolde it openly distourbe, It most ben disclaundre to here name. 1402 Hoccleve Letter of Cupid 70 No worshippe may he thus to him conquere, but grete disclander vnto him and here! I432_5° tr- Higden (Rolls) V. 143 The disclaunder of your ylle disposicion scholde not be knowen amonge your enmyes. 1462 J. Paston in Poston Lett. No. 439. II. 89 To deliver seison accordynge to the same feffement, to the gret disclaundre of the seid Sir John and all his. 1531-2 Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 1 [They] suffre them to make their purgacions .. to the greatte disclaunder of suche as pursue suche misdoers.

1660 Howell Parly of Beasts 134 They [nuns] fell a murmuring.. and to think too often on man with inordinat desires to be discloysterd. 1881 Palgrave Visions Eng. 282 A girl by lustful war and shame Discloistered from her home.

[disclander, v. Obs. Forms: see prec. [ME. desclandre, f. prec. sb., perh. through an AF. *desclandre-r for OF. esclandrer to slander.] 1. trans. To speak evil of, so as to expose to opprobrium; to slander. CI290 Beket 1246 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 142 \?e bischopes comen bi-fore And desclaundreden seint thomas, J>at he was fals and for-suore. c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 138 J>es proude .. possessioners disclaundren trewe prechours. 14.. E.E. Misc. (Warton Club) 63 Awyse the welle who syttys the bv, Lest he wylle report thi talle, And dyssclaundure the after to gret and smalle. 1530 Palsgr. 513/2, I desclaunder, I hurte or hynder ones good name by reporte.

2. To bring into public disgrace opprobrium; to bring scandal upon.

^1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 1031 Dido, We that weryn in prosperite Been now disclanderyd. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 143 Now as ye seen, for disobedience Disclaundrid is perpetually my name, a 1483 Liber Niger in Ilouseh. Ord. (1790) 70 That the owner be not hurte, nor this famous courte disclaunderyd by any outerage of cravinge or crakyng.

fdis'clanderer. slanderer.

Obs.

[f. prec.

+

-er1.]

A

1493 Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 70 b, To stone hym to deth as for a dyssclaunderer.

t dis'clanderous, a. Obs. [f. disclander sb. + -ous.] Slanderous. 1494 Fabyan Chron. iv. lxv. 44 In this whyle, by styrynge of disclaunderous & deuylysshe persones, a grudge was arreryd attweene the kynge and a Duke of his lande. Ibid. vii. ccxxviii. 258 Of this duke Wyllyam some desclaunderous wordes are lefte in memory.

disclare, obs. desclairier].

var.

of

declare

[cf.

opprobrium

upon any one; slander. c 1300 Beket 2073 Thu missaist foule thine owe louerd .. Ho mi3te suffri such desclandre, bot he nome wrecche? 1471 Arriv. Edw. IV (Camden) 21 The false, faynyd fables, and disclandars, that.. were wont to be seditiously sowne and blowne abowt all the land. 1548 Hall ( hron , lien VI, 99 b, He declareth you a true man to hym .. the saied dislaunder and noysyng notwithstandyng. 1562 in Stow's Surv. (1754) II. v. xxi. 411/2 If their offences be great..offending his master by theft or dislander or such like, then to command him to Newgate.

to release or remove from seclusion.

disclosal (dis'kbuzsl). rare. [f. disclose -al1.] The act of disclosing, disclosure.

v.

+

1795 Coleridge Condones ad Populum 37 In the disclosal of Opinion, it is our duty to consider the character of those, to whom we address ourselves.

fdis'close, sb. Obs. [f. disclose v.\ cf. close si.2] The act of disclosing; = disclosure (in various senses). 1548 Gest Pr. Masse 73 Wolde God .. soch a person .. had openly publyshed the worthy disclose and disprove of the unsufferable abhomination of the popyshe private pryvye masse. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. i. 174 There’s something in his soule, O’re which his Melancholly sits on brood, And, I do doubt the hatch, and the disclose Will be some danger. 1622 Wither Mistr. Philar. Wks. (1633) 623 They [those lips] are like in their discloses To the mornings dewie roses. 1625 W. B. True School War 42 It is an Embryo that., waites the good houre for the disclose and deliuery. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 1576 Glasses.. Haue they not led us deep in the disclose Of fine-spun nature.

or

OF.

1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 75 He suld that arbytre disclar, Off thir twa that I tauld off ar.

action

from med.L. disclamare to disclaim.]

discla(u)nder,

DISCLOSE

737

disclass (dis’klais, -ae-), v. [f. dis- 70 + class s6.] trans. = declass; to remove or cut off from one's class. Hence dis'classed ppl. a. 1890 Times 31 Jan. 9/1 Worked by a Union largely composed of the broken-down, disclassed waifs and strays who gravitate to the dock-gates in search of casual employment. 1916 G. B. Shaw Pygmalion 196 Her father.. formerly a dustman, and now fantastically disclassed, had become extremely popular in the smartest society. 1934Prefaces 626/2 The baron’s cadet.. cannot avail himself of the public elementary and secondary schools because such a step would disclass the man of family.

disclassify (dis'klaesifai), v. [f. dis- 6 + classify.] trans. To undo the classification of. a 1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos, xx. (1870) 336 The process of levelling, declassifying, making everybody like everybody else.

discless ('disklis), a. Also diskless, [f. disc + -less.] Without a disc; not showing a disc. 1846 Patterson Zool. 50 It is now badly represented in my cabinet by an armless disc and a discless arm. 1871 tr. Schellen's Spectr. Anal. 338 In the largest instruments the stars remain diskless.

dis'climax. Ecol. [f. dis- 9 + climax sb. 4 b.] (See quots.) 1936 F. E. Clements in Jrnl. Ecol. XXIV. 265 Disclimax. .. The most frequent examples of this community result from the modification or replacement of the true climax, either as a whole or in part, or from a change in the direction of succession. Ibid. 266 Selective cutting not infrequently initiates disclimaxes, as may likewise the similar action of other agents such as fire or epidemic disease. 1938 Weaver 6 Clements Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iii. 86 Disturbance climaxes or disclimaxes are nearly always the result of disturbance by man or domesticated animals. 1962 H. Hanson Diet. Ecol. no Disclimax, an enduring climax community altered by disturbance by man or domesticated livestock, e.g., a grassland which has replaced a deciduous forest.

tdis'cloak, v. Obs. Also 7 discloke. [f. dis- 6 or 7 a 4 cloak.] trans. To take off the cloak of; to unrobe. 1599 B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. iii. v, Now goe in, discloke yourselfe. 1616-Devil an Ass 1. vi, If you interrupt me, Sir, I shall discloak you. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. 1. (R.), That feins what was not, and discloaks a soul.

fdis'clog, v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 4 clog v.] trans. To free from that which clogs; to unclog. 1611 Coryat Crudities 234 They shall make a restitution of all their ill gotten goods, and so disclogge their soules and consciences.

t dis'close, ppl. a. Obs. Also 4 desclos. [a. OF. desclos, pa. ppl. of desclore to disclose :—Romanic (and med.L.) disclaus-us, pa. pple. of disclaudere: see disclose v.] Disclosed; unclosed; let out. In quots., used as pa. pple. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 285 For drede it shulde be disclose And come unto her faders ere. Ibid. II. 354 A maiden, which was .. kept so clos, That selden was, whan she desclos Goth with her moder for to play.

disclose (dis'kbuz), v. [ME. des-, dis-closen, a. OF. desclos- pres, stem (pres. subj. desclose) of desclore, -clorre to unclose, open, free = Pr. desclaure:—Romanic (and med.L.) disclaudere, f. dis- 4 4 L. claudere to close, shut.] t L trans. To open up (that which is closed or shut); to unclose, unfold; to unfasten. Obs. a 1400-50 Alexander 3632 Jure Olifantis .. disclosid pai pe chaviles. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. 11. 331 Almoundes me may make .. her shelles to disclose. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11. (1586) 67 b, It [a rosebud] discloseth it selfe and spreadeth abroad. 1596 Spenser F.Q. iv. v. 16 Full oft about her wast she it enclos’d, And it as oft was from about her wast disclos’d. 1596 B. Griffin Fidessa (1876) 31 Armes still imbrace and neuer be disclosed, c 1600 Shaks. Sonn. liv. The perfumed tincture of the Roses.. When Sommers breath their masked buds discloses.

fb. To hatch (an egg). Cf. 3 b. Obs. a 1626 Bacon (J.), It is reported by the ancients, that the ostrich layeth her eggs under the sand, where the heat of the sun discloseth them.

2. intr. (for refl.) To unclose or unfold itself by the falling asunder of parts; to open. 1591 Garrard Art Warre 101 Which upon occasion disclosing again may let out the shot. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Disclose.. to bud, blow, or put out Leaves. 1626 T. H. Caussin's Holy Crt. 166 If the hen brood not her eggs, she hath no desire to make them disclose. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 1138 Over head a sheet Of livid flame discloses wide, then shuts And opens wider.

3. trans. To uncover (anything covered up from view); to remove a cover from and expose to view (anything material). 1393 Gower Conf. II. 262 As she, that was with thaire enclosed And might of no man be desclosed. 1530 Palsgr. 518/1, I disclose, I uncover a thing that is hydde..This treasure shall never be disclosed for me. 1611 Bible Isa. xxvi. 21 The earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no more couer her slain. 1696 Tate & Brady Ps. cvi. 9 The parting Deep disclos’d her Sand. 1795 Southey Joan of Arc x. 197 The open helm Disclosed that eye. 1832 Tennyson CEnone 65 He smiled, and opening out his milk-white palm Disclosed a fruit of pure Hesperian gold. 1838 Lytton Leila 1. iv, Her full rich lips disclosed teeth, that might have shamed the pearl.

b. To uncover or set free (a young bird, etc.) from the egg; to hatch; also fig. to ‘hatch* (mischief). Rarely, to exclude or lay (eggs). i486 Bk. St. Albans Aij a, Now to speke of hawkys. first thay been Egges. and afterwarde they bene disclosed hawkys. 1602 Shaks. Ham. v. i. 310 Anon as patient as the female Doue, When that her golden Cuplet are disclos’d. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. x. Iv. (1612) 245 Papists heere, forren and Land-leapt Foes, Did mischiefes that imported more our practiz’d State disclose. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxx. 122 They leave the eggs there till they think the young ones are disclosed. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iii. 633 Snakes, familiar, to the Hearth succeed, Disclose their Eggs, and near the Chimney breed. 1707 Curios, in Husb. Gard. 322 Forcing Eggs to disclose their Young by the artificial Heat of an Oven. 1816-26 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1843) II. 18 As soon as one of these young caterpillars is disclosed from the egg it begins to feed.

f4. To open up to one’s own knowledge, to discover. Obs. c 1450 Crt. of Love 112 Many a thousand other bright of face: But what they were, I coud not well disclose. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 168 He was disclosed and ceased [= seized] on by his Master. c 1611 Chapman Iliad xxi. 467 Old Priam in his sacred tow’r stood, and the flight disclos’d On his forc’d people, all in rout.

DISCLOSER 5. To open up to the knowledge of others; to make openly known, reveal, declare (secrets, purposes, beliefs, etc.). 1393 Gower Conf. II. 277, I dare min herte well disclose. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xxix. (Percy Soc.) 142 They are not all disposed So for to do as ye have here disclosed. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1580) 77 b, If you will promise me to kepe that close, whiche I shall disclose unto you. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. 22 The faithful should not admit him [God] to be any other than such as he had disclosed himself by his word. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. 11. i. 298 Tell me your Counsels, I will not disclose ’em. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 6 Their Arms, their Arts, their Manners I disclose. 1712-4 Pope Rape Lock 11. 9 Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 44 As for disclosing the Secret, it is what I never can do. 1874 Green Short Hist. iii. §2. 121 The great league which John had so long matured at last disclosed itself. Ibid. vii. §7. 413 The strange civilization of Mexico and Peru disclosed by Cortez and Pizarro. 1876 Mozley Univ. Serm. iii. 64 The modest light of faith discloses a real future life.

fb. intr. (for refl.) To show itself, to come to light. Obs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 349 The displeasure atwene the Kynge 8c his barons began to appere and disclose. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xii. 18 Vices..which I can see, when they do disclose in them. 1746-7 [see disclosing ppl. a.~\.

Hence dis'closed ppl. a. (a) In senses of the vb. i486 [see disclose v. 3 b]. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. xvii. §5.62 Another diuersitie of Methode there is.. and that is Enigmaticall and Disclosed. 1891 Echo 7 Dec. 2/7 The defendant.. pleaded that he was only an agent for a disclosed principal.

1825 J. Neal Bro. Jonathan III. 246 Preparing him for the disclosure. 1855 Prescott Philip II, I. ill. iii. 354 Put to the rack., to draw from him disclosures to the prejudice of Egmont. 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 6 Earth’s most exquisite disclosure heaven’s own God in evidence.

fdis'clothe, v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + clothe p.] trans. To strip of clothing, unclothe, undress. 1563-87 Foxe.4. & M. (1684) III. 570 Being dis-cloathed to their Shirts. 1596 R. L[inche] Diella (1877) 69 Hee.. straight disclothes him of his long-wome weed.

discloud (dis'klaud), v. [f. dis- 7 a 4- cloud sb.] trans. To free or clear from clouds; to free from gloom or obscurity; to reveal, disclose. 1600 Tourneur Transf. Metam. Author to Bk., For ’tis the haire of crime To shunne the breath that doth discloude it [= its] sinne. 1615J Stephens Satyr. Ess. 50 To discloud Your vertues lost in the confused crowd Of headstrong rumor. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. Pref. §6 That God would be pleased to discloud these gloomy dayes with the beames of his mercie. 1650-Pisgah To Rdr., Are these gloomy days already disclouded?

Hence dis'clouded ppl. a. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. 133 A rejoycing heart, an apprehensive head, and a disclouded fancy. 1889 Univ. Rev. Sept. 41 My lord Shone in his harness for a passing while An orb disclouded.

f dis'clout, v. Obs. rare~l. [f. dis- 7a + clout sb.] trans. To take out of a clout. 1597-8 Bp. Hall Sat. 11. iii. 34 Tho must he buy his vainer hope with price, Disclout his crownes, and thank him for advice.

(b) Her.: see quots. 1864 Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. x. 64 The expanded wings.. of all birds that are not Birds of Prey, are disclosed. 1882 Cussans Her. vi. 91 The most common attitude in which the Eagle appears in Heraldry, is Displayed. This term is peculiar to Birds of Prey; when other Birds (such as the Dove) are represented with their wings expanded.. they are said to be Disclosed.

discloser (dis'kbuz3(r)). [f„ prec. + -er1.] One who or that which discloses or reveals. 1569 J. Sanford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 138 b, In all dishonestie that men shall commytte I will that thou be their judge and discloser. 1608-11 Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows 11. §39, I will not long after.. secrets, least I should procure doubt to my selfe, and zealous feare to the discloser. 1650 SirT. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xxvii. (1658) 226 That occular Philosopher, and singular discloser of truth, Dr. Harvey. 1894 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 13 Oct. 9/4 The policeman’s mace is a veritable mind discloser.

disclosing (dis'kbuzrx)), vbl. sb. [f. as prec, + -ING1.] The action of the verb disclose: a. Opening up, revelation, bringing to light; disclosure, b. Hatching. Also attrib. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxii. 245 The forenamed .ii. erles were warned of disclosynge of this matyer. 1543 Bale (title), Yet a course at the Romyshe Foxe. A dysclosynge or openynge of the manne of synne. 1586 J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 21/1 The king.. being in loue with the falcon, did yearelie at the breeding and disclosing time send thither for them. 1605 Bacon Adv. Learn. 11. v. §3. 22 Being of so excellent use for the disclosing of nature. 1626Sylva §759 The Distance..betweene the Egge Layed and the Disclosing or Hatching.

\predicatively for ‘in or a disclosing’ — ‘in process of disclosure’, ‘a-hatching’: thus simulating a neuter-passive use of the verb. See a prep.1 12. 1737 Lillo Fatal Curiosity in. 44 Heard you that? What prodigy of horror is disclosing? To render murther venial.

dis'closing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That discloses or opens up: see the verb. 1730-46 Thomson Autumn 1358 Through the disclosing deep Light my blind way. 1746-7 Hervey Medit. (1818) 147 Like these disclosing gems under the powerful eye of day. 1892 Pall Mall G. 27 Apr. 1/2 The forcible and disclosing coincidence to which we referred at the outset.

disclosure (dis'kbu3(j)u9(r)). [f. disclose v. + -ure, after closure.] 1. The action of disclosing or opening up to view; revelation; discovery, exposure; an instance of this. a 1598 in Hakluyt Voy. I. 271 (R.) Whereas by the voyage of our subjects.. towards the discouerie and disclosure of vnknown places, a 1626 Bacon (J.), She was, upon a sudden mutability and disclosure of the king’s mind, severely handled. 1665 Boyle Occas. Refl §3 (R.) An unseasonable disclosure of flashes of wit. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. xxvii. (1819) 479 We may well leave to Revelation the disclosure of many particulars which our researches cannot reach. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. lxiii. 215 A public disclosure of his motives. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §1. 448 The disclosure of the stores of Greek literature had wrought the revolution of the Renascence.

b. The hatching of young from the egg; the liberation of an insect from the pupa state. 1640 Bp. Hall Chr. Moder. (Ward) 9/1 I have observed that the small and scarce sensible seed which it [the silkworm] casts comes not to life and disclosure until the mulberry .. yields her leaf. 1826 Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. xxxii. 345 Immediately after the disclosure of the insect from the pupa.

12. The opening of a river into sea or lake; the embouchure or mouth. Obs. rare. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 328 The disclosure of this River frames a square harbour.

3. That which is disclosed; a revelation.

DISCOACH

738

fdis'clown, v. Obs. rare~°. [f. dis- 7 b + clown sb.] trans. To divest of the character or condition of a clown. 1659 Torriano, Splebidto, disclouned, become from a base plebeian to be a Gentleman.

t disclude. v. Obs. [In form a. L. disclud-ere to shut up apart or separately; but in sense conformed to disclose.] trans. To disclose. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. vi. 84 Then his magnitude By brekyng of this potte me may disclude.

f dis'clusion. Obs. rare. [In form ad. L. dis elusion-em, n. of action from discludere to separate by shutting up apart; but in H. More app. influenced in sense by disclose u.] ‘Emission’. (So J., but the sense is obscure.) 1656 Blount Glossogr., Dis elusion, a shutting out, a separation. 1659 H. More Immort. Soul (1662) 73 The composition of them and disclusion and various disposal of them. 1668 - Div. Dial. 11. v. (1713) 99 That the continued Shadow of the Earth should be broken by sudden miraculous eruptions or disclusions of light.

disco (’diskao). 1. a. Colloq. abbrev. (orig. U.S.) of discotheque. Also, the equipment for playing records at a discotheque. 1964 Playboy Sept. 55/3 Los Angeles has emerged with the biggest and brassiest of the discos. 1970 R. Garrett Run Down i. 29 I’ve watched the smut bookshops, the neon palaces, the gambling dens, the discos. 1972 Oxf. Mail 7 Jan. 2 (Advt.), Velvet Sound’s Disco for hire.

b. ellipt. for disco music. 1975 N. Y. Times 12 July 27/4 The hustle.. is danced to ‘disco’, a black-based rhythm and blues characterized by a strong, rhythmic bass guitar, that in itself is achieving wide popularity. 1979 Guardian 16 June 10/2 Disco.. [is] the most commercially successful new movement in pop music. 1980 Oxford Times 4 Jan. 15/2 The music.. is tedious disco produced by Pete Bellotte... The disco beat hardly varies from number to number.

2. a. attrib. and Comb., as disco-beat, -dancer, -dancing, sound, etc. 1965 N. Y. Times 8 Apr. 46/1 A couple of scantily clad girls swiveled and undulated to the disco-beat. 1968 Sunday Times 14 July 49 She is essentially a 3-minute discogirl, but her finale gave her a new dimension. 1970 Times 17 June 27 Rivals Watneys have had a great success with their Birds Nest disco-pubs. 1974 New Statesman 31 May 759/2 At the disco-dance in the evening, nonetheless, people said: ‘Aren’t you frightened, surrounded by a mass of queers?’ 1975 Forbes (N.Y.) 1 Aug. 35/3 (caption) Disco dancers. 1975 Time (Canada ed.) 25 Aug. 49/2 Though New York City’s blacks and Puerto Ricans have been doing the Hustle for ears, its current vogue among people of all colors and ages as coincided with the explosion of ‘disco’ sound—rhythm and blues with a strong Latin beat. 1977 Fanfare (Toronto) 19 Oct. 3/3 Nevertheless, club owners have not been slow to cash in on disco fever. 1978 Financial Rev. (Sydney) 8 Sept. 2/1 Today, his weekly income is $1,200—and that’s excluding profits from his disco dancers, [etc.]. 1978 N. Y. Times Mag. 17 Dec. 124 Mr. Nagy, however, does not discodance. ‘I feel I have two left legs when it comes to that,’ he says. 1978 Chatelaine Dec. 68/2 A bright exciting silk disco dress printed with exotic flowers. It’s slashed to the waist and wraps the body on the bias. 1982 Money Jan. 47/1 However, a decade of rapid inflation sent the market gyrating like a frenzied disco dancer. 1984 S. Townsend Growing Pains A. Mole 54, I dropped a hint by looking knowingly at her figure in its lycra body stocking and miniskirt but then the roller disco started and she sped off to do wild disco dancing on her skates.

b. Special Combs.: disco-funk, a style of popular music which combines the heavy beat of disco music with the qualities of funk (funk sb.2 2); also disco-funky a.; discomania, addiction to or obsession with discotheques, disco music, or disco-dancing; hence discomaniac; disco music, a style of popular

music frequently played in discotheques, which is characterized by a heavy bass beat. 1977 Sounds 1 Jan. 17 And the Lord gave unto Moses the gift of ’Disco Funk, and Moses gave it unto the people, who saw that it was good. 1984 Oxford Times 6 Jan. 12/3 Relaxed disco-funk from the British singer who started with HiTension and then had a couple of solo hits. 1976 Sounds 11 Dec. 28/6 You know the sort of thing, smacking disco-funky rhythm tracks draped with vast sheets of strings. 1977 Time 27 June 56/1 ’Discomania is the latest passion of faddish, fickle American city dwellers. 1986 N.Y. Times 25 May 22/4 Another recent New York production has been compared to discomania. 1977 Telegraph (Brisbane) 2 Nov. 42/3 His co-star, Karen Gomey, is in fact a discomaniac. 1976 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 Sept. 29/5 ’Disco music, like clothes, may be desperately draining the past; the music is nowhere, but the listeners are in Nirvana. 1986 Christian Science Monitor 2 June 13/3 Children.. chased their friends through a bamboo maze to the sound of Hong Kong disco music.

Hence as v. intr., to dance at a discotheque or in the manner of disco-dancing. 1979 N. Y. Post 12 Jan. 18 It was a hot night the following spring and she was at Studio 54 and she was discoing with a kid who looked like Bruce Jenner. 1985 N. Y. Times 10 Nov. iinj 37/4 If not for her headache and his back, they probably would have discoed till dawn on this romantic weekend.

disco- (diskau), combining form of Gr.

SiWos

quoit, disc, occurring in numerous scientific terms; as disco'blastic a. Embryol. [Gr. fiXacros germ], (of an ovum), having discoidal segmentation of the formative yolk (Syd. Soc. Lex.): disco'morula, Embryol., the morula or ‘mulberry-mass’ resulting from the partial and discoidal segmentation of the formative yolk of a meroblastic egg: it develops from earlier stages called discomo'nerula and disco'cytula, and proceeds to develop into the forms called disco'blastula and disco'gastrula : see quots. and cytula, etc. 'discocarp Bot. [ad. mod.L. discocarpium, f. Gr. xapnos fruit], (a) a fruit consisting of a number of achenes within a hollow receptacle, as in the rose; (b) the disc-like hymenium or fructification of discomycetous fungi and gymnocarpous lichens; hence disco'carpous a., relating to, or having, a discocarp. disco'cephalous a. Zool. [Gr. KerfaXfj head], belonging to the suborder Discocephali of fishes, having a sucking-disc on the head. disco'dactyl(e, disco'dactylous adjs. Zool. [Gr. SoktvXos finger], having toes dilated at the end so as to form a disc, as a tree-frog, disco'glossid a. and sb. Zool. [Gr. yXwa aa tongue], belonging to, or a member of, the family Discoglossidse of toad¬ like batrachians; also discoglossoid a. discohe'xaster Zool., in sponges, a six-rayed spicule (hexaster) with the rays ending in discs, discome'dusan a. and sb. Zool., belonging to, or a member of, the order Discomedusse of acalephs or jelly-fishes, having an umbrellar disc; also discome'dusoid a. discomy'cetous a. Bot., belonging to the order Discomycetes of Fungi, having a disc-shaped hymenium or discocarp. discopla'cental, discoplacen'talian adjs. Zool., belonging to the section Discoplacentalia of mammals, having a disc-shaped placenta, 'discoplasm, see quot. 1913. ||disco'podium Bot., ‘the foot or stalk on which some kinds of discs are elevated’ (Treas. Bot. 1866). di'seopodous a. Zool., having the foot shaped as a disc; belonging to the section Discopoda of Gastropods, disco'stomatous a. Zool. [Gr. oTopa mouth], pertaining to or belonging to the class Discostomata of Protozoa (in Saville Kent’s system), containing the sponges and collar¬ bearing monads, 'disco triaene, see quot. 1888. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex, *Discoblastula, Hackel’s term for the small fluid-containing cavity lying between the discomorula and the nutritive yolk of a meroblastic ovum. Ibid., * Discocarp, a collection of fruits in a hollow receptacle, as in the rose. [1866 Treas. Bot., Discocarpium.] 1887 Garnsey & Balfour tr. De Bary's Fungi v. 198 Of gymnocarpous and ’discocarpous forms. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., *Discogastrula, Hackel’s term for that form of gastrula which develops from a disc situated on a mass of food yolk, as in Ganoid fishes. 1888 Athemeum 3 Mar. 279/2 Evidence of the pelobatoid rather than the ’discoglossid affinities of the .. genus. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., *Discomorula, Hackel’s term for the disc of cells which, during the segmentation of the impregnated meroblastic ovum, covers the nutritive vitellus as with a hood. 1879 tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man II. xix. 168 All other •Discoplacental Animals. 1881 Standard 23 June 5/2 The •discoplacentalian mammals. 1900 W. Myers tr. Ehrlich & Lazarus's Histol. Blood 51 The ’discoplasm loses its power of retaining the haemoglobin, and gives it up to the blood plasma in ever increasing quantity. 1913 Dorland Med. Diet. (ed. 7), Discoplasm, the structural part of a red bloodcorpuscle. 1888 Sollas in Challenger Rep. XXV. p. lvii, Varieties of the Triasne... *Discotrisene... The cladome is a disc in which separate cladi are not distinguishable; and the axial rods representing them extend but a short distance from the cladal origin. Ibid., The discotrisene combines in itself the characters of the desma and the ordinary spicule.

dis'coach, v.: see dis- 7 c.

DISCOAGULATE

I954.W. Faulkner Fable (1955) 31 [The malleable mass] has relinquished, dis-cohered .. flowing.. back to its own base anonymity.

1683 Pettus Fleta Min. n. 5 This Salt.. having a nature to discoagulate Metals.

t disco'herent, a. Obs. [f. disio + coherent.] Without coherence; incoherent, incongruous. So f disco'herence Obs., want of coherence or agreement; incoherence, incongruity.

f dis'coast, v. Obs. Also 7 discost. [f. dis- 6 + COAST V.]

1. intr. To withdraw from the coast or side. i598 Stow Ann., Q. Eliz. an. 1588 (R.) The Spanish nauie for six days space.. coasting and discoasting from England to the coast of Fraunce, and from thence to England, and thence to Fraunce agayne.

2. fig. To withdraw, depart: the opposite of coast v. 8, to approach. 01677 Barrow Serm. (1683) I. xx. 280 Do we not sometimes grievously reproach them .. for discosting from our practice? Ibid. II. xxiii. 341 Never willingly to discost from truth and equity.

Hence f dis'coasted ppl. a., withdrawn from contiguity, removed, distant. (= F. eloigne.) Obs. 16x0 G. Fletcher Christ's Viet. iv. 119 As far as heaven and earth discoasted lie. 1622 H. Sydenham Serm. Sol. Occ. n. (1637) 67 His will, .as farre discoasted from tyranny, as injustice. 1625 Lisle Du Bartas 119 It is discoasted further from the plain of Sennaar. a 1677 Barrow Serm. (1683) II. xvi. 232 To settle himself in, or to draw others to, a full persuasion .. discosted from truth.

discoblastic, -blastula: see disco-. 'discobole. Zool. [a. mod.F. discobole (Cuvier), in pi. discoboles, ad. mod.L. discoboli (pi. of discobolus: see below).] A fish of the group Discoboli, in Gunther’s system, a family of Acanthopterygii gobiiformes, having the ventral fins formed into a disc or sucker. discobolic (diskau'bolik), a. rare. [f. L. discobol-us (see next) + -ic.] Pertaining to a discobolus or quoit-thrower; quoit-throwing. 1822 T. L. Peacock Maid Marian v. 202 His discobolic exploit proved the climax of his rage.

II discobolus (di'skobabs). Class. Antiq. Also erron. -bulus. [L., a. Gr. SioKofioXos discusthrower, f. Siokos disc, discus + -/3oA os -throwing, -thrower, f. ablaut-grade of pdXXeiv to throw.] A thrower of the discus; an ancient statue representing a man in the act of throwing the discus. 1727 Arbuthnot & Pope Martin. Scriblerus I. vi, The Discoboli.. were naked to the middle only. 1851 J. Gibson in Eastlake Life (1857) 185 (Stanf.) In the same room is the Discobulus of Myron, in the act of throwing his discus. 1877 Wraxell Hugo's *Miserables' 11. exxx. 28 Vejanus the discobolus lives again in the rope-dancer Forioso.

discocarp, discocephalous, etc.: see disco-. f dis'cognisance. Obs. rare~x. [a. OF. descognesance, -oissance ignorance (13th c. in Godef.), f. des-, dis4 + cognoissance knowledge, cognizance.] Non-recognition. c 1477 Caxton Jason 33 b, Put not ye your [error for the] herte in discognysaunce by the whiche your noble royaume is put in pees [Fr. ne mettez le cueur en descognoissance].

discography (di'skDgrsfi). [f. disc sb. 2d + -ography. Cf. Fr. discographie.] A catalogue raisonne of gramophone records; a list of the recordings of a single composer or performer; also, the study of recordings. Hence disco’graphical a., pertaining or relating to discography; di'seographer, one skilled in discography. 1933 Repository (Canton), The March number of The Gramophone.. contains an up-to-date discography. 1935 Melody Maker 14 Dec. 8/3, I have seen all kinds of discology, discography, and long lists of records. 1936 R. D. Darrell Gramophone Shop Encycl. Recorded Music p. vii, A presentation of each composer’s discography work by work, with complete recorded versions of each composition in its original form. 19417022 Information Nov. 22/1 Important as these items are to discographers, they were merely sidelines with James P. 19467022 Mag. III. 1. 3/2 Eric S. Tonks’ new complete Jazz discography is to be released in sections. Ibid. 12/1 It seems.. obvious.. without even hearing the records but just glancing through the discographical details, that these records hardly represent a short ‘History of Jazz’. 1946 R. Venables in A. McCarthy PL Yearbk. Jazz 140 Those to whom discography appears a needlessly involved science. 1952 [see discophile]. 1955 R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (ed. 3) xiv. 323 The assembling of discographical information and biographical material in America. 1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Nov. 7*4/3 Its scholarship is the ‘discography’ (a curious discipline analogous to bibliography). 1966 Guardian 8 Mar. 12/6 Leonard Petts.. has spent some time compiling a discography of Sir Winston Churchill for the British Institute of Recorded Sound... [Churchill] must have left his words behind in odd comers not yet found by the discographers.

discohere (disk9u'hi9(r)), v. [dis- 6.] 1. Electr. = DECOHERE V. 1899 Standard 8 May, The current causes a small hammer to strike the coherer and to cause the filings to discohere, so that the circuit may be completed and broken at will.

2. fig. To cease to cohere.

DISCOLOURED

739

t disco'agulate, v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + coagulate u.] trans. To undo the coagulation of; to dissolve.

a 1600 Hooker Serm. iii. Wks. 1845 II. 730 An opinion of discoherence.. between the justice of God and the state of men in this world. 1675 J. Smith Chr. Relig. Appeal 1. 32 They.. made the parts so incongruous, discoherent, inconsequent, nay, contradictory to one another.

discohexaster: see disco-. discoid ('diskoid), a. and sb. [ad. L. discoides, a. Gr. SioKoeih-qs quoit-shaped, f. SIokos discus, quoit + -eiSt)s -form. In mod.F. discoide.] A. adj. 1. Of the form of a quoit or disc, disc-shaped; (more or less) flat and circular; in Conchol., used of spiral shells of which the whorls lie in one plane. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 101 Stigmas, .discoid and 4-lobed. 1849 Murchison Siluria ix. 197 Discoid and angular univalves. 1854 Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. (1874) 7 The red corpuscles are round discoid bodies, with two concave surfaces.

2. Bot. Of composite flowers: Having or consisting of, a disc only, with no ray, as in Tansy. 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. x. 102 Ray called them discoid flowers [Discoideae], 1857 Henfrey Bot. §131 Some capitula are wholly discoid, such as those of Groundsel, of Thistles, etc. 1870 Hooker Stud. Flora 184 Flowers all tubular (head discoid).

B. sb. A body resembling a disc in shape, b. Conchol. See quot. 1846 and cf. A. 1. 1828 Webster, Discoid, something in form of a discus or disk. 1846 Worcester, Discoid (Conch.), a univalve shell of which the whorls are disposed vertically on the same plane so as to form a disk.

discoidal (di'skoictal), a. [f. as prec. + -al1.] = DISCOID. discoidal segmentation of an ovum (Embryol.): segmentation producing or resulting in a disc-shaped mass of cells. 1706 [see discous]. 1819 G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 148 Elytra.. with some impressed discoidal punctures. 1854 Woodward Mollusca iv. (1856) 41 The discoidal planorbis sometimes becomes perforated by the removal of its inner whirls. 1869 Huxley Phys. iii. 67 By adding dense and weak solutions alternately, the [blood] corpuscles may be made to become successively spheroidal and discoidal.

discolith ('diskauliB). Biol. [f. disco- + -lith.] A kind of coccolith of the form of a flattened disc. (Cf. CYATHOLITH.) 1875 Carpenter Microsc. & Rev. §367 Two distinct types are recognizable among the Coccoliths, which Prof. Huxley has designated respectively discoliths and cyatholiths. 1883 J* H. Wright Sci. Dogmatism 8 This jelly [Bathybius].. forming deposits thirty feet thick, with.. imbedded granules, coccoliths, discoliths [etc.]. 1883 Syd. Soc. Lex., Discolith, flattened or concavo-convex circular coccoliths found in the ooze brought up in deep-sea dredgings.

discolor ('diskAb(r), -kob(r)), a. Nat. Hist. [a. L. discolor, discolor-us not the same colour, variegated, f. dis-, dis- i + color colour; the opposite of concolor. Cf. F. discolore in same sense.] a. Of different colours; having one part of one colour and another of another, b. Of a different colour from some other (adjacent) part or organ. 1866 in Treas. Bot. 1883 in Syd. Soc. Lex.

leather fabrics. 1892 Stevenson Across the Plains 44 With none of the litter and discoloration of human life.

b. concr. A discoloured formation, marking, or patch; a stain. 1684 Boyle Porousn. Anim. /., a single transaction of this nature. 1839-40 W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 119 To establish a bank of deposit, discount, and circulation. 1846 McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 43 The Scotch banks make their advances partly by discount of bills, and partly by what are termed cash accounts, or cash credits. 1866 Crump Banking iii. 78 Shall you require either loans or discounts, and to what amount? 1878 Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 114 The most common and proper way in which a banker gives credit and employs his funds is in the discount of bills.

4. at a discount: at less than the nominal or usual value; below par; fig. in low esteem, reduced in estimation or regard, depreciated. (Opp. to at a premium.) 1701 Lond. Gaz. No. 3710/3 Their Bills go at 50 per Cent. Discount. 1833 Ht. Martineau Berkeley the Banker 1. vi. 120 When its notes were at a discount. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. ill. xx. §2 (1876) 372 The price of bills would fall below par; a bill for 100/. might be bought for somewhat less than 100/., and bills would be said to be at a discount. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 5 Though one system of coinage were adopted for all countries, claims on foreign countries would nevertheless vary in price, and would still be either at a premium or at a discount. fig. 1832 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) II. 237 ‘Conservative’ principles are at a discount throughout the world. 1842 Marryat Percival Keene xxi, We should be at a pretty discount with the red-coats. 1856 Reade Never too late lxxxv, Servants are at a great premium, masters at a discount, in the colony.

5. Billiards. An allowance made by a superior to an inferior player of a deduction of one or more counts from his score for every count made by the latter. (U.S.) 6. attrib. and Comb, (chiefly in sense 2 b), as discount-broker, one whose business is to cash or procure the cashing of notes or bills of exchange at a discount; also discount accommodation, business, house, market, (in sense 4) applied attrib. to a shop that sells goods below the normal retail price; also discount selling, trading. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. 11. v. (1876) 163 Applying to a banker or discount-broker for loans. Ibid. 111. ix. (1876) 415 The English discount-houses collect all the bills which are drawn upon France. 1866 Crump Banking ix. 190 The directors.. contracted the discount accommodation to the public. 1876 World V. No. 117. 5 At to-day’s rates there cannot possibly be any appreciable profit in discount business. 1889 Spectator 31 Aug. 268/2 Harper’s, which discount booksellers sell at 9d. a copy. 1891 G. Clare Money-market Primer xii. 135 The very important part performed in the economy of the discount-market by the middleman, through whom.. nearly the whole of the better class of business is transacted. 1922 W. F. Spalding London

DISCOUNTENANCE

749 Money Market vii. 106 The discount market is one of the most important sections of the London Money Market. 1933 B. Ellinger This Money Business iii. 20 The Discount Market in London has been in existence for about seventy years. 1949 Consumer Rep. Aug. 343/2 Buying.. nationallyadvertised goods from discount houses at savings up to 20%. 1958 Oxf. Mail 16 July 6/5 Service in discount shops [in the U.S.] is poor, i960 Guardian 10 June 7/2 All forms of discount trading are violently denounced by trade associations. Ibid. 7/3 A London supermarket firm.. is to build a., discount store in Manchester. 1962 Listener 13 Dec. 994/2 The discount house, which sells all these things by self-service at very low prices, has grown phenomenally in recent years in the United States, but there are still only half a dozen or so in this country. 1964 Times Rev. Industry Apr. 72/3 One supermarket chain in California.. has switched over entirely to discount selling, including leasing departments in discount stores. 1970 Times 23 Sept. 14/6 Strictly speaking a Discount Store is an enormous single storey self-service store .. which sells a huge range of goods .. at below normal retail prices.

discount (di'skaunt, 'diskaont), u.1 Also 7 discompt. (a. OF. desconter (13th c. in Littre), descompter (14th c.), mod.F. decompter = Sp. descontar (Minsheu 1599), It. discontare, scontare ‘to vnreckon, to abate in reckoning’ (Florio 1598), med.L. discomputdre (1293 in Du Cange), a late L. or Com. Romanic formation from dis-, dis- 4 + computare to count, compute.]

fl. trans. To reckon as an abatement or deduction from a sum due or to be accounted for. Obs. 1629 Sir R. Chambers Petit, in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 679 The other moity to be discompted upon such Goods as the Petitioner shall make entries of by Exportation or Importation in the Custom-house, London, until his debt with the interest be fully satisfied and paid. 1645 Pari. Hist., Chas. /, an. 1645 (R.) That all provisions, or other necessaries, provided by your care, be so ordered, that account may be made what is taken; and that the said provisions may be discounted upon the pay of the said army. 1696 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 93 The Turky merchants have offered to advance a considerable summe to the king, provided it may be discounted out of the customes of their fleet. 1726 R. Newton in Reminiscences (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) 64 Decrements.. so call’d as so much did .. decrescere, or was discounted from a Scholar’s Endowment.

fb. To abate, to deduct. Obs. 1652 Needham tr. Selden’s Mare Cl. 266 By dis-counting 38 years from the year 1051, that year 1012, is sufficiently manifest. 1664 Butler Hud. 11. iii. 1105 All which [plunder] the Conq’rer did discompt, To pay for curing of his Rump. 01715 Burnet Own Time II. 327 They made such exceptions to those of the other side, that they discounted as many voices as gave them the majority. 1828 Webster s.v., Merchants discount five or six per cent., for prompt or for advanced payment.

fc. to discount interest, to deduct ‘interest’ (now called discount) on receiving the amount of a bill or note before it is due: see sense 3. Obs. 1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1945/4 Because it may be some conveniency.. to have present Money, if they please to discount Interest, they may have it at the Office. 1701 Ibid. No. 3708/4 The whole Loss being to be paid by the Undertakers within 60 days .., or sooner upon discounting the Interest.

fd. To reduce the amount of (a debt) by a set¬ off. Obs. 1713 Swift To Earl Oxford ill Wks. 1758 III. II. 46 Parvisol discounts arrears By bills for taxes and repairs.

f 2. intr. to discount for: to provide a set-off for; to meet, satisfy. Obs. 1647 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iv. II. 1025 Public monies which . . Mr. Thornton had no ways satisfied or discounted for before his death. 1687 R. L’Estrange Hist. Times 1. 159 Discounting.. for what we have Receiv’d from the Westminster-Insurance Offices. 1690 Dryden Don Sebastian iii. i, My prayers and penance shall discount for these, And beg of heaven to charge the bill on me.

3. trans. To give or receive the ‘present worth’ of (a bill of exchange or promissory note) before it is due. a. To pay the value beforehand, with a deduction equivalent to the interest at a certain percentage for the time which it has still to run. b. Of the holder: To obtain cash for (a bill or note), with such deduction, before it is due. (See discount sb. 2 b.) 1694 Lond. Gaz. No. 3008/4 Foreign Bills of Exchange will be Discounted after the Rate of Four and half per Cent, per Annum. 1732 De Foe Eng. Tradesman I. Suppl. ii. 389 The seller had a supply by discounting the bills. 1777 Sheridan Sch. Scana. iii. ii, Have you been able to get me that.. bill discounted? 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. iii. xi. §4 A bill of exchange, when merely discounted .. does not perform the functions.. of money, but is itself bought and sold for money. 1854 H. Miller Sch. fisf Schm. xxiii. (i860) 251/1, I was fortunate enough not to discount for him a single bad bill. 1878 Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 114 A banker will., discount such a bill, that is, buy it up for the sum due, after subtracting interest.. for the length of time the bill has to run.

4. fig. In various senses derived from the foregoing: a. To leave out of account; to disregard, omit. b. To deduct or detract from, to lessen, c. To part with a future good for some present consideration, d. To settle or account for beforehand. And now esp.: e. To make a deduction in estimating the worth of (a statement, etc.); to make allowance for exaggeration in. f. To take (an event, etc.) into

account beforehand, thus lessening its effect or interest when it takes place. 1702 S. Parker Cicero's De Finibus 237 To relinquish himself, to discount his Body, and take up with a Summum Bonum Uncommensurate to the Whole of his Person. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. Critic. Hist. 26 The Jacobits unaccountable Schism has been thoroughly discounted by our learned Dr. Turner. 1768 Woman of Honor I. 165 In this light.. how much would [they] have to discount of their boasts of having had a number of women as worthless as themselves? 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xl. (1859) II. 402 Of the three opinions (I discount Brown’s), under this head, one supposes [etc.]. 1851 J. H. Newman Cath. in Eng. 329 Absolution for a week! then it seems, she has discounted, if I may so speak, her prospective confessions, and may lie, thieve, drink, and swear for a whole seven days with a clear conscience. 1855 Brim ley Ess., Poetry & Crit. 185 Discounting immortality for pottage. 1858 Sat. Rev. V. 660/1 Making its own little profit by cleverly discounting a part of the great conception, i860 Ibid. IX. 825/1 His father discounted and exhausted the policy of perfidious concession. 1873 H. Spencer Stud. Sociol. v. 112 We.. have to estimate [the] worth [of evidence] when it has been discounted in many ways. 1876 E. Mellor Priesth. iv. 172 To discount from the teaching of Christ the words ‘eat’ and ‘drink’, as modal terms.. is to relinquish the literal interpretation. 1880 Daily News 23 Sept., Acquaintance from books with the place to be visited ‘discounts’ the enjoyment of the visit. 1882 Bithell Counting-house Diet. s.v., To discount news or intelligence, a cant phrase much used in City circles, is to anticipate or expect such intelligence, and then act as though it had already arrived. 1883 C.J Wills Mod. Persia 315 After a time one learns to mentally discount the statements made by the natives. 01884 M. Pattison Mem. (1885) 214 Nor had his [Newman’s] perversion, so long looked for, and therefore mentally discounted, at all fallen upon me like a blow.

5. Billiards. To allow discount to, as to discount an inferior player. (U.S.) Hence discountedppl. a., discounting vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1682 Scarlett Exchanges 6 Discounted Exchange, is, when the Drawer and the Remitter is one and the same Person. 1732 De Foe Eng. Tradesman I. Suppl. ii. 391 Discounting of bills is certain death to the tradesman. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 41 The discounting establishments at home. 1884 Manch. Exam. 22 May 5/1 Fraudulent discounting of worthless accommodation bills. 1964 Times Rev. Industry Feb. 98/2 The principles of discounted cash flow and sinking fund accounting.

discount,v.2 Obs. rare. [f. dis- i + counts.] trans. To count or reckon separately or in separate series. f

1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. Index, Know that the discounting of Sheets (to expedite the work at severall Presses) hath occasioned in the Fifth book after page 200. compleated, to go back again to page (153) surrounded in this fashion, to prevent confusion. 1662 J. Fuller ‘To the Reader’ in Fuller Worthies, The discounting of Sheets (to expedite the Work at severall Presses) hath occasioned the often mistake of the Folio’s. [Cf. 1653 Gauden Hieraspistes 320 Reader, The Reason why the Folios of this Book do not follow is because the Copy (for Expedition) was divided to two Printers.]

discountable

(di'skaunt3b(3)l), a. [f. discount v. 1 + -able.] That may be discounted; in quot. 1800, within which a bill may be discounted. 1800 T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) IV. 420 Within the discountable period. 1802 H. Thornton in Mill Pol. Econ. iii. xi. §4 Each is a discountable article.

discountenance (di'skauntinsns), v. [ad. obs. F. descontenancer (16th c. in Littre, and in Cotgr.), to abash, put out of countenance, mod.F. decontenancer, f. des-, dis- 4 + contenancer to countenance. In some of the English senses, it is used as if f. dis- 7 + countenance sb. Cf. deface in some of its senses.] f 1. trans. To put another countenance on, to mask. Obs. rare. 1587 Golding De Mornay xii. 171 His own ambition, which was peraduenture discountenanced to the common people, but could not be counterfeited before God, who seeth the very bottome of our hearts.

2. To put out of countenance, put to shame, disconcert, discourage, abash. (Chiefly in pa. pple.) 1580 Sidney Arcadia (1613) 69 Thinking it want of education which made him so discountenanced with vnwonted presence. 1599 B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. iii. i, Sir, let not this dis-countenance, or dis-gallant you a whit. 1671 Milton P.R. ii. 218 How would one look from his majestic brow.. Discountenance her despised. 1690 The Gt. Scanderbeg 89 He was no more discountenanced then, than if he had been at the head of his Army. 1707 Norris Treat. Humility ix. 359 How is my pride further discountenanced, when I see thee my Lord . . chusing to unite thyself.. with flesh and blood. 1862 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1865) III. viii. vi. 55 He appeared much discountenanced at this last part of my narrative.

3. To withdraw one's countenance from, set the countenance against; to show dis¬ approbation of; to discourage, disfavour: a. a person. 1591 Spenser Tears Muses 340 We silly Maides, whom they.. with reprochfull scome discountenaunce. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows i. §45. 76 Discouraging and dis¬ countenancing the upright. 1656 H. More Enthus. Tri. 23 Such Mock-prophets and false Messiases as these will be discountenanced and hissed off of the stage. 1807 W. H. Ireland Mod. Ship of Fools 251 note, He.. discountenanced him from that hour. 18.. Proclamation at Quarter Sessions, That all Persons of Honour, or in Place of Authority, will..

DISCOUNTENANCE to their utmost contribute to the discountenancing Persons of dissolute and immoral Lives.

b. an act, practice, or the like. 1589 Fleming Georg. Virg. Ded., Ripe to deface and dis¬ countenance, but rawe to correct or imitate the commendable trauels of well affected Students. 1646 P. Bulkeley Gospel Covt. in. 256 Profanenesse is discountenanced by all. 1709 Steele Tatler No. 39 f 10 Duels are neither quite discountenanc’d, nor much in vogue. 1766 Burke Wks. II. 5 The late administration., discountenanced.. the dangerous and unconstitutional practise of removing military officers for their votes in Parliament. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 343 The traffic was discountenanced.

Hence di'scountenanced ppl. a., -ing vbl. sb. 1597 Bp. J. King Jonas (1618) 76 Discountenancings, disturbings, dispossessings of them. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. xxvii. (1627) 276 By the incouragement and commendation of vertue, and discountenancing of vice. 1643 Miltpn Divorce Introd. (1851) 4 The sole advocate of a discount’nanc’t truth. 1667 Locke Ess. Toleration in Fox Bourne Locke (1876) I. iv. 189 The discountenancing of popery amongst us. 1675 Art Contentm. iv. ix. 198 The most discountenanc’d child oft makes better proof than the dearling. 1749 W. Dodwell Free Answer 97 To prevent their preaching a discountenanced Doctrine.

discountenance (di'skauntinsns),

sb. arch. [partly ad. OF. descontenance (14th c. in Littre), partly an Eng. formation from dis- 9 + countenance sb., after the vb.] i. The act or fact of discountenancing; unfavourable aspect, disfavour or dis¬ approbation shown.

North Plutarch (1595) 829 He thought that the estimation of Cato was altogether the discountenance of his [own] power and greatnesse. 1642 Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 338 All discountenance and disgrace done to the Clergy reflect upon Christ. 1673 Essex Papers (Camden) I. 151 The countenance given to the subscribers and discountenance to the refusers. 1779-81 Johnson L.P., Milton Wks. II. 176 His great works were performed under discountenance. 1812 Shelley Proposals Pr. Wks. 1888 I. 272 The discountenance which Government will show to such an association. 1862 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const, i. 4 Discountenance of warlike policy. 1580

b. with a and pi. a 1628 F. Greville Sidney (1652) 19 Any man .. might.. see how to set a good countenance upon all the discountenances of adversitie. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xvm. iii, Whether it be that the one way of cheating is a discountenance or reflection upon the other, or [etc.].

f2. The fact or state of being put out of countenance; discomposure of face; abashment. Obs. a 1628 F. Greville Sidney vii. (1652) 86 The discountenance, and depression which appeared in Sir Francis. 1656 Finett For. Ambass. 39 Much to their discountenance and discontent.

di'scountenancer. [f. discountenance

v. + -er1.] One who discountenances, or discourages with cold looks or disfavour.

1622 Bacon Hen. VII (J.), A great taxer of his people and discountenancer of his nobility. 1702 Addr.fr. Maryland in Lond. Gaz. No. 3853/1 A Discountenancer of Immorality and an Encourager of Virtue. 1721 Wodrow Hist. Suff. Ch. Scot. (1828) I. Introd. 10 A discountenancer of ministers.

discounter (di'skaunta(r)). [f. discount -ER1.] 1. One who discounts a bill the person who, before it amount with deduction of person who obtains cash for discount v. 3.

.1

v

+

or note; i.e. either is due, pays the discount, or the it in this way: see

De Foe Eng. Tradesman I. Suppl. ii. 391 These discounters of bills are sometimes bit. 1791 Burke Let. Member Nat. Assembly Wks. VI. 17 The whole gang of usurers, pedlars, and itinerant Jew-discounters. 1848 Mill Pol. Econ. iii. xi. §4 A bill of exchange.. discounted, and kept in the portfolio of the discounter until it falls due. 1861 Goschen For. Exch. 38 The purchaser of the bills in this case takes the place of the discounter of accommodation paper. 1883 E. Paxton Hood Scot. Char. iii. 59 ‘Oh, you need not hesitate about him, Mr. Carrick [the banker]’, said the proposed discounter. 1884 J. Bacon in Law Rep. 26 Ch. Div. 134 The discounter, whether of a bill, or bond, or any other security, becomes the owner. 1732

2. One who is involved in discount trading. 1921 A. Wall Analytical Credits v. 246 It is essential for him to be known in the trade as a discounter. 1964 Economist 1 Feb. 411/1 The discounters—a terribly misleading word for retail traders who take only a modest profit. 1964 Times Rev. Industry Apr. 72/3 Retailers of other merchandise, such as shoes, jewellery, [etc.].. have also sought to cut their losses by leasing departments from discounters.

dis'countess, v.

rare, [dis- 7 b.] trans. deprive of the rank or dignity of countess.

To

1630 B. Jonson New Inn iv. iii, Though I am discountess’d, I am not yet dis-countenanced. 1874 Trollope Lady Anna v, Let them bring that Italian countess over if they dared! He’d countess her and discountess her too!

discouple (dis'kAp(3)l), v. [a. OF. descupler (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), descoupler (Cotgr.) to separate, uncouple, f. des-, dis- 4 + coupler to couple.] trans. To separate or disunite what is coupled, to uncouple. Sonnes of Aymon ix. 241 Now are dyscoupled the foure sones of Aymon, for I have slayne Richarde. 1549 Hooper Declar. Ten Commandm. x. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 384 Neither doth the magistrate dissolve that C1489 Caxton

DISCOURSE

750 God hath bound, nor discouple that God coupled. 1883 W. S. Dugdale tr. Dante’s Purgatorio xxv. 280 Ascending the steps whose narrowness discouples those who mount.

b. intr. for refl. 1599 1 M[oufet] Silkwormes 66 When they die after discoupling.

discour, -coure, f

obs. ff. discover v.

di'scourage, sb. Obs. [f.

dis-9

+

courage s&.:

or f. discourage u.] Want or failure of courage; the state of discouragement. c 1500 Three King's Sons 105 Their enemyes were in suche discorage that thei durst not wele be seen at no scarmyssh. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. v. (R.), Many., be brought in discourage of themselves, by the reason of pouertie..or by aduersitie. 1586 Bright Melanch. xxxiii. 184 They are faint-hearted, and full of discourage. 1611 Speed Theat. Gt. Brit. ix. (1614) 17/1 Causing their king Canute with discourage to retire.

discourage (di‘skArid3),

v. Also 5-6 dis-, dyscorage (6 dischorage). [ad. OF. descoragier, later descourager, mod.F. decourager; f. des-, dis4 + corage, courage s£>.] 1. trans. To deprive of courage, confidence, or moral energy; to lessen the courage of; to dishearten, dispirit. The opposite of encourage.

that time there was nothing but discouragement and obstruction. Mod. The discouragement of rash and premature attempts.

2. The fact or state of being discouraged; want of spirit or confidence; depression of spirit with regard to action or effort. (The more usual sense.) 1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. in. ii. (1634) 261 The feeling.. turneth onely to terrour and discouragement. a 1600 Hooker Disc. Justif. Wks. 1617 II. 53 That repining discouragement of heart, which tempteth God. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. iii. (1627) 20 About which I have taken no small griefe and discouragement. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. 157 He represents it as having caused so much discouragement at Sparta, that [etc.], i860 Froude Hist. Eng. V. 30 [It] showed how great was the discouragement into which the loss of Beton had thrown them. 1878 Lecky Eng. in 18th C. II. v. 50 Poverty and discouragement became more general than ever.

3. That which discourages; a disheartening or deterrent influence. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Pref. Wks. (1653) 9 Notwithstanding all such discouragements.. he proceeded on with courage. 1720 Swift Mod. Educ., The books read at school and colleges are full of.. discouragements from vice. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 319 Their first discouragement was, the country was all open with very little wood. 1868 E. Edwards Raleigh I. viii. 123 Strong discouragements which had often chilled the glowing anticipations.

1481 Caxton Godfrey cxxxii. 196 How therle of chartres discoraged themperour of Constantinople that he shold not goo and socoure our peple. 1535 Coverdale Jer. xxxviii. 4 Thus he discorageth the hondes of the soudyers y* be in this cite, and the hondes of all the people. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. 2 His Royall heart was not daunted or discouraged. 1684 Bunyan Pilgr. 11. 21, I think no Slow of Despond would discourage me. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 253 He would be very far from discouraging me. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 232 No trick, no lie, which was thought likely to discourage the starving garrison was spared. absol. 1789 Anna Seward Lett. (1811) II. 226 Difficulty rather stimulates than discourages.

‘throws cold water’ upon efforts. 1631 Gouge God's Arrows i. §46. 80 None [are] greater discouragers of the upright. 1710 Macclesfield in Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) VI. cxxi. 10 Discouragers of those who preach virtue and piety. 1849 Lewis Influence Author. Opin. ix. (L.), The promoter of truth and the discourager of error. 1884 G. P. Lathrop True i. 5 Antiquity is a great discourager of the sympathies.

b. with complement: To deter (by dis¬ couragement) ffo do something (obs.); from (tfor) an act.

di'scouraging, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1]. The action of the verb discourage; dis¬

1529 More Suppl. Soulys Wks. 337/1 Not for yr we wold discorage you to dispose well your goodes when ye dye. 1529 Supplic. to King (E.E.T.S.) 36 This they doo to dyscorage all men from the studye of Gods Worde. 1598 R Bernard tr. Terence (1607) 337 The poet.. was nowe almost discouraged for taking any more paines. a 1682 Sir T. Browne Tracts (1684) 191 It discouraged from all Navigation about it. a 1698 Temple (J.), Unless vou.. discourage them to stay with you by using them ill. 1099 Dampier Voy. II. 1. 89 The Seamen are discouraged from fishing for them by the King. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 3 We shall be discouraged from the laborious.. task.

fc. transf. and fig. Obs. a 1529 Skelton Replyc. 355 For to disparage And to discorage The fame matryculate Of poetes laureate. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11. (1586) 87 You shall sometime have one branch more gallant then his fellowes, which if you cutte not away, you discourage all the rest. 1657 in Burton s Diary (1828) II. 150 Though the face of public worship of late be discouraged.

2. transf. To lessen or repress courage for (an action or project); to discountenance, express disapproval of, ‘throw cold water on’. 1641 Wilkins Math. Magick 11. xv. (1648) 292,1 would be loath to discourage the enquiry of any ingenuous artificer. a 1649 Eikon Bas. xii. (1824) 106, I might neither Incourage the rebels insolence, nor discourage the Protestants loyalty and patience. 1699 Dampier Voy. II. 1. 85 Thro their oppression .. trading is discouraged. 1735 Berkeley Querist §42 Idleness should of all things be discouraged. 1809 Syd. Smith Wks. (1867) I. 173 A set of lectures upon political economy would be discouraged in Oxford. 1872 Yeats Growth Comm. 56 Laws were made to discourage usury.

f3. intr. (for refl.) confidence. Obs.

To

lose

courage

or

1553 Bale Vocacyon in Harl. Misc. (1808-12) VI. 464 (D.) Because that poore Churche shulde not utterly discourage, in her extreme adversitees. 1574 Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (*577) 33 Scipio considering the Numantines to increase in pride, and the Romanes to discourage.

discourageable (di'skArid33b(3)l), a. rare. [f. v. + -able.] Capable of being discouraged or disheartened; to be discouraged. discourage

1612-15 Bp. Hall Contempt., N. T. iv. xxvi, O loue to unthankfull souls! not discourageable by the most hatefull indignities.

di'scouraged, ppl. a. Deprived of disheartened.

[f. as prec. + -ed1.] courage or confidence,

1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xix. (R.), He wente awaye with a discouraged and heauye mynde. 1667 Flavel Saint Indeed (1754) 44 Discouraged souls, how many do you reckon the Lord for? 1847 Tennyson Princ. iii. 137, I grew discouraged, Sir. 1888 Pall Mall G. 8 June 4/1 Seductive terms about fettered industry, discouraged capital, and the undue taxation of the necessaries of life.

discouragement (di'skAridjmant).

[ad. OF. descouragement, descoragement (12th c. in Hatz.Darm.), mod.F. decour agement, f. descoragier, descourager to discourage: cf. encourage¬ ment.]

1. The action or fact of discouraging. Hakluyt Voy. III. 131 (R.) To the great discouragement and hinderance of the same marchants and fishermen. 01797 H. Walpole Geo. II (1847) 1- iv. 89 His severity to and discouragement of that pest of society, Attorneys. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark xii. 414 From 1600

discourager + -er1.] One

(di'skArid^r)).

disheartens;

one

[f.

discourage

v.

who or that which discourages or who

discountenances

or

couragement. (Now chiefly gerundial.) 1545 Primer Hen. VIII, in J Primers (1848) 519 In all trouble and adversity to be quiet.. without discouraging and desperation. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 318 The overthrow [was] a great discouraging of the enemie. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 35 To the great discouraging of all other Christian Princes.

di'scouraging, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing2.] That discourages or causes discouragement; disheartening. 1678 Bunyan Pilgr. 1. 77 Over that Valley hangs the discouraging Clouds of confusion. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. iii, With many discouraging thoughts for the event. 1849 Grote Greece ii. lviii. (1862) V. 158 The answer returned was discouraging. 1876 T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 185 Despite her discouraging words, he still went on.

Hence di'scouragingly adv.y in a discouraging manner; f di'scouragingness. 1690 J. Mackenzie Siege London-Derry 21/2 Collonel Lundy.. spoke so discouragingly to many of them concerning the indefensibleness of the place. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Discouragingness, discouragement. 1882 Annie Thomas Allerton Towers II. viii. 151 Treating her confidences coldly, not to say, discouragingly.

f discoursative, -itive, a. Obs. rare. [f. discourse: see -ative.] a. Pertaining to discourse or conversation, b. Of or belonging to ‘discourse’ or reason, rational. 1600 C. Sutton Disce Mori ii. (1838) 23 As if it were only some arbitrable matter or discoursitive. 1610 Markham Masterp. i. vii. 17 Horses disceme by meanes of the vertue Imaginatiue, Discoursatiue, and Memoratiue.

discourse (di'skoas, 'dis-), sb. Also 4-5 discours, discors. [a. F. discours, ad. L. discurs-us ‘running to and fro, conversation, discourse’ (after cours:—L. cursus): cf. It. discorso, Sp. discurso. L. discurs-us is f. discurs-, ppl. stem of discurrere: see next.] fl. Onward course; process or succession of time, events, actions, etc.; = course. Obs. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. (1549) 134 The naturall discourse of the sunne. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. i Pet. i. (R.), But when yc day shal come, & the discourse of things turned vp side down, they shall be tormented, and you shal reioyce. 1565 Jewel Def. Apol. (1611)91 It is most euident by the whole discourse of the Text. 1577 Hellowes Gueuara's Chron. 65 The riuer Tygris in the discourse of his currant maketh an Ilande. 1588 Greene Pandosto (1607) 18 This tragicall discourse of Fortune so daunted them, as they went like shadowes. 1612 Shelton Quix. I. 11. v. 89 The Knights-errant.. did .. suffer much Woe and Misery in the Discourse of their Lives.

b. In the following the meaning is perhaps ‘course of arms or combat’ (cf. course sb. 5); though other explanations have been proposed. 1596 Spenser F.Q. vi. viii. 14 The villaine.. Himself addrest unto this new debate, And with his club him all about so blist That he which way to tume him scarcely wist: Sometimes aloft he layd, sometimes alow, Now here, now there, and oft him neare he mist.. At last the caytive, after long discourse, When all his strokes he saw avoyded quite, Resolved in one t’assemble all his force. 1611 Beaumont & Fl. King (3 No King 11. i, Good captain Bessus, tell us the discourse [viz. of single combat] Betwixt Tigranes and our king, and how We got the victory.

DISCOURSE 12. ‘The act of the understanding, by which it passes from premises to consequences* (J.); reasoning, thought, ratiocination; the faculty of reasoning, reason, rationality. Obs. or arch.

of texts or utterances longer than one sentence, taking into account both their linguistic content and their sociolinguistic context; analysis performed using this method.

CI374 Chaucer Boeth. v. Pr. iv. 165 It [intelligence] byholdej? alle fringes so as I shal seye by a strok of j?ou3t formely wip oute discours or collacioun. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxviii. 75 He knoweth all thynge, therfore there is nought ferther to seken by discours. 1604 Edmonds Observ. Caesar's Comm. 39 The soule of man is endued with a power of discourse, whereby it concludeth either according to the certainetie of reason, or the learning of experience, a 1618 Raleigh Rem. (1644) 131 The Dog. .we see is plentifully furnished with inward discourse. 1672 Wilkins Nat. Relig. 56 The discerning of that connexion or dependance which there is betwixt several propositions.. which is called ratiocination, or discourse. 1788 Wesley Wks. (1872) VI. 353 Discourse, strictly speaking, is the motion or progress of the mind from one judgment to another. 1864 Bowen Logic vii. 177 Discourse (discursus, Siavoia) indicates the operation of comparison.

1952 Z. S. Harris in Language XVIII. i {title) ‘Discourse analysis. Ibid., One can approach discourse analysis from two types of problem, which turn out to be related. 1957 - in Discourse Analysis Reprints (1963) 7 Discourse analysis is a method of seeking in any connected discrete linear material.. which contains more than one elementary sentence, some global structure characterizing the whole discourse. 1964 K. L. Pike in Oceanic Linguistics III. 5 {title) Discourse analysis and tagmeme matrices. 1969 W. A. Cook Introd. Tagmemic Analysis ii. 40 Discourse analysis, however, has been little developed. 1983 Brown & Yule Discourse Analysis i. 26 ‘Doing discourse analysis’ certainly involves ‘doing syntax and semantics’, but it primarily consists of ‘doing pragmatics’.

fb. Phr. discourse of reason: faculty of reasoning. Obs. or arch.

DISCOURSITIVE

75i

process or

1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxviii. 74 The soule seketh by discors of reson the skyles and the causes of the wonderful beaute of creatures. 1553 Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 9 As could hardely be comprehended by the discourse of reason. 1602 Shaks. Ham. 1. ii. 150 A beast that wants discourse of Reason. 1675 South Serm. Ingratitude (1715) 455 By the Discourses of Reason, or the Discoveries of Faith. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. App. I. 415 No one with the ordinary discourse of reason could commit an error in regard to them.

3. Communication of thought by speech; ‘mutual intercourse of language* (J.); talk, conversation, arch. 1559 W. Cunningham Cosmogr. Glasse 112 But what make I discourse in these thinges to you, whiche knowe them muche better then I. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, v. iii. 99 Ample enterchange of sweet Discourse. 1597-8 Bacon Ess., Discourse (Arb.) 14 Some in their discourse, desire rather commendation of wit., then of iudgement. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 211 Sweeter thy discourse is to my eare Then Fruits of Palm-tree. 1713 Swift Frenzy J. Dennis, I.. laid hold of that opportunity of entering into discourse with him. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 306, I finding she did not much care for talking upon that Subject, chang’d the Discourse. 1863 Longf. Wayside Inn 11. Prel. vii, Meanwhile the Student held discourse With the Musician.

fb. The faculty of conversing; conversational power. Obs. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iii. i. 109, I know a wench of excellent discourse, Prettie and wittie. 1606-Tr. Gf Cr. 1. ii. 275 Is not birth, beauty, good shape, discourse .. and so forth .. the Spice, and salt that seasons a man? 1641 Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 1 His wisdom was great, and his judgement most acute: of solid discourse, affable, humble,

c. (with a and pi.) A talk, a conversation, arch. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 286 In the midst of my Discourses, I told his Highnesse.. the Guardians request. 1644 Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 98/1 The satisfaction which you profess to have received from those incidental discourses. 1715 De Foe Fam. Instruct. 1. viii, I have had a long discourse with my father. 1727 Swift Gulliver iii. ii. 183 They neither can speak nor attend to the discourses of others. 1887 Bowen Virg. JEneid 1. 748 Dido the while with many discourses lengthens the night. fd. A common talk, report, rumour. Obs. 1692 R. L’Estrange Josephus' Antiq. 11. ix. (1733) 43 There went a Discourse about that made their malice against them still more implacable. 01715 Burnet Own Time (1823) I. 287 Many discourses were set about upon this occasion.

f4. Narration; a narrative, tale, account. Obs. 1572 Sir T. Smith in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. III. 21 This is hitherto a brief discourse of that which hath passed sith my lord Admiralls commyng to Paris. 1575 {title), A brief Discours off the Troubles.. abowte the Booke off Common Prayer and Ceremonies. 1632 Lithgow Trav. v. 237 Troubling me.. to show them the rare Discourses of my long two yeares survey of Turkey. 1647 May Hist. Pari. 11. i. 545 Out of whose faithfull relation of that Rebellion.. I have partly collected my discourse of it.

5. A spoken or written treatment of a subject, in which it is handled or discussed at length; a dissertation, treatise, homily, sermon, or the like. (Now the prevailing sense.) 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. 18 b, Referring to ye long discourses which ye divines make of it. 1596 Harington Metam. Ajax (1814) 15 The discourse ensuing is divided into three parts. 1644 Milton Areop. (Arb.) 47 The acute and distinct Arminius was perverted meerly by the perusing of a namelesse discours writt’n at Delf. 1711 Addison Spect. No. 106 [f 7 Authors who have published Discourses of Practical Divinity. 1764 Reid Inquiry iii. 116 Dr. N. Grew read a discourse before the Royal Society in 1675. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 84 The volume opens with a short preliminary Discourse on the education and duties of a Surgeon. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 176 In the pulpit the effect of his discourses, which were delivered without any note, was heightened by a noble figure. f6. a. Familiar intercourse, familiarity, b.

Familiarity with a subject; conversancy (in). Obs. 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. i. 108 If you be honest, and fair, your Honesty should admit no discourse to your Beautie. 1604 E. G. D’Acosta’s Hist. Indies I. v. 17 The Portugals.. a Nation that hath more discourse in the Arte of Navigation then any other.

7. Comb. 1628 Earle Microcosm., Scepticke in Relig. (Arb.) 67 He is strangely vnfix’t, and a new man euery day, as his last discourse-books Meditations transport him. 8. Special Comb.: discourse analysis

Linguistics, a method of analysing the structure

discourse (di'skoas), v. [f. discourse sb.\ prob. influenced by F. discourir ‘to discourse of Cotgr., ad. L. discurrere to run to and fro, discourse, f. dis- i + currere to run: cf. F. courir to run, secondary form of OF. courre:—L. currere. OF. had also the more literal senses ‘to run to and fro, to traverse’.] f 1. intr. To run, move, or travel over a space, region, etc.; transf. to‘run out’ , extend. Obs. rare. a 1547 Surrey Aeneid iv. 475 With silence [silent] looke discoursing over al. 1555 Eden Decades 213 A greate parte of lande .. discoursynge towarde the West.

f2. intr. ‘To pass from premises to conclusions’ (J.); to reason. (Also with obj. clause.) Obs. (Cf. discourse sb. 2.) 1592 Davies Immort. Soul i. (R.), Nor can herself dis¬ course or judge of ought, But what the sense collects, and home doth bring; And yet the pow’rs of her discoursing thought, From these collections is a diverse thing, a 1652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 105 A mind, i.e. something within us that thinks, apprehends, reasons, and discourses. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. 1. ii. rule iii. §5 If in philosophy we discourse that the true God, being a Spirit without shape or figure, cannot be represented by an image, a 1700 Dryden Ovid's Met. xv. (R.), Those very elements.. translated grow, have sense or can discourse.

fb. trans. over. Obs.

To turn over in the mind, think

1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 1. (1586) 19 He discoursed many things in his minde. ci6ii Chapman Iliad. 11. 2 He discourst, how best he might approue His vow made for Achilles grace.

3. intr. To hold discourse, to speak with another or others, talk, converse; to discuss a matter, confer. (Cf. discourse sb. 3.) 1559 [see discoursing vbl. sb.]. 1590 Shaks. Mids. N. v. i. 152 For all the rest, Let Lyon, Moone-shine, Wall, and Louers twaine, At large discourse. 1601-Jul. C. ill. i. 295 Thou shalt discourse To yong Octavius, of the state of things. 1660 Trial Regie. 154. We would sit up discoursing about these unhappy wars. 1677 C. Hatton in Hatton Corr. (1878) 152 Several persouns are discoursed of to succeed him. 1695-6 R. Fisher in Blackmore Hist. Conspir. (1723) 75 It was discoursed.. about seizing on the King in Kensington House. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 204 And he in return, instructed me in the Portugueze Language: so that in a short time we could discourse in either. 1801 Southey Thalaba 11. xxxvi, Now his tongue discoursed of regions far remote. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 89 I am quite willing to discourse with Socrates in his own manner. fig. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. 11. ii. 13 She speakes, yet she sayes nothing, what of that? Her eye discourses, I will answere it. 1607 Beaum. & Fl. Woman-Hater iii. i, I’ll promise peace, and fold mine arms up; let but mine eye discourse. 1644 [see discoursing ppl. a. 2].

b. trans. (with compl.) To pass (time) away in discourse or talk; to bring (a person) by discourse into (some state). 1611 Shaks. Cymb. iii. iii. 38 How..shall we discourse The freezing houres away? 1672 Eachard Hobbs' State Nat. 106, I always found it an endless thing to reason and discourse people into any soundness of mind. 1820 Hazlitt Lect. Dram. Lit. 137 Seated round [they] discourse the silent hours away.

4. intr. To speak or write at length on a subject; to utter or pen a discourse. (Cf. discourse sb. 5.) 1564 [implied in discourser]. 1628 Prynne Cens. Cozens 23 They haue discoursed of these seuen sinnes. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vi. 239 Josephus.. largely discourseth of many hundred thousands famished.. within this multipotent City, a 1704 Locke (J.), The general maxims we are discoursing of are not known to children, ideots, and a greater part of mankind. 1750 Lardner Wks. (1838) III. 38 Mr. Wolff has discoursed largely of this matter. £11862 Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. iv. 203 If he discoursed for two hours without intermission, he was valued as a zealous pastor.

5. trans. To go through in speech; to treat of in speech or writing; to talk over, discuss; to talk of, converse about; to tell, narrate, relate, arch. 1563-87 Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 357 We have discoursed the Story of Mr. Robert Glover. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, I. iv. 26 How wert thou handled, being Prisoner? Discourse I prethee on this Turrets top. a 1592 Marlowe & Nashe Dido 11. Wks. (Rtldg.) 256/2 To discourse at large, And truly too, how Troy was overcome. 01652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. ix. iii. (1821) 422 Having discoursed the nobleness of religion in its original and nature; we come now to consider the excellency of religion in its properties. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 388 Alcibiades cut of his Dogs Taile..that so the talkative people might lesse discourse his other Actions. 1716 Collier tr. Greg. Nazianzen 57, I need not discourse, that Passion, Rancour,

and Malice, are not allow’d a Christian. 1727 Swift Gulliver 11. viii. 170 Discoursing this matter with the sailors while I was asleep. 1822 B. Cornwall Dram. Scenes, Tartarus, Moans, beside Its waters rising, discourse tales of sin. fig. 1591 Greene Maiden's Dreame xxix, His open hands discours’d his inward grace.

fb. To utter, say; to speak or write formally. (With the utterance or thing said as object.) Obs. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 11. iii. 282 Drunke? And speake Parrat? .. And discourse Fustian with ones owne shadow? 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 446 Who it may be can discourse nothing but slander, or censure. 1744 Harris Three Treat. ill. 1. (1765) 108 The Joy..in recollecting what we have discoursed on these Subjects.

c. To utter, give forth (musical sounds). (Chiefly as a reminiscence of the Shakspere passage.) 1602 Shaks. Ham. iii. ii. 374 Giue it breath with your mouth, and it will discourse most excellent Musicke. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. iii. ix. (1872) 135 The tocsins discourse stern music. 1881 Scribner's Mag. XXI. 267/2 The Ridgemont brass band was discoursing familiar strains. 1882 Besant Revolt of Man xi. (1883) 263 On the Green the band was discoursing sweet music.

|6. trans. To speak or converse with (a person), to talk to; to discuss a matter with, confer with; to speak to, address, harangue. Obs. or arch. (Very common down to 1750). 1677 A. Yarranton Eng. Improv. 25 All the People.. will discourse their Parliament Men in these things hinted at. 1689-92 Locke Toleration iii. ii. Wks. L727 II. 330 A Friend whom I discoursed on this Point, a 1695 Wood Life (O.H.S.) III. 408 He overtook me on horse backhand discours’d me aloud. 1702 Echard Eccl. Hist. (1710) 226 While Peter thus discoursed the people. 1763 Franklin Let. Wks. 1887 III. 229 That I might., have more convenient opportunities of discoursing them on our publick affairs. 1866 Whittier Marg. Smith's Jrnl. Prose Wks. 1889 I. 21 Sir Thomas discoursed us in his lively way. f

di'scourseless, a. Obs. [f.

discourse sb.

+

-less.] Void of reasoning power; unreasoning. 1620 Shelton Quix. II. vi. 69 To attempt things whence rather harm may after result unto us then good, is the part of rash and discourseless brains.

discourser (di'sko3S3(r)). Also 6 -our, 7 -or. [f. discourse v.

+ -er1.] One who discourses; a speaker, talker, narrator, preacher, orator; the writer of a discourse or dissertation. 1564 Brief. Exam, “iijb, There are much paynes bestowed of these discoursours. 1579 J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf A. vj b, These discourses that vse the word of God with as little conscience as they doe Machiavel. 1600 O. E. Reply Libel 1. vii. 166 An idle discourser, that mooueth questions, that bee not to purpose. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. Commw. 300 Some few particulars.. worthy a much more ample discourse, and a.. better informed discourser. 1713 Bentley Freethinking 65 (R.) Our discourser here has quoted nine verses out of it. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 415 It behoves the discourser upon religious matters to consider [etc.]. 1884 Church Bacon iii. 62 Perhaps she distrusted in business and state affairs so brilliant a discourser.

di'seoursing, vbl. sb. [f.

discourse v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb discourse, q.v.; talking, conversation; discussion. 1559 Bp. Scot in Strype Ann. Ref. I. App. x. 33 Let the prestes .. meet together.. for the discoursinge therof. 1667 Bp. S. Parker Cens. Platon. Phil. 37 Plato’s discoursings about practicall matters are exceeding handsome and pertinent. 1683 Hacke Collect. Voy. (1699) 1. 7 We concluded the discoursing of Women at Sea was very unlucky, and occasioned the Storm. 1894 Athenaeum 17 Mar. 339/1 To listen to the discoursing of an accomplished man of letters.. is always a pleasure.

di'seoursing, ppl. a.

[f. as prec. + -ing2.] That discourses; see the verb. fl. Passing from premisses to consequences, reasoning; reasonable, rational. Obs.

1592 Davies Immort. Soul 11. xi. (1714) 29 Brutes do want that quick discoursing Pow’r, Which doth in us the erring Sense correct. 1638 K. Digby Let. cone. Relig. ii. (1651) 14 The Fathers works., will fairly inform a rational and discoursing man of the true state of them. 1642 R. Carpenter Experience 11. v. 156 Motives.. sufficient to induce a discoursing man to forsake the Jesuits.

fb. Passing rapidly from one thought to another; busily thinking. Obs. £21568 Ascham Scholem. 1. (Arb.) 78 A factious hart, a discoursing head, a mynde to medle in all mens matters. 1625 Bacon Ess., Truth (Arb.) 499 And though the Sects of Philosophers of that Kinde be gone, yet there remaine certaine discoursing Wits. 1638 Ford Lady's Trial iii. iii, We.. Frame strange conceits in our discoursing brains.

2. Talking, holding discourse; delivering a discourse. £11568 Ascham Scholem. (Arb.) 76 A busie head, a discoursing tong, and a factious harte. 1644 Bulwer {title), Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand. Composed of the Speaking Motions, and Discoursing Gestures thereof. 1891 Daily News 2 Oct. 5/6 Mrs. Theodore Fry., and Miss Orme, were the discoursing ladies.

di'seoursist. Obs. [f. discourse v. + -ist.] One who reasons or draws conclusions.

t

1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d'Alf. 11. 205 Thereby every good Discoursist might come to the knowledge of the fault, and repent himselfe thereof.

discoursitive:

see discoursative.

DISCOURSIVE t di'scoursive, a. Obs. [f. discourse v. + -ive: cf. discursive, which follows Latin analogies.] 1. Of or pertaining to ‘discourse’ or reason; having the power of reasoning; rational. 1594 Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 60 Vnderstood of the faculties or reasonable wits, which are discoursiue and actiue. 1645 Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 286 The prime faculty, reason, the discoursive power. 1649 Davenant Love & Honour 1. Dram. Wks. 1873 III. 109 The brute herd.. though they want Discoursive soul, are less inhuman far than he. 1678 Lively Orac. 11. §62. 261 He must be suppos’d .. to have given men discoursive faculties. b. Proceeding by reasoning, argumentative. 1588 J. Harvey {title), Discoursive Probleme concerning Prophesies. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 22 a, Hee fell into a discoursive consideration, what this world was. a 1652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 94 All such actions .. we know, without any great store of discoursive inquiry, to attribute to their own proper causes. 1753 L. M. tr. Du Boscq's Accomplish'd Woman 1. 221 Fortune gives kingdoms, but art no more than discoursive knowledge and science.

2.

Passing discursive.

from

one

DISCOVER

752

thing

to

another,

1592 Davies Immort. Soul vm. xi. (1714) 52 His sight is not discoursive, by degrees; But seeing the whole, each single Part doth see. 1613 W. Browne Sheph. Pipe vii. (R.) Thou.. In thy discoursive thought, dost range as farre.

3. Disposed or ready to discourse or converse; talkative; conversable, communicative. 1605 Daniel Philotas Poems (1717) 321 See how these vain Discoursive Bookmen talk. 1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 30 The one Discoursive and Sociable, the other Reserved and Thoughtfull. 1669 Wood Life (Oxf. H.S.) II. 169 He found him a complaisant man, very free and discoursive.

b. Of the nature of discourse or dialogue; conversational. a 1592 Marlowe & Nashe Dido 1. (Rtldg.) 254/2 But thou art gone, and leav’st me here alone, To dull the air with my discoursive moan. C1645 Howell Lett. (1650) III. ix. 17 You promised a further expression of your self by way of a Discoursive Letter what you thought of Copernicus opinion. 1668 Dryden Ess. Dram. Poesy in Arb. Garner III. 567 For the Epic way is euery where interlaced with Dialogue or Discoursive Scenes. 1716 M. Davies Athen. Brit. hi. Crit. Hist. 111 The Editioning of..Ancient Authors, without any.. long discoursive Comments, or long-winded Sententions-Notes.

t di'scoursively, adv. Obs. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a ‘discoursive’ way: a. Rationally; b. Con¬ versationally; c. By way of a discourse or set speech. 1588 J. Harvey Disc. Probl. 7 To proceede tentatiuely, and discoursiuely, as the foresaid schoolemen vse to call it. I593 R- Harvey Philad. 7 You are very bookishly and literally wise, not reasonably and discoursively. 1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 39 He hath made an introduction into the Spanish tongue.. so that.. he may easily come to speake it discoursively. 1656 Cromwell Sp. 17 Sept., Not discoursively, in the oratoric way; but to let you see the matter of fact.. how the state of your affairs stands.

(Florio), Sp. descortesia (Minsheu).] The opposite of courtesy; rude or uncivil behaviour; incivility; an instance of this. 1555 Eden Decades 252 Mee thynke it shulde seeme a great discurtesie if I shuld not shewe yowe all that I knowe. 1599 Sandys Europae Spec. (1632) 154 Some jealousies and discurtesies passed lately betweene them and the Pope. 1611 Shaks. Cymb. 11. iii. 101, I pray you spare me, ’faith I shall vnfold equall discourtesie to your best kindnesse. 1670 Eachard Cont. Clergy 16 Such pretended favours and kindnesses, as these, are the most right down discourtesies in the world. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 78 Ample apologies were therefore made for the discourtesy. 1859 Tennyson Idylls, Elaine 968, I pray you, use some rough discourtesy To blunt or break her passion. 1866 Mrs. Stowe Lit. Foxes 100 {heading) Discourteousness.. I think one of the greatest destroyers of domestic peace is Discourtesy.

f dis'courtship. Obs. rare. [f. COURTSHIP I b.] = DISCOURTESY.

dis-

9

+

1599 B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, Monsieur, we must not so much betray ourselves to discourtship, as to suffer you to be longer unsaluted.

t'discous, a. Obs. [ad. mod.L. disedsus f. disc¬ us Disc: see -ous.] Having a disc or discs; discoid. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Discous or Discoidal Flowers .. whose Flosculi or little Leaves, are set together so close, thick, and even, as to make the surface of the Flower plain and flat like a Dish. 1727 Bailey vol. II. Discous Flower.. is that which has a Disk without any Rays, as in Tansy, etc. 1794 Martyn Rousseau’s Bot. xxvi. 384 Discoid, or as some call them discous flowers.

t di'scovenable, a. Obs. [a. OF. descovenable, -convenable, unsuitable, unbefitting, in¬ convenient, f. des-, dis- 4 + co(n)venable: see convenable, covenable.] Unsuitable, unbefitting, inappropriate. [1292 Britton i. xxix. §5 Si la condicioun soit inpossible ou descovenable.] 1474 Caxton Chesse 11. v. Dviijb, The peple of rome.. no thynge shamefast to demaunde thynges discouenable. 1484 -Chivalry 18 A discouenable thyng it shold be that a man that wold leme to sewe shold lerne to sewe of a carpenter.

f dis'covenant, v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + covenant v. i, or dis- 7a + covenant $(>.] trans. To dissolve covenant with; to exclude from a covenant. Hence dis'eovenanted ppl. a. 1650 Trapp Comm. Pentat. n. ioi God will own them no longer; they are now dis-covenanted. 1667 Flavel Saint Indeed (1754) 34 If he had.. discovenanted my soul, I had reason to be cast down. 1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. v. App. (1852) 292 They were once in covenant and never since discovenanted. 1861 Lytton & Fane Tannhduser 97 No more .. rebuild The rainbow of discovenanted Hope.

dis'eovenanter.

t di'scoursiveness. Obs. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being ‘discoursive’.

rare-1. [f. dis9 + One who refused to sign or adhere to the (Scottish) Covenants; cf. covenant sb. 9.

1627-77 Feltham Resolves discoursiueness of Reason.

1827 Airman Hist. Scot. IV. malignants and discovenanters.

11.

xliv.

245

The

covenanter 2.]

vm.

186

The

secret

fdis'court, v. Obs. [f. dis- 7b + court sb. 6.]

discover (di'skAv3(r)), v. Forms: a. 4- discover;

trans. To dismiss or expel from court; to deprive of court favour; = decourt.

also 4 deschuver, discoovir, 4-5 dys-, 4-7 discouer, 5 -cuuer, -couyr, -couuer. /3. 4 diskyuer, 5 dis-, dyskeuer. y. 4 descure, 4-6 discour(e, -cure, 5 -cuyre, 5-6 -kure, 6 -cuir. 8. 5-6 dis-, dyskere. [a. OF. descovr-ir, descouvr-ir = Pr. and Sp. descubrir, It. discovrire (later -coprire), ad. med.L. discooperhe, late L. or Romanic f. dis- 4 + L. cooperire to cover. The OF. stressed form descuevre, -queuvre, gave the Eng. variant, diskever (still dial.), and the vocalizing of v between vowels, gave the reduced discour, -cure, and diskere.] f 1. trans. To remove the covering (clothing, roof, lid, etc.) from (anything); to bare, uncover; esp. to uncover (the head), to unroof (a building). Obs.

1585 Wotton Let. to Walsingham 1 June in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) IV. 99/2 Whether he might not be better discourted by way of justice. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xlv. 155 Jehu .. commanded all his officers to offer sacrifice to the Idoll-Gods, pretending to dis-court all such as refused. 1676 W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. xii. (1848) 436 Middleton was like to be discourted. 1721-2 Wodrow Hist. Sujf. Ch. Scot. 1. v. (1828) 384 The chancellor threatened to disgrace and discourt him.

discourteous (dis'koatjas, -'loitjas), a. [f. dis10 + courteous a.\ prob. after F. discourtois (Cotgr.), earlier des-, or It. discortese (Florio 1598).] Void of or lacking in courtesy; rude, uncivil. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 7 Cortez.. used discourteous words unto him in the presence of many. 1590 Greene Orl. Fur Wks. (Rtldg.) 98/1 Discourteous women, natures fairest ill. 1690 Crowne Eng. Frier v. 44 Ladies are discourteous to themselves who take liberties discretion will not allow. 1814 Southey Roderick xvi, That e’er of old in forest of romance ’Gainst knights and ladies waged discourteous war. 1877 Rita Vivienne in. vii, Pardon me that in a moment of just indignation I have seemed discourteous.

dis'courteously, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] In a discourteous manner; with incivility. 1584 C. Robinson Handf. Delites (Spencer Soc.) 19 Alas my love, ye do me wrong, to cast me off discurteously. 1647 Trapp Comm. Matt. v. 44 Abraham rescueth his nephew Lot, that had dealt so discourteously with him. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) VI. cxxiii. 74 Peter, though so discourteously treated in this controversy, did not flinch. 1870 Disraeli Lothair xlvi, Lord St. Aldegonde.. moved discourteously among them.

dis'courteousness. rare. [f. as prec. + -ness.] Rudeness, incivility. 1727 in Bailey vol. II. 1866 [see discourtesy],

discourtesy (dis'loatesi, -'k3:-). [f. dis- 9 + courtesy, after F. discourtoisie (Cotgr.), earlier des- (15th c. in Hatz.-Darm.); cf. It. discortesia

1382 Wyclif Lev. xxi. io His heed he shal not discouer, his clothis he shal not kitt. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 916 Who pat wil..Fulli be cured .. He most.. Discure his wound, & shew it to his lech, c 1449 Pecock Repr. 11. x. 206 The principal Crucifix of the chirche schal be Discovered and schewid baar and nakid to alle the peple of the Processioun. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 362/2 She.. said to her sustres that they sholde discouere their hedes. 1520 Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 40 Let hym also., set his cuppe surely before his superyour, discouer it and couer it agayne with curtesy made. 1571 Grindal Articles 50 Whether any man hath pulled downe or discouered any Church, chauncell, or chappell. 1627 Lisander & Cal. v. 80 At the end of his sermon having discovered his head. 1628 Coke On Litt. 1. 53 If the house be discouered by tempest, the tenant must in conuenient time repaire it.

12. To remove, withdraw (anything serving as a cover); to cause to cease to be a covering. Obs. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 139 At the last the cloud ane lytill we Discouerit wes, that tha micht better se. 1611 Bible Jer. xiii. 22 For the greatnesse of thine iniquitie are thy skirts discouered. 1618 Chapman Hesiod 1. 161 When the woman the unwieldy lid Had once discover’d, all the miseries hid .. dispersed and flew About the world.

3. a. To disclose or expose to view (anything covered up, hidden, or previously unseen), to reveal, show. Now rare.

c 1450 Lonelich Grail lv. 175 Thanne browhte Aleyn this holy vessel anon.. & there it discouerede & schewed it pe kyng. 1535 Coverdale Isa. xxvi. 21 He wil discouer the bloude that she hath deuoured. 1613 Voy. Guiana in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 182 A goodly river, discovering a gallant Country. 1660 HlCKERINGILLjamaica (1661) 39 Columbus, to whose happy search, the West-Indies first discovered it self. 1689-Modest Inq. v. 35 Which Wrinckles I had rather Masque over and cover, than discover. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope 14 Sept., The stage was built over a.. canal, and, at the beginning of the second act, divided into two parts discovering the water. 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxxii, This discovered to Schedoni the various figures assembled in his dusky chamber, a 1861 Clough Ess. Class. Metres, Actaeon 13 She.. Swift her divine shoulders discovering. 1882 Stevenson New Arab. Nts. (1884) 121 The nurseryman.. readily discovered his hoard. fig. 1892 Newman Smyth Chr. Ethics 1. iii. 188 This mode of thinking discovers a cosmical moral significance in the incarnation. f b. To afford a view of, to show. Obs. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 212 Upon the hils, which discover the enimies lodging and their trenches. 1638 Sir T Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 73 ’Tis wall’d about, and to the N.N.W. discovers a lake or fish-pond five miles over. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 64 From those flames No light, but rather darkness visible Serv’d only to discover sights of woe. c 1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 112 An advanced piece of ground above all the rest.. discovers the Country a great Circuit roupd.

c. to discover check (Chess): to remove a piece or pawn which stands between a checking piece and the king, and so to put the latter in check. [1614 A. Saul Chess viii, The Mate by discovery, the most industrious Mate of all.] 1816 Stratagems of Chess {1817) 11 Place the queen, bishop or castle behind a pawn or a piece in such a manner as upon playing that pawn or piece you discover a check upon your adversary’s king. 1847 Staunton Chess PI. Handbk. 20 When the King is directly attacked by the Piece played, it is a simple check; but when the Piece moved does not itself give check, but unmasks another which does, it is called a discovered check. Ibid. 28 A striking though simple instance of the power of a discovered check. Ibid. 29 White must play his Rook to K.Kt.’s sixth square, discovering check with the Bishop. 1870 Hardy & Ware Mod. Hoyle, Chess 42 Double Check is when check is discovered.. the King being also attacked by the piece moved.

4. To divulge, reveal, disclose to knowledge (anything secret or unknown); to make known. arch. a. With simple object. a 1300 Cursor M. 28293 (Cott.) Priuetis o fremyd and frende I haue discouerd als vn-hende. c 1350 Will. Palerne 3192 J>is dede schal i neuer deschuuer. c 1386 Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 143 Thou sclaundrest me.. And eek discouerest that thou sholdest hyde. c 1470 Harding Chron. 11. i, The youngest suster the mater all discured To her husbande. ? c 1475 Sqr. lowe Degre 868 Anone he made hym swere His counsayl he should never diskere. 1592 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. iii. i. 147 O Noble Prince, I can discouer all The vnluckie Mannage of this fatall brail. 1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 5 They contain some secrets which Time will discover. 1712 W. Rogers Voy. 9 [I] now thought it fit to discover to our Crew whither we were bound. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 97 If 14 He honestly discovers the state of his fortune. b. With subord. cl. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 1. ii. 12 The Prince discouered to Claudio that hee loued my niece your daughter. 1845 J. H. Newman Lett. (1891) II. 460 Continually do I pray that He would discover to me if I am under a delusion.

fc. absol. Obs. 14.. Lydg. Temple of Glas 629 Lich him pat..knowep not, to whom forto discure. 1659 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 302 All means were used to make him discover, but he.. would not confess.

f 5. To reconnoitre. Also absol. Obs. 1375 Barbour Bruce xiv. 268 Furth till discouir, thair way thai ta. c 1475 Rauf Coiljear 798 Derflie ouir Daillis, discouerand the doun, Gif ony douchtie that day for Iomayis was dicht. 1513 Douglas JEneis ix. iii. 196 Of the nycht wach the cure We geif Mesapus, the 3ettis to discure. 1592 Unton Corr. (Roxb.) 330 The king this day goeth to the warr to discover. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 211 He issued foorth .. with his whole army, onely with an intent to discover.

6. To reveal the identity of (a person); hence, to betray, arch. c 1320 Sir Beues 74 Maseger, do me suite, pat pow nelt nou3t discure me To no wi3t! c 1386 Chaucer Merch. T. 698 Mercy, and that ye nat discouere me. 1465 Paston Lett. No. 527 II. 234 A told me.. in noo wyse that ye dyskure not Master Stevyn. 1599 Warn. Faire Worn. 11. 524 Whither shal I fly? The very bushes wil dis-cover me. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 71 When hee asked who hee was, the Marquesse durst not discover him (so strictly was he tied by promise to conceale him). 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 264 She at last discover’d herself to me: She was Daughter-in-law to [etc.]. 1865 Kingsley Herew. xix, He was on the point of discovering himself to them.

f7. a. To manifest, exhibit, display attribute, quality, feeling, etc.). Obs.

(an

C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 1. exxv. (1869) 66 It is michel more woorth.. pan to diskeuere his iustice, and to say, bihold mi swerde whiche i haue vnshethed you. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 338 M. Clemens, to whome S. T. Moore hathe discovered a fewe sparckles of his benevolence towardes mee. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 33,1 haue not . .store of plate to discover anie wealth. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. 213 He will enter into a Taveme.. onely to discover his gold lace and scarlet. 1682 Bunyan Holy War (Cassell) 141 With what agility.. did these military men discover their skill in feats of war. 1771 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. iv. (1876) 347 He takes as much pains to discover, as the greater artist does to conceal, the marks of his subordinate assiduity.

DISCOVERABILITY b. esp. To manifest by action; to display (unconsciously or unintentionally); to exhibit, betray, allow to be seen or perceived, arch. c 1460 La Belle Dame 403 in Pol. Rel. L. Poems (1866) 65 If youre grace to me be Discouerte, Thanne be your meane soon shulde I be relevyd. 1556 Aurelio Isab. (1608) I. vii, Then yowre regard discoverethe .. the desire of yowre harte. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 117 The more he mounted, the more he discovered his incapacitie. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot, ii. (1736) 29 The remaining Bones discovered his Proportions. 1739 Labelye Short Acc. Piers Westm. Bridge 59 The Timber.. discover’d a strong Smell of Turpentine upon the first Stroke of a Plane. 1836-7 Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) I- xviii. 341 She had never discovered a talent for poetry or music. 1887 Times 27 Aug. 11/3 He was bitten by a pet fox which subsequently discovered symptoms of rabies.

c. With subord. clause. 1596 Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 640/1 The which name doth discover them to be also auncient English. 1622 J. Meade in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. III. 126 How could that discover they were for Spaine? 1713 Pope Guardian No. 4 Jf 2 A lofty gentleman Whose air and gait discovered when he had published a new book. 1802-3 tr. Pallas' Trav. (1812) I. 425 All the Nagais still discover by their features, that they are of Mongolian origin. 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, First Visit Wks. (Bohn) II. 7 Rousseau’s Confessions had discovered to him [Carlyle] that he was not a dunce. 8. To obtain sight or knowledge of (something

previously unknown) for the first time; to come to the knowledge of; to find out. a. With simple object. 1555 Eden Decades 2 Colonus.. in this fyrst nauigation discouered vj Ilandes. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 1. v. 4 Wee discovered at the Seas two Foystes which came even towardes the place where we were. 1670 Maynwaring Physician s Repos. 90 This alkalisate property was first discovered by preparation and tryals. 1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhet. x. (Seager), We invent things that are new; we discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the telescope; Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 176 Banks’s Islands.. were discovered by Captain Bligh in 1789. i860 Tyndall Glac. 11. xvii. 317 The sounds continued without our being able to discover their source.

b. With subord. clause or inf. phrase. 1556 Aurelio & Isab. (1608) Biij, Your love shal be discovered to be false. 1676 Lister in Ray's Corr. (1848) 125, I am glad you have discovered those authors to be plagiaries. 1727 Swift Gulliver 11. viii. 169 He sent out his long-boat to discover what I was. 1868 Lockyer Elem. Astron. vi. (1879) 228 Dr. Wollaston in.. 1802 discovered that there were dark lines crossing the spectrum in different places. 1892 Sir H. E. Lopes in Law Times' Rep. LXVII. 150/2 The defendant Burton says he discovered that he had made a mistake.

c. To catch sight of; to sight, descry, espy. arch. 1576-90 N. T. (L. Tomson) Acts xxi. 3 And when we had discouered Cyprus, we left it on the left hand. 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. 1. xi. 13 In the evening we discovered the citie of Gigeri. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 23 From the top of the hill you discover Aden, standing in a large plain. 1726 Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 373 November 3, we discover’d England, whose Chalky Cliffs gave us all a vast Delight. 1817 Shelley Rev. Islam vii. xl. 5 Day was almost over, When through the fading light I could discover A ship approaching.

d. spec. To bring to public notice, make famous or fashionable. 1908 Busy Man's Mag. Sept. 114/2 It is interesting just here to note that while editor of the Westminster, Mr. Macdonald ‘discovered’ Ralph Connor (Rev. Dr. Gordon), the celebrated Canadian novelist. 1926 M. Baring Daphne Adeane i. 3 She was merged in the ranks of the unnoticed, till she was suddenly ‘discovered’. 1932 Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Sept. 625/3 In a very short time she had producers.. vying with each other for the honour of ‘discovering’ her. 1963 J. Fleming Death of Sardine iii. 41 One day, when Trigoso Praia, or Plage, was ‘discovered’ the road might be an important promenade.

f 9. To bring into fuller knowledge; to explore (a country, district, etc.). Obs. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. lxxv. 154 In commission to go & discouer the red Sea with the Countreyes adiacent. 1670 Narborough Jrnl. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. I. (1711) 43, I sent in my Boat to discover the Harbour, and see if the Pink was there. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. Tingmouth, The Danes landed here in 970, to discover the country previous to their invasion of it. 1850 Prescott Peru II. 192 He was empowered to discover and occupy the country for the distance of two hundred leagues.

110. a. intr. To make discoveries, to explore. Obs. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda’s Conq. E. Ind. iv. 10 b, Vpon Christmas daye, they had discouered along the Coast, three score and tenne leagues to the Eastward. 1685 R. Burton Eng. Emp. Amer. ii. 39 Capt. Henry Hudson in 1607 discovered farther North toward the Pole than perhaps any before him. 1821 Southey Exped. of Orsua 129 We set out from Peru for the river Maranham, to discover and settle there.

fb. To have or obtain a view: to look; to see. 1599 Hakluyt Voy. II. 1. 234 Standing at the one gate you may discouer to the other. 1647 Saltmarsh Spark. Glory (1847) 141 They that have discovered up into free-grace or the mystery of salvation. 1653 Holcroft Procopius 1. 20 From a hil discovering round, they saw a dust, and soon after a great troop of Vandals. 1667 Ld. Digby Elvira 11. vii, There’s nobody in the street, it is so light One may discover a mile. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 647 He steer’d securely, and discover’d far, Led by the light of the Mieonian star.

.

f 11 trans. and intr. To distinguish, discern. Obs. 1620 E. Blount Horae Subsec. 453 This kind of Flatterie .. is so closely intermixed with friendship, that it can hardly be discouered from it. 1650 W. Brough Sacr. Princ. (1659)

DISCOVERY

753 551 Discover better betwixt the Spirit of God and the World. 1655 Mrq. Worcester Cent. Inv. vi, Far as Eye can discover black from white. 1796 Mrs. E. Parsons Myst. Warning III. 59 A semblance of honour I had not the penetration to discover from a reality.

Hence discovering vbl. sb. and ppl. a. c 1350 Will. Palerne 1044, I drede me of descuuering, for 3e haue dwelled long. 1375 Barbour Bruce 1. 242 Thus contrar thingis euir-mar, Discoweryngis off the tothir ar. c 1477 Caxton Jason 37 The mouth whiche is instrument of the discharging and discouering of hertes. 1555 Eden Decades 311 The fyrste discouerynge of the Weste Indies. 1583 Golding Calvin on Deut. lviii. 349 To the end they might not vse any odde shiftes to keepe their naughtinesse from discouering. a 1631 Donne in Cornh. Mag. May (1865) 618 All will spy in thy face A blushing, womanly, discovering grace. 1663 Gerbier Counsel 19 The middle Transome would be opposite to a mans eye, hindersome to the free discovering of the Countrev. 1668 Clarendon Contemp. Ps., Tracts (1727) 668 Who love such discovering words [etc.]. 1695 Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iv. (1723) 244 Rivers and Rains also, are instrumental to the Discovering of Amber.

discovera'bility. quality of being being found out.

[f. next: see -ity.] The discoverable; capability of

1840 Carlyle Heroes i. (1872) 4 Belief that there is a Greatest Man; that he is discoverable .. the ‘discoverability’ is the only error here. 1867 Sabbath on Rock ii. 42 To set up absolute discoverability as the test of a moral law.

discoverable (di'skAV3r3b(3)l), a. [f. discover v. 4- -able.] Capable of being discovered or found

out;

discernible,

perceptible,

ascertainable. 1572 in Sir F. Drake revived (1628) 24 Some fit place.. where we might safely leave our Ship at Anchor, not discouerable by the enemy. 1628 Earle Microcosm., A weake Man (Arb.) 59 One discouerable in all sillinesses to all men but himselfe. 1736 Butler Anal. 11. i. Wks. 1874 I. 154 Containing an account of a dispensation of things not discoverable by reason. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 183 |f 8 Its effects., are everywhere discoverable. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. II. x. 413 The report.. is no longer extant. Bonner was directed by Queen Mary to destroy all discoverable copies of it. 1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma (1876) 284 Provoking it by every means discoverable.

discoverably, adv. [f. prec. + -ly2.] So as to be discovered; perceptibly. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iv. 79 Saltes [attract] .. but weakely.. nor very discoverably by any frication. 1843 Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. iii. (1845) 69 The river Lark, though not very discoverably, still runs or stagnates in that country.

tdi 'scoverance. Obs. rare—', [f. discover v. + -ance: cf. obs. F. descouvrance (16th c. in Godef.).] The action of discovering; discovery. 1664 Power Exp. Philos. I. 33, I have another advantageous way or discoverance of them to the bare eye also.

discovered (di'skAvad), ppl. a. [f. discover

v.

+

-ED1.]

fl. Uncovered; bare; having the head bare. 1484 Caxton Chivalry 88 That daye that he seeth the hede of his wyf or ony other bare and discourd. 1579 Fenton Guicciard. (1618) 99 The campe of the Florentines .. being pitched in a place so open and discouered. 1594 Blundevil Exerc. in. 11. iv. (ed. 7) 378 Leaving other parts of the earth drie, and discovered, a 1638 Mede Wks. (1672) 61 Having their faces discovered, their hair dishevelled. 1644 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) II. 149 In preaching he [Mr. Nye] thinks the minister should be covered and the people discovered. 1692 J. M. Zingis 147 Seeing his Head discover’d, he knew him to be the Prince of Brema.

2. Made divulged.

manifest;

found

out,

revealed,

1581 J Bell Haddon’s Answ. Osor. 173 Whatsoever is decreed either by his covered or discovered will. 1603 Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 91 Which companies.. came neer to the town unseen or discouered. 1670 Clarendon Ess. Tracts (1727) 133 Upon the most discovered and notorious transgressions. 1718 Motteux Quix. (1892) II. xxxvi. 278 The whole length of the discovered world. 1864 PuSEY Lett. Daniel ix. 542 His discovered error. b. discovered check (Chess): see discover v.

3 cHence f di'scoveredly manifestly.

adv.,

openly,

1659 Torriano, Alla-scoperta, openly, discoveredly, in view of all.

discoverer (di'skAvarefr)). Forms: 4 discurer, 5 des- dys- discoverour, dyscowerer, -cuerer, -curer, discurrour, -owr, -cowrrour, 6 (Sc.) discuriour, 6- discoverer, [ad- OF- descouvreur, -eor (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.). mod.F. decouvreur, f. descouvrir to discover = It. discopritore. Sp. descubridor\ repr. late L. type *discooperitor-em. ] fl. One who makes known, discloses, or reveals (a secret); an informer. Obs. a 1300 Cursor M. 27469 (Cott.) )>e tent if he tell o pis man o scrift es he discurer pan. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 122/1 Dyscurer, or dyscowerer of cownselle (v.r. discuerer), arbitrer. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 122 Wine saith Ovid, is the discoverer of secrets. 1691-8 Norris Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 155 Jesus Christ is the first Discoverer of the other world. 1692 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 606 The authors are searched for, and great rewards offered to the discoverers. 1710 Palmer Proverbs 198 There is somewhat of a universal abhorrence in men’s

minds to a discoverer. 1778 Phil. Surv. S. Irel. 2«>i I’ll turn discoverer, and in spite of you.. I shall become heir.

f2. One sent out to reconnoitre; a scout, spy, explorer. Obs. 1375 Barbour Bruce ix. 244 The discurrouris saw thame cumande With baneris to the vynd vafand. 1513 Douglas JEneis 1. viii. 124 And with discuriouris keip the coist on raw. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 175 b, They [bees] send abroad their discoverers to finde out more foode. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 3 Here., send discouerers forth, To know the numbers of our Enemies. 1625 Bp. Mountagu Appeal Caesar xxxvii. 320 A field of Thistles seemed once a battell of Pikes unto some Discoverers of the Duke of Burgundy.

3. One who discovers or finds out that which was previously unknown. 1600 Hakluyt Voy. III. 20 (R.) This frier., was the greatest discouerer by sea, that hath bene in our age. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. XI. lxii. (1612) 271 Caboto (whose Cosmographie and selfe-proofe brake the Ise To most our late discouerers). 1718 Prior Knowledge 319 Foreign isles which our discoverers find. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 691 He was not., the first great discoverer whom princes and statesmen had regarded as a dreamer.

f4. (?) An umpire between two combatants in a tournament. Obs. Cf. 1440 in 1. 1460 Lybeaus Disc. 925 Taborus and trompours, Herawdes goode descoverours, Har strokes gon descrye. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV, (an. 1) 12 Not onely.. to see .. their manly feates.. but also to be the discoverer and indifferente judge .. of their courageous actes.

tdi'scoverment. Obs. rare—', [f. discover v. -ment: cf. OF. descouvrement mod.F. decouvrement, Sp. descubritniento.] = DISCOVERY. 1600 Fairfax Tasso xv. xxxix. 274 The time.. prefixt for this discouerment.

di'scovert, a. and sb. [a. OF. descovert, -convert, pa. pple. of descouvrir (also used subst.), mod.F. decouvert — med.L. discoopertus, pa. pple. of discooperire to discover.] A. adj. fl. Uncovered, exposed, unprotected. Obs. C1380 Sir Ferumb. 738 As he huld is scheld vp so, discouert was al ys side. 1491 Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) 1. xlviii. 94/2 Seenge the caue broken and dyscouuerte. a 1500 Chaucer's Dreme 6 Flora.. with hire mantel hole coverte That winter made had discoverte. 1525 Ld. Berners Froiss. II. clvii. [cliii.] 429 The quenes lytter was richely apparelled and discouert.

2. Law. Of an unmarried woman or a widow: Not covert, not under the cover, authority, or protection of a husband; cf. covert a. 4. 1729 G. Jacob Law Diet. (1736), Discovert is used in the law for a woman unmarried or widow, one not within the bands of matrimony. 1883 Law Rep. 23 Ch. Div. 715 The wife’s.. interest cannot come into existence until she is discovert. 1886 Law Times LXXXI. 171/2 The married lady had not disposed of the income when discovert.

f B. sb. An uncovered or exposed state, in or at discovert, in an uncovered condition; off one's guard. [OF. a descovert.] Obs. [1292 Britton iii. xv. §3 En presence de bones gentz tut a descovert.] 13.. K. Alis. (Laud MS.) 7407 (W. 7418) Ac Alisaunder was sone hym by And smoot hym in pe discouerte Wi£ pe strooke al to pe herte. C1386 Chaucer Pars. T. IP 640 \>e deueles may.. scheten at hym at discouert by temptacion on euery syde. c 1450 Merlin 331 Nascien .. smote the kynge Rion so harde at discouert vpon the lifte side that he bar hym to the erthe. 1590 T. Lodge Euphues' Gold. Leg. in Halliw. Shaks. VI. 15 Love., taking her at discovert stroke her so deepe, as she felt herselfe growing passing passionate. e opynyons of auctouris, pat he schal seen [etc.], c 1450 tr. De Imitatione I. xiv. In demyng opir men, a man laborip in veyn.. but in demying & discussyng a man self, euere he laborip fruytuously. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 27 Anie matter or cause depending or to be discussed in the same courte. 1555 Eden Decades 13 They haue onely discussed that superficiall parte of the earth which lyeth betwene the Uandes of Gades and the ryuer of Ganges. 1613 Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 479 A Supersedeas to stay execution till the error be discussed.

f4. To settle or decide (as a judge). Obs. C13S1 Chaucer Pari. Foules 624 Sith it may not here discussed be Who loveth her best, i486 Henry VII at York in Surtees Misc. (1890) 55 To discuse up in conscience ich

judiciall cace. 1551 Robinson tr More’s Utop. (Arb.) 22, As an vmpier or a Iudge, with my sentence finallye to discusse. 1587 Golding De Mornay vii. 88 This vaine disputing whether of them was the first; which question the holy scripture will discusse in one word Yea, and nature it selfe also will discusse it. 1600 J. Pory tr. Leo’s Africa 11. 123 Which etymologie seemeth to me not improbable.. But.. we leave that to be discussed by others. 1771 Smollett Humph. Cl. (1797) VII. 192, I make no doubt but that in a day or two this troublesome business may be discussed.

fb. absol. To decide (of). Obs. 1514 Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 32 Why sholde thyng mortall of endeles thyng dyscus. 1638 Gaule Pract. Th. (1629) 50 Pryingly to sift out, and peremptorily to discusse of the inscrutable Nature and Being of Christ.

f 5. To make known, declare, pronounce. Obs. (The history and place of this sense are not clear.) 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 726 No brother no sister ne shalle discuse pe counseil of pis fraternite to no straungere. 1480 Miracle Plays (ed. Pollard 1890) 63 Lord thi rythwysnesse here dyscus. 1520 Caxton’s Chron. Eng. ill. 19/2 [Daniel] dyscussed the dreames of the kynge. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. 1. iii. 104, I will discusse the humour of this Loue to Ford. 1599-Hen. V, iv. iv. 5 Art thou a Gentleman? What is thy Name? discusse. Ibid. 30 Discusse the same in French vnto him. 1632 Lithgow Trav. ix. 379 Time discussing you A miracle of Mettall.

6. To investigate or examine by argument; to sift the considerations for and against; to debate. (Now the ordinary sense.) c 1450 [see discussing vbl. sb.]. 1530 Rastell Bk. Purgat. III. vii. 2 Wherby man knowith the good from the evell, dyscussyng the thynge by argumentes. 1553 T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 1 Rhetorique is an arte to set forthe.. any cause, called in contention, that maie through reason largely be discussed. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. 1. ii. §3 Who that Jerombaal was, is much discussed among learned men. 1720 Gay Poems (1745) I. 238 We’ve business To discuss, a point of law. 1753 L. M. tr. Du Boscq's Accompl. Worn. II. 157 note, See the discourse.. wherein it is discussed, whether brutes have the use of reason. 1777 Priestley Philos. Necess. x. 118 Mr. Hume .. discusses the question .. with great clearness. 1847 Tennyson Princ. 11. 422 They, the while, Discuss’d a doubt and tost it to and fro. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 598 Several schemes were proposed and discussed.

b. absol. To hold discussion; to debate. 1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 42 Amongst themselves the feasters gan discusse And diversly debate from young to old. 1628 T. Spencer Logick 311 A Method whereby wee come to know how to discusse.

7. trans. To sift or investigate (material), rare. 1802 Paley Nat. Theol. xii. (1824) 483/2 These serrated or dentated bills.. form a filtre. The ducks by means of them discuss the mud; examining with great accuracy the puddle.

8. To investigate or try the quality of (food or drink); to consume, make away with. (Somewhat humorous.) 1815 Scott Guy M. xxii, A tall, stout, country-looking man .. busy discussing huge slices of cold boiled beef. 1836 Marryat Midsh. Easy i. 5 They allowed him to discuss the question, while they discussed his port wine. 1861 Thornbury Turner II. 264 Turner was always to be seen between ten and eleven at the Athenaeum, discussing his half-pint of sherry. 1884 Ld. Malmesbury Mem. Ex-min. II. 281 The time was passed in discussing a substantial luncheon.

9. Civil Law. To ‘do diligence’ (diligence 5 a) or exhaust legal proceedings against (a debtor), esp. against the person primarily liable (or his property), before proceeding against the property of a person secondarily liable. Used with local peculiarities of application in Scotland, Lower Canada, and Louisiana, also as rendering Fr. discuter in analogous sense. See discussion 5. 1681-93 Stair Inst. Law Scot. 1. xvii. §5 Cautioners cannot be pursued till the principal debitor be discust. Ibid. iii. v. §17 Heirs of Blood.. and also Executors must be discussed before Heirs of Provision or Tailzie. 1766 W. Gordon Gen. Counting-ho. 340 The accepter being discussed, the bill must recoil upon the drawer. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. s.v. Discussion, The obligation contracted by the surety with creditor is, that the latter shall not proceed against him until he has first discussed the principal debtor, if he is solvent. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 291 Where a special heir is burdened with a debt, the creditor must discuss that heir before he can insist against that heir-at-law.. By discussing an heir is meant, charging him to enter; and if he do not renounce the succession, obtaining decree against him, and raising diligence both against his person and his estate, whether belonging to himself or derived from his ancestor, as in the case of the discussion of a cautioner. 18.. Civil Code of Quebec Art. 1942 The creditor is not bound to discuss the principal debtor unless the surety demands it when he is first sued. [See also Discussion 5.]

Hence di'seussed ppl. a. 1508 Florio, Discusso, discussed, searched. 1892 Pall Mall G. 22 June 3/1 The only other discussed matter.

t di scuss, sb. Obs. [app. f. discuss v.; but cf. L. discussus dashing, agitating, f. ppl. stem of discutere: see discuss t>.] = discussion, a. Decision (of a judge), settlement. b. Examination, investigation, c. Debate; in quot. figa. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & F. lxv. 19 By his discus, Streight to blisse go they, streight to bale go wee. Ibid. Concl. 26 That they and we by goddes mercifull discus, May .. Liue and loue together. 1616 Burgh Rec. Aberdeen 5 Mar. (Jam. Supp.), To attend vpone the said actioun, vntil the finall end and discus thairof. b. 1586 Holinshed Chron. Scot. II. 386/2 To refer my selfe to the discusse and consideration of his demands. 1609 Sir E. Hoby Let. to Mr. T. H. 6 In this my discusse.. I will .. confine my selfe within this list. 1650 T. Vaughan

DISCUSSABLE Anthrop. Theom. 7 These are Magnolia Dei & Naturae, and require not our Discusse so much as our Reverence. c. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scint. 1. Storm (1858) 57 When his waters billow thus, Dark storms and wind Incite them to that fierce discusse.

discussable, var. of discussible. di'scussal.

rare.

[f. discuss v.

DISDAIN

761

-f

-al1.]

=

DISCUSSION. 1828 Life Planter Jamaica (ed. 2) 124 This discussal of a one-day’s wonder.

discussant (di'skAsant). orig. U.S. [f. discuss v. 4- -ant1.] One who discusses, esp. one who takes part in a set discussion.

not mean to renew the discussion of such opinions. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §2. 477 He [James].. forbade any further discussion of State policy. 1891 Ld. Herschell in Law Times, Rep. LXV. 567/1 Much learning was expended in the discussion of the point.

1604 T. Wright Passions v. iv. 18 Things.. not discussive for questions or disputes. 1644 Presbytery Display'd (1668) 20 [They] have vocem deliberativam, vocem decisivam, have a debating, discussive voice.

b. Argument or debate with a view to elicit truth or establish a point; a disquisition in which a subject is treated from different sides.

1644 Milton Jdgm. Bucer (1851) 304 Ready, in a fair and christianly discussive way, to debate and sift this matter. 1698 J. Cockburn Bourignianism Detected i. 16 Those Rational discussive Faculties which help others to the knowledge of Truth. 1816 Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 125 Judiciously curtailed of some.. verbose discussive scenes.

1789 Belsham Ess. II. xl. 519 Passionate dogmatists, the avowed enemies of discussion. 1790 Burke Fr. Rev. Pref. 3 The Author began a second and more full discussion on the subject. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 205 In the House of Commons.. there was in theory unrestricted liberty of discussion. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 14 This discussion is one of the least satisfactory in the dialogues of Plato.

x927 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 4 June 1818 The discussants were Drs. Sydney Kuh and Francis Gerty. 1966 D. G. Hays Readings in Automatic Language Processing 1. 2 To take the case of group discussions, how can .. authority be predicted from what the discussants have said to one another in the course of a few hours of conversation? 1967 Listener 6 Apr. 469/1 Besides the speakers there were ten discussants who did not contribute papers of their own. 1970 Language XLVI. 688 Travel stipends were granted to ‘discussants’ whose function was to belabor controversial points of each paper after summary oral presentation.

3. Investigation of the quality of an article of food, etc. by consumption of it. humorous and colloq.

discusser (di'skAS9(r)). [f. as discuss v. -I- -er1.] He who or that which discusses, in various senses, f a. One who settles or decides questions (obs.). b. One who engages in discussion or debate, f c. A medicine that disperses humours, etc. (obs.).

f4. Med. The dissipation or dispersal of humours, the resolution of tumours, etc.

a. 1596 Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. vi. 337 Quha was cheife discusser in controuersies, quhom thay call grett Justice of Jngland. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vm. vi. § 12 That thereof God himself was inventor, disceptator, lator, the deviser, the discusser, the deliverer. b. 1611 Cotgr., Discuteur, a discusser, examiner, debater. 1689 Anstv. Desertion Discussed in nth Collect. Papers Present Juncture of Affairs 6 Thus the Discusser rambles out of one Untruth into another. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 349 A discusser of controversies against Bellarmine. 1893 Chicago Advance 23 Nov., [The biblical preacher] is not a discusser, whose office is to break to pieces and sift for better construction and consolidation. c. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 29 This Minium-plaster is a good discusser of hot humors. 1656 Ridgley Pract. Physick 31 First give astringent Syrups, then add discussers.

discussible (di'skAsib(3)l), a. Also 7 -able. [f. L. discuss-: see discuss v. + -ble.] Capable of being discussed, fa. Med. That can be dispersed, as a humour, b. That can be debated or examined by argument. 1662 J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat. 330 To consume water, and the more light discussable things, into vapours. 1862 Mill Logic (ed. 5) II. 18 note, To have rendered so bold a suggestion.. admissible and discussible even as a conjecture. 1889 j M. Robertson Ess. Crit. Method 71 It is discussible under three aspects.

discussient, obs. by-form of discutient. di'scussing, vbl. sb. [f. discuss v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb discuss; = discussion (in various senses). c 1450 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 483/2 note (MS. Coll. Arms) Among righte welle lettred men.. he hathe busy discussyng of questions. C1555 Fisher's Life in Wks. (E.E.T.S.) II. 139 To have referred the hearing and discussing of his crime to his metropolitan. 1611 Cotgr., Liquidation., a discussing, or examination. 1681-93 Stair Inst. Law Scot. ill. v. § 17 Heirs .. have the benefit of an order of discussing. 1726 Ayliffe Paregon 192 To commit the Discussing of Causes privately to certain Persons leam’d in the Laws.

di'scussing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That discusses; in various senses of the vb.; spec, of medicine. That disperses humours, tumours, etc. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 437 There is such a dispersing and discussing nature in Wine, that it dissolveth all.. hard things in the bodies of Beasts. 1632 Bruel Phys. Pract. 276 These discussing medicines shalbe vsed. 1707 Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 279 Hot discussing Unctions.

discussion (di'skAjbn). Also 4 discucion. [a. OF. discussion, discucion (12th c. in Littre), ad. L. discussion-em shaking, examination, discussion, n. of action from discutere: see DISCUTE, DISCUSS.]

fl. Examination, investigation, trial (by a judge) judicial decision. Obs. a 1340 Hampole Psalter I. 1 Here fordos he discussion of syn, for he grauntes the dede. 1340- Pr. Consc. 2582 When pe devels and pe angels Has desputed our lif. .And discucion made, als fals to be. c 1440 Jacob's Well xv. 98 Seynt Gregorie seyth, pat doom is a dyscussyoun of pe cause. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 6ob, Make dayly discussyon of thy conscyence.

1853 C. Bronte Villette I. vi. 89 The small dainty messes Miss Marchmont’s cook used to send up .. to the discussion of which we could not bring half an appetite between us! 1862 Sala Seven Sons I. iii. 49 [He] has. .five minutes for the discussion of his beloved cheroot. 1864 D. G. Mitchell Sev. Stor. 54 We fell presently to discussion of the mutton. 1870 E. Peacock Rolf Skirl. II. 143 The discussion of a bottle of port in Mr. Rudd's back parlour.

1620 Venner Via Recta Introd. 3 Discussion of vaporous superfluities. 1656 H. More Enthus. Tri. 26 Evident from the suddain and easy discussion of the fit. 1753 N. Torriano Gangr. Sore Throat 35 The Parents earnestly desiring the Discussion of it, I was constrained to put upon the Tumour .. Diabotanum. 1758 j. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 330 The Termination of the Erysipelas was not only by Discussion, or Resolution, but also by Suppuration.

5. Civil Law. The exhaustion of legal proceedings against a debtor, esp. against a person primarily liable for a debt or payment, before proceeding against a person secondarily liable. A term of Roman Law, whence of the old law of France, and of the Code Napoleon; thence of the codes of Quebec, and Louisiana; also of the law of Scotland, where the ‘discussion of heirs’ is a specific feature. benefit of discussion: the right of a person liable to pay a certain sum in case of the failure of the person primarily liable, to require legal proceedings to be exhausted against the latter before demand is made upon himself, discussion of heirs (Sc. Law), the proceeding against heirs for debts due by the deceased, in a determined order, with use of diligence against the first, before proceeding against the second, and so on. 1681-93 Stair Inst. Laws Scot. iii. v. §20 To sist process against such Heirs as have the benefite of Discussion. 1751-3 A. M’Douall Inst. Law Scot. 1. xxiii. 30 One who becomes bound either to cause the debtor to pay or pay the debt himself., has not the benefit of discussion. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. 184/2 By the Roman law sureties were .. liable only after the creditor had sought payment from the principal debtor, and he was unable to pay. This was called the benefit or right of discussion. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 290/2 Discussion. This is a technical term in the law of Scotland, and may be applied either to the discussion of a principal debtor, or to the discussion of heirs. Ibid. The privilege of discussion is now taken away by the Act 19 and 20 Viet., c. 60, §8, 1856, unless expressly stipulated for in the instrument of caution. Ibid. 291 Discussion of heirs.. The following is the legal order in which the heirs must be discussed: — 1st The heir of line.. 2d the heir of conquest.. 3d the heir-male.. 4th heirs of tailzie and provision by simple destination, where they represent the debtor; and lastly Heirs under marriage-contracts, where they are not themselves creditors. 18.. Civil Code of Quebec Art. 1941 The surety is liable only upon the default o?the debtor, who must previously be discussed, unless the surety has renounced the benefit of discussion. 18.. Law of Louisiana Arts. 3014-17 (old Nos.), 3045-8 (new Nos.).

6. Comb., as discussion-circle, -meeting, programme.

group,

1937 C. Day Lewis Starting Point iii. iii. 269 When the Neale clan gets together, it’s just one devastating discussioncircle from morning to night. 1921 H. J. Laski Let. 31 July (1953) I. 356 A discussion group to thresh out the problems of governmental re-organisation. 1940 Graves & Hodge Long Week-End xxii. 387 The B.B.C... appointed Education Officers.. whose duty it was to organize ‘Discussion Groups’. 1853 Lynch Self-Improv. iv. 97 The young man.. may get and give much good in discussionmeetings. 1958 New Statesman 15 Mar. 332/3 One radio feature which is not yet practicable on TV is the BBC’s monthly international discussion-programme, Radio Link.

di'scussional, a. [f. prec. + -al1.] nature of or pertaining to discussion.

Of the

1848 Fraser's Mag. XXXVIII. 341 In this whole array of discussional ostentation.

di'seussionist. [f. as prec. -f- -ist.] One who advocates or practises discussion or debate. 1867 Ch. & State Rev. 30 Mar. 292 The discussionists cannot resist the temptation .. to air their vocabulary. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Eauc. I. 152 In religious sects and theological discussionists.

2. a. Examination or investigation (of a matter) by arguments for and against; ‘the ventilation of a question’ (J.).

discussive (di'skAsiv), a. and sb. [f. L. discussppl. stem of discutere to discuss + -ive.] A. adj. fl. Med. - discutient a. Obs.

a 1556 Cranmer Wks. (Parker Soc.) I. 61 Where you seem to be offended with the discussion of this matter, what hurt .. can gold catch in the fire, or truth with discussing? 1558 Bp. Watson Sev. Sacram. viii. 44 The subtlenesse of mans t.. is to bee rejected from the iudgement and discussion this holy mystery. 1647 H. More Philos. Poems, Democritus Platonissans Pref. 190 Discussion is no prejudice but an honour to the truth. 1771 Junius Lett. lix. 310, I do

1580 Well of W. Hill, Aberdeen Aiij, [The water] being laxatiue, attenuatiue.. and discussiue. 1628 Venner Tobacco (1650) 407 Its faculty being both discussive and expulsive. 1727 Bradley Fam. Diet. s.v. Burdock, It..is discussive and bitter to the taste.

7

f2. Having the quality of settling (a matter in dispute); decisive. Obs.

3. Pertaining to discussion or debate, arch.

f B. sb. Med. A dissipating or resolving agent; a discutient. Obs. 1612 Enchir. Med. 92 Beware of immoderate discussiues. 1671 Salmon Syn. Med. iii. xvi. 364 Discussives are such as generally disperse the matter, and so dissolve it insensibly. Hence f di'seussively adv. f di'seussiveness. 1613 M. Ridley Magn. Bodies 6 These being artificially and discussively fastened to this Loadstone. 1727 Bailey vol. II, Discussiveness, dissolving or dispersing quality. t di'seussment.

Obs. rare.

[f.

discuss v.

+

-MENT.]= DISCUSSION. *559 Abp. Parker Corr. 94 We beseech your Majesty.. to refer the discussment and deciding of them to a synod of your bishops and other godly learned men. 1651 Cartwright Cert. Relig. 1. 57 Requisite for the Churches understanding, and by.. her consultations and discusments.

di’seussory, a. rare—0, [f. L. discuss- (see discussive) + -ory.] Discutient. 1823 Crabb Technol. Diet., Discutient or Discussory medicines, those which dissolve impacted matter.

t di'seussure. Obs. rare-1. [f. L. discuss- (see

DISCUSSIVE) + -URE.] = DISCUSSION. 1610 W. Folkingham Art of Survey 1. ii. 2 The Matter comprises the Elementarie composition and constitution of Possessions: and in discussure thereof, the Materiall parte is most conuersant. f discustom, sb.

Obs. rare-1, [f. dis- 9 + sb.: prob. after discustom v.] Discontinuance of a custom; disuse.

custom

1603 Florio Montaigne iii. xii. (1632) 611 Better., than for ever through discustome.. lose the commerce and conversation of common life.

fdis'custom, v. Obs. [ad. OF. descostumer, -cousturner to lose the habit or custom of, f. des-, dis- 4 + costumer to render customary, etc.: see custom v.] trans. To render unaccustomed; to cause to discontinue a custom or habit; = disaccustom. Hence dis'eustomed ppl. a. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xxii. 299 Moeuynge the helpe of god hym to dyscustome. 1598 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. ii. 1. (1641) 113/1 If now no more my sacred rimes distill With Art-lesse ease from my discustom’d quill. 1677 E. Pledger in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xxx. 7 Discustom ourselves to the exercise of faith.

di'scutable, a. rare. [a. mod.F. discutable, f. discuter, ad. L. discutere to discuss: cf. next.] Capable of being discussed; discussible. 1893 Sat. Rev. discutable points.

11

Feb.

150/1

Many

insoluble

or

'discutant. rare. [a. F. discutant, pr. pple. of discuter to discuss, used subst.: see -ant1.] One who discusses. 1871 H. B. Forman Living Poets 166 The contrast between the half-frank discutant and the unctuous but immoral dignitary discussed.

fdi'seute, v. Obs. [a. F. discute-r (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. discutere to dash or shake asunder, in late L. to discuss, investigate, f. dis1 + quatere (in comb, -cutere) to shake, strike with a shock. Now displaced by discuss.] trans. To discuss; to investigate, examine. 1483 Caxton Cato A viij, Euery juge ought to discute and examyne the caas of bothe partyes in suche manere that he may do equite and justyce. 1484 - Fables of Alfonce (1889) 9 The cause to be discuted or pleted before the ]uge.

b. intr. with of. 01521 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1858) III. 53 To discute of a mater. Hence di'seuting vbl. sb., discussing. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 431 b/t O dylygente dyscutyngof causes and maters he rendred or yelded juste jugemente.

discutient (di'skjuifrant). a. and sb. Med. Also 7 discussient. (ad. L. discutient-em, pr. pple. of discutere: see discute.] A. adj. Having the quality of ‘discussing’ or dissipating morbid matter; resolvent. 1612 Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 311 A discutient Cataplasme. 1740 Aylett in Phil. Trans. XLIII. ioAnhot, discutient, and restringent Fomentation. 1876 Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 411 Preparations of conium were much used for a supposed discutient or resolvent action.. in certain kinds of tumors.

B. sb. A discutient medicine or preparation. 1655 Culpepper Riverius 1. xv. 54 When the matter is somwhat thin.. use not strong discussients and dissolvers. 1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 109 It enters., into many Fomentations, as a good Discutient. 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 30 Employed externally as a discutient.

disdain (dis'dein), sb. Forms: a. 3-5 dedeyn(e, 4 dedeigne, -eyng, -ayn, 5 dedein. ]3. 4-5 desdeyn, -dayn. y. 4 disdein(e, 4-5 -deyn(e, 4-6 -deigne, 4-7 -dayn(e, 5 dysdane, -dene, -dayne, Sc.

disden3e, -dene, 6-7 disdaine, 6- disdain. Cf. sdeign. [ME. dedeyn, desdeyn, a. OF. desdeign, -daign, -doing, -dain, AF. dedeigne (Langtoft Chron. II. 430), mod.F. dedain = Pr. desdaing, -denhy Cat. desdeny, Sp. desdeno, It. disdegno (sdegno), Romanic deriv. of disdegnare to disdain: see next.] 1. The feeling entertained towards that which one thinks unworthy of notice or beneath one’s dignity; scorn, contempt. a. c 1290 5. Ewg. Leg. I. 414/387 He hadde gret de-deyn smale j?efj>es to do. 0 1300 Cursor M. 11309 (Cott.) O pouert na dedeigne [later MSS. disdeyn, -dayne], had he. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xxviii. 6 pai ere kald vnycorns for pride & dedeyne. c 1450 Myrc 1159 Hast [j>ow] had any dedeyn Of oper synfulle pat J?ou hast seyn? y. 1393 Gower Conf. I. 121 He, which love had in disdeigne. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. Pref. (1556) 3 Although disdeigne and envie dooe cause them to speake it. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado in. i. 51 Disdaine and Scome ride sparkling in her eyes, Mis-prizing what they looke on. 1667 Milton P.L. i. 98 That fixt mind And high disdain, from sence of injur’d merit. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xi. vii, As I received no answer.. my disdain would not suffer me to continue my application. 1824 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 440 Haughtiness is founded on the high opinion we entertain of ourselves; disdain, on the low opinion we have of others. 1855 Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) V. ix. viii. 401 They were called in disdain the Puritans, an appellation which perhaps they did not disdain. 1875 F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XV. 342/1, I.. had conceived a disdain of feathered things, bustards excepted,

DISDAINOUSLY

762

DISDAIN slave. sneer.

1858 Lytton What will he do? 1. x, I disdain your

b. with inf. or gerund. To think it beneath one, to scorn (to do or doing something). a. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 2179 Ys herte was so gret, pat he dedeynede to clepe, ‘oundo’; bot ran to wip is fet. 0-1393 Gower Conf. III. 227 If.. a king.. Desdaineth for to done hem grace. y. 1489 Caxton Faytes of A. 1. xv. 43 They dysdayne to obeye to theyre capytayne. a 1533 Ld. Berners Huon xxiv. 70 They dysdayne to speke to me. 1611 Bible Transl. Pref. 11 Neither did we disdaine to reuise that which we had done. 1769 Goldsm. Roman Hist. (1786) I. 397 This.. was the title the Roman general disdained granting him. 1786 W. Thomson Watson's Philip /// (1839) 357 [They] disdained to follow this example of submission. 1868 E. Edwards Raleigh I. xx. 455 Grey.. had disdained to beg his life.

c. To think (a thing) unworthy of (something). (Cf. deign v. 2.) 1646

]. Hall Horse Vac. 23 Nature disdeigned it a Roome.

d. To think (anything) unworthy of. 1591 Spenser Ruins of Time Ded., God hath disdeigned the world of that most noble Spirit.

f2. To be indignant, angry, or offended at. Obs. 1494 Fabyan Chron. 11. xlviii. 32 The kynge disdeynynge this demeanure of Andragius, after dyuers monycions.. gatheryd his knyghtes and made warre vpon Andragius. 1632 Lithgow Trav. Prol. B, To shun Ingratitude, which I disdaine as Hell. 1633 T. Stafford Pac. Hib. vi. (1821) 84 His answer was much disdained. 1695 Ld. Preston Boeth. in. 106 Hence , we often so much disdain their being conferr’d upon undeserving Men.

fb. with pi. An instance or exhibition of this.

b. with subord. clause: To be indignant that.

a 1631 Donne Dial. w. Sir H. Wotton (T.), So her disdains can ne’er offend. 1632 Sir T. Hawkins tr. Mathieu's Vnhappy Prosp. 152 My disdaines have served my purposes.

1548 Hall Chron., Rich. Ill, 45 The kyng of Scottes disdeignynge that the stronge castell of Dumbarre should remayne in thenglish mennes handes. 1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 128 Who highly did disdaine That such..abuse his honour should distaine. 1602 Marston Ant. & Mel. 11. Wks. 1856 I. 27, I have nineteene mistresses alreadie, and I not much disdeigne that thou shold’st make up the ful score. 1796 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. I. 14 Disdaining that the enemies of Christ should abound in wealth.

f2. Indignation; anger or vexation arising from offended dignity; dudgeon, to have d.: to be indignant, take offence, to have in d.t to have d. of: to be indignant or offended at. Obs. a. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 193 Of pyn vnry3t ychabbe gret dedeyn. a 1340 Hampole Psalter xxxvi. 1 Noli emulari in malignantibus.. Will not haf dedeyn in ill willand. Ibid. lxxxiv. 3 Auertisti ab ira indignacionis tue.. J?ou turnyd fra pe wreth of pi dedeyn. C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 70 J>is eldere sone hadde dedeyn, and wolde not come in. 01400-50 Alexander 3155 He dedeyne [Dubl. MS. disdayne] hade, pat pai ware comen doun of kyngis, and be no cause ellis. /9. C1386 Chaucer Frankl. Prol. 28 (Ellesm. MS.), I prey yow haueth me nat in desdeyn \v.r. disdeyne] Though to this man I speke a word or two. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 17 The king saide, ‘y chese the yongest of the .iij. doughters .. ’ of the whiche the eldest and the secounde had gret meruaile and desdeyn. 1481 Caxton Myrr. 11. vi. 72 Of grete desdayn he suffreth to be slayn and dye. y. C1386 Chaucer Prol. 789 (Sloane MS.) But take it nought I praie 30W in disdeigne [v.rr. disdeyne, disdayn, desdeyn]. 1393 Gower Conf. II. 345 But Phebus, which hath great disdein Of that his maiden was forlein. 1513 Douglas JEneis vii. xiii. 160 Than Jupiter.. Haifand disdene ony mortall suld be Rasit to lyf. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 299 The defeat of the Armie.. caused.. throughout the Realme a great griefe and disdaine. 1606 Shaks. Tr. Gf Cr. 1. ii. 35 The disdain and shame whereof, hath euer since kept Hector fasting and waking. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 229 Having conceived some disdain against his Master, a 1677 Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 62 The great person.. took the neglect in huge disdain.

fb. fig. Of a wound: Angriness, inflamed condition. Obs. rare. (Cf. proud flesh.) CI400 Lanfrone's Cirurg. 102 Whanne pilke wounde was sowdid pe pannicle pat was not weel heelid hadde a dedein & was cause of gendrynge of a crampe.

f3. Loathing, aversion, dislike. Obs.

f3. intr. To be moved with indignation, be indignant, take offence. Const, at (rarely against, of, on). Obs. a. 1382 Wyclif Job xxxii. 3 But a3en the thre frendis of hym he dedeynede, forthi that thei hadden not founde a resounable answere. —— Matt. xxi. 15 The princis of prestis and scribis.. dedeyneden, and seiden to hym, Heerist thou what these seyen? 01400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. 90 pat deuyls lymme, dedeyned at pi dede. y. 14.. Epiph. in Tundole's Vis. 108 Of whos cumyng though thou dysdeyne Hyt may not pleynly help. 1526 Tindale Matt. xx. 24 They disdayned at the two brethren. -John vii. 23 Disdayne ye at me, because I made a man every whit whoale? C1563 Cavendish Ld. Seymour iv., in Wolsey, etc. (1825) II. 105 To disdayn ayenst natures newe estate. 1636 B. Jonson Discov. ad fin., Ajax, deprived of Achilles’ armour.. disdains; and growing impatient of the injury, rageth, and runs mad. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 150 Cheese and Butter is among them, but such as squemish English stomacks will disdaine at.

f4. trans. To move to indignation or scorn; to offend, anger, displease. Obs. a 1470 Tiptoft Caesar x. (1530) 12 Induciomarus was sore displeased and dysdayned at thys doynge. 1627 Vox Piscis Avb, It shall nothing disdaine you; for it is no new thing, but even that which you have continually looked for. 1650 Howell Giraffi's Rev. Naples 18 The people, .being much disdain’d that the Vice-Roy had scap’d. 1790-1817 Combe Devil upon Two Sticks in Lond. I. 251 Fashionable amusements delight him not, and even elegant vice disdains him.

fb. impers. it disdains me: it moves my indignation, offends me.

[1370-80 in O.E. Misc. 228 And hedden of mony metes de-deyn.] 1655 Culpepper Riverius 1. vii. 30 These are the forerunners of an Epilepsy; disdain of meat [etc.].

c 1440 York Myst. v. 11 Me thoght pat he The kynde of vs tane myght, And per-at dideyned me.

f b. transf. The quality which excites aversion; loathsomeness. (Cf. dain sb. 3.) Obs.

dis'dainable, a. rare. [a. OF. desdaignable: see prec. and -able.] Worthy of disdain.

1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. i. 14 Most lothsom, filthie, foule, and full of vile disdaine.

1611 Cotgr., Desdaignable, 1895 Daily News 9 Sept. 4/7

disdain

(dis'dein), v. Forms: a. 4 dedeyngne, 4-5 dedeyne, 5 dedene; jS. 4 desdaine, -deigne, 6 -dayne. y. 5 disdeyne, -daigne, (disdeynt), 5-6 dys-, 5-7 disdayne, 6 disdeine, -dane, 6-7 -daine, -deigne, 6- disdain. Cf. also sdeign v. [ME., a. OF. desdeignier, -deigner (3rd s. pres, -deigne), in later F. dedaigner, — Pr. desdegnar, Cat. desdenyar, Sp. dedenar, Pg. desdenhar, It. disdegnare (sdegnare); a Common Romanic vb. representing, with des- for L. de- (see de- 6), L. dedignare (collateral form of dedignari) to reject as unworthy, disdain, f. de- 6 + dignare, -ari to think or treat as worthy; cf. deign.] 1. trans. To think unworthy of oneself, or of one’s notice; to regard or treat with contempt; to despise, scorn, a. with simple obj. a and (3. 01386 Chaucer Clerk’s T. 42 (Ellesm. MS.) Lat youre eres nat my voys desdeyne [other MSS. disdeyne], 1483 Cath. Angl. 93/1 To Desden (Deden A.), dedignari, detrahere, detractare: vbi. to disspise. y. c 1386 [see a and 0]. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xvi. lvii, I fere to sore I shal disdayned be. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 4 He laid against me.. that I did disdain everi mans cumpani. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage V. xvii. 459 Whose proud top would disdaine climing. 1754 Edwards Freed. Will iv. iv. 217 Some seem to disdain the Distinction that we make between natural and moral Necessity. 1821 Shelley Prometh. Unb. 1. 52 If they disdained not such a prostrate

disdainable, contemptible. That tenth of a second of allowance was.. not disdained.. Yet to one not to the manner bom of racing it might have certainly seemed ‘disdainable’.

disdained (dis’deind), ppl. a. [f. disdain.] 1. Treated with disdain; despised, scorned. 1598 Yong Diana 6 The disdained Shepherd. 1670 Milton Hist. Eng. 11. Wks. (1851) 54 A new and disdained sight.

|2. Characterized scornful. Obs. rare.

by

disdain;

disdainful,

1596 Shaks. j Hen. IV, 1. iii. 183 Reuenge the geering and disdain’d contempt Of this proud King.

t dis'dainedly, adv. Obs. rare. -ly2.] Scornfully, disdainfully.

[f. prec.

+

1535 Coverdale i Sam. xvii. 10, I haue spoken diszdanedly vnto the hoost of Israel.-Ps. xxx. 18 Which cruelly, diszdanedly & despitefully speake agaynst the rightuous.

dis'dainer. [f. disdain v. + -er1.] disdains; a scorner, despiser.

One who

1580 Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Mespriseur, a disdayner, a despiser. 1587 Golding De Mornay ii. 22 To make his greatest disdainers .. confesse his arte, c 1630 Trag. Rich. II. (1870) 49 The tooe, a disdayner or spumer.

a 1542 Wyatt Wauering Louer in Tottell’s Misc. (Arb.) 35 Vnder disdainfull brow. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. in. iv. 53 The proud disdainfull Shepherdesse That was his Mistresse. 1663 Cowley Ode Restoration xii, Cast a disdainful look behind. 1750 Gray Elegy viii, Nor [let] Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 122 They, .marched against the most renowned battalions of Europe with disdainful confidence.

b. Const, inf. or of. 1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 446 They are.. not disdainfulle to conferre. 1613 Shaks. Hen. VIII, 11. iv. 123 Stubbome to Iustice.. Disdainfull to be tride by ’t. 174b Morell Oratorio 'Judas Maccabseus', Disdainful of danger, we’ll rush on the foe. 1874 Green Short Hist. viii. §5. 505 An administrator, disdainful of private ends.

f2. Indignant, displeased; inimical. Obs. rare. 1548 Hall Chron., Rich. Ill, 45 b, The malicious attemptes and disdeynfull invencions of his envious adversaries. 1550 Coverdale Spir. Perle xii. Wks. (Parker Soc.) I. 133 Vexed in his mind and disdainful that he is not so.. fortunate as other be.

|3. That is the object of indignation, hateful; that is the object of disdain. Obs. a 1547 Surrey JEneid 11. 850 For I my yeres disdainfull to the Gods [invisus dtvis] Have lingred fourth. 1586 Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. IV. ii. Villain.. Fall prostrate on the low disdainful earth.

disdainfully (dis'deinfuli), adv. [f. prec. + -ly1.] In a disdainful manner; with disdain; scornfully, contemptuously; fwith indignation. 01533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. xiii. (R.), Enemies, that disdeinfully wold put theim vnder. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 159 This proude byll, was both of the kyng, and his counsailt, disdainfully taken. 1606 Shaks. Tr. £f Cr. ill. iii. 53 Either greete him not, Or else disdainfully. 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xvii. ii, You would not have so disdainfully called him fellow. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xix, He smiled disdainfully and pointed to the door.

dis'dainfulness. [f. as prec. quality of being disdainful.

+ -ness.]

The

1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke vii. 37 (R.) With howe great stately disdeignfulnesse, and straunge countenance the Pharisiacall sort vsed to turne awai their faces from sinners. 1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vind. Answ. xv. 184 The extream disdainfulnesse that breaths in every page and line. 1719 D’Urfey Pills IV. 113 Her Disdainfulness my Heart hath Cloven. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) II. viii. viii. 287 note, Should she leave her sting in the flower, if its juices are not to her taste, as man doth in his disdainfulness?

dis'daining, vbl. sb. [f. disdain v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb disdain; the expression of disdain or scorn. 1556 Aurelio & Isab. (1608) Bvj, That the sodain disdaining rendred him rigorouser. 0 1631 Donne Dial. w. Sir H. Wotton (T.), Say her disdainings justly must be grac’d With name of chast. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. x. 19 In thy place is stept Disdaining vile, And Flatterie, base sonne of Need and Shame. 1722 Eliza Haywood Brit. Recluse 131 Her very Countenance discover’d the secret Disdainings of her Soul.

dis'daining, ppl. a. [f. as prec. -I- -ing2.] That disdains; disdainful, scornful. Hence dis'dainingly adv. C1485 Digby Myst. iv. 1352 To be scomyd most dedenynglye. 1519 Horman Vulg. 116 He goeth statly, and disdaynyngly. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. iii. (1632) 462 The Noble Helias disdainingly storming.

fdis'dainish, a. Obs. [f. disdain sb. + -ish.] Inclined to be disdainful or scornful. Hence dis'dainishly adv. 1540 Hyrde tr. Vives’ Instr. Chr. Worn. 1. xii. (R.), Nor set her countenance .. disdainishly.

t dis'dainous, a. Obs. Forms: a. 4 dedeignous, dedeynous; )S. 5 desdeynous; y. 5-6 dys-, disdeinous, -deynous, -daynous, 6 dysdeignous, -danus, disdainous. [a. OF. desdeignos, -eus, -eux (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), = Pr. desdenhos, Sp. desdehoso, It. disdegnoso (sdegnoso), a Com. Romanic adj. f. disdegno disdain sb.: see -ous.] 1. Full of or showing disdain; disdainful, scornful; proud, haughty. CI374 Chaucer Troylus 11. 1168 (1217) (MS. Gg. 4. 27), Sche.. gan hire herte onfetere Out of disdaynis [u.rr. disdainys, dis-, desdaynes, disdaynous, dis-, desdayns] prisoun. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. viii. 83 Who-so.. is nou3t dronkenlew ne dedeignous, dowel hym folweth. c 1400 Rom. Rose 7412 His looking was not disdeinous, Ne proud, but meeke, and ful pesible. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) 11. xlv. O859) 51 Prowde men, and desdeynous, that settyn att nought al other men. 1533 Star Chamb. Proc. in Proc. Soc. Antiq. (1869) 321 With a hye and a dysdanus countynans. 155b Aurelio & Isab. (1608) Giv, It pleasethe you more to be towardes hus disdaingieux. 01563 Cavendish L'auctor G.C. iii, in Wolsey, etc. (1825) II. 140 Ther disdaynous dispyghts and onnaturall debates.

2. Full of indignation; indignant. C1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode 11. civ. (1869) 114 Myn herte so disdeynows therof j haue, that litel lakketh it ne bresteth on tweyne. 1531 Elyot Got). 11. xii. (1883) 150 They.. began to murmure, and to cast a disdaynous and greuous loke upon Gysippus.

[f. disdain sb. 4-

tdisdainously, adv. Obs. [f. prec. + -ly2.] Disdainfully, scornfully, haughtily.

1. Full of or showing disdain; scornful, contemptuous, proudly disregardful.

1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 563 He was dysdeynously answeryd. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 113 The Magistrates.. did likewise vilipend and disdeynously mocke all that the Pope had there commaunded.

disdainful (dis'deinful), a. -FUL.]

DISDAR disdar, var. of dizdar (Pers.), warden of a fort. fdis'dare, v. Obs. rare—'1, [f. dis- 6 or 7 a + dare.] trans. To strip of daring, cow, quell. 1612 Sylvester tr. Mathieu's Henry the Great 450 Whose awfull frowne Dis-dared Vice.

t disde'ceive, v. Obs. [dis-6.] trans. To deliver from deception; to undeceive. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman tTAlf. I. 8 His owne miserie doth dis-deceiue him. Ibid. i. 77 He that truely loves is deceiv’d with that which ought to dis-deceiue him. 1647 Faringdon Serm. ii. 38 Goe to my palace in Silo and there learn to disdeceive yourselves. 1649 Earl Monm. tr. Senault’s Use of Passions (1671) 295 Christian Religion., hath not been able to dis-deceive all Infidels.

DISEASE

763 f dis'doubt, v. Obs. rare, [dis- 5.] trans. To have adverse doubts about; to distrust, mistrust, misdoubt. 01656 Bp. Hall Soliloquies 55 The stamp is too well known to be disdoubted.

disdub: see dis- 6. fdise, dyse, decapitated form of adise, addis, adze, the initial a being mistaken for the indefinite article. 01400 Gloss, in Rel. Ant. I. 8/1 Ascia, a dyse. c 1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 112 Haue a gymlet, & a dise.

dise, obs. form of dice; see die sb.'

fdis'deify, v. Obs. rare~x. [f. dis- 6 + deify.] trans. To deprive of deity: cf. disgodded ppl. a.. 1627-77 Feltham Resolves 1. xvi. 27 The Papists portray him as an old Man; and by this means, dis-deifie him.

disdein(e, -deigne, -dene, -den^e, deyn(e, obs. ff. DISDAIN.

disdenominationalize: see dis- 6. disde'serve, v. nonce-wd. [dis- 6] trans. To do the reverse of deserving; to deserve to lose; = demerit v. 3. 1668 Ld. Orrery State Lett. (1743) II. 347 Which though I cannot hope to merit, yet I am sure I will never disdeserve.

f disde'sire, v. nonce-wd. [dis-6.] trans. To do the reverse of desiring; to desire to be without. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xxxiv, They.. lived to dis-desire and unwish their former choice, by late repentance.

t disde1 ter mine, v. nonce~wd. [dis- 6.] trans. To undo that which is determined, to annul. 1651 N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. xl. (1739) 176 Why that which is once by the Representative of the People determined.. should be dis-determined by one or a few.

II disdiaclasis (disdai'aekbsis). Optics. [mod.L., irreg. f. Gr. Sts twice (in comb, regularly St-, Di-2) + SidicAaais: see diaclasis.] Double refraction (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1883). disdiaclast (dis’daiaklaest). [ad. mod.L. disdiaclast-us adj. (see next.)] ‘A term applied by Briicke to dark particles forming, by their apposition on the same plane, the doublyrefracting disc, band, or layer of striated muscular tissue’ (.Syd. Soc. Lex.). 1867 J. Marshall Outlines Physiol. I. 51 The dark portions have been described as crystalline, and as being composed of minute doubly-refracting particles, named disdiaclasts. 1876 Quain Elem. Anat. (ed. 8) II. 114 The doubly refracting parts of a muscular fibre have been conceived by Briicke to be made up of an aggregation of minute doubly refracting particles, termed by him disdiaclasts. 1877 Rosenthal Muscles Nerves 102 At these points the disdiaclasts are probably arranged regularly and in large groups.

disdia'clastic, a. rare. [f. mod.L. disdiaclast-us doubly refracting (irreg. f. Gr. bis twice + *Sta hym a3enst pe Wandales, pat war disesy [infestos] unto hym. c 1440 Gesta Rom. viii. 22 (Harl. MS.), Strait and disesy is pe wey pat ledith to life. 1483 Cath. Angl. 97/1 Desesy, nocuus.

2. Affected with, pertaining to, or producing disease; diseased, unhealthy, morbid. c 1450 Lonelich Grail liv. 19 A1 deseysy & ful syk he wente. 1603 Holland Plutarch’s Mot. I. in. 238 (L.) Like diseasy, sharp choler. 1674 R. Godfrey Inj. & Ab. Physic 93 Nature who before was weak, and admitted the Diseasy Faex, will again expell it.

Hence f di'seasiness Obs., morbid quality or elements. 1674 R. Godfrey Inj. & Ab. Physic 126 Upon sight of a full Close-stool and imagining all diseasiness in it.

diseconomy, dis-economy (disi'konsmi). Econ. [dis- 9.] The opposite of economy; an absence of economy; spec, an increase in costs arising when a business organization exceeds an ‘optimum size’. 1937 Economica IV. 441 This fall may be caused by.. large scale dis-economies. 1954 Encounter Dec. 30/1 Orthodox 20th century economists.. have postulated certain ‘dis¬ economies’ of large-scale operation which ensure that a firm has an optimum size, growth beyond which again reduces its efficiency, i960 Times Rev. Industry Apr. 31/1 Advantages of mass production have saddled us with the ‘diseconomies’ .. of mass storage. 1969 Daily Tel. 17 Nov. 18/6 Early loss of recently-trained people to overseas employment.. may have its dis-economies in a narrowly national sense.

fdi'sect, v. Obs. [irreg. f. di-1 + L. sect- ppl. stem of secare to cut: cf. dissect.] trans. To cut asunder, to separate by cutting. 1674 Jeake Arith. (1696) 22 As if in the former Example, 8 should be disected into 2.2.2.2. Ibid. 41 Expressed.. by two termes.. disected as it were the one from the other.

disedge (dis'edj), v. [f. dis- 7 a + edge sb.] trans. To take the edge off; to deprive of its sharpness; to blunt, dull. Hence dis'edged ppl. a.

or

1611 Shaks. Cymb. hi. iv. 96 When thou shalt be disedg’d by her, That now thou tyrest on. 1647 Ward Simp. Cobler 77, I hold him prudent, that in these fastidious times, will helpe disedged appetites with convenient condiments. 1859 Tennyson Idylls, Enid 1038 Served a little to disedge The sharpness of that pain.

1388 Wyclif Gen. xxxix. io The womman was diseseful to the jong waxynge man. --Judg. xiv. 17 Sche was diseseful to hym. a 1626 Bacon Charge at Sess. of Verge (T.) It is both disgraceful to the king, and diseaseful to the people, if the ways near about be not fair and good.

disedification (dis.edift'keijsn). [n. of action from disedify: cf. edify, edification.] The action of disedifying; the reverse of edification; the weakening of faith or devotion.

2. Full of or affected with disease; morbid,

1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. xvii. 62 The dedicating of an unknown Tongue to their Publick Prayers..to the great disedification of the People. 1836 Cdl. Wiseman Led. Cath. Ch. (1847) II. 74 The scandal and disedification committed before the Church. 1872 Contemp. Rev. XX. 725 That unhappy system of concealing truths which are supposed to tend to disedification.

di'seaseful, a.

[f. DISEASE sb. + -FUL.] ft. Fraught with discomfort, trouble, annoyance; troublesome. Obs.

diseased. Now rare. 1596 Spenser State Irel. (Globe) 646/2 His languishing sowle being disquieted by his diseaseful bodye. 1624 Donne Devot. (ed. 2) 261 This great hospital, this sick, this diseaseful world. 1889 Tennyson Happy ix, This coarse diseaseful creature [a leper].

b. Causing unwholesome.

or

tending

to

disease,

1605 Timme Quersit. I. xviii. 97 By the taking away of the diseaseful] impurities. 1762 J. Warton Poems, Enthusiast 82 Diseaseful dainties, riot and excess.

Hence f di'seasefulness, discomfort, uneasi¬ ness. 1580 Sidney Arcadia in. (1622) 300 The consideration made them attend all diseasefulnesse.

di'seaseless, a. rare. [f.

disease sb.

same

+ -less.]

Free from disease. 1653 W. Jenkyn Fun. Serm. (1654) 44 A strong, hayl, vigorous, diseaselesse old age.

fdi'seasely, a. Obs.

[f. disease sb. + -ly1.] Affected with disease or sickness. c 1400 Test. Love in. in Chaucer’s Wks. (1542) 326 a/2 A disesely habitacion letteth yr witte many thynges, & namely in sorowe.

di'seasement. [f. disease v. + -ment.] f 1. The action of depriving, or condition of being deprived, of ease; uneasiness, discomfort. Obs. 01617 Bayne On Eph. (1658) 24 Men will content themselves with sorry lodgings and pass by little diseasements. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. xvi. 172 With his back resting on that bar, to his unspeakable diseasement. 1668-Div. Dial. v. xiv. (1713) 456 The State ofVice and Sin is a state of Diseasement and Unnaturalness.

2. The condition of being affected with disease; ailment, nonce-use. 1826 Lamb Lett. (1888) II. 149 You’ll be lost in a maze of remedies for a labyrinth of diseasements.

f di'seasify, v. Obs. rare. [f. diseasy a. + -fy.] To cause disease. Hence di'seasifying ppl. a. 1662 J. Chandler Van Helmont’s Oriat. 181 In an Erisipelas.. the vitall Spirit being incensed, and as it were provoked to anger by the diseasifying cause, waxeth exceeding hot. Ibid. 238.

t di'seasy, a. Obs. (prob. a. AF. disaise, -eese = OF. desaaisie, pa. pple of desaaisier to disease: but possibly an English formation from disease, after easy.] 1. Marked by or causing discomfort or trouble; annoying, troublesome.

disedify (dis'sdifai), v. [f. dis- 6 + edify.] trans. To do the reverse of edifying; to shock or weaken the piety or religious sense of. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531)58 Let euery thynge that is done or spoken euer edyfye the, & no thynge to disedyfye the. a 1684 Leighton Comm. 1 Pet. v. 5 Were it not for disedifying his brethren he would rather disguise and hide not only other things by humility but even humility itself. 1844 C. E. A. Yng. Communicants (1848) 21 The party of visitors.. were much surprised and disedifed by this scene in a convent school.

Hence dis'edifying ppl. a., that disedifies, or weakens faith or devotion. 1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. iii. 97 [A] person of light or disedifying deportment. 1874 Pusey Lent. Serm. 285 Gloominess is very disedifying, disennobling, paralysing. 1894 J. T. Fowler Adamnan Pref. 11 Colgan has summarized it, omitting ‘disedifying’ passages.

diseducate (dis'edjuikeit), v. [f. dis- 6 + educate.] trans. To undo or pervert the education of. 1886 Lowell Gray Lit. Ess. (1891) 14 Educated at Eton and diseducated, as he [Gray] seemed to think, at Cambridge. 1887 Q. Rev. Oct. 274 The change of institutions educates or diseducates men to think.

disees(e, diseis, obs. ff. decease, disease. fdise'ffect, v. Obs. rare—1, [f. dis- 6 or 7 + effect v. or 56.] trans. To divest of an effect. 1613 Tourneur Death Pr. Henrie 28 Nothing had the might To diseffect his actions of delight; No, nor his sufferings.

diselder, v.: see dis- 7 b. diselectrify (disi'lektrifai), v. [f. dis- 6 + electrify t>.] trans. To undo the electrified condition of; to render non-electric. 1876 Sir W. Thomson Pop. Led. (1889) I. 437 Moist cotton thread will gradually diselectrify it. 1881 Philad. Rec. No. 3473* 6 A Method of diselectrifying dry wool..and alpaca.

Hence dise.lectrifi‘cation, process of diselectrifying.

the

action

or

1895 Athenaeum 30 Mar. 412/1 Royal Society.. The following papers were read.. ‘The Diselectrification of Air’, by Lord Kelvin and Messrs. M. McClean and A. Galt.

t dis-'element, v. Obs. [f. dis- 7 c 4- element.] trans. To put (anything) out of its element; to remove from its proper sphere of activity. 1612 W. Parkes Curtaine-Dr. (1876) 56 It cannot indure to lie naked no more then the fish dis-elemented on the shore. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 449 How doth this fifth Element [i.e. detraction] dis-element all the other foure? 1727 Philip Quarll (1754) 184 A vast Number of which had, by the Wind, been dis-elemented.

diselenide (dai'selinaid), etc., Chem.: see di-2 2 and selenide, etc. 1877 Watts Did. Chem. V. 822 The diselenide or stannic selenide, Sn Se2. 1881 Ibid. VIII. 1787 A quantity of acid sufficient for the formation of a diselenite. 1884 Humfidge tr. Kolbe’s Inorg. Chem. 179 Diselenium dichloride, Se;Cl2, is prepared in precisely the same manner as disulphur dichloride, which it closely resembles.

disem-: see disen-. disem'balm, v. rare—1, undo the embalming of.

[dis- 6.]

trans.

To

1858 O. W. Holmes Aut. Break}.-t. (1883) 53 The disembalming and unbandaging of. .literary mummies.

disem'bargo, v. [f. dis- 7 c + embargo.] trans. To release from embargo. 1877 Times 15 Mar. 5/6 General Urquiza.. successfully besieged.. Buenos Ayres, and then disembargoed Rosa’s property.

disembark (disim'ba:k), v. Also 6-7 -em-, -imbarque. [a. F. desembarque-r (1564 in Hatz.Darm.), or ad. It. disimbarcare, or Sp. desembarcar; f. des-, dis- 4 + the Common Rom. vb. imbarcare, embarcar, F. embarquer to EMBARK. Cf. DEBARK.] 1. trans. To put ashore from a ship; to land. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. ii. 7 b, When ours were disimbarked and landed. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. 11. iv. 187, I must vnto the Road, to dis-embarque Some necessaries. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xvi. 55, I will not counsel you to disimbarque your goods on land. 1838 Murray's Hand Bk. N. Germ. 293 To allow steam¬ boats to.. embark and disembark their passengers at once. trans. 1852 R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp. Tour (1893) 76 Away went the train; and the. .railway staff, .returned to disembark the horses.

fb. reft. = 2.

Obs.

1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. 79 Untill.. y* Captaine generall did disimbarke himselfe a lande. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. viii. 24 Until our arrival at Malaca, where dis-imbarquing my self, the first thing I did was to go to the Fortress.

2. intr. To go on shore from a ship; to land. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. ii. 6 b, The Generali being disimbarked and come to land. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 28 Yet did he stay eight daies in the Port, and never disimbarked. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 323 The Commander had leisure to disimbark and enter the Town. 1791 Cowper Odyss. iii. 15 The Ithacans Push’d right ashore, and.. disembark’d. 1859 Tennyson Merlin & V. 200 Touching Breton Sands, they disembark’d.

Hence disem'barking vbl. sb. 1611 Cotgr., Desembarquement, a disembarking. 1632 J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 144 He ranne hastily to the shore to hinder their disembarking. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. ix. 27 To impeach the Enemies disimbarquing. attrib. 1895 Daily News 9 Feb. 8/4 Special Continental embarking and disembarking water stations.

disembar'kation. [f. disembark v.y after embark, -ation.] The action of disembarking. a 1776 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1790) III. xxviii. (Jod.) No proper measures were yet consulted for their disembarkation. 1808 Convent. Evac. Portugal §20 in Napier Penins. War (1828) I. App. p. xliii. On the disembarkation of the French troops in their own country. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 651 Tourville determined to try what effect would be produced by a disembarkation.

t disem'barkment. Obs. [a. F. desembarquement (1564 in Hatz.-Darm.). f. desembarquer to disembark: see -ment.] = prec. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. i. 122 The disembarkment should haue beene betwixt the city and.. Castle. 1659 B. Harris Parival’s Iron Age 97 The English Fleet made a descent or disembarkment in the Isle of Ree in.. July 1627.

disembarrass (disim'baeros), v. [f. dis- 6 + embarrass v.: prob. after F. desembarrasse-r ‘to vnpester, disintangle, rid from intricatenesse, or troubles’ (Cotgr.). Cf. also debarrass.] trans. To free from embarrassment, encumbrance, complication, or intricacy; to rid; to relieve: cf. embarrass. 1726 Berkeley Let. to Prior 6 Feb., I hope.. that you will have disembarrassed yourself of all sort of business that may detain you here. 1727 Bradley Fam. Did. s.v. Corn, They steep the Com.. for three Days, that it may swell up, and that the Germes may open, dilate, and be disembarrassed. 1751 Smollett Per. Pic. (1779) II. lxiii. 207 Assistance.. in disembarassing him from the disagreeable consequences of his fear. 1820 Scott Abbot i, When he had disembarassed the little plaything [a boat] from the flags in which it was entangled. 1877 E. R. Conder Bas. Faith ii. 63 We may at once disembarrass ourselves of those formidable terms— ‘absolute’ and ‘unconditioned’.

b. To disentangle (one thing from another). 1742 Warburton Comm. Pope’s Ess. Man 11. 197 Though it be difficult to distinguish genuine virtue from spurious.. yet they may be disembarrased. 1864 J. G. Nichols in Herald & Genealogist II. 458 One of the earliest results.. is

DISEMBARRASSMENT

DISEMBROIL

765

to disembarrass the biography of Serlo.. from that of another monk of the same name.

Hence disem'barrassed ppl. a., unhampered. 1741 Betterton [Oldys] Eng. Stage vi. 109 By pronouncing it trippingly on the Tongue, he means a clear and disembarrass'd Pronunciation.

disem'barrassment. [f. disembarrass v. + -ment, after embarrass, -merit.] The action of disembarrassing or fact of being disem¬ barrassed; freedom from embarrassment. 1818 in Todd. 1821 Coleridge Lett. Convers. etc. I. xv. 163 The pleasure I anticipate from disembarrassment. 1862 Merivale Rom. Emp. (1871) V. xli. 78 The disembarrassment of the limbs, the elasticity of the circulation.

disembattle (disim'baet(3)l), v. rare. [f. dis- 6 + embattle il1] trans. To deprive of battlements, make no longer embattled. Hence disem'battled ppl. a.

disim-, -boke, -boake, -boge, dissemboque, 7-8 disimbogue, dissembogue, 6- disembogue. [In 6 disemboque, ad. Sp. desemboc-ar ‘to come out of the mouth of a river or hauen’ (Minsheu 1599): f. des-, dis- 4 + embocar ‘to runne as the sea into a creeke or narrow riuer’ (ibid.); f. en in + boca mouth: cf. F. emboucher, and see embogue.] f 1. intr. To come out of the mouth of a river, strait, etc. into the open sea. Obs. 1595 Maynarde Drake's Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 20 Sir Thomas Baskervile.. talked with such as hee hearde intended to uite companie before they were disembogued. 1596 aleigh Discov. Gviana 18 He was inforced to desembogue at the mouth of the said Amazones. 1613 Voy. Guiana in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 203 We disembogued through the broken islands on the north side of Anguilla. 1633 T. Stafford Pac. Hib. viii. (1821) 318 Neither could they disimboge from thence without an Easterly winde.

S

fb. trans.

with the strait, etc. as object.

Obs.

1875 H. James Transatlantic Sketches 9 It is the gentlest and least offensive of ramparts .. without a frown or menace in all its disembattled stretch.

1622 R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 117 Another channell, by which a man may disemboake the straite. Ibid. 128 We set sayle once againe, in hope to disemboke the straite; but.. before we came to the mouth of it, the wind changed.

fdisembay (disim'bei), v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + embay v.] trans. To bring out of a bay.

2. intr. Of a river, lake, etc.: To flow out at the mouth; to discharge or empty itself; to flow into.

1651 Sherburne Poems, Forsaken Lydia (T.), The fair inamorata who from far Had spy’d the ship.. now quite disembay’d, Her cables coiled, and her anchors weigh’d.

1598 Hakluyt Voy. I. 104 The riuer of Volga.. issueth from the North part of Bulgaria .. and .. disimboqueth into a certain lake. 1661 Evelyn Fumifugium Misc. Writ. (1805) II. 233 As far as any fresh waters are found disemboguing into the Thames. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. xiv. 75 The Danube disembogues into the Euxine by seven mouths. 1871 Browning Herve Riel vi, ’Twixt the offing here and Greve where the river disembogues.

disembed (disim'bsd), v. [f. dis- 6 + embed v.] trans. To liberate (something embedded). 1885 Leeds Mercury 10 Dec. 4/4 A train is snowed up near Fraserburgh, and there was no hope last evening of being able to disembed it. 1893 Daily News 16 Dec. 5/3 There were 200,000 blocks of stone to be disembedded.

disembellish (disim'belif), v. [f. dis- 6 + embellish; app. after F. desembelliss- extended stem of desembellir (Cotgr.).] trans. To deprive of embellishment or adornment. 1611 Cotgr., Desembellir, to disimbellish, disfigure. 1624 Quarles Sion’s Sonn. i. 5 What if Afflictions doe dis¬ embellish My naturall glorie? 1831 Carlyle Sort. Res. 1. x. (1858) 41 Weep not that the reign of wonder is done, and God’s world all disembellished and prosaic. 1875 Browning Anstoph. Apol. 131 Embellish fact? This bard may disembellish yet improve!

disem'bitter, v. rare~x. [dis- 6.] trans. To undo the embittering of, to free from bitterness. 1622 [See dissweeten]. 1716 Addison Freeholder (J.) Such innocent amusements as may disembitter the minds of men.

disemble, obs. form of dissemble. disembo1 cation, rare—1, [f. Sp. desembocar to disembogue: see -ation.] The action of disemboguing. 1846 Ford Gatherings fr. Spain iii. 24 The.. water.. is carried off at once in violent floods, rather than in a gentle gradual disembocation.

disembodied

(disim'bodid),

ppl.

a.

[f.

DISEMBODY + -ED1.]

1. Divested (as a spirit) of a body; freed from that in which it has been embodied. 1742 Young Nt. Th. iii. 452 The disembody’d power. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. I. 135 The disembodied spirit does not enter dancing into the Elysian fields. 1835 Thirlwall Greece I. vi. 197 Orion.. chasing the disembodied beasts, which he had killed on the mountains, over the asphode meadow. 1872 Longf. Michael Angelo 11. ii. 10 Sudden as inspirations, are the whispers Of disembodied spirits.

2. Discharged from military incorporation. 1882 Pebody Eng. Journalism xxiii. 180 He owned the .. uniform he wore to be that of the late disembodied ‘militia’.

3. fig. and transf. To come forth as from a river’s mouth, to emerge; to discharge itself as a river. 1619 Fletcher M. Thomas iii. i, Those damn’d souls must disembogue again. 1670 Moral State Eng. 134 With that one of the Company disembogueth. 1823 De Quincey Lett. Educ. iii. (i860) 49 The presses of Europe are still disemboguing into the ocean of literature. 1868 G. Duff Pol. Surv. 222 Hungry as wolves, swift and sudden as a torrent from the mountains, they disembogued.

4. trans. Of a river, lake, etc.: To discharge or pour forth (its waters) at the mouth; refl. to discharge or empty itself. 1610 Holland Camden's Brit. 11. 10 [The Tweed] passeth under Berwick.. and so disembogeth it selfe into the Sea. 1686 Plot Staffordsh. 64 The immense quantities of water that are disembogued into the Sea by all the Rivers. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xvii. 311 Where some swoln river dissembogues his waves. 1829 Southey Inscriptions xiv, Where wild Parana disembogues A sea-like stream. 1840 De Quincey Essenes Wks. X. 272 A great river.. disemboguing itself into main ocean.

b.fig. and transf. To discharge, pour forth; to empty by pouring forth the contents. 01635 Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 13 She was., of a most Noble and Royall extract by Her Father.. for on that side there was disimbogued into her veines.. the very abstract of all the greatest houses in Christendome. 1687 Dryden Hind & P. 11. 562 Whom, when their home-bred honesty is lost, We disembogue on some far Indian coast. 1765 Falconer Demagogue 401 Methinks I hear the bellowing demagogue Dumb-sounding declamations disembogue. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. v. ii, Paris disembogues itself.. to witness, with grim looks, the Seance Royale. absol. 1742 Young Nt. Th. iii. 220 Volcano’s bellow ere they disembogue.

fc. To dislodge by force, to drive out. Obs. 1625 Fletcher & Shirley Nt. Walker v, If I get in adoors, not the power o’ th’ countrey.. shall disembogue me. 1632 Massinger Maid of Hon. 11. ii, Conduct me to The lady of the mansion, or my poniard Shall disembogue thy soul. Syl. O terrible! disembogue!

Hence disem'bogued ppl. a., furnished with ready outlet.

disembodiment (disim'bndimsnt). [f. next + -ment.] The action of disembodying: a. Separation (of a spirit) from the body. b. Disbanding (of a body of soldiers).

1669 Address hopeful Yng. Gentry Eng. 91 Wit., needs [not] to call a Deity down upon the stage, to make its way open and disembogued.

i860 tr. Tieck’s Old Man of Mountain (L.), A rapid and noisy disembodiment of souls and spirits now followed. 1871 Daily News 7 Sept., The militia as a whole have much to learn .. but.. they will learn much before the time comes for their disembodiment. 1884 Ch. Times 29 Aug. 631 Disembodiment is a death out of manhood.

t disem'bogue, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.] The place where a river disembogues; the mouth.

disembody

(disim'bndi),

v.

[f.

dis-

6

1626 Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 18 [Tearmes for the Sea] Disimboage, a gulph, the froth of the sea. 1689 G. Harvey Curing Dis. by Expect, xii. 79 Hammersmith-water .. being too near the disimbogue of the Thames.

+

EMBODY.]

1. trans. To separate (a soul) from the body; to deliver or free (anything) from the form in which it is embodied. 1714 Addison Sped. No. 571 f 9 Our souls, when they are disembodied.. will.. be always sensible of the divine presence. 1873 Symonds Grk. Poets x. 339 Disembodying the sentiments which were incarnated in simple images. 1877 Sparrow Serm. xiv. 186 So attuned was his [Enoch’s] soul to heavenly things.. that it was not thought fit to disembody it.

disem'boguement. [f. asprec. -I- -ment.] The action or place of disemboguing. a 1828 Mease cited in Webster. 1851 S. Judd Margaret 11. ii. (1871) 198 Neither rock nor night, inundation or ultimate disemboguement, disturbed my little joyous babble. 1862 Borrow Wild Wales III. 286 Aber..is the disemboguement, and wherever a place commences with Aber, there.. does a river flow into the sea, or a brook.. into a river.

2. To discharge from military embodiment, as in the case of the militia at the close of each annual period of training.

disem'boguing, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1.] The action of the verb disembogue; the place where a river, etc. disembogues.

1762 Ad 2 Geo. Ill, c. 20 (T.) If the same [corps] shall be embodied, then, within two months after, it shall be disembodied, and returned to the respective counties. 1769 Lloyd's Evening Post 27-30 Oct. 413/3 On Friday the Hertfordshire Militia were disembodied at St. Alban’s.

1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 312 At the disemboging, or inlet thereof, a 1642 Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts 1. (1704) 191/2 Their disimboguing in the Indies. 1698 FRoger Voy. Pref. A iv, Reforming the Charts.. of the disemboguings of the Isles of Antilles. 1799 W. Tooke View Russian Emp. I. 160 From its origin to its disemboguing into the Oby. 1856 Miss Mulock J. Halifax 399 In its disemboguing of its contents.

disembogue (disim'baug), v. Forms: 6 desemboque, 6-7 disem-, -imboque, 7 disem-,

disem'boguing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. +

-ing2.]

That disembogues or discharges its waters. 1725 Pope Odyss. iv. 480 The deep roar of disemboguing Nile. 1728- Dune. 11. 259 To where Fleet-ditch with disemboguing streams, Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to Thames.

fdisem'bogure. Obs. rare.

[f. as prec. + -ure.] The place where a river, etc. disembogues. 1653 Holcroft Procopius iv. 122 The Natives call this disembogure, Tanais, which reaches from Maeotis to the Euxine.

disem'bosom, v. [f.

dis- 6 + embosom.] trans. To cast out or separate from the bosom; to disclose, reveal. (Cf. disbosom.) 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 2350 He.. Who, disembosom’d from the Father, bows The heav’n of heav’ns, to kiss the distant earth! 1878 Browning La Saisiaz 21 Throb of heart, beneath which. .Treasure oft was disembosomed.

b. refl. and intr. To disclose what is in one’s bosom, unburden oneself. 1767 Babler I. 226 Miss Lambton.. thought it best to disembosom herself entirely, and thus went on. 1858 Sat. Rev. VI. 73/1 The irresistable desire to disembosom oneself had its way. 1884 Stevenson in Longm. Mag. IV. 80 What manner of man this was to whom we disembosomed.

Hence disem'bosoming vbl. sb. 1836 F. Mahoney Rel. Father Prout (1859) 75 In the disembosomings of feeling and the perennial flow of soul.

disem'bowel, v. [f. dis- 6 + embowel v. (in sense 3); but in sense 1 app. only an intensive of DISBOWEL.]

1. trans. To remove the bowels or entrails of; to eviscerate; also, to rip up so as to cause the bowels to protrude. 1613-8 Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 124 The Kings Physition disimbowelled his body. 1772-84 Cook Voy. VI. ill. i. (R.) Soon after their death, they are disembowelled, by drawing the intestines and other viscera out. 1872 Baker Nile Tribut. x. 159 The infuriated animal disembowelled him before his son’s eyes. 1875 J. Curtis Hist. Eng. 148 While yet alive, he was.. disembowelled and quartered.

b. transf. and fig. 1603 [see disembowelling below]. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 797 Earth’s disembowel’d! measur’d are the Skies! 1870 Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. 1. 17 They disembowel texts of their plain meanings. 2. To take out of the bowels. (Cf. embowel v.

3-) 1703 J. Philips Splendid Shilling 78 So her disembowell’d web Arachne in a hall or kitchen spreads, Obvious to vagrant flies.

Hence disem'bowelled ppl. a., disem'bowelling vbl. sb. and ppl. a.; also disem'bowelment, the act of disembowelling. 1603 Florio Montaigne 1. xxv. (1632) 83 High swelling and heaven-disimbowelling words. 1727-46 Thomson Summer 778 Cataracts that sweep From disembowelled Earth the virgin gold. 1746 W. Horsley Fool (1748) I. 77 No. 11 If 1 The Ripping up and Disembowelling of the dead Bodies. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxix, The disembowelling of the deer. 1875 Contemp. Rev. XXV. 262 The city is for ever undergoing disembowelment.

disem'bower, v. [f.

dis- 6 + embower.] trans. To remove or set free from a bower. 1856 Bryant Poems, Ages xxxii, Streams numberless, that many a fountain feeds, Shine, disembowered.

disem'brace, v. Obs. [f. dis-6 + embrace u.] trans. a. To refrain or withdraw from embracing, b. To undo embracing or the embraces of anything. Hence disem'bracing ppl. a.; also disem'bracement, the act of disembracing. t

1638 Mayne Lucian (1664) 187 They bedust one another, to hinder dis-imbracements.. and by drying his body, to strengthen his hold on his adversary. 1641 J. Sherman Grk. in Temple 21 The teacher of the Gentiles instructeth us Christians not to disembrace goodness in any, nor truth in any. 1775 S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. (1783) I. 192 Torn away by the disembracing grasp of death.

disem'brangle,

v. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + trans. To free from embranglement or complication; to disentangle. t

embrangle.]

1726 Berkeley Let. to Prior 19 July Wks. 1871 IV. 130 The difficulty of disembrangling our affairs with Partinton. Ibid. 12 Nov. 137 For God’s sake disembrangle these matters, that I may once be at ease to mind my other affairs.

disem'broil, v. [f. dis- 6 + embroil; cf. Sp. desembrollar (Minsheu); also 16th c. F. desbrouiller.] trans. To free from embroilment or confusion; to extricate from confusion or perplexity, to disentangle. 1611 Florio Disbrogliare, to disimbroile. 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d’Alf. 11. 137 To disimbroyle ourselues of this troublesome businesse. 1681 Char. Illustr. CourtFavourite 16 The knowledg of things past.. That Light which disembroils the intrigues of the Court. 1741 Warburton Div. Legat. II. 142 To disembroil a Subject that seems to have perplexed even Antiquity. 1830 Mackintosh Eth. Philos. Wks. 1846 I. 72 It is little wonderful that Cumberland should not have disembroiled this ancient and established confusion. 1868 Browning Ring & Bk. vi. 22 Let him but decently disembroil himself, Scramble from out the scrape.

t disem'brute, v. Obs. [dis- 6.] deliver from an embruted or condition; to debrutalize.

trans. To brutalized

1767 H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1859) I. 71 (D.) Of a numerous people he [Peter the Great] disembruted every one except himself.

disem'burden, -'burthen, v. disem-, and burden «.]

[See disen-, = disburden. Hence

disem'burdening vbl. sb. 1790-1810 Combe Devil upon Two Sticks (1817) VI. 282 Of all its affairs he has disemburthened himself. 1855 Browning Fra hippo Lippi, Never was such prompt disemburdening. 1884 Law Times 27 Sept. 361/1 The local courts should be disemburdened of non-contentious business.

disemic (dai'skmik), a. [f. L. disemus disyllabic, a. Gr. 8iot)p.os of doubtful quantity (f. 81- (di-2) twice -I- .] trans. a. To deprive of flesh, b. To free from the flesh, disembody. 1620 Shelton Quix. IV. xxv. 201 The best is not to run, that the lean strain not himself., nor the fat man disflesh himself. 1865 Swinburne Atalanta 17 As one on earth disfleshed and disallied From breath or blood corruptible.

dis'flourish, v. Obs. [f. dis-6 + flourish d.] intr. To wither, fade away. t

1640 O. Sedgwicke Christs Counsell 10 His hand may shrivell and disflourish.

dis'flower, v.

[f. dis- 7a + flower sb. Cf. deflower.] trans. a. To deprive or strip of flowers, b. To ruin or destroy as a flower. Hence dis'flowered ppl. a. 1606 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. iv. 11. Trophies 1238 Our dis-flowred Trees, our Fields Hail-torn, a 1618-Selfecivil-War 165 A fruitless Fruit, a dry dis-flowered Flower. 1892 Idler Feb. 20 What tree.. Of its beauty then disflowered.

disfoliaged:

see dis- 7 a.

disforest (dis'fDrist), v. Also 7 disforrest. [ad. OF. desforester, f. des- - dis- 4 + forest. Cf. the synonymous deforest, de-afforest,

DISFORM med.L. deaffor estate, affor estate.] 1. trans. = disafforest i.

disafforest,

DISGAGE

771 dis~

1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 208 Yf any wood other than y* lordis wood .. be aforestid, to ye hurte of hym of whom yc wood were, it shalbe disforestid. 1542-3 Act 34-5 Hen. VIII, c. 21 Disparked, disforested or destroied. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xix. 60 [He] disforrested the great Field of Wichwood, which King Edward his Brother had inclosed for his game. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 217 (L.) The Archbishop of Dublin was fined three hundred marks for disforesting a forest belonging to his archbishoprick. i860 Trollope Framley P. i. 17 The forest will be disforested. b.fig.

1624 Bp. Hall Peace-maker Wks. (1625) 537 The great King of Heauen will disforest that peece of the World which hee calls his Church, and put it to tillage. 1829 Southey Sir T. More II. 338 My old haunts as a book-hunter in the metropolis were disforested, to make room for the improvements between Westminster and Oxford Road.

2. To clear of forests or trees. a 1668 Davenant Anglesey Wks. (1673) 288 Or did her voyce..Make all the Trees dance after her, And so your Woods disforrested? 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. II. 180 The destroying axe .. accompanied the sword .. till the island became almost disforested. 1876 R. F. Burton Gorilla L. II. 275 These bush-burnings have.. disforested the land.

Hence dis'foresting vbl. sbdisfore'station. 1613-8 Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 167 The allowance of what disforrestation had heeretofore beene made was earnestly vrged. 1862 Q. Rev. Apr. 289 Before the disforesting of Cranbome Chace. 1870 H. Macmillan Bible Teach, iv. 70 Palestine has become a parched and sterile land, on account of the disforesting of its mountains.

tdis'form, a. Obs. [Variant of difform a.] Not in conformity: the opposite of conform a. 1656 Artif. Handsom. 171 The.. rule of all humane actions.. is the mind and end of the doer, either conforme or disforme to the holy revealed will of God. 51 In this and the following words disf- (diff) is probably sometimes a misprint for diff-.

disform (dis'faim), v. rare. [f. dis- + form v cf. the earlier parallel formations difform, deform, of Romanic origin.] fl. trans. To mar the form, character, or condition of; to deform, disfigure, deface. Obs. 1527 Lydgate's Bochas vii. (1554) 171b, We be disfourmed [MS. Harl. 1766, If. 175 A, dyfformyd] in certeyn. 1557 Paynel Barclay’s jugurth 11 b, Now disformed by miserable calamite, poore and needy. 1623 tr. Favine's Theat. Hon. III. ii. 334 Disformed by abuse and Simonie. 1658 A. Fox Wurtz’ Surg. in. xviii. 279 The blister.. maketh still the wound disformed, so that it groweth brown.

2. To change or alter the form of, put out of shape, b. intr. (for refl.) To lose or alter its form or arrangement, rare. 1868 Gladstone Juv. Mundi viii. (1870) 304 They seem to form, disform, and re-form before us, like the squares of coloured glass in the kaleidoscope. 1890 Sat. Rev. 15 Mar. 326/1 A .verb eermrow, to difform or disform, and a., substantive, t«Tvr.] The opposite of glory: dishonour.

disembowel. Hence fdis'garbaging vbl. sb. 1612 tr. Benvenuto's Passenger (N.), In winter time they are excellent, so they be fat and quickely roasted, without disgarbaging of them.

1547-64 Bauldwin Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 11. ii, What greater ground of disglory? What greater occasion of dishonour? 1577 Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 20 How can you say that you are gathered togither in Christes name, when you doe all things to the disglorie thereof.

f dis'garboil, v. Obs. [f. DIS- 5 garboil tskcn in sense ‘disbowel’, perh. through confusion

fdis'glose, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 5 + glose, gloze ti.] To beguile or deceive thoroughly.

with garbage: cf. prec.] trans. To disbowel. 1566 Painter Pal. Pleas. (1575) II. Pref., Aristotimvs disgarboyleth the intralies of Tiranny. 1599 Broughton's Lett. iii. 13 Which sacrifice you could neuer yet offer, .till you .. disgarboyle your selfe of those corrupt affections. disgarland garland sb.]

(dis'gaibnd), trans.

v.

[f.

dis-

7a

+

To divest of a garland or

garlands. Hence dis'garlanding vbl. sb. 1616 Drumm. of Hawth. Poems Wks. (1711)120 Pan.. Forsake thy pipe, a scepter take to thee, Thy locks disgarland, thou black Jove shall be. 1879 G. Meredith Egoist II. 315 Good progress was made to the disgarlanding of themselves thus far. disgarnish (dis'gaimj), v.

[a. OF. desgarniss-

extended stem of desgarnir, -guarnir (nth c. in Hatz.-Darm.), mod.F. degarnir, f. des-, des- 4 + garnir to garnish.] trans.

To deprive of that which garnishes or

furnishes; to strip of garnishment, disfurnish, despoil. c 1450 Merlin 291 Thei wolde not disgarnyssh the londe of peple. 1481 Caxton Myrr. in. xxi. 181 Synne..is voyde and disgarnysshed of all goodnes. 1530 Palsgr. 519/1 This house is disgarnysshed, me thynke, now he is gone. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres v. i. 148 Whosoeuer is found disgamished of his Armes. 1649 Drumm. of Hawth. Hist. Jas. /, Wks. (1711)2 If it should fall forth .. that this prince by usurpers and rebels were disgamished of his own crown. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. lx. (1663) 247 The Scaffold was disgamished of all the richest pieces about it. 1831 Sir W. Napier Penins. War xi. viii. (Rtldg.) II. 125 The front.. was .. disgamished of troops. 1868 Holme Lee B. Godfrey xxvi. 137 The small sleeping-closets.. had been disgamished. Hence dis'garnished ppl. a.; -ing vbl. sb. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour Aj, They ben yonge and litil and dysgamysshed of all wytte and reson, 1523 Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxvi. 626 Whan they were come to this passage .. they founde it nat disgamished. 1812 Edin. Rev. aX. 249 For the disgarnishing of idolatrous houses. dis'garrison, v.

Obs. or arch.

[f. dis- 7a

+

garrison $6.] trans. To deprive of a garrison. *594 J- Dickenson Arisbas (1878) 42 The .. discouerers of my desire, disgarisond my thoughts of wonted fancies. 1647 Sir T. Fairfax Let. in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 3, I have thought fit to give order to Major Markham to remove the forces from Belvoir and to disgarrison the place. 1691 Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 298 When Winchester Castie was disgarrison’d, it was given to him. 1879 Q. Rev. No. 295. 171 Next year the castle was disgarrisoned. disgavel (dis'gaeval), v. Law. [f. dis- 7 a + gavel (gavelkind) sb.] from

the

trans.

tenure

To relieve or exempt

of

gavelkind.

Hence

dis'gavelling vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1683 Siderfin Rep. 1. 137 Les primer Statutes de Disgaveling come Wiats Stat. 15 H. 8. 1741 T. Robinson Gavelkind i. 6 Before the Time of the disgavelling Statute. 1767 Blackstone Comm. II. 85 By statute 31 Hen. VIII. c. 3. for disgavelling the lands of divers lords and gentlemen in the county of Kent, they are directed to be descendible for the future like other lands, which were never holden by service of socage. 1875 Blackmore Alice Lorraine I. xv. 151 The land had been disgavelled. 1881 igth Cent. Aug. 298 Notwithstanding the disgavelling of many estates .. the area subject to the operation of the law is still large. disgeneral, disgenius: see dis- 7 a, 9. disge'neric, a.

[dis- 10.]

Of different genera:

the opposite of congeneric. In recent Diets. t dis'gentilize,

v.

Obs.

rare.

[f.

dis-

6

+

GENTILIZE.] trans. To deprive of gentle rank. 1621 Court & T. Jas. I (1849) 11. 242 Some say he shall.. be quite disknighted and disgentilised for ever. disgest, -gestion: see digest, digestion.

156s Darius (i860) 23 Surely my eyes do dysglose If yonder I do not see hym commynge.

fdis'gloss, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 7 a + gloss sb.] trans. To deprive of gloss or sheen. 1562 Phaer JEneid. ix. Ddj, Stones with bumpes his plates disglosse.

dis'glut, v. rare. [f. dis- 6 + glutil] trans. To empty of its contents. 1800 Hurdis Fav. Village too The sportsman’s tube, disglutted o’er the lake, Pours a long echo.

Dial. 1. Wks. 1874 VI. 100 Their stomacks some disgorg’d. 1861 Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon 11. ill. iv. 146 It was the custom to throw away all leeches which had been used; they are now disgorged, and preserved for a future occasion.

b. refl. To empty or discharge oneself. 1607 J. King Serm. 27 Nov., They .. want but meanes and matter wherein to disgordg themselues. c 1645 Howell Lett. (1650) I. 9 The sea.. meeting.. rivers that descend from Germany to disgorge themselves into him. 1679 Establ. Test 24 If the Spirit moves, he can disgorge himself against the Priests of Baal, the Hirelings. 1712 Addison Sped. No. 309 IP 15 The four Rivers which disgorge themselves into the Sea of Fire. 1868 Hawthorne Amer. Note-bks. (1879) I. 231 Several vessels were disgorging themselves.

f 3. Farriery. To dissipate an engorgement or congestion [cf. F. degorger in same sense], Obs. 1727 Bailey vol. II., Disgorge [with Farriers] is to discuss disperse an Inflammation or swelling. 1737, lsee degorge]. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Suppl. s.v., If a horse’s legs are gorged or swelled, we say he must be walked out to disgorge them. [1775 Ash mispr. Disgore-, whence in some mod. Diets.]

or

Hence dis'gorged ppl. a., dis'gorging vbl. sb. 1611 Cotgr., Desgorge, disgorged. Desgorgement, a disgorging. 1632 Lithgow Trav. VI. 255 Woefull accidents, and superabounding disgorgings [floods]. 1681 N. Resbury Fun. Serm. 9 As he had been a mighty devourer of Books, so his very disgorgings.. had generally more relish than the first cookery. 1822 T. L. Peacock Maid Marian xiv, The reluctant disgorgings of fat abbots and usurers.

disgorgement (dis'go^msnt). [f. prec. vb. + -ment: cf. OF. desgorgement (1548 in Hatz.Darm.).] The action of disgorging; a discharging as from the throat or stomach. c 1477 Caxton Jason 115 b, The cloth of golde shone by the disgorgements of the water. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 1. 13 This River of Tyber.. made muster of his extravagant disgorgements. 01656 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 162 The .. presses are openly defiled with the most loathsome disgorgements of their wicked blasphemies. 1788 Clarkson Impol. Slave Tr. 55 There is a continual disgorgement of seamen from these vessels into the islands. 1837 Blackui. Mag. XLI. 146 The disgorgement of past plunder.

Agglutinate,

disgorger (dis'goidpfr)). [f. as prec. + -er1.] One who or that which disgorges, spec. A device for extracting a gorged hook from the throat of a fish.

dis'godded, ppl. a. rare. [f. dis- 7 + god + -ed.] Deprived of godhead or divinity; ungodlike.

1867 F. Francis Angling iv. (1880) 129 A disgorger.. is a piece of metal or bone with a notch at the end. 1875 ‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Sports 1. v. iii. § 10. 337 Attempting, by means of the disgorger, to remove them while he is alive. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 62.

dis'glutinate, v. rare. [f. dis- 6 + glutinate t>.] trans. To unglue, deglutinate. 1870 C. J. Smith Syn. & Antonyms, Antonym.. Resolve, Disglutinate.

1877 Blackie Wise Men 36 Leaving For the bright smile that warms the face o’ the world A bald, disgodded, lightless, loveless grey!

disgolf, obs. form of disgulf v. disgood: see dis- 8. [disgore,

spurious

word

in

Ash,

etc.:

see

disgorge 3.]

disgorge (dis'go:d3), v. [ad. OF. desgorger (mod.F. degorger, whence degorge), f. des-, dis4 -I- gorge throat, gorge: cf. It. (di)sgorgare.] 1. trans. To eject or throw out from, or as from, the gorge or throat; to vomit forth (what has been swallowed). c 1477 Caxton Jason 75 The which thre bestes so dredefull disgorged and caste out fyre of their throtes. 1601 Holland Pliny I. 307 [Rats] swallow, .them whole downe the gullet, and afterwards straine and struggle.. vntill they disgorge again the feathers and bones that were in their bellies. 1677 Otway Cheats of Scapin 11. i, How easily a Miser swallows a load, and how difficultly he disgorges a grain. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 311 The leech .. disgorges the blood it has swallowed, and it is then kept for repeated application. 1873 Miss Thackeray Old Kensington ii, Jonah’s whale swallowed and disgorged him night after night.

b. fig. To discharge as if from a mouth; to empty forth; esp. to give up what has been wrongfully appropriated. a 1529 Skelton Trouth & Information (R.) But woo to suche informers.. That.. Disgorgith theyr veneme. 1587 Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 228 Disgorge thy care, abandon feare. 1606 Shaks. Tr. Cr. Prol. 12 The deepe-drawing Barke do there disgorge Their warlike frautage. 1776 Gibbon Decl. & F. I. iv. 84 The dens of the amphitheatre disgorged at once a hundred lions. 1808 Wellington in Gurw. Desp. IV. 121 Some mode., to make the French Generals disgorge the church plate which they have stolen. 1855 Prescott Philip II, I. 11. iii. 173 It was.. time that the prisons should disgorge their superfluous victims. 1882 J. Taylor Sc. Covenanters (Cassell) 153 The grandson . .was compelled to disgorge the property of which the General had plundered the Covenanters.

c. absol. 1608 Armin Nest Ninn. 7 The World, ready to disgorge at so homely a present. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 223 After I had disgorg’d abundantly, I fell into a sound sleepe. 1667 Milton P.L. xii. 158 The river Nile.. disgorging at seaven mouthes Into the Sea. 1794 Sullivan View Nat. II. Yiij, Caverns full of water.. disgorging upon the earth. 1868 Milman St. Paul's 351 At the Restoration he was forced to disgorge.

2. trans. To discharge or empty (the stomach, mouth, breast, etc.). C1592 Marlowe Massacre Paris iii. ii, Then come, proud Guise, and here disgorge thy breast. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 1. iii. 97 So, so, (thou common Dogge) did’st thou disgorge Thy glutton-bosome of the Royall Richard. 1637 Heywood

t dis'gospel, v. Obs. nonce-wd. [f. dis- 7 a + gospel s6.] trans. To deprive of the gospel or of gospel character; to oust the gospel from practical life. Hence f dis'gospelling ppl. a. 1642 Milton Apol. Smect. xii. Wks. 1738 I. 133 Who possess huge Benefices for lazy Performances, great Promotions only for the execution of a cruel disgospelling Jurisdiction.

dis'gospelize, v. rare, [dis- 6.] trans. deprive of or exclude from the gospel.

To

1888 S. G. Osborne in Times 6 Oct. 12/3 That tens of thousands.. are living disgospelized, so bom and reared as to be of a race the gospel.. teachings cannot touch.

fdis'gout, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 7 a + GOUT r6.] trans. To free or relieve from gout. 1611 Florio Sgottare.. also to disgout. 1748 Richardson Clarissa Wks. 1883 VII. 286 Lord M.. .turning round and round .. his but just disgouted thumb.

dis'govern, v. nonce-wd. [dis- 6.] trans. To leave ungoverned; to refrain from governing. 1878 H. Wright Mental Trav. 78 The object of statesmanship at Nomunniburgh is not to govern but to disgovern as much as possible.

disgown (dis'gaun), v. [f. dis- 7 a + gown sb.: cf. disrobe.] a. trans. To strip or deprive (any one) of his gown, spec, of a university or clerical gown, and thus of the degree or office which it symbolizes, b. intr. (for refl.) To throw off or relinquish one’s gown. a 1734 North Exam. (1740) 222 (D.) He disgowned and put on a sword. 1887 Globe 1 Oct. 2/4 [He] had been a clergyman, but had been disgowned for malpractices.

disgrace (dis'greis), sb. [a. F. disgrace ‘a disgrace, an ill-fortune, defeature, mishap; also vncomelinesse, deformitie, etc.’ (Cotgr.), ad. It. disgrazia ‘a disgrace, a mishap, a misfortune’ (Florio), f. dis- 4 + grazia grace; cf. Sp. desgracia ‘disgrace, misfortune, unpleasant¬ ness’, med.L. disgratia (15th c. in Du Cange).] 1. The disfavour of one in a powerful or exalted position, with the withdrawal of honour, degradation, dishonour, or contumely, which accompanies it: fa. as exhibited by the personage who inflicts it (obs.); b. as incurred or experienced by the victim: the state of being out of favour and honour. a. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 28 b, Shee went about to bring into the disgrace of the Dutches all the Ladies of the Court. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 12 Ambition and feare of the Kings disgrace were of such force, that the Nobles.. durst not open their mouthes.

DISGRACE

t c. A disfavour; a dishonour; an affront. Obs. a 1586 Sidney (J.), To such bondage he was.. tied by her whose disgraces to him were graced by her excellence. 1586 B. Young Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 206 b, With my unluckie sport I have gotten your disgraces, a 1626 Bacon (Webster 1864), The interchange continually of favours and disgraces. 1651 Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xv. §18. 257 If it command somewhat to be .. done, which is not a disgrace to God directly, but from whence by reasoning disgracefull consequences may be derived. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 296 Several little disgraces were put upon them.

f 2. The disfavour of Fortune (as a disposer of human affairs); adverse fortune, misfortune. Obs. 159° Greene Neuer too late (1600) 2 Midst the riches of his face, Griefe deciphred high disgrace. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 15 Sent his ambassadors to the said King, letting him understand of his disgrace. 1653 H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. i. 1 No disgrace of Fortune ought to esloign us .. from the duty which we are bound to render unto God. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg, iv. 143 That other looks like Nature in Disgrace.

fb. A misfortune. Obs. 1622 R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 173 With these disgraces upon them and the hand of God helping.. us. 1627 Lisander & Cal. iv. 74, I shall alwaies bless my disgraces which have wrought mee this felicity. 1748 Smollett Rod. Rand. (1780) I. 187 Notwithstanding the disgraces which had fallen to her share, she had not been so unlucky as many others.

3. Dishonour in general or public estimation; ignominy, shame. r593 Shaks. Rich. II, 1. i. 133,1 slew him not; but (to mine owne disgrace) Neglected my sworne duty in that case. 1639 S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 54 If ever he saw him approach his wife, he would.. resist force by force .. to drive disgrace from his house. 1728 Pope Dune. 11. 175 A second effort brought but new disgrace. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. xi. 467 The disgrace which the queen’s conduct had brought upon her family. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola 11. xxiii, Tito shrank with shuddering dread from disgrace.

f4. The expression of dishonour and reprobation; opprobrium, reproach, dispar¬ agement; an expression or term of reprobation. Obs. or arch. *586 A. Day Eng. Secretary 11. (1625) 86 When .. a word is either in praise or disgrace.. repeated. 1608 Bp. Hall Char. Vertues Gf V. 102 If hee list not to give a verbal disgrace, yet hee shakes his head and smiles. 1617 Recoil. Treat. 977 Every vice hath a title, and every vertue a disgrace. 1660 Trial Regie. 174 You spake.. against the King by way of disgrace against him and his family. 1676 Hobbes Iliad 111. 33 Then Hector him with words of great disgrace Reproved. [1855 Tennyson Maud 11. i. 14 He.. Heap’d on her terms of disgrace.]

5. An occasion or cause of shame or dishonour; that which brings into dishonour. 1590 Spenser F.Q. 1. i. 31 To all knighthood it is foule disgrace, That such a cursed creature lives so long a space. *597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, 11. ii. 15 What a disgrace is it to me, to remember thy name? C1710 Baynard (J.), And is it not a foul disgrace, To lose the boltsprit of thy face? 1856 Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II. 69, I found the two disgraces.. are, first, disloyalty to Church and State, and, second, to be born poor, or to come to poverty. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 178 Is not the knowledge of words without ideas a disgrace to a man of sense?

f6. Marring of disfigurement. Obs.

DISGRACIOUSLY

773

b. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretary (1625) I- 142 The disgrace that quickly you shall sustaine. 1605 Shaks. Macb. in. vi. 23, I heare Macduffe Hues in disgrace. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 267 The Spaniards offered him [Card. Mazarin] all kindness of favour in his disgrace. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 160 The King., had determined that the disgrace of the Hydes should be complete. Mod. The minister was living in retirement, being in disgrace at Court.

the

grace

of

anything;

1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. hi. (1586) 126 To take away some wart, moale, spot, or such like disgrace comming by chaunce. 1598 St. John's Coll. Agreem. in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 251 The Chimneys.. shalbe taken dowen and Raysed in some other Convenient place without disgrace of the new court.

Stella, In thee .. the Lesbian Sappho with her lyric harpe is disgraced.

t b. To put out of countenance, abash, dismay. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 160 Casting., burning torches into the face of the elephant; by which the huge beast is not a little disgraced and terrified.

3. To put out of grace or favour; to treat with disfavour, and hence with dishonour; to dismiss from (royal, etc.) favour and honour. 1593 Nashe 4 Lett. Confut. 43 Followers, whose dutifull seruice must not bee disgrac’d with a bitter repulse in anie suite. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 62 Although he were without lands, and disgraced by Henry, yet being favoured by the people, he supposed that Henry dying, he shoulde.. be crowned. 1617 Bp. Hall Recoil. Treat. 133 How easie is it for such a man, whiles the world disgraces him, at once to scome and pitty it. 1711 Pope Temp. Fame 294 Some she disgrac'd, and some with honours crown’d. 1745 P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson’s Voy. 216 His Subjects.. whom he either disgraces or honours. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 268 Queensberry was disgraced for refusing to betray the interests of the Protestant religion.

14. To bring into disfavour (with any one), or into the bad graces of any one. Obs. 1594 Shaks. Rich. Ill, 1. iii. 79 Our Brother is imprison’d by your means, My selfe disgrac’d, and the Nobilitie Held in comtempt. 1600 E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 35 Which his enimies tooke as an occasion to disgrace him with the King.

f5. To cast shame or discredit upon; to bring (intentionally) into disgrace. Obs. 1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 6 How sociablely he hath delt bi me.. to disgrace and slaunder me in the toun. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado in. ii. 130 As I wooed for thee to obtaine her, I will joyne with thee to disgrace her. 0 1715 Burnet (J.), Men’s passions will carry them far in misrepresenting an opinion which they have a mind to disgrace.

fb. To put to shame.

Obs.

1594 Hooker Keel. Pol. in. viii. (1611) 97 They never vse reason so willingly as to disgrace reason. 1595 T. Edwards Cephalus & Procris (1878) 45 For he that sorrow hath possest, at last In telling of his tale is quite disgra’st.

f6. To speak of dishonouringly; to reprobate, disparage, revile, vilify, speak slightingly of. Obs. 1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie 1. xix. (Arb.) 57 Such., would peraduenture reproue and disgrace euery Romance, or short historical! ditty. ci6ii Chapman Iliad 1. 24 The general.. viciously disgrac’d With violent terms the priest. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. vi. Notes 93 A Patriot, and so true, that it to death him greeues To heare his Wales disgrac’t. 1671 Baxter Holiness Design Chr. lxiv. 19 They all agree to cry down sin in the general and to disgrace it. 1720 Lett.fr. London Jrnl. (1721) 46 Again he disgraces the Ale.

7. To bring (as an incidental consequence) shame, dishonour, or discredit upon; to be a disgrace or shame to; to reflect dishonour upon. [1580 Sidney Arcadia (1622) 236 Leauing only Mopsa behind, who disgraced weeping with her countenance.] x593 Shaks. Lucr. 718 Against himself he sounds this doom, That through the length of times he stands disgraced. 1600 -A. Y.L. 11. iv. 4,1 could finde in my heart to disgrace my mans apparell, and to cry like a woman. 1608 D. T. Ess. Pol. & Mor. 116 b, Often .. such as became a meaner part well, have failed in a greater, and disgraced it. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 196 [P7 Of his children, .some may disgrace him by their follies. 1784 Cowper Tiroc. 531 Such vicious habits as disgrace his name. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 187 The atrocities which had disgraced the insurrection of Ulster. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 479 The most cruel act against heretics that disgraced our Statute Book.

Hence dis'graced ppl. a., disgracing vbl. sb. and ppl. a. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. xvii. 45 He thought the same a disgracing vnto him. 1591 Shaks. Two Gent. v. iv. 123 Your Grace is welcome to a man disgrac’d. 1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 94 They would., fling the same [flowers] in the faces of their pursuing lovers .. maintaining their fained dis-gracings. a 1679 Hobbes Rhet. 11. ii. (1681) 47 Contumely, is the disgracing of another for his own pastime. 1802 Mrs. Jane West Inf. Father III. 145 The poor.. disgraced Selborne. 1807 Sir R. Wilson Jrnl. 12 July in Life( 1862) II. viii. 309 As Buonaparte passed .. he gave the right-hand file one of his disgracing crosses.

7.

Want of grace. fa. of person: ill¬ favouredness (obs.); b. of mind: ungracious condition or character, rare. 1596 Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 28 Their garments.. Being all rag’d and tatter’d, their disgraces Did much the more augment. 1861 T. Winthrop Cecil Dreeme v. (1876) 75 Even a coat may be one of the outward signs by which we betray the grace or disgrace that is in us.

disgrace (dis'greis), v. [a. F. disgracier (1552 in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. It. disgraziare, f. disgrazia (see prec.). So Sp. desgraciar.] fl. trans. To undo or mar the grace of; to deprive of (outward) grace; to disfigure. Obs. 1549-62 Sternhold & H. Ps. ciii. 16 Like the flower.. Whose glosse and beauty stormy winds do utterly disgrace. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. 14 Rude and vnlearned speche defaceth and disgraceth a very good matter. 1555 Watreman Far die Facions 1. v. 69 The woman had her nose cut of, wherwith.. the whole beautie of her face was disgraced. 1577 B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. 11. (1586) 115b, His paunch shal the lesse appeer, which both disgraceth him and burdneth him. 1709 Pope Ess. Crit. 24 The slightest sketch.. Is by ill-colouring but the more disgrac’d. 1781 Cowper Convers. 51 Withered stumps disgrace the sylvan scene.

|2. To put to shame, put out of countenance by eclipsing. Obs. 1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 35 Flora seeing her face, bids al her glorious flowers close themselues, as being by her beautie disgraced. 1591 Nashe Pref. to Sidney's Astr.

disgraceful (dis'greisful), a.

[f. prec. sb. + -ful: cf. graceful.] fl. Void of grace, unbecoming, unpleasing: the opposite of graceful. Obs. 1591 Shaks. j Hen. VI, 1. i. 86 Away with these disgracefull wayling Robes! 1615 G. Sandys Trav. 67 A certaine blacke powder.. which by the not disgracefull staining of the lids, doth better set forth the whitenesse of the eye. 1702 Eng. Theophrast. 180 Whatever is counterfeit grows nauseous and disgraceful, even with those things, which when natural are most graceful and charming.

2. Full of, or fraught with, disgrace; that brings disgrace upon the agent; shameful, dishonourable, disreputable. 1597 Daniel Civ. Wars v. lxiv, Stained with black disgraceful crimes, a 1744 Pope (J.), To retire behind their chariots was as little disgraceful then, as it is now to alight from one’s horse in a battle. 1794 Southey Botany-Bay Eel. iii, The poor soldier.. goes In disgraceful retreat through a country of foes. 1874 Green Short Hist. iv. §3. 185 The disgraceful submission of their leaders. 1892 Sir A. Kekewich in Law Times' Rep. 140/1, I do think it is disgraceful for directors to.. issue such a prospectus.

3. Inflicting disgrace, disgracing, degrading, opprobrious, contumelious, a. Of actions. 1640 Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 39 Our speculative skill is wont to be upbraided to us, in a disgracefull comparison of our unanswerable practise. 1651 [see disgrace sb. 1 c]. 1764 Foote Patron iii. Wks. 1799 I. 358 Such disgraceful, such contemptible treatment! 1836 H. Coleridge North.

Worthies (1852) I. 49 It does not appear that Sir Samuel.. ever submitted to this disgraceful punishment.

fb. Of words. Obs. 1608-11 Bp. Hall Medit. & Vowes 1. §52 In the revenge of a disgracefull word against themselves. 1611 Cotgr. s.v. Vilenie, Laide Vilenie, slaunderous, reproachfull, disgracefull, defamatorie tearmes. 1613 Sir F. Cottington in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. III. 109 If any of base qualyty shall use disgracefull wordes unto a Jintleman, he is .. sent to the gallies. 1774 Sir J. Reynolds Disc. vi. (1876) 383 These terrific and disgraceful epithets with which the poor imitators are so often loaded.

disgracefully (dis'greisfali), adv.

[f. prec. + In a disgraceful manner, with disgrace; shamefully, ignominiously. fFormerly also, With opprobrium, opprobriously, contumeliously. -ly2.]

1604 Hieron Wks. I. 478 Some of whom to my griefe I haue heard speake very disgracefully, some very scornefully. a 1661 Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 11 The scholars of Oxford took up the body of the wife of Peter Martyr, who formerly had been disgracefully buried in a dunghill. 1781 Cowper Expost. 663 His [name] that seraphs tremble at, is hung Disgracefully on every trifler’s tongue. 1893 J. Strong New Era xvi. 357 Its progress is painfully and disgracefully slow. Mod. The work has been disgracefully scamped.

dis'gracefulness. [f. as prec. + quality or condition of shamefulness, ignominy.

being

The disgraceful;

-ness.]

1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 61 These men .. by their owne disgracefulnes, disgrace the most gracefull Poesie. 1841 Lane Arab. Nts. III. 486, I knew, .that there was no disgracefulness in him.. the turpitude and disgracefulness were in my sister. 1880 Daily News 9 Jan. 5/2 Barbarous as hanging is, its disgracefulness and horror possibly act as deterrent influences.

t dis'gracement. Obs. [f. disgrace v. + -ment.] The action of disgracing; also, concr. that which causes disgrace. 1561 T. Norton Calvin’s Inst. I. i Synce we haue ben spoyled of the diuine apparell, our shameful nakedness discloseth an infinite heape of filthy disgracementes. 1581 J. Bell Haddon’s Answ. Osor. 454 Defacinges and disgracements of Religion. 1647 H. More Poems 169 That disgracement of Philosophic .. this Theorie Might take ’t away.

disgracer (dis'greiss(r)).

[f. as prec. + -er1.] One who or that which disgraces; one that exposes to shame or causes ignominy; fan opprobrious reviler (obs.). 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 46 The.. continual! disgracer of Gods Veritie. 1589 Nashe Almond for Parrat 15 a, He began to.. shew himselfe openly a studious disgracer of antiquitie. 1660 R. Coke Power Sub] 267 A Reproacher or disgracer of his Majesties Government. 1732 Swift Exam. Abuses Dublin, I have given good advice to those infamous disgracers of their sex. 1789 Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 382 Who .. were such disgracers of human nature.

disgracia, -grazia. [Sp. desgracia (-graGja) disgrace, misfortune, unpleasantness, It. disgrazia (-gratsja), formerly disgratia.] An unpleasant accident, misfortune. 1739 Cibber Apol. (1756) I. 114 When it has been his ill fortune to ipeet with a disgraccia. 1845 Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) IV. lxxxix. 174 This disgrazia happened from meeting a line of brewer’s drays at Charing Cross.

f dis'graciately, adv. Obs. rare-', [as if f. *disgraciate adj., ad. It. disgraziato, in Florio disgratiato ‘graceless’.] Ill-favouredly, unhappily, unpleasingly. 53° Tindale Pract. Prelates, Deuorcement H vij b, If this maryage be of God the pope can not dispence with it. 1593 Nashe Christ’s T. 15 b, His humour was pacified, his oth was dispenst with, a 1618 Raleigh (J.), How few kingdoms are there, wherein, by dispensing with oaths, absolving subjects from allegiance.. the popes have not wrought innumerable mischiefs. 1692 Washington tr. Milton's Dej. Pop. iv. (1851) 126 There needs no Pope to dispense with the Peoples Oath. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 117 The king’s vow of pilgrimage was dispensed with. 1883 Froude in Contemp. Rev. XLIV. 13 A safe-conduct had not saved Huss, and Popes could dispense with promises.

f 12. To set aside the obligation, observance, or practice of (any duty, etc.); to disregard. Obs. >559 Mirr. Mag., Warwick vi, With his fayth he past not to dispence. 1598 Shaks. Merry W. 11. i. 47 Hang the trifle (woman) take the honour: what is it? dispence with trifles: what is it? 1607 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. III. 85 To resume that duty which I have so long dispensed with. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 125 It seems that..men may dispense with their faith or word given, even upon meer doubts. 1748 Richardson Clarissa (i8ii)VII.3io, I never knew her dispense with her word, but once.

13. To do away with (a requirement, need, or necessity); to render unnecessary or superfluous. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. 255 [A Translation] short also, and not tedious, which dispenseth with all maner of cares and businesse. 1625 Bacon Ess., Ambition (Arb.) 225 The Vse of their Seruice dispenseth with the rest. 1729 Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 111 Guilt or injury .. does not dispense with or supersede the duty of love and good-will. 1875 F. Hall in Lippincott's Mag. XV. 341/i Familiar facts dispense with all need to draw on the imagination. 1892 Law Times XCIV. 104/1 The possession given on the marriage day.. dispensed with the necessity of a writing.

14. To excuse or put up with the absence or want of (a thing or person); to forgo, do without. (The opposite of 16.) 1607 Shaks. Timon iii. ii. 93 Men must leame now with pitty to dispence. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. 1. §3 At the sight of a Crosse or Crucifix I can dispense with my hat, but scarse with the thought or memory of my Saviour. 1742 Richardson Pamela III. 325 Won’t you, Sir, dispense with me, on this Occasion? 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xii, Let us dispense with compliments. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 68 No genius can dispense with experience. 1874 Green Short. Hist. ii. §8. 105 Resources which enabled him to dispense with the military support of his tenants.

*** to dispense with a breach of law, fault, offence, objectionable matter, etc. f 15. To deal with (a breach of law) so as to condone it; to grant a dispensation for (something illegal or irregular); to permit, allow, or condone by dispensation; to excuse, pardon. Obs. 1540-54 Croke Ps. (Percy Soc.) 8 Vppon me then thou wolt take ruthe, And with my faults clerely dispense. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. VIII (an. 1) 2 The whiche mariage was dispensed with by Pope July, at the request of her father. ci555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 134 In such kind of marriages with which it hath not been wont to be dispensed, the children cannot prosper. 1603 Shaks. Meas. for M. ill. i. 135 Nature dispenses with the deede so farre, That it becomes a vertue. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 45 The Reader will be pleased to dispense with this little digression. 1716 Addison Freeholder No. 43 (Seager) His religion dispenses with the violation of the most sacred engagements.

116. To deal with indulgently; to manage with; to do with, put up with. Obs. (The exact opposite of 14: see quot. 1796.) 1580 Sidney Arcadia v. (1590) 451, I would and could dispence with these difficulties. 1660 Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 366 Though they lately hated a square cap, yet now they could dispense with one. 1665 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 158 Yea, [they] can dispense with Hogs flesh and account it a dainty. 1703 Moxon Mech. Exerc. 130 Some Trades require a deeper, others may dispence with a shallower Shop. 1755 Colman & Thornton in Connoisseur No. tj 1 ’f 5 My pantry is stored with more provisions than we can dispense with. 1796 Pegge Anonym. (1809) 460, I can dispense with it, i.e. I can do with it; and, I can dispense with it, i.e. I can do without it.

di'spenseless, a. Obs. rare. [See-less.] Not subject to dispensation. t

1721 Cibber

Perolla 11, Dispenseless Oaths.

dispenser (di'sp£ns3(r)). Forms: 3-7 despencer, 4-5 despenser, 4-6 dispensour, 5-6 dyspenser, 6dispenser. [ME. dispensour, a. AF. des-, dispensour = OF. despenseor, -eur:—L. dispensator-em, agent-n. from dispensare to dispense. This has fallen together with AF. &

DISPENSIBLE

8l I

ME. despencer, -ser, = OF. des- dispensier, = It. dispensiere, Sp. despensero, Pg. -iero = med.L. dispensarius, f. late L. dispensa: see dispense sb. and -er2 2.] 1. One who dispenses, deals out, bestows, or administers. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 33 They may be founde the faythfull dyspensers of the sayd graces. 1592 in Kdm. Rev. No. 323. 70 The most ordinary carriers and dispensers of the infection of the plague. 1653 Manton Exp. James v. 2-3 God gaue us wealth, not that we should be hoarders, but dispensers. 1774 Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 336 The air ■. as a kind dispenser of light and warmth. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 554 A dispenser of bribes. 1868 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 67 The dispensers of church patronage.

2. One who manages or administers,

a. A

steward of a household, arch. R. Glouc. (1724) 559 Sir Hue pe Despencer, J>e noble justice.] CI380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 229 Men axe a man be found trewe amongis dispensours of an house. 11400 Maundev. (1839) xi. 123 Helizeus.. £at was 3oman & despenser of Abraham before pat Ysaac was born. 1580 Fulke Agst. Allen 112 (T.) Christ’s embassadours, ministers, and dispensers. 1605 Camden Rem. (1637) 246 Turstane the kings steward, or Le Despencer, as they then called him. 1626 L. Owen Rvnning Register 3 The vnderOfficers of the Colledge, as the Despencer, Cooke, Butler, Baker [etc.]. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. vi. 512 Eadric his dispenser. 1880 Muirhead Gaius 1. §122 Those slaves who had charge of their owner’s money were called dispensers. b. An administrator of the law, of authority,

Acknowledging this power of Dispensing to be in the King. 1724 Swift Reasons agst. Exam. Drugs Wks. 1755 III. l. 126 The power.. lodged in the censors of the college of physicians to restrain any of his majesty’s subjects from dispensing. 1727 Pope Th. on Var. Subj. in Swift’s Wks. (1755) H. 1. 225 The choice of ladies.. in the dispensing of their favours. 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet Owlst. 106 Is not.. Sparrowgrass too liberal in her own dispensings?

1577 Frampton Joyfull Newes 11. (1596) 41 Any desert or dispeopled countrie. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. (1632) 561 The King was left very dispeopled. 1740 C. Pitt JEneid v. (R.), Endless crowds.. From all the wide dispeopled country round. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. lxii. 187 The dispeopled city was placed .. at the disposal of Argos.

b. attrib. dispensing power, the power of dispensing with or suspending the laws of church or state in special cases.

dis'peopler. [f. prec. vb. + -er1.] One who or that which dispeoples; a depopulator.

1621 Ld. Williams in Fortesc. Papers 166 This dispensing power were more fitly placed in his Highnes. 1731 Swift Presbyt. Plea Merit Wks. (1761) III. 275 The King.. encouraged by his Presbyterian friends, went on with his dispensing power. 1856 Froude Hist, b'.ng. (1858) I. ii. 135 The dispensing power of the popes was not formally limited. 1874 Green Short Hist. ix. §3. 622 His bill to vest a dispensing power in the Crown had been defeated.

[1297

etc. State Case Commw. 24 Where law is dispensed there should.. be a ready passage to redress against the dispensers. 1825 Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 111 The dispenser of his particular decrees. 1875 Kinglake Crimea (1877) V. i. 14 Never did he convince the dispensers of military authority. 1884 Law Times 1 Mar. 314/2 The stern majesty of the law of which he is the dispenser. 1654

3. a. One who makes up medical prescriptions and serves out medicines. 1858 Simmonds Diet. Trade, Dispenser, one who distributes or administers; usually applied to medicines. 1861 Wynter Soc. Bees 455 A dispenser who could not stop in the room with an unstoppered bottle of ipecachuana. 1885 Pall Mall G. 31 Dec. 5/1 The old saying that ‘chemists and dispensers make eleven pence three farthings profit out of every shilling they earn’. b. Also, one who dispenses a commodity. 1881 W. Carleton Lightning-rod Dispenser 3 This railroad smash reminds me .. Of a lightning-rod dispenser that came down on me one day. 1925 Daily Tel. 13 May 20 Soda water dispenser required, to supervise six fountains.

4. One who dispenses with, or dispensation to (a person or thing).

gives

a

1604 Constit. & Canons Eccles. §118 Such dalliers and dispensers with their own consciences and oaths.

5. A container that dispenses an appropriate measure of a commodity (usu. with defining word). 1947 Steinbeck Wayward Bus 104 He passed the sugar dispenser politely to her. 1950 Brit. Pat. 694,333, This invention comprises a new and improved dispenser or magazine. 1958 Woman 31 May 5 (Advt.), She went shopping for a household dispenser. 1959 Engineering 27 Feb. 267/1 Ice-cream dispensers have been installed in a number of factories, i960 Woman 2 Jan. 43/3 Metal detergent dispenser. 1970 New Scientist 30 Apr. 244/1 Looking forward to hitting Duboys City (population 300) with its longed-for coke dispenser and comfort station. Hence di'spensership, the office of a dispenser

(of medicine). 1891 Lancet 3 Oct., Dispensership (out-door) wanted by young man.

f di'spensible, *dispensibilis, f.

a. Obs. [repr. L. type ppl. stem of dispendere-. see

DISPEND.] = DISPENSABLE I, 2. 1661 Petit, for Peace 5 Things dispensible, and.. unnecessary. 1688 Sir E. Herbert Hales' Case 22 If any Penal Laws were.. less Dispensible than others. 1689 W. Atwood Ld. Herbert's Acc. Examined 51 He makes all things not forbid by God’s Law to be dispensible by the King. 1766 Amory Buncle (1770) IV. 19 Every rule is dispensible, and must give way when it defeats the end for which it was appointed. Hence f di'spensibly adv. 1711 Peace in Divinity 15 There is a keeping them [the Commandments] perfectly and indispensably, which is the Condition of the Law; and a keeping them sincerely and dispensibly, with the Relaxation of that Severity, thro’ Faith in Christ, which is the Condition of the Gospel.

di'spensil, var. of depencil v. Obs. Anc. Fun. Mon. 123 Sentences of Scripture appointed to be painted or dispensild in euery Church. 1631 Weever

dispensing, vbl. sb. [f. dispense v. + -ing1.] The action of the verb dispense, in various senses: dealing out, distribution, bestowal; administration, management; dispensation; the making up of medicine according to prescription. c 1380 Wyclif Whs. (1880) 67 As jif it were not leful to do profit to mennus soulis wip-out dispensynge of anticrist. 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xvi. (R ), My Lorde.. taketh awai from me the power and office any longer to have the dispensing of his goodes. 1608 Hieron Wks. I. 748/2 The faithfull dispensing of Thy truth. 1643 Milton Divorce 11. v. (1851) 75 It is a fond perswasion.. that dispencing is a favour. 1688 Sir E. Herbert Hales' Case 20

DISPERPLE

dispensing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That dispenses: see the verb. 1642 Rogers Naaman 554 The swarme of Pharisees and dispensing hypocrites. 1816 J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 168 That they should come down.. from the hands of a dispensing despotism. Mod. Take the recipe to a dispensing chemist.

Hence di'spensingly adv., in a dispensing manner; distributively. a 1641 Bp. Mountagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 117 God is rich in all things towards man, and.. cannot but dispensingly under one word sometime imply diverse things.

f di'spension. Obs. [n. of action from dispend: cf. OF. despension expense (Godef.).] 1. Spending; expenditure. 1630 Lennard tr. Charron s Wisd. I. xxi. §1 (1670) 75 Their dispensions themselves.. have a scent of Covetousness. 1684 N. S. Crit. Enq. Edit. Bible xxv. 231 With what noyse, bustle, and dispension the diversities of Bibles came accompanied into England.

2. Suspension of a law; dispensation. 1483 Cron. Eng. (1510) Xvb/i Iohn.. wedded dame Blaunche.. by dyspencyon of the pope. 1502 Arnolde Chron. (1811) 82 To sue to y kynges grace for a dispencion of the acte of parlement late made to the contrarie.

t di'spensive, a. Obs. [f. L. dispens- ppl. stem of dispendere (see dispend) + -ive.] 1. Characterized by or given to dispensing, spending, or distributing. 1627-47 Feltham Resolves 1. liii. 167 To strow about the wealth and means, and to feed that dispensive humour. 1677 Crowne Destr. Jerus. ill. i, Dram. Wks. 1873 H. 270 This tempest comes from Heaven’s dispensive hand.

2. Subject to dispensation. 1590 Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. 11. i, ’Tis superstition To stand so strictly on dispensive faith. 3. = DISPENSATIVE, DISPENSATORY. 1828 Westm. Rev. IX. 7 In 1671 the king began to assume his dispensive power.

dispent, pa. t. and pple. of dispend. dispeople (dis'pi:p(3)l), v. [ad. OF. despeupler, mod.F. depeupler (1364 in Hatzf.) = Sp. despoblar, Pr. despovoar, It. dis-, dipopolare, Romanic formation from des-, L. dis-, dis- 4 + populus people, parallel to L. depopulare (used in med.L. in same sense): cf. depopulate. In sense 3 f. dis- 7b + people rfc.] 1. trans. To deprive wholly or partially of people or inhabitants; = depopulate 2. 1490 Caxton Eneydos xviii. 69 My cytee shalle be dispeopled. 1562 Phaer JEneid vm. Xijb, And voyde of tilmen wide dispeopling spoyle the shyres. 1649 Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. xiii. (1653) 93 Some cruell Lord . .could .. dispeople a whole parish, and send many soules a gooding. 1709 tr. Baltus' Answ. Hist. Oracles 114 Cities [were seen] to dispeople themselves every Year—to obey these Impostors. *855 Milman Lat. Chr. VI. 250 They thought it but compliance with the Divine command to dispeople the land of the Philistines, the Edomites, and the Moabites. absol. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 368 Without ittie pyllaging and dispeopling by sea and shore. 1859 R. F. urton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geogr. Soc. XXIX. 352 Their only ambition is to dispeople and destroy.

g

b. transf. and fig. To deprive of animated inhabitants, tenants, or constituents. 1632 Randolph Jealous Lovers ii. ii. Wks. (1875) 92 We will dispeople all the elements To please our palates. 1704 Pope Windsor For. 47 And Kings.. Who claim’d the skies, dispeopled air and floods. 1777 Gamblers 8 The groaning wood dispeopled of its trees. 1890 Daily News 29 Sept. 4/8 The whole [fish] breed is ruined, and the water dispeopled. 12. To exterminate (people). Obs. 1596 J Norden Progr. Pietie (1847) 97 To cut us off and to dispeople us. 1643 Oath Pacif. 10 Ireland hath seene more than two hundred thousand Families of Brittish Protestants dispeopled and massacred.

f 3. [dis- 7 b.] To cast out or cut off from being a people. Obs. 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Isl. vi. vii, When no rebellious crimes That God-like nation yet dispeopled. 1643 Burroughes Exp. Hosea iv. (1652) 67 The people of God when they are dispeopled they are cast off from this their privilege. 1687 Reason of Toleration 17 Traps and Snares to dis-People the Nation.

Hence dispeopled ppl. a., deprived of people or inhabitants, depopulated, uninhabited.

1616 Breton Good Gf Badde 2 Hee is a Dispeopler of his Kingdome. 1711 Gay Rural Sports 1. (R.), Nor troll for pikes, dispeoples of the lake. 1767 W. L. Lewis Statius' Thebaid ix. 264 The stern Dispeopler of the Plains.

dis'peopling, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1.] Depopulation; extermination of people. 1529 More Suppl. Soulys Wks. 311/1 The dispepling of hys realme. 1688 Burnet Lett. cone. Italy 4 How such a dispeopling, and such a poverty could befall a Nation.

Ildi'speple, de'speple, v. Obs. rare. [a. AF. * despeuple-r, -puepler, OF. despeupleer, -puepleer, f. des-, dis- i + OF. peupleer, puepleer, later peuplier to make public, publish, f. peuple people.] trans. To publish, promulgate publicly. 1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 517 (1. 10649) here pis gode lawes hii despeplede al aboute. Ibid. 568 (11966) here it was despepled, t’C edit ywis, pat was pe ban of Kenigwurpe.

dispepsy, obs. var. of dyspepsy. 'disper. Winchester Coll, slang. Also dispar. A portion of food. 1841 Howitt Visits Remark. Places (1882) 201 The scholars [at Winchester] give the name of dispers to their breakfasts, suppers and lunchions. 1847-78 Halliwell, Dispar.. a commons or share. North. 1870 Mansfield Sch.-Life Winchester Coll. 84 (Farmer s.v. Cat’s Head) [The dinner] was divided into portions (Dispars); there were .. six of these to a shoulder, and eight to a leg of mutton. 1891 Wrench Winchester Word-bk., Dispers are thus divided: —Fat flab, Fleshy, Cat's head, Long disper, Middle cut, Rack, Cut.

disperance, -ate, etc. obs. ff. desperance, etc. dispercle, obs. form of disparkle. f disper'dition. Obs. [ad. L. disperditidn-em n. of action from disperdere to destroy, spoil, ruin, f. dis- 5 + perdere to destroy. Cf. OF. desperdition (mod.F. dep-), Sp. desperdicion.] 1623 Cockeram, Disperdition, an vndoing.

fdi'sperge, v. Obs. [ad. L. disperg-ere to scatter, disperse, f. di-, di-1 = dis- i -1- spargere to strew; cf. OF. disperger.] — disperse v. 1530 Compend. Treat. (1863) 59 Tobye saithe, chap, xiii, that God disperged [Tobit xiii. 4 Vulg., Dispersit vos inter gentes. 1611 hath scattered]. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 436 Bubbles and lumps which by touching are disperged.

dispergement, obs. form of disparagement. t di'sperish, -'persh, v. Obs. [ad. OF. desperir, desperiss-, ad. L. disperire, f. dis- 5 + perire to perish.] intr. To perish utterly. 1382 Wyclif Judith vi. 3 Al Irael with thee shal dispershen in perdicioun [1388 shal perische dyuerseli with thee in perdicioun]. - Wisd. xvi. 29 The hope of the vnkinde as cold ijs shal flowen, and dispershen [Vulg. disperiet] as watir ouer voide.-Lam. v. 18 For the mount of Sion, for it disperisht.

dispermatous (dai'sp3:m3t3s), a. Bot. [f. di-2 twice + Gr. ou dry3tyn dyspleses with dedes ful sore. 1393 Gower Conf. III. 253 If it shulde him nought displese. c 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) vi. 20 If J?ai speke any thing pat displesez pe sowdan. c 1400 Apol. Loll. 83 To do synne, & displece God, & deserue peyn. c 1440 Gesta Rom. (1838) 11. xxxviii. 399 It displeasethe me mekelle, that ever I come hedir. 1474 Caxton Chesse 4 He put them al to deth that displesid him. 1529 Supplic. to King 53 Afrayed to speake the trewethe, lest they shulde dysplease men. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. 1. i. 76 Let it not displease thee good Bianca, For I will loue thee nere the lesse my girle. 1596-1 Hen. IV, 1. iii. 122 You shall heare in such a kinde from me As will displease ye. 1611 Bible Jonah iv. 1 Bvt it displeased Ionah exceedingly, and he was very angrv. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia iv. 112 This answer., much displeased him. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 335 When I considered her.. as to her Fortune, I must confess she did not altogether displease me. 1734 Arbuthnot in Swift's Lett. (1766) II. 205 The world, in the main, displeaseth me. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. 150 The picture.. is one which displeases taste. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 223, I will not oppose you, lest I should displease the company. fig• 159° Shaks. Mids. N. iii. ii. 54 lie beleeue as soone.. that the Moone May through the Center creepe, and so displease Her brothers noonetide. 1603-Meas. for M. iv. i. 13 My mirth it much displeas’d, but pleas’d my woe. 1611 Beaum. & Fl. Maid's Trag. iv. i, E. Come, you will make me blush. Mel. I would, Evadne; I shall displease my ends else. fb. refl. and intr. = be displeased: see c. Obs. 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 422 ‘Blysful’, quoth I, ‘may pis be trwe, Dysplesez not if I speke errour’. 1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xiii. 135 ‘At jowre preyere’, quod pacyence po, ‘so no man displese hym’. £71450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 160 Madame, displese you not thoughe this lady.. goo before, c 1470 Henry Wallace xi. 269 Ye suld displess you nocht. c. to be displeased: to be dissatisfied, or moved

The t

DISPLEASURE

fadyr dysplesyd noucht. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour D vij b, Thexcusations of Eue displeasid moche to god. 2. trans. [The object represents an earlier

In

a

displeased

or

[f. prec. + -ly2.]

vexed

manner;

with

displeasure. ci6ii Chapman Iliad xv. 97 Thus took she place displeasedly. 1826 Scott Woodst. xxxv, ‘Have I not said it?’ answered Cromwell, displeasedly. 1856 Titan Mag. July 10/1 He muttered the last words displeasedly. t dis'pleasedness.

Obs.

[f. as prec.

+ -ness.]

Displeased state or condition, discontent. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 197 To do penance.. is.. to vtter a displeasednesse when god is angry with vs. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. iii. (1684) 21 It is not Pleasedness with the evil; therefore it is Displeasedness. 01716 South Serm. viii. 150 (T.) What a confusion and displeasedness covers the whole soul! dis'pleaser. rare.

[f. displease +

-er1.]

One

who displeases. 1641 Milton Ch. Govt. 11. (1851) 140 It must., be a hatefull thing to be the displeaser, and molester of thousands. dis'pleasing, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ing1.] The action of the verb displease; offending. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 411 Priamus.. hadde anon in mynde.. pe displesynge [Higden contemptus] of his messager Antenor. 1530 Palsgr. 214/1 Displeasyng, remors, offention. 1580 Baret Alv. D 904 Without any displeasing of the tast. 1750 Johnson Rambler No. 26 |f 14 A servile fear of displeasing.

dis'pleasing, ppl.

a.

[f-

as

prec.

-I-

-ing2.]

Causing displeasure, giving offence, disagreeable. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 17 It is. .displeasing to God, and harme to oure soules. 1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 30 Displesand and nocht acceptable to God. 1597 Shaks. 2 Hen. IV, Epil. 10 A displeasing Play. 1643 Milton Divorce 11. viii. (1851) 80 By reason of some displeasing natural quality or unfitnes in her. 1779 Mad. D’Arblay Diary Oct., A rich counsellor.. but, to me, a displeasing man. 1845 M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 16 [The marriage] was also.. highly displeasing to his father Chilperic. Hence dis'pleasingly adv.\ dis pleasingness. a 1652 J. Smith Sel. Disc. viii. 394 Nothing that might.. carry in it any semblance of displeasingness. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. 11. xxi. (1695) 149 ’Tis a mistake to think, that Men cannot change the Displeasingness or indifferency, that is in actions, into pleasure. 1731 Bailey, Displeasingly, offensively. 1753 Hogarth Anal. Beauty xi. 128 Although the form.. should be ever so confused or displeasingly shaped to the eye! 1841 W. Palmer 6th Let. to Wiseman 28 A virtual displeasingness in this life. 1843 Lytton Last Bar. 1. v, Associated displeasingly with recollections of pain. dis'pleasurable, a. rare. [f. displeasure sb. + -able,

after

pleasurable;

pleasurable.'] unpleasant,

The

reverse

disagreeable.

of

Hence

dis'pleasurably adv. 1660 Hexham, Ongeriesticken, Incommodiously, Displeasurably. 1879 H. Spencer Data Ethics xiv. 245 The required modes of activity must remain for innumerable generations in some degree displeasurable. Ibid. 246 A displeasurable tax on the energies. displeasure (dis'ple3(j)u3(r)), sb. des-,

dis-,

dysplaisir,

dysplaysure, displesour,

-playsir,

-pleysure,

-pleis-,

5-6

-pleas-,

Forms: a. 5

-yr(e.

(J.

dis-,

dyspleasur(e,

displeasur,

-or,

6 6-

displeasure. [In type a, a. OF. desplaisir (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), mod.F. deplaisir, subst. use of OF.

infin.

desplaisir

to

displease:

cf.

Pr.

desplazer, Sp. desplacer, It. dispiacere, in subst. use.

In type /3, conformed to pleasure, which

see for the relation between plaisir, pleasure.]

1. The fact or condition of being displeased or offended;

a

feeling

varying

according

to

its

intensity from dissatisfaction or disapproval to anger and indignation provoked by a person or action. a. 1484 Caxton Chivalry 81 Yre and dysplaysyre gyuen passion and payn to the body and to the sowle. p. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 57 Pream., All that that he hath doon to the displeasure of your Highnes. 1535 Coverdale Nahum i. 2 The Lorde.. reserueth displeasure for his aduersaries. c 1550 Cheke Matt. iii. 7 Who hath counceld to yow, to flie from ye displeasur to come? 1601 Shaks. All's Well 11. v. 38, I know not how I haue deserued to run into my Lords displeasure. 1769 Junius Lett. xv. 64 The royal displeasure has been signified. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xvii, ‘Thou art severe’.. said the Duke of Rothsay, with an air of displeasure. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 116 An indication of the displeasure of Heaven. fb. phr. to take (a) displeasure: to take offence, take umbrage; to be displeased. Obs. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn xxvi. 96 She brought thene in remembraupce how swetly he had kyssed her, wherof she had take so grete a dyspleasure. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 1863, No man was greued nor toke dyspleasure At this sayd mayden. 1610 Shaks. Temp. iv. i. 202 Do you heare Monster: If I should Take a displeasure against you: Looke you. 1633 Bp. Hall Hard Texts 536, I began to take displeasure against them for their wickednesse. f2. The opposite of pleasure; discomfort, uneasiness, unhappiness; grief, sorrow, trouble. Obs. a. c 1477 Caxton Jason 70 Appollo.. considering the right grete displaisir in which they hadde ben,.. opened all the entrees. 1485-Paris & V. 22, I shall deye.. for the grete desplaysyr that I have contynuelly in my herte. p. 14.. Compl. Mary Magd. 272 They have him conveyed to my displeasure, For here is lafte but naked sepulture. c 1489 Caxton Blanchardyn xxxiv. 129 My sayd lady is in grete displaysure, & ceaseth not nyght nor day to wysshe hym wyth her. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 11 Men.. Oppressed with pouerte, langour and dyspleasure. 1632 Lithgow Trav. 11. 66 He disappointed died for displeasure in his returne. 1630 Lennard tr. Charron's Wisd. (1658) 24 The humane receiveth from his body pleasure and displeasure, sorrow and delight. £71704 Locke (J.), When good is proposed, its absence carries displeasure or pain with it. 1875 W. K. Clifford Lect. (1879) II. 126 A feeling..as distinct.. as the feeling of pleasure in a sweet taste or of displeasure at a toothache. f b. with a and pi. An instance of this. Obs. Cf. 1 fbc 1510 Barclay Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Cj, Hauing for one pleasure displeasures eight or nine. 1542 Boorde Dyetary viii. (1870) 246 It doth ingendre the crampe, the gowte & other displeasures. 1681-6 J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 338 A mutual Sense and feeling of each others Pleasures and Displeasures. 3. That which causes or occasions offence or trouble; injury, harm; a wrong, an offence, arch. a. 1470-85 Malory Arthur ix. xix, I dyd to hym no displeasyre. 1481 Caxton Myrr. iii. xiii. 162 Thus auenged he hym on her for the displaysir that she had don to hym. p. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vi. clxi. 154 Ye great daunger that he was in agaynste God for the dyspleasurys doon to hym. 1534 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 124 They might .. doe displeasure and execute theire malice upon the inhabitants. 1577 Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 364 He was .. incensed, and promised to worke them a displeasure. 1590 Shaks. Com. Err. iv. iv. 119 Hast thou delight to see a

DISPLEASURE wretched man Do outrage and displeasure to himselfe? 1662 J. Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 36 Antonio was still a thorn in his side, doing him all the displeasures he could. 1866 Howells Venet. Life 19 To do you a service and not a displeasure.

f4. A state of unpleasant or unfriendly relations; a disagreement, ‘difference’. Obs. 1550 J. Coke Eng. 6? Fr. Heralds (1877) §72. 81 Wyllyam Conquerour.. upon certayne dyspleasures betwene hym and the french kyng, passed .. into Fraunce. 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 138 A displeasure and variance began to growe betwene the Constable of the Tower, and the Citizens of London. 1570-6 Lambarde Peramb. Kent. (1826) 215 During the displeasure betweene him and Earle Godwin.

dis'pleasure, v. arch. [f. prec. sb.] trans. To cause displeasure to; to annoy; to displease. 1540-1 Elyot Image Gov. 109 Hated be he of goddes and of men that would you displeasure. 1563 Homilies 11. Of Almsdeeds 1. (1859) 387 He..is both able to pleasure and displeasure us. 1625 Bacon Ess., Ambition (Arb.) 227 When the Way of Pleasuring and Displeasuring, lieth by the Favourite. 1829 Southey O. Newman vi, Not for worlds Would I do aught that might displeasure thee. 1849 Whittier Marg. Smith’s Jrnl. Prose Wks. 1889 I. 25 Our young gentleman, not willing to displeaure a man so esteemed as Mr. Richardson.

'displiment. nonce-wd. [from compliment: cf. dis- 9.] An uncomplimentary speech. 1868 Helps Realmah xvii, It was a high compliment: delicately veiled . . All my displiments (if I may coin a word for the occasion) are (when unmasked) highly complimentary.

displing, vbl. sb. and ppl. a.: see disple. fdi'splode, v. Obs. [ad. L. displod-ere to burst asunder, f. dis- i + plaudere to clap.] a. trans. To drive out or discharge with explosive violence, b. intr. To burst with a noise; to explode. Hence di'sploded, di'sploding ppl. adjs. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 605 Rankt.. In posture to displode thir second tire Of Thunder. 1704 Swift T. Tub viii. (1709) 97 Fetching it.. in certain bladders, and disploding it among the sectaries in all nations. 1708 J. Philips Cyder 1. 13 More dismal than the loud disploded Roar Of brazen Enginry. 1742 Young Nt. Th. vi. 488 Like rubbish from disploding engines thrown, Our magazines of hoarded trifles fly. 1812 F. Jeffrey in Edin. Rev. Nov. 332 The pent-up vapours disploded with the force of an earthquake.

fb. transf. Obs. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 24 Elementall bodies, are altered .. and displeasured, by the Influentiall working of the Sunne.

f di'splosion. Obs. [n. of action f. L. displodere, displos- to displode; cf. explosion.] The action of disploding; explosive discharge.

dis'pleasurement. rare. [f. prec. + -ment.]

1656 Blount Glossogr., Displosion, a breaking asunder as a bladder. 1666 G. Harvey Morb. Angl. iv. 32 That impetuous displosion of blood to a great distance. 1715-20 Pope Iliad xvi. 904 note (Seager) After the displosion of their diabolical enginry. 1742 Young Nt. Th. ix. 793 As when whole magazines, at once, are fir’d.. The vast displosion dissipates the clouds. 1790 H. Boyd Ruins of Athens, With horrible displosion doom’d to shake The thrones of Elam.

Displeasure. 1882 Symonds Animi Figura 134 He Quailed ’neath his Maker’s just displeasurement.

f dis'pleited, pa. pple. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + pleit, plait, pleat v. + -ED.] Not marked with pleats or folds; free from folds. 1619 Lushington Repetition-Serm. in Phenix (1708) II. 484 The Kerchief so wrapt and displeited, as tho yet it had not been us’d; and yet so laid aside, as tho he would have come again.

di'splendour, v. nonce-wd. [f. di- = dis- 7 a + splendour.]

trans.

To deprive of splendour.

1854 Syd. Dobell Balder xxiv. 165 Sole wandering, like an unasserted god —Displendoured, undeclared, but not unknown.

displenish (di'splemf), v.

Sc. [f. dis- 6 + plenish v. to furnish: cf. deplenish.] trans. To deprive of furniture or supplies of any kind; to divest of (farm) stock; to disfurnish. 1639 R. Baillie Lett. (1775) I. xi. 166 Albeit we had got these two years a great store of arms .. yet we were .. sore displenished before. 1873 Geikie Gt. Ice Age i. 1 Large areas of forest-land had been displenished.

Hence di'splenishing vbl. sb.; also di'splenish sb., di'splenishment, the action of displenishing. displenish(ing) sale (Sc.), a sale of farm stock and utensils at the expiry of a lease. 1863 Montrose Standard 14 Aug. 1 Displenish sale of growing corn. 1864 N. Brit. Advertiser 21 May, Displenishing Sale.. at Orbost, Isle of Skye .. Cattle, Stock, and Household Furniture. 1893 C. A. Mollyson Parish of Fordoun v. 107 An important displenish sale.

displeyer, obs. form of dice-player. f displicable, a. Obs. [ad. med.L. displicibilis displeasing (Du Cange), f. L. displicere to displease, with Eng. suffix -able.] Displeasing. 1471 Ripley Comp. Alch. Pref. in Ashm. (1652) 121 That never my lyvying be to thee dysplycable.

t 'displicence. Obs. [ad. L. displicentia displeasure, f. displicere to displease. Cf. the earlier displacence.] Displeasure, dissatisfaction. 1605 Bell Motives cone. Romish Faith 102 Durand saieth, the faulte is remitted in purgatorie, for the displicence of venials, which the soules haue in that place. 1648 W. Mountague Devout Ess. 1. ii. §2 (R.), Put on a serious displicence.. that they may not incurre this menace of Christ, ‘Woe be unto you that laugh now’. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 16 Complacence is the first act of the will upon Good as Good.. Displicence is its contrary, and its object is Evil as Evil. 1736 H. Coventry Philem. to Hyd. (T.), Devotion towards heaven, and a general displicence and peevishness towards every thing besides.

displicency ('displisansi). [f. as prec. + -ency.] The fact or condition of being displeased or dissatisfied; = displacency. self-displicency: the condition of being dissatisfied with oneself. 1640 Bp. Reynolds Passions xxxi. 320 A selfe-displicency and severity towards our owne Errours. 1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 20 Aquinas, Scotus, Ockam, Durandus.. commonly ascribed Displicency, as well as Complacence to God. 1745 J. Mason Self-Knowl. 1. xvi. (1853) 119 Complacency and Displicency in reference to the Objects of the Mind. 1816 Bp. J. Jebb Let. in Life lii. 523 It is not without self-displicency, and self-accusation, that I look upon .. your letter. 1886 J. Ward in Encycl. Brit. XX. 70/2 (Psychology) The like holds where self-complacency or displicency rests on a sense of personal worth or on the honour or affection of others.

DISPONE

818

dis'point, v,2 rare. [f. dis- 7 a + point sb. Cf. obs. It. dispuntare, mod. spuntare, Sp. despuntar to take off the point.] To deprive of the point. ? 1611 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. iv. iv. Decay 905 His hooks dispointed disappoint his haste.

f di'spointment. Obs. rare. In 5 des-. [a. OF. despointement (15th c. in Godef.): see dispoint d.1 and -ment.] Deprivation of or dismissal from appointment or office. 1484 Caxton Curiall 5 They.. that ben hyest enhaunsed ben after theyr despoyntement as a spectacle of enuye.

dispoliate, -ation,

var. ff. despoliate, etc.

dispo'llute, v. rare,

[dis- 6.]

trans.

To free

from pollution. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIV. 537/2 The Thames—to use their own recondite word—is not ‘dispolluted’. 1868 Standard 21 Mar. 5/1 To combine the whole drainage system of London, so as to dispollute the Thames.

dispond:

see despond.

dispondee

(dai'spDndi:). Pros. [ad. L. dispondeus, Gr. SicmovSeios, f. di-2 + anovSeios spoMdee. (Also used in L. form.)] A double spondee. 1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), Dispondaeus (in Grammar), a double Spondee, a Foot in Greek or Latin Verse consisting of Four long Sylables; as oratores. 1740 Dyche & Pardon, Dispondee, in Latin Poetry, a foot consisting of four long syllables, or two spondees. 1870 Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 241 One has no patience with the dispondseuses, the paeon primuses.

Hence dispon'daic a., of or pertaining to a dispondee: cf. spondaic. In recent Diets.

f di'splosive, a. Obs. [f. as prec. + -ive; cf. explosive.] That pertains to displosion or explosive discharge; eruptive. 1711 Derham in Phil. Trans. XXVII. 276 Smoaking, Displosive.. Matter, that causeth a new Eruption.

f dis'plot, v. Obs. [dis-6 or 7.] a. intr. To undo a plot or plan. b. trans. To disarrange. 1600 Abp. Abbot Exp. Jonah 592 Which of these had not much leifer that all the state should be troubled, than his haire be displotted. 1683 Chalkhill Thealma fif Cl. 29 Still his working brain Plots and displots, thinks and unthinks again.

displume (dis'plurm), v. [f. dis- 7 a + plume sb.; but in Caxton prob. ad. obs. F. desplumer ‘to plume or deprive of feathers’ (Cotgr.).] f 1. trans. Of birds: To cast (their feathers); to moult. Obs. 1480 Caxton Ovid’s Met. xi. i, Lyke as the fowles dysplume theyr fethers and the trees theyr levys.

2. To strip of plumes; = deplume i. 1623 tr. Favine’s Theat. Hon. ii. i. 63 Desirous to displume the great Romanic Eagle. 1871 Swinburne Songs bef. Sunrise, Wastes where the wind’s wings break Displumed by daylong ache And anguish of blind snows.

b. transf. and fig. = deplume 2. 1606 Sylvester Du Bartas 11. iv. 1. Trophies 1347 Humblenes may flaring Pride displume. 1614 Jackson Creed hi. To Rdr. Avja, Academicall wits might displume them of these figge-tree leaues and manifest their nakednes to the world. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Mystics (i860) II. x. ii. 196 Fenelon, so pitiably displumed of all his shining virtues.

Hence dis'plumed ppl. a. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 250 Abundance of tame ducks, and a number of displumed geese. 1814 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXXVIII. 440 A helmet displumed overshades his gray hair. 1827 Southey in Q. Rev. XXXV. 139 His companion .. reported the vanquished and displumed condor to be still alive. 1883 Stevenson Silverado Sq. (1886) 5 The displumed hills stood clear against the sky.

dispnoea: see dyspnoea.

dispone (di’spsun), v. Chiefly Sc. Obs. exc. in legal sense 4. Also 5 des-, dyspone, dispoyn, 6 disponde. [ad. L. disponere to set in different places, place here and there, arrange, dispose, f. dis- 1 + ponere to place: cf. rare OF. disponer (Godef.). Dispoyn and disponde were dialectal variants, the latter possibly from OF. despondre. The Latin verb exists in It. as disponere, disporre, in Sp. disponer, Pg. despor, and survived in OF. despondre. The latter was supplanted by desposer, disposer, as shown under dispose. Disponer was a learned adaptation of disponere.] fl. trans. To set in order, arrange, dispose. Obs. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus iv. 936 (964) God seth euery ping .. And hem desponeth, J>ourgh his ordenaunce. 1375 Bruce xi. 29 God .. disponis at his liking, Efter his ordinanss, all thyng. 1533 Gau Richt Vay (1888) 90 Lat vsz thank thy godlie wil quhilk disponis althing to our guid. 1558-68 Warde tr. Alexis' Seer. 101 b, Putte it, and dispone it, in a panne or scillet, upon sifted ashes. 1588 A. King tr. Canisius’ Catech. 107 Ye clerks., to assist y* priests., to dispone y« people resorting to y« haly mysteries. Barbour

f2. To dispose physically or mentally to or for (something); to incline. Obs. CI425 Wyntoun Cron. ix. xxvii. 328 As he dysponit hym for that, a 1510 Douglas K. Hart 11. 58 Than 3outhheid said.. dispone 30W with me ryde. 1553 Q. Kennedy Compend. Tract, in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 144 The Spirite of God, disponand every gude Christin man to be the mair able to keip the law of God. 1613 M. Ridley Magn. Bodies 12 The Magneticall Inclinatory-needle.. is conformed and disponed unto the Axis of the Earth.

f3. To dispose of, give away, distribute. Obs. (In the form dispond there is perh. confusion with dispend.) 1429 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1835) 80 All yees goodes and parcelles aforesaid I wyll my son doo and dispoyn as he wol answer afore god. ^1500 Lancelot 1774 His gudis al for to dispone also In his seruice. 1545 Wills & Inv. N.C. (1835) 113 Qwhom I mayke my Executoure to dispone and ordane all thynges for the healthe of my soulle. 1580 Ibid. 432 My goodes I will that it be disponded Amongeste yowe thre.

fb. To expend, lay out (upon some object).

dispoil(e, obs. form of despoil. fdi'spoint, v.1 Obs. Also 5 des-, 5-6 dis-, dyspoynt, [a. OF. despointier, -pointer (14th c. in Godef.), f. des-, dis- 4 -I- -pointier in apointier to appoint; cf. obs. It. dispontare, dispuntare to disappoint (Florio).] 1. trans. To dismiss (from an appointment), discard; to deprive of. [OF. despointer de.] 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 171 b/i Flaccus seyng hymself dyspoynted and mocked tomed hymself. 1489-Faytes of A. hi. v. 175 Thoo that faille theyre lorde in thys behalffe ought to be dyspoynted of the landes that they soo holde. 2. To disappoint, balk. Const, of. 1494 Fabyan Chron. v. ciii. 78 Cramyrus was thus dispoynted of the ayde of Conobalde. 1530 Palsgr. 521/1, I dispoynt, or hynder him of his purpose, or I breake a poyntement with a person. 1534 More Treat. Passion Wks. 1313/1 Who so for goddes sake is contente to lacke an howse, shall not be dyspoynted when they shoulde nede it. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xvi[i], 13 Vp Lorde, dispoynte him & cast him downe. 1565 Golding Ovid's Met. xi. (1567) 136 a, But Phebus streyght preuenting yc same thing, Dispoynts the Serpent of his bit, and turnes him into stone.

1570 Bp. of Ross in Robertson Hist. Scotl. App. 67 The sums you writ for, to be disponit upon the furnishing of the Castle of Edinburgh.

4. Sc. Law. To make over, convey, assign, grant, officially or in legal form. a 1555 Lyndesay Tragedy 348 Imprudent Prencis.. Quhilk doith dispone all office spirituall. 1560 in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) III. 397 The duke’s grace., is already disponing to sundry men certain rowmes in these north arts. 1639 Mrq. Hamilton Explan. Meaning Oath 16 All ishopricks vaicking.. shall be only disponed to actuall preachers and ministers in the kirk. 1721 Wodrow Corr. ('843) II. 577 The person who disponed the ground not being able to make his right to it good. 1832 Austin Jurispr. (1879) II. Ii. 864 It is of the essence of property that the person presently entitled may dispone the property. 1861 W. Bell Diet. Law Scot. 292 The disponer or maker of the deed ‘sells and dispones’, or where the deed is gratuitous, ‘gives, grants, and dispones’, the subject of the deed to the receiver, who is technically called the disponee.

f 5. intr. or absol. To order matters, arrange, make disposition or arrangement. Obs. C1500 Lancelot 1590 This maister saith, ‘How lykith god dispone!’ 1508 Dunbar Poems iv. 98 Sen for the deid remeid is non, Best is that we for dede [i.e. death] dispone. 1500-20 Ibid, xxxvi. 13 Quhill thow hes space se thow dispone.. Thyne awin gud spend quhill thow hes space, a 1605

DISPONEE

819

Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxxiv. 36 All lyes into 30ur will, As 3e list to dispone.

f 6. intr. with of (on, upon): To dispose of, deal with. Obs. a. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus v. 300 Of my moeble pow dispone Right as pe semeth best is for to done. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 14 Of his tua sisteris first he wald dispone. 555 Eden Decades 190 The disproportion that they haue to all other beasts. 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. hi. xxii. 214 Let there be no great disproportion in age. 01656 Bp. Hall in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cxliv. 3 The disproportion betwixt us and them [gnats] is but finite. 1752 Johnson Rambler No. 196. f 3 The disproportion will always be great between expectation and enjoyment. 1878 Masque Poets 208 Evil perhaps being nothing more nor less Than good in disproportion or excess. 1880 Dixon Windsor III. xxxiii. 325 A sense of disproportion lifts men into mirth.

DISPROVE

b. with a and pi.: An example of this; something out of proportion. 1597 Daniel Civ. Wars i. xxxviii, Disproportions harmony do break. 1604 Shaks. Oth. in. iii. 233 Foule disproportions, Thoughts vnnaturall. 1667 Milton P.L. viii. 27 Reasoning I oft admire, How Nature wise and frugal could commit Such disproportions. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 672 A leg too long, or some other disproportion.

dispro'portion, v. [f. the sb. Cf. F. disproportionner.] trans. To render or make out of due proportion. >593 Shaks. j Hen. VI, iii. ii. 160 Shee did corrupt frayle Nature with some Bribe.. To shape my Legges of an vnequall size, To dis-proportion me in euery part. 01631 Donne Lett. (1651) 7 Nothing disproportions us., as murmuring. 1838 Lytton Alice xi. viii, Statutes that disproportion punishment to crime. 1864 W. Fairbairn in Reader 27 Feb. 270/1 It is even possible so to disproportion the top and bottom areas of a wrought-iron girder.. as to cause it to yield with little more than half the ultimate strain.

dispro'portionable, a. [f. prec. + -able.] Out of due or portionate.

symmetrical

proportion;

dispro¬

1589 Puttenham Eng. Poesie in. xxiv. (Arb.) 283 So was the kings action proportionable to his estate and therefore decent, the Philosophers, disproportionable both to his profession and calling and therefore indecent. 1640 Wilkins New Planet vi. (1707) 209 Such an incredible Celerity, as is altogether disproportionable to its Bigness. a 1717 Blackall Wks. f1723) I. 136 Seeing, .the good and evil things of this Life and of the next are so vastly disproportionable. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 124 Its belly is, in largeness, very disproportionable to its body.

dispro'portionableness. [f. prec. + -ness.] The quality of being out of proportion. 1651 Biggs New Disp. If 131 Consisting of crudities, disproportionablenesse. 1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. 336 From the disproportionableness of the seventh Age of the world to the rest. 1894 Newspr., A correspondent.. has submitted the word ‘disproportionableness’, as the longest in the English language.

dispro'portionably, adv. [f. as prec. + ly2.] In a manner or to an extent which is out of due proportion; disproportionately. 1608 Dispute Quest. Kneeling Sacrament 3 Why doe wee.. disproportionably and unsutably.. demeane our selues at the table and feast of our Lord Iesus. 1770 Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 176/2 His head was disproportionably long. 1838 Lytton Alice 65 The room was almost disproportionably lofty.

dispro'portional, a. and sb. [f. disproportion + -al1; cf. F. disproportionnel.] A. adj. = DISPROPORTIONATE. 1609 Holland Amm. Marcell. Annot. Gija, Then the length were disproportionall to the breadth. 1645 Milton Colast. (1851) 371 To force the continuance of manage between mindes found utterly unfit, and disproportional, is against nature. 1692 Locke Educ. §158 It is very disproportional to the Understanding of childhood.

B. sb. A disproportional quantity or number. a 1696 Scarburgh Euclid (1705) 192 Having finished his Explanations of.. Proportionals, and Disproportionals.

Hence dispro'portionalness = next. 1730-6 in Bailey

(folio). In recent Diets.

disproportio'nality. [f. prec. + -ity.] The quality of being disproportional. 1642 H. More Song of Soul ii. iii. iii. lx, The world so’s setten free From that untoward disproportionalitie. 1668 -Div. Dial. 11. xii. (1713) 125 That poison is nothing but disproportionality of particles to the particles of our own .. Bodies. 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. 374 For.. services of the occasional class .. Pay, by disproportionality excessive.

dispro'portionally, adv. [f. as prec. + -ly2.] In a manner or to an extent that is out of proportion.

The triethoxy compound is the most stable of the three, having no tendency to disproportionate even at temperatures near its boiling point. 1950 A. F. Wells Structural Inorg. Chem. v. 144 Many lower halides disproportionate into a mixture of metal and higher halide. 1964 J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules iii. $i The ion contains an odd number of electrons and, in this environment, does not disproportionate to 02 or Or, both of which contain an even number of electrons.

t dispro'portionated, a. Obs. rare. [f. prec. + -ed1.] = disproportionate a. Hence f dispro'portionatedness = disproportion¬ ateness. *57* J- Jones Bathes of Bath. 11. 100 The qualitie [of Bath waters] especially disproportionated with as great a degree of heat.. cannot be induced but by an especial heat. 1647 H. More Song of Soul Notes 391 No such vast excentricity as there, nor disproportionatednesse of Orbs and motions. 1668 - Div. Dial. I. 23 That thinner Element being disproportionated to the Lungs of either Birds or Beasts.

dispro'portioiiately, adv. [f. as prec. + -ly2.] In a manner or to an extent which is out of proportion, inadequate, or excessive. 1682 Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. ii. 8 (T.) He.. disproportionately divideth his days. 1696 Whiston Th. Earth iv. (1722) 294 Nothing should happen unseasonably, unfitly, disproportionately. 1705 Bosman Guinea 250 The Head disproportionately large. 1867 Froude Short Stud., Criticism & Gospel 161 Among the multitude the elements are disproportionately mixed.

dispro'portionateness. [f. as prec. + -ness.] The quality of being out of proportion. 1668 H. More Div. Dial. 11. xviii. (1713) 147 The Incongruity and Disproportionateness of the Use of them. 1819 Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1836) II. 258 It would argue a disproportionateness, a want of balance. 1874 Farrar Christ x. 119 Every one must have been struck, .with the apparent disproportionateness between the cause and the effect.

disproportio'nation. Chem. [f. disproport¬ ion sb. or v. + -ATION.] A transfer of atoms or valency electrons between two or more identical molecules or ions, resulting in molecules or ions containing the same elements in different proportions or in different oxidation states. 1929 E. E. Reid Coll. Org. Chem. xxxiv. 550 Reactions of this sort have received the name ‘disproportionation’. 1939 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXI. 2769/2 The identification of tri-/>-tolymethane.. and a polymeric residue as the products of disproportionation of tri-p-tolylmethyl.. makes it possible to suggest a mechanism for the reaction. 1946 Nature 9 Nov. 673/1 The disproportionation proceeds to about one third of completion, at which point an equilibrium is set up... Disproportionation occurs during the fluorination. i960 Times Rev. Industry Sept. 55/1 Disproportionation of the monochloride into metallic aluminium. 1969 Nature 19 Apr. 257/1 Disproportionation of MSiC>3 composition into m2Si04 olivine yields Si(>2.

dispro'portioned, ppl. a. [f. disproportion v. + -ed; cf. F. disproportionne.] Made or rendered out of proportion; disproportionate. 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxviii. (1611) 424 It argueth a disproportioned minde in them whom so decent orders dis¬ please. 1610 Shaks. Temp. v. i. 290 He is as disproportion^ in his Manners As in his shape. 1699 Bentley Phal. 533. 1787 T/Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 199 The women and children are often employed in labors disproportioned to their sex and age. 1851 Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt, xxviii, I gazed at the huge disproportioned heads.

fb. Inconsistent. Obs. 1604 Shaks. Oth. 1. iii. 2 Duke. There’s no composition in this Newes, That giues them Credite. 1 Sen. Indeed, they are disproportioned.

f di'spropriate, t>. Obs. [f. dis- 6 + L. proprium own, possession, property, after appropriate, expropriate.] trans. To deprive of the ownership (o/ something); to dispossess.

1755 in Johnson. 1839 Johnston in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. No. 7. 201 The eyes of the embryo, at this period disproportionally large. 1845 McCulloch Taxation 11. ix. (1852) 334 Disproportionally heavy taxes are the great cause of smuggling. 1880 T. W. Webb in Nature XXI. 213 The satellites [of Mars].. are .. so disproportionally minute, according to our limited ideas of proportion.

1613 Purchas Pilgrimage ii. vii. 113 Who knoweth whether those Appropriations did not.. dispropriate them of that which in a juster proprietie was given them?

dispro'portionate,

1548 Gest Pr. Masse, The third and last cause why masse prayer is disprovable is by reason therin it is prayed [etc.]. 1579 Fulke Refut. Rastel 709 We receive them, or refuse them, as they be approuable or disprouable by the saide.. doctrine.

a. [f. disio + proportionate a. Cf. F. disproportionne (i6thc.): see -ate2.] Out of proportion; failing to observe or constitute due proportion; inadequately or excessively proportioned. Const, to. Decades 189 His toonge..very longe and thynne and much disproportionate to his bodye. 1614 Selden Titles Hon. 135 Neither is this annointing much disproportionat to that. 1722 Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 181 A long repentance is a disproportionate price for a short enjoyment. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. 11. iv. §53 (1875) 176 Effects extremely disproportionate to causes. 1867 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 246 Dwelling at an apparently disproportionate length on some subjects. 1555

Eden

dispro'portionate, v. Chem. [Back-formation from next.] ation.

intr.

To undergo disproportion¬

1934 in Webster. 1946 Nature 9 Nov. 673/1 The monoethoxy compound .. is unstable at room temperature, disproportionating rapidly into SiF4 and (C2H5O) SiF2-..

disprovable (dis'pru:v3b(3)l), a. [f. disprove v. + -ABLE.]

11. Reprehensible, to be disapproved. Obs.

2. Capable of being disproved; refutable. 1685 Boyle Enq. Notion Nat. 114 (L.) The incorruptibleness and immutability of the heavenly bodies is more than probably disproveable by the sudden and irregular generation, changes, and destruction of the spots of the sun. 1873 W. R. Greg Enigmas of Life Pref. 5 No disprovable datum is suffered to intrude.

disproval (dis'pruivsl). rare. [f. disprove + -al1.] The act of disproving; disproof. 1614 Jackson Creed III. II. v. [vi.] §i. 47 Whither no European is likely to resort for a disprouall of his relation. 1871 Morley Voltaire (1886) 250 A direct disproval of the alleged facts on which the system professes to rest.

disprove (dis'pruiv), v. Also 5 dis-, dyspreve, 7 disproove. Pa. pple. disproved; also disproven. [a. Of. desprove-r, -prouver, f. des-, L. dis- +

prover to prove. Early variants were depreve, deprove, q.v. The OF. stressed-stem form desprueve, -preuve, gave the variant dispreve, whence (on the analogy of strong verbs, as weave, woven) the pa. pple. disproven.]

1. trans. To prove (an assertion, claim, etc.) to be false or erroneous; to show the fallacy or non¬ validity of; to refute, rebut, invalidate. c 1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 345 It is no nede to argue her for to disprove J?is foli. 1386 Rolls of Parlt. III. 225/2 The which thyng.. by an even Juge to be proved or disproved. a 1400 Pistill of Susan 294, I schal be proces apert disproue )?is a-pele, For nede. a 1450 Cov. Myst. (1851) 315 Their owyn pepyl han dysprevyd A1 that I have for the seyd or mevyd. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 11. vii. (1611) 72 Neither doth.. the infirmity of men ouerthrow or disproue this. 1601 Shaks. Jul. C. hi. ii. 105, I speake not to disprooue what Brutus spoke, But heere I am; to speake what I do know. 1796 Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 346 A lesson which philosophy never taught, which wit cannot ridicule, nor sophistry disprove. 1814 Chalmers Evid. Chr. Revel, ix. 251 There is a mighty difference between not proven and disproven. 1856 Stanley Sinai & Pal. i. (1858) 53 No one can now prove or disprove the tradition. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 363 Nay, he replied, that is already disproven.

fb. To prove to be non-existent or fictitious. c 1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 29 How she dispreved hys goddes. c 1440 Capgrave Life St. Kath. IV. 1576 Saturne, pe firste whom ye soo dispreue.

2. To prove (a person) to be untrue or erroneous in his statements; to convict (a person) of falsehood or error; to refute, confute. Obs. or arch. 1589 Cogan Haven Health ccxiv. (1636) 227 Some peradventure will disprove mee by their owne experience. 1604 Shaks. Oth. v. ii. 172 Disproue this Villaine, if thou bee’st a man: He sayes, thou told’st him that his wife was false. 1633 Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 42 Ye Sadducees are in this palpably disproved. 1709 Strype Ann. Ref. I. Hi. 560 One of these that did this was Dr. Calfhill, in two sermons preached in the same cathedral, the bishop present to hear himself disproved. 1749 Chesterf. Lett. II. ccii. 267 Should you .. happen to disprove me.

f 3. To disallow authoritatively; to disapprove. Also intr. with of. Obs. 1477 Norton Ord. Alch. vi. in Ashm. (1652) 100 That other [Art] is disproved and plainely forebod. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 295 Let not the rudenesse of them hym lede For to dysproue thys ryme dogerell. 1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. 11. viii. (1611) 78 Men are only not disproued or disallowed of God for them. 1628 Venner Tobacco (1650) 406, I wonder why some disprove the taking of Tobacco after meals. 1720 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 539 For my share, I disprove the method of his licensing. 1824 Miss Ferrier Inker, viii, They have seen other things either better or worse, and can, therefore, either improve or disprove them.

Hence dis'proved ppl. a., disproving, vbl. sb. .1587 Golding De Mornay i. 10 This also was a disproouing of the false Gods. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres 11. i. 25 Chaunging those disproued blacke Billes and Bowes into good Muskets. 1639 Ld. Digby Lett. cone. Relig. (1651) 92 Credulity being so easie and naturall, Disproving so difficult.

disprove, obs. form of disproof. rare. [f. disprove v. + -ment.] The action or fact of disproving; a proving not to be true; disproof.

dis'provement.

1662 J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat. Pref. to Rdr., They esteemed his disprovement of what the other had said, for a decision of the matter. 1886 Pop. Sci. Monthly XXVIII. 695 The scientific discovery.. around which all Mr. Lawes’s subsequent work centred was the disprovement of Liebig’s mineral-ash theory.

dis'prover. [f. as prec. + -er1.] a. One who disproves; a refuter. fb. A disapprover (obs.). a 1639 Wotton Dk. Buckhm. in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 283 A concurrence of two extremes, within so short a time, by most of the same commenders and disprovers. 1682 H. More Annot. Glanvill's Lux O. 68 We may observe what a weak Disprover he is of Pre-existence.

dispro'vide, v. arch, [dis- 6.] trans. To fail to provide for; to leave unprovided. Hence dispro'vided ppl. a.y unprovided, unsupplied, unfurnished (F. depourvu). 152. Barclay Sallust's Jugurth (1557) 50 He shulde not hurt nor disprouyde them whyle he had vitail ynough of his owne prouyson. 1599 Sandys Europse Spec. (1632) 50 The Papacie is not disprovided of his instruments to worke upon these also. 01691 Boyle Wks. VI. 40 (R.) An impatient lutanist, who has his song book and his instrument ready, but is altogether disprovided of strings. 1864 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. IV. 531 Much disprovided, destitute.

dispuile, dispute, obs. ff. despoil. dispulp (dis'pAlp), v. [f. dis- 7 a + pulp s2>.] trans. To remove the pulp from. 1895 Black

White 6 Apr. 467/1 Dispulping coffee.

t dis'pulverate, v. Obs. rare [dis- 5.] trans. To dissolve into dust. 1609 J. Davies Holy Roode (1876) 13(D ) Confusion shall dispulverate All that this round Orbiculer doth beare.

dispume, -ation, var. ff. despume, -ation. So dispu'matious a., characterized by despumation; foamy, frothy. 1819 H. Busk Vestriad 11. 85 The brawny Tritons.. In dispumatious ranks, his progress wait.

DISPUTATION

826

DISPROVE

f di'spunct, a. Obs. rare. [f.

dis-

us pointed.] The reverse impolite, discourteous.

of

4 + L. punctpunctilious;

1599 B. Jonson Cynthia’s Rev. v. ii, A so. I’faith, master, let’s go.. Let’s be retrograde. Amo. Stay. That were dispunct to the ladies.

dispunct (di'spAijkt), v. rare.

[f. L. dispunctppl. stem f. dispungere to prick or mark here and there, in med.L. to erase (Du Cange), f. dis- i + pungere to mark, prick.] trans. To mark with points or pricks of the pen; hence: a. To mark for erasure or omission; b. To mark for distinction, to distinguish. 1563-87 Foxe/4. fit M. (1684) I. 798/1,1 desire the Reder then so to take me, as though I did not deal here withal, nor speak of the matter, but utterly to haue pretermitted, and dispuncted the same. 1842 De Quincey Philos. Herodotus Wks. IX. 207 All beyond Carthage, as Mauritania, etc... being dispuncted by no great states or colonies.

f di'spunction. Obs. rare. [n. of action from L. dispungere: see prec.] The action of marking off by points or pricks; erasure. 1637 Jackson Divers Sermons Wks. 1844 VI. 44 The dispunction or inversion of points or letters. 1644 Sir E. Dering Prop. Sacr. D b, Another dispunction tells me.. that the very height of popery was the height of some designers, wherefore else should this line be blotted out?

dispunge (di'spAndj), v. Also -sponge, [f. di-, dis- 1

+ spunge, sponge v., or L. spongiare to wipe away with a sponge, f. spongia sponge. In sense there is evident association with expunge, L. expungere ‘to prick out, strike out, erase’ (which also appears in modern use to be influenced by ‘sponge’ and understood as ‘to wipe out’); but no contact of sense appears with L. dispungere to check off (debits and credits), balance (accounts), weigh, try.] 1. trans. To discharge or pour down as from a squeezed sponge, arch. Hence di'spunging vbl. sb. 1606 Shaks. Ant. fif Cl. iv. ix. 12 Oh Soueraigne Mistris of true Melancholly, The poysonous dampe of night dispunge vpon me. 1876 C. Wells Joseph fif His Brethren 1. v. 69 Mute and perpendicular Dispungings of the hollowbosom’d clouds Gutter the fruitful surface of the earth. |2. To wipe out, blot out, delete, expunge.

Obs. 1622 Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer Pref., Quarrels.. about dispunging some Names out of the Diptychs. a 1639 Sir H. Wotton Hymn in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 250 Thou.. that has dispong’d my score. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. III. i. § 13 They are to be dispunged out of the Census of such who act upon free principles of reason.

dispunishable (di'spAmj3b(3)l), a. Law. [a. AF. dispunishable, f. dis- io + punishable = F. punissable.] Free from liability to punishment or penalty; not punishable. [1528 J. Perkins Profit. Bk. ix. §619 Ce wast e dispunishable [tr. 1642 This wast is dispunishable].] 1577 Stanyhurst Descr. Irel. in Holinshed (1587) II. 26/1 If this were in anie dispunishable wise raked vp in the ashes.. some other would inkindle the like fire afresh. 1594 West 2nd Pt. Symbol. §61 Until attornement hee is dispunishable of wast. 1628 Coke On Litt. 27 b, Tenant in tail after passibility is dispunishable for waste. 1639 Of Nuisance to private Houses 21 If water fall on my land, and I make a Sluice, and let it out of my land into another mans; this is dispunishable, for every man may doe this one after another, a 1734 North Exam. 11. v. §24 (1740) 329 The Person of the Sovereign is dispunishable and incoercible by Force. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 82 If.. long and unreasonable leases are the chief cause of dilapidations.. much more would they be so, if they were made dispunishable for waste. 1882 Ld. Coleridge in Fortn. Rev. Feb. 235 Seduction, which may be more wicked, is dispunishable.

t di’spunished, ppl. a. Law. Obs. rare. [f. dis8 + punished, rendering AF. despuni, depuny (i3-i4th c.), f. F. des-, dis- 4 + puni punished.] Unpunished, free from punishment. 1630 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. App. 53 In some cases, criminal offences shall be dispunished.

dispurple

(dis'p3:p(3)l), v. nonce-wd. [f. dis- 7 a

+ purple rfc.] trans. To strip of the (imperial) purple; to- deprive of sovereignty. 1877 Blackie Wise Men 347 ’Tis fit we die with crowns upon our head Nor beg our way dispurpled to the grave.

t dis'purpose, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 6 + purpose si.] trans. To defeat of its purpose. 1607 Lingua v. i, in Hazl. Dodsley IX. 433 She .. seeing her former plots dispurposed, sends me to an old witch.

fdi'spurse, v. Obs. [An alteration of

disburse

after purse.] = disburse, depurse. •593 Shaks. 2 Hen. VI, in. i. 117 Many a Pound of mine owne proper store.. Haue I dis-pursed [Fol. 4 disbursed] to the Garrisons, And neuer ask’d for restitution. 1625-49 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) VI. 9 (Jam.) The estaits declaires they will sie the said John Kenneday.. repayit of quhat he sail agrie for, dispurse, or give out for outreiking of the said ship.

desporveeir, -porveir, -porveer (12th c. in Littre), f. des-, dis- 4 + porveeir to provide: see purvey.] trans. To rob or strip of provision; to render destitute. Chiefly in pa. pple, dispurveyed ( = OF. desporveii, mod.F. depourvu), unprovided, destitute. c 1430 Lydg. Bochas 1. x. (1544) 21b, Thei be caught dispurueyed of defence. 1481-4 E- Paston in Paston Lett. No 859 III. 280, I am not assartaynd how she is purveyde of mony.. I woold not se her dysporveyd, yf I myght. 1485 Caxton Chas. Gt. 69 Olyuer whyche was thus dyspourueyed of his hors, c 1489-Sonnes of Aymon xix. 418 They of mountalban be dyspurueyd of mete. 1530 Palsgr. 521/2, I dispourvey, I unprovyde. 1583 Golding Calvin on Deut. xcii. 570 Wee shall be dispurueied and stript out of all thinges. 1609 Heywood Brit. Troy vi. xc. 133 They dispuruey their vestry of such Treasure As they may spare.

Hence fdispur'veyed ppl. a., unprepared. (= OF. desporveii.)

unprovided,

14.. Lydg. & Burgh Secrees 2417 Upon thy Enemy renne not sodeynly, Ne dispurveyed. 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg. 101 b/i And he despourueyd, deth cometh whyche taketh all fro hym. 1484-Curiall 14 To be drowned by theyr dyspourueyed aluysement. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 422 [He] gatheryd hym an vnredy and dispurueyed hoost for the warre. 1580 Baret Alv. D919 Dispurueied of frends: lacking frends, Inops ab amicis.

t dispur'veyance. Obs. rare. [f. prec., after purveyance.] Want of provisions; destitution. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. x. io Daily siege, through dispurvayance long And lacke of reskewes, will to parley drive.

disputa'bility. [f. next + -ity.] The quality or fact of being disputable; a disputable matter. 1853 Ruskin Stones Ven. III. iv. §3. 168 note. Their very disputability proves the state .. above alleged. 1892 WT. W. Peyton Mem. Jesus vii. 205 History is a vast disputability.

disputable ('dispju:t3b(3)l, di'spju:t3b(3)l), a. (sb.) [ad. L. disputabilis that may be disputed, f. disputare to dispute. Cf. 16th c. F. disputable.] 1. That may be disputed, questioned, or discussed; liable to be called in question, contested, or controverted; questionable. 1548 Hall Chron., Hen. IV (an. n) 30 Which thyng is nether materiall nor disputable. 1587 Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1347/1 This is a matter disputable in Schooles. 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 333 Of Japan .. Whether it bee an lie or no, is disputable. 1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) III. 114 It is disputable to me that all power is in the people. 1724 Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. 11. 38 Until any point is determined to be a lawr, it remains disputable by every subject. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. 1. iii. 125 Let us put aside theories and disputable points.

f 2. Ready or inclined to dispute; disputatious. 1600 Shaks. A. Y.L. ii. v. 36, I haue bin all this day to auoid him: He is too disputeable for my companie.

f B. as sb. A disputable matter.

Obs.

G. Daniel Trinarch. The Author 7 The intricate pussle of Disputables. 1660 Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. 1. iv, This discourse of all the disputables in the world. 1649

disputableness.

[f. prec. quality of being disputable.

+

-ness.]

The

1660 Fisher Rustick's Alarm Wks. (1679) 279 Nothing that savours of more than Dubiousness and Disputableness it self. 1661 T. Philips Long Parlt. Rev. (R.), The disputableness and unwarrantableness of their authority. 1685 H. More Paralip. Prophet. 42 Both.. acknowledge an uncertainty and disputableness in some .. Kings Reigns.

disputably, adv.

[f. as prec. + -ly2.] In a disputable manner or degree; questionably. 1836 Lytton Athens (1837) I. 279 Linus and Thamyris, and, more disputably, Orpheus, are .. precursors of Homer.

t dispu'tacity. Obs. [irreg. f. disputatious, as if disputacious: cf. pugnacious, pugnacity, and see -ACITY.]

= DISPUTATIOUSNESS. Godl. 472 Fruitlesse disputacity. 18 Addicted to a disingenuous humour of Disputacity. a 1711 Ken Hymnotheo Poet. W’ks. 1721 III. 337 But Disputacity the Mind confounds. 1660 H. More Myst. 1672 Mede's IFAs., Life

disputant (’dispjuitsnt), a. and sb. [a. L. dtsputant-em, pr. pple. of disputare to dispute: see -ant.] A. adj. That disputes; disputing; engaged in dispute or controversy. 1671 Milton P.R. iv. 218 Thou..there wast found Among the gravest Rabbies, disputant On points and questions fitting Moses’ chair. 1711 Shaftesb. Charac. IV. >'■ (1737) HI- 214 After the known way of Disputant Hostility. 1870 Pall Mall G. 5 Nov. 1 Time for disputant nations to recover their calmness .. may possibly be secured.

B. sb. One who disputes or argues; esp. a public debater or controversialist. 1612 Dekker It be not good Wks. 1873 III. 276 Hisse babling fooles, But crowne the deepe-braind disputant. ci645 Howell Lett. (1650) II. 16 A quick and pressing disputant in logic and philosophy. 1791 Boswell Johnson an. 1763 (1831) I. 421 [Goldsmith].. was enabled to pursue his travels.. partly by demanding at the Universities to enterthe lists as a disputant. 1840 Mill Diss. fif Disc. (1875) I. 408 Disputants are rarely.. good judges.

disputation (dispjui'teifan). Also 4 -acioun, 4-6 fdispur'vey, v.

Obs. Forms: 5 des-, dys-, -porvey, 5-6 -pourvey, 5- dispurvey. [a. OF.

-acion, -atioun, 5-6 dys-. [ad. L. disputation-em, n. of action from disputare to dispute; perh.

DISPUTATIOUS

827

immed. a. F. disputation (15th c. in Littre). The earlier word was disputisoun, of which disputation may be viewed as a refashioning after the L. original.] 1. The action of disputing or debating (questions, etc.); controversial argument; debate, discussion, controversy. £1450 Merlin 139 So indured longe the disputacion betwene hem tweyne. 1489 Barbour’s Bruce 1. 250 Than mayss clerkis questioun, Quhen thai fall in disputacyoun. [The original of 1375 had prob. disputisoun.] 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. deW. 153038b, Let vs leue this disputacyon and reasonynge. 1561 T. Norton Calvin's Inst. 1. 30 For one litle wordes sake, they wer so whote in disputation. 1663 Butler Hud. 1. 1. 77 He’d run in Debt by Disputation, And pay with Ratiocination. 1758 Johnson Idler No. 19 If 3 In the heat of disputation. 1880 McCarthy Own Times IV. lxiii. 427 He had a keen relish for theological disputation.

b. with a and pi. A discussion, a dispute. I557 N. T. (Rhem.) Rom. xiv. 1 Him that is weake in the fayth, take vnto you, but not to enter into doubtful disputations of controuersies. 1570 Dee Math. Pref. 25, I was .. by certaine earnest disputations .. therto so prouoked. 1852 Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. xix. (1876) 246 The church was filled with disputations. 1858 J. Martineau Stud. Chr. 208 With one of these .. to hold a disputation.

c. spec. An exercise in which parties formally sustain, attack, and defend a question or thesis, as in the mediaeval schools and universities. I551 T- Wilson Logike (1567) 61 a, That is called a disputacion or reasonyng of matters, when certaine persones debate a cause together, and one taketh part contrary vnto an other. 1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. 281 [They] haue a disputation for the victorship once euery quarter of the yeare. 1726 Amherst Terrae Fil. xx. 103 Academical disputations are two-fold, ordinary and extraordinary;.. extraordinary disputations I call those which are perform’d in the public schools of the university, as requisite qualifications for degrees. 1838 Prescott Ferd. Is. (1846) I. viii. 344 To visit the academies, where they mingled in disputation. 1870 Jevons Elem. Logic xviii. (1890) 152 In former centuries it was, indeed, the practice for all students at the Universities to take part in public disputations, during which elaborate syllogistic arguments were put forward by one side and confuted by precise syllogisms on the other side. attrib. 1760 Goldsm. Cit. W. lxviii. ]f 10, I have.. drawn up a disputation challenge .. to this effect.

f2. Written discussion or treatment of a question; a dissertation. Obs. a 1533 Frith (title), A Disputacion of Purgatorye; diuided into thre bokes. 1615 Crooke Body of Man 45 This disputation concerning the number of the principal) parts.

f 3. Doubtful or disputable condition; doubt. Obs. 1549 Allen Jude's Par. Rev. 34 Let vs content.. oure selfes with this, in this doubte and dysputacyon. 1689 Prot. Garland z For without all Disputation, I shall never trouble you.

f4. Interchange of ideas; discourse, conversation. Obs. (A doubtful sense.) 1596 Shaks. I Hen. IV, III. i. 206, I vnderstand thy Kisses, and thou mine. And that’s a feeling disputation. *599-Hen. V, ill. ii. 101 Captaine Mackmorrice .. will you voutsafe me, looke you, a few disputations with you.

disputatious (dispjui'teijss), a. Also 7-8 -acious. [f. prec.: see-ous.] Characterized by, or given to, disputation; inclined to dispute or wrangle; contentious. 1660 H. More Myst. Godl. 69, I shall remit the disputacious to the mercy of School-Divines. 1768-74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 61 In this divided disputatious world one must not expect to travel any road long without a check. 1818 Scott Rob Roy xii, The wine rendered me loquacious, disputatious, and quarrelsome. 1848 Mrs. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 115 Those were disputatious days.

dispu'tatiously, adv.

[f. prec. +-ly2.] disputatious manner; contentiously.

In a

1864 in Webster. 1871 Daily News 18 Aug., [In railway accidents] injuries.. may be disputatiously litigated.

dispu'tatiousness. [f. as prec. -I--ness.] The quality of being disputatious. 1681 Whole Duty Nations 3 A scrupulosity, and Disputatiousness about Externals and Forms in Religion. 1796 Lamb Lett. (1888) I. 41 But enough of this spirit of disputatiousness. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. 360 The inherent disputatiousness and perversity .. of bodies of men.

disputative (di'spjuitativ), a. [a. late L. disputativ-us (Cassiodorus), f. disputat-, ppl. stem of disputdre to dispute: see -ative.] 1. Characterized by or given to disputation; disputatious. 1579 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 72 The disputative appetite of Doctor Busbye. 1630 B. Jonson New Inn 11. ii, Thou hast a doctor’s look, A face disputative, of Salamanca. 1787 Mad. D’Arblay Diary 6 Mar., I told him I was in no disputative humour. 1788 Trifler No. 23. 303 The cavils of the disputative. 1890 Miss S. J. Duncan Soc. Departure 57 The critic.. most disputative of its positions.

f2. That is the subject of disputation or dispute; controversial; controverted. Obs. 1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 31 The Phylosopher teacheth a disputatiue vertue. 1589 Nashe Pref. to Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 14, I had rather referre it, as a disputatiue plea to Diuines. 1708 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) VI. 270 [He] reported the method of ballotting in disputative elections.

3. Of or pertaining to disputation.

1664 H. More Myst. Iniq. Apol. 547 Which Knowledge of the Lord.. is not certainly any Disputative Subtilty or curious Decision. 1873 Burton Hist. Scot. VI. lxxii. 278 The oddest of all their disputative exhibitions.

Hence di'sputatively adv., in a disputative or contentious manner, disputatiously; di'sputativeness, the quality of being disputatious. 1588 J. Harvey Disc. Probl. 7, I.. onely assay problematically, and as our schoolemen tearme it, disputatiuely, what may therin appeere most probable. 1836 G. S. Faber Prim. Doctr. Election (1842) 224 Disputativeness. 1842-Provinc. Lett. (1844) II. 203 In such a case of dogged disputativeness. i860 Reade Cloister & H. II. 316 ‘There, now’, said Catherine, disputatively.

'disputator. rare. [a. L. disputdtor, agent-noun f. disputdre.] A disputer, a disputant. 1637 Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. 111. viii. 179 No man in the Councell ought to have a judiciarie voice, unlesse he bee withall a Disputator. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 447 How different a disputator was Johann Eck!

dispute (di'spjuit), v. Forms: 3-6 despute, 4 despuite, despout, dispite, 4-5 dispoyte, dispuit(e, 4-6 dyspute, 6 dysspote, 4- dispute. [ME. des-, dispute, a. OF. despute-r (12th c. in Littre), mod.F. disputer (= Pr. desputar, Sp. disputar, It. disputare), ad. L. disputdre to compute, estimate, investigate, treat of, discuss, in Vulg. to dispute, contend in words; f. dis- 1 4- putare to compute, reckon, consider.] I. intransitive. I. To contend with opposing arguments or assertions; to debate or discourse argumentatively; to discuss, argue, hold disputation; often, to debate in a vehement manner or with altercation about something. 01225 [See disputing vbl. sb.]. £1290 5. Eng. Leg. I. 94/72 For-to desputi a-3ein a 3ong womman. c 1374 Chaucer Boeth. v. metr. iv. 166 pe porche .. of pe toune of athenis per as philosophres hadde hir congregacioun to dispoyten. c 1400 Apol. Loll. Introd. 15 As if two persones dispitiden to gidre. 1551 T. Wilson Logike (1567) 1 a, note, Fower questions necessarie to bee made of any matter, before we despute. 1588 Shaks. L.L.L. v. i. 69 Thou disputes like an Infant: goe whip thy Gigge. 1660 Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. Introd. 10 My purpose is not to dispute but to persuade. 1766 Fordyce Serm. Yng. Worn. (1767) II. xi. 158 Be it your ambition to practise, not to dispute. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 445 He.. took long journeys,—for example, to Vienna and Bologna,— expressly to dispute there.

b. Const, about, fagainst, f0/, on, upon a subject; with, against an opponent.

DISPUTE Thee what thou art? 1820 Scott Abbot xxxvii, We may dispute it upon the road.

f4. To maintain, uphold, or defend (an assertion, cause, etc.) by argument or disputation; to argue or contend (that something is so). ? Obs. 1610 Bp. Carleton Jurisd. Pref., I haue disputed the Kings right with a good conscience, from the rules of Gods word. 1668 Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. I. i. 3 The vapor growing into the like nature.. as Casserus rightly disputes. 1713 Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 344 And these, she offer’d to dispute, Alone distinguish’d man from brute.

5. To argue against, contest, controvert. a. To call in question or contest the validity or accuracy of a statement, etc., or the existence of a thing. The opposite of to maintain or defend. 1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 811 Sith he is nowe king.. I purpose not to dispute his title. 1651 Hobbes Leviath. 11. xxix. 168 Men are disposed to.. dispute the commands of the Commonwealth. 1701 De Foe True-born Eng. Pref., As to Vices, who can dispute our Intemperance? 1770 Junius Lett, xxxvii. 182 The truth of these declarations .. cannot decently be disputed. 1783 Cowper Alex. Selkirk i, I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute. 1824 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. I. 535 No one.. will dispute to Johnson the title of an admirer of Shakspeare. 1885 Fox in Law Rep. 15 Q. Bench Div. 173 A bill of sale .. the validity of which is disputed by the trustee.

b. To controvert (a person). 1658-9 Burton's Diary (1828) III. 114 To dispute him here, is to question foundations. 1687 ? H. More Death's Vis. viii. note 32 (1713) 33 He would Dispute the Devil upon that Question. 1845 T. W. Coit Puritanism 280 Belknap could dispute Hutchinson about the quarrelsomeness of the Puritans in Holland. 6. To encounter, oppose, contest, strive

against, resist (an action, etc.). 1605 Shaks. Macb. iv. iii. 219 Dispute it like a man. 1720 Independent Whig (1728) No. 36. 320 [He] shall find no Mercy, if he disputes to bend to their Usurpations. 1737 Col. Rec. Pennsyl. IV. 251 Threatening to shoot the said Lowdon if he disputed doing what was required of him. 1748 Anson’s Voy. 11. xii. 265 They.. seemed resolved to dispute his landing. 1884 L'pool Mercury 3 Mar. 5/2 The Soudanese.. chose Teb..as the ground upon which to dispute the advance of the British troops on Tokar.

7. To contend or compete for the possession of; to contest a prize, victory, etc. 1654 Ld. Orrery Parthen. (1676) 575 If Parthenissa had been a spectator, she must have confest her self too well disputed. 1705 Bosman Guinea 14 The English.. several times disputed the Ground with the Brandenburghers. 1734 tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) I. Pref. 41 The poets disputed the prize of poetry. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. III. lxi. 328 The battle of Warsaw.. had been obstinately disputed during the space of three days. 1871 Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 47 We.. wonder.. that every inch of ground was not disputed in arms.

01250 [See disputing vbl. sb.]. c 1290 [See above]. £ 1300 Cursor M. 8970 (Cott.) Quen J?at pis sibele and pe kyng Disputed had o mani thing. £1300 Ibid. 19739 (Edin.) Paul.. faste disputid wij> pe griues. c 1305 Edmund Conf. 255 in E.E.P. (1862) 77 As pis holi man in diuinite Desputede, as hit was his wone, of pe trinite. a 1420 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 379 Of our feithe wole I not dispute at alle. 1539 Bible (Great) Acts ix. 29 He spake and disputed agaynst the Grekes. 1597 Shaks. Rom. & Jul. hi. iii. 63 (Qo. 1) Let me dispute with thee of thy estate. 1604-Oth. 1. ii. 75 lie haue’t disputed on. 1631 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 58 My Lord Keeper tould him it was noe tyme to dispute with the sentence, but to obey. 1648 Symmons Vind. Chas. I, 7 A Bill was proferred and disputed upon concerning a Fleet. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, in. (1701) 77/1 Whosoever disputed with him of what subject soever. 1775 Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 20 May, I dined in a large company.. yesterday, and disputed against toleration with one Doctor Meyer. 1847 Emerson Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks. (Bohn) I. 378 The Emperor told Josephine that he disputed like a devil on these two points.

III. 8. To move or influence by disputation; to argue into or out of something.

f2. To contend otherwise than with arguments (e.g. with arms); to strive, struggle. Obs.

(In first quot. almost certainly the verb, infin.) [01300 Cursor M. 20793 (Cott.) Disput, he [St. Jerome] sais, es na mister.] 1638 Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 74 Without more dispute or delay [he] commands them all to execution. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos, iii. (1701) 91/2 He was visited by his Friend, with whom he past the time in dispute after his usual manner. 1746 Wesley Princ. Methodist 8 That once was in the Heat of Dispute. 1856 Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 14 It is a common matter of dispute whether landed estates should be large or small. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 31 We may make a few admissions which will narrow the field of dispute.

1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 131 He lost yet three Regiments more; whereby he was taught.. that he must dispute lustily, to get any advantage upon him. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxix, Simon felt a momentary terror, lest he should have to dispute for his life with the youth.

II. transitive. 3. To discuss, debate, or argue (a question). a. with subord. cl. (Originally intrans., the clause being a kind of cognate object, specifying the matter in dispute (cf. ‘I dreamed that I saw’, etc.); but at length trans., and so passive in quots. 1736, 1850.) 1340 Ayenb. 79 pe yealde filozofes J>et zuo byzylyche desputede and zo3ten huet wes pe he3este guod ine J?ise lyue. 1382 Wyclif Mark ix. 34 Thei disputiden among hem in the weie, who of hem schulde be more. 1538 Starkey England 1. ii. 54 To dyspute wych of thys rulys ys best.. me semyth superfluouse. 1691 Ray Creation 1. (1704) 70, I will not dispute what Gravity is. 1736 Butler Anal. 11. i. Wks. 1874 I. 155 It may possibly be disputed, how far miracles can prove natural Religion. 1833 Ht. Martineau Briery Creek iv. 86 How long will the two parties go on disputing whether luxury be a virtue or a crime? 1850 McCosh Div. Govt. in. i. (1874) 331 It has often been disputed whether virtue has its seat among the faculties or the feelings.

[Immediately from the intrans. sense 1; cf. ‘to talk any one into’ or ‘out of\] 1647 Jer. Taylor Lib. Proph. Ep. Ded. 3 It would not be very hard to dispute such men into mercies and compliances. 1652 Needham Selden's Mare Cl. Ep. Ded. 5 To assert his own Interest and dispute them into a reasonable submission. 1695 Preserv. Protest. Relig. Motive of Revolution 12 The Roman Catholics would have disputed us out of our Religion. 01732 Atterbury Luke xvi. 31 (Seager) One reason why a man is capable of being disputed out of the truth.

dispute (di'spjuit), sb. [f. the vb.; = F. dispute. It., Sp., Pg. disputa.'] 1. The act of disputing or arguing against; active verbal contention, controversy, debate.

b. Phr. in dispute: that is disputed, debated, in controversy, beyond, out of, past, without dispute: past controversy, unquestionably, indisputably.

b. with simple object (orig. representing or equivalent to a clause).

1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 232 The Kingdom of Bohemia was .. put out of dispute with Silesia, and Moravia. 1682 Dryden MacFlecknoe 5 Flecknoe.. In prose and verse was owned without dispute Through all the realms of Nonsense absolute. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 405 A thing beyond dispute. 01704 Locke (J.), To bring as a proof an hypothesis which is the very thing in dispute. 1745 P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 152 We, who could without Dispute sail much better. 1781 Cowper Truth 106 Which is the saintlier worthy of the two? ‘Past all dispute, yon anchorite’, say you. 1818 Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. vii. 263 The .. necessity of such a fund.. was pronounced to be without dispute. 1825 Macaulay Ess., Milton (1854) I. 17/1 To call a free parliament and to submit to its decision all the matters in dispute.

1513 More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 775 He sayde to her. .that he would no more dispute the matter. 1526-34 Tindale Mark ix. 33 What was it that ye disputed bytwene you by the waye? 1568 Grafton Chron. II. 553 Many doubts were moved and disputed. 1611 Shaks. Wint. T. iv. iv. 411 Can he speake? heare? Know man from man? Dispute his owne estate? 1667 Milton P.L. v. 822 Shalt thou dispute With him the points of libertie, who made

2. An occasion or instance of the same; an argumentative contention or debate, a controversy; also, in weakened sense, a difference of opinion; freq. with the added notion of vehemence, a heated contention, a quarrel.

1611 Cotgr., Dispute, a dispute, difference, debate, altercation. 1638 Prynne Briefe Relat. 19 If I may be admitted a faire dispute, on faire termes.. I will maintaine .. the challenge against all the Prelates. 1696 tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant 17 Being engag’d in a pretty warm dispute with some Officers. 1776 Trial of Nundocomar 96/1 There was a dispute between Bollakey Doss’s widow and Pudmohun Doss. 1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 310 Disputes arose between [them] respecting the validity of this will. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xvii, Disputes engender disputes. Mod. The dispute in the trade will, it is hoped, be settled without a strike.

fb. An oral or written discussion of a subject in which arguments for and against are set forth and examined. Obs. 1608 Hieron Defence in. 165 Thus.. am I come to an end of this dispute. 1655 Stanley Hist. Philos. 111. (1701) 120/1 He was the first that committed the disputes of Socrates his Master to writing. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. 1. i. §22. 21 His Lectures and Disputes concerning the Immortality of the Soul. 1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. 17th C. I. v. 65 The Name also of Dispute was given to Sermons. 1831 Brewster Newton (1855) II. xv. 62 Trying to engage him in philosophical disputes.

fc. A logical argument.

DISQUIET

828

DISPUTED

Obs. rare.

1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. hi. xi. §10 These are but weake and feeble disputes for the inference of that conclusion. Ibid. hi. xi. §18, I might have added.. their more familiar and popular disputes.

f3. Strife, contest; a fight or struggle. Obs. 1647-8 Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 25 They were taken prisoners without much dispute. 1659 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 282 After four houres dispute, the Dutch endeavoured to get away. 1667 Milton P.L. vi. 123 He who in debate of Truth hath won, Should win in Arms, in both disputes alike Victor. 1709 Lond. Gaz. No. 4540/5 The Bristol had a very warm Dispute with the aforesaid 2 Ships of the Enemy, a 1745 Swift Stephen in Lett. (1768) IV. 297 The Scots.. were .. after a sharp dispute, entirely defeated.

4. attrib., as dispute benefit, pay, pay to members of a trades’ union while on strike or locked out. 1892 Star 1 Mar. 3/3 They have been receiving dispute pay from their union. 1895 Daily News 19 Aug. 5/2 Threequarters of a million on dispute benefits, half a million on out-of-work benefits.

disputed (di'spju:tid), ppl. a. [f. prec. vb. + -ed1.] That is made the subject of dispute, debate, or contention; debated, contested. 1611 Cotgr., Dispute, disputed, debated. 1703 Rowe Ulyss. 11. i. 928 The disputed Field at last is ours. 1719 De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xv. 264 Disputed points in religion. 1807 Scott Fam. Let. 15 May (1894) I. iii. 74 The tempest of disputed election was raging in every town.. through which I passed. 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 127 All along the line.. there was long a disputed territory.

t di'sputeful, a. Obs. rare. [f. dispute sb. + -ful.] Given to disputing; disputatious. 1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature x. §3. 87 A doubtfull Didimist in this poinct, or a disputefull Scepticke.

di sputeless, a. rare—0. [f. dispute + less.] 1730-6 Bailey (folio), Disputeless, without or free from dispute; also not apt to dispute. 1755 Johnson, Disputeless, undisputed, uncontrovertible. Hence in later Diets.

disputer (di'spju:t3(r)). Also 5 -ar, 5-6 dys-. [f. dispute v. + -er1.] One who disputes; one who is given to disputation or controversy; a disputant. 1434 Misyn Mending of Life 121 Hard sentens to disputars.. be left. 1529 Supplic. to King 23 The.. teachinge of suche scole men & subtyll disputers. 1539 Bible (Great) 1 Cor. i. 20 Where is the disputer of this worlde? 1643 Milton Divorce 11. iii. (1851) 70 In this controversie the justice of God stood upright ev’n among heathen disputers. 1725 Watts Logic 11. iii. §3 (6) Your great disputers and your men of controversy are in continual danger of this sort of prejudice. 1875 Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 468 Great disputers .. come to think.. that they have grown to be the wisest of mankind.

disputing (di'spjuitii)), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING1.] The action of the vb. dispute in various senses; disputation; debate; controversy. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 561 Ah 3et me punches betere J?1 ha beo ear ouercumen Wi6 desputinge. 01250 Owl Night. 875 3if thu gest her-of to disputinge, Ich wepe bet thane thu singe. 1526-34 Tindale Acts xv. 2 Ther was rysen dissencion and disputinge. 1548 Hall Chron. Hen. VI (an. 28) 159 b, Sober in communicacion, wyse in disputyng. 1649 Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. Ep. Ded., Such is the nature of disputings, that they begin commonly in mistakes. 1881 Mrs. Hunt Childr. Jerus. 111 Hills and rocks stand now as then, regardless of the disputings of East and West.

disputing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ing2.] That disputes; given to dispute, disputatious. 1645 Milton Tetrach. (1851) 159 Many disputing Theologians. 1691 Hartcliffe Virtues 333 The Philosophy of the Disputing Greeks. 1762 Goldsm. Cit. W. cxi. f 7 The stake, the fagot, and the disputing doctor in some measure ennoble the opinions they are brought to oppose.

t di'sputisoun. Obs. Forms: 3 desputisun, 4 -isoun, -eson, despitusoun, -esoun, disputiso(u)n, -isun, -eso(u)n, -pitesoun, -peticioun, 5 -petison. [a. OF. desputeisun, -on, -aisun, -esun, -ison, -isson, disp-, early ad. L. disputation-em, with prefix and suffix conformed to their popular types: see -ation, and cf. oreisun, orison. The

regular ME. type, but superseded in 15th c. by the latinized disputation, q.v.]

disqualifying, ppl■ a. [f. prec. + -ing2.] That

= DISPUTATION. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 279/56 A day pare was i-nome Of desputisun bi tweone heom. a 1300 Cursor M. 13925 (Cott.) And herd o pair disputisun. C1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 300 pe clergie of pe south mad a disputesoun, & openly with mouth assigned gode resoun. 138a Wyclif Eccl. iii. 11 To the disputisoun of them.-Rom. xiv. 1 Take 3e a syk man in bileue, not in deceptaciouns [g/ojj, or dispeticiouns] of thoujtis. c 1386 Chaucer Merch. T. 230 As al day falleth altercacioun Bitwixen freendes in disputisoun [MS. Hart. dispiteson, 4 MSS. disputacion]. c 1450 Lonelich Grail xlv. 730 Tyl it happed vppon a day That theke dispetison 3e comen & say.

depreciating.

dispys, dispyt(e, obs. ff. despise, despite.

disquamation,

disqualification (dis.kwDlift'keiJan).

disqua’mator (see quot.). 1656 Blount Glossogr., Disquamation, a scaling of fish, a taking off the shell or bark. 1674 Ibid. (ed. 4), Disquamator,

[n. of action from disqualify: see -ation.] 1. The action of disqualifying or depriving of requisite qualifications; spec, legal incapacita¬ tion; also, the fact or condition of being disqualified. 1770 Burke Pres. Discont. (R.), The fault of overstraining popular qualities, and .. asserting popular privileges, has led to disqualification. 1789 Constit. U.S. 1. §3 Removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office. 1878 Lecky Eng. in iSth C. II. vii. 405 Another deep line of disqualification was introduced into Irish life. 1807 Bury & Hillier Cycling xi. 297 Furnishing false, misleading or incomplete information shall be a ground for disqualification [for cycle races]. 1899 J. D. Champlin Young Folks' Cycl. Games 6? Sports 696 Any contestant.. is liable to disqualification—subject to the discretion of the referee. 1935 Encycl. Sports 226/2 Disqualification ... may ensue from a number of causes and may be permanent or temporary. 1954 F. C. Avis Boxing Ref. Diet. 30 Disqualification, the dismissal from a contest through flagrant or persistent fouling. 1971 Times 21 Apr. 6/5 The disqualification [from driving] was set at six months. Ibid., A driver.. appealed successfully, against the disqualification order.

2. That which disqualifies or prevents from being qualified; a ground or cause of incapacitation. 1711-14 Spectator (J.), It is recorded as a sufficient disqualification of a wife, that, speaking of her husband, she said, God forgive him. 1838 Dickens Nich. Nick, xviii, I hope you don’t think good looks a disqualification for the business. 1870 Emerson Soc. & Solit. Wks. (Bohn) III. 5 In society, high advantages are set down to the individual as disqualifications.

disqualify (dis'kwDlifai), v.

[f. dis- 6 + qualify. Cf. mod.F. dequalifier.] a. trans. To deprive of the qualifications required for some purpose; to render unqualified; to unfit, disable. 1723 [see disqualifying]. 1733 Swift On Poetry, A Rhapsody 41 Disqualify’d by fate To rise in church, or law, or state. 1736-Let. 22 Apr. Wks. 1814 XIX. 24 My common illness is of that kind which utterly disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness. [Cf. ib. 143 (1737) A long fit of deafness hath unqualified me for conversing.] 1753 Hanway Trav. (1762) I. vii. xci. 416 Nor do their colder regions disqualify them for friendship. 1837 J. H. Newman Prophet. Off. Ch. 180 What force prepossessions have in disqualifying us from searching Scripture dispassionately for ourselves. 1880 L. Stephen Pope iv. 109 Strong passions and keen sensibilities may easily disqualify a man for domestic tranquility.

b. spec. To deprive of legal capacity, power, or right; to incapacitate legally; to pronounce unqualified; = disable v. 2. 1732 Swift Sacr. Test Wks. 1778 IV. 290 The church of England is the only body of Christians which in effect disqualifies those, who are employed to preach its doctrine, from sharing in the civil power, farther than as senators. 1741 Middleton Cicero I. vi. 550 Disqualifying all future Consuls and Praetors, from holding any province, till five years after the expiration of their Magistracies. 1838 Thirlwall Greece III. xxiv. 333 His youth did not disqualify him for taking part in the public counsels, as it did for military command. 1884 Gladstone in Standard 29 Feb. 2/6 Persons having such joint ownership .. ought not to be disqualified. 1887 Bury & Hillier Cycling x\. 299 It shall be the duty of each competitor to see that he starts from his proper mark, and in default he may be disqualified for the race in question. 1897 Encycl. Sport I. 139/2 He [sc. the referee at boxing] can disqualify a competitor in the event of a foul. 1898 Ibid. II. 227/2 If a horse or his jockey jostle another horse or jockey, the aggressor is disqualified. 1908 Times 25 July 8/5 Partisans .. assisted him to the finish .. and the judges had no alternative but to disqualify him. 1963 Bloodgood & Santini Horseman's Diet. 63 An animal may be disqualified for a variety of reasons because either with, or without intent to defraud, it has been incorrectly described; because of carrying the wrong weight; of being doped, etc. 1971 Times 1 Apr. 4/4 He also pleaded guilty to driving a bus while disqualified. 1971 Times 29 Apr. 1/1 Mr. [Stirling] Moss.. was disqualified for six months and fined £35 by magistrates at Thame, Oxfordshire, for two offences.

c. refl. and intr. To represent or profess oneself to be disqualified; to deny or disparage one’s own qualifications. 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) II. xxxi. 290 Disqualify now; can’t you, my dear? Tell fibs .. Say you are not a fine girl. 1761 Hume Hist. Eng. II. xliii. 479 It is usual for the Speaker to disqualify himself for the office.

Hence disqualified ppl. a. 1718 Freethinker No. 69 ]f 10 In favour of the disqualified Gentlemen. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 116 Unworthy and disqualified Persons.

disqualifies;

incapacitating,

disabling;

self-

1723 Arbuthnot in Swift’s Lett. (1766) II. 31 Lord Whitworth, our plenipotentiary, had this disease, (which.. is a little disqualifying for that employment). 1754 Richardson Grandison (1781) I. v. 23, I love not to make disqualifying speeches; by such we seem to intimate that we believe the complimenter to be in earnest. 1891 Athenaeum 26 Dec. 874/2 The enforced retirement.. of many public servants when they have attained the disqualifying age.

dis'quality. nonce-wd. [dis- 9.] Defect. 1863 Ld. Lennox Biog. Remin. II. 7 The latter quality, or, strictly speaking, disqualify, rendering him a fair subject for a hoax. obs.

f.

desquamation.

So

a Chyrurgeon’s or Apothecaries Instrument, to take off the scum, rind or bark of any thing.

disquantity (dis'kwontiti), v.

[f.

dis-

7a

+

QUANTITY si.]

1. trans. To lessen in quantity; to diminish. 1605 Shaks. Lear I. iv. 270 Be then desir’d By her.. A little to disquantity your Traine. 1633 T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter iii. 9 [God] disquantitied his [Gideon’s] forces from thirty-two thousand to three hundred. 2. To deprive of metrical quantity. 1866 Lowell Swinburne’s Trag. Prose Wks. 1890 II. 130 The Earl of Orford.. used to have Statius read aloud to him every night for two hours by a tipsy tradesman.. and found some strange mystery of sweetness in the disquantitied syllables.

fdi'square, v.

Obs. rare. [f. di- for dis- 6 +

square d.] trans. To put out of square, to place

awry. Hence fdi'squaring vbl. sb. 1604 T. Wright Passions in. iii. 91 If there be but one eye .. out of square.. the first thing almost we marke, is the improportion or disquaring of that part.

f dis1 quarter, v.1 Obs. rare.

[f. dis- 6 or 7 c +

quarter.] intr. To leave one’s quarters. 1654 Earl Monm. tr. Bentivoglio's Warrs of Flanders 65 In their quartering and disquartering, and particularly upon occasion of forrage, there happened almost continually some skirmishes between the soldiers of the two Armies.

f dis'quarter, v.* Obs. rare, [irreg. f. dis- i, in twain (or Gr. 815 twice) + quarter ti.] trans. To halve or divide the quarters of. 1632 Quarles Div. Fancies ill. lxxviii. (1660) 132 If then, at most, the measur’d life of Man Be counted but a span, Being half d, and quarter’d, and disquarter’d thus. What, what remains for us?

t di'squatte, v. Obs. Pa. t. & pple. disquatt. [f. di-, dis- 1 + squatte-n, squat v., to crush, break (cf. to-squatte in same sense): perh. AF. had desquater, -ir, for OF. esquater, -eir, -ir to break.] trans. To break asunder, smash; to violate (a truce). C1380 Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 246 A woman shal disquatte his heed. 1480 Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 233 The whiche trewes he falsely and vntrewely by cauellacions losed and dysquatte. Ibid, ccxxix. 240 Thurugh lettyng of the pope and of the court of rome the forsayd couenaunts were disquatt and left of.

disqueat t;.: see next. disquiet (dis'kwaiat), v. [f. dis- 6 + quiet a.] trans. To deprive of quietness, peace, or rest, bodily or mental; to trouble, disturb, alarm; to make uneasy or restless. 1530 Palsgr. 521/2, I disquyet, I trouble one of his rest,

je inquiete.. He disquyeteth me horrybly a nyghtes with his revell. 1535 Coverdale Ps. xxxviii. 5 Yee euery man., disquieteth himself in vayne. 1555 Eden Decades 95 After that the sea hathe byn disquyeted with vehemente tempestes. 1586 Warner Alb. Eng. 1. v. (1612) 18 Amidst their cheere, the solemne feast the Centaures did disqueat. 1693 Mem. Cnt. Teckely iv. 41 That Moldavia, Walaquia, and the Republick of Ragusa.. should not be disquieted by the Turks. 1796 H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 101, I disquieted myself to think that I had no powerful protector. 1844 Thirlwall Greece VIII. lxi. 119 The Dardanians .. disquieted his northern frontier.

disquiet (dis'kwaist), a. Now rare. [f. dis- io + quiet a.] The reverse of quiet; unquiet, restless, uneasy, disturbed. 1587 T. Underdown JEthiop. Hist. Heliod. 69 A sea, which..was very disquiet and troblesome. 1588 Greene Perimedes, Ditty Wks. (Rtldg.) 292/2 Disquiet thoughts. 1596 Shaks. Tam. Shr. iv. i. 171 Pray you husband be not so disquiet. 1611 Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. ix. (1632) 243 Egfred being by nature of a disquiet disposition. 1727 De Foe Hist. Appar. vii. (1840) 120 Disquiet souls returning hither. 1848 Thackeray Van. Fair Iii, His mind was disquiet.

disquiet (dis'kwaist), sb. [Partly sb. use of the adj., partly f. disquiet w.] Absence of bodily or mental quietness; disturbance; uneasiness, anxiety, worry; restlessness, unrest. 1581 Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 68 b, To attaine to learning, there is not onelie required a will, but

DISQUIETAL

829

studie, watching, labour, and disquiet, which are irkesome thinges. 1599 Shaks. Much Ado 11. i. 268 All disquiet, horror, and perturbation followes her. 1614 Raleigh Hist. World 11. 260 Called by God.. unto that rest which never afterward hath disquiet. 1641 Termes de la Ley (1708) 76 Making discord and disquiet to rise between his Neighbours. 1703 Rowe Fair Penit. 11. ii. 580 This fond Paper would not give me A moment of Disquiet. 1845 S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. III. 235 The States of the Church and Naples were still in a state of universal disquiet and ferment. 1869 Phillips Vesuv. iii. 58 The eleven months of disquiet may be regarded as one almost continual eruption.

fb. with a and/)/. A disturbance; a disquieting feeling or circumstance, arch, or Ohs.

disraelian A

'disquisite, -it, v. rare. [? a back-formation from disquisition.] intr. To make a disquisition.

1834 New Monthly Mag. XLI. 99 The most honest of agitators, the most disinterested of disquietists.

1825 New; Monthly Mag. XVI. 148 The same Creative Power.. by which alone we ourselves at this moment breathe, think, or disquisite at all. 1893 Leland Mem. II. 274 Here I would fain disquisit on Pike.

dis'quietist. [f. disquiet sb. + -ist.] professed disturber of quiet; an alarmist.

t dis'quietive, a. Obs. [f. disquiet v. + -ive.] Tending to disquiet; of disquieting character. 1846 Worcester cites Howe.

disquietly (dis'kwaiatli), adv. [f. disquiet a. + -ly2.] In a disquiet or uneasy manner; fin a disquieting manner.

1574 Ld. Burghley in Strype Ann. Ref. I. iv. 81 Anxieties and disquiets of mind. 1659 Hammond On Ps. cxliv. 12-14 Paraphr. 694 Without any disturbances or disquiets. 1698 Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 97 It is so mighty a Disquiet to the Governor, that he can never be at ease till he [etc.]. 1726-7 Swift Gulliver 1. iv. 55 In the midst of these intestine disquiets. 1755 Smollett Quix. (1803) IV. 135 My soul has been invaded by a thousand miseries, a thousand toils, and four thousand disquiets.

1605 Shaks. Lear 1. ii. \2± Machinations .. and all ruinous disorders follow vs disquietly to our Graues. 1630 Lennard tr. Charron's Wisd. Pref. Aija, He that carrieth himself troubledly, disquietly, malecontent, fearing death, is not wise.

t dis'quietal. Obs. rare. [f. prec. vb. + -al1 5.] The action of disquieting.

1606 Turnbull in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xv. 1 They are in continual perplexity .. continual disquietment of their minds. 1662 Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. in. iii. §8 The passions, disquietments, and disappointments of men. 1689 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 313 What a Spiritt has been raysed in ffrinds to his Disquietment there vpon y* account.

1642 H. More Song of Soul 11. i. 11. xxi, As when the flitting fire Grows full of wrath and rage, and gins to fume, And roars and strives ’gainst its disquietall.

t disquietment. Obs. [f. disquiet v. + -ment.] The action of disquieting; the fact or condition of being disquieted.

b. A disquieting circumstance or occurrence. t disquie'tation. Obs. rare. [f. disquiet v.\ cf. F. inquietation, med.L. inquietatio, in same sense, and see -ation.] Disquieting; a cause of disquiet; disturbance. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 92 b, The lacke or want therof is hurt notable to ony persone & disquietacyon to ony communalte.

dis quieted, ppl. a. [f. as prec.

+ -ed1.]

Disturbed; rendered uneasy or restless. Hence dis'quietedly adv., in a disquieted or uneasy manner; dis'quietedness, the state of being disquieted; uneasiness, disquietness. 1550 Bale Image Both Ch. 1. (R.), Fleshlye cares, and disquieted consciences. 1645 J. Cotton (title), The Covenant of God’s free Grace.. comfortably applied to a disquieted soul, a 1680 Charnock Attrib. God (1834) I. 337 Let us.. examine the reason.. as David did of his disquietedness. 1857 Chamb. Jrnl. VIII. 346 My mother’s eyes rested.. disquietedly upon the man’s partly averted face. disquieten

(dis'kwaiatfajn),

v.

[f.

dis-

6

+

QUIETEN U.] = DISQUIET V. 1921 Glasgow Herald 9 Mar. 10 Her condition is disquietening. Ibid. 23 Sept. 7 In view of disquietening reports as to their activities in the Near East. 1928 L. Rossiter Sex Age viii, She turned, bewildered and disquietened, from the sickening turmoil.

[f. disquiet v. + -eh1.] One who or that which disquiets; a disturber.

disquieter (dis'kwawtafr)).

1564 Bulleyn Dial. agst. Pest. (1888) no A swarme of sedicious disquieters of the common wealth. 1575 Turberv. Faulconrie 364 It also.. kylles the flies, the dogges disquieters and enimies to his ease. 1600 Surflet Countrie Farme 11. li. 359 A procurer of vomit, and a disquieter of the stomacke. .] 1. trans. To reduce (a petty officer or non¬ commissioned officer of marines) to a lower rating or rank.

fdis'reasonable, a.

1811 Naval Chron. XXV. 28 Having been disrated for some offence. 1829 Southey in Q. Rev. XLI. 406 He found it necessary to disrate Peter Hayles, the pirate, i860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 85 This witness had been chief mate.. but had been disrated.. for drunkenness.

1549 Compl. Scot. xv. 122 Thy complaynt is nocht disrasonabil. Ibid. xx. 169 The extreme disrasonabil abusione that rang amang the vniuersal pepil.

2. To remove (a ship) from its rate or class. 1885 Lady Brassey The Trades 246 The ‘Tyrian’, another ‘yellow-fever ship’, was disrated for the same reason.

3. fig. To remove from one's rank or position. 1854 Chamb. Jrnl. II. 200 He.. had disrated himself from the genteel company of a ten-miles-wide circuit. 1883 G. Turner in Gd. Words Dec. 778/1 There is.. no just reason for dis-rating ‘which’ from its old relation to persons as well as to things.

Hence dis'rated ppl. a., dis'rating vbl. sb. 1833 Marryat P. Simple Ivi, If you please, your honour, I’d rather take my disrating—I—don’t wish to be chief boatswain’s mate in this here business. 1891 Daily News 21 Nov. 4/6 What are the Tories going to do with all the disrated Liberal Secessionists? 1894 Labour Commission Gloss., Disrating, A nautical term for ‘disranking’, that is, reducing from a higher rank to a lower, such as lowering a man from A.B. to ordinary seaman, or from fireman to trimmer.

t dis'rationale, v. Obs. rare. [f. dis- 6 + L. ration-em reason + -ate3.] trans. To deprive of its reason or rationality. 1668 C. Spelman in Sir H. Spelman’s De non Temer. Eccl. (ed. 4) To Rdr. 18 Thou..must disrationate St. Paul’s argument, who disswades the pollution of thy Body, because it is the Temple of the holy Ghost.

fdis'ray, sb. Obs. [var. of desray, deray, with the ordinary late ME. change of des- to dis-: see

Obs. rare. [ad. OF. desraisonable (Oresme, 14t