Oxford English Dictionary [17, 2 ed.]

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THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY First Edited by JAMES A. H. MURRAY, HENRY BRADLEY, W. A. CRAIGIE and C. T. ONIONS COMBINED WITH

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY Edited by R. W. BURCHFIELD AND RESET WITH CORRECTIONS, REVISIONS AND ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Prepared by

J. A. SIMPSON and E. S. C. WEINER

VOLUME XVII Su—Thrivingly

CLARENDON PRESS•OXFORD

Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6dp Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press ©

Oxford University Press ig8g

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Oxford English dictionary. — 2nd ed. I. English language-Dictionaries I. Simpson, J. A. {John Andrew), igSJII. Weiner, Edmund S. C., igso423

ISBN o-ig-86i22g-X (vol. XVH) ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) Library of Congress Cataloging-in~Publication Data The Oxford English dictionary. — 2nd ed. prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner Bibliography: p. ISBN o-ig-86i22g-X (vol. XVH) ISBN o-ig-86ii86-2 (set) I. English language—Dictionaries. I. Simpson, J. A. II. Weiner, E. S. C. III. Oxford University Press. PE1625.087 ig8g 423—dcig 88-5330

Data capture by ICC, Fort Washington, Pa. Text-processing by Oxford University Press Typesetting by Filmtype Services Ltd., Scarborough, N. Yorks. Manufactured in the United States of America by Rand McNally & Company, Taunton, Mass.

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION The pronunciations given are those in use in the educated speech of southern England (the so-called ‘Received Standard’), and the keywords given are to be understood as pronounced in such speech. I. Consonants b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z have their usual English values g as in go (gao)

6

as in thin (0in), hath (ba:0)

h

. .. ho\ (hao)

S

. .. then (Sen), h&the (beiS)

r

. .. run (rAn), terrier ('tEn3(r))

J

•

(r) . .. her (h3:(r))

tj

. .. chop (tjop), ditch (ditj)

s

3

w

.. see (si:), success (sak'ses) . .. wear (wea(r))

hw. .. when (hwen) j

• .. yes (jes)

.. shop (Jop), disA (dij)

(foreign and non-southern)

^ as in It. serrag/io (ser'raXo) p

... Fr. cognac (kqpak)

X

... Ger. at/i (ax), Sc. loc)i (lox), Sp.

• .. vision ('visan), dejeuner (desone) d3 • .. judge (d3Ad3) D • .. singing ('siqii)), think (0i)ok)

9

... Ger. ich (19), Sc. nic/it (ni9t)

Y

... North Ger. sa^'en ('zaivan)

Dg • .. finger (■fit)ga(r))

c

... Afrikaans baardmannetpe

q

... Fr. cuisine (kqizin)

fri/'oles (fri'xoles)

(’bairtmanaci)

Symbols in parentheses are used to denote elements that may be omitted either by individual speakers or in particular phonetic contexts: e.g. bottle ('bDt(3)l), Mercian ('m3:J(i)an), suit (s(j)u;t), impromptu (im'prDm(p)tju;),/at/ier ('fa:8a(r)).

II. Vowels and Diphthongs SHORT I as in pit (pit), -ness, (-nis) pet (pet), Fr. sept (set)

LONG

DIPHTHONGS, etc.

i: as in bean (bi:n)

ei as in bay (bei) ai

.. .

£e

... pot (pset)

a:

... bom (bam)

DI

.. .

boy (bai)

A

... putt (pAt)

u:

... boon (bu:n)

du .. .

no (nau)

D

... pot (pot)

3:

... burn (b3:n)

au .. .

now (nau)

U

... put (put)

e:

... Ger. Schnee (fne:)

Id

.. .

peer (pia(r))

3

... another (a'nA8a(r))

e

a:

... barn (ba:n)

buy (bai)

e:

... Ger. Fahre ('fe:ra)

63 . . .

pair(pea(r))

(a) ... beaten ('bi:t(a)n)

a:

... Ger. Tag (talk)

U3 . . .

tour (tua(r))

Fr. si (si)

0:

... Ger. SoAn (zo:n)

33 . . .

boar (baa(r))

i e

... Fr. b^e' (bebe)

0:

... Ger. Goethe ('goita)

y:

... Ger. grun (gry:n)

a

... Fr. mari (mari)

a

... Fr. bdtiment (batima)

D

... Fr. homme (om)

NASAL

0

... Fr. eau (0)

e, ® as in Fr. fin (fe, fx)

0

... Fr. peu (po)

a

...

Fr. franc (fro)

oe

... Fr. boeuf (beef) coeur (koer)

3

...

Fr. bon (ba)

u

... Fr. douce (dus)

de

...

Fr. un (&)

Y

... Ger. Muller (’mYlar)

y

ai3 as in fiery ('faian) au3 .

.

sour (saua(r))

• Fr. du (dy)

The incidence of main stress is shown by a superior stress mark (') preceding the stressed syllable, and a secondary stress by an inferior stress mark (,), e.g. pronunciation (pr3,nAnsi'eiJ(a)n). For further explanation of the transcription used, see General Explanations, Volume I.

891895

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. Some abbreviations listed here in italics are also in certain cases printed in roman type, and vice versa. a. (in Etym.) a (as a 1850)

Acct.

adoption of, adopted from ante, ‘before’, ‘not later than’ adjective abbreviation (of) ablative absolute, -ly (in titles) Abstract, -s accusative (in titles) Account

A.D.

Anno Domini

ad. (in Etym.)

adaptation of Addenda adjective (in titles) Advance, -d, -s adverb adverbial, -ly advertisement (as label) in Aeronautics; (in titles) Aeronautic, -al, -s Anglo-French Africa, -n (as label) in Agriculture; (in titles) Agriculture, -al Albanian American American Indian (as label) in Anatomy; (in titles) Anatomy, -ical (in titles) Ancient Anglo-Indian Anglo-Irish Annals (as label) in Anthropology; (in titles) Anthropology, -ical (as label) in Antiquities; (in titles) Antiquity aphetic, aphetized apparently (in titles) Applied (in titles) Application, -s appositive, -ly Arabic Aramaic in Architecture archaic in Archaeology (as label) in Architecture; (in titles) Architecture, -al Armenian association in Astronomy in Astrology (in titles) Astronomy, -ical (in titles) Astronautic, -s attributive, -ly Australian (in titles) Autobiography,

a. abbrev. abl.

absol. Abstr. acc.

Add.

adj. Adv. adv. advb. Advt.

Aeronaut. AF., AFr. Afr.

Agric. Alb.

Amer. Amer. Ind.

Anat. Anc. Anglo-Ind. Anglo-Ir. Ann.

Anthrop., Anthropol. Antiq. aphet. app.

Appl. Applic. appos. Arab. Aram.

Arch. arch. Archseol. Archit. Arm. assoc.

Astr. Astral. Astron. Astronaut. attrib. Austral. Autobiogr.

-ical A.V.

Authorized Version

B.C.

Before Christ (in titles) British Columbia before (as label) in Bibliography; (in titles) Bibliography, -ical (as label) in Biochemistry; (in titles) Biochemistry, -ical (as label) in Biology; (in titles) Biology, -ical

B.C. bef.

Bibliogr. Biochem. Biol. Bk. Bot. Bp.

Brit. Bulg.

Book (as label) in Botany; (in titles) Botany, -ical Bishop (in titles) Britain, British Bulgarian

Bull.

(in titles) Bulletin

Diet.

Dictionary; spec., the

c (as c 1700)

circa, ‘about’

dim.

c. (as 19th c.)

century (in titles) Calendar (in titles) Cambridge Canadian Catalan catachrestically (in titles) Catalogue Celtic (in titles) Century, Central

Dis. Diss.

diminutive (in titles) Disease (in titles) Dissertation

Oxford English Dictionary

Cal. Cambr. Canad. Cat.

catachr. Catal. Celt.

Cent. Cent. Diet. Cf., cf.

Ch. Chem. Chr. Chron. Chronol. Cinemat., Cinematogr. Clin. cl. L. cogn. w.

Col. Coll. collect. colloq. comb.

Comb. Comm. Communic. comp.

Compan. compar. compl.

Compl. Cone. Conch. concr. Conf. Congr. conj. cons. const. contr.

Contrib. Corr. corresp. Cotgr.

Century Dictionary confer, ‘compare’ Church (as label) (in titles) (in titles) (in titles) (in titles)

Crit. Cryst. Cycl. Cytol.

Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue

Du.

Dutch

E.

East (as label) in Ecclesiastical usage; (in titles) Ecclesiastical in Ecology (as label) in Economics; (in titles) Economy, -ics edition

Eccl.

Ecol. Econ.

in Chemistry;

Chemistry, -ical Christian Chronicle Chronology, -ical

in Cinematography (in titles) Clinical classical Latin cognate with (in titles) Colonel, Colony (in titles) Collection collective, -ly colloquial, -ly combined, -ing Combinations in Commercial usage in Communications compound, composition (in titles) Companion comparative complement (in titles) Complete (in titles) Concise in Conchology concrete, -ly (in titles) Conference (in titles) Congress conjunction consonant construction, construed with contrast (with) (in titles) Contribution (in titles) Correspondence corresponding (to) R. Cotgrave, Dictionarie of

the French and English Tongues cpd.

D.O.S.T.

compound (in titles) Criticism, Critical in Crystallography (in titles) Cyclopaedia, -ic (in titles) Cytology, -ical

ed. E.D.D.

Edin. Educ. EE. e.g.

Electr. Electron. Elem. ellipt. Embryol. e.midl.

Encycl. Eng.

Engin. Ent. Entomol.

dat. DC.

Deb. def. dem. deriv. derog.

Descr. Devel. Diagn.

esp. Ess. et al. etc.

Ethnol. etym.

euphem. Exam. exc.

Exerc. Exper. Explor. f. f. (in Etym.) f. (in subordinate entries) F. fern, {rarely f.)

figFinn.

Danish

Found.

Dictionary of Americanisms Dictionary of American English

Fr. freq. Fris.

dative District of Columbia (in titles) Debate, -s definite, -ition demonstrative derivative, -ation derogatory (in titles) Description, -tive (in titles) Development, -al (in titles) Diagnosis,

Fund. Funk or Funk’s Stand. Diet.

Diagnostic dial.

dialect, -al

(as label) in Education; (in titles) Education, -al Early English exempli gratia, ‘for example’ (as label) in Electricity; (in titles) Electricity, -ical (in titles) Electronic, -s (in titles) Element, -ary elliptical, -ly in Embryology east midland (dialect) (in titles) Encyclopaedia, -ic England, English in Engineering in Entomology (in titles) Entomology,

-logical erron.

fl. Da. D.A. D.A.E.

English Dialect Dictionary (in titles) Edinburgh

G. Gael.

Gaz. gen.

gen. Geogr.

erroneous, -ly especially (in titles) Essay, -s et alii, ‘and others’ et cetera in Ethnology etymology euphemistically (in titles) Examination except (in titles) Exercise, -s (in titles) Experiment, -al (in titles) Exploration, -s feminine formed on form of French feminine figurative, -ly Finnish floruit, ‘flourished’ (in titles) Foundation, -s French frequent, -ly Frisian (in titles) Fundamental, -s

Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary German Gaelic (in titles) Gazette genitive general, -ly (as label) in Geography; (in titles) Geography, -ical

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. Geol. Geom. Geomorphol. Ger. Gloss. Gmc. Godef.

Goth. Govt. Gr. Gram. Gt. Heb. Her. Herb. Hind. Hist. hist. Histol. Hort. Househ. Housek. Ibid. led. Ichthyol. id. i.e. IE. Illustr. imit. Immunol. imp. impers. impf. ind. indef. Industr. inf. infl. Inorg. Ins. Inst. int. intr. In trod. Ir. irreg. It.

(as label) in Geology; (in titles) Geology, -ical in Geometry in Geomorphology German Glossary Germanic F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de I'ancienne langue franfaise Gothic (in titles) Government Greek (as label) in Grammar; (in titles) Grammar, -tical Great Hebrew in Heraldry among herbalists Hindustani (as label) in History; (in titles) History, -ical historical (in titles) Histology, -ical in Horticulture (in titles) Household (in titles) Housekeeping Ibidem, ‘in the same book or passage’ Icelandic in Ichthyology idem, ‘the same’ id est, ‘that is’ Indo-European (in titles) Illustration, -ted imitative in Immunology imperative impersonal imperfect indicative indefinite (in titles) Industry, -ial infinitive influenced (in titles) Inorganic (in titles) Insurance (in titles) Institute, -tion interjection intransitive (in titles) Introduction Irish irregular, -ly Italian

(Jam.) Jap. joc. Jrnl. Jun.

(quoted from) Johnson’s Dictionary Jamieson, Scottish Diet. Japanese jocular, -ly (in titles) Journal (in titles) Junior

Knowl.

(in titles) Knowledge

1. L. lang. Lect. Less. Let., Lett. LG. lit. Lit. Lith. LXX

line Latin language (in titles) Lecture, -s On titles) Lesson, -s letter, letters Low German literal, -ly Literary Lithuanian Septuagint

m. Mag. Magn. Mai. Man. Managem. Manch. Manuf. Mar.

masculine (in titles) Magazine (in titles) Magnetic, -ism Malay, Malayan (in titles) Manual (in titles) Management (in titles) Manchester in Manufacture, -ing (in titles) Marine

J.. (J )

masc. (rarely m.) Math. MDu. ME. Mech. Med. med.L. Mem. Metaph. Meteorol. MHG. midi. Mil. Min. Mineral. MLG. Misc. mod. mod.L (Morris), Mus.

My St. Mythol. N. n. N. Amer. N. Of Q. Narr. Nat. Nat. Hist. Naut. N.E. N.E.D.

Neurol. neut. (rarely n.) NF., NFr. No. nom. north. Norw. n.q. N.T. Nucl. Numism. N.W. N.Z. obj. obi. Obs., obs. Obstetr. occas. OE.

masculine (as label) in Mathematics; (in titles) Mathematics, -al Middle Dutch Middle English (as label) in Mechanics; (in titles) Mechanics, -al (as label) in Medicine; (in titles) Medicine, -ical medieval Latin (in titles) Memoir, -s in Metaphysics (as label) in Meteorology; (in titles) Meteorology, -ical Middle High German midland (dialect) in military usage (as label) in Mineralogy; (in titles) Ministry (in titles) Mineralogy, -ical Middle Low German (in titles) Miscellany, -eous modern modern Latin (quoted from) E. E. Morris’s Austral English (as label) in Music; (in titles) Music, -al; Museum (in titles) Mystery in Mythology North neuter North America, -n Notes and Queries (in titles) Narrative (in titles) Natural in Natural History in nautical language North East New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) in Neurology neuter Northern French Number nominative northern (dialect) Norwegian no quotations New Testament Nuclear in Numismatics North West New Zealand

OS. OSl. O.T. Outl. Oxf.

object oblique obsolete (in titles) Obstetrics occasionally Old English (= Anglo-Saxon) Old French Old Frisian Old High German Old Irish Old Norse Old Northern French in Ophthalmology opposed (to), the opposite (of) in Optics (in titles) Organic origin, -al, -ally (as label) in Ornithology; (in titles) Ornithology, -ical Old Saxon Old (Church) Slavonic Old Testament (in titles) Outline (in titles) Oxford

PPalseogr.

page in Palaeography

OF., OFr. OFris. OHG. OIr. ON. ONF. Ophthalm. opp. Opt. Org. orig. Ornith.

Palseont.

(as label) in Palaeontology; (in titles) Palseontology, -ical pa. pple. passive participle, past participle (Partridge), (quoted from) E. Partridge’s Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English pass. passive, -ly pa.t. past tense Path. (as label) in Pathology; (in titles) Pathology, -ical perh. perhaps Pers. Persian pers. person, -al Petrogr. in Petrography Petrol. (as label) in Petrology; (in titles) Petrology, -ical (Pettman), (quoted from) C. Pettman’s Africanderisms pf. perfect Portuguese PgPharm. in Pharmacology Philol. (as label) in Philology; (in titles) Philology, -ical (as label) in Philosophy; Philos. (in titles) Philosophy, -ic phonet. phonetic, -ally Photogr. (as label) in Photography; (in titles) Photography, -ical phr. phrase Phys. physical; (rarely) in Physiology Physiol. (as label) in Physiology; (in titles) Physiology, -ical (in titles) Picture, Pictorial Piet. pi., plur. plural poet. poetic, -al Pol. Polish Pol. (as label) in Politics; (in titles) Politics, -al Pol. Econ. in Political Economy Polit. (in titles) Politics, -al popular, -ly pop. (in titles) Porcelain Pore. poss. possessive (in titles) Pottery Pott. ppl. a., pple. adj. participial adjective participle pple. Provencal Pr. present pr. Pract. (in titles) Practice, -al prec. preceding (word or article) pred. predicative pref. prefix preface pref., Pref. preposition prep. present pres. (in titles) Principle, -s Princ. privative priv. probably prob. (in titles) Problem Probl. (in titles) Proceedings Proc. pronoun pron. pronunciation pronunc. properly prop. in Prosody Pros. Proven9al Prov. present participle pr. pple. Psych. in Psychology (as label) in Psychology; Psychol. (in titles) Psychology, -ical (in titles) Publications Publ. Qquot(s). q.v.

(in titles) Quarterly quotation(s) quod vide, ‘which see’

R. Radiol. R.C.Ch. Rec. redupl. Ref. refash. refl. Reg.

(in titles) Royal in Radiology Roman Catholic Church (in titles) Record reduplicating (in titles) Reference refashioned, -ing reflexive (in titles) Register

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. reg. rel. Reminisc. Rep. repr. Res. Rev. rev. Rhet. Rom. Rum. Russ.

regular related to (in titles) Reminiscence, -s (in titles) Report, -s representative, representing (in titles) Research (in titles) Review revised in Rhetoric Roman, -ce, -ic Rumanian Russian

S. S.Afr. sb. sc.

South South Africa, -n substantive scilicet, ‘understand’ or ‘supply’ Scottish (in titles) Scandinavia, -n (in titles) School Scottish National Dictionary (in titles) Scotland (in titles) Selection, -s Series singular (in titles) Sketch Sanskrit Slavonic Scottish National Dictionary (in titles) Society (as label) in Sociology; dn titles) Sociology, -ical Spanish (in titles) Speech, -es spelling specifically (in titles) Specimen Saint (in titles) Standard (quoted from) Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words & Phrases

Sc., Scot. Scand. Sch. Sc. Nat. Diet. Scotl. Set. Ser. sing. Sk. Skr. Slav. S.N.D. Soc. Social. Sp. Sp. sp. spec. Spec. St. Stand. Stanf.

str. Struct. Stud. subj. subord. cl. subseq. subst. suff. superl. Suppl. Surg. s.v. Sw. s.w. Syd. Soc. Lex.

syll. Syr. Syst. Taxon. techn. Technol. Telegr. Teleph. (Th.), Theatr. Theol. Theoret. Tokh. tr., transl. Trans. trans. transf. Trav. Treas. Treat. Treatm. Trig.

strong (in titles) Structure, -al (in titles) Studies subject subordinate clause subsequent, -ly substantively suffix superlative Supplement (as label) in Surgery; (in titles) Surgery, Surgical sub voce, ‘under the word’ Swedish south-western (dialect) Sydenham Society, Lexicon of Medicine & Allied Sciences syllable Syrian (in titles) System, -atic (in titles) Taxonomy, -ical technical, -ly (in titles) Technology, -ical in Telegraphy in Telephony (quoted from) Thornton’s American Glossary in the Theatre, theatrical (as label) in Theology; (in titles) Theology, -ical On titles) Theoretical Tokharian translated, translation (in titles) Transactions transitive transferred sense (in titles) Travel{s) (in titles) Treasury On titles) Treatise (in titles) Treatment in Trigonometry

Trap. Turk. Typog., Typogr.

(in titles) Tropical Turkish in Typography

ult. Univ. unkn. U.S. U.S.S.R.

ultimately (in titles) University unknown United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics usually

usu. vb. var(r)., vars. vbl. sb. Vertebr. Vet.

V.,

Vet. Sci. viz. Voy. v.str. vulg. v.w. W. wd. Webster Westm. WGme. Wks. w.midl. WS. (Y.), Yrs. Zoogeogr. Zool.

verb variant(s) of verbal substantive (in titles) Vertebrate, -s (as label) in Veterinary Science; (in titles) Veterinary in Veterinary Science videlicet, ‘namely’ (in titles) Voyage, -s strong verb vulgar weak verb Welsh; West word Webster’s (New International) Dictionary (in titles) Westminster West Germanic (in titles) Works west midland (dialect) West Saxon (quoted from) Yule & Burnell’s Hobson-Jobson (in titles) Years in Zoogeography (as label) in Zoology; (in titles) Zoology, -ical

Signs and Other Conventions In the listing of Forms

Before a word or sense

I = before i too

t = obsolete II = not naturalized, alien ^ = catachrestic and erroneous uses

2=12th 3 = 13th 5-7 = 15th 20 = 20th

c. (11oo to 1200) c. (1200 to 1300), etc. to 17th century century

In the etymologies * indicates a word or form not actually found, but of which the existence is inferred = normal development of

The printing of a word in small capitals indicates that further information will be found under the word so referred to. .. indicates an omitted part of a quotation. - (in a quotation) indicates a hyphen doubtfully present in the original; (in other text) indicates a hyphen inserted only for the sake of a line-break.

PROPRIETARY NAMES Dictionary includes some words which are or are asserted to be proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance nor any other judgement concerning their legal status. In cases where the editorial staff have established in the records of the Patent Offices of the United Kingdom and of the United States that a word is registered as a proprietary name or trade mark this is indicated, but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby.

This

SU sUt dial. f. she; obs. f. sue.

sua, obs. f. so adv. and conj. suabe ('swaiba, sweib), Mus. [It., ad. G. Schwabe Swabian.] suabe flute: an organ flutestop. 1855 E. J. Hopkins Organ 119 Suabe-flute,. tenor c Manual Stop of 4 feet, formed of wood pipes, with inverted mouths. It’s tone is liquid and clear, and not so loud as the Wald-flute. 1907 Musical Times i Aug. 514/2 Swell Organ .. Voix celestes.. Suabe flute 4 ft. 1954 Grove's Diet. Mus. (ed. 5) VI. 358/2 Suabe flute, a 4-ft open flute stop of medium scale, said to have been invented by William Hill. The tone is a soft variety of that of the Clarabella.

Suabian: see Swabian. suability (sjurs'biliti). U.S. [f. next: see -ity.] Liability to be sued. 1798 in Dallas Amer. Law II. 470 Suability and suable are words not in common use, but they concisely and correctly convey the idea annexed to them. 1833 in Calhoun Wks. (1874) 11. 302 The Senator cited the suability of the states as an evidence of their want of sovereignty.

suable ('sju:3b(3)l), a. Now chiefly U.S. Also sueable. [f. sue v. + -able.] Capable of being sued, liable to be sued; legally subject to civil process. a 1623 Swinburne Treat. Spousals 120 The Parties contracting Spousals or Matrimony, under any such Conditions, are neither bound, nor suable, until the Condition be extant. 1693 Mod. Rep. XII. Case 93. 45 He cannot plead in bar ne ungues executor,.. because he allows him-self to be suable. 18x0 J. Marshall Const. Opin. (1839) 137 A state which violated its own contract was suable in the courts of the United States. 1823 Examiner 78/2 If not a femme sole, she was not sueable at law. 1875 Poste Gaius 11. §282 A trustee is only suable for the simple amount of the subject of trust. 1903 Times 7 Jan. 6/2 Is a trade union to be regarded as a corporation sueable at law?

b. Capable of being sued for. 1726 Ayliffe Parergon 343 Legacies out of Lands are properly suable in Chancery.

t'Suada. Obs. [L. Sudda, fern, of suddus persuasive, f. root swdd~ (see suave). Cf. G. suada^ suade (colloq.) gift of the gab.] The Roman goddess of persuasion; hence = persuasiveness, persuasive eloquence. 1592 Harvey Four Lett. Wks. (Grosart) I. 242 How faine would I see.. Suadas hoony-bees in you rehiu’d. 1593Pierce's Super. Ibid II. 276 Euen the filed Suada of Isocrates, wanted the voyce of a Siren, or the sound of an Eccho. 1621 S. Ward Happiness of Practice 18 Irrisistable is the Suada of a good life, aboue a faire profession.

suade (sweid), v. Now rate or dial. Also 6 swad(e, 9 'swade. [Partly ad. L. suddere, f. root swdd~ (see suave); partly by apha^resis from persuade. Cf. obs. F. suader.] = persuade in various senses. Hence f suading ppl. a. (in illsuadtng). 1531 Cranmer in Strype Mem. App. i. (1694) 3 He swadeth that with such goodly eloquence.. that he were lyke to persuade many. 1548 Bodrugan Epit. 248 There be diuerse whiche.. swade the vnion of Scotlande vnto youre highnes. 1550 Hooper Serm. Jonas iv. 69 b, These comfortable promises, which the deuil auenturth to swad vs vnto. 1557 Grimalde in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 101 Flee then ^wading pleasures baits vntreew. 1589 Mar-Martin A3 ^ilke way & trood whilke thou dost swade, is steepe & also tickle. 18^ N. W. Line. Gloss., 'Swade. 1891 Proving of Gennad 121 So he.. Agreed to work for her who suaded him.

t'suadible, a. Obs. rare-', [ad. late L. suddibilis, i. suddere: see prec. and -ible.] That may be easily persuaded; = suasible. 1382 WycLiFyomw iii. 17 Wisdom that is fro aboue first .. it is chaast, aftirward pesible, mylde, suadible.

II Suaeda (sjui'iida). [mod.L. (Forskal 1775).] A plant of the genus Suseda (N.O. Chenopodiacese), which comprises herbaceous or shrubby plants growing on the sea-shore or in saline districts. 1901 Spectator 26 Oct. 607/2 The three sea lavenders and stueda, which grows into bushes near Blakeney.

suagat, north, form of so-gate. suage, obs. form of sewage; variant of swage. suaif, obs. Sc. form of suave a. Suakin ('swoikin). Also Suakim. The name of a port on the Red Sea used as the distinctive epithet of a variety of gum arabic exported thence. 1874 FlOckiger & HANBURY Pharmacogr. 210 Suakin Gum, Talca or Talha Gum.. is remarkable for its brittleness. x886 Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. III. 409.

Ilsuan-pan (swaen paen). Also souan-, shwan-, swam-, swan-. [Chinese, lit. reckoning board.] The Chinese abacus. 1736 tr. Du Halde's Hist. China III. 70 In casting up Accounts they [rc. the Chinese] make use of an Instrument called Souan pan. 1748 Gentl. Mag. July 295/2, 1 desire to give the public a Swan Pan that in my opinion is much preferable to that of the Chinese. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 7/1 Tliis instrument, called in Chinese Shwanpan. 1836 J. F. Davis Chinese II. xviii. 296 A little apparatus called a Sudnpdn, or ‘calculating dish’. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 526/1 The swan-pan, still in constant use among the Chinese. 1917 S.

SUAVE

I

CouLiNG Encycl. Sinica i/i Suanp'an, reckoning plate, the counting-board used by the Chinese. 1946 G. Stimpson Bk. about Thousand Things 207 Virtually all calculations were performed on the abacus, an apparatus resembling the Chinese suan pan or the bead-and-frame affairs now used in kindergarten work. 1973 T. R. Tregear Chinese vi. 128 A further six hours a week is devoted to arithmetic, when calculating with the abacus or suan p'an is learnt.

suant, sb. ? Obs. Also 7, 9 sewant. [? Var. of SEWIN^] App. a name for certain flat fish; see quots. ai6o9 Dennis Secrets of Angling ii. xxviii. (1613) Cyb, To take the Sewant, yea, the Flounder sweet. Ibid. xlii. D 2 The Suant swift, that is not set by least. 1615 Markham Pleas. Princ. vi. (1635) 32 The Flounder, and Sewant are greedy biters, yet very crafty. 1847 Halliwell Diet. Sewant, the plaice. Northumb.

suant ('sjuiant), a. Now dial. Forms: 5 suante, suaunt, 6-9 sewant, 8 souant, 9 suent, 8- suant. [a. AF. sua{u)nt, OF. suiant, sivant, pr. pple. of sivre (mod.F. suivre) to follow:—L. *sequer€ for seqm.\ 11. Following, ensuing. Obs. (Cf. suing.) 1422 Yonge tr. Seer. Seer, xxxvii. 195 Now will I retourn to that place.. in this sam maner suante.

t2. r Agreeing, suitable. Obs. 1418-20 J. Page Siege of Rouen in Hist. Coll. Cit. Lond. (Camden) 34 Kyngys, herrowdys, and pursefauntys, In cotys of armys suauntys \v.rr. amy*untis, arryauntis].

3. Working or proceeding regularly, evenly, smoothly, or easily; even, smooth, regular. Also advb. = suantly. For other dial, meanings (‘placid, equable’, ‘pleasing, agreeable’, ‘demure, grave’) see Eng. Dial. Diet. 1547, etc. [implied in suantly]. 1605 R. Carew in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 100 By observing our wittie and sewant \printed servant] manner of deducing [words from Latin and French]. 01722 Lisle Husb. (1757) 149 The middle-ripe barley.. ripened altogether, and looked white and very suant [marg. kindly, flourishing]. 1787 Grose Prov. Gloss., Zuant, regularly sowed. The wheat must be zown zuant. 1796 W. H. Marshall Rur. Econ. W. Eng. I. 330 SouanV. fair, even, regular (a hackneyed word). 1854 N. ^ Q. Ser. I. X. 420 A fisherman’s line is said to run through his hand suant [printed suart] when he feels no inequality or roughness, but it is equally soft and flexible throughout. 1854 Thoreau Walden (1908) 28 Yet the Middlesex Cattle Show goes off here with eclat annually, as if all the joints of the agricultural machine were suent. 1899 Baring-Gould Bk. West II. xvi. 252 Peter and his wife did not get on very ‘suant’ together.

'suantly, adv.

Now dial. [f. prec. + -ly*.] Regularly, evenly, unifornnly, smoothly. The form sewantly of quot. 1592-3 was entered in Kersey’s ed. of Phillips World of Words (1706) as sevantly with def. ‘well, honestly*. Some mod. diets, have copied this and have further invented a form sevant adj. *547 Recorde Judic. Uryne 18 b, Not suantly and uniformly joyned together. 1592-3 Act 35 Eliz. c. 10 §i That eche sorte of the saide Kersyes or Dozens shalbe sewantly woven throughout. 1865 Jennings Obs. Dial. W. Eng. 73 Suently, evenly, smoothly, plainly.

suarrow,

variant of saouari.

suasible

('sweisib(3)l), a. rare. [ad. L. *sudsibilis, f. suds-^ ppl. stem of suddere to suade: see -IBLE; cf. It. suasibile.'\ Capable of being persuaded; that is easily persuaded. (Cf. SUADIBLE.) 1582 N.T. (Rhem.) James iii. 17 Peaceable, modest, suasible [Tindale easy to be entreated; Wycl. ist vers. saudible, 2nd vers, able to be counseilid]. 1656 Blount Glossogr. 1832 Fraser's Mag. VI. 487 The want of mental strength rendering them so peculiarly suasible, that they possess no powers of resistance. 1851 I. Taylor Wesley 113 Throughout the Inspired Writings, men are dealt with by their Maker, [as] suasible, accountable, and free.

suasion ('swei33n). Also 4 suasioun, 5 -yon, 6-7 swasion. [ad. L. sudsio, -oneniy n. of action f. suddere to suade. Cf. obs. F. suasion (14th c.).] 1. The act or fact of exhorting or urging; persuasion. ri374 ChaucerfioetA. ii. pr. i. (1868) 30 Com nowe fur>>e I’erfore pe suasioun of swetnesse Rethoryen. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 93 Seynte Elphegus was made bischop of Wynchestre, thro the suasion off blissede Andrewe, apperynge to seynte Dunstan. 1528 More Dyaloge i. Wks. retyng of ]?e iuges, ne fayre suasiones of ol>ir. CI555 Harpsfield Divorce Hen. F///(Camden) 91 It is untrue that the state of the said 18 chapter standeth wholly upon dehortations but rather upon suasions and exhortations. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 149 Away with thy morality and morall swasions, bring them to the Spirit of Christ. 1663 Heath Flagellum 7 Growing insolent and uncorrigible from those results and swasions within him. 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xix. v. (1872) V. 500 Suasions from Montalembert.

suasive

(‘sweisrv), a. and sb. Also 7 swasive. [ad. L. *sudswusy f. suds-: see suasible; cf. obs. F. suasify It., Sp. suasivo.] A. adj. Having or exercizing the power of persuading or urging; consisting in or tending to suasion; occas. const, o/, exhorting or urging to.

1601 Weever Mirr. Mart. A 3 b, Deliuer but in swasive eloquence Both of my life and death the veritie. 1660 Waterhouse Arms Gf Arm. 28 The puissant people of Rome, whose practice may be thought most swasive with this.. military Age. 1662 ^outh Serm. (1697) I. 62 Tho its command over them was but suasive, and political, yet it had the force of coaction. 1790 Cowper Odyss. x. 206 And in wing’d accents suasive thus began. 1871 Earle Philol. Engl. Tongue 313 The genial and suasive satire of the Biglow Papers. 1888 T. E. Holland in Macm. Mag. Sept. 359/1 These presents bore Latin inscriptions, suasive of eating and drinking. 1897 Trotter 7®^" Nicholson 18 Thanks to the suasive influence of British gold.

B.

sb. A suasive speech, motive, or influence.

1670 Phil. Trans. V. 1092, I shall not doubt but this Consideration will have the force of a great swasive. 1855 H. Rogers Ess. (1874) II. vii. 335 By proper importunity, by flattering suasives. 1877 Smith & Wace's Diet. Chr. Biog. {. 476/2 Bribes, and tempting offers..were the suasives employed to induce the Armenians to renounce their faith.

b. pi. Used to render the title Suasoriae of one of the works of Seneca the rhetorician. 1856 Merivale Rom. Emp. xli. IV. 565 [Seneca] divides into the two classes of Suasives and Controversies the subjects of their scholastic exercises.

'suasively, adv. [f. prec. + -ly'®.] In a suasive manner; so as to persuade. 1837 Carlyle Fr. Rev. i. in. ii, Let a true tale, of his Majesty’s.. wretched pecuniary impossibilities, be suasively told them. 1871 Hardy Desper. Remedies xi, ‘You must remember’, she added, more suasively, ‘that Miss Graye has a perfect right to do what she likes.’

So 'suasiveness. 1727 Bailey vol. II. 1885 Homilet. RetK June 481 The leading examples of the early style [of preaching].. characterized by much unction and suasiveness.

t sua'sorian, a. Obs. rare-^. [f. L. sudsdri-us (see next) + -an.] = suasory a. 1646 J. Temple Irish Reb. Pref. 7 The true Suasorian causes (if I may so tearm them) which enduced the Irish to lay the plot.

suasory ('sweisan), a. and sb. Now rare. Also 7 swas-. [ad. L. suds6ri-uSy f. suds-y ppl. stem: see suasible and -ory. Cf. obs. F. suasoire.] A. adj. Tending to persuade; persuasive. 1576 Fleming Panopl. Epist. Aj, Of Epistles, some be demonstratiue, some suasorie. 1645 Pagitt Heresiogr. (1647) 124 The most noble kinde of working, a mans conversion.. is performed by swasory motives or advice. 1690 C. Nesse Hist. & Myst. O. & N. Test. I. 316 Using other suasory arguments. 1826 H. N. Coleridge Six Months W. Ind. (1832) 145 A singularly eloquent preacher in the pathetic and suasory style. 1853 Whewell Grotius II. 378 Some are justificatory or justifying, some suasory or impelling. t B. sb. = SUASIVE sb. 1625 Debates Ho. Commons (Camden) 158 Drawing his swasorie from the answear in religion. 1654 Gayton Pleas. Notes IV. i. 171 The Curate.. had the happinesse to.. have the advantage of her eare to convey ms Consolatories, Suasories,.. and the like fragments of his profession. b. (See SUASIVE sb. b.) a 1656 Ussher Ann. (1658) 694 The first Suasory of M. Seneca.

Hence 'suasoriness rare-''. X727 Bailey vol. II, Suasoriness, aptness to persuade.

suave (swa:v, formerly also sweiv), a. (■fadv.) Also 6 suafe, swave, Sc. suaif, swaif. [a. F. suave (i6th cent.), a ‘learned’ formation which took the place of the ‘popular’ OF. soef, suef (suaif):—L. sudvis sweet, agreeable:—*rKiddtc«s, f. stvdd- (see sweet a.).] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the senses or the mind; sweet. £1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) vii. 29 Adew i?e fragrant balme suaif, And lamp of ladeis lustiest! 1598 Q. Eliz. Plutarch ix. 3 The suafes thing that Silence dothe Expres. 1694 Motteux Rabelais v. Epist. 251 These Times., alterate the suavest Pulchritude. 1849 c. Bronte Shirley xxvi. To whom the husky oat-cake was from custom suave as manna. 1859 Miss Mulock Life for a Life xvii, To break the suave harmony of things. ib7o H. S. Wilson Alpine Ascents iii. 99 The suaver white hoods of snow summits.

t2. Gracious, kindly. Also advb. Sc. Obs. 1501 Douglas Pal. Hon. in. ii, Thir musis gudelie and suaue. ri550 Rolland Crt. Venus ii. 76 The nine Musis sweit and swaue. ^1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) i. 214 Resaif swaif, and haif ingraif it heir. Ibid, xxxvi. 73 Sweit Lord, to Syon be suave.

SUAVELY 3. Of persons, their manner: Blandly polite or urbane; soothingly agreeable. (Cf. suavity 4.) 1831 F. Reynolds Playwright's Adventures iv. 63 St Aim was anything but suave. 1847 C. Bronte Jane Eyre xiv. He .. showed a solid enough mass of intellectual organs, but an abrupt deficiency where the suave sign of benevolence should have risen. 1853 -Villette xxi, The rare passion of the constitutionally suave, and serene, is not a pleasant spectacle. 1853 Lytton My Novel iii. xxvi, A slight disturbance of his ordinan.- suave and well-bred equanimity. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola xxxi. Doubtless the suav'e secretary had his own ends to serve. 1898 j. A. Owen Hawaii iii. 55 Oahumi was quite captivated by the plausible, suave manners of the ingratiating southern chief. Comb. 1894 ‘Max O’Rell’J. Bull Co. 30 These suavelooking people, far away in the Pacific Ocean.

suavely (’sweivli), adv. [f. suave a. + -UY*.] 1. In a suave manner; with suavity. 1862 Thornbury Turner I. 317 Mr. Judkins suavely waves his glass. 1873 Black Pr. Thule xxii, ‘Oh, there is no use getting into an anger*, said Mackenzie, suavely. 1902 Hichens Londoners 38 ‘So glad to find you at home, dear Mrs. Verulam’, the Duchess said suavely.

2. Agreeably, sweetly, gently. 1883 Symonds Ital. Byways vi. 103 Low hills to right and left; suavely modelled heights in the far distance. 1887 Anne Elliot Old Man's Favour I. ii. i. 204 Mrs. Hammond’s voice.. fell suavely on her ear.

So ‘suaveness, suavity. 1905 W. E. B. Du Bois Souls Blk. Folk iii. 58 We cannot settle this problem by diplomacy and suaveness.

suaveolent (swei'vhabnt), a. rare. [ad. L. suaveolenSy -entem, f. suave advb. neut. of sudvis SUAVE + o/ew5, olent-t pr. pple. of olere to smell.] Sweet-smelling, sweet-scented. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 85 Medicaments are made more odoriferous and suav'eolent. 1819 [H. Busk] Banquet II. 544 Suaveolent, the viands valets bear. 1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 257.

So t sua’veolence, fragrance. 1657 Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 201 Accomodated to conciliate suaveolence to the skin or body.

fsuaviate, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. sudvidt~y ppl. stem of sudvidrif f. sudvium^ altered f. sdvium kiss, by assimilation to sudvis sweet.] trans. To kiss. So t suavi'ation, kissing. 1643 Trapp Comm. Gen. xlvi. 29 What joy there will be, to see them and suaviate them, for whose sake, he shed his most pretious blood. 1656 Blount Glossogr., Suavation [sic], an amorous kissing. 1658 Phillips, Suaviation.

suavify ('swsevifai), v. rare-'. [ad. L. sudvifiedre, f. sudvis suave: see -fy.] trans. To make affable (Webster 1847). 1825 Spirit of Public Jrnls. for 1823 (ed. 2) 444 Eating much tends to suavify the mood.

suaviloquence (swei'vibkwans). rare. [ad. L. sudviloquentia, f. sudvitoquens, f. sudvi-s suave + loquens, pres. pple. of loquito speak.] Pleasing or agreeable speech or manner of speaking. So sua'viloquent, suavi'loquious (in Diets.) adjs., of sweet speech; sua'viloquy [L. sudviloquium], suaviloquence. a 1649 in N. Q. Ser. 1. X. 357 ‘Suaviloquence, sweetnes of language. 1805 T. Holcroft Bryan Perdue II. 18 Pray, Madam, are you acquainted with the word suaviloquence? i860 Hervey Rhet. Convers. 16 Even though you can deliver it with great suaviloquence. 1656 Blount Glossogr., *Suaviloquent. 1659 {title), A collection of Authentique Arguments, swaviloquent Speeches, and prudent Reasons. 1658 Phillips, *Suaviloquy, a sweet, or pleasant manner of speaking.

t'suavious, a. Obs. rare-', [f. L. sudvi-s (see suave) + -ous.] Pleasing, agreeable. 1669 WoRLiDGE Syst. Agric. zii Not a few, of our most suavious and delectable Rural Seats.

t'suavitude. Obs. rare. Also 6 savitude. [ad. L. sudvitudo, f. sudvis: see suave and -tude.] Sweetness, gentleness. 1512 Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 35 He thanked God greatly of his divine savitude. c 1550 Rolland Crf. Venus iii. 727 Plenist with sport, and sueit suauitude.

suavity ('swaiviti, older ‘swaev-). Also 5 suavitee, 6 -ite, -yte, 6-7 -itie. [ad. L. sudvitds (partly through F. suavite), f. sudvis: see suave

and -ITY.] 11. Sweetness or agreeableness to the senses; esp. sweetness (of taste), fragrance (of odour). Obs. r 1450 Mirour Saluacioun (1888) 144 There, is alle suavitee delitable to touching. 1513 Bradshaw St. Werburge 1. 3372 Suche a suauite and fragrant odoure Ascended from the corps. Ibid. ii. 1907 O redolent rose repleit with suauite. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. vii. 351 Rachel., desired them [jc. mandrakes] for rarity, pulchritude or suavity. 1658 R. White tr. Digby's Powd. Symp, (1660) 51 The smell of beans.. is a smell that hath a suavity with it. 1661 Boyle Style Script. 253 Of both their Suavities [viz. of God’s word and of honey]. Experience gives much Adventageouser Notions than Descriptions can.

fb. Sweetness (of sound, harmony, expres¬ sion). 16x4 J. Davies Commend. Poems (1878) lo/i Musickes haters haue no Forme, or Soule: For, had they Soules produc’t in Harmony, They would be rauisht with her Suauity. c 1645 Howell Lett. (1655) II. Iviii. 78 Touching

SUB

2

her [rc. the Greek tongue’s] degeneration from her primitive suavity and elegance. 1678 Cudw'Orth Intell. Syst. i. iv. 296 Plato does.. ver>’ much commend the Orphick Hymns, for their Suavity and Deliciousness, a 1821 V. Knox Ess. cv. Wks. 1824 I. 517, I know not whether the curiosa felicitas .. may not be said to consist in delicacy of sentiment and suavity of expression.

2. Pleasurableness, agreeableness; pi. delights, amenities. Now only as coloured by sense 4. 1594 Nashe Terrors Nt. Wks. (Grosart) III. 268 One., who in the midst of his paine falls delighted asleepe, and in that suauitie of slumber surrenders the ghost. 16x9 Hales Gold. Rem. 11. (1673) 65 The suavity of their Doctrine in the word Peace and Good things. 1656 Earl Monm. tr. Boccalini's Advts.fr. Parnass. ii. lix. (1674) 211 To taste the sweet of Government, the suavity of Command. 1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i. iii. i. 18 The delights or suavities, which attend the teachings of Poesie. 1823 J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 63 The common suavities of social life. x86o O. W. Holmes Prof. Breakf.-t. vi, The elegances and suavities of life.

tb. A state of sweet calm in the soul when specially favoured by God; pi. feelings of spiritual sweetness or delight. Obs. [ri6io Women Saints 55 Her bodie yielding a most fragrant odour..a greate token of her ghostlie suauitie.] a 1617 Bayne Chr. Lett. (1620) L 8, I thanke God in Christ, sustentation I haue,.. but suauities spirituall I taste not any. 1648 Boyle Motives Love of God (1659) 52 The unimaginable suavity, that the fixing of ones Love on God, is able to blesse the Soul with. 1671 Woodhead St. Teresa I. XV. 93 That, which the Soul is to do.. is only to rest with suavity, and without noyse. a 1680 Glanvill Some Disc. i. (1681) 55 The conceit of our special dearness to God.. that goes no further than to some suavities, and pleasant fancies within our selves.

13. Graciousness; sweetness of manner or treatment, Obs. 1508 Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. Wks. (1876) 248 Suauis dominus vniuersis .. In euery thynge that god dooth is suauyte. 1642 H. More Song of Soul iv. Oracle (1647) 297 Mild-smiling Cupid’s there. With lively looks and amorous suavitie. a 1649 in N. ^ Q. Ser. i. X. 357 Suavitie, or sweetnes of carria^, is a wynning quality.

4. The quality or condition of being suave in manner or outward behaviour; bland agree¬ ableness or urbanity. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 252 Histories., which uniformly tend to inculcate suavity of manners. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, xxix, ‘Lucy, my love,* she added, with that singular combination of suavity of tone and pointed energy which we have already noticed. 1848 Dickens Dornbey xxix, These words, delivered with a cutting suavity. 1878 Black Green Past, iii. Sometimes a flash of vehement enthusiasm.. would break through the suavity of manner which some considered to be just a trifle too supercilious.

b. pi. Suave actions. 1852 Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. viii. Cajoled by the attentions of an electioneering politician with more ease than Aunt Chloe was won over by Master Sam’s suavities.

End were short of two of their regular players,.. but managed to find good subs in Davies and Reed. 1896 Indianapolis Typogr. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 407 Every one of these subs is working part of the time.

5. = SUBJECT. Common in U.S. 1838 Becket Parad. Lost 8 (F. & H.) No longer was he heard to sing. Like loyal subs, ‘God Save the King.’ 1885 N. Y. Merc. May (in Ware Passing English), The Mercury will be pleased to hear from Mrs. Williams on this sub.

6. = SUBSCRIBER (rare), subscription. 1805 M. L. Weems Let. 9 Jan. (1929) 11. 110 In 18 hours subscriptioneering I obtaind from the Legislature 100 subs, to Sydney. 1833 J. Romilly Diary 12 Mar. (1967) 30 Fairly bullied Waud & Jones into subscribing to mv Blencowe cause:—got 4 others subs today. 1838 Hood Clubs 62 Indeed my daughters both declare Their Beaux shall not be subs. To White’s, or Blacks. X898 W. S. Churchill Let. $ Aug. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1967) I. Compan. II. 956, I have to pay £40 for one charger, £35 for rl'c other & £20 subs to the mess. 1903 Farmer & Henley Slang, Sub .. (3) a subscription. 19x2 Daily News 12 Nov. 6 He lets the party have an annual ‘sub.’..of £10,000.

7. = SUBSIST (money): money in advance on account of wages due at the end of a certain period. Also gen., an advance of money, local. Cf. Cornish dial, sist {money). 1866 Min. Evid. Totnes Bribery Comm. 72/2,1 do not think there was much money flying about before that, my bills were not paid; I was rather anxious about having my sub. Ibid., Tell us the name of any voter who asked you about the sub. 1881 Placard at Bury {Lancs.), Wanted navvies, to work on the above Railway, good wages paid, and sub on the works daily. 1892 Labour Comm. Gloss. No. 9 Sub, money paid to workmen at the Scotch blast-furnaces on account, as there exists a monthly pay-day. 1897 Barrere & Leland Diet. Slang s.v., To do a sub is to borrow money.. (AngloIndian). 1901 Scotsman 12 Apr. 9/5 Provided the men started to-morrow, each would receive a ‘sub’ of £i on Saturday.

8. a. = SUBMARINE sb. 3. Also Comb., as subchaser = submarine chaser s.v. submarine sb. 3 b. 1917 J. M. Grider Diary 29 Sept, in War Birds (1927) 21 We were supposed to look out for gulls which they say usually follow in the wake of a sub. xoiS L. E. Ruggles Navy Explained 124 Sub-chaser, a small, swift, light draft boat used to h4int submarines. 1931 ‘Taffrail^ Endless Story xxi. 333 ‘Sub-chaser’ 28, manned by the French, broke down in the Atlantic 700 miles from the Azores and was given up for lost. 1936 Nat. Geogr. Mag. LXIX. 799/1 Seamanship.. includes instruction on how to.. maneuver.. such craft as subchasers and motor launches. 1968 A. Diment Bang Bang Birds ii. 16 Boris snooping round Holy Loch and the nuclear subs. 1977 New Yorker 29 Aug. 20/1 A subchaser lurches forward on the calm water and comes to a stop as a black sub surfaces at its side, b. = SUBMARINE sb. 4 b. U.S. colloq. 1955 Sat. Even. Post i Jan. i6 ‘I tell you,’ a sandwich-shop operator said, ‘Subs are taking over.’ 15^6 R. B. Parker Promised Land ii. 5, I was ready to settle (or Ugi’s steak and onion subs.

suay, obs. Sc. form of so adv. subst.

sub (sAb), v. Hence subbing vhl. sb, [Short for various verbal compounds of sub-; or f. sub sb.] 11. = sub-plough vb. (see sub- 3 c). Obs.

Quot. 1696 may belong to 4; quot. 1708 is of uncertain meaning. 1696 Phillips (ed. 5), Ordinary,.. the Bishop of the Diocesses Sub [ed. 1706 Deputy] at Sessions and Assizes. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 74. 2/2 Thou hast neither good humour, Policy, nor Common Civility to make a Sub dance attendance after you like any indifferent Querist. 1840 H. Spencer in Autobiogr. (1904) I. xii. 173, I go.. to complete sundry works which the Subs have left undone. 1846 Mrs. Gore Engl. Char. (1852) iii He is never., tyrannical with his subs, like most great potentates. 1899 Mary Kingsley's W. Afr. Studies App. i. 546 Had the late Mr. Consul Hewett had the fiftieth part of the ability in dealii^ with the natives his sub and successor.. showed.

1778 [W. Marshall] Minutes Agric. 16 Aug. 1775, Nothing can equal sub-plowing, for clearing the surface from running weeds;.. the second subbing was eight or nine inches deep. Ibid. 20 Oct., It was subbed by two oxen.

sub (sAb), sb. [Short compounds of sub-.] 1. a. = SUBORDINATE.

for

various

b. For various titles of subordinate officials, as sub-editor, sub-engineer, sub-lieutenant, sub¬ rector, sub-warden. 1837 Cit;*7 Engin. Sf Arch. Jrnl. I. 43/1 The sub, or resident engineer. 1859 Eclectic Rev. Ser. vi. V. 253 The Newspaper—day and night. By a Quondam ‘Sub*. 1063 P. Barry Dockyard Econ. Pref. vi. The Editor lives in an atmosphere of care. His assistant, or sub, begins the day at nine o’clock at night. 1872 ‘A. Merion’ Odd Echoes Oxf. 38 Fear no more the snarl of the sub., Thou art past that tyrant’s stroke. 1873 Leland Egypt. Sketch~bk. 44 The two great men who filled our carriage were a couple ot Levantine railroad subs. 1898 Kipling Fleet in Being ii, The Sub wipes the cinders out of his left eye and says something.

2. = SUBALTERN sb. 2. 1756 Washington Writ. (1889) I. 293 Leaving Garrisons in them from 15 to 30 men under command of a sub or Trusty Sergeant. 1812 Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 245 A Sub’ of Dragoons. 1865 Lkver Luttrell xxxvi. 262 Some hard-up Sub who can’t pay his mess debts.

3. = SUBSALT. rare. 1807 T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 519 Besides the triple salts and the subs and the supers.

4. = SUBSTITUTE; printers.

U.S.

esp.

of substitute

1830 Galt Lawrie Todd iv. iv. The agent.. proposed that I should become sub for him there. 1864 Field 9 July 22/1 Lillywhite was caught by Yescombe, a ’sub’. 1875 Knight Diet. Mech. 2433/2 Sub (W’ell-boring), a short name for substitute. A short section of rod for connecting tools or bars of different sizes. 1876 Scribner's Monthly Apr. 838/1 He consented finally to allow' another printer to take his place in the ‘Clarion* office—temporarily, and as his ‘sub’ only. 1887 Irish Times 24 May 7/7 D. Carbery c. sub. b. W. G. Downey I. 1895 Funk's Stand. Diet., Sub-list, a list of the subs or substitute printers who are allowed to supply the places of regular compositors. 1896 Bootle Times 10 Jan. 3/2 North

2. To work as a printer’s substitute. In gen. use, to act as a substitute. Also trans., to substitute (something). Chiefly U.S. 1853 ‘Mark Twain’ Let. 26 Oct. (1917) I. i. 26, I am subbing at the Inquirer office. Ibid., If I want it, I can get subbing every night of the week. 1879 University Mag. Nov. 589 At Cincinnati where he [Edison].. 'subbed* for the night men whenever he could obtain the privilege. 1026 Amer. Mercury Dec. 465/2 When a new act was placed last on a programme, Variety put it: ‘Fred and Daisy Rial subbed in the walk-out assimment.’ 1943 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Sept. 8/2 {heading) Subbing camera for gun, corporal 'shoots’ zeros. 1950 A. Lomax Mister Jelly Roll (1952) 218 The lord of New Orleans piano was scratching hard for a living.., subbing for other piano players who showed up drunk on their jobs. 1974 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 July 10/2 Toronto Executive Alderman Arthur C. Eggleton subbing for Mayor David Crombie. 1981 B. Granger Schism {iq%2) X. 88 Father Malachy is subbing for the pastor at St. Mary’s... The pastor broke his leg, jogging.

3. To pay or receive (‘sub’); occas. to pay (a workman) ‘sub*. Also absol. (see quots.), and to sub up: to pay up or subscribe. 1874 C. Holloway Jrn/. Visit to N.Z. 22 Apr. {typescript) I. 57 In some instances the dissipated individual had to sub a few shillings of the Landlord to help him on the road. 1874 Hotten Slang Diet. 314 Sub, to draw money in advance. 1886 H. CuNLiFFE Gloss. RochdaU-with-Rossendale, Sub, to pay a portion of wages before all are due. 1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 19 Nov. 612 During the month there has been a more than usual amount of ‘subbing’. 1802 Labour Comm. Gloss. No. 9 Some pieces of cloth cannot be finished in one week, therefore a weaver must either do without wages or sub. 1900 N. & Q. Ser. ix. VI. 354/1, ‘I want you to go at once to London,’.. ‘All right; but I shall want to be subbed.’ IMX Ibid. VII. 356/2 It was my daily duty to keep time and to ‘sub’ for some hundreds of men engaged on extensive railway.. works in England. 1942 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. VI. 546 Sub = subsidy or subsistence.., also subscription.. and as a vb., esp. sub up ‘subscribe’. 1958 G. Mitchell Spotted Hemlock vii. 75 ‘Wasn’t that rather expensive?’.. ‘I believe Tony Biancini subbed up.’

4. = SUB-EDIT. Also, to sub the purple: see PURPLE sb. 7 b. c 1890 F. Wilson's Fate 84 When Wilson, in 'subbing* his copy, cut out all the ‘u’s’ from ‘favour’, ‘honour’, and so fortn, there was a debating society of two. 1909 Fabian News

SUB

3

XX. 76/1 A certain amount of margin and space between the lines for any ‘subbing’ that may be required.

5. [substratum 4.]

In the manufacture of photographic film; to coat with a substratum (see quot. 1965). Chiefly as vhl. sb.^ the process of applying a substratum; the substratum itself. Z941 T. T. Baker Photographic Emulsion Technique x. 179 The film base may be wiped or cleaned prior to subbing... The cleaned and substratumed film base is coated at a fairly rapid rate. 1958 H. Baines Sci. Photogr. vi. 83 The rear side of roll film and sheet film is subbed (substratum coated). 1965 M. J. Langford Basic Photogr. ix. 161 The manufacturer first ‘keys’ both sides of the film base or coats them with a foundation layer of gelatin and cellulose ester known as the ‘subbing’ layer. Next, the emulsion is coated over the subbing on the face of the film. 1977 J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 263/1 Other non-porous surfaces should be pre-coated with the subbing which is normally supplied with the emulsion.

sub, obs. Sc. form of sib. II sub (sAb). Lat. prep. The Latin prep, sub (with the ablative) ‘under’, enters into a few legal and other phrases, now or formerly in common use, the chief of which are given below. 1. sub camino (?). 1734 Short Nat. Hist. Min. Waters 132 He posts off to one of the obscure Universities in Holland or France, gets dubbed Doctor with a sub Camino Degree in Physick.

pithy line of Mandeville. 1844 N. P. Willis Lady Jane 11. ixxvii, Had he a ‘friend’ sub rosal No, sir! Fie, sir!

13. sub sigillo [see seal 2 b], under the seal (of confession); in confidence, in secret. 1623 J. Mead in Crt. Times Jas. I (1848) II. 406 The forenamed Mr. Elliot told, sub sigillo, some suspicious passages. 1673 Dryden Marr. a la Mode ii. 19, I may tell you, as my friend, sub sigillo, &c. this is that very numerical Lady, with whom I am in love. 1777 H. Walpole Let. to H. S. Conway 5 Oct., Remember, one tells one’s creed only to one’s confessor, that is sub sigillo.

14. sub silentio, in silence, without remark being made, without notice being taken. 16x7-8 J. Chamberlain in Crt. 13 Times Jas. /(1848) II. 62 All things shut up sub silentio. 1760 Gilbert Cases in Law & Equity 267 These are better than many precedents in the office, which have passed sub silentio without being litigated. X843-56 Bouvier Law Diet. (ed. 6) II. 555/2 Sometimes nassing a thing sub silentio is evidence of consent. X863 Keble Life Bp. Wilson xvi. 51 x The Bishop would probably have passed over Mr. Quayle’s second communication sub silentio as he had done the former.

15. sub specie aeternitatis, ‘under the aspect of eternity’, i.e. viewed in relation to the eternal; in a universal perspective. [Cf. Spinoza Ethices (a 1677), in Opera Posthuma, 1677, v. xxix. 254.] Hence sub specie temporis, viewed in relation to time rather than eternity. X896 W. Caldwell Schopenhauer's System v. 268 Art enables us somehow to see things sub specie aeternitatis. X9X x

4. sub hasta, lit. ‘under a spear’ [see spear sh. 3 b], i.e. by auction (cf. subhastation).

Eruycl. Brit. XXI. 441/2 The nature of any fact is not fully known unless we know it in all its relations to the system of the universe, or, in Spinoza’s phrase, sub specie aeternitatis. X925 A. Huxley Let. 21 Apr. (1969) 247 There, on the other side of the water, are one hundred and five million beings whose sole function—if you look at their lives sub specie aeternitatis—is to provide people like us with money. 1935 E. R. Eddison Mistress 20 This man, as I have long observed him, looked on all things sub specie aeternitatis’, his actions all moved, .to slow perfection. X952 V. A. Demant Relig. (3 Decline of Capitalism iii. 70 Hence what was true sub specie aeternitatis in the liberal aim is being lost. 1^3 G. M. Brown Magnus vii. 139 If.. we could look with the eye of an angel on the whole history of men, sub specie aeternitatis, it would have the brevity and beauty of this dance at the altar. X928 L. Hodgson in A. E. J. Rawlinson Essays on Trinity & Incarnation viii. 378 Perhaps the best one can do is to speak of God as ana&jfs sub specie aeternitatis but naBijrtKos sub specie temporis. 1944 W. Temple Let. 12 Jan. (1963) 142, I have treated the Son and the Spirit as God sub specie temporis and the Father as God sub specie eternitatis. i960 Encounter XV. 77 Sub specie temporis his Combination Rooms say more to us than Beckett’s wet and windy plains.

16^ Evelyn Let. to Pepys 12 Aug., The humour of exposing books sub hasta is become so epidemical.

16. sub specie mortis, in the face of death. 1955 Tirrus 26 May 3/4 The ninth symphony, we are told,

2. sub dio, under the open sky, in the open air. 1611 Coryat Crudities 28 He walked not sub dio^ that is, vnder the open aire as the rest did. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. 403 At Aleppo.. they set their beds upon the roofs of their houses, and sleep sub Dioy in the open air. 1704 Swift T. Tub ii. Attended the Levee sub dio. 1775 G. White Selborne, To Barrington 2 Oct., The sturdy savages [sc. gipsies] seem to pride themselves.. in living sub dio the whole year round. Shorthouse John Inglesant xviii, I would always.. be ‘sub dio* if it were possible.

3. sub forma pauperis = in forma pauperis (see 1|IN 10). 1592 Soliman fef Pers. i. iv. 89 Crie the chayne for me Sub formapauperis, for money goes very low with me at this time. x6i6 R. C. Times' Whistle 1492 Poor Codrus is Constraind to sue sub forma pauperis. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 127 Should a Patient be bound to give all his Advisers a Fee, He must quickly be removed.. to the Hospital, there to bee sick sub forma pauperis.

5. sub Jove frigido, under the chilly sky, in the open air. 1818 Scott Br. Lamm, i, A peripatetic brother of the brush, who exercised his vocation sub Jove frigido. 1845 Ford Handbk. Spain i. 121 Not sub Jove frigido, but amid the bursting, life-pregnant vegetation of the South.

6. sub judice, lit. ‘under a judge’; under the consideration of a judge or court; undecided, not yet settled, still under consideration. 1613 J. Chamberlain in Crt. & Times Jas. /(1848) I. 279 Lord Hay is like, .to be made an earl, but whether English or Scottish is yet sub judice. 1681 Stair Inst. Law Scot. i. xvi. 334 The Relict did also claim a Terce out of that same one Tenement, which is yet sub judice. 1778 Gen. C. Lee in Mem. (1792) 426 Lingering in suspence, whilst his fame and fortune are sub judice. a 1I17 T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) 1. 104 They plainly consider the case as no longer sub-judice. 1828 De Quincey Rhetoric Wks. 1890 X. no The relations of the People and the Crown.. continued sub judice from that time to 1688. 1897 Daily News 10 Dec. 8/3 He said the matter was being considered by the Committee, and therefore was sub judice.

7. sub lite, in dispute. 1892 Nation 8 Dec. 438/3 Mr. Petrie’s dates are still, with good reason, sub lite.

8. sub modo, under certain conditions, with a qualification, within limits. 730 Hist. Lit. I. 440 Fearing the Subduction of the King’s Bounty, which had hitherto supported it. 1839 Blackw. Mag. XLVI. 542 The withdrawal of a patriot from Parliament.. is the subduction of parliamentary force. 1854 Bucknill Unsoundn. Mind 25 Terms signifying deprivation or subduction.

fb. Surreptitious or secret withdrawal. Obs. 01646 J. Gregory Posthuma (1649) 88 The Corruption proceeded not by subduction from the Hebrew, but the accession to the Greek Scripture. 1721 Bailey, Subduction, a taking privately from.

[f. next.]

c 1465 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 5 Wherefor, prince.., Remembere pe Subdeue of J>i Regaly, Of Englonde, frawnce, & spayn trewely. 1482 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 223/1 In defens of this youre seid Reame, and subdue of youre Enemyes. 01592 Greene Se Lodge Looking Glasse (1598) A 4 b, The worlds subdue.

subdue (ssb'dju;), v. Forms: a. 4 so-, sudewe, so-, suduwe, sodeuwe. jS. 5 subd(e)we, 5-6 -dew, 5-6 -dieu, 6 -deu, 5- subdue. [Of difficult etymology. ME. sodewe, subdewe, -due, represents formally AF. *soduer, *su{b)duer = OF. so(u)duire, su(d)duire, etc. (used with the meanings of L. seducere) to deceive, seduce = Olt. soddurre:—L. subducere to draw up or away, withdraw, remove by stealth, purge, evacuate, calculate (see subduce, subduct). Neither L. subducire nor OF. souduire is recorded in the sense of ‘subdue’, so that it is to be presumed that the AF. form took over the sense from L. subdire, the pa. pple. of which is represented in Eng. by subdit from c 1375. There is no clear connexion in form or sense with the AF. subduz of Edw. Ill stat. ii. c. 17, ann. 1353; the meaning is app. 'attached* or 'arrested', not 'subdued'. The 15th c. AF. subduer (Littleton Inst., ed. 1516, Avijb) was prob. modelled on the current Eng. form.]

1. a. trans. To conquer (an army, an enemy, a country or its inhabitants) in hght and bring them into subjection. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 19 [He] wente and sodewed Siria. Ibid. 443 Jeanne he stood wip [AfS. sudywei?, MS.y sodeuwep] the peple pat wonep at pe foot of pe hille mont Caucasus, c 1420 ? Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1651 Fooles.. Wenyng to subdew, with her oon hande. That ys ouer mekyll for all an hoole lande. c 1460 Fortescue Abs. Gf Lim. Mon. xvi. (188^) 150 Is hyghnes shalbe myghty, a